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THE 
ENCYCLOPEDIA    BRITANNICA 

ELEVENTH    EDITION 


nloma,     i;iS— t;Ti, 


SECOND 

IHI 

UJT— i?**- 

THIRD 

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i;M-.,OT. 

nrTH 

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SIXTH 

tWfUJ 

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EIGHTH 

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NINTH 

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TENTH 

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"DioiiiiMb,  Google 


THE 

ENCYCLOPEDIA  BRITANNICA 


DICTIONARY 

OF 

ARTS,   SCIENCES,    LITERATURE    AND    GENERAL 
INFORMATION 

ELEVENTH    EDITION 


VOLUME  XVI 
L  to  LORD  ADVOCATE 


NEW  YORK 

THE  ENCYCLOPEDIA  BRITANNICA  COMPANY 

1911 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


.;/.;;a>;  ■;; 


Copyiitkl,  in  tht  llBilol  SuMi  ol  Asierici.  1911, 

br 

The  EuydopBdii  Britipic*  Camfnf. 


Digilizcd  by  Google 


INITIALS   USED  IN  VOLUME  XVI.  TO  IDENtlFY  INDIVIDUAL 
CONTRIBUTORS."  WITH  THE  HEADINGS  OF  THE 

ARTICLES  IN  THIS  VOLUME  SO  SIGNED.  ■' 


ILB.eh. 

K.B.K 


A.H.e. 
A.X. 

k.r.e. 


A.  B   Ceatwooo,  B5c.,  A-M Jnst C.E.,  MInSi  ElW.E.  j  u 

■  AmB>  Birron  Rcmu,  M.A  ,  D  Se ,  F  U.S.,  P  J..S.  f 

KRpv-D'PVKHMDt  Bouny,  Brili^MuKun.    Avthar  d  Tul  Baok  n  Oaisifi- i  Lt 
aUHi  iif  Runruf  FlamU,  in.  I 


HimT  kvrrtH  Ddbsoit,  LL.D 

S«  the  bnplphk*!  utJdt :  DouaH,  KlHmr  AunTN. 
PnoBE  lliaiE  AocuaiE  Fiuw 

Sk  Ihi  triacraplikil  utkle    FlLON,  P.  M.  A. 
AlJMI  FiiOEim  FOLLUD,  M  A.,  P.R.KuT.Soc. 

Prafruir  dI  Engliih  Hinmy  in  the  UnivEmiy  of  London.  Fdm'  at  All  Soutl' 
Callrgr.  Oxford.  AuuUni  fditdt  al  ihc  DKtioiury  at  Nitioiul  Biography,  Itq]- 
lOOI.  LotliiiD  PnviDin,  Oiford,  iSoi;  Arnold  Pcunun.  1S9S.  Aalkir  ol 
£m^ai^  ndn-  Iti  PnAtOiir  Stmrrid,  llrmrj  VIII  ;  Lift  if  ntmas  CltiMur:  Ac. 
AU(OiJ>  Glotih.  M.A.,  LL.B.  (d  1905) 
Trinity  ColleiE.  Camblk^;  J«ilI-«Ul 
biidit  Ui^vsiity  Prm 

Rev.  ALEXuniEK  Goid 


IT  of  fionMoM  ud  nufto  [or  the  Cun- 


1^., 


iaCbun 


ry  in  the  Univ 


iC  Tin  CrniU  aj  Hlw  pnnt 


Y  C.M.G  .  M.A.,LiTT  D.,  F.R.  Hisi 


irch  Hi«(>»..\ 


LithuiMO.  Collcte  vt  Agrici 
—     ■    '-      roj.  i87»-i90i- 


(Riodeju. 

iKUofraphiol  uiick:  Lakc,  AmAiw. 


nlalliu.  Cinoo  CoUnc,  C 
Lii>«idLc^(lnliH(,acL 


,       b^dit^  JS9^    Aiidwr  oi  varioHt  Arlicln  on  lodaulnil 

Aons  Uakv  Cmitt. 

So  the  bioinpluial  uiick:  Cliku.  A.  M. 

AmzD  Newtoh,  F.R.S. 

Sie  the  tMinphlcil  iniclcT  NEWtOH,  ALrut. 
AaiBnm  Pouehoh  ColEum.  M.A.,  Ph.D  ,  T  R.S, 

Fn(a»r  of  Ccslofy  in  the  Univnwiy  ol  Torsnio.    CrolocU.  Bdku  of  Minn 
TaraaU.  1893-1910.    Aultiorof  Ri^li  vf  Itt  Buriaii  tf  tlimti  bI  Ou^it. 

^Amapkic  tut.  ibavnngjiti  indlvidgjil  conlTiboton,  oppunbi  tlic  floal 


«  (Pn). 


INITIALS  AND  HEADINGS  OF  ARTICLES 

Icnbcr  ol  Cmlotkil  Survey  ]  LtlntM 


AuEM  Pim  Low. 

.    AuUkoroiSipgrl 
L  MA.,  F.R^. 


Fdlow,       ■  -^"^ 


Aimii  Shadwi 


3(y  at  Ibc  Iinperld  Cslkge  at  Soma  ud  Ttchnolciry,  Ld 
EHy  Tut«.  of  Trinity  Caatft.  C>nibrid|c  enltmsr  o(  Z( 
oTCunbridfe.  1907-1909. 


,  M.A    M.p.,  LL.D.,  F.R.C.P. 


A.iiH.a. 

A.LH. 


LUf  SinniEiLy  Cole,  C.B. 

AB«i*Uiic  Sccrcttry  for  An.  Bovd  of 
iSS*  rei*t  and  Pilhm  1a    -   -   ■   -' 


Autbor  o[  ilinnlj  ; 


T  Rciimoit.    Eiplonr  in  Soulb  CcDtnl  Atrict. 


4/lwl  ^m  5»lt  to  if<Mk  Ilrnif*  ilarnti^att. 


A.  T.  TiotiOH. 

Oftcial  B  Life  Sivl^  Service,  U.5A 

AlIBOa  WiLLIAK  HOLLAim, 

Foioeily  SduUr  at  St  Jehn'i  College.  Oilord.   Bion  ScboluolCny'i  lu,  Ifov. 
Rev.  Arihdi  Woiuuton  Hitttoh.  M.A. 

■-        ~       ■     ~         ■"-      '■■^— ■--■■-—■  LihmlCliiJ),l»S»-lg99. 


Ut^teit:  Unini  SlaUi. 


AnbOT  of  Lifi  <•!  C^ivtat  N^mi* ;  Li},,^  Qu^mil  Uimnim 
»>mr.  Wood  Rihtoh,  M.A.,  LL.B.  , 

fudge  of  the  Supmae  Court  otCCylOB.    E^tvt  iil  Butydtfttiia  4f  On  Lam  < 


If  Eiffanf. 

k.  W.  W.         AooLntDi  WmiAV  Waid,  Litt.D.,  LLJ>. 

See  the  faiognphica]  iriicl     "' 
B.  P.  J.  BndAlOH  D«nWH  JkCluoH  Pa.D. 

Gencjml  5«rTtuy  of  th<  LinocATi  Society.    Svcirury  ti 


D,  ADOLrBOI  WiLLUU. 


Demnnaiiil  Connoii 


O.C.W. 

en. 

G.O.W. 
G.F.A. 

ca.* 

G.B.HI.. 


■  QtAVTOUi  Wbiniiv,  A.M. 

veU  Uuivcrbly.   AHEtulcdilor  11 

»  DnDin,  F.R.C.S. 
'    oilfwRoyMlNi 
fe-boat  Fund,  il 


EvIBrrr  MA.,  F.C.S.,  F.G.S.,  F.R.A.S. 


>li^f^. 


Km.  Staavy  ot  tlie  Qvil  ■ 


Forney  SiAolu-  si  iiUgiUa  CgUqn  <htonl'. 


illt4«*t:  AilM. 

Slaki.' 
LI(U]        lulnimli 


Ciptain,  IK  Qty  of  Loadon  [Royal  i 
el  the  Office  of  the  Land  Rrglitiy.  J  ] 


Cbulu  Foktescue-Bucu 

BarTittcr-at.Lav,  Liocolc.^ --._- —  .-,  -.- . ^._.. 

UKola'a  [an  Fiddh    Aulb«  of  RtBiUawn  t]  TilU  M  Uai;  Tin  FtaiHi*  ^ 

Ltni  Jltfiilry;  Lnmd  Tnmijtr  im  Vanm  Cmlria;  ftc 
Sn  Cbulu  HoLiom. 

Sec  ili^  UagnpUo*]  aitkfa!  HoLtOTD.  Sir  CaAUsa. 
Cailtoh  Huntlev  Hat. 


C  >.  I.*  Rn.  Caiuxs  Jakes  Ball,  M.A. 

'  lUvHilty  Lecuinr  io  A^rkilogy,  OilonL    Autbor  d(  Li^Jnm  On  Eau. 
CL,  B.  bnin  LirmuDaE  Rmasroui,  M.A,.  F.R.HaT,S.,  F5.A. 

Aawtant  Simlarv,  Board  ot  Educatioii.    Author  ot  Lift  tf  Btnry  V.    Editor  oi 
.      .  Ct>H«(o</X<»><MaiuiSHw'i.5anfy</L»iM. 

fl>  ■■  CAtL  Tbeoooi  MniBT,  D.Tb. 

PntCHor  of  Church  H 


■IL^^^ua  aHkUUt  ill  FafittLmt^aK.  ' 


<rVIl. 


I  bv  Google 


CR*. 
CLB. 


DiB. 
Rf.T. 


D.H. 
D.U.T. 


I.C.B. 
LDt. 
t.D.J.« 

■.a. 
Kite. 
!.■(.  " 
E.J.1I. 


INITIALS  AND  HEADINGS  OF  ARTICLES 

VnUutCoatio  Momkhothb.  _^  ^ __^  ^  -TLAUi 

CkAKui  Rathomd  Beuut.  Mj^.,  D.Litt.,  F.R.C.S.,  F.R.Bm.S. 

riiitimii  «f  Modcni  mniry  ia  tiK  Ui^Rr^cy  of  BinsiDtham.    Funwrlr  Fdhnr 

at  Mcrton  Colkgc,  Onford.  lod  UnivmllT  UcCurar  In  Ih   '  " 

Lothiu  Piinun.  Oxfont,  1U9.     LdiMI  LKiuiTr.  Bs 
AuryliWA'aficator;  T>«  g—  tf  Jf»<P»  Cniwf*)r;  fa. 


•"J  UK  bkMWi 


HBIXHiDf  ni  OuniaJ  Ctnarlt,  TU 


DOKALD  PlANCIS  TOVIV, 

AuIhdT  of  Euajt  rt  liutial  Atujyiii 
GMUrt  VariatitM,  ud  ualyu  d[  nur 
Daud  Geoige  Hocjuth,  H.A. 

KHpetoftbcAihnuliaaMiuniin.  CMoni.    FeUow  of  Miptela  Con».  OConl. 
Fells*  o(  tlw BrkUi  Acadeisy.    EuvuhI  at  FlfitHX,  1U81  Naucni^i' 
looji   EphenB,    1901-191131    ■    ■  -  "■  -  ■  ■  .     - 


(.  QrcUD  eifianlioa  FbmI,  i: 


Atheu.  1S97-1900;  Dincii 
David  Hunui. 

FnmitTlir  Britiili  Vn-Comll 
lfa<7 1  Z<i  V  Onko  CwWsr ,  IB. 
Damiel  Lleutei  Tboius 

BaiTiKcr.u-La>,  Lincolii'i   Inn.     StipcvUiry   MapHnlr  il   nwlypridd  ud- 


Lil  Sinn  Hiatrj  ■/  bW  Htyal 


Rev.  Dog 


jr,  M.A. 

rh  Grove  CanpTiiliaul  Ghqnii,  HitliESte. 

I  WiLUCE,  K.C.T.E    K.CV. 


nthorolCbmHrHMa' 


M  H.M.  l-^m 


Ccoiw  V     Dlnclor  ol  tlie  Fortlri 

^   (Fr.i-T)      JoiDI.«<>tl>r  of  Nw 

Autbor  o(  Aunsi  Eapl 


t  bJ  Empirt;  &c 

Kcncr  of  ll»  dcAarln 
■-      ••—>.-,  of  At  Ai 


ant  lb  E(jpfiiflji  Qiuilun  -  r*< 
EtHEST  Cbailes  Funcois  Bai: 

ruiflMil  u  the  Colbiic  de  France,     KH]]cr  ef  lb*  deairlinciil  of  Mnlall  am 

Aiiiquitki  It  the  BiMiiitMqw  Natwiuk     Member  of  St  /taOtrnlc  dn  Inicrip 

tioni  «  de  Bellei  Leitrei.  Pun.    CbevaliR  oi  Ihe  Lerioa  af  Hanour.    Authsc  a 

Diunpntni  Multnt-a  it   Itnman  it  U  lUpiMfmi  Xrmtmt;   Trailit  it. 

Mw—Mi  CwtjiM  a  JtMMiMi ,  Csubfiw  du  CuMla  di  ti  giMtjtygiM  SaHamaU 
EI1W.ID  Cdthbeit  BtJTiEK.  O  S  B  ,  M  A  ,  D.Lirr  (Dublin) 

Abbot  of  Downiidf  Abbey,  Batb.   Auihor  ol  "  The  Uoau  HtMoiy  o(  Pillidiiu,' 

is  CuHindci  Tixb  *ni  SUiitl,  vol.  vi. 
Edwau  Gioice  Danhiedtbei  {1844-190;) 

Member  ai  Board  of  Profeuon.  Royal  CoUefi  o(  Mmic.  iSfJ-IOOJ. 

tbr  fiiB  WagoFc  Concern  in  London,  li-ii-ti-n.    Author  of  ft*  J 

fiiAin.&t.    Ediiorof  (cnlialodiuooot  Us  '  ' 

&nrAM>  D   I   Wiuou 

Foiaierly  Uado-mur  oa  Tht  Tiwia. 
Eburrm  Gosse.  LL  D  ,  D  C  L 

' e  Gom.  EMflniB 


ui  5vr«ry  at  Ibt  Univcrailic*  o 
A  Mmm  cJAmltmj/tr  Snim 

EOOA*  Fm«taoe. 

Specu]   Leciurrr   ii 


•fa'iMKtWHJAii 
Sot  EomH  Rav  Laheeitei 


EULE  Gaicee,  M  Inst  E  E. 

Minanni  Director  of  Brituh  Ekcti 
ElttUuafV'ArUliuie.  tc. 

ibWAED  ttCAWtWD 


EDWim  Owen.  M.B.,  F.R.CS..  LL.D.,  D.Sc. 

Connilling  Surieon  to  St  Mary'i  HoipIlBl.  U 

Great  Onvitd  Street,  London.   Chevalier  of  t..... . ..^.^. 

'^      3I  CaiabridSB,  LoDdoa  and  Dt 


diBfCia' 


na  Member  of  Liabon 
Sc    Aiilbar  tl  Uttri 


of  E«ter  OJkge,  bJonl.     Director  of  ihe  NmiiuaT  Hniorr  Detan- 

anta  of  tbe  BrllMi  Mavain,  1898-1907  Proirt^t  of  the  Briiiah  Anocaifen, 
1911&.  ProfiHer  of  Zoolofy  and  Comparailvr  Anatoinv  in  Untvenity  Collrte,  J 
London.  l8i4-iloi>  Linacre  PfafEoor  of  Coiaparaiive  Anaiomr  at  Oxford,] 
»)l-ia^  Vice-Pie»dent  of  the  Royal  Society,  1M6.  Roawnt*  Lactam-  at  I 
'"-- '   — ■—  -*  "- ■-    "-  Mnmumimi  If  Sliatt;  Tin  Kif  1 


Digilizcd  by  Google 


■an  iNrruLS  and  headings  of  akticles 


■■  V.  L.  -Eewjip  VerWii.  I.nc*i. ,„._..,  / 


ki  1^  ClurUi  Lcmt.   Author  im/rif  C^in  t^H. 


P.  KB.  FlANE  EvElt  BEDDJtlD.  M.A.l  F.R£.      ' 

PnjKCEor  of  ZodvfticaL  Socicry,  Loik^oo.    Formnlv  LccCurcf  \n  Bialoay  u  Giir'« 
Hcapli'l,  LoiKlon.     Nptunliil  to  "ClalltiiEcr"  tipcdiikm  CooiinMn,  l«&e 

F.  E.  W.  Rev.  Fudeuci  Edwus  Waiien,  M.A.,  B.D.,  F.S.A 

Riclor  oT  BacdwctL  Bury  St  Edmundi.     Fe[la>  oT  St  Johi ._.  _._ 

tMs-iMi.  AulborcinuOUCiiditluRili-dJttuHMEm^dimdamfaia 
fk  Ctrrttfenimt  OMui  ••  111  PtmtM  and  OU  CcnHiii  ITiuHub:  TU  Oi  — 
SUmbI  1^  lit  Ctkic  CkllFtk;  &c 

F.  a.  M.  B.         FsEOCRicx  Geoice  Meeson  Beci.  H.A 

r.a.p. 

31  Tbomu'm  Hoqiiui  and  the  Landoa  SihoolotMcili 

rotmcriy  nunlrrimn  ProfcMor  u  (he  Royil  Colltie  -'  " 

FmkCIS  Tohm  HtvEUiEio,  M.A.,  LL.D..  F.S.A. 
Caniu<  Pntnnr  «(  Anrint  Hiitsry  in  ih*  Uni 
DrMCBOK  Csllcgr.     Fonl'i  Lcclurrr.  1906-1907      F 
Author  ol  MoDOCraphi  on  Romui  HuJory,  e^iccialt 

Got  i^AMDUs  LotinHOTOii,  M.A- 

ForaKily  Clncl  Folic*  M>(iMnii  foe  Lociilaii.   Author  nl  Wufcri  ^ 

■F.  VOKtKt  Baoou. 

BaVDN  FittElIEICH  VON  HflcEL. 

Mcmbn  J  Cambcidic  Philoloiicd  Soncty;  Mnoba  of  Hdltok  Sodcty. 
ol.  Tkt  Ityilital  BltMBd  qf  lUiiitm. 
Fxivcis  W.ir,  M.A.  r 

Baniitcr-it-Lii'.  Middle  Ttmplc.     Aullioi  «(  Lati  Lumbo  Rtm:  SaOaiU  ij',  U«,  JckB. 

FlIBEUCE  WiLtUH  RVDLEI,  I.S.O..  F.G.S. 

CunloT  and  Ubnuun  o(  the  MuKum  of 
PmMtiit  01  tht  CcologiBU'  AHOciatioo,  18 
Fsuica  Wiu»>i  Rhus,  K.C,  LL.D.  UtHJ-wA). 

judge  of  Coomy  Courts,  Hull,  i«9S-i9D6.    JoiDt.autlwr  of  rb  Ntw  Pneli. 


_... .  JivA  Service.  1873-1903.    In  charge  of  L11 

[ndia.  i«ag-ian.   Cold  Medallui.  Royal  Auiic  Socictv.  looo. 
the  RoyalAuik  Society.    FormeHy  Fellow  o(  Cakutu  finive 
The  Laiftuita  tf  India  -,  ftc. 
Rev  Geomoe  Edmdndson.  M.A.,  F.R  Hei.S. 

FomiFriy  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  Brunne  Colk^,  Oilord.     Ford' 
-    .      .i^ll^    bmployed  by  Briliih  GovemmCTit  in  preikXttiion  oT  the  B 


cx  KmiE,  AM,  Ph.D.,  D,Se. 

i>MeiirmTifFanvACD..Nowyark,  Hon.  Curator  of  Pttei 
■euinaTNatunlHidorr,  New  York.  Felkiw of  Ceolouica 
ihor  a(  Prnim  Slmti  b]  NMkAmova.  &c    Senior  Ui 

toalofv  in  the  R^il  College  of  Science.  DuUin,     Author  of  I1 
L..  LL.D. 

CEtiatiii  Sokes  LiTitan. 

Trinity  CalloK,  Cambridge.    BaiiiHer-at-Law.  Inner  Temple.    A 

Kant:  SUrtt,  Br«^,:  &c 
Rev.  GurnmES  Whuelib  Thitckee.  M.A.,  B.D. 

Sitdenof  Camdiin  Catlike,  iMlney.  M.S.  W.    Formerly  Tutor  in 
stameat  HiNory  M  Ma»Md  Collegr,  CMord. 

'  HeNDUK  AnTDON  LOEEHTl. 

ProfOBOr  oi  Phvtica  in  the  l'niveT»ty  oT  Iridcn.    Author  of  L 

maptUiqwt  dc  Uiuaetll  tl  itrt  tfplialiii*  uu  iwfu  mniiiaiUi. 
Hemit  Behjamui  Wbeatlev,  F.S.A. 

AHBint  Secidary,  Royal  Society  iJ  Aria,  iSn-iqoq.    Fiesdee.  ..  — 

FCBVlOub,  Iqat-IQID.    Vice-Praidentar  the  BibliograidiicaJSaciay,  igoS-IVie. 

AolWor  7VS(tT^t™d»;Iu«J«i  °-'  — '  "- — '■*- 
Hoiice  BouNoiRDEE  Woaowim,  FR.S.,  FC.& 


Preiident  Geohi^iU'  Aaociatian.  iS«3-lM- 


CeotDgieal  Surver  tl  Eiwlind 
-  —     ""-" MedaiUH,  ig 


1NITI*LB  AND  HEftDlNOS  OF/ARXICLBS 

B.  Ck                Hues  Chuhcui,  M.A.  ■  ( 

..      .-a.-       ■  FocniMl  Scholar  of  Corpui  Chriui  Colin,  OiIiMil,  Cdiiocof  tlx  iiihiditincll  Llvd  OMri«,  D. 

Oit  SMiytJepatdia  SriUniiuaiCa^iiiia  a  ike  itttk  c&ljoB.  I 

H.  Dt.                Riv.  Hn>POLYTi  Delehati,  SI  ■  lUamaat,m 

Bellwdilt,   JgiiH4ull»(  d  ttc  ildi  .SanOMH.  .  ll^M. 

H.  F.  Q.            Hani  Fiiedrich  Gadow.  M.A..  F.RS.,  Pb.O  { 

Strxklaixl  Cuntor  mnd  Loturer  on  Zoolofv  in  Ihe  Ualvtrdty  •>(  CMMdfc:^  Uul 

A>ithar!if^iiVUMB<pJAr«(r(Cinbrid|(Nuiinl.HblMy).  I 

TLf.t.             Hwrf  Fbancis  Piumi,  LL.D  Sun  tin  tmH     • 

H. H. I.            toUtnv  KtuiEtov' Jcnmnoir,  K.C.B., G CMC.        '  /utetfL 

SBthBU<«I>plliuIirU>:}OBN>nH>,S»HlNlTKAaibT[M.  -yuHB. 

H.H.I>      ,     BsMti  HoKSl  Stefbens.  MA.Lnr.D, 

'  Prof nnr  of  Hiitocy  ind  Dirolor  ol  Univcr 

ALtbor  of  ^uJ0r7  ^  Ak  Frrmik  Rttalwiiaii 

H.  R.  T.  Hinv  RiciuHi  Tkou,  F.S.A. 

Sccnluy  Md  Libniua  of  tbi  Athouum  Qiifa 
R.  U.  HiNiy  Stuit,  M.A. 

Author  o(  /<M>  rtnUn';  FkcJdaeJt  Fra  CkucS.  ud  ftruii 
K  T.  A.  R«v.  REunT  TbdiuS  AnMews. 

Pntan  ol  N<*  Tcuimt  riitiii.  New  College,  London. 

-    T  "  ComiBeiiwry  on  AcB,"  in  ilic  HViurisUcr  "—  "^ 

'  ipacryplal  Biaii  in  iIk  "  Ccnlury  BiUe." 
B.  W.  %.*  HiUEU  Wnium  Biuwi,  M,A.  f .  ^      -. , . 

^StndcBt,  TuUr,  ud  Ubnriin.  Chrirt  Chuicli.  Oitgnl.    FsdHXly  FcUe*  of  AW  1  M0B:  fiubink 
Souli'  ColIegE.  L 

H.  W.C.D.       Henry  William  Ctiixss  Davis.  M.A.  Tl-i-u. 

Fd!o*  iDd  Tutor  of  Dilliol  ColleBe.  (Wotd.    Ftno-  of  All  SoidV  Colbjt,  Orfonf,  J  ?*°?**'_.    . 
1IM-I9CD.     Auihor  ol  CjbutunnfU;  £n|kiiU  wi^tr  ^  JVprmoJU  »f  Xii(<niU:  I  UBfMm,  SMpMB- 


in  In  th*  UnivH^tx  at  CambrldKT.  J  : 
■ry  of  Emland.     Anibor  ol  A  Stinl  : 

Ktmr  at  the  NiLionai  Muihiri  o(  Aniiquitin.  Edinbuigh.    AuiKiDt  Sccreury  to  J 

SF  SodatT  of  Anilqiuiia  d  ScotJiwl.  ud  lUigd  LKInm,  ■JM-iSli  aiid.i3>B.  I 
UtorMbrummani^AHdnilSaMikWBipmiSc.  \ 

I.A.F.  JooN  Akbiose  Flekihc,  M.A.,  D.Sc.,  P.R.S.       , 

Peodrr  FroTeHgr  d  Ekctric*]  Engintcriofl  in  the  Umveruty  of  London.  Fellow  oC 
vn!v*nHy  College,  London.  Fofmeriy  Fellow  ol  Si  fohn'a  CoTlnr-  CAmbridfe. 
Wee-iWdent  oTthe  [n<tltii>ion  o(  Elertrical  Engineer!.  Auihor  arTkl  PriKifi,! 
iieJtaric  watt  Tikc-apky:  Unpuli  aid  E^iclric  CurrmU;  &C- 

J.A.I,IL    -.•Jfjan  AuxANDEE  Fuller  M*iilahd,  M.A.,  F.S^ 

"^MuiJcil  crilic  of  Til  n-iu,     AuJior  ol  toft  1}  ScAnnuriM;    TV  ifuuun'l  ftf- 
rtt  iff  g/  Aict  anJHatd^.    Editor  of  Crove'i  Dicliima,:,  of  Uvk  aid  Uiuiiuii^i 

J.A.H.  JoHH  Allen  Howe,  B.Sc. 

Cunlor  IDd  Libnriaa  o<  ibi  Mukusi  of  Pnctiol  Ccoloni,  Losdoa.  Autbsr  s( 
TluCaliitr'fBi'Mi'tSlima-.&c. 


KIh^  OoBeie,  Canbridie.    domuondRit  of  T*e  TtilKi  in  E 
Commaodcr  ol  Ibe  Oiden  of  I^ncc  Dinilo  (t  Monlenegfo 
,  Greece,  and  Officxi  of  tbi  Order  of  St  Aluaader  of  Bulgtria, 

I.  D.  Br.  ^        Jakes  Duit  Browh. 


ABOentloo.    Authored  AiA  hi  £itr«HsiiIti^;  Ac 
!■  fj-K.  Juas  PnntAuiici-KELLV.  Lm.D.,  F.R.Hut.S. 


Innon.  Public  Ubmrie*     VJwPmtdeiit  of  tin  Ubar/i  I 
CW(  ftp  '-' — ' — '■-■'-  ■-  ' 


Spasiih.  Linfuiu  aid  Lfaemitrfa  Uvmool :  Ubiwtfqr.  t  111  IkMWj' 

rer.  Canbridgi  Unlvvtity     Fellear  sTibe  Biitidi  AoUkny.  I  Urk  ' 

Member  of  the  Ravil  SpaBidi  Addeoy.    K^ht  CooiaMiMkr  of  tb*  (Mer  n<     uignbin. 


ir  FrofcMor  of  Spaoiih.  Lanfuage  aad  LfaettfUtrei  UvertooE :  L 
III  McCbU  Lkibts.  CanrtuUgi  Unlvwtity     Fetlear  otihe  Mtldi 
cr  of  the  Rival  Spaaidi  Addeoy.    K^ht  CooiaMiMkr  of  tb* 
AipnonaoXll.    Auihor  oTf  «ii '        "'      '^^ 

}cm  FXJCOUtCI  STEKHINe,  M.A. 


J.G*. 


S«e  tU  bitgmphlcal  utide:  Cairdhu.  Jamss. 


1.0.^.      J'    Sit  Iqntu  OttUNO  FiTCH,  LL.D.  ft*  ,. 

DigilizcdbyV^jOOylL 


Juaa  ComoM  Pakzbi,  D.Sc.,  P.C.S.  f 

PKhhiiI  sI  LcMbnctkn  TKhniol  Collect.  Leuioa.    GM  HediBirt.  Sgdety  <  ■— '— 
tfAiu.   Autlior(iljUiiUcr/«rZ*trsnui  ProKifJcf  ff  raaaiati  ftc  .1 

GnHWE  Rgsuasox,  MA.,  PbJD.  f 

■  rofoKT  g(  Grrmfp  L«aauare  And  LUcntur^  Ujiitftnitjr  a(  Loadm.  Editor  of  tbc  J  t^gt^M  Om  aaA 
VmljiTi  tnnpian  Jamat.    Author  ol  fluwj  ^f  Cimu  Lilinitiin;  SdtilUr  ajlir  1  '  '      f~"*" 

JtKtts  H*SH*OEH,  Pa.D,  flMf.  KKl  HMmM; 

Print-doicnt  in  Medieval  ud  Mdden  Hiatarr,  UnIvwrity'gJ  Bona.    / 
Ou  ShJohiiJ  ■Ucr  il«  /nnudnicli  HiHKlufu 
«  HiNiy  FtEUi,  M.A. 
Fonicrir  FcUov  oJ  Sc  Joha'a  CsUeie,  Cubrldgb 
[IMH  HoLLjuiD  Rosi,  M.A.,  Lm.D. 

LectunroD  Modem  Higtorv  to  the  Cuinbndn  Uolvsiily  Laal  Leetiiro  SrndKitF.  J  La 

KatiM-.TUUJiifPia.e-  ' 


\tmK  LDrTOH  MvxES,  M.A.,  T.S.A..  FJt.G.S, 


INITIALS  AND  HEADINGS  OF  ARTICLES 

IM  ClOKOE  NiCOLAV  (iSjl-IOOl).  f 

Huitial«(dRU^3u|aBiHCaiirt.i>7>-ill7,    Jota6«iMhor «( 4»«1«» Ui«M-- -{  UnaDk, 


■  (iB» 


r.  loBN  T«im  Lus.  M.A. 

Chuccliof  of  LUndair  Calhe 


Cjlhednl.    formerly  Hutiean  iMtum  la  Divioily  ud 

Lady  Mujun  Preaclier,  Usivenily  «t  Cair 
Qf  Kelu  InObik,  LL.D. 
Sec  Ibe  blocrapblcd  ankle:  iMOtAiI.  J.  K. 


lyHuiao 


'AbUH^  b  tba  Unlnnlty  of  OifcinL  Pa 
jd  Lecturer  in  Andent  Ceocraphy.  Vc'— 
Archaeology  la  Uoivertity  of  Q:dord. 


Sn  JOOM  MuUAI.  K.C.B,,  FJLS. 

Seethe biDgiapliicsl article:  MuaiAV,  Sii  Jobk. 

RlV.    JaHES    M.  CtOHH*. 

Author  of  £nitmar:  Ui  Tepipeplif  and  Salmi  HiiUry;  Lulmu  BnUiMicA 
ronr  HnUB  Giuy  (i8jo-tSu) 

An  Clitic  and  Curator  dI  the  a^IIiihNatioiBiPoruaitGalleTy,  lUi-itot.  / 

ft  Dnid  ScM.  R.S.A.:  Jama  tad  tViUiam  T*ini. 
[ux  Paul  Baroi.rrK  Eiuukuel  AnHiiiH  Eutnn 

PnrEnOT  of  Law  in  the  Univcniir  of  Paili.    Officer  of  the  Lenm 

Member  of  the  laiCitulE  of  Fnuce.   Author  of  Oxri  ^IMnlsin  J'tlU 

/ra,Knir:&^ 

I(MM  PuLCivAi  Posnuir,  M.A,,  Lm.D  i  ,         ..,.., 

Pmfewc  of  Utin  in  the  Umvcnity  of  Uvnpool.     Felloir  of  TKiutT  CoOeEf.  J  bita  UniMBn  tlS  pint    ' 
Cambli^ge.     Pellov  of  tlie  Britiih  Aradeiny.     Alitor  of  the  CIomhuiI  Qmulerlf  [ 
EllilOT>4a<hief  of  the  Cur^  iVInruM  ialiMnm:  *t 

RiT.  John  Pdhkeit  Feieie.  Ph.D.,  D.D 

Ca>>aoReli<IenIiiry,P.E.CalhedralofNe«Yotk   Fonoerly  Pn>te»TaFH<bre- in 

the  UmWniiy  of  Ptnniylvani^,    LKrenor  of  tlit  Univenity  ExpediiioR  to  Bit^ 

iMia,   leas-tga;.     AulFior  of  Kffmr,  at  VxtlaMira  and  Atttttiaa  at  in 

Eupktila;  SaifU.ni,  Hilnta  aid  Ciruliaii. 
m<Sou.T,  LL.D.  f. 

See  the  biiignphica]  article;  Sin,LY,  Jiutu.  ■(' 

HI  Snz,  M.A,  (i84]-i8gs).  /. 

AMbMciil  JTiUarja/CMuajiac  \' 


tapbcr  to  the  Geolo^cal  Survty.     Ponneilv  Lcdunr  oa  Pttmlngf  la  I  I^tiitM; 

iigb  CJaivendty.   NdirMedalliit  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edlaburjh.  Bli^y  1  LmcII*;  £«aM  X«jb: 

ill  of  the  Ceoloficd  Society  of  London.  ii— _.._ 


r.  Ceofraphlcal  Soti 


M  Scow  Keltie.  LL,D,,  F,S.S.,  FSJl  (Scot.). 
Secieurv..  Rfiyri  Cecvaphlal  Sodety.  Han.  Ui 
of  Fan,  Beiiin,  Rmie,  Ac    Ediur  M  tb<  iSstfnu 

loan  Srarero  Willisok,  LL.D,.  F.R.S,  {Canada}. 

" •  •-I- " — {Toronto).   Canadian  CoirBipoadeat «(  n*  nuMi.   J 


itietleaj 
of  thei  ' 


Sir  Wairii  Umia  aii'Hiiljtral  Paiiji  &c  " 
Imi  Xkoku  Beaut. 
.    UotHuttfaor  of  Stanfonl'a  Etntt-    Ponoeily  Edit 
Matqiimt.   TianalaMi  d  Sva  Hndla'a  Tlrnft  At 

JL  TRnoa  Btcnnu 


UM  c;iurifiluaf-l  1 


{m^Im^  BaMrt  (i-  ^ 

Digilizod  by  Google 


K.8. 


IKITIALS  AND  HEADINGS  OF  ARTICLES- 

Jorarx  Thokm  CroimreHUf,  MA, 


UidVBiil 

Jamm  Tboumh  Shotwiu.,  Pa.D. 


TniVBirtrsf  Edwbuili.    I' 


lUmhnic. 


London.     Fonneilv  PiOaw  J  i 
dI  Ninnl  HlMDty  in  tbi  j 


of  HiMcry  in  Coliuntu  Univtnity,  New  York'  City. 
fuus  Vuiii. 

An:hiviit  (I  Ibi  Nidmul  Aichiva.  Puii.    OflicK  of  Pi 

CAmnf  J.  Whttit  DncoH,  ILN. 

Niucicu  Aaiaiar  to  tbo  Court  of  AppcoL 
Jims  WirCLim  Huduh,  U.A. 

SafF  iMpocIor  of  SKCtidiry  Schawl  under  thi  BmitI 

Fellow  bTKiiiE'i  College.  Cambridir.    Pnrencir  at  Cm 

QiKen'i  CclJcge.  London.    Autlior  iJ  Bumarcli  utid  Ikt 

JjiHES  Wbitbiead  Le«  Guisbei,  M.A  .  DSc.,  F.R.S. 

Fdlow  of  Trinity  Collfgt.  Cainbrkl(e.     Fornoly  Praridml  «l  1^  CimbridfcJ 

FtiH—ailiipa  Soarty.  ud  One  Royal  AiDtnoniial  SocirtT     '^-■- '  " ' 

af  l/aliemtlU' itni  tbtQwmrrly  JetmalefPimaiii  Afflud 


I ,  C.I.E.,  LL.S  .  M.B 


LB.* 
1,1.$. 


•  Laoum  Jtlas  Stekcek,  M.A. 


Sidney  ^ 


■.Ok 

■.at, 

>.I.T. 

■■O.B.CL 
■■P.' 


I  ColKfc,  CinMJft, 


■Sl"K^ 


liolir     Editor  a{  the  Jfi<u 


Ki 


^a(  dw  Arcba;  Muter  of  thi  l^KultiH:  and  Fvn  Church  Euatea  Cob-  J 
v^oner.    BcDdks  of  LiocolD'a  Jdcu    Author  of  Jf«ujt*nnii  in  Smtfand,  ^         ' 
Ltnci  ViiLARl 

[Bliin  FgntinOfiin  (Emigiation  Dcpl.).  Farninly  Ntwigiper  Coi 

f  Europe    Italian  ViCE-CaiiHil  in  New  Oileini,  iap6„Philadelpl 

n,U3A,  1907  ■      ■         •■■■--•'    I^ 

I  fitiwt. 

MoRTTi  Caijtoj,  Ph.D. 

Honortfy  PmfaiDt  _.  . ._ 

Verlauiit'*it€riliiCiidBcUtitr  Uaikimalik.atc. 
'  HxttoH  IT.  SncuuKH,  F.! 


ul  in  New  Oileini.  loofi.'Philadelpiiil.  igar.  a 
or  of  luliim  Lijiit  Tan  and  CtnUrj.  &c. 


the  Unlvcrrity  of  Keiilelbert. 


lyEdiu 


.r  liic  ita^ 


d  Eihibltioni  of  Bern 


tSuem  Nubdhi  Tod,  i 


c/Ari.    McmbnofFi 
uthor  of  Hiilarj  of  ' 


.■  of  Orid  Collegi!.  Oxford.     Uni 

Jomt-uitbor  of  Calaltpu  if  Itt  Sfarb  Ummm. 
HamaujkN  Otto  Bisuahci  Cigpaki,  U.A, 

"--■---  ■--■— t  HliMryatLondonUnivenily    t 


l^rj^C.'  f , 


Waoi,  ILA.;  I 


Uopold  IL  (Cromf  thite  if 
TMicany).  '' 

LwdoR  Bitiirtnth; 
Lmarto  et  fin. 

LIM  EntiBTh*  (w  ^n'O. 


LlOH  jACqUEI    MUOUE  PlOET. 


ECO. 


KksoLAE  C   Gmvi. 

Chid  Eb^hcb  to  the  TVuc  tmpravcmeai  CamBMauB. 
Ottd  Hcneie,  Ph.D. 

Ob  Ih*  StfS  d  Ibc  C*ri  ZdM  Factofy,  J  BE.  Camuy 


INITIALS  AND  HEADINGS  OP  ARTICLES. 


PeJeI  CEAUffiis  MnCTEii,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  D.Sc.,  LXJ). 

SKtetaiy  n  the  ZodocicAl  Sockcy  c4  'LondoDf'    Uaivcnity  DcBonatntor  in 
CompDliiva  Automy  ind  AuiaUnl  Is  LiiucK  Pnleuor  u  Oxfonl  iMt-ltei.. 

■     -         -     "■  ■ "'-  rine  CcMt  Hojpiui.  i8m-i«o»:  MLondoor'      - ' 

to  3ie  Ro}'al  Collep  of  Tbyiicua^  iSgi-igf 


, Julont  iMI 

It  CtauKiE  Cnu  Hotpiul.  iS«-i8at:  MLsndsaHi 
in  Uiolstr  to  the  Ro}'al  CdIIcic  of  Tbyiicua^  i  ~ 
inZoolofy  Co  theUmvehly  a  London,  190^ 


fund.  AnkUteK 
J  UndarM^tak*  tfi 
lu*d%  in  Dak*  «C. 


P.  G.  Peicv  GuuihEi,  Lm.D.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.  f . 

S«thebia(iaphial  midc.  Cakdkek,  Piicv.  \ 

».  GL  Ptrai  Guzs,  M.A.,  LL  D.,  Litt.D.  f  ,  -, 

Fdlow  anil  Clasiul  Ltctaia  of  Emmanuel  Calleee,  Cunbridse.  ind  Univernty  J  , 
Reader  is  Campantivc  PhDology.  Late  SeciEIuy  oT  the  Cuiibridge  Philciloiiical  {  **■ 
Society,    AaliwcliliiiitaltfOmttniUttl'liiliJiitf.^  L 

SeelhebiographLc«lartide:H«IERION,PBIUPGlv»s«I.  l*"™  Mfi»ra|  '".'j  ^ 

B.  A.  S.  K.      '  ROBErr  AtEXANDU  STTtviiiT  Maciustei,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  f 

Kt  fokn'i  Colkte,  Cambridge.    DinctarofEmvatloiiifortiKPilenintExplan-^LMhkh. 

B.  Q.  RiCHUiD  Gainiit,  LL.D.  i^I^anariL 

'  Seetiiebii^raphialBnltlerCAaMtrr,  RicBaMa  \       ^^ 


bsMfr,  LoadDD.  [ , 

Sn  Rqbext  Eennaway  DonctAS.  f 

Fonmlf  PrDfeuar  of  Cbinne.  King'i Collen.  London.   KeeperofOiieaBr  Primed 
BookiAndMSS.  aiBriiidiMuKuin,  itoi-1907.    Member  of  the  OiincK  Coiuulir  ^  ' 
Service,  iScS-iMl    Autbnr  d  »<  £«i»o«  and  LiUnUiri  tl  Oata:  EnroU 
t1lllh$  Far  Ball:  &i:.  I 


RiCBAU)  LTOEJiKEa,  F.RS..  F,G5.,  F2.S.  unmat  ^f»  fany, 

MambB-ot  the  SuR  of  the  Cenlaaical  Survey  oT  IndJa.  iSM-taSi.     Auihor  of  J  !<■<»; 

CiUliinK  c/  nisiif  tfrnmnii/i.  /UplUrs  anil  fiiidi  >*  lite  Bnluh  JVimiun:  TTii  Dm]  Lwinid  (in  parti; 

afaUlmiii.  Til  Camt  Animali  ofAJrUa;  Sx.  Uon  (in  parfl; 


R.  MX.  RonEiT  H'Lachlah.  /LmmI  (in  Mr0. 

E4ilorof  tb(Ei>i™ofcrrii'i«oiuAJ^lfBlriifat.  1_^         -   '      T" 

^Seethebio(rapbicdar(ick;BAU.*«IYNI,R.M.  |U»-bo»t:  BrUuk  (ia  fan). 

R.K.BL  RoBEST  IfiiBET  Bain  (d.  I90q).  f      ,i^_,,      _.  _,    J--     ■• 

Ausmt  Librarian.  Britith  MuKum.  188^1909.     Author  of  Scu-iJinana.  lii  f  uIUM»  L  Ud  IT.  oT' 

PiJUiial  Ifuloty  bJ  DniKiirk,  Nurmay  and  Sarifl.  ISIl-1900;   TTu  FirsI  Rmamtcs,  i       fbomt- 
^t6li-i7!!;Slanic,^Hnipt:  lit  Pohliai Uitlin}  ^ Pflaad md  Rmsm Imm  146^     i-iV 

.R.S.C.  RoBEiT  Sevhodb  Cohway,  M.A.,  D.Lirr   (Cantab)  fLaUn  i"— -—  (»  tvA 

■     ud  CttQi  College,  Cambridge.    Aalbvr  nine  Imla  DialaU  L     rkMety- 

R.  W*.  RJCHAKD  WeBstm,  A.M  f ,    „  ,  .  _ 

Fomierlv  Fdlov  in  Clawci,  PiinccUHi  Univaniiy.    Ednot  «l  Tibf  BUtn  oTi  La>«  >•«'■ 

B.W.G.  The  Vmt  Rev.  R.  W.  Chuscb, D.D,  /Inntarti:  -  " 

Sat  the  biognphica]  article;  Chuich,  R.  W.  \      Tie  Kinfrfm  m  Ally. 

S.  A.<L       '     BtMKxM  AxrouB  Cook,  M.A.  f 

Letiurer  in  HebriK  and  Syriac,  and  fominly  Felloif,  Gonville  and  Caiai  Coneot  1 
Cambridge.  Editor  for  Faleiline  Enploralion  FunJ.  E.atniiier  in  Hebrew  and  ' 
Aiamaic.  London  Univenity,  ioOi-1908.  Author  oJ  Gloaary  cl  Anmou  7»- 
Kritn-m:  riu  Lam  ej  itiia  siid  IMt  Cnfi  of  Honn Broil :  CrAitd  Nala  «  OU 
■■    7iiamaiI1alory,Ri(itun^A%tii^PaUiHiu-,ii:. 

.   5e«  the  biographical  article  CoLviH,  Sidski  -^^a-iraanig 

■t  C  V1SCODN7  St  Gybes.  /limnn' 

See  the  Ungraphical  inicle  iDDESLEibH,  1ST  Eakl  or.  '^UfsorL 

S.D.F.S.  Rev.  StSwut  Dincwau.  Foidyce  Saluon,  M.A;  D'.DWiSj^twjJ. 

Ptofcawr-of  Svilematic  Theoiogv  and  Emjeila  of  the  Epiallei,  \ff,C 


t  NEwCtiiiB,  LL.D,.  D.Sc,  ■■  -  '  /' 

K  theliiugiaphicai  mitJciej  N'awcOHD,  biHOH.  \] 


,W!:^(W*^le 


INITIALS  AND  HEADINGS  W?  ARTriOLES 


T.A.I 
T.Ot 


T.F.C. 
T.r.H. 


I.K.L 
T.l«. 


T.WS. 
T.B.L. 
T.B.B. 


D.LttT..  FS.A. 

'  '   "  '     '  ai  Arrtntehwy  at  Rome.    CormpondiM  Member 
•_.,  ,_. Fonwili..  Schol«  y  Chn« 


Director  of  , --.  ,<  -- 

of  the  fmpcria]  Gcnnin  ArrhuolDficB]  Iiulitu 
Ckwdi,  Oxford.  Cnv«  Fdlov.  (Kfwd.  Ito7- 
ratty  tft-^— '■— -- 


u  al  tti  Oaitial  Tnpt- 


Thoiui  Case.  H.A. 

PmidCDt  of  Corpui  CkriMi  ColUfc  Oxtonl.     Fonncrly  WivnBtu  Profaur  o( 
Uenl  and  UfOfibruc^  Fliilouiifiy  >t  Oiloid  and  Fcfiov  of  Mafdiltn  CaU^i. 


nd  Meuphvtiul  FhikHopI 
at  Pkfiiai  ikaUim:  Ac 


RTllin  Twltrnx  at  Fkyuc  In  tbc  Untvenity  ti  Csnibriibi-    Phyticdn  is  Addn- 

biDoke'i  Ho^BUl.  CambTidie.    Fdlev  oT  Gaiii>Ule  ■ad&iuiCallcte.Cuibrldtt. 

Ediuc  of  S^Utmi  el  M^uint. 

lOKU  DAvmoM,  LL.D. 


Tboiiu  F.  Kuideuon. 

Author  of  Murj  Q-m  ^  ShIi 
Su  TkoHaI  Hi 


Colonel  in  Ilw  Royal  Eniln 
iCol.  CoM  Mtdafliii.  RC 
Befuch  Bonndary,  l«9«.    t 


Houaai,  K.C.M.Q    K.C.I.E.,  D.Sc.,  F.R.CS. 

'raond"oy?iM7."H.MTon'miiK2^(or  ihe  Pmo- 
-    '  -^'r  l«iuiii  Bt^nlaU:  Tin  Cma  ^  Irndtn; 


Taotus  MooiE.  F.L.S.  (iSii-iSS;) 

Cuiatot  tt  tbe  Garden  ol  the  Apart 

•i  Ihc  CaiJHiri-  Mtpaimt  •/  B 

tnda  Fiikum:  lUmaraimu  tf  On! 
lUv.  THOHAa  MmniH  Ukbat.  U..!).,  D.D. 

Printipnl  of  [he  Uaixa  Free  Chureh  Colkte,  Clugov.     Formeily  Ai 

P^cinr  at  Lofie  and  MelafJiyiln  in  ilie  Uaitiniiy  at  Edinburil 

lialirf  qf  iIk  KifarmaiieK;  J.^  e{  iMkir;  &c 
Thomas  Seccowie.  M.A 

teure^  in  Hiiloiy.  Fjll  Ll 
tniK  Piianian.  Oifor4,  ....  .       ..      _ 

eint^pkr,  1*91-1900.  Auiboc  of  n<.1(i  i/J>tBa>:&Si 

rr  mfnnily.    ProTeH 


Royal    Aiiatic   &icicty,    tUv-lQOJ.    Aul 
BmUUiU:  Earti  Baililiitm:BliiUill  Ini 


Author  of  BulMiim..Sa(rril  BBoti   aj  I 


TnOMM  WOODHOUSE. 

Head  oI  the  Wiavinf  and  Ttitilc  DcuinlnK  Departmenl.  Technical  College, 

ViviAM  BYan  Leww,  FI.C  ,  F.C  S. 

Pmfeiwr  of  Chcniury.  Royal  Naval  CoMete.    Chief  Supeiinteiident  Gaa  Eaaminn 

to  iht  Cocponlion  of  the  City  of  London. 
VlMfOH  HekvEIT  BtACIHAN,  M.A.,  D.Sc. 

PrnfeiaDr  of  Bouny  in  the  Univenity  of  Lnd*.    Fonneriy  FeUow  of  S(  iolm'i 

Cclkge.  Cambridce. 
Rjiv.  WiLUau  AncuiTtn  Bkivooit  Cooudce.  M.A..  F.R.C.S. 

FcUoo  of  Ma^lin  Cs)le|t.  Oifocd.    ProTewir  of  Enfliili  Hiitory.  Si  David'a 

Cdltje,  Lampeier,  i«8o-ihi.   Author  ol  Cand  to  Smiurlamd:  7».  Alpt  n  jValnn 

VKl  in  Hiiltry,  Ac.   Ediloi  of  Flu  ^lin'at  /oiinu/,  iSSa-iSS». 
Waltu  AuaoM  PmLim,  M.A. 

Fomierly  Eihibitioiier  of  Menon  CoHetc  and  Senior  Scholar  of  St  lohn'a  CoUoe, 

OxTord.   Author  cfJVxknieanircAc. 
Tie  Ri.  Rev.  WtuuH  Eowakd  Coluns,  M.A..  D.D. 

Biihop  of  CibraJtir.    Fomiecly  ProfCHOr 

London.    Lecturer  of  Selwyn  and  Si  Johi.  _  ,_    .. 

Slrndf  1/ EaUiiaaiat  Hiatrf,  Btpmnati  tl  E'tM*  ^^^ri''''*^y:  Ac. 
Wmuu  Fe»cOTsok  I»vihi,  How.  M.A.  (Llvnpoon. 

Hoa.StcRtaryandGcncni  Editorof  HntotkafSoeietyof  Laneaihireand  Cherfdn. 

H«.  Local  Secmaiy  for  Chedure  of  Ihe  Society  of  Antiquarici.     Aiuhor  of  Lov- 

fodiaAi  nipi  4  OiAt  II. :  OU  HilU  if  Winal:  Ac 


S|:  OU  aiid  Gu. 


lyGoo^Ic 


INITIALS  AND  HEADINGS  OP  ARTICLES 


L  li.  '       Wouui  Hehii 


I,  M.A    D.D;,  D.Lirr.  (C»n 


W.P.T. 
W.R.>e. 


W.T.D,. 

W.  W.  B.* 

W.W.*    , 

w.T.a. 


Autfcac   at   Jb|M  I  Lulu. 


—   — _   It  EHfloii  In  New  And  Hickne^    __. 

FvuHcly  Fdlgw  of  St  John'i  Callrtr.  OmbridEt    Lccurei  in  Kabiv 
C«negc,  ShcScld.   Aalbor  ol  StUpn  ^IttFtU-ExiUiFitHiUi  it. 

Sn  WnLUH  Heh»*  Flowej,  F.R.S. 

SCE  tb>  bk««plual  utlde:  Flowii.  S[1  W.  H. 

WiLLuu  Michael  Rossetti. 

Sk  the  bloinpbial  ■rtick:  Ronnii,  Didti  Cmuii. 

Wiuuu  FEnuiEU)  Tkeht,  LL'.D.,  D.C.L. 

Fnlfrwr  g(   Eiwluli    Uicntuic.     Cetumbli   Usivcn 
CKUm-M  ViifiHUf.A  Brirf  Hisuty  if  Amtham  Ultrili 

V/IUMM  RncHiE  Soxiiy,  M.A.,  LirrD.,  LL,D. 

PnKow  oT  MonI  PtitloBpby  in  the  Univtniiy  d  CimbrMp!.  Vrnaw  ol  King' 
Collnr,  CaiBbridEe.  Ffllaw  of  the  Briiitti  Acadtny.  FomwHy  FfUdw  oT  Trimr 
CsUcie.    Autburof  Tlir  Elkiu  tf  Italtralitm;  JIu  InUifriliUin  ef  Ewtlmlmi;  >c 

WlLUAH    lUlItOK  SamOEIP-RAUTOH,  M.A. 

FodUHly  AHiHMt  in  Ibe  DcputimtiE  o<  FrinMd  Bonlo.  Briliili  Mumita.  Auiha 
(tf  JCuiioD  FM  T^a;  Ac. 

WiLUAM  THOHAS  ClT.HAH,  D.Sc.,  T2.S.  , 

AviHut  ia  chine  el  Cruuicau  Nicunl  Miitoiy  MuKum.  Scwlh  KtailntlDii.  ^  LoMir. 

AutbcK  ol  •■  Cnuucta"  la  A  TVralui  «  Zulny,  KRltd  by  Sii  E.  Rmy  Link ' 

WlLLUU  TlEOITDEH  Dovcuss,  M.IkIt.C.E.,  M.I.M.E. 

ConiuIliiii-EnilnHr  la  Governmnti  of  Wanni  AimnKi,  Nfw  Ssuih 
Vicloril.  Cipe  or  Good  HCDC  Jte.  ErKltdlheEddyiloMlndBiihciaRiicli 
bouM.    tuit\i»  ol  TTk  Sm  EJdyiUmt  LillaJuuu:  a 

WlLUAK    Wai _..     , 

AnUliiit  Prc^Fw  ol  Churcb 


-[uim 


ML  iMf^. , 


PRINCIPAL  UNSIGNED  ARTICLES 


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ENCYCLOPEDIA    BRITANNICA 

ELEVENTH    EDITION 
VOLUME  XVI 


LI  MWt  wUch  wu  tbs  tvtittb  Inter  of  ilw  PbocnidiB 
■Iplwbet  It  lu*  1b  111  biitory  puMd  throuih  rvbj 
thingfi  el  torn,  endjng  curioudy  *Mni|b  la  iu  Bnul 
Buuucripc  fan  wkk  a  ih^w  AliDait  IdeDtkal  wllh  Ihat 
wbich  It  hid  kbout  9aoi^(^^).  Aiwutbe  cue  vUh  S 
ud  some  other  kltcn  the  Gncki  did  Dot  eveiywb«n  keep  the 
■ymbol  in  tbe  potllioa  in  vhich  they  hid  bomoed  it  ],  ,  This, 
which  wu  its  oldc5t  fDcm  in  Allica  ind  id  the  Chilcidian  coIddIc* 
of  Itiiy,  wu  the  lono  adopted  by  the  Romrne,  who  Id  time 
converted  it  into  the  recUogle  L, which  puied  from  them  to  the 
BUions  at  westtni  Eumpe.  In  the  Ionic  ilphabct,  however, 
[[Dm  which  the  oidiouy  Crecli  alph«bet  b  dcHved  it  tppeued 
ts  A.  A  siill  more  common  fonn  in  other  pini  of  Greece  w»a  /* , 
with  the  Icgi  of  unequal  lenph.  The  eiUion  oT  Hciodotus  hive 
ikot  *1wiys  lecogniied  Ihit  the  name  of  Labda,  the  mother  of 
Cypselus,  in  life  Koiy  (v.  fli)  ol  the  louniUng  ol  the  great  lamily 
ol  CorinthiaD  de^wts.  wu  dcdved  Iroin  the  Fact  that  she  wu 
bme  and  so  suggnted  the  loim  ef  the  Corialhiaa  A .  Another 
(onn  /■  «  h  wu  pnctically  caofiDcd  to  the  wot  of  Argolis. 
The  nunc  of  ibe  G[«k  ktiei  o  eidiiurily  liven  u  ^laWa,  but 
is  UemdMui  (above}  and  in  Aibeoeus  1.  p.  4Sj  (,  •rbete  Iba 
Buie*  of  the  leitcim  an  given,  ilK-hcsi  autbeatlcMed  lata  h 
IdUn.  The  HebKW  name,  which  wu  pralMbly  idratical  with 
the  Pboenidan,  is  LawMd,  which,  with  a  final  tdwiI  added  M 
muL,  would  euily  become  Lombdth  ^  being  LDsert«d  belweea 
<e  ud  another  ceooBUit.  Tbe  ptoDuDoBtba  ol  I  vuin  n 
■icai  6ai  according  ta  tbe  poioi  at  whkb  Ibe  loBCUe  ualut 
copiacl  with  the  not  of  lb*  month.    Tlic  contact,  (eneiaUjr 


lansoicei, «(.  in  Latin  JxtiuM  fm 
Umpp  and  the  B**t^i*>*  4Mr*  Tbo  cfaani*  In  Latin  occun  in  a 
vrtf  United  nonber  ol  one*  and  one  aplanndaB  of  their 
ocamencB  ii  that  llwr  u<  boit^wed  (Sabkie)  w«nta<  In  pro- 
■nntiaiifin  the  breath  nay  b«  aBond  to  escape  at  on*  oi  bolb 
rids  of  the  tsogue.  Id  moM  liiinimi  t  J 1*  a  fairiy  sialile  MUnd. 
Orientak.  faowevir,  baTB  nnch  dttculEy  in  dBtiaguiahini 
between  I  and  r.  In  (Hd  Penlan  ( !•  bund  la  only  two  fordsn 
wBids,  and  in  SanArk  diffeieDt  dtabcu  enploy  r  and  f  diffeitnt^ 
fa  the  lam*  word*.  Otheiwise,  Iwwewi,  the  iBtBdnnga 
beiwen  r  and  I  were  Mmeirhat  annenied  by  lb*  older  phiki- 
io^la.  Before  other  cDnaananU  1  beconiB  lilnt  in  not  a  fmr 
laociiace*,  notably  in  Fiencb,  where  it  i*  replaced  by  ■>,  and  ui 
Eo^iib  where  it  hu  occasioiiaHy  betB  restored  in  recent  linu^ 


c^g.  in/onfj  which  earlier  wu  spelt  without  J  (u  in  French  whence 
it  wu  borrowed),  and  which  Gokismitb  Cijuld  still  ihynu  with 
ongib.  In  the  ijth  century  the  Scottish  dialea  of  English 
dropped  i  largely  Inth  before  conswiants  and  finally  after  o  and 
0,11'  -tU,  fa'-Uli,  ^'-puU,  W-wool,  hJji  pronounced  liktf 
6(nt,  &c,  while  after  sit  ^ipeaii  as*,  rgo  (pronounced  ru)- 
loU.  tan-knoll,  &c  It  is  lo  be  observed  thai  L-Jo  does  not 
come  [nun  this  symbol,  but  wu  an  adaputJonof  +,  tbe  western 
Creek  form  of  x,  which  had  no  corresponding  lound  in  Ijitin 
and  wat  therefore  not  mdudcd  in  the  ordinary  alphabet.  Thi* 
symbol  wu  first  rounded  into  J,  and  then  changed  Brst  to  X 
and  ultimately  lo  L  (P.  Gi.) 


of  the  Eilel  volcanic  lorniation,  a 


ad  tbe  pi 
it  lender 


le  and  basalt 


cucumfeTence  and  ibo  it- 
deep,  and  i*  sunounded  by  an  amphithcaite  of  high  hills. '  The 
water  is  iky  blue  u  colour,  very  cold  and  bitter  to  the  tutc 
The  lake  has  no  natural  outlet  and  consequently  b  subjected 
to  a  conudcrahle  rue  and  lalL  On  the  western  sjde  Uc»  tbo 
Benedict  uie  abbey  of  St  Mana  Laach  lAibalia  LaccKits)  founded 
in  lof  J  fay  Henry  II,.  count  paUtine  ol  the  Rhine.  The  abbey 
church,  datng  fror  -■■ ■-  -■  ■-     "  " 


uteryd. 


sappean 


have  been  uneventlul 

ln_  iSoi  It  was  abolished  and  a 

thTc 

ol  the  Napoleonic  wi 

a  Prussian  tiMe 

deme 

In  iS6j  U  paaed  into 

the  hands  of 

he  Jesuits  who 

dow 

their  eipulsion  in  187J.  published  he 

re  a  periodical,  which 

appears,  entitled  SUmma,  car  ifa 

no  tfloci.     In 

ligi 

nunuLcry  w>*  again 

iccupicd  by  the 

LAAQBR.  a  South  African  Dulcl 

word  (DuLdi  Utf. 

ttttr,  connected  with 

En»"Ui."} 

far  a  len^orary 

"  brlraginring "  .army.  TIm  Cer.  Jofir,  in  the 

is  familiar  u  tbe  oame  of  a  light  biet  (n  Buwihc). 

UUi  BBXR  (itdr-iSts)i  Gannan  phOosiipher.  wu  bora 
oBtbai6ihaf  Junaii^Tnt  FOnttBwalde,  He  studied  theology 
and  pkilDsopby  nnder  Treodtknburg  at  Berlin,  and  eventually 
became  professor  of  philoaoidty  in  tbe  new  univervty  of  Slran- 
burg.  In  Kaaei  Amalttia,  dcr  Er/almmt  (iSt«)  be  ktnty 
criti«!iod  Kant**  liuiceadcnulitm.  and  In  his  chief  mtk 
MtofiiMat  imi  PmtMimiu  (j  vtria^  1879-1884),  be  dicw  a 


LA  BADIE— LABE 


Uk    fousdei.     Lui    in    i 

Huougbout  bi>  phiJcaophy  be  codcavoun  to  conocct  meta- 

pbyikiwilb  eUiia»d  Ihe  Ibeoiy  of  cduutiou. 

Hli  chief  (ducuiorul  wocki  wen  Do  dnufk  Amfaa  i*  ia 
ttm  QnmanilUaiia  <lgM;  SrdnL,  putL.  iSoS,  nut  it,  igqi], 
niDaitmlMeliiUiiUrtidiltptiilmnUiimiuUailitji-,  md  td. 
1*861.  HtamuibMeiJtrgelYtoliitViMdJaliriidir.f.wiii.Plnloi. 
(l<«o-lMiJ:  the  LHUwHcker  tlatUaii.  t  poaiamaai  •x\\rait,a. 
wupubUibcd  ■t^nean  (Its;].  Sit  HMiitci,  Dir  FaMtiimia  ten 
Enil  £«i  (1901)  t  Cjvriu,  Pit  Erimaiiitllititit  ia  Emu  Laat 
[1903)  1  FilckcBbeiK.  HiH.  1^  Utd.  PkOti.  (Egg.  tnu.  I«9s)' 

UBUUB,JBUIia(ieio-««7ii,  PrBttbdi<riiic,«(«uul«o(. 
the  Kfaod  know!  m  IlK  LubadbU,  *u  loia  it.fiour^  not  fai 
inm  Bordeaux,  on  tbe  ijih  of  Fefanuiy  1610, 1 
Jean  Charlo  de  la  Badie,  goveioor  al  Cuienae. 
ID  the  Jouit  Khool  at  BoTdeaiu,  snd  when  fifteen  entered  the 
Jesuit  csUege  there.     In  ibi&  he  begsn  to  btudy  fbloHpI 
and  theology.     He  wai  led  to  hold  umenhat 'titttme  iriei 
about  Ihe  efficacy  of  prayer  and  the  direct  influence  of  the  Holy 
Spirit  upon  believen,  and  adopted  Augustiniao  views  about 
gncei  free  will  and  predcsliiuitiODi  which  brought-  hira 
coUiiiau   wiib   hii   older.     He  iheiefore  Kpuaicd  (com  Ibe 
Jcjuit),  and  then  became  a  preacher  to  the  peopI«,  cattying  on 
Ihii  TorJt  in  Bordeaux,  Paiia  and  Amieni.    At  Amiena  In  1640 
he  vai  appdnted  a  canon  and  teacher  of  theology.   The  hostility 
of  Cardinal  Muarin,  however,  fon:ed  him  to  retire  to  the  Ci 
melile  heraiitage  at  Graville.    A  iludy  ot  Citvin's  IntlOtu 
showed  hiio  thit  he  had  more  in  common  with  the  Refortned 
than   nilh   the  Romin   Catholic  Church,  and  Biln 
^Jvtntiirei  he  joined  the  Reformed  Church  o(  Fwnce  a)id 
became  profeuor  of  Iheolog^ 
lor  doing  »  be  published  in  the  same  year  in  hia  Dtdataiion 
it  Jan  it  la  Bmlit.    Hii  acceuion  lo  the  ranks  of  the  Pro- 

hinuel!,  it  was  said,  had  left  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
He  was  caDed  to  the  putarste  of  the  church  it  Orange  on  the 
Rhone  in  iSjf.  and  at  oace  became  noted  for  his  uvetily  ol 
discipGne.  He  act  hia  face  Kalously  against  dancingj  card. 
playing  and  woiliDy  entertalDmenti.  The  unsettled  slate  oi 
the  country,  recently  anneied  to  France,  compelled  him  to  leave 
Onnge,  and  in  1659  he  became  a  pastor  in  Geneva-  He  then 
■ccepled  a  call  to  the  French  chuR;h  In  London,  but  after 
vaiioui  mnderings  settled  at  Middelburg,  where  he  was  pastor 
to  the  Freach.speaking  congregation  at  a  Walloon  church. 
His  peculiar  opnioni  were  by  thi;  time  (1666]  well  known,  and 
he  and  his  congregation  found  Ihemielvea  in  conflict  «ith  the 
ecclesiastical  authoiitiea.  The  result  wai  that  la  Badle  and  his 
foflowers  established  a  separate  church  In  a  adgfibouring  town. 
In  16&9  he  novcd  to  Amsterdam.  He  had  CBthulIaltic  disciples, 
FieiR  Yvon  li646-i!o7)  at  Montaubin,  Pierre  DuUgnon 
(d.  1675),  Francois  Menurel  (d.  1670),  Theodor  DwereyV  (d. 
160)),  F.  Spanheim  (i6jj-i;oi),  and,  more  important  than 
any,  Anna  Malia  v.  Schtlrman  (1607-167B),  whose  book  Eucltria 
b  perhapi  the  best  exposition  of  the  leDeu  of  her  master.  At 
(be  head  of  hfs  Sepaialist  congirgatlon,  la  Bsdfe  developed  liis 
views  for  a  reformatioo  of  Ihe  Reformed  ChurAes:  the  thuith 
is  a  communion  of  holy  people  who  have  been  bom  again  from 
sin;  baptism  Is  The  sign  and  seal  of  this  regencrailon,  and  is 
10  be  admimstered  only  lo  helieveri;  (be  Holy  Spirit  gdldes 
the  regenerate  into  all  Irulh,  and  the  cfmith  possesses  Ihiwighonl 
all  time  those  gifts  of  prophecy  which  it  had  in  the  ancient  days; 
the  community  at  Jemsalem  is  Ihe  continual  type  ^  every 
Chifatian  congregalioii,  therefore  there  should  be  a  comnunlly 
of  goods,  the  disciples  should  li»«  logtihcr,  eat  logeiher,  dance 
logeibec;  marriige  is  a  holy  oidinance  between  Iwo'befievets, 
aild  the  children  ol  the  regenerate  are  bOm  iritbout  original 
ain,  marriage  with  an  untegennate  person  Is  not  binding. 
Tfaey  did  not  observe  the  Sabbath,  because— « ih^  said— their 
Ufe  was  a  continual  Sabbath.  The  life  and  (eparatisn  of  the 
Commui\ily  brought  them  into  ireqticnt  colUslon  nitb  ttieir 
■ei|)ibaunani  wltblh*iDafisttWes,«sdIa  i6;o  they  aRttiied 


the  invitation  ot  the  princess  Etiiabelh,  abbess  of  Hcrioid  Id 
Westphalia,  to  take  up  their  abode  within  her  territories,  aod 
settled  in  Herlord  to  the  number  of  about  £fly.  Not  £ndii«  the 
rest  they  expected  they  migrated  to  Bremen  in  1671,  and 
afterward]  to  AItona,'where  they  were  divcned  on  the  death 
of  the  leaden.  Small  communities  also  eiitted  in  the  RhlnelaDd, 
and  a  missionary  seLtlcment  wai  established  In  New  Yoik. 
Jeau  de  la  Badie  died  in  February  1674. 

La  Badie'i  woiki  Include  LaPnpUlui  (rfi68),   Umdittita 


■  triflMtu  ii  la  til  a  ii  Ik  aniiaJt  Mtlei  iriir  ii 

Ir  li  Laitiii.  tni  Anna  Maria  t.  SchOnnaB,  Bmdirta  (Alloa 
'  'I.  Cf.  the.  article  in  Hcna(-Hauck.J!<dfnfyiU«f>dAi>. 


arly  Chriaiian 


1673. 


LUUSH,  Ibe-uat  osiUttry  si 
Roman  emperors,  first  adopted  by  Constantine  tbe  threat  aJtet 
his  miraculous  vision  In  jii,  although,  according  to  Cibban, 
he  did  not  exhibit  it  to  the  army  till  313.  The  name  seems  to 
have  heeo  kAowa  before,  and  the  banner  was  simply  a  Chrialian- 
Iied  form  of  the  Soman  cavalry  sUndard.  Euscbius  (Lift 
of  Cml.  i.  ]i)  describe*  the  first  labarum  as  consisting  of  a 
long  gilded  spear,  crossed  at  Ihe  top  by  a  bar  from  which  hung 
a  square  puriile  cloth,  richly  jewelled.  At  the  upper  extremity 
of  the  apor  wla  a  gsUaLHreUh  cncticling  the  sKrtd  monogrsB, 
focmed  of'  Iht  &Bt  tvo  ktien  of  the  name  ot  Christ.  In  iaUr 
banncn  (be  monoinm  was  •omelimet  embroIdciFd  M  the  clott . 
i  guanl  of  fifty  aoldiers  waa  a[volmed  10  protfCt'Tftb 
ilandaid.  The  deriuaiioa  of  the  word  labarum  ia. 
dupuled;  it  appears  to  be  connected  wilh  the  Basque  /<i5<irH, 
ugniJying  standard.    Sw  Fuo. 

LilB^  LODISB  CHAHUK  FERIUll  (c.  isij-isM),  French 
.  xt,  called  la  Bdle  Ctrditn,  was  bom  al  Lyons  about  1515, 
the  daughter  of  a  rich  ropemaker,  named  Charley  or  Chariin. 
Al  the  liege  of  Fen>lgnaa  she  is  said  to  have  fought  on  horse- 
back in  the  ranks  of  tbe  Dauphin,  afterwards  Henry  IL  Some 
'Ime  before  1551  she  married  Ennemond  Perrin,  a  ropemaker. 
he  formed  a  libruy  and  gathered  round  her  a  SWfety  which 
iduded  many  of  the  learned  ladles  ot  Lyonc,— PctiKlte  du 
GuiUet,  Claudine  and  Sibytlc  Scive  and  CKmencc  de  Bourges, 
ce  Scfve,  Charin  Fontaine,  Fontui  de 
Tyard;  and  among  the  occasional  visilots  were  Clement  Marot 
'  his  friend  Mclln  de  Sainl.Gelais,  with  probably  Bonaventure 
Piriera  and  Rabelais.  Aboot  issolbrpoeVOUvterde  Magny 
pasud  tbnw^  L^mus  on  his  way  to  Italy  In -the  suits  ol  Jcui 
''Avauon.  the  French  e»oy  to  tbe  Holy  8<«,  A«  the  friend 
I  Ronaaid,  "Pr^we  ol  Poets,"  he  met  with  .(D  oilbadaida 
KcepllSB  from  Louise,  who  stnl^tway  feH  !■  love  vilh  hini.' 
~  little  doubt  that  her  paaion  lor  Magny  faipiml 

uen  RTie,  and  tbe  elegla  probably  cxpcnt  hef 
iitt  abseocc.  A  second  sheet  visit  to  Lyons  iraa 
followed  by  a  Mcotul  longer  absence.  Magny^  InSoence  im 
'  mo  more  decWvtly  in  bcr  SmuU,  wtricb,  pHnled  fn  1555, 
.  icUy  attained  gitat  popularity.  Diiriog  hit  Kociid  vltk  to 
Italy  Magsy  had  ^ipareailyaoineiedhimaelf,aBdLauiw,d(qMlr- 
Ing  ti  his  return,  aniBuraflcd  aoolko  admfacr,  Claadc  Bidiya, 
when  her  lover  returned  UKspectodly.  Lolun  dimbwd 
Rvbys,  but  Magily^  jatauiy  loud  vent  in  aa  ode  addreiKd 
to  tbe  Sin  AymOB  <EimeB«id)^  vMch  niDed  fctr  Tqntaiioo; 
whiU  Rubya,  usfff  M  Ui  -"--^tii',  iveBged  hioacU  laUr  Ik 
' '  HtMiH  vMuait  i»  Lyam  (tj;]].  Tta  scandal  m.nA  ■ 
J  hlow  at  Lonise's  poiltloo.  Shortly  aflerward*  be(  ImsbanA 
1,  and  *ba  Mumed  ta  bcr  tountiy  haaae  at  nidw,  vheie 
she  died  On  thii  ijih  of  April  ijM.  leaving  ibe  greiur  put  ol 
ihefoMnDetbeifaslelt  toUiepoor.  Uei works indadc,  betldn 
the  Setisj  and  fittwli  meolicaed,  •  pnn  DOat  dt  fdk  d 
''ammr  ilranslaud  into  Ei^llib  by  Robert  Cnene  in  »eti: 


'  voU,  1M», 


iketeh  ot  Lniia  Labt  an 


d  by  Google 


LAaEI,»-lABIATAB 


SocKty  ii  in  Mu*  ^ili  Skbcr 
LABEL  (a  Fi 


purpoat  I 


*nled  by  (( 
I  vanmi;  it  u  ol  obscure  origin  Bad  nuj'  be  ci 
Teutonic  "01(1  appearing  in  lie  English  "  lap," 
■  slip,  licVet,  or  card  of  piper,  metal  or  other  nu 
10  an  object,  iotii  u  a  parcel,  bottle,  Ac,  and  coi 
address,  description  or  oiiier  information,  far 

identi£catioD,     Orfginally  the  word  ciecnt  a   

ol  UneD  or  other  material,  and  via  thus  applied  to  the  6 
(injuiac)  attached  to  a  biahop'i  milrt.  In  heraldiy 
**  label  "  is  a  mark  of  "  cadency.'* 

In  architecture  the  lenn  "label"  ii  applied  to  tie  « 
projecliB(  moulding  over  doors,  windows,  wthes,  Ac, 
(aUcd  "Dripstone"  or.  "Weather  Moulding,"  or  "Hood 
Mould."  The  lonncr  terms  seem  scarcely  applicable, 
moulding  is  often  inside  a  buifding  where  no  ram  could 
cooje.  and  consequently  there  is  no  drip  la  Normal 
the  label  frequently  d^  not  project,  and  whea  i(  did 
very  liltle,  and  foimcd  part  of  the  senes  ol  arch  mouldm 
the  Early  English  styles  they  were  not  very  large, 
flighlly  und*  ""  —  --  ,  , 
with  chamf< 


[  the  body  of  the  roll.  Labels 
(irsesol  the  period,  and,  in  fact,  aj 
strings.    They  are  less  coramo 


ll"or"scroLnioulding," 


re  than 


LUED.  HABCnS  AMTISinn  (<.  59  BC.-AD 
jurist,  WBS  the  ion  ol  Pacuviua  Antlstius  LabeO. 
causedhimsell  to  be  slain  alter  the  defeat  of  bis  par 
A  member  ol  the  plebeian  nohiljiy,  and  in  easy  ^     . .    .    . 
the  ymnger  Laboo  eariy  entered  public  life,  and  soon  n 
the  praetor^ip;  bat  lus  undisguised  inlipathy  to  the 
regime,  and  the  somewhat  bruique  manner  in  whic^    ' 
•esate  he  occsilDnally  gave  eipreision  lo  his  tepublii 
ruhitt — what  Tacitui  <^iiil  iil.  Js)  calls  ha  tacBrmfU  i 


:S),  Roman 
jurist  who 
(1  PhQJppL 


lich  III  L 


Ciplto 


is  sdvan 


adhdior 


BndFc  the  w 

ong 

done  Mm.  L^beo  dechn 

ed  the  affi»  when  it 

wu  offered 

m  in 

subsequent  yea 

(Tat 

Ann.  01  /J 

Pompon,  in 

Dii. 

i).    From  Ibii  time  he 

leenutohive 

devoted  hi. 

lime 

rumngm  the 

icienre  had 

been 

derfred  principally  In 

jm  Trehatius  Testa 

To  his  bnoo 

clg^ 

of  th 

law  he  added  a 

wider 

in  specially  to  dialectics,  philology  {ffjit 
'uahie  «!■■■■ 


ration  ol  legal  doctrine  (GcB.  ilil.  to), 
a  the  tiihe  of  Hadrian  his  wu  probably  the  name  61 

and  annoUted  by  later  hand*.  While  Capflo  is  hattlly  e+er 
referred  lo,  the  dicta  o(  L«l>eo  are  of  constant  recurrence  in  the 
writings  ol  the  dasjinal  jurisls.  sui*  as  Cafus,  Ulplaa  and  Paul, 
and  no  Inconsiderable  number  of  them  were  thought  worthy 
ol  prestrvatmn  in  Justiniaft's  Digesl.  Labeo  gets  the  (rrdii 
o(  being  the  lottndcr  of  the  Proctllian  sect  m  school, '  while 
Cspito  IS  spoken  of  as  the  founder  of  the  rival  Sabinbn  one 
(Pompomus  in  ft  47.  Dit  I  t).  but  it  Is  probable  that  the 
leal  founders  of  the  fwo  seholae  were  Procuius  and  Sabinus, 
followers  temerlively  ol  the  methods  of  Labeo  and  Capflo 

t  liwportant  Inetary  work  w»  ■■■-  '  -'--  «>— — — 

aiF  putiliihcd  only  alter  hla  di 


^IjtnPtll, 


K^Klfr 


n   thai  < 


le  rdin: 


mm  SolniitanQ,  il  Pmuh, 
Lalxii.  Dai  rem  Pniairahl 
ttUUe,  I S73- ■*»!). 


^  Kcim  10  have  ^)tcB  one  ol  h^  mft 

iDoribaa.  el  fliidii*  M   AnL  Ldbeonia  " 

i«'>  rim   iH>.  vol.  1  .  MaacoviiK.  Dt 

ritcB  jakrkuiidrrlt  der  'Xaiuntti 


(c.  tos-<1  '■':■).  Ronun  knight  aad 

who  wioto  for  his  own  picuure.  In  <5  Julius  Caesar  ordend 
him  10  appai  in  me  of  bis  own  mimes  in  a  public  DOiieat  with 
the  actor  PnUiliua  Syrua.  Labeiiui  pronounced  a  dlgnUed 
prologue  OB  the  degradation  thus  thrust  on  his  slicty  years, 
and  directed  seveni  ibatp  allusions  against  the  dictator.  Caeaar 
■warded  the  victory  to  Publiliui,  but  rcalored  Laberiul  10  hia 
(queitrian  rank,  which  he  had  fscfdted  by  appearing  a)  ■  mimua 
(Mambius.  Sat.  ii.  7).  Laberiul  was  the  chief  of  those  who 
introduced  the  mimm  into  Latin  liteianue  towards  the  doK 
of  the  republican  period.  He  seems  to  have  bccti  a  man  ol 
'  '     ~  '  culture,  but  his  pitcefl  ^^ 


0  the  d 


I  of  h 


ud  Autus  Ocllius  (ivi.  7,  1. 

the  coining  ol  new  word*.    Honce  (Sal,  i.  id)  qisaks  of  him  la 

In  addition  to  (iie  prolofue  {in  Macrobiut).  the  tiiln  of  farty.foiir 
of  bis  minii  have  been  pciiTvcd-,  the  iragnnnu  have  ben  coUcitcd 
by  O   Ribbeck  in  hit  Cnnumi  lalimntm  rcli^lae  (iB/J). 

LABIATAB  (i.e  "  lipped,"  Lat  faUim,  hp),  in  botany,  1 
Balural  order  of  seed-plants  belonging  to  Ihe  series  Tubiflorae 
of  the  dicotyledons,  and  containing  about  ijo  genera  with 
iSoo  specie*.     The  majority  are  annual  or  perennial  heita 


diagram. 


t  cal>'». 


r'a«y 


.bitfng  the  temperate  nne,  becoming  ibnibbr  in  warmer 
ates.  The  Wem  is  genernlly  iquarg  in  sectkih  and  the  sinplt 
ipulate  lea\i«  are  amhged  In  decusaatlag  pain  (u,  eacb 
pail  is  In  a  plane  at  right  anghs  to  that  of  the  pairs  immedfalely 
and  hehnr  tt);  the  blade  is  entire,  or  toothed,  Uibed 
re  or  leai  deep^  cut.  The  plant  ii  often  haiiy,  and  the  hah* 
reqtiently  glandular,  the  lecietion  coDlaining  a  scent 
disncteriatlc  ol  the  genta  or  (pedes.  The  Bowci*  ue  bom* 
■  aids  of  the  leavei  or  bratts;  they  are  rarely  aDlitaiy 
as  in  SciiltUarla  (skuU-c^),  and  gtDeraily  fora  an  apparent 
'  (valicitlosleT]  at  the  node,  consisting  of  a  pair  ol  cymose 
•sccnces  each  of  which  is  a  simpke  three-flowered  dichaiiiim 
BnTuUa,  Ssttia,  ftc.  or  more  generally  a  dichaiiiHn  passing 
nto  a  pair  of  monochasiai  cymes  as  m  Jjimium  (fig  i). 
Ba!lt!ia,  Ncf(ia,  Ire  A  number  (4  whorls  tnaj  be  crawded  ai  the 
ol  the  stem  and  the  fubtendiilg  leave)  reduced  to  small 
.,  the  whole  forming  a  raceme- or  Bpike-Mke  infloreioeBce 
as  in  Utraka  (fig  i.  S)  Srwii^,  &c  ,  Ihe  biarti  areHmetioa 
and  coknired  as  in  Henaria,  species  ol  Salvia,  Itc  ,  Id  Ihe 
tbe  apei  of  the  stem  is  sometimes  occupied  wtib  a  dut«r 
of  tterBe  coIouihI  bracts.  Tite  plan  of  the  flower  1*  reinarttUT 
■■    10  (fi«-   1.  «;  [ 


4 


LABICANA,  VIA— LABICHE 


■ncdiBB  pluie.  with  {  iquli  united  to  lam  x  penisoil  cbp- 
KIk  oLyi,  J  pMib  Dsilnl  to  loim  ■  iwo-lippcd  gipin(  omUa. 
4  BUDKU  iuurttd  on  Ihe  cDioUa-tubc,  Im  el  which.  gnwnUy 
Ibc  40ttnDT  pair,  ue  loAgfr  Lhan  Lhc  other  two  (didynunoui 
ArttnsemcnE) — tometirnci  u  in  Satita^  the  poMcrior  pair  ii 
aborted — and  two  supciior  median  caipeli,  each  very  eariy 
divuJed  by  a  constriction  in  a  vertkil  plane,  tlie  pistiJ  coniisling 


9  Iroi 


eentR  of  the  piilil  between  Ibe  Itruc  ugnKnti  llyntiaiii],  and 
is  aimple  with  a  bifid  apei.  The  lluit  compriia  [our  one-Kided 
nutlets  included  in  the  peisslcnt  cnjyi,  ihe  seed  has  a  thin 
(eua  and  Ih*  embiyo  alooil  oc  (Onpictely  Uls  iL  Although 
the  lonend.Eonn  acid  plan  oE  ammgcment  of  the  6ower  is  very 
uulonn,  there  aie  wide  variations  in  detail.  Tlius  the  (ilyi 
may  be  tubuUtt,  bell-shaped,  or  almatt  spherkil,  or  itnigbl 
or  bent,  and  the  length  and  loim  o(  the  teeth  or  lobes  varies 
aho.  it  may  be  equally  toothed  as  in  mint  {MenAa)  (fig.  i, 
8),  and  marjoram  (Oijoiurm),  or  two-lipped  as  in  Itiyme 
inymus),  la„i,Mw.  (£g.  i]  and  Salvia  (fig  i,  /);  the  number 
of  nerves  affords  uselul  chsractets  fat  diilinction  of  genera, 
there  are  normally  five  main  nerves  between  whicb  simple  or 
forked  secondary  nerves  are  more  or  less  devdoped.    The  shape 


Fic.  a. — /,  Flower  ol  Sage  (5riJn*  ojuiiulii].   I,  Corolla  of  nine 
c;it  apta  ihnwinx  ibe  iwn  itaiKni:  S,  hwer  of  ipcanninl  (ifnUa 

ingihc»ia['ianu.rediHnti  e,3aaiiiaanm<^Sali%a, 
ol  the  corolla  varies  widely,  the  diltefcnca  bcins  doubtless 
intimately  associated  with  the  pallin»IiDn  of  the  Sowers  by  insect- 
agency.  The  tulx  is  strai^t  or  vailouily  bent  and  altcn 
lindens  towards  Ihe  mouth.  Occa^onaHylhe  Umb  is  equally 
five-toothed,  or  forms,  as  in  UenJu  (fig.  i,  9,  4)  an  almost 
tef^dar  four-toothed  corolla  by  union  ol  the  two  poMerHr  teeth. 
Usually  it  is  two-lqiped.  tbe  upper  lip  being  IstDied  by  the  two 
posterior,  the  kiwer  lip  by  the  three  aDlerior  petals  (sec  lig  i, 
and  6g.  1,  1,6),  the  median  lobe  ol  the  lower  lip  is  gcner^Jly 
most  devehsped  and  forms  a  mling-place  for  Ibe  bee  or  other 
insect  when  probing  the  flower  for  hooey,  the  uppci  lip  shows 
gnat  variety  in  locm,  oiten,  •>  in  Lamium  (fig,  i).  SUukyi,  &c  , 
it  i>  arched  lonaing  a  protection  (lom  tain  for  the  stamens, 
01  it  at.j  be  flat  as  in  Ihyms.  In  the  tribe  Ocimttdeai  the  four 
upper  petab  lotm  the  upper  Up,  and  the  tingle  anterior  one 
the  lower  lip,  and  in  Tacrimm  the  upper  lip  ii  absent,  aH  Ave 
kibct  being  pushed  forward  to  fonn  the  lower.  The  posterior 
stamen  a  iomrtioiea  present  as  a  staminode.  but  generally 
suppressed,  the  upper  pair  are  often  reduced  to  staminodes 
or  inoTT  or  Ifss  conpktely  suppressed  as  in  Salva  (fig,  3.  i,  6); 
nidy  are  tkeae  drveloped  ud  the  anterior  pair  reduced.  In 
CaUia  the  tumena  are  monadelpboiia.  In  Kiptla  and  allied 
genera  the  posleriol  ptir  arc  the  longer,  but  this  is  rare,  Ihe 
didynamcvs  character  being  generally  the  result  ol  the  anterior 
pair  being  the  longer  The  anthers  are  Iwo-cdled,  each  cell 
splitung  lengthwise,  the  connective  may  be  more  ot  less 
devekued  between  ibe  culls,  an  extreme  case  is  seen  In  Svitia 


Ifig.  I.  t).  when  the  connective  Is  filiform  and  fointed  to  the 
&luntnt,  while  the  anterior  anther-cell  i>  ttduced  to  a  sterile 
appendage.  Honey  b  secreted  by  *  bypogynous  disk.  In  the 
more  general  type  of  flower  the  anthers  and  stigmas  are  pro- 
tecled  by  Ihe  arching  upper  lip  as  in  dead-nettle  (fig.  t1  and  many 
other  British  gencrai  the  lower  Up  aflords  a  nsling-plux  for 
the  insHi  which  in  probing  the  flower  For  the  boney,  secreted 
on  the  lourer  side  of  the  disk,  collects  poUett  on  its  back. 
Numerous  variations  in  detail  are  found  in  Ihe  difleftnt  genera; 
in  Salvia  (Sg.  t),  for  instance,  there  is  a  lever  mechanism,  the 
barren  hall  of  each  anther  forming  a  knob  at  the  end  ol  a  short 
arm  which  when  touched  by  the  head  of  an  insect  causes  the 
anther  at  the  end  of  the  longer  arm  to  descend  on  the  insect's 
back.  In  the  less  common  type,  where  the  anterior  pan  ol  the 
Bower  is  more  developed,  as  in  the  Odmeidea,  the  stamens 
and  style  lie  on  the  under  tip  and  honey  is  secreted  on  the  upper 
aide  of  the  bypogynous  disk;  the  insect  in  probing  the  flower 
gets  smeared  with  pollen  on  its  beHy  and  legs.  Both  types 
include  brightly-coloured  flowers  with  longer  tube*  ad^ed  to 
the  visits  ol  butterflies  and  motbt.  a  tpedes  of  Satiia,  Sladiji. 
Mtntarda,  tic;  some  SoLth  American  ^lecies  ol  Salna  are 
poiUnated  by  humming-binjs.  In  VenUn  (fig.  j,  J),  thjme, 
marjoram  (OrifdirirM),  and  aUied  genera,  Ibe  flowers  are  nearly 
regular  and  the  tlamens  spread  beyond  the  coroUa- 

The  per^slenl  calyx  encldsa  the  ripe  nutlets,  and  aids  in 
their  distribution  In  various  ways,  by  means  ol  winged  spiny 


amy  e 
yoUgt 

I  it  the  .... 

LwfmJiili.  Tliymm.  Xamamiu 
feature  in  the  vcsetaiion.  The 
tropical  and  subtropical  and  occur 
■ ■, Tented  in  Brtuio  ■■ 

Jiogilw  *- 

Bflyroyall!    Ontamw 


LAd  others  fem  an  aaportant 
tribe  Otimtidtot  is  eadukively 
in  both  hemispheres.   The  order 


jlhynie)!  CaUmimfia  (calanunt^  ududiru  aiaa  C.  Ctimrfiu^um 
(wild  basil)  and  C,  Aaiu$  (buil  ihyme);  Sslria  lugej,  including 
S.  Virbema  (ctary)i  Nfftia  CaUria  (catmint).  H.  CUiktma 
(ground-ivy),  Smulti (>dl-h<al) :  Smdtana  (ikull-eip)',  Sbtkjt 


— ^....  '(dcBd->ellk)i     foifau  (biac!i'  hu 
Ciermander):  and  Aiaea  fbutie). 

Labialae  are  rtadilyd^inguiihed  froni  ■ 
series  excepting  Venenaeeae.  in  whicti.  T 
__ — I.  i_. 1 ^^_  Afuia.  Ttm 


(ZAmdiild).  rvvniarv'lAUHdnHHJ).  paLdi 
luben  ol  Slack)!  SuMU  uc  eaten  in  Trance. 

UBICUIA.  VIA.  an  ancieot  highroad  ol  Italy,  leading  £.S. 
from  Rome  It  scema  poasible  that  the  road  ■>  first  led 
Tusculum,  that  U  was  then  prolonged  to  Labici,  and  later  at 


id  lor 


e  to  the  S  E ,  lor.  u 


the  distance 

junction  at  Compitum  Anagninum)  is  practically  idcniiral.  tb« 
summit  level  ol  the  lormirr  is  715  it.  lower  than  that  ol  lb* 
biter,  a  htilc  to  the  west  of  the  pass  ol  Algidus.  After  theii 
junction  It  IS  probnlile  that  the  road  bore  the  name  Via  Latin* 
rather  than  Via  Ubicuia.  The  cwnse  of  the  road  alter  tbe 
first  six  miles  Irom  Romelsnot  identical  with  thai  at  any  nodcm 
road,  but  can  he  clearly  traced  by  remains  ol  fMvemenl  ukd 

Saci^AMtyiaFapiri'i/lluBrmikSclmlal  Aw,i.ai5«)q. 

a.  As.) 

UBICHK.  BnOkHE  NAHIH  (igij-iSSS],  French  diamalUt, 
»u  bom  on  Ihe  Jth  ol  May  iSij.  ol  beartaii  parentage.  He 
read  for  Ibc  bar.  but  liteistun  had  more  powerful  atlnclioiis, 
and  he  was  hardly  twenty  when  he  gave  to  the  CUthMh — an 
impertinent   little   magazine,  long  vanished  and   forgotten — ft 


LABICI— LAMD 


dnrt  UDijr,  esltUed.  in  tba  uvilin  liyU  ol  (he  period.  Let 

flui  iiiUl  ufl  la  flai  Jaulia.  A  hw  tulken  ialkmcd  muth  in 
ttemCiLnia,  but  Ikilcd  tocMch-the  (UcBiionof  ihe  public 
tic  Irird  hb  Lud  U  dnnulic  crilkisn  in  ibe  Xnw  <to  UMUtm, 
ud  in  iSiS  mide  >  doiiUe  vtalun  on  tit  shec.  The  imiU 
Tbfaire  du  Paalhian  pivduccd,  *pud  *aiiu!  u(ni  of  papulae 
fivsur,  a  dnmi  ol  hit,  L'Atrett  LmMi  whUc  ft  vaudeville, 
Unaait  it  CtitUn  M  i'^MMC  JI|fliiMiU  ^',  vdliU  in 
CDUaboiation  with  More  Midiel,  >od  given  11  the  PiUb  Reyil. 
introduced  for  ibe  GnL  lime  Lo  the  Paiiwiu  a  ptovinciil  actor 
•rbo  WD  la  bccotne  and  [0  nnulnagmi  Cavourlie  with  them, 
CtiaoE,  ihe  [anwiu  km  cotnediui.  In  the  ume  year  Labicbe, 
Hill  doabtlul  about  his  true  vocation,  pubJiihcd  a  nunanie 
called  La  CIt  da  aamft.  M.  Lfon  Halivy,  hii  tucccMor  at 
the  Academy  and  hli  pintiyriu,  Infornu  ui  ihai  the  publisher 
became  a  bankrupt  uon  after  the  novel  wat  out.  "A  lucky 
'     "  the  biocraphu  ooocludei,  "  '' 


wirninf  of  Deatin) 


nbafkto 


where  n 


'  There  ■»»  yet 
in  ibt  way.  When  he  named,  he  loleinnly  ptomiied  his  wile's 
pucnis  that  he  vmuld  renovoce  a  pni(esion  then  considered 
iDcompaUble  with  moral  rtgulinty  and  donmtic  happineta. 
Bw  t  year  afleri^itdi  hi»  wife  spontaneously  released  him  Irom 
his  vow.  and  Labidie  recsllnl  the  iocident  vihen  he  dediiaied 
Oiefijsl  edition  of  hii  ctrnplete  woika:  "  To  ray  wife."  Labkbc, 
iiconjunuian  with  Varin.'  Hare  Michel,'  Ctaicvillc,'  Duouaoir,' 
and  oibcii  contribuled  comic  playi 


IS  Parii  tl 


iSsO-    ll  nniaini 
whvifu.  in  which  s 


I  cnnvd  of  othen;  t 


.    Thes 


faiiU  i'llalU  (Au|usl 
I  accam^dUied  aptcimen  of  the  Fceoch 
\t  one  ii  In  search  ol  somelhini,  but  doe* 
nuiei  belotE  tlB  niiUiii  falta.  Prior  to 
been  only  a  iBSceuf  ul  tattimaiiU  amoni 
t  a  tinlvtclMntk  later  he  na^e  a  new 
mlkrilK  cl  rAuKriaol.  AU  (he  pbyi 
liven  for  the  next  Iwenty-bve  yean,  a1thou(li  consirDcied  on 
the  oU  ]^D.  contained  a  more  or  lea  appticiable  dose  of 
that  comic  obaervaiion  and  gDod  aengc  tihicb  gnduilly  raised 
Ik  French  farce  almoii  to  the  level  of  the  aimciiy  oj  character 
aod  nannera.  "  Of  all  Ihc  subjects,"  he  uid,  "  which  offered 
tlniiselves  to  me,  I  liave  lekcted  the  tcvfii-  Eaaentiilly 
Bediscte  in  hit  vice!  and  in  hit  virtus,  he  stands  hall-way 
betvcen  the  beto  and  Ihe  Koundret,  between  Ihe  aahit  and  the 
proBigtte."  During  the  second  period  of  his  career  Labicbc 
hid  the  coUabontion  of  DeUrour,'  Choler,'  and  others  When 
It  ii  asted  what  ahart  hi  the  authonhip  and  success  of  Ihe  playt 
nay  brclaimed  lor  those  men,  we  >hiU.ag>wtT  in  Cmile  AuBier'i 
vords:  "  The  dbtinctive  qualities  which  secured  «  lasting 
vogue  for  the  playsof  La1>kbe  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  comedies 
■nil  ten  by  him  Hithdifloret  coUaboraion,  and  are  conspicuously 
aluent  fiona  those  which  they  wrote  Without  bin."  A  moce 
Bsefui  and  more  important  collaborator  he  lound  in  Jean  Marie 
Uichd  GeoSroy  (i«ij-i&Sj)  whoa  he  had  known  as  a  iMiiUhiI 
in  bh  younger  days,  and  who  remuncd  bts  faithful  interpreter 
10  the  UtI.  CeoHmy  impcBonaicd  the  Anrfscii  not  only  to  Ihe 
public,  but  to  the  author  himaeU;  and  it  may  be  aseumed  that 
Lahidic,  when  writing,  could  ace  ami  hear  Geoffroy  acting  the 
diiraeta  and  uttering,  in  his  poaipoui.  fussy  way,  the  wordt 
that  he  bad  just  cocDnititd  to  paper.  CHimare  (a  Ka-dinrf 
(iWjJ,  U  Veyan  it  U.  Pat^at  (iWa),  la  Crammain,  (/■> 
Piti  daiu  U  abn*.  La  CaiasUe  (1864),  say  be  qnoled  as  the 
kappiett  prndudion*  oi  Labiche. 

In  1S77  be  brought  hi*  oaiuie:don  wfth  the  stage  to  a  iloae, 
ud  1 1^  to  Ui  lural  ptapaty  Id  Sdo^K.  Then  he  could  be 

'  Wctor  Varis,  pNodonym  of  Cbail«  Voirln  C179S-1S69). 
■  Maic  Anioin*  AmtdCc  Mictel  (1811-1069).  vaudevilliM. 
■Laui*  Francois  Nicshiie,  caRed  CbiirvilU  (1111-1879),  pan- 
ioIluK  ot  thcfamoua  filhil*  MiH  AinU  (1871). 

•  Phiinc  Ranceit  Ploal,  oiled  DunaBCHr  {i«afr-i*M). 
^'AHief  Charlemane.  Unigoe,  alM    Dikcaui    (iSis-itts). 
Foe  a  list  ol  thl*  auihor'a  eieoa  •(•  0.  lonu.  Oualcimt  CMraf 
(vol.  ii..  I86S). 

•  Addpbc  Jtrnflt  CMa  (iti^ilS?)- 


seea,  dmted  as  a  tanwr,  with  low-brinimed  hat.  iMck  gaitcn 
aod  an  enormous  atict.  superintending  the  agiicuTiural  wOrfc 
and  busily  engaged  in  reclaiming  land  and  marshes.  His  liT»- 
long  friend,  Augier,  visited  him  in  his  principaliiy,  and,  lieing 
led  alone  in  the  bbniy,  took  to  reading  his  hou'i  dnnaiic 


igly  advised   Labiche  to  publiih  a  collected 
edition  of  his  works.    The  saggation,  bitt  decUned 
as  a  Joke  mi  long  reiisled,  was  hnally  accepted  and  carried 

during  1S78  and  iSyq,  The  success  was  even  greuet  than  bad 
been  eipccied  by  ihe  author^)  moat  sanguine  friends  It  had. 
been  coniiBnly  believed  that  these  plays  owed  their  popularity 
in  great  neasurc  to  the  {avouriu>  actors  who  had  )ppe*Te<)  in 
them;  but-it  was  now  discovered  thai  all,  with  the' exceptioa 
ol  CeolTny,  had  introduced  into  thtm  a  grotesque  and  caricalural 
element,  thus  hiding  from  the  qieclalor,  in  nuny  caset,  the  true 
comic  vFin  and  delightluJ  cLelineation  of  human  (haraclet. 
The  amaaement  turned  into  admiration,  and  the  eii(iiiieiMiiJ 
became  so  general  that  very  lew  dared  gnimUe  01  appear 
tcandaliicd  when,  jn  188a;  Labiche  was  elected  to  ihe  French 
Academy.  It  was  fditnnate  that,  in  fftrner  yean,  he  had  never 
dreamt  irf  attaloieg  this  high  dittuiction;  bti,  at  H.  PaiDcron 
iutily  observed,  while  liying  to  get  rid  (^  Ihe  little  faults  wfeich 
were  in  him.  he  woold  have  been  in  daager  ol  losing  some  ol 
his  stcriiug  qualities.  But  when  the  honour  WW  bestowed  «po« 
him,  becnjcqiedlt  with  hb  usual  good  aenae  and  quiet  modcoly. 
Me  died  in  Paris  on  the  tjid  of  January  iSlS. 

Same  foobsh  adiaiceat  have  placed  him  on  ■  level  with  Moli^ 
but  it  will  be  inough  to  say  that  he  waa  suntlhing  better  than 
a  public  anawir.  Many  of  hit  plays  hwt  been  Irsnatemd 
to  Ihe  Eiwlith  ttage.  They  are,  on  Ihe  wbolc,  as  sound  at  Ihey 
Love  i*  prarlically  abaent  from  hit  theatre^ 
of  his  playi  did  he  ever  venture  into  the  depths  ol 
lennune  ptychology,  aod  womankind  is  only  npreacated  in 
ibem  by  preiealioui  old  maids  and  silly,  insipid,  ala»si  dumh 
youag  ladiet.  He  ildicukd  marriage  according  to  the  invarlabl* 
cuitoin  of  Fieach  pitywrlghti,  but  in  a  Jiiendly  and  good- 
naiured  Daaiter  which  always  left  a  door  open 
and  timely  araendinent.  tie  is  never  coarse,  Bm 
Alter  he  died  Ok  French  farce,  whkh  he  had  raaea  10  aome' 
thing  akin  to  literature,  relapsed  into  ila  fortoet  grooncaa  and 
unmannins  coDplexily.  (A.  Fl) 

His  TULrr  um^  (10  voU,  1870-1879)  coobuQia  preface  by 

LABICI,  an  ancient  city  of  Lathim,  the  nodcm  Monte 
Compatri,  about  17  m.  S.E.  from  Rome,  on  Ihe  northern  slopes 
of  the  Alban  Hills.  1739  ft.  above  sea-levd.  It  occurs  smong 
Ihe  thirty  cities  of  Ihe  Latin  League,  and  it  is  mid  to  have 
joined  the  Aequi  in  419  B.C.  and  to  have  been  captured  by  the 
Romans  in  41S.  After  this  it  does  not  appear  in  history,  and 
in  the  time  of  Gcero  and  Sitabo  waa  almost  entirely  deserted 
il  not  destroyed.  Trsces  ol  its  ancient  walls  have  been  noticed. 
Its  place  was  taken  by  the  rapaHi'caLmicaiuriimQiiiiilaniHsiiim, 
the  pott^tation  established  in  the  lower  ground  on  the  Ma 
Labicana  (see  Ubicana,  Via),  a  tittle  S.W.  ol  the  modem  village 
of  Colonna,  the  site  of  which  is  attested  by  various  inscriptions 
and  by  the  course  of  the  road  iUelf. 

See  T.  Ashby  En  Papri  if  On  Briiiik  &ImI  at  Komr.  \.  a^ 

UBiB  (Abfl  'Aqn  UWd  ibn  SabTal  (c  SftK.  MO,  AiabitB 
poel,  bekiiiged  to  the  Bant  'Amir,  a  division  ol  the  Irlbe  of  the 
Hawlzin.  In  his  yonnger  yean  tie  wu  an  active  warrior  ind 
hb  vene  Is  laigety  concnned  with  inter-tiibal  disputes.  Laid, 
he  was  iCBl  by  a  skk  nnde  to  get  a  remedy  from  Mahonttat 
Medina  and  on  tUi  ocodon  waa  much  influenced  by  a  put  of 
the  Koran.  He  acoipled  Islam  «Mn  alter,  but  tesini  then  to 
have  ceased  wtitinc.  In  Omar's  caliphate  he  b  said  to  haw 
settled  hi  Kula.  TnditloD  ascilbee  to  him  a  long  111*,  but 
'  and  CMttTadktary.  One  of  his  pattM 
the  J/<*«ttatiU  (f  .>.). 


LABIENU6— LA  BODRDONNAIS 


■hole.  «m  cdiinl  ffuftly  trot 


•Irs  LeM 


l|U« 


H  of  Ubid  ar 


lv.9j(r.and».  Ijjll. 


■  Hubs)  tnr  C 


niiM  Of  a  Ranan  bmily.  uid  (withnit 
luthorilyl  10  belong  lo  Ihc  gens  Alii:  The  Bunt  important 
menibec  wu  Tciui  LABiENCt.  In  4}  B.c.at  Caesar't  iiutlialkin, 
he  proscculed  Caius  Rabiriiu  (4.*.)  tar  Ireuon;  in  Ihe.ume 
year,  u  tnbune  of  Ihe  plet»,  he  catned  a  plebiscite  which  in- 
liindly  lecured  for  Caesar  the  digniiy  ol  ponllfei  mtiimui 
(Dio  CaidiB  tiavii.  3;).  He  Krved  a«  a  legilus  (hnughout 
Cieur's  Gallic  campaigns  and  look  Caoar'i  pbce  whenever  he 
went  la  Rome,  Hb  duef  eipk>ltt  In  Gaul  vren  the  <le[uT  of 
Ihs  Ti^virJ  under  Induiknnaru!  in  J4.  hit  expediiKin  agiinsi 
Luleila  (Pari*!  in  ji,  and  his  victory  over  Camulogcnui  and  ihc 
Aedui  in  the  same  year.  On  Ihe  outbreak  of  the  civil  wir. 
however,  he  wai  one  of  the  Gist  to  dewrt  Caeur,  pmbibly  owing 
10  an  overweening  sense  of  his  own  importance,  not  adequately 
retogni«d  by  Caeaar.    He  w»» 


e  hioughi  n. 


had  been  under  Carsar.  From  the  defeat  at  Fharsilus,  to  which 
he  had  contributed  by  a  Heeling  (o  dapise  ha  lite  conndn, 
he  Red  to  Coreyta,lnd  thence  la  Africa.  There  ht  was  able  by 
mere  force  of  numben  to  inflict  ■  slight  check  upon  Caesar  al 
Rospina  In  4S,  After  the  defeat  at  Thspsui  he  joined  the  younger 
Ponpey  in  Spain,  and  wis  killed  at  Munda  (March  I71h,4j). 

UBUCH&,  UriQI  (i794~iSsS),  Fnnco-lllllan  singer,  wu 
bom  at  Nai^eson  the  (Sth  of  December  1  iqa,  t  he  son' of  a  merchant 
of  MatieiDcs  who  had  marticd  an  Irish  lady.  In  iSa6  he  entered 
the  Conservaloiio  dellx  Plela  de  Turrhini,  where  he  studied 
moHC  under  Genl^i  and  singing  under  Valeti,  betidts  learning 
to  play  the  vlotla  and  violoncella.  At  a  boy  he  had  a  beautiful 
alio  voice,  and  by  the  age  of  twenty  he  had  developed  a  mignifi' 


a  with  a 
e  the  b 


It  Kaptn  he  went  to  Milan  i 


.    Aft< 


10  Turin 


and  Vieni 


s  Iroi 

{  hli  Gnt  appearance 
Si 7,  and  subaRtuently  travelled 
His  fint  appcirvxcs  ra  London 
enKUcncnts  in  both  the  Enldith 
risbuig  a  few  yean 


and  French  capiCiIs.  Hburccptii 
later  was  no  leu  enlhnilaatic.  In  EnglMid  he  look  . 
provincfal  musical  feslivala,  and  «■>  engaged  by  Queen  Victoria 
to  teach  her  singing.  On  the  opetalic  stage  be  wu  equally 
aucccssfui  hi  comic  01  tragic  pails,  and  wiifa  bis  wonderfully 
powerful  voice  be  could  eq^ress  either  bumour  or  piihos.  Arnong 
Us  friends  were  Rosjini,  Bellini,  DotUieiii  and  Mcicadinte, 
He  was  one  of  the  Ihlriy-two  loich-bcartrs  chosen  to  surround 
the  coffin  al  Beelhoven's  funeral  in  1JJ7.  He  died  al  Naples 
on  tbe  >ird  of  January  jS^A  and  waa  buried  at  Maiaoa  Lafille, 
Paris.  LibUcbc'i  Leporella  in  Don  Giovanni  was  perhaps  hit 
tnost  fotnaus  impcrnnation;  among  his  prindpa!  oihcr  ifilts 
were  Dandini  in  Ccnirenlala  (Rossini),  Aisur  in  Smiramidi 
a  La  Gaaa  Ladra  (Rssini},  Heniy  Vtll. 


1    BtAoia    (Don 


elli). 


^   Doge 


>   Fdia 


(DoniiEtli),  the  litle^raie  In  Dm  Pasguali  (Donizelli),  Cei 

in  It  Uatrimmio  Stt""  (Cimarosi),  Gritienho  in  £'£l»0e  tu 
Herd  (Meyerbeer),  CaUban  in  Tkt  Ttmpcsl  (Kulfvy). 

LABOR  DAT,  in  the  United  Sutes,  1  legal  holiday  in  nearly 
all  of  Ibe  Blalea  and  Tenitoiis,  where  the  first  Monday  in 
£epl£inber  Is  observed  by  parades  and  meeting  <ji  labour 
oiganiuCioni.  In  iSftv  the  Rnights  of  Labor  paraded  in  New 
Voik  aiy  on  this  day;  In  1SS4  another  parade  wat  held,  and  it 
was  decided  that  llda  day  should  be  Kl  apail  for  this  purpose. 
In  1887  Colorado  inade  tbe  &rsi  MtHiday  in  September  a  legal 
holiday;  uid  in  igog  Labor  Day  «ai  observed  at  a  bolidiy 
throughout  Ibe  United  Sutes,  exrtpl  in  Aiisoai  and  North 
Dakou;  ia  LouMun  It  is  a  holiday  only  in  New  Oikani 
(Otieini  palish),  and  in  Maryland,  Wyoming  and  Nev  Meiico 
it  i»  Dot  eitaUisted  aa  a  holiday  by  (latulc,  but  ia  Mch  may 
be  proclaimed  ai  sucb  in  any  year  by  lire  govtraor. 
.  L*  BODRBOOLB,  a  watering-place  of  central  France,  in 
the  departmtnt  of  Puy-dc-DAme,  4)  m.  W.  by  N.  of  U«>nl-I]ore 


by  road.  Pop.  {i«o4)  1401.  La  Bonrfaoute  is  illuated  on  tfc* 
light  bank  ol  tbe  Dordogne  at  a  heigfat  of  3790  fc  Its  wacen, 
of  which  anenic  ia  tbe  chanclefiltlc  constirueol,  are  (Bed  in 
cases  of  dtseaio  of  ihe  skin  and  irapltatory  organs.  iheumulsB, 
neuralgia,  Ice  Though  known  to  the  Komani  Ihty  wen,  not 
In  much  repute  till  lowaids  the  end  of  tbe  i^tb  century.  The 
town  hai  three  ihtrmal  etiablithments  and  a  casino. 

LABOUR  CHURCH.  THB,  an  otganintion  blended  to  give 
eiprcBioB  to  the  religion  of  tbe  labour  moveOHt.  Thta 
rehgion  is  not  Iheokigkal— it  leaves  Iheoloticil  queitioiB  to 
private  individual  convietian— but  "  seeks  the  realiialloD  of 
universal  well-being  by  the  atabUshmenl  of  Sadalisoi — ■ 
commonwealth  founded  upon  justice  and  love."  It  anerts  thit 
"  improvement  of  social  tsndilions  and  (he  development  of 
personit  character  are  both  nsntlal  to  emancipaliaa  from 
social  and  moral  bondage,  and  to  Chat  end  insist!  upon  the  duly 
al  studying  (he  economic  and  moral  terces  of  society."  Tha 
fint  Labour  Church  was  founded  at  Manchester  (Engtand) 
In  October  iSqi  by  a  Uniuriao  minister,  John  Trevor.  Thia 
has  disappeared,  hui  vigorous  luccesson  have  been  Btablished 
not  only  in  Ihe  neighbourhood,  bitl  in  Bradford,  Biimini^m, 
Nmiingham,  London,  Wolverhampton  and  other  Dtncnt  ol 
industry,  about  ]o  in  ill,  with  a  membership  of  3000.  Huiy 
branches  of  ihe  Indepenient  Libour  Pirty  ^d  the  Sodil 
Democntiic  Fedeiiiion  lUo  hdd  Sunday  gilherings  for  adulU  . 
and  (hUren,  using  ihe  Labour  Church  hymn-book  and  a  similu 
farm  of  service.  Ihe  reading  being  cbotcn  fn>m  Dr  Stanton  Coll'i 
Miuaie  aj  Uan.  There  art  special  fnms  for  cbild-namiiig, 
nuniages  and  buriab.  The  separate  churches  an  federated 
in  a  Labour  Church  Union,  which  holds  aa  annual  tonlncDce 
and  busineu  meeting  in  March.  At  Ihe  conference  of  igo), 
held  in  Ashion-under-Lyne,  the  name  "Labour  Churili"  wn 
Changed  to"  Socialhl  Church." 

LA  BOBRDCnrHAIl.  BBRTMRD  PRMICOn,  CoDHT  Uae* 
DE  (i6o9-i75]l,  FiDich  naval  commandei,  wis  bom  at  Salm 
Malo  on  tbe  nth  of  February  169Q.  He  went  to  sea  when  a 
boy,  and  in  1718  entiied  the  service  of  the  French  India  Company 
■s  1  lieutenant.  In  1714  he  was  promoted  captain,  and  displayed 
such  Inavery  in  Ihe  capture  of  Maht  ol  Ibe  Malabar  coast  Ifaii 
ihe  name  of  the  town  wu  added  id  his  own.  For  tira  yean 
he  WIS  in  the  RTvice  of  the  Portuguese  viCeny  of  Goa,  but  in 
I7J5  he  returned  to  French  tervice  a>  governor  oi  the  He  da 
France  and  ihe  lie  de  Bourbon.  His  Eve  yeais'  idminisiritfoa 
of  the  islands-  wis  vlgoioui  and  ■ucccsslul.  A  visit  to  Fiuee 
in  i7«o  was  iniempted  by  the  ooibieak  of  hostUilies  with  Great 
Britain,  and  La  Banidonnais  was  put  il  Che  head  of  a  fleet  in 
Indian  waten.  He  saved  Mab^,  relieved  General  Dupleix  at 
Pondichany,  defented  Lord  Peyton,  and  in  1746  participated 
ia  the  slete  of  Madias.  He  quandled  with  Dupleii  dvh  the 
condvcc  of  ifliin  In  India,  and  his  anger  wu  fncreaied  on  his 
letuin  to  Che  tie  de  France  at  finding  a  successor  10  himself 
Installed  tbeie  by  his  rivaL  He  set  sail  on  a  Dutch  vetiel  to 
present  hi|  case  al  coun,  and  was  captured  by  the  Siiiiah, 
but  allowed  to  return  to  France  on  parale.  losl^  of  Kcuring 
a  aecilement  ol  his  i]uaml  with  Dupleia.  he  was  anesied  (174S) 
on  a  chuige  of  gubcnutorial  pecidatkui  and  maladministrailoci, 
aiu)  secretly  imprBoned  for  over  two  years  in  Che  BaatlUe. 
He  wu  tried  in  its'  and  acquitted,  but  bis  health  was 
broken  by  the  imprisonmeni  and  by  chagrin  at  tbe  Iocs  of 
his  piopoty.  To  the  last  be  made  unjust  accusatiops  againat 
Dupleix.  Be  died  at  Faiil  on  ihe  lolh  tt  November  17J5. 
The  French  government  gave  hb  midow  ■  poniioD  cf  3400 
Uvies.       ' 

La.  Botrrdonnaii  vnte  Trailt  iti  k  mtlurt  da  saiaiiuai 
(Paris  i7>j).  and  left  valuable  memoirs  which  were  published 
by  his  grandson,  a  cdebtalM  chess  player,  Count  L.  C.  Maht 
de  la  Bourdonnais  (i7gj-iE[4s]  (lalrst  edition,  Paris,  iSgo). 
His  quarrel  with  Duplcii  has  ^vcn  rise  to  much  debitei  lor 
a  long  while  Ihe  bull  was  generally  kid  to  tbe  itrogance  and 
jealousy  of  Dupleii,  but  W.  Cartwright  end  ColotM]  Malleson 
have  polmed  out  Cbal  La  BDUfdouais  wu  pnwd,  uopIdinA 


b,  Google 


LABOUR  EXCHANGE— LABOUR  LEGISLATION 


Stt  P.  dt  CenriB.  lOwuitw  tear 


la  fUtii  juttifala€i  [Vir,y  lllfiU  TklCoHtf  lUt  Ui  Bnriai- 
uu.  in  B  Luur  la  a  frini  (Londoii.  irtt):  Fantin  dn  Odoirdi. 
Ktw^wMamdrnnJ,IPuit.tT9i);  Colin  ib  Bar,  WHnn  4(  r/iuf* 
..^j__  rf  _J..w  (pBifc  1I14J1  BucbHi  da  Pttiaitt,  Hinrirt 
•  •  '  -MlilimttnM^Mttuul'lnitVeua, 
■  Fnnu  ct  dc  B<wbM  MuileicHiviine- 

.... __.    .  .  La  JJnui  ■wiMiiin*  loiMJato  (1861I; 

•V.  Canwrifhl, "  Dupldi  H  rinde  (ranfuK."  in  IaRhh  tnJDnii^ 
(rUi):  G.  B.  MilEui.  i>**Ux  (OilonI,  i«vs)i  Awndaniin 
hUai.  Ut  rnitttit  i*ia  ruHTDutliix  tt  LottMrJamuit,  omSi 
rf»  JMinta/  j'^iH>iigrgs-tii»^aiiIU  irj#-l74J.  liani.  in  French  by 
Vinioc  in  EinU  ipttlait  iti  lennti  niaUUi  mama,  ttia  3. 
nt.  w.  (f*ri^  1894)- 

UBOQH  EXCBARBI,  ■  term  vny  fiequtntly  applied  to 
nutria  h»viog  for  ihtJr  principal  object  the  better  tlatribiiiion 
of  Ubour  («e Unehplovuewt).  Hisigrially  thetfimiiapplied 
10  the  tyiKm  of  tquiiible  labour  eiehanjn  tstablishej  [n 
EngUad  beiwccn  1S31  and  iSm  by  Robert  Owen  and  hi< 
(olloweis.  The  idea  a  uid  10  have  originiled  with  Jodab  Warren, 
tiba  commuRicaled  it  to  Owen.  Wtiren  Uicd  ui  eiperiment  in 
1S18  at  Cindiinall,  opening  an  eichsngt  under  the  title  of  > 
e."    Me  Joined  In  dattiog  another  il  Tuscarawi 


Ohio, 


and  a  third  at  Mou 


:  Vernon.  Indiac 


:e  on  the  lame  line  ai  the  Engliih  eicbanfes.  The  fonda- 
menial  idea  of  the  English  eichatigea  wal  to  establish  a  currency 
based  upon  labour;  Owen  in  Tkl  Criris  for  June  iBji  laid  down 
that  all  wealth  proceeded  from  labour  and  knowledge;  thai 
labour  and  knowledge  were  generally 


.0  the  IF 


iloyed,  E 


n  the  n> 


13  being  w 


This  new  currency  was  represented  by  "  bbour  no 

^ipencc,  this  hgure  being  taken  n  tht  mean  beli 
o(  the  bett  and  the  worst  paid  labour.  Goods  wen  then  to  be 
eichinged  for  the  new  currency.  The  exchange  was  opened 
in  eitens^  prenuHs  in  the  Cny'ainn  Road,  near  King's  Cross, 
London,  on  the  jnl  of  Septfinber  rSji.  For  some  months 
the  esIahUshment  net  with  considerable  juccns.  and  i  consider. 
able  number  of  tcadeimen agreed  10  take  Eaboui  notetlD  payment 
tor  their  soods.  Al  fini,  an  enormotB  number  Of  deposltn  was 
Buile,  anKHiniIng  in  seventeen  weeks  to  mS.SOI  houra.  But 
diflicultin  soon  arose  fmn  the  lack  ol  sound  practical  valuators, 
Ud  from  the  inability  of  the  pnmoters  10  distinguish  between 
IlKtabouToflhshighly  skilled  and  that  of  Iheunskilled.  Trades- 
Ben,  to»,  were  quick  10  see  that  the  eichange  might  be  worked 
to  their  advantage;  they  broughi  unsaleable  Dock  from 
their  shops,  exchanged  it  for  labour  notes,  and  then  picked 
Ml  the  best  of  the  ulcafale  articles.  Consequently  the  labour 
notes  begati  to  depredate;  trouble  alto  arose  with  the  pro- 
prietors of  the  premise*,  and  the  eiperiment  came  to  an  untimely 


ii!j4- 


See  F.  Ftodmon 


Stitrl  Om,  n,  I 


Ca-ofcralin,  c.  vilL  tl^oe). 

UnVB  LKOIELATIOll.  Regulaikin  of  laboiff,'  In  nmc 
form  01  another,  whether  by  custom,  isyal  auihoijly.  tccloi- 
■itiad  rates  or  by  formal  legiiliilan  in  the  imerau  of  >  com- 

lion.  And  older  than  all  dviliution  b  the  neceuiiy  for  the 
greater  part  of  muikind  lolaboor  lor  mainttnancc,  whether  freely 
or  in  bond*,  ■beiber  for  ihemitlvei  and  ibair  famOJes  or  (or  tht 
requiteneau  or  nipeifluilis  of  others.  Even  while  it  is  clear, 
however,  that  mawul  tabour,  t*  (he  applitaikin  of  rhe  bodily 
form — with  or  without  mechanical  aid— lo  penonal  mainten- 
ance and  the  prodoctlOD  «[  goods,  tenaint  the  rvmnaa  lot  of 
the  mkfority  of  cKlaena  of  the  most  developed  modem  com- 
nuoitlcc,  (till  there  Is  much  itik  ol  conluskm  il  modem  technical 
letiaa  such  u  "labour,"  "  enployer,"  "labour  legitiaiiMi " 
*!•  fndy  qiplied  lo  caadilloni  in  bygant  diriliiaiuns  with 
■holly  difleront  iodiBItiil  Dtganlulion  and  social  reluionhlpa. 
•The  term  "labonr"  (Lit.  lolar)  means  ttrfctly  any  energelk: 
work,  fboufh  la  feocnl  it  Implin  hard  work,  but  in  iBadnii 
parhae*  Ills  ifwially  tonSned  la  iBduiuial  work  of  Che  kind  dona 
by  the  "  watking.(Jaiaea.' 


enl  timea  in  Gn^wd  ibere  bubeena  i 
ruirent  useol  mrrelative  term*  isiplying  a  aodal  rcltUoa- 
ihich  hgiealfy  dwiVId,  Ibreuaple,  in  thcnpid  pMMge 
the  Master  and  Scfvul  Act  1M7  la  the  EnplMcr  ud 


1S7I.  In  tkc  iBtb  a 
factimr  "  pwed  liom  Us  ipplicattaii  u 
10  lu  modem  connMMion  of  at  Icatt  aome  mmnaBo  01  capital, 
the  eaploycr  being  po  lonftt  a  imall  ^wotking  maalir.  An 
ertii  moK  aigniEcut  later  cbwge  is  aeen  in  the  eteuly  develop- 
raent  of  >  labour  legislation,  which  anue  lo  a  claraant  wdkl 
need  for  the  care  of  specially  hclpleiB  "  protected  "  penoni  in 
factoric*  and  mines,  into  a  wider  legisbilion  tor  Ihe  promotioB 
vi  general  industrial  health,  safely  and  freedom  for  llw  ttoriier 
from  Inud  bi  makipg  or  carrying  out  wage  c(Hilr*ct&. 

II,  then,  we  can  discern  these  aigna  of  Imporunl  cb«ngei 
within  io  short  a  period,  gnat  camioa  i>  needed  in  niiidly 
reviewing  long  periodji  ol  time  prior  lo  IhM  indualtial  Rvolulio^ 
which  i)  iiaced  munly  to  Ihe  appiicMion  of  nMcbankal  powti 
to  machinery  in  aid  of  manual  labour,  {nartical^  begun  and 
completed  wiibin  the  second  half  of  Iht  tSlh  ccntoiy.  "  In 
1 740  save  lor  ihe  fly-shuttle  the  loom  was  as  It  had  been  ^ince 
weaving  had  begun  .  .  .  and  the  law  of  the  land  waa"  (under 
Ihe  Act  of  AKHCDtiec*  of  1J63)  "  thai  wage*  in  each  district 
ihould  be  aiHiMd  by  Justices  of  the  Peace."*  Turning  back 
to  siill  eailier  time*,  Itgislaliaa— whatever  its  source  or  auiborily 
— mutt  ckaily  be  dcvoled  la  aims  very  diflerei '  ' 
aim*  in  leguiating  labow,  when  il  aroae  befor 
at  a  man  depesdent  on  an  "  employer  "  iot  Ihe 
work,  had  appeared,  and  when  mign 
unknown  through  the  serfdom  of  part  ol  ihe  population  and  the 

In  the  great  civiliialiow  of  antiquity  there  were  great  aggregm 
lions  of  labour  which  was  not  solely,  Ihou^  Irequemly  il  waa 
predominanliy,  slave  labour;  and  aome  ct  the  features  of 
manufacture  and  mining  on  ■  great  acale  anee,  producing  the 
same  tori  of  evih  and  indvstrial  maladies  known  and  regulated 
inoucownlinea.  Some  of  the  maladies  were  docribed  by  Pliny 
and  classed  as  "  diseases  of  slaves,"  And  be  gave  dctcriptjoot 
of  pmcesses,  lor  eiample  in  themelal  trades,  as  belonging  entiraly 
to  his  own  day,  which  modem  archaeologlrsl  diKOverics  tract 
back  Ihrou^  the  earliest  known  Aryan  civitiialions  lo  a  pre- 
historic origin  in  Ihe  Eail,  and  which  have  never  died  out  in 
western  Eumpe,  but  can  be  Irated  in  a  concentrated  manu- 
facture with  almost  unchanged  methods,  now  in  France,  now 
in  Germany,  now  In  England. 

Liiile  would  be  gained  in  such  ■  tktlch  as  this  byaoeadeavoui 
to  piece  together  the  scattered  and  scanty  materials  for  ■  «Hn- 
paralive  history  of  ihe  varying  conditions  and  methods  of  ItUtur 
regulation  over  to  enorqious  a  range.  While  our  knowledge 
conlinualiy  incteuei  of  the  remain!  of  ancient  craft,  skill  aad 
maSHd  labcmr,  much  has  yet  id  be  discovered  that  may  Ihii>w 
light  on  methods  of  organizaiioa  of  the  Libouten.  While  much, 
the  labour  was  compulioiy 


nuch  less 


, ,  tmids  of  Egypt. 
earliest  Egypiian  pcoducti  in  metal 
wora,  weaving  ano  oiner  skilled  crafl  work,  were  typical 
products  of  slave  labour.  Even  in  Rome  it  was  only  at  timet 
that  the  proportion  of  slaves  valued  as  property  was  gretler 
than  that  of  hired  worken.  or,  apart  fnnn  capture  In  war  or 
tell  surrender  in  discharge  of  a  debt,  that  purchase  of  slaves 
by  the  trader,  manulacimer  or  agriculturist  was  generally 
considered  the  cheapest  meant  of  lecuring  labour.  At  in  early 
England  the  vanoui  stagei  of  village  industrial  life,  medieval 
town  manufacliue,  and  oiganiuliiHi  in  craft  gjLdt,  and  the 
beginnings  of  Ihe  mercantile  tyslcm.  wert  panVcl  with  a  grtaiet 
or  lets  prevalence  of  strfdam  and  even  with  tht  preieiue  in 
pan  of  slavery,  to  In  other  ag>a  and  dviliiationa  the  various 
methods  of  ocganlralion  of  labour  arc  found  lo  some  eiUnl 
logethtr.  The  Germans  in  their  primitive  atiilcmenu  were 
anutlomed  lo  the  notion  of  slavery,  and  in  the  decline  of  the 
<  H.  D.  TrailL&rU  Engfg^.  v.  Sot  (189^. 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 


BoDU  Empire  Komu  aplivcs  [mn  UDong  (he  moil  UMful 
crafuven  were  cvried  ivny  by  thdr  Doxthen  couqueron. 

Tbe  UMoiy  md  pment  deUili  of  tbe  libnic  Um  oE  virioui 
couQUki  tre  deaEt  vlih  bdow  In  luomive  Kctioni:  (i)  history 
of  k^iklioD  Id  the  Dniled  Kingdom;  (>)  the  nwdu  u  ihewn 
by  Ibc  U«  En  fom  in  igog.  with  (lie  comqxMidlDg  [icti  for 
(j1  ContinRitil  Eun^a  ud  (4)  tb*  United  Sutc*.  Under  other 
headiagi  (Tura-UinoHa,  Stukm  uo  Loci-Otn*,  Aum*- 
TioH  UB  CoHcnJAitoif,  Ac,  Ac.)  ire  min)>  delnU*  oa  cdfute 

I.  HisToiv  IM  Tu*  Unhid  Xihcmiii 
I.  Umii  lit  Clan  ef  Ot  15U  Cali^jr-^X  Ibc  miin  condition] 
of  loduitrwl  Ubenr  in  eariy  Anglo-Slloa  England  dMaill  ue 
KUty.  MoDutlc  JBdnitriil  comraiinilia  ivere  added  in 
Chrktian  timet  to  village  industrial  communitlca.  White 
genetally  hubandry  *Bi  the  fitit  object  of  toil,  and  developed 
under  dibonte  regulalioa  in  tbe  manorial  lystem,  itUI  1  <on- 
•idenble  nriety  of  induHrieJ  gnu  up,  tbe  aim  beinfaprfuly  10 
nuke  each  lodi]  group  leU-suffidng.  and  to  protect  and  legulile 
village  utiuiB  in  the  inteieft  dE  village  reaourcd.  Tbit  pro- 
tective lyilem,  restiog  on  a  communal  or  cooperative  view  of 
labour  and  social  liEe,  haa  E>een  compared  al  analogous  to  the 
much  later  and  wider  syatera  uiKla  which  the  main  purpose 
was  to  keep  En^and  as  a  whole  seU-auSciBg.'  It  baa  also  been 
ihown  how  greatly  *  fresh  ^irii  of  enleiprise  in  industry  and 
trade  was  stimulated  first  by  the  Danish  and  neit  by  the  Norman 
invasion;  tbe  (omtcr  brought  in  a  vigour  ibown  in  growth  of 
Villages,  increase  in  number  of  firemen,  and  f omuttlon  of  trading 
(owni;  the  latter  espedatly  opened  up  new  communications 
wiih  the  most  dvfliied  continental  people,  and  was  followed 
by  a  (onsidenUc  immigration  of  artisans,  patliculaily  of 
Flemingi.  In  Saion  England  slavery  in  the  strictest  sense 
eaisted,  as  is  ihown  fn  the  earliest  Elfish  laws,  but  it  teems 
(bat  the  true  slave  class  as  distinct  from  the  self  class-was  tom- 
paralively  amall.  and  it  may  wdl  be  that  the  labour  oE  an 
ordinary  serf  wai  not  praclicilly  more  tevere,  and  the  remunera- 
tion in  maintenance  and  kind  not  much  ksa  than  that  of  agri- 
cultural  labourers  in  recent  times.  Ih  spite  of  the  steady 
protest  of  the  Oiurch,  slavery  <ii  the  nceplJon,  not  the  general 
rule)  did  not  die  out  lor  many  centuries,  and  was  apt  to  be 
revived  as  a  punishment  for  criminals.  e.|,  in  the  fierce  prmHtion* 
ol  tbe  statute  of  Edward  VI.  against  beggars,  not  repealed 
nnljl  is^j.  At  no  time,  however,  wasitgeneral,  and  as  the  larger 
village  and  city  pi^ulilions  grew  the  ratio  of  serfs  and  slaves 
to  tbfe  freemen  In  the  whole  population  rapidly  diminished, 
(or  the  city  populations  "  bad  not  the  habit  and  use  of  slavery," 
and  while  aerft  might  sometimes  Gnd  a  refuge  in  the  diia  from 
(sceptionally  severe  taskmasters,  "  there  a  DO  doubt  thai  free- 
men gradually  united  witb  them  nnder  tbe  lord's  protection, 
that  strangen  engaged  in  trade  sojourned  among  them,  and  thai 
a  race  of  artlsaiu  gradually  grew  up  in  wlii^  original  class 
leeHngs  were  great^  modified."  From  these  conditions  grew  two 
psraD^  tendencies  in  regulation  of  labour.  Oh  the  one  hand 
there  was,  under  royal  charters,  the  burgh  or  municipal  organiia- 
tion  and  contnd  of  artisan  and  craft  labour,  passing  later  mto 
the  more  specialized  organization  in  craft  gilds;  on  the  other 

diminution  In  tbe  numbers  available  for  husbandry  or  agricul- 
tuial  labour.  To  the  latter  cause  must  be  traced  a  pravlsien 
appearing  bi  ■  succession  o(  statutes  (see  esfieaaBy  an  act  of 
Richard  11.,  t  jEt),  that  a  chUd  under  twelve  yeara  once  employed 
te  agrfculture  mig^t  never  be  transferred  to  apprenticeship  In  a 
cra^,  The  steady  development  of  England,  Erst  as  a  wool- 
growing,  hiter  as  a  doth^nodudng  country,  would  accentuate 
this  dJflkully.  During  the  rjlh  century,  side  by  aide  with  de- 
TClopmenl  oF  trading  compam*es  for  the  aport  of  wad  En>m 
En^aad,  may  be  noted  many  agimnoltB  on  tbe  pan  of  raonas- 
lerfes  to  sell  their  wool  to  Florentin<»,  and  during  the  same 
century  absorption  of  alien  artisaoi  into  tbe  munitipal  system 
was  practically  completed.  Charters  tt  Henry  1.  provided  Eor 
■W.  Cunainghan.  Gnma  ^.Saclitl  Ctmmttt  ■■'  /isAufrT- 


KJKlTED  KINGDOM 

natutaliiation  of  tbcK  ah'ens.  From  the  time  of  Edward  I. 
Edward  m.  a  gradual  transference  ol  buigb  cu>I«nt,  to  lac 
fecogniaed  for  the  common  good,  to  statute  taw  was  in  pn>> 
gnsa,  together  with  an  asaertlon  of  the  rl^tt  of  tbe  crown  a(dnM 
ecclesiastical  orders.  "The  ttatules  i^  Edward  L,"  says  Dr. 
igham,  "  mark  the  first  attempt  to  deal  wilh  Industry 
and  Tiade  u  a  public  uuttci  wliich  conceens  the  whole  state, 
the  puticular  aHair  ol  leading  men  in  cuh  sipaiate 
locality."  The  t5rst  dh'ect  legislalioD  for  libooi  by  statute, 
however,  la  not  earlier  than  the  twenty-third  year  of  the 
reign  of  Edward  III,,  and  it  arose  in  an  attempt  to  ocotrol  the 
decay  and  ruin,  both  in  rural  and  urban  diatriels,  which  laDowed 
the  Hundred  Yean'  War,  and  the  pestilence  known  as  the  Black 
Death.  This  first  "  Suiule  of  Laboureia  "  waa  designed  Jot  the 
beoefil  ot  the  community,  not  lor  the  proiection  of  labour  or 
^  the  policy  of  enforcing  customary 
wages  and  compelling  tbe  able-bodJEd  labourer,  whether  free  or 
bond,  not  living  in  mercbindiie  or  execdting  any  craft,  to  work 
lor  hire  at  (ecogniaed  rales  o(  pay,  mutt  be  reviewed  in  tbe 
drcunuiances  aud  ideals  of  the  time.  Kegulation  generally  in 
the  middle  ages  aimed  at  preventing  any  hidlvidual  or  section 
of  the  conxmunity  from  making  what  was  oonsidered  an  tKrp' 
tlonil  profit  through  tbe  necessity  of  olhen.'  The  scarcity  cd 
labour  by  the  reduction  oE  the  populaLion  through  pealileDcs 
iS  not  admitted  as  a  justilicalion  for  the  demands  for  increased 
y,  and  while  the  unemployed  labourer  was  liable  Lo  be  com- 
ited  10  gaol  if  he  refuted  service  at  current  rales,  the  lordi  id 
:  towns  or  manors  who  pmnised  or  paid  more  to  their  scrvania 
ire  liable  to  be  sued  treble  the  turn  in  question.  Similar 
itriclions  were  made  appIicaUe  to  altificers  and  workmen. 
By  another  atatute,  two  yeara  later,  laboureia  or  aitifiuts  who 
'  '  '  *  work  and  went  into  another  county  were  liable  to 
i  by  the  thoill  and  brought  back.  These  and  similar 
provisions  with  similar  aims  were  confirmed  by  sLatutea  ol 
ijSo,  ij6$  and  ijSS,  but  the  act  of  ij6o,  while  prohibiting 
"  all  alliances  and  covins  of  masons,  carpenters,  congregations, 
chapters,  ordinances  and  oalbs  betwiat  them  made,"  allowed 
"every  lord  to  bargain  or  covenant  for  tbcir  works  b)  gnas 
with  sucb  labourers  and  artificers  when  it  picaseth  them,  so 
that  they  perloim  such  works  well  and  lawfully  according  to  Iba 
haigaia  and  covenant  with  them  thereof  made."  Powcra  weit 
ivea  by  the  acts  of  rjU  and  ijSS  to  Justices  10  determiim 
utters  under  these  statutes  and  to  fijt  wages.  Records  show 
bat  workmen  of  various  descriptions  were  pressed  hy  writs 
ddtcssed  to  sheriffs  to  work  for  their  king  al  wages  regardtcm 
I  their  wilt  at  to  terms  and  place  of  work.  Tlete  proceedings 
rere  Eoinded  on  notions  of  royal  prerofative,  of  which  impren* 
sent  of  teamen  survived  at  an  example  to  a  far  later  date.  By 
B  act  oE  ijSS  no  servant  ot  labourer,  man  or  woman,  however, 
could  depart  out  of  the  hundred  to  serve  elsewhere  unless  hearing 
a  letter  patent  under  the  king's  seal  tiatmg  the  cause  oE  going 
and  time  of  ntnm.  Sucb  provisions  would  appear  lo  have 
widely  failed  in  thdr  purpose,  Ear  an  act  ot  1414  detjarta  that 
the  tcivaats  and  labourers  fied  from  county  lo  county,  and 
Justicet  were  empowered  to  send  wnis  to  (he  sherifis  for  fugitive 
labourers  aa  for  fekms,  and  to  examine  labourtn,  servanlt  and 
their  nusteit,  ai  mil  u  iitificers,  and  to  punish  ihim  on  coi< 
An  Id  of  1409.  wbik  putting  a  pnperty  qnafifia  tion  <n 
tsUp  and  Rquiring  paienta  under  ha*y  penalties  ID 
put  tbelr  childiBi  U  auch  labour  aa  their  cilatet  leqikirH!,  made 
a  lesetvMioa  giving  frecdon  lo  any  person  "  to  tend  their 
childivntaMbooltoIevnlittfsluce.''  Up  to  tbe  end  of  the  ijlh 
eeotury  a  nooolonoat  aucixtaion  of  statutes  slrtngthening, 
iBodifyfnff,  "«— 4't  the  variooa  ntteBq>ts  (since  the  fint 
Statut*  o(  I^bouma)  to  limH  &ee  movement  of  labour,  or 
desaandl  bT  hbovters  for  iocrtned  wage*,  may  be  Ken  In  tbe 
(cU  of  1411, 1417,  1444, 140S.  It  was  dearly  (otmd  eitmndy 
diBcnlt,  if  DDL  impeaclicaUe,  to  cany  out  the  minute  conUol 
of  wageacoiuidereddeaLtable,aibdeicepliont  in  favour  of  certain 
occupations  were  in  aone  of  tbe  tiatults  themselves.  In  isn 
the  penaltiB  for  giving  wages  contrary  to  law  wtn  repealed  so 
*"■  ~       ■    ■         -       ■       -      - -^  Cimmira  ami  Iniu^. 


nnTGD  KINCDOII) 

bt  ftB  idatcd  tomutols  but  Sl&ba  tppon  tbil  Londoa  wo4- 
nen  vduld  not  adare  the  premfent  lotrictloiv  u  to  wmget, 
aod  that  th^  secured  in  prutice  ■  greaTer  fncdoni  to  mmnge 
iftte*  when  inirkiDg  villiiii  the  d(y.  Sevcrml  of  theie  itatute*, 
■nd  tiftdaliy  oat  of  1514,  fixed  the  boun  ol  Ubour  iriien 
liittitiBg  wife&  During  Mareh  to  ScpleinbeT  Uie  Imiiti  mere 
J  iLH.  to  7  (■  S  UL,  vilh  htii  u  boui  oS  for  bnakCut  end  u 
bout  (nd  ft  hilt  ofi  (oi  midda]'  dinner.  In  winter  the  oulnd* 
bnits  were  tied  by  the-knglh  oi  diyligkl. 

Throughout  (he  ijth  century  the  npidly  iucreulDf  PXUU' 
ficture  of  cioth  wi5  sibject  to  a  reguiitkin  which  lirojed  it 
ndard  o[  pisduciloD  ind  preventioD  of  bid 
Lhe  natemnhy  (Ulitie  4  Edwin)  IV.  c,  >, 
while  ffving  power  Eo  myil  oSctn  Id  ii;pemic  liie  of  cloihi, 
modes  of  Kiliiig,  in^,  *lio  reproaed  piymcut  la  worken  In 
"  pins,  gitdln  lud  unprufitible  wits."  ind  oidiined  piymcnt 
in  true  ond  liwful   mencx-  THb  ititule  (Ihc   Gnt  igilnit 

dolhicn — or,  ■*  we  ihould  cill  them,  whottiile  mnchinti  ind 
minufictuRT) — ddivind  wool  to  ipinncn,  cuden,  (tc,  by 
■eight,  Mid  paid  (or  Ibe  wvik  when  breughi  btdf  finlihtd. 
It  ippem  thit  the  work  wu  cuiied  on  in  ninl  u  well  u  town 
diitricti.  While  tbit  induitty  vu  growing  Ud  thriving  other 
tfidc*  remiiaed  bickwird,  ind  igiicultuK  wu  in  i  dtprsicd 
conditiOD.  Cnft  gilds  bad  primarily  the  mne  putpoM  u  the 
Edwnrdinn  ititula.  thu  ii,  of  Kcuring  (bit  the  public  ihould 
be  well  HTVed  with  good  win*,  ind  that  the  trade  ind  nunu- 
fictun  itietf  dieuld  be  on  iMnnd  buiju  10  quility  al  pioducu 
and  iboBld  BsurUi.  InddentiUy  there  wu  considemble  rcguU- 
tioD  by  tbc  gildi  of  the  condition)  ol  libDur,  but  nat  primirily 
is  the  intercR)  o[  the  libount,  Thui  night  woili  wu  piohibliFd 
btcauH  It  leoded  to  KCtecy  uid  k>  to  bid  eiecuiion  of  worlE; 
working  on  hoUdiyi  wu  probiblied  (0  aecure  fiir  pliy  between 
cnftsmcn  ind  10  on.  lie  poiition  of  ipprentica  wu  nude 
deal  thmu^  indentures,  bnt  tbe  poilLlon  of  toumeynen  wis 
kacntiin.  Sigiu  ire  not  wuttng  of  a  Oiug^  between  joumey- 
BKD  md  muten,  ud  toward*  Ibe  end  of  tbe  ijlh  century 
mailen  Ibenaelvei,  in  it  lent  the  great  wool  tnde,  tended  to 
develop  ftom  criftnnen  into  lomethinf  more  lihe  Eite  nuHJem 
opititiit  enplayer;  from  in  ict  of  15;;  tourliing  wiaven 
K  il  quite  eleiT  thit  this  development  had  greatly  idvinced 
and  that  doth-nuking  wu  curied  00  lirgely  by  employen 
with  laige  c^Iili.  Before  thii,  however,  while  a  itnig^e 
•enl  on  between  tbe  town  anihorilin  and  the  oift  glldi,  Journey- 
nea  began  U  lonn  companiei  of  Iheir  own,  and  the  rsult  o( 
tbe  Tuloia  conflleti  maybe  Km  inu  icl  ol  Heniy  VI.,  providing 
■bit  in  fnture  new  onUnincei  of  gildt  ihiil  be  lubmitled  la 
tiMkea  Of  the  peacv--«  meKun  which  wu  itNngtbaed  in 
IJ03. 

1.  Frtm  Twiti  Dayt  ma  On  OoM  tf  Hu  itik  CtmHiry~A 
detailed  UNVty  of  Uheor  tegiditioa  In  tbe  lith  cenlisy  would 
indvde  tooM  ueotint  of  tbe  TMoc  law*  apinU  nrngrancy  and 
metbodi  of  dealing  with  the  Incteue  of  peupertui,  illtfliutihit, 
al  lent  In  put,  to  the  dliKJntion  of  the  monuterict  undet 
Henry  VIII.,  and  to  Ibe  coafticatlon  ol  cnft  giM  fundi,  wbkh 
pnteeded  under  Soaienet  tad  Edwatd  VI.  It  !>  raflSdent  hen 
to  point  to  the  (tnenl  reeognitioD  si  the  public  right  to  oonpel 
kbotu'eti  to  work  and  thui  lecnre  control  of  nnemfrioyed  ai 
wen u employed.  TbettitulMcf  Henry  Vm.  and  Edmrd  VI, 
a^but  vagnncy  differed  rather  Ita  degree  of  leverity  thin  in 
prmdirie  fmn  kglifaUIon  lor  dmHai  purpcau  in  prevloai  and 
uheeqncnt  reigfu.  The  Statute  of  Lahouren,  paned  in  tbe 
Hth  year  of  Eliiebclb  "i  tdgn  (i  )Si).  u  well  u  Ibe  poor  Uw  id 
the  lUK  year,  wu  to  ■  conriderable 
and  an  UDending  code  of  Uw,  and  wu  10  wcmdy 
^>inlao  and  deqily  tooled  cuftooi  that  It  wu 
force  for  two  cntarin.  It  avowedly  ipftrovu  oi  pmapN* 
■nd  aiOi  tai  earlier  acti,  regotMlng  wtgti,  punkhlng  icftMl 
to  work,  and  preventing  iTee  migralloci  of  hboiir.  It  make*, 
however,  a  great  advance  In  lu  npteta  aim  ol  pntectlng  tbe 
poor  labonrer  igiinit  imufficim  wign.  and  ot  devWng  ■ 


LABOUR  lEGISLATION 


"uBio  the  hired  pmoa  both  in  time  irf  icardly  and  [n  t&u  of 
plenty  i  connnleol  proportion  of  wigca."  Hinnte  regulatjou 
wen  nude  govtming  tin  coDiract  between  muter  and  aervul, 
apd  their  mutual  tighti  and  oUigatfou  on  puiUcl  linei  fol 
(a)  anifictn,  (t)  libonren  in  hmhindiy.  Hiring  wu  In  be  by 
Ibe  year,  and  any  unemployed  penoo  qualified  m  either  caUing 
waa  hound  to  ictept  service  on  piin  of  Imprisonment,  U 
required,  unleu  poKucd  of  property  of  ■  specified  amount 
ot  engaged  in  art,  science  or  Jetten,  or  being  a  "  genllenun," 
Fenou  leaving  a  letvice  were  bound  lo  obtain  i  teUinumlil, 
and  might  not  be  taken  Into  freah  employment  withcut  produc* 
ing  tuch  teitlnionial,  or,  If  in  i  new  diurict.  unlH  after  iliawing 
it  10  the  Butborities  of  lhe  place.  A  muter  mi^  be  fined  £5, 
and  a  labourer  imprisoned,  and  if  contumadoui,  whipped,  for 
breach  ol  thii  rule.  The  nrefuUy  devised  Kbeme  for  lecfaalca{ 
Inining  ol  ii^trenikei  embodied  10  i  comiderable  extent  the 
nKthodi  ind  e^Mriencei  ol  the  cnft  gildt.  Houn  oi  llhouf 
were  as  f<dlowi:  '^AU  inificera  lod  labourer*  being  hired  for 
wages  by  the  day  or  week  ihill,  betwtit  Ibe  midst  of  tbe  moDlht 
ol  March  and  September,  he  and  tonlinue  It  Iheir  walk  ■(  or 

depart  until  belwiil  7  and  B  o'clock  at  night,  eicept  It  be  in 
the  time  of  breakful,  dinner  or  drinking,  tbe  which  lime  it 
...  diy,  Ibit  il 


ig  hili  II 


r,  lor  his  < 


when  he  ii  showed  to  sleep,  tbe  which  is  (mm 
y  10  Ibe  midst  of  August,  hiif  in  hour;  and  «ll 
1  ind  Iibourers  betwiit  the  midst  ol  Seplembet 


ImiD  the  spring  of 
same  doy,  einpl 
iitd  dinner,  upon  \ 
hour's  absence,  10  be  dedi 


lil  the  e 


Lt  Iheir 


Although  the  sludpolnl  of  the  Victory 
Act  ind  Truck  Act  in  lorce  it  the  beginning  of  tbe  10th  ccnlury 
u  regards  hour)  of  labour  or  irguUtion  ol  fines  deducted  from 
wagn  il  completely  Rvetaed,  yet  the  diSenncc  it  not  great 
between  the  avenge  length  of  houn  of  labour  permiiiible  under 
the  pteaent  hw  for  women  ind  those  boun  imposed  upon  lhe 
advit  labourti  in  Ellxibeth  'a  tutule.  Apart  from  the  ilind- 
point  of  compulsory  tmpoeithin  of  fines,  one  advintage  in  Ibe 
definitenai  of  mount  deduclable  from  wagei  would  arfeiT 
to  lie  on  the  side  of  the  earlier  stitute. 

Three  points  remiln  lo  be  toiicbed  00  in  conseiiaa  with  the 
Elinbethan  poor  liw.  In  iddilion  to  (e)  convriidation  of 
mensura  for  acttlng  vignnts  to  work,  wt  find  the  fittt  con- 
pvbory  contributions  from  the  well-to-do  towairdi  poor  rdief 
there  pmvided  for,  (I)  it  least  a  ttworMical  recogulttoi]  al  k 
right  u  wdl  as  in  oMIgatioB  on  tbe  part  of  tbe  labourer  to  be 
Ured,  (e)  careful  pioviskni  for  tbc  apprentidDg  of  dcttituM 
children  and  orphus  lo  ■  trade. 

one  piovfelon  of  consMnaUe  inletert  imee  In  Scotland, 
which  wu  nearly  a  Centmy  liler  In  orginidng  proviatena  lor 
filing  condltloni  of  hire  and  wages  o(  woiimen,  liboutm  ind 
lemnti,  ihnDar  to  tboae  consoKdated  In  Ibe  Ellubethan 
Statute  of  Labourm.  In  lfii7  it  wu  provided  (ind  reofflmied 
iB  1661)  that  power  should  be  given  to  tbe  sheriSs  lo  cofnpd 
piynent  of  wigea,  "  ihit  aervmli  may  be  the  noit  witling  to 
obeylbeofdinance."  The  dDEcnllies  in  regulation  ol  compnlsoir 
hbouT  in  Sootland  must,  however,  have  been  great,  for  Id  iC7a 
homes  ol  correciion  were  erected  lor  disobedient  aervuts,  uid 
masten  of  these  houses  wen  empowered  to  force  Ibcm  to  woric 
and  (0  correct  tbem  accMding  to  their  demerits.  While  eerwnts 
in  minulaeture  weracompj" 
they  mi^  not  cntv  on  ■ 


'    Such  lasiilitloD  oMtliiMd,  m 

untn  tbo  amkadBg  ethcted  by  tbe  btgtauibq  of  the  InduMrial 

itvduUoB— that  ii,  antB  Ibe  combfiwd.eSncls  of  iteady  ci~' 

centnlion  of  capllil  In  tbe  hud*  ol  emptopen  ind  a 

of  tnde,  followed  daady  ^  « 


.lO 

CaaiMdy  tluni  lltt  lice  ot  iDdiuUfil  Eogbnd.  Fnsi  time 
W  time.  In  mpcct  of  ptnicutu  Imds,  fuaviuani.  igunu 
inck  (lid  loc  piynKDt  ol  «■«•  ■■>  cumot  coin,  ainuUi  lo  the 
act  oi  Edmid  IV.  ia  ihe  waaUm  iaduuiy,  wcic  lound  neccuiiy, 
ud  thii  bnncb  of  Ubour  lcgijli(ian  dcvclDped  iliraugh  ihc 
iciSiu  of  Aane  4nd  the  lour  Ctorga  udIU  toiuolkUtioD  ud 
imcndiKDt  were  cStclot,  ttla  Ihe  camptctuiD  of  the  indiutiid 
nvolulion,  in  ihe  Truck  Act  ot  iSji.  FroRi  ibc  close  of  the 
171b  century  and  durintf  the  18th  ceoLujy  die  lepilatuR  i* 
no  Vmaa  mainly  engiged  ia  deviling  means  for  compeUing 
labouren  and  artiaani  to  enter  Into  involunlaiy  servkff,  but 
ratber  in  reflating  the  lummaiy  paveji  of  juslicel  of  ihe  peace 

(o  cantracts  and  agFtemenls,  ^pns  or  implied,  prcaumed  to 
have  been  entered  into  voluntarily  on,  both  tidei.  While  the 
movement  to  refer  labour  queslioni  lo  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Jiutkes  thiu  gradually  developed,  the  main  lubject  matter  (or 
their  exercise  of  jurisdiction  in  regard  to  labour  also  changed, 
even  when  theoretically  for  a  time  Ihe  two  sets  of  powers — such 

wra-JUTi  refusing  hire,  or  {b)  fixing  scales  ot  wages  and  enforce- 
sent  ol  labour  con liictt— might  be  concurrently  eiercised. 
Even  in  an  act  ot  Gcotve  IL  C1746)  tor  Kltienienl  ol  disputes 
and  differencn  as  to  waget  ot  other  conditions  under  a  contract 
at  Ubour,  power  wu  RUiued  tot  Ihe  justicn,  w  complainl  of 
Ihe  tnasten  of  misdemeanour  or  iU-bchaviour  on  Ihe  part  of 
the  servant,  lo  discharge  Ihe  iatlet  fioia  service  or  to  send  him 
Id  a  house  of  carreclion  "  there  to  be  corrected,"  thai  i>,  lo  be 
hrid  to  hud  labour  lot  a  term  not  eiceeding  a  monib  or  lo  be 
comcled  by  whipping.  In  an  act  with  similar  aims  ol  Ceorft 
IV.  (iS)]},  with  a  ralherwider  scope,  the  power  loorder  corporal 
puniihaent,  and  In  1867  to  hard  labour,  (or  breach  of  labour 
conlract*  had  disappeared,  and  soon  after  the  middle  of  ihe 
IVth  century  the  right  lo  enloiie  contracts  of  labour  also  dis- 
appeared. Then  breach  ot  luch  Ubour  contracts  became 
■imply  a  question  of  recovery  of  damages,  tinlcas  both  parties 
agreed  IhM  Mcurily  for  pei^rmancc  ol  the  contracl  shall  be 
(ivcB  inaleMt  of  damagics. 

While  the  tDdeaveui  to  enloice  Ubour  apirt  trwn  a  contract 
died  out  in  the  latter  end  of  the  iSth  ceniuiy.  sentiment  for 
■one  time  had  strongly  grown  in  favour  of  dcvelaping  early 
industrial  training  of  children.  II  appears  lo  have  been  a  special 
object  of  charitable  and  phiUulbropic  endeavour  in  the  17th 
century,  as  well  aa  the  ifith.  to  found  houses  of  indusliy,  in 
which  little  children,  even  under  hye  yeara  ot  age,  mi^l  be 
trained  fnr  t^>preniiceahip  with  employers-  Connected  aa  this 
devd<H>ment  was  with  poor  relief,  one  of  ila  chief  aims  was  to 
prevent  future  unemployment  and  vagrancy  by  training  in 
habits  and  knowledge  ot  indusliy,  but  not  unavowed  was 
another  motive:    ^'trom'childrcn  thus  trained  up  to  constant 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 


(UNITED  KINGDOM 


Ubour  we  may 

mcnl  gave  the  &nt  impulse 
IcgisUtion  which  an  specially 


"•  Uyenf 


1  price. 


[k  of  the  i9ih  ceniurj. 
Knoent  as  11  is  "  mat  Ulore  me  Industrial  Revolution  very 
young  children  were  lately  employed  both  in  their  own  hoino 
and  aa  apfneolicea  itnder  ijie  Poor  Law,''  and  that  "  long  before 
feel'a  time  there  were  tnisgivinga  about  the  apprenticesh^ 
lyitem,"  Mill  il  iteeded  the  oonceDtiation  and  prominence  of 
HiSering  and  Injury  to  child  life  ia  Ihe  iacloiy  ayatem  to  lead 
to  parliamentary  interveniiaa. 

J,  Frem  iSoo  In  llu  Caitt  sj  iljji  bbJ  1I7S.—K  senoua  out- 
break of  lever  in  1 7S4  in  GOtlon  milk  near  Manchester  appean 
to  have  £r*l  drawn  widespread  and  influential  public  opinioB 
)o  Ihe  overwork  of  children,  under  terribly  dangemus  and 
insaoiury  condiiions,  on  which  the  faciory  ayatem  wai  then 
bfgtly  beinc  Onicd  on.  A  local  inquiry,  chieSy  by  a  gtoup 
o(  itedial  mat  presided  over  tqr  Dc  Fctdvil,  was  ioilituled 
ln>  the  justicta  «f  Iha  peace  for  Laacaihire,  and  in  ihe  forefront 
al  the  [Ctulting  ntnn  stood  ■  rtconunendalioa  lor  limitation 


ItuMiM.  tV  B.  L,  UutcUu  u 


IL  Harrison  (iSDII.  P[k  &  t> 


work*  in  which  chMdm  arc  obliced  lo  wolk  in  tho  nl^  or 
Ihan  MB  honia  in  the  day."  In  179;  Ihe  Manchaater  Board  ol 
Health  wu  formed,  which,  with  fuller  inforBalion,  more 
defiailily  advised  le^sUiioo  for  the  nguUiIoo  ol  the  boura  and 
conditions  ot  Ubour  in  factMies.  In  180]  the  Health  and  Blonb 
at  Appnntices  Act  was  passed,  which  m  elfett  formed  the  first 


under  ■ 


hich  Urge  n 


worked  in  totlon  and  woollen  mdlt  without  education,  for 
eiceuive  honn,  under  wTctched  coadilioat.  Il  did  not  aj^ly  ID 
plate*  employing  fewer  than  twenty  penons  or  three  appienlices, 
and  it  applied  the  principle  of  limitation  ot  boura  (to  twelve  a 
day)  and  abulilion  of  night  work,  u  well  as  cducatioul  require- 
ments, only  to  apprentices.  Religiaus  leaching  and  suitable 
deeping  accommodation  and  clotbing  were  provided  fat  in  the 
act,  alto  sa  regarda  apprentices.  Unic-wathuig  and  ventilation 
provisions  applied  lo  all  cotton  and  wooUen  factories  employing 
more  Ihao.  iwmly  persona.  "  Visitor»  "  wett  to  be  appointed 
by  couniy  jutiiwa  lor  reisesalon  of  coniraveniiont,  and  wen 
empowered  10  "  direct  the  adoption  of  such  sanitary  rvguUiiona 
aa  ihey  might  on  advice  think  proper."  The  milli  weie  to  be 
registered  by  ibe  clerk  of  the  peace,  and  juiiicei  bad  power  to 
iafljct  fines  of  from  £1  to  £j  lot  toDtravenlienA.  Although 
enforcement  of  Ibe  very  limited  provistons  of  the  aa  wai  in 
many  case*  poor  or  nan.eitstent,  in  some  dialricts  eicclleni 
work  was  done  by  juuiua,  and  in  iSoj  the  Wesi  Riding  o( 
Yorkshire  justtcet  patted  a  resolution  substituting  Ihe  ten  houia' 
limit  lor  the  twelve  boun'  limit  of  the  act,  ai  a  conditkin  of 
pemuiuofl  for  indenturing  of  apprtnlicci  in  miUs. 

Rapiddcvclopmenlof  the  application  of  steam  power  lo  manu- 
facure  led  lo  growth  of  empUyment  of  children  in  popuknia 
centre*,  otherwise  than  oa  ibe  apprenlicedtip  system,  and  before 
long  the  evils  attendant  on  this  change  brought  the  general 
(picstion  of  leguUiion  and  proteclioa  of  child  Ubour  in  textile 
iacloiies  to  the  front.  The  act  of  181D,  limited  as  it  was,  waa 
a  noteworthy  sicp  forward,  in  that  it  deall  with  thii  wider 
■cope  of  employment  cA  children  in  colton  factories,  and  it  i* 
atlisfactory  lo  record  thai  il  was  the  outcome  of  the  eSorU 
and  practical  eaperimenla  of  a  peat  manufacturer,  Robert 
Owen.  Ill  ptovi&ions  fell  on  every  point  lower  than  the  aimn 
be  put  loiwird  on  hbown  experience  as  practicable,  anduKahly 
in  ila  application  only  10  cot  ton  mills  inatrad  of  all  leitilefuitiries. 
Probibillenol  child  labour  under  nine  yeaiaof  age  and  limitalioa 
of  the  working  day  to  iwdve  In  the  twenty-four  (wtihout 
•pedfying  the  precite  hour  of  beghuiing  and  ctoalng)  were  ihe 
main  provision*  of  thit  act.  No  pmvisoo  waa  made  for  entorce- 
meni  of  tlie  law  beyond  luch  a*  was  attempted  in  the  act  of 
iSoi.  Sli^l  amendraenu  weit  atlenptcd  in  ihc  acts  d  1815 
and  iSji,  but  ihe  £rM  really  importtnl  factory  act  was  is  tSjj 
applying  to  textiU  factories  geunilly,  limiting  employment 
of  young  peoooa  onder  eigbteeo  yean  of  age,  as  wdload^ditn, 
prohibJling  ni^t  work  between  S.jo  f.il  and  j.jo  lil,  and 
Grit  piovidins  tor  "inqieclon  "  to  enforce  the  law.  This  is 
the  act  whkh  wa  baaed  oa  the  devoted  elona  ol  hiichael 
Sadler,  with  wtew  naaw  in  this  coonexion  that  ol  Lord  AaUey, 
afterward*  eui  of  ShafMbury,  wa*  from  iSji  asiociaied. 
Hie  imporuace  of  thii  act  Uy  in  its  provision  for  skilled  iaspcc- 
lino  okI  Uhi*  lor  cnforcemenl  of  the  Uw  by  an  indepcodeat 
body  of  men  unoonnecltd  with  the  locahty  In  which  the  manu- 
factures Uy,  whoae  specialiaalion  ia  their  work  enabled  them 
to  acquire  informaljon  needed  lor  iurtber  dfvclepmftat  of 
Icgi^lioD  for  proteclioa  of  labour.  Their  pgweia  were  to  a 
certain  eitenl  judicial,  being  ataimilaied  10  Ihoae  poiaeited 
by  jualice^i  they  could  administer  oaths  and  make  such  "  nilt), 
rcguUlioii*  aad  orders  "  as  wen  necessary  for  execution  of  Ibe 
ad,  and  could  hoar  nwipUiata  and  impose  peoalliea  under  the 
act.    In  ■8«4  K  lenjle  lutoiy  act  nradifiad  thcM  «Maui*c 


imrTED  KrNGDOH] 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 


d  added  pmviiioa  f«  unUyisi 
luiguai  to  enminc  mikcn  under  lUucn  jtu*  of  *gc  u  ■» 
phyiacal  Gtooi  lot  emphqnnent  ud  to  grant  FcitiScata  ol  age 
ud  ordinary  Mcoiclli.  Hour*  oS  Ubouc,  by  ibc  act  of  iSj], 
wm  Umlted  1«  cbilditn  tudtf  ekvak  la  9  ■  day  oi  48  ia  the 
week,  and  lor  yoaat  puiaaa  undct  titf''— "  to  i)  >  day  w.-^ 
b  lb*  wesk.  Between  iSoj  nod  iSm  lb*  Bovemnt  In  Itvoui 
o(  a  Un  boun'  day,  wbkk  bad  ^tt  bMn  in  ptagnm.  Mccbtil 
lu  hei(ht  in  a  lime  irf  greal  coauanall  and  iodiMUial  diUftM' 
but  could  not  Ik  canicd  into  lOeel  until  ia41-  By  Ibc  Kt  of 
I&I4  tbe  houn  at  adult  wonra  woe  fint  Rgulatcd,  and  imt 
limited  (ai  were  alnady  tboM  <iC "  younc  penoni ")  to  11  a  day) 
cbildreo  wan  permittol  diliti  to  work  tte  laoH  b«ara  on  altei- 
aate  daya  or  "  half-time,"  with  Bonqmlwiy  adwol  attendance 

tbe  bsun  ol  tbe  tbm  duici  of  wnikeia  wai.lo  ptovide  to  I 
practical  ilaodard  wocking-day.  For  tbe  fint  lime  dtuilad 
piaviaisna  for  heallb  ud  lalety  bcgao  to  Make  thdi  appeaiancc 
in  tbe  law.  Penal  oDrnpouation  for  preventlble  injuria  due  to 
udesccd  marhinny  wai  alio  piovidiid,  aod  appean  to  bave 
bcea  the  outcome  of  a  ■"--■— t"~  by  wilnoaia  befon  tbe  Royal 
CommiiaioD  on  Labouc  of  Young  Penooi  in  Mioca  and  Manu- 
baaret  in    1S41. 

From  tbii  date,  ia4i,  begin  tte  Erst  alteia[its  at  ncotective 
legiilitioa  for  labour  ia  mining.  Tie  fint  Hinet 
fallowing  tbe-ienible  revelalanu  o<  tbe  Royol 
raferrtd  to  excluded  wometi  and  gida  ftoni  undei^ouod  WMkiog, 
and  limited  the  employmoit  ol  boyi,  eaduding  fiois  qiideigimuid 
working  tboae  under  ten  yean,  but  it  waa  sot  until  i8jo  that 
•yitemaiic  icpoiting  of  iilal  acddenta  end  until  ilss  that  other 
uJeguardi  ioc  bealtb,  Life  and  Umb  in  mina'wete  witeuily 
preWded  by  taw.  With  tlw  cnception  ol  leguhtioni  igiinM 
track  there  wai  no  protection  for  the  miner  before  1841;  before 
1B14  it  waa  not  cuilomary  to  hold  inciuettj  oo  mioen  killed 
by  acddenu  in  mines.  Fma  1S41  onwuda  conideraUt  iotet- 
■ction  in  tlie  devekipineat  ol  tbe  two  aeta  ol  act*  (aiinn  *ad 
lutHiet),  as  n^rda  ipedal  pntectlon  egaLut  iDduitnal  inju(y 
t«  ^Ith  and  limb,  took  place,  both  in  puliament  and  in  thi 
dqnrtment  (HooM  OSoc)  adminlKeriag  thtm.  Anothc* 
nrsng  influence  leiiding  tooatda  ultimate  divelopaDent  ot 
)cienli£c  protection  of  bealtb  and  life  In  indntttT  bi^  in  tlM 

woA  and  report)  ol  the  icriea  a(  aanitary ■lAhiniii  tad  Donrd 

ol  HoJth  tepocta  horn  1843  onwaida.  In  1S44  the  nunei 
inqieciot  made  bii  fint  rcpon,  but  two  y«ait  btet  women  wen 
Hill  emcdayed  to  «Mne  eilcDt  andetgroHDi-  (hsanaed  inapc^ 
tioabc^in  i8jo,andinits4theS*lectCHnBittNaaAcc)daBla 
tdopiid  a  suggcMion  oi  tbe  '■"("""  lot  iiiidallii  aHamion 
of  ibe  practice  ol  aavnal  taUUtf  ownen  in  hatting  qietdal 
laitly  rules  Ioc  working  in  minta.    Tb*  act'  ol  185;  pnwided 

(even  general  rulct,  [dating  "  ..    -■   .     .  .> —  . 

■haiti,  proper  mcaai  lor    ' 
lot  tlam-boiler,  iodkatDI 

raiaiog;  alao  it  provided  .    .  ...     .,    _  .  . 

by  mige-owDas  to  the  secretary  of  tfate.  ni^rt,  oa  Ua  ap^vnl, 
have  the  loroc  of  law  and  be  eniorcwblt  by  penalty.  The 
Uina  Act  of  lUo,  beside*  "'-"■'"■a  the  law  to  ire&ilona 
minoit  foUowing  as  it  did  on  a  aeries  of  dittilRHii  accidents 
and  eiploiioaa,  strengthenecl  aoms  of  th«  peovSakm  for  aaliay. 
At  several  inqusita  nroog  evidence  wa*  given  cd  incompetent 


enforcing  employmecit  only  ol  cettlicated  Baoagets  cd  caal 
mines.  This  was  not  met  nntD  the  act  ot  1S71,  but  in  r86o 
tirtain  aed  ioos  idating  to  mgea  and  edncatien  were  introduced. 
Steady  developmeat  of  the  cnl  indoitryi  iacieaaing  aasodatloa 
among  miaen,  and  increased  acienCiSc  knowledge  of  neans  of 
vcBtilttion  and  ol  otkier  metbotb  br  securing  t^ety,  dl  paved 
the  way  to  the  Coal  Uinca  Act  of  tX/jr,  and  In  the  same  yen 
bealih  and  siMy  in  meuUilenua  mines  received  tlieir  irst 
Iqiilativi  [lealment  In  a  code  ol  similar  scope  aad  chateder 
lo  that  of  tbe  Co^  Minet  Act.  This  act  was  amended  in.iU6^ 
and  repeaUd  and  rwsiUM  in  iSSi^iM.princ^  lauv^haa 


tiona  as  regards  reporting  of  accidenl*  (1906]  and  empkoriaenl 
ol  childm  CroD3).    It  was  based  on  tbe  recoramendatiops  td  a 
Rayal  CojwaiiBDn,  iriucb  bad  reported  in  1U4,  and  which  bad 
■boWD  tha  grave  cnesa  of  moilaliir  and  lirtneai  among  metal- 
lilcnwa  minen,  attributed  to  tbaiabalatlon  ol  gdtEy  portidea, 
impatfecl  veatilation.  graat  chaaM  af  ttaaperuare,  aneaarvt 
I  aad  other  CBiuca    TlMpror 
and  o£  boys  imdcr  tcayCMi 
.......      ta,  as  well  aa  in  coal  miiw^ 

had  been-eCiected  by  the  act  of  1B41,  and  la  . 
pnnded  lot  to  Ibe  act  of  i860:  these  were  in  ai 
included  in  tbe  code  of  lija,  the  age  of  .  ~  , 
undspound  being  raised  to  twdve.  In  the'  Coal.UiBca  Act 
ot  iS7>  we  see  tbo  first  important  effort  to  provide  a  complete 
coda.  <rf  repilatlon  fat  the  specU  dangers  to  baaltb. .  lite  and 
limb  in  coal  minea  tpart  Irom  olba  mines;  it  apfdisd  la 
"  mines  ol  doal,  miaea  oC  atmified  inaaum^  min  of  alale  and 
minca  of  fie-«lay."  V^kt  lbs  compaiian  act— aivlyiag  to 
all  atlKi.ataaa— it  maintamcd  tha  age  limit  *f  cnletiag  uodet- 
gtmnd  cmplayment  for  boya  at  ten  years,  but  Iv  tbeae  betweea 
lea  and  twelve  it  ptovided  lor  a  ayatem  of  working  analogmH 
to  the  hall-tfaae  ^Btcm  in  tactoricB,  Indoding  oompaboty  a^oel 
aumdance.  The  Itmita  of  cmploymcDt  lot  boys.ltom  twelve 
to  siitaen  were  ro  boors  in  any  one  d^  and  Miuanyoaawathi 
7^  duet  cbaiadcfiatics  of  the  act  lay  in  eatenaimi  of  lb* 


for  cattificatad  and  ton- 

die  geeeral  rakaj 
auch  aa  compulsory  tne  of  salety  lamf)*  when  needed,  regulation 
of  use  of  eqihnivea,  and  aecuting  d  mofs  and  aidu.  Special 
mles,  before  being  submilted  to  the  aecrctaiy  ol  state  fa 
tffaml,  moat  be  posted  in  tin  mine  bx  two  weda,  with  a 
notice  that  objediona  mi^t  be  sent  by  any  peraoa  employed 
to  the  dstrict  inspector.  WiUu)  ne^act  of  saiety  provisioaa 
became  paaishable  in  Ibe  caae  of  empfoyeis  aa  wdl  as  minm 
by  koprisoament  with  hard  labonr.  But  the  mat  important 
IKW  step  lay  in  the  sections  iclatiug  to  d^)y  coolrel  and  super- 


of  tbe  bolder  oS  tbe  certificate,  and  U 
cettifiCBiB  ia  easel  of  proved  unClnesa. 

Kelimung  to  Iba  devidrymnit  of  factory  and  wodtthop  tan 
from  tbe  year  1144,  Iht  main  line  of  effort —  after  the  act  ol 
tS47  bad  restricted  booia  ot  women  and  yonog  persons  to  10 
a  day  and  find  the  daily  Umita  between  6  aji.  aad  6  KM. 
(Saliuday  6  jui.  to  a  pjs.)— 4ay  in  biinglrig  trade  alter  trade 
hi  Bome  degree  under  tbe  scope  oltUi  branch  of  law,  wfaieb  bid  . 
Utberto  only  regulated  conditions  ia  textila  laototies.  Bleaching 
and  dyeing  works  were  included  by  tbt  actsol  t66o  and  iHi; 
lace  lecMriia  by  that  of  1861;  calenderh^  aad  finishing  bf 
acts  of  iW]  and  1B64;  bakehoases  became  partial^  rtfnktcd 
by  an  an  ot  sttj,  whh  q>edil  talennce  to  local  aolborillei  lea 
admUttiatlan  of  iu  daoaes.  Tbe  lepoit  of  tha  third  CUMieBn 
Empk^mient  Commimloil  brought  together  In  acccatlble  form 
the  ateable  tacts  relating  to  chad  Ubour  in  a  aumber  of  im- 
regulaled  Indaslriea  in  the  year  1861,  aad  the  act  M 1U4  broutfrt 
soma  of  {these  eaithenware-maUag,  hNlICr  matdi-maUnff, 
percumian  cap  and  cattildge  making,  papec-Mahdng,  and  fultiaa 
cutting)  pardy  under  tfae  scope  of  tht  varlooa  tOttHe  faclaiy 
acts  bi  force.  A  larger  addltloa  of  tiwtsa  waa  oadt  thtee  yeaia 
later,  but  the  act  of  1804  Is  particularly  tol«c«alb«  ta  that  It 
finl  embodied  some  ol  the  icaults  of  laquMes  ot  es^lett  SMdicd 
and  lanitiiy  eomsdahHiers,  by  mt^cbv  vantOatlon  to  ba 
applied  to  tbe  reaiOTa]  of  IniuiiotM  gawa,  dost,  and  atbar  Ia»> 
purlliea  gensated  In  manufaelaie,  atd  mad*  a  first  attelitpt 
10  engraft  part  of  tbe  qmJal  rales  lyslem  from  the  nines  acta. 
l%e  pr«visioBS  far  (racatag  nich  nilia  disaffcaied  la  the  Can. 
sotitbiiiH.ActvljdTS,  to  be  mdnd  ta  a  beuar  ftam  Mtr. 


12 


The  Stniluy  Act  al  1866,  tialaMati  by  Jottl  Mitboiiiie*, 
pravldcd  for  suenl  unitatiDn  tn  any  ftciofia  Md  •nskibopi 
not  aBda  abUoi  (iclory  acu,  *sd  the  Wt»kifaD|M  RcpiIuiaD 
/tCt  of  1M7,  limlUilr  10  be  IdmlnlMcnd  by  loal  ■utboritlK, 
uModad  la  iSto,  pnctkiDy  cooipkud  tha  ^ijdkatiaD  of  tin 
Bab  |>JDdplt  ot  tb>  latUKy  aeti  to  ill  fUtcm  b  which  inaBwl 
llbonr  vai  t^*Hrt^  fof  yht  |q  tju  rmViny  ov  fiTriTM''f  of 
vlidca  DC  pMt>  of  aiticba  lor  nk.  A  f«w  ipMblly  dU|erov> 
or  Enjoriooi  tmk*  braught  undtf  icguUtioa  ia  1)64  lad  1867 
(<4.  cutbemrara  ud  India  mudi  miking,  iluo-iDaklBS) 
Bukfd  u  "bctock*,''  ilibnigh  not  uiac  aMchulcfcl  pom, 
■nd  foi  ■  tint  cmidoyiiient  nt  leu  thin  tfty  pwions  ickfMcd 
cortiin  iraA-fdicci  10  Iba  auguy  ot  "wnkdwpi,"  b«t  breadly 
the  pccaena  cs  ihOenco  ot  Midi  motor  power  In  lid  of  pniccM 
«u  nudo  md  bu  noulnod  the  dlKlnctioa  belmen  (iMotiO 
tad  votkAofn.  Tin  FuMry  Act  of  1S74,  tbt  lut  <rf  the  wrier 
teton  tho  gnit  CoawUdiUng  An  of  1B7S,  nivd  the  minimum 
■gi  of  tBploymeU  lor  daldisi  to  un  yean  in  leitik  factoriea. 
In  moit  of  the  gnat  faMTuIriea  into  condiiiou  of  child  laboor 
the  (act  bu  com*  ckitly  to  light,  io  legud  to  laiae  ind 


LABOUR    LEGISLATION  tFACrORIESANDWORIOHOPS 

le  the  total  UHnnt  of  wigca  payable  to  tbeo;  (r) 
Df  tbe  act  to  Uundriai  (/)  1  tentative  eHott  to  limit 
the  too  eiiiy  employment  of  nothui  iftci  ehUdbinh, 


eertlficatci  of  age,  and  In  iSjjputnUalidiildoi 

hivlsi  any  beneSl  fnm  the  mgca  of  luch  child 

to  (bare  napondrility  for  employ  mesC  ol  diildien  nilbout  ichaal 

itMadance  oc  beyond  k^  houn, 

Dtning  tbe  diKOiiani  on  the  biD  which  became  law  In  1874, 
It  bid  benoM  iq^aient  that  leviuon  and  conoolidaiiaB  ol  the 
midtlpUcily  ol  atatutei  then  resutaling  muufif  luring  Indinlcy 
had  becDDie  prcsmgly  necoHTy;  modi&axiau  and  cxccpttona 
"a  lepaote  induitiicj  neolal  to- 
on on  cleat  ptindplB,  and  ths 
could  with  gral  idvanuge  be 
ipiMiad  mote  genenlly  to  all  the  indintiia.  Is  pullcular, 
the  daQy  limits  11  Io  period  of  eoploymail.  piuMS  for  mcali, 
and  holiday*,  needed  ta  be  nni&ed  toe  non-lcitile  biclorics  and 
wnkihopa,  »  al  to  bring  about  a  itandahl  working-day,  md 
tlnH  prevent  the  ttodeacy  ia  "the  iaigs  eatabliihrnenti  to 
fum  out  wDik  anwDg  the  itnallH,  where  it  ii  done  under  loi 
fivounble  condilioni  both  aanilsry  and  educational. "  ■  la 
tbcai  nuin  directiona,  and  thai  of  aiiq^ying  dcfinitiom,  lum- 
marinng  ^Miil  lanituy  pnvisoni  that  had  been  gndually 
intioduced  for  varioui  Indci,  ind  centnliiing  and  improving 
tbe  atglBiialion  of  the  impactorate,  the  Commiwon  of  iSjfi 
on  the  Fictoty  Acts  made  il>  recowmendatiom,  and  Ihc  Factory 
Act  of  1878  twA  eHect.  In  the  Gied  working-day,  ptoviiioni 
fn  paiiact,  holidiys,  general  and  apedal  cuxptiona,  diatiocliou 
between  lystenii  of  empkiytnent  for  childicn,  young  penoni 
and  women,  education  of  chtldren  and  certificaiea  of  filneu  for 
children  aod  young  penona,  limited  regulation  of  domeUic 
workitwpa,  genenl  princjpla  of  idmiimiraiion  and  debnilioni, 
the  law  td  1S7B  wai  mide  practically  the  lune  u  ihit  embodied 
in  the  klat  piiodpil  act  of  ii)ai.  Hon  or  leu  completely  reviaed 
an;  (a)  the  lectioni  la  the  i8}8  act  rdiling  tn  mode  of  contral- 
Uag  •anllaly  conditioDi  io  workihopi  (tiSce  iflgi  primarily 
cnlotced  by  tbe  lootl  latdtaiy  authority);  (i)  provUon  for 
nportint  icddeot*  and  for  enfotdDg  lafely  (other  than  fencing 
ti  mill  gearing  and  dangeraoi  mictaiDay);  (e)  deuiled  tcgula- 
lioa  eS  in}nriotti  aod  diagema  pmetm  lod  iradaj  (A  powei* 
id  cortifylng  nrfnoni;  (r)  amount  ot  ovcttime  penniMiMe 
<initly  raduced  in  amount  umI  now  confined  u>  adultt):  (/) 
ase  for  pctmlmiUe  (■qdoyaent  of  a  child  hat  beta  tailed  f  mm 
ten  year*  U  twelve  y*ii*>  Eotirely  new  rincc  the  act  of  1878 
are  tb«  pfovUom:  (a)  for  coouol  of  outworit;  (»)  for  npplyint 
paniculin  of  work  ind  wage*  to  piec^^worixn,  cubUiig  them 

•Uiaiilt*  d  BvMenco.  Hoo»  ofCoompM.  iM:  qnoird  ta 
ffiMy  «f  AiWy  IivMaiw*- bv  Hamm  and  HHtchiBno,  p.  I7». ' 


U.  l^w  ot  Vntna  Kimddoi^  1910 

FKltria  tiU  Waritktfi.—'nt  act  of  1(78  temlbwd  nntfl 

1901,  aldiough  much  bad  been  meanwhile  luperimpoiBd,  a 

monnmeol  to  the  eSotti  of  the  great  factory  refocmen  of  the 

fint  half  of  tbe  19th  ccnuiry,  and  the  genoal  groondwtKk  of 

nfely  for  wotfcen  In  taetoela  and  wotkdKqie  in  the  main 

dlvidMH  al  lanllatloB,   icnrity  agaiul   acddenlt,   pfayiical 

fitaeu  of  woriieit,  general  limititloa  of  boon  lad  timei  of  enq>loy- 

'  for  young  worfcti*  and  women.    Tbe  act  of  1901,  which 

lata  force  IM  Jannaiy  I9ii>  (ind  became  tbe  [Kincipal 

att),wiaaaiB>endingaiwelluacaniotidiiin|act.  Comparfoon 

of  Ilia  two  acli  ibowa,  however,  that,  In  ipiie  of  tbe  advantage* 


•ecUoR*  ind  important  additioni  which  tend  toward*  a  vedtlitcd 

hy^en*  lor  faclmy  Ut*,  the  fuDdameMd  ieilure*  of  tbe  lair 

fought  out  in  the  iglh  csniury  renala  WMtitlutbed.    So  far 

tbe  kw  bai  alttnd  In  Aaractcr,  it  bl*  done  ao  cUefly  by 

gmdoil  devdspment  of  certain  Hinltaiy  featoRS,  oiJginBlly 


fetreit  from  Iti  eitUer  limi.  At  the  aanie 
tlmo  1  bull  lar  poaiibia  new  developineDU  on  be  lecn  in  the 
piotectloD  of "  outwotkcn  "  is  Will  is  (ictory  woAen  igainai 
fnudulent  ot  defective  particnlan  of  piece-work  rate*  of  wages. 

Later  acts  dirsctly  and  indirectly  afloctlngibc  law  are  certain 
acts  o[  1403, 1006. 1907,  to  be  touched  on  pnaently. 

The  act  ol  1878,  Io  1  Krica  of  acti  from  i88j  Io  189;,  leceival 
■triking  additions,  baled  (i)  on  the  experience  gained  In  otha 
hrancba  of  protective  Ic^ilitioo,  r.f.  devdopinent       .__, 
of  the  method  of  regulation  of  dangerous  trade*  by    ^fj^TT 
"■pedal    Itilt* "   and    adminiitnllve    inquliy   (olo    un, 
ictidenu  under  Coal  Minei  Acts;  (1)  on  the  fimfin^ 
of  foyal  commis^ons  and  parliamentary  inquhfta,  e.g.  fncraued 
cootml  of  "outwork  "  and  dooteaUc  workibops,  and  limilatioa 
of    "overtime ";   (j)   on   the  development  ol  idminiMntivc 
nacbinery  lee  eniorciog  the  more  modem  bw  nisting  to  public 
beallh,  (.(.  tianifeieBce  of  adminlatralloii  of  ainiUuy  ptovtBOna 
la  woriuhiqM  to  Ibe  kiol  saniuty  autboiftles;  (4)  on  tbe  tiado- 
unlon  deinand  for  neia*  for  securing  tmtwiMrlhy  noordi  ol 
wBgo<ootTacu  between  emidoyer  and  woAmm,  (.g.  the  aeclioa 
requiring  particular*  (rf  work  and  wage*  for  pieo-worfcen.  'Vat 

first  addiUon*  to  the  act  of  1878  «—    "■- -'-    - 

iiiempts  to  deal  more  adecpMely 
hi  the  code  of  1S78  with  ceftiln  striking  it 
injurioue  to  health.  Thus  tbe  Fictory  and  WoiUiop  Act  of 
1S8]  provided  Ihal  wbite-leid  factories  tbould  not  be  carried 
on  without  1  certificate  ol  confotaiily  with  oertafci  condltiotia, 
and  alio  made  provision  tot  special  ndes.  on  Um*  later  suptneded 
by  those  laid  down  in  the  act  of  t8or,  appUobl*  to  any  cmplay>- 
ment  in  a  factoty  or  wotbhop  certtfiid  aa  dangemos  or  Infmloai 
by tbcsecietaiyiJslBte;  Theactof igSjalwdaikwfihsanltaTy 
oonditioas  ia  bakebouws.  Certain  defiidlions  aad  eiplsnalioos 
of  previous  oiactmenta  lourhfug  orertime  and  employment 
of  a  child  in  any  faolory  or  woikdwp  ware  alao  included  in  the 
act.  A  daassf  fadoiieiiB  whkheKcasiveheat  and  hunddity 
■etiously  aflectad  Ihc  health  tt  oporatfrc*  was  neat  dealt  wiib 
in  the  Cotton  Oath  Faetoties  Act  1889.  TWs  provided  for 
■pedal  notice  t»  tbe  chief  inqiector  fioB  all  Occupiers  of  oolWD 
doth  facMfies  (a*,  any  mom,  shed,  or  worfcibop  or  put  tlwnof 
in  wUch  weaving  o[  cotton  doth  1*  arritd  on)  who  Intend  to 
prodoco  humidHy  by  irtifidil  meaos;  regulated  both  lempenf 
tuie  of  wakiUMUi  and  amount  of  mature  In  the  itmosfdierB, 
and  provided  lor  leM*  and  reoords  Of  the  tuiei  and  flied  a 
tiaodind  mlniBHun  TCtame  of  btd  air  (600  cub.  ft.)  to  be  ad- 
asitted  io  crary  hoar  Jot  every  person  amployed  In  the  factory. 
Powei  was  nt^ned  for  Ihe  •ccntaiy  of  itBto  to  taodify  by  order 
tho  itiodard  tor  tbe  mutmnm  Hmlt  U  humidity  of  the  atmo- 
iphae  at  any  given  lemperitm,  A  ibdn  ad  In  T870  eMonded 
tMi  power  to  othrt.meiarea  lor  the  piotactlopotheahh. 


FACTOUES  AND  WOBKSHOpq 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 


the  tpidtl  Rieuuia  tram  187!  to  i88g  |ivc  vduibia  pre- 
CEdecU  for  hinhec  deveh^>mcnu  of  ipeck]  byci""  fn  factory 
life,  but  Ibe  nut  advuicc  In  lbs  Futory  ud  Wockihop  Act 
1891,  loUowint  Che  Uauit  of  Locda  Coinmiiuc  on  ths  iwcatint 
iniiid  the  Berlin-  -■-.-- 


ovtr  much  wUtr  pnund.  lu  prindpd  oWecis  were:  (a)  to 
nadu  idminiitniion  of  the  I*w  itlating  to  woikihopi  mare 
cScient,  pinicululy  u  ngudi  HBilalioo;  with  lh»  end  in 
view  it  made  the  primary  contnitini  aulborily  fat  lanltacy 
piattera  in  warkshiHM  tbe  local  tanitary  lUlborily  (now  the 
diiltict  cDundl).  acting  by  tbeir  oRinn,  and  ^viDt  tbern  the 
powtra  ol  tbe  \ts!  numeniui  body  of  tactocy  inapccton,  while  al 
the  lanu  time  Ihc  pcovBioni  of  the  Publii  KMltb  Acta  nphceil 
in  wDtkibopi  the  Tety  limilir  sanliiry  pnvisioni  of  the  Facloiy 
AcU;  (i)  to  provide  for  greater  lecurity  against  accidentl  and 
more  efficienl  fencing  ol  machinery  in  faclotiea,  (t)  to  «Und 
Ibe  melbod  of  regulation  of  unhealthy  or  dangcmui  occupalioni 
by  application  of  special  rules  and  requirements  to  any  incident 
of  emtJoyment  (other  than  in  a  domestic  workshop]  certified 
by  the  KcreCary  of-otale  to  be  dangerou*  or  iojurloiu  10  health 
or  dangenua  to  life  gc  limb,  (d)  lo  niic  the  age  of  employment 
of  chSdren  and  restrict  the  employment  of  women  immediately 
after  chUdbtitb;  (e)  to  require  particuiati  of  rale  of  wages  to 
be  given  with  wdcIi  to  piece-woiket*  in  certain  bniiche*  of  the 
leilile  Industries;  (f)  to  amend  the  act  of  iS;a  in  various 
subsidiary  ways,  m^  tbe  view  of  improving  the  idmialstnition 
of  its  principles,  c-i    '     ' 


otate  aa  dangerous  I 
paring  and  esLablisbing  suitable 

The  Factory  and  Workshc^  Act  iBiis  fallowed  thus  oa  a 
period  of  exercise  of  new  powen  of  adrainlttrative  legaUtion 
(the  period  being  also  that  during  which  the  Royal  Commission 
HLaboui  itude  its  wide  survey  of  Indusliial  conditions),  aJid 
afia  two  anccessive  annual  report*  of  Ibe  chief  iiupeclDt  of 
iKtotiei  had  embodied  leporti  ud  rsooaimendations  from  the 
■omen  inspeclora,  who  in  i8u  "ce  Gnt  added  to  the  inspector- 
ate. Again,  (be  chief  features  of  an  even  wider  legislative  effort 
IhtD  that  ct  itvi  were  Ihe  Iscieucd  Mringency  and  de&niieness 
1^  tbe  meanoel  for MCttiini  hypeu'c  and  safe  conditions  of  work. 
Some  of  Ihese  measuiei,  however,  involved  new  principles,  ai 
in  the  provision  for  Ibe  prohibition  of  the  uae  of  a  dangeioui 
machine  ci  structure  by  the  order  of  a  magiitiate's  court,  and 
(lie  power  to  include  in  the  special  rules  drawn  up  in  putiuance 
of  section  B  of  the  act  of  1591,  the  prohibition  of  the  employ tnent 
ofuycUssof  persoci.octbc  limitation  of  the  period  of  employ- 
ment of  any  class  of  persons  in  any  pmceu  scheduled  by  order 
of  the  secreCajy  of  state.  These  last  two  powers  have  both  been 
eiodsed,  and  with  the  exercise  of  the  latter  passed  away, 
without  oppoaition,  the  absolute  freedom  of  the  eo^ilayet  of 
the  adult-male  labourer  to  carry  on  his  manufacture  without 
Ic^dative  linutation  of  the  hours  of  labour.  Second  only  in 
significance  to  these  new  devehipmeats  was  the  addition,  fdi 
Ibe  first  time  since  1W7,  of  new  classes  of  workplaces  not 
averod  by  tbe  gaoetat  definitions  in  soclloa  gj  of  the  Con- 
aoliditing  Act  nl  1878,  vlx. :  (a)  laundries  (with  special 
as  to  bouia,  &c.);  (6)  docks,  wharves,  quays,  warehouses  and 
premies  on  which  machinery  worked  by  power  Is  temporarily 

used  for  the  purpose  of  the  coostruction  of  1 

stnKtoral  work  fn  connexioti  with  the  building. 
only  of  obtaining  security  against  accidents).  Other  entirely 
new  provisioiu  In  the  act  of  i3qj,  later  strengthened  by  the  act 
ol  tool,  were  tbe  requirement  of  a  reaaonable  tempenture  In 
workroomi,  the  recpiirement  of  lantoriea  for  the  use  of  penona 
employed  In  any  department  where  poisonous  subiiar 
ui«l,  the  obligation  on  occupiers  and  medical  practitlc 


occnpteis  of  persons  empk>yed,  at 
ciurged  with  in' '     ' 


u  found  in  which  tUa  pnwa 
he  act  of  igoi  deals  with  the 

I  tbe  competency  of  the  pemoa 
I  KTve  evidence  in-his  defence,' 
adoption  of  tho 

I  Regulatiob  Act 


new  provisions,  as  was  aba  th 
powers,  to  direct  a  formal  invotigalfon  of  an; 
linea  laid  down  in  section  4S  of  the  Coal  Mim 
tU/.  Oibet  settiona,  lelitlng  to  sanitation 
developments  of  previous  regulation 
of  overcrowdiog,  provision  of  SBQiti  , 
for  each  aei  where  the  standard  of  Ihe  Public  Hcailb  Act  Amend- 
ment Ad  of  i3«o  had  not  beea  adopted  by  the  competent  local 
sanitary  authority,  power  to  order  a  fan  01  other  riuchanlcal 
means  to  cany  oil  injurious  gas,  vapour  or  ether  impurity 
(the  previous  power  covering  only  dual).  The  fencing  of 
machinery  and  de£nitioa  of  accidenta  were  made  more  preuisa, 
young  peiKma  were  ptobibiied  from  deanlog  daagenus 
machinery,  and  additional  safeguards  against  risk  of  in)u>y  by 
fire  or  panic  were  introduced.    On  the  question  of  employment 


the! 


IS  lay  in 


complete  prohibii 


ig  peraons, 

at  an  employer  to  employ  protected  persona  outside  his  factory 
or  workshop  on  the  same  diy  that  he  had  employed  Ibem  in 
the  factory  or  workAhop.  Under  the  head  of  particulars  of  ytork. 
and  wages  to  pieee-worken  an  important  new  power,  highly 
valued  by  th*  workers,  was  given  10  apply  tbe  principle  with 
the  necessary  modiflcailons  by  order  of  the  secretary  of  state 
to  industries  other  than  teitile  and  to  outworkcn  as  well  ai 
to  those  employed  inaida  factories  and  workshop*. 

In  iSw  an  hidirect  modification  of  the  limitatioi)  to  employ* 
meni  of  children  was  effected  by  the  Elementary  Educalioli 
Ameadment  Act,  which,  by  raising  froni  eleven  W  -^,--, 
twelve  the  minimum  age  at  which  a  child  may,  by  „„_  " 
the  by-law*  of  a  local  authority,  obtain  total  or 
pajtial  exemption  from  the  obligation  lo  attend  school,  made  it 
unlawful  for  an  occupier  to  take  into  employmenx  any  chad 
under  Iwdve  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  full-time  attendance 
at  school  The  age  of  employment  became  generally  thereby 
the  same  as  it  his  been  for  employment  at  a  mine  above  ground 
since  1887.  Tbe  act  of  1901  made  tbe  probibilion  of  employ- 
ment of  a  child  undei  twelve  in  ■  factory  or  workshop  direct 
and  absolute.  Under  th*  divisions  of  sanitation,  s^ely,  fitness 
for  employment,  spedal  regulatbn  of  dangeruua  tmdes,  special 

methods  of  dealing  with  home  work  and  outwo^en,  impofljiBl 
additions  were  made  to  the  general  law  by  the  act  of  s^or,  ai 
also  in  regulations  for  strengthened  administrative  control, 
■        ■  -        -         "log;  (a) 


vealtktioD  f<r  It  ti  every  woi 
■ecretarv  of  state  to  fil  a  stanr 


1,  and  empowering  il 
f  tuffident  venti1ation| 
(i)  drainage  of  wel 

were  those  niating  lo— (o)  Examination  and  i^rt  on  ttean 
boilers;  (t)  piohilntion  of  employment  of  a  cbud  In  deanulf 
below  machinery  in  .motion;  (c)  power  of  the  district  coundl 
to  make  by-lawi  for  escape  in  case  of  fire.  The  most  important 
admfaustralive  alterationi  were  :  (e)  a  Justice  eBgaged  in  the 
same  trade  as,  or  being  officer  of  u  aMod«tion  of  persoitl 
engaged  in  the  same  trade  aa,  *  person  c|iuged  with  an  oficDC* 
tiay  not  act  at  the  hearing  and  detanalaationaif  tbe  chargB; 
(i)  oidinaTy  supervision  ol  sanitary  ooodMoni  mOir  which 
outwork  is  carried  on  was  Iransterred  to  the  Aattict  coundl; 
power  bebg  reserved  to  the  Home  Office  to  intervane  in  case  D( 
MftMt  at  dabulC  by  Ujr  district  counciL 


>♦ 


Tba  EmployBnt  of  CbDdm  Act  igej,  vhil«  ptimuily 
pmrldiog  (or  induiLria  ouulds  i1h  scopi  of  the  FiCXcty  Act, 
Inddcnully  lenHHl  thit  chlldnm  emplaycd  u  ball- 
Mj  ^—"  ticifln  ibould  not  also  be  employed  io  otber  occupa- 
2^;  ^*  tioni.  Tbe  Notice  of  Aoidenla  Act  1906  aoHndcd 
the  VPhoU  tyslem  of  nQIi&citk>n  of  mrcidBnlB,  unul' 
tUMondy  in  minn,  quinia,  futodn  uxl  woiluhopi,  and 
vB]  be  Ml  out  in  (olloving  pingraplu:  Tke  Faoioiy  ud 
Workibofi  Act  ol  1907  amended  the  Im  in  respect  of  iaiaxlciei 
br  genei*lly  applying  the  pioviiiuu  ol  )i)ai  la  trade  hunittin 
while  gtiQling  Ibem  choice  of  new  eiceptloflil  peijodi,  and  by 
extending  the  provision!  □(  the  act  (with  terlaln  power*  to  tb( 
Home  Office  by  Ocden  laid  befoie  pailiunnit  to  iUoh  wittioni) 
to  tnttitulion  hundiica  caiTicd  on  loi  chatStsble  or  lefonnatary 
punmes.  The  Einployment  of  Women  Act  i^j  repealed 
an  tiEinption  in  the  id  oi  1901  (and  earlier  acU)  telitins  to 
employnient  of  vomen  in  Ban  iculcb  mills,  Ihui  bringing  this 
employment  utidci  the  ordinary  provisioia  «i  to  period  of 


LABOna-'LEGISLATION 

kiRr,iolir« 


fFACTOSteS  AND  WIHtKSHOVS 


imjAiymi 


™ndly. 


of  December  1901: 


ui  idea  of  the 
vhole,  adding 
ol  acts,  whicb 


Wbyih 


tlS9Sar 


a^y  10  prCBUses,  nunu  or  place*  in  which  nunuai  labour,  vilh  or 
withbcii  the  aid  of  mechanical  power,  ii  enercised  far  gain  in  or 
incidental  to  (he  making,  altering,  Fcpajringi  ornamenting,  wa$bang, 
deiniiigor  finishing  oradapting  tor  sate  of  any  article  or  part  bf  any 
uildc  If  neini,  water  or  other  mechanical  poser  is  used  ia  aid  ol 
the  mapulactuHnff  pnceaa,  the  workplace  is  a  laelory;  if  nca,  it  b 
a  worlobop'  There  is,  however,  a  list  of  eighteen  clauei  ol  worlu 
CbiDught  under  (he  factory  law  (or  reasons  of  safety.  &c.,  before 
nriobops  generally  mete  regulated)  which  are  defined  ai  faetarl« 
whether  power  ii  Bsetl  in  then  or  Ml,  focuries  an,  agaii 
dividKlinto  ^atile  and  noc-uxtile:  Itwyite  ieM|Iei[|bemK 
is  employed  la  preparing,  manufacturing  or  fiaisning 
hair,  Nik,  Aai,  hemp,  jule,  tow.  China  Brass.  ciKoanuI  uuieqiulih;! 
lilLe  material  either  separately  or  mixed  together,  or  mixed  with  any 
oEher  [paterial.  or  any  fabric  made  thertof ;  aH  other  faeCD«1aa  at* 
non-tcatilc.  The  dlslinction  .turns  on  t^e  hisrorical  origin  ol  factoid 
regulation  and  the  regulations  in  lexti^  factories  remain  la  some 
respects  slightly  more  stringent  than  In  the  non-ieitile  facloriet 
and  workshops,  though  the  general  pnwMou  are  almost  the  same. 
Thiee  i^ial  elasac*  tj  wornbeps.  uw  lor  certain  pnrpesBe  to  ht 
distinauished  from  ordioaty  wariiilwpa,  which  iscTude  MiKmeit 
workihopa:  (a)  Domeilic  wcslubopa.  u.  any  private  bouscAiom  or 
place. -which,  though  used  as  a  dwelling,  is  £y  reason  oT  the  work 

■a  family,  dwelling  there  alone— In  these 
■~ — ""    '"  '"'oen'awDilBhoaa.  in  which 

__  . ,— ^  , employed — la  these  a  more 

elastic  airangemejit  of  hours  is  permis^ble  than  ia  onnnary  work- 
shops; ft)  Workshops  in  which  men  only  are  employed— these  come 
Biufb-  thA  aame  general  regulation*  in  recard  to  sanitation  as  other 
wDrksbops,  alio  under  tbt  provitioiu  of  the  Factory  Act  as  rega^ 
security,  and,  if  certified  hy  ih'  "^™'."'  *'  — -."■   -.*..!—  1 1.- 


91  the  itgDlatioH  apply  U  the 


(or  il  an  educatioiul  cettiScite 
etghtecn  years  ol  age,  and  iiwih 
eighteen;  theae  are  all  "  pmCecte 
provisiofi*  of  the  act,  inclnslvv  ol 


lined,  thirteen),  and 

0  whom  the  geneial 

1  ol  hours  and  tiinea 


.    Toadi 
jiy  only  apply  which  are  aims..  .^  ..^......^  _..„ 

y  in  Aeeondoct  al  the  manufaclurine;  proceai. 

le  peraoa  leBerslly  ntpantibit  la  obHrviDCe  ol  the  c 

M  bw.^wietha  tbcie  fel*t*  to  bcalth,  ealety,  lini 


rral^,  whet 


the  houn  of  labour  or  other  nialterl,  is  t 
defined  in  the  act)  of  the  factocy.  workslnp  , 
however,  limit)  to  hi»  irsponiibility:  ft) 
DCculder  has  used  dan  diUgeoee  to  enjfott*  tl  _ 

or  oths'  person,  ia  the  r^ofTender;  {bi  specially  in  a  factory  the 
aectloos  lekting  to  employment  of  nrotccled  jinoils.  where  the 


mittcd  in  reiatiDO  to  a  person  jvhp  is  employed  iocodntJrioilwithcba 
machine  or  implement,  and  is  in  the  employment  or  nay  ol  lb« 
owner  or  hirer,  shall  be  deemed  to  be  the  ocespier  «l  the  factory; 
(c)  far  the  one  purpoae  ol  repottiig  aecWontn,  tM  •etoil  enpkqW 
of  the  penon  miuni)  ia  any  lactay  «■  warhshgii  ia  bomd  Miihr 
penalty  immediitely  to  teport  the  lame  to  (he  occupier;  M)  so  iar 
ai  relates  to  aaniury  conditions,  ICncini  of  machinery,  imiini  ol 
notices  ih  Inumml  lactories.'the  nmolas  defined  by  Ibe  F^lic 
Health  Act  IB75).(ei>enlly  (piKkint,  Bkta  tba  place  ol  tbt  oceipiir. 
Employment  in  a  factory  a>  wwhshop  mchides  work  iriiether  for 
wages  or  not.  (oj  in  a  manuUcturiu  process  or  handicraft,  (A)  in 
dcaninganyplaceused  lor  the  same,  if]  in  cleaning  or  oiline  any  part 
ol  the  machinery,  (it)  any  work  whatAiever  incidental  to  the  proces 
or  handkaaft,  orcontieeled  with  the  article  imidr  Prrniafnuivf  n 
any  pan  ol  the  [accoty  «r  workahop,  whet*  mi 
maAu(actuie  carried  on,  except  at  meal-limes,  1 
is  stopped,  are  deemed  to  be  employed  until  the 
The  act,  however,  does  not  apply  to  employment 
of  ropairing  ths  premises  or  machinery,  aor  to  the  process  ol  pre- 
senring  and  curing  6A  imniedittely  upon  its  arrival  in  thniihiiic 
boats  in  order  to  prevent  the  fish  from  being  destroyed  or  spoUcir, 
n^nn  fh*  prixese  of  cleaning  and  preparing  fruit  so  far  as  11  necessary 
tit  fromspoilingduriiie  the  months  of  June.  July.  August 
"^  '  Lin  light  handlctalta  raiiSed  00  by  a  family 
rmomat  irregulap  iOtervtls  are  usotmtaidc 

foremwt  provisions  are  those  relating 
of  the  workplace*  and  the  general  seou 
.    Evcey  factory  must  be  kept  In  a  cli 


anll^ 


b^pmvidedwii 

during  the  itoy,  400  during  unniiiut,  lor  evh  WoHkc)T 

matters  (he  law  ol  puhnchealth  takes  in  workihapa  the  place  c^  the 

Although,  however,  pnmarily  the  oftcert  of  the  d' — '—  — " 


doaa  not  extend 
KiMiBC  to  publie  Ms 
Ceocial  powen  arc  1 

is  satisfied  that  the  . 
at  regards  work;^c« 
eeundl.  utsuthorlae 


- _  factory  or  workshop  (inc. 

ly  be  prescribed  by  order  of  the  se 


leasures  for  securing  arid 


fan  to  carry  off  lnjiuioot  dust,  gaa  c«  other  fdipurlty,  and  prevent 
their  inhalation  in  aay  factory  or  workshop;  drainage  oi  floora 
where  wet  processes  ate  cairiedon.  For  laundries  and  bakehousca 
there  are  funl  -..--. 


.., ,..    laundriesallsl.   

Ihciently  tepnrared  from  any  in>n1ng.room 
ftoort  shall  be  "  drained  in  such  a  manner 

.  „-.. 10  How  all  (teely"iAnd  in  bakebDuaes  ■ 

tern lupplying water  toa  bakehouae must  beauite  Kpaniefioo 
It  supplying  water  to  a  watcKlosct.  and  ifie  latter  may.  not 
nmunicnie  directly  trith  the  bakehouse.  Use  "of  undertround 
JBhousei  [Li.  •  tialdng  rodm  i^th  floor  more  (tan  t  ft.  below  the 
wnd  adjoiBtBg)  ia  piDhibiletL  ocept  idiere  akni^  uaed  at  the 
Hing  ol  the  aiet;  further.  In  thcie  cuea,  after  1st  January  190*. 
zrtificate  as  to  suitability  in  light,  ventflalion.  &c  must  be  ob- 
disuict  coundl.    In  1  "  -   . .       . 

■SSA^ 

sake  sanitary  requirements  a  condition 

.  .._ r^ ,-„_  -J  the  genera]  bw  as  he  is  empowered  to 

tant.  In  factortei,  as  distinct  from  workshops,  a  periodical  lime 
'ashing  (or  ivashlng  irith  hot  water  and  soap  w^iere  paint  and 
ifirish  hale  been  isid)  of  all  inside  wall*  and  ciiliagi  onoe  ai  least 
.  .  ._.  ,.._ 1.  -.  ,j„„^y  nquiTBi  ji„  takthouMi  once 


te  ahall  be  <4>*erved  in 


>e  districtt  to  wfilch  It 


»  4th  of  February  190^.  the  definitions  and  standards  in 

also  been  widely  adopted  by  local  lanilajy  aulhoril -- 

' ' ■--  "-tTer  itself  hn  no  Icoal  force,  the  local  authority 

uMkr  the  Public  lM(hA«  ol  lifar. 


rACTOMES  AND  WORKSHOP^ 


Smirty  u  llw  HI*  al  irtjmnr  ■  pnykM  bw  by  ^m 
uresudilTieckaDinf  of  nMchincry  n  motion  and  iiwkiiiA 
-  j^  thA  &Hd  aad  oswiiiv  para-  at  tdf-Aciiiv  n 
*7J — '      driv«A  by  PQiicr,  by  lui^  of  iBochlaeiy.  and 


liDb-  Every  hoUt  and  fly-whccl  dUvctly  coamcud  vith  nwJuniaL 
pcrwcr.  Odd  every  part  of  a  watcr-wbed  or  ohhw  vorkrd  by 
medajiical  povcr.  ud  every  wbccL  rux»  mutt  be  upccd,  wlulevcr 
ill  poaliDii,  aad  evm  part  of  miltgeArldl  or  dAdneroui  vucbiocry 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 


o^DmrMXt. 


not  prcmuq  ii  provvkd  for  by  empowcrinf  count  of 
luriidictaoit,  oa  tbc  apptcalion  oT  an  iDwecloTt  u  prohibit 
iiplii  thfl  dugci  bu  bcca  nmovcd.   The  diuiict  council,  or. 


J  ihhWup*  in  wnirb  nam  San  Isriy 


locty  pmom  ore  em- 


Ifte  [rom  obumctioa 


■team  ip  a  f  adiHy  oc  ■ 
hav*  a  proper  abty  v. 

coSliM.      Eilam'i^li^n  hy  a^'^mi^ 

or  wEvkihop  Qiay  be 


'  the  act  apfiJi»  piuu 

ThE  OCGUpin- ol  any 'acIDiy 

pcnmlioo  no(    _       ."(j,^ 

in 

worluhoo,  {be  coroner  muK  aJviw  (he  factory  iniimtor  ior  ihe 
diiirictol  thepbctandtimeof  Ihelnquol.  Theicuelary  of  Kait 
"■  vntiiattoncildiccircainUirweaolanyiceldCTiI 
L  Careful  and  drtaikd  pronnm  an  made  for 
ant  aiKJ  wiry  in  the  rv^iAciB 

— , -.ts  which  occur  in  a  factory  cu 

K  loH  of  Hie  to  a  pcnon  empioyrd  there,  or  (fri 
f  naoved  by  mKhanical  pover,  molten  nwtai, 
tint  liquid.  «pl(>J0B,eicaBe  of  (at  or  Btean.  efaclricilT.  lodiiaiblinf 
any  purua  cnpkiyoa  ia  the  factory  or  *arhihafi  aa  to  cave  bim  id 
be  abicai  throughout  at  Iran  one  whole  day  frora  hb  ordinary  vrorlG. 
(f)  are  due  to  any  othfT  apedal  eauic  which  thciecretaryof  stale  may 
deienniAe,  tf)  «oC  faniBg  imdcr  the  pievioai  head*  and  yet  came 
duablemem  foe  nan  than  HfCn  d«y»  onlinary  nfork  to  anv  petiea 
wotkiaj  in  the  factory  or  worliahop.  In  ihecaKof  (o)  or  (1)  nuiin 
hai  alio  to  be  tent  to  Ihe  ecctifyini  Mirgcon  by  the  occupier.    Caici 

Goniracted  in  any  fartoiy  or  workihop  mutt  aimibrly  be  reporred 
andiUHlered  by  the  onupici,  and  Iheduly  of  reporting  thaeniea 

come.  The  list  of  cUski  of  poiioning  can  be  eilcndcd  by  the 
lecreiary  cJ  *tafe'«  order. 

Certificatii  o(  phywal  litncM  for  employminl  must  be  obtained 
by  the  occupier  from  the  ccnilyiag  mrseon  for  Hie  dutrirt  (or  all 
jM^ficar     perscna  urtdcr  sixteen  yean  oTagc  eoijiloyed  in  a  lartury, 

^JSiy  hai  been  eilended  by  order  of  theiecnMary  of  «ale.  and 
'^"^     10  inKwdor  may  luipond  aay  aucfi  penoni  tor  It-tx- 

aiginatkm  in  a  .factory,  or  ror  euudaalm  in  a  worliabeti,  «4kb 
the  work  of  the  place.  The  certifying  aurseoii  nuv  cjiamine  the 
proceH  aa  well  as  ihe  person  inThnitited.  and  may  qimtify  the  certifi- 
cate he  givit*  by  conditimu  a*  to  (he  worlr  on  which  the  perfon  laftl 

■hall  not  kncwiuiy  allow  a  woman  to  be  empVoyed  tbercia  within 
four  weeki  after  childbirth. 

The  eiuplaymeiit  of  children,  ycmng  prnona  and  women  il  rega- 
bded  aa  r^arda  ordinary  and  eaeeptunal  boon 'of  wcn\,  ordinary 
Khti  ti  ■*'  cBxptkmal  meal-timn,  Migth  a(  wtl)  lod  boHday*. 
_^i^^  The  oulude  linita  of  ordiaary  pertQdi  ol  cmptoymnit  and 
^y^^B,  holidaya  ar«,  broadly,  the  AiTK  for  lextik  factorin  at  for 
nofl-tenile  faclDrfet  and  workAopa;  the  tnain  differenre 


lad  a  Natrt  of  ive  boura  foe  ■ 


a.iL  to  7  r  JL ;  in  DOn-teitile  Eactoija 


attending  achool 
factorfeala  whic 

S^iT^  i[  la , , 

allowed  for  cleaning),  and  in  aon-textile  factonea  and  <— .-  .,. 
at  a  r^r^J  V'H'or4Fji.,  BccoadingatthebouroEbcgimuDgitAaji., 
lA.H.orSA.M.  In"  dameitii:wgckihopt"tbetetalnoBberafboan 
lor  young  peivHia  and  childiTD  imut  not  exceed  thoae  allowed  ia 
ordinary  workaht^ia,  but  the  outwie  liinita  for  begiadiag  and  endiag 
are  wider;  and  the  caae  ia  tjniilar  aa  reprda  Guuca  of  wtoed  ia 
'^  womea'a  arorktbopo."  Enwlayineflt  oiHsde  a  Uctory  or  woekihop 
in  the  biuiiieit  ol  the  lame  ia Emitd  ia  a  vauMr  ■imilH  to  that  laj) 
down  in  [be  Shop  Houn  Act,  to  be  touelied  on  pmently.  Ovariiine 
in  cerlaLn  claaaea  ol  factorier  ——■-->—-  --^  — 
to  ihem  ia  permitted,  undo 
whciv  goodt  of  a  periahable  ii 
drought  c 


ananging  Ihe^c 
wS^ln  add! 

powered  to  api 
tavouiablc  that 


_ eaceplional  methodt  oJ 

'  peiiodt  ID  u  to  permit  of  periodt  of  diflerent 

,  lo  ovenime  permiMble  under  the  gtoenl  law. 

rouihl  in  1907  within  Ihe  acope  ol  the  law,  but 
i^ulaiion  ai  id  houia.  meali.  lioUdayi,Ac,  may 
Le  raanagirn  to  the  lecntary  of  atate,  who  it  eO' 
-e  them  if  he  ia  aatiB&ed  that  they  are  not  kat 


all  be  laid  at  aooa  aa  potAibie  befocc  be 
'  """"  ""  '■eTbebtwlhil 


olida)^  ZSZtn. 
women  and  youpg  perv>nt  arc  emptoyed  the  aecretaiy  of  itale  may 
by  tpecial  order  vaiy  the  bninning  and  end  of  the  daily  period  of 
employment,  and  allow  employaKnt  tor  not  more  than  three  hoora 
on  Simdayi  aod  holidaya. 

The  general  proviuana  of  the  act  may  be  tupplementtd  whm 
apecially  danaenua  or  uDhealthy  trade*  arc  carried  on,  by  uecial 
Rgulations.  Thii  waa  provided  for  in  the  law  ia  lorce  until  31ai 
December  1901,  aa  in  tM  eidMing  principal  act,  aod  Ihe  powvr  to 
cstabliih  oilet  had  been  exerrited  Ktweeo  189?  and  1901  in  twenty 
two  Iradet  or  procetaea  where  biury  aroie  either  [rom  handling  of 
danfcroua  tjbstancea,  auch  at  lad  and  leai' 


or  where  there  it  inhnlatior 


_   Before  the  rule  CDuU 

B9S.  the  aecrelarv  of  alate  ha 


iliiaof 
FaUh:  thereupon  the 


„i« 


1  the  pat- 


to  the  ^'pi^ 

aathcihouiht 


faaoryoTworkihoptuchtpedairu 
n«e»ary  to  meet  the  circumttaocee.     IIK  occupier  might  object 
or  propoae  modificailont,  but  if  he  did  not  the  ruin  became  Uiiding 
in  twcaty-onc  dayt;  it  be  (Reeled,  and  the  wKntirf  ofilatedij  not 

ID  be  referred  to  atbitiallon,  the  avanl  in  wUch  finally  ttltkit  IM 
rulei  or  requircmeni  to  be  obierved-  In  November  toai.iaihecaia 
o(  the  einhenware  and  china  induilry.  the  Ian  arbitrailoa  s(  tha 
kind  vat  optntid  and  was  finally  concluded  bi  looj.  The  partln  to 
the  arbitration  were  the  chief  iiupector.  on  behalf  of  ihe  lecnttrv  of 
■laie.  and  the  occupier  or  occupicn.  but  the  workmen  inlemted 
might  be  and  were  npmented  on  the  arbiinlion.  In  the  eitablithii« 
of  the  twenty-two  aett  of  exiitlng  special  rules  only  thrice  baa 
arbitration  been  reuned  to,  and  only  on  two  of  these  oceanina 
were  workmen  leprwehted.  The  proviiiont  ai  to  the  arbitntioB 
were  hid  down  in  the  Ant  lehedule  to  the  Act  of  iBoi.  and  wen 
similar  to  those  under  the  Coat  Minea  ReguUtion  Acta    Many  of 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 


ney.  aigUc  mt  onlr  itniUii  nadkioiii  ol  trnflaymut,  b 
RMrict  «r  prohibit  MpbyBMt  of  uv  dm  ol  vorlnn; 
audi  nKrie&n  or  imbiiiiioa  aflteMd  adult  warim  tb*  nhi 
be  laid  lor  forty  ^n  brfon  bath  Hook*  <d  Puttaatat 
...  , ;_     T^  oU^iloa  lo  ob«r-  —  - 


Sh*  (kotUIom  u  u  ipceU  nfulttloM  o(  itw  act  el  1901  toudi 
primirilr  tht  mrihnd  at  tnetitn  lor  mtkiai  (In  rttokiiou,  bin 
tbry  iIb  omrod  for  tb*  tnt  tim  doaiRic  workiboia  and  adiM  ■ 
pniifr  aa  to  Iba  kind  ot  nfUtalloiia  tbat  Bay  be  made;  (urtber, 
Ibey  atreaftheaeil  the  amctiGn  lor  ohaefraBM  ol  any  nika  llial  mi) 
be  alabHAed,  by  pladof  tbe  occiipitr  fai  the  B»e  (enenl  poiitiac 

—     "i  thaeenllcaie  el  the  wcretafy  ol '— 


refutalioH  aa  appear  Is  the  Mcteiaiy  ol  alale  to  meet  the 

el  the  caae  may  be  BBde  by  him  alter  he  haa  duly  pabliih 

4l)  el  h(a  hnenkmi  (l)  ol  the  place  where  cepiei  ol  the  dnCt  Rfu- 
luimu  c«a  be  sbtatned:  and  (3)  ol  the  time  duriaf  whkh  ab^io» 
(o  then  on  be  made  by  penofli  affecud.  Tbe  leoMarv  ol  Male 
may  nodily  the  npilatliiM  to  meet  the  e^cclloni  made.  II  not, 
a  liin  frivdeut.  be 


bold  a  public  hiquTr 


inilra 


made,  tbcy  muil  be  laidaaioon  ai  powble  before  pariiament. 

Houiemayannullhe«ei«(ulallon>of  inj-   '■'- '•' 

to  the  power  of  tbe  •Fcmaiy  ol  Bate 

The  TenilatlOPt  may  apply  lo  all  (iOanemat  Kanamrpmtn-wamimnK 

eeniHd  manufactun,  pnm,  b..  h  nird,  or  to  t  ipicited  daia. 
They  may.  ainsni  Mhrr  tbinia,  (0)  prohilHi  or  Emit  (nplayment 
el  any  penon  or  claai  ol  penoni;  In  pnhitiit,  Umii,  or  connri  aae 
of  any  malerial  or  proceat:  {c)  modiiy  or  eiteod  opedal  inulationa 
tontaliMd  iQ  tbe  Act.  Regulation*  have  been  eicabTidica  among 
othert  to  tbe  ffdlevTitf  traiM  and  aroceiaet:  Iril  bal-nakinf  when 
(■y  inlbmnublE  ulvenl  it  uied:  file4unb(  by  hand:  mam- 
laclore  ef  tleRric  aRumulaton:  doekt,  pmcaaet  o(  loadlnf.  m- 
kadint.  Ac.;  tar  dUtillini;  ficiario  in  wUch  alf-anlnt  aaiVtt  an 
wed:  u«e  of  loconwtivca:  qwininf  and  weaviog  ol  lUx.  hnn|)  and 
juic:  Runufaciure  ol  painta  and  coloun^  hcadjog  of  yam  d)'Td  by 

AhbDUfh  Ihr  riclory  and  WoiMiop  Art.  have  net  directly 

■ "*" —  have  madr  crrtain  proviiion  for  iecuring-io 

Lgrrtd  ppofl  diall  be  1 


itia  ibL , 

.- ..alile  procewea,  H  U  ufKcinit  to 

ilan  Kpintdy  la  tach  worlwr.   The  •ecrnaiy.e' 


,....«  ,-»  .,»..  -,...  _,-....  ».  eilend  thii  protection 
wo>lccn.  wilh  HilaUe  modificaliont,  in  \-ac»ui  hard» 
fndwting  pcn<makin|»  koclo,  chaini.  En  wliolnale 
■nakinff  of  wearinE  appard.  in  fuuian  culling,  un_ 
[  ana  a  nunwr  of  other  [Hcce-woric 
"■All  ol  these  and  other  trades  uicd  hii  pa 

a  effidrnt  adninutniisn  el  the  act  (a] 


jmbrdla.m 


nottoei  have 


factory  or 


III  important  are  the  pc«cribc4  abillnct  oC  the  >el, 

id  addreoci  tt  the  Intpenor  and  onilyini  luricon. 

;he  period  ai  employment,  and  tpecibcd  mcal-iimet  (which  may  not 
ic  changed  wiiboirt  Ireth  notice  toiheiBipector),  the  air  ipice  and 
mmher  of  penoni  who  may  kgalty  be  employed  in  each  ronm,  and 
Hncribcd  partKulart  o(  nceptionil  emptoynent:  among  <he 
wond  ire  Ihe  grneral  ni^ncn  ol  children  and  young  prnani  em- 
^lo^-cd.  ol  accident!,  of  limewailung.  of  overtime,  and  liui  of  out- 
wocl^cn;  amonc  the  third  are  the  notice  oi  beginning  to  occupy  a 
'arrory  or  workthop.  which  the  occupier  mutt  tend  within  one 
moniK,  report  of  ovenimeempleyment.  notice  el  accident,  peltening 
X  anihrai.  and  rrlurni  of  pcnoni  employed,  wilh  juch  ot*ier  por- 
liculan  as  nU]  be  pretcribcd.    Thete  mutt  be  icnt  IB  the  chief 


lit  d  OM  hM  tbu  Mt  IDd  BOt  ^M  ^aa  ttee 

f  lUM  Mr  the  Home  DcpattBeai  eoatialB  tht 
'kt  aclt,  apaeinla  tbt  InipeEten  referrtd  lo  bi 
the  acti,  aniani  U'llen  thttr  datiet,  and  R|ulatet  the  naaatc  aad 
eaiea  (a  vhlA  they  art  to  eatidie  the  powen  ol  iatpecUri.  The 
act,  bvwcvcr,  iipreiily  aaigna  cenaia  datiea  and  poven  to  a  chid 
latgnetor  jnj  certain  te  Jurict  hupettert.  Many  pivviiiaDa  of  the 
Kit  ileptod  u  10  thele  eptratloa  ea  tbe  m*Un(  ol  onlen  by  the 
atcRUry  of  tlat*^  Tbttt  oidtm  Dtr  inpoit  apeeial  obligatioaa 
oa  occupien  and  incntit  ttia  atrivgtacy  or  rvfulation^  may  apply 
ciceptiono  at  In  employment,  aad  may  modtfy  or  rdax  regniatieiit 
10  meet  ipeeial  daaaca  ol  dicumttancca.  In  certain  caaea.  aheady 
Indicated,  hiaattet  guide  nr  determine  Ihe  action  of  diinict  councilai 
and.  generally.  In  caie  of  ddaulE  by  a  council  he  may  empewer  bit 
ininecien  to  ad  ai  repnli  worlidacca,  inttend  ol  the  counci],  both 
lll*t  tba  factory  Acta  and  Publfc  Health  A:ta. 


n  i>  cmpluyed  there;  ti 


factory  or  worluhop,  or  in  a  achool  where  the  children  employed  an 
bdnf  educated:  to  pnaccute,  oonduct  or  defend  before  a  court  ol 
tuBmaiyiuTiadicItwiany  proceeding  under  the  acta:  and  to  eae irlat 
web  otHr  powen  ai  an  ncceaiary  Tor  carrybif  the  act  into  dfrct. 
The  Inipceler  hat  alts  Ibc  duty  of  enfotdng  Ihe  Tiuck  Aeti  in  placet. 
and  In  mpect  of  pertena,  under  die  Factory  Acta.  Ccrtilyirtt 
tuigtont  *>e  appointed  by  tbe  chief  hnaecior  Hibiect  te  the  tegula- 
tlen>o(tbeiecretBfye((talc,uidlbrirdwfdolieaan!(a)taeaamhB 
worhert  andcr  tiiteen,  and  penom  under  tpecial  rukt.  at  to  pbytical 
fitneat  for  the  daily  work  during  Imt  pcnodt,  vJth  power  to  fnnt 
qutlihed  ccnifieatet  aa  to  tbe  work  for  which  the  young  woi^cr  u  fit, 
and  ft)  to  invenigate  and  report  on  aeddenti  and  caaa  el  lead, 
pbe^tierui  er  c«h«  poiiening  and  antlntii. 

la  tfOT  then  were  regiilereil  ai  under  inipectlDii  iio,t7C 
factotiea.  including  laundries  wiUi  poirer,  146,917  vorkibopt 
(other  than  men's  worlubops),  ndudins  laundrie*  tnlboiu 
pown;  oi  worka  under  special  rule*  or  nfulttieni  (included 
in  the  figum  juM  given)  there  were  io,5S4  and  19,687  dob- 
tcilDe  worki  under  otden  for  tupply  of  pmiculin  to  piece- 
wocken.  Of  noticei  of  accidcnit  received  tliere  wen  114J15, 
o<  which  1179  were  falal;  ol  icpoiled  case*  id  poboning  then 
wen  65],  of  whidi  40  wen  fatal.  Frcsectiliont  were  taken  1^ 
InspeciDci  In  4474  caiet  and  convictions  obtained  in  4111  eiiet. 
OC  pcitoni  employed  tbeit  were,  according  lo  Rlumiof  occiT>f>i 
ip04, 4,i6i,7gi  in  ftctoriei  and  6S3,7jft  in  wotkiliopi. 

Cwt  Uiaa. — llie  mode  of  progress  to  be  rccoided  bl  Ihe 
ngulition  of  coat  minea  since  iS;]  can  be  contiattHf  in  one 
aspect  with  the  profKu  juM  recorded  of  fulory  legiililkw 
fince  iB;8.  ConiolidBlion  «u  agtin  eailiei  idoptol  wbca 
luge  unendmenu  were  found  necessaiy,  with  (be  retnh  tbil 
by  far  the  gieitct  part  of  the  law  is  to  be  bund  in  Ihe  act  el 
1SS7,  which  repealed  and  zt-cna£ted,  with  amendmenta,  tbt 
Coal  Mina  Acts  of  1S71  and  litb.  and  ibe  Sitaiified  IroMloH 
Mines  (Gunpowder  )  Act,  iMi,  The  act  of  iWi  wti  simfJy 
concerned  wilh  rules  relating  lo  the  use  of  explosives  underground. 
The  act  of  1SS6  dealt  wilh  three  quesliona:  (s)  The  dectioa 
and  payment  of  chedtweigbert  {!■'■  the  penons  appointed  and 
paid  by  mincti  In  pursuance  of  section  13  of  the  act  of  1U7  fti 
the  puTpoie  of  taking  a  cornel  account  oa  Ihelt  behaK  of  the 
weight  of  Ihe  mineral  gollcn  by  them,  and  for  the  comet 
dderrainalioa  of  cenain  deductions  lor  which  they  may  be  liable); 
(6)  pmviiicm  for  new  power*  of  Ihe  secretary  of  itale  to  direct 
igaiion  of  any  caplosii 


adi^ed  in  the 


ctoriet;  (c)  proviiioB  enabling  any  nlativB 
of  pcTions  whose  death  may  have  been  caused  by  ciphislani 
or  accidents  In  or  ibout  mina  10  attend  In  person,  or  by  ifcnt. 
coioners*  inquests  thoeon,  and  to  eaamine  witEieasea-  Tbt  act 
of  1S8;,  which  amended,  strengthened  and  conscMalad  that 
acts  and  the  etrfier  Coniolidaling  Act  of  1871,  may  alaD  he 
conltiiled  in  ai^othcr  aspect  with  the  general  act*  of  factcvy 
legitlalion.  In  scope  It  farmed,  a*  it*  ptiadpal  iecenuuict  had 
done,  a  general  code;  and  in  lema  otature  it  iMnl  farlber  In 
the  w>y  al  eontolidition  Ifaan  the  Factory  Aril  hid  done, 
Inasmuch  at  certain  queslioni,  which  in  factoric*  ace  dealt  will 


by  itsMici  dhtiDct  fnm  At  Fkcioj  Acts,  bavc  bmi  Indaded 
iatlw  HiMi  Ragulitkn  Acti,  i^.  the  prohibilioa  ol  Ibt  payment 
ol  mga  In  pubUc-bouia,  uhI  llie  nKchliiery  nktiag  to  weigbU 
•iid  ineaiutcs  whcicby  minen  conttal  thdr  ptymcoli  lurtber. 
partly  fmm  the  less  r^'ngi^e  nituit  o[  the  induuiyi  but  piobtbly 
Aljtjy  irom  the  power  of  uprcision  giincd  for  mJnert  by  their 
ofguuxatioD,  the  axle,  u  '  ' 


LABOUS.  LEGISLATION 


■pparently  oa  the  whole  m 


nily  to  tbe  < 


Thii  vu  iliiluzigly  Keo  in  the  evidence  before  the  Roynl  Com- 
niuion  oD  L*boui  in  i(l9i-iS9t>  iFben  the  npetted  txpnuion 
oi  Hlisfietioo  on  tbe  put  of  tbe  minen  with  the  provision* 
ti  distinct  from  the  idminittntioa  of  the  code  ("with  •  few 
IrLfiing  eiceptioM  "]  ii  in  Duulud  cootrut  wiib  Ibe  long  uid 
vuied  lerie*  of  diitn*  ud  cenlentioni  put  faiwud  lor  uncnd- 
mcDt  oi  tbe  Factory  Acti. 

Since  the  act  of  1SS7  there  have  followed  five  miiui  acu, 
bued  on  the  recommendation  of  tbe  offidaJk  acting  under  Ike 
acti,  wblle  two  o(  them  give  effect  l«  ciaimi  made  by  tbe  ninata 
before  the  Royal  Commiuion  on  Labout.  Tbu,  in  1894,  tbe 
Coal  Uiao  (Check wcigbei)  Act  nndetcd  it  niegal  for  an  employer 
("  owner,  agent,  ot  manager  of  any  mine,  or  any  per»n  employed 
by  or  acting  under  tbe  initiuctians  of  any  uich  owner,  igtnt, 
or  manager  ")  to  make  the  removal  )>(  a  particular  cbeckwdgher 


_, yer  in  hit  claim  to  ibc 

right  ol  dintjnlng  lU  tbe  wwkinen  nod  r»4nga^ng  them  on 
coDdilioD  that  th^  would  ditmin  n  paiticulai  checkweighet. 
In  1S96  a  abort  act  enended  tbe  powen  to  propoie,  amend 
les,  provided  for  rcprcBcotatiOD  of  workmen 
be  piindpal  act  on  any  matter  in  diflerenct, 
on  for  phuii  of  nunei  in  vorking  and 
coded  tbiee  ot  the  general  rulu  (intpection 
ig  work,  use  of  ufety  lamp  and  non-inflamm- 
able  aubatancca  foe  atemming),  and  empowered  tbe  aecretary 
of  itale  by  order  to  pnihibiC  or  regulate  the  uM  of  any  eiploiive 
likely  to  becomi  dangoDaa.  In  1900  another  britf  'ut  niud 
tbe  a|p  ol  amploytnent  of  boyi  undeigronnd  fnm  twelve  10 
<>■■''—'  In  1)03  another  ammdiag  act  allotred  aa  an  alternative 
qualification  fci  a  manager'a  certificate  ■  di;doma  in  icientiGc 
«iid  mining  uaininf  after  at  leaat  two  yean'  atudy  at  a  univeniiy 
mininf  ac&ot  or  otbcr  edueatianal  lutitulioa  approved  by  tbe 
aecretary  oi  Malej  caused  vilb  pmctkal  experience  ot  at  least 
(hrac  fean  in  ■  mloc.  In  tbe  laow  year  tbe  Employment 
of  Children  Act  affected  childns  in  mine*  to  tbe  extent  already 
indicated  in  connexion  vith  tactoiiet.  In  igoj  «  Coal  Ulna 
(Waghing  ol  blinenU)  Act  improved  aome  proviiioni  relating 
to  appointment  and  pay  of  cbeckwcigbcia  and  facilitica  for  them 
and  tbot  duly  appointed  deputiea  in  canying  out  their  duties. 
In  1906  the  Notke  of  Accident*  Act  provided  hi  improved 
annual  Rtumi  of  aoident*  and  foe  immediate  reporting  to  tbe 
diurict  inipcctor  of  acddenl*  under  newIy-dcfined  oonditions 
BB  thqi  arise  in  coal  and  metaUileroui  miaa. 

WUle  tb*  (^Mi  tt  mlsM  Rfulatad  bv  the  act  ol  lUr  ate  the 
«ame  ••  thow  regulated  by  the  act  of  1871  iU.  ninta  of  coal,  of 
.         •traliMd  IrooKDoei  ot  ahale  and  of  fin-clay,  including 
*!t,  wki  above  ground  where  the  minerali  are  prepared  for 

'■''  me  by  ttfeennig,  wiiliing,  *c.)  the  inletptelalion  ol  the 

tena  "  mlm"  1*  wldv  and  liin^i  Indgdiog  "  every  ihoft  in  the 
coune  ol  bdng  lunlc.  and  even  kvd  ud  ledincd  nlaoa  in  the 
ceune  ol  bdng  driven,  and  all  the  ihaft*,  level*,  pbnea,  nrki, 
Iramwayi  andiidinp,  both  below  grouod  and  above  ground,  in  and 
■djaeenttoaiKl  belDiwingtothemTne."  Of  the  penom  neponaible 
Oder  penalw  !«■  tha  aiHvam,of  the  acu  (he  term  "oww"  ta 
defined  jnody  .*  in  the  act  of  1I7),  but  the  Mr>  "  umc  h 
audiliidta  mean  "  any  pcnooappobited  a>  the  lepceKniitlveof  the 
owner  to  reapeet  of  any  mine  or  any  part  tkenof,  and  aa  nch, 
aupecfar  to  a  naaanr  appointed  in  pursuance  of  this  act.  Of  the 
penaoainNeeted.  tka  (era  "  young  pcnon  "  disappeared  fnim  the 

act,  ana  "  boy,"  (.t  "a  male  under  the  age      — ' — 

'AU"  ta.  "  a  (eaial*  under  the  age  oT  eTirr 
pSce,  and  the  term '■  woman     IT "  •— 


i  tmployment 


UAiga  of  amplayiitt  nlagHBHl  of  boy*  hla  b 
extended  lisa  baft  id  the  aga  <l  ten  bi  1171  to  bi 
■My  and  to  biqn  of  tbiiteen  in  I^OOl    The  an  of  CBplgyw 
boya  and  glila  abim  ground  b  conneaiaii  with  any  pu**  u 

I yg^j^  I,  jg^  (g  twdva  year*  sioca  iWr.    Tbe  bu>i>  •■ 

'-  boybekiwgnuBdmay  nolocaad  Uty-feuriBaay 

inanyanedayfmnlhalinaolkaviiiwtbtiiirfaoe 
lumiOB  to  tbe  aurfate.    AbovegrouaJaay  IJDyor 

Udiyi  in  any  one " '— ■  "  -~  -■"  ■■—  -— 

wiek,tlKdd!yla 


in  tha  "  nncral  n 
aecwinr  afety  of  ralnea,  and  wnch,  ao  I 

nedgieA  to  dilute  and  R--*—  ' ' 

he  pnviiion  wUch  , ^„, 

" — fldeilwitbBtlailtvDibaflakMdB 
of  tU7  than  In  the  previoi  code,  by 

^^^  ^1111" "  r""** 

pointa:  (a)  l}aily  peraonal  aopervlskin  of  the  bIh  by  the  oertificated 
iiiiiiaiii.  (1)  daiaes  ot  cettifieates  and  eontitutkin  of  board  lor 
KraatlBgceruficateaof  eoKpeeeacyt  ff)  plan  of  workingi  of  any  Buup 
IS  be  k«c  op  to  a  date  not  bbr  than  three  montha  pmloualy  tt  the 
office  oTlbe  mfaie;  (d)  notice  to  be  given  to  the  Itupector  of  the 
district  by  the  owner,  agent  or  manager,  of  aceideota  in  or  about  any 
mine  which  cause  ioas  ol  life  or  aerious  personal  injury,  or  are  caused 
by  upkidDB  oi  coat  or  cca]  dust  or  any  explosive  or  deciridty  er 
any  other  ^iccial  nuiB  Itiat  the  lecrttary  of  state  spedfiH  tiy  order, 

accident  occunfausicg  loB  ol  life  or  serious  penonal  Injury  ihill  be 
left  tor  inspmian  far  at  IsisI  Ihree  day*,  unless  this  would  lend  to 

was  new  in  the  act  of  1M7:  M  noCKe  to  be  given  of  opening  and 
abandonment  o(  any  mine;  this  was  extended  to  the  openng  or 
abudoonKnt  of  any  scani  (0  plan  of  an  abandoned  ada*  or  leaid 
to  be  sent  within  three  menOui  (c)  formal  invest^tion  of  any  a^ 
plosion  or  accident  by  diiection  of  tbe  secretary  of  state;  this 
provision,  lini  introduced  by  the  act  d  itM,  wag  modiBed  in  TM7 
to  admit  the  sppointnieiit  by  the  tsoetary  of  state  of  "  any  com- 
petent perwn  ■'^u  bold  tb*  tmstigation.  whereaa  under  the  alias 
■ection  only  an  Inspector  could  be  appointed. 
The  "  general  rulea  "  for  aafely  !n  mines  hat 
many  waya  linee  the  act  of  1g71.  Artlcuhir 

ef  nde  4  of  tbe  Kt  (d  iM;,  lelatlng  to  tbe  li_, _       . 

covUtioas  as  to  ^s  ventilation  bqrood  appointed  statiooB  ".*"" 
at  the  entranoB  to  the  nine  or  difleient  parti  of  tbe  miDa;  ^^ 
this  ndegcaefallv  removed  the  earlier  tfistiocUon  between  mines  En 
which  inlummable  e**  has  been  found  within  the  neceding  tr'  - 
._  —-■-■— '--I'-i  ^-ba*notb*ea*ofouoiJ;ofrule*g, 


strengthened  in 
Ae  inspection  of 


nine  ID  the  cenilniciian,  use,  ftc.of  safety  laiapa.  which 

jUiled  and  stringent  than  rule  7  ol  tbe  act  of  1871,  which 

they  replaced;  of  rule  I>,  idiling  to  the  use  of  cxploiivea  below 
grtntnd;  of  rule  14.  which  reqiiitti  the  appointment  of  a  competent 
male  person  not  leas  than  twenty-tvo  year*  of  age  for  working  Ib> 
machinery  for  ioweriag  and  raisag  petaDnt  at  tbe  nanei  of  rule  u 
which  first  reqidied  provlsian  of  amlmlaiKe*  or  st 
(plint*  and  bandagia  at  tbe  nine  leady  l«  unii>nlii 
3B,  wbl^  suengtbened  the  prDvfskm  for  | 
the  mine  bv  prectieal  mfaxtroa  behalf  of  tb 


periodica!  inspection  of 

r--— —  ,J»  workmen  at  their  own 

reference  to  the  laai-dted  nde^acinf  tSoEl  a  Prussiaa 

minuig  caaunisilan  irislied  Great  Britain,  Franse  and  Belgium,  to 
study  and  compare  the  nrioua  metboda  of  inspection  by  working 
miaeneatabllshedlnibeaelhreeeountrie*.  Th^  found  that,  so  fat 
a*  tbe  method  iad  been  applied.  It  waa  me*l  Mtisfaetocy  In  Great 
Britain,  lAete  the  whole  coat  la  borne  by  tbe  worhet^  own  osfaaiia- 
tiona.aBd  Uw  attilbiitad  parttf  thedccnne  in  umber  of  accident* 
per  tbouiaod  employed  *inee  1S7)  to  tb*  inaugucaiion  of  this 

Tba  pnviiloat  t*  to  th«  pnpoHt,  mendment  and  iiodificntio* 
of  "  spKlal  rulea."  last  eBcndsl  fay  tha  act  of  ilei^  may  be  eon- 

tnsted  irith  thoK  of  the  Faeury  Act.  In  the  latter  -  .„ 
it  is  not  until  an  industry  or  process  lias  been  scheduled  S^ 
as  dangerous  or  injurious  by  tbe  secretary  of  state's        ^^ 

then  the  Initiative  rests  with  the  Factory  Department  whereas  in 


iDl,  for  Ike  ippmnl  of  ■!■■  Hcntuy  at  Mi.^  -^ 

cakuUud  ta  pnvcst  dtncErooi  ■oci«m^  *oi  ta  provkki  ...  _.._ 
X  mdiwkper  diftifKae  df  the  petM»  enployed 
n.   TbiH  rule*  niy,  if  they  relite  u  K^tiu  uid 
''an  01  cnpHivei,  mtcniif  nd 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 

nSnb 


■Uy  the  I 


d  in  the  minb  daeriptiaii  of  explailt 
)C  lb*  minei  cr  prevtfium  of  acciawit* 
l[  dut,  bipciKdc  uijr  e^wI  nile  ui 


ri^ETibij; 


""S'lbe  n 


jnder  the  Fjclncy  Act,  but  then  a  ifiral  prayiHun 
lOi  to  Ike  pnlpDied  min,  itl  uldLtion  10  thtir  lubflc- 

»T-  ihi:  trctttaa  nLiiin^  tO  f^yaxat  by  weight  toe 

.  -,  r-— —  Hnplored,  Mid  for  cbttk- 

ciitckiRiilicr  "  RaliODCd  br  the  imjoTitv 

'    hI  i«  tbe  mighiiiK  of  tlH  nutcdil, 


wloiiiMiit  of  iIh  Bciiu  oj  KCBrins  i)h  luliUniiit  o(  wir  contract 
lo  toe  wwken  mey  be  Gompsnid  with  ibe  bittm  of  tnc  Hclioia 
■flortUiif  pntcction  ta  picct-woHccti  by  p«rtkpbtrv  c4  work  and 
want  In  ibe  lolile  tradn  •incB  tbi  Futoiy  ActoJ  lBi|i. 

At  r^udt  1e|i]  pncocdinEik  the  chief  anKDdnienti  cJ  the  act  of 
■  B71  ere:  the  exteniiaa  of  (ba  nraruion  that  the  "  owner,  egnt. 
AgmU^  ^^  aianagar"  cbarfid  ia  f^apect  of  toy  conlmvenlion 
njj^  by  aaottwr  penon  aught  be  iwora  mad  cQinititd  »  an 
ordinanr  witJHa»  to  aay  peiBOB  chained  *jlh  any  offence 
dadcf  (he  act.  llie  mult  of  Che  praccedingi  aeainit  vorfemcn  by 
the  aaner,  agent  or  mnafcr  in  ropccc  of  an  qAcdcc  under  tJic  act 
it  to  be  reported  within  twenty-one  dtyi  to  the  inapcctor  of  the 
djilHct.  Thcpowennf  iiufcclon  weteevrendcd  tocoveraainqEiiry 

n  oi  the  mine  tv  the 


An  important  act  wai 
Act  1908)  limiting  the  1 
It  enacted  that,  subject  to  vai 
not  to  be  below  ground  in  •  n 
and  of  going  to  and  f  tom  hii  > 


aulhotitiet  of  eveiy  n, 


1  190S  (Coa!  Mines  Regulalion 
rk  for  workmen  below  ground, 
u  provisioru,  a  workman  was 
:  lor  the  purpoie  of  hi»  work, 
(,  for  more  than  eight  boun 
loun.  EiccpiioD  was  made 
[  for  the  purpose  of  lenderiog 
:nt|  ot  lor  meeting  any  danger, 
or  work  incompleted,  through 
requires  to  be  dealt  with  to 
;  work  of  the  mint  The 
ix  the  times  for  the  lowering 
and  be  cDmplcled,  and  such 
the  pit  head.     These 


in  the  ad  m 


.    Thelc 

ae  (other  than  a  fireman,  examiner 
or  deputy),  or  a  mechanic  or  a  borse  keeper  or  a  person  engaged 
■olcly  in  surveying  or  measuring.  In  the  case  of  a  fireman, 
eianiiner,  deputy,  onsetter,  pump  mioder,  fanman  or  furnace 
man,  the  maamuin  period  for  which  be  may  be  below  ground 
b  nine  hours  and  \  hail.  A  register  must  be  kept  by  the 
aulhorities  of  the  mine  of  Ibe  limes  of  descent  and  ascent, 
wbile  the  workmen  may,  at  their  own  coat,  station  persons 
(whether  holding  the  oSim  of  cbeckweighcr  or  not)  at  the  pit 
head  to  observe  the  limes.    The  authorities  of  the  mine  may 

•tity  days  in  one  calendar  year  (s^  j}.  The  act  may  Ix  suspended 
by  order  in  coundl  in  the  event  of  war  or  ot  Imminent  national 
danger  or  great  eaetgenty,  or  in  the  event  of  any  grave  economic 
disturbance  due  to  the  demand  for  coal  exceeding  the  supply 


Tbea. 


a  force  on  the  11 


In  190s  the  r 
eoi^i^ed,  of  w 


or  the  counties  s(  NDrtbumberland  and  Di 
in  was  postponed  until  the  tst  of  January  ipro- 
iter  of  coal-minei  reported  on  WM  3116,  and  Ih( 
I  employed  below  grouad  wu  «S9i,tJ>  o(  whom 
'  ]6  years  of  age.  AljDve  Around  )07,36l  "-^^ 
n  6l}4  were  women  and  girls.    The  nunt 


unberof 


iioo6,caut!iiciUI(Hof  iMSlivea.   (X 


Qaarria. — From  rS/S  until  1B94  open  quarries  (at  distinct 
from  underground  quairica  regulated  by  Ibe  MetaUifetous 
Mines  Regulation  Act)  were  regulated  only  by  the  Factory 
Acts  ID  fir' as  they  then  api^ied.  It  was  laid  down  in  section 
Bjof  iheactof  t878(«i  Vict.  e.  16),  that "  any  ptemfaes or  place 
shall  not  beexclucted  from  the  definition  o[  a  taetoryotwoiijbop 
by  reason  only  thai  such  premises,  AC,  are  or  li  in  the  open 
alt,"  thereby  overruling  the  decision  in  Kent  v.  Attlcy  that 
quarries  in  which  the  work,  as  a  whole,  was  carried  on  In  tbe  open 
air  were  not  factories;  in  a  schedule  10  tbe  same  act  quarriei 
were  defined  as  "  any  place  not  bcitig  a  mine  In  wHdi  persons 
work  la  getting  slate,  stone,  coprolltcs  Or  other  mincralB." 
The  Factory  Act  <^  rSgi  made  it  possible  to  bring  these  places 
in  pari  under  "  special  rules  "  adapted  to  meet  the  special  risks 
and  dangers  of  the  operations  carried  on  in  them,  atid  by  order 
of  the  secretary  of  state  Ihey  were  certified,  December  1B91, 
as  dangerous,  and  thereby  subject  to  special  rules.  Until  (hen. 
at  reported  by  one  of  the  Inspectors  of  factories,  quardts  had 
been  placed  under  Ibe  Factory  Acli  without  insertion  ot  appro- 
priate rula  tor  their  safe  wotiing,  and  many  of  them  were 
'developed  in  a  most  dangerous  manner  without  any  regard 
(or  safely,  but  rturely  for  economy,"  and  manigers  of  many  had 
"  Karccly  seen  a  quarry  until  (hey  became  managers."  In  hn 
report  for  i8(|j  it  was  recommended  by  the  chief  inspector  of 
faciorics  Ihal  quanics  should  be  subject  10  the  furisdiellon  of 
the  government  inspectors  of  mines.  At  the  same  time  mtrcncy 
was  given,  by  the  published  reports  of  the  evidence  before  the 
Royal  Commission  on  Labour,  lo  the  with  ot  large  numbers 
of  quartymen  that  open  as  well  as  underground  quarties  should 
come  under  mote  fpcciallHd  government  inspection.  In  LB93 
a  conmiittee  of  eipects,  including  inspectots  of  miae*  and.  of 
fsctories,  was  appointed  by  the  Home  Office  Id  investigate  the 
conditions  of  labour  in  open  quarries,  and  in  1S94  the  Quarries 
Act  brought  every  quarry,  as  dinned  in  the  Factory  Act  iR;8, 
any  part  of  which  ia  more  Ihoa  ao  ft.  deep,  under  certain  of  the 
provisions  of  tbe  Metalliferous  Mines  Acti,  and  ondcr  the 
inspection  of  the  inipccton  appointed  under  those  acts;  further, 
it  transferred  the  duty  of  enloidng  the  Factory  and  Wortshop 
Acts,  so  far  as  they  apply  in  quarries  over  10  11.  deep,  from  the 
Factory  10  the  Metalliretouj  Mines  impeclors. 

The  provisioiu  ot  the  MelallifeiDus  Mines  Acts  tB7»  and  1875, 
applied  lo  quarries,  are  those  relating  to  payment  of  wages  in 
public-houses,  notice  of  accidents  to  the  iitipector,  appointment 
and  powers  of  inspectors,  arbilralion,  coroners'  Inqutsla,  special 
niles,  penalties,  certain  of  the  definitions,  and  ihe  powers  of 
the  secretary  of  state  finally  to  decide  diM>ul*d  questions  whether 
ptaees  come  within  the  ap[dIcaIion  of  the  acta.  For  other 
matters,  and  in  particular  fendng  of  machinery  and  employment 
of  women  and  young  persons,  (he  Factory  Acts  apply,  with  a 
proviso  that  imlhing  shall  prevent  the  employmeitt  of  young 
persons  (boys)  in  three  shifts  for  not  more  than  tight  boors 
each.  In  i3og  it  was  reported  by  Ihe  inspecton  of  mines  that 
spedil  rules  forsafaly  had  been  established  in  over  jooo  quartiet. 
In  the  rtpont  for  1905  it  was  reported  that  ihc  accounts  of  blast- 
ing acddcntt  iudicaied  thai  there  was  "  iLill  much  biily  In 
observance  of  the  Special  rules,  and  that  many  irregufar  ami 
dangerous  practices  are  in  vogue."  The  absence  ot  deficiency 
of  cilemal  fencing  lo  a  quarry  dangerous  to  Ihc  public  has  been 
^nce  1887  (so  k  ji  Vict.  c.  tg)  deemed  a  nuisance  liable  lo  be 
dealt  with  summarily  in  Ibe  manner  provided  by  the  PuUic 
Health  Act  1875. 


94.S19 


with  1900,  tnen  wii 
employed.    Fatal  ao 


forked 


t.  (hit  csceeded  the  aveaas 
minci  under  the  Cotl  Mines 
■pile  of  tlie  quarrlei  "  having 


LABOUR  LECaSLATION 


r)«Un  to  hwfion  nplonon  of  iM  aaiatrotai 

l«n».      He  iiuibutnl  tJw  diStrence  to  »  B«  qbii --.  ^-- 

lion  d(  Ihe  Uw.    In  1005  tbm  vcrE  97  faul  oirhfiRIi  mulling  in 


□I'  ip^tmul  or  I 


r-abou  and  otKcr  pUcct  lor  the  hIe 
—"  <: Imf  down  in  tit  CaA 

. BHU  Minn  RllulilioB 

Acu.  The  plana  cAvmd  by  tW  pnthibitiofl  induda  (ny 
od^cF,  nidcn  or  plpca  bdonfiiK  to  or  occupitd  wllb  the  placn 
namcid,  Dut'thc  ut  doa  not  ipp^  to  nich  wafe«  av  Hre  p9id  by  the 
loidcM,  owner  or  occupfar  o[  ilw  pubKc-honc,  b«T-diop  >nd  «b« 
plus  jnclmled  is  the  pnUbitloa  to  uy  mifaiiiD  taiw  jU(  em- 
plD>«tJ  by  bia.  Tbe  pmuhy  lor  u  cBeaa  inimt  ibb  act  ia  one 
not  etc«cdlii(  £  10  (ccuDnn  the  imit  of  /m  lor  tbe  comifondiii( 
offmn  under  iEeC«l  MinetActJ.aBdiHonenm  itHybe  (rowcutM 
■nd  panaKin  Roiveted  In  Bocltind  ind  Scotland  under  the  Siiaunaiy 
JmiiiltadDa  Acta.  The  ict  doci  not  ■?»  to  Ireland,  and  noipcdil 
iupcctonle  ii  doited  «ith  the  duty  (deoforung  iu  provisioio. 

Sitp  Hnri.— Id  four  brief  icli,  tB«i  to  1894,  «ai  in  force, 
the  fint  very  limiud  iteps  were  taken  towards  the  poutiv* 
roguUtlon  of  tbe  employment  ol  shop  asaiataots-  la  the  act 
of  1904  certain  additional  optional  powers  were  given  to  any 
local  autboiity  making  a  "  closing  order  "  fixing  (be  houi  (not 
Hilier  than  7  F.u.  or  on  one  day  in  the  week  i  p.H.)  at  which 
■hops  shall  cease  to  serve  customers  throughout  the  ares  01 
tbe  autboiity  or  anyqxcificd  part  thercol  oa  regards  all  sbopft 
Or  at  regarda  any  specified  class  of  sbopL  Befoi< 
an  bt  made  (i)  a  prima  facie  case  [or  it  must  apt 
authority;  (j)  the  local  autborily  must  ioqg 
(j)  (be  otdci  must  be  diaftcd  and  sent  for  confiri 
vise  to  the  central  aulboiity,  that  is,  tbe  seoet 
Ihe  Home  Department;  (4)  tbe  order  must  be  bid  before 
bath  Houses  of  Parliament.  The  Home  Office  has  given  every 
Mconragtmcnt  to  tbe  maluBg  ol  such  otdcn.  but  their  number 
in  England  is  very  laiall,  and  tbe  act  is  praclltally  ioopaati 
In  London  and  many  large  lown  Khera  the  need  is  grrale 
As  the  secretary  of  state  pointed  out  in  the  House  df  Comma 


in  the  II 


It  the  u 


occupiers    of  tbe  shops  It 


me  theie  is  a  great  difficulty 
twe4hitds  majority,  among 
[ed.  In  favour  of  the  order, 


e  weekly 


law  in  motioa  Id  England  J64  local  a' 
BO  steps,  but  In  Scotland  ratbcr  bctle 
obtained.  The  House  resotvtd,  on  the  d: 
drastic  te^slalioD  is  required.  As  legLirdi 
^ace  of  such  general  codes  as  tppty  t( 


Cia  employers  of  shop  assistants:  [i)  Llmiti 
lolal  of  hours  of  work  of  persons  under  eighteen  years  01  age 
to  sevcDty-iour  inclusive  of  mesl-tiinei;  (1)  prohibilion  ol  th« 
employment  of  sucb  persons  id  i  shop  on  the  same  day  that  they 
have,  to  tbe  knowledge  of  the  employer,  been  empk^d  iti  any 
factory  or  workshop  for  a  longer  ptr|od  than  would,  In  both 
classes  of  employ  me  nl  together,  amount  to  the  number  of  hours 
permitlcd  to  sucb  penons  la  a  faclocy  or  wakshiv ;  (3}  pioviuon 
for  the  supply  of  seats  by  the  employer,  in  all  rooms  of  a  shop 
or  othu  ptemists  vhtre  goods  are  retailed  to  the  public,  lor  tbe 
use  ol  female  »iMstanlB  empbyed  in  retailing  the  goods— the 
•eats  to  be  in  (be  proportion  of  not  fewer  than  ode  to  every 
three  fcmak  as^tants.  The  first  two  requirements  art  contalBcd 
in  the  act  of  iSfli,  wbich  also  prciaibed  that  »  notice,  referring 
to  the  provisions  of  the  act,  and^tating  the  number  of  houn 
in-the  week  during  which  a  young  pmoD  nuy  be  lawfully 
employed  in  tbe  ahop,  shall  be  kept  eiMbiled  by  the  employa; 
the  third  requirement  was  fint  provided  by  the  act  of  iSgg. 
Tha  inteivilniog  acta  of  iS^j  lod  1S9S  are  merely  supplementary 
to  the  act  of  iSqi;  the  lormer  pronding  for  the  salarfcs  and 
eipcUN»  ri  the  Inspectot*  vhicb  tka  eowoil  aj  any  eounly  or 


bamugbfandintbeCityolXaiuloa  the  Comnan  Cousdl) 

'     '  loint)  the  latxer 

an  employer  to 


P»o- 


penaJty  of  40s.  for 
eahlUled  [he  notice  ol  the  pi  .... 

absence  of  a  penaHy  it  had  been  impoasibk  to  enforce.  The 
peoally  foremptoymntt  eonliBiy  tolbe  acta  is  a  fine  not  eiceeding 
£1  for  each  feriim  «>  employed,  and  for  falluK  to  oomply  with 


afinen 


•ffcRce.  and  lor  any  subsequent  offence  a  fin  ol  i 


e  intetptetatioii  !■  (hn  by  tbe  act  o(  1S91  to  the  dasi 

ilace  to  which  the  limitation  of  bom  applies.     ".Shap"* 
ctail  and  wholesale  shops,  markets,  stalli  and  Mmmmimm 


le  shop*,  markeii.  f 
vuK«  LM,  ■ijui.i,  ««dtants  an  employed  ■»■  „ 
lnclwlca  licensed   pubUc'bouaea  add   refrfahm 


ia  the  "  CBpioyer  " 


thelern  "employer  "  nor  "  shop  a™Tit>nl  "  (med  in  the  title  of  (he 
aee  al  llM}  la  dcfioed;  but  alher  temu  have  the  mewiingaasigiKd 
tolhcBlnlbeFaclotyaiidWarkihapAct  ig;e.  The  "  enpk^r '.' 
has.  In  case  of  any  tantraven lion  illeged,  the  same  power  as  tfie 
"  occitpier  "  in  IheTacIory  Acm  to  niempi  himself  from  line  on  proof 
of  due  diligence  and  of  Ihe  fact  thai  tome  other  penon  h  tbe  aeiual 

of  the  aame  family  lidng  in  a  house  of  w^ch  the  shop  loms  part,  a 
to  iDcmben  of  the  empteycr'a  Eacnily,  or  to  any  one  wholly  employed 

la  London,  where  the  County  Council  has  appointed  mrti  and 
wwien  inspectcim  10  apply  the  acts  of  1S91  to  1899.  thaie  wirr,  in 
1900,  73,939  nremisM,  and  in  I9OS,  84,169.  under  inspKtioii.  In  tbe 
biter  year  Ibere  were  ai.ojj  employing  pcraoiu  under  iS  years  ol 
a^.  In  1900  the  number  of  young  persons  under  the  acts  were: 
indocn.  10,139  lioya  and  4476  tirii;  DOTdoors.  35,019  boyi,  »A 
girlL  In  i905theratkibecwKBb^aand  girls  had  decidedly  altered: 
ind«ira,MDiboyii46Gggirlsiou><k«*>ii.fiS4bay>.]Dggii1a.  Tbe 
number  of  irregularities  reported  in  1900  were  1^04  ana  the  pro- 
■ecuiiona  were  irT;  ia  1905  tbe  irregulaiitks  were  «a66  and  the 
proHeutiDnH  numbered  34.  Aa  rwirds  tlie  act  of  rS99,  fit  only 
■omDtihe  T4.g44  shopi  affected  biLosdon  was  thcfc  Iduad  In  looo 
to  be  failure  to  pFovneaealB  lor  the  women  employed  iu  retailuw 

Souls.  The  chicl  officer  of  the  Public  Control  Department  renxled 
lat  with  viry  lew  eueptiou  the  law  waa  complied  with  II  the  end 
of  tbe  first  year  of  ha  appUeaiion. 

As  mgaids  eleanSnm.  vcatilatkin,  drainage,  water-npply  and 
vnitafy  coniUtioa  (eKially,  sbopl  have  boen  lince  iSri  (by  41 
Vict.  e.  16.  >.  rot)  auhjcct  to  tbe  provisions  of  the  Public  Health 
Act  1S75,  which  apply  to  all  buildings,  except  faetoriea  under  the 
Factory  Aetj,  in  whicb  any  persom,  whatever  their  number  be,  are 
employed.  Thui.  hnsdly,  Ihe  same  aanhary  proviiiana  apply  in 
shopa  aa  in  workshopa,  bat  in  the  Etnner  IhcK  are  enfocced  goidr 
by  the  ofliccrB  ui  the  local  authodty,  vritbout  rraervation  of  any 
power,  a>  in  workihops  for  the  Home  Dfiict  impcetorale.  to  tOii 
default  of  the  loeiil  authority. 

ShoD  aailstaoli.  ta  far  as  Uwy  are  engaged  In  mannl  km  merely 
clerical  labour.  coiM  uadnlhe  provisions  of  tbe  Truck  Acta  1S31  to 
iBBt,  and  in  all  clrcunutances  [bey  fall  within  the  leiilioni  directed 
agmnil  unfair  and  unreasonable  Arcs  in  the  Truck  Ael  of  1S96:  but, 
unlike  employes  in  faelories,  workshops,  bundHes  and  mines,  they 

neither  Hont  OScenapecton  nor  officers  of^  loQil  anthDrity  have 
any  ^xsially  aaiigoed  poweti  to  adiainiilrr  the  Truck  Ads  in  ihepa. 
Tfuct.— Setting  a^e  tbe  qiedal  Hosiery  Manolacture 
(Wages)  Act  T874,  aimed  at  a  partiodar  abuse  appearing  chiefly 
in  the  hosiery  industry— tbe  pnctice  ol  making  eicessliie 
charges  on  wages  for  macblDery  and  frame  rcatt — only  two 
acts,  those  of  lEB?  and  1S96.  have  been  added  to  the  general 
lav  against  tnick  since  tbe  act  of  TB31,  which  repealed  all  prior 
Truck  Acts  and  whicb  rtniains  the  principal  act.  Funher 
amendments  of  tha  law  have  been  widely  and  strenunnsly  de- 
manded, and  m  hoped  for  as  the  result  of  tbe  long  inqtdiy 
by  a  depanmental  committee  appoinied  early  in  iqoAl  The 
Track  Act  AncndmcM  Act  iHj,  amended  and  eitsnded  the 
act  wit  host  adding  any  distinctly  mo  txinciplej  tbe  Ttuck 
Act  «f  li^  was  directed  lowarda  providing  remedies  for  mattea 
thoira  by  decislang  under  the  earlier  Ttuck  Acts  to  be  outside 
the  scope  of  tbe  ptindplti  and  proviiiona  of  those  a<t*.  Under 
in  objecu  were:  (1)  to  make  tbt  vagca 


wagta  is  toodoi  drink 


i  of  bboDi.  payable  Onl^jn 
a  igrohlhlt  whole  ot  put  paynml  a 
I  clMhei  01  any  uhei  anickai  (ij  u 


30 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 


CmucacACTS 


(ttrbid  agrMmHiit,  ciprHi  or  [mpticd,  btliKen  tmptoyer  md 
workmen  u  to  the  manner  or  place  In  which,  orulidt*  on  which, 
I  wDrlman  ihaJI  expend  hii  wages,  or  lor  the  deduction  fram 
wagei  of  ibe  price  Bi  irticin  {other  than  maleriali  to  be  lued 
In  ihe  labour  of  tbe  workmen)  tupplied  by  the  employer.  The 
^^  act  of  1&B7  added  a  further  prohibitioa  by  making 
Mi$4i^     ^^  illegal  for  an  employer  to  chargs  iatercit  on  any 


advance  ol  wi 
«  otberwiw  a  workmar 
the  regular  period  of  lb 
part  ot  on  icmunt  Ihert 


of  Ihe  principal  i 

any  action  ageinubii  workma 

belonging  la  the  employer,  or  id 


•rby  . 
Evceivc  in  antfapation  of 
liit  wages  an  advance  al 
L  itrenglbened  the  lectfon 


11  for  goods  aupplied 
L  which  the  employer  i 
By  la]  Mtunng  any  worKmnn  suing  an  employer  for  wagei  agamst 
any  counttr-daim  in  respect  ot  goods  supplied  to  the  workman 
by  any  person  under  any  order  or  direction  of  the  employer, 
and  W  by  etpieuly  prohibiting  an  employer  [lom  ditmiising 
any  worker  on  account  of  any  patticukr  tine,  place  or  manner 
of  ctpending  his  wages.  Certain  eiemptlons  to  the  prohibition 
ofpayment  otherwise  than  in  coin  were  provided  for  in  the  act 
of  1S31,  if  >D  agreement  were  made  in  writing  and  signed  by 
the  inniier,  via.  rent,  victuals  dressed  and  consumed  under  the 
unpToyer'a  roof,  medicine,  fuel,  prnvcnder  for  beasts  of  burden 
used  in  Ihe  trade,  materials  and  tools  for  use  by  miners,  advances 
lor  fiieodly  societies  or  savings  banks;  in  the  case  of  fuel,  pro- 
veadcr  and  tools  there  was  slso  *  proviao  tlut  the  charge  should 
not  «ceed  the  real  and  true  value.  The  act  of  iSS;  amended 
these  provisions  by  rcquirfng  a  correct  annual  audit  in  the  case 
of  deductions  for  medicine  or  tools,  by  permitting  part  payment 
of  servants  In  hnslundry  in  food,  drink  (not  intosicanls)  or 
other  ^lowJknces,  and  by  prohibiting  any  deductions  for  sharpen- 
log  or  repilring  workmen's  tools  except  by  agreement  nol  forming 
part  of  the  condition  of  hiring.  Two  imponint  adminisiraiivc 
amtndmenti  were  made  by  the  act  of  1887;  (1)  a  section 
limiLar  to  that  in  the  Factory  and  Mines  Acts  was  added,  empower- 
ing the  employer  to  eiempt  himself  fiom  peniJty  for  contra- 
vention of  the  actson  proof  that  any  other  petun  was  the  actual 
DSeodec  and  of  his  own  due  diligence  in  enfocciiig  the  eiecuiion 
of  tfce  acts;  (i)  the  duly  of  enforcing  the  acu  in  factories, 
workshops,  and  mines  was  imposed  upon  the  Inspectors  of  the 
Factory  and  Mines  Departments,  respectively,  of  (be  Home 
Office,  and  lo  tbeir  task  they  were  empowered  to  bring  all  the 
authorities  and  powers  wfaich  they  pottessed  in  virtue  of  (he 
acts  under  whicfa  they  arc  appointed;  these  inspectors  thus 
prosecute  defaulting  employers  and  recover  penalties  under  Ihe 
Sunutiary  JurisdiciioB  Acts,  but  tbey  do  not  undertake  civil 
proceedings  for  improper  deductions  or  payments,  proceedings 
lor  which  would  lie  with  workmen  under  the  Employers  and 
(Vku  Workmen  Act  iSjs.  The  persons  to  whom  the 
ttmtaud  benefits  of  tbe  act  applied  were  added  lo  by  the  act 
<^^*™*  of  1887,  which  repealed  the  comphcated  list  of  trades 
^^  contained  in  Ihe  ptindpal  acl  and  substituted  the 

lioiplei  definition  ot  the  Employin  and  Workmen  Act,  1I75. 
Thus  tbe  acts  iSji  to  rSSr,  and  also  tbe  act  of  i3q6,  apply  lo 
all  workers  {men,  women  and  children)  engaged  in  manual 
labour,  eicept  domestic  servants;  tbey  spply  not  only  in  mina, 
factories  and  noikshops,  bul,  lo  quote  the  published  Home 
Office  Memorandum  on  the  acts,  "  in  all  places  wbete  work- 
people ate  engaged  in  manual  labour  under  a  contract  with  an 
ecD|>loyer,  whether  or  no  the  employer  bean  owner  or  agent  or 
ft  parent,  or  be  himself  a  worknian;  and  therofore  a  workman 
who  eniJoys.  and  pays  othen  under  him  must  alio  observe  Ihe 
Truck  Act5."  The  law  thus  in  certain  circunutancs  cover* 
Outworkers  for  a  contnclor  or  sub-contractor.  A  decision  of 
tbe  High  Court  at  Dublin  in  I  tcot^fxire  V.  5B«uy)  slrenglhencd 
the  inspectors  in  investigation  of  offences  commitlcd  intonfit 
outworkers  by  supporting  (he  contention  that  Inquiry  and 
uerciie  ol  all  the  powers  of  an  inspector  could  legally  lake 
place  ia  puis  of  an  employer's  premises  other  than  those  io 
vhichtiK  work  is  given  DUE.  It  de^ed  for  Ireland,  in  a  narrower 
teine  than  bad  bithaRn  baen  understood  and  acted  upon  by 


Ihe  Factory  Department,  (he  cIuks  of  outwoiken  prelected, 
by  deciding  that  only  lucb  as  vete  under  m  contract  personally 
lo  execute  the  work  were  covered.  In  1905  the  law  in  England 
WIS  similarly  declared  is  Ihe  decided  case  of  S^irt  v.  Tkt 
ilidlani  LattCe.  Tbe  Judges  (Lord  Alveistoae,  C.J.;  and 
Kennedy  and  Ridley,  J.J,}  stated  that  they  came  to  the  con- 
clusion with  "  reluctance,"  and  said:  "  We  venture  [a  express 
tbe  hope  that  some  amendment  of  Ihe  law  may  be  made  so  ss 
(0  extend  Ibe  protection  irf  tbe  Truck  Act  lo  a  cla«  at  work- 
LtsprovisiODs." 


"  though  they  do  sometimes  employ  assistants  m  evidently, 
ai  a  class,  «iage-camlng  manual  labourers  and  not  cnntraciors 
In  the  ordinaiy  and  popular  sense."  The  principle  iclied  00  ia 
Ibe  [ledsioB  was  tlut  in  llu  case  of  Inpam  v.  Barmt. 

At  the  time  ot  Ihe  panng  ol  the  aa  of  iMt  it  ■ens  to  bavebeen 
Rnerally  believed  that  Che  obligation  under  the  priiKipal  act  to  pay 
the  "entire  amount  of  wages  earned  "  .in  coin  rendered  »---^-  ^ 
illegal  any  deductions  from  wages  fo  respect  of  fines.  tT^^*? 
Impoftanl  decisions  in  Itit  and  lUg  showed  this  beliei  '^^ 
to  have  been  ill-Ioundcd.    The  esietiilal  point  lies  In  the  definition 

I^"'^|Son 

loget  taiiitrecemptnse  for  the  W»ur  penormed.  As 
nedear  that  ejiceiiive  deductions  from  vaga  as  wdl 
y  wovkcn  for  maceiials  uicd  in  the  voric  were  nol 
t  dediiclioiuoTTuyiiicnti  by  way  of  compensation  to 
ly  way  of  discipline  might  legally  (wiih  the  unale 
M  for  litenen  lor  women  and  children,  leguliled  by 
■nd  Workmen  Ad  iBrj)  even  exceed  tbe  degree  Of 
or  damage  to  the  emplwer,  it  alto  came  ckarly  Into 
ler  Isislalion  voa  dfiiiablc  to  extend  tbe  principles 
Ibe  l?iick  Acts.  It  wa*  deiinble,  that  it  to  asy,  to 
lly  the  unfair  deaUnc  that  may  be  enceumged  by  halb 
I  in  wori(-plac*t.  on  Ilia  part  ol  the  •mplovB'  in  making 

Ik  at  Uie  tame  line  kavingtha  ptiociple  ot  fntdiua 

at  far  as  possible  nntouched.  The  Truck  Ace  _. . 

-  ■-—  tbe  condition  under  which  dcductiont  US* 
X  payments  made  to  the  employer,  oot  *"'•'" 
tTKCed  to  bt  paid  te  the  werktt,"  ij.mttC  any 

iniru  they  ai 


<d  JB96  nsulat 


ctumt  or  payments  illegal  uniru  they  an  in 
, _.  . .let;  and  it  provides  that  dcductiont  (or  pay- 
ments) lor  (d)  fines,  (Ei]  bad  work  and  danugcd  goods,  (r)  natenaU. 
machines,  and  any  oner  thing  provided  by  tne  employer  in  rdalioB 
to  the  work  ihalllie  rcssDE  il>le,  and  that  paniculan  of  the  WM  ia 
writing  likall  l>e  given  to  the  workman.  In  none  of  the  cases  men- 
tiooed  Is  the  employer  to  make  any  profit;  neiihcr  by  fines,  for 


iateS^k. 


or  damage,  for  these  may  ji 

ible  havint  reKSfti  ^ 
racl  CouUTm^  legi 


(^  acli  er'omlHlHia  vMch  oi 
not  byss]e<4  ■Mienslt.  loi 
""  en^rfoyer;  not  by  deduc. 


:ced  the  actual  or 
'J'i'he 


10  oe  uniair  10  uc  wonunan  in  inc  sente  o'  the  Set.  "i  ne  coniian 
between  the  employer  and  workman  must  either  be  in  writing  signed 
by  the  workman,  or  its  terms  must  be  cicaily  stated  in  a  notkt 
conitantly  affixed  in  a  place  easily  acceuible  to  the  workman  to 
whom,  if  a  party  to  tbe  conlnct,  a  apy  shall  be  given  at  the  lime  of 
mnkiiu  Ihe  conttacc,  and  who  sball  be  entitled,  on  lequen.taobuin 
from  IliC  employer  *  copy  c^  the  notice  tree  of  chaign.  On  each 
occasoD  when  a  deducuofl  or  paymcot  It  made,  full  particulars  in 
writing  must  be  nipplied  to  the  workman.  The  employer  it  bound  to 
keep  a  Rgltcer  of  deductions  or  paynentS.  and  10  enter  therein 
paitieubrs  ot  any  fina  made  nnder  tbe  cootract,  specifyipg  the 
amount  and  nalure  of  the  act  or  ominsoa  in  respect  of  which  the  fine 
was  impoied.  Thii  register  mutt  be  at  an  timet  open  to  JDtpBtm 
of  minet  or  faciorict^ha  ate  entitled  to  make  ■  copy  of  the  cootnuft 
or  any  part  of  it.  This  act  as  a  whele  ippliea  to  ad  woitnm  ja- 
cluded  under  the  earlier  Tiwck  Acta;  the  aecthias  rdating  to  fioif 
■nnlv  alu  ta  ihon  uaiMaota.  The  latter,  however,  jipwently  ttc 
I  gf  the  law  (henudvea,  at  no  intpedont* 

jnihelrbehaE   In  theie  and  otba' cue* 

inder  the  Track  Acta  may  be  InBltuled  by  My  person. 
Any  workman  or  shep  aaiNsnt  may  iicovtr  any  sum  deducted  by 
or  paid  to  hit  enpleyer  cmuiuy  to  the  act  of  iSffc  pcondid  that 
prcceedioBS  are  commenced  within  six  monthi,  and  that  where  hi 
has  acquiesced  in  (he  deduction  or  payment  He  shall  only  rttuvtr 
the  OCC9  over  the  ameanl  *hk;h  Ibe  couR  may  find  to'havc  b« 
fair  and  reavnable  in  all  the  einnnxUMa  al  the  ease.  .  It  la  *«■ 
prqily  declared  in  thaaatht  nothing  in  kahallafierttbtteovillOBt 


CONTtNENTAL  BUKOPEI 

■  Acu  aitli  nl 

ponnuiddii 

», .  vr  Ibe  cav  of  t  tundry.  And  d  lay  plan 
tqr  tiM  ocEuplB  ol  ■  faclocjr  or  woUiiip.or 
' —     = — K  It  rmiwd  (or  the  ten 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 


21 


iSb.  pnvUau  i4  lb* : 


_„  __   i  on  bV>ly  o._ 

tiDcuhin  coOH  iBdiun.  Tin  cffcd  gf  IBc  «iianpIiiKi  ia  not  I 
ermpt  iott  tad  deductuiu  fiom  beiiif  nade,  bnt  Uw  dcwT  h 
It  deaeiumiad  thu  then  sre  cuce  when  leiden  unonf  vnbi 

vilhDfit  1l«  ifHKifie  oinditloiu  liid  down  In  thii  >ct  TTie  report! 
ctf  the  iniprctan'  of  {■ctarin  ban  denunitnted  tbit  Id  othtr  Ln- 
durtriet  mu^  mk  tuH  had  to  be  done  under  thli  act.  end  knowlcdKO 
ol  a  biBhty  trcbni^L  chuactcr  ID  be  ^raduaUy  acquired,  before 
MinioM  could  be  (onued  U  10  lb*  rtMOfubleBMi  and  (aimcia.  or 
the  cofttniy,  of  many  fenm  ol  dedu 
cuttka  ai  l^al  ioterpcetatfcHi  involvliig 


ouri.  panly  to  the 


..    Owing  partly  to  diA- 
-le  nectBlty  at  taking  teat 

nuinbeToTciioviniaar^uIned  oa  pniecniMn  la  not  m  high  aa 
Bnder  the  Factory  Acta,  iboogh  the  atenge  penalty  impoecd  ia 
hieher.  In  1904.  Si  ouca  were  uken  Into  court  multini  in  54 
CDnvictioni  mth  an  Bverate  penalty  of  ll.  roe.  In  1905.  38  caaca 
ivnillln|f  In  34  oonvictiona  wrre  taken  with  an  averaffr  penalty  of 
£1,  3a.  In  ignis.  3;  caws  mullini  in  ij  Boavlctiane  wen  taken  with 
an  avnage  penaily  tH  £r,  ina, 

RcTenncc  ahoatd  hen  be  nwSe  In  the  Shop  Cluba  Kctcltmu 
cloacty  allied  with  Bme  o(  the  proviikwi  nf  llir  Truck  Acu  by  it! 
pnivlsan  that  emrth>yen  ahalL  not  make  It  a  condition  of  employnient 
that  any  workman  ahall  become  e  memberof  aahopdubunknail  ii 
retinend  aadcr  iht  Friendly  Sodetiei  Act  ol  1B96.  Ai  in  the  caae  of 
payment  0(  w«M  in  Public  Hmim  Act,  no  ipecial  inioeetorale  hi! 
ibi  duty  ol  •nloidBc  tbia  act. 

til.  COHTINIHTAl.  EUtOn 

In  compatioa  ItfUation  affecting  factoriei.  miiKi,  (bop*  u>d 
truck  in  the  chief  iadmlrfal  counlrita  of  the  CDnifaient  wltb  that 
of  Great  Btiwfn,  it  is  esjcntial  to  i  juM  view  that  inquiry  ihould 
be  extended  beyond  the  coda  IhcDUclvct  to  the  geooal  wciil 
mder  and  lyaleia  ol  lav  and  adnuniHralion  id  each  country, 
Funfaer,  spectil  compaiteon  ot  tbe  dcGoltioiu  and  the  (anctiona 
of  ench  indoilrial  code  must  be  reeogniicd  *9  twcetsaty,  lor 
these  vary  in  all.  In  10  biicl  a  nimmary  u  II  tppCDdcil  hen 
ao  more  i>  possible  thaaaaautkneindJcatioD  of  the  main  general 
requiitmniti  and  profalblttona  o[  tbe  lawi  as  legardi:  (i)  hours 
■nd  times  of  employmenl,  (3)  ordinuy  unitation  and  spedol 
lequiiemcDU  fo[  uobealtby  and  daiigeniU5  ioduitrics,  (3)  security 
BBainst  (cddeDta,  and  U)  pRVtntion  of  fnud  and  oppiesaon  in 
fulfilment  ol  wlge  contracts.  As  legards  the  fint  of  these  sul>- 
divi^oni,  ia  general  in  Enrape  the  ordinary  legal  limit  is  nthn 
wider  than  in  Great  Britain,  being  in  several  counttiei  not  lesa 
than  II  hounidsy,  and  while  Insoioe,  uin  Fiance,  the  aoiinal 
limit  is  10  hours  daily,  yet  the  gdministntivt  dlicretlon  in- 
granting  ntceptiom  b  talber  more  clastic  The  weekly  half- 
holiday  !i  a  peculiarly  BHliih  insillution.  On  the  other  band, 
in  levenl  European  counltle*,  notably  France,  Austria,  SwiUer' 
Imnd  and  Rnsda,  the  legal  maximum  day  applio  to  adult  aa 
win  IS  youthful  labour,  and  not  only  to  ipedaJly  protected 
classes  of  persons.  As  regards  specialized  saniuiion  tor  un- 
bealLhy  factory  industries,  Cerciu  regulation!  smku  to  be 
most  ncariy  comparable  with  BritiitL  Mines'  labour  (tgulatlon 
In  several  countries,  having  an  entirely  dlHerenl  origin  linked 
with  owaenhip  ol  mines,  i3  only  !n  few  and  most  recent  develop- 
menls  comparable  with  British  MXnea  RcguUlIoa  Acta.  In 
rcgulatloa  of  ^ops,  Cetmaoy.  treating  this  matter  as  an  integral 
part  of  her  imperial  fnduilrtal  code,  bu  admactd  farther  than 
has  Gnat  Britain.  In  truck  legislation  most  European  counlrici 
'  (with  the  exception  o(  France)  appear  to  hive  been  influenced 
by  the  lai  eaiHot  law*  of  Great  Britain,  although  in  sDme  retpecta 
Bclgiirai,  with  her  rapid  and  recent  industrial  development, 
has  Diade  interesting  originil  etperimcnta.  The  rule  of  Sunday 
real  (see  Sumdai)  has  been  eilended  in  several  couattiea, 
ant  recently  in  Belgium  and  Spain.  In  France  this  partially 
mttmpUd  lult  ha  been  BO  modified  u  to  be pnetball]' Bieventh 
dqr  kK;  oot  neccMulhF  Sunday. 


iDth*^G«o( 


wir  WHO,  iKFmBca.in 

{wBw  a  mamifttliiiwi)  foe  adults  by  the  law  of  the  9th  al 
■848  to  u  Q  Eb*  14.  Mud)  nnceitalntr  existed  ai  to  t 
workplaces  covered.  FloaD*,  Id  IMS,  an  audiarltatlve  iiumim 
defnal  ihea.aa  btdndint:  (0  IndiMnS  estaUUnBeats  wkb  Htat 
power  or  ceaiiiiii*!  farnaces,  (7)  worksbops  enHdoring  over  10 
•rorketi.  in  1891,  Bodec  eonftlon  of  potlficatloa  to  tbt  kcal 
authorities,  eicqKlooa,  itlll  la  fofcv,  were  mad*  M  the  general  Itsoita- 
tlon.  In  favour  of  ceettln  Induatrla  or  pnjtjjtLt,  amoiw  others  for 
leiieipreas  and  Uthofiaphle  nriniing,  engiiieerini  worfcL  work  at 
lumacca  and  in  heating  wnrkiAop*,  mapnfaclun  oTpnqectiks  b(  War, 
and  any  work  for  Ihexsvemincnl  m  the  interests  of  natkwal  derene* 


frfinfa^b?™^-''-''^-- 

a|c.<™.W<.re8> 


%iS 


inipkved,ia  iwto  Il.and  was 


^ypan of  age  and  prohibited  lUghl  labour  for  any 

.^.     This  waa  nreogtlieited  in  1S74,  particulariy  M 

tTfardtemplovnientol  girls  nnderll. but  it  wasBot  until  1891  that 
the  Unur  o(  moien  waa  qieciatlyRgulated  by  a  law,«lli  in  force, 
with  certaia  aaiendnients  is  1900,  Under  diia  law  factory  and  worll- 
shop  labour  la  prohlblled  for  children  under  13  yeara,  though  they 
may  beglB  at  II  If  quillBed  by  the  neacribed  alucatioBal  cenlficata 
aod  BuiUcal  ceniScate  of  Itneai.  The  limit  cf  daily  hours  of  em- 
ployment Is  the  lane  aa  lor  adult  labaur,  and,  ahnlbcly,  fioBi  the 
I  at  of  April  1903  waa  ro|,  and  two  yean  later  betame  10  hoarafn  the 
i\.  Notice  of  the  houn  muit  be  affiled,  and  nml-timn  or  pauK* 
By  the  act  ol  ligi  one  day  in  the  weelc.  not  oecesaarily  Sunday,  had 
to  be  given  lor  entire  absence  from  arorlr,  in  addition  to  eight  rero^ 
niied  annual  holidays,  but  this  was  modified  by  a  law  of  i«0«  whicli 
generally  requires  Sunday  real ,  but  altotra  lubstitutlon  of  another  day 
in  certain  IndualjieB  and  cenala  dieumitanceB.  NIghl  labour- 
work  between  9  r.u.  and  5  jlk.^i  prohibited  for  workers. under  It, 
and  only  oc^tionally  permitted,  under  ^condltionL  for  girisand 
women  over  ll  in  ipeofied  tratks.  In  mines  and  undnground 
quarries  enipk>ynKnt  of  women  and  girls  it  prohibited  eacepl  at 

factories.   Boys  of  13  may  be  employed  m  certain  work  underground, 
but  under  16  may  not  be  employed  rrwn  than  g  hnun  in  the  aa  from 
bank  to  bank.    A  isw  of  igas  provided  for  minera  a  9 
and  In  1907  an  B  hours'  day  from  the  foot  of  the  entn 


'S5fi!"- 


ively.     In  I 


9  of  Inspection  enfc 


gallery 


phyocal  fitness  for  the 

..„,, ,_  _.  -.., ._.  ,_.  -jrtaiD  occupations  and 

processH  are  prohibited— *x,  girls  under  16  at  machines  worked  by 
treadhM,  and  the  weights  that  may  be  lifted,  puihed  or  carried  by 
girli  or  boys  under  18  an  carefully  specified.  The  law  applies 
grnerally  to  philanthrcqilc  and  religiouB  institutiona  where  indubtrial 
work  is  earned  on,  as  10  ordinary  trvUna  estabUHhmeola;  and  thb 
holds  good  even  S  the  work  U  t>v  way  of  technical  inatruction. 
Domeidc  srorlEshops  an  not  controlled  unlcs!  the  induitry  it  claued 
at  dangerous  or  unhealthy;  Introduction  of  motor  powa  hringa  them 
under  biapectlon.  General  laDltation  in  iiulustrial  oatabliBbmenlt  is 
provided  for  ia  a  law  of  1893.  amended  in  1903,  and  is  lupplcmenud 
by  admiiditruliie  tetnlationa  for  ipecial  risks  due  to  powona,  duat, 
eiplnlve  substances,  gaaea,  fnmes,  Sc.  Vestnatlon,  both  general 
and  tpKlal.  lighting,  provijon  of  lavatories,  doakroomi,   good 

placet,  thoips,  winrhauiet,  mianrant  Utchens.  snd  when  wvkrn 
are  lodged  by  their  emploven  hycieatc  condltloni  an  piesoibed  for 
dormitories.  In  many  tndualnea  ironen,  children  and  young 
worken  an  dther  abuIuCcly  eicluded  from  tpedfied  unhcahhy  pro- 
cesses, or  an  admitted  only  nitder  conditions.  At  regards  sbops  aod 
offices,  the  labour  lawi  are:  one  which  protiela  ^iprentlcet  agaiolt 
overwork  flaw  of  Jjnd  Febrmrv  iBsi).  one  (law  of  i9tfa  December 
1900}  which  requires  that  aeatl  ihall  be  provided  for  wimen  aod  glrb 
employed  in  retail  tote  of  artidci.  and  a  decree  of  the  iSth  of  July 
1904  dehning  in  detail  cooditiona  of  hyriene  hi  dormllDries  for  work- 
men aiidthopataiitants.  The  law  relating  to  aealt  ia  enforced  by  the 
inspectors  of  factories.    In  Ftaace  there  la  no  ipedat  penal  legiila- 

Suc*SM'frmn"!^gea.  alt  hoilgh  bll&  ™i  that  end  l"  view  have 
Irrquenlly  been  before  parliament.  Indirect  protection  to  worken 
i!  no  dount  in  many  caiea  afTorded  in  organised  indurlrie*  by  the 


Btlnum.—ia  1S48  In  Belgium  the  COfnmltdon  on  Labour  pro- 
poRdlcgiilatbn  10  limit,  as  in  France,  the  houn  of  bbour  for  adullt, 
but  this  ptopoial  wu  never  passed.  Beyan  legulailon  d  bboui 
in  Induitry  nnuin)  eaaeotlal^.  In  ^rmony  with Itl  earHett  bc^n- 
ningi  in  I  Jtj  and  onwards,  a  seriea  of  tpecialiied  provisloni  to  meet 
particular  risks  of  Indi^dual  trade*,  aoddid  not,  untA  igtg.glvf  any 
adhennce  lo  ■  common  prhvdple  of  limitation  ot  hours  and  times  or 
labour  for  "protected  "penoas.  THtwasinthelawof  the  131b," 
l>e«mber  1889,  which  applies  to  mhica.  ouarrtes.  lactones,  work- 
ihopt  classed  at  unhealthy,  nlurvea  lod  docks,  tranapont.  As  in 
Fiance,  industrial  uubUthments  having  »  chariuble  or  pbilaothro^ 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 


ICONTINENTAL  EBROPe 


or  cdncUiaBil  chiracUi  ui  bcliidHl.  The  ptimu  jnHaiti  in 
fiH«  ud  woian  UDdv  II  ywii  »d  boyi  uadvr  |&;  aad  vmncd 
svtr  II  «ly  &oi  ■  plua  is  tlw  law  thnMgti  ihi  pnAJbiiian  of  thcu 
•m^oyniflDt  within  four  vrnln  Hficr  diildbirttx,  Ab  the  boun  of 
bjjwr  of  adult  worn  miwin  onliurily  unlimiwd  by  law,  id  ir 
^ltaun<di)ayiIn)iB  l6[all.  Tlie law ci<  Sunday  nt  dated Ibe 
■Ttli  al  July  190J.  bowtvir,  ■ppUa  w  labour  gcaaiOy  in  all  in- 
duRrial anduninBcial undutaUnai  oont  iniupoR  and  fiiberich 
wiJh  wiain  regulated  eueptnu  lor  ^j  caa<a  ol  hieakdavn  or 
ur^Dcy  due  u  /ercf  jwa^ntrj,  (Al  ceftaui  npain  and  cleanidf.  if] 
p^ibabk  materials,  (J)  letu  und  mpply-  Vnuiw  wwIkti  ate 
eacluded  troa  the  exantioni.    The  abeoluli  probiUiiiHi  o'  eni' 

C'  ynient  are;  for  childjm  uiHkr  It  yon  ia  may  iDdiulry.  manu- 
lurinv  or  mioiof  or  larupwXj  moA  for  wodko  and  sirii  under  ai 
yvMn  bdow  the  lurface  ia  working  of  nunoe.  Doyi  luder  lb  yrara 
and  vamcn  and  girle  under  >1  yewi  nay  in  fuenl  not  be  «n- 
ployedbe£ore5a.H,  oraftcr9P-M.,andoBeday  wtlMiinrcnittobe 
■et  apart  to€  reit  frooi  cnployokcat:  to  tbeeo  nitea  eueption  may 
be  nade  other  by  royal  d«ree  for  cLuaea otrduib of  promaea, « 
by  local  authmuin  ia  cuxptiaaal  caiea.  The  BKxpCBU  may  be 
applied,  feneralty,  Daly  to  worlfieru  over  14  vearL  but  in  mjnca,  by 
royal  docree,  boyi  over  ii  ywa  may  be  enplaycd  from  4  a-H.  The 
lawof  tBBoiiKCaDnlyamaaimumorja  bouraot  eRfctiwwoflcIobe 
inlerrupted  by  paiuei  for  rot  of  not  let*  than  14  houn,empDWTrinK 
tba  king  by  decree  10  formulate  more  predat  linula  euitod  to  tbv 
tp«ial  cinUDUtancci  of  individual  indidtriea.  Royal  decreet  have 
accocdingly  bid  down  the  conditiona  for  many  group^  including 
ttilile  IndeK  Diaoutaclure  of  pvcr,  pottery,  glut,  clothing,  mino. 
quarrwa,  enBinecring  and  printiiw  worica.  To  aoine  the  daUy  limit 
ia  Lobourm,  but  in  more  iO|or  It  noun.  In  ■  fsw  ocrptionany  urn 
bBlthy  Indei.  uch  la  the  manufactuicodudfcr  matcho,  vulania- 
lion  01  india-rubber  by  maane  of  carbcn  bi-iulphidc  the  age  of  ei- 
cljvon  fivm  employment  hii  been  rued,  and  in  tbo  bU'tumcd 
procesa  haura  have  been  reduced  to  5,  Lnoken  Into  two  ipetia  of  >t 
houra  rach.  A«  a  rule  the  conditiDU  of  health  and  ■afoguarding  s< 
cmploymenta  in  euxptjonaliy  injurioua  tiadea  have  been  iotvht  by 
a  leriia  ol  deciees  under  the  law  of  1(163  relating  to  public  haUlb  in 
auch  induitriea.  Special  re):ulationt  for  ufely  i3  woTkcn  have  been 
introduced  in  manufacturea  of  white-lead,  oiidea  of  lead,  chtmute 
of  lead,  lucifer  match  worla,  rag  and  ahoddy  worln;  and  for  danger* 
common  to  many  iodiutrie^  pRndsoaa  agairut  duit,  soliona, 
accident*  and  other  riika  to  health  ct  limb  have  kwen  codined  in  a 
deciKofiSgfi.  Aroyal  decneof  tbejittof  March  looj  prohlblla 
emplcmnenl  of  penons  under  16  yean  in  lur-puiUng  and  in  carotiing 
si  nbUt  bUu.  and  aintber  of  the  lllb  of  May  1903  ngulMesuKoi 
lead  in  bouse-paintinf.    In  1S9I  a  law  waa  paiicd  to  enable  tlw 

Sthoritico  to  deal  wiui  riaka  in  quarriea  under  the  same  proccdure- 
i«y  in  roinei  [which  are  not  private  property,  but  lUte  concea- 
aiou  to  be  worked  under  atiict  atate  control)  hu  been  prrMded  tor 
ainoe  1S10-  In  maltcra  of  hygiene,  until  1B99  tbc  powen  of  the 
puljlic  hraltb  aulhorilia  to  ioterveoe  wen  iniulficlent.  and  a  law 
WB9  pawd  luthoriiinc  the  government  to  make  i 
kind  ol  risk  in  any  uodertakinf,  whether  dasse 

public  health  or  not.    By  a  ipecial  law  of  1S8S ,_... 

penooA  under  iS  yean  are  oduded  Emm  employiDent  aa  pcdlara, 
hawkers  or  in  citcuiea.  eacept  by  tlidr  parenla,  aod  tlicn  only  if  they 
haveatlained  t4yeara.  Ahuieiof IhetruektyMemhave.aiDcelSS?, 
been  regulated  with  care.  Thechief  objectaof  tbelawof  tU7  were 
to  iccure  payment  in  full  to  all  workcn,  other  than  those  in  agri- 

in  public-houiea.  and  to  lecure  prompt  payment  of 
^uctioni  were  permilted  under  careful  controJ  for 
■  -•■-——    lodging,  uie  of  lar-"    ■•-■■■ ' — ' 


iTuJTS 


pay. 


it  local  admiei: 


lyai  order  of  the  TOth^  October  190^  reqt 

piDcesaa.   TheliHoIIhe  ijth  ol  June  i^ieguIaK 

of  the  workiag  rules,  the  natuie  and  rate  oJ  fines,  if  any.  ^d  the  mode 

of  their  application.    Two  cen'    ■    -  -  ■        -■  -    ' 

and  the  factvy  aod  workabop 

indioted.    There  ia  aln  ■  >y 

regblatidna  relating  to  iodustna  cuhco  aa  unne^iiny.  dlii  lue 

tendency  baa  been  to  ^n  the  aupreme  control  in  these  niailcn  (o  the 

Eactory  service,  with  ica  eipcrt  staff. 

ffsBwd.— The  first  law  tor  regulation  of  labour  la  manulacture 
waiMaed  in  1874,  and  this  related  only  locmploymcatol  children. 
The  basis  of  all  eidating  Rgulatkxis  irai  established  la  the  law  of  the 
Sth  of  May  il8g,  which  appEea  to  all  Industrial  uodertakingi.  ca- 
cludtag  aeneulture  and  forestry,  fishliw,  stock-rraiing.  Employ- 
ment of  childred  under  11  ycanisprobiblted.aDd  hours  are  limited 
lor  young  persona  under  IG  and  for  women  M  My  an.  These  pro- 
ttctcd  peraon*  may  be  eicluded  by  royal  deem  iron  unhealthy 
industrMa,  and  such  Industrie*  are  uedfied  in  1  decree  of  iSn 
which  aupoaedc*  other  earlier  itgulatKna.  Houra  of  trnptoymr— 
.  ..  ._.,^_..  jp^„, ,._  _. . 


,  which  hour  must  no 


rorfaoom.   ^Voik  befc.  .,  ..... , .,  — - ^  -,-„,  „— 

rork  on  tecogidud  holidays  is  generally  prohibited,  but  there  are 

(ceptfona.   fXertime  f rom  7  to  10  r.u..  under  coaditionB,bnnowed 
or  women  nod  young  worton,  and  Sund^  work  for  womn,  tw 


iag  of  DadrinRv,  psocuitioaa  against  lidi  fran  In  and 

ten  are  provided  fix.  The  BtaiMdKnDE  of  hsciler  mittbei 

by  means  of  while  pbospkoiua  waa  larbUdeB  and  the  cnan,  iinpoitv 

tmn  and  ale  waa  rcgakled  bv  a  law  of  th*  iMi  of  May  1001.    Br 

egulalion  el  the  16th  of  Match  1904  pniviaaoa  for  tallty  and 

Llth  of  womai  and  young  werken  wan  kngtheood  in  pr 

Bounds  or  other  ^Disans  aix  asedi  and  Ibeir  ( 

tdi^nl 
vented  by  the  a 
employen  and  '"^ 
of  disputes. 

AnlicrJaiid.— In  SwiUcrland  aepantt  caalonal  lendalioa  pre- 

pared  the  way  for  the  geaenl  Federal  labour  law  of  ajj  on  wUck 

-  batqatnt  legislatkHi  reata,    Swl  kgislatioa  it  also  isniimal  aa 

■M  at  Federal,  but  in  tht  latter  (ken  it  oaly  —t'*-"™'  pr 

larpietalioa  of  the  piinciplaa  eoataiiied  ia  Iba  law  of  iSn,  whcieaa 

nlonal  legitlaliaa  coven  indastriea  aat  inchided  uader  tka  Federal 

— V,  r^  ttulc  workaaanplaycd  ia  a  tiadt  (nsffHr)  andeiaaloymeat 

in  shopt,  offices  and  hotdt.   TheFedciallaw  BappGedloIaiwtie^ 

■orkshopt  emplmrbig  young  perannt  under  18  or  mora  thaa  li> 

worken.  and  workthopa  ia  which  unbtallfay  or  danferous  croiMea 

'on.    Mineaaicnot  inclndad,  butaRraulatediaaonM 

.,-, _  regarda  health  and  saEety  by  canioAal  laws.    Further, 

the  Law  of  Empla|«i'  Liability  l8ii-lU;  w>--<-  -  '  '  ■' 
... — : ■._.  apintt^ecileais  aiw  re 

iaTM,'tothecr(at~inio(BipL ,— ,— .- 

which  theiv  an  few.  have  to  be  inspected  once  B_year  by  a  mining 
mguieer.  The  majority  of  the  pmUoaa  of  the  Federal  labour  law 
ipply  to  adult  wctftccn  of  both  seaes,  and  the  pneral  limit  of  (tie 
I  i-boun' day,  exduafve  of  at  least  one  hoar  foe  loeak,  appUea  to  men 
■a  weH  as  wooien.    The  latter  have,  however,  a  kgal  dniiB,  when 

Shave  a  household  to  manage,  to  leave  work  at  the  dinner-liauf 
snhoureatlierthanthemen.  Menand  unmarried  women  may 
be  employed  in  such  subsldisry  work  as  cleaning  btfoct  or  eltIT  tho 
cennl  Iml  limits.  On  Saturdays  and  eves  <(  tkc  eight  psbUc 
hoUdaystbe  I1-baun'ifciyisRdiicedta  10^  Suaday  work (udnirtt 
work  an  fbrlndden,  but  ejEceptions  are  pcrmttta]  conditionany. 
Night  work  Is  definad  aa  8  T.u.  to  s  kU.  In  sumoier,  8  r.H.  to  6  A.H.  Ln 
winter.  Cfaildrta  arc  excluded  from  empkpyinent  la  mjTkplaceB 
under  die  law  untH  14  yean  of  age.  and  untiF  16  must  attend  con- 
tinuatlaa  achocJ*.  ZUeh  caston  haa  Sued  the  working  day  for 
women  at  10  houn  generally,  and  4  houn  on  Saturdays  and  eves  oS 
faoUdays,  Ule-VUle  caoton  has  the  aame  limiti  and  provides  that 
.1.. 11^:.^  c — I imploynient  permitted  shall  be  eompen- 


LT. 


_  in  nil 


, .^.,  /lay  en 

■aled  by  double  time  off  on 

eantsoa  girlt  under  18  are  not  petmllteil 

cantons  ctcept  Glarua  the  condjiianal  o\ 

"d^tauH 


Sanitaiy  reKulitioni  and^fendng  of  marhlnrry  are  provided  for 
withcansideTable  minutenesslnaFedenlderreeaf  1897.  Tke plan* 
of  every  new  factory  must  be  aubmitteil  10  the  cantonal  govern- 
ment. In  the  case  ol  lucifer  match  iactones^  not  only  the  buUding 
but  methods  of  manufacture  must  be  subnutled.  Snce  1901  thfl 
nUTiulacluTe,  sale  and  im  poll  of  matches  contaming  white  phcaphorua 
have  been  lortildden.  Women  must  be  abaent^iom  empklynicit 
during  eight  weelit  befoiT  and  alter  chikibirth.  In  certain  dangemta 
occupations,  t^.  where  lead  or  lend  compounds  are  ia  use,  woman 
may  not  If^ly  be  employed  during  pregnancy.  A  resolution  of  the 
federal  CDuncit  in  1901  clased  thirty  four  different  lobstancts  In  use 
In  industry  aa  daiKcrous  and  laid  down  that  in  case  of  dearly  deRned 
illness  of  worken  directly  caused  iiy  use  of  any  of  tbettaubstuce*  the 
Kabilicy  ptoindcd  by  article  J  ol  the  taw  of  the  igth  of  June  18S1. 
and  article  I  of  the  bw  ol  the  16th  ol  April  18S7,  shouhj  apply  to  the 
manufacture.  L«islative  provision  against  abuses  of  the  truck 
rystem  appnra  taK of  Arfier  origin  In  Swicnrland  (17th century) 
than  any  oiher  European  coontry  outride  England  (ijth  oatitUT). 
The  Federal  Labour  Law  1S77  generally  pmUbict  paymant  of 
mam  nthrrviie  than  ui  Current  com.  and  pnvldea  that  no  daduc- 
epntraet.  Some  of  the 
IrElsh  act  of ' 


le  made  without  ai 


aRtOnal  laws  go  muc) 


al  pacecd  half  a  day'] 


nriajft  in  I 
■^  maduaety. 


appointed  by  the  Federal  Govemment  a 


COimNKKTAL  EOROPEl 

llUDUffaAUt 


cfulilSofi  of  the  coB^tfom  df  labeur  in  indiDlry 

, _— --  - ^  t«crniu  eapin  jt  atrtHied  for  in  Ihe  InpaiAl 

ladiuirlilCadtuilthcadaiaftheFtilml  Council  bued  Ihcnon. 

mBl»tia|  chiki  bbriBT, ducd  tbcwKb cf  Minh  190J.  >likh  nluea 

InliMnlCodK  THiCoikiibunloBiuUgTiiiduarBlaKlHolllK 
inuMc  Nate*,  but  win  c^cciilly  ca  lb*  Cods  at  1M9  el  the 

Notth  IT Ill  Cufednlka.    It  ipitliri  lo  slHle  or  la  put  id  all 

■ad  JBdiutflal  oocnadvB.  mpt  toimpBit,  fiifctrla  (ad 

Man.    Miaw  •»  oaCr  lachM  n  (ir  u  tniefe  Sandiy  ud 

-  — ■   laokibilioa  M  tnplByiiMM  uadntniuid  o(  mouIe 

an  c<  tin  homy  of  iwan  tad  jiowny  voHicrt  *n 

>i  do  Iba  nuriiw  !■«■  otth*  ^Kmtac  tttta.    To 
'  iduitiU  Cod*  hi  mridiH,  it  fa  nccHBiy  to 

,_.mtid  polilkal  htocofy  of  tha  miplR.  tho 

u  admiAaulDii  by  ibo  lidmttd  Mata,  and  the  (conUy 

Boble  povcn  mRd  in  adndnlitimtfoB  «  Inldithif  rsfoli. 

liDM.  'nelnduMil  Cede  «iqnid/fet>iupawErf«  the  umie 
WdMB  tvtHil  tddlliou  M  eicFptians  te  the  Code  whldi  la  my 

K'  ■  nte  mty  im  piat  of  tlw  law  rccufattng  faavia  there. 
Code  (onSke  tha  Auitriin  Indi»«Tial  Cede)  liyi  down  no  genenl 
UrailforaTiDnnalworkinffdayformdaltnulewDrhen,  but  linn  lioi 
liiipeii«*en(ftin1tatbelniparlalfovsnUDRitti>liiidt  boon  far 
«ay  iJaBia  of  mrtoa  In  lodaatriat  Man  hcbhIvb  Icaglh  af  ibe 
nUai  day  tadufen  tha  health  ol  the  mftor  (ILCa  1  1K«). 
t^cviouiljrapplkatM  had  been  okade  «f  powen  to  reduce  the  wofkii^ 
dty  lo  luch  anhcalthy  iadditiiei  aa  lOming  of  mirron  by  totfctiry 

niolnclaw^ alio lioited hoDn o( minen.  Sunday kksu.uiiIIsi, 
Hnnd  lar  awry  cUm  of  wotkcn,  coninKrdal,  iaduuiltl  iiM 
_z-: —      • 1  L-«j — ,  „,„  ij^  ■cured  oo  dwnA  lotivab. 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 

foad  conduct 


ditjooap  AjiuapanantdiitiDGdonhBat- , _.. 

the  icguIatioBa  lor  houn  aJid  timea  of  labour  for  protected  penoni 
(vmieih  youag  pefwui  and  childreD).  Settiny  aside  for  the  nunient 
lARi  of  uupadiiitanta  (whkA  an  under  neciat  lectlofH  ilncc  1900). 
It  li  u  "  factory  wnricen  "  anl  not  to  nouitnal  iwckan  En  ^enenl 
thai  thbe  lunita  applyi  allhougb  they  atay  be.  and  in  aome  iaitancca 
bin  bRn.  further  enendcd— for  iimwue.  in  Rady>inade  cloduiit 
mdo— by  ImpeiUl  dtcne  to  morlahnpa.  and  by  the  Child  Labour 
Law  of  T^  iTnlaiion  of  the  imiH  iDd  duntion  of  enplciyitieBt  of 
thPdign  ■■  much  vtnngtlienai  in  ToriodiDpa,  coaiBBTtr,  trtMn^ian 
•ad  doaeitic  Induuriei.  The  teem  "  [actory  "  ^FaMi)  ia  net  de- 
hard  Id  the  Code,  hut  it  !■  dear  from  vatloua  deciwou  of  the  tuprrme 
QHirt  that  it  only  in  part  coinddea  with  tlie  Euliih  term,  aad  ttut 

pmr,  rank  rather  aa  Engtbh  work^loH-  The  rUatinrtioD  w  nthcr 
MCaau  ■IwlViik  —Tinfiicturioi  induftry,  vith  Hbdtvwon  of 
labour,  and  muU  tndualry,  when  the  empJow  wvrki  biniKlL 
Cenua  daiaca  of  undstakint,  vit.  lorta.  timber-yanli.  dock- 
yarda,  btickfidda  and  open  quanio,  arc  ■pcdiieally  nuked  u 
lactorie*.  EiDploynentoI'pnitaned  pcnorwat  thssirfucof  ninea 
and  mdecxround  quarrien,  and  in  alt  norka  and  on-diaaiiac  worki, 
and  fif  b^a  uoderfroiind  cooua  uibler  the  factory  reguUtioDi. 
Tboe  <sdude  chifdrca  from  empfoyawnt  under  13  yean,  and  even 
later  H  an  edocationiil  cntUiaie  Ua  not  been  obivivd:  unlli  14 
yean  boun  of  aiaiiloynunt  may  wt  axSHd  6  In  the  14.  In  procnaea 
andoccuMiioat  undaribi  ninof  tha  ChUd  Labour  Lavduldren 
may  not  be  employed  by  thck  parcnta  or  fuardiana  befon  10  yran 
of  atre  or  by  other  employcn  befon  >>  yean  of  aee:  nor  tKtwetn 
the  Eeun  of  S  r.H.  indS  a.H..  nor elherwlK  than  in  full  conj^ana 
with  rvatjlrenenta  ol  educatlona]  authorities  tof  tcbool  attendance 
and  with  dua  regard  to  pnaaibed  pauieL  In  aehooi  term  tine  the 
daily  limit  of  euiployq^at  for  ehildnn  ia  thiet  hour^  in  holiday  time  I 
three  boun.  Aa  revarda  facioriei  Germany,  unlike  CiAI  Britain, 
Fmncr  and  SwitieE^nd,  rrq jiiea  a  aharter  ity  for  youiifl  penou 
than  for  women-  -JQ  bovrv  for  the  fomier,  11  boun  for  ihe  btirr. ' 
Women  ovv  16  yean  may  be  employed  II  houn.  Night  work  ii 
(orbHilin.  i'.*.  work  betweia  8 jo  ».».  aad  5.10  *J«.  Overtime  may 
be  enured  to  meet  vnforearen  preiaure  or  [or  work  on  pcriihable 
nrtfiea,  nnder  mndilion^  by  local  authodtiei  and  the  higher  ad- 

balf-hour  for  chlMnn  in  theittlmir^:  (or  jnwnriKtaana  a  mid-day  : 
pvuie  of  one  hoar,  and  half  an  hour  mpectivwm  tha  mominfl  and 
4Cienibon  ipelli;  lor  women,  an  hour  at  mid-day,  but  women  with 
the  care  of  a  houeehoM  have  the  claim,  on  deoiind,  to  an  eitn  biH- . 
boar,  aa  In  Swiucrland,  No  woman  may  be  employed  within  four 
weche  after  cUldbmh,  and  <mls«  a  nedkal  eotUeate  (aa  then  he 
prodocad.  (be  abaenca  auut  eiOtBd  Is  <ii  wttka.  Nniica  of  working 
perioda  and  meattlmea  mnit  be  affixed,  and  co^iee  Km  to  the  local 
authoiltla.  Emplaymtnt  <€  pioteeted  penoni  in  bctoty  induUriei 
^1— „  k*,^,..  _  JL„^t  ^.ita  «1  v^i,b  ^  MMmi[tv  may  1^  i^mUA/*^ 

, , ,J«Cb^ 

emplormtBi  ot  chOdRB  la  loibidder  -  ■^--'— ■ 

cfaunaer  •weeping,  nnet  cleaning  > 
mi.    By  aa  order  of  the  Federal  Coiindl  in  tw» 
■^  ■   ■  -  in  rm|«  and  w 


wereew^ded  Tr 


m.  By  the  Chilil  Labour  Law 
.-  in  brickwDiki,  Hone  btcakigg, 
and  other  proman  and  occupa- 


any  pMHMB  imdi 

Indqitrila  and  1 
ala  Rfulaled  I 


lioa.  PnhibltiociaaftnickiniBodilnalieiw— 
waf  oth«r»fa«  than  In  camnt  eo&  apply  n 
a  coBtBct  of  BHTica  with  an  mploytr  fcr  a 
doMiial  pnnMei;  memben  of  a  famHy  mrUai 
band  an  not  induded;  ontworlten  an  cuviareC 
I  dedueiJoai  from  wagca  applica  oa^  b>  betmy 

1  abopa  enploylnf  at  Itaat  »  worhen.  ShM  horn 
by  nqidrinc  ah^  to  ba  doaed  geMnlty  ttcanoa 

1 JL.  by  icqnlriiit  ■  GUI'     "'  "    '  "' ' 


nkMtyraiornbc 

liianti.   tVie  limit!  can  be 

Notice  of  honn  and  worUng 

ie  ooon  of  compuleory  dodar  i^ 

cuae  to  houte  ia  forbidden.    Coder 

tha  a»il  aide,  every  employer  la 

■uuuu  ma  silopl  evcty  Doiaihla  nieaiuR  lor  maintaining  the  lalely, 
health  and  goad  enndnct  of  bit  emphwta.  By  aa  enter  ot  the 
Imperial  Chancellar  under  the  ConmefCMl  Coda  aeala  miMt  be  frO' 
viiied  for  coinmardal  aadacaata  aad  awalka*. 

.taiMa.— Tha  InddMital  Cod*  of  Awtrit,  which  b  ia  ptcaeat 
outline  (modfigd  by  later  euclnuiM  daua  fiwn  iMj,  mutt  be 
eaiernlly  diitlnniibKl  from  lh<  InduiCtlBl  Code  of  the  Uiwdom 
of  Hungary.  The  latter  i^  owing  te  the  pndomlaantly  agrkiillnBl 
character  of  the  papuktion,  ol  later  origin,  and  hardly ^ad  pnetkal 
focoa  before  the  law  of  iGoj  pievidgd^  for  lanectkia  and  pnvaa- 
tleo  of  acddcati  in  factenei.  No  aepanie  miaing  code  HdHt  In 
Hungary,  and  coodition*  of  labour  an  regulated  bf  tha  AuBriaa 
lawofi854.  The  truck  lyMcm  ia  repmaed  on  Ihiea  elmilar  ta  Ihsee 
bi  Aaetria  and  Germany.  Aa  ngardi  limitation  of  boon  of  adult 
laboar.  Hungry  may  be  eenmaied  with  both  tboaa  empina  In  that 
riQ  iBtrictioit  of  houn  appUea  either  to  men'l  er  women'i  boun, 
wbereaa  In  Aurtrlan  factonea  both  an  Umltad  to  an  ll-houn'  day 
with  exceptional  owrtime  for  which  payment  maat  alwayi  be  made 
to  the  worker.  The  AuHiinn  Code  haa  In  origin.  hHrevar,  like  the 
Britiih  I^eiary  Acta,  In  pnlectfon  of  chOd  tthoar.  Itx  pmeni  anw 
h  detannhied  by  the  Imperial "  fteest "  of  tSj9,  and  all  Induirlal 
labour  h  Induded  except  iidnini;.  traaipen.  haheriea,  fenairy, 
agiicultnn  and  damaRK  biduitrlea.  FactoHei  an  deKned  a> 
Including  indmtriea  in  wlwA  a  "  manulactaring  pieceaa  ia  carried  en 
In  an  endoted  place  by  Ihe  aid  of  not  leaa  tlun  twenty  worfcen 
werUng  with  aiaeUnea,  with  nbdhrldoa  of  labour,  and  nndcr 
an  employer  who  doea  M«  himadi  maaBally  anlat  ia  tbe  woiic." 
—-"—  liandlcmft  indnitrlea  the  cempuliory  gild  ayttem  ef 

itill  appUea.    In  every  hidUHnd  eatabliihmenl.  latfe 

the  isnitary  and  niety  pnvidana,  teneral  reqairemiBt 
'  iHt-  and  annual  htdkuya  (wfth  coadHional  eaceptlona), 

—  *  ■■-■ -  of  the  agen  of  chiU  labeurapply 

a,tc..  la  prohibited  only  in  factory 


pniUUtlonc 
HightwKfcfarw 
indlHtrieai     lor 


8r.H.ta 

,jbediaal 

ikMay,  and  LI  ibe  1 


u  and  j^temoon  epellk  c 


^ . atCou  mm  be  given.  ChUdnn 

nay  nee  be  inployed  in  indnuW  weifc  bifen  la  yean,  and  then 
only  t  heen  a  day  at  week  that  h  not  iniuiioui  and  if  ed 

: . ■     -^  ,—  ol  employment  ■-  -' 

(EaaudiaawillMitl 


A^^^S^      __ 

Odcupatlaa  wlAIn  one  month  after  dL 

unhealthy  Indiaicrlea,  ^Am  cenihcatca  of  autluriiatian  fma 
aathoriliia  meat  be  oM^aed  by  Imcading  oecnpien.  condlii 
health  and  adety  for  worten  tan  be  laM  down  la  ■»<  «•: 
The  Mioiinr  of  the  Interior  it  enpowend  to   ' 


lerpbfdall 


mii^  law,  enslsyiamt  of  womea  ud  girb  underieouiHl  la  pre- 
bihltd;  boye  liaa  i>  to  16  (Ad  gMi  frau  11  to  il  may  eidy  be 
•mnlmiHf  at  light  work  abovc  gieund;  la  ia  the  earliaet  age  of 
"loyi undHyeund'  Theahiftatrom  banklobinlimiwt 


admiiiien  for  boyi  nndiTgnund'  "Die  ahiftat ri 


woriL  EadsyiMtDMbwIitaMlaurilMneAJi^udi 
itkoun'dsallaik  Tina  ba  ns  piwirion  do  ml  koU 
pinilnt  duitr  br  HfMir,  bialtb  or  Bmiiny.  Sick  tad  acxiilni 
^ndi  tad  Hiigiiic  uMdadaBt  m  IcvMaad  lor  in  nlmttM  dnuL 
ne  lonl  to*  jpnividtB  for  iBlny  ia  ncrkiiii,  boi  iftclil  nils 
dnwn  OB  by  tht  dBtiict  ■!■  thorltka  by  daim  in  deaa  lltt  ceoditJso* 
oC  biBhb  ud  atety.  Ai  rnrd*  BUHlietiiriiic  indoitf]',  the 
ImJuaOi^  Code  IftBfl  BO  «N^'*^  oa  «i»ployeH  tc  r^ioft  ■mdwtt, 
•nd  UBdl  tha  Acodtn  Ihuiuib  L«*  al  tUf  atm  tow  fon 
BO  lUliitka  «EK  ««ikt>l>.  la  AiutiU,  uollka  Cernny,  tbc  lictiirv 
impKtonCc  ■  tfiamMd  IkAUBhoiiE  uodw  a  ccolml  durl  inapictar, 
£c«diiH>>«  CnuWiu.— Ia  Swcdea  the  Factory  Law  mi 
aaead(d  la  Janiwiy  1901 ;  la  Daaiaric  la  Inly  1901.  Unlil  itiil 
ytar,  bomvM,  Kontiy  mi  In  rnnot  ntpettM  io  advum  ol  tbc  Mher 
n»  cDuatfki  by  Ho  bw  of  itoa,  ^kb  applied  to  iaduRnal  nHu. 
hid«dln|Betal«o(fcio(aUliDidi«9da>diic.  Wonea  wen  Ihrt^y 
pnUUud  fna  eai)doyn«t:  M  aadettmuad:  W  to  deuui|  or 
SSmt  Mcbtoeiy  i^laotioi:  uTin^t  ito  wed>  alter ^hrrih, 
■nkBpravidedwiibamcdkalaitiicatcMattoitbailbey  mifM 
Rlum  at  th*  end  of  bxtr  wiiH  witbout  totury  to  health  1  W  in 
iliHnoiii,  lubnlthy  or  cnhauHliic  ttadea  durltif  nenuicy. 
Faiuer,  woffc  on  SuadiH  and  public  houdaya  i>  gnihiblted  to  all 
vnten,  adak  and  youiMid,.  wiUi  otnditianti  eiErpiiiiiu  under  the 
—•hority  of  tbc  iuoeetara.  Cbikbn  owr  11  am  idmlnod  to 
Mrial  Mfll  on  obtalnlic  cartificata  of  birth,  of  pbynl  Giiicai 
o4  aleiBaatvy  education.   The  houn  of  childmi  an  Uniiicd  to 

i.    All 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 

Tba  law  of  iHW  ptobibltB  anployBHBi 
and  UBder  loyianlBuodei| 


[UNinD  STAt^ 


6,withpa>iaia,*iidt^yeiiaf  seraanaCof  I4(olS  Veata]  to  to,  wi 

l^-.-i..  — ^  betweea  S  pji.  and  <S  AJi.lt  pnbibhad.    J 

r  a  oode  of  factory  nilaa  coBlaininff  t 


.    Night 
inn  an  entiOed  to  a  copy  I 

_jnaortliat«iln£tofwo>kd , 

with  the  anploycn  aod  lanctlaoed 


I  up  by  Rpveaantativeaof  enuc 
4  by  the  toapector.  Health  . 
totbtaUletbeBRiekwof  i(.^. 
tnde^  tod  la  1899  tuch 
t,  aiiniiar  to  loqic  of  the 
tmuan  rufs,  mi  nocany  prawiuif  jor  a  dental  ciamiBatiDD  four 
timva  yeariy  by  a  doctor.  In  Denmark,  ngulation  began  with  ua- 
hcallby  indiutriee,  and  it  wna  not  until  the  law  of  1901  came  into 
fane,  DO  the  litof  Janaary  toot,  that  childraa  under  Ilycanbava 
been  ovludcd  frofli  factofy  labour.   Conini  of  child  labour  can  ^~ 


•ulety  to  wockinc  an  piovickd  l«r 
Specal  nils  may  be  n— ^  '—  ■■- 
min  ware  eatabtahed 


coaoiuon  iwiumuon,  cpdic  afiaco,  uu|Miauin»  ugni;  an^nuiaieo 
is  detaiL  la  Denmark  die  ue  of  aridte  phoqihoRia  ia  aiaanfaclOR 
«f  luclfer  matobc*  baa  bacn  pR^bittd  rinee  1174,  aad  ««ia]  lafala- 
tiont  have  been  dawn  w  by  adminiitrailvcotdu*  which  atiMcthea 
'  sa  unheaK^or dangDOM toduatliea.  («.  dty^doaning 


woHu,  printing  worb  and  type  fdundnoi  In __ — 

iof  worio.  A  Ipeeial  act  of  the  6Ih  of  April  1906  ngulatca  laba 
and  laiutary  condition*  in  bakehouaet  and  confeetioflery  wortt^ 

Italy  1'  '— -     "-  -"-  ■"' ■— ' ■■-  ^--  ^ 

■      ■  —  mtwiBeaetoi 

a.  produced  a  eituatiofi,  aa  reguda  labour 

touch  oD  the  compaialiv^  linu^^acope  of  their  renlationa  at  the 
dome  at  the  aeriea.  It  ma  alated  by  ceoipetefit  a^  impartial  «l^ 
■envi  innn  each  of  the  two  couatriea,  at  the  International  Cdngrein 
DO  Ubour  Lawi  held  at  BruHela  in  i8n.  that  the  lack  of  adequate 
meaaun*  for  protectioa  (rf  diUd  labour  oad  inefficient  adnunjatimtion 
of  each  ngalatione  aa  eilat  wu  tbcn  ttivoniible  (or  abuae  of  their 


inaRjTdoB"  ISpiln). 

ItaUan  factoriea  aad  iaduBriea"  (ItatyST  la  both  count 
ponaDt  pragtBt  baa  iincc  been  made  in  organlalng  inipeci 
pmnting  accideata.  Ia  Spdn  the  Srtt  atep  in  the  din 
limltaiiDn  al  wontn'i  boura  of  labour  ma  taken  by  a  law 
which  look  eSect  to  1901,  in  ngulatlBu  Cnr  nrfunLn  oi  1 
labMiffbradultatn  11.  noting,  ini 

DndcrtaUng.  Labou  before  the  a>e  of  to  yean 
bMwc«6r.H.niidj|  AJa.wwpnhiWiod,  andpaweiiwEi<w-m  »> 
Riend  the  prohibition  of  nlgbt  work  to  young  peraontnoder  16  yean. 
The  labour  of  ehlliben  in  Italy  wu  antU  i9aa  ngolattd  In  the  main 
bv  a  law  of  1W6,  but  a  ra^  dean  of  ia99  olni^thened  it  bv 
cLuaing  oight  work  for  duldnn  under  T3  ynn  at  '*  iajuriom,*'  tuch 
work  belng-tbenby  geneially  prohibited  for  them,  though  encpti 
an  admitted;  at  the  name  iinie  It  waa  laid  dowa  that  diJMnn  fr 
t^to  I5ycanniight  not  be  employed  for  obOR  than  G  boura  at  aif 


<  In  any  coauaMCiBl 
n  and  night  work 


law  of  iHW  probibltt  enployaiBit  ef  ehadicn  under  g  yoaia  in 
«y  and  uaderloyianlBuodeniound  wintoc.  NUtwsrk 
omtn  mi  to  I  taly  bat  MhOrited  Sy  the  lawol  tbc  tglE  of  J  tua 
and  at  the  tame  tkaa  alto  foe  b^  Bodtr  H.  bat  tUt  fqniitiam 


190a,  and  at  the  tame  tkaa  alto  foe  boy*  Bodtr  H.  1 

waa  BD(  to  take  full  efleet  Iw,  S  ytan  aa  ncaidt  1 ,  _ 

employod!  by  the  aaaic  law  ptnont  uadarij  and  wones  at  any  an 
ven accorded  the  claim  to  one  day'atanplcta  net  ol  14  honnto  tba 
•neki  (he  age  of  onplinnaant  of  lUdrcB  to  beloriea,  wodahapa. 
Ubcratonea,  quaniea,  mine^  na  tailed  to  la  year*  fcnerally  and  14 
yean  for  umkigrDuad  work;  the  labatv  ti  Kaiab  workcn  of  Bur 
age  ni  probibiicd  ia  nadcfgRmad  mrk.  and  power  wu  nteived  to 
tunher  nunci  ud  ranbta  their  eBplwiMBt  **  wtU  at  that  o<  Data 
workBi  voder  I}.  &iato  and  Ita^,  Uic  tonDcr  by  the  law  of  tba 
ijihofMudi  I900,tbebtttrbytheb<iaf  tbaiothof  lunei»cn. 
prohibu  the  employment  of  woaieo  wilbto  n  find  period  ol  child- 
birlh  ^^aia  the  linut  b  three  weeka.  In  Itnly  ona  ■Both,  wbicb 
SuikUv  rett  b  troBfd  in  laduatrial  wcek^  aitb  iwdaled  eaceo- 
lioat  m  Spain  by  the  law  of  tk  ird  of  March  igo^Tlt  b  la  *£• 
ducctioD  of  IcBiang  and  other  aalmaidt  (gaiatt  aocidanta  and  aa 
reganlt  aaaitaiy  proviiiaoa,  both  ia  laduiUial  workpbcc*  and  m 
Hdact,  that  Italy  haa  made  aioit  advance  tiva  her  bw  of  Itaoior 
pnvntHaafaecfalenta.  Sptclal  meaauKt  ibriaevaadiB  o(  malaria 
an  rtqulcad  to  ahlvalion  01  ike  by  I  ailidtUfblciiGnlarof  the  SJnl 
of  Apnl  1903:  work  nay  not  he^  unlil  an  hour  aftii  tusibe  and 
mutt  (caaa  an  hour  helim  Buuet:  thildnB  aodir  15  ouy  Mt  b« 


idtotUato 


(A.H 


IV.  Umtio  Sung  . 

Under  the  lenenl  bead  o{  Libooc  Lesblalioii  all  Ameikui 
ttatute  lawt  reguktlns  bbour,  ill  condiilotia,  tad  the  tttatlcot 
frf  employer  atKl  empb^f  muu  be  daued.  IL  indudci  ^mhil 
what  b  properly  known  m  factory  legialatioi.  Labou  ^"*'>* 
tegiibiioD  belonfi  to  the  htler  half  el  the  iqth  eeatuty,  w  far 
as  the  United  Stalci  b  coacetiied.  Like  Ecglaiid  in  tbc  far  ptut, 
the  AoMiicau  in  coJooial  dayi  undeilook  to  ttgulate  wise* 
awl  prico,  and  bier  tbacBp)o)nDeBtolappRBtk(a.  Legiililka 
leltUoi  to  wafci,  and  prion  *fu  Iod(  ago  abtBdomd,  bat  the 
lava  aflcctlof  the  *fii|iloyiD»t  of  apprentlcet  ttili  eibt  ta  mne 

"""hot  attend  w  ol  old;  bai 


pailivoent  wiiLcd  to  regulate  the  labour  ol  factory  opeiativea, 
Tho  code  of  bbour  bws  of  the  preoent  tine  b  tlDOM  ealicdjr 
the  mull  of  tbc  induatrial  rtvolulloa  dniiDi  tbc  bCter  pan  o[ 
the  iSlh  century,  under  which  the  domestic  or  hud-bbout 


ayKcm 


at  a  tomewhat  later  date  than  in  England,  the  bbonr  leiiriMlan 
Dcccuiiitcd  by  it  belooKi  to  1  blec  date.  Hm  faclory,  M>  far 
aa  tciUtei  are  coDccmed.  wu  Ejmly  cstablithcd  b  Ametic* 
during  the  period  from  iSio  to  1840,  and  it  waa  natural  that  the 
English  le^abtion  found  Iriendi  and  advocatei  In  the  Unittd 
Slates,  although  the  rnoreobjectlonabtccaiiditloniaccoinpinyioi 
the  English  f acloty  were  not  to  be  found  there. 

The  first  aiiempt  to  iccurc  legiiluioa  refuUtlng  tactofy 
empioyment  rfbted  to  the  ho         "  '  ' '  ' 


Io  thin. 


..day. 


WIS  introduced  it  was  felt  that  the  tcniion  i«u!lin|  otUafti 
from  MMeded  machines  and  the  doie  attention  re-  '*  "*'  '■■■ 
quired  in  the  factory  ought  to  he  accompanied  by  a 
ihorler  workJiy.  This  view  look  firm  bold  ol  the  opeiatlvci, 
ud  was  the  chief  cause  ol  the  agilalloii  which  hai  rtiulted  to  t 
great  body  of  Jaws  applying  ia  very  many  directions.  At  early 
as  rSo6thecaDlkenaiid>hipbuildenaf  New  York  City  agitated 
fora  reduction  of  houn  to  ten  per  day,  but  no  legialation  followed. 
There  were  levenl  othei  atlempla  (o  tecure  lonie  legulatioo 
«e  to  boun,  but  there  waa  no  general  agitation  prior  Io  iSj  t , 
uachutetu  waa  the  atale  whicbfirit  recogoieed  the  necemily 
of  regulating  employnient  (followbig  In  *  measure,  and  10  far  is 
condillOQi  demanded,  the  En^iifa  Uboui  or  ttctaty  legisblion), 
(be  history  of  such  legiilttion  in  (hat  a(ate  b  todiMlive  ol  UiU 
in  the  United  Staid,  and  at  it  would  he  impoaaibb  tn  thb  «nida 
(0  give  a  detailed  history  of  the  orlgiD  of  lain  In  the  dif  eteni 
states,  the  dates  of  their  enactment,  and  tfadi  picvidona,  It  II 
best  to  foUcw  primarily  the  counc  of  the  Eastern  alatea,  uul 
eapedally  that  of  Uamchnietti,  where  (be  firitflEKialafilMloB 


UHiraDSTATESI 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 


look  plicc  ind  [be  fint  lam  were  cnuMd.    Ttuit  iMte  in  i8]6 

icEuIalcd  by  liT  the  qunitoD  o[  [lie  education  ol  yoant  ptiMiu 
employed  in  manufactuiinc  aUbliihraeoti.  The  legulKkiD  of 
boun  ti  Ubouc  wit  ^maty  diicuBed  in  iSji,  lod  levcnl 
IcKiiliiive  corainitieea  and  commiinoiu  nported  upon  il,  tnit  no 
nedfic  action  on  thegcneiml  quolion  of  houn  of  ikbout  JKurcd 
(he  indoraecaent  el  the  Muuchu]e[[i  Icgislilure  unlj]  1S74, 
allbongh  iht  diy'i  labour  of  children  under  twelve  ywi  q(  tga 
was  limited  [0  len  bonis  in  1S41.  Ten  boun  conKi[u[td  a  dey'i 
laboQi,  on  ■  volDniaty  bssli,  In  many  Uada  in  Hisucfauie[ti 
and  otber  parii  al  tht  country  as  early  u  lEjj,  Kbile  in  [he 
ihipbuilding  tndei  [bii  was  the  waik-KJiy  in  1S44.  In  April 
1S40  PmidHil  Van  Buitn  laued  an  order  "  that  all  public 
atibliihmenia  win  heratier  be  reguhted,  a>  to  working  honra, 
by  the  [en-hours  syslem."  The  teal  aggreuive  oioveoienl  began 
in  1S45,  through  numerout  pelitioni  to  the  MaiucbuMtU 
lesiilature  urging  a  reduclion  of  (be  day'i  labour  to  etcveahoun, 
butnotblngcameof  ihe*epctl([oniatl)ia[tin)e.  A^n.ln  1B50, 
■  limilaieirart  was  made,  and  also  in  1S51  and  iSji,  but  [he  bills 
failed.  Then  there  wai  a  period  at  quiet  until  1M5,  when  an 
unpaid  comniiaion  made  a  report  relative  to  the  bouta  of  labour, 
and  recommended  the  ealabliihment  o(  a  bureau  of  atatiitici 
for  [he  purpose  of  colletiing  data  bearing  upon  the  labour 
quealion.  This  waa  the  firttstep  in  tbis  direction  in  any  country. 
nie  fint  bnmu  e[  the  kind  was  esubli^ted  in  Maaaacbuadts  In 
iMq,  but  meanwhile,  in  accordance  with  leporta  of  commissions 
tnd  the  address  of  Govemar  Bullock  in  1^66,  and  the  general 
aentiment  which  then  prevailed,  the  legislature  passed  an  act 
regulating  in  a  measure  the  condiiiooa  of  the  employment  of 
children  In  manufacturing  establishment!;  and  tbis  li  one  of 

legislation  in  the  United  Statcc  relating  to  the'bours  of  labour 
which  the  writer  baa  been  able  to  fipd,  and  for  >rhich  be  on  fi< 
a  date,  wu  enacted  by  the  itate  of  Pennsylvania  in  1S49,  the  law 
providing  that  ten  hours  shonld  be  a  day's  tntk  In  cation, 
vooQen,  paper,  bagging,  silk  and  flax  factories. 

The  UaiaachuKlts  Law  of  ii66  provided,  £islly,  (hat  no  child 
under  ten  should  be  employed  In  any  manufactoring  cstablisb- 

had  a(tended  some 
:  months  during  the 
year  preceding  such  employment,  and,  further,  that 
•ocfa  employment  should  not  continue  unleu  the  child  attended 
school  al  lea>[  sii  months  In  each  and  every  year;  tccondty,  a 
penalt]>oot  acceding  tjo  for  every  owner  origentorother  person 
knowingly  employing  a  child  in  violation  of  the  ad;  thirdly, 
Ifaat  no  child  under  the  age  of  fou  tieen  ibovM  be  emplo^nd  in  any 
manufacturing  establishinent  more  (ban  eight  boun  in  any  one 
day;  loortbly,  that  any  parent  or  guardian  allowing  or  consent. 
bkg  to  employment  in  violation  of  the  act  ahould  forfeit  a  sum 
not  to  oceed  ts"  lot  each  ofienct;  fifthly,  that  the  Govenor 
irutruct  (he  state  consUible  and  bii  deputies  (0  enforce  the 
provisions  of  all  laws  far  icgulating  the  employment  of  children 
in  manufacturing  establishments.  The  aame  legislature  also 
created  a  comniatioB  of  three  penona,  whose  duty  it  waa  to 
investigate  the  lubjcct  of  hoati  of  labour  in  relation  to  the 
■adal,  educational  and  sanitary  condition  of  the  working  classes^ 
la  1867  a  fundamental  law  relating  to  schooling  and  hours  of 
labour  of  diildren  cmfdoyed  in  manufacturing  and  mechanical 
eitabliahments  was  passed  by  the  Mauachuselt)  legislature. 
It  differed  from  the  act  of  the  year  previous  In  some  respects, 
gi^g  deeper  into  the  general  question.  It  provided  that  no 
child  xinder  ten  should  be  employed  in  any  manufacturing  or 
mechanical  establishment  of  the  commonwealth,  and  that  no 
cfaUd  between  ten  and  £fleen  should  be  so  employed  unless  he 
h4d  attended  school,  public  or  private,  at  least  three  months 
aniing  the  year  ncit  preceding  his  employment.  There  were 
provisions  relating  to  residence,  frc.,and  a  further  provision  that 
no  time  less  (ban  110  half-daya  of  actual  schooling  should  be 
deemed  an  equivalent  of  three  montht,  and  that  no  child  under 
Bfletn  should  be  employed  m  any  manufacturing  or  mechanical 
atabll^uncnl  more  than  tiity  hours  any  one  week.    The  law 


ilto  provided  pemhlea  for  vMuioit. 


"5 

t  repealed  the  act  of 


inlries,    k 


their  espeda]  purpose  bring  the  collection  and  dlsseminatfou  of 
information  relating  to  alt  leaturca  of  induatrial  ejnployment. 
As  a  result  of  the  auccesa  of  the  first  bureau,  bureau  an  hi 
aiiatence  in  thirty-three  states,  In  addition  to  the  United  StUM 
Bureau  of  Labour. 

A  qicdal  piece  of  le^ilatlon  vihich  belong  to  the  comoos- 
wealth  of  Uaaiachuietta,  10  far  as  eipeiience  ahowt,  was  that 
in  iSfs,  providing  for  cheap  motning  and  evening  traina  for  the 
accommodation  of  working  men  living  in  the  vicinity  of  BoMon. 
Great  Britain  had  long  had  such  trains,  which  were  called 
parliamenla^  trains.  Unds  the  Maasachusettalaw  some  of  the 
railways  running  out  of  BaaloD  fumiabed  the  afCDmiDodatioa 
required,  and  (he  system  has  ^oce  been  in  operation. 

In  different  parts  of  the  conntiy  the  aglLaiion  to  aectiie  legisla- 
tion regulating  the  hours  ef  labour  became  aggrcaiive  again 
in  rflTO  and  the  yeara  immediately  following,  thcra 
bdng  a  constant  repetition  of  attempts  (o  secure  the  P*.*?*^ 
enactment  of  a  ten-hours  law,  but  in  Massachusetts  oSmtT. 
all  the  petitions  failed  till  1S74,  when  the  legislature  of 
that  conunonwealtb  catablished  the  hours  of  labour  at  sixty  per 
week  not  oily  for  children  under  eighteen,  but  for  women,  the 
law  providing  that  no  minor  under  eighteen  and  no  wnman  over 
that  age  ahould  be  employed  by  any  person,  firm  or  corpotatlOD 

one  day.  In  iS;A  Uiaaachuactts  itcoastnicted  Its  laws  idating 
to  the  emiJayBKnt  of  children,  although  ft  did  not  abrogate  the 
prindples  involved  in  earlier  legisUtton,  while  in  1S77  the. 
cosmonwealih  passed  Factory  Acta  covering  the  general  pnt- 
vlsjons  of  the  British  laws.  It  provided  for  tiie  general  inqicc- 
tlon  of  factories  and  public  buildings,  tbe  provisions  of  the  law 
relating  to  dangerous  machinery,  such  as  belting,  shafting,  gear- 
ing, dtUDU,  &c,  which  the  legislature  insisted  must  be  securely 
guarded,  and  that  no  nuchinery  other  than  steam  engines  ahould 
be  deaned  while  running.  The  question  of  ventilation  arKi, 
deanlinesa  was  also  attended  to.  Dangers  connected  with 
hoistwaya,  elevators  and  well-holes  were  minimiaed  by  their 
protection  by  suffident  trap-doors,  while  fire-escapea  were  made 
obligatory  on  all  eatabliahments  of  three  or  more  storeys  In 
height.  All  main  doon,  both  inside  and  outside,  of  manufactur- 
ing es[abH5hmen[B,.  as  well  aa  those  of  churches,  school-rooms, 
town  halls,  theatm  and  every  building  used  for  pubhc  aaacmblica, 
should  open  outwardly  whenever  tbe  factory  Inipecton  of  tbe 
commonwealth  deemed  It  necessary.  These  provtsions  remain 
in  ibt  laws  of  Massachuaetts,  and  other  itala  have  found  It  irise 
to  f  i^low  them- 

The  Umr  Itghlatbn  b  (Oice  fai  1910  tn  the  vartons  Aatta  el  the 
Uflkm  oteht  bedaaubed  in  two  ■eaenl  bnaehea:  (A)  piotuive 
labour  l^^tkM,  or  lawa  for  the  bM  ef  wwken  who.  on  acceun  ef 
ihdr  ceaooadc  dependence,  an  doc  In  a  position  fully  to  pnuet 
cbeaudveal  (B)  le^tladDa  havhv  for  its  purpose  tbe  fadng  of  the 
legal  status  of  ibe  worker  aa  an  aofkift,  Hch  salaws  rdaling  to  tbe 
making  and  brcakinf  of  tbe  labour  contract,  tbe  righl  to  lara 
□rgaqiiatlaes  and  to  aaiemble  peaceably,  tbe  settlennt  of  labour 
dliputa,  tbe  lIceodDg  of  occapanna,  Ac 

(A)  The  firat  class  Indndea  factory  and  worhsboii  ads,  lamaidalia* 
to  hour*  of  Ubonr,  work  aa  SuiKtaya  and  boUdayi,  the  payment  <2 
wages,  tbe  UabiUty  of  cmployera  for  injurka  to  their 
eiDpk^^   due     Fsrtorv  acti   have   beea  oaaed    bv  '**'■'  . 
nearly  aU  IbB  ■ 


which  fit  an  age  UndtbdowwhicheMpkiyiiicubunlnrfaL  AUbirt. 
fin  states  have  enacted  9«b  pRHtiioaa,  and  tbtst  bow  alatea  have 
practlcslly  no  manufactinini  indwtrita.  !■  tome  atatca  tbe  Tam 
Biiiig  an  age  limit  are  reslrleted  in  their  appUcatioa  ts  factories, 
whils  fai  otGrrs  tbey  extend  ili»  (0  woillihn,  babstiB,  Manantih 


26 


{■ubluhimnti  _ 
Thft  pffcribed  w  lig 
comefnlng  the  cdudi 
bv  toaitdrrvd  id  I 


•JiX^'i 


iti  ud  atiier  vorlr  plieo  wbat  childm  u*  mulaycd 

^btrn^  Id  appmtittahlp  ■« 

to  onpkiyiBeiit,  Appfrntkqhjp  Wwt  *a  nunKrout,  but  Ibcy  o«  ncu 
BQW  nivD  ETcmc  force  bnjiuK  of  tbe  poclioj  abrontjoa  of  tbi 
■ppnalioeinkp  lyitem  thraugh  Ibe  operation  of  luodcm  methodi- 
Di  oroductioiL  Moit  iuu>  luvt  pttividoni  pnfaibitint  itfitmm 
under  >  ^tdftcd  >te,  luoilly  dneen.  (ram  Iwibi  eaplorod  in 
(actcriu  uid  mkibco.  Tht  praviiioa  of  tba  lutonr  ku  rebtini 
to  hour*  of  labour  ana  night  vork  goienlly  affect  only  tbe  employ- 
ment of  wonwnmpd  young  pcnoBi.  Moet  of  the  tUtee  Juve  enacted 
HJch  prDviiion»  thoK  limiciDg  the  boun  of  diUdren  occurring  more 
freqaentlf  tbu  tbae  linihiii(  tbe  houn  of  women.  The  hour  Until 
formrk in mch caecn  ruaeeboiniixperdaytoiKXty-iiJtpef  week. 
Wban  tho  woridng  tbne  nl  children  ie  lentnctad,  the  miniinuni  age 
preacribed  for  auch  children  nocea  from  toitlve  to  twCDly-one  yeara. 
In  aome  caaea  tbe  RUricdon  oTtbe  boura  of  labour  of  wonrii  and 
'  '"  ■  ■  « It  appGa  only  ID  eoplDynwil  In 
1.    OtUr  iroviiisaa  of  law  for  tbe 

, fa,  and  pcohiUt  t 

ployment  in  certain  occupatkma  aahi  minea,  placea  where  Entoxkai 

aie  manufnctuied  or  aold,  fn  elcnnlnf  or  opemtiAf  duifaam 
machinery,  ^  Pnndilona  of  foetoty  acta  iclatini  to  tlw  laniEarv 
condillofl  of  factoriea  and  woriohopa  and  the  lafeiy  of  onploy^ 
havE  been  enacled  In  nenriy  nD  the  nunufacluring  italn  of  the 
Union.  Thry  prohibit  orercmwding,  and  require  proper  voiiila- 
tion,  tuttcient  light  and  hcnt.  tiie  UiBc^wniUni  or  painting  of  hUa 
and  cdUDia.  tbi  pnvisoa  of  eahaoat  fanand  blowna  in  plue*  where 
duit  or  daageroua  fiimn  are  cencnlcd,  guarda  on  nachinery, 
mechanical  be]laaqdimi»«bii(en,guardione!cvatonandhDiit' 
wa^p  hand^raili  on  itun,  nre-wapev^  &c- 

Tbe  Hntutet  relathw  to  houn  of  labour  may  be  eonWdered  under 
five  troufka,  namely:  (i)  generai  lawa  whkb  UKrely  Jij^  what  ihall 
„  be  nprdcd  aa  a  day'a  labour  in  tbe  abaeniT  nf  ■  Bmtnri ! 

J™*™**  (i)  Ian  deBolni  what  thalt  conBlIuli 
■■"■'■  public  roada;  tU  lawi  limiting  the  ht 
day  on  public  worlia:  U)  lawt  KmiEinf  (be  hoora  d 
oecupuiona;  and  ClJ  liiwa  whidi  apeofy  the  bM 
wnk  duiiiu  which  woomb  and  chudm  may  bi 
■UtuIcB  included  in  the  fint  two  groupa  placo  no  mtncuooa  upon 
tht  number  of  houra  which  may  be  ^reed  upon  b^wcen  employers 
and  anplortg.  wl^  tboM  h)  Ibc  otho-  thra  gimps  unally  Nmit  the 
freedom  of  contact  and  pruvido  penaltia  for  their  violation,  A 
OMrideiable  numbv  of  atala  have  cnactfd  Uw>  which  hxaday'a 
labour  in  tbe  nbaeocc  of  any  cootinc^  aome  at  dgbtandolbenot 
ten  houra,  ao  that  vbtn  an  employer  and  an  employe  nuhe  ■  contract 
and  they  do  not  apecify  what  iti«n  conKitute  a  day'a  labour,  eight 
or  ten  houra  rtapcctiv^  would  b*  luM  aa  tbe  day'a  labour  in  an 
acOoawhUintifhtcamebalontbaaurt*.  In  a  pumher  of  the  ilala 
It  i*  optlgoal  with  the  dtiaena  to  liquidate  certain  caiea  dihrr  by 
CMBh  paymcnii  or  by  rendering  perional  aervice.  In  the  bun  ax 
the  length  of  the  wotUnE  day  a  d^ned  by  1h>,  elghl  bnun  being 

usually  apeCifled.     7^*  FwWwf  jiw— rwiM»>  ■,«■  M^y  /m^ha  J  f  ^  >!,  ■ 

■tatei  have  kwi  providiiH  that  eighl  houra  ibatl  cooHilulc  a  day'i 
work  for  eopkiyil  on  peblic  woiEa.    Under  Ibe  Federal  Act  it  ii 

nbcontractor  for  puUic  woHta  to  permit  labourrra  and  mechanica  to 

iger  than  d(ht  hauia  per  da^r.    The  lUte  lava  cancemlia 

labour  fcan  tktSu  prwiBon*.    EKeptlonaanrpfovlded 

~  cit*i  iuch  aa  duwer  to  human  life 

boun  of  labour  have  been  limited 

~  of  thfdr  d^ogamui 


•^.si 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 

trpurpnaH. 
{jyfcliilai 


[UNITED  STAtZS 


tbour  in  certain 
iS3oye3."-^ 


ly  cbaracter,  the  health  of  the  enplniia ' 
houn  of  labour,  or  in  which  the  ladgm 
Tiuld  endanger  the  Una  of  tbe 


ra.  ameiting  and 


!ladne«cavc 

LIU  vorlCB,  talwii 

n  have  been  loo^deied  under  lacwcyaod  ww: 

ly  aU  atatea  aod  Territorieaof  the  Uoion  have  Ian  pirjhiUtir 
.  . .  ployaent  of  labour  on  Sunday.  Theae  Ian  uaually  aialie 
^^  amiidemeanaurfDrpcraonaeitbef  tolabour  thenuelveHi 
Hf*"^  to  compd  or  pBrmit  their  apprenticea.  icrvanu  oroth 
""■  imployii^  to  labour  on  the  lint  day  of  the  week.  £ 
^ioni  an  mado  in  tbe  caae  of  hoUHehDld  dutiei  or  works  ' 
BCeawty  or  charity,  and  in  the  one  cfmambcfm  of  religiouasocicti 
ho  obicrvc  aome  oUkt  than  tha  bK  day  af  the  week. 
StMutaa  cooccnliiB  tbe  payineni  of  waga  sf  taOlosft  nt 
h  theempkn 


at  (I)  tboaewhic 

yy*     payneoM.  prohibit^  tha  paym 
rva^a.    Qfifffj  eviducea  of  inaebtedneia 


paempkiymc 


Lialicn  tT^uln^y, 
.. ,,   _^_ „   —   1  of   hnea,  break^e  of 

nacbinao',  diamunta  for  prepaynKnti,  nKdical  attcndapcr,  relief 


fundi  or  ether  ninues.  mquiruig  tht  gniu  of  Botin  «f  radiKtiaa  at 
wages,  «c :  (1)  legiilalion  grantui  certnin  pdvilegea  or  ■O'^rn 

:lat  pfotectioa  to  working  penpl*  with  reipect  la  thait  waee*. 

1.  —  i._  ___; . '—eot,  pRforiM  wngS 

Uena  BOOB  Kldii«( 


from  hii  employer  under  oei 
no  naa  oeen  uijured  through  accident  ectamng  In  Qie 
worlgof  ^  emplwer.  The  ooamwo-law  muim  that  tbe  ^J*^""* 

auly  where  Iwp  or  mm  atnon*  an  workiiw  teielhcr  wtftar 
the  mne  employer  and  one  c(  tlie  employ^  la  injuied  thraurii  iba 
'  soem  of  hia  Irikiw-empkiyf,  although  the  one  caudnc  the 
;nl  ia  tba  acem  of  the  prindpnl,  who  nnder  tbe  canmon  tow 
I  be  nsponraiB.  Tbe  oU  Ramao  law  and  tte  Eagliah  ud 
lean  pncuoi  under  it  bekl  that  the  c»4Biphiy<  wai  ■  pany  ta 
-cidFpt.  Theinjuttkf of Ehiinileiiivenbyaaijia^illumatjoa. 
cotloo  factory,  where  then  ue  bundre&of  optnllvea, 
.1 . . . ... , >y*^-^ 


_.-t  In  the  Unio.. . 

rules  filing  the  liability  of  employan  under  ctriain 
nd  relieving  tbe  employ^  fjom  the  application  of  Uia 

rule.    Where  the  cniploy*  himself  ii  cootributoiv  to 

necaiea  where  be  knows  of  (he  dawer  from  the  defect! 
nplememacnphqied  Iwhin.  tli*  leiiihitha  upon  Ibe 
ilvea  many  fenlurci  ol  legiilttion  whsh  need  not  ba 
re,  auch  as  those  coocenung  tbe  power  of  employ^  to 
— -ncti  and  those  defining  the  conditlonii  often  elabsnte, 
d  to  tbe  liability  of  the  employer  and  the  dutieaof  tbe 


the  telatkHia  In  which  damaget  for  Injuri 
■  — y  be  recovered  fnHn  tbe  emplDyer. 
thus  far  considered  maybe  ngardr^  ' 
There  is,  besides,  a  large  body  ci 


r  employers  and  «npioy4a  ai 


19  of  employment  wherel™  employta 
case  of  injury,  &c.   A  Federal  slatutc 


LCt  to  perform  labour  c 

exceptions  being  made  in 
ithcrwiac  be  onained,  don 
Lny  of  the  reenvhiaed  profe 
Tbe  FadenI  govcmment 
have  ilalntoty  jinviaioE 


ns 


't  pervniB  pnetisir 


neariy  aU  the  sutca  ud  lenitDriea 

,. , , , in  Indes  other  than  thoae  in  tbe       ^ 

ilam  of  remgnind  professioua.    The  Federal  sutute  re-    '*'^'" 

Eilola,  ftc.   Tlie  oocupations  for.whieh  examuiaiiDiiB  and     '^'^ 
ccnces  are  nquiied  by  (he  vaiinoa  B(ate  Ian  are  those  of  bnbera, 
lioneshocn,  elevator  operatois.  plumbers,  stationary  firemen,  (team 
Mij^neers,  tdegraph  operaton  on  railroda  aod  certain  cbncs  ol 


id  pMcuble  autmbly  on  (he  put 
mmOD  law  thiDughout  the  United 
■king-men     fonncd    for 


il  benefit,  proi 


shottei  haul 
Federal  goi. 


regarded  as  unlawful.  A  number  of  slalea  and  ibe 
:mmenl  have  enacted  itatutei  providing  for  the 
I  of  trade  unions,  but  owing  to  the  freedom  fiDIB 
Lupection  enjoyed  by  unincotpanled  litde  uciooi, 


UKtTED  STATESI 


wety  Icn  tunc  (v«l]ed  tiicmsdvra  d!  Ihii  pdvilege.  A  nuinlKi  of 
itato  have  ouKIFd  Um  Unding  lo  give  speciit  prattctkni  to 
mde  aoiuis.  Thus,  uoily  one-halC  af  the  date* 
I>  dtdariiiK  it  uitbtihil  lor  emplajni  to  dbcharge 
worJuDciL  tor  ^OLDJng  Ubeur  prganlaitiona,  or  to  make  it  H  con- 
ditioQ  of  ec&pIc^mcAt  that  they  ihali  not  bckm^  to  nidi  bodies. 
Lam  td  tliii  kind  hare  genenlly  been  b^d  to  ba  imamstitu- 
Ikaai,  Neatly  all  Iba  >Uta  have  lam  pnucotini  Iiade 
luioDS  b  the  we  oE  the  unioD  label,  inalgnia  d[  membn'ship, 

---■■'■  ■         -  -odl 


LABOUR  LEGISLATION 


labour  orioiutioii*  ft 


n  the  operatunu  of  the  ai 


Until  meni  yean  all  legal  action  concerning  labour  dii- 
tDTbaice*  was  baaed  upon  the  principle*  of  the  comnon  lav. 

Some  o[  the  italea  have  now  fairly  complete  slatutoiy 
^^^^     enact  nienti   concerning   Ubour   disturbances,    while 

othetshave  lilUe  or  no  legislalion  of  thii  cUsa.  The 
right  ol  emidoyi)  lo  itrike  for  any  cause  or  for  no  canie  is  sus- 
tained by  the  common  law  everywhere  in  the  United  States. 
Likewise  an  employer  has  a  tight  lo  discharge  any  or  all  of  his 
empbyit  ahea  they  ban  do  contiut  niih  hiv,  and  be  miy 
lefuse  ID  employ  any  penon  or  class  of  persons  for  any  reason 
or  lea  no  teason.    Agrectnents  among  itrikeis  (o  take  peaceable 


n  the  w 
until  he  yields  to  the  demands  of  the  slrikcrs  arc 
WH  heJa  to  be  moapiracies  under  the  ctunmon  law,  and  the 
carrying  out  of  Hueh  a  purpose  by  peaceable  persua^on  and 
without  violence,  inlimidation  or  Uueals,  Is  not  unlawful. 
However,  any  intcileience  with  the  const itutionil  ligbu  of 
anotbet  to  employ  whom  he  choose*  or  lo  labour  when,  where 
«(  on  what  terms  be  pleases,  ii  Illegal.  The  boycott  has  been 
held  to  be  an  illegal  conspiracy  in  lestiaint  of  trade.  The 
tIatulDry  enactments  ol  the  various  states  concerning  labour 


and  in  part  more  or  less  departi 
ejtiiliihed  principlea.  The  list  of  such  stitutoty  cnacimcnti  is 
a  large  one,  and  indudes  laws  relating  to  blacklisting,  boy- 
cotting, conspiracy  against  working. men,  inteiftfence  with 
CEopkiyment,  intimidation,  picketing  end  strikes  of  railway 
employ^;  laws  requiring  statements  of  causes  of  discharge  of 

laws  prohibiting  deception*  in  the  employment  of  labour  and  the 
hiring  of  armed  guards  by  employers;  and  laws  declaring  that 
certain  labour  agreements  do  not  constitute  conspiracy.  Some  of 
these  laws  have  been  held  to  be  uncoDStitutional,  and  aiime  have 
not  yet  been  tested  in  the  a>urts. 


The  hws 


t  proVUbng  f 01 


Drt  entirely  to  «e»«  dther  of 

be  taken  by  olhen  Id  tbeiffsn 
from  Ining  eniplaynieat.  either 
hoH  of  tnnr  onploytfa,  or  to 


if  emplnyineiil,  rula.  ac,  Theeelawtnwidel 
he  arbitratiDn  of  labour  dlipuKa  (tea  AitaiTaA 
M).    TwpUy^lM, ""*  "'"  ""'""  ■ 


iMD  Concttta- 


,. , et  and  tfct  Fedcial 

fHily.  A  number  of  states  ptrwide  for  locat  or  special  boards  in 
mdfUtkiA  to  the  regular  aiate  boards.  In  aoaie  Mates  It  is  rvquired 
tint  a  meaiber  of  a  labour  eeganisatlen  muK  be  a  member  of  (he 
board,  aBd.  in  general,  both  employers  and  emplojrii  mi 
Rineroted.     Kearl)'  all  state  boanjs  an  required  to  alien 

fldved  of  an  actual  or  ttneatened  talnur  trouUe.    Arbitratioi 
be  undtnalUB  in  aome  ilatet  on  applacalian  from  either  pai 

••■on  <»  the  appUeation  of  both  parties.   As  agreement  to  mi 

■rfvff t]«sdiB|arfeitrBrlaft isiJiuaHyrequlred.  Themodes* 


tS 


tates  depend  ott  publicily  at 


of  iIk  bcBrdt  i 

Judgments  of  ooartt  of  law  wUch  may  ba 
L  while  in  oilm  stam  diaobedlem  to  nicb 
Inpt  of  cport:    Tfce  Federal  it 

M  made  at  nwhation  by  Iwn  deelgnaiwi'govierm- 


board  of  artiitracic 


27 

in  attoDpt,  for  the 
il  the  lanie  officHla 


The  enforcement  of  laws  by  executive  or  judicial  action  is  an 
important  matter  relating  (0  labour  legislation,  for  without 
action  such  laws  would  remain  dead  letters.  Under 
the  constitutions  of  the  Italea,  the  governor  is  the  I^mw 
commander-in-chief  of  the  military  forces,  and  be  haa  tm/Kw 
the  power  lo  order  the  militia  or  any  part  of  it  into  »*'  ■' 
active  service  in  ease  of  insurrection,  favasion,  tumult,  jjj^ 
riots  or  breaches  of  the  peace  or  imminent  danger 
thereof.  Frequent  action  has  been  taken  ui  the  case  of  atiikea 
with  the  view  of  preventing  or  su[:f>resBing  violence  threatened  tr 
happening  to  persons  or  property,  the  effect  being,  however,  that 
the  militia  protects  those  working  or  desirirtg  to  work,  or  the 
empkiyers.  The  president  of  the  United  Stales  may  use  the 
land  and  naval  lotcet  whenever  by  reason  of  insurrection, 

lions  or  assemblages  of  persons  it  becomes  unpracticable  (a 
enforce  the  laws  ol  the  land  by  the  ordinary  cDurse  oi  judicial 
pmxedings,  or  when  the  eiecution  of  the  laws  is  so  hindered 
by  reason  of  such  events  that  any  portion  or  class  of  the  people 
are  deprived  thereby  of  their  rights  and  privileges  under  the 
constitution  and  laws  of  the  country.  Under  Ibis  general  power 
the  United  Stales  forca  have  been  used  for  the  protection  of 
both  employers  and  employes  indirectly,  ibe  purpose  betng  to 
protect  maib  and,  as  in  the  steles,  to  see  that  the  laws  are  carried 


The  I 


mterfete 


through  the  injunction  and  pun 
of  court.  It  is  a  principle  of  law  I 
actual  or  threatened,  with  properly  or  with  rights  of  a  peciuiianr 
nature,  and  the  common  or  statute  law  oBcn  no  adequate  and 
immediate  remedy  lor  the  prevention  of  injury,  a  court  of  equity 
may  interpose  and  issue  its  order  or  injunction  as  to  what  moat 
or  must  not  be  doue,  a  violstioa  of  which  writ  gives  the  cQurt 
which  issued  it  the  power  to  punish  for  contempt.  The  doc(ri,ne 
is  that  something  is  necessary  to  be  done  to  [top  at  once  ibe 
destruction  of  property  and  the  obstruction  of  husinMS,  and  the 
injunction  is  immediate  in  its  action.  This  writ  has  been  resorted 
to  frequently  for  the  indirect  protection  of  employCs  and  ef 
employers.  (C  D.  W.) 

AuTBentrmia.— Eholish:  (a)  Factory  Laddatloai  Alnlam 
and  Davio,  Z«u  nlalmi  It  Fatlaria  and  Warkiiefi  (fjindon,  i8» 
an-  ■      -   •  -    .^    ^i     (London     iS»7);    Roji) 

Ci  'la  sf  Emlmii  nnJ  DijciU,  Croup 

...   ,.^)  "(ili™) :* House  oi 

U  sting  System,  Krpsrf  |iSoi):  Afrmt 

Oi  of  H.M.  CUel  Inspector  of  Fsctorie* 

(I  »  White  Le«l  and   Vaiiu  Lead 

In  if  the  Cotton  CMh  Facioiies  Acu 

{I  nthfai)  Commiitee,  Do,,  Miacellaiie- 

ou  Coninitont  of  Work  in  Fish.Curlng 

Ti  Ida  in  PHIcrv(iS«),  Phosphannla 

M Ks  (iS»),  Ac.,  At:  Wiiatdy  Cool*. 

Taykir,  Untrm  FaOiry  Syilim  (London.  tSai] ;  Oliver,  DoMimt 
TnJri  [London.  190J);  Cunningham.  Gnjulk  of  Enfliiii  Ceiamva 
BKd  l^aOry  {1907);  Hutchini  and  MarriKin,  Hiilory  rf  /"("ry 
LipiUlioii  (1901):  TiaUI,  Sacva  EnOani,  »c.,  ffc.  W)  Knn 
BsdOnaniMi  5mMu:  Coal  Mines  tiegulation  Acts  1«86.  IBM, 
1S96,  iSoe;  UetaUUenus  Mines  ReguLtioB  Acu  |S»,  tin; 
,Cr_„-^^  l»»4i  Royal  CommiBiM  on  Labour.  J^ualci  rf 
DitBlt.  dniiip  "A"  (lEbi-iIlQi.  1  vok.):  Rot'al 
in  HinJ^ng  Koyallitt,  Apptndlat  (iȣ|);  Uomt  Offa 


,  fiat  and  f  1 
il    labour    Q 


iSfat  MetalL 

Qiurrict   Act    ISM!    ^Sy*^ 

jcnenl   RnioR  upoa.'  the    Minmg 
and  Quames,  General  Reports  and 


lliit-ttm).  Mines  and  Quames,  General  Reports  and  Statiilics 
(1898  to  laoo).  Annual  Rroorti  of  K-M.  Chief  Inlpectcr  of  FactorioB 
flR«-tSa5)  (Quames):  Macnrinney  and  Bfiilowe,  Coat  IfiHi 
hrSiiim  Aa  litT  djaidm.  iSBS).  (<)  Blwv*;  fMAiia:  Shop 
Homa  Aeti  iBoi,  1S93,  1696.  Seat*  fn-  Shop  AaiBUntB  Act  1S99: 
Xtp"i  '!  SHal  Ctmrnka  if  Baun  of  Cemmrtu  «  lit  Shp  Htutt 
RtnitHen  BUI  iBH  [EyiT  and  Spottiswoodi).  W  Truck:  ffimv 
QtCs  FiporU:  Annna!  Report!  of  H.M.  Chief  Inspector  of  Faetoilea, 
especially  1693-1900,  Memorandum  on  the  Law  relati:^  to  Trwk 


>8 

ud  ChH^wi^IiiiK  CkoM  at  Um  CmI  Miw*  Acn  iM  Mopbi- 
udam  idatmi  Dtbc  Tmck  ActfclqtSir  KenliaDiBby,  >U  ua  s( 


LABOUR.  PARTY— LABRADOR 


aitlitrl  indutttwil  ti 


aftmniaaiPtilt, 


(P»ri>,  itgi-lgot) ;  BmlUbi  itr»,.- , 

iatn-i««);  Cmifii  ii^matinJ dt  UriicUtii  im  umatt  OW): 
ZftTcnHrlni^inuit/ilfdudnriKbJEwk.  (il  LwdiupD  (ia«ii 
(i)  Ncubvnp  (I90i)i  Gsrii  Up.  KitAraritU  in  eimiriliciim 
BMittm.  30.  Uirt  looy.  Konnd  Anhd,  Mam'aU  CmUiaat^, 
mat  Band  und  ilEbeMe  Dud  (Wks.  iS^r-'Mll  LtV  niH 
inttrlamli  M  lav*  (MiUn,  laas). 

Uhitbd  ^uns:  Sag  the  IWiuj^-SmmJ  Ahm<  Jti^grl  ^  lli 
CMnii<i»n<r  rf  Zoitr  (1901)  raving  iiD  Ubu  bin  in  (one  in  the 

xr.  conuiaini  h»B 

rtktiv  to  eadoyen  ud  cmployia;  alK>  ipKut  vtidei  tw  (htae 
itklbtnu  on  "Employer  and  EmploW  under  the  Omnwii  Lav  " 
We.  0,  "  PmecdDn  at  Workmen  in  tbeir  employment  "  [No.  >61. 
" Cnva-nowni  InduiiiiBl  Arbiltuitn"  (No.  ISO),  "Lam  relatin( 
to  tlw  Einplavnieni  of  Women  and  Cklldien,  and  to  Factoty  In- 
smiDa  and  IIk  Ualih  and  Safely  oT  Enployta"  (No.  74). 
';  WiEFi  ami  Houra  of  Labor  in  Manufacniriof  Indiiittlet,  iSgo  (0 
1907  (Ko-JT).  "  Rcvinroi  Labor Letiilat<onort9aIandl90«  (No. 
«J  ;  also  "  Repon  of  ihe  Indmrul  CWnnuHHi  on  L^bor  L«ri>la- 
tno"  (toL  v.,  US.  OunoinHi't  AterlliC  D.  VMgbt,  Iiilmanal 
£Kif Uun  in  tti  W>jirfSteiH  (iM7):Stini  --  "— "  -'  ■-  -'-  '-'— 
Lirm,,^ac  (/niW  Sun.,  and  tqJ  - -■- 
■nd  Snmnrr,  Laim  FrMtmi;  Lai 
Mrmr  aad  Sfmml. 

UMIIR  PAHTT,  ID  Great  Biilaln,  tlie  did 
party  in  ptriiamtnt  compnaed  of  iroTkiiig.diB 
Ai  (he  nsuU  of  ihe  Retonn  Act  of  11)84,  eilending  the  fnochise 
to  *  luster  Dm  *DrkiDt-<:ta3i  electotate,  the  votes  o[  "  labour  " 
beome  loon  and  moie  a  matter  ol  importance  for  poUlkiani . 
■nd  llw  Ubctmi  paitj,  uekiDg  for  the  support  of  orguiixed 
bbour  in  tbe  trade  unians,  found  room  (or  ft  few  working-ctan 
RpiCKDialives,  who,  however,  »cted  »od  voted  a*  Libeiala. 
It  wu  not  tnl  1B03  that  the  Independtot  Labour  party,  iplitting 
off  DDder  Mr  J.  Keir  Hudie  (b.  iSsfi)  from  the  todBliit  onuiiu- 
UoD  known  ai  Che  Sodid  Dcmocntii;  Fedenlion  (founded  iBBi), 
was  fomed  at  Bradford,  with  the  object  of  getting  Independeiit 
candidMe*  ictutned  to  parliament  on  a  sodaliil  pragramme. 
Id  1900  Hr  Keir  Hiidie,  who  as  lecreluy  of  the  Luulkridre 
MInen'  Union  bad  stood  unsuccessfully  as  a  labou/  candidlte 
for  M!d-Lanaik  in  1S88,  and  aat  as  M.P,  lor  Wot  Ham 
1S91-1SQJ,  was  elected  to  pariiament  for  MerthyT-TydvQ  by  iti 
eflorta,  and  in  igoA  it  obtained  the  retUTQ  of  30  membcn,  Mr 
Keir  Hudie  being  cfaalmifiQ  of  the  group.  Meanwhile  in  1S99 
the  Trade  UoioD  Congieu  inittucled  its  parlismcntuy  con 
mittce  to  call  a  cocference  on  tbe  quatko  of  laboui  lepresenti 
tioii;  and  in  February  1900  Ihli  was  attended  by  trade  unio 
delegates  and  also  by  representatives  of  (be  Independent  Labour 
parly,  the  Social  Democratic  Fcdcralion  and  the  Fabian  Society. 
A  rcsolutian  was  carried  "  to  eitabliih  a  distinct  labour  group 
In  parliament,  who  ihall  have  thor  owD  whips,  and  agree  upon 
(heir  own  polity,  which  must  embrace  a  readiness  to  co-operate 
with  any  party  which  for  the  time 
promoting  le^slation  it>  tbe  direct  interest  id  labour,"  and  tbe 
contBlttce  (tbe  Labour  Btpreseniaiion  C^ommitiee) 
for  the  purpose.  Under  tbclr  auspices  ig  out  of  51  candidatta 
werentumcdal  (heelectionof  1906.  Thi 
from  the  Labour  membeia  ("  Lib.-Laba  ")  who  obeyed  tbe  Liberal 
whips  and  acted  with  tbe  litierals.  In  iQog  the  attempts  to 
Unite  the  parliameDlary  representatives  of  tbe  Independent 
Labour  paity  with  the  Trades  Union  members  were  successful. 
In  June  of  that  year  tbe  Miners'  Federation,  returning  is 
members,  joined  the  Independent  Labour  party,  pow  known 
(or  patliarnentaiy  puipoxs  as  tbe  "  labour  I^y 
Trades  Unions,  snch  as  (be  Amalgamated  Sodety  of  Baili 
Servan  ~-  


e  same  step.     Thi*  anangemect  e 


forte  at  tbe  general  election  ol  igio,  when  tbe  bulk  of  the 
ndnen'  reprcieniatlVes  signed  the  oonstiCntion  of  (he  Labour 
parly,  whkh  after  the  eteciion  Dumbeied  40  membcis  of  pariia- 


penlnsula  In  BrithA  Notth  AiMrica, 
boonded  E.  by  (fas  North  Atlantic,  N.  by  Hdibio  Sodt,  W. 
byHndaoaaud  JamtaBaya,  andS.  by  an  aiUtnty  ttne  *»*— *^ 
■ids  fr«n  tbe  sonih-eut  coma  ti  Uudsoa  Bay,  aear  5^ 
tbe  nouth  of  tbe  Ualsis  riw,  OB  tbe  Golf  of  St  I'wmia, 
to  so*  N.,  ud  tfaence  eastwaids  by  the  Oulf  of  St  Lbwiokb,  Ii 
extendi  Irem  so*(ot3*N.,andbom5s*tata^W.,aDd^ibiaca 
an  appniima(t  arek  of  sii,ooo  tq,  m.  Rtoot  opIoMlm 
and  tnmyi  hav*  added  gnMly  to  tba  kanriadfi  of  th4>  *aM 

ia(  latoit  ineutco  tl  value  in  it*  fonati,  faberio  lud  minenh. 
Pkyiiat  CtggraMy^— I-abrador  locine  (be  caatem  Enb  ol  tbe  V 
(n  the  Aiehacan  pncaxb  o(  North  America  (tee  CaHAtM),  and  In- 
dudca  most  ol  tbe  Ugheal  parts  of  that  ana.  Along  tooie  perttaaa 
ol  tbe  coasts  of  Hudioa  and  abo  ol  Ungava  Bay  tbn  Is  a  fringe  of 
lowland^  iHt  nost  ol  the  interkv  is  a  ptateau  riqng  toward  the  aflcith 
and  east.  The  Mghesl  portion  edendi  east  and  west  betiwi  ^* 
and  54*  ^-i  where  an  fanmenae  innite  anm  lr«  between  the  head- 
wateaef  the  krgcr  riveraof  Iheloiir  principal  dninagi  banns;  the 
lowatt  aita  1*  betweea  Hodlon  Bay  and  Ungava  Bay  in  the  north- 
wot,  where  tbe  ^aenl  level  It  not  more  than  joo  It.  atiove  tbe  tea. 
Tbe  only  mountajiu  are  the  niDR  aloni  the  Atlantic  coast,  extending 
Iron  tbe  Strait  ol  Belle  I4e  to T^pe  Ondleyi  in  thor  toutbem  haH 
Ibey  rairly  eacont  ijoo  ft,   ■■-  ' — ——  --  -'- ' "-" 

EctwEcn  jooo  and  jooo  ft..  1 
deeilly  Indented  1^  ' ' 

iluk 

k>nge_  „ 

breadth  varying  froa 

of  the  pUlea-  ■-  -■ — ' 

lochab^tbei  ....      .   _ 

depth  ueoi  tbe  volunw  ot  water  Bowiag  ibrongl 

of  tba  Raiaaiwi  rivar  la  tb*  glnteit.  lorn  a  < 

valley  of  tba  Inht  and  ectenda  300 

t->"~"  f-ei  fcom  SDo  to  1500  It  bebw  1 


:  Bay  700D  ot  SOOD  ft.  Tbe  1 

liar  bays  and  (rinied  with  rocky  iilandi, 

_j J  .- ..,  Atlannc  coaic,  where  long  narrow  fiords 

peoelrale inland.   HaaSlcon  lnleI,>joiiL  northol  tuSlnhatBell* 
tilt,  ia  the  longcsi  of  thoe  bays,  with  a  Inngth  of  iy>  n.  and  a 

in*  (or  (beir  length  and 
■ghthan.   Tbevagey 

of  tbe  ptatcau  uil 
k)w  ridges  of  d 


la  unally  ahcupt,  beinf  amSt 
ton,  from  the  levd  interior,  in 

,  __ ._ head  ot  lu  valley,  thU  detcent 

indiHEnga  ihcei  drop  of  31;  ft.  at  tbe  Grand  Fills,  which,  taken 
with  the  lane  vclumE  of  the  nver,  nukes  it  ibe  giatrat  fall  in  Ncnb 
America.  Tbi  rivns  of  the  nonhrm  and  weatem  walcnheds  drain 
about  two-tbirdi  of  the  pevnula;  tbe  moat  important  of  Ihefoj-ma 
are  the  Koknak.  the  Uiint  river  ol  Labiador  (over  500  m.  long)  Jhe 
George,  Whale  and  tVyaerivoa,  an  flawing  into  Ungava  Bay.  The 
large  rivers  flowing  westwards  into  Hudson  Bay  are  the  Povung- 
nituk,  Kogalulb  Gnat  Whale,  Big,  East  Main  and  Rupert,  varying 
in  le^h  hnn  300  to  ud  «.  The  rlvera  Bowing  wnrtk  an  cx^rT 
ingly  rapid,  tbe  Moiife,  Romahie.  Naiaihkwan  and  St  Aitguitina 
baoi  dunoMbapertaal:  all  an  about  jDom.  long.  The  Atlantic 
Goait  range  thmwi  man  of  Che  drainage  Dorthwardi  En(a  (far  Ungava 
twin,  and  only  Bnall  iciTami  fill  into  the  ocnn,  ezcept  the 
Hamihcin,  Nnrth-weat  and  Keumou,  whieb  empty  ircn  the  bad  «( 
Hamilton  Inlet. 

Gmlety-— The  peoiiMila  b  lomHiI  largelv  of  cryttalline  adililaanl 
gneiiica  aMociated  with  raanilei  and  other  igneoui  rocks,  ag  ef 
arehaean  age;  there  are  abo  lane  anas  of  noivfeaiiEifcToiii,  itratW 
6ed  limestones,  chats,  ahalaaiHriron  orra,  the  unaleeied  eqiilvmleata 

of  part  of  the  tchisu  and  cneiises.     " ' '  •-'-■^-- 

iUpper  Hurooian  or  perhaps  Cambrian] 
lyi^  ieu(hera  and  western  shores,  b 

■  _J,...!.-.     .1    .1 ; ,1,    |„y[j_    1,^ 

Daring  the  El 

^oli«,  whlS_ , 

_-.  - — _. — ,  ^ — . —   Owing  to  the  evtremaly  long  eaposnra  to 

ludatiai,  to  the  aabicqant  removal  of  the  greater  pan  of  tba 

wnpOKd  rock  by  riaon  and  (o  the  nneqaal  wealbulag  d  A* 

xxnponint  rack*,  it  is  now  a  plateau,  whicb  aioeada  anmcwfaaa 

ibcuptly  withto  a  tew  mile*  of  the  eaait-lint  to  bei^la  of  brtween 


LABRADORITE 

'diu  yu  ft.  ^vvUk 


aooaadMoDfi    Tha 
OMow,  rauDded  UNi. 

ifsHMJi.— The  miiKnl  nlth  It  undmkipKl.  Tdick  brdi  cX 
cgnllett  iron  m  encr  bife  aieu  in  cha  imtrior  and  iloni  (be 
than*  st  KodMB  and  Uuaw  Btyt.  Luge  veu  el  minsillicd 
HuKHiiia lOCln have iliD  bitedacavmiS,  luniUc  toiioi  in"'— 
"~       '      ihcRCbeyecMbia  valuable  dcpoaita  of  lotd.oi 


oickel  and  lad;  pnd  pi 


.,«.^p^  s»,»«ta  41  EoTd»  copper. 

we  neut*  liave  been  (oumI. 

, old  toqienn  on  tbcacnilieni 

ouu  »>  nun.  dn  Hudaon  Suait,  aad  li  ■macally  ■»  rincoua  Um  h 

■  dnilHlul  if  the  countiy  u  Gt  for  agriodtiite  nanh  M  51  .  • 

10  llw  low  EnnuKb "■■ '     "-  ' "—  — ■■  — 

nUtoei  and  oUter  1 


Jamea  Bay  good  crapa  t 


ire  mwn  al  Fort  Cearje,  u*  N.,  irlii! 
1  iDlet.  on  tbecajtoiaat,  aad  u  Bcaily  tl 
.neaiilyeuliivatHL  (iatteeaMrDMd 

naonui.  taeinc  aSeeted  tn  de  acaliot  ica '-— 
Arctic  current.    To  the  interior  at  Miit 


y>*  50*  N  ,  a  crop  of  potatoei  la  railed 
iolaad.   OvtaalntEt  abaenoc  o(  (iw 


inuait)!^  bat  they  lairly 

IMi  thtMaSttla  likili- 
iidy  im 


It  lanuMiatiicea  ol  the 

nnnfrom  -50"  F-  to  -60*  F., and  an  ilifBtlv  higbcr  along 

W"  F.,  with  IroBrt  during  every  rnontK  in  tliic  northern  portion. 
On  tke  Adutic  nmaaiid  m  HiHfain  Bay  th*  luierbnytfreeae  bIM 

tKtweentlKi  IK  aad  1  Jih  iil  P Im  ^iiul  IliiiH  iiiiaiii  iiBnia  li  1 

imind  until  laic  in  June.  Hudioa  Stcatt  it  mually  mfficieady  i/pn 
loc  navtgatioD  about  tlie  loth  of  tuly. 

Vtttlaitm.~-'nt  (Oinbem  baB li  InctuUed  In  the  nb-Arrlk  fnrst 
belt,  and  niBa  loociiB  of  nun  umalituta  tlw  vbola  ailtoveaant  flora 
oC  tbu  naiini  twe  apaciai  aia  tba  vUtc  birgk,  pD«Ur,  a^m,  cedar. 
Banlman  ^ae,  wbiLa  and  Uack  nnice,  balaam  £r  and  lanh.  The 
lorcM  !•  CDatlnuoui  over  tba  loutlierB  portion  to  5j*  K.,  the  only 
ox^ptiosi  being  the  nramiiti  it  roefc*  Ulli  and  the  outer  Uaiide  of 
the  Atlantic  and  Hodaon  Bay,  whBa  the  knr  narilaa  and  rivar 
laUtya  ooolain  nwcfa  lahiable  tlnhec.   Ts  tha  iiaitiward  the  liv 

thu  Iialf  lb*  country  li  iredew,  and  two  degreea  farthtr  BWth  the 
Jimit  of  treta  Ii  reached,  leaving,  to  the  northward,  only  bamu 
uhwhI  aritb  tow  Arctic  flowarlng  planti,  aadaea  and  IMieiu^ 

Kitow— TlwMtetkaaloDtihcahontolKCidiiitStLainBca 
aad  o(  tha  Atlantic  fonn  pcicucally  tba  anly  induKiy  of  the  irinte 

popiilation  •adered  alon*  tlw  aiHl»,a»  wdlatof  a' -— 

SihTintnMunU  of  NewfoundW:    Tbs  cbmu 
IbundlBBdt^wiCurBaieivjaSi  wowBt  and  *»B  eh 

iath«LabndorMvrylDHm(dMst«fai^ihaloi_, 

IaU,^:tli*u'*'<*t^'>'>™l4W,7W<nuBCabof  sod,  lajstkicea 
«f  ulmoa  and  ^iS  baneli  ol  bemng,  *Uch,  conpaied  with  the 
cutotna  ntumi  for  lUo.  dionred  an  inotuc  of  cod  and  decreaaea  o[ 
■liDOB  and  bartini.  The  aalaaon  Bifciiy  aloai  tba  AtliMic  coaar ' 
■o*  vaay  BaaU.  tfia  decnaae  bdag  prpbiblroiia  to  lauiitiaiiai 
csd-uapa.   The  cad  fiahery  1>  noir  caniad  on  thna  tha  (ni 
Atlantic  cooU  and  into  tna  eailcrn  part  of  tlDEava  Bay,  wb 
eicrUent  catchea  bavt  been  nude  lina  1S93.    The  annual  value 
the  fiiliertea  oa  tko  Caiadlao  poniDB  of  tbe  coait  b  about  (ijo^ 
The  kberiea  el  Hudaon  by  aad  of  the  interior  are  whiui^  nn 
nloped,  thouah  both  the  bay  and  the  bric  Iskea  of  the  inteclai 
veO  alKkcd  with  icvcrai  apccica  of  cxcelienC  £ah,  including  An 
ticput,  brook  trout,  late  trout,  while  fiab,  atur^coD  and  cod. 
PefiUaJbni. — Tbe  papulation   ta   ^prociiuttiy    14, 
about  one  person  to  every  35  Aq.m.j  it  ism&cf 
joco  EsUino  and  gooo  whilca.    Tbe  lul  an  conluud 
CDuti  and  Id  the  Hudaon  Bay  Company'a  tuding  poata 
ioteilor.     On  the  Atlantic  coast  [hey  are  laigely  immigranti 
from   Kfwtoundluid,    together   with   doosdanU   of  En^itk 
fiabermen  and  Hudxni  Bay  Compaoy'i  aetvanti.    To  the  north 
of  Htmilloa  Inlet  they  are  of  more  or  leu  mixed  blood  fipm 
nuRiage  irlth  Eiklnu  women.    Tlie  Newfoundland  cenius  of 
igoi  gave  3634  u  tbe  number  of  permanent  white  tcaidenta 
aloBg  the  Allantlc  auut,  and  the  Canadian  ccnaos  (1891]  save 
a  vbite  population  of  5;iS,  mcntly  Freticfa  Canadiani,  tcattere4 
akug  the  noitb  ahore  of  tbe  Gulf  oi  St  Lawrence,  white  Ibe 
•hitei  living  at  the  Inland  poaU  did  not  exceed  £Ily  penou. 
It  It  difficult  to  give  more  thao  »  rough  apptoiimaiion  of  the 
number  of  the  native  population,  owing  to  their  habiu  of  loving 
bom  one  trading  post  to  anolhu.  and  the  cooMquent  liability 
of  couDtinf  the  ume  family  teveral  timet  if  the  iclutni  ate 
computed  from  Ihe  booki  of  the  variout  potti,  the  only  available 
dua  tor  *a  enumeration.    Tba  following  e  ' 


m;  Vngava  Bay, 
OMSt,  tgoo,    EikitDO — Allaniic 
Budion  Strait,  too;  «au  coaat 
of  Hndion  Bay,  509.     The  lodiao*  idms  ova  Ibe  teutbem 

bandt,  their  northern  limit  being  iJetenBined 
by  that  of  tte  tree*  on  which  tbey  depend  for  fuel.  They  Dve 
wholly  by  tbe  duue,  and  tbdt  numbna  are  dependent  upon 
and  othn  aaiauia;  at  a  conaeqaeace  there  ii  a  conillnt 

th  great  glan^ler  of  tbe  latter,  follomd  by  periodic 
anung  tbe  native*,  which  greatly  reduce  Ihcii  number* 
ntain  an  equilibrium.  The  native  pc^ulaliea  baa  thua 
1  about  autinniry  for  the  laat  two  cenlnriet.  The 
belong  to  the  Al^oquin  fam^y,  and  qteah  dialecti  of 
tbe  Cm  language.  By  contact  with  nUa*U>nuici  and  fur-ttaden 
leia  dviiiiad,  and  tbe  grew  majority  ol  them 
TboM  living  north  of  tbe  St  Lawience  are 
Catholio.  wbjle  the  Indian*  of  the  vettein  watenhcd 
have  been  converted  by  the  minionarie*  sf  the  Chunli  Uiarioo 
eaitem  and  northoa  bandt  have  not  yet  been 
«  miuionarlea,  and  ate  aiill  pagans.  The  Eskimo 
of  the  Atitntic  coait  have  long  been  uadei  tbe  guidance  of  tbe 
I,  and  lie  well  advaoctd  hi  dviUxaUan; 
.  have  beep  taught  by  the  Church  MIsiion 
Society,  and  promiae  well;  iriiile  the  Eiklnw  of  Hudaon  Sitait 
'  "'  t  teacben,  and  are  pagan*.  Tbe  Eahinw 
only  going  inland  fiH  abort  perioda  to  hunt 
the  harRn.giound  caribou  for  their  winter  clothing;  the  mt 
of  the  year  tbey  remain  on  the  abore  or  the  ice,  hunting  leal* 
and  porpoiaca,  which  aflojd  them  food,  clothing  and  fueL 
"Hw  1+T(t"'"HTH  Indiana  and  Eikimo  read  and  write  In  thelT 
'     .     _  .    '  ider  tbe  teacMngof  tbe  Church  Hlaaloa 

Sodely  ma  a  ()41abic  chancier,  the  othen  nuke  iiae  of  the 
<linuy  alphabet. 

PMkal  JEoina.— Tbe  peniniul*  i*  divided  poUtically  betwees 
tbe  govcnuneati  of  C*itada,  Newfoundland  and  tbe  prorinca 
oi  Qudiec.  Tbe  gavtnunaM  of  Newfoundland,  under  Letter* 
Patmt  of  tlie  tSth  of  Uaieh  1876,  eierdaet  Jmlidletion  along 
the  Atlantic  (out;  the  bouiulaiy  betwea  ita  tenitory  and 
tlmt  el  Cauda  I*  a  Une  nmnfng  doe  north  and  aoutb  from  Anas 
uatth  ahoR  of  the  Stnit  of  Belle  Isle,  to  ji*  N,, 
being  aa  yet  undetennfaMl.  The 
nnthen  bomdaiy  of  tbe  provioa  ol  Quebec  follow*  tbe  East 
MA  ifm  to  Iti  leiatt  io  Fatamitk  lake,  thaice  by  a  fine  doe 
east  to  the  Aahoanlpl  brandi  of  the  RainHton  river;  it  then 
ibBowa  that  rim  and  Hamlltoai  Inlet  ts'tbe  CDMt  am*  lader 
the  JmiadictioD  ol  Nevfoondland.  Tbe  rem^ndet  ol  tbe 
penbula,  north  of  tbe  piovince  of  Qudiec.  by  oidct  in  oouBca 
dated  the  iBth  oi  December  1S47,  waa  conitllnted  Oi^va 
DlMricti  aa  niMfganiaid  tetiitoiy  under  the  fiiriadlctlm  of  lb« 

Atrtoounas W.  T.  Cnnfell  and  othinL  lairadr:  Itt  CttpOrj 

luU  lb  PuMt  (New  York.  1909):  R.  F.  Halnea.  "  A  Jauraey  in  tba 
Interior  cf  Labiador." Tree.  R.C.S.  i.  iSo-hj  (1M7];  A.  S. 
Packard.  Tlta  L^niei  Cml  (New  York,  iSoO;  Aunen  Caiyi 
"  Exphmdon  on  Cnnd  River.  Labndar,"  Btl.  Am.  Cbi.  Stc.  vaL 
nbv.,  1891;  R.  BeU,  "  Tbe  Labtador  Plnlaa^'  &*aH*Cu.  Uh- 
July  1891.  Alao  the  teUowini  repocta  by  the  Ceologial  Survey  of 
Canada  >-K.  BeU,  "  Report  A  an  Explontion  of  the  Eaat  Coin  of 
Hudion  Bay,"  1877-181S; "  Obaervatlona  on  the  Coast  of  Labrador 
aad  on  Hodn  Stiail  and  Bay,'  l88*-It>4i  A.  P.  Low,  "  Rapen 
on  tha  llla«aaaiiil  Bapaditioa,  ttSg;  "  Report  on  Jaea  Bay  aad 
the  Country  Eaat  el  HudaoB  Bay,"  1(87-1888;  "Report  oa 
ir-j_ri —  t.  .V.  t  .._.._  peniniula,  180J-H0S,"  iBot;  "  Re- 


Explantiana  In  tbe  Labrador  Fi 


,. Tnveiae  of  the  Nortinn  ^ito^  tht  Labfitoi;  Pmiinula, 

HkuityiW^G^ 


,"  18M.  F_ 

Coaliag,  latradir  (l»Io).  (A.  P.  La.;  A.  PTcj 
LUBAMUn,  OC  iMMMk  Sum,  ■  UoieMd*  fdvn 
ot  the  rlr(fr^li'^  ((-k)  Iitwpi  often  cut  ud  poUabed  as  as 
omameDtal  atune.  It  lAea  It*  name  Irani  tbe  coaM  of  Labndolv 
where  it  *aa  ditcovered,  as  boaldeia,  If  the  Uoiavian  Miwleo 
about  1170,  and  apedmens  wen  aom  afterwarda  lent  to  tb* 
aecielary  in  London,  the  Rev.  B.  Latnibe.  Tie  fdfptl  itidf 
i*  generally  of  a  dull  grey  cohmi,  with  a  ntbcc  grcuy  luHisi 


LABRADOR  ■TEA^iA  BRUYERE 


_c<  pofple  or  led;  tii£  coloiu 

_^ ._^ u  chui^uig  vhsi  Ih*  Hone  ii  viewed  in  diflercot 

dimlicu,    Thk  gptial  effect,  kDCnti  Kuutima  u  "  b^radoc- 

hmlnu  at  muiu  minenjo,  like  gMhite  or  hacmuite,  unngcd 
puilld  to  the  iiiriuc  which  itflccu  the  cniouii  hut  in  other 
cataittuybecuuedDoooniuchbyinctiuioiisas  by  uddicite 
Umcllu  itnKture  iii  liie  Mipix.  An  treDtDQne  effect  is  pro-. 
ducid  by  the  pracoce  ot  micKocopic  encLoiiRea.  The  on^zial 
lihraduile  wu  found  in  the  neighboiuhood  of  Niin,  notably 
kD  A  lifoon  about  50  m.  inland,  and  ld  St  Paul'a  liland.  Hen 
it  occun  with  hypenthene,  of  a  tkb  bron^  ihecn,  forming  a 
QBiK-graincd  noiite.  When  ml,  the  stones  aie  Tenarkably 
biilUsnl,  azid  have  been  esUed  by  the  natives  "  £ie  eocIu." 
Russia  hu  also  yielded  dwloyant  labndoiite,  eqiecially  near 
Kic*  and  in  Finknd;  a  Soit  blue  labradorite  has  been  brouEbt 
from  Queensland;  and  tbs  tniitenl  is  also  iinowa  in.  several 
beauties  in  the  United  Suiet.  as  ix  Keeseville,  in  Euez  county. 
New  York.  The  omamenlai  Mone  frem  south  Norway,  now 
largely  used  as  a  dctoiMive  matnia]  in  aickitccture.  owes  ita 
beauty  to  a  felspu  with  a  blue  opalescence,  ofun  called  labia- 
dorile,  but  leally  *  kind  of  orthodase  which  PiofeiKir  W.  C. 
Bttlg^  fau  lenned  oyptopesthite,  whilst  the  rock  in  which 
it  occun  is  aa  augite-syenite  qalled  by  him  laurvi^ie,  from' 
ill  chief  locality,  Laurvik  in  Norway.  Common  lainadoiilc, 
without  play  o{  oolour,  is  an  important  constituent  ol  such 
locki  *i  c^)bco,  dioritc,  isdeule,  doleiite  and  ba^t,  (See 
PiAcmcusi.}  Ejected  CTTBlals  of  labradorite  are  fonad  on 
Itonti  RoMi,  a  double  paraaitic  cone  on  Etna. 

Tbe  Uim  labradorite  it  unfortucatdy  used  alw  ai  a  rock- 
■aoie,  havina  been  wplted  by  Foucint  and  Ltvy  to  a  group 
•I  bailc  lOcka  itch  in  augiie  and  poor  in  olivina.  (F.  W.  K.*) 
•  UBBADOX  TEA.  the  popular  name  lor  a  qiedea  of  Lttmm, 
aimall evergreen  shrub  growing  in  bogs  and  swamps  [q  Greenland 
and  tbe  more  northern  parts  of  North  America.  Tbe  leaves  arc 
tMlgb,  densely  covered  with  brown  wool  on  the  imder  lace, 
fnwnmt  when  ctuibed  and  have  been  used  as  a  substitute  fcr 
tea.   Tkeidaot  isamtnberoftheheaihfuBily  (Ericaceae). 

UBRUH  (Ut  for  "  lip  "),  (be  large  vessel  of  the  warm  bath 
In  the  Rmuu  thennac.  The>e  wek  cut  out  cA  great  blods  irf 
-  marble  and  gnnite,  and  have  goieially  an  overhanging  lip. 
llwteiiODein  the  Vatkaool  potphyiyover  11  ft.  in  diameter. 
Tlte  tenaMmM  te  nied  ia  zoobgy,  o(  a  lip  or  hi>jike  part;  in 
CBlainolofy  it  la  qtpbed  qtedfically  to  tbe  npper  lip  of  an  Imect, 
tbe  lower  Up  beinf  tenntd  liiUiiii. 

U  nnnRB,  aia  DB  (164S-1696),  Fiendi  ciuiyiu  and 
BcnUM,  wai  botB  in  FariKHi  the  lAthol  August  t6tj,  and  not, 
as  was  once  tbe  conunoit  ttatement,  at  Doordan  (Seine-et-tXie) 
in  1619.  His  iamily  waa  of  the  miildle  daas^  and  hia  reference 
Ut  a  eolaln  GeoSny  de  la  Bruyto,  a  cnaader,  k  only  a  satirical 
Ulustratioa  of  a  method  of  iclf.4noi>Ucmcnt  common  in  France 
ai  ia  soDe  otba  countiJt*.  Indeed  he  himself  ahrayi  signed  the 
name  Delabruy^  in  one  word,  thus  avowing  his  TsfuR.  His 
pngenilon.  bowevei,  were  of  respectable  position,  and  he  could 
tnce  them  back  at  least  as  far  as  his  greal-giandlaibtr,  wbo  had 
bna  a  strong  Leagua.  La  Bruytn's  own  father  was  ronitoQer- 
ftnefal  of  finuice  to  the  HAtel  de  Ville,  The  son  wu  educated 
by  tha  Oratoriana  and  at  the  univcTsity  ol  Ocleins;  he  was 
called  to  tbe  bar,  and  in  it?]  bought  a  post  in  Ibe  revenue, 
which  gave  tbe  status  ol  noblesse  and  a 
\i^  he  sold  this  office.  Hii  piedecessoi  in  it 
'  it  is  thought  that  ibe  transaction 


bndly,  introduced  him  in  16S4  to  tbe  household  of  the  great 
CsBdf,  to  wbne  grandson  Henri  Jules  de  Bourbon  as  weS  as 
t6  that  piftici'a  pri-biide  Ulle  de  Nsila,  one  of  Louis  XTV.'i 
DBtuial  chOdren,  La  Bmyhe  became  tutor.  The  rest  ol  his  life 
was  pamed  In  tbe  bousebold  d(  the  prince  or  else  at  court,  and 
bt  aeema  10  have  profited  by  the  {ndination  which  all  the  Condt 
bmilyhadfOrtbeiodMyolmeaof  teltats.   Veif  little  is  known 


of  the  evenli  of  this  part — oi,  indeed,  oT  any  part—ol  his  life. 
The  iotpnsdoii  derived  from  the  (iw  notices  of  him  Is  of  a  iHeiil, 
observant,  but  somewhat  awkwatd  man,  nsenibling  in  nuoneit 
Joseph  AddiKin,  whose  masta  in  littf  atuie  Ia  Bniylie  m- 
doubtedly  was.  Yet  despite  the  numetous  enemies  wfiich  his 
book  tiised  op  for  him,  most  of  these  notices  are  favourable— 
notably  that  of  Saint-Saion,  an  acuta  judge  and  one  bitteily 
prejudiced  against  nliiriBt  generally.  There  ii,  bomvtr,  a 
curious  passage  in  a  lettec  from  Boileau  lo  Bidne  in  which  be 
regrets  that  "  nature  baa  not  nude  La  BniyEte  as  agreeable  la 
he  would  like  lo  be."  Hlg  CaraOiia  ai^ieiied  in  iGSK.  and  at 
Dace,  as  Nicolas  de  Maleiieu  bad  predicted,  brooght  hini  "  biea 
dea  lecieurt  et  bien  des  ennetnis."  At  the  head  ol  these  were 
Thomaj  Corneilie,  Tontenelle  and  Beiuerade,  who  were  ptelly 
deitly  aimed  at  in  the  book,  as  well  as  innumeiable  other 
persons,  men  and  vomin  ol  letters  as  well  isol  socarty,  oawhoca 
the  cap  ol  La  Bmy^tc's  fancy-portrslts  was  fitted  by  maBuBCtipC 
"  keyj  "  compiled  by  the  scribblers  of  the  day.  The  ftieodsbip 
ol  Bouuet  and  still  more  the  protection  of  the  Condb  lufficienlly 
ddcnded  the  author,  and  he  continued  to  insert  fresh  portrsJta 
of  his  coatcmpoiajies  in  each  new  edition  of  his  book,  e^xdally 
in  the  4Ih  (i^).    Those,  however,  whom  he  had  attacked  were 

Bruy^  before  he  could  make  his  way  into  that  guarded  hold. 
He  was  defeated  thrice  in  1691,  and  on  one  memorable  occation 
he  had  but  seven  votes,  five  ol  which  were  those  of  Bosuei, 
Boileau,  iiacine,  PcUisson  and  Bussy-Rabutin.  It  was  not 
till  164J  that  he  wa*  elecled,  and  even  then  an  tpigram,  which, 
considering  his  adrnitted  Insignificuice  in  oonvenatltv,  was  pot 
of  ll»  woist,  iienl  laCeri: — 

"  Quand  la  Bniytn  k  pitsente 


""hltlluoil"!!  p»i  uTsiT?"' 


.  bowever,  chiefly  confined  [o  the  aubjed* 
of  bis  sucaitic  portraiture,  and  to  tbe  hack  writers  ol  the  time, 
of  whom  be  waa  wont  to  ^leak  with  a  disdain  only  stuptssed 
by  that  of  Pope.  His  description  of  [he  Uanre  gofanl  as 
"  immASiaienunt  au  dastmi  de  rien "  Is  the  best-remembered 
Bpecinun  of  these  imwise  attacks;  and  would  of  itself  account 
for  the  enmity  ol  the  editon,  Fontenelle  and  the  youngcf 
Corneilie.  La  Bruy^'s'discourso  of  admission  at  the  Academy, 
one  of  the  best  ol  its  kind,  was,  like  his  admisdon  itself,  severely 
criticiied,  especially  by  the  partisans  of  the  "  Moderns  "  in  the 
"  Aodent  and  Modem "  qoane!.  With  the  CuracOra,  tbe 
translation  of  Theophrastus,  and  a  few  letters,  most  ol  them 
addressed  to  the  prince  dc  Condt,  it  oompleies  the  list  of  hi) 
liurary  work,  withtheexceptiaanf  acuciousandmuch-diQiutcd 
posthumous  titatise.  La  Biuy^  died  very  suddenly,  and  not 
'  long  after  his  admiisian  to  the  Academy.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
struck  with  dumbness  in  an  assembly  of  his  friends,  and,  being 
carried  home  to  the  HAtcl  de  Condi,  to  have  expired  of  apoplsiy 
a  day  or  two  afterwards,  on  the  loth  of  May  i(i«6.  It  is  not 
surprising  that,  considering  die  recent  panic  about  poisoning, 
the  bitterpersonalenmitieswhichhe  had  excited  and  the  pecvliof 
circumstances  of  his  death,  suspicions  of  foul  play  ihoidd  have 

them.  Two  yean  after  bis  death  appealed  ceitoin  DialDiiia  i" 
k  QiiitUrtni,  alleged  to  hare  been  found  among  his  papers  in- 
oomplete,  and  to  have  been  completed  by  the  editor.  As  these 
dialogues  ate  far  Inferior  in  literary  meiit  to  La  Bruy&e's  olbrc 
works,  their  genuineneis  has  been  denied,  Sut  the  iliajghi- 
forward  and  drcumstantisl  account  of  their  appearance  given 
by  this  editor,  the  Abbt  du  Fin,  a  man  o!  acknowledged  probityi 
the  intimacy  ol  La  Bruytre  with  Bossuel,  whose  t^tn  in  bis 
contest  with  Ffneton  these  dialogues  are  designed  to  further, 
and  Che  entire  absence,  at  so  short  a  time  after  the  aUeged  author's 
death,  of  the  least  protest  on  the  part  ot  his  friendi  and  rqirff- 
sentaiives,  seem  to  be  decisive  in  their  favour. 

Although  it  ia  permissible  to  doubt  whether  the  Value  of  the 
Cararttra  has  not  been  &>mewbal  exaggerated  by  traditional 
French  crilicQm,  they  deserve  beyond  all  questioa  a  hi^  place. 


Hm  plas  cf  the  bocfcis  tbonv^y  tni^mi,  if  Uku  Una  luy  be 


__  _  nlitttomote.  WiUi  tht  tUnuT  gMmaUatiam  md 
•odil  Dutch  pwDtiic  iri  Ut  origoil  L«  Bti^te  coabidad  tb« 
pcculiariliu  of  tlw  l&nulgiw  <nay,  if  tfac  PoBto  Mid  if  luiau 


oactly  i^mdimd  lince,  tbougli  the  trnny  «l  Addwia  uk)  SUcU 

iililn  it  raj  dody.  opKiilljr  in  tha  teUcductioa  of  lancy 

poitraiU.  IiitlKtit]aafliiiin>ik,aadfaiitinUnH  douKsri- 
DaB.LaBrnTfcaKBuiiditlianadB'of  UodUl(at,bmhe  lieHd 
too  aiudi  It  MnlnHimaBaa  to  altonpt  even  the  •ppartnl  cm- 
Ijnully  of  tha  gnat  auyiit.  The  d»n  pans'^>hi  of  whkh  hb 
ch*pten  coa^Bt  mro  ouide  up  of  ^—fi^^Tf  prapttr  of  criticiuia 
lilemr  ud  ethical,  ud  abon  all  of  the  celebnted  ikeLcbn  of 
indivtdiwb  baptiatd  with  naisei  taken  (lom  the  ptayi  and 
lomancei  of  the  time.  Tbcie  last  an  the  treat  featnic  o(  the 
«Dck,  and  thai  whidi  Ran  It  iti  iimiKdiate  if  not  iu  eoiating 
popDlarily.  H)^  aie  wmdartuOy  piquant.  ntnoidinirUy 
life>tihe  in  a  certain  mdM,  Hid  mnst  hive  given  great  pkamre 
or  moiE  fnqimtly  enpiiiite  pain  ta  the  originals,  irtio  were  In 
many  caaea  unmistakable  and  in  most  lecogoinble. 

But  then  it  aometUng  wanting  Is  Ibcm.  The  critidun  of 
Charpeaticc,  who  readved  1a  fimytiD  at  the  Acadcruy,  and 
lAo  wai  of  the  opindte  faction,  [i  in  fact  fully  |uMl£ed  a*  far 
■1  it  goo.  l*  Biajnfae  Uttially  "est  (trap]  descendu  dao)  ie' 
pvtMJnlier."  He  bat  aeOher,  Uko  MolHre,  cmbodFed  aUlnrc 
pecullailt)tainaikigkliMllntype,noihaibe,1ike  Shak«p«n. 
made  (h«  indMduat  pas  nh  ifttlem  aOtnilUiCi,  and  terve  as 
a  irpe  vIdIb  retahtbf  Ui  indivlduifily.  He  ii  a  photognplw 
lalha  than  an  ailBt  in  Mt  ponraftucc  So,  loo,  hit  majtims, 
admirably  u  they  are  eipreaaed,  and  e«Bct  ai  their  truth  often 
ii.  an  an  a  kwer  level  than  those  of  La  Rocheloucauld.  Baide 
the  icalptaiaiine  predskin,  the  Koman  brevity,  the  piofmnd- 
tRM  of  ethial  hitidtion  "  pierdng  to  the  accepted  hells  beneath," 
o(  the  great  Frondeur,  La  Bniyfae  bat  the  air  of  a  literary- 
ptO^maVn  Aesalng  up  nq>erfid»]  obwrvailon  [n  the  fintiy 
of  afil.  It  it  indeed  only  by  comparitoB  that  he  loacs,  but  llieo 
it  it  by  compaiifton  that  he  [a  usually  praised.  His  abundant 
■H  and  hi*  personal  "mahce  "  have  done  mndi  to  give  ban  hit 
nnfc  in  Pnncb  tileratuie,  but  iniidi  muM  alao  be  allowed  to 
hit  poidy  literary  BKiit*.  With  Kacine  and  Matron  he  b 
prolubly  the  very  best  writer  o(  what  is  tomcwhat  arbiltaiily 
wyled  clasdcal  French.  He  it  hardly  ever  iacotrcct— the  highest 
merit  in  the  cyca  oi  a  Fiendi  academic  ciHk.  He  is  always 
wcU-bred,  ftevcr  oUcure,  raidy  though  lomeliaKa  ''  pCEcnua  " 
in  the  turns  aud  nicelia  of  Iwiguig)  in  which  ho  delights  to 
indulge,  in  Ua  avowed  design  of  attracting  readen  by  form, 

added  to  Ui  aedit  that  he  was  sensible  of  the  folly  of  impoverish- 
ing Frachby  ejecting  old  words.  His  chapter  on  "Xea  ouvragei 
de  rcaprit  "  contains. randi  good  criticbm,  ihougb  ii  thowathat, 
like  molt  cJhitcoataiBpimrieaescepI  Ffndon,  hasBlameiiUbly 
ignonnl  ot  the  literature  of  his  own  isngoe. 
The  editions  of  La  Bniy^re.  both  paitkl  and  complirte,  have  been 

Grte.  am  fa  aractirrs  et  Ut  moMri  4t  tf  liiiff,  appealed  for 
first  time  in  tSW,  being  publiihed  by  MtchittR,  tn  whoic  lil 
daughter,  aeoorillnlja  tradition.  La  Bniyire  lavc  the  prolili  of 
book  as  a  dowry.    Two  other  ediliaiia.h((le  alM— ■ ■-'"' 


Om  imM  leiHratly'Bieful,  aa  the  edhur  hai  ccJIerted  ilmott  enry- 
ln|  ol  win  la  hia  predeceaiort.    The  litentim  dI  "  kcyt "  to 

L  Diuytcv  la  catenalve  and  apeeryphai.    Almoal  everything  that 

can  be  done  in  lUt  dheetiM  and  in  thai  of  genenl  iDuitiatiDn  w« 
dona  by  Edonard  Fournler  hi  Ua  kamed  and  amniini  C<imUit  it 
Za  Brmjtn  (lSM)i  M.  Paul  Msrillot  connribuied  a  nianci{nidi  on 
'  iBnyiecto  tM  BBiee«CCMadi4cnnifin/Ria(at>in  1W4. 

lUlUX  (a  comiptlon  of  Uw  Malay  word  kivlK*,  sJgnlfyInc 

ap  "  anchorace  "],  an  iaiaad  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  oS  the 

noitb-wett  coast  ol  Borneo  in  j*  16'  N.,  115°  ij'  E,    lu  an« 

io-ii  tq.  to.;  it  ia  distant  about  6  m.  from  the  ■n.ml.iul 

Bomeo  at  the  riearest  point,  and  Uci  ojqxaitE  to  the  northern 

d  of  the  great  Brunei  Bay.     The  ialand  it  covered  with  low 

lis  rising  from  flats  near  the  shore  to  an  irr^ular  plateau 

ar  the  centra.    About  1500  acres  arc  under  rice  culiivation, 

id  there  are  scattered  patcbft  of  coco-nut  and  taao  palm*  and 

few  vegetable  gudcos.  the  Utter  owned  for  the  laott  pan 

by  Chinese.     For  the  rest  Labuan  is  covered  over  snat  ol  iU 

extent  by  vigorous  secondary  growth,  amidst  which  the  charred 

trunks  of  trees  rise  at  frequent  intervals,  the  greater  part  ol  tha 

fest  of  the  island  having  been  destroyed  by  great  accidental 

inflagralions.     Labuan  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  ift46| 

chiefly  through  the  Instrument  ility  of  Sic  Jime*  Brooke,  Uw 

"    '  ajaof  Sarawak, andwasoccupiedtwoyeart  lAtO'. 

the  lime  of  it*  cation  the  ishuid  wat  uiusbabited,  but  in 
the  populaifoD  numbered  5;ji,  tbou^  it  had  declined  tl» 
53fii  in  iSoi.  The  census  returns  loc  1901  give  the  popalUioB 
at  8411.  The  native  population  consists  of  Malay  £shemica, 
Chinese,  Tamils  and  small  shifting  communities  ol  Eadayam, 
Tutonga  and  other  natives  of  the  neighbouring  Bomean.  coast. 
There  are  about  £fty  European  reiidents.  At  the  tiTne  of  ila 
occi^ation  hy  Great  Britain  a  brillianl  future  was  predicted 
for  Labnan,  which  it  was  thought  would  become  a  second 
jingapore.  These  hopes  have  not  been  realiacd.  The  ooal 
leposila,  which  are  of  somewhat  indiaerent  quality,  have  been 
lorked  with  varying  dcptn  ol  failure  by  a  tuccetnon  of  com- 
lanics.  one  of  which,  the  Labuan  b  Bomco  Ltd  ,  Uquidaled  in 
[901  after  the  collapse  of  a  shaft  upon  which  large  (ums  had 
leea  eipended.  It  wa*  succeeded  by  the  Labuan  CoalfiekU 
Ltd.  The  haxbnur  it  a  fine  one,  and  the  above-named  company 
possesses  ihiee  wharves  capable  of  berthing  the  laiieM  Eutnn- 
going  ocean  iteunen.  To-day  Labuan  chiefiy  eiidi  a*  a  Iradini 
depAt  for  the  nativo  of  the  neighbouriiig  coast  of  Borneo,  who 
"  their  produce — beeswax,  edible  birds-nests,  cv^ibor, 
gutta,  infMUig.  Ik., — to  Chiooe  ibopketpen,  who  r«KlI  it  in 
pore.  There  is  also  a  contidcnhle  trade  in  sago,  much  (d 
is  produced  on  the  mainland,  and  there  are  three  HryUl 
sago-Iactoriei  on  the  Island  where  the  raw  product  is  (onveftad 
into  flour.  Hie  Eastern  Exteniioa  Telegraph  Company  ha*  ■ 
central  station  at  Labuan  with  ubl<*  to  SinppoM,  Hoof 
EongandBritlsh  N'orthBotoeo.  Monthly  steam  commuoicatioa 
it  maintained  by  a  German  firm  between  f  j>wi^^  Singapore 
and  the  Philippines.     "Hb  colony  Joined  the  Imperial  Poiny 


>,  aildilloiu,  I 


ninth  editton, 
HAor'a  death. 
ThtthiieliM  diahicueswc 
including  those  addressed 


of  16QA,  a  fnsh  edition  appeared,  and.  in  all  tbcK 

milch  alRnd,  was  put  forth  In  the  yeai 

Academy  ipeech  appeared  In  the  eighlh 

■m  publithed  n  itm;  moM  «t  -"- 


■  oTCw 


KiOie  X  Walctonaer  (iRu).  Serveit  (iMT.  hi  the  eetfea  of  C 
IuihAu  a  la  Fniut},  Astelinen  (•  <chol»i*y  repoMrf  llii 
oilgliial  •diiisn,  i*T>J  and  lin^  Chaieaiit  (tlTSt;  th>  laK  1 


liSp.    ' 


a  few 


lof  n 


island  Bod  a  metre-gauge  railway  from  the  baiboui  to  the  coal 
mines,  the  properly  of  the  comptny.  There  is  a  Roman  r.tWJu, 
church  with  a  rcaident  pfietl,  aa  Anglican  church,  visited  peiiadic- 
atly  by  a  clergyman  from  the  mamland,  two  native  and  Chiac*e 
scboolt,  aod  a  sailort'  chib,  built  by  the  Roman  CalboHc  mission. 
The  bisbop  of  Singapore  ai^d  Sarawak  is  alto  bishop  of  Ldwan. 
The  Eunqiean  graveyard  bit  cepeateiily  been  the  accne  Of 
outrage*  peTpetraled,  it  is  believed,  by  natives  from  the  mainland 
of  Boiaeo,  the  graves  being  rificd  and  the  hair  of  the  head  and 
other  parts  of  the  coriwa  being  carried  oS  10  furnish  otsament* 
to  weapons  and  ingiedicalt  in  the  magii:  philtres  of  the  nativea, 
Pulau  Dat,  a  small  island  in  the  near  nei^bourhood  oi  T.hnf^ 
It  the  aite  of  a  Gnt  coco-nut  plantation  whence  Butt  ai>d  eapn 

.  are  exported  in  bulk.    The  diioatc  is  hot  and  very  humid. 

tTmll  1W9  the  erpendltuTe  of  the  cotony  wai  partly  dcfiaytd  by 

'  HpRial  irutHo^iA  but  alter  tlial  dale  it  wat  lelt  ta  Its  owa 

thcB. '  sIbcc' then  law  and  order 


LABURNUM— LABYRINTH 


have.  b«a  ndiitiiDKl  vithovt  diScutiy  by  ■  null  nbed  poliec 
idnc  of  PiiD)abi>  and  Malayi.  Fnm  (Ik  in  of  Jinuuy  itootoUv 
IM  of  Juuuy  i>id6  Labuan  ma  innifentd  l«  aaairMntiva 
purpo»  to  Uw  Bntuh  Notth  BonicD  Compaayi  ^^  tawtmor  lor  tba 
time  beiiif  o£  tbt  QHnpany'a  lenitoria  baUlDg  alas  tba  nyal  oom- 
miniaa  ai  goveirur  oi  L^buaiL  Thia  aRaii|«iieDC  (tid  not  work 
latiifactorily  and  called  forth  fnqiKDt  petJtaonaaadprotcMafram 
the  colonini.  Labuao  wa>  ibeo  placed  oader  the  loveranieDt  of 
the  Sinlti  Sentementi.  ard  u  adnuidiieml  by  a  deputy  invinwr 
*bo  li  a  meiBbei  of  Ilie  SUait>  ClvD  Service 

LUORIftnt,  known  botanlcally  ai  tjiimiai  wlfon  (or 
Cyfinr  Latttmitm),  a  famiGai  tree  of  tbe  pea  famDy  (Legu- 
ininosae);  it  q  also  known  ai ''golden  chain"  and*' golden  rain." 
It  is  a  native  of  the  mountsini  of  France,  Swiuerland,  uulhem 
Gcnnanj,  nDTtliem  Italy,  &c.,  haa  long  been  cultivated  aa  an 
onumcntal  tree  throughout  Europe,  and  waa  Introduced  into 
DOTth-caat  America  by  the  European  colonl&ta-  Gerard  records 
it  ai  glowing  in  his  garden  In  1J97  under  the  names  of  aiagyiis, 
tabuinimi  01  beane  tcefoyle  (Bcrkall,  p.  i]m)>  I^uC  Ihc  date  of 
Hi  introduclIoD  into  E^land  appcin  to  be  unknown.  In 
Fiance  It  ia  oiled  I'aubino — a  corruption  from  labumUDi 
according  to  Du  Hatnel — as  alio  arboii,  i.e.  orc-bii,  "  the 
wood  Imviag  been  used  by  the  ancient  Gauls  for  twwi.  tl 
il  itni  w  employed  in  lome  parts  of  the  Mlconnois,  when  the 
bowa  *K  found  to  preserve  Ibeir  strength  and  elaitlijty  for  half 
■  centuty  "  (Loudon,  Arbarctum,  a.  jgo). 
'  Sevtnl  varietia  of  this  tree  are  cultivated,  dillering  In  the 
rite  of  the  Sowers,  in  the  form  of  the  foliage,  &c.,  such  at  Ihe 
"oak^teaied"  (purdfsliim),  pniittiini,  cmfum,  At;  vat. 
mmnii  has  golden  yellow  leaves.  One  of  the  molt  leraarkable 
forma  ii  Cylisui  Adami  (C.  parptaasirni),  which  bears  three 
kinds  of  btoasama,  via.  racemes  of  pure  yellon  flowers,  olhen 
of  a  purple  colour  and  others  of  an  imetmediaie  brick-red  tint. 
The  last  are  hybrid  blossoms,  and  are  sterile,  with  malformed 
ovules,  (hough  the  pollen  appears  (a  be  good.  The  yellow 
and  purple  "  leversions  "  are  fertile.  It  originated  in  Paris 
in  181S  by  M,  Adam,  who  Inserted  a  "  shield  "  of  the  bark  ol 
Cyfim^ar/wcKilntoasIockof  Labamum.  A  vigorous  shoot 
from  this  bud  was  subsequently  propagated.  Hence  it  would 
appear  that  the  two  distinct  species  became  united  by  their 
camtdum tayeia,  and  the  trees  propagated  therefrom  subsequently 
reverted  to  their  respective  parentages  in  bearing  both  yellow 
and  purple  flowers,  but  produce  as  well  bloasoms  of  an  inter- 
mediate or  hybrid  character.  Such  a  result- may  be  oiled  a 
"  graf [hybrid."  For  full  details  see  Dartrin'i  Animali  and 
PloHii  undo  DanuiHealUin. 

The  laburnum  has  highly  poisonous  properties.  The  roots 
taste  like  Ilquotice,  trhtch  ii  a  member  oI  the  same  family  as 
llie  lihtinHua,  It  has  proved  fatal  to  cattle,  thougb  hares  and 
nbUtt  cat  the  bark  i^  ii  with  avidity  [Gaiicner't  ChrenicU, 
.  p.  666).  The  seeds  also  *t«  highly  poisongui, 
Hie  as  well  as  acrid  narcotic  principles,  especially 
e,  Centd  (I«,  c!i.)  alludes  to  the  powerful  eScct 
leiystem  by  talung  the  bruised  leaves  medicinally, 
ei  (hat  bees  wilt  not  visit  the  flowers  (N.H.  ivi.  jt), 
but  thii  Is  an  error,  as  bees  and  butterflies  play  an  Important 
part  in  the  fenititation  of  the  flowers,  which  they  villi  for  the 

The  heart  wood  of  the  Itbuniura  is  of  a  dark  reddtlh-brown 
colour,  hard  and  dumble,  and  takta  1  good  polish.  Hence  It 
il  much  prized  by  turners,  and  used  with  other  coloured  woods 
lor  inlaying  purposes.  The  laburnum  has  been  called  false 
ebony  from  this  character  of  its  wood. 

UITBIMTH  (Gr.  Xa^fyutfoi,  Lat.  Iciynallna),  the  name 
fiveD  by  (he  Greeks  and  Romans  10  buildings,  eniirdy  or  partly 
iobtenmnean,  containing  a  number  of  chambers  and  .fnlricate 
paaiafci,  whkh  rendettd  egress  pu tiling  and  diflicult,  lleword 
ii  considered  by  same  to  be  ol  Egyptian  origin,  wlute  others 
connect  it  with  the  Or.  \e.ipit,  the  passage  of  a  mine.  Another 
derivation  suggested  -is  from  UBfOf,  1  Lydian  or  Carian  word 
meaning  a  "  double-edged  ais  "  {Jeunmi  ef  HJtoiit  Slmiai, 
iti.  log,  >6S].  acconfing  lo  which  the  Cretan  labyrinth  or 
palace  of  MInoi  was  the  house  of  (he  double  tia,  the  symbol 


1SS1,  VI 


produced  on 


Pliny  (JVrK.  HuL  iiTvi.  19,  «i)  moKinM  the  lollMiiit  U  th« 
isDi-  lamouB  labyrinths  of  antlqaky.  ' 

I.  Hie  Egyptian:  of  whidi  a  dtactiptioii  li  given  by  Herodetui 
(ii.  148)  and  Strabotivil.  tii).  J(  was  situated  to  the  east  of 
lake  lioeiis,  orfiaaite  the  aodest  site  of  Antnoe  or  Crocodllo- 
poUa.  According  to  Egyptdogitts,  (he  word  meant "  the  temple 
at  the  entrance  of  the  lake."  According  to  Hsrodoiui,  the 
entire  building,  luirounded  by  a  sio^  wall,  contained  twelve 
courts  and  jooo  chambera,  1500  above  and  1500  below  ground. 
The  roofi  were  wholly  of  stone,  and  the  walls  covered  with 
sculpture.  On  one  aide  stood  a  pyramid  40  orgyiae,  or  about 
941  ft.  bi^  Uerodolui  himself  went  thnngh  the  upper 
chambeia,  but  wu  not  permitted  to  visit  thaw  tiadasmmd, 
which  he  wu  told  contained  the  (tmbs  of  the  Unv  vbo  htd 
built  the  labyrinth,  atid  of  the  sactcd  crocediks.  Other  andeiu 
authorities  coniidend  that  it  was  built  at  >  place  «i  meeting  lor 
the  Egyptian  noma  or  potitical  diviiionii  but  it  ia  akua  l^y 
that  It  was  intended  for  lepoldiial  puipoiea.  It  wai  tba  work 
of  AmenemU  III.,  of  the  iilh  dynaity,  iriio  lived  about  ijeoB.c 
It  wai  £nt  located  by  the  Egyptolo^  Lepaina  to  the  poith  of 
Hawara  in  the  Faynm,  and  (in  iSSS)  FXndeci  Petrie  discovered 
its  foundation,  the  eatent  of  which  is  about  looa  ft.  long  by 
Soo  ft.  wide.    Immediately  to  (he  north  of  it  is  the  pyramid  of 

have  been  found  (see  W.  U.  Flioden  Petrie,  BoHra,  Aatom, 
eni  Ariintt,  iSS«). 

1.  The  Cretan:  said  to  have  been  buHt  by  Daedahii  on  the 
plan  oi  the  Egyptian,  and  fanoui  for  iti  conmiioa  with  the 
legend  of  the  Minotaur.  It  ii  doubtful  whetbei  it  ever  had  any 
rol  existence  ttid  Diodorui  Siculm  says  that  in  his  time  It  had 
stretdy  dis^qxarcd.  By  the  older  writen  it  was  placed  Bear 
Cnoasui,  and  ii  represented  on  coim  of  that  dty.  but  mthing 
corresponding  Lo  it  jkaa  been  found  during  the  course  of  the  receni 
eacavalions,  unles  (he  royal  palate  was  meant.  The  rocka  of 
Crete  are  full  of  winding  cavei,  which  gave  the  fitN  idea  of  the 
legendary  labyrinth.  Later  writers  (for  inslaace,  CItndiaB, 
De  laU  C«u.  Hnurii,  6^4)  place  it  near  Gottyna,  and  a  let 
of  winding  passagei  and  chambers  dote  to  that  ptace  is  still 
pointed  out  as  the  labyrinth;  these  arc.  however,  ilt  fValily 


the  EgypUas. 

Kemains  of  it  existed  in  (be  (ime  of  Pliny.    I(B  chief  feature 
was  Its  ijo  tdunuu. 

4.  The  Italian:  a  taiiea  of  cfcambai  in  the  kiwa  part  of 
(be  totnb  of  Forscna  at  Quiium,  This  tomb  was  joo  II.  iquare 
and  Jo  ft.  high,  atid  usdeniiath  it  wai  a  labyrinth,  from  which 


Fm.  1.— Labyrinth  of  Loadoii  and  Wise. 
It  wai  exceedingly  difficult  (o  find  an  eilt  without  the  asrislaiK* 
of  a  clew  of  thread.    It  hu  been  maintained  tbat  thb  tomb  li  to 
be  recognized  in  the  mouiid  named  Poggio  Ca;eQa  near  QiiutL 

Lastly,  Pliny  (luvi.  igJappUetlhe  word  to  a  rude  drawing  on 
the  ground  or  pavement,  to  Some  extent  aotidpating  the  modem 
or  garden  nuie. 

1,  Atyptiiihi  Go- 
-.1.  u»  CU...UII  III  iiiv  secoad  book  ol 
U  Cntaa,  C.  HOck.  £nla  {(>i}-lltM.  and 


labyrikth 


A.  J.  Evau  b  JmriHl «/ AUmfc  JMin:  on  ilw  nbJKt  (eoenlly, 
■itidci  in  RoKhn'i  LentM  iir  MylUitit  Kti  Dinmbett  ud 

In  gitdcDiDS,  I  kbyiintli  or  swH  meuu  u  intriote  nclmrk 
of  pwlnnyi  codoMd  by  bedfci  ot  pUntUioot,  lo  that  tbou 


Fio.  3. — Libyrinih  cl  BtUf  Langky. 

■ho  enter  becBme  bewildered  in  their  eSorU  to  fiad  the  centre  or 
■nil:e  theit'  nit.  It  ii  a  lemnut  oi  the  old  gcoraeU-tol  nylc  o( 
[udeniag.  There  in  two  methodi  of  fonniDf  it.  That  which 
ii  peba|«  the  more  common  coowU  of  vallui  or  alleys  u  they 


Fro.  3. — Libyrlnlh  at  VemiUs. 
mie  ionnaly  called,  taid  out  and  kept  to  an  equal  widlb  or 
Beaily  la  by  parallel  bcdfei,  which  (bovld  be  w  clew  and  thick 
^  the  eye  cwuiot  rcadBy  penetrau  them.    Tbe  t*A  ii  to  fet 


to  (he  ceatie,  vhich  ti  ollen  rabed,  and  imenlly  eonti 
coveted  scat,  a  founliin,  a  Ualue  or  even  a  small  gnnp  a( 
Alter  reaching  this  point  the  neat  thing  a  to  return  I 
entrance,  when  it  i>  lound  that  cgren  ii  u  diKcuII  al  in 
To  every  design  ot  this  urt  there 'should  be  a  key,  but  even 
who  Itnow  the  key  are  apt  to  be  perplexed.  Somelimt 
ddign  consiili  of  illeyt  only,  u  in  Gg.  1,  publiahed  in  r; 
London  and  Wiio.  Ill  audi  a  com,  when  the  farther  i 
reached,  there  only  reniaini^to  travel  back  again.  Of  a 
pcelcntioui  character  waa  a  design  published  by  Sviiier  in 


Fia.  4.— Man  ai  Hampton  Conrt. 


Tlii  II  of  octtgouat  (Orm,  with  very  numeroui  paraDcl  hedgeaand 
palhi,  and  "  dx  diSecent  entrances,  whereof  there  is  tnit  one 
that  leaili  to  the  centre,  and  thai  is  attended  with  tome  ififficulliea 
and  a  ffcac  many  Mops."  Some  of  ihe  alder  designs  for  laby- 
rinlhl,  however,  av«d  thia  dose  parallelism  of  the  alleys,  which, 
Ihou^  ecpially  involved  and  intricate  in  Ihtjr  windings,  are 
carried  through  hlocksof  thick  planting,  as  shown  in  fig,  i,  from 
a  desigivpublished  in  r;iR  by  Baiiy  Ungley.  These  blocks  of 
shrubbery  have  been  called  wilderncsKS.  To  this  latter  class 
belongs  Oie  celcbcaled  labyrinlh  al  VertaiUes  (fig.  3),  ol  which 
Switier  observes,  that  it  "  is  allowed  by  all  to  be  the  noblest  of 
ilskindfDIhcworid." 

Whatever  tlyle  be  adopted,  It  ii  oKnttal  that  there  ibould  be  a 
Ihkk  healthy  irawih  el  the  htOm  or  thruhbecies  Ihit  eaa&ae  tbe 
wanderer.  The  trtea  used  should  be  inpbietnble  to  the  eye,  and 
•0  tail  Ihit  no  ODC  can  look  over  Ihem;  and  the  polhi  ihould  be  ol 
gravel  and  well  kept.  The  [teea  chiefly  uaed  for  the  he<ft[»».  and 
the  bat  for  the  pi -'-  ■- — ■■ '--'-■ 


Fia.  5. — Maae  ai  Sonerkeyua  KaS. 
a«mmu  wltb  my  good  rtiulti.  and  lO  ndght  Ihe  Anerica* 
vitae  if  the  naiwal  khI  pnseaied  no  obsaclt  Th*  fmuHl 
be  wdl  prepared,  ao  aa  to  give  lb*  tceee  a  good  Mart,  and  a 
ling  of  manure  during  tbe  early  yean  of  their  nowlfa  would 
-.  -.  much  advanlaih  Tney  nniflt  be  kept  trimmed  In  or  clipped, 
(Specially  bilbttreaBlerBatesi  Irinoitng with  the  knlie  <■  much  u 

' ifened  10  dqipiaf  villi  amiv    An*  «la«i  leiiiag  nicli  ia 

(•  of  lb*  red  fboM  bt  Un>Ml,  and  tM  whole  kept  to  mat 
IS  ft.  in  hoght  until  the  lower  parts  aie  well  thickened,  when 
r  be  allowed  to  acquire  the  allotted  hei^i  by  mMemte  annual' 
Hie.    In  cutthiKi  th*  hedxe  (■•  indeed  all  hediei)  limld  bt 


3+ 

kipt  btodal  II  the  bait . 


btlowb) 

ueinihe^idniial  Him pion  Coon  Pibce  (1i(.  4)  la  «n- 

1y  pinof  IhcnifnTl  WnluB  IN.,  tli«iIhith>ib««Hl^ 
.iu  a  nu»  had  tiiilcd  ihcrr  lincc  tbc  [imc  o(  Hciiry  VIII. 

.  _   .._ ._. _„_   _  ,       ^  ^ 


LABYRINTHULIDEA 

ird*.  which  pnvti 


ir^Mnilrucitd'on  the  "iiidst  - 

beloved.  arifiinAlly  planted  wiih  hornbcAin»  but  ma 
have  brrn  rrpUccd  by  hollic*.  yews,  ACr.  lo  ihal 

Dccur>ie<l  is  a  JilHe  ovtr  a  qulKer  oT  an  acrp.    The  centre  conUint 
1*0  large  trrei,  wiih  a  seat  Ivnnth  each.    The  ke^  to        "     '" 

--1 :.  .1 1 — ■.rc/^..r ^  Hun,  near  Lowriioti  (fij. 

Tba  bedfo  in  ol  Eiifliili 


■j),  Ida  df^ncd  by  Mr  Jolm  The 


Fio.  6.— Labycinlh  in  HDniculliiral  Sockly'a  Gaiden. 

mi,  art  about  6)  [t,  high,  and  have  b«B  pbnltil  about  At»  y"' 
In  the  natre  ia  a  Erau  mound,  raised  to  the  hrighl  ot  the  he€l|«.  aa 
on  thil  iDouitd  ia  a  pagoda^  approadicd  by  a  rur^-ed  grau  path,  / 
the  two  contera  on  the  weitern  tide  an  iHnIa  of  laurcli  15  or  16  ( 
high.    On  each  eide  of  the  bedfea  ihTOughour  the  kabyiimh  ia 

"'Thcn"Ha  abo^  labyrinth  at  Theobiid'a  Farli,  mr  Cheahun 
when  thia  place  paued  ftom  the  eaH  ot  Salnbory  into  (he  ptmeasio 
or  J:ime4  F-  Another  ia  aaid  to  have  exiBtnl  at  Wimbledon  Hbu* 
the  «it  o[  Eari  Spciicer,  which  -  ■     ~ 

the  dan  ol  k  1,  a(  Minley  Place'  Mai 

When  tbe  (ardena  o[  r-     '■      '  " 
Ktntuiguia  were  beinf  pb 

Thii  labyrintli.  deiitiKd  by  Lieut.  W.  A.  Netlietd,  wit  lor  many  yean 
the  chief  point  of  attnction  id  the  younnr  niilon  10  the  (aidenii 
but  il  wa«  allowed  to  m  to  ruin,  and  had  to  Dc  denrpyed.  The  eatdeni 
themKlm  an  now  EuUt  over.  {T.  So.) 

>  UBTRIHTHDUDSA,  Iht  ntme  givtn  by  Sir  Ray  LanliRter 
(iMj)  to  Satcodini  (»...)  forming  a  retindite  pla»o»diBin. 
Ihe  denwi  muKi  united  by  Bne  pieudopodical  Ihreadi,  hardly 

This  I]  a  small  and  helerogeneom  gioup.  Labyrintkala, 
diuovered  by  L.  CieokowiJcy,  formi  a  network  ol  relatively 
stiff  Llueadi  on  which  an  scanered  large  apindk-shtped  enlarge- 
tncnti.  ndi  repreienting  an  amoeba,  with  a  linjle  nitdegs. 
The  (hiTidi  are  pseudopodj,  very  slowly  emitted  and  withdrawn. 
The  amoebae  mulliiily  by  isaioD  in  the  active  aUic    Tbaptaiot 


^ioRl^abyrinUi,  lorKwh 
re  tbould  be  a  male 


Oiami 


mo|ghl.hly, 


Labyrintfaiilideil, 

>r  *'cell.heap"  oT  icveral  celle  which  have  loat 

ibnf^raa,  Ciciik.,  their  defiiule  tpiadte-ihaiied 

pon  an  Alga.  contour-   t,  CorptiKlet  which 

u*  "cell-heap"  of  have  become  spherical  and  are 

ler,  with  fully  ex-  about  to  be  encysted}, 

■tuork  ot  Ihieadi  4.  Annoleipindlecellandthreada 

the    oat-ihaped  ^  latyruHin/o  iMrrocyriii. 

(cell.)  are  movinj.  ciealt,  n.  Nutleut 

l^nOh,"^™!  S.A|.oupo(encj™icel(io(L. 

TOme  encysted.  ,      ""^       , 

of  the  nerworL  of  °<  7*  tneysied 

noiieveial  eocyated   apiiidle^dl   ol   i- 


closed    proto- 


f.    Fuai 


LAC^-LACAJTA 


KC4lliii|  On  AtnriMA  ffma  nth  Oft  dtttMetr.enewt  ■ 
(ingle  unocbuiOi  maic  mtiy  four  (fifi.  6,  il-  TIic  wprophyU 
Ditttt^yU)  Orcva  (Cieok.)  apiinn  donly  lOKd  lo  thuk. 

CiUmyd*myai   (W.  Aicbei)  KMobk*  Labytiittkiila  io  iu 

indr  bnodied  pluowdiuni,  but  conuin*  y«Ik>iri>h  duooulo- 

'   pboia,  and  minuu  ovil  vcsicla  ("  phyioda  ")  GUcd  with  a 

along  tbt  plRsowdiil  tncki.  The  ccU-body  contains  cumcrout 
DUtlci)  bul  in  iti  ictivc  ilUc  is  not  resolvable  into  diuincl  oval 
irw**>^'^'  It  il  amphitraphic,  icgetiin^  and  digcsUng  other 
PnHiM*,  M  wall  a*  "  auimilatiag"  by  id  cliraaiBtapkDrei,  ihs 
product  beiBi  oil,  not  aUich.  Tlic  wlude  body  may  fonn  a 
Uimnatcd  ccUulou  rating  cyu,  from  which  it  may  only  tern- 
poniily  cBKqte  (fig.  >),  oi  it  may  nndcrga  icsolution  into  nudcals 
cdU  vfaicb  (ben  encyit,  and  b«DnwinulLinudeBteJ>clouniplur- 
i^  tfac  cyii  afrota.  .    , 

Ltyiaua  [F,  Schaudinn)  is  a  paiasitc  io  malignfnt  diuaiat 
of  the  pleura.  The  pteudopodia  of  adjoining  cdli  unite  U>  Iwm 
a  ottwoik;  but  iu  alEniiies  seem  te  such  todal  naked. Fon^ 
minilcn  as  UUtriprmia. 

SnCienbnnky,  AnUt/.  UtoaapiiOu  Aaalaml:  iU.  174  (1M7I, 
liL  u  {t^m-.  W.  Anhu.  Owvf.  Jiwr.  Uknurifii  Scitntt,  ».  "fl 
(i87j)i  e.  £  Unkntcr,  Kti.,  »«■.,  !»  [i«9Cl:  Wcmnymu.  anj 
jcniilnun.  lUd.,  alii.  89  {1899):  W.  ZodI,  BiiirS^  snr  AfiialMit 
mi  MtrAilitit  aMtnr  Oriim---  "  -'  '■"— '  '-  '-  '■---'- 
paf»Ht    Mwth^  tat  PuffcmtH 


tACansino 


fU  (1S96). 


■z^ 

r,  if  je  (18»»), 
i».  196  (1904);.  ..  . 


nfoir 


in  the  iwip  and  r^ung 


tbein.  The  Kim  lac  {htilia,  Sanskrit;  Idii,  Hindi  )  ii  the  tame 
a>  tbe  numeral  lakh — a  hundred  thousafxd-^and  is  indicative 
«(  tbe  counllest  hosli  d(  insecti  which  nuke  Iheic  iippcaranu 
with  evciy  successive  generation.  Ijic  is  a  product  of  Ibe  Eiii 
Indin,  coming  especially  from  Bengiil,regu,Siiim  and  Auam, 
and  it  produced  by  a  number  oC  Ircn  o(  the  species  Fiimi, 
paniculaily  F.  rdiiieia.  The  intect  *hich  yields  ft  ii  closely 
allied  Io  the  cochineal  insect,  C«c«f  Mli;  keinies,.  C.  Hicis 
and  P<disfa  grains,  C.  fsflHiciu,  all  ol  which,  likt:  the  lac  insect, 
yiuld  a  Rd  cokwring  matter.  The  minule  larval  iiueclt  fasicn 
in  myriads  on  the  young  shools,  and,  inserting  thcii  long  pro- 
plant-    The  insect!  begin  il  once  to  ciode  the 


■cparaie   exudaiioi 
layer  regulaily  hooeyi 
over  and  around  the  J 


oCikcm 


:e  bodies;  this  iorm 


I  cosle^ing,   -   — -    . 

irvconibed  with  small  cavities  it  depoiilcd 
nm  this  living  loHib  the  femilc 
bulk  of  the  whole,  never  escape. 
impregnation,  which  takes  pIjcb  on  ihe  liberation 
aboat  three  months  from  their  first  appcitance,  the 
lematet  develop  into  a  singular  amorphous  orginiim  consiiling 
iailtn^iiafcatutesol  a  Jaige  smooih  shining  ciimson-coloured 
tac— the  ovary— «iih  a  lieak  stuck  into  the  bark,  and  a  lew 
papilhiry  procaisa  projected  above  the  resinous  surface.  The 
red  fluid  in  the  ovary  is  the  substance  which  forms  the  lac  dye 
of  commore.  To  obtain  the  bigist  amount  of  both  rctin  and 
dye-stuff  it  it  necisuiy  lo  gatbei  the  twi^  with  ,thei 


,r  Jun 


the  Lwiga  *a  gathered  is  knc 

resin  Eruahtd  to  imall  fiagmcnit  am 
[r»  il  bom  coloiuing  mallet  conttiti 
■hen  mtUed.  iliaioed  through  thick  c 
thin  layers,  is  knowii  ai  "  shellac,"  an 
rnio  is  usually  brought  to  £uropcai 
in  coloul  from  a  dark  amber  to  analn 
known  u  "  orange-lac,"  is  the  most  va 
— ■'  Uver-ctdourod,"  "  tuby,"  "  ga 
value  as  Ike  colour  deipena.  Shellac  n 
log  it  In  a  boiling  lye  of  caustic  po 
Ihiough  the  Bohilion  till  all  the  resin  i  . 
belBg  known  *■  while  shellac.    Bleachol 


d  November.    Lac  enctusling 


is  the  loim  in  nhich  the 
maikett.  Shcllacvarics 
si  pure  black;  the  palest. 


>  light  delicate 
much  used  in 
s  for. the  head 


aad tat otherpmnMl ladoromtBta.  .Lscisapijodpalingtedlen; 
and  (onni  the  .basis  of  same  ol  the  mod  valuaUt 
tea  bdng  uaefui  in  vahwii  cements,  &c.  Avenge 
tuca  lac  cofiiaini  about  6S  %  of  ream,  ro  of  lac  dye  aad  6  of  a 
waxy  tubitaiwe^  Lac  dys  is  obtained  by  evaporaliog  tbe  water 
IB  which  itjclc  lac  ii  washed,  and  coims  inu  omnmerce  in  the 
f«m  of  •null  iquare  cake*.  It  is  in  many  leipecu  Hailar  lo, 
although  not  identical  with,  coduncaL 

UUILLB.  NICOUS  UHIU  DB  (1711-1763),  French  attra- 
non»[,  was  bom  at  Kunignjf,  in  the  Aidtnnis,  on  the  i5tk  el 
March  1713.  Wt  destitilt  by  tbeckathol  hisfaihe,  whobeM 
a.  poll  in  the  househcMof  the  dudiesaof  VendAine,  his  theological 
iiudies  at  the  Ciriligt  de  Listeu  in  Palis  were  picsccuted  at  the 
cijKBie  of  the  (hike  of  Bouttxa.  After  he  had  taken  deican'l 
oiden,however,he  devoted  hloticU.eicluiively  Io  tcienc*,  and, 
tbrougb  tbe  puratugt  of.  J.  Casaini,  obtaiQcd  tmployBKnl, 
fiitt  ID  BUiveying  the  coast  Crom  Naniea  to  Bayonne.  then,  in 
t1i9, .  in  tenKaionni  the  French  an  of  the  meridiaB,  Tht 
sucecsa  of  this  di£cuh  <^xration,  which  occupied  two  years,  and 
•chievoJ  Iba  correnian  of  tbe  anomaloui  mult  puUohed  by 
J..Cassinl  in  iriS,  was  mainiy  due  to  Lacailk't  indasliy  and 
ikilL  ,  He  was  rewarded  by  adraiiGion  to  the  Acaderfiy  and  Ihe 
appoiolmeBt  of  mathematical  pnftHoi  in  hlaaaan  colkgr, 
wb*R  he  worked  in  a  anall  obaetvalory  lilted  fat  his  uh.  Hk 
deiim  Ut  observe  the  souLbera  beavent  led  him  to  propose,  la 
1750,  an  astroiiomieal  expedition  to  (he  Cape  ol  Good  Il<^, 
wMdi  was  oSicially  aaoctioiied,  and  lonunatcly  ciecuied. 
Among  its  tciilts  were  detcnninatioDi  of  (he  lunar  and  ol  the 
snlat  parallax  (Mai9  serving  as  an  intermediary).  Ihe  firsi 
raeaiURBMnt  of  a  South  African  arc  of  the  meridian,  and  Ib< 
observation  of  IOiOOei  iOulherD  atan.  On  his  telBm  to  Paril 
in  I7st  LacaiUewat  disttessed  to  find  himsell  an  object  ol  public 
attention;  he  withdrew  to  Maiatin  college,  and  there  died, 
on  the  tist  of  Maioh  1763,  of  en  attack  of  gout  iggravated  by 
utircRiilcing  loiL  Ldlaode  «aid  ol  bim  thai,  during  a  compara- 
tively ahon  life,  be  had  made  more  observations  and  calculations 
than  all  the  astronomers  of  bis  lime  put  together.  Tbe  quality 
ol  hia  woEk  rivalled  its  -quantity,  while  tbe  disinterts(edH*s 
and  rectitude  of  his. moral  character  earned  him   universal 

"*"■ ■  "  ■        'P. 


taii^  a  BUodaid  catalotue  dl 
"'iiiK«y.Aio.SKitt: 


{Mimiiii  KnAiir.  Stciay,  v.-^jTaMte  SaUra  ([758}  1  'CMl*m 
W%B'"  (1J6J)  (idita^ty  i.p.  MaraWi).  gT«ng  u«. 


r  D.  w 

,     Otwrrations  sur  iig  ttolfesdu  Zodkque 


(17j4i>.  fmiutBdr  rtprinud;  diR«  dt  JMonOM  (i7<u).  AcTdiua 
d'.ljiffiaAfiJc{)T46j,  4th  edition  augmented  by  ubadc  (1779);  ditto 
fOpliqitf  (17S0),  sc.  Calculations  by  him  of  Klipsn  (or  cighicrn 
huiKliw  yearm  were  flnsened  in  L'AtI  de  tirtfisf  Ui  dalfi  (1750);  he 
communkated  10  ibe  Andemy  in  17s;  a  daned  caialKuf  ol  Inny 
two  sDUlifni  nebulae,  and  gave  in  i.  ii.  •(  bii  £»Wiii<riAi  UjK) 


tl.dlfAead.iiiSeinca, 


f  197  (1761)1  G.  BiOlier,  Preface  to  Lacaille's  Cttlmm  aulnuc) 
lauoe  Cailier,  ^JJCPvrl  a/iforiguf,  prefiacd  to  Lacajlle't  Jaurnat 
*ii(»r,'j« d«  »wi(/flfl ax  Ca*  [r?*!!;  J.  J.  L.lande,  Co.F.»».in» 
ill  tempi,  p.  163  (!767)[  ftW.  " '-    —     '■     ■'■     "'-■   ' 


1761)1  G.  .Biolier,  Preface  to  Lacailli 

■W/afla"  Cap  (I 

63  (1767)1  **'.  0 

(.  *fM».  an  JtV/;_      ^  _„^ .   ._    ,. 

AM.  A  raw.  MOdinii,  teiaesii.,  iik.  AuiM  M ,  C.  PoBcrailDrfr,  Jwr 
LIL  HanilwtrUrlimii  R.  Grant,  Hl<l.  of  l^yiiial  Ts/'sxtwrv.  pr. 
4S6.  &c.:  R.  Wolf,  Cciclbttt  dtr  Aiirf>emi.  A  catalcfiur  ol  g;6<; 
(tars.  trdBird  Irom  Lacaille's  obwrvaiknij  by  T.  Hcrrdcnon.  under 

lACUTA.  »K  jJuia'|Gua»">l  (iSij-i^x).  Anglo-iiiKan 


he  tcqDh*dl'deilrel«ill>d]rlbeE«|lll>ilan(u*Be.  AKbough 
anodante  Litml  hi  politlM,h*  never  fointd  any  iccm  aacMy, 
but  In  ilfi  aflH  the  MitofUloa  of  Bourbon  aulocncy  be  wai 
arretted  for  having  suppHM  ntdKone  «t(b  Inlorraailon  on 

Bourboii  ■  mfsrole.  ThtMgb  the  interWntion  ol  the  Briiiab 
and  RuwaD  miDblct*  l)e  via  Ubentcd.  bul  on  the  pablicalias 


36 


LA  CALLE— LACCADIVE  ISLANDS 


xt  GUdM^*>  funoiB  letUn  to  Lord  Abgtdtca  he  nu  obUgeil 
to  Inve  Nifdci.  He  fint  Kttlid  in  Edinburgh,  where  Itf  Eiinud 
Uarfal  Cumkhiel,  and  then  in  London  when  he  nude  numema 
fakiida  tn  hLeinry  ind  political  drdea,  and  was  pjoffsaai  of 
luUinat  Quccn'iCoilcgifrom  185]  taias6.  In  ihe  luteiyear 
lie  ucomiHUiied  Loid  Hlnlo  to  Italy,  on  which  occaiion  be 
Gnl  met  Civoor.  FMm  1(57  t»  186]  be  ***  printe  Kcretaiy 
(non-polilical)  10  Lord  LantdawiB,  >ad  in  iBjS  be  acxonpaaied 
GladUane  to  Ihe  laniui  Iilaoik  u  ncnlaiy,  for  which  Kivkei 
he  was  nude  a  K.C.M.G.  tbefotknrincyear.  In  lUo  Frandi  II. 
of  Naplei  bad  iiDplorcd  Napotcoa  III.  la  lend  a  iquadron  to 
prevent  Ciribald}  Irom  crossing  over  from  Sidly  to  Callbtu; 
Ihe  enqwnr  eipressed  falmBcU  willing  to  do  10  provided  Gnttt 
Britain  co-crpcraled,  and  Lord  John  Rnlsell  was  at  Gru  Inclined 
to  agrteJ  At  this  junctare  Cavour,  having  heard  of  the  scbeme, 
entiBKed  Liouu,  at  the  BDggesiion  of  Sir  Junes  Hudson,  the 
foittab  ndniito  M  Tuiia,  with  the  luk  of  inducing  Ruuell  to 
itfiue  OKipenitian.  Lscnila,  who  wu  an  Indmatc  Iriettd  both 
of  RohU  and  bb  wiJe,  succeeded,  with  the  help  of  th«  latur, 
in-  winning  ovei  the  British  iiitranmn  just^  be  <m  about  to 
accept  the  Fiaoco-NtapoUlan  proposal,  which  was  in  a>n- 
•equenct abudoned.  He  RIumedtaNaplesliitein  iS6aandthe 
(oliowinK  y»r  was  elected  meinbcr  of  parliament  for  BiloMo, 
altbougfa  be  bad  been  naturalized  a  British  subject  in  IS5J. 
He  took  little  patt  in  pariiamti  ~ 


He  w 


rested  ii 


English  companies  operating  in  Italy,  and  was  made  one  s(  the 
direcion  of  the  Iial^n  Southern  Railway  Co.  He  had  a  wide 
circle  ol  friends  in  many  Europoin  countries  and  In  Americs, 
iKluding  a  number  of  the  moat  famous  men  In  politic*  and 
litetatuie.    He  died  ia  189;  at  Fosillpa  near  Naples. 

An  iDtbority  on  Danic,  he  eave  many  lectures  on  Italian  llieianire 
■nd  liistocy  wKile  in  EnBland; 


da  Imoia'i  Latin  '    '  '^     ' 

Mrnw  (tAiulaii,  _ 


implied  a  QUiocue  ii 


1S79). 


it  of  Dsvofuhin's  library  at  Chatswsnh  fLoodoo. 


U  CUJ&  a  seaport  of  Algeria,  In  the  arrondisscineat  of 
Bona,  dcpartouDt  of  Constantine,  sGm.byiailE.olBonaaad  10 
n.  W.  of  the  Tunisian  Imnttet.  It  is  the  cenln  of  the  Algerian 
and  Tunisian  coral  hdieries  and  has  an  eitensive  industry  in 
the  curing  lA  sardines;  but  tfie  harbour  is  small  and  exjused 
to  the  y.E.  and  W.  winds.  The  old  fortified  town,  now  almost 
abandoned.  Is  built  an  a  tocliy  peninsub  about  400  yds,  long, 
connected  with  the  mainland  by  a  bank  of  sand.  Since  tl)e 
occupation  <A  La  Cille  by  the  French  [n  1838  a  new  town  has 
grown  up  along  the  wvX.    Pop,  (1906)  ol  the  town,  1774:  o\  the 

La  Calle  from  the  times  gf  its  earliest  records  in  the  lolh  century 
has  been  the  reudcnce  of  coral  merchanit.  In  the  i6th  antury 
e»cluiive  privileges  of  fishing  lor  coral  were  granted  by  the 
dcy  ot  Algiers  to  the  French,  who  Brat  established  Ibemielves 
on  a  bay  to  the  westward  of  La  Calle,  naming  their  settlement 
Bastion  de  France;  many  ruins  still  exist  of  tids  town.  In  1677 
they  moved  their  beadquarteis  to  Id  Calle,  The  company — 
Ctm^t^'t  f  Afriqiie-^ia  owned  the  concession  for  the  fishery 
was  suppressed  in  1798  on  the  ouibreak  of  war  between  Fiance 
and  Algeria.  In  1S06  the  British  consul-general  at  Algiers 
Obtained  the  right  lo  occupy  Bona  and  La  Calle  for  an  annual 
rent  ol  £11,000;  but  though  the  money  was  paid  for  several 
ytats  DO  practical  eDect  was  given  10  the  agReaail.  The 
French  regained  possession  in  1S17,  woe  expelled  during  Ibo 
wars  of  1817,  when  La  Calle  was  burnt,  but  returned  and  rebuilt 
the  place  in  iSjG  The  boats  engaged  in  Ihe  fishoiy  were  mainly 
IlaJian,  but  the  imposition,  during  the  last  quarter  of  the  tgth 
century,  of  heavy  taxes  on  all  save  French  boat*  drove  the  foreign 
vessels  away.  For  lome  yuis  the  industry  waa  abandoiwd, 
but  was  restarted  on  a  small  scale  In  1903, 

See  Abbe  Poirrt,  royajc  n  Baii^  .  .  .  (Paris.  TJS9);  E. 
Brmighion,  Sin  ?««'  fl^ilfc™  ix  Altiirs  (London,  liy,)  and  Kr 
R.  L.  Playiair.  Trttxli  in  On  FoottUfi  tf  Brut  (London,  i8n). 


U-  tti»-iM>5).  Ficnch  aavdiu  and  dnmallst,  was  bom  at  tbe 
Cblteau  of  Tolgou,  near  Sailat  (Dotdogoe),  fn  ifio;  or  1610. 
After  studying  at  Toukoae,  he  eame  to  Paris  and  entered  the 
regiment  ol  Ihe  guank,  beoMnlng  in  i6jo  gcnlLeman-iiKinGnuy 
of  tbe  Toyal  houMbold.  He  died  In  iMj  In  consequence  ol  a 
kick  from  his  horse.  He  was  the  author  of  several  Ions  heitic 
romances  ridiculed  by  BoBeau.  Tbey  art:  Caaatidrt  (to  tmh., 
1641-16S0];  CUofaln  (1648):  Faramond  (iMi);  and  Zei 
Nmdkt,  M  ia  DiMrliiummU  it  la  frincase  AltMen  (iMi) 
published  under  his  wile's  name,  but  gcDetally  tttHbuted  to 
him.  His  ptayi  lack  tbe  spirit  andioroe  that  occaaiaiBSy  ledeem 
I  he  novels.  The  best  Is  I>  C«((ait'£»ai,  iCptcseMcd  In  iGj8, 
whicb  supplied  some  ideas  In  Thomas  Comdlle  for  hll  tragedy 

LA  CARLOTA,  a  town  of  tbe  province  of  Negraa  OcddcDt*^ 
FhOfppne  stands,  on  the  W.  coast  ol  the  bland  and  the  left 
bank  of  San  Enrique  river,  sbout  18  m.  S.  of  Bacolad,''llie 
capital  of  the  praviacc.  Pop.  <ivo]),  aflcr  l!be  anneiilion  c( 
Sao  Enrique,  19,191.  There  are  fifty-four  villages  or  barrioi 
in  the  town;  tbe  largest  bad  a  population  in  igoj  of  lijt,  and 
twoolhershsdeachmorctban  looornbabitanlt.  The  Fanajiao 
dialect  of  the  Visayan  bnguage  is  spoken  by  most  of  the  fnhibi- 
tasts.  Al  La  Cu-lola  Ihe  Spanish  government  established  a 
station  for  the  study  ol  the  culture  ol  su^r-ome;  by  ibc 


"  Goverm 


agricultural  eipeiiment  station,  known  i 
LACCADIVB  miAllDS.  a  group  of  ci 
the  Indian  Ocean,  lying  between  id'  and  11"  itf  N.  and  ji' 
to*  and  74*  E.  The  name  Laccadives  {lakska  impa,  the  "  hundred 
thousand  isles  ")  is  that  given  by  tbe  people  of  the  Ualabsr 
coast,  and  was  probably  meant  to  include  the  Maldho;  they 
are  called  by  the  nalives  simply  DM,  "  islands,"  or  .lnuflJiW, 
Irom  the  chief  island.  There  are  seventeen  lepanle  reefi, 
"  round  each  of  which  the  loo-falbom  line  la  continuous " 
(J.  S.  Gardiner).  There  are,  however,  only  thirteen  islands,  and 
of  these  only  eight  are  inhabited.  They  fall  into  two  gronps 
—the  northern,  belonging  to  tbe  eoUectoratc  of  South  Kanara, 
and  including  the  inhabited  IslaAds  of  Amini,  Kaidsinat,  Kihtn 
and  Chcllat;  and  the  soul  hem,  belonging  to  the  administrative 
district  el  Malabar,  and  including  the  inhabited  islands  of  Agatii, 
Kaviialli,  Androth  and  Kalpeni.  Between  tbe  Laccadiws 
and  the  Maldives  to  the  south  lies  the  isolated  Mlnfkoi,  ehicb 
physically  belongs  to  neither  group,  though  somewfiat  nearer 
to  the  Maldives  (i.».).  The  principal  submerged  banks  lie  north 
of  the  northern  group  of  islands;  they  are  Munyal,  Coradtve 
and  Sesostris,  and  ait  of  greater  extent  than  (hose  on  whidi 
tbe  blands  lie.  The  general  depth  over  these  is  from  13  to  il 
fathoms,  bat  Sesostris  has  shallower  soundings  "Indicating 
patches  growing  up,  and  some  traces  of  a  rim  '*  (J,  S.  Gardiner)^ 

and  protected  side  of  the  reef,  Ihe  western  being  completely 
exposed  to  the  S.W.  monsoon.     The  islands  are  s: 


Tadlh,  while  th 


They  lie  so  low  that  they  would  be  hardly  di 
but  lor  tftt  coco-nut  groves  with  which  tbey  are  thickly  covered. 
The  soil  is  light  coral  sand,  beneath  which,  a  few  feet  down, 
lies  a  stratum  of  coral  stretching  over  the  whole  of  tbe  Istank. 
This  cotai.  generally  a  foot  to  a  foot  and  a  half  in  thickness, 
has  been  in  Ihe  principal  islands  wholly  excavated,  whereby 
the  indcdying  damp  sand  is  rendered  available  for  cereals. 
These  excavations — a  work  of  vast  labour— were  made  at  a 
remole  period,  and  according  to  the  native  tradition  by  giants. 
In  these  spaces  (Msn,  "  garden  ")  coarse  grain,  pulse,  bananii 
and  vegetables  are  cultivated;  coco-nuti  grow  abondintly 
everywhere.    Forricclhenaiivesdepcnd  upon  the  mainland, 

Popaliilai  and  r™i(.— The  population  in  1901  waa  io,iH- 
The  people  are  Moptas,  i.e.  of  mixed  Hindu  and  Arab  dcsceM, 
and  are  Mabommcdsna.  Their  manners  and  rustoBisaresimiltr 
to  Ihose  of  Ihe  coast  Mopias;  but  they  maintain  their  own 
ancient  caite  diitfnctlons.  The  language  sfahen  Is  Halayabm, 
but  ft  Is  wtftton  in  the  Arabic  cbtiader.   Readlni  sad  wriliv 


LACCOLITE— LACE 


mllwMridivtl  

hole  trchlpcUgo  (DIlMill)  in 

.  . Itbt  Mtldim).  WHJ  ibt  D' 

It  (tlK  Ucwlina).    (^  JtKrn.  Aual.  i , 

p.  76s).   The  iilanden  wtt  codv«eI«]  to  ItUin  by  an 

named  Mumba  Mulvala.  vhow  rnve  ■!  Androth  1 . 

peculiar  Bnciity  lo  Ihit  iiland.  The  kua  ol  Androtli 
Bill  a  fnonbiT  of  bis  bniily,  and  wai  Bid  (o  be  the  I* 
who  bad  luld  tlv  office  ia  dincl  line  from  tbe  nlal. 
colour  10  ih£  tndiiioo  that  tbe  coaveruon  took  place 
It  a  alK  lurthtr  combantrd  by  Ibe  ilmy  pven  by  the 
of  Ibe  conVEnionol  the  MaldivM.  wbich  occurred,  jihi 


■neiilandi  in  lua.    The  Pc 
[ay  149B.  and  builE  loru  . 

I«ra^  cl  (he  rafaTcI; 


Tbe  iaUndt  autMOiu^lI]  a 

nnanore,  and  after  the  peace  a- 

fBi^iii,  i/v'  <■■«'  -uuM^ciii  ^raupwu  permitted  to  femai  ie 

■oaiHiEnienl  of  the  native  chief  M  a  yeady  tribute.    Tb ;a 

isamr.  andonihiiaccouiu  Ibeie  idanda  were  leqoeitialed  by  the 
Briliab  fDvemment  bi  iS??. 

See  fb>  Fauna  a«i  Cropap^y  ^  Ou  ViiU»  ohI  LauaJiwm 
Arckiftlami.  ed,  J.  Stanley  Cirdiriet  (Cimbridie  1001-1905); 
Ifulaiar  binriaCn^Uir  iUtani,  loot};  G.  Perein.  "At  Ilhude 
Dvve  "  (Btltlim  da  Soc.Cnt.,  Liibon,  iH^s^ign)  givea  detail* 
retatiog  to  the  Laccailivn  Irani  tbe  Ifitb-ceaEury  MS.  volume  Dt 
Buwlii  a  ptntriMaimi  ItuiUnorum  in  the  National  Libtary.  Liibon. 

UCCOUTB  (Ci.  >Jixxot,  ciilem,  Uftn,  none],  in  teology, 
tbe  Daizie  given  by  Grove  IL  Gilbert  to  uitru^ve  cnauea 
oC  igoeous  rock  possesung  a  calf-like  form,  wbich  be  fint 
detoibtd  from  tbe  Meiuy  Mountaiii*  of  uuthern  UUh.  Their 
duracteiislic  it  thai  Ihey  have  ipiead  out  along  tbe  bedding 
planes  of  the  strata,  but  are  not  u  hioad  and  thin  is  Ibe  Abeela 
or  istruaive  ailla  which,  coniisling  ujuaQy  ol  base  IDClis,  have 
qiread  over  immeue  dislanccs  without  attaining  aoy  great 
tlicknes.  LaccoUEes  <f)ver  a  comparatively  ainall  aiea  and 
have  gnaiei  thickness.  Typically  they  have  a  domed  upper 
nrfacc  while  their  base  Is  flat.  In  the  Henry  Moustaiaa  they 
are  from  i  to  j  m.  in  diameler  and  range  in  thickness  up  to 
(bout  5000  fi.  Tbe  cuut  of  tbcir  peculiar  shape  appeals  to 
be  tbe  visoaity  of  the  rock  injected,  which  is  utuilJy  of  inler- 
nwdiate  character  and  compualively  rich  in  alkalis,  betonging 
to  tbe  tiacbytei  sod  similar  liibological  types.  These  are 
much  let)  Suid  tbaa  tbe  bualu,  and  tbe  bttcr  in  consequtnce 
spread  out  much  more  readily  along  the  bedding  planes,  forming 
Qiin  flat-topped  sills.  At  eacb  side  tbe  laccolites  thin  out  rspidly 
lo  that  their  Mppa  surface  slopes  steeply  to  tbe  matins.  The 
(tnta  above  them  which  have  been  uplifted  and  bent  are  often 
cracked  by  utensioB,  and  as  the  Igneous  materials  well  into 
tbe  G&surea  a  large  number  of  dikes  is  produced.  At  tbe  base 
of  the  laccotite,  on  tbe  other  band,  the  stnta  are  flat  and  dikei 

has  Sowed  into  the  laccoiite.  The  rocks  around  sie  often 
nucb  afiecied  by  contact  allenlion,  and  great  masaet  of  tbem 
have  iOEOelimes  tunk  into  tbe  laccoiite,  where  Ibcy  may  be 
partly  melted  and  absorbed. 

Gilbert  obtained  evidence  that  these  laccnlites  wen  filled 
at  depths  of  7000  la  10,000  ft.  and  did  not  reach  tbe  surface, 
Cviog  dse  10  volcanoe*.  From  the  eHedt  on  tbe  drainage  of 
Ibe  country  it  seemed  probable  thai  above  tbe  lacmUiea  tbe 
strata  swelled  up  in  flatlish  eminence*.  Often  tbey  occur  tide 
by  tide  in  gmupa  belonging  10  a  tingle  period,  though  all  the 
members  of  eadi  group  ate  not  strictly  of  tbe  tame  age.  One 
laccoHte  nay  be  termed  on  tbe  side  d  an  eailleT  one,  and  com- 
pound la«colitei  ibo  occur.  When  exposed  by  etMion  they 
(Ive  rise  lo  hills,  and  tbeit  ippearuuf  vvtei  aenewhat  with  ibi 
Mage  of  development. 

Tio  die  wcttem  cart  of  Sovth  Amerira  ItMolltet  anedn*  <a  all 
■  ■  ■•^-  ■  -BlbyGnbBtomrlnconJilerable 
trait  ----- 


itea  they  split  into  a  auBbe«  «<  ibeM* 

- Ji  tbe  neks  around.     But  the  tarn 

^ — ,  _,en  adopted  by  feo1o0Bta  in  Britain  and  elaewheir 
a  vuiety  ol  intiutive  mattes  not  strictly  identical  ia 


id  eroded  edgea  of  an 

., urnithed  by  the  felille 

latef  the  BUnk  HiUin  the  Ptntlandi.  near  Edinborih,  which  bat 
"  le  bcCwcan  the  Silurian  and  the  Old  Red  SaadBDna. 


T^t  d«ith,  fonaing  a  door.  Tlw  definite  proof  of  tbiJ 
.Itaincd  Eor  00  bonngs  have  penetjaled  the  granitH 
cdtmeniary  rockt  facneath   then.     Bat  often   in 
~  intries  where  there  an  deep  valleyi  the  beset  of  g 
colitet  are  eiKned  to  view  la  ^  IiiD  aides.    Tbete  granrit  < 
T  a  cnwderabie  thickoba  ia  ^nporiionto  their  lenglb.  raiie 


■ellKleADed  floor  Wl 


>iIU 

.the 

I  dikes,  and  behave  generally  like- 

JoR  to  intrUBioRi  of  this  type  with 

Ly  place  the  batholilhs.  byioulithi,  pJulooic 
tve  vertical  maiginsaiid  apparently  descend 
I  unknown  depths.  It  baa  been  conjectured  that  maMet  of  ihli  type 
Lt  (bar  way  upwardt  by  dlatotvini  the  rock  above  them  and  ab. 
ctung  it,  or  excavate  a  passage  by  breaklAf  up  ihe  n»f  ot  tbe  tpaca 
■ — y  while  the  fragmenti  '—-*---»  -'-«-  -■ ' J  — 


.which  have 


^JXt 


U.  5.  F.) 


UCB  (cortoponding  to  ItaL  maiiOe,  Iritn;  Genoese  fiar. 
Cer.  i^Itcai  Fr.  iaHcUi;  Dutcb  itunlni;  Span,  tnajt;  the 
English  word  owes  something  to  the  Fr.  ium  or  Uais.  but  both 
■re  connected  with  the  eatKer  Lat.  ta^uau;  eariy  Frendi  lani 
wen  also  called  paaitviailj  or  insertions  and  dnls  or  edginp). 
the  name  applied  lo  ornamental  open  work  formed  of  Ihreadi  of 

aloe  fibre,  looped  or  plsited  or  twisted  together  by  hand,  (1)  with 
a  needle,  when  Ihe  work  is  distinctively  known  as  "  needlepoint 
lace  ";  (>)  with  bobbins,  pins  and  a  piUow  or  cushion,  when  the 
work  is  known  u  "  piUow  hn";  and  Cl)  by  ileam-driven 
machinery,  when  Imiiaibna  of  both  needlepoint  Ind  pUkiw 
bicea  are  pToduced.  Lacr-maUng  implies  tbe  production  of 
otsanitnt  uid  fabric  concurrently.  Without  a  pattern  or  dcilgn 
tbe  fabric  of  lace  cannot  be  made. 

Tbe  publication  of  patterns  for  needlepdnt  and  pfflow  lacn 
dales  from  about  tbe  middle  of  Ibe  ifith  century.  Before  thai 
period  lace  described  such  articles  as  cords  and  narrow  br^dt  of 
plaited  and  twisted  threads,  used  not  only  to  fatten  shoes, 
tleeves  and  corsets  tegelher,  but  also  in  a  decorative  manner  !• 
braid  the  hair,  to  wind  round  hats,  and  to  be  sewn  as  trimmings 
upon  («luines.  In  a  Hsileian  MS.  of  the  time  of  Henry  VI. 
and  Edward  IV.,  about  1171,  directions  are  given  for  the  making 
o[  "  late  Bascon,  lace  indented,  lace  bordered,  lace  covert.  1 
brode  lace,  a  round  lace,  a  thynne  lace,  an  open  lace.  lace  for 
hatlys."  la.  The  MS.  opens  with  an  illuminated  capital  letter, 
in  which  Is  tbe  figure  of  a  woman  making  these  articles.  Tbe 
MS.  supplies  a  clear  dearription  how  thrcsils  in  combinations  of 
twos,  threes,  fours,  fives,  to  tens  and  fifteens,  were  to  be  twisted 
and  plaited  together.  Inttead  of  the  pillow,  bobbins  and  pint 
*rilh  which  paiow  lace  soon  afterward!  was  mide,  the  hands  were 
used,  eacb  finger  of  a  band  serving  as  a  peg  upon  which  wai 
pUccd  a  "boiwya"  or  "bow,"  or  little  ball  of  thread.  Each 
ball  might  be  of  diffoent  colour  [mm  the  other.  Tbe  writer  of 
the  HS.  says  that  the  first  finger  next  the  thumb  thall  be  cslled 
A,  the  But  B,  and  so  on.  According  to  tbe  tort  of  cord  or  biaid 
to  be  made,  to  eacb  of  tbe  fOur  Sngert,  A,  B,  C,  D  might  be  called 
into  tnriee.  A  "  thynne  Uce  "  might  be  mads  with  Ibree 
thnada,  and  tben  only  fingers  A,  B,  C  would  be  requited.    A 


LACS. 


"  nund  "  lue,  lUuUr  Ihu  the  "  thyutc  "  Uc«,  might  Tcquire 
(be  Mrvicc  of  four  oi  man  fingcn.  By  occuiouUy  diapering 
tbc  UK  of  thrcadi  fiom  nniio  Gtigcn  a  um  o!  indented  laa:  oi 

vcte  wanted,  such  u  a  broad  late  for  "  hattyi,"  >!>«  fingers  on 
tbe  huds  o[  aaiiituils  were  Rquired.  The  smsjler  rardi  M 
"  tbyuie  laces,"  when  lastenedin  simple  or  fantastic  loops  along 
the  edges  of  (olUis  and  cuSs,  were  called  "  puils  "  («ee  the  small 
edge  ID  the  collar  worn  by  Cathenne  de'  Medid,  Fl.  IL  £g.  4), 
louothei  direction  from  which  tome  luggesliOD  maybederived 
a!  to  th*  evolution  of  lace-maiciog,  notice  should  be  taken  of  the 
fact  that  at  an  eariy  period  the  darning  of  varied  omamenial 
devices,  sliaandgeometricinlreatmentinlohand-Biade  netwiodi 
of  small  iquare  meahei  <Ke  squaiei  <d  "  licii,"  PL  I.  fig.  r) 
became  speciaJiEed  in  many  European  counliic^  This  is  held 
by  »aie  writen  to  be  "opui  filatorium,"  or  "  opus  anoeum  " 
(tpidei  work).  Eiamplei  of  this  "  (^ua  Elatoriuin,"  said  to  data 
from  the  13th  century  eiiit  in  public  coUectJoni.  The  pi«duc- 
lions  of  this  darning  in  the  eaiiy  part  of  the  iiilh  ontwy  ame 
10  be  known  as  "  panto  a  ma^ia  quadra "  in  Italy  and  as 
"lacis  "  in  France,  and  through  a  growing  demand  for  household 
and  wearing  linen,  very  much  of  the  "  lacia  "  was  made  in  while 
(hreadt  not  only  in  Italy  and  Frarure  but  also  in  Spain.  In 
appearance  it  is  a  filmy  fabric  With  white  Ihreiids  also  were 
the  "purling"  above  mentioned  made,  by  means  of  leaden 
bobbins  or  "  fuidi,"  and  were  culled  "  metletti  a  pionibiDi "  (see 
lower  border,  FL  II.  fig.  ]),  Cut  and  drawn  thread  Unen  work 
(the  latter  known  as  "  tela  tlnta  "  in  Italy  aad  as  "  dethilado  " 
io  Spain)  were  olher  tonus  of  embroidery  as  much  in  vogue  as 
the  duning  on  oct  and  the  "  ptuiiag."  The  onuineni  of  much 
of  thb  cut  ftod  drawn  linen  work  (see  collar  of  Catherine  de* 
Medid,  Ft.  II.  fig.  4),  more  restricted  in  scope  than  that  of  the 
daioing  on  net,  was  governed  by  the  recurrence  of  open  squares 
formed  by  the  withdrawal  of  the  threads.  Within  these  aquarei 
and  rectangles  radialing  devices  usually  were  worked  by  means 
ol  whipped  and  buiionhirie  stitches  (PI.  fig.  j).  The  general 
eSect  in  the  linen  was  a  suciesuon  of  inietiions  or  borders  al 
plain  or  enriched  reticulaiions,  wheace  the  name  "  punto  a 
rcLicella  "  given  to  this  class  of  embroidery  in  Italy.  Work  of 
aimiiar  style  and  especially  that  with  whipped  stitches  was  done 
rather  earlier  in  the  Gredan  islands,  which  derived  it  from  Aaia 
Minor  and  Persia.  The  cloae  cooneiion  of  the  Venetian  republic 
with  Greece  and  the  eastern  alands,  as  well  aa  its  commercial 
relaljons  with  the  East,  iiif&ciently  explains  an  early  tfansp^t- 
ing  of  this  kind  of  embroidery  into  Venice,  aa  well  as  in  southern 
SpBiQ.  At  Venice  besides  being  called  "  relicella,*'  cut  wcH'k  wu 
also  callpl  "  punto  laglialo."  Once  fairly  cstabiiibed  ai  hiniE 
industries  such  arts  were  quickly  eipkuted  with  a  beauty  and 
vuiety  of  patlera.  complesly  of  stitch  and  deUcacy  of  eascu- 
lion,  until  insertions  and  edgings  made  iudqieadenljy  of  any 
linen  as  a  alaning  base  [see  irU  two  bordets,  PL  II.  fig.  j)  came 
inlo  being  under  the  name  of  "  Punto  in  aria  "  (PL  U.  fig.  7). 
This  was  the  first  variety  of  VeneliaD  and  Italian  needlepoint 
lace  in  the  middle  ol  ihc  t6lh  century,'  and  its  appearance  then 
almost  coincides  in  date  with  that  of  the  "  merletii  a  piombiu," 
which  was  the  earliest  Italian  cushion  or  pillow  lace  (tee  fewer 
edging,  FI.  11.  fig.  3). 
The  many  varieties  of  needlepoint  and  pillow  Itcu  will  be 

^Tlie  prenlence  of  fashion  in  the  above-meBCloaed  lorw  el  cn>- 
— ■'  —  ' --"ng  the  i6lh  century  i>  marked  by  ihe  number  of  pattem- 
^li^.    In  Veniccawotkalthlsclasswasissuedby 

^  Flwe  Quhny.  appeued  m  the  same  year  at  Coloiw:  and  ijt 
flaa  it  la  idtnu  iitiartraiclMri  tifalnnt  di  trtJtritJafm  afatafu 

It  jtali^iu,  was  pubTiihed  ai  Paris  in  1330.  From  these  early  dates 
until  the  banning  of  the  1 7th  izniury  pattem.books  tor  embroidery 
in  Italy.  Fiance.  Gemany  ant  England  were  published  in  great 
abundaacb  ThedeaignsccntaiiiedinnianyDf  thoMdatingiinm  the 
eariy  i6ihceBmn' were  to  be  worked  for  nmumet  and  baniing»,Mnd 
coniistedM  eerotli,  arabesques,  birds,  animals,  noweri.  [oliagt,  herbs 

oaaebatpractited  ' 
later,  could  be  eipc 


ix  eipecied  to  undenake. 


loocbed  on  UKicr  the  hewUng  allot*al  to  <ach.<t  tta*  adbodl 
of  making  lace.  Here,  however,  the  gena*!  ciKuniUDcn  U 
their,  genesis  may  be  briefly  alluded  to.    ThaiactMtr  Ib  cord 

needlework  already  memjoud  ckaiiy  pcatBknd  « 
labour  aa  was  capable  of  being  convetteit  i«t«  1> 
Arid  frotie  the  j6th  century  tmwartlE  the  stimulus  to  the  iadustiy 
to  Europe  wu  ajlorded  by  regular  trade  demand,  coupled  witi 
the  oertions  of  tfiose  who  encounged  iheic  depeodenti  ot 
prDtegfa  to  gjve  theit  tpait  lime  to  lemunenlive  home  occupa- 
tions. Tlini  the  origin  and  popetnation  t!  the  indnstiy  havt 
come  to  be  associated  w^th  the  women  folk  of  peasarna  and 
fishermcB  In  dicunutances  which  present  little  dissimilarity 
whether  in  regard  la  needle  lace  wocketi  now  makiag  lace  in 
whitewaBbed  cottages  and  cabins  ac  You^ial  and  Kentnare  in 
the  south  of  Ireland,  or  those  liio  produced  thdr  "  punti  la  aria  " 
during  the  i6tb  century  about  the  lagoons  of  VenlCb  or  French. 
women  who  made  the  *uII^ltuaus  "  Points  de  France "  at 
AlengOD  and' elsewhere  ui  tin  17th  and  iflih  cenluriea;  or  pillow 
lace  mrfctn  U  be  seen  at  tbe  pre&CDt  day  at  httle  seaaide  vfllago 
lucked  away  in  Devonshire  dclU;  or  those  who  were  engaged 
more  than  four  hundred  yean  ago  in  "  mcrleiti  a  piombini  "  ia 
IlaUan  villages  ot  on  "  Dentelle*  au  fuseau  "  in  Flemish  low- 
lands. The  ornamenlal  character,  however,  of  these  leveral 
laces  would  be  found  to  differ  muchj  but  methods,  materials, 
appliances  and  (qiponunities  of  work  would  in  the  main  be  alike. 
As  fashion  in  wearing  lacxs  eitended,  so  workers  came  lo  be 
drawn  together  into  groups  by  em|doyers  who  acted  as  channds 
for  general  trade.*  Nuns  in  the  past  as  in  the  present  have  also 
devoted  attenlfon  to  the  industry,  often  providing  in  the  convent 
precincts  workrooms  not  only  for  peasant  women  Lo  carry  out 
commissions  in  the  service  of  the  church  ot  for  the  trade,  but 
also  lor  the  purpose  of  training  children  in  the  art.  Elsewhere 
lace  schools  have  been  founded  by  benefactors  or  organized  by 
some  leading  local  lace-maker'  as  much  for  Iradug  as  for 
education.  lb  alt  this  variety  of  circumstMce,  development 
of  finer  work  has  depciKled  upon  the  abihLies  of  tbe  workers  being 
exercised  under  sound  direction,  whether  derived  through  their 
own  intuitions,  or  supplied  by  inteUigentand  tasteful  employers. 
Where  any  such  direction  has  been  absent  the  industry  viewed 
commertiatly  has  suffered,  its  productions  being  devoid  of  ariXslk 
effect  or  adaptabOity  to  the  chanf^ng  tastes  dl  demand. 

It  ii  notewocihy  that  Ihe  two  widely  disunt  regions  of  Enrope 
where  pictotial  art  Gist  Soutiibed  and  attained  high  pericctioc, 
north  Italy  and  Flanders,  sere  precisely  the  kcalilies  where 
lace-making  fitst  became  an  Indusliy  ol  importance  both  from 
an  artistic  and  from  a  commercial  pdnt  Of  view.  Notwithstand- 
ing mote  convincing  evidence  as  to  the  earlier  dcvelc^mcnt  of 
ImUow  lace  making  in  Italy  the  invention  of  pillow  lace  is  oftoi 
credited  10  the  Flemings;  but  there  Is  no  distinct  trace  ol  the 
time  or  the  locaLiy.  In  a  pictitte  said  lo  eiist  in  tbe  ehuith  of 
Si  Gomar  at  Lierre,  and  sometimes  attributed  to  Quenlin 
Matsys  (i4?is)-  »  hitroduccd  a  girl  apparently  woiiing  at  some 
sort  of  lace  with  pillow,  bobbins,  ftc,  wWch  are  somewhat 
similar  to  Ihe  implements  in  use  in  more  recent  tlme^*  ^From 
the  very  infancy  of  Flemish  art  an  active  intercourse  was  inajll- 
tained  between  the  Low  Countries  and  the  great  centres  of 
Italian  art;  and  ft  ia  therrJore  only  what  might  be  expected 
that  the  wonderful  examples  of  the  art  and  handiwork  of  Venice 
hi  lice-making  shook]  soon  have  come  to  be  known  to  and 
rivalled  among  the  equally  industrious,  thriving  and  arlistie 
Fleming  At  the  end  of  the  i6th  ccntnty  patlera-books  "Ben 
issued  in  Flanden  having  the  aame  general  character  is  Iboae 
published  lor  Ihe  goidance  ot  the  Venetian  uh)  other  Itiliaa 


of  how  these  coaditiena  begad  and 

V...., .ancc,  is  given  in  Madame  Deapierre's 

AlcTHon  (iSSi)  to  whtch  is  appended  an  taRnestiar 
-  -■ •■■—    ■'-'-■■t  and  naken  al  Paw! 


paintcd,io|ii«.tJu<il')ea(ila(er,aiidbyj4U>Ua^fh    . 


LACE 


famao  aaA  v^mvtA  mn  not  fir  bekisd  Vemet  uid  Fluidci* 

ta  miUif  tiealk  aod  pLUon  lace.  Heniy  UL  of  Fiucc  (is;t~ 
ijBg)  If^ointed  k  VaKliiu,  Frederic  VjuckIo,  pctleiD  mker 
for  mittieflaflincniietdkmrkA  and  laces  tc  his  ctnut.  ThrDu^h 
tlic  influence  of  Ihu  fertile  desigDer  tie  seeds  of  a  lute  lor  lacti 
in  Fiucfl  won  priodpaUy  oown.  But  the  event  which  par 
tmiltita  would  »em  to  have  foitercd  the  higher  deveiopment 
ol  ilie  French  ut  of  lace-maLing  wu  the  aid  oStdxUy  ^vcn  It 
In  the  following  centHjr  by  Louis  XIV.,  actins  «  t^  sdvice 


done  on  ■  pillow  or  auhion  and  with  the  needle,  in  the  style 
of  the  lacei  made  at  Venice,  Genoa,  Roguia  and  other  places; 
these  French  imitationi  were  lo  be  called  "  points  de  France." 
By  1671  the  Italian  ambaiiadoi  at  raiia  writes,  "  Callantly 
il  the  minisJer  Colbert  on  hil  way  to  bring  the  '  lavori  d'aria'  to 
perfection."  Sii  yev*  later  an  lldian,  Domenigo  Contarini, 
alluda  to  (lie  "  punto  in  aria,"  "  which  the  Freoch  can  now 
do  to  adountiDn."  The  styld  of  design  wiuch  emuuled  fnm 
the  chief  of  tbc  Fteiid]  iacs  centre,  Aleacon,  were  more  iandful 


of  hii  minister  Colbert.  Intrigue  and  diplonucy  were  put  into , 
action  to  secure  the  icTvices  of  Venetian  lace-woiken;  isd  by 
an  edict  daled  1665  the  lace-making  centres  at  Alencon,  Quesnoy, 
Kmt,  Reimt,  Sedan,  Chilean  Thierry,  Loudun  and  elsewhere 
wen  selected  ior  (he  opention  of  a  cnapany  in  aid  of  Mkh 
the  state  made  a  tontribatiM  sf.  ib/Ko  fauna;  at.  the  same 
time  the  ImpoitMioo  of  VcDetfan.  FlemiA  aad  otfaer  laces  ^a 
alrktiy  (orfatdden.' '  Tkc  edict  cootdned  iintnctiom  that  the 
Itct-iDaierB  should  pioduce  afi  sotta  U  thmd  irork,  such  aa  ihoae 
■  See  (lie  poetical  ikh  fttmUe  ia  passemnli  it  hfttrria.  written 
by  HaAnuwIk  de  la  TouiK.  coiBin  o(  UvJune  dc  ^hAtnt.  in  the 
aiiddle  of  ibe  I7ih  centuiy.  which  marks  the  favour  which  lomin 
laces  at  that  time  unniuDded  amonEiI  the  leaders  ol  French  IntJiwu. 


and  less  severe  than  the  Ve  letkin,  and  it  it  evident  that  the 
Flemish  Uce-maltecs  later  on  adopted  many  ef  these  French 
patteim  for  their  own  use.  The  proviiion  ol  Fmdi  dcsigni 
(G«.  14)  iriucK  owes  so  much  to  the  stale  patnmage,  conlratts 
with  the  absence  of  cetreipondiag  provition  in  En^and  and 
waa  noticed  early  in  the  iSIh  centuiy  by  Bishop  Berkeley. 
"How,"  be  ssk*,  "conld  FisiKe  and  Flanden  have  drawn 
so  much  money  (ram  other  countries  for  figured  ulk,  lace  and 
tapeslry,  if  they  had  not  had  their  scsdemiet  of  design?" 
It  il  faii4r  evident  too  tbtt  the  French 


couJil  bout  Ol  DO 
ud  Spain  rauld  a 
U  thil  of  Fnncc  i 
iraa  nude  in  Devi 


ti  of  peuuiuy  In  Entfud  (which 

in  work  d  to  bitb  ^niuic  pretcBBm 
iden.  Id  tbe  iSthitiluiy  t«HlUce 
il  I>  only  la  ROBt  yan 


lice  nuking  "  was  puiaued  in  [he  ifUi  cc 
ihirr,  Hcniordihire  »nd  Bcdfordih.'  -     - 
to  the  DiinuCictuic  ol  bone  l«u  in  w 
{uUr  eiicdxil  and  iinpIDved  wit 
"  Bone  "  lice  datn  [loai  tbe  i;Lh 
piaFtioUy  the  couotetpart  at  Fkmiih 
and  related  ilu 


.  ol  England  and  Iceland  havi 
'  will-consid<i«d  deaifu 


Defoe  refer, 
h  villagcn  kek  "  wonder 
I  thcie  few  yttrt  pait.' 
Ltury  in  England  and  wai 


I'l.   fig.   1 


In    Ceil 


I    Ullm. 


_  iicled  pcaiaoti  ol  the  Han 

twut  and  plait  Ihreada  in  ijCi.  Sbe  wai  aniilea  Dy  cenaiii 
icliignfl  from  Flandcfi.,  A  »rt  of  "  purling  "  or  Eaiitation  of 
tbe Italian"  metletli a plnmbini  "  wai (jie style ot work ptoduced 

Lace  oicompantivdy  dmple  doign  hai  been  made  be  centurio 
tn  viUagci  of  Andaliuia  at  well  as  in  Spanish  conventual  cstab- 
tidunenta.  The  "p^t  d'E^iagne,"  however,  appeals  to  have 
been  a  commercial  name  given  by  French  manufacluren  of  a 
cUis  ol  tace  made  in  Fiance  with  gold  or  silver  threads  on  (be 
pillow  and  greatly  esteemed  by  Spaniards  in  the  17th  ceatury. 
No  lare  paliem-books  have  been  found  to  have  been  pnUished 
In  Spain.  The  needje-madc  laces  which  came  out  of  Spanish 
monasteries  in  iBjo,  when  these  institutions  were  dissolved, 
vtre  mosily  Venetian  needle-made  laces.  The  lace  vestments 
preserved  at  the  cathedral  at  Cnnada  hitherto  presumed  to  be  of 
Spanisli  work  an  veriAcd  u  being  Flemish  of  the  17th  teniuiy 
(similar  in  style  to  Fl.  iig.  14).  The  industry  is  not  alluded 
to  in  Spanish  ordinances  of  the  15th,  r6thor  17th  centuries,  but 
tradilioiu  Kbich  Uirow  its  origin  back  to  Ihc  Moors  or  Saracens 
mre  still  current  in  Seville  and  its  noghbonrhood,  where  a 
twisted  and  knotted  anangemeDi  of  Ene  cords  is  often  worked  ■ 
tmdei  the  name  of  "  Moiisco  "  fringe,  elsewhere  called  maciamf 
bee.  Black  and  while  silk  pillow  laces,  or  "  blondes,"  date  from 
the  i8th  century.  They  were  made  in  con»derable  quantity 
in  the  neighbou^ood  of  Gianlilly,  and  impoiiedfor  mantillas 
by  Spain,  where  cwresponding  silk  lace  making  was  started. 
Atibough  sfler  the  lEih  century  the  mailing  of  silk  licei  more  or 
less  ceased  at  Chanlilly  and  the  neighbourhood,  the  ciall  Is  now 
carried  on  in  Normandy— at  flayeui  and  Caen— as  well  as  in 
Auvergne,  which  is  also  noted  for  its  simple  "  torchon  "  laces. 
Silk  pillow  lace  making  is  carried  on  in  Spain,  r^wdally  at 
Barcelona,  The  pallemt  are  almost  entirely  imitations  IroD 
lEih-ccnlury  French  ones  of  a  Urge  and  free  floral  character. 
Lace-making  is  said  to  have  been  promoted  in  Russia  throu|ji 
the  patronage  of  the  court,  alter  the  visit  of  Peter  the  Grint  to 
Paris  in  the  early  days  of  the  iSih  century.  Peasants  in  the 
districts  of  Vologda,  Balakhua  (Nijnl-Novgorod),  Bielefi  (Tula) 
and  Uaensk  (Orel)  make  jullowlsccs  of  simple  patterns.  Malta 
is  noted  for  [noducing  a  silk  pillow  laie  of  hlsck  or  white,  or  red 
threads,  diieSy  of  patterns  in  which  repetitions  of  cittlet. 
wheels  and  ndiations  of  shapes  nsembllng  grains  of  wheat 
■re  the  mnin  features.  This  chancteristic  of  design,  appearing 
in  white  Uncn  thread  laces  of  similar  make  which  have  been 
identified  as  Genoese  pillow  laces  ol  tke  early  17th  century, 
reaqqjears  in  Spanish  and  PamguayaQ  work.  Pillow  tace  in 
imitation  of  MaltcBc,  Buckiigham^iire  and  Devonshire  beet 
is  made  to  a  small  extent  in  Ceybm,  in  different  parta  of  India 
and  in  Japan.  A  luccesifol  effort  has  also  been  made  to  le- 
(stiblitli  the  industry  in  the  island  of  Bunno  near  Venice,  and 
pillow  and  needlepoint  lace  of  good  design  is  made  there. 

At  FnsenI  the  chief  aourcea  of  hand-made  lace  are  France, 
Belgium,  Ireland  and  En^and. 

Fiance  is  lailhlul  to  her  tiaditions  in  maintaining  a  lively 

■  Useful  informstian  has  been  cnniniuolcated  to  the  writer  of  the 
premi  anicle  si  lace  by  Mn  e.  Wkhaw  of  SeviUe. 


Fio. 

rate  of  wages.  The  production  o(  bsnd-made  laces  In  Bdgium 
was  in  1900  greater  than  thst  of  France.  The  principal  modem 
needle-made  lace  of  Belgium  Is  the  "  Pdnt  ds  Case "; 
"  DucbesK  "  and  Bruges  laces  are  the  chief  piUow-mide  lace*; 
whilst  "  Point  Appliqut  "  and  "  Plat  Appliqu^  "  are  frequently 
the  results  not  only  of  combining  needle-made  and  pillow  work, 
but  also  of  using  them  in  conjunction  with  machine-made  net, 
Ireland  is  the  best  producer  of  tlint  substantial  looped-thiend 


Fic.  j6.-'<:oIIu  of  Irish  Crochet  Lace, 
work  known  aa  crochet  (lee  fi^  t;,  t6,  tj),  which  must  bt 
regttdcd  as  a  hsnd-made  lata  fabric  although  not  clastlBaUi 
as  a  necdleptunl  or  pillow  lace.  It  is  also  quite  distinct  in  char* 
actcr  from  pseudo-lacn.  which  an  leafly  embroideiiB  with  ■ 
lace  Jike  appearance,  e.g.  cnbroidcrics  on  net,  cnt  and  embniderfld 
cambrics  and  tne  linen.  Foe  such  as  these  Ireland  a 
a  reputation  in  iia  admirable  Limerick  a 
laces,  made  not  only  In  Limerick  and  Carrlckmacnas,  b 


LACE 


4« 


bt  Kfattdt,  NtwiT,  frrrt— |I^~  and  cbBiihnt.  Ti*  Amuid 
fann  Fnoce  tat  Iiiih  crodut  i*  bow  In  txyond  the  inFfily,  • 
aOnditioii  irtiidi  lead*  not  cmljr  to  the  npid  repetition  hy  Inih 
mtkcn  ot  tU  pattern,  but  teodi  tlm  to  a  gndwl  debueuuBl 
ol  beth  tsitnn  ud  onuunant.  Attempti  have  btta  made  lo 
CDuntenct  thii  (end- 


mesi  of  Iri^  ctocbet 
In  Ep.  3S,  >6  and  17 

Ad   apprcdabU 


Fn.l^— i.iidr'1  Sken  of  ImbCniebttLKK 

fordahin  and  NonliamploD,  buE  it  Ii  boutht  almost  wholly  k 

homeiae.   TheEnglublaceaamnadealinoil  enlinly  [naccord- 

definit  elcngthi  and  widiht,  ai  for  bordm,  Inscnioni  and  flouiica, 
altlnngh  large  ibaped  aitkls,  lucb  M  paoeli  (or  drain,  long 
■leevei  complete  ikbti,  jiduu,  blouiO,  and  rmdfully  ihaped 
coUai*  ol  coiiaidciable  dimenKOO*  bavs  ol  lau  been  f  reelr  made 
ctoeiibere.  To  make  lucb  thingi  entirely  o[  lace  lucessiutei 
many  modiScalioiu  la  the  oidisary  methodt;  the  En^iib 
bep^ioAen  aie  daw  to  adapt  their  weik  in  the  msnnet  lequiiiie, 
and  hence  art  fai  bchbid  in  the  n'ce  to  respond  la  the  luhlonible 
deoiand.  Xo  countncs  lucceed  to  veil  in  promptly  aDiwering 
''-  -  vaiiable  call  of  f  aihion  ai  France  and  Beltpum. 


pcnonm  employed  in 
Hd  in  1901  about  ] 


a  probably  buyt  n 


ibly  bu 


E  KuMia  and 


X  now  made  it  that  which  !■ 

:  and  Gernany.    The  total  ai 


;se 


The  caily  bUtory'  of  the  lace-mikmi  toachEne  ednddea 
with  tKat  ot  the  tlocUng  Inme,  that  madiine  having  been 
adapted  about  the  yeu  i  jH  (or  piodtidDi  open-looped  labrio 
which  had  a  nel-Lilte  ai^ieanince.  About  i  jM  (raoMa  lor  making 
point  neta  by  macbineiy  £nt  appear  at  Maniflcld  and  later  ai 
Aihboume  uid  Nottingham  and  uon  afterwaida  modifications 
were  introduced  into  luch  Iramei  in  order  to  male  varietie*  of 
nabci  in  the  point  neti  wbich  wen  dancd  aa  figured  neti. 
1b  iEoS  and  iSoq  John  Heathcoat  of  Nottingham  obtained 
palenti  for  miKhiDea  [or  making  bobbbi  net  with  a  almpler  and 
nioR  readily  produced  meah  than  (h*I  of  the  pohit  net  juil 
ooitioned.  Foe  at  leu>  thu^y  yean  thousands  of  women 
biid  been  employed  in  and  about  NMlin|him  in  the  embroidery 
of  tinple  ornament  on  net.  In  iSij  John  Leaven  began  10 
laptDve  the  figured  net  weaving  marhhm  above  mentioned, 
lad  from  these  the  lacc-maklng  machines  in  me  at  the  present 
time  were  devriopcd.  But  it  was  the  application  of  the  cele- 
brated Jacquatd  apparatus  to  lucb  machines  that  enabled 
Donulacturers  to  produce  all  (orii  of  pattern*  in  tbread-wo 
in  imitation  of  the  patterns  for  hand-made  lace.  A  Freni 
BHchioe  called  the  "  denlellihv  "  waa  devbed  (see  L»  fain 
br  the  3rd  ol  March  iBSi),  and  the  patlemi  produced  by 
were  of  plaited  threads.  Ihe  expense,  bowrver,  attending  t' 
{■mduction  ol  plaited  lace  by  the  "  dentellilrc  "  is  as  gieii  a* 
tliat  of  pillow  lace  made  by  the  hand,  and  so  the  machine  has 
DM  aucceeded  for  ordinary  trade  purposes.  More  succsslu.' 
■caalt*  ban  been  lecured  by  the  new  patent  circular  lice  machlni 
of  Heaita.  Blrkin  &  O).  of  Nollinghim,  the  productlona  of  which 
all  ol  simple  design,  cannot  be  distinguished  from  hand-madi 
PiOdw  hceol  the  aame  style  (see  li)p.;7,  ^.  s«). 

Dill  in  I  de*Hn|  with  technical  details  in  processes  of  mahbig 
tan  wbethO' by  hand  ot  by  Ihenacbbie,  the  component  parts  of 
4IScteDt  eaahes  of  lace  may  be  coDsIdered.   TbeM  are  goveniad 

•Sm  Fal^'a  lf<cU>»«r**|l(  BMivy  «W.£«m  Unuttamni 


pattens,  Alcfa  may  be  to  iaiffai,  m 
they  were  in  the  cstlier  laces,  that  the  diflerept  compoBCDt  pun 
may  touch  one  azmther  without  any  intervening  ground-work, 
wish  arose  to  vary  the  eSect  ol  the  delaila  ia  a  patina 
nirks  were  gradually  developed  end  at  Gnl  conalatHl  ot 
tics  bctwecD  the  aubttaallal  parts  of  the  pattern.  T]w 
ties  were  succeeded  by  gtouodi  of  mesbet,  like  nets. 
Sometimes  the  aubaiantial  puts  of  a  pat  tern  were  ou  timed  with  a 
single  thread  or  by  a  strongly  marked  rabcd  edge  0!  ttutianholc 
llitched  Of  ol  plaited  work.  Uinule  bnclful  devices  were  then 
'  Lttoduced  to  enrich  vatioua  portions  of  the  pattern.  Soma 
of  the  heavier  neodle-made  laces  resemble  low  relief  carving  in 
relief  portions  are  often  deconlell 
with  dusten  of  imall  loops.  For  the  mast  part  all  this  elabora- 
btoughl  to  a  high  pitch  of  variety  and  finish  by  French 
designers  and  workera;  and  French  terms  are  more  usual  )> 
ipeaking  ol  details  in  laces.  Tbui  the  aolid  part  of  (he  patlein 
1  called  the  ImU  or  clothing,  the  links  or  ties  are  tailed  tnidfi, 
Ibe  meshed  grounda  are  called  rlicoiix,  the  outline  to  the  odea 
pattern  is  called  ((rdgwHl  or  imU,  the  inaeitionB  of 
landfill  devices  iwrfci,  the  little  knps  fiali.  These  term*  at* 
applicable  to  the  varioua  portions  of  laces  made  with  the  needle, 
m  the  pillow  or  by  the  machine. 

The  Mqucnce  of  patterns  in  lace  (which  may  be  verified  upon 
elerring  to  figs  i  to  ij>  is  nnghty  aa  foUows,  From  alMut 
j40tD  isfa  tbey  wet*  composed  of  geoiaetric  forma  *et  within 
squares,  or  of  crotied  and  ladlatioa  line  devkt*,  resulting  Id 
pen  fabtk,  ttifl  and  almost  wiry  in  eSect.  srithoul 
rlicaiH,  From  1590  may  be  dated  the  inttoductioa 
lems  of  very  conventioiial  floral  and  even  humao 
lal  forms  and  slender  scrolls,  rendered  in  a  tape-Ufce 
tcfture.  held  together  by  brUa.  To  the  period  [torn  1610  to 
[Oto  belongs  the  development  ol  long  continuous  scroll  patlema 
nth  rbtam  and  triia,  accompamed  in  the  case  of  needle- 
nade  laces  with  an  elaboiatioD  of  detatb,  eg.  ardnmtl  with 
massings  of  fiuft.  Much  of  tboe  laces  enriched  with  Sllinp 
bla  time.  From  ■6so  to  1700  ihaan^ 
patterns  gave  way  to  amnflementa  <A  detached  omamsital 
detail*  (at  m  PI.  VI.  fig.  »):  and  about  1700  to  iTfio  mora 
imponani  schemes  or  designs  were  made  Isi  in  PI.  fig.  la. 
'  '    '  In  text),  Into  which  were  introduced  natnralitiic 

garlands,  flowers,  birds,  trophies,  archilectutal 
figures.  Grounda  composed  «itirdy 
in  the  case  of  the  rdicBii  r«a(«  (FL  V. 
.  From  1760  to  1800  nsall 
detail*  consiating  of  bonqueta,  qirayi  ol  flowcTs.  single  flowera, 
leave*,  buds,  apot*  and  such  like  were  adapted,  and  sprinkled 
over  meshed  grounds,  and  the  character  of  the  tciture  wis  gatuy 
and  filmy  (at  in  figa.  «a  and  41).  Since  thai  time  variants  Of 
the  foregoing  styles  of  pattern  and  tenures  have  becD  used 
aocordlng  M  the  bent  of  fashion  fai  favour  of  simple  or  compki 
omamentatfcm,  or  of  ttifl,  compact  or  filmy  teituret. 

HiMtftM  Lore.— The  way  in  which  the  early  Venetian 
"punio  in  aria"  was  made  corresponds  with  that  b  which 
needlepoint  lace  Is  now  worked.  The  pattern  b  first  drawn 
upon  a  piece  of  parchment.  The  parchment  is  then  stitched 
to  two  pleco  of  linen.  Upon  (he  leading  lines  drawn  on  the 
parchment  a  thread  is  laid,  and  fastened  throu^  to  the  pacc£- 
meat  and  linen  by  means  of  stitches,  thus  constructing  a  tkeletan 
thread  pattern  (see  left- 
hand  pari  of  fig.  jo). 
Those  portions  which 
are  to  be  represented  aa 
the  "  clothing  "  or  laU 
are  usually  worlied  a* 


and  m  fig.  9 


latged  diagram  (fig.  iq). 


Flo.  aS.  Ficig. 

nile  with  buttonhole  atilching  (fig.  98I. 
Between  thoe  taili  portions  of  the  pattern  are  worked  tiea 
[briio)  ar  meshes  (rfjHvi),  and  thus  the  vitioin  parts  united  mts 
one  labric  are  wrought  on  to  the  face  of  Ibe  parcbocnt  pattern 
and  reimducing  ii  (aee  right-hand  part  ol  G(.  jo).    A  Inifa  II 


puud  between  the  two  pieces  of  liaen  it  the  back  of  the  parch' 
Best,  cultiog  (be  itilchu  wbich  have  puied  through  [he  parch- 
laeDl  aDd  liaen»  a^d  so  iclcasin^  the  lace  itself  froa  its  pattern 
patchment.  Id  Ibe  eailiet  Utgci,  the  Lace  was  made  in  lesgthi 
to  actve  a>  tDsertioDs  (^aj«Hfli/i)  and  alio  in  Vandykes  (tfai^a!iu) 


It  PatlKT 


■  :1hg 


le  the  freer  style  of  di 


howiciK  work  m  progn 
in  the  right  liaU  of  the  pati 

la  edging.  Later  on  insenlona  and  vand 
mule  in  oae  piece.  AU  o(  such  hcr  at  fint  of  • 
Kyle  of  pattern  (PI.  fig«.  3-5  and  6). 
Following  cloKly  upon  Ihem  can 
already  mentioned,  without  and  then  with  links  or  tiea — kridti- 
Inttripened  betmen  the  vatkui  details  of  the  pstierni  (PI.  II. 
fig.  7),  which  were  ol  fiat  tapelike  texture.  In  elaboraif  speci- 
mens of  this  flat  pcunt  lace  some  lace  wofkos  occasionally  used 
gold  thread  with  the  while  thread.  These  fiat  laces  ("  Pnnto  in 
Aria  "I  are  also  called  "  fiat  Venetian  point."  About  1640  "  rose 
(nised)  psiut  "  Uces  began  10  be  made  (PL  III.  fig.  ii).  "Oicy 
•ntt  doae  in  relief  and  those  of  bold  design  with  stronger  reliefs 
■re  called  "  gros  point  dc  Venise."  Lace  of  this  latter  das  was 
ysed  for  altar  cloths,  flounces,  jaboti  or  nedccloths  which  hung 
beneath  the  chin  over  (he  breast  (PL  UI.  fig.  11),  as  weU  as  for 
trimming  the  Cumed^ver  topa  of  jack '  boots.  Tabtitn  and 
hdtea'  aprons  were  also  made  of  such  lace.  In  these  no  regular 
ground  was  introduced.  Ail  sorts  of  minute  embellishnents, 
like  little  knots,  stars  and  loopa  or  picots,  were  worked  on  to  the 
irreffularly  arranged  brida  or  ties  holding  the  main  patterns 
Idgethcr,  and  the  more  dunty  of  Ihew  raised  locel  (PI.  kg.  17) 
exempli^  the  most  subfle  uses  to  which  the  buttonhole  stitch 
Ippean  capable  of  bein^  put  in  making  omaraentt.  Bui  about 
iMo  came  Uces  with  trUa  or  lie*  arranged  in  a  hooeycomb 
KticuLation  oe  regular  groutbd.  To  them  succeeded  \aj:t  in 
which  the  compact  relief  gave  place  to  daintier  and  Lighter 
material  combined  with  n  ground  of  meshes  or  riitau.  The 
acedle.made  m«hH  were  someiimes  ol  single  and  sometiiaef  of 
double  threads.  A  diagram  is  given  of  an  ordinary  melhod  of 
Tiifif^wj  such  meshes  (fig..  31).  At  the  end  of  the  ifth  century 
the  Lightest  of  the  VoKtian  needlepoint 

was  of  the  filmiest  lesturc  is  usually 
koowD  as  "  ptunt  de  Venise  i.  rfseau  " 
(PL  V.  fig.  soo).  It  was  oonienpotiiy 
with  the  needle-made  French  laces  of  Alcn- 

toinuds  thelilterpBTtof  the  I71h  century 
^).  *'  I*oint  d'Argentan  "  has  t>cen  thought  to 
stingultbed  on  account  of  its  delate  boneycoiDb 
ground  of  heisgonally  nmngcd  Mdti  (fig.  31),  ■  ptci^iaiity 
already  referred  to  in  certain  antecedent  VcDctian  point  Itcei. 
Often  intemuied  with  this  heugonsl  bridts  ground  is  the  fiue- 
mcshed  ground  or  rticau  (fig.  106),  whidi  has  been  htbl  I0  be 
distinctive  of  "  point  d'Aknfon,"  But  the  styles  of  patteno 
and  Ibe  methods  of  woildng  them,  with  rich  virieiy  of  inseiiioni 
or  mabi,  with  the  briM  or  CfrAwiel  of  tilsed  buttonhole  iiiicbed 
edging,  are  alike  in  AiseaUn  and  Alencon  needle-made  lace* 
(PI.  V.  Eg,  loi  and  6s,  31).  Besidt*  the  heiajonal  trida 
>  After  1650  the  lacc-workers  at  Aleogon  and  its  n^ghbourhood 
pmluced  work  of  a  daintier  kind  Ehanlhal  which  watbonz  made  by 
(tie  VeDetiau.  As  a  rule  the  beaagonai  bridt  arouods  of  Alencon 
beet  are  smaller  than  sjmilar  details  in  Venciianlaces.  The  average 


nalla 


gtouBif  and  the  gnimd  ot  miabei  aaotha  varietj  e(  gi 
Irtiian  rmaU)  wai  used  in  certain  Alencon  designs.  lUa  groand 
consisted  ol  butUnbote-stitchoi  ikdetan  heaagoot  vith^  enck 
of  which  was  worked  a  small  heia(on  td  USt  connected  with  ih« 
outer  surrounding  hexagon  by  means  ol  lix  liula  tia  n  Mite 
(PL  V.  fig.  11).  Lt<x  with  this  particular  ground  has  beta 
called  "  Argentella,"  sad  lomB  wdten  haTfrtbOBsht  tiiM.it  wn 
a  specialty  of  Genoese  ot  Venetian  work.  But  the  characts 
of  the  wofk  and  the  style  of  the  lloril  patlcms  are  those  nt 
Alencon  bees.  The  industry  at  Argcntan  was  virtually  an  off- 
shoot of  that  nurtured  at  Alencon,  where  "  licis,"  "  cut  work  ■* 
and  "  vilin  "  (work  on  pirchineot)  had  been  made  for  year* 
before  the  well-developed  neBUe-made  "point  d' Alencon'" 
came  into  vogue  under  the  favouling  patronage  ol  the  slatC' 
aided  lace  company  mentioned  as  having  been  Kxmed  in  166$. 


Uadame  Dttfoerre  in  her  Hulnri  <fu  point  i'Alaipm  gives  an 
interesting  and  trustworthy  account  of  the  industry. 

In  Belgium,  Bnoscls  has  acquired  some  celebrity  for  needle- 
made  hica.    These,  however,  are  chicfiy  in  imitation  of  Ihofe 


Fic,  M,— ShTrt  decorated  wi 
(EngUah,  17th  century. 


/iclotia  and  Albert  Museum,) 


thread  is  used  as  a  urinaul  for  tbtic  patterns  instead 

111  with  buttonhole  ukcha  a*  in  the  f  tench 

Lace*.    Note  ttie  bright  sharp  MUlin*  to  Ibe  various 

■  sails  in  PL  V.  6f ,  50>, 

NeedlepoLDt  lace  bas  also  beao 


CWK^It*^" 


lACB 


EogluHl.    WUkt  the  chaoctei  o(  hi  doign  ia  Ihc  ariy  1 7ih 


CenlciDpoiu?  lUlijUi.  tiM  (Hth« 

luce  iuci  into  an  arly  i;th-centi 
Spcdaeiu  oi  ni 


11  Ucc  Ii  su 


>  woikniBiulilpu  vinutUjF 
D  of  English  Dccdk-oudt 
hilt  ii  illmtntcd  ia  bt.  jj. 
by  ViigtiwJi  ichool  duidicn 


NufUrp 

StnRa 

Lo  the  >Iudy  o[  deigni  [oi 

near  Veoicc  producn  huic 

cartful  reproductioiu  of  1 1 


iluUy  made  it  Youghid,  Ken 


ie  lace-makiiig  icboo)  U  Bunno 

celebrated  cluilclDif  point  lices, 

Venisc  1  riKiUp"  "point  d^Alen^on,"  '^poinl  d'Argeniao" 
and  Dibeis.  Some  good  needlepoint  lace  la  made  inBobemia 
and  elsewhere  in  the  Austrian  empire. 

Pillta-madc  Zdft— Pillow-made  lace  ia  buUt  upon  no  lub- 
alTUCture  corruponding  with  a  skelclon  thread  pattern  sitch 
is  used  For  needtepoint  lace,  but  is  the  tcprocntatlOD  of  tpMU 
obtained  by  twisting  and  plaiting  threads. 

These  patterns  were  never  so  ttrictly  geometric  In  ttyk 
those  adapted  for  the  earliest  poiot  laceuaUBg  from  tteafii 
cedent  cut  linen  and  drawn  tbrudembioidEiie*.  Curvsdton 
almost  at  tbeoutset  of  pUlo*  Lace,  aeetntahave  bees  looadea 

more.liaom  and  less  ciiip  and  wiry  in  tppeuHOce  ilian  that 
tBntemponiy  seedle-mide  lace.    The  nuiy  twitted  and  plaited 
Ibiead  laces,  which  had  the  appearance  of  tmall  cards  merging 
into  one  another,  were  soon  succeeded  fay  laces  of  similai  nul 
with  flattened  and  broader  line*  more  lihc  fine  braids  oi  tapes 
(PI.  1.  hg.  1,  and  Pi.  fig.  io>.    But  pillow  lacei  of  this 
chiraclei  must  not  be  confused  with  lace*  in  which  aciuftl  tape 
et  braid  ia  used.   That  peculiar  dati  of  lace-wwk  doe*  not     ' 
util  after  the  begiDDini  of  the  iTlh  century  wbn  the  weaving 
e(  tape  is  laid  to  have  comracDced  in  Flasdera.    Ib  Englud 
this  sort  ol  lape-lace  dates  no  farther  bacl(  IhU  i]47,  whan 
Dutchmen  named  Lsnfoil  were  invited  by  an  Englitta  £11 
•ct  up  tape  loom*  In  Manchcater. 

Tlie  process  by  whidi  lace  is  made  on  the  pillow  i*  roughly 
and  bruSy  as  (dlowi.  A  pattern  is  first  drawn  upon  a 
ol  ptper  or  puchtocat.  It  i* 
'  pricked «ithbolcabya>luUed"p«Itan 
'  pcickec,"  who  detcrminea  where  the 
plind^nl  pins  ahall  Im  stuck  for  guid'' 
ing  the  threads.  This  piickctj  pattern 
is  then  fastened  lo  th<  pillow.  Ttu 
piUow  or  cusbioa  varies  in  tb^ie  in 
diBertnt  csuntDt*.  Some  lace- oiakeis 
use  a  dicular  pad,  backed  with  a  fiat 
board,  in  order  that  it  nuy  be  placed 
upon  a  table  and  easily  movod.  Other 
Fio.  54. — Diagram  show-  lace-worken  use  a  well-stuaed  round 
ing  to.  Bebtuas  in  use.  pjHow  „  short  bokier,  flattened  at 
Ibe  '.wo  ends,  10  thai  they  may  hold  it  conveniently  on  iheir 
laps  Ftotn  the  npptr  part  of  pillow  with  the  pattern  fastened 
.on  it  hang  the  Ihreadilrom  the  bobbins.  Tbe  bobhiD  threads 
thss  bang  aonst  the  paitem.  Fig.  n  tbowi  the  conuncace- 
instance,  of  a  double  set  ol  three-thread 
.  The  compact  portion  in  a  piUaw  lace 
Etiasa  woven  appcjjanoe  (Gg,  a). 
3  About  the  middle  of  tbe  i7tb  century  pillnw 
^  lace  of  lormal  scroll  patterns  somewhat  in  imila- 
rjG.  ^  tion  of  those  for  poiot  lace  was  made,  chiefly 
in  Flanders-  Tbe  earlier  ol  these  had  grounda  ol 
ties  or  trider  and  was  ollen  called  "point  de  Flindres"  (PI, 
^t-  14)  in  Contrndisiinction  to  scroll  palletns  with  a  moh 
Itound.wbjeh  wetecalled."point  d'Angleterre"  {PI-  fig-  16). 
Into  Spain  and  France  much  lace  from  Venice  and  iTandeis  was 
xnported  as  well  as  into  En^and.  where  from  the  itlb  century 
the  manudclurc  of  ihe  simple  pattern  "  bone  lace  "by peasants 

1..1. ,.    ,.     ..        counties  was  still  being  carried  on. 

nanufaclure  was  Ibieslcned  with 


In  Charles  II.'s 


finet  Flemish  lace*.  The  importation  of  the  latter  wis  acBord- 
in^yptohibiled.  Dcal^ii  in  Flemish  lace  sought  to  evade  the 
p^UDitlon*  b^  "Htpg  celUlB  ol  tXdr  laiM  "  ptdat  f Aogletan^' 


r  of  Enfflish  Pillow-made  (Devonshire)  Lace  ijQ 
uskIs  d«ign  of  Ihe  mlddieod  tin  ifitb  century. 


□d  smnggUng  them  into  Kn^and.  But  smuggling  waa  made 
I  diflicult  that  English  dealers  were  glad  to  obtain  tbe  aervicea 
f  Fliiaiih  Uce-makcTs  and  to  induce  them  to  settle  in  England. 
1  is  from  same  auch  cause  that  the  better  i7tli-  and  iSth-ceatuiy 


Englith  piOow  lacH  bear  resemblance  to  pillow  Igces  oF  Bmuels, 
of  Mecblin  and  of  Valenciennes. 

.-AaakiU.iB  the  Europaaa  kcc-makini  dtvdoped  aooD  afMt  l^ 
middle  of  the  ijth  century,  patterns  aad  particular  plaidngs 


d'AIcB^  of  the  Louis  XV. 


be  identified  with  ctrtiia  localities.  Mechlin,  for 
.  enjoyed  a  high  reputaiion  for  her  production*.  .The 
cUcf  technical  features  of  this  pillow  lace  lie  in  the  plaiting  of 
the  meshes,  and  the  nutlining  of  the  clotliing  or  tail*  with  a 
Ibnad  ariotmil.  The  ordinary  Mechlin 
iMsh  is-bcugonsl  b  ahape.  Four  oF  tbe 
side*  are  ol  double  twisted  threads,  I 
are  o[  (our  tbreada  plaited  thiee  time* 
(fig-  39)- 

In   BnHsets  pOIow  lace,   which   ha* 
gnater  variety  of  design,  the  me*h  is 
also  hexagonal;  but  ia  conlratt  with  the  fi 
JlechUn  mesh  wiiUsl  four  o(  its  sides 
of  doublc-twlsicd  threads  the  other 

threads  plaited  lour  times 


[fig- 4 


Thefli 


icdmens  of  Bntiid*    f"^-  %- 
ior  the  fidelity  and  "* 


Mechlin 


ndered(Ft,VI.fig.i3).  These  ate  mainly  reproduction*  « 
adaptations  of  designs  For  point  d'Alencon,  and  the  aoFl  qttabty 
imparted  to  them  in  the  tenure  of  pillow-made  lace  codtraata 
with  Ihe  harder  and  more  crisp  aopeatance 


LACB 


soCIl 


vhich 


petals  *nd  lEivM,  tlic  edges 

latiH  in  pan  of  tlijbUy  naid 

•nUmail  o[  comjMct  pUiI«d  wo^ 

Honiton  pillow  lace  roemhla  BntBcti 

ce,  but  in  moit  o[  the  Engliib  pUlo* 


mpte 


Kler  <fig.  4J).    A.  .         .       _ 

I  tlut  Dfled  ID  the  older  nemiifa 
bcM.  In  ml  Fltmisb  Vilendennes 
luc  there  ue  no  titiittd  >Ida  to  tlie 
aab;  >ll  ut  cloMly  pUited  (Bg.  44) 
end  as  a  rait  tbe  shape  ol  the  mcih  is 
diamand  but  without  the  openings  as 
Ra.  4i- — Enlanemnt  ihaini  in  £(.  44.  KaoMUatmaricmul 
of  Bniueb  Ifah.  to  define  the  pattern  is  used  in  Valen- 
ciennes Uce  (see  6g.  45).  Much  lace  of  the  Vatecdcnnef  type 
(fig.  54}  is  made  ai  Yprcs.  Besides  these  distinctive  claua  of 
plUow-like  bcei,  there  att  olhcn  lo  vhich  equal  care  In  plajt- 


•  Weddim  Veil,  J  ft.  6  in.XS  ft.  6  in.,  of 
i>  and  olher  flawers  daintily 


eddin  Veil, : 


rsr?"b" 


ground,  which  is  of  BnsiBb  mi  tiaoA 

gpcagnuiidof  piUow-mada  beunnal  tnto  ba  group  o 

on*  Aj^ng  towards  tbe  other  which  appears  rvad^  to  talct  wmii  hvh 

its  nest;  an  ovat  fraine  containing  iwq  hearli  pierced  by  an  arrow 

nderingsol  varkiuiii«i[(fj»  rbcp/iHvnuui,  slar  devices.  Ac.  "Hk 
omamenul  deviiv  are  pajtEy  appLird  aad  partly  worked  iaio  tib 
ginind  CVictoHa  and  Alferl  Mut^m). 


ing  and  iwiiting  thread!  la  (ll^>Uycd,  Ibongh  the  cbuacter  ol 
the  deagn  is  compaiativejy  aiinple,  as  In  inMaan  io  atdiiiai7 
pillow  lacea  tnun  Italy,  from  Uw  Anvetgae,  tnun  Bucking- 
hamshiie,  or  lude  and  prioiitiva  m  In  lace*  IioD  CicU, 
•outbera  Spahi  and  Ruaiia.  Fillo*  lace-aMkiii|  la  Crete  it 
Ill*  lacei  wen  made  duafly«irilk.  The 


pattenis  in  nany  apecimea*  are  outlined  with  one,  two  or 
three  bright-colouted  ^Uten  threads.  Unilormity  in  simple 
may  alto  be  observed  in  many  Italian, 


round  with  silk,  and  wita  csiton  | 
thread.  Aji  eariier  kind  of  ^mp  was 
(onoed  with  "  Caititane,"  a  little  strip 
of  thin  p^rchnwnt  or  vellum  covered  | 
wilhsilk.goblaisiherthTead.  Theae  1 
stiff  gimp  thread!,  formed  Into  a  1 
patten,  were  held  together  by 
stitcbowstked  with  the  needle.  Gold  ' 
and  silver  thtiad  lacta  have  been 
usually  made  on  tbe  pitlow,  though  ' 
gold  thread  has  txen  used  with  fine 
eSect  In  1 7th-ceDtury  Italian  needle- 
pobt  lacea. 

UaekHK-ruiit  Lact. — We  have 
already  seen  that  a  technical  peculi- 
arity in  making  needlepoint  lace  h 
that  a  single  (bread  and  needle  an 
alone  used  to  form  tbe  pattern,  and 
that  tbe  buttonhole  stitch  and  other 
kwpings  which  can  be  worked  by 
means  ol  a  needle  and  thread  mark 
■  distlnclioD  between  lace  made  in 
this  manner  and  lace  made  on  the 
pillow.  For  the  process  of  pillow  lace 
making  a  scries  of  threads  an  in 
constant  employment,  plaited  and 
twbted  (he  one  with  another,  A 
buttonhole  stitch  a  not  ptoducihle 
by  It.  The  Leavers  lace  machine 
does  not  make  either  a  buttonhole 


— Lappet  of  deli- 
tbat  the  threads  are  twilled  logrther  ValeoriemiM.  about  iTjo- 
as  in  stocking  net.    The  Leaven  lace   TJ'„P«"^»"'y  "I  V^n- 


nachine-made  work  ii 


•  tact  Is  the  Urn) 


mscbiiie  q  that  generally  In  use  at 
Nottingham  and  Calais.    French  in-    t 
developed  improvements    ' 

as  France  makes  an  improvement  Mechlin  and  BniHeli  U(«. 
England  fotlowB  with  another,  and 

both  countries  virtually  maintain  an  equal  position  in  Ihb 
btaach  of  indusUy.  Tbe  number  of  threads  brought  into  opera- 
tion In  a  Leaven  machine  Is  reguhited  by  the  pattern  lo  be 
produced,  the  threads  being  of  two  sorts,  beam  or  warp  threads 


tACE 


■Bd  bobtuB  or  weft  tlmsili.  l^nnnb  o(  SSSo  are  301 
ntitA^  liity  JUKS  of  bee  bang  midt  iimullucou^r.  m 
rfquihng  14B  Lhieodfi — too  beam  OiECJidt  and  4S  bobbia 
The  indi'af  boih  uti  of  Ihreiid)  in  fiicd  la  >  cjUod 
Khidi  u  U»  nunulaclun  pioceeds  Ike  Uce  become* 


Fic.  16.— Border  to  ■  Cigtb.  The  wkW  iian  bcarini  ibe  doubl*- 
hesided  eagle  o(  Ruuia  i»  of  drwvn  ihraid  embroidery ;  ihe  •callopcd 
■dtint  l*  »  B""'"'  inllDw-miidr  tee.  ihniiih  the  ttyleci*  lit  patten 
U  gfu^KeOria  piUanJacBanuide  by  p^danu  yi  Dviubiaa  provipcca 
M  «en  aa  la  the  toulbiif  Spain. 

Tie  aiiMy  o' '1"!  l""*  «  ""P '^'f™*' '•*'*''*  "P" '**'••  "^ 
tlat  «f  the  bobbins  ot  wcit  ihieads  is  held  in  brtbiua.  Thr 
btun  or  wup  thread  t«li  are  anangcd  in  [runQ  ot  liay« 
beaath  the  itage,  above  whicn  and  bciwein  il  and  lie  cylinder 
the  tvi^ting  ot  Ihe  bobbin  or  welt  with  beam  or  wup  Ihreadt 
UkcspUce.  Hiebobbint 
*  conlaining  the  bobWn  ot 

weft  thread*  are  Bat- 
tened' in  (h«pe  10  aa 
to  pasa  lonvcnieniljr  be- 
tween the  stretched  beam 
or  inrp  thrcida.    Each 


bobbin) 


o  ydi.  of  thread.  By 
most  ingenious  mechan- 
ism varying  degieea  of 
tension  can  be  imparted 
lo  waip  and  weft  threads 
as  required.  As  the  bob- 
bins or  weft  threads  pasa 
Ulu  pendulums  between 
Ihe   warp    threads    the 

late,  tbu*  causing  them 
to  become  twilled  with 
^  the  bobbin  threads.  As 
the  twislings  take  plaee^ 
rombi  passing  thnnich 

FT0.48.  Iwiitingi.    I^Mthatax- 

ture  of  the  dolhinf  or 
«  Uce  may  generally  be  delecicd  by 
due  to  the  compreued  iwiitnl  threads. 
Fip.  47  and  48  an  intended  to  >how  eflecti  obtained  t>y 
vaiyinc  tiu  teBiwos  of  weft  and  watp  thiMda.  FM  in- 
Naare,  ii  the  wtfi,  aa  ibreada  h  A,  (,  *  ia  fi^  4),  b«  lifht 


and  the  waip  thread  ihck,  Ibe  «*ip  thiead  ■  will  be  twitud 
spoo  the  weft  threads.  But  if  the  wirp  thread  a  tie  light  and 
Ibe  well  Ihieads  t,  i,  b,  t,  be  slack,  as  in  Gg.  4S.  (hen  the  welt 


[  in  botfa  iLese  caaei  arises  from  the  conjunction  of 
given  to  the  two  kIs  td  threads,  naouly.  aa  osdUa- 
.  .  .  ement  from  side  lo  side  ol  the  beam  or  warp  thiead). 
and  the  swinging  or  pendutum-EItc  movement  of  tbe  bobbbi 
or  weft  threads  between  Ibe 
warp  threads. 


I  lectiuial  rieva- 

stnling  it*  nmc  etseniiil  pirii. 
£  i*  the  cylinder  or  beam  upon 
wbicb  Ot£  Uce  is  icAed  asmade, 
and  upon  which  tbc  ends  of 
both  warp  and  weft  threads  are 


or  beams,  ooe  above  tlie  otIiBT, 
containing  the  reeli  of  the 
idpplica  of  warp  threads;  c,  e 


if  the  bdbbiB  b  with 


It  '^  Relicdia  "  Lace. 


laading  fun,  one  od  each  side 

sf  Uie  luk  of  warp  tfareads;  i,  I  are  the  comb*  which  take  k 

in  turns  10  pnu  togelhei  the  twiatingi  as  Ihey.  are  nada^ 


*6 


1.  ]!.— Border  o(  Mich  iiK- 
:  in  the  «vlc  nl  I7ih<t 
iw  Guipure  Lace- 


Fig.  54  dijpliys  ■ 
band-made  Vaien- 
(YpiB)  lace  and 
consponding  piece 
r  the  machine.  Tht 
o*I  the  advaslagc 
be  gaiosd  by  using 

iblh^  v"^  do" 
ua  oi  the  [ul  lace  It 


open  ud  dar  r^icnu  or  cet, 

(uch  as  would  be  nude  on  i 

inie  to  keep  the  pailem  fine  ani< 


Fia  Jl.— Border  of  Michine-nude  Lm 

■nd  the  weavlne  It  made  the  full  gauge  of 
i6  perint.  Fig.  56  0va  other  eumples  of 
nude  Valcadennct  lace.    The  machine-mi 

tDtbeiscU.lbegiouad  being  )  point  and  1 


4  poinU  AltboBgl 
1e  in  theie  eiamplc: 
a  work  is  encilj 


that  in  Dg.  15  beingan  eiample 
oF  tight  bobbin!  or  weft,  aod 
tbck  wirp  tbrcids  ai  shown 
in  fig.  47-  Whereas  iha  ex- 
ample ia  fig.  j6  is  nude  with 
■lack  bobbiu  or  weft  threads 
and  light  wup  threads  ai  is 
lig.  48-  In  fift.  ST  is  a  piece  of 
hand-raade  kreof stoulthrBad, 


lace  made  mthcAuvcreneandtoiheB  iviungbuuhite  "  Maltese^' 
tacc  Goaeloit  arespccimcnoriacc<figs.5gand5o)iiiade  by 
the  Bcw  patent  ciicuUr  lace  machine  of  MessnBlckii  of  Notiing' 
kan.  This  machine  although  very  tlon  in  productioB  actually 
Rprodoces  the  real  bee,  at  a  cost  (lightly  below  that  of  the  hand- 


DigilizcdbyGOOgtC"'""" 


f  ig>-  69  uid  Ai  giw  umc  idea  of  the  high  quality  to 
Admirable  couBleilek  bu  been  brouglit. 

Colleclioiu  of  hand-midc  bcc  chicHy  eiist  in  mi 


inad«  Lace  of  Modem  D»ga. 


Flo.6 


NenllcpDint  Lore,  "  G 


Iniucb  placei  the appan unity  ii  pceientcd  of  incinEin  cbrono- 
logical  Mqucace  I)ie  lUgci  ol  pitlein  and  tcxtun  dcvcLspment. 
LiIihCuk— ThelitentureoltlieiiTtiillart-inaklntiicanudcniblc. 
The  aeriei  of  i6th-  and  1 7th-«ntury  tue  cattaa-tiuuki.  ui  uhich  Ike 
issn  impDRant  uc  nihaps  Ihoec  by  F.  Vinciolo  (Pari«,  138;), 
Com  Vkeeino  (VenW.  1S91),  and  labnta  Catanea  Parante 
(Venice,  1600).  no!  10  mentjon  leveral  kindted  wotkt  of  earlier  and 
later  ^t*  DuWUhed  in  Germany  and  the  Nethertaitdk^  kuppUet  a 
lacp  field  For  emiiKaiiim.  Sienor  On^uia  a(  Venke  publiihcd  a 
limned  number  ofiacumilc«ollhcniai«iEy  of  such  workt.  M,_ALvin 

flame  year  the  marqaii  CMrolanw  d'Adda  conlFilnJred  two  bLblio- 
■ngbical  ewayi  upoa  the  uine  ubjccc  la  iheCicMM  i<h  Aou-'lili 
Ivgl.  XT.  a.  uKcq^wid  vsL  ivii.  p.^ii  (ni.).  In  lat*  Cavalieie 
i  Medi  Vwe  a  paoiphkl  («i>b  S, -— ^- i-.^"--—  --> 


lafilndl 


rri 


d  Oriuae 
dabdefa 


[and 


rather  (aadlul /fidinrr  ^  Ja  4nifrllr  in  ia«.  in  which  he  Tepmdi 

•DaemeMa  »  be  found  in  Oideroa'i  EtK^Klnptiit.  auhnqueMiy 

qumeifby  RcJiBddelaPlatitee,   The  fim  ^|a>rl  s/ Mr  I*c|iaHiMM 


s/  PrruliaS  Ail  (1851)  conlaiu  a  "  Report  ( 
and  Lace<Makinc  "  by  Octaviui  Hudun.  an 
llu  DcparbKiia  ofSciiKe  t<td  Art  iiKtomt  "  1 
Reponi  upon  the  Imematianal  Eihibiiions 
1B1S7  (IVul.by  M.  Aubiy.  Mis  Palliicrand . 


1  Cotton  Print  Worki 
in  thefinl  Stfoil  tf 


iBsi  (I 


.inlan 


lace-makinr. 
/ofhc        '■ 

)).    iBlli  ..  ,  .. 

Lhan  a  technical  point  of  view;  and  wardrobe  ac 
have  been  laid  under  <:ontributiiin  wtn  AurpriiinE  dilioence.  A  new 
edition  pnUiibid  in  190a  pieKnii  the  work  3*  entirely  rgvised.  re- 
wHcIFn  and  entii^  under  the  editonhip  of  M.  Jourdain  and  Alice 
Diyden.  In  iSjs  the  Arundel  Society  brouEhtoutjliiaeiil//iid<- 
pnni  and  Pif^DiD  Xdcr,  a  folio  vnlame  of  pemanenly  nrinlod  phoio' 
graphs  taken  fmni  »nie  of  tbe  lincM  flpedmeni  of  andent  Ihv 
collected  for  the  Intemailonal  Eihibition  of  1S74.  Thne  wrie 
■ccompanied  by  a  brief  history  of  lace,  wriltea  from  the  technical 
upect  of  the  »rt,  by  Alan  5-  Cole.  At  the  aamc  time  appeared  a 
bulky  imperial  4to  volume  by  5c£uin,  entitled  La  Hrji^ri^.  ill t]Ur>iFtl 


ograph^a 


laco.  bibliDgTaphy  of 
third  relates  Id  needle- 


^.^jttry  gf  lace  1 
SeEuin  aecordi  to 
practieaUy  aLI  the 
belnaidilncBib 


L«  the  palm  for  having  excelled  In  profli 


thaibnE 


iuued  of  the  laa  collcdkaH  ai 


.rt  of  laee^Daldne  wi 


ly  Alan  S.  Cole. 


deliiered  befon  Che  Socbny 


C.  M.  Urbani  de  Chdtof.  with  pblee.  wai  Iranilated  by  Lady 
Layaid.^nd  publiihed  at  Venice  by  Signnr  Ongania.  Tiit  Hiilmy  if 
Uaclthia-vm^  Hmtrf  tiU  Laa  MamifiuUirr  (London,  1867).  by 
Fellcio.  hai  already  been  relened  to.  There  i>  alio  a  tadiiialDfical 
ersay  upon  Lace  made  by  machinery,  with  tUagrami  of  lace  atitchei 
and  pallemi  (Tali;aliiilu»e  .Sfudini  im  Uckiiitkm  Enieliirif, 
LeipsBi  i^H)p  by  Hugo  Fischer.  In  t886  the  Libroirc  Kenpuard. 
ait,  ruUUieda  AUorya/AM^illacgR,  wiitten'by  Madafne 
G'  Daipiema.  wluch  givefl  a  elate  and  intercating  account  of  the 
■   '  lOBethcrwiihali«.compiledfnnnlocalrecordi,ormolietj 

^ in  from  1601  onivarda. — £A5reuflrry  and  Lact:  their  if  ohh- 

jaOtn  and  »ij(or*  /re*  On  timeltsi  anli^uitr  U  Ike  preienl  rfey,  by 
EtacH  LeEebure.  bce-makcr  and  admlniitrator  of  the  Ecolc  dea  An* 
IMcoratifi-lcanilaicdandenLiiEed  witbnoieaby  ALanS.  Cole,  tat 
publiihed  in  London  In  tSse.  Ii  ii  a  nll-illuiinted  handbook  lor 
amaicun.  eoltectors  and  ^neial  readers. — Eriah  lace*  made  from 
modem  defllam  are  illuRrated  in  a  Kmanence  of  the  Irish  Ariot  Late- 

—Hnt.vtiXtt'-'  ■-   ■"'  "-'-•      ■-• ^....--  ...- 

t,  -.  -.    i  '--.--:.  '^yTshftiw 


a  sa  hsii 


ri  DeaUtta  *• 


7SS,'i 

obvioiia  desire  !■>  credit  Bn^c 
of  bee-work,  much  of  which  a] 
in  nyle,— The  Eiicyclcfaedis  1 

ential  atitchea  lor  ncedLepeii 
Dd<u1*  and  proceia  blocka.- 


.E'"5 


.Domach  (Atiacc.  iSai).  ii  1  detailed  euide  to  icveril  kindt 

E.  craebct.  (auie*.  neiunc  and  mou  of  Iba 

leedlepeinl  laa.     It  ii  wril  iUuitrated  with 

■'net..— An  eahauslive  hiilory  of  Ruuian 

la  PenUlU  niise._  by  Madame  Sophie 


le  Rpniluiled  by  photo-lilhofniAy  in  Ihia  bi 

'on,  1*99).  i»  illunialtd  wiih  t  vpicaL  Miecimen« 
nth  and  Ennlith  Wei,  at  wdl  oi  n-ltll  mofni- 
jiingany  oneioidentilr  theplailthlbelvkiri* 
the  actual  making  od  ibe  [abric^-Z'/A^Krf'ir 


48 


LACE-BARK  TREE-^-LA  CHAISE-DIEU 


by  Henri  Iteiua  (PuH,  1900J4 

piECi  ol  tfftapmt,  iatdgpninl  wiih  abiuHbnt  pncCH  »«••  « 
Ike  •evnt  UadioT  nuchiw  Miiiad  laca  nude  at  Cibit  ibiB  III). 
It  opcu  iriih  ■  ihen  aecnrnt  of  tbc  Ami  ^nd-mMk !«(%  tba  pra- 
ductinflfwUchiinmilnioMatiiict.  The  book  «u  kM  lor  th* 
beBcbaf  -  -  ■■■       ■  -        -    -.  ...... 


ETtli  centiry  to  the  preient  dne.    Jfmir  rtlroiptttff,    

fgpwfllH  mwtfitffi  iMinutfnab  if  f u>  d  AuA.  RapfcH  i 
iiav,  E,  Lefe^rrt  eoaulnt  leveral  ipod  yhiitntloiu,  apKUlly  0 
Inportut  iprcin '  "-'—  ■'-  * '  -■--  — •■  —- '  •*-' 


'thrrt  eoaulnt  leveral  ipod 
Kimeiu  of  Pc^  de  Fnn 


r  d  Ibe  iTth  >nd  Ikh 


LurrmdF  Lajndr  (]^TU»  190^).  b 

carrird  on  for  r«o«idmble  paiodL   TTit  book  it  wdl 
anmird. 

Sm  iI»  Iriicit  Sfilun  (30  lmK-tni»  pblo).  wilk  ■  "ti 
hltnxliictioii   by  Alin  S,   Cole   ^uRgirt,    Ijm) 
pncln]  handbcnk  by  Eliabtth  Mincvf  and  M«i 
(Lvidan,  1^07)^  TAf  Art  af  Bobbin  Laa, 

Ualitnr.  by  EUn'Ruxi  (Bciniiw,  1908;,  oni  uidkhicu^  . 
(MuHJii/Iwz.byMnJobnlJuiiEeifanlfViUaiflAidon  ind 
Vork,  190!},  my  (aUy  UhnimtRL  (A.  &  C 


C) 

LACS-BABK  TBBB.  t  native  oi  Jimik*,  known  tmunlcally 
M  Laplla  tiiiUaria,  [ran  lu  nativs  umc  litctlo.  Tbe  inner 
buk  condMs  of  namcnnn  concoitrie  \tytn  ^  intcrUdng  fibrei 
Rumbling  in  a^ipeuance  luc.  CoLUn  and  albcr  ankles  ol 
apparel  have  been  made  ol  Ik«  fibre,  whkh  ii  abo  used  is  the 
nanulaclure  d  wbipt,  ttc  The  im  belonp  to  tlw  natunl  ofder 
Tfaymclaoiccif ,  and  ii  grown  in  holhoma  In  Britain. 

UCBDABMOH,  in  bistorical  timta  an  allemalive  name  ol 
Lacohia  (f.T.).  Homer  usca  only  the  fonnei,  and  in  aomc 
|BiH(ci  ■eemitodeDotebyittkcAckaeandtadd.tlie'niBiptiae 
of  hltc  times,  in  conlrul:  10  the  lower  town  Sputa  (C.  Gibeit, 
StitdUn  air  aitjpartanisdm  GackuAle,  Gottingen,  1871,  p.  34 
fblL).  It  ii  described  by  Ibe  epilbeliDlXi]  (hollow)  and  (rWas 
(•{Adous  or  boUow),  and  Is  probably  coiuiectBd  elynoki^caUy 
with  Most,  leaa,  any  hoUow  plaa,  LuedaeiBon  Is  now  Ihe 
tume  of  a  separate  dqttrtmenti  which  had  m  1907  a  pc^wlation 

u'cSpiOB,  BBRRABD  QBBMUH  ^Elin  N  U  VILLS, 

CoMtE  DE  (1756-181;),  French  nalutalbt,  was  born  »t  Ag«i  in 
Cuienne  on  Ihe  idth  of  Decombcr  1756.  His  education  was 
caieluUy  OHulucted  by  his  father,  and  Ibe  eariy  pcluial  ol 
■•  Nalnrat  HiUtry  awakened 


devol. 


1.  Hit  lelsiue  be 
.c,  in  which,  besides  becoming  a  good  perfonner 
nd  organ,  he  acquired  cwuiderable  mastery  of 
D  of  his  operas  (*diich  were  never  published) 
meeting  with  the  high  approval  of  Chick;  in  17S1-17S5  he  also 
brought  out  In  two  volumo  bit  PtOiqat  it  ia  iiuii^iu.  Mean- 
time be  wiole  two  treaties.  Euai  lur  FHabkiU  (o>0  •»'' 
Pktiiqte  ttntrA  €l  farliiaiHn  (i78>'iie4),  which  giiiitd  him 
Ihe  friendship  of  Button,  who  in  178s  appOfaited  blm  sub- 
demonstrator  in  the  Jardin  du  Roi,  and  proposed  to  Un  to  bccorne 
the  continiutoi  of  hia  Hiiieirt  nalunUe.  This  conliouation 
wu  puUithed  under  the  litlei  Hisltin  da  titadiutU*!  ailpara 
(I  ia  itrfrMt  {1  vob.,  17ES-1JB0)  and  Hisltwt  iiiltircfti  it$ 
rtflila  (179«),  Allet  the  Revolution  Lac^p&Ie  beoine  a 
nembet  of  the  legislative  aueoiUy,  but  dining  the  Reign  >A 
Tenor  be  left  Paris,  his  B(e  having  become  endaageied  by  hia 
disipproval  of  Ibe  massacres.  When  Ihe  Jardin  du  Rol  vaa 
Korganiied  as  Ihe  Jardin  des  Ptantej,  Lacipidc  wai  appointed 
to  ibe  chair  aUocated  to  Ihe  study  of  repiilcs  and  fishes.  In 
1798  be  published  Iht  lint  volume  ol  HiMeiH  mmlirMt  itt 
ftfiminf,  tbc  Eiflh  ODhune  appearinf  in  itoj;  >od  to  1804 


ap^ieared  his  Biilairc  Ja  cUacA.  Prom  Ihu  penodtiO  h£i  death 
tiK  part  be  loedL  In  poLitia  pitvenicd  him  making  any  farther 
cDnufluiiioB  o(  inportutce  to  science.  Id  1799  lie  became  a 
aenalor,  in  iSoi  proideat  of  tlw  tenau,  in  iSoj  grand  chancdkir 
of  tlie  Ic^oD  of  koBOur,  in  (S04  minisier  of  stale,  aod  at  the 
ReuontkH)  In  1819  be  wai  created  a  peer  of  France.  He  died  al 
£pluy  on  th*  Atb  ol  October  tSij.  During  the  lalter  pan  of 
hia  Ufe  he  wrote  HiiMn  (MMb  fijaiim  U  cmU  it  rEurtfi, 


bodlea  and  two  pdn  ol  large  amilai'  tkUy  vdned  whi^  Tte 
larvae  ire  short  pobabcMtiritlibairHDlUiadtvbeiclca.  They 
Iced  upon  ^/Mte  ot "  peea  fiy  "  and  covet  tbemselvea  with  the 

emptied  tkinaoltbeir  prey.  Uceving-Bjet  ol  Ihe  genus  Cibyufs 
are  conunoDl]'  calkd  golden-eye  ffiei. 

U  raUlB,  PRAMCOU  DE  <i6i4-i7og),  father  confeiwr  o[ 
Louie  XIV.,  wu  bocn  at  the  chitean  of  Aii  [n  Forey  on  Ibe 
>5th  of  AnguM  lA]4,  being  Ihe  son  of  Georges  d'Aii,  seigneur 
de  la  Chaise,  and  of  Rente  de  Kochefoil.  On  his  mother's  side 
he  was  a  graodnepbew  ol  Pire  Colon,  the  confessor  ol  Henry  IV. 
He  became  t  novice  of  Ihe  Society  of  Je«us  before  compleling 
his  tiudia  al  the  university  of  Lyons,  where,  alier  taking  the 
final  vows,  he  lectured  on  i^ikaopby  to  sludenls  attracted  1^ 
his  fame  from  aU  pans  ol  France.  Thtou^  the  influence  <rf 
Camille  de  VUlcroy,  archbishap  of  Lyons,  Pin  de  la  Chaise  wu 
nominaled  in  1674  confessor  of  Lonis  XIV,.  who  Intrusted  him 
during  the  Ufcllme  of  Harlay  de  ChanipvaUon,  archbishop  of 
Paris,  with  Ihe  adnunislration  ol  Ibe  ecdcsiasiical  patronage  >l 
the  crown.  The  confciior  united  his  influence  with  thai  ol 
Madame  de  Maintenon  10  induce  the  king  to  abandon  his  liaiwn 
with  Htdame  de  Moniespan.  More  than  once  at  Eajter  be  it 
laid  to  have  had  a  convenient  lllncsa  which  dispensed  him  fnm 
gnntiug  abiolulion  to  Louis  XIV.  With  the  ItU  of  Uadune 
de  Montcspan  and  the  ascendancy  of  Madame  de  Mainlenon 
his  influence  vastly  Increased.  'Hie  marriage  between  Louii 
XIV.  and  Madame  de  Maiattnim  was  celebrated  in  bii  presence 
at  Versailles,  but  there  b  no  reason  for  auppttting  that  the 
Bubicquent  coolncts  between  him  and  Madame  de  Maiotenon 
flro»e  from  his  Insistence  on  secrecy  in  this  mallet.  During  the 
long  sirile  over  Ihe  lemporaUlies  ol  the  Callican  Church  between 
Louis  XJV.  and  Innocent  Xt.  Pin  de  la  Chabe  supported  Iha 
royal  prerogative,  tlunigb  he  used  hia  influence  at  Rome  lo 
condliale  the  papal  aulboritiea.  He  mtol  be  held  largely 
respontibie  tor  Ihe  mocalion  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  but  not 
lor  the  brutal  measures  aniLied  againsi  Ihe  PrDtcstanli.  He 
eierdsed  a  moderating  innuence  no  Louis  XIV.'i  leat  against 
the  Janscnisis,  and  Saint-Simon,  who  was  oppaied  to  him  in 
moM  malten.  docsfuH  justice  10  his  humane  and  honourable 
character,  fin  de  la  ChaiM  bad  a  lasting  and  uaakerable 
lection  for  Ftnelon.  which  remained  unchanged  by  Ihe  papal 
mdemnation  of  Ihe  Uaximit.  In  tpile  of  tailing  lacullics  he 
•nlinued  his  duiia  as  confessor  lo  Louis  XIV.  to  the  end  of 
a  long  life-  He  died  on  the  mh  of  January  1709.  The 
Fmetery  of  P&o-la-Cllaise  in  Paris  slaiulB  on  prcqicrty  acquired 
by  the  jeiuita  In  iSi«.  and  Dot,  at  is  often  ttated,  on  ptoperly 
personally  granted  to  him. 

See  R.  CTianleliuie.  Lt  Fkt  dt  la  Oaai.  £liida  fUiUirc  n, 
Upnat  (Parii  and  Lyons,  iBjgJ. 

LA  CHAUB.flIED,  1  town  of  cenlral  France,  in  the  deput- 
nenl  of  Haute  Loire,  >9  m.  N.N.W.  of  Le  Puy  by  tail.  Pop. 
(1906)  1303.  The  town,  which  is  lituaied  among  fir  and  pine 
woods.  3  joo  ft.  above  Ihe  sea,  preserves  remains  of  lis  ramparta 
and  mm;  houso  ol  the  i4ih  and  ijib  centuries,  bul  owes  ill 
celebrity  to  a  church,  which,  after  Ihe  cathedral  of  Clermont- 
Ferrand,  is  the  moit  iemarl:able  Colhic  building  in  Auvergne. 
The  west  lacade,  approached  by  a  flight  of  slept,  is  flanked  by 
two  mamive  lowBi.  The  nave  and  aisles  ire  of  equal  bdgbt 
■ttd  an  wpnued  from  the  choir  IVaalMe.^ofdicRcn.    Tht 


Fig.  I. — Portion  of  a  Coverlet  composed  of  squares  of  "lads"  or 

darned  netting,  divided  by  linen  cut-work  bands. 

The  squares  are  worked  with  groups  representing  the  twelve  months,  and  with 

scenes  from  the  old  Spanish  dramatic  story  "  Celestina."    Spanish  or  Portuguese. 

i6th  century.     (Victoria  and  Albert  Museum.) 


Fig.  2. — Comer  of  a  Bed-cover  of  pillow-made  lace  of  a  tape-like  texture  with  char- 
acteristics in  the  twisted  and  plaited  threads  relatmg  the  work  to  Italian 
"merletti  apiombini"  or  early  English  "bone  lace."  i 

Possibly  made  in  Flanders  or  Italy  during  the  early  part  of  the  17th  ot  at  theenH"-'^'^ 
of  the  i6th  century.    The  design  includes  the  Imperial  double-headed  eagle 
of  Austria  with  the  ancient  crown  of  the  German  Empire.     (Victoria  and 
Albert  MuseumJ 


LACE 


Fig.  4- — Catherine  de  Medici,  wearinR 
a  linen  upturned  collar  of  cut  work 
and  needlepoint  bee.  Louvre.  About 
Fig.  3.— Three  Vandyke  or  Dentated  Borders  of  Italian  Lace  'S40- 

of  the  late  16th  century. 
Style  usually  called  "Reticella"  on  account  o(  the  patterns 
being  based  on  repeated  squares  or  reticulations.  The  two 
first  borders  are  ot  needlepoint  worlc;  the  lower  border  is  of 
such  piUoir  lace  as  was  known  in  Italy  as  "  metletti  a  piom- 
bini. 


Fig.  7. — Border  of  flat  Needlepoint  Lace  of  fuller  texture  than 

that  of  fiB,  3.  and  from  a  freer  style  of  design  in  which  Fig,  6.— Amclie  Elisabeth.  Comlesse  dc 

conventionalized  floral  forms  held  together  by  small  bars  Hainault.  wearing  a  ruff  of  needle- 

or  tycs  are  used.  point  Reticella  lace.     By  Mohcelse. 

Style  called  "punto    in   aria,"  chiefly  on  account  of  its  The  Hague.    About  1600. 

independence  of  squares  or  reticulations.     Italian.     Early  (f:ii.ia.j^i^  f,^,.i,ni-ff  Mum.  r:r,,nM. 

1  ;th  century.  u.mt<ti  a-  £*..  £.™«*  t.AUiKti,  .*/  yj.u.j 


Fig.  8.— Mary,  Countess  of  Pembroke,  Fig.  9.— Henri  IL,  Due  de  Montmorency,  Wearing  a  Falling 
Wearing  a  Coif  and  Cuils  of  Retieella  Lace  Collar.     By  Le  Nain.    Louvre.     About  1618, 

Lace.      National   Portrait   Gallery.  ffljA'-"'^i-r'V"<"S'™- c/™««»£i. 

Dated  1614.  D.*«>;hlA:,«„.«„j'p.,r„., 


Fig.  12.— Jabot  of  Needlepoint  Lace  Worked  Partly  in  Relief, 
and  Usually  known  as  "  Groa  Point  de  Venise." 
Fig.  II. — James  n.  Wearing   a   Jabot  Middleof  I7lheentury,   Conventional  scrolling  stems  with 

and  CuSsof  Rused  Needlepoint  Lace.  ofT-shootin^  pseudo-blossoms  and  leafs  are  specially  character- 

By  Riley.    National  Portrait  Gallery.  '^lic  in  design  for  this  class  o(  lace.     Its  texture  is  typical  of 

About  1685.  ?  development  in  needle-made  lace. later  than  the  Bat  "punto 

{Piti.Saiiiil.tMibyEmlryWiUkir.i  '"  "'^"  °^  ^^  H-  ^S-  7. 


LACE 


'ig.    13.— Mme   Verbiest,    Wearing    Pillow-inade  Fig.  15.— Prinress  Maria  Teresa  Stuarl,  Wearing  a 

Lace  il  ristau.  l-'lounce  or  Tablicr  of  Lace  Similar  to  that  in 

From  the  familj'  group  by  Gonzalez  Coqces.  fig.  17.    Dated  169s. 

Buckingham  Palace.    About  1664.  From  a  group  by  LARCiLUfenE.    National 

<a,firmij»^Hj,fM^y2^B'M«.ci^'^i  o-  Ci,..  Portrait  GaHery. 


Fir.  10. — Scallopped  CoElar  of  Tape-like  Pilbw-madc  Lace. 
Possibly  of  F.ngtish  early  17th-century  work.     Its  texture  is  typical  of  a  develop-       . 
Tient  in  pillow-lace-mating  later  than  that  of  the  lower  edge  of  "merletti  a  iuptw-")n   (' 
bini"inPl.  II.lig.3.  <:".'^iv 


LACE 


Flemish,  of  the  middle  of  the  17th  century. 
This  lace  is  usually  thought  to  be  the  earliest 
^/pe  of  "  Point  d'Angleterre"  in  conlra- 
<fialincLion  to  the  "Point  dcKlandres"  (fig.  14), 


A. — A  Lappet  of  "Pobt  de  Venise  k  Rfseau." 

The  conventional  character  of  the  pseudo-leaf 
and  floral  forms  contrasts  with  that  of  the  realistic 
designs  of  conlempomry  French  laces.  Italbn. 
Early  i8lh  century. 

B.^A  Lappet  of  Fine  "Point  d'Alenfon." 

Louis  XV.  period.    The  variety  of  the  fillings  of 

geometric  design  is  particularly  remarkable  in  this  Fig.  n. — Border  of  French  Needlepoint  Lace, 
specimen,  as  is  the  button-hole  stitched  cordonnat  with  Ground  of  "Roseau  Rosaci." 

or  outline  to  the  various  ornamental  foimj.  iSth  century. 


Digilizcd  by  Google 


LACE 


Fig.    14, — Piece  of   Pillow-niade   Lace   Usually   Known  as 
"  Point  de  Flandres  i  brides." 
Ot  the  middle  of  the  17th  century,  the  designs  for  which 
were  often  adaptations  from  those  made  for  such  needlepoint 
lace  as  that  of  the  Jabot  in  fig.  12. 


Fig.  _  17. — Very  delicate  needle- 
point lace  with  clusters  of  small 
relief  work. 

Venetian,   middle  of   the   17th 
century,  and  often  called  "rose- 
point     lace."      am' 
Fig.  S- — Comer  of  a  napkin  or  handkerchief  bordered  with  "PointdeNcigc." 

"Reticclla"  needlepoint  lace  in  the  design  of  which  acorna  —  . 

and   carnations  are   mingled   with   geometric   radiations.  Diciiiizcd  bv^iOOQ IC 

Probably  of  English  early  17th  century.  a  j  (^ 


LACE 


3^   d,5  =  s|s§, 


is  '^is|l||l| 

Ij  |E-!|-§Mil 

S^s  1^  "-  as  s  £  = 
IWiiitli'-i 

i:sis".-si..s|-^ 


Fig.  jj.— Jabot  or  Cravat  of  Pillow-made  Lace  ot  Fantastic  Floral  Design,  the  Ground  of  Which  i; 

Composed  of  Little  Flowers  and  Leaves  Arranged  Within  Small  Openwork  Vertical  Strips. 

Brussels.     iStb  century.    (Victoria  and  Albert  Museum.) 


ig  in  *a  tjme  with  ndi 
tnc  lamb  and  itaLiK  at  Clmrot  VI. 
■dninbto  Flciniih  iipmrin  at  ihc  nrly  i6th  ctntuty.    There 
it  ■  nuocd  doiiin  on  the  soulh  aide.    The  church,  which  da! 
from  Llie  14th  cealuty.  wu  buili  11  the  cipenu  o[  Pope  Cleme 
VL,  4Qd  bck«c«l  to  m  powerlul  Bcnediciiae  abbey  founded 
lOM.   Theie  «re  spscioiu  monulic  building)  of  the  tSih  ceniui 
The  •bbey  iras  fotmetly  dtfcniicd  by  fonrficilioni,  the  chi 
■urvival  of  which  ii  1  tofty  rectungulK  keep  to  the  uulh  of  (he 
cboii.   Tnde  in  Cinber  ud  the  DuUng  of  lace  chiefly  occupy  the 
iahatrimti  of  the  lonn. 

U  CBILOTAIS.  LOUIS  RBint  DB  CARAOnjC  SB  (1701- 
17BS),  FrencEi  juriJi,  wa>  born  11  Rennea,  on  llu  Uh  of  IHaich 
ijoi.  He  mi  for  fie  yean  piocateur  gMral  at  (he  parliament 
of  Btituny.  He  wu  an  ardent  opponent  of  the  Jenilu; 
drew  up  is  1761  tor  the  parliament  a  memoir  on  the  constitu- 
liaos  of  (he  Order,  which  did  much  (a  lecure  iu  luppreuioo 
in  France;  and  io  176}  publlihed  a  remarkable  "  Euay  on 
KatlmiBl  Education,"  In  nvhlch  he  pmpoKd  a  prognrnme  of 
■dnitific  itudlea  ai  a  lutnlliuie  For  Ihoie  taught  by  the  Jesuits. 
Tbeaame  year  began  the  conflict  between  the  Eitatci  of  Brittany 
■sd  (be  governor  of  the  province,  the  due  d'AiguiUon  (4.1.}. 
71w  Eitatei  refuKd  to  vole  the  ednoidinaiy  imposii  demanded 
by  (he  governor  in  the  name  of  Ihe  king.  La  Chaloials  "■as  the 
penonal  enemy  ol  d'Aiguilloo,  who  had  served  him  an  ill  turn 
wilfa  the  king,  and  when  the  parliament  of  Briiiiny  sided  with 
Ihe  Estaica,  he  (ooli  Ihe  lead  in  iti  opposition.  The  parliament 
lerbade  by  decicet  the  levy  of  imposts  Io  which  Ihe  Eilatei 
had  not  consented.  The  king  annuUing  these  decicea,  alt  the 
nembeia  of  (be  parh*amenl  but  twelve  resigned  (October  1764 
to  May  1761).  The  goveniment  considered  La  (Thilotab  one 
«(  tb*  unhora  ol  this  affair.  Ai  ihii  (tne  the  lecretary  of  state 
wbo  adminiitcred  (he  alfairs-of  the  province,  Laui»  PhilypeauK, 
ducdeUVril]i*re,coraiedcS«ini.noienIin  (1705-1777),  received 
two  aaODymoas  and  abusive  letters.  La  ChaloUi*  was  auipcclcd 
at  having  viitun  them,  aitd  ttaiee  eipcrti  in  handwriting 
declared  that  they  were  by  him.  Hie  gDyeraineaE  (herefon 
armtad  Um,  hiaton  and  four  odKr  membcm  ol  the  pirUamcnt. 
The  urew  made  a  ^eat  sensation.  There  was  much  talk  of 
"  despolim."  Voltaire  stated  that  Ihe  procureur  ginfral,  in 
kit  prino  of  Saint  Malo,  was  reduced,  lor  Uck  d  ink,  to  write 
bii  deI«Doe  with  a  toothpick  dipped  in  vinegar — whidi  was 
qipuoilly  pnn  legend;  but  pulilic  opinion  all  over  Fmnce  nt 
•trongb'  aiMued  against  the  govemmenl.  On  the  i6lh  ol 
NomBbet  17&5  a  commission  of  judges  was  named  to  take  charge 
«i  tht  UUL  La  Chalotais  maintained  thai  the  tiial  was  illegal; 
bdaf  procuRur  gtBirel  he  claimed  Ihe  right  to  be  judged  by 
th*  parlianKBt  of  tUnon,  oi  laillng  this  by  the  paiiiameot  ol 
Bordeaux,  according  to  Uu  cuiioin  «f  the  province.  Tile  judges 
■Ud  not  dfua  to  praoauaoe  a  condemnation  on  the  cvidinoe  of 
aiperU  In  haodwriiuig,  and  al  tbe  and  od  a  year,  things  remained 
wbert  thiy  were  it  the  firil.  Louis  XV.  Iheo  decided  on  a 
nveieign' act,  and  bnnigbt  tbe  aBatr  btlon  his  council,  which 
withaot  f imbft  fonnalily  decided  to  s«ul  the  accused  into  exile. 
Tlut  «q>edkBt  but  bci«ued  Ihi  popular  agitation;  fkilaupia, 
■eaibtff  ol  llw  paftjaimt,  patriot  Bretons  and  Jaiueiiists 
all  dcdutd  IhU  La  Chalonis  wa*  tbe  victim  of  Ihe  per»B*l 
batiad  of  tk>  diK  (TAigiBUai  and  of  Ibe  Jesoits.  The  govera- 
nant  at  iaat  pn  way,  aiMl  conseaied  Io  recall  (he  membsn  of 
lfeB[MiltaiIiaat«f  BrUtuywboladntfgMd.  TUs  pariiamect, 
idMi  Jl  tKt  avtaf-aftai  tba  iWmal  accasadoo  vt  tbe  doc 
d'AJguiUoB,  deaiaiMled  tbe  reodl  «(  U,  Chalotals.    Tliii  was 


»  bia  ten.  In  tUa  aSnii  public  oplnloa  sbo««d  itaelf 
»rwg»  IkiK  thn  akMlutlan  of  tlw  king.  Tlie  oppoaition  to 
Ihe  ngnd  pBvnr  talnid  iMsely  ihnu^  it,  and  it  m^  be  regarded 
MOMottbcplehidHtoithanvDhnioaoI  1789-  La  Cbalotaii, 
who  wai  penonally  a  vMant,  haughty  and  untympalbMle 
ctancitet.dlnlaLlUnBaaaitlw  ■sUlofJub' 178]. 

See.be^dei  (he  Ctmpla-Ftniiii  it>i  ni«iindun>  Atw  r/oAri  ami 
Ibe  S)Hi  f  UkoHh  Kalumaie.  the 
■76fr-l7«7t.     Two  work*. Gonial 


LA  CHAtOTAIS— LACHES 


« 


Id  CWrfoli 


Marioo,  Li  Bnlarf  tt  U  due  tAigi^tK  (hrls,  i*u),  and  B. 

a  conlrovertj'  betwecD  theK  tn™  auihon  in  (be  BuUitin  cnlifU  for 

U  CHARTrt,  a  (own-  of  central  Fiance  In  the  deparimcnt 
of  Nitvic,  on  the  right  bank  of  (he  Loire,  1;  m.  N.N.W.  o(  Nevcii 
on  the  Parl».Lyon-M(diteTran^  railway.  Pop.  (1906)  J050, 
La  Charitf  possesMs  the  remains  of  a  Sne  Romanesque  basilica, 
Ihe  church  of  Salnle-Croii,  dating  from  Ihe  iith  and  early  mh 
cenluilei.  Tbe  plan  consait  of  a  nave,  tebnilt  at  Ihe  end  of 
(he  17th  century,  tnnsept  and  choir  with  ambulaiary  and  side 
ch^iek.  Surrnminling  (he  tranwp(  is  an  octagonal  lower  of 
one  story,  and  a  square  Romaoesque  tower  of  much  beauiv 
IhDki  tbe  main  porlaL  There  are  rains  of  the  nmparls,  whict 
try.  The  manufacture  of  hosiery,  boon 


■Dd  iboes,  files  and  ir 


I  goodly  lime  and  CI 


o  are  among  the  industriea;  trade  is  chiefly  Id 

La  Charii  j  owes  Its  celttiricy  to  its  priory,  wHch  was  foonded  In 
[he  aid  century  and  im^niied  as  a  depeadency  o(  the  abbey  of 
rnonaiteriB,  ■ome  o(  ihcm  to  England  and  Italy,  The  pDHeMian  of 
ihe  Iowa  VIS  holly  conicited  dunng  the  wirt  of  nfieian  o(  the 
lech  century,  at  the  end  of  which  i»  tarti£caIions  were  dismantled. 

LA  CHAmSftE,  FIBRRB  ClJliniB  HIVKLLB  DB  (iCgi- 
1754),  F— -■■  -■ ■-    ---  ■---■. 


nch  drai 


I  17JI 


.  ibllshcd  an  £^lre  d  Oio,  a  didactic  poem  in  defence'ol 
Uriget  de  la  Faye  in  his  dispute  with  Anioioc  Houdart  de  la 
Motte,  wbo  had  maintained  Oat  vcise  was  useless  in  tragtdy. 
La  Chausiie  was  forty  yeati  old  before  he  produced  his  firal 
play,  U  FoHsit  AtUifaOdt  (17^4).  His  second  play,  Le  F'IMt 
i  la  medi  (1735)  turn'  on  the  fur  ol  incurring  ridicule  Felt  by 
a  man  in  bve  with  his  own  wife.a  prejudice  diipellcdinFrante, 
according  (0  La  Haipe,  by  La  Cbauss&'s  comedy.  L'Lcdc 
da  anil  (i7]7)  [allowed,  and,  alter  an  unsuccessful  allrmpt 
al  trsgedy  in  MaiimMien,  he  returned  (a  comedy  in  UBaaidt 
(1741).  In  UHaaiie  the  type  known  ai  tomldic  lirmeyami 
is  fully  developed.  Comedy  was  no  longer  (o  provoke  laughier, 
but  teaia.  The  innDvaiion  onaiMcd  m  desiroyiBg  the  sharp 
distinction  then  eiisling  between  tragedy  and  comedy  in  French 
literature.  Indications  of  this  change  bad  been  already  offered 
in  the  work  of  Marivaui,  and  La  Cbauss^'s  pJayt  led  naturally 
of  Diderot  and  of  Sedaine.    The  ni 


d  lot 


Aleiis 


the 


luthor  "  U  RMreKd  Pirt  Ciaiaiir,"  and  ridiculed  b 

of  bis  nuat  famous  epignunt.     Voltaire  maintaioed  that  the 

tamUi*  lamuyaatc  wa*  a  piuoE  of  Ihe  inabUiiy  of  tbe  auiboc 

reduce  either  of  ihe  recognized  kinds  of  drama,  Ihoogh  be 

lelf  produced  a  play  of  similar  character  in  Z'£n/iznJ /radrgbt 

boKiliiy  ol  the  critics  did  not  prevent  the  publk  from  ibcd- 

disf  tears  nightty  over  tbe  sorrows  of  La  Chauii^'s  hennnc. 

VEwUda  mhB  ((744)  and  La  Cotaenanit  iiJ^J)  form,  with 

Lhcsa  already  mentioned,  the  beM  of  bis  weak.     The  strict 

moral  aima  pursued  by  La  Chauitte  in  bis  playa  seem  hardly 

CMuistenL  with  hia  private  prefciencei.     He  fiequenled  iha 

nc  gay  sosiaty  aa  did  the  comte  de  Caylus  and  coatiibuied 

■be  XuMJti  A  cu  nutnevi.    L*  Chausafa  (bed  on  tbe  u'b 

of  May  (7S4.    Villenuia  said  of  hia  style  that  he  arole  prosaic 

verssa  with  puii^  while  Voltaire,  usually  an  adverse  critic  of 

hi*  work,  said  be  was  "  mi  in  prtmicn  aprli  cwi  qui  «il  J* 

For  the  a> 


,I&S7). 

UGHM  (from  Angki.neiich  -  ladum,  ncgBgnice,  from 
lutltt,  modem  Mote,  iinlfyinid,  alack),  a  (erm  for  slackneBt 
at  negligeiice,  taed  panleulaiiv  in  l*«  to  si^ly  DCgligeace 
(m  (he  part  of  a  person  In  dohig  tkii  *Mch  ha  la  by  law  bound 
to  do,  or  unreasonable  lapse  of  time  in  asserting  a  right,  aceking 
relief,  or  claiming  a  privilege.  Laches  Is  frequently  a  bar  to 
a  remedy  whidk  might  have  been  had  if  pmaacuied  In  proper 
lime.  Statniea  of  limitadon  qiedty  the  time  within  wtaicfa 
various  claiSM  of  actions  may  be  brought.  Apart  from  Mituiei 
el  equity  will  oltoi  refuse  relief  U  Ibcae 


LACMINE^LA  CtdCHE 


e  pEiDciple  viiilaniibiu  a 


UCHIHB,  an  incoiponted  town  in  Jicquo  Cartirr  coKHty, 
Quebec,  Cuiidi,  S  m.  W.  of  Monirul,  on  Like  St  LouU,  ui 
npansion  of  the  St  Liwitoce  livei,  and  at  tbt  upper  end  d[ 
tbc  Laihine  unal.    Pop.  (igoi)  5561.    Il  ii  a  (talion  on  the 

reuit  loi  Lhe  people  of  Mootreal.  It  was  named  in  1669  io 
■nockcty  ol  its  thea  owner,  Rob«it  Cavetiei  de  la  Salic  (164J- 
16S7),  who  dreamed  of  a  westwaid  pastage  to  China.  In  16S9 
il  was  tlw  Kcne  of  ■  lenible  mauacie  o(  llit  Ficnch  by  the 

UCHISK  ■  tOBU  o(  great  importanca  in  S.  PalcstiDC  o(len 
mentioned  in  the  Tell  el-Amania  tabletL  It  wai  dettroyed 
by  Joihua  (or  jirining  Ihe  league  against  the  Gibeoniln  CJothua 
>.  Ji-Jjl  and  assigned  to  Ihe  liibeolJudab(iv.jg}  Rfimbotni 
rarti&ed  it  (1  Chron.  li.  0).  King  Amaiiah  having  fl«d  hitbci. 
«at  ben  raunkred  by  conq>iratan  (i  Kingi  ilv.  ig). 
Sennacheiib  here  conducted  a  campaign  (i  Kings'      '" 


b  Hen 


malic  U 


IS  with  bi 


nemorated  by  bas-iclif  fs  found 
nonin  the  Britisb  lluseum  CseeC.  SmUViHiiliiryofSntiuulurit, 
p.  6g).  Il  wasoneol  the  last  cities  that  resisted  Nebuchadneitar 
(Jet.  nitv.  ;}.  The  meaning  of  Micah's  denunciation  (i.  ij) 
ol  the  dly  Is  unknown.  Tha  OanmH/iiim  places  it  7  m.  ftom 
Eleutheropolis  on  (he  S.  road,  which  agrees  with  the  generally 
reccivrd  ideniificalion,  Tell  el-Hesi,  an  loiporiani  mound 
wcavaled  foe  the  Palestine  Eiploration  Fund  by  Petric  and 
Bliss,  1890-1803.'  The  name  Is  preserved  in  a  small,  Roman 
site  in  flic  nefghbouihood,  Umm  Liliis,  which  probably  tcpre- 
lenit  a  later  dwelling-place  of  the  dcicendaBIs  of  Ibe  ancient 
inhabitants  of  the  city, 

See  W.  M.  Flinders  Peirie,  r«if  d-Bnj,  and  F.J.  Blia,  A  Unnd 
of  ■»«>  CUits,  both  published  by  the  Palnline  Eiploration  Fund, 
(fe  A.  S.  M.) 

UCBMAim,  KARL  ROXRAD  FBIDWICH  WILBEUI 
('7<U-r85i),  German  philoiogiii  and  critic,  was  bom  at  Bruns- 
wick on  the  4th  of. March  1793.  He  studied  at  Leiprig  and 
GOttmgen,  devoting  himself  mainly  to  philological  iiudln. 
In  1815  he  joined  the  Fi  .  .  . 


^mpaniec 


.    In  181 
Werdergymnasium  at  Berlin, andafriPsWjceiHat  the 
The  same  summer  he  became  one  of  the  principal 
the  Ftiedtilh>-Gymnasfum  of  KOnigsbcrg,  where  ne  assistea 
his  colleague,  the  GermanisI  Filedrich  Karl  Kbpke  (i7S5-iae5) 
with  hb  edition  ot  Rudolf  von  Ems'  SBrteam  vnd  Jetnpkitt 

of  the  works  of  Wattber  von  dcr  Vogclwdde.  In  January  1S18 
he  became  professor  cxtraordinarius  of  classical  phifology  in 
the  uaivetsity  of  X&nigsberg,  and  at  the  same  time  began  to 
lecture  on  Old  Getman  grammar  anil  the  Middle  High  German 
poets.  He  devoted  himself  during  the  folkiwing  seven  yeata 
to  an  eilnordinarfly  minute  study  of  those  subjects,  and  In 
1S14  oblalned  leave  of  absence  In  order  that  he  might  search 
the  libraries  of  middle  and  south  Oeiinany  for  lurlher  materials. 
In  181S  Lachmann  was  nominated  eitraordlnaiy  prpfessor 
of  classical  and  Cermin  philology  In  the  university  of  Beriia 
[ordinary  professor  iSi?)  rmi  In  rgjobe  vas  admitted  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences.  The  remainder  of  his  laborioul 
and  fniillul  life  as  in  author  BDd  a  teacber  wu  UMwntftd. 
He  died  on  Ihc  ijlh  of  Hanb  1I51. 
Laehnann.  win  wu  the  tnnilatsr  of  IW  bit  volom  ol  P.  E. 

■— ■    '     -      ■  ^ttaiiKlin  AlUUumi  (1I16],  is  a 

■0  Ihe  UHoty  el  German  ptiilology 
•  ■/'••TmamKlmFliailapf.ltjoi. 
.      .  >i  •aipraniHille  CnUil  .hi 

vcanwi  HT  maar^w*  '*"'  flSi6),  ud  BtiU  Dore  In  bis  review  of 
HagEn'i  KiiitBiimw  and  Bemike'i  BaMRU.  conlrihuted  in  1817  to 
the  yciwuclc  £II(ra(u>«liiii[.  he  hid  ainady  laid  down  Ihe  ruin  of 
textual  criticiun  and  eluddated  the  phonelie  and  metrical  principles 
of  Middle -High   German  b  *  miniKi  which  inaAMl  a  diXMicl 


9K  Rudolf  von  Riu 
■  hli  ■■Habilllali 


.(kieUtUtiiftf 


■■  (■■l«). 

AwhereafuU 

JurSialcHna 

»ai  i.E-Uniyt, 


advance  hi  that  brancb  or  invettlgaiiaB.  IV  rtgldly  idMtUc  ehar- 
acKr  M.hii  method  tia»in«  fncnaaingly  apparent  in  lh(  Aumtit 
tia  4n  bcUnucikni  DaUtnt  4a  irtattnltm  Jakrkuaiiru  lllio), 
m  the  edilioo  of  Hanmann'i  /»■  (iBa7).  in  Ihoae  ctf  Walthcr 
von  dee  Vogdwide  (1B17)  and  Wotriam  von  E^henbach  (I8u).  In 
the  paper*  "  Ober  dai  HiMcbrandHied."  "  Uber  atthochdeuiKhe 
Bclocuini  und  Vcrskonst,"  "  Obcr  den  Einfaiifi  dn  Fanivaki,"  and 
"  Ubcr  dpci  BnichftlMk*  niedcrrhciniicher  Cediehtc  "  puhlished  in 
Ihc  AUuiuauiim  of  Ihe  Berlin  Acadcmv.  and  in  Der  Niiduitt  Ns< 
undiuKhif  (Itlt.  tiIhed..iBgi).wh>chwai1alIawed  by  a  critical 
commentary  In  Ilj6.  Lachmann't  Bttrathninm  nbtr  Htmrr't 
Jfiii.  iwH  DuMiAedin  Ihe  itUmuMnifn  of  ihi  Berlin  Aadany  ta 
lS37aad  1841.  in  which  he  •High)  la  Juiw  that  Ihe /fioJcouiiUef 
imeee  ladcpeodetit '"  lays  "  variously  enlarged  and  iaierpplaKd. 

(lee  HoMii).  ■lihoiKh  hii  vine  In  so  longer  acrrptM.  Hb 
•mallcmlilianiidhaNewTcitanKiKapinrcdiniBji.  tided.  1146: 

Ihe  bifcr,  in  two  volumet,  in  1841-18J10.  Tbc  |d>D  of l^achmaoa't 
edition,  eiplained  by  himiclf  in  Ihc  ,Slii3.  D.  Krif.  of  1^30,  is  a  nodi- 
ficalioo  ol  the  unaccompllihcd  pni)ec[  of  Bcniley.     It  leeki  to 

cenieDI  of  the  Ladn  HthoriAa"^  Utin  ud  Greek  Wwen 
UncialiJ-aa  the  main  nreoi  nl  aatiquily  of  a  reading  where  tbesMeM 
Eastern  auihorilitt  diller.  Beiidci  Pntirtiui  (iSifil.  Lachmua 
ediiod  Oilaifiu  (iS>9):  TOmBia  (1819):  Cntsita  (IBu);  rern- 
luKml  UnnnH  Wfiy.Baifiui  (1S45):  ^nmiii  (184;)-  (Siiu  (1841- 
1S41):  Ihe  Apimtimta  Kamm  (il4B-i8u);  laeifuu  (etiMd 
afnr  his  death  by  Vahlen.  iStC);  and  LminSMi  (ityi).  The  bit. 
t'hich  was  the  main  occi^diion  of  the  eloatng  yean  of  hii  UfclroB 

I'ti^W  ME^'ro  a.  " a  S^^hkh  w^ b^  •'Undm^k  fo^^olan u 
longatthe  UailnlaiviMgccanEinuntobeuudiod,"  LaehnainakB 
translated  Shak^Iptan'a  lonneta  (iSlq)  aad  lluMUi  ' 

See  M.  Hcni,  Xart  laOamai.  tan  Bamfka  ht 
liil  of  Lachmann's  works  is  given:  F.  Leo.  Jbot 
K.  Ladimanm  (l8,3)r  J.  Cnmm.  btoaraphy  ■-  ' 
VI.  SchtRT  in  ABitmrim  intula  Bittrapliu. »,,  _. 
Hal.  ij  Claiiiui  Siithriyf,  iii.  (igoR),  pp.  137-131, 

UCmiini,  PROMUimntinM  (ntod.  Capo  dene  CaJonne), 
>  m  S.E.  ol  Ciolona  (mod,  Colrone);  the  easlemmost  point 
of  Btutiil  (mod.  Calabria).  On  the  cape  still  Hands  a  lia^ 
eolitmn  of  the  temple  erected  to  Hera  Lacinia,  which  is  Hid  to 
bave  been  fairly  complete  in  the  i6Ih  century,  but  to  have  been 
destroyed  to  build  the  episcopal  palace  at  Coittme.  It  li  ■ 
IMric  column  with  cajntal,  about  17  ft.  fn  height.  Remaini  Of 
marble  roof-tiles  have  been  seen  on  the  spot  (Livy  ibl.  3)  and 
aichilectural  frigmeils  were  excavated  in  T886-1S87  by  Ihe 
Archaeological  Institute  of  America.  The  (colplurea  found 
were  mostly  buried  again,  but  a  few  fragments,  »me  deconln^ 
lerra^eoLtas  and  a  dedicatory  inscription  to  Hera  of  the  Otb 
century  B.C.,  in  private  possession  at  Cotrone,  are  desofbed 
by  F.  von  Duhn  in  IVMhie  degff  Kusi,  1897,  343  leq.  TV  date 
of  Ibe  erection  of  the  lemple  may  be  given  la  480^440  ■.(:.{ 

is  nm  recorded  by  any  ancient  writer, 

See  R.  KaMewey  and  O,  Puchstein,  Dii  grtcciKidln  Ttmttl  Ai 

UinM/M  Ka^  Acifioi  (BcrUa  1899,41). 

LA  CIOTAT,  a  cotil  town  of  gouth-eaitcm  France  te  the 

rpartmenlof  Bourhes-da-Rhftne.on  the  west  shore  of  the  Bay 
Of  L3  Ciotat,  16  m.  S.E.  of  MarseiUes  by  rail.  I^>p.  (1906) 
io,;6i.  The  port  Is  easily  acceasihle  and  *itll  ibclleied.  The 
large  shipbuilding  yards  and  repaiiing  docks  of  ibe  Messagerin 
Maritime]  Company  give  employment  to  between  tooo  and 
3000  workmen.  Fiihlng  and  an  active  ooatting  trade  are 
carried  on;  the  tAwn  is  fnquented  for  sea-bithisg.  La  Cfaiat 
was  in  ancient  times  the  port  erf  the  neighbouring  town  of 
CiliariM  fnow  the  village  of  Cevreste). 

LA  CLOCHE  JAMBI  DB  ["Prince  James  Stuart  "I  4iftM  i- 
i66g),  a  chaiacler  who  waa  brought  into  the  hiMoiy  of  England 
by  Loid  Acton  in  1S61  IHome  and  Ftrtit*  Ketitw,  1.  14^- 
"The  Secret  History  of  Chtrtct  II,"].  From  inforaw- 
t!an  discovered  by  Father  Boero  in  the  archives  ol  Ihc  JbuIii 
'  "  me,  Lotd  AcloB  averred  that  Chaiiea  II.,  when  a  W  U 
Jetsey.  had  a  natuni  son,  Jann.  The  evidence  foUvn.  OK 
the  ind  of  April  iMK,  a*  the  register  of  the  JeMiit  Boatc  M 
Novice)  at  Rome  altests, "  there  cnlered  Jacoboa  de  la  Ctache." 
His  baggagewaseiiguous.bfsa1IireHiclerkiI.   Heiademtbed 

"  'rom  Ibe  island  of  Jersey,  under  Ihe  king  of  Engfand,  aged 
He  pocsoud  two  dotumenu  in  Flench,  putpoitini  Ut 
bMo  wHttan  by  Charles  II.  at  WhitetiaU,  on  the  iglh  «i 


LA  OONDAMIHEyv'LACONIA 


Svlembn  it6$.  and  on  tlw  7lh  al  Fdvuwy  iM?'  In  botb 
Cbulei  acknovledEn  J^mn  to  be  his  ruUinl  K»,  he  ftyta 
him  "  Jamot  de  U  Qochc  it  Bouig  du  Jenc)',"  ud  iven  I' 
M  inoiDiw  him  publicly  "  would  impeiil  thr  pact  o( 
kiugiiaiDt " — why  it  oot  a)i|Mi«Dt.  A  (biid  ceitiGcatF  oC  tulh, 
in  Lalin,  usdalcd,  wai  from  Cbristiu  of  Sw«dcii,  nho  dcduo 
thai.  James^  pEcviomJy  a  Pn>lc3tant,  hu  been  received  InXD 
church  of  Rome  at  Hamburg  fwhere  la  i667-]£68  she 
itaidug)  on  tba  i^th  of  July  1667.  Hk  doI  paper  purpona 
to  be  a  letter  from  Cbulta  II.  of  Augmt  3/ij  to  OHva.  geaml 
of  ibe  jBuils.  The  king  writea.  bi  French,  Oal  he  bu  long 
viilicd  to  be  KcreLly  leceived  into  tin  chuich.  He  tboefDiE 
iksicet  that  James  hit  hd  by  a  young  lady  "  of  the  bif^t 
qulity,"  ud  bom  to  hfm  when  he  wai  about  liitcen,  iboukj  be 
ordiined  a  priest,  tome  10  England  and  receive  him.  ChirfB 
alludes  to  {irevioui  atlempu  of  hit  own  to  be  lecretly  admitted 
(1661}.  Jamei  mint  be  sent  aeCKIly  to  Londoo  at  once,  lod 
OUn  mult  By  notUng  to  Chiiitina  of  SvtdiD  (then  meditsltng 
a  journey  to  Rome),  and  mu^  never  write  to  Charles  eicept 
•hen  Jama  carria  the  lelier.  Cbailei  oeit  writei  on  Augun 
ig/Seplembci  9.  He  is  moit  uiioui  that  Chtislina  should  not 
Meet  Jomei;  if  she  Lnowi  Chartet's  design  of  changing  hi« 
need  she  will  not  Veep  it  •ccrel,  and  Chiries  will  infallibly 
lose  bii  life.  With  thii  letter  there  i>  another,  wtiiien  when  the 
tal  had  been  lealod,  Chailei  iittiiti  that  Jaoiet  must  sol  be 
accompanied,  ai  novlcet  were,  wben  travelling,  by  ■  Jesuit 
tixiu)  or  guardian.  Chorlcs'i  wife  and  mother  have  juil  heard 
that  tbii  is  Ibe  rule,  but  the  rule  must  be  brolien.  June*,  Who 
it  to  iravd  u  "  Henri  de  Kohaa,"  nun  not  ame  by  way  Of 
France.  Oliva  wilt  supply  him  with  fundi.  On  the  back  id 
thiileiterOlivahaawiittealhednifiof  hit  brief  reply  to  Charin 
Utom  Lcaboru,  October  l*.  ifi6B).  He  merely  layi  that  the 
bearer,  a  French  gentkman  (Jamet  spirit  only  French),  will 
inforn  the  king  that  hii  orden  have  been  encuted.  Besd« 
tbese  two  letters  ii  one  from  Charles  to  James,  of  dale  August 
4/14.  It  is  addressed  to  "  Le  PriiKc  Stuart,"  ihoogh  tiohe  ol 
Cbariea's  bastirdi  was  aiiowed  to  bear  (he  Sluirt  name.  James 
ii  laid  thai  be  may  doetl  the  .:trical  piajcwaa  if  he  pleases. 
In  that  CAst  "  you  may  daim  higher  titles  tioa  us  than  the 
duko  of  Monmouih."  (There  wai  no  higher  title  save  prince 
<d  Wahsl)  If  Charics  and  his  bmther,  the  duke  Of  Yoik,  die 
diildlflas,  "  the  kiagdoms  belong  to  you,  and  parliament  cfinnai 
legally  oppose  you,  unless  as,  at  present,  Ihey  con  mily  eject 
Frotestani  kings."  This  letter  ought  to  have  opened  the  eyes 
of  Lord  Acton  and  other  hlttoriana  who  acc^t  the  myth  of 
James  do  Is  Cloche.  Chaiiet  knew  that  the  crown  of  England 
was  not  elective,  thai  there  was  no  Eichision  Act,  and  that  there 
wen  legal  lieiis  if  he  and  his  brother  died  without  Issue.  The 
loM  ItltET  of  Chailes  is  dated  November  iS/iS,  and  purports 
to  have  been  btgught  fism  England  to  OUva  by  James  de  la 
Cloche  on  his  return  to  Rome.  It  reveals  the  fact  that  Oliva, 
dspile  Charles's  oiders,  did  send  JanMl  >qr  way  of  France, 
with  a  lociail  or  guardian  whom  he  was  to  pidc  Dp  in  France 
on  bis  ictum  to  EnglatuL  Charles  says  Ifaal  James  is  to  cnn- 
moniaUe  certain  matlera  Is  Oliva,  and  come  back  at  once. 
OLva  ia  to  give  Joinn  all  the  money  he  needa,  and  Charies 
wai  later  make  an  ample  donation  to  the  Jeiuiti.  He  acknow- 
ledge! a  debt  to  Oliva  of  iSco,  lo  ha  paid  m  sii  nWDtto.  The 
readec  will  remark  that  the  king  has  never  paid  a  penny  to 
Jame*  or  to  Oliva,  and  that  Oliva  has  never  communicated 
diiecllr  with  Charles.  The  tniih  is  that  all  of  Charies't  letters 
an  fbCKeriea.  This  is  certain  because  in  all  he  wiiles  frequently 
aa  if  his  BOtlwr,  Henrietta  Msria,  were  in  London,  and  Rmstantly 
m  conpBiqr  with  bim.  Now  the  hsd  left  Englaod  fo  France 
in  iMi,  and  to  England  she  never  returned.  As  ihe.letteit— 
including  that  to  "  Prince  Stuart  "—an  all  forged,  it  is  dear 
that  do  la  Cloche  was  on  impostor. 
money  from  Oliva,  and  to  pretend  10 
to  enfOjr  Ufnte" 
jK»i  witb  him 
with  CfaiiHiBa  of  Sareden  w 
el  hi™  tban  did  Cbarba,  and  wouU  haiia  upweJ  him. 


;    His  pmaulion*  10  avoid  a  nuetinf 


ThenaBteoIJ*nM»JeU.CIadw>p|>e«iw»PW«whd»cgweiiU. 
He  reached  Rone  in  December  iWt^  tod  b  Junivr  a  penon 
calling  bimtelf  "  Prince  Janet  Sluan "  oivcais  la  N^ile^ 
occiiBipanied  by  a  itcmi  ityliii  hfmnU  a  Fieock  kniibt  of 
Malta.  Both  aro  on  Ihetr  way  lo  Ungiind,  but  FiiB0»  Janua 
lalla  ill  and  itayi  in  Naples,  while  his  conpuwn  depaiU.  Tbr 
knight  of  UalU  Bay  be  a  JeHit.  In  Mwkt,  Pijote  June* 
marries  a  girt  of  D«  posiliMi,  and  i*  tnwUd  OD  W9iciaB«f  being 
a  ooincr.  To  hit  coKfMon  (be'  bid  two  is  nccotioa)  be  layi 
that  b«  is  ■  Min  of  Cbailei  II.  Onr  iMueN  an  the  dapatcha 
of  Kent,  tbt  Ea^iah  tgaa  at  Napk^  aad  tltf  IMa;  vef.  iii., 
of  VincesM  Anunn!  (i6]>4),  who  had  hit  inlsrmatloa  ftom  ona 
of  the  cOBfOKin  o(  the  "  Prince."  Hie  viceroy  of  Napka 
communicated  wilJl  Charles  U.,  who  disowned  the  impostor; 
PriiKe  James,  howcAFir,  was  releaiect  and  died  at  Kapies  in 
Augmt  1669,  leaving  a  wild  willj  ia  wUch  be  diimt  lot  hit  son. 
still  unborn,  the  "aptnage"  of  Monmouth  or  Wales,  "which 
it  is  usual  lo  bestow  on  natuial  hud  ef  the  Ung."  The  loa  lived 
till  about  iijo,  a  pennilen  ptetendti,  and  writer  of  beggjag 

IS  W  pDiM*  Lord  Acton'i  tm^Mam  about  talec 
pcanncei  of  JaoM*  de  la  Ckcb*  at  the  cowt  ol 

._..^ diieun  the  l«ewl  thU  hit  mother  was  a  lady  of 

Jei«i9^-or  a  tWet  d  Oltrkll  Tbe  Jcacy  nytha  nay  be  fc>im4 
iorht  JfoaVtefottOpoCOibyMoBsigiioTBaineiiWho  argued 
that  Jtmei  wu  the  nun  io  tbs  iron  math  (see  Iron  Mwa). 
Laid  Uoniwnac  Bame*,  irin  had  observed  that  the  letter  ot 
Cbaric*  to  Prince  Jamas  Stuart  ia  1  fbnitry,  noticed  tbe  impostt- 
bilily  that  Cfairiet,  hi  1668,  should  consUntly  write  of  his  mother 
as  lesident  in  Londca,  which  she  left  fat  ever  In  1665. 

Wh»  de  la  Cbche  really  wan  it  is  imposiible  to  diaoovet,  but 
he  was  a  bold  and  tucccbf  ul  swindler,  who  look  in,  not  only  the 
general  ol  Ihe  Jesails,  but  Lord  Acton  and  a  geneittioa  of 
guileless  historians.  (A.  U 

U  COKDUIIin;  CHARLD  MARIB  BB  (hoi-s/m],  French 
geogiaphcf  and  mathematician,  wai  bom  at  Paris  on  the  aSiti 
ol  January  ijot.  He  was  tniaed  for  the  militiiy  pufetsion, 
b«t  turned  bis  altentton  lo  science  and  gtegrapltical  eiphmlion.' 
After  taking  pari  in  a  scientific  oped tlkm  in  the  Levant  (iTji). 
he  became  a  member  with  Louis  Codin  and  Herre  Bouguer  of 
tbe  nqxdilion  sent  to  Peru  in  173s  (o  determine  the  length  of  a. 
dcgrio  of  tbe  meridian  In  the  neighbourhood  of  the  equator, 
ith  bis  principals  were  unhappy;  the  eopedi- 


and  finally  La  Condam 


ID  Quito  doo 


M  and  published  Ih 
.(  (English  Iranslalic 


ts  of  bis  mensurementa  an 


74S-tM7].  On  a  visit  to  Rome  La 
UL  measuretaeott  ol  tbe  ancient  buildinga 
with  a  view  to  a  precise dciemiiiiation  ol  the  longlh  of  the  RonwR 
foot.  Tbe jonmatofbisvoyageloSouthAmericawBspublished 
in  Paris  in  irji.  Heabo  wrote  in  favour  of  inotBlaiion,  and  on 
various  other  subjects,  mainly  connected  whh  kis  srork  in^nth 
Americs.     He  died  at  Paris  on  the  ^Ihof  Friiruary  1774. 

UCOKIA  (Gr.  Atnmtfi),  the  andeot  name  of  tbe  aoulh- 
eostero  ditttltt  of  the  Fclaponnesc.  of. which  %>arta  was  the 
capital  It  bas  an  ana  ol  some  i,at8,oDo  acres,  slightly  greater 
than  that  of  Somcrset^iire,  and  consisla  of  three  weU-raarked 
lonea  raamng  N.  and  S.  The  valley  of  tbe  Euiotas,  which 
occupies  the  centte,  Is  bounded  W.  by  Ibe  chain  of  Taygeiui 
{mod.  Pestedakiyhn),  7«aa  ft.),  wUch  starts  Imm  tho  Arcadiaa 


leN.,  I 


mity  f« 


IS  tbo 


prowoalisyolTacnarum(Cap*UatapanX  The  taaten  , 
of  Laconia  consisls  of  a  far  more  brolten  lanst  of  hit)  countsy, 
riling  in  Ml  Pamm  to  a  height  ol  6361  ft.  and  tenninalin(  hi 
tbe  headland  of  Mslca.  The  nageof  l^ygaius  it  well.watecal 
and  woi  In  ancient  limes  covered  with  foteMs  which  aSoided 
ncellcnt  hunting  lo  the  Spartans,  while  ft  hod  also  targe  ima 
inines  and  qoorries  of  an  bfeiioc  hlhiih  oaEblei  oi  wefl  a*  of  the 
iaiBouiriMW^Hkaof  iKMnm.    far  poocraicthealopnaf 


/  XACONIA-^LACxmiOOM 


FainoB,  coB^dtng  iei  titc  mt»t  put  of  burcn  Umntow  U[4uidi 
taaOify  waterad.  Tht  EuioUi  valley.  boHMW.  ii  (rnile,  ind 
producB  U  Ihe  piornt  diy  maiie,  (Jiva,  oimngo  and  mulberfif 


lahuDc 


Iribuury  (he  Oeniu  (n 


flie  EunMu  ind  its  Iitjoi 

The  caul,  eipeciiUy  an  ine  lait,  li  mggHl  and  dingnoui. 
lanaiia  hu  lew  good  h«rboun,  nor  are  there  any  islands  lying 
aS  iu  shorn  wilh  the  enroplloii  of  Cytban  (Cehgo),  S.  of  Cspe 
Mafca.  TTieniostimporlanllowni.bMldeiSparuaod  Cylhium, 
were  BtyMW,  Amyctaa  and  Fhaiis  in  the  Eurolas  [^in,  Pcllana 
and  Bdbina  on  ibe  uppei  Euroisi.  SdUaia  on  thr  Oenui.  Caiy» 
aa  the  Arcadian  froaiier,  Pissiae,  Zaiai  and  Epldaunu  Limcra 
on  tb«  eaal  coast,  Getonthne  on  ihc  slopM  of  Puiwn,  Boeae. 
Aiopu),  Helot,  Laa  and  Teulhrone  oa  (he  Laconiao  Gulf,  and 
Hippob,  Meisa  and  Odyhia  on  the  Mesunian  Gulf. 

IIk  earlial  inhabitants  of  Laconia,  according  to  Uadilion, 
wtre  (he  mito^hihoDaui  Lelegu  (f.v.}.  Minyan  Inraignnii  (ben 
ultltd  at  various  plAoi  on  (he  a»U.  and  even  appeu  (o  have 
poHbated  into  the  inletior  and  to  bava  founded  Amydie. 
Phoeniciao  (raden,  too,  visited  the  sbotes  of  the  Laconiso  Gulf, 
And  there  arc  iodioitions  of  ttade  a(  a  vecy  early  period  belween 
Laconia  and  Crete,  (.(.  a  number  of  bbckt  of  gteen  Liconltn 
poiphyry  Itom  (he  quatrict  ■(  Cioate  have  be«n  ' 
palace  ol  Minos  al  Caouus.  Tn  the  Homeric  poi 
appean  as  the  mltn  ei  an  Achaean  prince,  Mcnelaus.  whox 
capital  was  perhaps  Therapne  on  Ibe  left  bank  of  the  Entotoc, 
S.E.  of  Spanai  the  Achaean  eonqncton,  hoirever,  probably 
contented  (hemsetves  with  a  suaerainty  over  Laconia  and  part 
of  Menenla  («.».)  and  were  too  few  to  occupy  the  whole  land. 
The  AchaetUi  kingdont  fell  before  Ihe  Incoming  Dorians,  and 
(hnutboiK  the  dassical  period  the  hinoiy  of  Laconia  ia  that 
of'iis  capital  Spar(a  (gjo).  In  195  n.c  (he  Lacanian  com  toitns 
were  fiHd  Iratn  Spartan  rule  by  the  Konin  gential  T,  Quiactiiu 
Flanilninui,  and  became  mem  bets  of  the  Achaean  League.  When 
(bit  was  diaiolved  In  146  I.e.,  they  remained  independent  under 
ttw  title  ef  the  "  Coafedetatkra  ol  the  Lictdaemotiiafli "  or 
"of  the  Free-Laconiana" (mi^ r^v  Katiituneyiawor 'EkeuOtfiO^ 
IUl«li>ur),t)ieiupTeni«officero[  which  wasasTpaTirrii  (general) 
asaisied  by  *  raidat  (tteaiuitr).  Augustus  setmi  to  have 
icorganiied  the  league  in  some  way,  for  Pauianiis  (Ui.  11.  6) 
■paaki  ol  him  as  iti  founder.  01  the  (wcnty-four  dtiei  wiich 
originally  composed  the  league,  only  eighteen  risnained  ai 
memben  by  the  reign  of  Hadrian  (ice  AcasuH  Lucue).  In 
SJL  395  a  Gothic  horde  under  Alaric  devastated  Laconia,  aad 
■ubsequentiy  it  wa<  overrun  by  large  bands  of  Slsvjc  inunigiaais. 
Throughout  the  middle  oga  H  wu  the  scene  of  vigorona  sCnigglu 
between  Savs.  fiyianllnes,  Franks,  Turks  and  Venaians,  ibe 
diiti  memorials  ol  which  arc  the  rallied  UrBBghohb  of  Mistra 
near  Sparta,  Ceriki  (ane.  Geronthiae)  and  MonenvuB,  "  the 
Cibraliir  of  Greece."  on  the  east  coast,  and  FiBavi  near 
Gythium.  A  prominent  pan  in  the  War  ol  lodepcndncB  wu 
played  by  the  Maniales  or  blainotei.  iha  inhabitants  of  tbc 
rugged  peninsula  loiined  by  the  eoutfaem  part  ol  Taj^tns.  TlMy 
bad  all  along  maintained  a  virtual  indqieiidence  of  tbo  Turks 
atld  until  quite  recently  retained  (heir  mcdievU  cuiKims,  living 
in  fonihed  towers  and  piactsiiig  the  vendetta  or  blood-leud. 

The  dlatrict  has  been  divided  Into  two  departments  (nonut), 
Laccdaemoti  aad  Laconia,  wiib  tbcir  capiali  at  Sparta  ud 


Gythium  reipectively.     Pop.  of  Laconia  (1907) 

Arctaaloty. — Until  t«04  ardueological  reanrch 
was  carried  on  only  tpotadiolly.  Besides  the  eiovai 
Ukenat  Sparta,  CytUatnand  V^hio  (t-r,),  themost  important 
were  tboieU  tki  ApoUo  aancUiitT  of  Amyclae  canicd  out  by 
C.  Taonntat  In  iSoa  ('EMl  d^xuaX.  il«i.  i  H.)  aad  in  1904  by 
A.  Furtwiin^ei.  At  Kaavot,  on  the  wtaian  aide  of  Taygetus, 
a  vnall  domed  lonb  of  the  "  Mycencan  "  age  was  excavated  in 
iBgo  a&d  yielded  two  leaden  tutuetto  of  great  intoest,  while 
g|  Arkina  ■  sim^r  tomb  of  poor  coostiuclioc  was  uneaifhed 
b  the  previoDS  year.  Importanl  inscrrpliont  were  found,  at 
Ocnnihrte  (Geiiki).  DOtibly  five  kmg  fragment!  ef  the  £duli>iii 
DttdtHaml.  and  elsewhere.  In  1904  the  Britiab  Ardiaeolosical 
a  wUciBatic  iavntiiukm  of  tbo 


ndent'aadmOdteVilRinaiasliiLacbnfi.  TV  eeeolts,  of  wUA 
be  molt  imponant  are  summarized  in  the  arlide  Sp*Ria,ar« 
ubiished  in  tbc  British  Scfaool  AitntaS,  i.  S,    The  acnptdis  o( 


faigbiands,  j 


nd  the  BinrtMary  of  Ino-Pisipiiae  at 

•cMigMed. 

LFDT.— Bnldei  the  Creek  hiiti 


WDfxs  ciira  unoflT  arjiKTA.  lee  w.  m,  Leaae,  Tfodi  m  ike  Marts 

SLomlon.  i8jo),  cc  iv..Tiii.,  lal..  xxUL:  E.  Curthis,  P/ioprmiaat 
UipiiE,  iU»}.  iL  101  i.:  Sirabo  v!u.  sfFWnias  UL  and  the 
commentarY  in  J.  G.  Fiaier.  PuiumifBi^i  DiunpHin  a  Crtra 
(LoiKhn,  iML  vol.  JiL:  W.  O.  Clark,  F^MMntnt  (LandM.  ilsB), 
i»S.:  EL  P.  Bobby*.  JtKtmtu  liwiai^i  nv  fe]  ruui  <£  to 
J^irfe  (Parii,  iSjs),  ^  If.i  L.  Row,  bun  im  Pdrfttma  (Berik, 

(aiuf  (Buel.  1B57).  j6o  IT.:  I.  B.  G.  M.  Bory  de  Saint-Vinctnt. 
Itdalm  iu  veyttf  d(  I'apUlSai  icinfjjtw  ii  Iterti  (Pari..  1816), 
cc,  g.  loi  G.  A.  Bbaei,  BipUMni  t^rwUfi^n  ii  Uartt  (Pam, 
i83i-iej»l,  ii.  j8  a.;  A.  PhiUppwn,  Dir  FJefnaa  (BerUn,  189a), 
iSS  S.\  Annwd <i  Bniiih  School  at  Athens,  1907-3. 

CruauumlfiiaVm.  i»i8J.  Not.  iij7-isn>i  CoUftr.WhMl',  ^m- 
li»W^ineclu£uJcUiLictn/lnhlii.i{(;aitingim.  lloei,  t4oa.44rM. 
4613.  Cnu:  Cuiahfac  vf  Crtit  Csuif  I'A  Ikt  BHtiik  Mumm: 
Prhpsnntms  [London,  1887),  ilvi.  IT,,  111  fT.:  B.  V.  Head,  HiUmo 
JTumormM  (Oiford.  1B87).  jfij  H.  CulU:  S.  Wide.  Lakiniiulu  KtiU 
(Leipiig.  189]).  AtciBil  rKi4f.'W.  Loring,  "Some  Anrient  Route* 
in  the  PeiDponnei- "  -   "        -■'■'"        —   ■ 


in  Jeunul  0}  HiOniK  Stadia, : 


■v.  25  ff. 

(M.  N.  T 


UCORIA,  a  city  and  the  a»nty^«eat  of  Belknap 
Kew  Hampdiire,  U.S.A.,  on  both  lidet  of  the  Wmnep 
river,  aS  m.  N.N.E.  ol  Concord.  P<ifi.  (iqos)  804^ 
loeeign'bom};  (igto)  le.iSj.  Laconia  is  lerred  by  two  d 
of  the  Boston  &  Maine  railway,  which  bat 
'  granite  passenger  station  (iSgi)  and  repair  shops  here. 
pleasantly  situated  in  the  bkc  district  olcei^tml  Ni  ~~ 
and  in  the  summer  season  Lake  WinnbriDara  on 
aiukee  on  (he.N.E. 


Thecii 


»4<S  " 


1-  (S'4; 


.  .    ind  about  6  «.  Ima  its 

centre,  are  the  grounds  of  the  Wionepcsaukee  Camp-Meeting 
Astodptionv  and  the  camping  place  for  the  annual  rKinions 
of  the  New  Hampshire  Velerana  of  the  Qril  Wat,  both  at  The 
Wein.  the  noitbemmost  point  in  (he  urri[«cy  daimed  by  colonial 
Uaisachusects;  about  -i  m,  from  the  centre  of  Laconia  ia 
Lakepon  (pop.  1900,  iij?),  which.  like  The  Wein,  is  a  Bunmcr 
inort  and  a  ward  in  the  city  of  Latonia.  Among  the  public 
innituiien  are  the  Slate  School  foi  Feeble-minded  CfaUdrea, 
a  cottage  bcoiHlal  and  the  Laconia  Public  Library,  lodged  in 
the  Gale  Memorial  Libniy  buildmg  (iqoj).  Another  Baa 
building  is  the  Congregational  Church  (i<d61.  TlieNevHaAp- 
shire  Slate  Fish  Hatchery  is  in  Laconia.  WatcF>power  ii 
furnished  by  the  river.    In  1905  Laconia  ranked  hrst 


iatbem. 


l«4%ol 


product;  anoug  its  other 
maonlaclures.BR  yarn,  knitting  machina,  iKedlct,  saabcs  aod 
blinilE,  ades,  paper  boaes,  boats,  gas  and  ^uoleno  engiiKs.  and 
freighi,  passengx  sDil  decttic  can.  The  total  value  of  tlia 
factory  prodotli  incieued  Irom  li,i5ij;9  ui  190a  (0  t],0«6,BlS 
in  rtos,  or  43'R%.  The  ponion  of  the  city  N.  ol  the  riva„ 
foraeriy  known  as  Meredith  Bridge,  was  set  ainrl  from  the  town- 
ship of  Uercilith  and  incorpatated  as  a  township  under  tbc  name 
of  Laconia  in  1S55;  a  tectioo  S-  of  the  river  was  takcQ  frwB 
the  township  of  Oilfoid  in  1874;  and  Lakeport  was  aildcd  is 
iSqj,  when  laconia  was  chartered  as  a  city.  The  Bane  1  irrrmin 
was  first  applied  in  New  England  to  the  naion  glaDtcd  ia  ifiafi 
to  Mason  aiid  Goiga  (sec  Mawn,  Joniil. 
LAOOHICDII  (t.(L  Spartan,  ic.  hdnniiH,  haih),  tbedryawMlias 


IACORCAIRE— LACRETELLE 


Si 


BO  bath  in 


■tconHn;  to  ViUuVlds  (v.  lo),  "from  which  •  brum  ihitid  Is 
■mpciulcd  by  chains,  capable  of  being  »  lovered  and  tailed 
B  to  Rgulate  tlie  tempenturc."  The  wilb  o(  the  laconicam 
*cte  pliDtered  irlth  marble  stucro  Uid  t>o1Ished,  and  (be  nmical 
nwf  covered  arith  Qiailei  and  painted  Hue  vitb  gdd  ilan. 
:  old  Inths  at  Pompeii,  the  taconicum  wu 
etl  in  Uiipse  at  me  end  of  the  aildaciam,  but  ai'a  nile 
■'sepirale  room  raised  to  a  liighcr  teinperature  and  had 

on  to  the  hypocaust  under  the  floor  Ihe 

e  tHes.  Tbe  larj^t  laconicum.  about 
7S  ft.  in  (liimejer,  wu  that  buDt  by  Agiippa  in  his  theiniac  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Paotheonj  and  is  refrmyf  to  by  CassTui 

stmctcd  the  hot  bath  chamber  which  he  called  the  Laconicum 
GyDiiuL»uni,"  '  All  traces  of  this  building  are  hat,  but  in  the 
additions  mlde  to  the  lh«mae,0(  Agiippa  by  ScpliBiii;s  Seems 
anoihei  lieonicum  was  built  faiihet  south,  portioiii  o(  which 
itill  eiiw  in  the  so-called  Acco  di  Ginmbella. 

UCOHDAIRB.  JEAK  BAPHSTE  HBHSt  (iSo>-i860.  Fnnch 
ccclsiailic  andomtoc,  was  bom  at  Recey-sur-Ource.nted'Or, 
40  Ihe  I'lth  at  March  iBoi.  He  was  the  second  of  a  family  of 
tour,  the  eldest  of  hhom,  Jean  Thfodbie  CiSoi-i8]0],  tiavellcd 
a  gnat  deal  (n  his  youth,  and  was  aftenvards  piofessor  of  com- 
parative ^atomy  at  Li£ge.  For  several  years- Lacordaire  studied 
at  Dijon,  shpwing  a  marked  talent  for  rhetoric;  this  led  him 
to  the  purauif  of  law,  and  iii  the  hxal  debates  of  the  advocates 
be  sllained  a  high  celcbnty.  At  Paris  be  thought  of  going  on 
(he  slaee,  but  wa>  icdvced  to  linish  Jut  lea.1  training  and  began 
la  practise  as  ui  advcicate  (i8i7-ifii4).  M«aawhile  Laijiennais 
had  published  bis  Eiiai  tur  Vl^jjitaa.—a,  passionate  plea 
far  Christianity  ind  in  particular  for  Ronun  Catholicism  as 
necessary  foi  the  social  progress  of  nankind.  Lacordaire  read, 
and  his  ardent  and  beb'ering  nalute,  wtary  of  the  theological 
negations  of  the  Encycropaedistt,  wai  convinced.  In  1S13 
ie  became  a  tjieological  student  at  the  seminary  ot  Saint 
Sulpicc;  four  yean  later  he  was  ordained  and  became  almoner 
ol  the  ccJIcge  Henii  IV.  He  was  called  fiom  tl  lo  co-operate 
with  laniennais  in  the  edit'onhip  of  I'Att/iii,  1  journal  esiab- 
Bshed  to  advocate  (he  union  ol  the  dcmoctalie  principle  wilh 
ullrauiontajiism.  Lacordaire  strove  lo  show  that  Catholicism 
WHS  not  bound  up  with  Ihc  ide*  of  dynasty,  and  definitely  allied 
it  lyith  a  well-defintd  Ifberty,  equalily  and  Iralemity.    But  the 

In  the  meanlimc  Lacordaire  and'  Monlalembett.  believing  that, 
under  the  charier  ot  1830,  they  were  entitled  to  liberty  of 
initruction,  opened  an  independent  tree  school.  It  was  closed  in 
two  days,  and  the  teachers  £ned  berore  Ihe  court  of  peers. 
Thtse  reverses  L.-icordilre  accepted  wilh  quiet  dignity;  but 
Ihey  brought  hii  relationship  with  Lamcnnaii  lo  a  close.  He  now 
began  the  coura!  of  Christiaq  anflrrMa  at  the  College  Stanislas, 
which  attracted  the  art  and  Inlellect  of  Paris;  thence  he  went 
to  NMre  Dame,  and  for  two  years  his  sermons  were  the  delight 
of  the  capital..  His  presence  was  dignified,  his  voice  capable  of 
indefinite  modulations  and  his  gestures  animated  and  attractive. 
He  itlll  preached  the  gospel  of  Ibe  people's  sovereignly  in  civil 
life  ud  Iba  pope's  supremacy  in  religion,  but  brought  to  hi* 
projagandiani  the  full  resources  of  a  mind  familiar  with  phflo- 
tophy,  bislory  and  literature,  and  indeed  led  the  reaction  against 
Vollajfean  sceptidsot- 


OTonnell  being  especially  roaiked  by  point  and  cteamos.  He 
next  thought  that  his  presence  In  tbc  National  Assembly  would 
3e  of  use  10  his  cause;  but  bring  tebuked  by  his  eccteiastitat 
inperlors  for  declaring  himseK  a  repuHican,  he  resigned  his  scat 
:en  days  after  hii  election.  In  1850  be  went  back  to  Rome  and 
nas  niade  provincial  of  Ihe  oitler,  and  for  four  years  Ubooml 
[o  make  the  Driminlcans  ■  idigions  power.  In  1854  be  retired 
:o  Sorrfae  to  become  dlrect6r  of  a  private  lyceum,  and  remaned 
there  nnlil  he  died  on  the  und  of  November  1861.  He  had  been 
lected  10  the  Academy  in  the  precedtog  year. 
The  bcii  edition  of  Lacocdaln's  worfci  ii  the  (Earts  amtRiit 
ink.,  Pari>.iJri-ia73).|)wbli9hedbyC.  PoirMeliue,  which  con' 
liH.  be4d»  tbi  CmfinaKa.  the  enuUtely  vrilccn.  but  unoilicaL 

J  wit  cirflium.   For  a  complete  lis  of  his  publijhed  eorrHpoDdcnce 
sK  L.  Petit  d^ulleville's  Hislmi  it  la  lantK  <titta  mnruti 

_TI^'thi>i4iatiUbla[nFhyiibyCfc.Foi«t(lvDb.. Peril.  iflTo). 
isRli^^lWKt  ot  hiidwruierit  bciCriHiwnin  p*re  A-Cbif 
.  rne'sFie^iiPirrLiiioivfBiri  jvols.,Parii.i866— EaaMilran^lJOB 
by  A.  Th.  Orane,  London,  igM);  kc  al»  Count  cTTR:  de  MSlU^ 
— . — .i  T,.  «_■ ^Fn_,jj^  (Paiii,  i«6i— EiViih  itansb- 


Pam.   iWjli  by  Coibu  O.  d'tJauwnviUi  <i  nl_  iX  

icrisaiiB  Ftanieu  leriB.  Parii.  .IB97);  by  Cabcicl  Ledg*  IParii. 
1001);  hy  Don  CreenweU  ji867)(  and  ^  tb*  due  de  BroeKa 


!□  lakes 


m  the  ur 


rofLi 


«Rom( 


ring  the  ol 


•ppoidtmenlB,  and 

schenle  for  chrislianii,^  ... 

St  Dominic.    At  Rome  he  donned  the  babil  of  the  prtachi 

friar  and  joined  the  monastery  of  Minerva.    His  Ulnavt  pn 

brUablilitmtnleml'raiicidtl'mlriilisJrlrct  fr&Aou-f  was  th 

prepared  and  dedicated  lo  his  country;  at  the  same  lime 

collecled  lie  materials  tor  the  life  of  St  Dominic.    When 

retilmed  lo  France  in  1841  he  resumed  his  preaching  al  N6I 

Dame,  but  be  had  small  success  in  re-establishing  the  order 

wWeh  be  ever  alierwards  called  himself  monk.     "    ' 


i(t  A(  Ptf>  £»Rfadc.  t£ted 


ilad  Into  EqdUi,  nmc  thkic  hciiif,  Jini  Cb^  (iM9)i 
i.iaia,;  at  ladliKi  U*Uh  IjU  (l^ii.  For  a  [Inkihai 
■tud>  at  the  CtuHmas  it  Hllrt  Dnu,  lee  an  uiicle  by  Bkhop 
■  "  Kedl«yiaAiU^Jtiiw>(OeuAtriS;V> 


a   tot  coloured  atld 


ibslHice  Is  the  b'asis  of  bcquera  properlysn  caned.  TechnlcaBy, 
nong  Weslem  rations,  lacquering  is  restricied  to  the  coating 
of  polished  metals  or  tnetdljc  iutlaces,  such  as  braq,  pewter  and 
in,  with  prepared  vamfsbes  which  wiU  give  them  a  golden, 
tome-Uke  or  other  lustre  as  devied,  Thiodghout  the  East 
Indie*  the  lacqoerlng  of  wooden  surfaces  is  uMvenally  pnrttiedl 
leq  of  household  furtiiture,  as  well  aismaSboiea,  trays; 
lOTs  and  pa[fler-mich(  oblccls,  being  decorated  with  bright- 
coloured  and  variegated  lact]uer.  The  hcqun  used  In  the  East 
is.  in  general,  variously  coloured  seal{ng-w»i,  appltell,  smoothed 
id  polished'  in  a  heated  conditirai;  and  by  various  dellcc* 
Iricale  matbled,  streaked  and  mottled  deigns  are  produced, 
uiie  lUstinct  Ircm  IhtK,  and  from  all  other  forms  of  lacquer, 
thelicquer  work  of  Japan,  for  which  see  JaPAW,  i  ArL 
UtRtTBLLR  PIEHBI  U>n»  DB  [i75r~iei4),  French 
politician  and  writer,  wu  bom  at  Metz  an  the  (rth  d  October 
17JJ.  He, practised  as  a  barrister  in  Paris;  and  under  the 
Revolution  was  elected  u  a  dlpul  suppllanl  In  the  Constituent 
Assembly,  and  I^tei  as  deputy  in  Ihe  Legislative  AuentUy^ 
He  belonged  lo  the  modernte  party  known  as  the  "  FeuUliiits,'' 
but  after  the  10th  of  August  ijgi  he  ceased  to  lake  part  In 
pubHc  life.  In  180]  he  became  a  member  of  Ibe  Ininitnttf, 
taking  the  place  ot  La  Harpe.  Onder  the  Restoration  he-waj 
one  Of  the  chief  editon  of  the  Uintm  franiBin;  he  wrote  alio 
an  essay,  Svr  It  iS  Brtmat"  (1799).  some  PrapntnU  fiilHfiia 
ll  'HUtrairtJ  (iSt?],  and  a  treatise  Da  porta  peliHjuel  tt  ia 
Indians  it  Id trOitidiie  aruliKrelit  iToipeioTl'Ain  (1B19). 

His  younger  brother,  Jeih  Cauus  DoURiam  oi  LacbC^ 
TUtE,  called  Lacretdle  It  jnru  (1766-1855),  bhtorian  and 
Jouraaliil,  was  also  bom  at  Meli  on  the  jrd  of  September  ij«fi; 
He  was  called  to  Paris  tty  his  brother  in  17S7,  and  during  the 
Revolution  belonged,  like  him,  to  the  party  of  the  FeulUintit. 
He  was  for  some  lime  serTTtaiy  to  the  due  de  la  RocbefoUcauld- 
Llancourl,  Ihe  celebrated  philanthmprst,  and  afterwards  joined 
the  staff  of  the  Jnmal  de  Paris,  then  managed  bf  Suard,  and 
when:  he  had  as  nilleagues  Andr*  Chteier  and  Antoine  Roucher. 
alLempI  to  hide  his  monarchist  sympathies  '  ' 
.„— .  with  the  way  in  which  heTep—  '  "■-  ■-- 
of  Louis  XVI.,  brought  Un  ni  peril  of  tl 


LACRQEC,'  A.  F.  A.-'LAQROSSp 


tr  TbennidoT  he  ntunKd; 


o  posrerful 


dugcr  be  cnUsttd  la  the  umy,  bul  a( 
lo  Paris  nod  to  hll  i.cwipaiKi  work,  ae 
■oyalial  movemenl  'A  liie  I3lh  Vendfmiair 
dcponalion  after  U»  iSlii  Fnictidor;  but 
iiiBiicnce,  he  was  lef  t "  [oigolun  "  in  prison  tm  um  uk  idludiu- 
Duirc,  «bea  he  vss  scl  it  liberty  by  Foucbt.  Undu  the  Empiie 
be  wu  appointed  ■  pmrmiQi  d[  biiUiry  in  the  FaailU  da  liUia 
of  Pari*  (iSog),  and  elected  u  *  member  ol  the  Aradfmie  fran- 
(luse  (iSii).  In  iSivhewaspiiineiiiovciin  theptoiest  cuileby 
tbeFiench  Academy  against  the  miniilei  Peyionnet'tlawon  the 
pnu,  nfaich  led  lo  the  lailuce  ol  that  meaniie,  but  thii  tlep  coct 
biiD,  as  il  did  Villemain,  his  post  u  mtsear  royaL  Under  Louii 
Philippe  he  devoted  hlDUell  entirely  lo  his  tendiing  and  liteniy 
work.  In  iS(8  he  retired  to  H&con;  but  there,  u  In  Paris,  he 
WM  the  centre  o(  a  brilliant  circle,  for  he  wss  a  wonderful  ieuuur, 

pEiienca  to  tecsU.  He  died. on  the  a6th  of  March  1855. 
His  ton  PIciie  Henii  (181S-1899)  nu  a  hnnumnu  writei  and 
pohtician  of  purely  coniempoiacy  hilerest. 

J.  C.  LaCRUlfe'i  chief  aoili  it  a  serin  of  hiuarto  of  the  18th 
cchtury.   the   RevolutioD   and   its  aeqiicl:  Fridt  hitUri^nt  id 
Rfdui™  Jraxtaiu.  appended  la  the  hirinry  oj  Rabaud  St  Etiel 
arid  partly  written  in  uie  pr"         ' 
Hitleiri  ti  Fi 


<i  l4  la 


at  style,  nor  Hiibdnf 


di  rimpirt  U  vnli.,  1846).    The  ai 
Blipdedipap.bmpriinTrl  neither  F 

UMortcal  indght.  noi  tb ■'  ■■■-- 

accuracy  of  dnnil  whti  I 

00  Lacretdlt's  hiuory  u  tne 
BptproEt  much/'iiparil>r  trucof  allhiibofln.  He  had  1>eeB  an  eye- 
wilreH  of  and  in  atloT  in  the  events  which  he  describes,  but  bii 
testimony  mutt  be  acctrpted  with  cstttLOa. 

UCBOIX.   AXroiHH  FBAHCOIS   ALFRED   (iMj-  ), 

French  minenJogist  and  geologiti,  nubom  ai  Micoa,'SaJne  ct 
toire,  on  the  4lh  d(  Febtujuy  iSts-  He  took  the  decree  ol 
D.  il  Sc.  in  Faiis,  1884.  In  i8«}  he  was  appointed  professor  ol 
mineralogy  at  the  Janliii  da  PUmla.  Paris,  and  in  1896  director 
vl  the  muieralogical  laboratory  in  the  £ait  ia  Savla  £luda. 
He  paid  especial  attention  to  mineraJa  connected  with  volcanic 
phenomena  and  igneoiu  rocks,  to  the  effects  of  metamorphisni. 
and  to  mirteral  veini.  in  voiious  parts  ol  the  world,  notably  In 
the  Fycenees.  In  his  numerous  conlributioni  lo  scientific 
journals  he  dealt  with  the  mineralogy  and  petroloor  of  Mada- 
gascar, azid  published  an  elaborate  and  exhaustive  volume 
fUl  the  eruptions  In  Maitiniquc.  La  iiontagne  Ptlte  el  jei  trup- 
Uata  (i«a4)-  He  al*o  issued  an  important  work  entitled  Viiuia- 
J*titd(Iai'raiic(eld(KiCiifMi(l(i8gj-iS^,  and  other  vorks 
Id  conjunction  with  A.  MichiJ  L£vy,    He  was  elected  member 

01  the  Acad  jmie  des  sciences  in  1904. 

.  UCBDIX,  PAUL  (iSo6-tS&(],  French  author  and  ]ouina]ist, 
was  bom  in  Paris  on  the  ijih  of  April  iKot,  the  son  of  a  novelist. 
He  a  best  known  under  hifl  paeudntiym  of  F.  L.  Jacob,  bibihpkiU^ 
or  ^'  Bibliophile  Jacob,"  auggealed  by  the  cgnst^nt  interest  he 
tooL  in  public  tibraties  and  books  generally.  Lacmii  was  an 
(ilremel)'  prolific  and  vitied  writer.  Over  twenty  bislorical 
lomancex  alone  came  from  bis  pen,  and  be  abo  wnle  a  variety 
of  serious  historical  works,  ioduding  a  hisIAiy  oC  Xapoleon  UL, 
and  the  life  and  tunes  ol  the  Tsar  Nicholas  I.  of  Kussia.  H^ 
was  the  jmnt  author  with  Ferdinand  Sbi  of  a  five-volume  work, 
I4  HeytnAt'  ''  ^  Rimaiiiima  (1847),  a  standard  work  on  the 
mannera,  customs  and  drew  of  those  times,  the  chief  metit  of 
which  lies  in  the  great  oumbei  of  itlustialions  it  contains.  He 
also  wrote  many  monographs  on  phases  of  the  history  of  culture. 
Over  the  signature  Pierre  Dufour  was  published  an  exhaustive 
HiiMrt  dt  la  PnilUiHim  (iSsr-iSsi),  which  has  always  been 
attributed  to  l^croix.  His  works  on  bibliography  were  also 
eatrcoely  nuaooua.  In  i88i  be  was  appointed  librarian  of  the 
Arsenal  Libazy,  Paris.    He  died  in  Paris  on  the  jfith  of  Octnbcr 


and  lyiDg  less  than  ball  a  mile  aoatl  o[  B«ca>a-  nou^  hmij 
\\  m.inle[]gth.LBCromaisremaikablefDr  the  beauty  of  its  sub- 
tropical vtgetat^n.  It  was  a  favnurile  resort  of  the  alt^duke 
Majdmiliao,  afterwards  emperor  of  Mexico  (1SJ1-1S67),  who 
restored  the  chtteiu  and  paiki  and  of  the  Austrian  crown  prince 
Kudolpii  (iSjT-iSSg).  Il  contaioi  an  iitb-century  Benedictine 
iDonasieiy;  and  the  remains  of  a  (hutch,  said  by  a  HCiy  doubtful 
local  tradition  to  have  been  founded  by  Richard  L  of  EnJ^and 
C[i£7--itQg),  form  part  of  the  imperial  ch&teau. 

See  irfUTDnia,  an  jlluitiated  detcriptlvt  work  by  the  crown  princes 
Stephanie  (afterward.  Counlcss  1.4nyay  )(Vicnna,  1891). 

LA  CHOSEE,  a  city  and  the  county-seat  ol  La.  Crosse  coubi>, 
Wisconsin,  D.S.A.,  about  tSo  m.  W.N.W,  of  Milwauktt,  asd 
about  iiom.  S,£.  of  St  Paul,  Minnesota,  on  the  C  bank  «f  the 
Mississippi  Tiver,  at  the  nuutb  of  the  Bhick  and  ol  the  la  Crouc 
riven.  Pop.  (iqoo)  18,895;  ('V>o  census)  ^0,417,  Of  the 
total  population  hi  1900,  7111  were  lordgn-bom,  31J0  being 
Ccrman  and  loij  Norwegian,  and  I7,ss5  were  of  foreign- 
parentage  (both  parents  foreign-bom),  including  78^  of  Genrtan 
parentage,  4411  of  Norwegian  parentage,  and  1061  of  Bohemian 
parentage.  La  Ctoue  is  served  by  the  Chicago  &  North  Western, 
the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  jt  St  Paul,  Ihe  Chicago,  BurUngton  k 
"La  Crosse  li  South  Eastern,  and  the  Green  Say  ft 


id  by  rive; 


he  Miss 


sippL 


ilwaybridge  (CM.  &Sl 
wagon  bridge.  The  city  Is  situated  on  a  prairie,  ertcnding  hack, 
fiom  the  river  about  i}  m.  to  bluffs,  from  which  fine  vieirs  may 
be  obtained.  Among  the  city's  builduigi  *nd  insiitutions  are  the 
Federal  Building  (.886-1(87),  the  Oninly  Court  Hotae  (teo)-, 
190]),  the  Public  Library  (with  more  than  10,000  volumes). 
Ihe  City  HaU  (1891),  ibe  High  School  Building  ti«os-rgo6},  the 
St  Francis,  La  Croue  and  Luthetsn  hoipiut*,  a  Voung  Uen'i 
Christian  Auodatlon  Building,  a  YoUng  Women'a  Christian 
Association  Building,  a  U.S.  Weather  Station  (i«07),  and  a 
U.S.  Fish  Sution  (1905),  La  Crosse  is  the  seat  of  a  state  Normal 
School  (1909).  Among  the  city's  parks  are  Ftttibone  (in  Island 
in  the  Mississippi),  Riverride,  Burns,  Fair  Ground  and  Myilet. 
The  city  is  the  tee  of  a  Roman  Catholic  bishop.  La  CroMe  il 
an  Important  lumber  and  grain  market,  and  is  the  principal 
wholnale  distributing  centra  for  a  large  teriiioty  bi  S.W.  Wi»- 
conain,  K.  Iowa  and  Minnesota.  Prailniity  to  both  pine  and 
budnood  forests  eariy  made  it  one  ol  the  most  important 
lumber  manufuturing  placet  In  Ihe  North-wesli  but  tbii 
industry  has  now  been  displaced  by  other  manufactures.  The 
city  has  grain  eleVaiots,  RouT  niiUs  (the  value  of  Bour  and  griM 
mill  product)  in  190;  was  t9,i6S,it6),  and  breweries  (product 
value  in  190J,  S>,440.S!9).  Other  important  minufacturei  are 
jigriculLural  implements  (Ss*i,4»S  '"  '9=!).  lumber  and  plam"n| 
mill  products,  leather,  waoDen.  knit  and  rubber  foods,  tobacco, 
dgars  and  dgaretles,  carriages,  foundiy  and  machine-ahop 
producti,  copper  and  iton  producta,  cooperage,  peari  butjons, 
brooms  and  bnishct.  The  total  value  of  the  facioiy  ptoduct 
in  1905  was  t8,i}g,4ji,  as  against  t7,S;fi,59i  In  190a.  The 
city  owns  and. operates  its  wiler-wotks  system,  the  wagoik 
bridge  (1890-1891)  acrosi  the  Mississippi,  and  a  toll  road  (1)  m. 
longJ  to  the  village  of  La  Crescent,  Minn. 

Father  Kennepin  and  du  Lhut  visited  or  passed  the  ^e  of 
La  Crosse  as  early  ai  16S0,  but  il  Is  possible  that  adventuroui 
cnurenri-du-taij  preceded  them.  The  £rsl  permanent  settlement 
was  made  In  1841,  and  La  Crosse  was  made  the  county-Kal  ia 
1S5S  and  *u  chartered  as  a  city  bi  1S5S. 

LACROSSE,  the  national  ball  game  of  Canada.  -  II  dttiVes  ill 
name  fiom  the  resemblance  of  its  chief  iaplement  used,  the 
curved  netted  stick,  to  a  bishop's  croeler.  It  ivaa  borrowed 
from  the  Indian  tribes  of  North  Ametica.  In  the  old  days, 
according  to  Catlin,  |he  warrioit  of  two  tribes  in  their  war-paint 
would  form  the  lidet,  often  Sso  01  looo  strong,  Tkt  goals  were 
placed  from  joc  yds.  to  i  m.  apart  witb  practically  no  side 
boutidatici.  A  solemn  dance  preceded  the  gaoie,  afUr  which  the 
ball  was  tossed  into  the  air  and  the  two  side*  rushed  to  catch 
it  on  "  crosses."  sinuiar  to  those  now  in  use.  The  medicIoe-ttieD 
•cted  ^  umiKCci,  and  the  Iquawi  uifed  on  the  sien  by  beating 


LA  CRUZ— LACTAKTIUS  FIRMIANUS 


55 


tlum  Willi  iwilchrt.  The  tune  attnctfd  much  ittcatlon  from 
the  ally  Fnnch  ttultn  In  CkuAdii.  In  ii6j,  alio  Canada 
feed  becaine  Briiith,  tbe  guot  ni  laol  by  tbi  aboricuiei  lo 
airy  out  in  iafnuous  piece  ol  troichriy.  On  the  4lh  a[  Jane, 
*htn  tht  |»iriion  ol  Foit  Michilimackinic  (rdw  Mackintc)  wu 
cclebratiog  the  kinf't  birthday,  it  w&i  invited  by  the  Ottawa^ 
nndei  ttieir  chief  Fouiiac,  to  witncn  *  |ame  a(  "  tnggMany  " 
(lacTOK).  The  playera  gradually  worked  Ibtir  w«y  ckxc  to  the 
gala,  when,  ihrowlng  aside  their  croua  uid  Kidiu  their 
IDiaahawlu  which  the  iquawi  niddenly  produced 
their  blanlieu.  they  rushed  into  the  fort  and 
iomatei  ncepl  a  lew  Fmcfamen. 

.  The  game  found  favour  amonj  the  British  «ntler»,  but  it  wis 
BM  until  1867,  the  year  In  whldi  Canada  became  a  Dotninion, 
that  G.  W.  BtxTt,  a  prombicnt  player,  luggesLed  lh>(  Licrone 
rimfld  be  r««tslted  (1  the  national  game,  and  the  National 
IjiCToaK  Auodalion  of  Canada  wii  (onned.  From  that  time 
the  |>rDe  bai  Bouriibcd  vigoronily  in  Canada  and  to  a  leu 
clteDt  in  the  United  Slats.  In  r86S  as  EngKah  LacroiK 
Aaaodation  wai  iormcd,  but,  altfaoufb  a  team  of  Indiana  viaited 
the  United  Kiaidam  in  1W7,  it  wu  net  ualil  Knnetine  later 
that  tha  game  became  at  all  pi^ular  In  Great  Britain.     Ili 

the  Toronto  I.acroue  Qub  in  liSB  and  1901,  the  methodi  of  the 
CuBdiuH  and  their  nonderful  "  ahort-paiaing  "  eidting  much 
admintion.  In  1907  the  Capitals  af  Ottawa  viaiied  EogUnd, 
playing  sii  matdies,  all  oI  which  were  woo  by  the  Canadians. 
The  match  North  ?.  South  has  been  pUyed  annually  in  England 
aince  ilSi.  A  county  chunpiODShip  was  inaugurated  in  1905. 
A  North  of  Entfand  I.eacue,  ssbcacing  ten  cluba,  began  playing 
league  matcha  In  ilgr;  and  >  natch  between  the  univenitici 
of  Oxford  ud  Cambridge  has  been  jdayed  annually  since  1Q03. 
A  match  between  England  and  Irdaod  waa  pbyed  aantially  from 


'    7iiififa«A>li  iif  It<  C^iM,-The  bdl  Ii  n 

~'-^-' tn4iand4Toi    -' 

tap  bdag  beal  Id  ' 


feof  Litdiarubber  spon^ 


Bielal  nuR  be  ued  ia  ill  manu'icture.  I(  nuy  be  ol  aoy  rnifui  la 
■uitthe  pUyer.  The  pull  ace  let  up  not  Ich  than  100  par  more  Ihao 
Ijo  yds.  apacl.  the  gmL.pons  beini  &  It.  high  and  the  HmcdiiUnu 
apart.  They  arc  K1  tip  in  the  middle  ol  rhe  "  goaL<reaie."  a  ipace 
el  lilt.  iqiuRiutliKj  wiih  chalk.  A  nM  extends  Ima  the  lop  laH 
and  Hdeiof  the  pouifascli  10  a  point  6  El.  behind  the  auddleol  (he 
line  between  the  posts.  Boyndanes  are  agreed  upon  by  the  cspuini. 
Shoes  nay  have  indiarubtar  kIcs.  but  muit  lie  without  iFslKa, 

71U  Canw.— The  object  al  the  jamc  b  to  send  ihe  balT.  t^  means  of 
tberroBe,  ihrouBrfi  the  enemy's  goal-pofls  as  many  limes  a  1  po»ible 
doTinf  the  two  periods  tA  play,  pfenicly  as  in  (ooihan  and  hoclrey. 
There  are  twelve  pbyeis  on  each  side.  In  evrcy  powiion  save  thai 
if  gnal  Ihene  are  two  men,  one  of  each  adc,  whose  dulii 
"  mack"«nd  (leuirsKiecachothcr'sclIorts.  thegameiso 
the  act  of  ■'  facini."  in  which  the  iwo  nnires,       '      ' 

■hoolder  towards  hnopponenls^eDsl,  hold  their r- ^  . 

wards,  on  the  grouiid.  the  ball  beinf  placed  betwetn  (hem.  Wlii 
Ihe  slgnl  is  ffiytn  the  renin  dnw  their  croan  sharply  Inwards 
order  to  pin  posaesstel  e(  the  baN.  The  ball  may  be  Inctcd 
aliKk  widt  the  crease,  as  at  hockey,  but  the  nal-kfetirr  alone  mi 
handle  u.  and  tbenonly  to  block  and  noi  toihrowii.  All  hough  I 
hall  may  be  ihrawn  with  the  crosse  for  a  kHig  distance — IKi  yds. 
■bsBt  ihe  limit— long  throws  are  sehlom  liM.it  being  (tninl 
movw avranlageous  lore  pisyer to  ran  with  rhe  bell  lestiTrg  on  f' 
cmssc,  until  he  can  pass  il  10  a  jaeuiljer  el  his  side  who  procreds  wi 
theatuck,dlh<rbyninning.  pssung  to  anolher.  oc  iryini  to  Ihtc 
the  ball  Ihrough  Ihe  opponenls'  go*l.  The  cnisw.  uwafly  hdd 
both  hinds,  il  made  to  retain  the  hall  by  an  inienknis  TocUne  motii 
MirMqIlictdkymclic..    All bne  Is  ■»"  <>..Mt  "  la  Lacrosse, 


SXwiThi.  le^ 


aUowed. 


■  the  hall  Id  Ihe  fTO«.  si 
ma  pbyvr  may  LnLericre 
11  of  him  (■■  body<heck  ' 


or  ifar.  No  cbargiiw  W 
ilh  another  by  standiiig 
though  •riihoul  holdiiii, 

player  who  ia  Dot  in  poasciaon  oT  the  ball.  Fouls  are  penalised  elth^ 
by  the  sBspenikmoi  the  oifeitder  until  a  Boal  has  been  seomlaetrnlil 
the  ead  et  the_  gamei  or  b^  allowing  the^  sidi  oDeadsd  wiast  a 

must  lUnd  in  the  poiitian  whcie  he  k,  eicepclog  the  goal-keeper 
who  may  get  back  to  hit  nal,  and  any  opponent  who  may  be  ncanr 
ttie  ptayer  getting  the  ball  than  s  yds,;  this  player  must  reliie  » 
that  distance  Irom  the  one  who  has  been  given  Ihe  "  free  podtiDn," 
who  then  proceeds  with  Ibe  game  as  he  likes  when  the  reteree  kivs 
"  ptay-"  This  penslty  rnsy  not  be  carried  oul  neairr  than  to  yds. 
Irom  Ihe  goal.  If  ibe  bill  crosses  a  bonndiry  the  releree  nils 
"  Btsnd."  arid  all  players  siop  where  they  are,  the  hall  beiax  thea 
"  lacxd  "  not  loH  than  4  yds.  within  the  Oouadary  line  hy  ihs  twn 


y  W.  <^Si±mdBCT.  in 


r  English  Lacrosse  U0I0 


Iv  Ceorgs  Catln. 

U  CtDl  RAH61I  DI  (i7jr-iy94).  Spanish  diunatist,  va> 
bomatMadlJdoatheiBIhofhlanJii73i.  He  waa  a  clerk  in  the 
ministry  of  finance,  and  ia  Ibe  author  of  three  hundred  laimeta, 
little  (arckal  itches  of  city  lile,  wtiiien  lo  be  played  beiween 
the  arl9  of  a  longer  pEay.  He  pobliibed  a  Klectian  in  ten  vdume* 
(Madrid,  i7«&-i}Qi),  and  died  on  Ihe  5th  ol  March  1794-  Tho 
best  of  his  t^eces,  nicb  as  loi  rtrlnJtiuicJfsifrid.are  delightful 
^recimens  of  satiric  observatioD. 

See  E.  Cotardo  y  Mori,  Dsii  RnmAi  A  la  iTrrs  y  nu  slru  (Madrid, 
i>99]l  C.  CaiobroBeni,  .SatiKlu  iriUita  siUmlsi  sn  ia  SiUialia 
UuHidpat  it  UiUid  (Madrid,  1900J. 

LICRTMATORT  (from  Lat.  laaimt,  a  tear),  a  dau  o(  amaU 
vcweli  of  tem.cotts.  or,  man  fitquently,  of  glass,  found  in 
Roman  and  late  Creek  tombs,  and  supposed  lo  have  been 
bMIIesintowhichnloDniendroppedlheirtcaiB.  They  contained 
unguents,  snd  to  the  use  of  unguents  at  funeral  ceremonies  the 
finding  of  so  many  of  these  vessels  in  tombs  is  due.  Tliey  are 
shaped  like  a  spindle,  or  a  flaik  with  a  kmf  imill  a«k  and  a  bodjr 
in  the  form  of  a  bulb. 

UCTAimui  nRMiUira  (c  96o-<.  340),  alto  caned  Uctua 

Cadiua  (or  Caecilius)  Lactantiu*  Firmianus,  waa  a  Chriilian 
writer  who  fmm  the  beauty  of  his  ilyle  has  been  called  Iha 
"  Christian  Cicero."  Hii  history  ia  very  obscure.  He  wu  bom 
of  heathen  parents  tn  Africa  about  t6a,  and  became  a  pupil  ol 
Amobius.  whom  he  far  excelled  In  style  though  his  kumledgn 
of  (he  Scrlpturo  was  t([Uilly  sli^t.  Aixnit  igo  he  went  la 
NicoDeifia  in  Bithynia  white  Diocletian  was  emperor,  to  teach 
ihetoric,  hul  found  little  wock  to  do  in  that  Greck-qieaking 
dtv-  In  middle  age  he  becaine  a  convfft  lo  Christianity,  and 
about  jhS  he  went  to  Caul  (Trivnl  on  the  invitation  of  Conataiv- 
tine  Ibe  Great,  and  became  tutor  to  his  eldest  toBi  Ciiipus.  Ht 
probably  died  about  340. 

Lactantius'  cliiet  work,  Dnaamwi  Iiurtlatiiniam  Uiri  Stfltm, 
is  an  '*  apology "  for  and  an  intmdoctien  lo  ChrialiaBily, 
written  in  ciquiiite  Latin,  but  displaying  such  ignorance  as  to 
have  inmricd  the  charge  of  favouring  Ihe  Arian  and  Msnichatin 
heresies.  It  seems  to  have  been  begun  in  Nicomedla  about 
J04  and  fiinthed  in  Gaul  before  jit.  Two  long  eulogistic 
addresses  and  most  of  the  brief  apostrophes  to  the  emperor  srt 
from  a  Ulcr  band,  which  has  added  some  duilisiic  touches. 
The  seven  books  of  the  inatitutinns  have  separate  titles  given  ta 
them  either  by  the  author  or  by  a  later  editor.  The  Grsl.  Of 
Falsa  Rditiani.  and  the  second,  De  Oripnc  &T<rii,  attack  the 
polyiheism  of  heathendom,  show  the  unity  of  the  God  of  creation 
and  providence,  and  try  to  explain  how  men  have  been  corrupted 
by  demons.  The  Ihiid  booh.  Be  Falia  SapimSa,  describes 
and  criliciies  the  various  systems  of  prevalent .  philosophy. 
"'     '        ■  book,  De  Vaa  SajiiaUic  el 


,iab!euni( 


leal  in  the  person  of  Christ.  The  fiiih 
booh,  Di  Jiulilia,  maintains  that  true  righteousness  is  not  10  be 
found  apart  from  Chriatiioity,  and  that  it  springs  from  piety  which 
consists  in  the  knowledge  of  Cod.  The  sixth  book,  Dt  Vera 
Cnfhi,  describa  the  tnie  worship  of  Cod,  wUdi  it  rjghlcousnrss. 


LACTIC  ACID— LACUZON 


■nd  aaHlEU  (Uifly  )b  Uw  fmdM  ol  CluutliB  lave  towiit 
God  and  man.  Tlie  Kvcnlh  booki  Dt  VUa  BtaU,  dimissa, 
tnuD^  a  vaijety  of  subjKU»  ihc  chief  good,  immarlaliiy,  the 

LactantliB  wrote  an  cfucome  of  tbcie  IiutitMioiu,  aod  fiuch  a 
mrt,  which  may  well  be  autfienBc  was  disroveMd  in  MS.  in  the 
royil  library  ai  Turin  in  171!  by  C.  M,  PfaH. 

Bciidn  the  ImiUuluna  Lacunliui  wrote  itvenl  UeatuM: 
(1)  Di  Ira  Dd,  addteaud  to  one  Donatua  aiid  dinclcd  a^nat 
the  Epicuiru  pMJowphy.  (>)  Ot  Opififit  DiS  ttw di  Firmtlitiu 
Htmlaii,  bii  eadlest  mtk,  and  oat  which  levcdi  lerf  little 
Chiiiliao  influcDCC  He  cxborti  >  loimci  pupil,  Demctrianui, 
■ot  to  be  led  Utny  by  WMkh  Imn  vitliKi  ud  ha  liemanltnln 
Ibe  ptovideacc  of  God  ftea  tb  adaptilality  ud  btaUy  of  Ikc 
huoiaa  body,  (j)  A  cdebnted  incendiuy  tsaliic,  Dt  UtrlHiB 
P(r»(ii/mM>,»hicfadeactniesGod'a  judgmenlioothepenecuton 
<4  hit  church  fiom  Nen  tO  MnelWiaii.  and  hM  Mtved  aaa  nodel 
for  numbcitcu  wrillogi.  Di  Ittrt.  Ftrucul.  it  not  in  (he  eadiv 
cditiotD  at  Lactaatiiu;  it  va^  diKOMiait  and  primed  by  Bdiue 
in  1679.  ManycriliciaKribeittauiud^wonLadaiCucilitH; 
(hoc  are  ccitain]/  acrioua  di9e(«0Cti  ol  ■runmat,  (tyle  and 
tempo  between  it  and  the  vritinp  ilcetdy  mcolioMd.  It  mu 
probably  csmpoacd  In  ffioxDedia,  (.  iif.  JcroDM  Ipeaki  of 
LananliiB  m  ■  poel,  and  Kvetal  poena  bnve  been  attnbuted 
(0  Imni—l}*  An  Ptttnit4  (winch  Huudt  think&pukef  uicol 
■  Clement],  Zfei'aufnwDMiHiiud  Dt  JUaareOiam  {DamiMii 
or  Dt  Pmia  ai  Fttiam  Bfixafam.  the  firat  of  thtm  may 
belong  la  IdCIanthu'i  beitbeo  day*,  tkE  aecond  b  ■  product  of 
the  Beiuiu*nc«  (c  1500),  tbe  llntd  wai  written  by  Venantiiu 
FottoDitai  b  the  Mb  centmy. 

'  Edtcloiu;O.P.F>1iwhe[BE.aCerw1arriBilt.ertlr,aa/:x.,ii. 
(Ldpilt,  |S43-I^4);  Micnc,  Pab.  LaL  vi.,vu,;  S.  Bnndl  and  C. 
Uiibiwiw  b  iIm  V«ni  bfw  J<r)W.  Euto.  £<i<.  liiL,  xvlL  1  and 
a  <'>90-u-97}.  TiuriaiioB;  W.  Fktcher  in  Aittt-Nicm  Fuiiti. 
Tu-Liieiviure:  tho  Genoaq  hlitorie*  of  tarty  Chriilian  littTalurc. 
bv  A.  Hiriuck,  a  BartenlwwK,  A.  Ebm,  A.  Ehrhard.  C.  Knijcr'i 
EiWy  CMr.  I.a.p.ja}  and  HuclL-Hcnof'*  KaileKyk.  vOL  xL,  pvt 
fuidei  to  the  copioiu  liteiatuzc  on  Che  aubfect. 
[  Umc  ACm  (hydraayproptonie  add),  CUUV'  Two  taaic 
•ddi  ate  hnowD,  diaetiaE'  ttaa  each  otbct  In  the  poation 
occupied  by  the  hydtoxyl  poop  in  the  molecnk;  they  an 
tiMwn  reqnctlvely  a«  a-hydniyptoi^anle  add  {ftmentaijoa  or 
inact!v«Iacticadd),Cll,'CH(0H)-CChH,and^hydroiyp[0[4oaic 
add  (Tiydracrylie  add),  (7.*.),  a%«»).CHrCOiH.  Altbongh 
on  nnclmil  gnundi  there  ibould  be  only  two  hydro«ypro^oiJc 
■cida,ai  a  matter  ol  fact  foDi  lactic  acldi  an  koowD.  TbclhtKl 
bomer  (nrcolaclle  add)  it  found  in  meat  extract  (J.  *.  Liebig), 
and  may  be  ptepartd  l>y  tlie  aedon  of  PtHidlliiim  iAhmhm  od 
a  aotutloD  of  ordiaary  anuuoniinn  lactate.  It  ii  idoiticai  with 
a-hydroxypiofiiofuc  add  ia  ahnou  evmy  napect,  except  with 
regard  to  its  phyiical  properties.  The  ioiutli  iUHnar,  ftmned 
by  the  action  of  BOcilfiu  lawiacHf  on  cane^ugar,  imcnhln 
aamJanic  add  in  eTery  respect,  eic^  In  ila  action  on  polariicd 
Hght  (see  SnaioiaouEtnM}.    ' 

Aniic>i(aliM,orcMyidnrEicl(cKHl,wulBlltn]byK.W.ScIi(((e 
(7>niu,  SlotUttIm  Aad,  irM)  Iron  aour  miUi  <Lal.  lac.lattii,  milk, 
wkcoce  the  name).  Aboot  Itpenly^our  years  later  fiouiHoa  Lag. 
mat,  and  uidepeiideatly  A.  F.  de  Fouraay  and  L.  N.  VtuqutUn, 
nuintirnrd  that  Sdieelei  new  tad  wH  nothiat  but  Impare  acetk 
add.  Thisnotion  wucombattdbyl.  Bemli>»,andfin>Hyrefuti!d 
(in  iajj)lwj.  V.  LiebigsDdE.Mit>clieitich,whi)ibytbcelenicmaiy 
aiulyses  ot  lactates,  proved  tbe  exiiteBce  of  this  acid  as  a  diitiivl 
cmpiund.  It  nay  be  prepared  by  the  lactic  fermentation  of 
•tarchn.  lufan.  lunu,  Si:.,  tlie  lUEar  bdni  diuolved  In  Wlicr  (nd 
acidified  by  a  imall  quantity  of  tanaric  acid  and  then  termeiitcd  by 
the  addilxn  of  uur  milk.  wTih  a  Utile  putrid  checK.  ZiiK  caibonalc 
laadded  to  tbe  miniUE  (lo  ecuitiliie  die  acid  Innited),  vbkh  ii  kept 
warm  [or  (gme  days  and  wcU  stiired.  On  boiling  aod  AltciiTig  ific 
produci,  line  lactate  ciyitallins  out  of  the  solution.  The  acid  tnay 

plunk  and)  liy  niiroui  acid  (K.  SiiKkcr,  i4iia.,  ilgo.  7},  fi- 17}:  by 
the  mdditlon  ei  propylene  jiycol  (A.  Wurts);  by  boili/ig  a^hlnr- 
propioDK  add  with  caustic  alkalis,  or  with  silver  oxide  and  water ;  by 

amaldeMe'by  the^'Sylrin  WKtkm  1j"wi^^ta^Am^  tS». 

'dlL-cilO  r~->  CH(.CH(OH)-CM  >— 7^.CH,.CH(0U}-C(W1. 


It  forms  a  colourtaeayiiip,  d  HicciRe  entity  l-attt  fisV4*>,  aiid 

dccsmpoies  on  dlatlllalian  under  ordlniry  ainnapheHc  iir<«urc; 
but  at  nrf  low  premium  {about  I  mm.)  it  dUtib  at  a^t  SV  C,  and 
then  sets  to  a  cryitaUioe  solid,  which  mdti  at  about  iS*  C.  It 
pQiHsiea  tbe  jrnpaOM  boitt  ol  an  acid  aad  si  an  alcahoL  VOtn 
heated  with  dHute  uilphutic  add  to  ijo"  C,  under  praline,  it  ia 
resolved  into  formic  add  and  acetaldehyde.  Chromic  add  oudizet 
it  to  acetic  add  and  carixm  dioZHle;  porairiiim  pennantanatv 
oaidiBn  it  »  pynrric  add;  nitric  add  uaaalic  acU.  and  a  mhtna 
of  man^naae  diudd*  and  irfpluiric  add  (e  ■cetaUchyde  aad  caiboa 

diowlc.    Hydrobnraic  add -•  ■ ' --'-' 

and  hydriodic  ioA  into  pron 
■CH{CM,!h" 


UCniRt.  tbt  qiclic  aUa  ti  hyitaxy  acids,  icmltiDf  Iron 
the  inicmtl  eliouaatiaa  of  water  between  the  lQ>dieiy]  and 
cvboiyl  lioupt,  this  reaction  taking  place  wbea  the  hydroiy 
acid  is  liberated  from  its  saUs  by  a  minecal  add.  The  a  and  ^ 
bydroiy  adds  do  not  form  lactones,  the  tetideDCy  for  lactone 
formation  appearing  first  with  the  7'hydrDKy  aods,  thus  7« 
bydroaybutyric  add,  CH,QHCH.CHiCOiH:.  yiilds  7-bulyio. 
lactone,  CHiCHiCHi'COO.  Thttc  componaih  may  also  be 
pcepaml  by  the  dlsUllailon  of  the  -r-balogen  fatty  adds,  or  by 
the  action  of  aUatine  csibonatcJ  on  these  adds,  or  from^-of 
T^-unsatunled  adds  by  digestion  mlh  hydrobnimic  add  or 
dilole  sulphuric  add.  The  lacions  ait  mostly  Hqujdi  wtiJcb 
are  readily  sohible  fn  alcohol,  ether  and  water.  Oa  bdlinf 
with  water,  they  are  partially  tecosvetted  into  tbe  hyiftoiy  add*. 
They  ar«  easly  sapootfied  by  the  caustic  alkalis. 

On  the  behavioor  o(  lartona  with  ammonia,  see  H.  Meyer, 
u — ,..,-,.     .=^    jK,   p.  j,j.  .^  ^,1,  phenylliwlr-- -" 


with  ■ 


I  hydrate,  He  R.  Meyer,  Ber.,  1891.  s6.  p.  leyjj  U  aanee. 

I.,  1899,11,  p.  iijj,  E.  Fucher,  Bj>.,  iSte,  »,  p.  lUg. 
■g%isK  iTs  Iiqui3^«hlch  boils  at  io«>  C.    It  u  nuicible 


and  Is  volatile  in 


™k™  <!H,-CHCHrCH,.C0j),  ii  alic 
C.  iJaclna  are  also  known,  and  may 
the  t^hlor  acids. 


e  prepared  by  disdiliiig 


LA  CmVA,  JUAI  DI  (i55o?-i(>eo7),  ^nniah  dtamatiU 
aad  poet,  was  bora  at  Seville,  and  towards  tjTe  began  wltii^ 
for  the  stage.  Hfa  plays,  fourteen  la  nnmber,  were  published 
in  1588,  aad  are  the  earlleat  manifestations  of  the  dramatic 
methoda  dcvdoped  by  Lope  de  Vega.  Abandoning  the  Senecaa 
model  MthettB  nmveiial  in  Spain,  Cueva  tocA  for  his  thema 
naiten  ol  nalkmal  lepend,  historic  tradition,  teceot  victories 
and  the  actualities  of  contemporajy  life:  this  amalgam  of  epical 
and  realistic  dementi,  and  the  inlnjiiuctlon  of  a  grcat,vuiely 
of  metres,  prepared  (he  way  fijr  tbe  Spsirish  romantic  dnma 
ofthei;thcenlury.  ApecuLarinlciMtitlachesto  Hf«/ai(iarfor, 
a.  play  i£  itHA  lb*  dtarader  of  Leudno  aniidpatea  the  daaic 
type  of  Don  Jmn.  '  As  an  Initiative  lOKt,  Cuevi  is  a  figtire 
□f  grot  hlslorlcal  imponance;  his  epic  poem,  laCa^uiila 
dt  BUM  iiSoi),  shows  his  weakness  as  an  artist.  The  last 
Biork  to  which  his  name  ia  attached  is  the  EJemfUr  paUiM 
(1609),  and  be  ia  believed  lo  have  died  Aonly  after  Iti 
puUlcation. 

See  the  editions  of  SoM  de  XoMind  a  WoMoA*.  by  E.  dr  Odioa, 
■n  the  rnwfl  ill  «o/ra  cjfajW  (Paris,  iBjSJ,  vol,  i.  pp.  yi-iSj; 
and  of  EjtmH^  pallia,,  by  J.  J.  Linci  de  Scdano,  in  iWPaimut 
tipiH<i.  vol.  vLiL  pp.  i-K;  alio  E.  vKlbcts.  "  Juan  de  la  (fueva  « 
ton  Ejemplai  poftice  '■  in  the  AM  Vnianiuuz  IjiwUini  (Lund, 
1904I,  vol.  Dn;  ■•  Pofmes  iraSdit.  de  Ju.in  de  la  Cueva  (Viaie  de 
SaanM.)  "  edited  by  F.  A.  VVuUT.  in  ike  Ada  Vnm„iuiU  LunJriisu 

Sund.ItSe-iSSr).  vol.  uiii.iF.  A.  Wulff.  "I^UrimasdeluaB 
la  Cueva,  Prlmeia  Parte  "  m  the  fioiuaoii  a  UtnliiOn  v  Ptiaw 
(Madrid,  iSOT),  vol.  ii.  pp.  143-14S.  U,  f.-K.) 

lACDHAa,  the  Laiin  name  in  architecture  [or  a  panelled 
or  cofleted  ceiling  or  (Ofiit.  The  word  is  derived  from  Jocwna, 
acavttyorhoilow,  a  blank,  hiatus  or  gap.  Tbe  panels  or  coSett 
qI  a  ceiling  art  by  Viltuvius  called  kcmttiSa. 

UCUZOH  (0.  Fr.  Ia  ct^n.  disturbance),  the  tume  even 
to  the  Franc.Comtcd)  leader  CuimE  Pxon  (1607-16S1).  who 
WIS  bom  at  Longchaumtrfl  (department  of  Jura)  on  the  i7t)i 
OF  June  ific;.  He  gained  his  first  mOitaly  eipcricnce  whcB 
.the  French  invailed  Buiguody  Jiv  i6jd,  baifyinc  ibe  F/cnch 


LACY,  COUNT— LADAKH  AND  EALTISTAN 


mop*  fcDin  lie  aaOaal  Mohtiiiu  ind  St  LuKBl-b-Rncbe, 
ud  devuMtini  (be  famiia  diatricii  of  Breoe  and  Bugc]>  with 
ire  nod  iirord  (i640-rf4i).  In  the  firal  inwiion  ol  Fimnche- 
Cginl*  by  Loi^  XIV.  in  1668  lacmon  m*  uniHe  la  make  tny 
cffmire  lasunce,  but  be  pbyed  an  importanl  put  in  Louia^ 
KoiDd  invuian.  In  1G73  be  defended  Sallni  lot  •onw  tint; 
afier  tbecapitulaEion'of  Ibe  (own  be  look  refuge  In  Ilaly.  He 
dird  It  Milui  on  (be  int  of  Decembei  16S1. 

LACT.  FnARZ  MORITZ,  Codht  (i7ij-fSai),  AuMlui  6eld 
maralul,  was  bom  il  SI  Petenbnrg  on  the  iiit  of  OOabfT 
1795.  Hia  fatlter,  Pder^  Count  IJicy.  ma  a  ttlKingalibed 
Russian  uldlcr,  who  bdonged  to  an  Irish  faroHy,  and  bad 
tollawtd  the  foituna  at  the  exiled  Juna  n.  Fianz  Horita  vai 
eduaied  in  Gennany  for  a  militaiy  arcer,  Mid  entered  the 
Aiutrian  service.  He  served  in  Italy,  Bohemia,  Slola  and  the 
Hcibciiaods  durinK  Ibe  War  of  Ibe  Aiutrian  Succca^n,  ma 
twice  wounded,  and  by  Ifae  end  of  the  war  waa  a  lieut.-ailoneL 
At  the  age  Of  twenty-five  he  berame  full  colced  and  cluef  of  an 
infantry  rejinitnl.  In  175*  with  tlie  opening  o[  Ibe  Seven 
yurs'  War  be  was  again  on  active  service,  and  in  the  £nt 
battle  (LolKnilz)  be  distinguisfwd  himself  90  much  thai  he  waa 
t^  om:e  promoted  ma^-generaL  He  received  lus  third  wound 
on  Ihii  oecnion  and  his  fourth  at  the  battle  of  Prague  fn  1757. 
Liter  ia  17S7  Lacy  I»te  a  tunsfiicuDUS  part  in  the  gfcat  victory 
of  Bmlau,  and  at  Ltutbeo,  wbeie  be  received  his  fifth  wound, 
be  cdverid  the  retreat  of  Iba  defeated  anny.  Soon  after  tliia 
began  hii  aasociation  with  Field-Maiabal  Daun,  tbe  new 
genrialissimo  of  the  empresi's  forces,  and  these  two  conunanden, 
powerfully  aasisted  later  by  tlie  geoiua  of  Loudoo,  made  bead 
against  Frederick  the  Great  for  the  remiundei  of  tbe  war.  A 
(Eneril  sta0  was  created,  and  Lacy,  a  lieutenant  Geld-nalsbal 
at  ihiity-in'o,  waa  made  chief  of  ilill  (quart crmaaler-geoeial) 
lo  Daun.  That  (heir  cautiousness  of  ten  degenerated  Intoliuiidiiy 
Dlay  be  admitted — Leulhea  and  many  other  tiller  defeala  bad 
taught  tbe  Austrians  to  respet.  their  greal  opponent— but  they 
showedai  any  rale  that,  baviog  resolved  to  wear  out  the  enemy 
by  Fabian  metboda,  they  were  itroug  eoeugh  to  persist  in  Lheir 
1  Iha  end.    Tbui  for  loine  yews  tbe  lite  of  Lacy, 


Daun  I 


ia(se 


.  H  VeIlIS'  War).  After  Hochkitch  (October  ij,  ..  . 
Lacy  received  the  grand  cross  of  tbe  Maria  Theresa  older.  I^ 
<TS9  bvth  Daun  and  Lacy  fell  into  dofavour  for  failing  ta  win 
victories,  and  Lacy  owed  his  premolian  to  Feldieugnieister  only 
to  the  fact  that  Loudon  hail  Just  received  this  rank  [or  the 
biiUiaot  cottduct  of  his  detachment  U  Kunetsdad.  Hii  respongj- 
bOitiei  told  heavily  on  Lacy  in  Ihe  ntuing  eampaifta,  and  bis 
capacity  for  sopreme  command  was  doubled  even  by  Daun, 
who  refuKd  to  give  bim  the  command  wbca  he  hiMielt  was 
wounded  at  the  battle  ef  Torgnu. 

After  the  peace  of  Huheitusbui^  a  new  sphere  of  activity 
was  opened,  in  which  Lacy's  speda!  gifts  had  the  grealeat  scope. 
Maria  Theresa  havinK  placed  her  son,  ibe  emperor  Joseph  II., 
at  the  bead  of  Auatrian  militaty  affairs,  Lacy  was  made  a  £eld< 
Bianhal,  and  green  the  task  of  rdorming  and  admimsteriig 
the  araiy  (r7S6).  He  framed  new  regulations  [or  each  aim,  a 
new  code  of  militiiy  law,  a  good  supply  syllem.  As  the  rrsull 
of  his  wutk  (be  Austrian  army  wa>  more  luimenHu.  far  better 
equipped,  and  clieaper  than  it  had  ever  been  before.  Jiaeph 
soon  became  very  inthnaie  with  his  mititSTy  adviser,  but  ihb  did 
Doi  prevent  his  mother,  after  she  bcc;inie  estranged  from  the 
youBg  emperor,  from  giving  Lacy  her  full  confidence.  Hu 
■ctiviiita  were  not  cDafined  to  the  amy.  He  was  in  sympathy 
with  Joseph's  innovations,  and  was  regarded  by  hfaria  Theresa 
as  a  prune  mover  in  the  scheme  for  tbe  partition  of  Poland. 
But  his  self-imposed  work  broke  down  Lacy's  htalib,  and  in 
f  773,  In  ^t(^  of  tbe  remonstrances  of  Maria  Theresa  and  of  (he 
emperor,  he  laid  down  all  his  otTim  and  went  to  sonthem  France. 
On  returning  be  was  still  unable  to  resume  oRice,  though  as 
ut  turaRidiil  adviser  in  political  and  Riiliiary  mailers  he  was 
fat  from  idle.  Ia  the  brief  and  uoeventlul  Warol  the  Bavarian 
SucceBlaB,LacyaDdLoudonwerethechidAu.  .. 
agafaut  (he  king  of  Prussia,  and  when  Joseph  IL 


Thema'a  death,  hecaBM  tbe  sovereign  of  the  Austtfui  dt 
as  well  as  emperor,  Lacy  remained  his  mast  treated  fi^nd. 
Mork  serious  than  tlie  War  of  the  Bavarian  Snccenion  waa  the 
Turkish  war  which  presently  broke  oul.  Lacy  was  now  old  and 
worn  out,  and  bis  temiit  a!  cmimind  Ihetdn  was  not  maAed 
by  any  pealer  measure  of  success  than  in  the  case  of  the  other 
Aislrian  generals.  Hb  active  career  was  at  an  end,  althou^ 
be  cootbued  his  effective  interest  in  the  affairs  of  Ibe  state 
and  the  army  Ihiupughinit  the  reign  of  Joseph's  aocceaaor, 
Leopold  I.  Hb  last  yean  were  qient  in  retirement  at  his 
castle  of  Neuwaldegg  near  VicOBL  He  died  at  ^enna  on  the 
i4(h  of  November  iSoi. 

See  nemoir  by  A.  V.  AncA  In  Atttimiiiu  dnAck  SItpvfkit 
(Leipng^  l88j). 

UCT,  HUUIETTB  DSBDUH  (1S07-1874),  EngBih  actress, 
•as  bsm  in  London,  (he-daughterof  a  tradesman  named  Ta^or. 
Her  first  appearance  on  the  stage  was  at  Bath  in  1817  as  Julia 
ia  The  RtKdi,  and  she  was  immediately  given  leading  parts 
therein  I»th comedy  andlragedy.  Her  first  London  appearance 
was  in  iSjo  as  Nfaia,  in  Dimond's  Canmal  s/  Htfla.  Her 
Rosalind,  Aspalia  (to  Maeready's  MeiuitTuj)  in  Tkt  Briiai,  and 
Lady  Tearfe  to  the  Cbailes  Surface  of  Waller  Lacy<iSo9-i  898) — 
10  whom  she  was  married  in  1839 — confirmed  her  position  ant 
popularity.  She  was  the  otEginal  Helen  in  The  HtmclAock 
(ilji),  and  abo  created  Nell  Cwyane  la  Jen«]d'>  play  of  that 
name,  and  the  heroine  in  his  Hnathatrr.  Sbe  was  considered 
the  fint  Ophelia  of  her  d^.    She  ndred  in  1S4B. 

UCT.  aiCHABL  SOPBIRD  (i79i'i867),  Irish  BnociaB, 
son  of  a  merdiant,  was  boin  at  Bilbao  and  appealed  then  in 
public  as  a  violinist  in  iSoi.  He  was  sent  to  study  in  Paris 
under  Kreuticr,  and  sooti  began  a  successfid  career,  being  known 
as  "  £c  Pd^  Eifapal,"  He  played  in  London  for  some  yean 
alter  1805,  and  then  became  an  actor,  but  in  181S  resumed  tbe 
musical  prolrssion,  atld  In  l8>o  became  leader  of  the  ballet  at 
Ibe  King's  theatre,  London.  He  composed  or  adapted  front 
other  composers  a  number  of  operas  and  an  onilofio,  Tht 
Inadittt  in  Btypl.  He  died  in  londoB  m  tbe  Mlb  of 
September  1M7. 

lACnsa  OF  VVUKH^  Greek  philosopher,  was  bead  •[  Iba 
Academy  at  Athens  ia  suixession  to  AnreOans  about  341  B.C. 
Though  some  regard  him  ^i  the  founder  ol  the  New  Academy, 
the  testimony  of  antiquity  is  that  he  adliered  in  geeeral  to  the 
of  Arcesilaus,  and,  therefore,  that  he  belonged  Co  tbe 


?my.    He  lectured  in  a  garden 


Ed  the 


which  was  presented  to  him  by  Attalus  t.  of  IVrgamum,  and  for 
twenty-sii  yean  maintained  the  inuSlions  of  the  Academy. 
He  is  said  (0  have  written  treatises,  but  nothing  survives. 
Before  bis  death  be  vohmtarify  resigned  his  poolion  to  his  PuihIb, 
Euander  and  Tcledes.  Apart  from  a  number  of  anecdotal 
distinguished  rather  for  sarcastic  humour  than  for  probability, 
Lacydes  eiists  for  us  as  a  man  of  refined  character,  a  hard  worker 
and  an  accomplished  orator.  According  to  Atlienaeos  (a.  438) 
and  Diogenes  LaBrtius  (!v.  «o)  he  died  from  excessive  drinking, 
but  the  stor;  is  dncredited  by  the  eulogy  of  Eusefaios  {Ptaep, 
Et.  lir.  7},'that  he  was  in  all  things  moderate. 
See  Cicero,  ,4fa<f.  ii.  «;  and  Aelian,  VS.  S.  41;  also  article* 

ACADEUT,  AaCESlUUS.  CAUIIAISS. 

LADAKB  AHD  BALTISTAir,  a  provtnct  of  Kashmir,  India. 
The  name  Ladak,  commonly  but  less  correctly  spdt  I^dakh, 
and  sometimes  Ladag,  belongs  primarily  10  the  brwd  valley  oi 
the  upper  Indus  in  West  Tibet,  but  include)  several  surrounding 
districts  b  political  coaneiion  witb  it;  tbe  present  limits  are 
between  75*  40*  and  Bo*  30'  E.,  and  between  31"  15"  and  36*  S. 
It  is  bounded  N.  by  the  Kucniun  range  and  the  slopes  of  the 
Kamkoram,  N.W.  and  W.  by  the  dependency  of  Baliistan  or 
Little  Tibet,  3. W.  by  Kashmir  proper,  S.  by  British  Himalayan 
territory,  and  E.  by  the  Tibetan  provinces  ol  Ngari  and  Rndok. 
The  whole  region  lies  very  high,  (he  valleys  of  Ropshu  in  the 
south-east  being  15,000  ft.,  and  the  Indus  near  Leb  11,000  It., 
while  the  average  height  ol  the  sunounding  ranges  b  19,000  ft. 
The  proportion  of  araUe  and  even  possible  pasture  land  to  barren 
rock  and  gtivd  It  very  smalL    Pop.,  inctudlog  Balttstan  (looi) 


LADAKH  AND  BALTI8TAN 


(65,9«i,o['wb(>iiijD,iifiIiiLtdiikb  proper  *n  Bvddhiils,  wfancu 
the  Bitlii  havg  udoplid  the  Sbiah  form  ol  lilam. 

The  Mluiil  loluiet  of  the  country  «■)'  be  bot  eipkined  by 
icienncc  lo  Imo  native  tcimt,  undtroneor  aiherol  mrluch  every 
part  is  iDCluded:  vit,  ctamflaai,  i,t.  "  oonhein,  ai  high  piain." 
ikhere  the  amount  of  level  ground  a  coiuiderabLe,  oad  rang. 
I.e.  "  deep  valleyf'*  where  the  coatrwy  condition  prevaUk. 
The  former  predomlnafcs  in  the  east,  dimiruihing  gradually 
weitwardi.  There,  although  the  vut  aliuvul  dqxsiti  which 
once  filled  the  valley  lo  a  remaikably  uuitoim  height  ot  about 
IS,000  ft.  have  left  ibcir  tracer  on  the  mouDlain  bdei,  Ihey  hive 
undergone  immense  denudation,  and  Iheir  dfbrii  now  formi 
Mcondary  depoiiti.  Sat  bolloms  oi  ihelving  slopes,  tbe  only 
spots  available  for  cultivation  or  pasture.  These  masses  of 
■iluviam  ate  eflen  dthec  mctimoiplKaed  lo  f  lubcryxalline 
rock  itill  showing  the  composilion  at  the  strati  or  siaply  con- 
lotldaled  by  lime. 

;>lIonat,  lor  the  valleys  are  confined. 


Dthel 


is  the  1 


1.  and  of  no  grea 
of  the  flimalaylj 


apparent  height.   The  parallelism  cl 

ranges  continues  here,  the  direction  Dang  nortn-west  ano  soutn- 
Cast.  A  central  raage  divides  the  Indus  valley,  here  4  to  6  m. 
wide,  from  that  of  its  north  branch  the  ShyolL  which  with  its 
fertile  tributary  valley  of  Nubra  is  again  bounded  on  the  north 
by  tbe  Kaialioram.  This  central  ridge  is  mostly  syenilic  gneiss, 
■ad  north-cut  Irom  it  are  found,  successively,  Silurian  sistcs, 
OrbaaiferDDi  shales  and  Tiiaisic  Umstonts.  ihe  gneiss  recurring 
■t  tbe  Turkestan  frontier.  The  Indus  Ues  along  Ihe  line  which 
separates  the  crystalline  rocks  from  the  Eocene  sandstones  and 
•ludet  of  tbe  lowtr  range  of  hills  on  the  left  bank,  .the  lofty 
mounlaius  behind  Ihem  coiuisting  of  parallel  bands  of  rocks 
from  Silurian  to  Cretaceous. 

Several  lakes  in  the  east  districts  at  about  14,000  ft.  have  been 
of  much  greater  eitcnl,  and  connected  with  the  rivet  systems  of 
the  OKtatiy,  but  Ihcy  are  now  mostly  without  outlet,  lalioe, 

LeE'is  the  cspTtatofLadjikh,  and  the  road  to Lcb from  Srinagir 
lies  up  tbe  lovely  Sind  valley  to  the  sourca  of  the  liver  at  Ihe 
ZojiL«Pus(ii,joaft.)  in  tbe  Zaskar  range.  This  is  the  range 
which,  skirting  the  touthem  edge  of  the  upland  plains  of  Dcosai 
In  BallBtan,  divide!  them  from  the  valley  of  Kashmir,  and  then 
cantinuestaNangaFaibat(ia.6]oIl.)andbeyond  that  mountain 
stretches  to  the  north  oI  Swat  and  Bajour.  To  the  south-east  11 
is  an  unbroken  chain  till  it  merges  into  the  line  of  snowy  peaks 
seen  from  Simla  and  the  pUins  of  India— the  mnge  which  reaches 
past  Cbini  to  the  famous  peaks  ol  Gangotri,  Nandadcvi  and 
Nampa.  It  is  the  most  central  and  conspicuous  range  in  the 
HimaUya.  The  Zoji  La,  which  curves  from  the  head  ol  the  Sind 
vaUhy  on  to  the  bleak  uplands  of  Dras  (where  lies  Ihe  road  to  the 
trough  of  tbe  Indus  and  Leh),  Is,  in  ^ite  of  its  altitude,  a  pass 
on  which  little  snow  lics^  but  for  local  accumulations.  It  would 
be  open  all  the  year  round.  It  affords  a  typical  pstance  of  that 
cutting-back  process  by  which  a  river-head  may  erode  a  chanocl 
through  a  watershed  into  the  plateau  behind,  there  being  no  sleep 
lall  toward)  tbe  Indus  on  the  northern  side  of  the  range.  From 
Ihe  Zoji  La  the  mad  continues  by  easy  gradients,  following  tbe 
line  of  the  Drag  drainage,  lo  the  In<bis,  when  it  turns  up  tbe 
valley  lo  Leh.  From  Leh  there  are  many  routes  into  Tibet, 
the  best  known  being  that  from  the  Indus  vafley  to  the  Tibetan 
plateau,  by  Ihe  Chang  La.  to  Lake  Pangkong  and  Rudok  (14,000 
It.}.  Rudok  occupies  a  forward  potilion  on  tbe  wQiern  Tibetan 
border  analogous  to  that  of  Leh  in  Kashmir.  The  cbief  trade 
route  to  Lhasa  from  Leh,  boncvcr,  follows  the  lino  oRcred  by 
tbe  valleys  ol  the  Indus  and  the  Brahmaputra  (or  Tsanpo), 
crossing  Ihe  divide  between  these  ri'vers  north  of  Lake  Maiub- 

The  observaloiy  at  Leh  ii  the  most  elevated  observatory 
Id  Asia.  "The  atmosphere  ol  tbe  Indus  valley  is  lemarVably 
clear  and  transparent,  and  the  beat  of  the  sun  is  very  great- 
There  is  generally  a  diQereace  of  more  than  60°  between  the  read- 
ing ol  the  exposed  sua  thermometec  in  fotut  and  tbe  air  tcmpeia- 


tuic  in  the  shade,  and  this  diSereace  has  occulosally  uceeded 
911*  ...  .  The  mean  tsnual  (empeialute  at  Leh  is  40*,  that  of 
Ihe  coldest  months  Uanuary  and  February)  only  18°  and  19*, 
but  it  rises  rapidly  from  Febtuaiy  lo  July,  in  which  mooth  it 
reaches  6>*  with  a  mean  diursal  maiimum  of  Sa°  both  in  that 
moiklh  and  August,  and  an  average  dlEerence  ol  ig^  or  30* 
between  the  early  morning  and  afteinooai  The  mean  highest 
temperature  of  the  year  is  90*,  varying  between  84°  and  9j* 
in  the  twelve  years  previous  la  li^j.  Ob  the  other  birtd,  in 
the  winter  tbe  minimum  ihermooieier  falls  occssionally  bdow 
0°,  and  in  1S7S  reached  M  low  as  i]*  below  lero.  The  eitreme 
range  ai  recorded  tempeiatutc  is  Iheiefote  not  len  than  110*. 
Tbe  air  it  as  dry  as  Quella,  and  rather  mote  uniformly  >o. . . . 
'    Insignificaol.     The  average 


in  (and  ir 


tie  year."'    The  wi 


illy  light,  and  depend  on  the  local  direction  of  the  valleya. 
At  Leh,  which  stands  at  the  entrance  of  the  valley  leading  to 
the  Kardang  Pass,  the  most  common  directions  are  belveea 
south  and  west  in  the  daytime  artd  summer,  and  from  north- 
east In  the  night,  especially  in  the  later  months  of  the  year. 
In  January  and  February  (he  ait  is  generally  calm,  and  April 
and  May  are  the  most  windy  months  of  tbe  year.  . 

Vegetation  it  confiwd  to  \aUcys  and  ihellcred  spots,  where  a 
....^ .i..t :.i 1  "—-—ia.Hipfepliotii^dElantiiiii, 

re  the  pencil  cej 


withmuch-McdedfirewHd.  The  trteierethe  pencil  cedar  (JaKiMri 
KXCttM),  the  poplar  and  wiUow  (both  ratCRUvdy  pZaated,  the  k(1< 
HiDctimrs  wild),  apple,  mulberrv,  apricot  and  w^nul.    Irrigati 
variety  of  barley  cancd(r/"i,  mlllcl,  buckw"-"'    — *—   ' — -— 
lumips.    Lucerne  and  prangn  (an  umbcllift 


'[£ant)'are  uMd  M 

leni.  and 
vlluable 


>hccp!°c?which  the  big«  S^ITija}  is  used  for  car^ 
ii  a  principal  source  U  wealth,  the  yak  and  the  1 

hytmd  between  the  yale  and  common  cow.  Amoiwi  .  _  _ 

the  kiang  or  wild  ass.  ibea,  eevonl  hJiidB  of  wild  ibeep,  aiueloae 
lPa:Maltpi},  marmot,  hare  and  other  Tibetan  fauna. 

The  present  value  of  Ihe  trade  between  Driiiih  India  and  Tibet 
paning  through  Ladakh  it  inconsiderable  Ladakh.  however,  El  Im- 
proving  in  ita  trade  prosMen  apart  Irau  Hbet.  It  is  curiow*  tbM 
both  LadaUi  end  Tibci  iiapait  a  eonldenbk  anovm  et  ireuore. 
for  on  the  bocdcta  ol  weatem  Tibet  and  wiihLa  a  radius  of  loo 
or  100  m.  of  Leh  ihere  cenlres  *  goM-mining  induitiy  which 
apparenLly  only  refluiiei  iclentlltc  devetapaiciit  la  render  il  ei»m- 
ou^v  pmdiictire.  Here  the  uuface  «sil  hai  been  (or  many  nniaiiee 
wDihrd  for  sold  by  bands  of  Tiljetan  minen.  wba  never  work  deeper 
than  ID  u  JO  It.,  and  wbgn  inclbadi  of  washing  are  ol  ihe  crudest 
dcvriMian.  They  work  ui  winter,  chiclly  brnuK  of  Ihe  binding 
power  ol  fml  on  the  friable  nil,  suffering  great  hardshipt  and  ob- 

poSlion°naturally  alTtlu 

The  adjoiaing  lerritoiy  of  Bahlstan  rorms  the  wnt  eatremity  ot 
Tibel,  wb«e  nalural  limit)  here  are  the  Indus  from  its  abrupt  soulh- 
waFdbcndia74*4S'E.^and  theimiMairB  10  ihe  north  and  WW. 
vparating  a  comparatively  peaceful  Tilietan  populaiion  (rovn  iha 
herccr  A^n  tribes  beyond.  Mahaninedan  wriien  about  the  tfith 
century  Beak  ol  Ballistan  as  "  Litlle  Tibet,"  and  at  I  -rf-th  .. 
"  Great  Tibet,"  thus  ignorbtg  llie  really  CieaE  Tibet 
The  Balti  call  Cilgit "  ■  Tibet."  and  DrLcitnerstyi  ibM 
call  tbeouelvsa  Bot  or  Tibetans;  but,  althovgh  iIkh  disuicu  may 
have  been  avereun  bv  the  Tibetans,  or  have  received  rulers  of  that 
race,  the  ethnologlrsl  frcjntief  coincides  with  the  geograf^iical  one 
given,  Baltialan  laa  nuudi  lofty  mr>uniains,  tbe  prevailiiif  forma- 
tion being  gndia.  In  the  iwrth  is  the  fialtoro  glacier,  Ibe  tergal  out 
of  the  an:tic  regiooa,  35  m.  long,  comained  between  two  riilges  whose 
hietiesl  peaks  to  the  south  are  a],ooo  and  Is  the  nonh  ig,l6s  It. 
The  Indus,  as  in  Lower  LadsUi.  runs  in  a  narrow  corge.widenrnfi  lor 
nearly  Mm.  alter  receinnEtheShvok.  ThecapIUI.Skan]u.*Bcat»n<l 
collection  ct  houses  standa  here,  paired  oa  a  rode  pjolt.  above  the 
lea.  Tbe  houae  roofs  are  flat^  occupied  only  in  lurt  hy  a  second 
itory,  Ihe  rcmajning  space  being  dcvoti?d  to  drying  aprkols.  tbe 
chief  staple  ol  tbe  main  valley,  which  supporti  Ihtle  cnhivation. 
But  the  rapid  slope  westwards  is  seen  generally  In  the  vrgetatioo. 
Birehi  pbuK.  spruce  and  ^inu  nreJs  appnr:  Ihe  (ndu  aic  taer. 
including  poniegianate.  pear,  peach,  vine  and  meba.  and  where 
irri;atian  is  avaHabie,  ai  in  the  North  Shigar.  and  at  Ihe  deltas  of  tb« 
tributary  valleys,  the  cn^in  are  more  lujioHaRt  and  varied. 

Jfiilsry.— The  earliest  DDtlce  of  Ladikh  b  by  the  Chine** 
pilgrim  Fa-blen,  a.D,  400,  who,  CnvelliDg  1b  Kartb  of  a  purer 

■  H.  F.  BlaBdCord,  aimcUtni  Wea&tr  ofladia  (London,  1U9). 


ihe^iUii 


LADix-LAbKCAUs  iv; 


59 


Um  bdss  (he  pn^i-cyUndEr,  lit  cffitacy  of  wfiici  he  dKtim 
k  incrtdble.  LidiUi  fanned  part  of  the  Tlbelin  emtBrt  unta 
its  dimiplion  in  the  loth  centuiy,  ind  jince  then  hu  conitnucd 
ccdeuuticiUy  lubject,  iDil  uni'ellmcj  tributciy,  (6  Lhasa. 
Iti  iniccaablUt]'  urcd  it  [nm  my  Muraulnun  invasion  untH 
15J1,  wbeo  SDttan  S*Id  of  Kashgar  marched  an  army  tmss 
the  Kaiakoiam,  one  division  fighting  its  way  into  'Kaahmlt 
ud  ttinlerfng  iliere.  Neit  year  they  inwded  MilCTn  Tibet, 
when  nearly  all  perished  fnaa  the  effectj  of  the  dimale. 

Eaily  in  ihe  i;()i.ceiiluiy  I^dilih  was  invaded  by  iu  Uatitun- 
medin  Deighbqun  of  Batlistan^  nho  plundered  and  dcslrayed  the 
temples  and  monislcrles;  and  again,  In  i6Sj-i6SS.  by  the  Solpa, 
vho  ireic  eipened  only  by  the  aid  of  Ihe  lieutenant  of  Auiangieh 
in  Kashmir,  Ladakhthereafier  becoming  Iribuisiy.  Thegyalpo 
or  king  (hen  mide  a  nomlogJ  profession  of  IsUm,  and  allowed 
I  mosque  to  be  founded  it  Leh,  and  Ibe  Kashmiris  have  ever 
rinee  addressed  his  succcsson  by  a  Mihommcdan  title,  ^'ben 
(he  SIkhi  took  Kaihmir.Ladakh,  dreading  Iheli  approach,  dffeied 
■Uetiance  to  Great  Britain.  It  was,  however,  conquered  and 
anneied  in  1834-1S41  by  Gulab  Singh  of  Januim— the  unwai- 
like  Ladakhls,  even  with  nature  fighting  on  tbeii  ^de,  and  affilDsl 
iadiiferent  generalship,  being  no  match  lor  the  Dogra  ttoopi. 
These  neit  turned  theli  arms  successfully  against  the  Ballit 
(who  In  the  iSth  century  were  subject  to  Ihe  Mogul],  and  were 
then  tempted  to  revive  the  claims  ol  Ladakh  to  the  Chinese 
provinces  of  Rudok  and  Ngari.  This,  however,  brought  down 
an  army  (mm  Lhasa,  and  after  a  three  days'  fight  the  Indian 
(orce  was  almost  annihilaled— chiefly  indeed  by  frostbite  and 
other  suflerings,  for  Ihe  batlle  was  fought  in  mid-winter,  is,eec> 
ft.  above  the  sea.  The  Oiinese  (hen  marched  on  Leh,  but  were 
toon  driven  out  again,  and  peace  was  finally  made  on  (he  basis 
of  the  old  frontier.  The  widespread  prtsllge  of  China  is  iUuitraled 
by  Ihe  fact  that  tribute,  though  disguised  as  a  present,  is  paid 
to  her,  for  Ladakh,  by  the  maharaja  of  Kashmir. 

The  prindpal  works  to  be  eoniultrf  ate  F.  Drew,  Tin  Ixmrnaa  mi 

Kaikmir  T — •—-—'•  •    ■ - ■" 

Trilfl  of 

Aanen/' _ 

KiCJ.  (ttiiii  W.  LawccBce.  Tit 
BlaodfoidTrit  aimtU  sxi  Wt-ulur 

UDD,  SBOIUIB  TRnHBULL  (1841-  ),  American  philos- 
opher, *as  bom  ia  PainotviUe,  Lake  county,  Ohio,  on  the 
i$th  of  January  1841.  He  graduated  a(  Western  Reserve 
Collegf  In  1864  and  at  Andover  Theolo^cal  Seminary  in  i86g^ 
preached  in  Edinburg,  Ohio,  in  1869-1871,  and  in  Ibe  Spring 
Stnet  Congregational  Church  of  Milwaukee  in  1871-1879; 
and  was  professor  of  philcwphy  at  Bawdois  Collie  ia  1S79- 
l8Bt,  and  dark  professor  of  mctaphyaia  and  moral  philosophy 
at  Yale  from  iSSi  till  1901,  when  he  look  charge  ol  the  graduate 
departjneiit  ot  philosophy  and  psychology;  be  became  professor 
cmeritu  in  igej.  In  iSjg-iSJi  be  lectured  on  (hedogy  at 
Andover  Theological  Seminaiy,  and  in  1S83  tx.  Harvaid,  wberc 
in  1895-1846  ho  conducted  a  graduate  seminary  in  ethics.  He 
lectuKd  in  Japan  is  i8fi,  1899  (when  he  also  visited  the  uni- 
veisilictol  India)  and  1906-1907..  Kc  was  much  influenced  by 
Lotie,  whose  Ouliitut  0}  Pkiitufky  be  translated  (6  vols.,  1S77), 
and  was  one  of  (he  &al  to  introduce  (i87st)  the  study  of  eipeii- 
■unWl,  psychology  into  Amoica,  tLc  Vale  jaychologictJ 
laboiMaiy  being  fmmded  by  him. 

PuBLieanom,— n«  Prindflti  af  Church  PdUy  t'Wa);  Ttn 
Dtclrmet/SacndScHpl*rel>9ii):inoHillitBililiKim!;EuQr' 
M IIU  BM<r  BiMoUe*  riea9)rdrreiKline  Ihe  "  oM  "  (Vatc) 
■piMtAHariwdor''  — ""li"'™. —  n   ■    ■'     - 

J-" '  'xplaiaary  (it 

I4DDSB,  [0.  Eng.  ilatdv;  of  Teutonic  ori^,  d.  Dutch  ket, 
Get.  leikr;  tbe  uhLnale  ori^  b  in  (he  root  Kcn  in  "  lean," 
Ct.  A(^aQ,  ■  kl  of  tteps  or  "Tunfs"  between  two  luppoiii 


..  m 


"  The  Mountain  Systems  of 


VtJ^  .    ... 

o(  (he  Himalaya."  vol.  vl.,  iVac, 
VtUiy  at  Xaiimi,  (1B91I;  H.  F. 
■r  ej  fiidia  li»S9).     (T.Tl.  M.'J 


BImt  (M  Hanard  tt ''  new  "  eduaiion.  m  pniied  by  Gaoiie  H. 
ner:  BkmtMt^njfMtdaii  PtycMott  (is^o.  Tewciiien  »  Out- 
ItMi  «/  ny,ialtp(4  PnSSei,.  in  l8oS);  Pn'^r  "/  PiycMaiy 
(iSu] ;  njrtstenTpeKWelte  and  BxpbAaOn  (i«94) ;  '"i  O'dlna 
iTBuMtllK  /mEf^liSpS):  in  ■■'•>«•>«.  J  philosophy." 

vda.7woO;Tr]E™  «W,  Uasuii  Ilo    1908  ;  and 


to  enable  one  to  get  op  and  down;  tnnaDy  m^ite  dt  -wood  and 
aometimes  of  metal  or  rope.  Ladders  are  generally  movable, 
and  differ  from  a  staircase  also  in  having  only  treads  and  no 
"risers."  The  (erm  " Jacobs  ladder,"  taken  from  tbe  dream 
of  Jacob  In  the  Bible,  is  applied  Co  a  tope  ladder  with  wooden 
^Icps  used  at  sea  to  go  aloh,  and  to  a  common  garden  plant  <i 
tbe  genus  PiJtmemum  on  account  of  tbe  ladder-like  fonnatioia 
of  Ihe  leaves.  The  flower  known  in  England  as  Solomon's 
seal  is  fn  some  countries  called  tbe  "ladder  of  heaven-" 

LADIHQ  (From  "  to  lade,"  0.  Eng.  Uadait,  to  pot  carpi  oa 
board ;  cf .  "  toad  "),  BILL  OP,  the  document  ^ven  as  receipt 
by  the  master  of  a  merchant  vessel  to  the  consignor  of  goods, 
-      '      '*  cir  tale  delivery  to  the  consigoee.    (See 


LADISLAUS  [I-l.  Saint  (1040-109;),  klog  ot  Hnngaty,  1b» 
ion  of  Bfia  I.,  king  ot  Hungaiy,  and  Ihe  Polish  princess  Richei^ 
was  bora  in  Poland,  whither  his  father  had  sought  refuge, 
but  was  recalled  by  his  elder  brother  Andrew  I.  to  Hungai? 
(1047)  and  brought  up  there.  He  succeeded  to  Ihe  Ihtone 
ftn  the  death  of  his  uncle  Geaa  fn  1077,  as  the  eldest  member  td 
the  royal  family,  and  speedily  won  for  himself  a  reputation 
scarcely  inferior  tothatofSiephenL.bynaliDDaliiingChnstianily 
and  laybig  Ibe  foundations  of  Hungary's  poUtiol  greatness. 
Instinctively  tetogoiiing  that  Germany  was  the  nalural  enemy 
of  the  Magyars,  Ladlslaus  formed  a  dose  alliance  with  Ihe  pope 
and  all  the  other  enemies  of  the  emperor  Henry  IV.,  Including  the 
anti-emperor  Rudolph  of  Swabia  and  his  chief  supporter  WelT, 
duke  ol  Bavaria,  whose  daughter  Adelaide  he  married.  She 
bore  him  one  son  and  three  daughters,  one  ot  whom,  Pirlska, 
married  the  Hyzanilne  emperor  John  Comnenus.  T^e  collapse 
Df  the  German  emperor  in  bis  struggle  with  the  pope  lef I  Ladislaua 


tree  ti 


wards  ll 


and  Christianiie  the  wildemMses  of  Transylvania  and  the  lower 
Danube.  Hungary  was  stlQ  semi-savage,  and  bet  native  baiba- 
nans  were  being  perpetually  recruited  from  Ihe  hordes  of  Peche- 
negi,  Rumanians  and  other  races  which  swepi  over  her  during 
the  iilh  ccatuiy.  Ladlslaus  mmself  had  fought  valianily  in 
his  youth  against  Ihe  Pechenega,  and  to  defend  the  land  against 
tiie  Kumanians,  who  now  occupied  Moldavia  and  Wallachia 
as  far  as  the  Alt,  he  built  tbe  fortresses  of  Tumu-Severin  and 
Cyula  Fihervir.  He  also  [Janled  in  Transylvania  (he  Siellets, 
the  supposed  remnant  of  the  andenC  Magyars  from  beyond  the 
Dnieper,  and  founded  the  bishoprics  of  Nagy-VSiad,  or  Grass- 
WardeiiW  wid  of  Agrara,  as  fresh  fod  of  Catholicism  in  south 
Hungary  and  the  hilltedo  uncultivated  dislttcis  between  (be 
Drave  and  the  Save.  He  subseqoenlly  conquered  Croatia 
though  here  bis  authodty  was  questioned  by  the  pope,  the 
Venetian  republic  and  tJie  Creek  emperor.  Lidislaus  died 
suddenly  in  1095  when  about  to  take  part  in  the  first  Crusade. 
No  other  Hungarian  lung  was  so  generally  beloved.  The  whole 
nation  mourned  for  him  for  three  years,  and  regarded  him  as  a 
saint  long  bcloie  his  canoniialion,  A  whole  cycle  of  legends 
i^  osGocialed  with  his  name. 

See  1.  Batnk,  Uh  <4  5i  I«fuJaiu  CHung.)  (Egei.  1B93V,  CySny 
Pray,  ?>C»e»olig  &  a  L^iJa-  [Pie^bnlf,  177^1  Antil  6in^, 
Due.  kin.  cril.  it  51  Ladilla*  CViHina,  1775).  (R.  N.  B.). 

LAIPUlAnS  r^.  The  Kumanlan  (1161-1190), kinioIHunguy, 
was  Ihe  son  of  Stephen  V.,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1S71.  From 
bis  tenth  year,  when  he  was  kidnapped  from  his  father's  court 
by  the  rebellious  vassals,  till  his  assassination  eighteen  yean 
later,  bis  whole  Hfe,  with  one  bright  interval  ol  oiiUtary  gloiy, 
was  unrelieved  tragedy-  His  Biinarity,  i>7>-i)i7,  wu  an 
alternation  of  palace  revolutions  and  cis^  wars,  in  Ihe  course 
of  which  his  brave  Kamanian  mother  Eliaabeth  barely  contrived 
Co  keep  the  upper  band.  In  this  tenible  school  Ladlslaus  mitured 
ptccsdously.  At  fiftoen  he  was  a  nuui,  resolult.  ^diiled,  enter- 
prising, with  the  germs  ot  many  talents  and  virtues,  hut  rough, 
reckless  and  very  impeiieclly  educated.  He  'was  married 
betimes  10  Elliabelh  o(  Anjou,  who  had  been  brought  up  at  the 
Hungarian'  court.    The  marriage  wax  «  purely  political  one. 


LADISLAUS  V.^l,AP0  ENCLAVE 


.6p 

tbc  (triicr  put  dt  hu  [ci(n,  TjfliTl-ii«  obseqiUDuil)'  (oUawcd  tbe 
diitelion  ol  [he  rfeipolitan  eourl  in  foreign  uSain,  In  Hunewy 
iU«Jl  4  large  ptrty  was  in  favoui  of  Ihc  Ccrmaiu,  but  Lhc  civil 

did  QOC  ptcvent  LulialAiUj  at  the  head  of  20,000  Magyan  and 
Kumsoiani,  from  co-opcnliog  wUh  Rudolph  of  Hahihurg  in  \he 
peat  battle  oIDuiDkrBt  (Auguit  i6ih,  1138),  irhich  dslcoyed, 
oDce  foi  all,  the  cmpiie  of  the  Flemyslidai.  A  monib  bier 
*  papa]  legate  arrived  lb  Hungaiy  to  inquire  into  the  conduct 
of  the  ting,  who  WIS  acnised  by  bii  ntigbboun,  and  many.  o[ 
hli  own  subjects,  of  adopting  the  ways  of  bii  Kumanian  kinsfolk 
uh)  theieby  undermining  Christianity,  Ladblaus  wis  not  leally 
>  pagan,  or  he  would  not  have  devoted  bis  sliuc  of  the  spoil  of 
Durnkrtll  lo  tbc  building  of  the  Franciscan  church  at  Picssbutg, 
noi  would  he  have  venerated  as  be  did  bia  auot  St  tUrgaii^I. 
PoUlical  enmity  wo  hugely  icsponiible  (or  the  movement  against 
bim,  yet  the  tendt  of  a  very  careful  inveiiigation  (117^1)81) 
by  Fbilip,  bidiop  of  Fermo,  mon  than  justified  many  of  lbs 
acciuatiou  brought  against  Ladishut.  He  cUuly  pre/trTt4 
the  society  of  (be  Kmi-heatbea  KuciUDian*  to  that  of  the 
Chnstiajui  wore,  tad  made  bis  couit  weac,  Kumanian  diesii 
(umHioded  himself  iiilb  Kumanian  cencubuics,  and  neglected 
and  m-used  bis  ill-favoured  Ifeapoliun  consort.    He  wu  Siully 

he  routed  at  HodrntiO  (May  tiii)  with  fearful  loss;  but, 
previously  to  Ibis,  he  bad  arrested  the  legate,  whom  he  subse- 
quenlly  attempted  to  starve  into  submission,  and  his  conduct 
generally  was  regarded  as  so  unuLisfactory  thai,  after  repealed 
warnings,  the  Holy  S«e  resolved  lo  supersede  him  by  his  Angevin 
fcinsfolk,  whom  he  had  also  alienated, and  on  the  jih  of  August 
iiU  Pope  Nicholas  IV.  piodilmed  a  crusade  against  him.  For 
the  neit  two  yean  all  Hungary  was  convulsed  by  a  bonible  dvil 
*ai,  during  arhich  the  unhappy  young  king,  who  fought  for  his 
heritage  to  the  last  with  desperate  vJour.  was  driven  fiom  one 
end  of  hii  kingdom  lo  the  other  like  a  bunted  beast.  On  the 
ijtb  of  December  11S9  be  issued  amanifesla  to  the  lesser  (entry, 
a  large  portion  of  whom  sided  with  him,  ur^ng  them  to  continue 
fbe  struggle  against  tbe  magnates  and  their  foreign  supporters; 
but  on  the  lolh  of  July  rioo  he  was  murdered  in  his  camp 
*t  Korossaeg  by  Ihc  Kumanians,  who  never  forgave  him  for 
deserting  them. 

Sec  Karoly  5iab&,  Lojuloiu  Uu  Cnuaul  (Hung.),  (BudapeK, 
1BS6);  and  Acsidy,  ffiitoiy  d/  Kc  Hiuijarwii  Real^,.  2  Budapest. 
190JI.   The  latter  k  however,  too  lavouraWc  to  Ladi^u^ 

(R.  N.  D,) 

LUISLAUS  V.  (i446->4i7').  king  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia; 
Ibe  only  son  ol  Albert,  king  of  Hungaty,  and  Eliiabelh,  dajjgh  ter 
of  Ihc  emperor  Slgismund,  vat  bom  at  Komirom  on  the  imd 
of  Febtuary  1440,  lour  ihonths  after  hjs  talher'i  death,  and  was 
hence  called  Ladislaus  Postbumus.  The  estates  ot  Hungary 
had  abtidy  elected  Wladislaus  III.  ot  Poland  their  king,  but 
Ladialaus's  mother  caused  the  holy  crown  to  be  stolen  from  il) 
guardiani  il  Viscgrad,  and  compelled  the  primate  la  cronn  the 
infant  king  at  Sitkeafejtrvir  on  tbe  isth  of  May  1440;  where- 
upon, for  saFcty's  soke,  she  placed  the  child  beneath  Ihc  guardian- 
ship o(  hit  uncle  tbe  empcroi  Fiedeiick  III.  On  the  death  o( 
Wladislaui  IIL  (Nov.  lolh,  1444),  Ladiilaus  V.  was  elected 
king  by  the  ftun^arian  estates,  though  not  without  comidcrable 
Opposition,  and  a' deputation  wasscnt  to  Vienna  lo  induce  the 
emperor  to  surrender  tbe  chad  and  the  holy  crown;  but  il  was 
□01  till  1451  thai  Frederick  was  compelled  to  rcUnquish  both, 
the  child  was  then  traufened  to  the  pernicious  guardianship 
of  his  maternal  grandfaiEer  Ulrich  Cillel,  who  corrupted  him 
soni  and  body  and  inspired  him  irith  a  jealous  haired  of  the 
Hunyadfs.  On  ihe  iSlb  o(  October  1453  he  was  crowned  king 
of  Bohemia,  and  henceforth  spent  most  ot  Ms  thnc  at  Prague 
and  Vieniu.  He  remained  supinely  indilTereni  to  the  Turkish 
peril;'  at  the  insiigatlon  of  Cillei  did  his  best  to  hinder  tbe 
defeii^vi  preparations  of  the  great  Hunyadi,  alid  fled  Irom  the 
country  on  the  tidings  of  the  siege  ol  Belgrade.  On  the  death 
of  Hunyadi  he  made  Cillei  governor  ol  Hungary  at  the  diet  of 
Futlak  (October  1416),  and  when  that  tratior  paid  wllli  his  lile 


Ladislaui  procured  the  dccapiiaiion  of  young  Hunyadi  (ilkb  ol 
March  14SI],  after  a  mock  trial  which  raised  such  a  storm  in 
Hungary  thai  the  king  lied  to  Prague,  wbere  he  died  suddenly 
(Nov.  ijrd,  14S7),  while  making  picparationt  for  bis  marriage 
with  Magdalcoa,  daughter  of  Charles  VII.  ol  France.  He  1* 
ipposed  to  have  been  poisoned  by  his  political  (VponeoU  in 


■1  Kfit  LaJiilam  mt 


Bohem 

Sec  F,  t^bcky,  ZmrmerUr  ultr  itn  r .  ^  — 

VKtan  a.  SMiHit  (Prague,  l8jbl;  Iiuu  Acsidy.  i£ulgr;r  tf  Ot 
ifuKiarun  Suit  (Hung,},  vol,  i.  (Budapest.  1903). 

U  SmERIB,  HICOUS  BRICAIRE  DB  (c.  I730-i;oi}. 
French  man  oE  lettera,  was  bom  at  Ijoiolbe  (Haule-Matoc). 
While  still  young  be  removed  to  Paris,  where  tbe  mi  of  bit 
life  WIS  spent  ia  literary  acliviiy.  He  died  on  the  >6lh  ol 
November  ipgr.  His  numerous  works  include  Cpn/ci  pUlt; 
lefkl^as  d  meraai  (iifis),  L€t  Dtui  iffj  du  teOI  tl  ia  itait 
«ui»i.ilX/»'.(f»«iIoi<uXl'.(rj6o),aparallel  and  contrast, 
in  which  the  deriuon  is  pven  in  favour  ot  the  tatter;  VEsfscm 
Iil«roi«{i774)i  ifffprfe  VaUairt (tu9)a>i £''("'' V"il''t'i' 
t>7»0. 

UDO  EHCLAVB.  a  region  ci  the  upper  Nile  formerly  ad- 
ministered by  the  Cougo  Free  State,  but  since  T919  a  province 
of  the  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan.    It  has  an  area  ol  (iboul  l^.oss 


a  population 


lunded  S.E.  t 


nated  a(  iss/»o  and  ci 
Nilotic  Negroes.  The  entiavc  \t 
i.  by  the  north-west  shores  of  Albert  Nysrua— IS 
tar  soutn  as  the  port  ol  Mabagi— E.  by  the  western  bank  of  the 
Nile  (Dahr-el-Jebel)  to  ihe  point  where  the  river  is  intersettcd 
by  S*  30'  N.,  wliich  parallel  forms  its  northern  fronlier  from  tbe 
tine  westward  to  30  E.  This  meridian  forms  the  west  Irontier 
lo  4*  N.,  Ihe  fmntiei  thence  being  the  Nile-Congo  watershed  lb 
the  prant  nearest  to  Mabagi  and  from  that  point  diiecl  In  Albert 
Nyanza. 

Tbe  country  is  a  moderately  elevated  plateau  sloping  north-, 
ward  from  the  higher  ground  maikiog  Ihe  Congo-Nile  watershed. 
The  plains  art  mostly  covered  with  bush,  with  slreichn  at  forest 
fn  the  northeni  dutricts.  Traversing  tbe  plateau  are  two 
parallel  nHnintainous  chains  having  ■  general,  nanh  lo  looih 
direction.    One  chain,  tbe  Kuku  Mountains  (average  height 


Jo[l.),a[ 


le  Nile  a 


sevenl  apparently  isolated  peaks.  At  other  placn 
these  mvunlains  form  pncfpices  which  stretch  in  ■  continuous 
Ene  Bke  a  huge  wall,  From  Du£le  in  3'  34'  N.  to  below  the 
Beddcn  Rapids  in  4*  4D'N.thebed of  tVNileis  much  obstructed 
■nd  the  river  thnughout  Ibis  reach  J9  unnavigable  (we  Km:). 
Below  Ibe  Bedden  Rapids  rises  the  conieal  htU  of  Rejaf.  and 
north  of  ifaat  point  Ihe  Nile  valley  becomes  flat.  Ranges  of  blllj 
however,  are  visible  farther  westwards,  and  a  Utile  north  of  ;*  N. 
is  Jebel  l^do.  a  con^icueus  mountain  i  soo  tt.  high  and  some 
II  to.  distant  from  the  Nile.  It  has  given  its  nine  to  the  <Bstrict. 
being  the  Grit  hill  seen  fton  the  Nile  in  the  ascent  ot  some 
1000  m,  ftbm  Khartum.  On  the  liver  at  Sejaf,  at  Lado,  and  at 
Kim,  18  m.  N.  ot  Lado,  titgoveminent  stations  and  trading 
eatiblishmenls.  Tbe  western  chah  ot  hills  hu  kftler  peakt 
than  those  of  Knku,  Jebel  Loka  being  about  3000  ft.  high. 
This  western  chain  forms  a  tecondary  watershed  wpanling 
the  basin  of  the  Yei.  a  large  river,  some  400  m.  Id  lenlltb,  which 
itmadmost  duenorth  tojointlie  NUe,  fmm  the  alher  stream^ 
ot  Ihe  enclave,  which  have  an  enlerly  or  north-easieriy  direction 
and  join  the  Nlle,af[cr  comparaiively  short  courses. 

The  aortbem  put  of  ibedisldM  was  first  visited  by  European* 
in  rS4i-i!l49.  when  tbe  Nile  was  axtflded  bjt  an  eipediliaii 
despatched  by  Mehemet  Alt  to  the  foot  of  tbe  mphto  at  B*ddenj 
The  nejghbouring  posts  of  Condokoro,  on  the  east  bank  of  tb^ 
Nile,  and  Lado.  iooa  became  sUtioBS  of  the  Khaitum  ivory. 
tnd  slave  Iraden.  After  the  dtscoveiy  ol  Albert  Ny*BH  by 
Sir  Samuel  Baker  hi  rS64,  the  whole  country  was  overrun  bf 
Arabs,  Levantines.  Turks  and  others,  whose  ehlcf  occupation  wai| 
slave  raiding.  The  region  was  claimed  ai  pari  ol  the  Egyptian 
Sudan,  but  it  was  not  until  the  arrival  o(  Sil  Samuel  Baler  at 
GondiJLoro  in  1J70  u  governor  of  ihc  equatorial  provinces. 


IjADOGA— LADX  •  i 


thil  uif  <0active  MuUd  of  tbe  lUve  trtdcn  wu  itlanptcd. 
Baker  wu  succeeded  by  Gescnl  C.  G.  GordoD,  vto  olablisfan] 
a  sepAiAte  admuualntian  foi  xhc  Babr'd-GbazaL  In  iS; 
Eraia  Fatki  bcouw  ■ovcnoi  of  the  Sqiuloiul  rrgvince, 
Una  beiceioflh  canfiDcd  to  the  rccJon  uljoiujiig  tbc  nu 
Nile  ibovfi  (be  Sohal  ouiflucnce,  ajid.(he  regioa  loutb  of  L] 
Bihi-d-ChuaJ  pravince-  (The  vbole  of  the  Lado  Endai 
thus  foni:ed  pan  of  Ernin'a  old  pnivioceO  Emin  made  h 
headquancK  aa  Lado,  uheoce  he  was  diiven  in  iGg;  by  the 
Kahiau,  He  then  re  moved  to  Waddai,  a  station  farther  south, 
but  in  i8g(i  the  pasha,  to  whose  udH.  M.  Stanley  had  cooducLed 
tut  eipedilioD  fiom  ibe  Congo,  evacuated  ihe  couatiy  and  with 
Staoley  made  bis  way  to  the  east  coasl<  ^^luJe  the  MabdIsLs 
nmai^ed  in  possession  at  Reptf,  Gnat  Britain  In  virtue  of  her 
position  ia  Uganda  claimed  the  uppei  Nile  iq^on  as  within  Ihc 
Britiih  tpbeie;  k  claim  adjnitted  by  Gerniany  in  i$90.  In 
Febnuuy  1S94  the  union  Jack  was  hoisted  al  Wadelai,  while  in 
May  ol  the  ume  year  Great  Bntaui  granted  to  Leopold  JI.,  as 
loveteign  ol  Ibe  Googa  State,  a  lease  of  Laige  areas  lying  west  of 
Ihe  upper  Nile  inclusive  oI  (be  Bab[-cl-Ghaul  and  Fashoda. 
Pressed  bowevec  by  France,  Leopold  II.  agreed  lo  occupy  only 
that  pail  of  Ihe  leased  itcaeaat  of  30°  E.  and  south  of  J*  jo"  N., 
and  in  this  maonei  the  actual  limits  of  ibc  Lailo  Enclave,  as  it 
■IS  ibtteafier  ciUrd,  were  fiied.  Congo  State  forces  had 
penetrated  to  the  Nile  valley  as  early  as  1S91,  but  it  was  not 
UDlj'l  iSq;,  nben  OD  tbc  ifLh  of  February  Commaadani  Chattto 
inflicted  a  dccl^ve  defeat  on  the  MahdisLs  at  Rejaf,  that  their 
occupation  of  the  Lado  Enclave  was  assured.  Alter  the  wiih- 
diawsl  of  the  French  from  Fashoda,  Lcoptld  11.  revived  (1S99] 
hi&  claim  to  the  whole  of  the  area,  leased  lo  him  In  iSo4.  In 
this  claim  be  was  unsuccessful,  and  the  lease,  by  a  new  agreement 
Biide  with  Gceal  Britain  in  J906,  was  annulled  {see  Atwca,  {  s)- 
The  king  however  retained  the  enclave,  with  the  atlpulation 
that  sia  loonlhs  after  the  tervination  of  his  rciga  it  should  be 
handed  over  to  the  Anglo-fudajiese  govemineal  (sec  Treaty 
Sain.  No.  4,  '9o6). 

See  It  JTcvwrnoil  thcmplilqia  (BrumeW  Puiia,  and  espeeURy 
trtlcln  la  the  1910  liMin. 

UMMA  {foriKrly  tttVo),  a  Irte  ol  Bortbem  RoMla,  bMwcn 
5^  56*  and  At*  4<^  N.>  and  39*  53'  and  32*  50^  E.,  slirTOiiDded 
by  the  govemiDentt  of  Srl^enhnii  lad  Ohatt*,  and  ofVlborg 
in  Finland.  H  has  thefORDOf  i  qaadilliteni,  alangated  from 
N.W.  lo  S,E.  lU  eulatn  and  nitbem  ihOMs  m  flat  aad 
B*r^,  tbe  florth-westehi  craggy  and  bioged  by  ^aiimcww 
siniil!  TVcky  Islands,  the  laiBcn  of  which  are  Valuno  and  Koui^ 
Till,  regelhn  having  an  area  t>f  1 
in  ana,  thai  it,  thirty-one  times 
bat,  id  depth  being  ku,  it  contal 
water  aa  the  Swiss  laka.  Hie  (leaust  deptb,  730  fl.,  ia  in  > 
trough  ia  the  north-western  part,  ibe  avenge  depth  not  ticecding 
*Jo  to  35a  It.  Tit  level  of  Lake  Ladngt  Is  SS  tt-  above  the 
tMl  ol  rikbind,  but  It  risai  and  falls  about  7  fC,  aecordlBg  to 
ttno^hetic  Mnditlom,  a  pbeconeDcia  nty  dmilai  to  the 
uklmol  theL4tuof  Gen«v*  beiiM  otienid  in 


The  wnteni  and  cuton  duns  coo^  of  boulder  dar.  ai  well  aa  ■ 
aarmw  ■trip  on  tha  aoutbem  shorer  mth  nl  which  luai  a  ndet  of 
aift  cf  SiianU)  iiiiililima  The  UUa  of  the  Doitb-veatein  iLoce 
afford  a  variotT  of  psnllea  and  cryiUUine  slate*  of  the  Lauieatian 

tnlocinidtacribeaaonfaochalic  hypcnthecfte.  The  {rariiie  and 
niUe'of  SenUboI.  ud  the  saaduoBe  of  PHtllavo.  ara  much  laed 
(er  buihliB^  ai  St  nMnbocgt  (■■PPvand.imCrom  the  PitkUinta 

No^ver  than  ^evnicv  in-en  enter  Ladoga,  pourinc  into  it  the 
•tten  of  BDmbeilcas  smanet  takes  whUi  Ue  at  hliher  level*  •n^Mt  ft. 
The  Voikhav.  wlneh  cotmys  the  wanrt  of  Lab  Ilmea,  b 

Lake  OoeH  disehai —  ' ■      -^     -'-      -- 

•nMn  •naho  si 


lie  Lake  ot  GcDtva; 


y  Ihf.Svici  tod  ^  Saima 
Mnlnbult*  tb*  Vuonea  and 
■       '     a  lie  Bnalivlakea 


•le  imts;  tM  SyialiRngB  ihe  1 _  — 

narsbes  of  the  Valdai  ptauin.    Ladoga  dndontti' r — 

r  bv  mean  of  the  Neva,  which  Ban  [nm  hi  iwtb.«st«ii 
v_lats  the  Golf  of  Fndnd.^nUisf  down  in  bnd  chtud 
ind  cold:  In  May  the  lUifBee 


a!  Ladoga  Is  very  pure  and  c 
Aics  not  eaceedjo^  Fahr-,  and ' 


61 

only  so"  and  «*.  the  avei^je  yearly  tEmperalure  of  Ihe  air  at 
VabTKO  beiiw  jenT.  Tbebkr  beiiins  id  FreeielnOen>bei',fn(  11  a 
only  about  iHe  ead  of  i^ersntm  thai  it  ia  (men  in  hs-decper  t^arlsf 
aad  it  rmaitf  icebound  imti4  the  end  of  Maichr  ibouah  taoad  iefr 
Mdiemtinuclollaatin  the  piiddte  of  the  lake  until  bnikbn  up  by 
pies.  Onlyaumllpajtof  tbcLadoipiiceiadlschargedbylhe  Neva: 
but  it  ii  enoigli  to  produce  ia  the  middle  M  June  a  return  of  cold 
in  ih(  nonbeni  emnal.  TIb  ihickttm  o(  (he  irs  doe*  lat  eimd 
3  or  4  ft.i  but  dunng  the  alumatiiw  tf  caU  and  wwn  weaihu, 
with  strong  gales,  in  winter,  stacks  d  in.  70  and  So  it.  hiah.  an 
raisedDntheshmandoadieicE&eldh  The  wai-r  LTin  m^nuni.. 
rotalory  molron;  beiitg  earned  alr>ng  the  writer 


- >„ jNJE-windL ,,, 

lutb-weatcm  part,  wmelLmf*  3  to  5  ft.  Steamers  ply  regularly  in 
iro  direciiont  fmrn  §t  f^remburr-to  the  mOnasrerfn  of  Konnevite 
ih)  Wkinn.  md  to  the  nunih  of  the  Svir.  whence  they  go  up  that 
vtTtoLake  Oniga  and  F^mtavodalsiwHl  nnaU  vessels  tnnspun 
.':._  r .V v.,^  ^g^  ^  SchUwElbur*,  and 

»*hg' 


m  the  northeni  sh 


thence  to  Sr  Petenbatg.  Navigatton  on  the  lake  being  ran  iGhgei^ 
ouB  for  sma]!  oaf  I.  ankls  with  an  agfretate  tength  oTrof  nu  weiv 
dug  In  >;sg-i7)i.  and  oihera  Ii  ti6i'iM6  haviu  wiJin*v>tii 
Length  d(  101  m.  along  iU  ■oulbeen  ibore,  uniliag  with  the  Neva  M 
Schliisjelbuij  ih ■--  -'  ■■-  -■—  **-"-•—-  =- -■  '■^-  -■■ 

*S.._  ..--  . 

indSci 


in  i^J:  New  Ladc^ 


j'lbi  S"lbe  ri™Volkhov.  S^  indSnr'Sl 

, 'of  fJ'Si.''  ""  """ 

^r  prniUtiea't3s,oao)  on  the  itaones  oC  tbe  kke  is  1 

iawn»-&cUaas(lbBrg  ^S'H  inhabiKnta  in  >imi:  

[4144) :  Keiholm  (lujl  and  Scrdnbol— are  (null.   Themi 
ol  Valamo,  founded  in  »i,  nn  the  island  of  the  Bine  name,  and 
Konnevakiy,  on  Konneviu  Mnnd.  founded  hi  ijw.ateviiitedEvety 
yar  tif  many  tfaonsaiKb  of  pilgrinia.      (P.  A.K.;J.T.  B>.) 

LADT  (O.  Eng.  Uaffdlit,  Mid.  Eng.  Iif/di,  Oieli;  the  first  put 
of  the  wiiTd  Is  AUf,  loaf,  bread,  u  in  the  corrcipgnding  U^urd, 
lord;  the  second  part  is  viually  taken  to  be  from  IhC  root  dii-, 
to  knead,  seen  tko  in  "  dough  ";  the  tense  devck^meni  from 
brcad-kneadeTi  bread-maker,  (0  the  ordinary  meaning,  though 
not  dearly  to  be  traced  tutloriciBy,  may  be  iilustnled  by  that 
o(  "lord"),  a  term  of  which  the  main  ippb'catioas  are  two, 
(1)  as  the  corrditive  of  "  hird  "  (?.».)  in  certain  of  the  usages 
of  that  word,  (i)  as  the  correlative  o(  " gentleman  "  (i.t). 
The  pritnary  meaidng  of  mlsliBs  of  a  bonsebold  is,  tf  not  obsolele. 
In  ptcsent  usage  only  a  vulgatism.  The  special  use  of  the  word 
ks  a  title  tif  the  Virgin  Miry,  asuiDy  "  Oor  Lady, "  irprescnts 
Ihe  Lat.  Domna  Nai»a.  In  Lady  &iy  and  Lat^  Cbipel  the 
word  fa  properly  a  genitive,  representing  the  O.  Eng.  Ma/jdifini. 
Aantitleof  nobility  the  uset  of  "  lady  "  arc  mainly  paralleled  by 
{bose  of  "iord."  It  is  thus  a  less  fortnal  alternative  10  the  fiiU 
title  gtviDg  Ibe  spedEC  rank,  of  marcliloBesi,  tountess,  vl>- 
counlen  or  baroness,  whether  xi  the  title  of  tbe  busbtid^ 
■rank  by  right  or  courtesy,  or  aa  the  lady's  title  in  her  own  right. 
In  the  case  of  the  yonnger  soos  of  a  duk«  or  marquess,  wiia  bj 
courtesy  have  lord  pre^xd  to  Ibeii  Christian  and  fam0y  name, 
the  vHt  is  known  by  the  hnsbaiid's  Christian  and  family  came 
with  Lady  prelEied,  «.(.  Lady  John  B.;  the  daughters  of  dukes, 
marquesses  and  eails  are  by  conrtrsy  Ladia;  hat  that  title 
is  prefixed  to  the  Christian  and  family  name  of  the  lady,  e.g.  Lady 
Maiy  B,,  and  lUs  is  pjiietTed  if  the  lady  many  a  coDUDoner, 
e./.  Mr  and  Lady  Wary  C.  "tady*  b  also  tbe  msiotnaiy 
title  ol  the  wife  of  a  banmet  or  kn%ht^  the  proper  titJt,  now  • 
tally  used  in  legal  docuaieots  or  on  sepulchral  momintenia,  b 
"Tiame  "  (^.r.);  in  the  latter  cose  liie  usage  is  -to  prefii  Dame 
to  the  Christian  name  of  the  wife  followed  ^ihesumaoie  of  the 
husband,  thus  Dame  Evador  B.,  but  In  tbe  fanner,  J-ndy  with 
the  surname  of  the  husband  only.  Sir  A.  and  Lsdy  B.  During 
the  i;ih  and-i6th  ceDlnries  "  princesses  "or  datighler^  of  ibt 
Mood  royal  were  osnatly  known  by  their  Christln  nunes  with 
"the  Lady  "  pieSied,  e,g,  Ihc  Lady  Eliiabctlt 


LADYBANK— tAfiflUS 


WhDe  "  laid  "  hu  nUiitcd  iu  origiiul'ipiiUciliaii  w  &  ilUe 
of  natnUtj  c^  luk  without  cxlfliaiDii,  ui  *wmpl*  irtuch  hu  been 
lollawed  io  Spiniih  mge  by  "  4aa,"  ~  lady  "  hm  been  alended 
Id  meuiiD£  to  ba  the  feminine  comdative  of  ^  gentlemui " 
throughout  iU  itnit  develoftmeats,  and  in  tha  ii  panQcled  by 


if  kortain  sudd  potitioii 


Duma 

It  a  [he  geotnl  word  for  any  w 
(see  CemtleuaiO, 
,  LASTBABK,  a,  police  buigh  of  FJfeilire,  ScoUaud,  s)  m. 
S.W.  of  Cupar  by  the  Noith  British  lailway,  i  m.  faom  the  left 
bank  of  the  Eden.  Pi^.  (igoi)  1340.  Bc*ide*  haTing  •  stMion 
on  the  maio  Ibu  to  Dundee,  it  is  alio  amoected  with  Perth  and 
Kinrosa  and  ia  a  laHway  junction  of  aomc  importance  and 
poufaaM-a  locomotive  depot.  It  ia  an  induatrlai  centre,  liuetj 
veavifl^,  coal  mininc  and  malttag  being  the  prindpal  induslHca, 
Kirni,  a  village  1  m.  S-,  hai  prehistoric  barrows  and  a  fort. 
At  CouissiE,  li  m,  N.  by  W.,  a  atanding  (tone,  a  mound  and 
traces  of  ancteot  ompi  ciist.  while  una  and  coiu  have  been 
found.  BetwecD  the  pariiba  of  OiUeirie  and  Uonimail  tbc 
boundary  line  tahes  the  loriii  ot  s  ctocent  known  aa  the  Bow 
of  Hfc.  Uonhuil  contains  the  Mount,  the  isidence  of  Sir 
David  Ijndaay  the  poet  (i4po-iSS5).  lU  Miy  lite  i)  ww 
marked  by  ■  clump  ol  IKca.  Here,  too,  ii  the  D«ic  p31ar, 
100  ft.  high,  raised  to  the  mcnraiy  of  John  Hope,  ^tb  aA  of 
Hopetoun.  Uelvills  House,  the  seat  ol  the  eailt  o!  Lcvcn,  lies 
amidst  beautiful  woodi. 

-  UDTBSAHD,  a  town  of  the  Orange  Ftn  Sute,  8e  m.  E.  of 
BIoemlonleinbyrBfl.  Another  railway  connects  It  with  Nalal 
via  Harrismilh.  Pop.  (igoi)  3S61,  of  whom  ijj4  «e»  whites. 
The  town  is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  foot  of  a  flat-topped  hill 
(Che  Platben),  about  4  m.  W.  of  the  Caledoo  river,  which 
Kparatea  the  pnlyince  from  Basuloltad.  Ladybnnd  it  the 
centre  of  a  rich  arable  district,  has  a  luE=  wheat  market  and  is 
alio  a  health  resort,  the  climate,  owing  to  the  proximity  of  the 
Maluli  MountaiD),  being  bracing  even  during  the  summer 
months  (November-March).  Coal  and  petroleum  are  fgund  in 
iheneighbouihood.  Iliinamedafter  the  wifeofSir.J.H.  Brand, 
president  of  the  Orange  Free  Slate. 

LAOT-CBAFEI,  (he  chipel  dedicated  to  the  Btenad  Vir^ 
and  attached  to  cHuidus  of  large  tiu.  Ccaerally  the  chapel  was 
built  eastward  of  the  high  altai  ami  fonntd  a  prajectioD  froiti  tbc 
main  building,  as  id  Wmchoter,  Salisbury,  Eieter,  Wells,  St 
Albans,  Chichester,  Peterborough  sod  Nontlch  cathcdrab,— iu 
the  (wo  latter  cases  now  destroyed.  .  The  earUcat  Lady-cbapc) 
built  was  that  in  the  Saioa  cathedral  ol  Cajuerbury;  ihls  was 
(ransfered  iu  the  rebulidrng  by  Archbishop  Liufranc  to  the 
west  end  of  the  dsvc,  and  agaiu  shifted  in  14S0  to  the  chapel  on 
the  east  side  ol  the  notlh  tra^^tp^  The  Lady-chapcl  at  Ely 
cathedral  is  a  distina  buiUing  altacbed  to  tbe  aonh  transept; 
at  Rochester  the  Lady-chapel  is  west  of  the  gouih  ttansepi. 
Probably  the  largett  Lady-ch^id  was  that  btiHt  by  Henry  m. 
in  mo  at  Wolminster  Abbey,  which  wu  30  ft.  vide,  much  in 
eicesa  of  any  foreiea  example,  and  emnded  li»  the  end  of  the 
site  now  occupied  by  Henry  VTI.'s  chapcL  Among  other 
notable  English  eaamplea  of  Lady-chj^iela  are  those  at  Otteiy- 
Sl-Maiy,  Tbetford.  Bury  St  Edmund's,  Wimbome,  Christ- 
churcli,  Hauipsbire ;  in  Coinptan  Church,  Surrey,  and  Cnspton 
Uartio,  Socnerseishin,  and  Darccth,  Kent,  it  was  built  over  the 
chancel.  At  Croyland  Abbey  then  were  two  Lady-chapels. 
Lady-chapeU  enst  in  moat  of  the  French  cathedrals  and  churches, 
where  they  fonn  part  ol  the  chtvetj  in.  Belgiuin  they  were  nm 
introduced  before  the  i4tli  century;  !n  some  cases  tb^  arc 
of  the  lame  siie  ai  the  other  diapels  at  the  chevct,  but  in  otbcn, 
probably  rebuilt  tl  a  bier  poiod.  '  ' 
import^  features,  and  in  Italy 
usee  period  totiMituta  lomeaf 

UU>T  DA7,  originally  the  k"^^  for  all  the  days  in  the  church 
"'"'*«'  iimVinj  lay  ercat  in  the  Virgin  Mary's.  life,  W  now 
lealrictedto  theloutof  tlteAnnuncistioB.  hdd.on  the  issi  of 
March  in  each  year.  Lady  Day  wu  in  Dtedieval  and  lata  times 
the  beginning  of  tbe  legal  year  io  En^snd.  In  17J1  this  was 
altered  to  tbe  1*1  of  Jatniary,  but  tbe  T5lh  of  Manh  limuns  one 


of  the  Quarter  Day<;  though  in  some  parti  dd  lady  I>«y, 
on  the  6th  of  April,  la  ittU  the  date  foe  lenc  paying.  Stf 
ANHutJaanoN. 

UDTSMITH,  a  town  of  Natal,  r»g  m.  N,W.  of  Durban  by 
rail,  on  tbe  left  bank  of  the  KKp  tributary  of  the  Tngda.  Pop. 
(1Q04}  55AS,  of  whom  3960  weteVhites.  It  lics.iiS4  ft.  above 
the  sea  and  is  encircled  by  hills,  while  the  Drakmsberg  are  some 
30  m.  distaot  to  the  N.W.  Ladysmith  Is  the  trading  centre  of 
northern  Nsial,  and  is  the  chief  railway  junction  in  the  province, 
the  main  line  from  the  south  dividing  here.  One  line  crosses  Van 
~  ■  ■  ■    the  Orange  Free  Stale,  the  other  runs 


to  the 


There 


»rallwa 


Among  the  public  buHdingi  ai 
town  halL  The  church  contains  tablets  with  Ihc  names  of  j»o 
men  who  perished  Id  the  delence  and  relief  o(  the  town  fn  the 
South  African  War  (we  below),  while  the  dock  tower  of  the 
town  hall,  partially  destroyed  by  a  Boer  shell,  is  kept  in  ill 
damaged  condition. 

Lidysmilh,  founded  In  iS^r,  Is  named  after  loana.  Lady 
Smith,  wife  of  Sir  Harry  Smith,  then  governor  of  Cape  Colony, 
It  stands  neat  the  site  of  the  camp  ol  the  Dutch  farmers  who  in 
[848  assembled  Tor  tbe  purpose  of  trekking  across  the  Dtakcns- 
berg.  Here  tfiey  were  visited  by  Sir  Harry  Smith,  who  induced 
the  majorily  of  the  farme is  10  remain  in  NataL  Tlie  growth  ol 
the  town,  at  Gtst  slow,  increased  with  the  opening  of  the  railway 
from  Durban  In  rSS6  and  the  subsetpient  eilen^n  of  the  line 

in  the  first  and  mo^  critical  stage  of  the  South  African  Wai 
of  rS99-iQOI  (sec  TRA!i5VAAt)  Ladysmith  was  the  centre  of  the 
struggle.  During  the  British  concentration  on  the  town  there 
were  fought  the  actions  of  Talana  (or  Dundee)  on  the  10th, 
Elandslaagte  on  the  iist  and  Rieilontein  on  the  iiih  of  Octobei 
iSq;.  On  the  joth  of  October  the  British  sustained  a  serious 
defeat  in  Ibe  general  actioo  of  Lombard's  Kop  or  Farqutiar*! 
Farm,  and  Sir  George  White  decided  to  hold  the  town,  which  had 
been  fortified,  against  investment  and  siege  until  he  was  relieved 
directly  or  indirectly  by  Sir  Redvcrs  BuUer'i  advance.  The 
greater  portion  of  BuUs's  available  ti«ips  were  despatched  (o 
NatolinNovember,  with  a  view  to  the  direct  rdief  of  Lad ysDiEth. 
whidk  meanLime  thn  Boen  had  closely  invfsted.  His  firtt. attempt 
was  repcUed  (m  tbie  ijch  of  December  in  the  battle  ol  ColuBO, 
bis  second  on  tbe  14th  ef  January  iqdo  by  the  succes^ul  Boa 
oeDBtenlroke  agunal  Spian  Sop,  and  his  third  was  abandoned 
without  aerious  fighiisg  (Vaolknoi,  Feb.  s).  But  two  at 
three  days  after  Vsalkiana,  ahnosi  limultaneously   with  Lord 

ibeoQeDsivein  liie  biUito  the  east  of  ColensD,  which  he  gradually 
clearol  of  ibe enemy,  and  •Itbougb  be  waa  checked  after  reaching 
the  Tugela  below  COlenio  (Feb.  14)  he  was  finally  laocisfid 
in  canying  tbc  Boei  pMidoas  (Pktei'a  Hill)  on  the  17111  and 

nwrithi  (Nov.  i-Frix  a£)  bad  auSered  vcq'  sewely  from  want 
«f  Iosd,aid«o,aiaaccatdon  (Caeui'a  Camp,  Jan.  6, 1900)  had 
only  with  heavy  losiei  and  great  difficulty  repdled  a  powerful 
Boer  aatault.  Tbe  gaiiiioo  displayed  its  unbroken  icsdution 
on  the  last  day  of  the  investment  by  setting  on  foot  a  mnhile 
colDron,  esnq»>ed  of  all  men  who  were  not  too  enfediled  is 
march  out,  h  orderto  harass  the  Boerretrcal.  This  eipcditioB 
was  however  countermanded  by  Buller. 

lABUDIi  the  name  of  a  Konun  plebeian  family,  probaUy 
utilad  tX  Tibia  (Tivali).  The  chief  membea  wcr«>— 
.  Gaic)  I.iBTTtrs,  genenl  and  statesman,  waa  a  friend  ol  tbe 
eldef  Scipio,  whom  be  accnmpamcd  on  tdi  Spanish  campaip 
(iio-ao6  B.c.>.  In  Sdpio's  couulstiip  [wj),  Laeliui  went  ritfc 
him  to  SfcOy,  whenoa  he  donducied  an  eipeditlon  ta  Afiia. 
In  >oj  be  defeated'  the  Havaesyllu  prince  Sypbai,  mio, 
breaking  his  alljailix  with  Sdp^,  had  Jidnsd  the  CarthaginlBia, 
and  tl  Zama  (loi)  rtsidered  oatrideraUe  iwlDe  in  command  id 
tlKcanby^  In  rn^waapkbeiaoaedlkaadia  196  praetoral 
SicHy.  As  consul  in  iQo  he  was  emptied  in  ngaslali^  tbe 
tKeally  conquered  territory  In  Cisalpine  GauL  Platcnlia  and 
Cremona  were  rtpeopled,  and  a  new  mlooy  founded  at  Bonoola. 


tAENAS— tAETUS 


ii 


Hiiahit  heudof  in  i  to  u  ambuiukir  Co  Trasm^Hiic  GauL 
HiMi^  litdc  is  kj»im  oj  hit  penoiul  t'*^*''*^,  his  lUlnu^ 
wJUi  Scipio  i«  pmol  ttait  be  must  liave  b«D  >  man  of  Kmc 
btipanaacc.  ^ui  luliciu  (Piaata,  iv.  4jo)  dacribo  ktm  u 
4  niu  of  fRat  eodoMiiuoU,  M)  di>()ueDt  cmoi  and  a  bnvc 
«itdicr. 

S«  Indti  Id  Livy;  PolyhiB.  1.  J.  J,  JO,  li.  3>,  BV.  4.  8,  H.  9. 
II,  141  Appian.  fiiif.  IJ-ig:  Goto,  Plalittia,  11.  7. 

Hit  tan,  Caids  I-Atuns,  ii  kiun  chiefly  u  the  fricod  at  the 
foungcr  Sdpio,  ud  u  one  of  the  cpeiken  in  Gccio'i  A  itiucfiUi, 
&  smcilHi  (or  LadiHi)  ud  Z)i  RipM'ut.  He  wu  ninuMd 
5afi«j  ("  the  wse  "},  eilbei  FiBin  hii  stboiaiy  turn  «  becuiM, 
whea  Iiibune,  be  "  [uudeatly  "  villidrew  hit  propmul  (151  ax.) 
ba  the  relief  ol  the  lanneti  by  i^stiibuiiou  ol  kind,  wbes  be 
u*  thiLt  it  wu  liliely  to  bring  sboul  ditluituuica.  In  the  tUid 
Puaic  Wu  (14;]  be  uannpuicd  Scipio  lo  Aliici,  and  di»- 
linguiilied  himKlI  U  the  optan  of  the  Cothon,  tbe  militai; 
bartnui  erf  Cirthagt.  la  145  be  cuncd  on  epmUoas  with 
Dwdcnte  nieces  tgiitut  Vihalhu*  in  Spain;  in  140  he  vu 
dccted  consuL  Duiizig  the  Giuchan  period,  a*  a  miinrh 
BinKHter  of  Scipio  and  tlieulitocraty.I^etiiabecuBeobaonou* 
to  ihe  demooati.  He  una  asodaled  with  P.  Popilliui  Luu* 
b  ib<  praMculioDal  tboie  wbo  had  uf^sxXtA  Hbciiui  Cnccbui, 
and  in  131  oppowd  tbe  biU  broucht  forwaid  by  C.  Papiriui  Caibo 
to  Koder  lecil  Ihe  election  of  a  Iribuse  lo  a  accood  year  af  office. 
The  altempU  of  Lis  enemies  however,  [ailed  to  thalc  hji  re|nua< 
tjon.  He  ml  a  highly  accoinplisbed  man  and  bdooged  to  the 
totalled  "  Sdpionic  drde."  Kc  iiudied  pbitosopby  under  the 
Stdia  Diogenca  BabybniiB  aiul  Panutiut  of  Rhodcsi  he  »ai 
a  pocl,  and  tbe  plays  of  ToRDCe,  by  ru»a  of  tbiir  elegance  o[ 
ditlieo,  sen  lomelimes  atliibulnl  to  him.  With  Scipio  he  was 
DUJnly  ioitnunenta]  in  isliodudnf  tbe  iiudy  of  the  Creek 
language  and  liieratore  into  Rome.  He  was  a  gifted  orator, 
though  bis  tefiqed  elaqucnce  was  perhaps  Less  suited  to  the 
lonun  than  to  tbe  senate-  He  delivered  speeches  Dt  CaiUtnj 
(i4i)  a^init  the  propotal  o[  the  tribune  C.  Licinius  Ciauai  lo 
d^n  the  piiesUy  coUcgt*  of  Iheii  right  of  co-opiaiion  and  lo 
txaufai  the  power  of  election  le  tbe  people;  Pra  Publiauiu 
(139],  on  bebali  of  the  faimen  of  the  revcaue)  against  the 
{Kopoial  of  Cubo  noticed  above;  Prr  St,  %  tpetib  in  bis  own 
defence,  deliveied  in  answer  to  Caibo  and  Giaoliut;  luseral 
DEatiou,  tm^rf  them  two  on  his  friend  SdptA  Miidx  ipfom^ 
tion  is  given  cooccnutii  bio  in  Ckzio,  ■bo  compuet  bin  to 


S«  lndis  to  Ckcio;  Plutarch.  TA.  Crtudiui.  I 
FuiEo,  136;  Horace.  Sai.  ii.  i.  71;  Quintiliao,  Jruld. 
Sur^ni.    Via  Tanlii;  Tenncc,  Aidfki.  Pro].  IJ 


,  Appian 


Ibeni 

GiUBi  Ponum  LiiEius,  ouhuI  in  171  r.c.  He  was  itnt 
to  Greece  in  174  to  allay  the  gcDtral  disiSedion,  but  met  with 
Bttle  sneeeas.  He  took  part  in  the  war  against  Feneus,  king 
ol  Maccdoida  (Livy  ililf.  17,  11).  Wheu  Antiodm  Epiphancs. 
Hag  of  Syria,  invaded  Egypt,  Laenas  was  sent  to  arrest  bis 
progrcu.  Heeling  Um  near  Alexandria,  be  handed  tain  tbe 
dKtee  of  tbe  scBate,  demanding  tbe  evacnalion  rf  Egypt. 
Anttochus  baving  asked  time  for  ronsldentioa.  Laenas  drew  a 
drde  raond  him  with  bis  itaff,  and  told  hira  Ik  must  ^ve  an 
answer  before  he  alepped  out  ol  it.  Antiochoa  Iberenpoo 
tubtnitted  (Livy  ilv.  i»;  Polytaus  nit  ti;  Cicero,  Pkaippiia, 
*Hl.  8t  VeD.  Pat.  i.  10). 

Pdujui  Fomiira  Laekai,  son  of  tbe  pieeeding.  When 
connil  in  iji  B.C.  be  IncuTred  tbe  failred  of  the  democnu 
by  his  hanb  moidTCS  as  bead  of  a  qiecial  comminlon  appealed 

■  -■ Tlice«o)-nb*ifoiGracchu!i. 

>  bin  prabibhlng  all  sodi 
-     '     -c  with  Ihe  old 


In  I  >j  Gafut  Gncdiut  brought  ii 
eommlaloia,  aad  dedaicd  tbil,  b 
laws  o(  appeal,  a  nagis 
>Tkena>De)>)^bTi 
donl  doak  carried  byM 


retrospecuve 


witbmt  tbe  pao{4c's  aiienl.  aboold  b*  fully 
It  is  not  known  whether  tbe  bill  contained  a 

sentence  of  banishment  from  Italy  was  pronounced  against  him, 

him  wen  Canoelled.  and  he  wi*  recalled  <■»). 
See  Cicero.  Brtba.  i  j.  34.  and  Pe  itnv  ttia,  ji ;  VeS.  Pat.  B.  7? 


BDd  peaiaats  with  cattle.  Ftom  tl 
petaanal  deliTmity.  be  wax  nlcknained 
Italians.  On  bis  ntum  (o  Hdlsnd  iboot  1630,  be  lived  chiefly 
at  AoMtrdam  and  Haarlem,  in  wUch  latter  dty  be  died  in  1674 
or  1A7S.  His  pictures  are  marked  by  skUful  cofflpositioB  and 
good  drawing;  he  was  tspeciaUy  ca«ful  in  perspective.  His 
ctUaring,  aecoirling  to  Crowe,  is  "  generally  <rf  a  wann,  brownish 
tone,  utnetimes  very  dear,  but  of tener  heavy,  and  hli  eiecution 
broad  and  splrJEed."    Certain  etched  {dales  are  also  attributed 

LAESTRTOOIIB,  a  mythical  race  of  ^ants  and  cannibals. 
ActDttfing  lo  Ihe  Odyisty  (i,  80)  tbey  dwelt  in  the  farthest  north, 
whtie  tbe  nights  were  so  short  that  the  shepherd  who  was 
driving  out  hit  &Kk  met  another  driving  it  in.  Ttiis  feature  ol 
the  tale  coDtains  some  bint  of  tbe  long  nigbiless  surnmer  in  tbe 
Arctic  rei^DS.  which  perbaps  reached  the  Greeks  through  the 
merchants  wbo  fetched  amber  from  the  Baltic  coasu.  Odysseus 
in  bis  wanderings  anived  at  tiM  coast  inhabilsl  by  the  Laestiy- 
goncs,  and  csaped  with  only  one  ship,  tbe  rest  being  sunk  by 
the  i^nls  with  masses  of  rocL  Their  chief  diy  was  Telepjdus, 
founded  by  a  fonnet  king  Lamus.  Ibelr  ruin  at  that  time  being 
Aniqihatcs.  This  is  a  purely  fanciful  name,  but  Limus  takes 
us  Into  a  religious  world  wboi  we  can  trace  the  ori^  of  the 
legend,  and  observe  the  god  of  an  older  religion  becoming  the 
subject  of  fairy  tales  (tee  LtKu)  ia  a  later  period. 

The  later  Oraeki  placed  the  country  of  (he  Laestryaooet  In  Sicily. 
to  ihe  louih  of  Aetna,  near  Leonlini;  but  Horace  {Ola,  lii.  16,  34) 
and  other  Larin  aulbors  ipeak  of  them  as  living  in  KUIbem  Ltiium. 
near  Focnriae.  w^idi  was  Hippoeed  to  have  been  founded  by  l^mua. 

LUTDS,  JUUin  POMPOHim  IGiulio  Pomponio  Letol, 
(1415-1498),  Italian  humanist,  was  bom  at  Salerno.  He  studied 
at  Rome  under  taurenu'us  Valla,  whom  he  succeeded  (1457) 
as  professor  of  ebquence  in  tbe  Gymnasium  Roman  nm.  About 
this  time  he  founded  an  academy,  the  members  of  which  adopted 
Greek  and  Latin  nanus,  nut  on  the  Quirinal  to  discuss  dasical 
questions  and  cclebraicdtbe  birthday  of  Romulus.  Itsconstitu- 
lion  resembled  that  of  an  ancient  priestly  college,  and  Laetus 
was  styled  pontifeiioaiimus.  The  pope  (Paul  XL]  viewed  these 
proceedings  with  tuspcion,  as  savouring  of  paganism,  heresy 
and  republicanism.  In  146S  twenty  of  the  aademidans  were 
arrested  during  the  carnival;  L«tus,  who  bad  taken  refuge 
in  Venice,  was  sent  back  to  Rome,  imprisoned  and  put  to  tbe 
torture,  but  refused  to  [dead  guilty  lo  the  charges  of  infidelity 
and  immorality.  For  want  of  evidence,  he  was  acquitted 
and  allowed  to.iesunM  bit  profeiscsial  duties;  hut  it  was  loc- 
hiddcn  to  utter  Ibe  najue  of  the  academy  even  in  jesL  Siatus 
IV.  permitted  the  raumplion  of  its  meetings,  wUch  continued 
to  be  held  till  the  sack  ol  Rome  (ija;)  by  Consuble  Bourbon 
during  tbe  papacy  of  Ocment  VII.  Laetus  continued  Co  teach 
in  Rome  until  his  death  on  the  Qth  of  June  149S.  Asa  teacher,' 
Laetus,  who  has  been  oiled  tbe  first  head  of  a  philak>^cil 
school,  was  extraordinarily  succeasful;  in  his  ova  words,  Uke 
Socrates  and  Christ,  he  expected  lo  live  on  in  the  person  of  bis 
pupils,  amongst  whom  were  many  ol  the  tnotl  famous  scholan 
of  the  period.  His  works,  written  in  pure  ai^  simple  Latin, 
were  pubUihed  in  a  coliected  form  (Pfaa  Pnmpeiai  Ladi 
SErio,  ijii).     They  oanlain  treatises  on  the  Ronun  nagisttaui. 


6+ 


LAEVIUS— LA  FAYETTE,  <S.  M.  DE 


the  death  of  ik  yooBlet  GoidUs  to  Ibe  lime  of  Jmlla  UL 
Lietui  abo  vrole  comraeiitBrui  on  dautcal  •.ulbon,  tsd  pio- 
ntoted  tlw  pnbliclticiD  ol  the  editio  pi&icxps  o(  Viigil  >l  Rome 

See  nt  Li/i  cf  lila  by  SabdIinH  (StmitHij.  IJIO);  G.  Vap, 
Dit  WitdtrbiUbunt  itJ  kiauii€ktm  Atittikums.  u. :  F.  GECOoroviuL 
GacUiim  ia  Sail  ««•  w  UtiulaUn,  viL  (i«u}.  p.  stS,  for  >n 
uxount  ol  the  umdemy:  Suxlyi,  HiriPDi  s]  CUiiiul  Sflitlaitkit 
(1908),  iL  9a- 

UBVIUS  (7  c  80  >.c),  >  Litis  ^ecl  o(  Khstn  pnctictlly 
nothijis  u  ksowa-  The  earliest  refereoce  to  hizD  i%  pcrhapa  iit 
SuctcmiuB  [Dt  poMiiuiicii,  3),  though  it  u  not  certam  that  the 
Laevius  Miliuui  tJioe  referred  to  ii  the  aame  p«iaii.  Befinlte 
Rferencci  do  sat  occur  befoce  the  lod  cenluiy  (Fioato,  Ef.  ad 
U.  Cau.  L  3:  Aulua  Celliui,  tioU.  >lt.  ii.  94,  lU.  10,  nx.  9  i 
Apuleitu,  AaM/io,  ja;PoipliyrioD,  i^dHarof.  MTM.  iii.  i.  >)• 
SoDW  aiity  mbtdUneoua  liuca  an  pnaetved  (kc  BUirdi, 
Fratm.  fa/I.  rgm.  pp.  187-19J),  fiom  which  it  ii  difficult  lo  M« 
bov  audeat  critics  could  have  regarded  him  aa  Ihc  master  of 
Ovid  ot  Cuuliua.  Celhus  and  Auionius  state  that  be  compDKd 
an  Sittepinffiia,  aod  io  othei  souicis  be  is  credited  with  itimu, 
Ala^t,  Cnlaari,  BiUna,  Ins,  PnlaUotiiaima,  Sirimaina, 
PkeaU,  vhich  may,  bowevs-,  be  only  the  parts  of  the  Eittf- 
poegnia-  They  were  not  serious  pocmSj  but  light  and  often 
licentious  skits  on  the  beinc  mjths. 

See  O.  Ribbeck,  CuakicUi  itrimiscluii  DiOlMtf.  L;  H.  dc  [a 


(indcd.),  pcTLJi.  lis 

tr-l.lisn 

(t909).  Pf 


UEVULtHlC  ICtD  (^^cctopropionic  add),  CiHiOi  01 
CHiCO'CHi-CHrCOtH,  a  kctooic  add  prepared  from  lacvuloic, 
loulin,  starch,  &c.,  by  boIUofE  them  irith  dilute  bydnxhloric  01 
sulphuric  adds.  It  may  be  synthesized  by  coodensiiig  sodium 
acetoacetate  with  monochloracetic  eater,  the  acetoHccioic  ester 
produced  being  then  bydrolysed  with  dilute  hydiciddoric  add 
(M.  Conrad,  Ann.,  iS;;,  iSg,  p.  sti)- 
CHrCOCHNa    CH.-COCHCH,-CO,R 

I        ■•*  I  ->CHiCOCHiCHrC0iOH. 

COJl  COJl 

It  may  also  be  prepared  by  beating  the  anhydride  olY-mctbyloiy' 
glutaiic  add  with  coDcentrated  sulphuric  acid,  and  by  ondation 
Ol  melby!  beptenone  and  of  geianioL  It  crystaUiiei  in  plates, 
which  melt  at  3'S-JJ*  C.  and  boil  at  148-140°  ds  mm.)  (A. 
Michael.  Join.  prat.  Ciem.,  1891  U),  44,  p.  ii4).  It  is  readily 
lotuble  in  alcohol,  ether  and  water.  The  add,  when  distilled 
slowly,  11  dKompoHd  and  yields  a  and  0-angelica  lactones. 
When  heated  irith  hydriodic  add  and  phosphorus,  it  yields 
it-valerie  add;  and  with  iodine  and  caustic  soda  solution  it 
gives  iodoform,  even  in  the  cold.  With  hydrorylimine  it  yields 
an  o»iiiie,  which  by  the  action  of  concentrated  sulphuric  add 
narrangtj  itsdi  to  N-methyUaccinimide  [CH,CO!.Nca. 

U  PABO^  JOHK  (iSjs-igia),  Amtiican  artist,  was  tiom 
in  New  Votl,  on  the  31R  ot  Msrch  iSjj,  of  French  parmiage. 
He  received  instruction  in  dtaaring  from  b!s  gnndfither, 
BlniM  de  St  Victor,  a  paioter  of  miniatures;  studied  law  snd 
(Tchitfctore:  entered  the  atelier  of  Thomas  Couture  in  Paris, 
where  he  remained  a  short  time,  giving  espedal  attention  to  the 
itudy  and  copying  ol  old  masters  at  the  Louvre;  and  began 
by  making  niustntiaai  to  tbe  poets  (iSjg).  Ap  intimacy  with 
the  artist  WilUam  M.  Hunt  had  a  strong  influence  on  him, 
the  two  vorktng  together  at  Newport,  Rbode  Island.  La  Parge 
painted  landscape,  still  lile  and  figure  alike  in  the  eariy  siities. 
But  from  iBM  on  be  was  for  some  time  incapadtaied  (or  work, 
and  when  be  regained  strength  he  did  some  decoixtive  work 
tor  Trinity  church,  Boston,  in  187^,  and  turned  his  attention 
to  stained  glass,  becoming  president  of  the  Sodety  of  Mural 
Painters.  Some  ol  his  important  commisjions  include  windows 
for  St  Thomas's  church  (1877),  St  Peter^  chufcb,  the  Paulist 
church,  the  Brick  church  (iSSi),  the  churcbesot  the  Incarnation 

^Sj)  and  the  Asccnaon  (1887),  New  Vocki   Trinily  chuich. 


Buffalo,  and  the  "  Battle  Wbdow "  In  Mein«Tial  lUB  u 
Harvard;  ceilings  and  window*  for  tbe  bouse  ol  Cornelius 
Vaaderbilt,  windows  for  the  houseaof  W.  H.  Vanderbilt 
and  D.  O.  Mills,  and  panels  for  the  bouse  of  Whiielaw  Rnd, 
New  York;  panels  for  the  Congressional  Library,  Washington; 
Bowdoin  CoUcge,  the  Capitol  at  St  Paul,  Minn.,  besides  designs 
for  many  (tained  glass  windowi.    He  was  also  a  prolIBe  painter 

ciJonr  sketches,  tbe  result  ol  a  voyage  in  the  Sooth  Seas,  shown 
iniS95,  HisbifluenceonAmericanartwsspowerfuIlyeithiblted 
in  loch  men  as  Augustus  St  Gaudens, Wilton  Loclwood,  Fiands 
Lalhrop  and  John  Humphreys  Johnston.  He  became  president 
of  the  Society  of  ArnericAn  Artists,  a  member  Oi  the  National 
Academy  of  Design  in  1869;  an  officer  ol  the  Legion  of  Honour 
o!  France;' and  tecdvcd  many  medals  and  decorationa.  H* 
published  CmukralioKi  en  PeiHlHii  (New  YoA,  iBgs), 
ffoWnri:  A  Teli  ahm/  BakHni  (New  York,  tS*?),  aiMl  A» 
ArHifi  ItOerifrtm  Japai  (New  York,  1891). 

See  Cedfa  Waera,  Jatu  La  Fartl.  Artia  and  Writer  [London,  1S96, 
No.  It  of  riH  Pergtiia). 

lA  PARIIIA,  OlUnm  (iSi5~iBe3l,  Italian  intbot  and 
pi^tician,  WIS  bom  at  Mesalna.  On  account  ofthe  part  be  tod 
in  the  insurrection  ol  rS]7  he  had  to  leave  Sicily,  but  returning 
In  1839  he  conducted  various  newspapers  of  liberal  tendencies, 
unt3  his  eflotts  were  completely  iDterdicted,  when  he  removed 
to  Florence.  In  1840  he  had  published  ire»ii>s«dini«i  iwiw- 
mnti,  and  after  lua  removal  to  Florence  be  brongbt  out  La 
Germama  coi  nmi  ■umimeiUf  (1S41),  L'  Italia  coi  nun  swiot- 
mnli  (1S41),  La  Sriaera  Utriia  ad  arlislita  (1841-1843), 
LaCkina,  4  vols.  (1841-1^7).  and  Sloria  iT  llaiia.  f  vols. 
(1846-1854).  In  1S47  he  eslabtisbed  at  Florence  a  demooatie 
journal,  VAIbf,  in  Ibe  Interests  of  ttaliin  freedom  and  unity, 
but  DO  the  otilbreak  of  the  revolurion  in  Sidly  In  1848  be  retamed 
tbitber  and  was  elected  deputy  and  member  ol  tbe  committe* 
of  war.  In  August  of  that  year  he  was  appointed  minister  of 
public  instruction  and  later  of  war  and  mtrine.  After  vigoronilr 
conducting  a  campaign  against  tbk  Bourbon  troops,  be  was 
forced  into  erile,  and  repaired  lo  France  in  1849.  IniSjohe 
published  his  SItria  imumaaala  idia  Ritoltaiine  SiciU^ia 
iti  st4S-iS4S,  and  in  iS5t-iBsi  bis  Sl^ia  f  Italia  dol  ISij 
al  1S4S.  in  6  v(ds.  He  relumed  to  Italy  in  1854  and  settled  M 
Turin,  and  in  1856  be  founded  Ihe  Piaole  Cerrittt  d!  IbJIg,  aik 
organ  wfaldi  had  great  Influence  in  propagating  the  political 
sentiments  of  the  Sodell  Nadonale  Italiina,  of  which  be  ulti- 
mately was  chosen  president.  With  Diniele  Manin  ((.».)  1  one 
of  Ibe  founders  ol  that  sodety,  he  advocated  the  unity  ot  Italy 


i  bcfon 


one  time  be  had  daily  inlerviewl,  and  orgaaiied  tli 
oi  volunteers  from  all  pansof  Italy  Into  the  Picdmontese army. 
He  also  negotiated  an  interview  between  Cavour  and  Garibaldi, 
with  the  result  tbat  tbe  latter  was  appointed  commaisder  of 
the  Cacciaiori  delle  Alpi  in  the  war  of  1S39.  Latti  be  supported 
Garibaldi's  eipedition  to  Sidly,  where  be  himself  wcdI  aoon 
after  tbe  occupation  of  Palernw,  but  be  tailed  to  bring  about 
the  immediate  anneiationol  tbe  island  to  fiedmont  as  Cavour 
wished.  In  1860  be  was  chosen  a  member  ol  tbe  first  Italian 
patUament  and  waa  subsequently  made  cauncilkM-  of  atale. 
Ucdiedan  the  Jib  ol  September  1863. 

See  A.  FnnchL  EpulotoHo  ii  Oiwuppe  La  Fanaa  (1  vdi.,  1M9) 
and  L.  CariM,  II  Siwrtimtnlt  Ilatiant,  voL  i.  [MUin.  1884). 

LA  PATBTTE;  OILBBRt  MOTIER  DE  (i38o-i4»i),  manhal 
ol  France,  was  brought  up  at  the  court  of  Louis  IL,  3rd  duke 
of  Bourbon.  He  served  under  Maiabal  Boudcaut  in  Italy,  and 
o>  his  return  to  France  after  tbe  evacuation  ol  Genoa  in  1409 
became  senctcbal  ol  the  Bourbonnaia.  In  iJk  English  wan  he 
was  wiih  John  L,  4ih  duke  of  Bourbon,  at  the  capture  el  Soubise 
in  1413,  and  of  Compile  in  1413.  Tbe  duke  then  made  him 
Ecu  tenon  I'gcncral  In  Languedoc  and  Guanne.  He  failed  la 
defend  Caen  and  Falaise  in  the  interest  ol  (be  dauphin  (after- 
wards Charles  VII.)  agwnst  Heuy  V.  in  1417  and  1418,  btil  in 
(be  laller  yor  be  heU  Lyoosfor  some  time  againstjean  aani 
Peur,  duke  of  Burgundy.    A  sniei  ot  lUBceaeS  orei  (he  Engtiib 


LA  FAYETTE,  LOUISE  DE— LA  FAYETTE,  MARQUIS  DE    65 


■id  BsTiundiMK  on  itic  Loir  mi  ifmkJ  n  uto  with  tk 
gdVFramnit  of  Dtuphiny  and  Ihc  office  o(  inanhd  of  Fante. 
L»  F«yeit*  rammwidnt  ik  Fruco4colttih  tniafE  at  tbe  bntilc 
of  BiiwC  (i4ii>,  UnBgh  h<  did  nu,  ububcoi  KinaiiiKiitMnl. 
(Ur  TboDiu,  ihikB  of  CkniKz,  wiLh  kfa  •n  Inod.  In  1414 
be  wat  UkcB  priMHKT  by  Ihe  Ei«l^  at  Vcncoil,  bui  was 
nlciKd  shortly  iltcnnrdi,  lul  f<>u|lu  nitli  Joan  ol  Arc  U 
Oilcani  and  Palar  in  i4i«.  The  manha]  bail  become  a  Bcmbn- 
d(  the  mnd  council  of  Cbaila  VU.,  and  vilh  the  emplion  ot  a 
than  dispace  aboui  mjo.  doe  to  Ibe  ill-wjU  oi  Georges  de  la 
TrfmouiUe,  he  ntainid  Ibe  loyal  lavour  all  hit  Kle.  He  look 
an  active  pan  in  ibe  umy  Rrttna  bitialed  by  Charles  VIL,  aiul 
thccttiblibbmentot  military  poaLsfor  the  aupprcHuonai  bniftnd- 
ugc-  Hii  test  campaign  qrai  agninst  the  Ene^ish  im  Nanrnndy^ 
u  I4M.  He  died  on  the  ijid  of  Febniacy  i^bt.  Hit  line  wu 
continiKd  by  Gilbert  IV.  da  U  Fayette,,  sin  OI  fall  icconl 

LA  FATCrrS.  LOmSS  DE  (c.  i6i6-i66t],  ma  one  at  tbc 
lOUTlcen  childii'n  ol  John,  cointi:  de  La  Fayetlc.  and  hiirgugiiK 
de  Bourbon- Buuet.  Lotuie  became  maid  of  honour  to  Anne  td 
AoUrb,  and  Richelieii  lought  10  alliacl  Ibe  atlEntion  d  LouiE 
XII L  to  her  in  the  hope  Ikat  die  might  counlcrlstiiHX  ibb 
inlliicncc  cucrcixd  over  htm  by  Marie  de  llanleforl.  The  aJTiir 
did  rni  lUm  o«l  as  the  minister  wished.  The  liiae  did  indcnl 
make  htt  the  confidante  of  his  aflain  and  ol  bis  rpvoiaiml 
acainM  the  cardinal,  but  she.  far  from  tepealiris  his  conHilnHa 

lion.  She  refused,  BcvrrlhvlcsB,  to  bceome 
i  after  taking  Ian  ol  Ihe  kin^  in  Anne  ol 
ilited  10  Ihc  convnt  of  ihc  Fill»  de  Sainkc- 
■c  att  rras  rfipcaiedly  vi&ited  by  LouiSh  with 
whom  she  aiaiiii:iincd  a  earmpendence.  Richelieu  micrccpiL-d 
Ihc  leturs,  awl  by  amieioiM  anU  lalsihcalions  silcoecdid  in 
dalroying  tbcir  muluij  confidence  Hr  ccisalion  ol  Iheir 
inisawse  was  irgtcttcii  by  the  queen,  who  had  been  rtconcUnl 
irilh  hti  faushand  Ibroagb  the  inftucncc  al  Leufee.  At  the  time 
of  her  death  in  Jmuary  lAdj  kllle  dt  La  F. 


Maiitu 


tollw 


ic  bod  founded  al 
It:  Vkmr  Cno! 


.,_. AnciU  Ji  U  fa^Ut 

(Fa^.  i»9j). 

LA  FATKITB.  HARIB  JOSBFH  PAUL  WES  ROCH  OILBBHT 
DD  HOTUil,  MaaQuls  de  (1757-18^).  <ru  bom  at  the  cUleaa 
of  CbavaniacinAuvcisne.  Fiance, on  the  6<h  of  September  rTST- 
HiSfalher'Tas  killed  al  Mindcn  iniisq.ond  his  mother  and  his 
pandtatlirr  died  in  1770,  and  thtisM  the  age  of  Ihirleen  ho  vac 


icAdiie 


roflhadi 


.  .80J),  dau^ler 
kNoailli's.   ' 


c  kingdom, 
dns  10  tolloir  tbe  taatt  ol  his  father,  and  cnleccd  lis  Guafdi. 
'    La  FaycIIe  no  nineleen  and  a  captain  of  drajgnona  when  Ibe 
EagUA  colooin  Id  America  prodiimed  thcii 
"  At  [be  trst  news  of  this  quarrel,"  he  afleiwB 
memain,  "  my  hart  was  enrollsd  in  it,"    The  t 
vboiB  he  CDiBtdttd,  discauraged  his  aeal  (oi  the 
'Findtag  his  puipoae  unchangeable,  however,  he  ivnented  iht 

in  Anwika,  and  thruu^  Silas  Ueaoe.  Amcriaan  agent  in  Paris 
an  anangunent  »u  concluded,  on  the  7th  ol  Ducmber  1776 
by  wBicb  L«  Fajtlli  was  10  enlae  t  he  Amerfcan  Bctvicc  as  majot 
gchenil.  A(  (Us  mameat  the  news  anbed  ol 
the  Apicrfeaa  arms.  Id  Faytii^s  friends  >gB 
■baiidon  fail'  pDrpDse.  Even  the  Atnofcan 
and  AHbuT  Lee,  who  had  mpeiseded  Dcane,  withheld  further 
(ncounEemeBI  and  ibe  king  hlnstll  forbade  his  leaving.  . 
tbe  batanee  ol  the  Bitilth  ambassador  al  VcnalUes  ordcn  vc 
iMued  lo  lein  Ihc  ship  La  Fayette  was  fitting  out  si  Bordcai 
mud  La  Fayetlc  htoiKll  waa  ancalid.  Bol  the  ship  was  sc 
'  Thf  r.mily  ol  La  F^ywte,  10  llie  cadM  branch  of  wliTch  he  I 
feeUcvdl^Ibc  ijtb  century  to  the  Moticr  laauly. 


La  Fay. 

'  independencE 
Hint  de  Broglic 


fnm  Bordeatu.  to  >  oeighboutiog  port  in  Spain,  La  Fayetlc 
escaped  fnim  onstody  iit  disguise,  and  before  a  skoihI  liUrt 
'  caditl  could  teach  faim  be  was  aftial  with  eleven  choacn 
iHpudens.  Though  two  Brilsh  cndscts  had  been  (cat  in 
lisuit  ol  him,  he  landed  safely  near  Gcsgetawn,  S.C.  aflor 
tedious  voyage  of  nearly  two  months,  and  hulened  to  Phila- 
Hpbia,  then  the  seat  of  gowDnuait  of  the  ookiEiies. 
When  Ibis  lad  of.ninetean.  with  Iha  oonmand  of  only  whit 
htle  £n^ish  be  had  been  able  10  pick  ep  oa  hi?  voyage,  pro- 
seiued  himself  is  Congroa  adih  Deant's  auihotiiy  lo  dtmaNd  a 

his  nceptioD  .was  a  little  chilly.  Duine's  comracis  wen  so 
■umeifim,  and  for  ollictrsaf  suck  high  rank,  that  it  was  impossible 
lor  CongreE  to  raiily  them  withont  injuELlce  to  AmerklBS  wha 
had  becomo  cntiiled  by  their  service  to  promotion.  La  FaycMe 
appreciated  the  siluation  as  soon  as  it  was  explained  10  him, 
and  inunediatdy  exprcBcd  his  desire  (o  serve  in  the  AmctkaA 
army  upon  two  cogdiLions — that  he  should  revive  no  pay, and 
that  he  should  act  as  a  vohnlaor.  These  It-rms  were  so  dilTereiit 
from  those  midt  by  olhcr  faTBgnets,  they  h;id  bven  allcnded 
with  such  substantial  socrifins,  and  ifaey  pcomiscd  such  import- 
ant iadim:!  advantages,  Ihar  Congress  passed  a  rrsoluifon,  on 
Ihe  jisl  at  July  i;i7,- thai  his  services  be  actepLed,  and  that, 
in  cun^deiation  ol  his  zeal,  lllustiious  family  and  connciionl, 
he  have  the  rark  and  commisdon  of  iiuijor.gciieral  ol  the  United 
Slate*."  Nul  day  La  Fayette  met  Washington,  whose  lifelong 
friend  be  became.  Congicss  intended  hltappolmmcni  aspurciy 
honorary,  and  Ihe  question  of  giving  him  n  fammand  was  Ich 
enllrcly  id  Washington's  iliicrct ins.   Hiafirsl  ball k  was  Brandy- 

CDuragl  and  aclh^ity  and  received  a  vounJ.    Shoflly  sf  lerwanfc 
he  stcuicd  wliai  he  most  detlted,  the  command  of  a  dlvl»an — 
Ihe  ImmedblL-  nsuit  of  a  conmunicaiion  from  Washington  to 
Congress  ol  November  1,  17J7,  In  which  he  said;— 
"  The  moniuis  de  La  FayCIIc  kcilKmely.iDbciliiif  of  havuif  a 

hi»  llluslrfnus  ami  Important  ^aeirfms,  the  ailachnKnt  vhidi  ly 
has  manifested  for  our  cause, and  the  eon»qifenres  which  hisfetum 
in  dbguL  michi  prubicc,  thn  it  wiU  be  atviiiiUe  uiraiily  his 
wiihes,  and  I^  marc  so  as  several  genlleiwon  fnm  France  wba 
. .  _., J  haMc  (one  back  disappoinicd  in 

"i^  himsHI  tTimwe  .IM 


eiprcUtions.    Hli  cundurt 
iialrtc  paint  a)  view— havini 


01  La  Faycllc's 
Is  not  much  to  be  said.  Though  the  commander  of  ■  division, 
he  never  had  many  troops  in  his  charge,  and  whatever  mill lary 
talewts  he  possessed  were  ndi  ot  the  kind  which  appeared  10 
conspicuous  advantage  on  Ibe  IheaIre  to  which  his  weallh  and 
lamily  inSuence  raihei  than  his  soldierly  gills  had  called  hlnr. 
In  the  Gist  months  ot  1778  he  commanded  troops  detailed 
for  the  projecled  upcdition  against  Cnosdt.  Hit  retieal  fiom 
Birren  Hill  (May  it,  ij;8)  was  tommended  ss  maWeHy,  and 
he  fought  at  tbe  battle  of  Menintniih  (June  it,)  and  received 
Irom  Congress  a  fonnal  lerognitiDn  of  his  strvim  la  Ihe  R^odc 
Island  eipediiion  (Augast   1)78!. 

The  inatiss  of  eommcicc  and  dcfendve  aSiance,  signed  by  Ihe 
inaurgentaandFranccon  the  6th  of  February  i778,iMtdpTOMpll7 
followed  by  a  deClantion  of  war  by  England  apltui  the  latter, 
and  La  FaydIC  asked  leave  to  tevltit  France  and  to  flDBSuH  hli 
king  at  to  the  fuilher  direction  of  his  setviccs.  This  leave  wal 
readily  gisnsed;  il  was  not  dtlScult  tor  Washingion  to  lepbce 
the  tnajor-gcAeral.  but  it  was  hnposslble  10  find  another  equally 
eompelBnl,  ftifloenliaJ  and  devoted  champion  ot  the  Ameiican 
cause  near  the  court  ol  Louis  XVL  1Ntaci,heweot  onamhsioA 
lather  than  a  vltil.  Htembafked  an  the  iithaf  Janaary  1779, 
was  received  wlih  enlhiHlun,  and  was  made  a  eiilDncI  In  the 
Ficnch  eavalty.  On  the  41h  ol  March  following  FiankJin  wrote 
10  Ihe  president  ol  Congnss:  "The  msfquis  de  la  Fayette.  : . 
Is  ioJioUrly  euecRRd  and  Moved  here,  and  I  >M  peiwaded  will 


66 

do  everythiii( 


LA  FAYETTE,  MARQUIS  DE 


D  ini 


."  He  1 


Li  Fa>tILq  wu  abicDt  fniln  Americi 
hii  return  mis  the  occaiion  oF  a  compUmcaUj 
Congress.  Fmnl  Aim]  uolil  October  1781  he  wj 
the  dclincc  ol  Virginia,  in  which  Wiuhingion 
credit  o[  domg  all  thai  was  poniblc  with  the  forcei 
and  he  showed  his  xcaL  by  borrowing  id 


Ic  Dl  Yorklown, 

part,  was  the  lail  ol  the  wu,  and  lenntuted  his  militiuy  career 
in  the  United  Slates.  He  iinniediuel)'  oblaiotd  leave  to  Rlum 
to  Francc.wbere  il  was  supposed  he  might  be  useful  in  ncgotiatioiH 
lor  a  general  peace.    He  wu  also  occupied  in  the  preparalioDB 

the  British  West  India  Islands,  of  which  he  had  been  appoinlcd 
ctuef  oS  slaK,  and  a.ionnidaUe  Beet  asKmblcd  at  Cadii,  hul 
the  anniuiix  signed  oo  the  lolh  of  January  17X3  between  the 
belligerents  put  a  stop,  to  the  expedition.  He  had  been  pro- 
moted (1781)  to  the  tank  of  marMai  it  canif  (major-general} 
in  the  French  arniy,  and  he  received  (vciy  token  oi  regard 
Irani  his  sovereign  aod  bit  countrymen.  He  visited  the  United 
Sl*<«  again  in  17S4,  and  renutined  wme  five  nwatbt  at  tkc 
guesloftbcnation, 

La  Fiyctie  did  not  appoai  again  promiDcnlly  in  public  lilc 
until  1787,  though  he  did  good  service  to  the  French  Protestants, 
and  btcatne  actively  iDiertstcd  in  plans  to  abolish  slavery.  In 
■787  be  took  his  seat  in  the  Atu^mbly  ol  Noubles.  He 
demanded,  and  be  alone  signed  the  dcfliand,  tbat  the  king 
convoke  the  fltates^gencral,  thus  beconing  a  leader  in  the 
French  ReKdutlon.  He  showed  Liberal  tendencies  both  in 
tbat  aiserably  and  alter  its  dispersal,  aod  in  178S  was  de- 
prived, in  consequence,  ol  hii  active  command.  In  1784  La 
Fayette  was  elected  to  the  slates-general,  and  look  a  prominent 
part  in  its  pnceedings.  He  ms  chostn  vin-pretidcni  a(  the 
National  Anembly,  and  on  the  itlh  of  July  1789  piescntcd  1 
declaration  ol  rights;  modelled  00  Jefferson's  CcdaratiDn  of 
Independence  in  1776.  On  the  ijtb  of  July,  the  Kcond  day  ol 
(he  new  t*gime,  La  Fayette  was  chosen  by  acclamaliDn  oolonet- 
gtneral  of  the  new  National  Cuird  ol  Paris.  He  abo  pioposcd 
the  combination  el  the  colours  of  Paris,  red  and  blue,  ^d  the 

O^y  t7).  For  the  SKcecding  Ihree  years,  until  the  end  of  the 
constitutional  monarchy  in  1792.  his  history  is  largely  the  biatoiy 
Ol  France.  His  life  was  beset  with  very  great  responsibility 
and  perils,  for  be  was  ever  the  minister  ol  butnanity  and  order 
among  a  Irenaied  people  who  had  come  to  regard  order  and 
humanlly  aa  phases  of  treaion.  Ho  tesclwd  the  queen  from  the 
handsel  the  popiiUce  on  tbe  jth  and  Aih  of  October  ijEg, 
saved  many  biinblet  viciims  who  hod  b«n  condemned  to  death, 
aad  htt  lislied  bis  life  in  many  uBluccesslul  attempt!  to  rescue 
othtis.  Befsfc  this,  disgusted  citk  enaiBiities  sihieh  he  was 
powetkess  to  prevent,  he  had  resigned  his  conuBissioB;  but  so 
impossihle  was  it  to  lepUee  bioi  that  be  was  induced  <to  resume 
il.  In  the  Const  litieat  Assembly  be  pleaded  for  the  abolition  of 
ubltruy  imprisDnnieflt.  for  ccUgtous  talcmDOg.  for  popular 
npiaeatalion,  [or  the  establish  meat  ol  uial  by  juiy,  lor  the 
gradual  emancipation  ol  slaves,  for  the  ftretiom  ol  tbe  press, 
hw  ibe  nbolitio«  «(  .tillea  ol  nobility,  and  the  suppression  of 
IKivikged  orders.  In  Fcbruuy  I7«D  he  nlustd  the  supreme 
command  ol  the  National  Guard  of  the  kingdom.  In  May  he 
founded  the  "  Society  id  i;84  "  whidi  afterwards  bctninc  the 
_    ...         -^  ■ ,    He  took  ■  pramiDCDt  part  in  ibe  cdebiation 


•f  July  1. 

Bastille. 


■J  suppressing  ai 


n  April  i;«i  he  again 
_  compelled  10  retain  it. 
He  wu  (he  irimi!  of  liberty  as  veil  as  o(  order,  and  when  Louis 
XVI.  fled  to  Vaicnnet  he  issued  orders  to  stop  him.  Shortly 
slicrwards  he  was  made  lieutenant-general  in  the  nmy.  He 
canamaDckd  tbe  troops  in  tbe  suppmalon  ol  another  twKnU. 
on  the  occaiioa  ol  the  prodanution  ol  the  constitution 
{SeiXamber  iS,  ngi),  alUr  which,  feelinc  thai  his  Isik 
''  doiM.  be  retired  into  private  life.    This  did  not  prevent 


Ins  ftieods  from  )HT>posiif  him  foi  tbe  nuyonlty  »(  Pirii  Cb 

oppoution  to  Potion. 

When,  in  December  i7Qr,  three  armln  swn  (omed  on  the 
western  Irontier  to  attadt  Austria,  La  Fayette  was  pitced  b 
command  of  one  o<  them.  Dut  events  moved  faster  than  Li 
Fayette's  moderate  and  humane  repuhlicsnifn,  and  seeing  that 
the  lives  ol  the  king  and  queen  were  each  day  More  aod  more 
in  danger,  be  definitely  opposed  himscll  tn  the  further  advance 
of  the  Jaa>bin  party,  intending  eventually  to  use  his  army  for 
the  rostorBlian  of  s  limited  monarchy.  On  the  i^lh  of  August 
1793  the  Assembly  declared  him  a  traitor.  He  Mas  tompellnl 
to  lake  refuge  in  the  neutml  territory  of  Ll^ge,  vhetice  as  one 
ofjlie  prime  movers  in  the  Kevohjtian  he  was  taken  and  held 
as  a  pnaonec  ol  state  lot  five  years,  first  la  Prussian  and 
aftctwardi  in  AuUiiin  prisons.  In  spke  oi  the  intercesaoi  ol 
America  and  the  ptcadingi  of  ha  wl(c.  Napoleen.  bawevec, 
(hDugh  he  had  a  low  opinion  ol  his  capacities,  stlpultled  in  the 
(ccaiy  ol  Campo  Formio  (1797)  iu  La  Fayette's  reltue.  He 
wat  not  allowed  to  return  to  France  by  the  D'atnatj,  He 
nlutncd  la  ijgg;  in  iBoi  voted  against  the  life  tsasulate  at 
Napoleon;  and  in  l8o<  he  vMcd  against  the  imperial  title. 
He  lived  in  tctiitment  during  the  First  Empire,  but  teiuned 
to  public  aCairs  under  the  First  Restoration  and  took  some 
part  in  tbe  p^tical  events  of  the  Hundred  Days.  FVom  181I 
to  iSa^  he  iras  deputy  lor  the  Sailhe,  speaking  and  voting 
always  on  tbe  Liberal  side,  and  even  becoming  a  lOrftnan^ 
He  then  revisited  America.  (July  iBl<~September  1815)  wbat 
he  wss  overwhelmed  with  popular  sp[dsuic  sod  voted  the  sum 
of  f  Kio,ooo  and  a  township  of  land.  -From  iSr5  to  his  death  be 
satintbeChairiberof  DeputicsforMeaui.  During  the  Rvolutkin 
of  iSio  he  again  took  command  ol  the  Nations]  Cuatd  and 
piRsued  the  same  line  of  conduct,  with  equal  want  of  succfB, 
as  In  the  first  tenjlulion.  Id  iBji  he  msd^  hi*  tut  speech^ 
on  behalf  of  Polish  potilical  refugees.  He  died  at  Paris  on  tlic 
nth  of  Ma>t  18^4.  In  iSt«  in  the  city  of  New  Vork  a  mominent 
was  eiHlcd  10  him,  and  in  1883  another  was  etKled  at  Pay. 

Frw  men  hove  owed  more  of  their  success  and  mefutaun 
to  their  family  rank  than  L*  Fayette,  and  still  fewvi  havs  abused 
it  less.  He  never  achieved  distinction  in  the  field,  and  hb 
polliical  career  proved  him  to  be  incspaUe  ol  ruling  a  great 


always  [mpcHta  bM  1 


nglbem.  which,  in  JItl 
rured  him  a  very  ur 


n  in  F«aaee  appear  to  hi 


tudcs  ol  his  eventful  lile,  i 
public  respect.  No  ciliiei 

America,  nonjots  any  staie*- 

■et  possessed  uninterruptedly 

uire  of  papular  infioewx  and 

called  a  "  cuiH  iip)ittile  " 

1  the  appetite  only  seemed  to 

the  lame  irhick  be  cnft^nL 

e  never  shrank  livm  dailger 

the  way  open  to  spare  file  «t  sttHiNiag. 

nouxE  the  defenceless,  to  lusain  the  law  and  prenene  atder. 

fis  SOB.    Cioaais   Wishdidtoh    Mottek  d*  L*  Fanns 

7  IT-i  849).  entered  the  aimy  and  was  aidtde-camp  to  General 

luchy  thrpugh  Ibe  AoKoaa,  Fruiiiaii  and  Polish  (iSoi-vt) 

^gns.    Mspoleon's  dlsttuM  ol  bis  lather  rendetfng  pcono- 

I  impmbable,  Georges  do  La  Fayeii4  letiml  iuo  private  lite 

180T  until  the  Rotontion,  when  he  eatirvl  the  Chamber  ol 

■roentatiis  and  voted  consisleally  oo  the  Liberal  udCL 

>ms  away  from  Paris  during  the  revohitioa  of  Jul^  i8je^ 

Ik  took  an  active  part  in  Ibe  "  cinipiignoi  the  banquets," 

which  led  iv-to  that  of  1B48.  He  died  in  Oecembs  of  the  ua 

'.   Hbson,09CAKTi[OiiiisCiuii:iT  Monu d£ La Fayins 

S-1881).  wns  educated  at  the  fkole  Polytecbnique,  and 

served  as  so  aitiUcry  odsccr  in  Algeria.   He  entered  tbe  Chunber 

of  Repntcntativcs  in  1846  and  voted,  like  his  lather,  «i(h  the 

me  Left.    Alter  the  nvokiUon  of  1&48  he  iBBtM  a  pcM 

c  provisional  government,  and  is  a  member  ol  the  Coo- 

■.ai  Assembly  be  became  secictary  ol  the  war  oMnnittoe. 

the  dissolutioa  of  the  Legislative  AsKmbly  in  iSjt,  he 

d  Itam  public  life,  but  emerged  on  the  nliblisbment  of 


LA  FAYMITB,  COMTESSB  DE— tA  PERXfi 


*J 


the tM>d >— Mfe. barawlM * Ute  wotw in  i»).  BiihnHhei 
EbmusUphumX*  F«nnE  {[8it<-iego]  ibwd  Ua  poliital 

opuigiw.  H*:«M  on  of  Ibc  Kcnuriti  oC  the  CoatiiuMit 
A«BBta)y,  ■Bda.iaeiqlKitd.ilKMQiu  tKM*il}6  toiSSt.  . 

SmMMhiw  *MtwiMi>  It  MitH  ButtMNoMf'np  JTl  A  £a 
ayHH  taar  kHh  i  FiMn  ia  t*iAilums  tfiiifa,  An  »..  I7U- 
iivi;  a.  SamiiL  Za  AihMi  •<  fa  XAaliitiM  ^  lita,  lujoiii  i£u 
ft««  d  du  *«■■>«  d(  7mIU  (Pirn,  i8u):  Ulmmki.  tcrrt^pcrd- 
BKB  tt  Kuinucnlj  d>  £a  FayOlt.  |HibIiil»d  by  hii  fimily  (i  vol<., 
Pufa,  ISJT-ISK):  Rnniill  Wvln.  MtmtiUfpnr  imh  d  to  Wr  <h. 
iMiaf  £•  liicMMi  inra,  1814):  A.  BiKbuii,  id  jnmMu  di  /« 
Tudft  (Puit,  iSw):  i<i  iJnnifaci  aniifcj  ib  La  faytiu  (Pva, 
.c...  #    r^ J,  C/k'™;  ij   Fay^   (Piirii,    ■'•" '      " 


ft^ri*.  iS»> 


LcvUKur.  La  Faytia  m  ..  ..    , 

Snaniri  dt  fa  m  pMt  <a  ttirtmJ  £1 


fiucr,  1a  Amu  in  Oci(m*kjt  (Vienna.  lioS);  1 


SiiS'Sei 


--    — V;  Md  M,  M. 

dtlphii,  1(95). 

U  FATffTTB,  KARJS-MADELBIHE  FIOCHS  DZ  Ik 
VEBONB,  CouiEUE  de  (i6i4-i6e>),  French  novdisl,  Will 
Ispiucd  in  Puii,  on  tin  iStli  of  Maicb  1614.  Her  (uhcr.  Hue 
Piocbe  de  li  VcFgoc,  oMiunuuUiil  of  Havn,  died  when  the  was 
liiton,  ■odbctraolherKeoii  loliave  been  moie  occupied  wiih 
her  own  tlua  hef  dtughlor't  iotercEU<  Mme  de  ia  Vcrgne 
auiied  ia  1651  Ihe  cbevalicide  S^vignf,  uid  Made  Ihui  bccune 
comccled  wilb  Mme  de  Scvignf,  who  wo  dmined  10  Le  a 
liiclang  [lieod.  She  lUdicd  Greek,  Idlin  ind  Italua,  and  in- 
4>ifcd  iM  one  of  hu  tutjor^  CiUei  deiMnugc,  an  cnLhkitiai;jc 
adnuratiui  whidilueipreuediii  vrncin  Lhree  or  four  luguagcs. 
Marie  mariiai  io  1655  Fnoceii  Mclier,  cocnte  dc  La  Fayclle. 

own  •coiiinl  (io  >  kltet  10  Manage}  quJLe  happi^;  bul  aitei 
Uie  birtb  ol  ha  two  lOIis  het  Eiutband  diappeifgd  10  eflei:tually 
that  iL  wu  loot  suppoied  thai  he  died  about  1661^  though 
Lc  really  lived  until  16S3.  Mmc  de  La  Faytiie  had  reiumol 
to  Paris,  aod  about  166s  ctintiacted  an  inilaacy  with  the  due 
dc  la  Rocbeloucauld,  then  ecfagcd  oo  hi)  Maxima.  The  coo- 
itancy  and  aSectioD  that  maikcif  thi(  Uaaaa  on  boih  u'dci 
juuified  it  is  the  eyct «( todcty,  and  whro  in  16&1  L<  Kocberou- 
auld  died  Mme  de  La  Fa^^iLe  tecdvdd  the  siocctat  lympalhy. 
Her  first  Qavd,  la  Priuuu  dc  ifsn/^min'.  wu  published 
aooDyiBoiely  in  iiKii  Ztyit  apparcd  in  id?"  undu  ibe  name 
of  J.  R.  de  Scfnis;  and  in  ifi)S  hei  maiterpicce,  Zd  JViiuciic 
it  CUtts.  tJso  under  the  oame  of  Sc^rais.  The  hittory  oF  Llie 
■Dodem  novel  of  tcniimenl  begim  wiib  the  Piincait  it  Cltni. 
The  inleiffiiutiae  paget  of  Mile  de  Studtty  with  the  f'Kiauu 
and  iheir  admiiea  maj>quetading  as  Pcnians  or  ancient  Romau 
had  already  been  diauedilcd  by  the  buiinquo  ol  Paul  Scatroa 
and  Anioine  Fureiiere.  It  remained  loi  Mme  dc  La  Fayette 
10  achieve  the  more  diScolt  tuk  of  tubsliluling  nmeihing 
more  latiilactaiy  than  the  disconsccted  episode!  of  Lhe  rdmaii 
cenifut.  Thii  the  acmaplished  in  a  tiory  oftcrinf  in  in  shsri- 
OCB  and  limpUcily  a  complete  contiait  10  the  eiiravjgant 
anl  lengthy  romancei  of  4lie  Lime,  The  interest  of  the  story 
depeadi  not  on  ipcidcnt  but  on  the  cbatuien  ol  tbe  persoiugci. 
They  act  in  a  pcifccLtjr  nawoable  way  and  Ibcir  nwiivei  are 
aoalyKcl  with  the  final  dixiiniinatioD.  No  douhi  the  semi- 
autobiographical  characlet  ol  the  material  pailislly  uplaii* 
Mme  de  La  Fayetle'a  refusal  to  ackoowledge  the  book.  Con- 
lefflporjir^  criUo,  even  Mmc  de  Sfvignj  amonpt  Lhcm.  found 
fjiulL  with  the  avowal  made  by  Mme  dc  Cloves  to  her  husband. 
In  ajiawer  to  thew  criticisms,  vhich  her  avonyrnily  prevented 
ber  from  aotwcriiiB  directly,  Mme  de  La  Fayette  wroU  her 
l«sl  novel,  Lhe  Camltat  it  tail. 

The  character  of  her  worli  and  her  history  lave  cgmhine^ 
to  siv«  an  impiCKioB  a(  melancholy  sitd  awsetncss  that  only 
de  of  hei  chatactcr,  for  a  cotitspondcnca 
imparalivety  mntly  showed  het  as  the  acute 

the  court  of  Louis  XIV.  She  had  from  her  early  days  also  been 
inlitoMc  wilh  Henrietta  ol  England,  duchess. of  Orleans,  undef 
vfaotc  imroedlale  dinction  lhe  wntte  her  Hitltiri  it  Uaiamc 
Bf'itilt  i'An^ticrrt,  wbic^  only  appeared  id  r7».    She  wrote 


nof  Cnadi  Annu 


of  da  reign  ol  Louia  XIV.,  wkich,  wilh  the  cactpliss 
chaptcn,  lor  Ibi  ywa  1688  ud  1U9  (published  at 
.     lua,  ijji},  were  kal  thmach  her  wn's  caiek»ncs. 
Madame  dc  La  fiyetle  died  on  tiw  ijlh  of  May  i£«a. 
St*  Saintc-fifeivt.  ArfH^  di  ^Buw  t  tin  ODRitc  d'Hauwmirint, 

Uattmr  it  i^  FaltUt  (l««l).  i-  -'■ ' '  •"—■'-  '--—■- 

/«.(oi,:  M.  de  LeKurei   o«io 
P,i,u,ut  it  COkj  (iW.>-  "■'<  ' 

urnutu  it  laAytiu  (liaai'.  ' 
S.  a  cily.ani! 
oiuniy,  Indiana,  U.Sj\.,  situaitd  at  the  former  head  of  ni 
tioD  on  the  Wabash  riv.cr,  about  £4  as.  N,W.  of  Indianapohs. 
Pop.  (igoo)  iS,|i6,  of  whom  li&C  were  roreign-bom;  (1910 
census)  lo.eSi.  li  is  served  by  the  Chicago,  Indianapolis 
&  Louisville.'  lhe  Qevdand,  Cinrinnali,  Chicago  &  St  touii, 
the  Lak^  Erie  &  Wolctn.  and  the  Wabash  railways,  and  by 
the  Tenc  Haute,  Indianapolis  &  Eastern  (elntricj,  and  the  Fort 
Wayne  ir  Wabash  Valley  Iflwlric)  tailways.  The  river  is  not 
now  navigable  at  this  point.  Lafayctlf  is  in  the  valley  of  the 
Wabash  river,  which  is  sunk  below  lhe  noimi]  level  ol  lhe  plain^ 
the  surmundijig;  hcighis  being  the  wilb  ol  the  Wabash  ba^n. 
The  cily  has  an  eicdlcnl  system  of  public  schools,  1  good  public 
library,  two  hospitals,  the  Wabash  Valley  Saniiarium  (Scvenlli 
I>ay  AdvenliK),  Sl  Anlhony's  Home  lor  old  people  and  Lwo 
orjJliB  asylums,  ll  is  the  scat  of  Purdue  University,  a  co-educa- 
Uonal,  technical  and  agrlculiur.-il  insiiiuiion,  o[*enect  in  187* 
'  John  Purdue  (iSo]-i8j6),  who  [ave 


it  Iiio,oo 


if  the  Federal  agricullu' 
:ond  Morrill  Act  ol  li. 
it  cipcriraenl  11 


It  of  iS6> 


igag  ito  instruciot^  i;k»  itudcnli,  aad  t  Ubray  ol  ij.'Bo 
vohimcs  and  pamphlets.  |ust  ouliide  the  city  is  the  Stale 
Soldiers'  Ifome,  whac  provision  is  also  made  lor  the  wives  and 
widows-  of  soldicrsi  in  igoS  it  contained  S5i  men  and  700 
womcnJ  Tlic  city  lies  in  the  heart  of  a  lich  agricultural  region, 
and  ii  an  Important  market  lor  gmin,  pnxluce  and  hotses. 
Among  its  minufaclures  are  beet,  foundry  and  machine  shop 
pxoducu  [the  Chicago,  IndiauapoUs  &  LouiiviDe  railway  hu 
shops  here],  straw  board,  telephone  apparatus,  paper,  wagons, 
packed  meals,  canned  goods,  flout  and  carpelsj  the  v«]ue  ol 
the  factory  product  increased  Inxn  Ij, 514.116  in  1900  to 
l4,6ji,4ijin  1905,  or  ]i'G%.    The  municipality  owns  ill  water 

Lafayette  is  about  5  m.  N.E.  of  the  site  of  Ike  andenl  Wea 
(Miaoii)  Indian  village  known  as  Ouiaianan,  where  the  Ftench 
established  a  post  about  17M,  The  French  gairison  gave  way 
to  the  English  about  1760;  the  alockade  fort  was  deilioyed 
during  the  conspiracy  of  Pontiac,  ud  was  never  rebuilt.  The 
head-quarters  of  Teoimieh  and'hii  brother,  the  "Prophei," 
were  established  7  m.  N.  of  Lafayetle  near  the  mouih  of  the 
Tippecanoe  river,  ana  the  settlement  there  wu  known  ts  the 
"  Prophet's  Town."  Near  tSis  place,  and  near  lhe  liie  of  the 
present  village  of  Battle  Ground  (where  the  Indiana  Meihodisis 

wasfought  on  the  7lh  of  November  1S1 1  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe, 
in  vhich  the  Indians  were  dediivcly  defeated  by  Governor 
William  Henry  Harrison,  the  whiles  losing  ilS  in  killed  and 
wounded  and  the  Indians  about  an  equal  number.  The  battle 
ground  is  owned  by  the  slate;  in  1907  the  Hate  legislature  and 
the  United. Slates  Coagress  each  appropriated  lii,sco  for  ■ 
monument,  wlach  took  the  Ibm  ol  a  granite  shall  go  fl.  high. 
The  first  American  sctllcrs  on  the  site  of  Lafayette  appeared 
about  iSio,  and  the  town  was  laid  out  in  1B15,  bul  for  many 
years  in  grnwih  was  alow.  The  completion  of  the  Wabash  and 
Erie  canal  marked  a  new  era  in  iu  .development,  and  In  1854 
Lafayette   was  incotporaled. 

LA  PESTi,  the  name  of  a  number  of  iDcalilies  in  France, 
diflerenliated  by  agnomcna.  La  Ferif  tmbaull  (department  ol 
LoIr*t-OiBr)  was  in  the  possessioii  ol  Jacques  iFElampei 
<ij«o-iMS),  mirshal  of  France  and  ambasaador  In  Eii(IaiBt, 


68 


:  LA' EERTf-BERNAftDiJ,AItOKr  ' 


who  wu  known  u  the  iimrqun  ol  L*  Ttrtl  hnbrndu  La 
Ferl«  Mibcn  (the  modern  La  ftnt  Saint  Aubin,  dcfunmcnl 
o(I>c«rct}  wuacquirL'd  In  Lhc  tdlh  canLury  by  the  faouu  of  Saint 
Nctiaiic  (lunupicd  id  Srnniicm),  and  treclal  ftiio  i  iluchji 
iolbc pcsiigenlfoin'XUiiM-taairi  in  1M5 for  Hcori de Sunt 
neciiiiT.  manhal  qI  Fnncc  li  wai  coIIkI  La  Fait  Loweuiai 
after  il  had  been  accpiiiod  by  MarahaJ  LowcnAiI  in  ijiS. 

U  FESTt^ERHARS,  a  town  of  wcsicm  France,  in  the 
depanncnl  ol  Sanhc,  en  the  HuUn(^  17  m.  NX.  o(  Le  Mana, 
on  ihc  railway  from  Paris  lo  thai  igwo.  Pop.  (1906)  *Ji8. 
Lt  Fcrl«  tartics  an  doth  manulaclurc  and  flour-miiling  and 
ha)  trade  in  horsej  ajd  cattle.  In  ehutch  o(-Noire  Dame  has 
a  choir  (i6ib  century)  with  gtacriul  ap«c-chapeh  ol  ReBaiuancc 
aichitcciuie  and  temaikable  windows  of  the  same  period;  the 
remainder  Of  ibo  church  a  in  the  FlamtxiTant  Gothic  siyte. 
The  io«o  hall  occupio  the  supcrsltucture  w>d  Banking  lowen 
of  a  (otiified  gaicivay  of  the  ijlh  century. 

La  FertC'Bcmaid  owes  its  ori^n  and  name  Lo  a  itronglwTd 
(Jitrmll}  huill  al»ul  the  lilh  century  and  afterwards  held  by 
the  lanulyol Bernard.  In  i4]4i[  did  notiuccumblo  the  English 
inwps  liH  after  a  four  nwnihs'  tiege.  Ii  belonged  in  the  ifith 
crnLury  to  the  family  of  Guiic  and  supported  the  League,  but 
was  CBplured  by  the  royal  forces  in  iJe>o. 

LA  reRtt-MILOH,  a  toicn  of  norlhem  Fiance  Tn  Ihe  depart- 
ment of  Aisnc  on  the  Ourcq.  47  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Reims  by  rail.' 
Pop.  (i(io6)  156J.  The  town  has  Inlposine  remains  comprising 
one  side  flanked  by  four  lowers  of  an  unfinished  caslle  buill 
aboDt  ihc  beginning  of  the  ijih  century  by  Louis  of  Orleans, 
broiher  of  Charles  VL  The  churches  ol  Si  Nicholas  and  Noire- 
Dame,  cfaieRy  of  the  i6tb  century,  both  contain  6ne  old  stained 
glass.  Jean  Kacine.  the  poet,  was  bom  in  the  town,  and  a 
siaiuC  1^  David  d'AugcTS  has  been  erected  to  him. 

LAPFrrrK  JACgOBS  (1767-1844).  French  banker  and 
politician,  was  born  at  Bayonne  on  the  >4lh  of  (ktober  t7A), 
one  of  the  Icn  children  of  a  carpenter.  He  became  derk  in 
(he. banking  boiuc  of  Perregau;!  in  Paris,  was  made  a  partner 
in'  Ihc  business  in  ittoo,  and  in  1S04  succeeded  Perregatii  as 
head  ol  the  firm.  The  house  of  Pcrrcgaui,  Laffitte  el  Oc. 
became  one  ol  the  greatest  in  Europe,  and  Lalfiuc  became 
regent  (iBoi)),  ihcn  governor  (iSn)  of  Ihc  Bank  of  France  and 
president  of  the  Chamber  ol  Commerce  {1814).  He  raised  large 
sums  of  money  for  the  jiiovlsional  government  in  1S14  and  for 
Louis  XVIIL  during  the  Hundred  Pays,  and  il  was  wiih  him 
that  Napoleon  deposited  five  million  (lancs  in  gold  before 
kaying  France  lor  the  last  time.  Rather  than  permit  ihegovem- 
(nclfl  to  appropriate  Ihe  money  from  ihe  BUik  he  supplied 
IWD  million  Irom  his  own  pockel  lor  the  arrears  ol  the  imperial 
(rOops  alter  Waterloo.  He  was  returned  by  iIk  department 
ol  the  Seine  to  Ihc  Chamberof  Deputies  in  1B16.  and  took  hii  u;at 
on  the  Left.  He  spoke  chiefly  on  financial  quesllonJ:  his  known 
Liberal  views  did  nol  prevenl  Louis  KVIU.  from  insisting  on 

lEiS  he  saved  Paris  from  a  financial  crisis  by  bvying  a  large 
amount  of  stock,  but  ncii  year,  in  eonscqucnoe  erf  his  healed 
defence  of  Ihe  libcny  of  the  press  and  the  decioial  law  <4  1867, 
the  goveniDrship  of  ihc  Bank  ivas  taken  fiom  him.  One  of  the 
earliest  and  most  delerminwl  of  the  partisans  of  a  conslilntional 
monarchy  undCT  Ihe  diike  ol  Orleans,  he  was  deputy  for  Bayonne 
In  July  i8]0,  when  his  house  in  Pans  became  the  headquarters 
of  the  revolutionary  party.  When  Charles  X.,  after  reiraciing 
the  hated  ordinances.  Sent  ihc  comic  d'Argout'  10  Laifitte  10 
ncgoliate  ■  change  of  ministry,  the  banker  replied, "  1 1  it  tod  late. 
There  is  no  longer  a  Charles  Xi."  and  II  was  lie  who  secured 
the  nomination  of  Louis  Philippe  as  lieuienant-gcncral  of  the 
kingdom.  On  the  jtd  ol  August  he  became  presideni  of  Ihe 
Chamber  of  Deputies,  and  on  ihcgth  he  received  in  this  capacity 
Louis  Philippe's  oaih  to  the  hew  tenslitution.  Tht  clamour 
ol  ibe  .Paris  mob  for  ihe  death  of  the  imprtsoned  ministctiol 
Charles  X.,  itibich  in  October  culminated  in  rials,  induced  the 
'ApcIIiaaicc  Actoirc  Maiufce.  cooiIc  d'Argout  (1781-1858),  aften 


ir-P&ier 


.olhejdy 


narchy,  and  a  1 


men  tnodcialc  mcmben  of  the  govwmMnt^acbding  Ootm, 
Ihe   due  dc   BfOgli*  and   CasJinir-T*rior-i-lo  hand   owr  Iht 

of  lite  ruvoiuiiotuiry  f^riaiaat,  should  ba  in 
losaVc  Ok  ninisieis  from  their  fury.  Oaibe  sih  c4  Novtmber, 
accORlingly.  LaSite  became  miniiteriiccsidaniofagavarninent 
pledged  10  progrcn  [moiaeiiuHr),  holding  at    '  ~        ' 


result  Ihal  it  luccecded  In  doing 
'the  impeached  ministers  were,  indeed,  saved  by  the  courage 
ol  the  Chamber  of  Pecnand  ihcuiitudaof  theMalioiulCuudi 
but  their  safely  was  bought  al  the  price  of  LallUlc'i  popidtrity. 
His  polity  of  a  French  intcrvcnilon  in  favour  of  the  ItalJaD 
icvolulionfels,  by  which  be  might  have  regained  his  popularity, 
w^ihwarted  by  the  diplomalic  policy  dI  Louis  Philippe.  The 
rislgnaiian  of  Lal^yctle  and  DuponI  de  I'Eure  iiUI  furtliei 
undermined  Ihc  government,  which,  incapable  even  of  keeping 
order  in  the  slnwls  of  Paris,  ended  by  being  diacrediled  with  aB 
panics.  AC  length  Louis  Philippe,  nnicious  to  free  Iilmsdf 
Irom  the  hampering  conirol  of  ihe  agents  of  his  fortune,  thought 
it  safe  to  parade  his  want  of  confidence  in  the  man  who  had 
made  him  king.  Thereupon,  in  March  iSji,'Lafriite  teugtled. 
begging  pardon  of  God  and  man  for  the  part  he  had  played  in 
raising  Lours  PhDippe  lo  the  thtont  He  left  office  politically 
and  financially  a  mined  man.  His  affairs  were  WBund  op  la 
iSjd,  and  neti  year  he  created  a  credit  bank,  which  prospered 
as  long  as  he  lived,  but  failed  in  1848.  He  died  in  Paris  oD  the 
i6l>i  of  May  1844. 

Set  r.  Tbufcau-Dangin,  La  UenaiMt  ti  Jutita  (vol.  i.  1SS4). 

LAPFim,  PIERHB  (iSjj-igoj),  French  PosiUvfaii  was 
bomon  the  list  of  February  iSijat  Btgucy  [Girondel!  Hetiding 
al  Paris  as  a  teacher  of  malhemalics,  he  became  a  disdpte  of 
Comic,  who  appmnied  him  his  liietary  ciccuior.  On  Iht 
schism  ol  [he  I'osliivlsi  body  which  foUowcd  ComteV  dnih; 
he  was  recogniicd  as  head  of  the  section  which  accepted  the  IuH 
Comiian  docirine;  [he  other' section  adhering  to  Lillrf.  who 
rejected  the  religion  of  humanity  as  meonsblenl  with  ihe 
maicrlaiism  of  Comic's  earlier  period.  Fmin  iBjj  Laffili^ 
deEvcrcd  IV>iii}visl  lectures  in  the  room  formetly  occupitd  by 
Comtc  in  (he  rue  Monsieur  k  Prince.  He  puUUed  Ut  Crndi 
Typts  it  rimiaamii  (1S7S)  and  Ciwi  dt  fliilauplrit  premiirt 
(i83q).  In  iSgj  he  was  appointed  lo  the  ne4  chair  fonnded 
at  (he  College  itc  France  for  ihc  eiposllion  ol  the  general  history 
of  science,  and  It  was  largely  due  to  his  inspiration  thai  a  statue 
to  Comic  was,  creeled  In  ihe  Place  de  la  SorboBne  in  1901.    H< 

U  PIACHE.  a  too'n  of  western  France,  capita!  of  an  iirond: 
isscmcnl  lii  the  department  of  San  he  on  the  Loire,  j  1  m.  S.5.W. 
of  Lo  Mans  by  ralL  Pop.  (itioS)  lown  7*00:  commune  10.483. 
The  chief  inicresi  of  Ihe  loitn'iies  in  the  l^an^.  a  fanwa 
school  for  the  sons  *f  olhcera.  originaffy  a  college  founded  for 
the  iesulls  m  1607  by  lleniy  IV.  The  buDdings.  Including  a 
fine  chapel,  were  enxted  fism  iGio  to  lA;]  and  ate  lurrounikd 

place.  La  FIcchc  is  the  scat  of'a  sub-picfecl  and  of  a  trfbunul 
of  TiTsi  Instance,  and  carries  on  tanning.  Ikiur-milling.  and  the 
manulaciorcof  paper.starch.  woodenihocaandglovts.    Itiian 


1  Ihe  .1 


iV 


0  the  family  of  Sourbon  and  tins   I 


lAPOHT,  PIERRE  CBftRI  (1707-1873),  French  aetA-,  wis 
bom  at  Sonkaui  on  the  i^h  of  May  1797.  Abandoning  hit 
prolcssion  as  assistant  ship's  doctor  in  the  navy,  he  went  iii 
Paris  10  study  «nging  and  acting.  He  had  some  eiperienee  al 
a  small  iheatre,  and  was  preparing  10  appear  at  the  Optra 
Comiquc  when  ihc  ihrertor  ol  the  Vaudeville  oBertd  JiiBian 
engagement.  Itcrchr  maileh's  tfMiiin  1811  In  La  Smoiamhali, 
anil  his  good  knls  and  ctccUeni  voice  soon  lirought  taim  InW 


lA  FOWmiNH 


paUk  hmiit.  Afut  levenl  ynn  at  the  Nouwantb  tnd  tbc 
Vasdtville,  on  the  buniiv  of  tlie  latui  in  iRjS  be  want  to 
B^"^,'  Hid  'touried,  U  GniH  Gicbd,  Jcsny  C^b,  tram 
irliiiiD  be  «s  soon  divormd.  On  U>  ntuin  lo  Puis  be  joined 
tbe  Viittlt,  nbcre  he  utu)  for  £fUeD  yein  in  luch  pliyi  u 
Z«  Clu—Htr  it  SaM  Carga,  Lt  I>tM  tmpttiO,  Vm  ianiin 
evHfttl^  Ace  AiuthcT  engLgimcDl  mt  the  'VaudeviJh  faDovcdt 
tnd  one  (C  the  Gaifti,  and  tie  ended  kii  btilliint  cokct  it  tbc 
GyrBEiue  En  the  part  of  Ibe  noble  fathtr  in  sucb  plays  as  La 
Vitux  Carfsm  snj  Het  beni  tilitiefii.  He  died  in  Paiii  on  Ibe 
iftb  of  April  i8;j. 

U  FOHTAIDB,  JHAN  DB  (i«>i-i695),  Ftend>  poet,  ma 
boin  at  Cblleau  Tbicny  in  Champagne,  prob*bIy  on  the  8lh  of 
July  1611.  Kb  fatbei  was  ChaiJca  de  La  FontuJM,  "malue 
ds  eaui  (t  hiitu  " — a  kind  ot  deputy^cuger — of  Ibe  duchy  of 
Chlteaa  Tbieciy;  bii  CKHbcc  ma  E^anpniB  Fidom.  On 
hotb  s{dF9  hia  family  was  of  tbc  blgbcsC  ^Ktivinclal  middle 
cba,  but  was  not  nobtci  hii  fatbu  was  also  lairly  wealthy, 
Jtta,  the  ddeit  child,  was  educated  *t  tbc  ctUiii  (gianuiiai' 
■cbool)  of  Reima,  aod  at  tbc  cod  of  hi&  acbml  days  be  catered 
tie  Oratory  In  M«.y  1641,  and  Ibe  seminaiy  of  Saint-M»gloirr 
b  Octobec  of  the  same  ycati  but  a  very  short  sojourn  proved 
Id  him  Ibat  be  had  mistakeo  bis  vocation.  He  then  apparenlly 
Uodied  law,  isd  ia  udd  to  ban  been  ubnitttd  ai  atoal,  ibougta 
there  does  not  seem  to  be  actual  proof  of  this.  He  was,  however, 
settled  in  L'fe.  or  at  least  might  have  been  so,  soncnbat  early. 
In  1647  ha  father  resigned  ha  rangersbip  in  bis  favour,  and 
anangcd  amarri^efor  himvitbMaricHiii<art,agiTlof  alateen, 
wbo  brought  bbn  twenty  Ibousantl  llvres. 


[o  have  been  both  Iiandsoine 


intelligent,  but  tl 


Iwa  did  iK>t  get  on  well  together.  There  appean  lo  be  abeolutdy 
a»  groottd  for  the  vague  scandal  as  to  her  condact,  which  was, 
$m  the  most  part  long  af  tetiratdi,  raised  by  gossipa  or  persona! 
eaemiea  of  La  Fbntaine.  All  that  is  positively  said  against 
bet.  B  that  she  was  a  negligent  housewife  and  an  invclecate 
Ba«d  nader;  La  Fonlaioc  himielf  ma  coniuatly  away  fiaa 
hame,  was  certainly  not  strict  in  point  of  conjugal  fidelity,  and 
was  so  bajl  a  man  of  bu^ncss  that  his  aSaiis  became  involved 
in  hopeless  difficulty,  and  a  itpaitlion  di  liieni  bad  to  take 
pbee  in  rftsS.  This  Has  ■  perfectly  amicable  tTUiaeikin  for 
the  benefit  of  tbc  family;  by  degtees,  however,  tbc  pair,  still 
without  any  actual  quarrel,  ceased  to  live  together,  and  far  the 
greater  part  ol  the  last  forty  yean  of  La  Fontaioe't  life  be  lived 
m  Paris  while  hia  wife  dwdt  at  Chitean  Thierry,  which,  however. 
he  fRquencly  visited.  One  Son  was  bora  to  them  [n  16J3,  and 
Wta  educated  and  taken  care  ol  wholly  by  his  mother. 

Even  ia  the  earUcr  years  of  hi*  marriage  La  Fontaine  leema 
to  have  been  much  at  Paris,  but  il  was  ni>t  till  about  i«56  that 
be  becuAe  a  regular  visitor  to  the  capital.  The  duties  oi  his 
office,  which  were  only  occisional,  were  compatible  with  this 
Doa-resideuce.  It  was  not  till  he  was  past  thirty  ibat  hti  literary 
caner  began.  The  reading  of  Malherbe,  it  is  said,  first  awoke 
poetical  fancies  in  him,  but  for  some  time  be  attempted  nothing 
but  triSes  inlhefasluooaftbe  limel-eplgiams,  ballades,  rondcaui, 
kc.  Hb  first  letiDui  work  waa  a  tranUiioii  ei  adaptaiion  of 
the  £iiinicjhu  of  Terence  (11154).  At  this  time  the  Maecenas 
irf  French  Icttcn  was  the  Supcrintendatit  Fouquct,  to  whom 
Ia  Fontaine  was  introduced  by  Jacques  Jjuinart,  a  conncuon 
of  hia  wife'*.  Fiw  people  who  paid  their  court  to  Fouquct  went 
away  empty-haiuied,  and  La  Fontaine  soon  received  a  pension 
of  rooa  livres  (1634),  on  the  easy  terms'of  a  copy  of  verses  for 
each  quaticr's  leceipl.  He  began  too  a  medley  of  prose  and 
poetry,  entitled  U  Stttp  it  Vaax,  on  Fouquet'a  lameus  country 
bgqs*.  It  was  abovt  this  time  that  bis  wife's  pnperty  had  to 
be  separately  secured  to  her.  and  he  seems  by  degrees  lo  have 
hid  to  sell  everything  of  tb  onn;  but,  as  be  never  lacked 
powerful  and  generous  patrons,  this  was  of  siaaU  ioipoiuince 
Is  hhn.  In  Ibe  aame  year  be  wrote  a  ballad.  La  Kinn  da 
Btau-Kictard,  and  this  was  followed  by  many  smaB  pieces  of 
occasional  poetry  addressed  to  various  peisoaagcs  from  the  king 
.  Fouquct  soon  incuiied  the  loyal  ditpleasuTe.  but 
'"      >0«toIUiUHn(yp»otig4*,manM«nfaltUid 


to  Um,  tbBwdl-kiiowB degy  ffawo,  nyiifte *  Vtia, being 
by  no  means  the  only  proof  of  his  devoilan.  Indeed  it  is  tbonglil 
not  hnpnbaUa  that  a  JonnMy  to  Limoges  in  166]  in  company 
with  Jaonait,aiid  (tf  wUA  wb  bwe  an  accouol  wriiiea  to  his 
wife,  was  not  wholly  spAntaneons,  as  it  certainly  was  not  on 
Jannart's  put.  Just  at  this  lime  his  affairs  did  Dot  look  promis- 
ing. His  father  and  hiaiself  bad  asaumnl  the  title  of  oguae, 
to  whicb  they  were  not  strictly  entitled,  and,  some  old  edlcu 
on  tbc  tubject  having  been  put  in  Mrce,  an  Informer  pmeuied  I 
aeateoce  agalnat  the  poet  fining  him  3000  llvres-  He  found^ 
hawerer,  a  new  protector  In  tbe  duke  and  stiH  loore  bi  the 
dttctaesa  al  SouHlon,  his  feudal  supcrloia  at  CUtean  Thierry, 
aad  nothing  >noR  k  beard  of  the  fine.  Some  of  La  Fontaine's 
liMlkat  Tenea  an  addnned  to  the  duchen,  Anne  Uandni, 
ibe  yningeit  of  Uaaaiin'i  nieces,  and  it  ts  ewn  probable  that 
Iho  IBSU  of  the  dnke  icd  duchess  for  Atiosto  bad  something 
to  do  with  the  Wltlng  of  hit  Snt  wofk  of  real  impottsiKe,  the 

.  first  bodi  of  the  Cmtu,  whicb  appeared  in  1664.  Me  was  then 
lottj^btce  yaais  aid,  and  his  previous  -  printed  pniduclloDs 
had  beta  coapavatlvdy  trivld,  though  much  oi  his  work  was 
h  andad  aboM  la  manucripl  long  before  it  «as  regularly  pubbsbed. 
It  wai  about  thia  tltta  that  the  qnaitctte  of  th«  Rue  du  Vteur 
Cokmbia,  *o  fauatti  ta  KcDch  lileiary  hedory,  was  formed. 
It  eoarisud  of  la  Fsatalne,  Raciu,  Boilean  and  Meiiln,  the 
last  of  irboni  was  abnoat  al  the  same  age  as  La  Fontaine,  tbe 
other  tMo  inuideTably  yonnger.  ChajieUe  was  abo  a  kind  of 
oat^defln  the  coteril.  There  are  m^oy  anecdotes,  some  pretty 
obvlouslyapociypbal,  about  these  meetings.  The  most  character- 
istic ia  perhaps  that  wUch  asserts  that  a  copy  of  Chapdain's 
uBhKky  Pmilli  alway*  lay  on  lbs  taMc,  a  certain  number  of 
IJnea  ol  wUch  Wla  tbt  appointed  punlahment  (or  oBences  against 
the  cnaipaoy.i  The  oHerlB  funurited  under  fagned  name^ 
the  peraMageaof  Ia  Fontaine's  vaMon  of  the  Cupid  tnd  Psyche 
story,  wfaldi,  hmimer,  with  Adanii,  was  not  printid  till  1660. 
HeaawUk  the  pM  coUlBUed  t«  fmd  friends.  In  1M4  he  waa 
icguUil)'  comntailoned  and  auran  Inis  gmtloDan  to  tbe 
dnchcaadowigtrolOdeaB^  and  was  Installed  In  tbe  tuaembouig.' 
•gMUp,  and  in  lUt  ire  have  somtlfaing 
Colbert  suggcsltn;  tbat  he  shodld  look 
at  Chlteau  Thierry.  In  tbc  saise  year 
ipp4ared  the  aecoad  book  of  the  Cimla,  and  in  iMS  the  first 
!<iK  books  ot  Iba  FaHtti  with  more  of  both  kinds  in  1671.  Id 
tUa  latter  year  a  cmioos  instance  of  tbe  doeHhy  with  wUch  tbe 
poet  lent  UmeH  to  any  inSucDce  was  afforded  by  blsoflidatitig. 
at  the  instanct  of  the  Per^-Rayalists,  as  editor  Of  a  v^ume  ol 
sacred  poetry  dedicated  tfl  the  prince  de  Conti.  A  year  after- 
wards his  riiiialion,  whidi  bad  for  some  time  been  deddedty 
itouifching,  sbmred  signs  of  dianglng  very  much  for  the  worse. 
The  duchos  of  Orleans  died,  and  be  apparently  had  to  ^ve  up 
his  raogBTship,  probably  selling  ii  to  pay  debts.  But  there  was 
ahiaya  a  pcovidenco  for  La  Fontaiac,  Madame  de  ta  Sablibe, 
a  woman  ol  great  beauty,  of  consideTable  intellectual  power 
and  of  high  eharactei,  invited  him  to  make  his  home  In  bet  bouse, 
where  he  lived  (or  some  twenty  yeaia.  He  seems  to  have  had 
no  trouble  whatever  about  his  affairs  thencefor«aid;  and  could 
devote  bimseif  to  his  two  different  Uoea  of  poetry,  as  well  as  to 
tbat  of  tbcatrica]  compoaitlon. 

In  r6Si  bo  was,  at  mon  than  sixty  yean  of  age,  recogniied 
aioneef  tbe  first  men  of  letters  of  France,  Madame  dc  SCvignt, 
one  ol  tbe  soundest  litcreiy  critics  of  the  time,  and  by  no  rAeant 
given  to  praise  mere  novcliici,  had  ^»kcn  of  bis  second  collection 
of  PaUa  pubhsbed  in  tbe  winter  of  ibjS  as  divine:  and  K  ia 
pretty  certain  that  this  was  the  general  ophilon.  II  «as  not 
uonasonablBi  therefore,  that  he  should  present  hlmsctf  lo  the 
Academy,  and,  though  the  anbjocts  of  his  Catila  were  scareelt 
calculated  to  piopftlate  that  decototis  assembly,  while  bit 
attachment  to  Fouquet  and  lo  man  than  one  repKseOtative 
of  tbe  old  Frondeur  party  made  him  •Rispect  to  Colbert  and  the 
king,  most  of  tbe  members  wen  his  penonal  friends.  He  wii 
first  proposed  In  1681,  but  was  rejected  for  Dangeau,  Tbe  neit 
year  Colberl  died  and  La  Fontaine  was  agafai  nominated.   Boiteau 

!  was  alio  a  candhlale,  bat  tbe  bit  baUat  gave  du  fatetti 


70 


LA  FONTlHNE 


lixteni  voUiigiliMlHicsa^latltecrilk.  TW  UOg,  vbcM 
•nent  mi  BBoeuaty,  not  mc^y  foe  tlKtioa  bal  lot  a  •scvnd 
IwHol  in  que  of  Uk  Itiiaxe  ot  imbaohm  mtjatior,  hm  iH-plnmd , 
and  tfai  dcctioQ  wu  k(t  pendlnf.  Aaothcr  vuuicy  occuiml, 
bawcHH,  unic  moDtlis  later,  ud  to  Ihii  Boikau  wu  ekcud. 
Tbt  kiag  tautened  ta  appnnre  the  choice  efiusivdy,  ukiioli 
"  Voui  pouvei  iauuaniRwnt  recevoil  La  Fonlaioe,  i  ■  pronui 
d'etre  sage."  Hit  admiBioD  wai  iDdirectly  tbc  cauu  o(  the 
only  leiioui  lUaiaiy  quuttl  o(  hi*  life.  A  diiput*  todt  [dace 
between  the  Academy  and  one  of  iu  membera.  Aatolne  FuKIiite, 
on  Ibe  lubject  of  the  lalter'i  Fnnch  dktiDDaiy,  whidi  wat 
decided  la  ba  a  breach  of  the  Aodcmy'i  DOipoiale  priviiegcf, 
Furetijre,  a  man  of  no  irnaU  aluUty,  bitterly  asiaikd  thoH  whom 
be  coniidend  lo  be  h[s  enemia,  and  imcof  them  La  FontilM, 
whose  nnlucky  Ctnits  made  him  peculiarly  vuloepible,  hii 
lecoDd  cuUecikia  of  Ihfw  Udet  having  b«o  the  subject  of  a 
police  cnademnalioii.  The  deatli  of  the  author  of  the  Xaiun 
6ev{uu,  hoxevu,  pot  an  tod  to  Ibk  qiuurcL  Shortly  aftei- 
vudi  La  FoDtaim  bid  a  ibare  in  a  itill  nan  latnaus  aSair, 
the  ceiEbrated  Anoent-and-Modem  squabble  In  nhich  Boilcau 
and  Pf  rrauli  men  (be  ehiels,  aad  in  which  La  Fontaioe  (though 
he  had  be«o  tpedally  singled  out  by  Perrault  tat  favounble 
CDmpaiiMU  nilh  Aesop  and  Phaedrus)  toiA  the  Andent  tide. 
About  the  ume  time  Ci68;-i6Bt)  be  made  the  icquaiDUDce 
of  the  last  <A  bis  many  hoUs  and  pratccton,  Moii^eur  and 
Uadame  d'Uervin,  and  fell  in  love  with  a  certain  Madame 
Vhich,a  lady  of  Bomepoiitionbut  of  duubllulcbatacler.  Thi< 
acquaintance  was  accompanied  by  a  .great  familiarity  with 
Vccd6me,  Chaulieu  and  the  real  of  the  libenlne  coterie  of  Ibe 
Temple;  but,  though  Uidaioe  de  la  SaUiire  had  long  given 
herself  up  almost  entirely  1o  good  works  and  religious  cierdses, 
La  Fontaine  cnniiiiued  an  Inibatf  of  her  hau«  until  her  death 
is  i6«].  Whax  fDilowEd  is  told  in  ooe  o(  the  beat  known  of 
the  many  stoiio  bearing  on  hi)  childlike  natutt.  Henart  on 
hetiiag  of  the  death,  had  att  out  at  once  to  find  I&  Fontaine. 
He  net  him  in  die  street  in  gwat  soclow,  and  begged  him  to  mak* 
bis  home  at  hi*  house.  "  J'y  allais  "  was  La'Faataine'a  aoawei. 
He  bad  already  undergone  the  piocesi  of  conversion  during 
a  seven  illness  the  year  before.  An  energetic  young  priest, 
M-  Poucet,  bad  brought  him,  not  indeed  to  undcntand,  hut  to 
acknowledge  the  impr^ety  ol  the  CmUs,  and  it  i*  said  that 
tbe  deslructkin  of  a  new  play  ol  some  merit  was  demanded  and 
submitted  to  as  a  proof  oi  repentance,  A  pleasant  sloty  is  XiAi 
of  the  young  duke  of  Burgundy,  F^Delon's  pupil,  who  was  then 
only  eleven  yean  old,  sending  jo  loui*  to  La  Fontaine  as  a 
present  of  his  own  moiioD.  But,  though  La  Fontaine  cecovtred 
for  the  time,  he  was  broken  by  age  and  inhnnity,  and  his  new 
hosts  had  to  nurse  rather  ihan  to  entertain  him,  which  they 
did  very  carefully  and  kindly.  He  did  a  little  more  work,  com- 
pleting his  Foifei  among  other  thingi;  but  he  did  not  Muvivc 
Madame  de  la  SahU^ie  tnuch  more  than  two  years,  dying  on  tte 
I31h  of  April  169s,  at  the  age  of  seventy-three  He  was  butied 
in  the  cemetery  of  the  Holy  InnMcata.  His  wife  survived 
nearly  Efteen  years. 

The  curious  perHmai  tltaiactei  of  La  Fontaine,  like  tbi 
some  other  men  ot  letters,  has  been  enshrined  ia  a  kind  of  legend 
by  literary  tradition.    At  an  early  age  his  absence  of  mind  and 
indiSerence  to  bnsiness  gave  a  subject  to  Tallemsnt  del  Riatii 
His  later  contemporaries  helped  to  swell  the  tale,  and  tbe  181 
centuiy  finally  accepted  it,  including  the  anecdotes  d  bis  meeting 
his  son,  being  told  who  be  was,  and  remarking,  "  Ab,  yes,  I 
thou^t  1  had  seen  him  somewberel "  of  hb  insisting  on  fighting 
a  duel  with  a  suf^Mued  admirer  of  hja  wife,  aiHl  then  implori 
him  tovbit  at  his  bouse  just  as  before;  of  his  going  into  compa 
with  his  stockings  witing  side  out,  tic.,  with,  for  a  contn 
those  of  his  awkwardneu  and  silence,  if  not  positive  ludene 
in  rompany.    It  ought  to  be  temembned,  as  a  cooiinent  on  I 
unfavourable  descripllDn  by  La  Biuyire,  that  La  Fontaine  wa 
4>edal  friend  and  ally  of  Beaserade,  La  Bruy^'s  chief  litnary 
enemy.     But  after  all  deducUou  nucb  will  lemain,  especially 
when  it  Is  Teaenibeied  that  out  of  the  chief  aulhuitiei  for  these 
•DK^Ote*  ia  Louis  Kadnc,  a  man  who  pMacMcd  inteltigeaca 


««Mh  and  wba  ncairdd  iliMi.fMm  U*  tt^n,  Li: 
Fontabe'aaitadedfritodfof  nun  thaatUny  yean.  Fabw» 
the  beM  wiith  nc»tdii«  it  all  tbwe  itoifaa  ii  odb  ol  the  VJem 
Colombiv  quattetlo,  which  tdls  bow  Holilrc,  lAile  Radna 
and  Boileaa  vete  cmdsiag  that  kill  i^iaa  "  la  bodbomme  " 
or  "  le  bon  "  (by  botli  wU^  Htlei  tt,  Fcolalne  was  lamiUariy 
known),  remarked  u>  a  byauadeii"  Nob  beatu  etpriu  out  bean 
'cHacemoE  pti  le  boDbomnie."   TbeyhavanM- 


but  bf  ChampBeaU.  the  hasbaad  ol  the  la 

captivated  Radiic  and  Charles  do  5Mgq£.    His 

chiefly  in  the  fcrni  of  opera,  a  form  C4  no  great  — ^,  —  —  , — 
:hi  has  all  the  advantancs  of  hi  charming  fltt>ry  and  of  1a 
taine^B  «yle.  but  it  Is  penisps  principally  intertitliif  iKni4da>4 

luwiai  the  framemrk  cS  pcrsHid  convemtion  already  alludid  to. 

The  minglKJ  iirOK and  «rie  of  cbe&etrdt  Kauisnot  uointerest-. 

'igi  but  ita  beat  things,  siidi  ai  the  descriptioa  of  night— 
"  Laissant  ton^Ki  lea  fleuji «  ne  Its  seraant  pas," 
.'hich  has  ncbantcd  Fmch  ^iei;  an  little  ««  thaa  coaeeiti. 

elegies,  the  epltlct,  the  epigranu,  the  banidn,  conEain  many  (luii» 

■ociili.  but  even  i[  they  be  taken  aanrdiiv  to  the  vne  rule  of  modem 

in  ibat  kind,  they  fall  fvnclow  the  ncrits  nf  the  two  great  coUactions- 

Between  the  actual  Hteniy  merits  of  the  two  there  is  not  madi 
to  clune,  but  the  chsnfa  st  mannas  and  the  altered  standard  <A 
literary detencyhavathrowBtheCkiHkriBtetlieshade.  Tkeseuki 
an  identical  lA  gencial  ffc'y**^  vhh  those  irtiich  amused  Europe 
frDin  the  days  of  tbe  early  /Matt  writerL  Light  love,  the  mis- 
EortuTiet  of  hinbands,  the  cunniiig  of  wives,  the  breach  of  their  vows 
by  mHniaitin,  eoBttlule  the  staple  bf  their  lul^ecl.  In  some 
npnni  La  Foataloe  la  the  best  af  such  lale^elleri,  wbile  he  is 
cvtainly  the  lateu  who  dcKives  eucb  cKUie  *i  any  be  claimed  by 
a  writer  who  don  not  chixne  indecent  nibiects  from  a  deCbente 
knowledge  that  they  are  coBsidertd  indeeeBt.  and  with  a  defibente 
de«ire  t*  ponder  to  a  virlaus  laate.  No  one'wha  foUowfd  hi«i  In  the 
style  can  dum  thiaeuuM;  beeaiLaadlfc*  wayJawUchEOiitaDpeF- 
ana  a[  >tai  nlai  vin  ue  auch  aa  Madvne  de  Stv^ni  apeak  of  Iw  wvk 

Am" 'ij^trff ""  iS"  ™  ^1  'fi"Fon™tiTt«°l( 
aTlempU  little  odgiruHly  of  thrnie.  He  taltH  tiia  ne 
them.  It  b  (cue.  in  detail  not  a  Stile)  tiomBociaocio.boii 


hardly  less 


na  Gcuhy  ol  Hyiiu  L ,„ 

litfl  and  gentleniaii^  manner.    These 

ilcawbBcks.  Thty  an  not  peasBaKd  bf  tbi  half  jiaiaa 
or  physical  beauty  and  tbe  ddighta  of  snss  which  Bnuaatea 
IKS  the  early  Italian  Renaissanc*.  They  have  not  the  subtle 
and  sensuality,  of  poetry  and  appetite,  which 
Drt  of  Marguerite  and  of  the  FKiide,  liley  are 
I  pnr  rin,  a  geaulne  eipiaaihin  of  the  aiprd 
iH  writers  and  oIBabelais,  destitute  ol  the  grow- 
ncfls  n  envewpe  which  hsd  formerly  covered  [Hat  spirit.  A  con- 
parison  et  "l^  Fiane£e  do  poi  de  Garbe"wjth  lis  origina)  in 
Bocoocn  (espedally  if  the  reader  takes  M.  Eeiile  Moni^I'a  ad- 
DJiabli  essay  as  1  comncniary)  will  iUmtnte  better  than  anytluiig 
else  what  they  have  aad  what  they  have  ool.  Some  writecm  have 
pleaded  bard  for  the  admissioo  of  actual  paaaion  of  the  poetical  sort 
in  such  piem  as  "  La  Courtiiane  ac  "  '  .   .     -. 

must  ba  admtlMd  to  beahseM. 
Tbe  Falte  with  hardly  las  an 


collections  be  allowed  himiclf  bi 

that  his  genhd  is  moat  rullr 
is  as  mudi  to  be  eoiuidercd  J 


imiclf  br  more  Uboty.  and  it  b  in  it 

rnnjr  manifested.  TheboMimof  tb 

innity  of  the  motalliii 

dhftayvlhitheaab 


LAFONTAINE,  SIR  L.  H.— LAFOSSE 


]La  Rochafoucauld.  for  whom  t} 


lack  Ihit  of 
■  piUaiDd 


It  BMty  only  be  Bid  llul  odn  ((ml  La  FoDtHnc  b  nmncDtlr  ■ 
MtiriM)  aiGtauily  conanu  iuilf  wilh  the  darker  nllwr  tbu  nUi 
tb«  Eigatrf  thads.  Indeed  ibe  objectioa  kM  becone  preny  aeafly 
obnlcie  with  Ike  gb»le«DOE  of  w&u  mar  be  carlcd  Uie  DiimiMt 
i^hical  tcboel  of  crlUcuo.    Ita  lavt  ovtft  cxpmflOa  mi  nude  by 


:ks:"l..... 

ilha /'•Ua  OB  man  poreh  liitmn,  bal  kudlr  >■ 
nouadt  by  LudBi.  Peibapa  uie  beet  crlticui 
La  Fonlaus'a  FsiSt  i*  that  <tf  SUvexue  de  Saq 


takialalha/'aUa 

puidy  ubimiy 

to  the  effect  iGal  they  Hpp)y  ihnc  wTCnl  deU(hti  to 
us;  the  ehUd  icjoicei  id  tb>  trtiliiHH  and  vinfaieit  ol  the  aorr. 
tEe  caoer  itiidHit  of  HtetMun  la  iba  i  iiinniiinmii  an  wltb  wMch  it  b 
teU,  lb*  ofaritiicid  ana  of  the  worid  In  the  MNk  nOectkiiu  m 
chanctg  and  Ufa  wlucb  it  Gopvrn.  Nor  hai  any  one.  witb  the  ea- 
cqidon  of  a  ttw  paradoxal  like  Rouneau  and  a  few  KPtipienuiiita 
Kite  Laoiartliw,  dnM  that  tbe  man)  tone  of  the  wkc4c  ia  ai  freih 
•wlh(aWky«ainlit«*nr)>M»Mi>vivhl.  Tte book hai ibetelon 
■aunlly  baeania  (ha  itandacd  nadiac  book  of  Fieo^  both  at 
faome  and  abiwL  a  postka  wkkh  S  ihana  in  vrna  with  the 
TMmajiit  o(  Ftnelon  In  prooe.  Il  b  no  nnall  teMimooy  to  lu  Dierit 
that  not  even  tMa  nie  or  miHK  haa  iatnfercd  with  lie  poputarily. 
Ite  lewnl  UtMary  daiacter  d  La  Faotaiae  it.  wkh  alkwaiue 
nada  for  the  diOcmia  of  lubfect,  viiOih  eqaallr  ia  the  AWu  a^  in 
the  Ctmla.  Pwtiapa  one  <d  the  bardcit  Hviiin  ia  Frcncb  litentm 
(or  an  Enillih  Mudnt  u  the  dictun  o(  Joubett  to  Ibc  cfTect  that 
-  n  <  a  rfi»  £a  AhMAm  ne  fUnfkda  dk  ^MW(  fi'm  M  nvtM  wOi 
aaMrataittanMiuglK~  The  diBculty  ari»  lnMa  the 
ettixtniH.  Foriannli<iH*DfbaivaDdfcrdi%Bat 

aadi  theoldeit 


, „ itiktly 

iTpilated.  hia  cadencei  aitluiW  anapied.  and  the  whole  aCect  aiay 
beauliabc(t1iouih,orcoune,  ma  II(BtaiK]  tripping  Bteauueinitead 
«( I  iiately  one)  atnlUr  to  that  of  the  (Uiiai  of  the  En|liih  i^ndailc 
ode  in  the  hand*  of  Drydea  or  Collin.  Tbera  It  tbercliR  BathinE 
aiaioot  La  FoaniMoaike  acsnol- iawaiiga  nd  aoihii^  n  the 

■tandardi»  ii  wanted  to  dhIh  up  a  "  plenitude  of  poevyi"  and  tint 
•ocRelkiaf  more  La  Fontaine  leldoDi  or  never  cxhibiti.    In  wordi 

faculwrotiianipotiangiapo— rdanjMedkumydlHareiiiiaaim 
by  dincrcnt  nta.  bt  aonait  Mkeatba  foraoi  paniaB.inaontiri 
half  myUkal  eadiuiiam  for  nature,  ia  aooa  o(  commandini  ek>- 

Swnce.  in  dime  of  moral  fervour.    La  Fontaine  hai  none  gf  tbsie 
inf> :  he  11  alwayi  aninihif.  alwayi  aemible.  alwaya  ticver,  iDnie- 
tioei  cRi  aSaninf.  bol  at  IM  Mntt  tInK  alwM  intior  Inpneak. 

perbipi  not  even  a  treat  huouriat;  but  he  la  ike  laai  adninble 
teller  oT  lifht  talc*  in  leiae  thai  h»  ever  eiijlcd  in  any  tlmt  or 
couitrr;  and  be  hai  eitablisbcd  in  hii  vene-lale  a  model  which  It 
Bevel  Skaly  to  b«  Mp»a«L 

of  ihein.  The  moit  remarkable  o(  hia  vparvEe  publicalioas  have 
alirady  been  noticed.  Other*  were  the  Petme  it  la  afitmll  it  Si 
Uik  {itjif,  one  oi  Ae  piecai  l»|ilred  br  the  Pon-RouliKi,  the 
fotae  Ai  Qi^H  (I6»l).  a  pia«  <if  tkOi  work  abo,  lK»|h  «r  a 
very  different  Uitd,  and  a  number  ol  piecaa  paUiibed  ehlwr  n  nail 

gmphlcti  or  with  the  w«rkt  ol  other  own.    Anoiw  ibe  hiler  may 
iLnglcd  out  the  riecei  pabRilied  by  the  poet  iriih  the  vorki  o( 
hit  friendMaucnix  (lets).    Tlie  year  after  Ini  death  lome  rot- 

■atlcnd  poama,  leUctik  fc;,  with  the  addiliiM  «l  «me  naouUiihed 
work  bought  from  the  family  in  manuKript,  wen  carefuRy  edited 
and  pabnihed  u  (Qiirei  dnirin  (i7iq).  During  Ihc  Itlh  century 
two  e<  (be  nion  mainitceBi  ilhiiinted  ediilam  ever  poblMied  of 
any  poat  imniaai  the  two  chkf  wvehi  el  La  PonUkR  The 
fMa  were  UlMliated  by  Ouilry  (IMS-ITM).  the  IThIb  by  Ei«i 
tl76f).  Tki.  killer  onde.  the  ilt  of  "Dillon  de.  F.-'" 
Ciainat'  letclin  ■  high  price.  During  the  Krtt  thirty  i 
tkaiettMntvTyWakktnaer.nkttnlKudntof  French  ITth' 
cUadca,  pabUibed  f  at  the  bouK  of  Didot  thrtt  Mccaein  idi 


1' 

i-iSiT)  bctnc  Mffcana  entltkil  to  the  nnt 
Ui  fiittDM  rflTb  hTb  Ai  a— MI  d(  La 


taFonti 

of  the  uandanl  edition.  *i  Ui  fiiKDM  di  I*  w  B  Ai  iMaiei  it  _. 
ifntleimt  a  the  Mandard  bnanphy  and  biblnaiapky.  Tha  lata 
edilKuu  of  M.  Maity-LavcBux  u  the  BibUMStiit  MtiHatnt,  A 
"auly  In  the  CtHtctitn  its  dattiqmt  paiuaiitt  of  M.  Lemerre  ana 
^  MolaDd  In  that  of  M.  Cuniei  upply  in  diAerent  fvnn  all  that  an 
be  wlihed.  Thg  wjubA  la  tho  handioineM,  tbe  third,  wkicb  ia  ooa- 

ffie,psrhap•the^Knt■eae^Uy  vatfuL   EditiDoa,  leleeiiDaa,  (lajia- 
mi.  Ac.,  ol  tbe  FMa.  eapecuUy  for  achod  uae.  an  innumenbH: 
but  an  lltuitraled  edilian  publlahed  by  the  Liinuntia  BiUiitiiUt 

ondec^nn.  The  worka  ol  H  Cnuchy.  AeaawaU  MHuar 
la  Famtjn  biaa\  I  of  G.  Lafencatit,  /(oa  da  It  Fimltimt  (tIu)  : 
and  oC  Enulc  Faguet,  Jcoa  di  U  FfOUtm*  (1900),  ibouU^ 
BkentioDed.  (C  S<l.) 

ufohtahk.  im  unns  hipmlttb,  but.  (iSor-ia&t). 

Canadian  lUteunan  and  judft,  Ibiid  aon  of  Anlinne  JUouil 
LaFontaine  [1771-iSij}  (od  Malie-J- Fontaine  Bienveoue,  wa> 
boTi)  at  BouclieiviUe  la  the  province  of  Quebec  on  the  4th  of 
October  ito^.  LaFoataine  nu  educated  at  the  OJUge  de 
Montreal  under  the  diiectioii  of  the  SuLpiciant,  ajid  wat  called 
to  the  bar  of  the  province  of  Lowec  Canada  on  tbe  iSth  of  AuguK 
iSig.  He  mamed  Gully  Adek,  daufbter  of  A.  Berthdot  of 
Quebec;  and,  lecDodly,  Jane,  dau^lei  of  Charlci  MoniioB, 
ol  Bettbiei,  by  wbom  be  had  two  aaoa.  In  iSjo  be  waa  elected 
a  mCRibei  of  the  Home  of  Auerably  foe  the  county  of  TeireboDne, 
and  became  an  ardent  aapporter  of  Louia  Joseph  Papineau  in 
oppous^  the  adminiitniion  of  the  BDvetnor-in.duef,  which  led 
to  the  lebeilion  of  1AJ7.  LaFontaine^  bowcvai,  did  not  appiove 
the  violent  methodi  of  hit  lewler,  and  afiei  tbe  beatiUtiea  U 
Saint  Dcnia  he  preaented  a  pclilian  to  Lord  Coiford  tt^KtlJDg 

Ibe  itvolotiotiaiy  csune  of  eventa  in  Lower  Canada.  He 
rebellion  broke  outafrcshin  the  autumn  of  iSjSj  tbe  conitilution 
of  I79t  wai  nu  .  .  .  ^  .  - 
blicf  peiiod;  and 
United  Slatei,  wa 
Frtach  Canadians  tuned  to  LaFontaioc  aa  their  leader,  and 
under  bii  <Urecliaa  maintained  tbeir  (i[i|iDsition  to  the  vecial 
council,  composed  oj  nonuncet  of  the  ciowD.  In  i8j9  Lord 
Sydenham,  the  govenwt-geneial,  oOered  the  loiidtar  lenenblilp 
to  LaFonuine,  which  be  rdiued;  and  after  the  Union  of  1S41 
LaFontaUie  was  defeated  In  Ike  county  ol  Terrebonne  Ihraugh 
the  tovettwr'a  influence.  Duiing  the  nut  year  be  obtained  • 
seat  in  Ibe  aaiefobly  oi  the  province  ol  Canada,  and  on  the  death 
of  Sydenham  he  waa  callol  by  Sir  Cbailei  Bigot  to  lonn  as 
adnunistralion  with  Robert  Baldwin.  The  misiairy  resigned 
in  November  iSu,  ai  a  pnleu  againtt  tbe  actloDt  of  Imi 
Metcalfe,  who  bad  succeeded  Bagot.  In  184S  LaFoDtaine 
formed  a  new  administration  with  Baldwin,  and  mnained  in 
office  until  iSji.wben  be  retired  Iran)  public  life.  It  wu  during 
the  minid.ry  of  LaFontaine-BBldwin  ihal  tbe  Amaealy  BIU 
wu  paned,  wUch  occajioned  gnve  riots  b  Montml,  pcnontl 
violoict  to  Lord  Elgin  and  the  doliuctioo  of  tbe  pailiament 
buHdlngt.  After  the  death  of  Sir  Jimet  Stuart  in  iBjj  !«■ 
Fontaine  waa  appoioled  chief  juatke  ol  Lovrei  Canada  aod 
pteaident  ol  tbe  aeigneuiaj  court,  which  (titled  ibe  veied 
question  ol  land  leauie  In  Canada^  and  in  1B5*  he  waa  oeated 
•  Wonct.  Ue  died  at  Mcotieal  on  the  rtth  d(  Fcbnury  1S64. 
LaFonlabi*  waa  wel  vened  In  connltutnaal  hiitery  and  French 
lawibereaBdaiedckiaelyamipreacntedkbcooduaiootwilh  dinctataa. 

™^^'Caiiada.''Hia^™[^l'wor£.ai?:fim^>?X"arKl?M2; 
v»itit  iptiiti  nit  Ih  tmaxi  dkytarttjam  IMontnol,  iS4»! 
~   ''wf  jv  Jej  caeiftfm  rnpuiinain  IMoncrcai,  iAm)l  lee  L^ 
by  A.  DiCelkm  (Toronio.  1906).  (A-  C.  DJ 

Unm,  CBARia  di  (i&«a-i7i6),  French  paintff,  ww 
bom  in  PMiL  He  wai  one  of  the  moat  noted  and  leaM  aetvifc 
pMpib  of  Le  Bim,  trader  whose  direction  he  tbaied  in  the  diief 
of  tbe  grnt  de«»ative  workg  undertaken  In  (he  rdgn  tA  Lottli 
XIV.  Leaving  France  In  tM).  he  qieni  two  yean  in  Rome  and 
three  hi  Venice  and  ibe  Influence  of  his  prolonged  atndlei  Of 
Vcroncae  b  evident  in  bb  "  Findlnf  of  Mow**  (Louvre),  and 
InMf  "Rape  of  ProMipIn*"  (Loavre),  lAddi  he  pnaenMd 
to  tbt  Royal  Academy  aa  hia  diploma  picture  m  itij.    He  wit 


LAGARPE— LAGHMAN 


il  ones  lumcd  uiUtut  prafisoi,  and  b  1674  the  full  loponv- 
lilitia  of  Uie  office  devolved  on  him,  but  his  cngigcmeJili  did  nat 
treveat  hii  aatplliig  in  1689  tbe  iovitation  of  Lord  Montagu 
0  decorale  Man  tun  House.  He  visited  London  twice,  remaininE 
[qh — logcthcr  witb  Roussuu  acd  Mc 


Willi 


I  IlL  V 


UmlnEiitfud  by  tbe  pmpotal  that  heiboulddecoiaie  Hampton 
Court,  (or  Le  Biun  WiU  dead,  and  llaiuart  pitssed  Lafosse  to 
retuni  to  Paris  to  take  In  baod  tbe  cupola  of  ti»  lovpfides. 
He  decDratioiis  of  Montagu  House  are  destroyed,  those  of 
Venailies  aie  leatored,  and  the  dome  of  tbe  Invalides  (engievcd. 
rtcan  and  Codun)  is  now  tbe  only  work  existing  which  gives 
■  full  mcnsure  of  bia  talent.  Puting  his  latter  yeus  Lifosse 
executed  many  othtr  important  decorations  in  public  buildings 
uid  private  hou»e»,  notably  In  that  of  Croiat,  tinder  whose  roof 
be  died  on  the  ijth  of  Dccembec  17I0. 

UOIRDS.  PAUL  AMTOH  DS  (iBir-iSiiO.Ccrmaabiblical 
■cholai  and  orienUliat,  was  bom  at  Berlin  on  the  md  of 
November  1B17.  His  teal  name  was  Stttticber,  Lagarde  being 
bis  raatber's  name.  At  Berlin  (1644-1846]  and  HaSc  (1B46- 
t347)  fie  studied  theology,  phDosophy  and  oriental  languages. 
In  i&i2  his  siudira  took  bim  to  London  and  Paiis.  In  TS54  be 
became  a  teacfier  at  a  Berlin  public  school,  but  this  did  not 
interrupt  hi)  biblical  slULKej.  He  edited  ths  Diiascalia  apesle- 
lenm  Syrian  (iSn),  and  other  Syiiac  teits  collected  in  the 
Btitidi  Museum  and  In  Paris.  la  i86«  he  received  three  years' 
leave  of  absence  to  collect  fresh  nateiialt,  and  fn  tB£q  tuccteded 
Heinricb  Ewald  as  ptofcsMr  of  oriental  languages  lit  COtilngen. 
Like  £*ald,  Lagarde  was  an  active  worker  in  A  variety  of 
ubfccta  and  languages;  but  his  chief  aim,  tbe  elucidation  of 
the  Bible,  was  almost  always  kept  in  view.  He  edited  tbe 
Aramaic  translation  (known  as  tbe  Targum)  of  tbe  Prophets 
according  to  the  Codex  Reuchllnianua  preserved  at  Carismhe. 
Fref/iclae  daUaiee  (1I71),  the  Hapupapka  duldoice  (1S74), 
an  Arabic  translation  of  the  Cospcis,  Dit  vitr  EvanitHtH,  arabiich 
0ID  ier  Witnir  Handichrifl  luraBiieithn  (1864),  ■  Syriac 
trusklios  of  the  Old  TestuDeni  Apocrypha,  LiM  V.  T. 
tpKrypIn  ijtvhi  (iSAt],  a  Coptic  translation  of  ibe  Pentateuch, 
Dtr  FtKlalaicIl  jId^h'iiA  (1M7).  and  *  part  of  the  Lucianic  leit 
qt  the  Septuagini,  which  he  wai  able  to  reconstruct  from  manu- 
•cripts  for  nearly  ball  the  Old  Tcstatnent.  He  devoted  himself 
■idenily  to  oriental  scbolatship,  and  published  Zur  UriticikUt 
da  Armciiitr  (1854)  and  Armenlickt  Smdicn  (1877).  He  was 
aba  a  atndenl  of  Persian,  publishing  fiiioi  penici  (1883)  and 
Fvtildu  Sluiiitli  (18S4).  He  Jollowed  up  bit  Coptic  studies 
witk  .(((y^Iaca  ([IS3),  and  published  many  mioor  contributions 
te  tbe  itudy  of  oriental  bnguages  in  Crsaiim^ic  -Abhandliiiigfn 
(1866),  SymmlOa  <i.  1877,  ii.  iSSo),  Simliica  (I.  1878,  ii.  1874), 
Orialalia  (i8;9-'3ao)  and  UiaMliinge<i  (1884).  Mention 
■houki  aha  Ix  made  of  tbe  valuable  Oitmmlka  laoa  (t8)o; 
tnd  ed.,  1887).  Lagarde  also  took  some  part  in  poliliia.  He 
belonged  to  the  Fnissian  Conservative  parly,  and  wai  a  violent 
anti-Semite  The  biltemess  which  he  felt  appeared  in  his 
writings.    He  died  at  GOItingen  on  tbe  iindoi  Decwaber  i8«i. 

See  tbe  anicle  in  HetiOB-Kinck.  Kalntyilrpadif.  and  d.  Anna 
Ik  Lagarde,  Paid  dc  Laemti  [1894)- 

USASH,  or  EiBitnu,  one  of  tbe  oldcM  centra  ol  ftimerian 
civiliaatioD  in  Babykmio.  Il  is  represented  by  a  ntbei  low, 
long  line  of  ruin  mounds,  along  the  tlry  bed  of  an  ancient  canal, 
lomejm.  E.  ofthe  Ehatt-el-Htl  and  a  Utile  less  than  10  m.  N. 
ol  tbe  modem  Turkish  toKo  ol  Shatra-  These  tuios  were  dis- 
ttivcred  in  1S77  by  tlmeat  de  Saiitc.  at  lint  tiTne  French  consul 
>l  Baira,  who  viaillawed,  by  the  Montefich  chief,  Maiir  Paaha, 
ibe  Snl  Wali-Paiba,  or  govnnor .general,  of  Basn,  to  eiavate 
at  hi*  pltaiun  in  the  tenilories  lubject  to  that  offidal.  At 
the  outset  Ob  his  omu  account,  and  later  aa  a  tepresentative  of 
tiw  Flench  govatiunait,  under  a  Turkish  £mun,  de  Suiec 
cotttinoed  ocavations  at  this  site,  with  various  intermissions, 
until  Us  deatk  in  1901,  afiu  which  tbe  woik  wu  contioued  under 
(hclopHvisiDB  of  Uk  Commandant  Crol.  T2ie  principal  eicava- 
•MU  mtt  made  u  two  laiser  mounds,  one  of  which  proved  10 
'  ■  tbe  site  of  Ibc  temple,  E-Minnu,  Ibe  abriiw  of  iJk  patron  god 


ol  Lagash,  Nln-^tsn  or  Ninib.  Thfa  tnnple  bad  been  rand  aad 

■  fortccu  built  upon  its  [uiu,  in  the  Greek  er  Sdeucid  period, 

soRie  of  the  bricks  found  boring  tbe  inscriptfon  in  Aramaic 

and  Creek  of  a  certain  Hadad-oadin-akhe,  kinjE  of  a  imall 

Babylonian  kingdom.    It  was  beneath  thia  EorticB  that  tic 

numerous  staluei  ol  Gudea  wen  found,  which  conatilute  the 

gem  of  the  Babylonian  collections  at  the  Louvre.    These  had 

been  decapilaied  and  otherwise  mulilaied,  and  thrown  into  the 

foundations  of  tbe  new  fortress.    From  this  stratum  came  also 

various  fragaeata  ol  bas  rebels  of  bi^  artbtk  caceUeiKe.    Tbe 

eicavations  in  tbe  other  laisei  mound  resulted  in  the  discovery 

of  the  remains  of  buildings  containing  objects  of  aH  sorts  in 

bronze  and  stone,  dating  £rom  the  earliest  Sumerian  period 

onward,  and  cnablioc  us  to  trace  the  art  history  of  Babybnia 

10  a  date  aome  huodteds  of  years  be(«a  tbe  time  of  Gudea. 

Apparently  Ihb  mound  had  been  occutued  largely  by  alore 

houses,  in  which  were  stored  not  only  grain,  fi^  &c,  but  also 

veaaela,  weapons,  sculptures  andevery  poisible  object  anrtccled  | 

with  the  use  and  administration  of  palace  and  temple.    In  a 

small  outlying  mound  de  Sarrec  discovert  the  archives  ol 

tbe  temple,  about  jo.ooo  inscribed  day  tablets,  cODtainini  | 

ness  the  administration  of  an  anciuit  Babyfonfan  temple,  the 
character  of  its  property,  the  method  of  fanniDg  its  lands,  herding 
its  Socks,  and  its  comtneicial  and  industrial  dealings  and  enter- 
ptisoi  for  an  ancient  Babylonian  temple  was  a  great  industiial, 
cotometciBl,  agricultural  and  stock-raising  establishment.  Un- 
fortunaldy,  before  these  archives  could  be  removed;  the  galleriea 
con  laiuing  them  vcre  rifled  by  the  Arabs,  and  large  nimjbers 
of  tbe  tatjets  were  sold  to  antiquity  dealers,  by  whom  tbcy  have 
been  scattered  all  over  Europe  and  America.  From  the  inscrip- 
tions found  at  Telki,  it  appears  that  Lagarii  was  *  dty  of  great 
importance  In  the  SOmerian  period,  some  time  probably  in  the 
4th.  millennium  B.C.  It  was  al  thai  time  ruled  by  independent 
kings,  Ur-Nina  and  hi*  succesion,  wlio  were  engaged  in  contesia 
with  the  EUmiteg  on  the  east  and  the  kings  of  Kengi  and  Kish 
on  the  nortb.  With  the  Semitic  conquest  it  lost  its  independence. 
Its  rulers  becoming  fatriis,  dependent  rulers,  under  Sargon  and 
his  succesBon;  but  it  stUl  remained  Sutnerian  and  continued  to 
be  ndty  olmocb  impt»1ance,  and,  above  all,  a  ceatie  of  ailistk 
development.  Indeed,  it  wa*  in  this  period  and  under  the 
immediately  succeeding  supremacy  ol  tbe  kui^  of  Ur,  Ur-Gur 
and  Dungi,  that  it  reached  its  highest  artistic  development.  Al 
this  period,  also,  under  its  palttii,  (Jr-bau  and  Cudea,  Lagash  had 
extensive  commercial  comiTiunications  with  distant  realma. 
According  to  hii  own  records,  Cudea  brought  cedan  from  the 
Amanus  and  Lebanon  mountains  in  Syria,  diorite  or  dolorite  I 

ftom  eastern  Arabia,  copper  and  goldfnimcentral  and  southern  I 

Arabia  and  from  Sinai,  while  hfs  amlB,  ptesumably  under  hs 
ovcr>lord,  Ur-Gur,  were  engaged  in  bailies  in  Elam  on  tbe  east.  I 

His  was  especially  tbe  era  of  artistic  development  Some  of 
tbe  earlier  works  ol  Ur-Kloa,  £n-anna-tum,  Enienena  and 
otbeia,  before  the  Semi  tic  conqoest,  arc  also  eiirem  ely  inicresllog, 
especially  the  famous  stele  of  the  vultures  and  a  great  silver  vase 
ornamented  with  what  may  be  called  the  cost  of  arms  of  Lagash. 
a  lion-headed  eagle  with  wings  outspread,  graaptng  a  lionlneadi 
talon.  Altar  the  liaie  of  Gudea,  Lagasfa  scema  to  have  loat  ita 
importance;  at  least  we  know  nothing  more  about  it  untQ  the 
construction  of  the  Scleucid  fortress  mentioned,  when  it  seems 
to  have  become  part  of  the  Creek  kingdom  of  Characone.  like 
objects  foundatTellD  are  tbe  mast  valaable  art  Ireaiurti  ap  to 
this  time  dbcoventd  in  Babylonia. 
See  £.  d(  Sanec,  DlanatrUi  a  OalHi  [1887  folLV 

U.P.Pa.) 

UQHMAH.  a  diRricI  of  Afghantstan,  in  the  pronnn  m 

Jaialab^,  between  Jalalabad  and  Kabul,  on  the  northern  ride 

in  Afghanistan.  It  la  the  valley  of  ibe  Kabul  river  between  tbe 
Tagao  and  the  Kunsi  and  merges  on  the  north  into  Kairiitan. 
The  inhabitants,  GhOzals  and  Tajiks,  are  supposed  (0  be  tbe 
cleverest  business  people  in  the  country..  Sugar,  cotton  and 
lice  are  exported  to  Kabul.   The  Laghmaa  mute  betwcea  Xabul 


LAGOON— LAGOS 


7S 


Bd  lodta  omIbi  tht  Cmu  rim  im*  the  IMduwI  country 
li  ibe  toott  ioIlaVBd  by  Atcxanda  tiit  Cmt  uid  Babcri  but 
it  b»  warn  been  luppluUed  by  tbe  Ktayber. 

UMOK  (Ft.  lat*H4,  tM.  laana,  ■  pool],  i  term  ipplicd  to 
(0  k  riMCt  of  Hit  or  bncklifa  witet  TCU  the  »,  (i)  >  ihnt  of 
lioh  •ater  of  no  ^not  deplb  or  Dxtent.  (^JtbceipanKof  imoolh 
mtcT  codoiHl  by  an  atolL  Scm  Ugootu  ue  Ibrincd  only  wbere 
iheibom  jkR  k>w  ubd  piTMccted  Irom  wiveaclkm.  Under  (h«e 
coDditiona  t,  b«t  nuy  be  nued  »boTe  ki-IctcI  or  ■  spit  mey 
(low  until  ill  enij  loucbe*  the  l»nd.  Tb*  enckaed  shalloH  water 
■  iboi  iioUted  in  a  wide  Mntcb,  tbe  wavud  banki  broaden, 
■ad  Ibe  lasDOn  becointa  i  pcmancnt  arem  ol  jiitl  sHaltow  wain 
with  pecaUar  (aunal  leature*.  In  [he  dd  lake  pUuni  ol  AiatnEa 
tbcn  an  occaskmal  (ride  uid  shallow  drpmsion  wheie  water 
coUecIS  pcmazieBliy.  Large  numben  ol  iqoalic  birds,  black 
EWana,  vUd  dUck,  te«l,  migraat  spoon-bBls  or  ptli^nj,  n»rt 
to  tbeM  tnab-nmcT  )ai«ns. 

urns,  tbe  Kcxtrn  pivfince  of  Sootbem  Nlgeiia,  a  Britiih 
totony  and  pratectonte  in  West  Africa.  Tbe  province  coniiit< 
•(  three  diviiiMia:  (i)  tbe  coast  rc^on,  including  Lagos  Island. 
brine  the  lonner  etiaaj  at  Lagos;  (i)  small  native  stales 
utfacent  lo  the  colony;  and  Cj}  the  Vaniba  countiy,  farther 

of  Scotland.    Tbe  pnninre  a  bounded  S.  by  the  Gull  ol  Coinea, 
Una  »•  46'  5i'  to  4*  30'  E.);  W.  by  tbe  French  colony  ol 
Dahamty;  N.  and  E.  by  oihei  province!  of  Nigeria. 
Pkyriai  finAiru.— Tbe  caan  it  luw,  mintiy  and  miUiSooa.  and 


Dabomey  iKifbbfmn,  but  are  of  •Mnewbal  li^iter  compledOD, 
taEer  and  ol  icH  pronannced  Negro  fealures.  Tbey  ubibit 
high  administntive  ability,  possess  a  miikcd  capacity  [or  iiada, 


..Jit-lineui 


:U;hB< 


illow  cauae  a  dantrrou  1 
ly  (eiaraiet  the  anSe  la 


north  10  the  Niger,  anil 

physical  feature.  TheEeL,^,^,  „:y,;iui  ■vivu^.mu  »  «»«.«:■  ^ww  1^ 
Bdllcwardt  the  cut,  about  the  uppercoune  of  the  river  Oahun.  the 
rinaiisa  ia  higher.  Sauthwairi  fioia  the  dioide  the  land,  which  ii 
incenccicd  by  Ibe  ncoriy  parallel  coonei  of  Ihe  riven  Ogun,  Omi. 
Othuo.  Oni  and  Oluwa.  FaUTin  conliniiaui  uadulatioai  U  theuau. 
Ihe  open  cultivated  ground  giadualljr  giving  place  10  foinE  tiacEi, 


thai  of  the  other  ntiou  ol  Ihe  Guinea 

but  large  gam 

hteumlRg  acance.     Lcopaidi.  aDIelopn 

nkeyaaVTcS^ 

and  allMon  inleM  Ihe  riven. 

mrf-beaten  beach  and 

ineale«._  TTiey  are aloost  eatirel,  Im 

k.lbo»ihthey 

L   The 

Lekki  in  ihe  eM,  and  Ikoradu  (Lagot)  in  the  wen.  At  iii  N' 
eatmnity  Ihe  Lagea  kgoon  rmim  (he  Ogun.  Ihe  bigest  riwi 
Vonibalaad,  whoio  cBinU  ia  aDoag  emigh  n  kiap  ibt  aeav 
^ 1 .1. L —  .1..  _.^_    HtaiM  Ih*  inutancr  of 

lb  water  at  the  nocthem  end  ol  1 


port  of  Lara,  wbicblkiinani^.... 

channel.   Tbe  outer  entrance  li  obstructed  by  a  dangerous  1 

Climalt  ami  ffanU.— Tlie  climate  Is  unhealthv.  eipeciany  ir 
Europeana.    The  rainfall  haa  not  been  aKcrtaiacd  in  the  inlerlo 

1.  .i. .L —   j!_._!_._  ;-  jj  probably  CDnaidenbly  leia  than  a 

._,__ayear.,Tfievariaii--^-  ■- 


In  the  Dorthem  distr 
f^a^os,  where  it  la  about  jc 

Est.    In  1901  cherainfa..  .-,. 
[ng  reapcotiiTly  the  highest 


he^figu 


Idea  heavy  ittulla 

Mver  not  unfrequenlhr  awimei  the 
'  black-waler  fever."     The  frequency 


I,  choleTa.  typhoid 

lofyawBiaaadeBk. 

Us."— Tint  popubtion  ia  estunaled  al  1,750,00a. 
Yomba  people,  a  Nepn  race  divided  into  many  (tibes.  fon 
najacity  ol  the  inbobitanu.  Noiwiihsueding  tbeir  poUtioit 
lend*  ind  tbclr  proved  tapadty  u  fighting  men.  tbe  Yomba 
ue  djatinginibed  above  all  ihe  sunoundlag 
(eneiaUy  peacdul  diqmitioD.  induftry,  Iriendliness,  touiteay 
and  boapitality  lowanb  Mnuigcn,  They  an  also  intenidy 
pUriotic.     Physically  they  tttetnble   chncly     '   -     " 


horiiontally  or  vertically  on  the  checks  or  other  pans  ol 

""'  feding  lor  religion  is  deeply  implanted  among  ih« 
'he  majority  are  pagans,  or  dambaled  by  pagan  beliefs, 
hu  Diade  gnat  ptogreu  since  the  cessalion  of  the 
while  Prottslant  and  Roraan  Catholic  missions  have 
been  at  work  since  iM  «  AbeokuU.  OyD,  Ibadan  and  other 
Urge  towns.  Saioue!  Crowiher,  the  first  Negro  bishop  in  ibe 
Angiicin  church,  wbo  wai  dhlinguished  as  an  ciptorer,  gn- 
gnpher  and  linguist,  was  a  native  ol  Yonibaland,  rescued 
(i8i>)  by  the  En^sh  boa  slavery  and  educated  at  Sierra  Leone 

'  «e  YOBDBds): 

rnmi,— Besides  Lagoa  (i.i.),  pop.  about  50.B00,  the  thief 
iwns  in  Ibe  colony  pnper  are  Epe.  pop.  16,000,  on  the  nortbem 
de  ol  the  lagoons,  and  Badagiy  (a  nolorioui  place  duiing  Ihe 
ave-Iiide  period)  and  Lekki,  both  on  the  caasL  Ifllaod  Ihe 
nief  lowni  are  Abeokuia  (9.1.),  pop.  about  60,000,  and  Ibadan 
}.t.),  pop.  estimaifd  at  150,000. 

^iriciiftim  ind  Tradi. — Tie  cbieC  malib  of  Ibe  counliy 
jniuu  in  foieai  produu,  tbe  &taph:  induiiris  being  ibc  collec- 
OD  ol  palni-ketoel*  and  palm  oil.  Beiidei  Ibe  oil-palm  forttli 
crge  areas  are  covered  with  timber  trees,  tbe  wood  chiefly  cut 
forcommtrciaf  purposrsbelng  a  Lind  of  mahogany.   Tbede 


lolia 


la  started  ta  tig*, 

i.;s%oi 


trade.  Tbe  rubber  fnduitry  w 
ana  in  ifipo  ihc  rubber  eirportrd  was  valued  at  £3, 
1390,  owing  to  reckless  methods  of  lapping  tbe  vli 
tbe  rubber  plants  died.  Precautions  were  then  laken 
the  remainder  and  allow  young  plants  to  grow.  The  collection 
ol  rubber  recommenced  m  tgo4  and  the  industry  again  became 
one  of  Importance,  A  considerable  area  is  devoted  to  cocoa 
ptaatatiOD*.  all  owned  by  native  cultivaton.  CoSee  and  tobacco 
of  good  qtuliiy  are  cultivated  and  shea-buiter  la  largely  used  as 
""umiBint.  The  Yoruba  country  is  the  gieatat  agticuliunl 
B  io  West  Africa.  For  home  consumpiion  tbe  Yoiub* 
yams,  maiie  and  millet,  Ibe  chief  artids  of  food,  cassava, 
.  potatoes,  sesame  and  beaoa.  Model  farms  lave  been 
established  for  cxpnimcnial  culture  and  for  tbe  tuition  of  the 
natives.  A  palarabic  wine  is  obtained  from  the  Safliia  vinijaa 
and  native  beeia  are  also  brewed.  Imported  spirits  are  largely 
consumed.  There  are  no  manufactures  on  a  large  scale  aave 
the  making  of  "  country  cloths  "  (from  cotton  grown,  spun  and 
woven  In  the  conntij)  and  mats.  Pottery  and  agricultural 
implements  are  made,  and  tanning,  dyeing  and  forging  practised 
in  Ihe  towns,  and  akog  the  riven  and  lagoons  boata  and  ennoes 
are  built.  Fishing  is  extensively  engaged  in,  tbe  fish  being 
dried  snd  sent  up  country.  EicepI  iron  there  arc  no  valuable 
minerals  in  Ibe  counlry. 

The  cotton  plant  from  which  the  "  countiy  ckubs  "  are  made 
is  native  to  the  country,  the  soil  of  which  is  capable  of  producing 
the  very  finest  grades  of  cotton.   The  Egba  branch  of  Ihe  Yoruba 

valued  at  ij6,QS7,  but  owing  to  hiw  priceB  the  natives  ceased  to 
grow  cotlon  for  eipoit,  so  that  in  1870  the  valoe  ol  eiponed 
cotton  WIS  only  £516.  In  tfloi  planting  for  ciporf  Wat  recom- 
menced by  the  Egba  on  scientific  lines,  and  was  suited  in  Ihe 
Abeokuia  district  with  enconnging  results. 

The  Yomba  priest  to  be  unable  lo  alienate  land  In  per- 
petuity, hut  native  custom  does  not  preclude  leaung.  and  land 
concessions  hive  been  taken  up  by  Europeans  on  long  leases- 
only  ft  -  ■  .       -    .   - 


The  chief  eiporti  are  palm-kernels,  palm-oD,  timber,  rubber 
and  cocoa.  F^m-kemels  alone  constitute  more  than  a  half  in 
value  of  tbe  total  eiports,  and  witb  palm-oil  over  Ibree-tourtbs. 


u 


LA(30S 


The  irvk  in  ih 

neprodg 

Britain  snd  Germany,  the 

to    Germany'. 

S%-    M 

ciMhj,"  maia.  i 

Cotton  goodi 

re  them 

coming  neil.  followed  by 

batco. 

imported  from  C 

ol  th«  spirit  im 

potts  to 

[1  Ii  practically  coo&ied  ta  Gica 

bare  ol  the  biit-oamed  being  Jj^ 
or    ciporli    arc    cgSee,    "  couoti] 


"  Trade  Spiriti,"  thiefly  tjn,  ni 


"alcohol," 


»!{■«■ 


of  pure  alcohol  and  lOmelimei  aver  4*/,  of  fuiel  oil.  To  hinder 
the  file  of  ihia  noxioiu  compound  trgialation  wu  paiaed  in  igoj 
prohibiting  the  import  oF  Lquor  containing  more  than  j% 
of  fuel  oil,  whilst  the  sutes  of  Abeokult  and  Ibadu  prohibited 
the  imponatioQ  of  liquor  iironger  than  proof.  The  total  trade 
of  the  country  In  1405  wai  valued  at  £i,>i4.7S4i  tl>*  imponi 
iligblly  etceeding  the  eiporu.  Tben  ii  a  larft  mnsit  trade 
•ith  Dahomey. 


Cimmimioilim.~-l.fVt 


man  of  con. 

, IddoliUnd.and 

m.  from  LaEOf,]badaii(i23m.),  Otbotbo 


fopplied  . 


!J"'"b'Si^ht'S 


...  lone,  from  Anon  the  main  line.    Railway 

, et  Iddo  Itlandboib  with  Iht  mainland  and  with  Lat« 

■aland  (m  LAC09,  iDvnl.  Thi>  Umwu  bqpin  in  iSgiindapn^ 
to  Ibadin  in  1901.     In  wo;  the  buildinlU  the  Kction  Iliadan- 

vid  tod  aluut  Xtooo  pet  mill.  TlKln^oaoAerconvenientchinnFli 
for  nunemtii  mull  cTKft.  whkh,  with  tbe  escvptioo  of  neani- 

run  between  the  Forndoi  mouth  oil  the  Niger  and  Lafoi.  and  alio 
between  Lata  and  Poito  Novo,  in  French  territory,  and  do  a  lane 
triBiit  trmde.    Variova  inad»  ihnwyh  (he  buih  have  been  mHk  by 

between  f^goi  and  LiveipDol,  and  Lagiwand  Hambuig  (see  Lacds, 


cenind  council  which  m«<i  ni  U«o<.    The  (nat  majority  of  the 

ed  in  Cniland.    The  lefal  uatua  ol  lUvtiy  ■• ' 
law  courtt  and  dealing  Id  t' ' 


JTiibry.— Ligoi  Iiland  1 
c:ip1oren  ol  the  151b  century 
or  bkei  on  thia  pin  of  the 
Ihem  the  French,  had  Kttl< 
the  iSlh  century  Ltgoj  Lagoon  became  the  chief : 
frcquenliog  the  Bight  ol  Benin,  Ihii  portioit 


utned  by  tbe  Portusuese 
jie  of  tbe  numeroiu  lagoons 
The  Pottuguese,  and  after 


Cuinei  becooiEV  kDon  pn-emJaentty  u  thi  Sbve  ComC 
British  tmden  euabliihed  theiBMliKi  at  Bidtfry.  40  a.  W. 
of  Lagos,  where  in  iSji  they  wen  attacked  Vl  Konfco.  lb* 
Yoniba  king  of  Lagos  Island.  At  a  lauk  >  Britiib  Mnlforct 
seiied  Lagos  after  a  sharp  Bght  aitd  depoMd  the  fiing,  pbdng 
his  cousin,  Alutoye,  on  the  throne.  A  treaty  was  coIlc^Jdcd 
under  which  Akitoye  hound  himself  to  put  down  tbe  lUv* 
trade.  This  treaty  wu  not  adhered  to,  and  in  1861  Akiloye's 
■on  and  luccessor.  King  Dotemo,  wai  induced  to  give  up  bb 


I,  afler 


■rdic 


nuled  to  £io< 


death  in  iBSj.  Immedialdy  after  the  pr 
tion  of  the  British  anneution,  ■  steady  current  of  immigration 
from  tbe  mainland  set  In.  and  ■  fknirisbing  town  arose  on  Idgoi 
Island.  Iddo  IsUnd  was  acquired  at  the  same  time  as  Lago* 
Island,  and  from  1S61  to  1S94  various  additions  by  purclBie 
or  cession  were  made  Lo  the  colony.  In  1879  tbe  smail  Ungdon 
ot  Kolonu  wu  placed  under  British  protectioB.  Koisnu  bei 
south  and  ea«t  of  the  Denham  Lagoon  (see  DasoiiEy).  la 
iSSg  it  was  exchanged  with  the  French  for  the  kingdon  of  Pokr« 
which  is  to  the  north  of  Badagiy.  In  tbe  early  yearsof  tbec<d«iy 
Sit  John  Glover,  R.N.,  who  was  twice  governor  (1304-1^66  aod 
1S71-1871),  did  much  pioneer  work  and  earned  the  canfideDce 
of  the  natives  to  a  remarkable  degree.  Liter  Sir  C.  A.  UoloBey 
(governor  i&S^-iSfc)  opened  up  relations  with  tbe  Yoiub* 
and  other  tribes  in  tbe  hinterbnd.  He  dtspitched  two  cotn- 
misiioners  whose  duly  it  was  to  conclude  commerdal  (teatie* 
and  use  British  Influence  to  put  a  stop  to  tniertribal  fighting 
and  ihe  closing  of  the  trade  routes.  In  tggj  the  Jehu,  who  acted 
as  middlemen  between  the  colony  tod  the  Yoiuba,  dosed  acveril 
trade  routes.  An  eipcdiiiun  sent  igainsi  ibem  leeulted  in  Ibelr 
subjugation  and  the  anneaatlon  of  part  of  their  ceontry.  An 
order  In  council  Issued  in  iSqg  eilended  the  protectorate  over 
Yorubiland.  The  tribes  of  the  hinierlind  hivelaigely  welcomed 
Ibe  British  protectorate  and  military  expeditions  have  been 
few  and  unimportant.  (For  the  history  o(  the  Yorub*  Matei 
seeYonUBAS.) 

Lagos  was  made  1  lepante  government  in  1S6];  in  1S66  It 
was  placed  in  political  dependence  upon  Stem  Lewte:  in  it14 
it  became  (politically)  an  intetnil  p*rt  of  the  Gold  Coail  Ccrfony, 


is  again 


Inislered  as  a  crown  colony.     In  Sir  William  Macgregor,  M.D, 

— lerly  administrator  of  British  New  Guinea,  governor  1899- 

rnlightened  ru^r.     He  inaugurated 

rev  much  closer  the  friendly  ties 

:SS4,  the  whole  ol  the  Niger  delta,  lying  immediately 

the  Hausa  atates  and  Bomu,  had  been 

acquired  by  Gieal  Britain.     Unificition  of  the  British  possessioni 

Nigeria  being  desirable,  tbe  delta  regions  and  Lagos  were 

igot  iuto  one  government  (lee  Nioeua}. 

See  C.  P.  Lucas.  niiUriadCai'at'l'f^'^  BriOsk  Ctlattet,  vol.  lil. 

WttI  Africa  (Oilord.  i8o6);  ihe  nnnoafft^u  itsucd  by  ihe  Colonial 

Office,  London:  A.  B.  Ellis.  Tin  YmAa-ipakinf  Paplti  (London. 

......,_  J. .-._..._  ™.  ,..,_  -■ -iir  Jei„  HaiJej  Clfrr  (London. 

d  under  NiCEKu  and  DAHovEr. 
LAOOt.  a  leapait  of  Wot  Aftka,  etipital  of  the  British  colony 
and  pmlectonte  of  Sootbem  Nigeria,  in  6'  16'  N.,  j*  13'  E.  on 
lagoon  Darned  Lagos  also.  Between  Lagos  and 
the  mainland  ii  Iddo  Island.  An  Iron  bridge  for  road  and  rail- 
way traffic  i£oo  ft.  long  coiiDeeti  Lagos  and  Iddo  Islands,  and 
another  iron  bridge.  917  ft.  long,  joins  Iddo  IsUnd  to  the  tnain- 
land.    The  town  lies  but  1  foot  or  two  above  ae^-leveL     The 

. ,. „ large  government  house,  ibelawcouns, 

memoria]  hail  erected  to  commemorate  Ibe  servkVs  of  Sic 
I  Glover,   used  for  public  meelinga  and  eDtenunncot*, 
rbbotali  club-house  provided  from  public  fund*,  and  tb* 
There  ai 


nfor 


'  iubsUnlial  V 


,....  e  buildings.     The  aiiems  are  weU 

supi^cd  wilfa  electric  light,  and  thers  is  a 
Tbe  chief  ston*  and  dephi  for  guodi  its 


LAGO&-AAGRANGE 


7S 


■B«a(beb«nk)af  Ibehsmn.  Ttie  iwnnpa  of  *Mcb  oilgliutly 
Lit«  Ijiind  tDtinly  axuiilcd  hive  been  rcdiim^.  In 
comieiion  with  this  vork  >  cuul,  >;  ll.  wide,  hu  bceo  cut  nghl 
thniaKii  llie  aUad  snd  »  >ea-wi!l  buQ[  round  its  wnleni  half. 
Time  ll  1  cocimodiaui  public  bospitil,  of  Ihe  coltigE  lype, 
on  a  good  sile.  Then  li  a  nceannc,  whkti  ■!»  Krv«  u  a 
{eoenl  public  rccreatioii  fround.  Shifting  buiki  of  sand  fDm 
a  bai  at  the  m  (nirance  of  the  ligoon.  Eneniivc  woAs  mat 
luidfrtaken  in  igog  with  a  view  to  making  Lagoi  an  open  port. 
A  mole  h*>  been  bnilt  at  the  eaiteni  entrance  to  the  haiixnit 
and  drtdjen  are  at  worit  on  the  bar,  which  can  be  crossed  bj 
Kuels  drawing  13  ft.  Large  ocean-going  Meanen  ancboi 
nst  leu  than  a  m.  from  land,  and  goodi  and  pauengen  tri 
there  trinihlpped  Into  smaller  steamers  far  Lagoo,  Heavy 
caigo  is  carried  by  the  Urge  sleamera  to  Forcadoa,  200  a.  farther 
down  (he  coaat,  tramUpped  Ibere  into  bianch  boata,  and  taken 
lit  the  lagoons  to  Lagos.  The  port  is  417a  m.  Inim  Uveipool, 
iMi  from  Trectown,  Siena  Leone  (the  nearest  nfe  port  wot- 
ward),  and  jis  from  Cape  Coast. 

The  Inhabitants,  about  50,000,  tndnde,  bcdde*  the  native 
lilbei,  Sieera  Leonts,  Fanll,  Krumen  and  the  descendants  of 
some  600a  Brajiban  nuiKi^a^i  who  were  settled  here  <n  Ihe 
eady  da/t  of  British  rule.  The  Europeans  nombei  about  400. 
Rather  more  than  half  the  populace  are  Mosfems. 

UQOS,  a  seaport  of  southern  Porlnga],  In  the  dhlrict  of  Fare, 
(formerly  the  pfovince  of  Algarve);  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and 
sn  ibe  estuaiy  of  the  small  river  ligoi,  belt  spanned  by  a  fine 
stone  bridge.  Pop.  (iqoe)  Siqt.  The  city  is  defended  by  tonifi- 
citions  erected  in  the  17th  centuty.  It  Is  supplied  with  water 
by  an  aqueduct  too  yds.  long.  Hie  harbour  b  deep,  capccioiis, 
and  completely  sheltered  on  the  north  and  west;  It  is  frequently 
visited  by  theBritish  Channel  fleet.  Vines  and  figs  aieetteosiftly 
culiivatKl  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  Lagoa  is  the  centre  of 
fnpoTtant  sardine  and  tunny  fiibeiies.  Its  trade  is  chiefly 
carried  on  by  tmall  coasting  vessels,  aa  there  is  no  railway. 
Lagoa  is  on  or  near  fhe  site  of  the  Roman  LateMta.  Since  the 
tjlh  century  it  has  held  the  fomal  nnk  and  title  of  dty.  Cape 
St  Vincent,  the  ancient  PnmonlnriKm  Sacnim,  and  the  south- 
western eitremfty  of  the  kingdom,  is  it  m.  W.  It  b  famous 
for  Its  conneiion  with  Prince  Henry  (7.1.).  the  Navigator,  who 
here  founded  the  town  of  Sagrcs  in  i4'i;  and  lor  leveral 
British  naval  victories,  the  most  celebrated  of  which  wai  won 
in  175J  by  Admiral  Jervls  (afterwards  Earf  St  Vincent)  over  a 
lirger  Spanidi  sijuadnHL  In  im  Admiral  Boscawen  defeated 
a  French  fleet  oH Lagoa.  TliegreaCaithquakeof  I755denn>yed 
a  hrge  part  of  Ihe  dty. 

U  OKiCK  01  Lu  GUcfS,  agame  invented  in  France  daring 
ibe  first  quarter  of  the  >9th  century  and  called  there  kjtu  da 
CrSctJ.  It  is  played  wllb  two  Ught  sticks  about  16  in.  kmg  and 
■  wicker  ring,  which  is  projected  into  the  air  by  placing  it  over 
the  sticks  crossed  and  Ihcu  separating  tbem  rapidly.  The  ring 
is  cau^t  upon  the  stick  of  another  player  and  llirown  back, 
Ihe  object  being  to  prevent  it  from  laUhig  to  the  ground. 

U  ORAHD*  COVBB,  a  town  of  soothem  France,  in  ibe  depart- 
mcnl  ol  Gaid  on  the  Gardon.  39  in.  N.N.W.  of  Nlmes  by  nS. 
)i.    There  are  eitenjve 


,n  the  vl 


LAQRARSB,  JOSEPH  lODB  {i73«-t8r3),  French  malhc- 
natician,  was  bom  at  Turin,  on  the  >5lh  of  January  1736.  He 
was  of  French  eitraclion,  hii  great  grandfather,  a  cavalry 
captain,  having  passed  from  the  service  of  France  to  that  of 
Sardinia,  and  settled  in  Tuifn  under  Emmanuel  II.  His  father, 
Joseph  Louis  Lagrange,  marritd  Maria  Theresa  Ctos,  only 
daughter  of  a  rich  physldan  al  Cambiano,  and  had  by  her  eleven 
children,  of  whom  only  the  eldfst  (Ihe  subject  of  this  nollce) 
and  the  youngest  Survived  Idf  ancy.  His  emoluments  as  Irtisuret 
at  war,  loge;her  with  his  wile's  fortune,  provided  Um  with 
ample  means,  which  be  lost  by  ra^  speculations,  a  circumstance 
regirded  by  his  son  as  Ihe  prelude  to  bis  own  good  fortooe;  for 
had  he  been  rich,  tw  ugod  to  say,  he  nught  atvtr  have  known 
mathematin. 

The  genius  of  Lagrange  did  not  U  DMc  take  In  titie  bent. 


Rb  earlieit  tastes  were  Dteraiy  rlther  than  scientific,  and*'  he 
learned  the  rudiment*  of  feameliy  during  his  first  year  at  (he 
college  of  Ttuin,  witboat  difficulty,  but  wilhonl  ^[nctioii. 
The  pernsal  of  ■  trad  by  Halley  {FkU.  Trota.  itUi.  960) 
roused  his  enthtisiasm  for  the  analytical  method,  of  which  he 
Was  destined  to  develop  the  utmost  capabilitiea.  He  now  enteml, 
unaided  save  by  his  own  unerring  tact  and  vivid  apprehension, 
upon  a  eoiirae  of  study  which,  IB  two  years,  pJactd  him  on  a  level 
with  the  greatest  of  Iris  contemporaries.  At  the  age  of  ninelem 
lie  cornmuidcated  to  Leonhard  Eulei  bia  idea  of  a  general  method 
of  dealing  with  "  isoperfmetrical "  ptublems,  known  later  as 
the  CalciLus  of  Variations.  It  was  e»getly  welcomed  by  the 
Be^n  mathematician,  who  bad  the  generosity  to  wKhhold  from 
pnblication  bis  own  further  reieanhes  on  the  subject,  until  his 
youthful  correspondent  should  have  had  time  id  complete  and 
opportunity  to  claim  the  invention.  Tliis  protpetous  opening 
gave  Ihe  key-note  in  Lagrange's  career.  Appoimed,  in  1754, 
professor  of  geonjetry  In  the  royai  school  of  »ftil!cty,  he  (ormed 
with  some  of  hn  pupila— for  the  most  part  his- seniors — frlemf' 
ships  based  on  community  of  scientific  ardour.  WilH  the  aid  of 
the  marquis  de  Saluces  and  the  analainlsl  C.  F.  Cigna,  he 
founded  in  17JI  a  society  which  became  the  Turin  Academy  of 
Sciences,  lie  first  volume  of  its  nemoln,  published  in  Ihe 
following  year,  contained  a  paper  by  Lagrange  entitled  Jt(t*erc»(j 
jKr  Is  ncittre  rt  la  propaiotion  du  n%,  in  which  the  power  of  his 
analysis  and  his  address  in  its  application  were  equally  con- 
spicuous. He  made  his  first  appearance  In  public  aa  Ihe  critic 
of  Newton,  and  the  arbiter  between  d'Alembcrt  and  lEuler.  By 
considering  only  the  particis  of  air  found  in  a  right  h'ne,  he 
reduced  thcproblem  of  the  propagation  of  sound  to  tbe  solution  of 
the  same  pulial  diflcrential  equations  that  include  tbe  raotionB 
of  vibrating  strings,  and  demonstrated  tbe  insufiiciency  of  the 
methods  employed  by  both  his  great  contemporaries  in  dealing 
with  the  latter  subject.  He  further  treated  in  a  masterly  manner 
of  echoes  and  tbe  miiture  of  sounds,  and  e^lained  the  phern^- 
meoon  of  grave  harmonics  as  due  to  the  occurrence  of  beats  stt 
rapid  as  to  generate  a  mosical  note.  His  was  followed,  in  the 
second  voluMe  of  the  UisceBima  Tnirintiuvi  (1767)  by  Ua 
"  Essa!  d'ube  nouveSe  milhode  pour  dftemrindf  Its  maiima  et 
lea  minima  des  formules  intfgrales  IndCfinles,"  together  with  the 
application  of  this  important  development  of  analysb  to  tbe 
solutroD  of  several  dynamical  pnMems,  as  well  as  to  tbe  demon, 
stralion  of  the  mechanical  principle  of  ^' least  actfrm.'*  The 
essentia]  point  in  his  advance  on  Euier's  mode  of  investigating 
curves  of  maxuntnTL  <^  minimum  consisted  In  his  purely  analytica] 
eonceplion  of  Ihe  subject.  He  not  only  freed  it  fromall  trammeh 
of  geometrical  constraclion,  bill  by  the  inlroducticn  c4  Ihe 
symbol  3  gave  it  tbe  efficacy  of  a  new  calcufos.  He  is  thus  justly 
regarded  as  the  inventor  of  the  "  method  of  variations  " — a 
same  supplied  by  Euiei  in  1 7«. 

By  these  performancn  Lagrange  lunnd  himsdf,  at  the  age 
ot  twenty-sii,  on  tlie  summit  of  European  fame.  Such  a  height 
had  not  been  reached  whhout  cost.  Intense  application  during 
eatfy  youth  had  weakened  a  constitution  never  robust,  and  led 
to  accesses  of  feverish  enltatlon  culminating,  in  Ihe  spring  of 
1761,  in  an  attad  of  bilious  hypochondria,  which  permanenlly 

however,  temporarily  restored  his  health,  and  be  gave  proof 
ot  ihe  undiminished  vigour  of  bit  powers  by  carrying  on,  hi 
17(4,  the  priie  offered  by  tbe  Paris  Academy  of  Sciences  for  the 
best  essay  on  the  llbraUon  of  ibe  moon.  JBs  treatise  was  remait- 
able,  not  only  as  oSering  a  satisfactory  Eaplanation  of  tbe  coItN 
cidcnce  between  Ibe  lunar  periods  of  relation  and  revolutioii, 
but  as  containing  the  first  employment  of  his  radkil  formula 
of  tnechamcB,  obtained  by  combining  with  the  principle  id 
d'Alembert  thai  of  virltial  velocities.  His  luccesi  encouraged 
the  Acsdeny  to  propose,  in  tTM,  as  a  theme  for  cotopetithm,  the 
Iriiheno  unatlenipted  theory  ot  tie  Jovian  system.  Tbe  prm 
■as  again  awarded  to  Lagnngei  and  he  eaiiicd  the  same  db- 
tinctDB  wttb  caai^aB  tkefsqUem  of  three  bodiei  in  i77i>on 
the  aandar  equacloa  of  i^e  taau  ia  1 774.  and  Id  1^78  on  the 
theory  of  conulary  perturbations. 


•LAGRANGE 


Ke  hiS  In  ibe  nuanllnw  patlficd  >  Too|  felt  doln  by  *  vliil 
ta  I>arii,  when  lie  cujojcd  the  ilimulaliui  delighi  o(  convenin) 
wilh  sucb  lulheniBiidarii  u  A.  C  Ckirault,  d'Alcmbeit, 
Cnodoial  lad  Ihc  AbM  Muie.  Iltneo  pnvcnled  him  froni 
visitlni  London.  The  poil  oi  diicclor  of  the  miihcmailcal 
depanment  of  ibe  Berlin  Aademy  (of  which  he  hid  been  a 
'     -  ovil  ol  Euler 


beUttei 


imledlD 


iby 


Dhui 


e  lo  quit  B 

rlin, 

'Alemhe 

n-t  by  hit  dread  of  a  r 

j-il 

Uiilhei 

■od  ibe  result  *at  that  an  inv 

oveying  ihe 

wirfi  ol  the  " 

[reaisl  king  in  Europe 

maticiau 

On  Ihe  6ih 

of  No 

/ember 

76«.  Lagrange  wai  installed 

e*  posilioa. 

with> 

uhry 

f  6oao  franca,  lisple  1>L 

uie 

royal  I. 


eidiing  tary.  The  D^tional  jeiloiuy  of 
loreigDen,  wu  at  fint  a  aoura  of  annoyance  to  him;  but  luch 
prejudice!  were  gradually  diunaed  by  Ihe  inoSensiveaew  of  hit 
demeanour.  We  are  laid  that  the  uuversal  eumple  «{  hii 
collcaguei,  lalber  tbao  any  detire  lor  female  nciety,  impelled 
him  ID  matrimony;  hii  choice  beins  a  hidy  of  Ihe  Conti  family, 
who,  by  hti  requtsi,  joined  him  at  Beclio.  Soon  after  mutiaie 
hii  wife  wai  aitaclied  by  a  lingering  iUncu.  lo  which  the  >uc- 
cumbtd,  Lagtange  devoting  all  bis  time,  anda  considerable  itort 
of  medical  knowledge,  to  bei  care. 

The  bng  scries  of  memairs— some  ot  them  compkle  treatises 
of  great  moment  in  the  history  of  sdeace — communicated  by 
Lagrange  to  (he  Berlin  Academy  between  the  ycara  1767  and 
1737  were  not  the  only  fruits  of  hi*  etile,  ttia  Utcatiitut 
atttdyti^ucy  in  which  his  genius  most  fully  displayed  itself,  was 
produced  during  the  same  period.  This  great  nork  waa  the 
perfect  realiiation  ol  a  dtaign  conceived  by  (he  author  almost 
in  boyliood,  and  dearly  sketched  in  hi>  Gnt  publisbcd  essay.' 
Its  scope  mar  be  btieSy  dcactibed  at  tbe  reduction  of  ibe  theory 
0  certain  genenj   foimnlac,  from  the  simple 

■  equations  Receassry 

,'    From  the  lunda- 

ajd  of  the  calculus 

truths,  by  pro- 

conililine,  '    "■ 


develo 


at  of  which  should  be 


for  the  aolution  ol  each  k. 
mental  piindple  of  virtual  veloci 
agnificance,  Lagrange  deduced, 
ct  variatioot,  tin  whole  lyilem 
cesses  »  elegant,  ludd  and  I 


nethod  wi 


a  kind  of  sdentiGc  poem."    This 


d  by  the 


mbctwe 


unshackled  mobihty  of  its  minutest  parti,  the  separi 
^e  mechasici  of  matter  in  diRerent  forms  oj  aggregation  finally 
disappeared,  and  the  fundamental  equation  of  forces  was  for 
the  first  time  eatended  to  hydrostatic*  and  hydrodynamics.' 
Thus  a  univeisal  sdence  of  matter  and  motion  Kas  derived,  by 
an  unbrokeo  sequence  of  deduction,  from  one  rulical  principle; 
and  analytical  mechanics  assumed  the  dear  and. complete  form 
of  logical  perfection  which  it  now  wears. 

A  publisher  having  with  some  difiiculty  been  found,  the  book 
appeared  at  raijs  in  1 7&S  under  the  lupcrvisioD  of  A,  U. Legend  le. 
But  befoct  that  (ime  Lagrange  hinucif  was  on  the  spot.  After 
the  death  of  Frederick  the  Great,  his  presence  was  competed 
for  by  the  courts  ol  France,  Spain  and  Naples,  and  a  residence 
in  Berhn  having  ceased  to  poiieu  any  attraction  for  him,  he 
removed  to  Parii  in  17S;.  Marie  Antoinette  warmly  pationited 
him.  He  was  hxiged  in  the  louvre,  received  the  grant  of  an 
income  equal  to  that  he  had  hilhcrla  enjoyed,  and,  wilh  the 
title  of  "  veteran  pensioner  "  in  lieu  of  that  ol "  foreign  associate  " 
(conleired  in  1771),  the  right  of  voting  at  the  deliberations  of  the 
Academy.  In  the  midst  ol  these  distinctions,  ■  profound 
melancholy  uiied  upon  him.  His  mathematical  enthusiasm 
was  lor  lie  time  coraphuely  quenched,  and  during  liro  yean ' 
the  printed  volume  of  his  Ulcaniqut\  which  he  bad  seen  only  in  . 
■nanuicript,  lay  unopened  bcKdf  him.    He  relieved  his  dejection 

><Ei*u,l.  ij.  Mfc.  An..  AdveniiiiiBi  ta  let  «d. 

•  E.  DUihng.  Xritiicte  COc*. 


[MUiniv.  KnliKiit  Cati 


•rilb  tniscellaaeotu  studies,  especially  with  that  of  dematiy, 
which,  in  the  new  form  given  to  it  by  Lavoisier,  he  found  "  ais*e 
cotome  I'alg^re."  The  Ilevolution  roused  him  once  more  to 
activity  and  cheerfnlneia.  Curiosity  impelled  him  to  mnaja 
and  watch  the  progcen  of  such  a  novel  phenomenon;  but 
curiosity  was  changed  into  dismay  as  the  ieiti£c  character  of  the 
phenomenoo  unfokled  ilsdf.  He  now  bitterty  regretted  his 
temerity  in  braving  the  danger.  "  Tu  I'as  voulu  "  fie  would 
repeat  self -reproacb fully.  Even  from  revolutionary  tiihunali, 
hOArever,  the  name  of  Lagrange  uniformly  commanded  reapect- 
His  pension  was  continued  by  ihe  National  Assembly,  and  be 
was  partially  indemniHed  for  the  dqireciation  of  the  currency 
by  remunerative  appoinlments.  Nominated  president  of  the 
Academical  commission  for  the  reform  of  weighit  and  measures, 
his  services  were  retained  when  its  "  purification "  by  the 
Jacobins  removed  hit  most  distinguished  colleagues.  He  again 
sat  00  the  commission  of  1799  for  (he  conitruciion  of  the  metric 
system,  and  by  bis  aealous  advocacy  of  the  dedmel  principle 
largely  cootribuled  to  its  adoption. 
Meanwhile,  on  the  Jul  of  May  1791  he  married  Mademoiselle 


iful  girl,  whose  de 


=1  that 


disparity  ol  years, 
ano  lormea  inc  one  ue  wiin  lue  which  Lagrange  found  it  hard  to 
break.  He  had  no  children  by  either  nuiriage.  Althou^ 
tpedilly  exempted  Itom  the  operation  of  the  decide  ol  October 
17031  imposing  banishment  on  foreign  residents,  he  took  alarm 
at  the  fate  of  J.  S.  Bailly  and  A.  L.  Lavoisier,  and  prepared 
10  resume  his  former  situation  in  Berlin.  His  design  was  fr«s- 
tnted  by  the  etlaUishmcot  of  and  his  offidal  coimeiion  with 
tlu  Ccol<  Noimale,  and  (he  £cole  Polylechoit 


vedfr 


iation  of  the  Ecote  Polyt^bniquc 

of  Lagrange  to  mathemaiics.  Theremembranceof  bis  teaching 
was  long  trrasured  by  such  of  his  auditors — amongst  whom 
were  J.  B.  J.  Delambre  and  S.  F.  Lacroii— as  were  capabk  ot 
appreciating  them.  In  tipounding  the  piiaciples  of  the  differ- 
entiil  cakuiui,  he  started,  as  it  were,  Itom  tbe  kvel  of  bis  pupils, 
aod  ascended  with  them  by  almost  insensible  gradations  icom 
elementary  to  abstruse  conceptions.  He  seemed,  ooi  a  professor 
amongst  students,  but  a  learner  amongst  learners;  pauses  for 
thought  alternated  with  luminous  eipatiiion;  iovention 
accompanied  demonstration;  and  thus  originated  his  Tklirii 
da  fetKlieiu  amdyliqua  (Paris,  1797).  The  leading  idea  of  this 
work,  was  contained  in  a  paper  published  in  the  BrrliK  UentUi 
for  I7;i.>  lis  object  was  the  elimination  nf  tbe,  10  some  minds, 
unsatisfactory  conception  of  tbe  infinite  from  the  netaphyijcs 
of  the  higher  ma  thematics,  and  the  substitution  lor  the  difiereotial 
and  integral  calculus  of  an  analogous  method  depeoding  wholly 
on  the  teiial  dcvelopmeot  of  algebraical  fuoctiojis.  By  means 
of  this  "  calculus  ol  derived  lunctions  "  Lagrange  hoped  to  give 
to  tbe  solution  of  all  analytical  problems  the  utmost  "  rigour  of 
the  demonstrations  of  the  andents  ";■  but  it  canoot  be  said 
that  the  at  temp  t  was  successf  uL  The  validity  of  his  fundamental 
position  was  impaired  by  tbe  absence  of  a  well-canEtituled 
theory  of  series;  the  notation  employed  was  inconvem'eot, 
and'  was  ibaodoned  by  Its  inventor  in  the  second  edition  of  his 
Utcaniqutt  while  his  scruples  as  to  the  idmitsjon  into  analytical 
investigations  of  the  idea  of  tinuis  or  vanishing  ratios  have  long 
since  been  laid  aside  as  idle.  Nowhere,  however,  were  (he 
keenness  and  clearness  ol  his  intellect  more  conspicuous  than 
in  Ibis  brilliant  effort,  which,  if  it  failed  in  its  immediate  object, 
was  highly  efleciive  io  secondary  results.  Bis  purely  abstract 
mode  of  regarding  functions,  apart  from  any  mechanical  or 
geometrical  consideratioos,  led  the  way  to  ■  new  ^d  sharply 
characterised  development  of  the  higher  analysis  in  the  handa 
of  A.  Cauchy,  C.  G.  Jacobi,  and  othecs.'  The  Tktirii  Iti 
joiKliens  is  divided  into  three  prt*,  ol  which  the  first  explains 
the  gencial  doctrine  of  functioot,  tbe  second  deals  viUi  tit 
•  NuiccAy  ].  Del^ihn,  (Earn  it  Lafniul,  L  p.  ^iL 
•tZiwi],  lii.  441.  •rUffwdti/iocutu.  p.  A.. 

'  U.  Suter,  CtifkirkM  tfr  poll,.  Win.  u-  ta-ui- 


I LAGRANQ8 


■ppUcitiMi  to  Bxaaeuy,  tad  the  tUid  wltli  iu  beuiop  on 


>t  Ihe  bewt  of  Ihi  •Mtkw  of  teonKtiyi  be  vu  one  ol  llw  fint 

in  1791  on  t^  lilt  of  fonipi  ouoibvft  of  Ibc  Rgyai  Soaelj, 
Od  (he  AiuicuLion  of  Picdmotit  Ui  Fiujcc  in  1796,  a  toucblofl 
csmpIiBieilt  was  pud  to  hun  in  tbt  penqn  ol  Ut  igcd  UUiei. 
By  direction  of  TalLeymtd,  (hec  rpinit'tr  for  forfi^  aHiuii^ 
tlu  French  commiiuxy  repiinid  is  >tu<  to  Ibe  old  mM'i 
naidence  in  Turin,  to  con(ralul«.te  bim  on  Ibe  meiitt  of  hs  •oo, 
■tluio  ibcy  declared.  "  to  bavt  done  banaur  to  nunkiod  bT  bu 
ffliim,  and  ivhom  PlnimoDt  was  pfoud  to  bivD  pfodured,  and 
Ftaace  lo  fnaat."    Booipuie,  vbo  uylad  bim  "  la  bauic 

S^tunidedcsBdcnasmaUi^niatiqua."  Loadtdhim  with  pf raonal 
.voun  and  offidal  dialinciiou.  He  became  a  acnaior,  a  count 
of  the  empifc.  a  grand  officei  of  the  legioo  of  honour,  and  juat 
before  bit  death  ccceived  itic  gnnd  cnu  of  the  aider  of  rfuoioA. 

The  pcepaialion  of  »  nev  edition  of  hii  tfJoMifiw  eihausttd 
hi>  alceady  failing  poven.  Frequent  (lislinf  fit*  gave  prwingf 
of  a  tpecdy  end,  and  on  the  Sih  ol  April  iSij  ha  had  «  £ul 
iilemea  iritb  his  Criead)  B.  Ijic^ptde,  C.  Uonfe  «nd  J.  A. 
Cluptil.  He  ipoke  sitb  the  utmost  oilai  of  bit  approwhiaf 
death;  "c'eM  uiK' derail  le  fonction,"  be  uid,  "qui  n'eat  ni 
pfnible  ni  ihtgilMc."  He  nevirlbdeM  looked  fonnjd  to  a 
future  mectinf,  vhen  be  promised  to  complete  the  anlohio- 
(raplucal  dclrjli  vhich  weaknea*  obliged  him  to  Intemtpt, 
Tbey  remained  anlnld,  foihedied  tvo  dayi  later  on  the  iMb  of 
April,  and  was  buried  in  the  Pantheon,  (Ik  funenl  enlion  being 
pronounced  by  Ijplace  and  LacfpM^ 

Amongst  (he  briJliant  noup  of  marhciiBricUju  *h«e  DUgnani' 
(HDut  ri^ry  ronrributrcTla  acconpliflh  (he  raftk  af  leneralUaoon 
and  deduction  [earned  for  the  iBlh  century,  LairarHe  DOCllpioa  u 
tniinent  place.  It  ia  indeed  liy  no  meini  iniy  u  diniiiiuiih  and 
(PponiDn(hercapcc(iireineiiuo((hecainpeii(ain.  Tkuiieapccially 
tnc  cue  between  Lsgranie  and  Eulei  on  ib>  one  ilde,  and  between 

Lagrange  and  Laplace  00  the  other.   The  calci 

onaevuaped  la  Euler'a  mode  of  t(      ' 

The  fiuiiful  method,  acaio,  of  the 

duoed  by  £ultr,  but  adopted  and  perfected  by  Lnirange. ' 
recDfi^Eed  ita  mpremB  ImportaHe  tolbe  analytirwl  mventi^Enn-n 
the  ptanetaiy  movemanla.  FianUy,  of  the  itind  •eciea  i<  meaidiei 
by  which  tbe  liability  d  (he  jolar  tyetem  was  aK«(ained,  the  eUwy 
fault  be  nlmoet  equally  divided  bet««n  Lagrange  and  Laptace. 
Ifl  analytkal  IdveMion.  and  maffery  onr  the  cakultia.  (he  tuTin 
matliemalkaan  waa  ndininedly  nniiiralled.  Laplace  owned  (hat  he 
had  dn^^Fwd  of  decling  the  ifl(«cali>n  of  thediScRiuial  (quatian* 
relative  10  aecnlai  laequaliiici  until  Lagrange  ihowed  him  (be  way- 
But  [jptaccnnqneetionablyiurpanedhu  rival  In  pradlal  Biacity 
and  the  incqitlali  dtf  phyikal  truth.  Lagrange  aw  in  the  problem* 
(rf  natare  so  many  ocouam*  for  analytkat  triumpbl;  Laplace  n- 
gaidcd  analytical  triumphi  aa  the  meauof  aolving  the  peoblaaw  of 
■atiire.  Owe  mind  leenicd  the  e^nplement  of  tbe  other  j  and  boih. 
united  la  honDorabk  rinhy.  formed  an  Initnimcnt  Of  oneiamplcd 
pafectioO  lor  iha  lii'ii  Kiwi  inn  <4  the  ceteaiial  machinery.  What 
tuy  be  cdled  Lwruigaa  Im  period  of  reetarch  into  planetary 
ceruufaaliaiaeaUndedlnMi  i7I4>o  i7l4(>ecAsiHOHoii>;ffuUr<r>. 
The  notabu  group  of  tiatinca  coramuniHIed,  1791-17S4,  tc  ihe 
BeriSn  Ac«kmy  «■  dedgned,  but  did  not  prove  to  be  tiU  final 
cosiiMioa  to  tko  thaery  of  the  plkoeii,  Afrer  an  inrervd  of 
laauly-luiir  iiwatlat  — Wuet.  fB^peaedTui  S.  D.  Poiinoa  ia  a  paper 
cad  on  the  Mth  of  ione  (loB-waaoattniventachedbyLagmap 
*i(b  an  bEs  priitio^  vigow  and  ftetility  of  Invenbon,  Riming  w 
bquiry  inn  the  invanability  o(  mean  intKiona,  Pobaofl  carried  (he 

>pp»BrfiMtia«.  with  Lanr^^  lonnlaB.  aa  tar  aa  the  eqi 

the  di«<a|Wi«  f«e*  hHherto  iiBghrttd,  wilb  the  w(«  ren 
IbeitaUh[y«f  tJMiyalaa.  He  bad  pot  attmnpwd  to  iadu 
Jalcntatloiia  'the  otutal  variation  of  Iho  diaturhing  bodi 
lagrangF.  by  ihc  happy  artifice  of  (nrnferrbii  (he  origlT.  ..  .. 
aSbuM  hem  the  oeatn  ol  the  HK  (o  the  cemn  of  m^  el  the 
•u  aad  piMen.  obtalwd  a  itapliicatiaa  of  thcloniUa.  by  wUch 
tbe  aaae  aoilyiit  wia.rmidefed  equally  applkaUe  to  each  ol  |hc 
[faaete leveniV-  l(de<ervHiDberesBidedatDBe(>f tbenumcnnB 
coinddencea  ol-  dbcovny  that  Laplace,  on  being  made  aci)oaln(cd 
by  Lagfluge  with  hia  Hw  method,  pndoced  aoakcoua  eaprewkifia. 

ill  alia  liliiinMlillliiah Miiiihaliiil  liiMiiin    TV  liaitaehiew 

vcnlol  LaAange  in  (h^direc'' "*"" ----'-»- — -^t_j 

of  the  variafna  of  arbitrary  c 
the  tnveatigatinn  ol  perindkal 


;.-x"S 


utanta.  Hfcceaaftilly  uied  by  hun  in 
Lt  well  aa  of  lecutar  lneqiuditie%  to 
luatly  interacting  bodle*.'     "  Not 


initiCsei 


withiHK  aiumltbBM.    *na  tc 

groat  gcotnlity  «i  Ot  diSireMiu.  _. 

wHfa  u  to  locUchi,  a*  a  putiodac  iwh  th*  nliMiaa  ol  the  plaMOBy 
problem  reeewly  obuipnl  I9  Wm.  M)  prainBd  le  apply  «b*«ita 
pnndplea  to  the  calculadoa  ol  the  dirUrbaasca  iiiiiduijdl  i«  ite 

loiaiiou  nf  the  planru  by  anetnal  action  on  th« '' 

tubetucca,  but  waa  antieinated  by  pginoa,  whoi 

Svariatna  of  the  elaie~-  -^  -^•!~  — ^J—i^  — 
10  found  by  Lagrai^e  I 

mainly  for  the  pvpoaa  ^  emlndyuw  in 
final  reanhk  bu  na  iMtnaptad,  whia 
the  dea#  of  ita  luubai. 
i_  .L-  _j — EamtiBt  of  almoat  evqry  branch  of 

a  connkaouB  _part.  .  The  caJcal^     .. 

Dciated  with  ki*  name. .  In  rbe  tbocity  << 

ana  of  taaay  tl  P.  Fennai'a  thriremi.  and  added 
Id  algebialte  diKovend  the  method  ofapprmd- 

.  .. ._  raota  ol  u  •qsMioa  by  mtan*  ol  esotinwd  f rac- 

aad  loiagmed  a  fT       irr-Tin  rf  rtVng  aitahrairni  numiinw 

xy  degree.   The  method  indeod  fails  lor  ctgaationt  al  aa  ordar 

!  the  loanli,  became  It  Ibea  lavalvoa  the  aolatia*  etao  <q(M- 

<  higher  diioenwiB  than  thiypKpamd.    Yet  ii  pataaBia  Ibe 

great  and  chancteroUc  ncrU  of  genaraUalM  tbe  eolutiiiia  of  hia 

pndeeesHTi.  aahibitini  |bim  all  at  modificatmtu  of  one  [liiKHile. 

To  fjgtange.  perhaiM  more  thaa  to  any  otbcr,  the  theory  of  difter- 

cntiai  e(|ua(iooa^  mdobted  lor  ita  potatua  aaa.icicac^eailKr  thao 

"  tnllvtiofl  of  ingenioua  artifices  tor  fhe  ulutioo  of  iial (iiidai 

>bleini.    To  tbp  calculus  rd  finite  diffeterKet  he  coacribHted  the 

■ntifiil  lormuli  o>  ikterpoiatloQ  which  bears  M>  lumr;  although 

wtantttlty  tbe  Mm*  raaidt  seema  to  tMMbaaa  previouily  olitalncd 

Euler.    ButitxaaiatheapiAcatiDaloiwchaaiciilmMional 

I  uutrumenl  which  he  thus  helped  to  lonn  tba(  his  Triiiilar  merit 

'.    It  iru  hii  jutt  bsaii  to  have  tiansfarmed  mecfianici  (defined  by 


'ellowlrig  the  ..._ _. 

showed^that,  il  we  delcrmlise  its  configuration 
abcr  of  variabko,  whose  muuher  is  that  ot  the  de 
move  (there  beioi  at  many  equations  aa  tbe  tyitcm  hi 

FdDm).  (he  kinetic  and  potential  enemies  of  the  ^i „ 

d  Ihne,  and  the  differentvl  equBliOrq  of  mntlon 
y  dmide  diSersiHlatioa.     Bevdot  (his  ■■»«  im- 

ir'tt """ 

parted  by  gi        '       ' 


(hu  It 

—salscie 

eltgance,— aifoag 


al  qundraturea      has  (imned'(he  martlng- 

-     HU  (tetermiiij- 

e  sloi^  varying 

t«'dt«[«ilk.lbe 

L  a  more  accurate  knowledge  ol  the  ifiatfca  of  (he 
.  then  pmaetscd  a  Htiiroctory  tolndon  was  im- 
le  upper  firaift  aiaigncd  by  hira  agreed  dosely  wffh 
larar  by  U.  J.  J.lewiAac.'    As  a  matbtmtlciU 

.  1. 1 „„  ^^^  aorptised. .  Hia  titatiiB 

smaut  methods.,  but  models  of  sym* 
of  presentatlofl  t^ve  lucidity  to  what  ia  olncnre.  novzUy  10  what  is 


d  Ihe  aapintt^ont  of  the  Itee 

, . ._.'«!,  By   hit  (cnne   lafaouri,  ap 

emDooimeni  oenled  id  them  In  tiS  (mubled  Vorld  ol  politici. 

bica  eellecKd  and  pubLahed  in  tevea  41a  wolumes,  oadv  Ihe  tkle 


•Gbbi.  JfiOtrj  4  f Aphtal  4Nnt*M^^K' 


78  LAGRANGE-CHANCEt^^LA  GUAIRA 

IM^-I•7T^^TW6•I.  ini^  ul  tlM  Ktlaii  <tf  thia  pibfejttin 

Aodt^H  oTs^uM  flf  Tana,  Bcriiii  ud  Puit;  (be  ronrtli  is- 

d*)B  hfa  liii^taii 1  eaotributisiu  to  o^trt  ideDlik  eoUsctiaiH, 

SHtko'  iiilk  U*  MO&'Ooim  te  Eokr'*  i4Mrs,  i»4  hii  Luw 
ffliiiimiiw  It  iht  fen  Nanntk  i«  ijo*.  DctUBbn^i  n«l«  <]f  bi> 
»>,  tianetH]  (nv  the  tOm.  it  TltuHin,  iBit,  <•  pnflnl  to  tbr 
~  "  te  iRiantc  worka  ibnd*  busbI  ut  lUiriii- 
M—o  (ifol,  lad  cd..  tM.  JTd  «!.,  Ili6), 
u  (i8M.  nd  cd,.  iao6),  dabBcd 

, , tu  Ibf  utt  put  (4  the  rUmi  rin 

K  ol  tiMrolujBd  efilion  ol  the  MkmMiam 
■cpnnllii  i«ti,  tbcKcoad,  of  •hfehlfirnnrWoBwucmplMHlbr 
MM  Pnn  ud  BJBM,  ia  ItlJ.  A  thbrl  editiiiii.  ia  i  vuli.,  ito.  m 
Ibuh]  In  iBu-ifu,  iiida  ■sBnd  of  the  TMini  ^ftHBlimi  la  iRi  j. 
Sat  J~T  J.^uer  "id  Potd,  P<*i»  kM^rjpa  (iSij):  Tt. 
IVnwa-i  ^aaili  It  nanmkf  (iSij-iSkA,  «(l  U.  lad  n.; 
K.  Suts.  OoUmtu  in  maA.  Wia.  (i»>j):  E.  DOhrinf.  KnHiilm 
etui.  Ar  aaiiMHW  fViMifiM  d*  Maimk  (i»77.  >»■  <dJ: 
A.  Caalis,  ^MfliiM-iiw  nir  b  ffntflwi  d«  Ireii  Hffi  (I>I7): 
R.  Giaat.  fTUwy  sf  PltmiMl  >iBHnn,  Ac:  PMn>  CsmR,  SIw 
(Padua.  (111)!  L.  MutW,  CtMf  liv4M  (l«4o):  Vfntnr  d*  I« 
Ahw  (■*■«)<  W.  WbmU.  iftM.  *f  Um  Inimetlm  SrUKa,  B. 
Munii  J.  CMc  Muxfl.  SHitiitUf  tni  Uat/ii^m,  il.  lU;  A. 
^^—  *-«  tfiA  <  Aar.,  p.  Jlj;  J.  S.  Bamiy.  i/iH  dt  fai* 
L  isfi,  lis,  iji:  J.  C.  PoHCDdoifi,  Siif.  Lit.  Aoiid- 


tA.M 

UORAHOB-CBUCBL    [CaurcuJ,     FaUCOIt    JOBEPH 

(i67T-iTl8).FniDChdiamatiB«pd»titiM,w«abomatPfaigii«n 
on  the  iR  of  Janaaiy  l6jt-  Ht  «u  an  ertienely  precodout 
boy,  and  at  Bordoui,  wtiert  b«  iru  fduciied,  be  produced  a 
play  irben  be  was  Dine  yean  M.  Fin  yeu*  latu  hii  rneiliet 
lofdL  bim  lo  Puia,  wbne  be  IddihI  a  punra  In  Ilw  piiuetnt 
dc  CoBti,  towbom  bededkattd  bk  tn^cdyol/iiiwIAa  or,  u  it 
vai  called  itXti.AiktrM  (i6m)<  Radaebid  fiven  bim  advice 
and  waa  preicDt  at  tbe  inX  perfannaiiCB,  allbeujfa  be  had  lonf 
lived  IB  complete  retiiemeat.  Otbti  play*  (oUoirad:  OttU  it 
PjUii  Ii&9t).  UtUapt  (1699),  Amasii  (iTOi).  and  /■#  O  MM- 
calt  Iiyis).  Lagrange  hatdly  Rallied  tbe  hlfita  bopo  niied  by 
hit  precocity,  alibaii|h  bi>  only  Krioiu  rival  on  the  tiafk  lUit 
■ai  CatDpiiliOD,  but  be  abuined  high  [aveui  at  couit.  becooiiac 
wBaOt  i'UU  10  Ihe  ducbew  ol  t>rl«ni.  Thii  praperily  ended 
with  (be  paUialioD  in  i;io  o(  bi)  PMifpuiua,  odes  accusing 
the  thecal.  Phnip,  duke  oi  Orlein:.  ol  the  moit  odious  oiDies. 
He  might  have  escaped  Ibc  coasequnicfs  of  this  libel  but  ioi 
tbe  bhier  ciumty  o[  a  former  palnHi.  Ihe  due  de  La  Foice. 
Lagrange  found  sanctuary  at  Avignon,  but  was  rntlccd  beyond 
the  boundaiy  of  tbe  papal  j'urisdicUoa,  when  he  mat  anckteii 
and  seat  **  a  pciwocc  la  ifae  isles  ol  Sainte  Huxoenle.  Ha 
contrived,  bovever.  In  esape  10  Sardinia  lad  thence  lo  Spain 
.  and  Holland,  wheieheproduccdhiifDunh  and  SllhPjtifJp^^i. 
On  the  dtalh  of  the  Regent  he  was  able  to  return  to  France. 
He  was  pan  author  o<  a  Hisloirt  it  Plrifard  left  unfinished,  and 
made  a  further  coBlribulion  lohiMory,  or  perhaps,  more  exactly, 
to  romance,  In  a  lelter  lo  Elie  Frfena  on  tbe  idcnliiy  of  ihe  Man 
wilb  the  Iron  Mask.  Lagiaogc'a  bmHy  life  vaa  embiitercd 
by  a  loof  LtiTMiit  against  hia  loa.  Hi  died  at  P^Eiguaua  at  tbe 
end  of  December  175!. 

He  bid  colkcicd  hii  aim  mrki  (s  vbIl,  175S)  lone  monlbs  before 
b>9  death.  KUmaiir>inauti>orli.tbe7u^tIwr.  nacdiiidby 
M.  dc  i-cxiut  ia  iSs«.aada  liith  phiivpicby  M.  Diaacourtin  itM. 

LA  flBAIUA.or  Sax  ItSEromo.a  ummer  pataoeof  the  kingi 
of  Spain ;  on  tbe  soutb-easlem  border  of  the  pioviocc  of  Segovia, 
and  on  the  western  sli^ies  of  the  Siena  de  Cuadamnu,  j  u. 
by  road  S.E.  of  the  dly  o(  Segovia.    Tbt  rayal  eatatt  t>  S901 
(u  above  leaJevtt.     Tbe  Kenery  of  thii  regloih  opedally  In 
tliB  gorge  of  the  river  Leioya,  with  its  graolte  rocks,  lu  dc 
forest  of  pines,  hrs  and  hiichea,  aad  its  red-tDed  faima,  m 
nearly  RKmblis  the  '■j*'"^*  of  northani  Europe  than  1 
otbei  part  of  Spain.    La  Gmnja  faai  an  almost  alplDe  climi 
with  a.  dear,  cool  atmosphere  and  abondaot  igjahine.     Above 
Ibe  palace  rise  the  sonied  lummin  of  Ibe  Cuadtnaini,  culroinat 
ing  in  the  peak  ol  PefiaUia  (7S91  (u);  lo  frost  irf  it  (be  vid 
plains   ol   Scfovia  extend  aaOhwatds.    Tba  village  ci  Sai 
ndefonso,  the  oMol  put  of  ibe  estate,  was  founded  In  14J1 
by  Henry  IV.,  who  built  »  lwiitiB|  lod|«  aad  i±>fd  here.    Id 


t47T  tbe  dupd  wai  preaeMed  ty  ^>dl»'>d  ud  labda  id 
the  mask*  of  tbe  Pural,  ■  neighboaring  Hiandji^te  noDaMoy. 
Tbe  oeigiitat  pM[r*  (f '.  sruiiEe  w '■'n),  estalSAed  by  the  monk*, 
~~~  pvrebBMd  lo  1714  by  PUBp-V.,  lifter  the  destrtietiati  of  Ua 
mn  paba  at  Vihafn,  tba  ancient  FaWi  J's^Mnoa,  1  a. 
VUlip  detennlned  to  eonvert  Ihe  estate  faito  a  lecodd 
■allies.  The  palace  wu  buUl  between  1711  and  tTij.  Ill 
Afafnmtedby  a  tolwiaadeta  which  Ifae  piDan  reach  to  the 
.  TTie  itate  apaitiiKuta  contain  soimvaluiMe  iBlh^entiuy 
faniftmv,  bat'  the  faioODa  coSectioa  of  leolplura  waa  removed 
to  Madrid  in  igjfl,  and  ta  pitati  tul  there  In  the  Mtneo  del  Prado. 
At  La  f^ranja  ir  is  RprcseOted  by  facumSrs  in  plaater.  Tbe 
eiAeflale  dmrcb  adjolnlsg  (he  palace  dates  from  1714,  and  con- 
UlB*  the  (onbi  of  Pldl^  V.  and  his  comort  Isabella  Fatnew. 
Aa  attiBdat  late  caBed  El  Mar,  4eqs  "•  ■>>ove  Ka-tevcl, 
inlfHtt  ibe  gutleni.  which  ate  im!U(ed  from  thoae  of  Vettailles, 
and  lOApBe*  wa(er  for  (be  fountalol.  These,  desfnlt  tbe  anil- 
itotad  and  mnetimes  tuteless  Myle  o(  tbefa'  ornamentation, 
■re  prabaMy  the  finett  bi  Ibe  world;  tt  b  noteworthy  (hat. 
owingtotbcUgblcvctof  ihelake.  ho  pinnpa  or  other  amlianism 
are  needed  (d  supply  pnssDTe,  There  ate  twcniy-sii  fbnMain) 
beudes  lake!  and  waterfall).  Among  (he  ann  retnarkalih 
are  (he  group  of  "  Perseus,  Andhimeda  and  the  Sea-Monster," 
which  seiida  up  a  fet  ol  water  tio  ft.  high,  the  "  Fame,"  which 
reaches  iif  It.,  and  the  very  elaborate  "  Batfat  of  Diana."  It 
is  of  (he  last  thai  FhKIp  V.  fs  said  to  have  remarked.  *  It  haa 
coat  me  tbne  Odliona  and  amused  me  three  ndnules."  HoM 
Df  (be  foan(aliu  were  made  by  order  of  Queen  Isabella  la  1717, 
duriilg  tbe  king's  absence.  The  ^aas  factory  dl  San  IMefonM 
was  founded  by  Charles  III. 
It  was  In  La  Cratqa  that  Philip  V.  mlfnR!  the  crown  to  Mi  soa 

'  V777.  1778.  iTO^  and  1800  were  tigHd 
FenliiiaiiJ  VI! .  ....  .-.j 


(hS» 


unoHRl  Don  Carlo* 


:  Sntw:  HiMrj);  (bat  Fen 

ef~)lU  own  Infant 'daughlFT  InbriiaVthui  iiTv^viin'Spain  In  inVii 
war;  anl  that  in  18)6  a  millury  levoft  compelW  the  Queen- 
Rftnt  Christina  to  mtore  the  coutitacioa  of  illli. 

UOBOltB,  bOHU  JUH  FRUgOU  (1714-1801),  FrtnU 
painter,  wu  a  pupU  o(  Carle  Vanloo.  Bon  ■(  Parts  on  the 
]otb  of  December  1714,  in  17s]  be  became  a  member  of  (be 
lEoyal  Aademy,  presenting  as  his  diploma  picLure  the  "  Rape  ol 
Deianira  "  [Louvre].  He  viuted  St  PeleTihuiiat  (hecalTolIb* 
cnpicia  EUaabeib.  and  on  his  retua  was  named  in  t7Si  director 
ol  the  French  Academy  at  Rome:  he  (bere  pabled  the  "  Indian 
Widow,"  one  of  bis  best-known  works.  In  1S04  Napoleon 
cooferied  on  him  tbe  cross  of  the  iacioa  of  honoue,  aad  on 
the  loih  of  June  lAoj  be  died  in  the  Lonvce,  oi  whldi  h«  «a« 
hbiwrary  keeper. 

Li  GDAIRA,  or  Ia  Gdayxa  daoielima  LaeOAlM,  b-), 
k  town  ud  pon  of  Vencauela,  in.Jw  Federal  diiuict,  tt  Ui 
fay  rail  and  6)  m.  in  a  dinct  line  S.  of  CaileM.  Pop.  (1904, 
estimate)  I'ooo.  It  Is  Blualed  between  a  pferfpliotu  mountain 
aide  and  a  broad,  temiciicular  Indcnutioo  of  tbe  coast  line  which 
[onaa  tb«  roadstaad  of  ibe  port.  The  ancboraic  waa  iMf  con. 
aideied  one  of  the  mou  dangerous  on  iJw  CatibbiaB  oout,  and 
landing  was  attended  with  much  danger.  Tbe  harbour  bai  been 
improved  by  the  consttuctioa  ol  a  concrete  breakwalec  nuinini 
out  f nun  tbe  eatttra  sfaota  Uh  1044  ll.,  built  up  inmaoeKtcnic 
4ep(b  ol  4fr  ft.  or  from  aa  avcage  depth  of  ■«}  ft.,  and  rUng 
I9t  It-  shove  se*-leveL  Thii  endtoa  an  ana  Of  j6\  acres, 
having  an  avetage  depth  of  neatly  >S  ft.  Hie  harbour  11  lurUter 
impcoved  by  1JI70  f I.  o(  concrete  quaya  tod  1397  ft.  of  — ■••■'■^ 
sea-wall,  with  sBvoal  pieii  (tbtec  covered)  pnfecdac  lata  deep 
water.  Theae  works  were  executed  "by  a  Biltidi  company, 
known  as  tbe  La  Guaira  Haibour  CorpomlJai^  Ltd.,  and  were 
camplcledia  i8qi  at  a  coatot  «bomon»a>illie>>  «t«dit».  Jh* 
coocewic  ia  !«-  M  yean  aad  the  additiaal  cbalgta  Whldi  tbt 
company  is  autborted  to  Irnpote  aR  Deoeuailly  heavy.  TlMM 
ImpiovemenU  and  the  lestrictlDu  placed  opOB  the  duect  trade 
between  West  Indiu)  porta  and  the  Otinoco  bavagroatly  Inntaifiil 
lb*  Eonign  uad*  of  La  Coajra,  which  la  rira]  wai  51K  ol  that 
ol  the  lour  /Mrlai  taHWaJw  ol  tba  tepuhlic.    Ilie  aUppiog 


■Nwnlcua»aiHli4<'itl>(xwlucluii«eJy.  The eipcuU iochidcd 
ijiitij  b*^  atltt,  114447  b*^  aa»  uid  iji.Soi  liidn. 
Foe  igoj-igoi  Um  ioiiaru  U.  Ia  Guuu  mrt  viJubI  offidiUjr 
>t  ^tAIiI^S  ixid  llw  exporu  al  £M>3,i(>t.  Tt»  ciiy  Wwb  on. 
■lopiiig  s>oiuKi  ■tratchiai  iIom  t^  «iniilu  cnaM  bM  wi\k  ■ 
"  li  of  ije  M  jjo  tL  ind  ktvuB  Ik*  ippauw  <f 


3*ep 


hutc»likiwiMiBcnMHlit*>v«ikU>b«Mllt.    UtUaaumw 

0)  cpwi)*^  ■"SO*' (■^b' >■■*'',  nucMr- 
icKw,  twUy-iNned  Mnw^  but  wilb  aood 
u  |ic>id|«l  Mntt-    Fren  Ua . 


being  V  F.  Hh  lauUi  LoviM  of  UtuquMi^  i  n.  W.  w>d 
Hacuta,  ]■!.£.,  wbicb  htm  bMUr  cbMik  lod  naiUry 
coodltiDai  Kid  ire  canaccuil  by  ■  ii«n>w-|wv>  railnayi  we 
tbe  midMMSi  of  naoy  of  tlH  malthkc  itctmi  «i  La  Cuaiia. 
La  Ca«in  «ai  founded  ia  15U,  wu  nckcd  bgr  UiUaun 
udar  Anil*  PratoB  ia  isgf,  and  br  the  Fnack  uado-  Cnnv- 
mint  in  16(0,  >u  doUoyed  by  (b«  paat  lankqiuli*  o( 
Ike  >«lb  D(  Uanh  aii,  aad  ■nfcrad  wwdy  k  Ibt  war  lor 


LA  GUERONNIERE— *Ji.  HAJtPE  79 

n-dccud  10  llw  Cbaabet  la  ttn.   Kenans  *a*  an  ooOeat 
kciurti  an  lie  revgluUwiaiy  iicciod  of  Fnadi  Uitaty,  coimniiDg 


Gnat  Britain,   Gcrmwy  ud  luly  ■ 


I,  VxoKi*  M  <iSi6-i8i5},  FioKb  polilidio,  wu  the 
a  BoUa  Paiuvia  family,    Akhoofb  lo'  biitb  and  aduca- 

[farhwl  10  LatflimiM  prtadptcit  b  j^framr  ckiady 
I  iwaninti  l«  ohoM  oiaan,  J^  Bin  J'aUic,  Ik 
a  principal  contributor.  Aftar  lb*  uoppaga  of  tUa  paper 
neinDM(«ri«/tetM,aBdin  ils»4dkad£i /!^».  Achaiacler 
■katcb  of  Lonja  Naimlami  In  tbfa  joutnal  caMid  diSexnao  wilb 
LamaiUna,  and  La  Gutramdiia  becaaeBamudBoreclMdy 
idealificd  with  the  polky  of  tbe  prince  piaidait.  Under  tbe 
Brnpiie  be  m*  a  mamber  of  the  council  oi  Mate  (iSij),  aenator 
(iWr),  amheewdor  at  Bnuaili  itl6»i,  and  at  Contta 
(iRTo),  and  pud  cAcer  of  tbi  l«pia  of  bonaur  (iSM).  ... 
(fitd  la  Ptrii  OB  tbe  ijrd  of  December  iStj.  BcaUei  IA  Aida 
«  twHrmki  ttlilifim  tmlmftimiu  (*Bs<U  hb  iH«.tMpar«ilil 
•otfci  an  tboae  od  the  foiaiD  policy  of  tbe  EnipfR:  L*  Fma, 
KemialMii  (1851),  VAiax^m  it  Rtmi  (lUf],  Dilaftitivt 

Hii  alder  biotbci,  Altud  Duheuil  IUuon,  Comte  de  La 
fliitinnaMin  (taia-iti4),  nbo  ranaioed  faithful  10  the  Lctriiraiil 
paity,*aaalaaa«ell-kiioira«rilcrud>«inialiit.  Hiwaicon- 
liaieat  ia  bi«  eppo«itina  to  tbe  July  Monarchy  ud  tb*  £aplic, 
but  in  a  •siea  of  book*  00  tbe  criaia  of  iSto-iI?!  Aoved  ■ 
nwit  fawurahla  attitude  to  tbe  KqMiUk. 

LAflUIUI,  WM  BBni  anun  <iR5»-  I.  French 
lawyer  aod  poHtidan.  ni  tnra  b  Park  on  the  utb  of  June 
ifljS.  Called  to  tbe  bar  in  xtn,  be  dotingutibed  binueU  by 
br^lluU,  plcadi^*  in  favour  of  aOciaUU  and  inarrhiw  leaden, 
defoHUgs  Prince  Kn>potkiae  at  Lyeo*  in  iSSj,  LouiK  Uicbd 
ia  tbe  unc  year;  and  in  iIM,  witb  A.  Millerand  ae  colkacue 
be  defended  Bm«M  Rodie  and  Due  Qwcy.  tbe  b^tlfaton  of 
tbe  DecairriUe  etlika.  Hb  lUiClilre*  oa  1^  fronvar  di  1* 
JU^idM^M  OB  thiiaccNiaabtinf  declared  libellmn  be  wa*  *» 
pended  loi  ni  Mouhi  and  in  iVboagain  incuned  Mupanion 
for  u  attack  on  the  atunuy-feaenl.  QHaaay  da  Baanitpaiie. 
He  aln  pleaded  in  the  reausi  criminal  claeaof  Ui  tine,  tboach 
fmm  iB«j  oBwaidi  cKluBvely  in  tbe  pnvince*.  bin  etdiian 
from  tbe  Fatiuan  bar  haties  been  Kciual  oa  the  piMeXl  of 
bb  coooeiioa  with  la  Praia.  He  tetered  tbe  Chaabtr  of 
Deputin  (dc  Apt  In  iBS]  11  1  tepifatntative  of  die  exUnue 
icvisaoiii  FnefnouDC,  and  wa*  one  of  the  levten  of  tbe 
BoulaniiM  afiiatioo.  He  had  (oimaly  vrittcn  for  Ceoife* 
Ocnieiiccau'i  Drgan  La  Ju^a.hax  whin  CkoieiKeaa  tifiued 
to  tmpnK  any  ibibbolctb  on  tbe  radical  party  be  bcone  direclDT 
of  La  Fnaa.  He  lallitd  to  the  repubUcaa  party  ia  May  1801, 
MBi  BWMtn  befim  Genanl  Knulaocn'a  wldd*.    Ua  ina  not 


He  iolfiested  Maiwif  in  tte  fau  of  Ibe  "  LHtle  Danplun  " 
(Loui*  XVIL),  wlwao  euppoMd  itmaina,  biuicd  at  Ste  UaoiKrite, 
he  pnved  to  ba  Ibaea  of  a  boy  of  lourteea. 

LAOOIU.  or  La  Lasrau,  an  e|texval  dly  aad  formerly  the 
capital  of  tbe  idaad  of  Tcaerifle,  in  the  Spaniik  aidii|iclesD 
of  the  Canwy  bknda.  Pop.  (1900)  1^,074.  Lafuna  ii  4  b.  K. 
by  W.  of  SaalB  Ct«i,  u  a  ptaia  i«oo  fL  above  ■ea-levcl,  t«r- 
~  <T  is  unknoiRi  hei^  and  tbe  mean 
tj*  F.;  but  the  niafall  it  vctji 
plain  inometimei  Soodcd.  Tba 
tauoiUily  of  lb*  alnuapbeiB,  cocibiBed  with  tbe  warn  diBBla 
aad  Bcb  ■okiaic  wO,  wndm  the  diKria  eacqitioaallr  fotilci 
wheat,  wne  aod  iobaccD,  ofBnaea  and  otba  freiti,  are  piadwtd 
in  ebumknce.  I  »rina  ia  Ibc  (avootilc  lummer  lasdence  uf 
tbe  wealthier  inhabitanU  af  .Sanla  Cna.    Boaki  the  ealliedral, 


a  fine  modun  town  ball,  boapiiala.  a  lufe  pvblic  libnty  ttid 
■onwaadiBt  fialBceiof  IheSpukhnobiUiy.  Eves  tbe  nwden 
buiidiap  have  ofica  an  appearance  of  aatiquiiy.owiai  to  tbe 
decay  auead  by  damp,  and  the  hituiianl  gnwlh  af  '^"''''■1 

U  HAKPE.  JBUI  FRAHCOU  DB  (1737-1801),  French  critic. 
wat  hoin  in  Pan  of  poor  paecnla  on  the  mh  of  November 
I  ly).  Hi)  laiber,  lAoilgned  btauelf  Dclharpe,  wai  a  deKtodut 
ol  a  noble  limlly  onsiiully  of  Viud,  LcTi  aa  orphan  at  the  age 
of  nine.  La  Hirpe  was  taken  care  ol  foriii  moatbi  by.ihe  liiura 
of  charity,  and  his  education  wai  providad  lor  by  a  echolartfaip 
at  tba  CoiUfe  d'Kaiennn.     Vfhen  nineteen  he  «a*  imprisoMd 

Ui  proteelon  at  the  coUefa.  La  Hupe  ^inyi  denied  hii  (Bill, 
hut  thb  culBilnatlm  milfoiMne  of  as  early  life  ipent  enlinly 


witb  tbe UitemeH bt evinced  fai lalerlife.  Ia  itBj  hi*  iraiedy 
of  Waniik  wa*  played  beiN*  tbe  eevrt-  This,  ha  fini  play, 
w*i  pab*|»  Ibe  tat  be  ner  wnle.  Th*  many  aatbors  whom  he 
afienardagCended  weitahny*  able  lootaerfc  that  tbe  critic'* 
own  play*  dM  not  nack  tbe  ilanilafd  of  eaccUeBcc  be  lei  up. 
riBuMM(tl04),na>a(*>Md(iJ«])and(^riaMlI'aia(iT«6)wen 
(ailnna.  M4t«M  >■*  a  better  play,  but  was  never  nprocnled. 
Tht  (ucco*  of  Wtntei  M  la  a  coneapODdenea  wilb  Voltaire, 
who  (snceinvd  a  high  opinion  of  La  Haipe,even  alloiring  bin 
to  Conert  fab  »inn.  In  1764  La  Harpe  married  the  daufhicr 
of  a  enffee  bouae  keeper.  TUi  maniage,  which  proved  very 
inAappy  and  wn  dtaidved,  did  not  iBprerc  bb  petition. 
Hiey  were  veiy  poor,  and  tor  *o«m  lime  wen  foalt  of  Voltalie 
It  Foney.  Whan,  aliu  Voludn'*  deatb.  La  Harpe  In  hb  prabe 
of  Ibc  pfaikaopber  veut«ed  00  aome  leasonaUe,  bet  lather 
ill-tbned,  etitkbni  of  faidividBd  woila,  be  waa  accuied  of  treachery 
10  one  who  had  been  U*  ceortant  fiicBd.  In  176!  be  retunied 
from  Feraey  10  Paiii,  wbaM  he  began  to  write  fat  tbe  Mtrart. 
He  waa  a  bon  t^er  and  had  MiaB  Dieny  OB  the  anthoti  wboic 
violently  attacked,  and 
.  .  .  .  .  l*lly  (boae  of  Lebtait- 
atrlkbis  pmof  of  the  (Oieral  boetBHy  can  be 
givea  thanUi  McapUan  (r77a)  al    '     '     '  --  -  - 

BeBie  alb  bi*  ."  enecailon."    U 

HaltM'*  predeceaeor,  Chailc* 


fiom  tba  Mtreun,  which  be  bad  edited  fi 

stage  be  pMdwed  lar  BanHMa  (iTtOi  ^ 

SmfUM  (iT«i>,  la  Bmm  <tT8]),  CarUbO  (17*4).    Vitpnk 

(17W).    In  itM  he  beflu  a  conne  of  bteratnre  at  tbe  iie*4y- 

catabHsbed  Lytda.    In  theie  Icctorei,  ptiWthed  a*  tbe  Cwi  *t 


LAHIRE— LA  HOGUE,  BATTLE  OF 


Bo 

uidbahul(iiiI]rBH|KrtaiilkMnilecl(eoltbcmiddle«|ct,b<it  be 
beicellcntuihbauljiiiaaf  irlh-cealniywiilcn.  Sdnlc-Beuve 
toundiDhiBitbdMHtrilkoflbePnichMboolol  In^nly.ahkh 
Kuhed  ill  pafKtiDn  in  lUdiH.  La  Hkrpi  wu  >  diKiple  D[  ibe 
"  fhiUuflus  ";  he  mpfHcted  the  extnine  pftrty  tbroa^  tbe 
cjcous  of  179J  uid  1793.  Id  itoj  he  edited  (be  Uncim  it 
Franct  vbjcb  vUwfed  blindly  to  ibe  revohiiioiiArnr  lemden. 
But  is  ApcU  17M  he  wu  nevenheleu  ttitri  K  ■  "tuipect." 
In  nisoD  be  undtrweat  a  tpiriiuit  cHiit  wbich  he  deacnbed  in 
■dnc  ttnxirate.  ud  he  emerged  an  urdeot  Cilholic  and  a 
mill  in  pablict.  When  be  resumed  hl>  diiir  M  Ibe 
Lytfe,  be  alladied  hl>  formtt  fnendi  in  politin  and  litenlure. 
He  wu  impfwlenl  eBoBgh  to  begin  tbe  pablicalion  (iSoi-iSar) 
alhBCgrr«f«iJaiurlilMnire(i774-i7gi)  wllfatbegiud-dake, 
alterwaidi  ibe  empeior  Paul  of  Rniila.  In  tbcH  Itllen  be 
wipaMtd  ilw  braialiiia  of  Ibe  Uircuri.  He  contracted  a 
Mcood  Bamice.  which  wu  diuoJvFd  altFt  a  (ew  wtelii  by  hit 
wite.  He  died  on  the  itlh  of  February  iSoj  In  Parii.  leaving 
En  his  wiil  an  incooenniu*  eibartalion  to  hit  Icllaw  countiymen 
IB  maintain  peace  and  concord.  Among  hi!  poHhumoai  worki 
wu  a  /Vo/iittw  it  Catllt  wbicb  Slinte-Beuve  pronnuncu  his 
beat  work.  It  11  a  nmbn  deicription  of  a  dinner-party  of 
wublea  long  before  tbe  Revolution;  when  Jacqne*  Cantic 
ii  made  to  prophesy  the  frighiful  fito  awaiiini  Ihe  various 
iodividml*  of  (lie  company.  - 

AmoBf 'fail  vgifa  not  alzvuly  mentioned 
SMit  (iT95-i79A)>  publiiked  u  lie]:  •"— - 
CsCla^iiF  earlier  date  (puUislvidu^i 


a  Rllie- 


.  (iBi,). 


HmrDKaau.    SHalioSi 


'   '    ~  4  {«  preGied  a  ] 


eby 


C.  Feig 


d  Harf  (1 8)0). 

UBOX,  U0SBIIT  OB  (ite6-ii{6).  Fnaicb  [watrr,  wa* 
bun  at  Pari*  on  the  17th  of  February  1606,  He  became  a 
pupil  of  Lallemand,  studied  the  works  of  Primatlcdo  at  Fontatne- 
bleau,  but  never  viiiled  Italy,  and  belongs  wholly  10  (bat  tnnsi- 
lion  period  which  preceded  Ihe  KboDl  of  Simon  Vouel.  His 
picture  of  Nicolu  V.  opening  ibe  ci^pt  in  which  he  dinven 
Ihe  corpae  of  Si  Francii  of  Aiiiai  tltnding  (Louvre)  wu  executed 
in  t6jo  lor  the  Capuchiei  of  the  Maials;  it  shows  a  gravity 
and  Mbtieiy  of  cbaiacter  which  maiked  Lalnre's  best  work,  and 
teems  not  lo  have  been  without  iofluenceon  Lc  Soeur.  The 
Louvre  coBlaint  eight  olbet  works,  and  ptintiaga  by  LaUre  are  in 
llMrauiCumaoIStraiburg,  RmenaodLeMana.  Hiidnwinff. 
«f  which  the  Briliah  UuKum  poueua  a  fine  enmple,  "  Pre- 
sentation of  tbe  Virgin  in  the  Teieple,"  are  inMcd  a*  seriously 
u  bis  paintings,  and  »meiiim  tho*  timplidiy  and  dignity 
al  cBect.  The  eumple  of  the  Capuchins,  for  nbaoi  be  eiecuinl 
■everal  other  works  in  Paris,  Rouen  and  Ftcamp,  Sru  laUmM 
by  ibagoldsmiihi' company,  for  sliom  he  produced  in  163s  "  St 
Filer  hcaliog  the  Sick  "  (Louvre)  and  (be  "  Conveiwo  of  St 
Paul  "  in  itj7  In  1646,  witb  eJevcn  ullier  arliata,  be  founded 
(be  French  Royal  Academy  ol  Painting  and  Sculpt  un,  Richelieu 
called  Lahire  lo  tbe  Palais  Royal:  Chaotdkir  Sjfuier,  TallemagI 
de  R£aui  and  many  others  entiusled  Um  with  important 
works  of  decoration;  for  the  Gobelim  be  deaipiFd  ■  aetiei  of 
.  Lahire  painted  ako  a  great  number  of 
I  i^M  united  in  one  work  foe  the  town-hall  of 
Parii  (hose  of  Ibe  priodpaJ  digotlaijca  nl  tbe  manidpaiiiy. 
He  died  on  Ibc  iStb  of  Decembet  1656. 

LAKH,  a  river  of  Gertuoy,  a  right-bank  tiibnuiy  of  tbe 
Rhine.  lUsourceiiontbeJagdlMrC.aBimBUIoltbBRnthaai' 
Uoun(Bina,  in  ibe  ceDu  ol  a  house  (Lahnbof),  at  an  eientkoi 
of  iqis.fl-  It  ^*a  at  fial  eastward  and  then  soutbwanl  lo 
Ciesien.  then  luna  sou th-west ward  and  with  a  winding  eoorac 
reaches  the  Rhine  between  (he  towns  of  OberlaJtBst^  and 
Niederlahnstein.  lia  valley,  tbe  kiwei  put  of  wUcb  divides 
the  Tautuu  hill*  from  tbe  Weaieiwald,  is  often  very  nanow  and 
picturesque:  among  the  lowns  and  lites  dI  kitereu  on  jIt  banks 

ill  cathedral,  Runkel  witb  its  castle.  LimbB:gwilh  ilacatbedtal 
the  caaijnof  Scbaumburg,  Batduin 


Bnrgstete  and  Naaaw,  and  tbe  wdt-fawwnlwUth  Instt  of  Zni.' 
Tbe  Labn  it  about  ijs  m.  long;  It  ii  navigable  frem  In  ivoaib 
to  Cienen,  and  it  partly  canalized.  A  railway  FoBowi  tbe  TaUey 
praclieally  througbaut.  In  1706  (here  were  here  several  en- 
connten  between  Ibe  Freocb  under  Oeneral  jMirdaa  and  the 
troops  of  the  artbdake  JohaD,  wbkb  Kmlted  In  tbe  ntnat  of 
tbe  FKDcb  adoai  tbe  Rbbie. 

Mfl.  the  langiiage  of  the  Welt),  an  Indo-Aryan  language  spoken 
in  the  western  Punjab.  In  i^i  tbe  number  of  speakers  wu 
3.3ST,4r7.  ItleulerabooiKlajyisvHy  Indefinite  uthelanguage 
gradually  merges  bio  Ihe  Fanjabi  Immediately  to  the  eu(,  but 
i(  u  convenlioBiUy  taken  u  Ihe  river  Cbenab  f  ran  ibe  KaAnlr 
frontier  lo  the  ln«n  of  Ranuugar,  and  IheiKe  aa  a  tiralglK  Hoe 
(o  the  Bou(h- weal  comer  of  the  district  (4  MoDlgemery.  Labnda 
Is  aho  spoken  in  the  northed  the  Ilate  of  Bahiwilpur  and  of  Ibe 
province  of  Snd.  <n  which  latter  localiiy  it  is  known  u  SIralkL 
Its  wejiFTTi  boundary  It,  roughly  speaking,  the  river  Indus, 
acroa  chich  the  langnage  of  the  Afghan  population  Is  Publo 
(Pushtu),  while  the  Hindu  settlers  stltl  speak  Lihnda.  In  die 
I>erajat,  however,  Lahnda  is  the  prindpal  language  of  all  davei 
in  the  plain*  west  of  the  river. 

Lahnda  ii  ako  known  u  Waiera  Pan)abl  iixt  ai  Jalll,  or 
the  language  of  ihe  Jais,  1A0  form  tbe  bulk  of  tbe  populatioD 
whose  nwiher-Iongue  It  ii.  In  the  Den)i(  It  Is  ctlltd  Hindko 
or  the  language  of  Hindus.  In  iBiq  the  Scrampur  minimarici 
published  a  Lahnda  version  of  (he  New  Testament.  They 
caUed  tbe  language  Ucbchi,  from  the  Imponant  town  «(  Uch 
near  the  ranHiwnce  of  Ihe  Jbdam  and  Ibe  Chenab.  This-tMBe 
Is  cammonly  net  witb  in  irid  writings.  Ithunumennudlalecta, 
which  Ian  Into  two  main  groups,  a  norlbem  and  a  soutliaTi, 
the  speakers  of  which  are  sepanted  by  the  Sell  Rang*.  Tbe 
principal  varietieacf  the  northern  group  are  Hindkl  (the  sane 
in  meaning  u  Rtndke)  and  PMhwIil.  In  tbe  wutbeiB  gnmp 
the  imni  important  are  KbKrtnl,  Huldnt,  and  (be  dialect  of 
Shahpur.    The  language  poncna  no  litenlure. 

Lahnda  belong!  to  the  north-western  grdnp  of  the  ooter  band  of 

'-  *-     -        -  (f-T.),  the  other  member*  bahig  Kaibmiii 

both  of  which  It  is  chady  connected.  See 
(CA-Ca.) 

U  BOODI.  lAITLB  OP.  Ibe  Mme  now  ghn  to  a  aeries  of 
encounter*  whicb  took  place  from  tbe  lOth  U>  tbe  Ijrd  (O.S.) 
of  Hay  ■««>,  between  an  allied  BriUA  and  Dutch  leet  aad  a 
French  force,  on  the  northern  and  eaHern  iMa  of  tbe  CateotiD 
in  Normandy.  A  body  of  Frencb  tybofis.  and  a  mtubcr  al 
Jacobite  eiiles.  had  been  ejected  in  the  Colentin.  Tbn 
governmen(  cl  Loui*  XIV.  prepared  a  naval  armament  ta  cov^ 
their  passage  acroaa  the  Channel.  This  fom  wa*  to  have  beoi 
compintd  ol  tbe  French  ihipaai  Brest  comnaoded  by  (be  Couu 
ol  Toutville,  and  of  a  squadron  whicb  wu  to  have  joined  bim 
from  Toulon.  Bu(  (be  Toulon  ihipa  were  •catteitd  by  a  gale, 
and  the  combinsllon  wu  not  eaecied.  Tbe  count  of  ToomHe, 
who  bad  put  (o  Bin  to  mrci  them,  bad  with  him  only  45  or 
47  iMiis  of  the  line.  Vet  when  tbe  Miolorcanent  failed  to 
join  him.  he  steered  up  Cbaund  to  meet  tbe  alUet,  wbo  wen 
known  Is  he  in  Mrengtfi.  On  Ihe  151b  of  Hay  the  Biltilh  AeM 
of  6j  sail  of  tbe  Hne,  mder  eonnuDd  of  Edward  RuMiiL  after- 
ward*  eari  af  Orfaid,  wu  joined  al  St  IMani  by  tha  Dutch 
aqaadtan  of  jAuil  under  AdiidialvanAlhaiOBdt.  Tbaaii|i*t(nt 
-  Mounter  witb 

«■' 
man]'  Biitiah  eaptaim  wci«  dbconieated,  and  wnuU 
pasa  <n«r  hna  Ihe  lenicc  of  tbe  gofcraKienl  oublished  by 
tbe  Rmohiliaa  of  itU  te  their  ekiM  Ung.  Janci  II.  It  I*  nld 
that  TonvtDe  had  erden  from  Louii  XI V.  (o  at  tack  in  any  case, 
butibeitmyiiafdoabtfalanthority.  Tbe Brilfifa gowenmest, 
awaieef  tbeiacobneiUrJ(iK*tniuS*ct,iado(tba  prmlcDCC 
of  diteonteM.  tnok  the  bcM  caune-ol  appeiiiag  to  tbe  hqially 
aodpUrioihmotltaoScnt.  Ata(MCtin^o{tliea^«Saia  oa 
board  Ihr  "  Brhannia."  RumU'i  Oag-sMp,  on  the  isih  of  ISaj, 
they  piMtated  Ibdr  kqmhy.  and  Ibe  wboli  allied  fleet  put  lo  (e* 
OBtbaiUb.     Ob  Ibe  igtb  ai  Hayi,  wbaa  Capa  aaritu,  iW 


I  ado-Aryan  knau^a  (i 
(t».j  and  Sindhl,  with  ^ 
SlHDUI;  alio  tf  IMKIsrA 


ftaUt  lUuIi  ptiM  of  the  CatcMK  ««i  ii  m.  S.W.  of  Uwni, 
tbty  righted  TourviBc,  who  wu  then  »  hl  En  the  amh  ol  Ctpe 
L*  [bsu(,  ^  BBnb-««teni  cmcnltr  <>(  the  parinsub,  wUcb 
miBt  DM  be  eonlBunJed  vitk  La  Hooqne,  oi  Li  Hr«of,  the 
[ilice  *t  ithicb  the  SchliiiB  ended.  IIk  allies  were  fotrntd  in  a 
Hoc  from  S3.W.  ta  N J<.£.  beading  Unntdi  the  EagSsh  csul, 
the  Dutch  (Onring  the  Whbe  or  vmn  diniioB,  wtdle  the  Red  or 
CEBtrc  divoioa  noder  Rtuscll,  and  the  Blue  or  real  uoder  Sir 
John  Aihbjr,  weie  •bolly  compiaed  of  British  ibipe.  The  wind 
wu  tnm  the  S.W.  lad  the  weitfact  buy.  Touiville  bae  dawn 
ud  ittickcd  abiiot  mid-day,  diROing  his  msin  siuDlt  on  the 
centre  of  the  il£cs,  hut  telling  off  some  ships  ta  wiUh  the  van 
end  rcsr  of  hla  cnrmy.  As  this  fiist  encounter  toot  place  off  Cape 
Buaeoi,  the  battle  was  fonneilyoftoi  called  by  the  nasK.  On 
the  centie,  where  Tourville  wu  directly  oppeoed  to  RuneO,  tbe 
Aghdw  wn  tewen.  The  SitUb  b»«hip  the  "  BnuanJa  " 
(tm^,  ai^  the  FiCKfa,  Dw  "  SokU  Boyd  "  (loe),  wen  both 
omslttdy  crippled.   AfterKvenlbautsaf  ooBBki,  ihcFmnb 

outSudc  bin  and  pMi  through  .the  neceaaiily  wide  inieivali 
is  Ut  cueDdad  liae.  dicw  od  wilboait  the  ka  of  a  il^  The 
wiftdDawitUaadtbebanbecaBMafag.  Till  tbe  ijid,  the  two 
Amu  rrnatani  ofl  the  BoMh  caait  of  the  CotcDtbi,  driftiBg 
■tit  with  tbe  ebb  tide  oc  CMt  with  tbe  bod,  nve  rten  ib^ 
aaclMctd.  Dsrii^  tbe  oitfu  of  ti^  i^th/aoth  aonw  BritMi  sb^ 
bccau  eoiasglcd,  in  tbe  fag,  with  tb*  FitDcta,  and  dilfted 
thiDugli  them. on  the  tide,  wilhlais.  On  the  ijid  both  Betta 
weteaear  La  Hague.  Aboid  half  the  FtCDcfa,  under  D'AtalieviUc, 
'  '    '   o  St  Halo-.thimigb    ' 


ntiofaiid 

ftiMd  hb  own  flag,  and-left  hii     . 

w  Ibef  best  ogald.    He  kit  tbe  "  SoUl  Royal,"  and  leBl  bci 

with  two  otbcn  to  Cbobomg,  when  tbcy  wcra  deaioytd  by  Sir 

Ralpb  DelavaL   The  othen  now  ran  round  Cape  Baifleut,  and 

■ontbt  lehge  «n  the  «aU  side  of  the  CDtmCin  «l  ■■-  — >-—- 

al  LaHouqiM,  odkd  by  the  CngUib  La  Hagoe,  w 

dcMJaed  {grtbe  tava^  wo*  eacampad.      Hi 

«efe  banc  ^  Sir  Cwrge  Roolu,  in  the  [ 

tbe  ptaa  where  the  jut  blow  wu  stnul:,  the  baltls  hucnmo 
to  be  hiuwn  hy  the  umc  of  La  Hogue. 

SuStdeit  ucouou  el  tbe  ballle  Duiy  be  found  in  Lediard'i  Haul 
niilirj  (London,  i  )35).  ""d  for  the  French  lide  in  Troode'j  BaUuila 
m-aalrj  it  la  Fnma  (}^ri.,  iMj).  The  mapc  of  D-Amtffville'l 
iquadroa  la  the  tublcct  of  BnwBuic'spacin"  Hgrv4  Rid." 

{D.R1 

LAHORE,  an  andent  dty  of  Brilitb  India,  tbe  capital  of  tba 
Punjab,  which  giva  in  same  to  a  diiukt  and  diviiian.  It  tiea 
Id  ji'js'M.  aodTV*  id*  E.  neat  Ihckft  bankof  thcKivsKavi, 
iTot  It.  above  tbe  sea,  and  ii]>  ai.  by  rail  front  CaloiCta. 
It  is  thus  in  abput  the  same  latitude  u  Cairo,  but  owing  to  iti 
inland  pOHtion  is  conaidenbly  boiler  than  thai  city,  bdng  one 
of  tha  hottest  places  in  India  in  the  aicnmer  tine.  In  the  cold 
ieason  tbe  dimale  ii  pleaiaally  ami  and  bright  The  native 
city  ii  walled,  abont  il  to.  in  lei«Ui  W.  to  E.  and  abo«t  i  m. 
in  breadth  N,  to  S.  Its  site  baa  beat  occupied  fton  cady  times, 
and  mnch  of  it  sUnds  high  above  the  levd  «f  tbe  (unotnding 
country,  raised  on  tbe  remains  of  a  auccenian  of  fcnaeiJiabita- 
tions.  Some  (dd  buildinp,  vhich  bave  been  prtMfvcd,  atand 
BOW  below  tbe  present  surface  of  (be  grouod.  Tbii  b  well  Been 
in  the  mosque  now  called  MBJId  Niwin  <ot  sunken)  built  in 
1560,  the  mosque  oi  Mullah  Rahmal,  Tit.  below,  and  the  Shivali, 
a  very  uld  Hindu  temple,  about  1  s  ft-  below  tbe  surmunding 
ground.  Hindu  tradition  traces  the  origin  of  lahore  to  Lob 
01  Lava,  lOD  ot  Ruoa,  the  ben  of  the  Ramayama.  Tbe  absence 
of  raeniion  of  Labote  by  Aleuadtr's  biilotians,  and  the  fact 
tbat  coins  oi  tbe  Craeo-Bacliiaii  kings  are  not  found  among 
tbe  rains,  lead  10  tbe  beliel  that  it  wts  not  *  place  of  say  impott- 
anc*  duiiog  the  eailiest  period  ol  ladiaa  history.  On  the  other 
kand,  UsOan  Tsug,  tbe  Cbiiiac  Buddhist,  naticd  the  dty  in 
hia  IliKtrary  (ut.  &3o)j  and  it  secma  piobable,  Ibeitiora,  tliai 


of  tbeFrauft 


XVI  J. 


Lduae  first  Toae  into  pnxniDence  betwem  tbe  til  aM  Ttb 
ceniuiies  a.D.  Governed  oiiglniUy  by  a  family  af  Chauhui 
Rajpuis,  abrahdiof  thefaouKof  Ajmeie,  Laboie  Cdl  sacottively 
under  the  diauohin  of  tbe  Ubazni  and  Gboii  sultans,  who  nnid* 
it  the  capilil  of  their  Indian  conquests,  and  adorned  it  wilk 
numeRKis  baOdinp,  almost  aH  now  In  nduB.  Bat  It  was  ondcr 
the  Uogul  em^  that  Lahore  readied  hs  greaMM  it»  and 
rigna  of  HUnuyim,  Akbar,  Jabangir,  Sid 
J^ian  and  Anmngieb  fsRp  the  golden  period  ill  tbe  annals  and 
of  the  dty.  Ahbar  enlarged  and  itpaired  the  iort, 
dad  tba  town  with  a  wall,  poRktnB  ol  whidi  remain, 
the  modem  work  otRanJii  Singh.  Lahore  formed  the 
capital  nl  the  Sikh  emplR  ol  thai  aanaFch.  At  tbe  end  of  tha 
eoad  Sikh  War,  with  the  leM  of  tbe  Puajab,  it  came  tmdat 
10  Briliah  dominion. 

The  architecture  ol  Lshatt  cannot  compare  witb  that  <■( 
Drlhi.  Jahangit  in  ifiii'ilSiiy  erected  the  Khwabgah  or  "  sleep- 
ing.p|ace,"  a  £ne  pakce  mocb  defacod  by  the  Sikhs  but  to  some 
itored  in  tnodetn  times;  tbe  Hoti  Hujid  or  "peart 
in  the  fort,  used  by  Ranjit  Singh  and  afterwards  by 
the  Biitidi  at  a  treaaire^wnse;  and  also  the  tomb  of  AnatkaU, 
tattoo  diuidi  and  new  as  a  Mbraiy.  Sbb 
Jaban  eacted  a  palace  mhI  otbei  buDdhigs  near  the  Kbwabgab, 
iadodlng  tbe  beaMifnl  pavilion  called  the  Naulakha  ftom  in 
COM  «f  nine  laichi,  which  wu  tabid  sdth  pttdoua  stones.  Tbe 
nwaqiie  of  Wa^  Xban  (iOm)  pravidea  tba  linesl  taan^ile  of 
wM  ot  cncauttk  tile  woik.  Auran^eb-i  JanM  Masjid.  o> 
'  great  moaque,"  ii  a  huge  bare  bulMog,  uiS  in  dolin,  and 

aching  tbe  dcl^lsd  oonraeM  typical  ot  bi  "  "  

The  fadSfinff  ol  Ran]U  Sii«b,  evedally  U 

md  memiiaNa  in  elyle.  He  wu;  moreover,  reivoasible 
of  the  deqiailing  ot  the  easier  bnikfings.  Tbe  streets 
of  the  native  dijr  ait  nanow  and  tortuois,  and  are  bat  seen 
bade  of  an  elephant.  Two  of  tbe  chid  leituies  of 
Idhore  lie  ootside  its  walls  at  Shifadara  aitd  Sbilamar  Gardens 
R^KCtiirdy.  Shahdara,  wbidi  cxataioi  the  tomb  of  the  enpenf 
Jabangir,  liea  aooa  tbe  Ravi  anne  S  m.  N.  of  the  dty.  It 
osnalsta  of  a  splendid  marble  cenol^tb  tBRoanilcd  by  a  gtoia 
ol  trees  and  gardens.  The  SbalaoBr  Gardens,  which  were  laid 
oat  in  1.0.  i6jT  by  Shah  Jaban,  Be  6  id.  E.  of  tbe  dty.  Tiny 
■re  9omeii4ia>  n^ected  en^t  00  feKive  occarions,  when  tbo 
fountains  *ie  playing  aad  tbe  tices  are  lit  up  by  lan^a  at 

Tie  modem  dty  irf  I^bon^  which  oontaiiied  a  populaUaa 
of  ia>,96i  in  1901,  may  he  divided  Into  four  puts:  the  nathio 
dty,  already  deacjihed;  the  dvll  Slalion  or  European  t]uarter, 
known  n  Donald  Town;  the  Anarkah  baiaar,  a  suburb  S.  □( 
the  dly  wall;  sod  the  cgntoomcnt,  farmcTly  called  Mian  hUr. 
ThE  marn  street  of  the  civil  station  1>  s  ponion  of  tbe  grand 
trunk  mad  fnia  CalculU  to  Peshawar,  locally  knawa  as  tba 
UaH.  Hie  chief  nodera  buUdiags  along  this  road,  west  to  cast, 
are  tlie  Lahore  mitum.  containing  a  fine  collection  of  Gtaeco- 
Buddhiat  aodptnrci,  foulid  by  Genera]  Cunningham  in  the 
YuBubai  coimtry,  end  anaoged  by  Ur  Lockwood  KipHng,  a 
fotmcf  cotatot  of  the  mnsetun;  ihe  cathedral,  begun  by  Bishop 
Ftencfa,  in  Eaily  Engbah  style,  and  consecrated  in  ilSyj  the 
Lawience  Cardena  and  Montgomery  Halls,  surrounded  1^ 


alatloned,  eso^  a  company  o(  British  infantry^  ■ 
thefon.  ItiittiebsadqiunBnaf tbsjiddivliDonalthenoithan 
aimy.  Lahore  ft  u  impotlanl  junctioD  on  ihe  Nectb-Westem 
railway  syaun,  but  hu  Kttle  kical  trade  or  muufsetma.  Tbi 
diiel  industiia  are  ailk  goods,  gold  and  silver  lace,  tnelal  wotk 
and  catpeta  wUcb  are  made  in  tbe  Labote  gaoL  Tteeaicalsa 
cotton  tmlU,  aour  mills,  an  kO'factaiv,  and  sevoal  ladoiiet 
for  mineral  waters,  oUs,  aoap,  leather  goods,  fee  I«haie  ia 
an  important  educational  ccntK.  Here  sie  tbe  Punjab  University 
■dth  im  eolleits,  medical  and  law  coUei 


LA  HOZ  Y  MOTA— LAIBACH 

t,  tW  AIldAso  CUA'  Csflcfe  (or  tlx  noi  ol  Mliv* 


•ad  ipedil  Khoob. 
TIteDinsicx  or  I. 


In  the  uHtb'nit  the  diKikt  iaduda  ft  luic  put  of  the  buica 
Rediu  DoiU),  iriiile  KUth  of  the  lUvi  b  &  ieaalMtc  aUsvul 
tnci,  laUe  to  &i«ta.  Ilw  MupB  iriatau,  hnncr,  bdvem 
Ibe  Ravi  and  the  B<u,  hu  been  raDdanl  Icrtila  bjr  the  Bui 
Doab  caiuL    Hw  lrind[ial  crapt  us     '  ^ 

aajjie,  «flmJi  and  cotttnL    Tbetean 


Uao  of  the  Baij  Doab  cuial  ud  Iti  bnndw*.  ud  by  iwmihtion- 
cut!  ffom  the  Sudej.  Hu  dUikt  b  cnned  U  Kvinl  Anctkaa 
bylinaoftheNonb'WaUmnOw^'.  Lahon,  £aiiir,  Chuilui 

The  Divisiaa  or  ij^n»p  oooidi  alng  tht  dgkC  b«ak  of 
Ihe  Sutlcj  fmm  Ihi  Uiauiiyai  to  Uulun.  It  comptocs  the  u 
diuricti  ol  Siallnti  Gninniimla,  MootfEBiajr,  I^bu^  Aointiv 
indGuidMliur.  3Mduea,i7,iM  ■q.m.ipap.CkgoOs.svS.^Cij- 
ThcaiauBWooerlot  Iha  divWaoali»  ■■'■■'"■  poUticil  osotiol 
ova  tba  bill  MaU  ol  <^Uill>*.  Hw  comncs  langoafc  o(  tlM 
nml  populsticai  and  oi  artiMBi  ia  Pimlald;  i4dk  Uida  or 
HlBdiului  fa  tpeika  by  iha  tdocated  riimi    So  far  boa  the 

tcmpeiMan  in  the  nib-tniiiia  b  gnat.  The  mtut  tenpetatme 
b  theiludeia  Junefaaboot  gi°F.,  in  JinuqtaWt  50^    In 

ihada.and  lEmaimttiaaniaccaiiDniai  lii^aa  lo^  thie<«hont 
iIm  nighL  In  irintci  the  momiiig  tanpcntnz^  is  aonietimca 
ai  low  aa  m^.  Ihe  rainCill  fa  unceilain,  **"B'"g  from  S  in.  to 
iSiOlthanavente  of  15  in.  The  oDiiBtijr  u  a  whole  la  panhed 
and  arid,  and  Iitatir  dqiendait  on  Irri^tion. 

LA  BOS  T  MOTA.  JVIH  CUBDIO  DE  (iSjal^pia?), 
'a  hbdrid.    He  became  a  knlito 


aami^afBi 


L  Iai6e5bewi 


poai  ai  tne  iTeaimy,  am  u  mt  lain  jrean  acted  ■*  offidii 
eaooT  o(  the  Uadild  theatm.  On  the  13th  of  Aovut  i;Dg 
he  ligiied  hfa  fiajr  tndtkd /s(^,  mIhJ^  A  £({;»,  ud  fa  p»> 
(umed  to  have  lUed  in  the  UOoitiaf  year.  Hoi  ia  sot  ibbuA- 
able  for  origiiialily  of  eonccptloo,  but  fafa  tecaMa  of  ptojra  by 

for  the  eateem  in  whiefa  be  waa  hdd  by  hfa  cwHeinlmaifaa. 
BlllMmliiM*jMi«iPoiiatMaiBtcailittJtlaMaaia,  ninnttd 
ta  Ihe  BOUiUta  it  Aaltrtt  BipateUi,  five  a  joM  Idea  tt  fail 


11  Is  Ibe  gcand-dudiy  ol  Badoi,  on  the  Scbuttef, 
about « ID.  S.  of  OflenbnrR,  and  on  the  laihny  DingLingai-Labi. 
Pop.  <i90o}  13,117.  One  id  the  buiieet  towna  in  Badea,  It 
cairiea  on  maouiactnm  of  tobuxo  and  dgoi,  woollen  (ooda, 
ddcofy,  leather,  paMeboaed,  hati  and  nuiiBm  other  article*, 
hit  eonriderable  trade  in  wine,  while  amons  f  ti  mbm  indistilet 


ttji,  and  aftet  ktbiI  Tknntudei  it  paMed  iriwlly  to  Baden 

See  Stdn,  GncUik  ml  StKlHaHf  iw  Soil  Zokr  (Lai*.  il>7} ; 
■Ml  SOttBlLi,  £«kr  aW  MH  [ftqihial  (Lahr.  1404). 

UlBACa  (Slovenian,  UtO^m,),  capital  «f  the  Aatrian 
daAyolCaialola,  ej7m.5J.W.«fWeBnabyialL  ^9.(1900)' 
j6,547,  noatly  Slorae.  It  k  ritaaled  on  the  Lalbach,  aeai  ita 
InBu  iMo  the  Save,  asd  niacin  of  Ihe  towa  piopei  end  eight 


maiHihctBWe  at  pott«y,  kkhe,  oO,  Ihten  and  wmIn  dN^ 
i(»]Mee  and  paper. 

LaOiad  ■  aanaaed  to  oecopy  the  liu  af  the  BocieBt  Emoaa  er 
AaDcaa,  louoded  liy  tbe  empciDr  AusuKut  in  34  ax.  It  wu 
bei'meJ  by  Aluic  la  iiio.  aad  in  4SI  it  vu  JaoIaHd  by  Ihe  Hum, 
EnOQOLaiDaehtiifferedmiKhfnMillieMaEyani  who  wen,  however, 
defeated  Ihae  ia  914.  In  tbe  uth  OBtmy  the  (own  paiied  Into  tha 
handi  of  the  dake*  of  CaifotUa :  ia  lajD  It  wn  t^ea  by  OtMcac  of 
EMKDua;  ud  in  1377  it  csne  under  tbe  Hahd»igi.  In  Ihe  early 
put  as  tie  ijih  cRiiuiy  tbe  town  wu  •evoal  tinea  bedeged  by  the 
Turks,  'nelnilninc  wax  foancM  in  I4S1.  On  the  I7tti  of  Maidl 
1797  and  anjn  oa  (be  jid  of  Jan*  1*09  LiHarii  *aa  talon  by  Ike 
Ennch,  and  boa  1809  to  1B13  k  besiae  Ihe  ivt  of  their  ■neial 
tovemaient  of  tb*  tUynu  pn>vi«a.  Fnxn  t8l6  to  tlu  Laibach 
wai  the  racial  of  tbe  Uoidoin  of  lllyrii.  The  town  fa  aln  bfatoric- 
(Hy  known  tnm  tbe  cofiinia  of  Laibach,  whicb  aiaenbkd  hen  la 
tail  jn  bdew).  LaOwfa  aaflend  lamely  on  the  14a  af  April 
tats  iKia  aa  —"'-nr^ 

Canpttr  «r  Ca^vnt*  tf  laOMt.'-Bcfon  tbe  bnakrop  ot 
the  <Dnfeteiiee  of  Trappas  (f.K),  it  had  beta  decided  10  adiovra 
it  till  the  foUowiM  jannaiT,  and  to  tavlte  tbe  attmdana  o( 
Ihe  king  of  Htpkt,  LaAacfa  bring  di 
ing_    Caetlereegh,  in  the  Di  '  " 


and  FRMb.  had  ianed,  oa  th*  Ith  ol 
iSm,  a  dtculai  letto',  in  «hidi  they  teitsatad  tht 
ptindplci  of  the  Pntocol,  ^  the  ri^  and  do^  of  the  powaa 

any  ienlntkHiai)>  moTuuaut  1^  iMdi  thitf  m^ht  cDocelvn 
that  peace  ta  be  eodaa^ttl  (Hottlet,  Mb.  roj).  Asdaet  tU» 
view  CaKlanagb  anea  Hin  pioteetad  b>  *  ivciijar  de^Wih  ot 
the  19th  el  JaiMTy  ilii,  te  wbkfc  be  dea^T  dtOenatieted 
between  the  abjfrttonakle  gnml  prfadptet  advaand  by  tha 
thne  DoWBi.  ud  the  paiticniu  caee  of  the  natcK  In  Ita^, 
I  cnicen)  DM  of  Earopo  at  km  bu  of  Antiia 
othea-  F*»*T^n  |mi^m  which  "H^t  ^^mijiAMr  >■■— xiif^^ 
(Bictilet,  Nk  lor). 

opcoed  on  tfaa  16th  ol  Jatmaiy  ilii,  and  It* 

.--,_.j  -'     dlvngeoca  iiiuialail  b  the  abovai 

Koala  at^  Amtiia  wae  pnnt 

,    .  _     ma  Coonta  Miaadiwk  and  Capo 

dletiia,  UeUenldi  and  Baton  \^ni3Bit;  Pnnaia  and  Ftaaa 
were  uprcKnted  fay  plaa(pofati«rt«a.  Bat  (heat  Britafa,  m 
the  groond  that  iha  had  ao  tmiBediala  iotORK  bi  tbe  Italian 
ipKitioa,  waa  i^reacnted  only  by  Loed  Stewart,  tbe  ainlaaadec 
at  Vienna,  who  wai  not  ainMd  with  fun  poweo,  hii  minion  being 
to  watdi  tha  pfooeedJnv  and  to  fee  that  nctbiag  waa  dona 
beyoad  or  in  violation  of  the  tieatfai.  Of  the  Italian  nrincea. 
Ferdband  of  Nmlca  and  the  data  d  Hodcna  a 
the  lot  wen  lepnacoted  by  pi    ' 

It  wu  aooa  dear  that  a  ai 
Qtft  Bdtab  and  the  ot 
waa  aniioa*  10  eecDia  ai 
hack  tha  AoMilan  inlervenUoo  In  Napke,'  and  cveiy  devkw 
waa  and  to  entrap  the  BngUdi  npwaautatlve  bio  auhaolbing 
a  tonaida  whfdi  would  hava  aeeoiid  to  eonuait  &iat  Btitidn 
to  tbe  piiBCJ[dea  of  the  other  aUka.  Whtc  thew  d»(o(B  failed, 
attenqiti  were  made  uaannc—fally  to  eadude  Lord  Stewart 
fiontheoooferaic*eaatb«gn)iindo(d<(ecllv«pawcn.  Flaally 
be  waa  foKBd  toan  open  piat<at,iAld  he  caoMd  to  be  inacribed 
oathe{omnak,  bat  tlw  action  ofC^odliuktaTca^ng  to  the' 
aiaemhled  Italian  mlaiMen,  lAa  wele  by  no  meaiia  reooDcDcd 
to  the  iaiga  Gtoioa  Implied  Id  the  Auttrtan  inUTvenlloii,  a  dedata- 
tioo  b  wfaidi  *t  (be  itaah  of  lb*  *  Intimate  union  catafaliAed 
all  the  European  powen  "  tbe  Rouiaa 


idea  of  a  "  uninnal  ui^  "  based  on  the  Hdy  Alliance  <f.>.) 
agafaiat  wUdi  Cmm  Britain  had  tonsbuatly  pnteited. 
.  The  objecllone  ol  Great  Britain  woe,  however,  not  ao  mudi 
to  an  Atutifan  bterveatiNi  b  Nqilee  u  to  the  [at-tead>ing 
principles  by  which  it  waa  aou^t  to  juHify  IL  King  Ferdinand 
had  bets  invited,  to  j/aibach,  according  to  llie  dnOlar  of  tha 


LAIDLAW— LADW,  ti. 


«3 


tfh  ef  DecemSti,  Is  order  that  be  mlglit  be  fcte  to  act  u 
"  EmUttcr  iMiweeo  bii  ening  pcopte*  tad  tbt  lUlcs  whne 
tnnqidlBty  tIiC7  tlue^tened."  The  cynicil  dm  be  mMle  c4  Ui 
*  fncdom "  to  repndiMc  obSiitloni  nlcmnl;  anitncttd  Ii 
daciibed  dKwlKrc  Cue  Nuul,  Huttrf)-  ^  nauh  of  lUi 
■ctko  ms  tbe  Netpolitin  dedanllon  of  mr  and  the  occitpa- 
don  <if  Kapla  bf  Atotiii,  nitta  tbe  unoiao  el  the  cougiBt. 
Tla  mi  pncnkd,  on  the  loCh  of  Much,  b]r  the  revok  ^  the 
■uriWD  of  AleauBdiB  (Hi)  the  mOituy  nvdutkia  tn  Piedmont, 
■Ucta  in  IH  loni  wi*  npimacil,  as  ■  remit  of  negotUtloni  it 
Lalbacb,  br  AuMriu  uoopi.  It  «u  «t  Liibodi,  too,  thit,  on 
(he  19th  VI  Mudi,  the  emperor  Alenader  recelvel  the  newi 
of  YpiUutti'i  inn^on  of  the  Durabian  pi!ndpalbl(«,  vbidi 
bet^ded  the  oolbtesk  of  the  Wtt  at  Creek  Independsoce,  tod 
fnm  LubKh  Cipo  dlstib  iddiHed  to  the  Otak  leeder  the 
tsu*!  RpndhtloD  ot  hi*  actioa. 

TIk  conference  dcoed  on  the  utb  of  Hqr,  on  wbid  dite 
Ronli,  Amtiinand  Pmssb  Imcd  t  dedualion  (Hertilet, 
No.  lat)  "  to  prbcbim  to  the  woild  ibe  priudtda  whidi  luided 
Ibem  "  in  coming  "  to  (he  ueiitaace  of  Hibtlaed  people*,"  ■ 
deduation  which  once  inoie  affimed  the  prindpta  of  the 
IVoppn  PiotocoL  In  this  lay  the  European  significance  of  the 
Laibach  conference,  of  which  the  actii^iii  hid  been  mainl]' 
confined  to  Ttaly.  The  fame  of  the  dedaration  without  the 
•fgnatorei  of  Ibe  representatives  of  Great  Britain  and  Prance 
pradabned  the  <Siun!on  of  the  lUiance,  witUn  Thiib — to  me 
Lord  Stewart'i  woidi — there  existed  "  *  triple  nuderttanding 
which  boDnd  the  panki  to  carry  forward  tWc  own  viewi  in 
ijdte  of  any  difloicnce  of  orinioB  between  them  and  the  twn 


No  acperate  Jiiilory  of  the  corateii  exidi,  but  iaoamerabk  refer- 
cncaaretobefoundlDgemaltuUnrieiaiid  In  raenobi,  corrafiond- 
cf«,Ae.,(i[ttaeIliae.  SeearE.Hertri«,  VopsfEinM  (Loodoa, 
187^:  Caitlengh,  Cmutmina:  Meatraicb,  Manmrt;  U. 
°"ttY.  '"—f-  J-TT— T'--  •'*"■■  ■"f'-^'-'  Ennpa  ui  Ilalia  (3  voU, 
Turin,  lB6s-l8;j);  Centi'i  coneipoBdenee  (k  Ct-tnz.  f-  VOH). 
Valialile  unpuSSihcd  conapondence  ii  pnerved  ai  ths  Rccoid 
OOce  in  the  nluBH  madidT.  a.  Aniria,  Lord  Stewart.  Januarr 
to  feboHiy  iSii,  and.  Hanh  is  Sepumbcr  iKii.    (Wt  A.  P.) 

LAniULV,  mUAM  (1TS0-1I45),  (rfend  and  amanuensis 
d  Stt  Walter  Scott,  wh  bom  at  Blickbouie,  Selkirkshire,  on 
the  iglli  of  NcnrembB-  178a,  the  son  of  a  ibeep  farmer.  After 
an  demcntaiy  education  in  Peebles  he  letonied  10  work  upon 
Iiii  father^  farm.  James  Hogg,  the  ihepheid  poet,  who  waa 
employed  at  Blackhouse  -for  some  years,  became  Laidliw*! 
friend  and  i^ptedatiTe  critic.  Together  they  asaisted  Scott 
by  snppTyiag  raaterial  for  his  Border  Uinslnhy,  and  Laldtaw, 
■Iter  two  faHntes  at  a  fanner  in  MidlatUan  and  Peebinhtre, 
be<SDie  Scolt's  itewud  at  Abbotslord.  He  also  aoed  as  Scott's 
amaiiiK»2s  at  different  times,  likkf  down  a  large  part  of  TIU 
Brl^  ef  Lamwimiacr,  Tkt  Lcgeiid  ef  Xmtrtst  and  /hhAm 
from  the  antbar'i  dictation.  He  died  at  Qmlin  near  Dingwall, 
Rosa-shin,  on  the  iSth  of  Uay  184S-  Ot  Ua  poetrr,  little  it 
known  except  Imefi  maiK,'  in  Bogs's  Fsrat  tthitlrtl. 

nam,  AUXAisra    wbdon    (^^•}y^^Rli),   scottui 

eiptotw',  Ibe  Sfit  Enropean  (o  reach  l%nboktQ,  was  born  at 
Edfnbo^  on  the  17th  of  December  itqj.  He  was  edncated 
by  bis  father,  WQUatn  Laisg.  *  private  teacher  of  duilea,  and 
at  Edigbnri^  TJmveiti^.  In  iSir  he  went  to  Barbadoa  at 
detk  toUamateml  ancle  OoloDel<itterwudt  General)  Gabrid 
GOTdon.  UnoDgh  Geneial  Sfr  George  BoittStb,  goveraor  ot 
Baritadot,  be  obtained  an  maimer  in  the  Vorfc  tf^  Inlantiy. 
Hewttoni^DyedlstbeWest  India,  aodfn  iSn  waa  peeaoted 
to  a  company  io  the  V/jpd  Afifcan  Coipa.  In  that  ^fear,  wUe 
wltli  bb  fcgfaaent  at  Serra  Leone,  be  was  teU  by  tbe  govetBilr, 
Eb  Cbailet  IfacCacthjr,  totbe  HandfogooMmtiy,  MlhtbedouUe 
abject  of  opeaint  up  commwa  and  endeaiouiing  to  abcOdi  dte 
tinvetiadelathattcltoii.  Inter  fai  the  tame  yeaf  I^ing  visited 
Falaba,  the  ca|4tBl  of  tbe  Sulimn  omntir,  and  aKetttbwd  tba 
■outce  of  tV  KoJceB.  Be  endeavooied  to  reach  Ibe  nnice  irf 
the  W^  bat  was  stopped  by  the  natlra.  He  was,  however, 
•MUodtoixHwIthappTOiitnataacconcV.  He  to<*  an  actMt 
paH  in  Ibe  Athaotl  War  of  1813-14.  and  was  scnt'home  with  tbe 


_    italning  th«  newa  of  the  death  b  adloa  oE  Sir 

Cbarie*  UacCaithy.  Henry,  3rd  Earl  Balhunt,  then  iccretary 
for  the  colonies.  Instructed  Captain  Lalngto  undertake  a  joimiiry, 
via  TilpoO  and  Timbuktu,  to  further  duddaie  the  h)iln>gT(phy 
of  tbe  Niger  basfai,  Laing  l^t  Enghnd  m  Febrmtry  1S15,  and  at 
TitpoHoa  tbe  t4th  of  Jidy  following  bemaiciedEaum  Warring- 
Ion,  daoghtei  of  the  Britiib  cons^  Two  dqn  later,  leaving  bis 
biide  behind,  he  started  to  aem  tbe  Sahara,  being  aocoinpaiited 
by  a  sheikh  wbo  wtt  sabaequently  accused  of  r*"-"'"!  bit 
mnrder.  Ghadames  wat  reached,  by  an  imlirect  tome,  in 
October  1835,  and  in  December  Lalig  wat  fai  die  T^t  totitoiy, 
wbere  be  was  weQ  tecdved  by  tbe  TUareg.  On  the  lotb  of 
JaniuU7  rSH!  he  left  Toit,  and  made  lor  Tlmboktu  aonm  the 
desert  of  TonenDft.  Letteia  from  him  written  hi  May  and 
July  foUowing  Iirid  of  tnfleringt  tnnn  fever  and  tbe  pCnndeilag 
of  hit  caravan  by  Iteng,  Lalng  bdng  vronnded  In  twenty-fbtn 
plaeea  m  tbe  fighttng.  Aootber  fetter  dated  from  Tlmbnkla 
on  the  I  ist  of  September  announced  Us  arrival  In  that  tftf  on 
the  preceding  iSih  of  Angust,  and  tbe  Intccority  af  hb  tiorillon 
owing  to  the  hottiUty  of  tbe  Ftda  chieftain  BeDo,  thai  ruling 
(be  dty.  He  added  that  be  Intended  leaving  Tlmbnktu  £ 
Ibiee  days'  tintb  No  fottber  news  waa  received  frun  tbe 
iravdlci.  FVom  nativa  Intematim  It  vis  ascerfabied  that  be 
left  nmbnktu  on  the  dajr  be  bad  Hf""*^  *nd  was  nmrdered 
on  the  nl^t  of  the  itU  of  September  tSid,  Rb  papen  were 
never  recovered,  tbcngli  It  Is  bdjered  that  they  were  secretly 
brought  to  Tr^iKdi  in  iSsS^Ia  190J  the  French  goveminent 
placed  a  taUet  bearing  the  ■■>  of  the  explORT  and  tbe  date  ci 
Ut  visit  on  the  house  eoci^e3  by  bin  during  Us  thirty-eight 
days'  stay  to  'nmbnktn. 

WUIs  Lb  Eaibnd  ia  I  >14  Laiac  prepared  a  ■airatlveefhfaearUa 
foDnwyk  whid  waa  pobUibed  in  1S15  and  aatillcd  Trmilt  m  Its 
Timaiuut,  JCaanmlii  aad  Sttlima  CnsUnu.  n  WaUta  Afiiia, 

UIHa,  DAVID  (iTU-iSje),  Scottish  antiquary,  the  son  ol 
WlUiam  Laing,  a  bookidki  in  Edlnbuigb,  waa  boni  in  that  dly 
ontbcMthof  Ap[ili7«s.  Ednatedat  tbeCartongateCraniMr 
School,  when  fourteen  be  was  apprenticed  to  hia  lather.  Shortly 
after  tbe  death  of  tbe  latter  ilk  1837,  taing  was  decled  l«  tbi 
Ubtarianahip  d  tbe  Signet  libraiy,  which  pott  be  related  liB 
bia  datb.  Apart  bom  an  eatnonlinafy  gineial  UbUogta^klcal 
knonlcdge,  Lalng  was  beet  known  at  a  Ufdong  studait  of  the 
literaiy  and  aitiido  liltlory  of  Seothnd.  He  puUisbad  no 
Ofiginal  volunMt,  but  contented  hintdf  whb  editing  the  worka 
oI  othcn.  Of  tbete,  the  cUel  an— Am&itr'i  Wvia  (i  vol*., 
1834),  with  a  ai4J[JEment  added  in  1865;  Jii?icrt  BaillU'i 
1411114  and  Jnmali  (3  vols.,  1841-1841)1  .'obi  Kat^t  Wwla 
(6  volt.,  1846-1864)',  pQimi  ami  FaUa  of  Ssltn  Barytu 
(iSts);  Auiret  cf  Wyulomi  Orytymile  Cnmyia  1}  StaOani 
{3  vols.,  1871-1879);  Sir  Dsfii  Lyadiir^i  PMical  Wfrla 
(3  voU,  iSig).  laing  wat  for  note  tiian  fiSty  yean  a  inemlNt 
o(  the  Sodely  of  Antjqwiisa  of  Scotland,  ud  be  duuibutef 
apMi4i  nf  a  bandied  separata  ptveis  to  tbeir  iV(KMdM(& 
He  waa  abo  lot  none  Hun  forty  jFcnn  seoctaiy  la  the  Bannatyna 
Club,  muy  oi  the  pnbUcationa  <i  iripcb  were  edited  t9  turn. 
HewHiUiickaitbpaialfibin  iSjS  wUc  in  the  Signnt  Ubiaiyv 
and  it  b  laUted  that,  on  ncoveriag  contdouanit^  be  lookid 
about  and  atfced  if  a  piao(  of  Wyn^onn  bad  been  ami  from  ih* 
piinlaa.  Uodiedafs)idia»aflc(wacds,<aitba  iStboiOctob^ 
in  Ut  dgbty-iiiih  ytu.  Kb  lihi*iy  wat  *old  by  aiatioa,  and 
>*aliie4£i<^'JI-  Totbeiwtveaity<ifEdinbui»hl>ebaff)BMhej 
■■     "   ■■     olUSS. 


by  John  Soiitl 


Witt  U«  «/ Ml  PiMlMliiM,  an.  (pdvaody  prinMd  ■■$ 

Uim.  KUODUi  (il«t-iStS)t  ScMtU  Ultotian,  «n  af 
Robert  Laing,  aW  dder  bmiber  bf  Saimel  Lalng  (be  dder, 
was  b6ni  an  Us  potei**)  Mate  on  ibe  Uainland  «l  Orkney. 
Having  sludtal  at  tbe  gramnUT  tcboo)  of  UrkwiV  and  at 
Cdlnborgb  Dni*enily,bb  wascded  to  tbe  Scottfc  iMr  In  1781, 
bat  devoted  bb  ttnie  mail^'  to  hbtatkal  ttodlet.  b  1703  be 
coraiMed  tteditb  t»d  (all  Tohmte  of  Robert  tiaat^  Biliary 
1^  Crail  BnMa,  tb*  portion  wUeii  h«  WTDl«be&ig  hi  Ila  tuengly 


8* 


LADTO,  S,— LAI3ANT 


Sbcai  Udc  at.varhoce  «itli.llie  pnccdiog  pan  of  tlie  mrk; 
ud  in  iBoi  lie  published  hii  Hiilcry  oj Satiaad  jrom  til  Usien  cf 
tiu  Crowm  tolki  Union  oJtfieKintiioms.twQtiLthoviii^conMdti' 
»hlf  research.  Attached  :g  the  History  was  &  diueitatioa  cm 
the  Cowrie  cosspincy,  uijd  vuther  on  Ihe  suppoicd  Luthentuily 
ol  Osiu's  poem*.  Id  aoottiei  diieetutian,  pieGicd  to  R  Komd 
and  coitccled  edilioD  oI  the  Uiilery  publsbed  la  iSm,  Lgdng 
endeavouied  to  prove  that  Mary,  queen  of  Scola,  wfotc  the 
Casket  Letterij  and  waa  partly  loponsihle  for  the  murder  oi 
Lord  Damlcy.  In  the  same  year  he  edited  tlic  Life  and  miioric 
oj  Kiiii  Jama  VI. f  and  In  lAo;  brought  out  in  two  voJumet  an 
ejition  of  Osuao'i  poenu.  Laiog,  who  wu  ■  friead  o{  Chailei 
James  foi,  was  mepibcr  of  parluimeiU  far  Orkney  and  Shetland 
Itora  itor  ta  1811.    He  died  on  Ihe  6lb  of  November  iSiS. 

LADIG,  SAMUEL  ([S10-1S97),  British  author  and  railway 
administrator,  vat  bora  at  Edinburgh  on  the  ijlb  of  Decembtr 
iSjo.  He  was  the  nephew  of  Malcolm  Laing,  the. historian  of 
ScotUnd;  and  his  father,  Samuel  Laing  (i7So--i3£8),  wu  also 
»  well-kQown  author,  whose  books  on  Norway  and  Sweden 
attracted  much  aticstioa.'  Samuel  Laing  the  younger  tatcrcd 
St  Joha'i  College.  Cambridge,  in  1817,  and  atlei  paduating  as 
■cGOnd  wra^er  and  Smith's  piiicman,  wai  elected  a  fellow, 
and  reinaijied  at  Cacibddgc  temponnly  aa  a  coach.  He  waa 
called  to  the  bar  in  1837,  and  became  privute  lecreiaiy  to  Mr 
Labouchere  (afterwards  Lord  Taunton),  the  president  of  the 
Board  of  Trade-  In  i&ta  he  was  made  aecrctAry  to  the  railway 
department,  and  retained  this  post  till  1&47.  He  bad  by  Iheo 
bcCDDK  an  authority  dd  railway  wsjUoA  and  bad  been  a  loembec 

that  Ihe  "  parliameuaty  "  rale  ol  a  penny  a  mile  nas  instituted. 
In  1&4S  tM  wa*  appctiitn]  cbainiuui  and  managing  diiKtai  of 
the  London,  Brighton  &  South  Coail  Railway,  and  faie  business 
faculty  showed  itself  in  tbe  laigety  increased  prosperity  of  the 
line.  Hb  alia  became  chairman  <iSji)  of  tb«  Crytlal  Palace 
Company,  but  telired  from  both  poMs  In  liss-  In  iSji  he 
(Btend  parliament  as  a  Liberal  for  Wick,  and  after  losing  hil 
ical  Id  iS)t,  was  re-elected  in  1S51!,  In  which  year  be  wis  ap- 
pcrfnted  ftnandal  Mcretary  to  the  Treasury;  in  tA9o  bt  vat 
suaJe  fiiUBce  mlniMi*  in  lodla.  On  retnnuiig  from  India,  ho 
WB*  in-tittlci  to  paitlamal  lot  Wkk  bi  rBfij.  Me  Was  defeated 
In  iMS,  but  in  iStj  be  was  retumcd  lot  Orkney  and  Shetland, 
■nd  retained  his  seat  US  iSSj.  Meannhila  be  bad  bun  rt- 
■ppolnled  duJrtnan  of  the  Brighton  line  In  1867,  and  <iiDt(nued 
in  that  pOLi  till  ii94,  being  genenlly  iKognlied  as  an  adoililbl* 
administrator.  ^  He  waa  aha  c&akman  of  the  Railway  DctqntVfl 
Trust  and  the  Railway  Share  Tragt.  In  lats'.lile  he  becanw 
well  known  as  an  author,  his  Utdtrn  Sdrtio  tud  Uodtrn 
Tknikt  (18S5),  PrehUm  of  tk*  StOwe  (1S84)  and  Hainan 
Oritms  (1S99)  being  widdy  irad,  not  only  by  reason  ti  ihe 
writer'*  faiftnaitial  position,  eipen«ice  ol  aiiain  and  deaf 
■tyle,  but  aho  tlnugb  llt^  popnlai  and  at  t]|e  same  time 
wdl-Mmned  tieatuent  <tf  th(  adentific  prabkott  1^  Of  day. 
lalag  «ed  at  SydcBhim  on  the  eih  of  AnguM  1S9;. 

UnOI  |0T  Laik'i]  nek;  a  pa»  tbtwgh  the  Dtikensberg, 
SoDtli  Afiks,  ImnediUd)'  north  of  Maiufaa  <f,i.),  at  andentloD 
of  s«>o  to  6aoo  ft.  It  b  ite  htwect  put  of  a  ridgE  vbicfa  dc^Ms 
(ram  libhba  to.  (bfr  Bdals.  tiver,' and  bifore  tb«  i^xalng  of 
(he  raitwBy  in  iRvi  ffift  nwl  B««r  Uwndl  m*  tbe  main  artery 
of  coannnjcstiiBi  between  Dwban  and  PletiM^  Tbi  taihny 
^CRts  Ue  nek  by  a  tunnel.  1113  ft.  k«(.  When  the  Be»4 
rose  in  revolt  in  December  iS3o  they  occupied  Laing'*  NdE 
to  oppose  the  entrj'  of  British  leinforccmenls  into  the  Tiamvaal 
On  the  3&Ih  of  January  lESi  a  tm^  Biitith  Xonz  endeavouied 
to  dtive  the  Boera  from  the  pass,  but  was  fnoed  to  rdiie.    . 

UURD.  MACORUOX  (i«og-i8ti),  ScqVUi  iMxteit, 
pioneer  ol  British  tndc  on  tbe  Njgtr,  wu  b«Q)  at  Giemock  fal 
180S,  the  yOHBger  am  ol  William  Laird,  fouBderol  4heSiTkeD- 
bead  fiiia.af  ahipbuilder*  of  that  name;  In  igji  L^iid  and 
certainLiwpool  merchants  formed  a  cconpaay  for  thf  ooounercial 
devetopment  of  the  Niger  reginns,  the  lower oume  nf  the  Mige} 
havingbeenmadeknownthaij^uby  Richard  and  John  Land**, 
In  1S31  the  com>aay  despatched  two  uiall  ahi^  te  the  tOseSi 


one,  the  "Albuikah,"  a  paddle-wheel  iteamei  of  js  tons  dcngnel 
by  Laird,  being  the  Eist  iron  veuel  to  nuke  an  ocean  voyage. 
MaqgregoE  Laird  went  with  the  cipedilioa,  which  was  ltd  by 
Richard  Laodei  and  numbered  fony-eighl  Euiopeana,  of  wboDt 
all  but  nine  died  from  fever  or,  in  Ihe  case  of  Lander,  irom 
WQunda,  Laird  went  up  the  Niger  tn  the  oonduence  of  the 
Benue  (then  called  the  Shary  or  Tchadda),  which  he  was  the 
£iat  white  mas  to  ascend.  He  did  not  go  far  up  the  river  but 
foimed  an  accurate  idea  as  to  its  source  and  coiuse.  Hie  expedi- 
tion returned  to  Liverpool  in  i8j4,  Laitd  and  Surgeon  K.  A.  K. 

Lieut.)  William  Allen,  K-N.,  who  accompanied  the  eipcdilioB 
by  order  of  the  Admiralty  to  survey  the  river.  Laird  and 
Oldfield  published  in  iSj;  in  two  volumes  the  Sarraliie  of  on 
ExpidiliBH  irsU  litlaloior  of  Africa  by  U<  Awr  Siter  ...  in 
iSji,  iSji,  1S34.  Commercially  the  eipeditioa  had  been, 
unsuccesfiful,  but  Luid  bad  gained  ejpeiience  invaluable  Ift 
his  successors.  He  never  returned  Lo  Africa  but  henceforth 
devoted  himself  largely  to  the  development  of  trade  with  West 
Africa  and  espcaally  to  tbe  opening. up  of  the  countriei  now. 
forming  the  British  protectorates  of  Nigeria-  One  of  bis  prindpaJ. 
reasons  for  so  doing  was  hb  belief  that  this  method  was  the  bcH 
means  of  sioppiog  ihc  :^ve  trade  and  raising  the  social  coBdilioa 
ol  the  Afiicans.  IaiS54hetentoutaihis«wacbaiges,but  willt 
the  Hfipoit  of  tlie  British  government,  a  small  itcamet,  the 

Pleiad,"  which  under  W-  B.  Baikie  made  so  succcaaful  a  voyage 
that  Laird  induced  the  government  to  sign  contracts  for  annual 
trading  trips  by  steamers  specially  built  for  navigation  ol  the 
Niger  and  Bcmie.  Various  stations  were  founded  oa  the  Niger, 
and  though  govrmment  support  was  withdrawn  after  the  death 
of  Laird  and  Baikie,  British  tiadeis  continued  to  frequent  the 
liver,  which  Laird  bad  opened  up  with  Utile  or  no  personal 
advantage.  Laird's  inleresls  war  not,  however,  whoUy  AfricarL. 
In  iSj7  be  was-ooe  of  the  piamoEen  of  a  company  formed  to 
run  ileomsbips  between  Enjjand  and  New  York,  and  in  rSjS 
the  "  SiriUS,"  sent  out  by  this  company,  woi  tte  Erst  ihlp  to 
cm*  the  Atlantic  fiDm  Eurcpc  entirely  under  steam,  Ijurd 
diedin  London  on  the  9tli  of  Ja^oaiy  iSti. 

His  elder  brother,  JOHH  LaikD  (iSo5-ig74),  wiiont  of  ||m  first 
to  use  iron  in  the  construclioa  of  ships;  in  1S19  be  made  an 
Iron  lighter  oi  60  tons  which  vas  used  on  caoali  and  lakes  im 
Ireland;  in  1S34  he  built  Ihc  paddie  tteainei  "  John  Rando^h" 
[or  Savannah,  U.S.A.,  stated  to  be  tbe  £nt  iron  ship  seen  in 
America.  For  the  East  India  Company  he  built  in  rSjg  the  first 
iion  veuel  cariying  guns  and  he  was.  also  the  designer  o(  the 
famous  "Biikenhud."  A  Coixservative  in  politio,  be  repre- 
sented Biikenhead  in  the  JSouse  of  Commons  from  1861  to  his 
death. 

UlS.  Uie  Baste  of  two  Greek  courtesans,  generally  distin- 
guished as  followi.  (i)  The  elder,  a  native  oi  Cotinth,  bom 
c  fSa  BX,,  was  famous  l()r  her  greed  and  hardhcaiiediiesa,  which, 
gained  her  the  nickname  of  Aj:ua  (ibc  aie).  Among  her  iovcn 
were  the  philosophers  Aiistippus  and  Oiogenes,  and  Eubatas 
(or .  Araiotdes)  of  Cyrene,  a  faaieus  ronner.  In  her  aid  age 
*he  hecaroe  a  diunkaid.  Her  grave  was  shown  in  the  Craneion 
near  Coiintli,  aucmoupted  by  a  lioness  tearing  a  ram,  (i)  Tbt 
yaungar.  dsirghtcr  of  Tinundra  tlie  mislteu  ^  Alcibedes,  bom 
St  Hyi>arB.in  Eidly  c.  430  b.c,  Uken  to  Corjnlh  during  the 
Sicilian  e^ieditign.  Hie  painter  Apelles,  who  saw  her  drawing 
water  iiODi  Ibe  btunUin  of  Peirene,  was  struck  by  bee  beauty 
andtookberaianKKleL  Having toliawed a handaomaThesnlian 
to  his  native  land,  she  was  slain  in  tlie  temple  ot  Aphrodite  by 
women  who  niir«.  jealous  of  her  beiaily.  Maiiy  aoecilota  ire 
told  of  a  Lafa  by  Athenaeui,  Aelian,  Faoeania*,  and  slie  fonns 
^  subject  oi  many  cpigramE  in  the.  Creek  Antbdofy;  but, 
owing  to  theeiDihuity  of.  names,  there  is  consideoUe  uaceiUinQ: 
to  whom,  they  refer.  The  ^ama  itself^  11^  Phryne,  -ms  nsEil 
as  a  general  term  for  *  eouitesan. 
,  See  F.  JacolH.  Vamischt  Sd,ri!ltn.  W.  (iBjo), 

LUSAXT,  CHARLES  AKHB  (1841-  J,  French  poBtfrJam 
was  boinU  N^nt*  on  the  rsl  of  Novefnbet  rt*i,.-  »>d:  vat 
edUfMad.U  lb*  Ecoie  Poiylechaidua  a*  ■  military  cngltWi 


LAI- YANG— LAKB,  jst  VISCOUNT 


«5 


Heddcaded  thtfartallH^at-tJieriiteaf  Fub,  uAJ  wivcd 
In  Conka  ud  in  Algerii  In  1B7].  In  iS^  he  tcsifiKd  bli 
cammiison  to  Enter  the  Chimbei  u  deputy  for  Nautca  is  the 
republicu  intacu,  uid  in  iS;g  he  bcomc  diiccUit  gi  tlw  Ftlil 
ParititM,  Fw  illeged  libd  oc  Cental  Cimtat  da  Cia^  m  iKa 
paper  hs  ms  bnvfly  fined.  In  the  Chusber  lie  ipote  cblcflr 
OB  «rBiy  quntion;  Mid  »M  ffnimuiB  o( »  CTminlmion  «ppolpte<[ 

.. !j i„-_i_.7__   — ■—■-g  jQ  ,jgj  on  iIk  refuitl 

Lion  of  csenptiani  of  uy 
It  of  Uif  revWonfat  pi^CT 
rmbcr  ol  the  LoLgue  ol  PitdotL 
He  wu  elected  tuiiuui^t  ilepuly  for  the  iSlh  Fuiuui  anon- 
dUwineiit  in  iSSq.  He  did  doI  Msfc  n-ckctiaa  is  iSn.  but 
devoted  htniKlf  thenceioiwud  to  raathen»Ila,hd{riiigIoaukC 
known  in  Fnoce  the  tlieoHes  of  Giuilo  BelUvltii.  He  "u 
■ttadicd  la  the  itifl  of  the  £a>lc  Folyterhniqiif,  and  in  1903- 
ri^at  «u  preiklenl  of  the  French 


In  addjtioa  Co  fail  poUtka]  jiuqphlen  FovvHi  tt  ammtnijt  rm 
BnlamiUU  (iU7)  ud  L'Amuciu  bnrpiiu  (iBStX  bi  publiibtd 
cuthemitic^  worki.  amanf  them  InttadtKlioK  d  Vkndt  ais  tKvU 
tniau  (iBSi)  lad  TlUerinlaffiUaliinudBt^fM"^  (l^7)- 

UI-TUn.  a  dty  in  the  Chinese  piovince  of  Sfain-tung. 
10  37^  N.,  i3o^  5j'  £.,  about  the  middle  of  the  coAtem  pemnKuU, 
oa  the  highmy  ninniog  »uth  from  Chi-fu  to  Kia-Ei>  ai'Ting' 
tiu  hatboDT.  It  is  announded  by  well-kept  wnlb  of  great 
aniiquityT  and  iu  main  streets  are  spanned  by  Urge  poitoui 
(HI  moDumental  archea,  ume  dating  from  the  time  of  the  emperor 
Ta»^Bg-ti  of  tb*  YiUB  dynasty  <13>4}.  There  ue  eneiiive 
nbuifas  both  to  the  ivinh  and  south,  and  tfie  total  popolailon 
it  eitimated  at  50,000.  The  so-called  AiUnlhus  lilk  produced 
hy  SdluiBia  lyrMa  'a  woven  at  Lai-yang  into  a  itnmg  fabric; 
and  Ibe  ntanulactunt  of  the  peculiar  kind  ol  wax  obtained  from 
the  ta-tba  or  wax-tree  insect  is  largely  carried  iin  in  the  vldoity. 

UKUAU  lOnPH  (i;0i-iB4j),  French  politldin,  vu  bora 
BtSerrei(ATUge)  on  the  14th  0!  July  1761.  Hii  name.origin- 
ally  Lacanal,  ma  altered  to  '**—^"gi^*rf'*  him  from  his  Royalist 
bntbeia.  He  Joined  one  of  the  leaddng  coDgragalioBs,  and  fat 
fauneea  years  tao^t  in  ibeir  ichoah.  When  elected  by  hii 
utivc  depsitmeat  to  the  CooventioD  id  1791  he  was  acting 
aivicat  to  hii  node  Bernard  Fm)L(i;ij-i Sod),  ttMcouIilutiaual'; 
Uriwp  of  Fauden.  in  tbs  CenvemioD  he  beU  apart  innn  the  | 
varlou!  party  iectioni,  although  he  voleil  (or  the  death  of ! 
Louis  7CVI.  Ho  rendered  great  seivicc  to  the  Revoluliou  by  ' 
ha  pcactica]  knowledgs  a[  education.  He  became  a  member 
of  (he  Committae  of  PoUic  Insttactioa  ear^  to  [793,  and  after 
carrying  many  useful  deems  oo  the  preservation  of  national 
mocumenis,  on  the  military  schools,  on  the  icorganliaiioa 
•f  iheMuaeum  of  Natuial  Hisloiy  and  other  maUcn,  he  brought 
focward  on  the  16th  of  June  his  Praja  d'UmaUrm  tiaiiamaii 
(printed  at  the  Imprimeiie  NatiotiBle),  whkh  proposed  to  Uy 
Uie  burden  or  primary  education  on  (he  publk  funds,  bul  <o 
leave  secotidaiy  education  to  piiVato  enteipriae,    ProvisiDn  was 

be  entrusted  vHh  educational  questions.  The  scheme,  in  the 
maintb*  work  of  SieyJs,  was  refused  by  the  Convention,  who 
submitted  the  whole  question  lo  a  aiiedil  conuidsilon  of  lii, 
which  imdtr  the  ln£ueui:e  of  Robcplcm  adopted  ■  report 
by  Michel  le  Felelier  de  Saint  Fargean  iborljy  before  bis  tia^ 

began  to  wort  for  the  argsidiation  of  Ugbec  education,  and. 
abandoning  the  principle  i^  his  Fnja  advocated  the  eWiblilh- 
mem  of  tialc-aided  •ctiools  lor  pilniaiy,  itixiiidaiy  and  uoivosty 
educaiioo.  In  October  179]  be  wia  aeu  by  tba  CoDvealJan  to 
the  south-western  deputmenUand  did  BOIicttlta  to  Pari* 
until  after  the  Tevolutiaa .  of  ThtimMot.  He  now 'became 
president  of  the  Education  Committee  and  promptly  aboliihed 
(he  system  which  had  had  Robesplerrt'a  support.  He  drew  up 
schemes  lor  departmental mrmal  scboob,  nt  primary  KJiooU 
(reviving  fa  lubttancc  the  fnjdi  and  cnual  idtMls.  He 
presently  acquiesced  fa  the  supersession  of  Ua  


'A  aRct  Ul  ACUn  (a  the 


Couaeit  ol  the  Fiw  Huadied.  In  ijK'he  waa  Mat  by  the 
Direotofylo  otgaoiae  the  dejeoceof  Iha  four  dcfartmenta  on 
Iha  left  bok  of  the  Rhine  tfarealencd  by  invasion.  Under  Ih« 
Consulate  he  roluaed  bii  pnfcukinal  work,  and  after  Walerloo 
retired  to  Amttka,  wheie  ha  became  presidenl  of  the  univeisiiy 
«(  Inwiiiiaia,  Ha  ntuod'tv  Fnoce  in  iftUf.aBd  ibonlT 
afwnmdi.  In  ifAe  ol  his  advanced  ag*,  nianied  a  mcvhI  lima. 
Se  died  hi  Faria  oa  thb  uth  oC  J<ebniaiy  ibj;  hia  widow 
aurvivad  tlU  lUi.  Lahanal  waa  aa  odpoal  menbei  «{  tha 
iBHitale  ol  Flaw*.  He  pubUatcd  in  >t  jS- an  &^mI  imoMwt 
dti  knam  da  Jmt^  Ulumd. 

Uisabttactbe  AoadeaiitfMiMalBndJUcic^ScItnDe.irfwUcb 
he  was  a  nepiber,  vat  pronounced  by  tl»  comte  de  fUnuiaat 
(February  16,  i«4S).and  »  /folia  iultripu  by  F.  A.  M.  Minel  warn 
read  on  the  ind  al  May  1857.  Sec  also  aoncts  by  Emile  Darmud 
(PaiK  1874),  "Marcus"  (I^ris, iStq),  F.  LenndiV in ffanmei ilc la 
rfcffatwn  (Parfa.  tM>).  E.  Cuilion.  iakitat  a  tbalrmaiBn  IrkliUqf 
(Pari*,  iMiJ-  ror  deMlIs  of  the  reports  aubmilted  try  htm  to  the 
■Orenment  jae  M.  Tounetm.  "  tUsmlre  de  I'iDKcMtiiD  pubKvie, 
•ctra  et  dtUteiations  de  U  convcstion.  Ac."  in  BMin  if  rua.  ^ 
Ftrtl  (vol.  iii.,  1900];  also  A-  Robert  and  C.  Cougny,  DicliamKiin 
in  Imlemtnlalrei  (voL  ii..  1B90). 

UXE.  GERABD  URB,  iJT  VucDtTNT  (r;44-TBog},  Eritbh 
genera},  waa  bom  on  the  )7th  of  July  1744.  Me  entered  the 
foot  gmrd)  In  175BI  becoming  heulenant  Ccaptaln  in  Ibe  army) 
17A1,  captlin  (Keut.-eolond)  In  1776,  major  tyU,  and  beul,- 
cobnel  In  1 79>,  by  which  time  he  was  a  general  officer  hi  the  amy. 
He  served  with  his  regiment  in  Germany  in  1760-1761  and  w<(h 
a  compoHte  bsllalion  in  the  Yorlitown  campaign  of  1781. 
Af(er  this  he  was  eqneny  to  the  prince  of  Wales,  afterwards 
George  IV.  In  1790  be  became  a  tnajor-gmeial,  and  in  179J 
was  appointed  to  coouaaBd  the  Gnards  Brigade  in  the  dule  ol 
York's  army  in  FUnders.  He  was  in  comtnand  at  Che  brilHant 
affairofLineelles,  on  the  jBlh  of  August  1793,  and  served  on  the 
continent  (except  ftir  a  short  lime  when  seriously  iS)  ontil  April 
1794-  He  had  now  sold  his  lieut.-colonelcy  ui  the  guards,  and 
■^    ■  '  ilond  of  (he  sjrd  foot  and  goreraot  of  Limerick, 


Im: 


«nen!. 


Ibe  Irish  tebeffion  brake  out.    . 

IreUnd,  socceeded  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby  in  ■ 

troops  bi  April  1 798,  issued  a  proclamation  ordering  tlb 


then  serving  in 
imniand  of  the 

...  .  „       snnendet 

rms  by  the  dvil  popuhiio 
June  routed  the"  rebels  at  Vinegar  Hill  {near  Ennismtthy,  Coi 
Wexford)-  He  exercised  great,  but  perhaps  not  unjiotified, 
severity  (awards  all  rebeb  found  In  arms.  Ijird  Cornwallis 
now  assnmed  the  chiel  command  In  Ireland,  and  in  Angust  sent 
Lake  to  oppose  the  French  expedition  which  landed  at  Sillali 
Bay.  On  the  i^lh  of  the  same  month  Lake  arrived  at  Castlebar, 
but  only  In  time  <o  witnea  the  disgraceful  rout  of  the  lro6(« 
nnder  Genera]  Hely-Hniehinsoa  {afterwards  mi  eaH  of  Donoughv 
more);  bul  he  tWrievcd  this  disaster  by  compelling  Ibe  snntndet 
of  the  French  at  BaUinaianii,  near  Cloone,  on  the  8th  of 
September.  In  r799  Lake  trtumed  to  En^nd,  and  soon  after- 
wuda  obtalnad  the  command  In  chief  In  India.  He  took  over 
his  duties  at  Calcutta  in  July  1801,  and  applied  himself  n>  t&e 
impttivemenl  of  the  Indian  army,  especially  in  the  direction 
of  making  aS  arms,  Infantry,  cavaLy  and  arliHery,  more  mobile 
and  more  manigEafate.    In  tSo:  he  was  made  a  (nil  general. 

-On  the  oulbieak  of  war  with  the  Mahralta  confederacy  Iii 
iSoj  General  Lake  took  the  Geld  against  Sindhia,  and  witliiii 
Iwo  months  defeated  the  Mahialtas  at  Coel,  stonncd  AUgatu. 
took  DelM  and  Agia,  and  woa  the  great  victory  of  laswari 
(Nineqtbef  ist,  rBoj),  where  the  power  of  Sindhfa  was  completely 
tofcen- with  the  loss  of  thirty-one  disciplined  bailaliana,  trained 
aad  oScarad  by  FRaehmea,  aad  4*6  laecta  ol  ocdaaDca.  TUa 
dataat,  toflowad  a  fvw  daya  Uter  by  UaJos-GcBanl  Arthilr 
Welledey*!  victory  at  Arganm,  compelled  SfndhU  to  came  tb 
ierms,  uid  »  treaty  with  him  was  signed  in  Ileccmber  iSoj, 
Oparaliona  wne,  howcvei,  continind  a^ioR  hia  cooitdtnto, 
Holkat^  who,  on  the  t7th  of  NovembeT  i$a4,  waa  defeated  b^ 
Lake  at  Fnmikhabad-  But  the  lortreas  of  Bhiutporc  held  oid 
against  lour  aaiauks  early  in  1805,  and  ComwaHls,  who  succeeded 
Wellesley  as  goveraoi'general  i>  Jaly  i4  that  yi 


LAICB 


Pusfib  and  conpdled  faim ' 
iBoj,  Welloky  la  &  dap4lcb  attributed  nacfa  of  thi  lucccn 
of  th>  nr  to  Lakc^  "  milrhlni  MKrgjr,  ability  tad  valour." 
For  hit  wtvlctt  Laka  recUved  iha  thaoki  of  paiUamm,  ud  -wu 
Rwardid  by  a  pecngc  Id  Septonber  1(04.  At  tic  oHicluiiDB 
of  the  war  he  REunwd  to  Bo^and,  and  in  1S07  be  wb  created  a 
vbcotmL  He  repnaented  A^eabiiiy  In  Ibe  Bmiae  of  CoBmoiif 
from  ITQO  to  iSei,  and  ht.aho  ma  biwi^  into  th*  bidi  pwlia- 
menl  by  the  govemnienl  as  member  lor  Annaj^  in  im  M 
VMC lor dw-UBka.  Hediedla  LrodoooBtbe  Mb«f  Fcbruaty 
180B. 

See  R.  Pane,  Uimiir  if  He  Lifi  aii  Sirtiea  el  Vai<mnl  Idle 

"—■ ' 8);G.  B.  MJImoji,  D(nrn*&UJfciB/J»i[iB  (rSBj); 

J,  Ridory  aj  Itu  MahnsUai  (lS;j];  ahon  mcsuic  in 

m  OdvimJJ  to  WtiiingloJi,  oL  SpuiKr  WHJuphil 

Um  t^nfesm  Focil  of  SirilieilaBd,  tba  foBodei  of  the 
tdcnn  d{  linrnolofp  (Gt.  tdiiyii,  a  lake),  defines  a  take  (Lat. 
tacui)  as  a  mass  of  at  ill  water  situated,  jo  a  dcprcssioD  of  the 
■  h  ihe  sea,"  The  (frm 


m 


loJri' 


to  tiodies  ol  water  whkh  lie  along  sca^oasta,  even  at  ua-level 
and  in  diicct  communication  with  the  to.  The  lernu  pnd, 
tarn,  todi  and  fHere  are  a|>p]icd  to  amailcr  lakes  accordioi  to  u« 
and  posiLion.  SoBie  lakes  arc  so  laige  that  an  obaeiver  cannot 
ue  loo  objects  situated  on  the  opposite  shsre,  owiii(  to  tbe 
lake-tutlace  assuming  the  gencta)  curvature  of  (he  earth's 
tutiace.  Lakes  an  nearly  universally  diitributtd,  but  ate  man 
■bundani  in  high  than  in  low  latitudes.  They  are  abundant  in 
nuuntaiiiaus  regions,  especially  ia  thou  nhich  have  been 
nastly  glaciated.  They  arc  frequent  aloBg  rivers  which  have 
low  giadienta  and  wide  flat),  «ben  they  an  dearly  connected 
with  tbc  r-Vianjifip  chaBUel  of  the  liver.  Low  lands  in  proximity 
to  the  ics,  espedally  in  wtl  cUumtes,  have  numerous  lakes,  as, 
lor  instance,  Florida.  Lakeii»aybecitlierfrcslieria]t,accordini 
to  the  nature  of  tbe  climate,  lOBie  being  much  more  salt  than  tbe 
laa  itsdf.  They  occur  in  all  altitudes;  Lake  Tiiicua  In  South 
America  is  13,500  ft.  above  sea-level,  and  YeUowitone  Lake 
la  tbe  United  States  is  7741  ft.  above  the  sea;  on  the  otber  band, 
the  surface  of  the  Caspian  Sea  is  S6  It.,  the  Sea  of  Ilbemi  6S1  It. 
and  tbc  Dead  Sea  it^a  ft.  below  the  level  of  tbc  ocean. 

The  primary  source  of  like  water  [s  alntoipheiic  pndpitatian, 
which  may  reach  tbe  liku  through  nin,  melting  ice  and  anow, 
Iptinp,  riven  and  iounciJiate  luo-oS  fnna  the  knd-surfacci. 
Tbi  lurlace  of  the  eailh,  with  which  we  an  directly  in  touch, 
U  compoted  of  liifaosphcie,  bydiraphcn  and  atmosphete,  and 
tbtie  interpenetrate.  Lakes,  rivvt,  the  water-n^nur  (^  the 
■tmosphctetDd  the  water  ol  hydration  of  tbe  liiho^hcre,  must 
tU  be  regarded  as  outlying  ponioiu  ol  the  bydrospbeie,  which 
i>  chiefly  made  up  of  the  great  oceans.   Lakes  ouy  be  compared 

peculiirilki  in  its  rocks,  soil,  fauna  and  fiora,  due  to  its  iulalion 
iron  tbe  larger  temslnsl  masses,  so  doe*  a  lake  present  pcculi- 
uities  and  aa  individuality  ia  its  physical,  chemical  and  bkioglcal 
teatutes,  owing  to  its  poaitioi  and  leparUion  ftomthe  waleii 

the  geologtca]  point  ct  view,  lab*  may  be 

p>:  (A)  Rock-Btrins,  (B)  Barner-Doiiin 

lasutahsnl 

imins!  the  Lake  of  ^ ...  — . 

Annecy  in  France  ate  due  to  thr  nib^dence  or  warpins  of  out ' 
Atpii  sa  the  other  hand.  Lalas  SuCania.  Rudolf;  JObtn  MvHiat. 
Tanouiyika  and  Nvan  in  Africa  sod  Ihe  Dead  Sea  iaAdi  Hiaor. 
are  all  believed  to  Ga  m  a  eceat  rift  or  sunken  valley. 
1  By  Vikanic  Affix.!        -    ■     ■  ■       ■         ^    ■    .       . 

dormant  vokanoes  may  ._ 

width,  baM  gencilllv  a  tireulai  iMi 

Mllet.  EJacUeK  eonplea  of  wcfc  Was  an  ta  be  leen  in  tbe  am- 
viwx  al  Rome  (Italy)  and  In  tha  ceatrsl  plaleaa  of  France,  where 
M.DelebccqueroundlbELakeoftssarlbwIt.indeplh.  Thcmoat 
splendid  cralcT4ake  Ii  foood  on  the  nimail  of  tbe  Cascade  ratoe  of 
'      '        "      mCU.&A.).   Thl>klali>ooa[i.tadepth. 

aaiciiumUm*- 


iinb.    l.alcciHmUartotheieaiEaI»lai|ndinrTriaiiiBbaaiMiiiK'U] 
rock-salt  drpown;  the  Jura  rah«  offers  many  such  lakes. 

4.  ^CfcKMT&KKjii,— A.C.TlamsayhaiAownthallnouioetable 
lakes  of  tb*  mitbeai  heraiainetE  (b  Mt  U*  in  fissurs  pndwad  by 
ludtfarnwl  dunirtiBncH^  nar  la  aim  ol.nilajikaea.  wot  in  eyn- 
dinalloIdsDr  strata,  but  are  the  KsuItaolAiJalciosioB.  Many 
Sal  allovul  plains  above  ^tm  In  SwICiHiand,  as  well  aa  in  tKe 
H^landi  of  Scotland,  wen,  wttbout  doubt,  what  Sir  Aiduliald 


GukieaHagle>4akes,  _       , 

uaby  Hnd  anc^  ouid  bruhtinto  then  by  tfacir  tributaiy  stMano. 

B.  BaatiBK-BAsiNs.-TheteniaybeduetBthefolfcHiiiatcauieir— 

I.  A  laadilif  ofteo  occurs  in  aKHiniaiiiaus  reIoiul  wlien  strata, 

dipinng  tDware>  the  valley,  net  on  soft  Iiyeni  the  faaoj  yocks  slip 

mta  the  valley  alter  heavy  mlaa,  daaunui  back  the  dialnagc,  wbks 

then  fonu  ■  baner-hau.    M,aiv,s|BaIllake*hitll  upB  the  Alpa 

and  IViene»  an  lonned  by  a  nver  bang  damaKdWa  in  Ibis  way. 

a.  By  a  Clacur.—h  A&ifca,  jn  SeandliHvia  aiSin  tbe  AlpTa 

glacier  often  ban  (he  mouth  of  a  trfbnlaiy  valley,  tbe  p*— •  a.^— 

cbaieiB^isdaffininlbaclcaBdalalBisthatonned.  T 

lake  of  ihii  kind  ii  tbe  Mlrielcn  Laka  in  theAlp^i 

Glacier.   Lake  Caitain  In  Abi^  ia  Iwtcdby 


him  beta  700  m.  In  iMit^, 
■  iivxiu  iq.  m,  thus  eneeedint  tha 
I  Amerian  lakei;Superior  (J1.M0), 
OeorgLan  Bay  (13,600),  Erie  (996a] 


wldA  when  at  its  K^M 

....       .._ ,  ....  in  length  beneath  tbe  ice- 

HM.   Thefanwuspanllet  iiMdsofClen  RoyuiSntbndannie- 
asim  temcet  formed  along  the  shorn  of  a  gisciil  lake  doling  the 

finnipeg  is  a  wmnant,  wju  formed  by  an  l«-dani  along  the  marriif 
I  two  gnal  ice-Jireu.   It  iteslimaled  I"  >— -' i.i^wi. 

iichigiB  (lajjo)    Hi 
ud  Ontarm  (7340). 
1-  Bytti ^■n'oWjfo'afuii^aa.^tiliufClBciitr.—ThaElalits some- 
Dies  occur  ui  Ihe  A^  of  CCntial  Europe  and  ia  tha  Fyroite* 

^  By  lAe  PrmwJ  Uoniiiu  of  m  Antiail  Gladir.—'Ytie  buHa  in 

...  — . i.u  J  .k.  1,.. i-i.  ■_  -L allng  glacier, 

eapec&lly  ia 

tfCkiiat  Mn^-Um  Iha  ntnatol 
ues  of  glacial  drift  are  left  on  the  land- 

, at  beeom*  AIM  with  wafer, 

_.„  —  -Je,«i(b««  wUe  tatlcM^lbe  mer  frsqueatly 

percolating  Ihroiqh  Ibe  glacial  diift.    Tbc«  nkea  an  b  nuiBaotis 
,,.  ih>  <inflh.*utem  pa«  of  North  Amelfca  that  one  can  trace  the 
idary  of  *e  great  h*.>M«rt  by  followfng  the  soulheni 
aa-Brewn  legion,  where  lakn  may  be  onioted  by  teas 


l^uUv 


prevaiHA^wiHla.     _. 

may  be  [orawL   A  Mod  tt ., .  _  ..„.,. 

Lake  in  the  state  of  WaaUagioB !  bui  tbe  aand-dunea  nay  alio  fill  v|» 
or  subcnottf  river-vaflevs  and  lakes.  lor  iostaoce,  in  Ue  Sabaca, 
where  the  shotti  an  Dke  vagi  Iskes  in  (be  eariy  morning,  and  fn 
the  altenuoB,  a^n  nacb  avapoiuiaa  hat  ntea  pbotTliko  vast 

7.  ayAiinMUalUriipasiUibtIjaBalSlrtaMi!^taai<:iunat 
of  a  main  river  be  not  ponrciful  enough  to  sweep  away  delrila]  matter 
brought  down  by  a  lateral  stnam,  n  dam  is  fcnnsf  omiing  a  lake. 
Time  lakes  are  frequently  met  with  in  tha  nam*  vaUeys  of  tba 
Miglilands  ofSoollacd. 

i.  fi>nMne/iaa.—Lai<asof  this  kind  an  met  with  iavdcauic 

C.  OatJANic  EuiHS.— In 

^n^of 


( of  vtsetatioo. 
n  al  dKSBiDe 


that  skirt  Ihe  Aictic 

pondj  ind  lakes  arc  mel  wii*- ....j-'j  ...  i.-tr    . 

Saonh-ttanks  are  geneially  aL__ _, 

spott.  DnuY'iuviaKr  riba  iiowtb  of  the  nodn  M 
vasy  rapid,  aaJ  the  laowKliIgs  tliat  last  langeat  tn  sumanaea 
hy  huuriant  vegetation.  When  >och  accomiilations  of  snow 
inelly  melt,  the  vegetation  on  (be  place  they  occupied  is  mnch  lea 
hen  along  their  border*.   Year  after  year  soeb  placei  beeome  mere 


m^  BiOtry  aj  laka. — ^lom  the  time  of  its  tocmat^on  a  hlic 
i*  destined  to,  diaappeat.  Tbe  bistoiical  period  baa  not  been 
long  anougb  to  enable  man  lo  have  wsiched  the  birth,  tile  and 
dcalli  ol  any  single  lake  ol  oujuidecable  siia,  still  by  *UidyiB|  the 


LA  KB 


Uiey  lun  can  be  abubled, 

ID  proctSKS  lend 


er  in  th£  lake,  and  tlv 
ID  of  Ih*  OBtkt  Mnam 
OB  the  lorcict.  TkCK  oultoing  Mmnu,  bamvcr,  bdng  vny 
pon  and  dui,  iH  detrilal  maitcT  bavr'ng  b«n  dep(Mtcd  In  the 
lake,  bavc  loss  eroding  pover  tliaa  Indowing  stnuni.    One 

pmealed  by  Locbs  Doinc,  Voll  and  Lnbnalg  In  Ibe  Callander 
dhCikt  ol  Scotland.  In  poat-gladal  times  thcK  tbne  lochi 
fanned,  viUuut  doubt,  one  continuoiu  abeet  ol  water.  •Klxi 
nnliirqiifntly  became  divided  into  three  difleBat  batiot  by  tbe 
depodtloD  of  Kdlment.  Loch  Dah»  haa  been  •qaraied  tiw 
Ijxh  VoU  b^  allnvlal  cones  laid  down  by  two  oppo^te  itTcanu. 
At  the  bod  of  I.och  Boinc  there  B  an  alluvial  Sat  1^  itietchei 
for  ])  m.,  foimed  by  the  Lochlaii;  river  and  ita  trihutario. 
The  king  itRlcli  d  alhiviuin  that  acpatatea  Loch  Vni  fiom 
Locb  Lahnafg  has  been  laid  down  by  Calalr  Bum  in  Giro  Buckie, 
by  tbi  EiikioD  Buin  at  Balquhiddci,  and  by  varioui  stitami 
OB  botk  lide*  of  Smtbyie.  Lscb  Lubnaig  once  extended  to  a 
point  1  m.  beyoBd  iu  pnsent  outlet,  the  level  of  tiie  locb  bdng 
lowend  abont  lo  ft.  1^  tbe  denudinj  aclian  erf  the  liver  Lcny 
on  its  locky  hairier. 

In  arid  legioni,  when  the  ninfall  is  often  leai  than  is  ins. 
in  Ibe  year,  the  action  of  winds  in  the  tnnqioit  of  sand  and  duit 
ii  more  in  evidence  than  thai  od  riven,  and  the  eflecli  of  evapota- 


Ihe  lake  below  the  level  of  the  outk 
sail,  and  the  fotmer  great  fresh- 
gtadually  to  tbe  lelatively  unalt  Qiul  Sail  Lalie 
day.    The  lites  of  ullact  s^  kkei  yield  aah  i 
.  ijuantjties. 

Tki  Wair  t(  Lalui.-^)  C^/wiftoi*.— It  la 


ty  of  nltd  natter  in,  and 


IS^: 


StupluaSO. 


9  the  Suei  Canal  being  added  tor  c 


KokOHH 

AnISn. 

CaipuaSea. 

^«r.nal 

t^™. 

Kmhogai 

jes-A-a- : 

1-00907 

i-oj' 

t-30 

|.»61I7 

.;:;r 

M-ij 

I'Oitoo 
'■73 

1-oaM 

NamtefSalt 

Gm 

H  of  Salt  per  IOC 

«  Grans  of  Wats. 

0-6h)4 

oJiSj 

^ 

" 

■■ 

0:4031 

aSS'i-'u'S-  :  ;  ; 

i-'«iu 

Mml 

o:moo 

V:K?f 

»9J»4 

et-sMo 

13-5,60 

■> 

t^t 

CUo^ofSD^   .     .     . 

fi-9aDt 

6-JiS6 

»Il6j 

'J3« 

191-4100 

a-osoo 

*s 

JftS^™  ■,  " 

<»003 

ii-4«io 

4-763= 

tss 

',: 

tM)M+ 

o-i9]0 

i«76l^ 

0^>779 

IMKB7 

Total  Sdkl  Matter 

M-I46S 

10-8987 

I"9773 

J84-Wto 

mnso 

»i->«oo 

IT-J899 

S^-o^ 

lion  grtaler  than  ol  prcdpilatlon.  Salt  and  bitter  lakca  ptevail 
in  these  legioni.  Many  aalt  lakes,  auch  aa  the  Dead  Sea  and  tbe 
Great  Salt  Lake,  ue  dcwKnded  from  fndi-water  aoceston, 
while  olhetti.like  the  Caspian  and  Aral  Seas,  ue  isolated  pocliona 
of  tbe  ocean.  Lskei  til  iJh  £nt  group  have  iuaall)i  bocone  tilt 
Ihimij^  a  deccraM  in  the  tainfall  of  the  tegioa  in  which  they 
occur.  The  walei  be^  to  get  udt  when  the  evaporation  fiom 
IIk  take  exceeds  the  inflow.  Hie  Inflawing  mteis  biing  in  a 
miaJl  amount  cf  laline  and  alkaline  matter,  which  becMWi 
more  and  more  corKYnlrsJed  as  the  eraporation  increases, 
In  lakes  of  tbe  second  group  the  waten  were  salt  at  the  outset. 
If  inflow  eioeds  evaporation  Ihey  become  Itesber,  and  nay 
■Umately  become  quite  fresh.  II  the  evapcaation  exceed)  the 
inflow  they  diminish  in  sixe.  and  their  waten  become  more  and 
more  ult  and  bitter..  The  iint  lake  wlucb  occupied  the  basin 
of  the  Gnat  Salt  Lake  of  Utah  appean  to  have  been  [reab,  then 
with  a  change  of  flimatr  to  have  become  a  salt  lake.  AnothEr 
change  of  climate  taking  pIsc',  the  level  of  the  lake  nse  until  it 
overBowed,  the  outlet  being  by  the  Snake  rivti;  the  lake  then 
became  Irtsb.  This  expanded  lake  haa  been  called  Lake  Boane- 
riOc^  which  oorered  an  iiea  of  about  17,000  aq.  m.    AtMha 


lasp^n  Seas  we  hai 

..,„.„ edwalen.    In  the" 

he  Caspian,  Unnla  aad_  the  Dad  Seas 


In  the  Karabiiiu.  a  beanch 


iaEeypfcHnni 
m  an  quanfil 


04014 

O-OOOJ 


tAKS 


A' 


:  tai  lill  si  tiM  Hrfaot-l 


-1ml  al 


.    laiddStisolatlKW 


i(  the  levtl  at  the  nuJ  to 


ikt; 


of  the  lortgesc  duiipet«-.  ^^,  *. , .--    

of  ihii  kind  every  pHUcle  of  the  «ur  sf  the  like  udltBta  lyn- 
diRHUBily  witk  every  other,  tlM  nrkxb  and  phuB  being  the  nine 
for  alt.  and  iKe  orbiti  umilar  but  of  diS«*iU  dinculiHia  and 
IHII  liinnarly  iltuated.  Seicha  wen  bit  duanrsTd  in  171a  by 
Falio  de  DuUticr.  a  wtll>kitawn  Svha  encinnr.  ud  wen  61K 
aydteinatkally  atudied  by  Prolcaor  Foni  ia  the  Lake  of  Gcnev*. 
E^rE^njinbrnofobwrvalions  have  been  nude  by  various  obaervera 
in  l^iei  in  irunv  parliof  thpirorld,  Henry  obaerved  a  ftftccD-bour 
•ekhc  in  Lafcc  Eric,  which  i>  J96  kSomecrei  ia  lennh,  and  Endroi 

j_j ■_L__T*_.^ nodataaaaiallpondonJy  tit  metRa 

(Mtiodkal  mine  and  '  "' 


inlenph.  Althf 
OC  the  waitr-levt . 
iTcankd  by  a  »( 


I.  Ihey 


»a11y 


only  be 


land  uader  the  immediate  diret 


ihe  ttudy  nl  lekhea 


bir  the  Lake  Survey  of  Scoc- 
f  iWeiior  Claytai,  who  haa 


_ _.  liF  hydrodynantcal  theorieaof  thepheiio> 

inenoD.    Seiche*  «Te  probably  due  to  levent  faclon  acting  tof^thc 

or  aepaiately,  auch  u  luc'-'—  — '-•' '  — '— '- 

chan|u  in  the  ttrenfth  or 


loapheric  jjreA 


^eEm^ui 


Umiian  qI  the  wind.  Eipbnau' 

"tm}  ULie'Sf'wt'hea.        "  own  10  «  -m- 

tt  ump€rattat  of  lakes  miy  cbaoee  with  the  aeaion 

'  plaiV  and  tsont  layrr  tn  Lyfr;    theie  changes  are 

'by  innlatian.  by  terrestrial  rddiatiDn.  by  contract  with 

re,  by  rain,  by  (he  InltDW  d[  riven  and  other  factora, 

imponanl  of  mtl  theie  are  iniolalion  and  lerreilrial 

.    rreih  water  hai  iti  peaien  deniiiy  at  a  rernpnatnie  of 

■a  that  rater  both  abcwe  and  below  tnia  temperature  floaift 

rface,  and  thia  phyiicil  fact  largely  detemincA  the  water 

rer.  and  doei  not  come  iato  play.  In  the  troptcat  type  of 
er lake  the  tem pent ureiialwaya higher  thanjg'F..  and  Ihe 
lire  dscreaKft  aj  the  ilepth  increaae*.  In  the  |»lar  l^pe  the 
jre  ia  always  lower  than  w*  F..  and  the  temperature 
Iron  Ihe  luriace  downwardi.  In  the  temperate  type  the 
on  of  teraperatuPc  In  winter  reMmbl™  the  polar  type, 
immer  the  tr^ipical  type.  In  L^ich  Nchb  and  other  deep 
lochi  the  lemperatuie  in  Mairh  and  April  it  il"  to  43*  F., 
en  nearly  uoirnrrn  from  top  la  bottom.  At  the  sun  ctHnel 
d  (he  mean  air  tempeiature  begini  to  be  h^hr-  "■—  -^- 

:ill  th«  moruh  of  Augiitt'    About  thii  time  thi 

ure  lalli  bdow  the  auAace  temperatUR.  and  the  loch  begini 
ilb  its  heat  by  radiation  and  coaduclioiu  The  ttinperature 
tper  layers  beyond  Joo  ft.  U  only  tlightly  aHected  tbitiughout 

.    .  coinpaninen(>.theuppeth«vin|alein|ieraIuiefnim49*tD 

u*  F..  the  deeper  a  temperature  from  41*  Mt^jJ*.   BNveea  these  lies 
die  dimmtlnuity-layer  (^pmagKiiCikl  of  the  Germana),  where  there 


well  marked,  and  lis  at  a  depth  of 
vancei  thii  layer  gradually  sinks 
temperature  above  it  increases  lb 
il  finally  th<  wholt  loch  aoi 
nn  icmperBiurr-    plany  years  OBo  Sr  John  Ml 
ana  erf  temperatuiv  obeervatioH  the  manner  in  a 

locb,  arid  aubaetiuent  obeuvMius  seem  tn  skoa 

continuity-layer  nukea  iu  aniarance,  the  cu 

tfirids  are  diatributed  thrtiuih  the  whole  mass  of  the 
however.  Ibis  U>t;er  appean.  Ihe  loch  is  divided  ' 
'         ia  the  following  diagram; — 


Another  effect  of  the  leparallan  of  Ihe  loch  into  1 
bj;  tbe  HtfaCE  of  di«(»tinuily  b  lo  render  ponblc  luc  > 
■ekhe.   The  surface-current  produced  by  ihewind  tran 
quaniity  of  warm  water  to  Ihe  lee  end  of  Ihe  keh.  with  th 
xht  surface  o(  disceiMiouity  ia  deeper  at  the  lee  than  at  tt 


r  which  haa  been 


end.    Wken  iba  «Ind  ee«Na 

tilled-    Thia  temperaturr-se: 
ami  rendered  visible  by  lupei 

the  quantity  of  beat  that  enten  Loch  Neat 
"l?Vhid 


Weddetbnm  eitlma 

[e  raiie  about  30,000  miUioiigalloai 
luiliA£-pdnt.  Xakes  thus  molify  II 

they  occur,  bo(h  by  increasing  it 

— (poninre.    They  eool  ai 


. tend  to  restialo  6oods, 

_-  promote  rfegularily  ol  iow.     They  becone  1 

ikediaaj^  power,  and  aa  (bcir  waters  are  purihed  by  all .  — 

of  walcr-npply  for  Iowm  and  ciiiea.  In  Icmpcrale  tesiona  amall 
•od  shiDow  IiIks  ne  lik^  to  freeie  all  over  bl  winter,  but  deep 
''keaia  sinDar  regiom  do  tut  feneraUy  fnei^  owikff  lo  the  fact  Ibat 
le  low  teaiRcaUire  of  the  air  doca  not  eoMiBD*  loiif  enoufli  (XBol 
swatheentirebodyof  water  to  the  maximaBdeujiy  point.  Deep 
ket  are  thus  tbeWl  sources  of  waler-aupply  for  ciiiea,  for  ill 
tmmer  they  aoppty  relatively  oral  water  aiM  In  winter  reUdvely 
arm  water.  Brtides,  the  number  of  of^nlMns  in  deep  lakea  la 
a  than  in  (mail  shalkiw  lakes,  is  which  there  is  a  much  higher 

rowth.  The  dcMmlt,  which  are  formed  along  the  shores  and  on  the 
DOTS  ol  bkes.  depend  00  the  geological  strucLurc  and  nature  of  tbe 
adjacent  ahorea. 

iliW^f]'.— Compared  with  tbe  walets  of  the  octan  iIkk  of 
lakes  may  ulely  be  uid  to  contain  relatively  few  anirnab  and 
plinli.  Whole  groupa  c^  organiims — tbe  EchlDodenm,  for 
InataBce — am  unrepreaented.  £n  tbe  oceani  there  k  a  much 
greater  uniroTToity  in  the  phyaical  and  chemical  conditions 
than  DbtalBJ  in  lates.  In  lake  Ihe  lemperBture  variw  widely. 
To  underground  Itlta  U^(  does  not  penclmie,  and  Id  the» 
Mme  of  the  orKanisfli*  nwy  be  blind.  Sac  eumple,  tbe  Uind 
any&h  (Contanu  f^udJui)  and  the  blind  Bib  iAt^ycftii 
iptiatui)  of  the  Remucky  caves.  Tbe  tnajoi)!}'  of  lika  are 
freib,  wbilo  some  are  >o  all  thai  no  orginismi  bave  been  found 
in  them.  The  peily  milla  ia  otlier  lakca  h  m  abundant  that 
light  does  not  panetritelo  any  great  dEpIh,a]id  Ihehtmiic  addi 
in  ulution  prevent  the  devetopmenl  of  some  specis.  Indeed, 
eveiy  lake  haa  an  individuality  of  its  own,  depending  upon 
climate,  siae,  nature  of  tiie  bottom,  diemicai  compositloD 
and  conneiion  aiib  other  Ukea.  WhUe  the  ocean  conlalni 
many  famiiin  and  genera  not  rtpresenled  in  lakes,  almost 
every  genua  in  lakes  is  represented  in  the  ocean. 

The  irrtrliralH.  insects  and  llowerk^  plaata  Intabldoc  Ukaa  wry 
much  according  (0  latitude,  and  an  compamlvely  wdl  knoani  to 
ndogiitt  and  botanisti.     Tile  njcnh^iini  and  Ion  have  only 


been  studied  in  dciail,  and  1 
has  Kiidied  Ihe  Sooltiih  loka.  1 


ing  groups; 


m 


Gaatntricha 
CoelenteiWI 


Florideae'     '. 
Chlorophyccae 


IE  the  ihoiti,  in 


'I>e<e  orjanimii  ar 

of  a  rooted  vegeut  ion  is  only  possible  tbcre,  and  thia  in  turn  auppnrta 

also  favours  growth.    The  great  majority  of  Ihe  species  in  Scottish 
,_^ -:.!  I-.,., !_^     i.,„^  larvaeof  many  kinds  are 


LAKE 


Cafne(UaltlwnainC>Eb^.iBdtlMHi., , 

ii  dib  n^oD.    Wnti-BiMi^  BMily  an  the  R«ilm,  Cutmrichi, 
TuiliMib  and  Mli^ —  ~ ' — -■ ' -    


A  Um  aumbcr  <A  die  littwsl  i|P«ia  in  Loch  Not  oucndi 
oown  to  1  deplh  of  about  30a  ft. 

Tke  abytai  hiwh,  in  Scottish  Tochit  En,  u  ■  rule,  cSrflwr  than 
—  ..     ^-t :..,-,.  J __■ "-uAndMSDciitionoflniniil. 


?»tffi^^n 


.luUy  dr^vdjp    Id  Locb  N 


PiiUium  fmiilbim  (Cioet]. 

(SliMaAksTudill. 
C7^H  liilhalmia,  lurint. 
aybOnliH  KinUQi'Vtii. 
OBtodam.  nn  dRcnmiKd. 


u  (Urv.). 


fcS 


1  Piuiiam  ud  Cjtb^i, 

tn^ddilion,  the  toUowing  were  found  caiually  at  crest  dcptlit  In 
Locli   Nan:      U^n,  LirnMHB  pmiia,  PnaUi  uplmmla  4ftd 

Tkt  pSatic  FCjion  of  ibe  Scalliih  Likei  ii  occupied  by  nusicniui 
_; ;„ : ...1 ,_.  u,  ,(,,  Zooplanklon  and  Phyto- 

d  in  Loch  Nm.  BckHgint  to  the 
v[voiKl0iHip  150  epeciea  were  recorded,  of  which  120  were  Detmidi. 
Some  oTtlifle  neciaof  plankton  organumi  an  ilmoit  univmal  in 
the  Scollijh  locht,  while  olbcn  an  quite  kcaL  Some  a(  Ilu  uedn 
occur  all  the  year  throc^h,  while  ollten  have  oniy  bten  rrcoroed  in 

wa(cin,cidl(d  "  Sow^rinfoOhe  water  "  (HVuierWu^.neateerwd 

in  AijEiiac  inLocbLDEnandt  a  dietinct  Aowerinf ,"  due  t»  ChloRK 
phyceae,  hai  been  obaefved  in  fhallaw  (och*  aa  early  at  July.  It 
u  noa  conHTion  in  August  Ind  September,  but  hat  alu  beea 

Tlie  plaaktoa  aninli  which  are  donlsant «  commM.  both  nver 


Da/^nvi  kyolina. 
DiapHanosema  brachyKrwitt 
tipuiera  UndlH. 


Atura 

NuMit  U» 


vitbout  any  pemptitale 

antic  ipccleL  The  couKpelitan  tpeelea  may  enter  the  kochi  by 
erdiaaiy  miintkHi.  It  b  pmbable  OmK  if  the  whole  planklon  eduM 
be  aiinilillated,  it  would  bcRpland  by  ordinary,  mifiwioii  within  a 
fnw  yearf.  The  em  and  epoRt  of  many  neciea  can  be  dried  up 
without  injury,  aDdmav  be  catrled  Ihrough  the  air  ai  duit  from  one 
lake  to  anocfwrt  othcn.  which  would'mt  bear  denccalion,  mifht 
be  cuikd  in  imul  adheriat  tsthe  feet  of  aquatic  biidi  and  in  varioui 
ocherwaya.  Thearclicipc«ea«iaybeaiwiirDcalcTHnapcciod*tien 
arctic  oondition*  prevailed  over  Jt  rarat  part  of  Earope-  Wlut  art 
knam  ai "  teKcte  "  of  •  marine  fauna  have  not  been  found  in  the 
Scelliili  (reib-water  lochK 

It  i**aoewhai  lemarkabla  that  no**  (f  the  organbihi  1!>inf  In 

ffok-nur  locha  bat  heto  ohaerved  10  eidubit  the  phene ' 

phoipliDreaccnce,  altboofh  limilar  ornnitnit  ia  the  lalt-w 
a  few  mUea  diitaot  eiliibit  brilHant  photphorrtcence.  t 
deptht  In  the  eea-foclrt  there  if  utuaMy  a  (;reat  abundar 
when  oompaitd  with  that  fsdnd  la  fretb-wntcr  tochi. 

LtKtfk,  Dipa,  Ana  e<iS  Yttimt «/ luka—Jn  tha  ftdlowlni 
(able  wH  be  loatA  the  iengtli,  dtplh.  aiu  and  volume  of  some 
of  the  iMiacip*!  Uu  of  Che  «oild.'    Sir  lohn  Mnrray  ettimales 

""  '    '  "reeti  cntaia  of'theae'finmi  and  ttiaae  qooted 

ark  may  be  actnnttd  lor  by  tlie  ililMly  dlB«at 
ry  varioua  authorities 


laewbere  |B  tUi  I 


tbe  vohune  of  water  In  Uk  56a  ScMtiah  Inch!  recenUy  wrveyed 

Ukeiolthewtiridat 

bout  looo  cub.  m.,  u  that  Ibis  laat  nuni^ 

ia  but  a  small  Ita« 

on  of  tha  volume  of  the  ocean,  which  Ui 

at  194  milUoD  cub.  «.    tl  m*y  be  RCalled 

that  tbe  total  lunfall  on  (he  land  ot  the  xinbe  is  eiUnated  >t 

ii),3Jo  cub.  m.,  and 

the  m«l  discharge  from  the  riven  of  the 

globe  at  6524  cub.r 

BatTiiH  UrEJ 

S 

Depth 

Area 

Vohrmefn 

Fe^ 

eq.  m. 

cub."?!! 

1.  fiajta**- 

^A^r 

MeOB. 

Windermere    . 

1050 

78- J 

S'«9 

i 

S3 

7*70 

3-00 

4."t 

189 

4floo 

ISO 

8J-S 

0^ 

3441 

Enncrdale 

1-40 

14B 

&I 

iia 

W» 

38J 

IS 

a-06 

1,013 

i-S? 

SSE": 

J:S 

'« 

J9-S 

u 

■389 

II    Wal»~ 

ynCawlvd  . 

I-6> 

D-ia 

ynCwclfyn  . 

UynPadarn   . 

*^ 

.ynUydaw  . 

77  4 

V>9 

n 

.  yn  Pcfb       . 

V^ 

\'4 

63-9 

o-os 

fS 

7S4 

431-03 

1178 . 

a63,i6i 

jJ-64 

6« 

iiiit 

Si 

IMM 

1017 

18400 

lOJO 

Tay      .     .     . 

soS 

Am     .     .     . 

>347 

307 

mti 

h'A 

sg 

iJS^'.     '.     '. 

II 

s 

niri 

11-03 

Bannoch    .      . 

440 

.674* 

7-J7 

rfclig'     : 

11-m 

i| 

a* 

6  4*  , 

'37-8J 

'*A" 

43S 

Famich     ■     ■ 

'i:il 

Itl 

II 

IS 

lallS 

Aiiynl       '.    ' 

■  6J6 

gS?.  :  : 

«■« 

J6s 

loj-to 

l-«6 

li- 

Fiona    ICUti- 

L.ZS  :  : 

i 

<44 
'74 

u 

Tfi 

IS- 

.vTi.-,  ■  : 

>"7 

6S>. 

t-SS 

4.628 

Noajh.. 

1? 

101 

4» 

'Si 

ErnclLowerJ. 

ii« 

Erne  (Upp"!  ■ 

'3 

89 

1 

Slooo 

»r 

'31 

30 

39.0OO 

M*^ ; 

53.000 

De,     .     .     . 

47.0" 

Eui 

OfE*-  CONT.«g«.*L  L*0. 

U^h 

Depth 

T 

Volume  in 

Miiaa. 

Fm. 

cub.  It. 

Mat 

Mmd. 

— 

UAw.    .     .     . 

731 

300 

Onega      .,     . 

74" 

>00 

"^ 

Vener      .     .     . 

m 

«.357.o™ 

Cenen    .     .     . 

S 

IDIS 

SOS 

"J 

3.17!.«» 

SJS.:  :  : 

■4B3 

■•1 

m 

ijss; 

Carda       . 

817 

*** 

'§ 

[,766,000 
1,711,000 

IM'.™ 

Maigiore'_    '. 

y 

>M1 

51 J 

» 

'm5» 

■«■ 

.'M,  , 

„.w 

777A>00 

i__Y- 

TTTT 

vrr^ 

LAKE  CHARLES— LAKE  DISTRICT 


AVUCAH  LjtIA 


Depth 


■rowtbi  of  mIe,  ub,  micDolia,  cyinn*  and  other  nlukbl* 

timber.    Tilt  WatUu  raibny  cncndiDB  to  the  N.E.  and  iha 

Kum*  Oiy  Sombcra  cnnding  to  ibc  M.W.  have  opened  up 

the  vtry  be*t  ol  Ibe  loreil.    The  couoliy  Uj  ihc  S,  ud  W.  a 

largely  (pveD  ovec  to  riu  cullUK.     Ldke  Chails  ia  the  cUd 

tR  of  luinber  mumfactiin  la  (ke  Waie,  and  haa  tfci  ndlli, 

dw^a  and  an  imponut  trade  in  wool    Tcd  mDa  W.  ate 

idpEiur  nana  (product  hi  190)  about  ^61,000  loni),  which  wiUi 

*   le  of  Sidly  producs  >  lar^  part  of  tht  tout  prodiKt  of  the 

:id.    Jenniop.  about  34  ■>.  lo  tlie  E.,  it  the  ceatn  of  oil 

i>,  oDce  very  pcoduciive  but  now  of  dlmimsbiniimpwUiKe. 

lib,  I]  m.  E..  ia  the  cnire  of  a  ncwct  Gcldi  tod  olben  lis 

the  N.    Lake  Cfaiila  wat  aeltlcd  about  iSj>,  lugely  by 

pie  fnnn  Iowa  and  seighbouiuig  Btotea,  waa  incorporated 

under  the  narae  of  Cbarlnion  and  again  I 


Ahericak   Ltm 


The  rily  auffeied  eeveiely  by  fire  in  April  n  _ 

UXE  CITY,  a  town  and  the  couoly-eeat  of  Columbia  amnty, 
Florida,  U.S.A.,  S9  ni'  by  laU  W.  by  S.  of  JackunvQIe.  Pqh 
(ifloo)  4013,  of  whom  iisfl  were  negroei;  (190s)  6jofl;  <lfllo) 
5031.  L4kn  City  ii  lervcd  by  (he  AiUniic  Cout  Line,  the 
Seiboaid  Air  Line  asd  the  Goocgla  Soulhem  b  Fl«ida  railways. 
There  sie  ten  email  laka  In  the  neighbourtxiod,  and  the  town 
snd  hnJih  reian.  It  Is  the  Kit  of  Columbii  College 
1907);  the  Ftoridi  Agricultural  College  was  opened 


h  der  Seenkunde:    mllEe- 


W.  Halblas. "  Die  Moipbom 
CeitU.  ErituHJt  Birtin  (lah- 


LeLimoM,  wvnetftt^itt «.,_  v, . . ...^^.  --j-  --,-■,, 

A.  DdebecDUb  La  Latt  francaii.  text  and  pUtei  iPani,  iAgA)i 
H.  K.  Mill,  ^ithynutrical  Sumy  of  (he  Engliih  Ukei."  Cutr, 
Jaum.  voL  vi.  pp.  46  and  in  (IMB):  Jeliu.  ''^Baibyioeciiaa  and 
CtoIiKical  Stui^  ol  the  Uk»  ofSiunidaSi,"  Trm^.  lUn.  Sv. 

"' '  -'  -     --i(i90i):Sir  John  Munay  and  Ijureneel'i^lit. 

'■'-^~'— -ilBrl^h.orScotluid/'Cioer. 

:  voluinn,  Ediabaish,  1910); 

Itr  Funpllichea  5een.v  Zrilrb. 

|J.P.S»»:   1904.  p.  J04);  1.  C, 

, „ [Bqhdh  and  London,   i*j); 

O.  Zichariii,  "  Foncluiipberichta  UH  der  biolotnehen  Stitiini 
auPlds"(5<utiEart];  F.E.Boamtx,La UcitUiniiuiiiri:  ilud, 
tUmitm  ii  ^Ayngu  (Genevs,  1906)-.  G.  P.  Magrini,  Li«it!,hiit 
<MiUn,  1907).  U.  McJ 

LAKE  CHAlLffi,  a  city  of  Louluus,  IT.S.A.,  capital  ot 
Cskatieu  Fariib,  jo  m.  from  iba  Gull  of  Mexico  and  about  iiS  m, 
(by  laU)  W.  of  New  OtleaBL  Pop.  (1S89)  838,  (1890)  3441, 
(1900)  6680  {3407  negroei) ;  {1910)  11,449.  It  iJ  lerved  by  the 
Louisiana  &  Texaa  (Soutliem  Pacific  Syitcm),  tbe  St  Louis, 
WaiUns  ft  Gulf,  the  louisianit  8c  Padfic  and  the  lUnsu  City 
Southern  tallwtys.  The  cilyiicbinniogly  situated  on  theibore 
of  Lake  Charles,  tnd  on  ths  Calcasien  river,  which  with  tone 
dredging  can  be  Siade  navigable  for  brge  vessels  tor  131  n. 
from  the  GnIL  It  is  a  srintet  resort.  Among  the  [vincipal 
building!  are  a  Cuutgic  library,  Ibe  diy  hail,  the  Govtmmei 
building,  the  court  house,  St  Patrick's  sanatorium,  ihc  mason 
lemi^  ud  the  Ells'  elub.  Lake  Charles  is  in  the  prairie  ngloo  < 
SoutberikLouiiiuu,  to  the  N.  of  iirliicb,«»v*riBga  large  p>K  of  l! 
slate,  SIC  magnificent  forcsli  of  long.feaf  pine,  and  Icuer  lowlai 


[8S7UE 


teredasacitylniSSfi. 


here 


le  iheu 


Hlbyth 


iirkrts. 


JHorida 

aw.    Vegetables  and  fruits 


It  products  of  (he  surrounding  country,  and  Lake 

The  town  was  fint  aellled  about  1826  u  AUigator;  it  was 
incorporated  in  1854;  adopttti  tie  present  name  in  1859; 
tnd  in  1901,  with  an  enlarged  ana,  was  re-incorporated. 

LAKE  DlSmilT,  in  England,  a  district  coniiinlng  all  tbe 
principal  English  lakes,  and  variously  termed  the  Lake  Country, 
Lakeland  and  "  tbe  Lakesi"  It  falls  wilUa  (be  nonh-weslern 
counties  of  Cumberland,  WestnNtlutd  and  Laoca^re  (Fnmen 
district),  about  one-half  beingwitbin  the  6m  of  thfM,  Although 
celebrated  far  outside  the  (onfinei  of  Great  Britain  as  a  district 
of  remarkable  and  strong  iodi^vidua)  physical  beauty,  its  area 
is  only  some  700  aq-  m.,  a  drde  wftk  radhis  of  15  m.  from  the 
cantial  ptiiA  Eovsing  pncifcatty  ths  whole.  Within  this  drde, 
besides  the  U^at  lake,  Windermere,  is  the  bighest  point  in 
Engtand,  Sciitll  Pike;  yet  Wiodermue  la  but  10)  m.  In  leoglli, 
and  covers  an  area  of  j-69  tq.  n.,  while  Scaldl  Pike  Is  only 
jiio  It.  in  height.'  But  (he  lakes  show  a  wooderful  variety  of 
character,  from  open  Mpanw  and  steep  rock-bound  shores  to 
picturesque  island-groups  and  soft  neodcd  banks;  while  (he 
mountains  have  always  a  remarkable  dignity,  le»  Imo  tbs 
ptoble  of  ibeii  suounils  than  from  tbe  boM  sweeping  Unas  of 
their  Banks,  unbroken  by  vegeUHon,  and  Often  culminatlog 
in  sheer  cliffs  or  crags.  At  their  feet,  tie  flit  green  vaUcy  floota 
of  the  higher  clcvaUons  give  place  in  the  lower  parts  to  lovely 
woods.  Tbe  slrcuni  ore  swift  and  clear,  and  nomeisia  snail 
waieifallt  are  dumntrblic  of  Ibrdislricl.  To  the  north,  west 
and  south,  a  flat  coastal  beh,  hbrdcring  (he  Irish  Sea,  with  If* 
ii^ets  Morccambe  Bay  and  Sl^way  Finb,  and  broadest  in  (kq 
norlb,  marks  off  the  Lake  District,  while  to  the  east  the  valleya 
of  the  Eden  and  the  Lone  divide  It  fmn  the  Pennine  moantain 
system.  Geologically,  too,  ft  Is  individusL  Its  centre  is  of 
volcsntc  tocks,  comptei  in  character,  wb^  the  Coal-measures 
and  New  Ked  Saidaiona  afipeat  reucid  the  edges.  Tbe  district 
as  a  whole  is  giooved  by  a  main  depmalon,  running  from  Dorth 
to  south  along  the  valleys  of  St  John,  TUilmere,  Crumere  and 
Windermere,  surmounting  a  pass  (Dunoiail  Raistj  ol  onlj 
78]  ft.;  while  a  aecondary  depnssion,.jn  tits  sum  diieclkMW 
runs  aloBg  Derweatwater,  Bomwdtte,  Wasdsle  and  Wastmtei, 
but  here  Sty  Head  Pass,  bctweea  Bononddc  and  WiiAle, 
rises  10  ifioo  ft.  The  centie  al  Iha  is-m.  ladtita  tin  oa  the 
lesser  heights  between  Lanfflratk  md  Dwnaafl  Raiit,  ohich 
may,  however,  be  tb*  crown  <i(  an  ancient  dome  c4 -recks.  "Ihe 
diisccled  tkflelOD  of  which,  worn  by  (he  varfsre  of  air  and  nin 


iAitE  :DWaL{.INGe 


lad  lot,  anr  aloM  kbiJm  "  (Dr  H.  R.'  Mil,  "  BubyocUiial 
Sumy  at  Ihe  Ensluh  Laka,"  Cmpattwal  Jnuiul,  yi.  4S). 
TIb  piiodpil  IMtures  o[  tbi  d^tiict  mi/  bo  indiotDd  by  loUow- 
inf  Ihii  dicl*  [Quad  bin  north,  by  mat,  Kalh  and  <Mt. 

Tbe  rim  D««ent  ({.r}.  ridnt  In  Ibc  tim  ind  "iBb"  or 
"ghylb"  (biuII  lUeuDB  ruHilfii  u  dnply-fniwid  ckfttrnv^  ^ 
Str  Hold  n»  (id  tlw  SaU  (BM^aan  iKKih  thn^ib  tM  vaadtd 
Bonmnble  ud  ktno  DcrwcDCntcr  and  Buvmhmia.  Thai 
(■o  Ilka  an  in  a  elm  3ft  fmn  ail  the  ml.  bcinE  bcoulcr  fcx  tbcir 
IniKlh,  and  quite  iliaDciw  ((bout  IR  ft.  average  anir7oft.  maiimum}, 
udiidBct  Inm  the]aig,  numrwid  deep  imigta  sctupinlbytbe. 

Mhtr  ehkl  lain  whMi  avenge  fBmM  to  13s  li-d —     " ' 

n(er  (uj.  Kuoled  whliiun*  idudi,  Ii  pHhaiiaUii. , — 

m  aB.    Bomwdtie  {•  loiud  an  tbe  eaM  by  the  bin  wild  dilc  ot 
'    and  the  Cna  jrim  the  Dcrven  Immediately  behnr 
!  town  of  Kenrfcfc  tytHl  nw  tbe  lunclUHi. 
Bainnnbvate.vccapy  a  wagle  dtftmiaa,  •  Hat 

, ,„jtinstbisi.   FunScateUsinBorTwdakaniid 

tiaveocn  Honltter  Pau  (1100  ft,),  vltcnce  It  doccndi  irstward. 
bentath  tbe  aujenlc  Honnter  Cra(<,  -where  gnen  date  a  quamed, 
iaio  the  nitey  coDtdnhu  ButtenMn  (94  ft.  max.  depth)  and 
CniOBock  Water  (144  ft.),  drawd  by  the  Codcar.  Betocen  thb 
and  tbe  Dcncu  valley  the  pfiacipai  liei|ht  it  Gratooor  (mi  It.)  1 
nuthwird  (  h«p  aaimr  ifdee  (Hub  Style.  ifi4j)  dividn  it  from 
EnDcrdile,cnitaini»EnMTtb1eWater(i4Slt.  max.  depth),  which  ii. 
led  by  the  Lis  and  Aalnad  by  the  EheiL  Aip)endidranga>epamta 
tUi  dale  rnrni  W(ed(k  and  in  l^battry  MoMdaK  inclu(th«  Gnu 
f^bte  (Hw  (t.),  Pilbw  41917),  wHh  ibE  pnciBitau  PiUu  Rodt  on 
the  EaASdale  flank  and  Sl«ple  <174«1.  Waxlale  Head,  belwcea 
Cable  and  tbe  Scalell  nngt,  t>  pCEuEacly  pand,  with  dirk  my 
■cna  and  Mack  eran  fnnmfrs  absra  ita  nanow  bottom.  On  Ihii 
■ide  of  GnblOH  tbe  flat  detached  nek,  NapeaHeeine.  WaOwMer. 
1 B.  in  ln«^.  ia  tbe  dealt  take  of  all  (15B  fi.).  it*  Boot,  like  thoic 
of  Windomeie  and  UUnateri  dnldng  bekiw  aca-level.  lU  lail 
ihore  conwti  of  a  Er^t  radve  ef  tcna,  Eait  of  Waidale  nei  the 
nn—  «f  (irifdl  ((,*!),  Hi  chiiS  pi^Mi  being  Sealell  (1161  <!.).  ScafeU 
Liwnell  tifiw)  (ad Croat  End  MSa),  wUle  ^  line  ■ 
m  Eak  Haine  hie  (iwo)  along  a  fiae  line  «f  beiibu 
19601  Qinkle  trm,  iSit),  to  embrace  tb»  b(M  (f 


Kke  (3110), 

(Bmi  FellLi96^1:tinUe  Ji™rSi6)7to'*mhnicrti»  I 
Eikdale.  The  liH  then  deiceiA  to  Wtynoge  Pan  (1170  ft... ,. — 
*hlch  the  Duddon  rum  Bath  throorii  (  vale  of  peculiar  ilcMiia  In 
it*  town  pattal  whSe  the  iwi|e  cDntmnca  eouth  to  tulmiaalc  in  the 
OU  Han  of  Coaiiton  (iCu)  wUh  thn  nlendkl  Dow  Cran'abovt 
CoattWater.  TbeplcuantvateafYawdakdBimioutb toCoouton 
W«ta)_ialorJ^J»ji:ft.ma^  depth). '  -"' 

-   ■malt.  - 

.„jn  by  th .. 

Bow  Fdl  and  Laafitale  I 

Rolhay  Inr  " "  "■ 

"  lal^ate 


■et-lakeLTam  Howa and 
(aa.).   ThiahkeciiUeeti 
iiangoaic,  inc  Wd  id  wiricb,  betwna 
!t  (^(01  ft.},  b  vny  Gnej  and  by  thi 
— ■  .1. n  i-i.j,  uf  GiasmeiT  and 


FairMd  (tttj)  and  oUwr  poiali.  with  magni&ccni  cnga  u  trw 
elacea  on  the  eartcm  iidt  towarda  GriMdale  and  Pallcrdalc.  Tb> 
dais  dtain  to  Ulliwalcr  (hk  It.  mat.,  eccond  to  Windermere  f  n  an.,, 
aodionorth-EtHta  theEden.  To  the  ran  and  KMth^ai)  Ilea  the 
lidse  niaed  High  Stieet  <i66j  It,).  Iiain  Ibt  Komio  lowi  MiU  tiaOb 
able  iron  Kuih  to  north  akw  in  ummit,  inddopinc  HM^ainto 
the  lequeMered  Hawn  Watn  (lot  ft.  raai.),  a  curiouiTy  ihap^  lake 
nearly  divided  by  the  delta  of  the  Maund  Beck.  There  remain,  (he 
ThMmne  valley.    Thidmere  ilvif  hi  railed  in  kvel  and  edaptMl 

aup^rS  Ma'ncbMB  in  l£«^iSa4.  "  drab,  nwih'by  St  ™hn^ 
Vale  into  tbcGrcta.  north  of  which  apm  ritea  a  mnunlain-gnHip  of 
which  the  chief  aummila  are  Saddleback  or  Bleocaihra  (184;  ft-)  and 
the  graceful  peak  of  SfcMdaw  (10S4),  The  mo«t  noteworthy  waler- 
f alfaaie---Scale  Pom  tDaaoJW«t^ira.^t.  bei>di<ruEn»ck, 
Lodon  near  Derweniwatir,  Dmgeon  Sill  Force,  beakle  Langdile, 
Dakcartb  Force  in  Eakdale.  Aiia  near  Ullnnter,  luni  by  Wccdt- 
worth,  Stock  Gilt  Force  and  Rydal  Falk  near  AmhrMidt 
I  The  principal  orntte*  in  the  Lake  IMitrietnKKawick(Derwfnt- 
Hltr),  AaHeude.  Bownv.  Windermen  and  Ukeddt  (Windrr^ 
-ere),  ConiMon  and  Boot  (Effcdilal,  (U  oC  which,  eicepc  Anbinidc 
id  Bownoi  (which  neatly  ipin  Windermen)  (I*  (COHiUe  by  rail, 
he  condderable  vfllife  at  Graamen  Ilea  beautifully  at  the  bead  o\ 


the  hke  of  that  n 


c:  *id  above  EaMiwdte  i 


the  an 


faehin-akiveandiofii 
inverae  the  main  t 


It,  PiUai.Gabli  INai 
ear  Com.i 

i»  diitrlct,  having 


•panaint the itraett.  There, 
rmenand  Ull.wain'.  Coic.  .. 
lurii^j  the  lummei,  Tjiit*nan);ol 
■rbie  only  on  loot  or  by  pomi 
a  pctbAiariL  hot  iODie  of  thei 
die),  Parey  Ark  abwE  Langda 
>  afford  aacenti  for  Dpaiena 

tsthewi 


{iSTO-Knl  bting  ijwito-  iMj  m-7  ■•a.Biamd  to  1903 
amf  34]'98  10.  In  1S71,  At  Ktswlck  tbe  annual  mmn  Ii  te'O),  A 
CiasnerviboiitaanK  The  montlif  ot  mixbnum  rainfall  at  Scatl^ 
wniie  R  November.  Decenber  and  Jaaaary  and  Sepmber. 

Fish  taken  in  the  lakea  iadude  peick  pika,.«hBr  and  tmUE  Sk 
Windermere  Ennerdate,  Baaaepthwaitc.  Derwentwater,  Ac,,  and  the 
fwyfdad  or  freih-water  herTLiif  fa  UIl»rater.  Ttie  loduUriei  of  tbo 
Lake  Diattkt  bKlsde  date  quarryiAg  and  aome  lead  and  tine  milung. 
and  weaving  bobbiOHaakiiw  and  KDcil-nuldng. 

Saltiv  awde  London  ud  EdinVin|h,  n»  locality  b  tbe  Britiili 
Itlca  it  10  intinutdy  Meociatod  witk  Va  biatory  of  Eoglish  litcrat  utr 

journal  of  tdi  tour  in 
■WlBiKLboraanthe 


I7<»   BatitVMWodewCRh.aiMtimolCUBWlBnd, 
outtUrttaf  thi  LakelXaiiicI  nadL^who  raMjy  made  it . 


,.     __  jolQmA 

.  of  thi  Lake  I3i(ificl  Mdl.  who  raMjy 

uigliia  poetry.    0>it  nf  bu  tong  Ufa  < 
wen  aucnt  amid  It!  lakee  and  mount^na,  flnt  ■■  ■  m.auuiuvy 
Hawkihead,  and  aiterwarde  ai  ■  teiklent  at  Gnumeiw  (1799-11 
and  Rydal  Moonl  (ItI3-l8ji4^   In  tbe  AoRhjsid  el  Gnamen 


of  Hartley  Coleridge  (aoix  of  the  poetj,  who  hiiaaeU  lived  many  vean 
at  K«wi  jk.  Ambleudt  and  Grasmere.  Soulhey,  the  friend  of  t^irdi' 
wwthi  wM  a  i«idcnt  of  Kenwick  for  forty  yrau  (1*01-1841),  and 
waa  buried  hi  Onthwdta  chunhyaid.  Samad  Tlylor  Coleridgt 
lived  aoma  tinia  at  Kaiwick.  ud  alio  with  iha  Mxdawcnha  at 
Craioitre.  From tS07tiil8l5Chriso|ibcTNorth(IahnWilaoa) waa 
iMIIed  at  Windermere.  De  Quinccy  qient  the  greater  part  ol  tbi 
yean  IflOD  to  1S18  at  Graamere,  in  the  liiit  cottage  wMA  Wonl* 
watth tBd hibabited,   AiableaIdc.orlu«vlton. wiaalBtbeplBce 


ee  of  Or  Arookl  (of  Rugby),  wL.  .^ 
--..•-  jifej  jijjl  Harriet 

■  -     "t  Keiwlek  ^..,  ^, 

le'beside  CorAiton  Lake, 
-  ■  ■  ILIe.     In  A 


lie  last  ten  yeara  of  hia  lifei , 


riei  Martina 
k  Mca  Lynn 


henelf  a  houe'tbere  in  1S4S''  At  iCMwIck  hfn  Lynn  Lteti 
bora  in  iB>3.'    Bnntwood,  a  bouie'beside  CorAiton  '  ~''~ 
hoiae  <X  RaiUn  during  the  laH 


the  fc3ii>5.  Shelley,  Scott,  Nathanid 

awihome.  Clough,  Cmbb  RoUdiod,  Cajlyle.  rCrata.  Tennytoo. 
latiliew  AraoldTMn  Hemaoh  Gerald  Mauey  and  othen  J  leu 


Gerald  Mauey  ai 

I  the  niu  (tmdy  meialoaed.   The  Vale  of  St  John. 

reoOi  Soen'a  AM  q/  JWwimiii.    But  tbow  it  a 

thfn  thia  between  tke.Lake  Diitrict  and  £ngliih 

r. — .. —  teOa  of  leveral  litcjaiy  ichoob.  or  ^vupa 

and  working  in  the  spirit' of 

poede  metbodi.    The  moat 

deal  it  k  alnaat  the  only  ioWKC— of  the  kind 
■  the  Lake  ScbMlof  Poeta.  01  lUi  acbeel  iht 
and  founder  wa*  Watdiworth,  and  the  teneu 
le  Uid  down  by  tbe  poet  hImwH  in  the  lamoui 

m  of  Tit  Lyical  AiOadi  which  he  pvbllibrd  in 

WordiWonb'a  tbeoriea  of  poetry— the  objecta  beet  nlited  lot 
poetic  iieatdKal,  the  chuacteruiia  ct  inch  treatmcot  and  tb* 
choice  Dt  diciian  luiuble  fur  the  purune — may  be  aid  to  iavt 
grcTHn  out  of  the  soil  and  subnancc  of  the  liVtt  and  mountatni,  and 
out  of  the  homely  livcaor  the  people,  of'Cumberbnd  and  Weitimra* 

S^  CuMBEBt*™,  LAMCASHiaa,  WisiHOalAHO,    The  foUowtng 
is  a  wleclion  from  the  literature^  the  mbiKli  H-.--"  "—:—.. 
7-ik!  £iuJtik  Lalas  (Windermen.  iSjS);  Mn  Lyi 
CnMfilrf  CLondoo,  1*64);  E.  WauA,  ■*—"-- 

«•: 


Tdiwarllt  CauMrj  (London,  1800)1  H.  D.  lUwuIn 
,««ii.n..c/jfc  gnrfijiioiu  ft  vol.,.  Gb.,o«,  18^ 

d  SatMre  of  tSt  EJt^tih  Lake'  (G1 

a«  C«Ba«,  V— "-  " '- 


ft  v;i.„GbMo«,  isWand  Uff 
(GlaiEow,  iSm:  Stopiitfd  BnMke, 

/™iir»BOI*r«o«;  A.G.  BradlM. 

-  Hiikwtyi  lutd  Syrnn  (London.  1901)1  Sir 

John  Karwood.HuUry  ef  Ui  Tliirtmm  Waltr  Silumt  (i«m):  Ut 

l^  B»i"cill-J*fia'iBl  (llondonTTSaB);''Hl|knt-s'm:th,  CHmWug'S 
Ok  BtUM  lOti,  part,  i.i  Owen  G.  Jona.  Rin|.cMiitia( ,  ia  lb 
En^ith  LOm  DiUmK  »<1  ed.  by  W.  hL  Crook  {I^eavidc  190a). 

LAKE  OWELLIIiOt.  tlie  tcmi  employed  In  *iUiubk«y  for 

habiuiioni  conitiucted,  ao(  on  the  diy  land,  but  wiUun  the 
margint  of  lake*  01  cneki  at  lome  disUaca  Itom  iha  ebore. 

The  vilUgee.  of  Ibe  Guajiroa  in  ihe  CuU  of  Maiacajbo  u* 
dcKtibed  by.  Coeiing  w  composed  of  bousea  with  low  •loping 
toofi  perched  on  loft/  piles  and  counccied  wiib  cacfa  olber  by 
brtdgr*  ol  planka.  Each  bouie  comiUed  of  two  apartmenlii 
the  a>M(  v((  Ibtmed  of  split  items  of  tnw  let  close  togctbar 
Wid  coveted  with  mau;  (bey  wen  reached  Inn  >he  (bon  by 
^g«ul  canoei  poled  over  the  shsllow  waten,  and  a  DOtcbad 
ma  trunk  lovcd  (i  •  Itddir.  Tbe  cuuom  b  alio  common  ii| 
tbe  eUueriei  of  the  O^noca  and  Amaion.  A  unulu  system 
prenils  in  Htyi  Guinea.  Domoni  d'Urville  dcicribea  four  audi 
Tillagi*  In  tbe  Say  of  &itd.  containing  from  ei^t  10  iftceq 
bi«cks  or  tluitera.ol  hoi^ei,  nacb  Uodi  Kpuwe^  b^ilt  on  «ik». 


gi 


LAUE'DWfiLLINGS 


'and  MH&tlng  of  ■  nw-ol  ditlinct  dwcntli|>.  C.  D.  Citnenin 
ddCTibca  three  villtget  thai  buill  on  pUei  in  Lalie  Mohrya,  or 
Moria,  in  CeaIrllAthca,ttieinaliveliere  being  10  prevent  suip  rite 
by  bondi  ef  «la™t-c«tch«».  Similar  coralniclioim  have  been 
described  by  travellera,  among  the  Dyaks  o[  Borneo,  in  Celebes, 
ID  the  CuoUiie  Iilandi,  on  the  Gold  Cotul  oE  Afrita,  aad  in  oihei 
plates. 

Hippoctjtci,  writing  (n  Ihe  slh  century  B.C.,  soys  of  tlie  people 
Of  the  Phssls  Ihat  llicir  country  Is  hoi  and  marshy  and  lobject 

and  reeds  cosstnicted  m  the  midst  of  vhe  watin,  and  ue  boats 
of  ■  single  tree  trunk:  Kctodotus,  writing  also  In  the  jlh 
centuiy  B.C.,  describes  the  people  of  Lake  Fcasias  as  living  in 
bouses  consliucled  on  plalf  anas  supposed  on  piles  In  [he  middle 
et  the  lake,  which  an  ai^roadicd  from  the  land  by  a  single 
nam*  bridge.  Abulfeda  the  geographer,  ariiing  in  the  tjth 
centoiy,  notim  the  fact  that  part  of  the  Apamacan  Lake  was 
inhabited  by  Christian  Gchcrmen  who  lived  on  the  lake  in  wooden 
bull  built  on  piles,  and  Sir  John  Lubbock  (Lord  Avcbury) 
mentions  thai  the  Rumelian  fidiermen  ee  I^ke  Praaiaa  "  still 
Inhabit  wooden  cottages  built  ovn  the  water,  as  in  the  time  of 
Herodotus."' 

The  Kford*  ol  the  wan  in  Ireland  in  the  ifilh  ccntuty  abow 
(bat  the  petty  chieftains  of  that  limc  had  their  defensive  atronr 
hdds  toasttucled  b  the  "fteshwatcr  lochs"  of  the  country, 
and  there  is  record  evidence  of  t  Kmilai'syslcm  in  the  western 
parts  of  Scotland.  The  aichaeotagical  rescaichea  of  liie  past 
fifty  years  have  shown  that  such  anllidalconstnictionsiii  lakes 
were  used  as  defensive  dwellings  by  the  Cdlit  people  from  an 
early  period  to  medieval  times  (sec  Ceimnoc).  Similar  researches 
bave  abo  established  the  fact  tbit  in  prehistoric  times  neaily 
"  *ic  lake*  of  Switzerland,  and  many  in  the  adjoining  cooniriei 


ullher 

.burg  and 


of  Italy,  in  Ai 


idHuO 


Geneva,  Ncuchiid,  Bienne,  ZUdch  and  Constance  lying  to 
lurth  of  the  Alp%  and  io  the  Lakes  Miggiore,  Vareic,  Isco 

lakes,  however,  ct 


Hakes 


U.  Idibach  in  Caiaiida.  In  lonie  of  the  laiger  lakes  (hi  number 
ofsetlletnents  has  been  very  great.  Fifty  are  enumerated  in  the 
Lake  of  Neuchitri,  thirty- two  in  the  Lake  of  Consiante,  iwenly- 
four  in  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  and  twenty  in  the  Lake  of  Blenns. 
The  (<le  of  the  lake  dwelling  ol  Wangen,  in  tbe  Untcisec,  Lake  of 

t>y  about  rio  paces  in  breadth.  The  settlement  at  Merges, 
one  of  the  largest  in  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  ii  i  loo  f  t.  long  by  iio 
ft.  in  breadth.  The  settlement  of  Suti,  one  of  the  largest  la  the 
Lake  of  Bienne.  extends  over  ni  aciea,  and  waaownectcd  wiib 
tbe  shore  by  a  gangway  neariy  too  yds.  long  lud  about  4a  ft. 

The  suhstructuie  whidi  supported  the  platforms  on  which 
Ihe  dwellingt  wen  placed  was  Most  frequently  ol  piles  driven 
into  the  bottom  of  the  lake.  Less  frequently  it  consisted  of  a 
Mack  of  brushwood  or  fasdnes  built  up  from  the  bottom  and 
Mrengtbened  by  stakes  penetrating  Ihe  mess  »  as  to  keep  it 
from  spreading.  When  piles  were  used  they  were  the  rough 
Items  of  Irtca  of  a  length  propotlioned  to  the  depth  of  the  water, 
ihaiprned  sometimes  By  fire  and  at  other  times  chopped  to  a 
pmnl  by  halehets.  On  their  level  tops  the  beams  supporting 
the  i^ilfonns  were  laid  and  fastened  by  wooden  pins,  or  inserted 
tn  morticet  cut  In  the  heads  of  the  piles.  In  some  cases  Ihe 
whtie  consliuclftin  was  further  steadied  and  strengthened  by 
tni»  beams,  notched  into  the  pHes  beh>«  the  nipports  of  iIk 
platform.  TheolalfoTTn  itsell  was  usually  composed  ofrongfi 
layer*  of  unbai-ed  stems,  but  occasionally  it  was  formed  of 
boards  split  froln  larger  stems.  When  the  mud  was  too  soft  to 
afford  foothold  for  the  ^ilej  ihey  wefemgnlstd  mlo  a  ftamewiitk 
Of  (m  tnnks  placed  hntiiontilly  on  Ihe  bottom  of  tbe  lake. 


On  the  other  hand,  when  the  bottom  was  rocky  so  th»t  Ibe  pUei 
could  not  be  driven,  they  were  steadied  at  their  bases  by  bring 
enveloped  in  a  mound  of  loose  stones,  in  the  manner  In  which 

Jo  cases  where  piles  have  not  been  used,  ai  al  Niederwil  and 
Wauwyl,  the  tubslruclure  is  a  mail  of  fascines  or  faggots  laid 
'  parallel  and  crosswise  upon  one  another  with  intervening  fayen 
of  brushwood  or  of  chgy  and  gravel,  a  few  piles  here  and  tfaeie 

Kiedefwil  the  pjaifoim  was  formed  dI  split  boards,  many  of 
which  were  1  ft.  broad  and  9  or  j  in,  in  Ihlcknas. 

On  these  auhatructures  were  the  huts  composing  tieiettfc- 
meni;  far  Ihe  pecuUaiity  of  these  lake  dwcllinga  is  Hut  Ibtg' 
were  pile  villages,  or  clntLen  ol  hula  occupying  a  comnHm 
platform.  The  huK  ihemsetves  were  quadrilateral  In  form. 
The  size  of  each  dwelling  is  in  some  cases  marked  by  boards 
resting  edgeways  on  the  platform,  Uke  the  skirting  boards  over 
the  flooring  of  the  looms  in  a  modern  bouse.  The  walls,  which 
were  supported  by  posis,  or  by  jhIcs  of  greater  length,  weR 
formed  of  watile-wDrl,  coated  with  clay.  The  floon  were  of 
clay,  and  in  each  floor  there  was  a  hearth  eonsirucled  ol  Sat 
(libs  of  itone.  Tbe  roofs  were  thatched  with  bark,  iiiaw.recils 
or  rusbea.    As  Ibe  luperettuelures  are  mostly  gone,  there 


aays,oi 


he^«, 


tree-trunks  set  upright 

ing  of  similar  timben 

of  [he  gangways  or 


case,  at  Schussenried,  the  house,  which  was  of  an  oblong 
nngular  form,  about  J3  by  13  ft.,  was  divided  into  twe  1 

two,  was  entered  by  a  doorway  j  ft.  in  width  facing 
The  access  10  the  Inner  room  wasiiy  a  similar  door  tl 
partition.  The  walls  were  formed  of  sp 
and  plastered  with  clay;  and  the  fle 
bedded  in  clay.  In  other  cases  the  lej 
bridges  rJmncciing  Ihe  settlements  with  tbe  shore  have 
disoiveicd,  but  often  Ibe  village  appears  to  have  been  accessible 
only  by  canoei.  Several  of  these  single-tree  canoes  have  beCD 
found,  one  of  which  is  (jtl.  in  length  snd4  ft. « in.  in  ilsgieateH 
width.  It  is  impossible  taeslimaie  wiih  any  degree  of  certainty 
the  nambei  of  separate  dwellings  of  which  any  of  IheM  villages 
may  have  consisted,  but  at  Niederwil  they  stood  almost  can< 
liguously  on  the  pbtfotm,  the  space  bctueea  them  not  exceeding 
3  ft.  in  width.  Tbe  liae  of  tlu  huts  also  varied  comideiabty. 
At  NicderwU  they  were  »  ft.  king  and  is  ft.  wide,  while  at 
Robenhausen  Ihey  were  about  ij  ft.  long  by  about  sift  wide. 

The  (haraeler  of  the  relics  shows  that  in  some  cases  the  sctlle- 
menls  have  been  the  dwellings  of  a  people  using  no  materials 
but  stone,  bone  and  wood  for  their  IbpleDjents,  amaments  and 
weapons;  io  oihen,  of  a  people  using  bronze  as  well  bs  stone  and 
bone;  and  in  oihera  again  the  occasional  use  of  iron  is  disclosed. 
But,  though  the  character  of  the  relics  is  tbui  changed,  there  is  no 
corresponding  diange  in  lbs  cansmction  and  airoageffleola  et 
the  dwelling.  The  settlement  in  the  Lake  of  hifoosscedorl, 
nor  Bern,  aHordi  the  most  perfect  example  of  a  lake  dwelling 
of  the  Stone  age.  It  waa  a  paiaUelogram  70  ft.  long  by  jo  fL 
wide,  supported  on  piles,  and  having  a  gangway  built  on  faggoti 
conne^ing  It  with  the  land.  The  superstructure  had  been 
dertroyed  by  fire.  The  implemews  found  In  the  relic  bed  under 
it  were  aie.hcods  oS  stone,  with  their  haf  lings  of  stag's  horn  and 
wood;  a  dint  tavf,  set  in  a  handle  of  fir  wood  and  fastened  with 
asphill;  flint  flakes  and  arrow-heads;  harpoons  of  stag's  hom 
wlih  bsibs;  awls,  needles,  chisels,  fish-hooki  and  other  Implt- 
racnlt  of  bone;  a  comb  of  ;ew  wood  s  in.  long;  and  a  akale 
made  out  of  Ibe  leg  bom  of  a  horse.  The  pottery  consisted 
chiefly  of  ronghly-nwde  vessels,  some  of  which  were  of  large  size, 
others  had  holes  under  the  rims  (or  suspension,  and  many  were 
covered  with  sooi,  the  result  of  their  uae  aa  culinary  vessels. 
Burnt  wheal,  barley  and  linseed,  with  many  varieties  of  Seeds 
and  fniits.  were  plentifully  mingled  with  the  bones  of  the  ilag, 
the  ot,  the  iwine,  the  sheep  and  the  goat,  representing  the 
ordinaiy  food  of  ihs  inbabilanta,  while  lemaini  <rf  the  beaver, 
the  fOx.  the  hate,  the  dog,  Iha  bear,  thO  bone,  the  dk  and  Ifai 


■ :  UIKfl  DWELUNGS 


re  ODDUianJ 


tha  MttlHMU  of  KoGniuMca,  Id  tba 
iNiMdjr  tbe  btd  of  ihe  ucirnt  Like  si  PUfi" 
ewllnned  In  occapuio*  ttla  the  inuadurii 

U0,e»  pics.  Id  uiik  pim  Ihrce  (Usii 
■dublted  pliiloriiia  ban  b«a  inccd.  Tbe  Grtt  had  btcn 
ikUfeyed  by  fire.  It  k  RpmentKl  it  the  bDItom  o[  thi  lake 
bjiiiycrcF  cbuonl  mind  with  Inptamtnuel  Mooeuid'bonc 
and  oihet  rcMa  highty  cifboplwd.  Th«  fceond  ii  iipresentnJ 
ibBvc  the  bottom  by  s  leiitt  of  piJa  «!lb  burnt  beaifa,  and  in 
the  bottom  by  a  layer  o[  dBKoal  mind  with  con,  a[^Ic«, 
doth,  bonti,  pottuy  iuid  impleioentl  of  none  and  bone,  upii»ted 
hom  ihe  fim  \a¥"  it  chax^uJ  by  3  ft.  of  paaty  stdiratnt  inlet' 
BUKd  iiith  relict  of  the  occupation  of  the  ptulorm  The  pile* 
ot  Ihe  third  letllenwnt  do  not  reach  do«n  to  the  iMII  marl, 
hut  UT  find  in  tbe  liyen  repreMnting  the  Gnt  and  second 
wttlemeots.  Tbey  an  Conned  or  split  oah  inisb,  white  tboM 
«l  Ihc  t*D  Gnt  ulilcmcnts  are  round  sienu  diieSy  of  aolt  mwd. 
Hw  buti  oi  ibis  lul  cetileineni  appear  to  have  had  caltte  El>l)« 
between  them,  Ihe  droppings  and  liner  fonnidg  heaps  at  the  lahe 
boltam.  Tbe  bonea  <ri  the  uimaU  ansumed  at  food  at  ihii 
Nation  sera  found  In  aucb  nufflbera  that  S  torn  «ece  collected 
)n  the  loniiiucliop.  of  a  watercou™  wliSch  cnwed  the  lite. 
Aiaons  the  wbodeu  obfecu  recoTeied  tnta  (he  relic  beds  wei« 
tabt,  platei,  lidls-aad  ipoou,  a  Sail  [or  ibrcthliig  corn,  a  lut 
(or  itTetchinjf  shoa  of  hide,  cell  handles,  dubi.  kng-boin  of 
yn,  SoaiBUid  In^emenu  of  fi^ng  and  a  dug-out  canoe  11  ft. 
bng.  Ho  iplndte-vhotla  Here  found,  but  there  ovre  many 
nrieiio  Of  cUth,  ptaiied  and  woven,  bundlea  of  yam  and  balls 
ofuritig.  Among  the  tooli  of  bone  and  stag'i  horn  were 
awls,  needta,  tanwons,  acrsplng  toob  and  hiflitigi  lor  atone 
aieheids.  The  loi^lenienu  of  Nong  were  diiefly  axe-fieadg 
and  imnr-hcndi.  01  diy  and  ctithenwafe  there  were  manf 
varietici  of  Joneslfc  dilhea,  cup)  and  pIpkiHe,  and  'cMclbln 
or  melting  pots  made  of  clay  and  horwdung  aadMiU  retaining 
At  ditwy  ooatlni  ot  the  mtlled  brahn: 

TheacttlcRient  tff  Amrtmier  in  the  Lake  of  NoKhatd  It'UM 
of  the  richest  and  most  nuidetabte  sUtloni  ol  the  Bmue  agK 
It  haa  yielded  four  bniat  nvordt,  ten  socketed  ipaar-headi, 
locty  celts  or  aj*- heads  aad  slekicB,  fifty  knivei,  twenly  socketed 
riilKb,  lour  hamnn*  and  aa  anidl,  slaty  Ting;  lor  the  arm*  and 
legs,  Hwral  highly  omaM  torques  or  twisted  nedc  ibp,  and 
ilpwank  lA  Km  bnodnd  hair  pins  of  vaiiom  abM  np  to  iS  In. 
in  length,  aome  havbig  spherical  beads  in  whlA  plates  nt  girid 
were  set-  MouUa  lot  ikklta,  lanoe-headi  and  bncalets  Were 
lound-cut  bi  •loBeot  nwde.ti  baked  day.  From  four  to  fire 
hundred  vewel*  ol  pottery  ftndy  mad*  tai  dcgaadjr  sh^ied  are 
indlcaladbytbefragMecitancentedfroaitlwidkhtd.  Tlielac 
Je  Bouryet,  hi  Sasoy,  has  el^  setttnaenthi  all  ol  tha  Bionn 
•ge.  These  have  yielded  upwards  of  4000  htipkmenls,  weapons 
and  ontamcnlB  of  brona,  among  which  were  a  taige  proportion 
ol  moulds  and  founden'  malerfab.  A  few  atone  implement) 
suggest  the  tiansition  from  itone  to  brmzt]  and  tbe  occaiioBal 
•ccurrenn  of  Iron  weapon!  and  pottery  of  Gallo-Roman  origin 
bidicBin  tbe  sorvival  of  some  of  the  BetUemeSts  to  Roman  times. 

The  relative  anIiqiUty  of  the  earlier  settlements  ot  the  Stone 
and  Bionae  ages  is  not  capable  of  being  deduced  from  eiistiBg 
«vld«eB.  "  Ws  may  venture  to  place  them,"  aays  Dr  F.  Kdler, 
"  In  an  age  when  iron  and  bronze  had  been  long  known,  but  had 
MM  cioma  hito  our  districts  in  such  plenty  as  to  be  used  for  the 
common  purposes  of  bouxliold  life,  at  a  time  vhen  amber  had 
already  taken  its  place  as  an  ornament  and  bad  become  an  object 
of  traffic."  It  is  DOW  eoDsidered  that  the  people  wbo  erected 
Ihe  lake  dwelHnp  of  Central  Europe  were  also  the  people  who 
were  spread  over  the  mainland.  The  forms  and  the  omamenta- 
tioB  of  the  impleaiecla  and  neapons  oS  stone  and  htooie  iound 
lo  the  lake  dwcUinga  are  tbe  ume  as  those  of  the  ImrJementa 
and  weapons  in  these  msterlBls  found  In  the  soU  of  tbe  adjacent 
regions,  and  both  groups  must  therefore  be  ascribed  to  the 
Industry  oton*  and  the  same  people,  Whclber  dwelling  on  tbe 
land  or  dwelling  tn  tie  lake,  they  have  eihlbfted  ao  nany 
in&atfoiiB  of  capacity,  intefiigence,  indistty  and  sodal  orpol- 


aailoB  thai'iliey  caoiN 
I  heir  Stone  age,  a  veiy  low  condition  c 
Their  axes  were  nude  of  tough  atonf 
and  ground  to  the  Biliog  shape.  They 
a  socket  of  stag's  bom,  moniscd  into  1 
knives  and  saws  of  ffint  wen  mounte 
hied  with  asphalt.  They  made  ajid  used  an  endless  variety  of 
bone  tools.  Their  pottery,  though  roughly  &iiishal,iawcU  nude, 
the  vessels  often  of  large  aize  ^ad  capdile  of  alaidingthe  file 
as  cooking  ulenailB,  For  domestic  dMiha  tbey  alao  made  wooden 
tubs,  plates,  spoons,  ladles  and  the  like.  The  Industries  Of 
spinning  and  weaving  were  largely  practised.  They  made  nets 
and  fishing  lines,  and  used  (uoca.  Tikty  practised  agnculturc, 
cultivating  several  varieties  of  wheat  and  barley,  buidts  millet 
and  flai.  They  kfpt  hoises,  entile,  sheep,  goats  and  sirine. 
Tbdi  ckilhing  was  partly  of  linen  and  partly  of  woollen  fabrics 
sod  the  skins  of  their  beasts.  Tbeii  food  was  nuliilious  and 
varied,  Ibclr  dwvJimp  neither  unhealthy  nor  IncommocKoiB^ 
They  lived  in  the  security  and  comfort  obtained  hy  sodal 
OTganliaiion,  and  were  appitently  intelligent,  industrious  and 
progressive  communities. 

Then  is  no  indication  ol  an  abrupt  change  from  tbe  uie  Of 
stone  lo  tbe  use  of  metal  stfch  as  mighr  have  occurred  had  the 
knowledge  of  copper  and  bronie,  and  the  methods  ol  working 
them,  been-tntroduccd  through  the  conquest  of  the  original 
inhabitants  hy  an  aUen  race  of  superior  ciUruiT  and  diiEcatlon. 
The  impnwed  cultural  conditloiis  become  apparent  in  Ihe 
midtiplicalion  of  (he  varieties  of  tools,  weapons  and  oraaments 
niade  possible  by  Ihe  more  adaptable  qudlties  of  tbe  new 
material;  and  that  the  developmenC  of  the  Bronze  age  culture 
in  tbe  lake  dwellings  foUowed  theiame  course  as  in  the  sunound- 
rng  regions  lAare  tbe'pet^'tfwett  on  the  dty  land  is  evident 
from  the  correspondence  ol  the  types  of  implcmenls,  mapona, 
*  uten^  oolimHiD  to,  both  these  conditions'of 


Other  classes  of  prehhloA  pile-slraclinM  akin  lo  the  bke 
dwelUngsarethe-'ntTeniaitof  Italy  and  the  Terpen  of  Holland^ 
Both  Of  these  ate  setllamtnts  of  wooden  huts  erected  On  piles^ 
not  over  the  water,  but  on  Bat  hnd  aubjcet  to  inviDdations. 
Tie  terremare  Cso  named  from  the  maHy  soil  of  which  they 
are  compoaed)  appear  as  mounds,  sometimes  of  very  eonsderable 
eitent,  which  -when  dug  Into  disclose  the  remains  and  reBc  beds 
of  the  andenl  settlements.  They  are  most  alnindadt  in  the 
plains  of  northern  Italy  traversed  by  the  Po  and  Its  trihntaiiel, 
though  siffrilar  coBStniMkms  have  been  found  fn  Hungary  [n  the 
valley  of  the  Tbeiss.  These  pile-villBges  were  often  lurroimded 
by  an  earthen  rampart  within  which  the  ImU  were  erected  in 
mote  or  less  tegular  order:  Many  of  tbem  preset  evidence  td 
having  been  miae  than  once'destroyed  by  fire  and  reamstiucled, 
while  others  show  one  or  more  reconstructions  at  hlghit  levels 
en  tbe  same  site.  Tbe  contents  of  the  re^c  beds  fndlcste  that 
they  bekmg  for  the  most  part  to  the  age  of  bronie,  although  in 
some  eases  they  may  be  tefetied  lo  the  latter  part  of  tbe  Stone 
age.  Theh:  Inhabitants  practised  agriculture  and  kept  the 
common  domestic  animals,  -while  their  tools,  weapons  and 
mainly  ot  similar  character  to  those  ot  the 
a!  dwellers  ol  the  adjoiping  regions.  Some  ol 
the  Italian  teiremaie  show  quadrangular  conalmctions  made 
like  the  modem  log  botoes,  of  undrened  tree  trunks  superposed 
longiludinally  and  oTeriapphig  at  Ihe  enda,  as  at  Caslione  In  the 
provIncB  of  Parma.  A  sircar  mode  of  construction  is  found  in 
tbe  pOe-vniage  on  the  baiAt  of  tbe  Save,  near  Donbi  Ddina 
in  Bosnia,  desctibcd  In  ige*  by  Dr  Trtibelka.  Heie  the  latget 
bouses  bad  pbtfottns  in  front  of  Ibem  fonoteg  lettaces  at  different 
fevds  descendfaig  towards  the  river.  -  There  was  a  cemetery 
adjacent  to  the  village  in  which  both  unbumt  and'crcmated 
interments  occurred,  the  former  piedohilnatlng.  *  Frotfi  the 
geneira]  character  of  the  relics  this  settlement  ^ipnired  to  belong 
to  the  eaily  Iton  age.  Tlie  Terpen  of  HoBand  appear  as  mounds 
soniewbnC  similar  to  those  ol  the  terremare,  and  were  also  pile 
Btnictarea^n  low  ot  thanby  lands  subject  to  Inmidatians  from 


the  sea.    bnlika  the  K 


w 


LAK8  BEKEVA— LAKSHMI 


bdoBg  to  tfaefnbittetic  ago,  bw  jrMd  iatfcaiiooi 

iteriab  lor  the  tavtulniloii  of  tUi  li  Dgutar 
fint  o)11(cIb]  indM/Benu-'— '  '■■-  '^- 

i),otr  ■-     


ISHK  The 

VDck  in  EoilaBd,  1 

tf  &iraM,  V  " 

JUm  Edwinf Lnnd  ed. Ji 


in  rat-RMUjO^Md  madkvd  lima. 

^  lite , 


),nf  loiiDi 


Liiol  by  Di 
■410  (t«js- 

r,  "trublated  ind  unnged  by 
1.1878].  Otlierwixki 


lu  W^  •&J«  •<<  WtHUlet  (Phu,  l«6> 
lod  L.  Favre,  UBiiAttdit  tmat  lattulrt  n  jniu  (Pvu,  1874) ; 
A.  PeiTin,  £M(  /rMuftinipM  nr  la  Sm>li  iftiialimml  t  tipaint 
lacuiln  iLm  PataftKi  in  lot  ^  Bmirpt,  PuU,  1870);  Eni« 
Chutre,  Itt  foMMa  «  hwIpkShu  IkiMrj  A  lac  ^  Fatain 
(Cliuiberv,  1871):  Binoloneo  Ganildi,  laiu  BebUahau  and 
trtkiUnrlc  iUmaiiu  >■  Oi  rurtariii  and  VerUcdi  o/  JfA-Ukm  exl 
OsmJ  7JfJy,  tramUlFd  bf  C.  H.  ChsmbcR  (UiDdan.  IB«;);  Sir 
tobn  Lnbbodc  (1-ORl  Anbury).  FrtUsUric  Titmti  (xth  ed.,  London. 
1878)  I  Robert  Mum,  nt  IjJ^iiwtaing,  ulBuftp,  (LonkHi,  189a), 
■itb  ■  bibliefraphy  d(  (be  mbjecc  (J-  A>r.) 

lAKB  OBHEVi,  ft  dly  of  Wilwoclb  couity,  WuamuH, 
O.S.A.,  6s  "-  N.W.  df  Chicago.  Pop.  (igoe)  asSs,  of  whom 
46S  wcR  famgn-bami  (iftas)  JMQI  (>9io)  307g.  It  ii  teired 
by  the  Chiogo  &  Narthweitem  nilny.  Tfae  diy  is  pictui- 
Oqiuty  lituated  on  the  alums  of  Lake  GeacvA  (s  Jo.  long  and 
1}  to  J  m.  wide),  a  beaaiiful  body  of  remaikably  tleai  wua,  fed 
by  ipritigs,  ud  eaciided  by  rolling  tdlli  covered  wiih  thick 
gmvn  of  lurdHOod  trees.  The  ngion  it  famoui  ai  a  uunmer 
lewct,  i>ulicululy  fot  Chicago  people.  Thi  dty  ia  the  acat 
of  OakHOod  Sanitwium,  and  at  WilUaiu  Bir.  ^  ■»■  (iutant, 
ia  the  Yeikes  Obucvatoty  of  Lbe  Univcnty  of  Chioago.  Dairying 
it  the  DUHt  inpoitant  industrial  inteicit.  The  fint  icltlenient 
on  Lake  Geneva  waa  tside  about  iSjj.  The  dty  «aa  chaitiKd 
iniSgj. 

LAKS  OF  TUB  WOODS,  ■  laks  In  the  »uib.w«C  ol  the 
province  of  Ontario,  Canada,  bordering  west 

esUemdy  inegulai  ahape,  tsd  cODtains  many  iilands.  Ili 
length  ii  )a  m.,  brcadtb  xa  to  59  m.,  area  ijoo  iq,  a.  It 
lies  In  the  centn;  of  the  Lauitntiaa  ngion  between  Lalia 
Winnipeg  and  Superioi,  and  an  ana  ol  j6,ooo  tq.  m.  draisi 
to  it.  It  mllctu  the  oaten  of  many  riven,  the  chief  being 
Rainy  liver  fnm  the  eait,  draining  Rainy  Lake.  By  the  Winni- 
peg river  coj  the  uoitb-east  it  diKhaigei  into  Lake  Winnipeg. 
At  iti  source  Wiooipee  river  is  1057  ft.  above  the  ica,  and  diopa 

the  lake  U  eundlngly  beautiful,  and  (he  islands  an  largely 

a  aouri^ung  ton  at  the  aource  of  the  Winnipeg  river,  la  the 
ocntrc  ni  the  niLznenua  hunbering  and  mining  cntcipnies  of 
the  vicioity- 

UKB  PUCID.  a  village  in  Ewea  County,  New  York,  U.S.A., 
on  the  W.  shore  ol  Mirror  Lake,  near  the  S.  and  oC  Lake  Fladd, 
about  41  m.  N.W.  of  Ticondeioga.  Pop.  (1901)  IJ14;  <iQio) 
l6Ji.  Ttm  village  is  served  by  the  Delaware  &  Hudson  railway. 
The  region  is  ooe  of  the  most  atliKlive  in  the  Adiiondacks, 
and  is  a  much  Irequeoted  suounei  nsoit.  There  are  four  good 
golf  courses  hete,  and  the  vUlage  has  a  well-built  club  house, 
called  the  "  Neighboibood  House."  The  vQlaga  ties  on  Ihs 
oanow  strip  of  land  (about  }  m.)  between  Mirrot  Lake  (about 
I  m.  long,  N.  and  S,,  and  I  m.  wide),  and  Lake  Pladd,  about 
S  m.  long  (N.NX  by  S.S.W.),  and  about  it  m.  (nuuimun) 
broadi  its  altitude  is  1864  ft.  The  lake  ia  roughly  divided, 
from  N.  to  S.  by  Ihice  isUods— Moose,  the  largest,  sod  Hawk, 
both  privately  owned,  lod  Buck — and  it  a  beautiful  slieet  ol 
water  b  t.  picturesque  setting  of  forests  and  heavily  wooded 

an  Whitefice  Mountain  (4871  ft.),  about  3  m.  N.W.  ol  ibe  N. 
end  of  the  lake;  McKeniie  Mountain  (3871  ft.),  about  i  m. 
to  the  W.,  and  Pulpit  Mountain  (i6jS  ft.),  on  (he  E.  tbore. 
The  suDunit  of  WhiUface  Mountain  comnundt  a  fine  view, 
with  Gothic  (47jS  It.),  Saddleback  CtBO  ((.),  BatiD  (4S1J  fi.), 
Uarcy(;M4ft-],aiidUcIo(yn{fiioft.} 


to  the  S.  and  late  CtuwUlB  M  the  B..ud  to  (he  H£' mv  be 
seen,  on  ckai  day»,  the  spitat  ol  UooueaL  In  (he  valleys  E. 
aod  S.  ue  (be  beaidwaten  01  (be  fuuut  Auaaiile  river.  AbaM 
I  m.  E.  of  the  vitlage,  at  Noith  Elba,  ia  Uhe  gnm  of  .the  abc^ 
lionisi,  John  Snnm,  with  iu  huge  boiddet  imiaumnit,  and  neu 

who  bought  the  John  Brown  faun  and  gkve  it  to  llw  italc 
Tbciailway  totlu  villag*wucompleiediD  iSg].    Tlie  villa|e 

UKKVOOD,  a  village  of  Ocean  munty,  New  Jetacy,  U.S.A.. 
in  (be  towsstip  ol  Likewood,  n  ai.  S.  by  W.  of  New  Votk  city, 
and  8  m.  from  Ihe.cout,  on  ktae  Cental  P-iiT^-H  ^  Htm  Jenqr. 
Fnp.  (1000)  of  the  tAwub^  loduding  the  vUlage.  joim,  {1401) 
4s45i  (1910)  %n^  Lakewood  it  a  faahiooable  besith.  and 
winter  Tewrt,  and  b  situated  In  ihe  oudst  of  a  inne  fotesi, 
wiih  two  small  lakes,  and  many  durmbg  walks  and  drives. 
In  the  village  then  an  a  wunber  uL  fine  itaidcnceii  luge  boiila, 
a  library  and  a  hotpiuL  The  winter  temperature  is  lo-ii*  F. 
wumer  than  in  New  York.  The  township  ol  Lakewood  wtl 
incoiporated  in  iSgi. 

UKB  (irom  the  Sana.  laUa,  one  hundred  ilousuid),  ■ 
term  used  in  British  India,  in  a  colloquial  Koae  to  signify  ■ 
bikh  of  rupees  (written  i/»,coo),  wUch  at  the  lace  value  ai  the 
Tupee  would  be  worth  £io.oaa,  but  now  is  worth  only  £6i06. 
The  term  is  also  largely  used  in  trade  ntutna.  A  liundted 
lakhs  moko  a  cnn. 

LAXHIVPIIK,  a  district  of  British  India  In  (he  toUcnie  east 
of  the  province  of  Easttm  Bengal  and  Asaam.  Area,  tjipiq.  m. 
It  lies  along  both  banks  of  the  Brahmaputra  fot  about  40a  m.; 
it  ia  bounded  N.  by  the  Daphia,  Miii,  Abor  and  Mishmi  hiUi, 
E.  tQF  the  Mishmi  and  Kachin  hilii,  S.  by  t^  watcrlbed  o[  the 
Patkai  niige  and-ihe  Lobit  branch  of  the  Bnhmapuira,  tad  W, 
by  Ihe  distticu  of  Dammg  and  Sibaagar.  ■  The  Bnkmtputik 
it  navigable  lor  tCeuncrt  in  all  gcsMiBt  at  far  *■  Dibnigaih.  in 
(he  niny  tcaton  a*  tar  at  S*diyi;  it*  navigable  tribularia 
within  the  district  are  the  SubiBtiri.  Dibra.  «nd  Oifaing.  Hie 
depuly-cenuiiisaioner  In  chatgc  ewKJaei  .politictl  control  over 
nunsRHit  tribes  beyond  the  ianct  surveyed  border.  Tke  mosl 
importanl  (il  these  (ribei  an  the  Mills,  Abets,  Ulalmiis,  Khamth, 
Kachins  and  Ntgas.  In  1901  tbe  popuhtiou  wu  37t,jg6. 
to  increase  of  46  %  in  the  decade.  The  district  ha*  tt^oftA 
reouikabk  and  continuous  prosperity.  At  each  succcsiivt 
census  tbe  r-'""''^^  of  increase  hat  bftcn  over  40,  the  present 
population  being  more  than  three  times  as  great  as  that  Of  1871, 
Tbia  increase  b  chiefly  due  to  (hi;  niuneroua  lea  gaidena  and  (a 
tlw  cod  minea  and  otha  enterpriaei  of  the  Attaai  Railwayt 
and  TiadUig  Company,  Lakhimpur  was  the  first  district  into 
which  tea  cultivatiaa  was  introduced  by  (ha  govBnment,  and 
tbe  Assam  Conpany  begaa  opeiatioat  here  in  iB*o.  The 
tailwty,  known  ai  (he  Dibni-Sadiya  line,  runs  iron  Dibrugarii 
to  MiJiun,  with  two  biiDches  to  Talap  and  Uargherita,  and 
hat  been  connected  across  the  hiUs  with  the  Avam-DeDgtl 
railway.  Tba  coal  it  of  axcellcnt  quality,  and  is  eiparted  tv 
rivet  as  far  a«  Calcutta.  The  chief  oil-wdlt  an  at  DigboL  Tbe 
oa  is  tefintd  at  Margherita,  producing  a  good  quality  of  kenoac 
oil  and  firtt-claia  paraffin,  with  wai  and  other  by-pcoductt. 
The  company  also  tniuiulactuna  bricks  and  pipe»  of  various 
kindt.  Anotbet  industry  is  cuittig  timber,  for  the  mtnulactata 
of  tei-cbetls,  &c. 

Laldbmpur  figures  Lsrgdy  in  Che  anaali  of  Assam  at-the  rtglqa 
whfn  ■uccetsiva  invaiien  from  the  east  first  reached  (lie  Bi^ni«- 
The  Ban  Bhulyat,  origiuHy  from  the  wnteni  rHttvincea  of 


re  driven  oot  by  the  Chi 

TvB  plaet  to  ihdr  1 — 
oeMwy.    The  Bi 


,  and  iheic 
s,  Ibe/- 


kuigd(inu,at  (lie  end  e(  (he  iSth  century,  wen  in  i8>jeipetl«]  by 
tbe^rilliti,  who  plaeej  ihe  •oulbern  pari  of  ibe  country,  together 
wllh  Sibtsgir  under  the  nileef  Raia  Purandhir  Singh;  but  it  was 
sot  till  t»A  ihai  the  whole  was  cakia  under  dime  British  adninia- 
traikm.  The  headauaneit  are  ai  Difaninrh. 
See  LoUoHpur  iAitricf  CUcuw  [Calculi*.  1905).' 
UKtHKl  (San*,  for  "  mark,"  "  sign,"  genaraHy  med  k 
composition  i^th  fimya,  "prrspercvt")  hence  "good  sigit," 
"fc«d  lottunt"),  in  Hindu  nyUtoIogy,  the  wife  of  VU^n, 


LALAIMG— LALLY-TOLtENDAL 


95 


wtiMpfet  M  the  goddcM  «C  love,  beauty  ukt  pmi>eritr.  She 
hu  muiy  ottiu  luma,  Uie  chief  bdai  ^ta  main  ["  mother  ef 
■he  wMld"),  Padma  {"  tbt  lotua"),  PaJma  laya  ("ihe  *bo 
drnUt  on  *  lotui ")  ud  Jaladkijo  ("  ibe  attta-bota  ").  She 
it  r^roenUd  u  a(  ■  bnght  goldcD  caloui  uxi  lotKl  od  ■  loliii. 
She  is  Hid  to  hive  beai  born  from  ibe  (la  of  milk  wboi  it  mi 
diBnoi  tnaa  uiibraaU.  Uuqr  qiudnl  mytbi  nattvoS  ber 
binh.  In  the  Rif  Ved«  ber  muue  does  not  oa»r  ■>  a  godden. 
UUINO,  JACQDBS  M  <c.  i4i(r-i4U].  Fkmlili  knVn, 
wu  ori^uOy  In  the  mvkc  of  the  duke  at  Clcra  and  nf  terwudi 
la  that  of  the  dake  d  Burgundy,  Philip  m.,  the  Good,  gaining 
gKU  Raowa  by  hk  pnnRM  hi  the  tlltyud.  Tin  duke  of 
BuifUMly  entnUlad  Ma  wlLh  onbana  to  the  pope  and  Ibe 
king  gf  Fnnee  <i4]i),  and  mbiequeBtty  kbI  Urn  to  put  down 
Ibe  revolt  of  the  inbaUtanti  ol  Cheat,  In  which  eq>editIon  be 
wukllled.  Bk  iiatnfbj,  Li Lirt  da  faOi  dr  matin  JacjMi 
it  lnMiii,  which  hai  been  pabU)hed  leveial  t&BO,  li  mainly 
the  wiufc  oI  the  BoismHliaa  herald  Ud  ducoicler  lean  le 
FlvTe,  better  known  u  Taiun  far,  the  Flembb  balortc«rapheT 
Georgea  CbaMellahi  aad  the  herald  Charoliii  alu  look  part  in 

Its  OODipjIatiM]. 

UUMDB,  JOIVH  iftllAU  UnUKAIS  M  (tjjft&h), 
FRDck  astiODaincr,  wn  bora  at  Boiug  (depattment  of  Ain), 
on  ibe  iitb  of  July  17J].  His  parenti  sent  him  to  nuii  to 
■tudy  lawibut  Ibe  uddeat  of  lodgiDg  in  the  HAtd  Cluny,  where 
J.  N.  Delisle  had  hii  obiCTvmtoiy,  drew  him  to  istrononiy,  and 
he  became  the  teaknu  and  favoured  pupQ  of  both  Delide  and 
Piene  Lemonnla.  He,  however,  comjijcted  bii  legal  studies, 
and  wai  about  to  ntuni  10  Bourg  to  practise  Ibereu  an  idvoale, 
when  Lemonnier  obtained  penmiiton  ttt  send  him  to  Beilin,  to 
nuke  obaervationi  on  ibe  lunar  paraHu  in  concert  with  those 
o{  N.  L.  LacaiUe  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  laitessful 
oecalioa  of  his  task  procured  tor  him,  before  be  was  Ivmiy-oce, 
.0  the  Aisdemy  oC  Berlin,  and  (he  poH  of  sdjnnct 
to  thai  ol  Paris.  He  now  devoted  himself  Id  Ibe 
neat  of  the  planetary  theory,  putjidiiiiK  in  175V  a 
1I  cditkia  of  Halley's  tables,  with  a  hisiory  of  the  cele- 
biaisl  comet  whose  retom  in  that  year  he  bad  aided  Clairauft 
(o  cakolate.  In  171S1  J.  N.  Delisle  resigned  in  his  favour  the 
diair  of  astronomy  In  the  Coll^  de  France,  the  duties  ol  wbich 
were  ischarged  by  Lahmde  for  forty-sii  years.  His  house 
became-  aa  asttmioiincal  sesdnaty,  and  amongst  hb  pupils 
were  J.  B.  J.  Delambre,  G.  Plasri,  P.  Mechain,  and  his  own 
nepbew  Michel  Lalande.  By  his  pubh'catioiia  In  connexion 
wiib  the  traniil  ol  1769  he  won  gnat  and,  in  a  measure,  dejerved 
fame.  But  bi>  love  of  nolorlety  and  impetuous  temper  coin- 
promised  the  rapeM  due  to  taia  adeniiSc  zeal,  though  these 
taulla  wne  panially  balanced  by  hll  gCDerosily  and  beoevolcnce- 
Heified  on  the  4th  ol  April  iBo/. 

-  -      ^  ^.  , ,_5 ductrf  Willi  (HUgflKC  int'— 


,  -    - J  •  aid  the  Ijlande  priie. 

laatittnHl^  bin  in  iScaloe  thecbielaausmnical  perlomaani' 
«ch  ytar,  •611  testifies  10  bis  Bithuiiawi  (or  his  favourite  puiwU. 
Amomsr  lii»  voluminous  works  are  nou/ iTorirmieinir  U  volt,  1764: 
enlarged e*ltoii,4V0lB.,i77i-l7»I,  lrded.,3VDls..  179JI:  «''("« 
tiUM  tianfvit  (iSoi),  pvlng  the  plices  ol  yMHB  nan;  Btblir- 
■..1^^  niimsBim  itgat^  wiik  a  hiitary  of  aatnUMiiry  iiOB  17*1 

'»  (i70b),b  valiubk  record  dI  nistnvels 
"iHi-fjA.     he  coBnouniciIcd  above  one  hundred  and  fifty 


■-''^■^--t"A^'"iK" -.  --- 

o  Ibe  Paris  Academy  of  Scieoces,  edited  the  Cffftfinrjaafr  lb 


"^  (rV3»-17T«)." 


-Mt.  i.iM  (itio)  (MmedcSaii-. 
<rM,  t.  Ki.  U.  iiM);  J.  Muncf, 
41;    V^'H^.Cts^.ittAiUsntm^i 
IB;   ].  C  PKgeodorff,  3iiii.  LU.  Ma 


•fafejTS 


Tilf;  AiUsntmiti  J.  J.  LaUode,  »iU. 

»jr-i,ts,W.; 

UliM,  a  town  of  norlb-wnttm  Spain,  !n  tfat  province  ol 
foDinedra.    Pop.  (ifoi^  i6,tjg.    Lain  Ii  the  caain  oi  Ibe 


trade  In  agifcultural  products  oF  the  lertSe  Ui^ldaiida  bttwecu 
dte  Dtu  and  Anicgo  rivers.  The  local  {nduaUta  are  tanning 
aad  the  manubctmt  of  paper.  Near  Lalln  are  the  mfaia  cif  the 
GotUe  abb9  ol  Cirboeiro. 

U  UMKk,  or  La  Loo*  DI  U  ComaKioii,  a  town  of  Spain. 
In  the  province  g(  Cadii,  between  (Xhiahar  and  San  Boque. 
Pop.  (rgoo]  ji,8o>.  La  Linea,  iridch  derivei  ill  Dsme  liom 
(be  lint  or  bauridai}r  <fivlding  Spanish  tenitory  from  the  district 
of  (%ca]tar,  b  a  town  of  comparativdy  modem  date  and  was 
fonniMy  looked  upon  as  a  snbiirb  oC  San  Roque.  It  b  now  a 
distinct  frontier  post  tlid  headquanert  of  the  Spanish  com- 
mandant of  the  lines  of  Gibraltar.  The  fottldcationa  erected 
herein  the  ifitb  ceilnry  were  dismantled  by  the  Britldi  in  iSio, 
to  preveBt  the  landing  of  French  bvadeis,  and  all  the  eiisling 
buUdiop  ate  BiadeiiL  Theji  indode  barracks,  casinof,  a  theatre 
and  a  bultdngt  modi  IreqOcnted  by  the  iohalulaDls  and  garrison 
of  Gibraltar.  L«  Linea  bas  tanx  trade  in  cereals,  (ndt  infl 
vcgMabler,  It  b  the  leddenx  of  hrge  numbers  o(  labouiea 
employed  b  Oibrahar. 

UUTPBR,  a  town  of  BiltUi  Tndii^  In  Jhind  district,  tTnited 
Provinces.  Pop.  <i9ai)  ir,;6o.  II  has  a  slailoB  on  tbe  Great 
Indiaii  Peninsula  railway,  and  alargt  trade  in  oS.seeds,  hides  and 
fM.  It  cmtains  several  beautiful  Hindu  and  Jain  temples. 
It  was  focmeily  the  beadqnarlen  of  a  diatrfct  of  the  same  nimf, 
which  was  incorporated  irhh  that  of  Jbinsi  in  iSgi.  The 
Bundeli  cbleh  of  LaHtpul  were  among  those  who  moat  tagetly 
Joined  the  Uutiny,  and  11  waa  only  after  a  uvcce  atniggle  that 
the  diatria  waa  padfitd. 

LULT,  THOMU  UTHKIt,  Coun  n,  Btnn  da  Tirflendal 
(1701-17W),  French  general,  was  bora  at  Romaoi,  Dauphint, 
In  January  1 701,  bdng  the  son  of  Sir  Gerard  CLally,  an  Irish 
Jacobite  who  nutried  a  Frendi  lady  of  Jioble  family,  irom 
whom  the  son  inherited  hij  titles.  Enlcrihg  the  Fren^  army 
in  1711  he  served  in  Ibe  war  of  1734  against  Austria;  he  was 
present  at  Detliogen  (t74j),  and  commanded  the  ngbnent  de 
Lally  in  the  famous  Irkh  brigade  at  Fontenoy  (Kay  I74i).  He 
was  made  a  brigiditt  on  the  field  by  Laid!  XV.  He  had  previ- 
onsly  b«n  mited  up  in  several  Jacobile  ploH,  and  in  1745 
accompanied  (!haries  Edward  to  Scotland,  serving  as  aide-de- 
camp al  the  batik  of  FaUiiit  (January  1746).  Escaping  lo 
France,  he  served  with  Marshal  Sue  in  the  Low  Countries, 
and  St  the  capture  of  Maeslricht  (1748]  was  made  ■  marlcliil 
•It  camp.  When  war  broke  out  with  England  in  17JS  Lally  was 
given  tbe  command  ol  a  French  expedition  lo  India.  Be 
reached  Fondlchary  in  April  1758,  and  at  Ibe  outset  mri  wiTb 
some  niSing  milltaTy  cuccesa.  Be  was  a  man  of  courage  and  a 
capable  general;  but  his  pride  and  ferodly  made  him  disEkcd 
by  bis  officers  and  baled  by  his  soldiers,  while  he  regarded  the 
natives  as  slivea,  despised  their  assislancc,  and  trampled  on  ihclr 
tradittons  of  caste.  In  consequence  everything  went  wrong  with 
hfm.  He  was  unsuccessful  in  an  atlact  on  Tanjore,  and  bad 
In  retire  from  tbe  siege  ot  Madras  (i7s8)  oiring  to  the  timely 
aniva!  of  the  British  fleet.  He  was  dcfealed  by  Sir  Eyre  Coole 
■I  Wandiwasb  <i7£o),  and  besieged  in  Fondicheriy  and  forced 
10  cipitnlalc  (i  761).  He  was  sent  as  a  prisoner  of  wat  lo  England. 
WhUe  in  London,  he  heard  Ihal  he  was  accused  in  France  of 
treachery,  and  in^sied,  against  advice,  on  returning  on  parole  lb 
stand  his  trial.  He  was  kept  prisoner  for  nearly  two  ycaia 
before  the  liiat  began;  (hen,  afler  many  painful  delays,  he  was 
sentenced  to  death  (May  6,  t7i6),  and  three  days  later  beheaded. 
Louis  XV.  tried  to  throw  the  responsibility  for  what  was  un- 
doubtedly a  judicial  murder  on  his  minibters  and  the  public, 
but  his  policy  needed  a  scapegoat,  and  he  wat  probably  well 
coRtent  not  to  exercise  his  authority  to  save  an  almost  friendleu 


naiquis  de  lilly^ 


Dllendal)  anicte  In  the  Biotrapiu  Ifulioud; 
cnMlcI.     The  k^  docoments  are  pre- 


served lo  lb*  BibUothlqiM 

LULTUmURMtk   immnaB    efum,    Mxaqins   m 
(r7si~igjb),  wn  bora  at  Parta  on  the  jth  of  Marcl 
waitbelegRlmixedBosodbecDmtedeLallyn'      ' 


9* 


LALO— LAMAISM 


the  Mint  of  lui  birth  0(1  ibe  dijr  at  hii  tithu's  ciecutioD,  when 
be  icsolved  to  dcvulc  hiiiBclf  to  lituieg  bit  btbec'i  menuiiy. 
He  wu  lupportol  by  Voluiic,  >nd  in  i7j8  lucceeded  in  peiHud- 
bg  Louii  XVL  (o  innul  Ibe  dccnc  vhich  h>rd  KMenod  the 
comte  de  i-tiiy;  but  Ihe  pufement  of  Rouen,  to  whicb  Ibe  cue 
«u  rtferrtd  bick,  io  1784  tgiia  dedded  in  favoui  of  LtUy't 
(uilt.  The  oue  wu  retried  by  other  couns,  but  LaUy'iuuwccace 
wu  nevK  fully  adiajited  by  Ihe  Fieoch  judgim.  Id  1779  Lilly- 
ToUendal  bought  tbe  oBix  of  Craid  baiili  ol  ttimpo,  ud  is 
1 7S9  wu  (.  deputy  la  the  italet-genenl  foe  the  itabUtu  of  Puix. 
He  pUyed  lome  put  in  Ibe  evi/  itages  of  the  Rcvoliilioa,  hut 
wu  (00  conservative  10  be  in  t/mpalby  with  tli  even  of  it> 
e&rlier  devcZopmentL  He  Ihievr  himaelf  into  opposition  to  the 
"  tynnny  "  ol  MirabcAu^  and  condemned  (he  epidemic  oE  ro- 
DUOcUtion  which  in  the  loiion  oi  the  4th  ol  August  1789 
deitnyed  (he  tiadilionil  institutiona  of  France.  Later  is  the 
yeu  be  emi^Tated  to  England,  During  the  trial  of  Louia  XVL 
by  the  National  Conventioii  (ilgj)  he  offered  la  defend  the 
king,  hut  waa  cot  allowed  to  telurn  to  FoDce.  He  did  not 
Kliun  Ull  the  time  of  the  CanauUle.  Louii  XVIUi  created 
him  apeci  ol  France,  and  ui  iSid  he  became  >  mcrabci  of  Ike 
nendi  Academy.  From  that  lime  untH  his  dealh,  on  the  iilb 
of  Uarch  iSjo.  he  devoted  hunieli  to  philanthropic  work, 
specially  idenlilyin|  himself  with  prison  leioim. 

See  his  Plaiityir  fov  Lnit  XVI.  O^oiidoH,  mi):  Latly- 
ToUendal  wu  alia  in  part  mponsible  lor  llie  Miuuiti,  allributed 
lo  Jowpb  Weber,  comraini^lirie  Antoinette  (iBoi):  he  (untier 
edited  the  ailide  on  hit  lather  in  the  Bttfrapliit  Itidiiaid;  ice  also 
ArpautI,  Disawt  firtntnti  omt  fitmroiOu  it  M^tt  mtrouUit  LaUy^ 

"■■-'-■• -ii«ja(Fvii1iGautUB<leBmy.WAn' --  ' 

aUyrrri&Mfa/<I>aris,uiKl>ledJiVa'    ' 


If.  kH 


uifeZaUy'l 


£rK,S 


ULO,  BD0UAR9  (iSij-iSqi),  French  composer,  wu  bom 
at  LiDe,  on  the  27th  of  January  iBij.  He  bcgaJ)  his  musical 
(ludics  at  the  conservaloirc  at  Lille,  and  in  Paris  ailenijed  Ibe 
violiii  cUu<s  ol  Hibenctk.  For  several  yura  Lalo  led  a  modest 
and  retired  exiUelKe,  playing  the  viola  in  the  quailet  party 
organiaed  by  Armlngaud  artd  Jacquard,  and  in  composing 
clumber  music  His  early  works  include  two  Irioa,  a  quartet, 
and  several  pieces  for  vi<jin  and  fnanoforiep  In  jSij  he  took 
part  in'an  openlic  compclitioo,  an  opera  liom  his  pen,  entitled 
Fitiqut,  Dbtiiining  ifae  tbiid  place  out  of  lorty-lhree.  This 
work  »u  accepted  lor  production  al  the  Paris  Op(ra,  bul  delays 
occurred,  and  nothing  wu  done.  Fitiqut  wu  neit  oEleied  to  the 
TbUlre  de  la  Monnaie,  Snisselt,  and  wu  about  to  be  produced 
there  when  the  manager  hecirae  bankrupt.  Thus,  when  neatly 
fifty  years  of  age,  Lain  found  hlinsrit  in  difficulties.  Fiaqu 
wu  never  peiibnned,  hut  the  composer  published  the  pianoforte 
Kore.and  eventually  employed  someol  the  music  in  other  works. 
After  Ihe  Fr^co-Cetman  war  French  campoaert  found  Iheii 
opponunily  in  the  concert-room.  Lalo  was  one  of  these,  and 
during  the  succeeding  ten  years  several  inleieltini  woiks  frob 
his  pen  wen  produced,  among  them  a  sonata  for  violoncello,  a 

SjmphinU  Elpstnolt  lor  violin  and  orchestra,  one  of  his  best- 
known  compositions.  In  ibe  meanwhile  he  had  written  a  second 
opera,  Lt  Rsi  fYi,  which  be  hoped  would  be  produced  al  the 
Optra.  The  adminialralion  ofleicd  bim  Ihe  "sceouio"  of  a 
ballet  instead.  Lalo  wu  obliged  to  be  tonlenl  with  this,  and 
act  to  work  with  so  much  energy  that  he  [ell  HI,  the  lul  scenes 
of  the  ballet  being  orchestrated  by  Goimod.  Namtuna,  the 
Inilet  in  question,  was  produced  *t  ihe  Optra  in  1S81.  5ii 
years  later,  on  the  71b  of  May  1S8S,  Le  Rii  iTYi  wu  brought 
out  at  the  Opin  Comique,  and  Lalo  wu  at  last  enabled  to  tute 
(he  sweeta  of  success  Unfortunately,  fame  came  to  bim  too 
late  in  life  A  pianoforte  concerto  and  Ihe  musip  (a  Nlrim,  a 
pantomimic  piece  played  a(  Ihe  Hii^wdrome  In  rS9i,Were  bis 
tasL  two  works.  He  had  begun  &  new  c^era,  hut  had  only 
written  (he  hist  act  when,  on  the  23rd  ol  April  iSgi,  he  died. 
Thb  open.  Lc  Jtcfacfii,  wn  hniabed  by  Arthur  Coqaud,  and 
*u  i^oduced  in  1845  U  Monte  Carlo,  Aii-lo-BainB  ud 
GuOjr  in  Pun.    Lalo  bad  distinct  ociginalily,  disceniibit  in  bii 


employment  of  cuitoiu  rhrthmic  devkCL    Sb  mtuia  I*  Vim 

U  IIASDALQIA.  m  island  1)  hl  from  the  N.K  cout  <d 

Sardinia.  Pop.  (i0orj  G361.  Kapaleon  bombarded  it  in  174J 
without  success,  and  Nelson  made  it  his  headquarters  for  sckh 
time.  It  it  now  an  Important  naval  station  of  the  Italian  flrel, 
(he  andwiage  being  good,  and  Is  strongly  loni&td.  A  bfidgt 
and  an  embankment  coiuiect  il  with  CapienL  It  ippean  to 
have  been  inhabited  In  Roman  tiowL 

LkM  AiSM,  a  system  of  doctrine  partly  religious,  partly  poUlicaL 
Religiously  it  is  tbe  corrupt  form  of  Buddhism  prevalent  in  Tibet 
and  Mongolia.  ItstandsinarcUtionship  to  primitive  Buddhism 
similar  to  that  in  which  Roman  Catholicism,  10  loog  >*  the 
temporal  power  of  the  pope  wu  still  in  euiltnce,  stood  to 
primitive  Christlanily.  Tbe  ethical  and  metaphysical  ideas 
most  coupicuoua  in  the  docliincs  of  Llmtlun  are  not  Donfined 
lo  the  highlands  of  central  Asia,  they  are  accepted  in  great 
measure  also  in  Japan  and  China.  It  is  the  union  of  these  ideas 
with  a  hierarchical  system,  and  with  (he  temporal  aoveriignty 
of  the  head  of  that  system  in  Tibet,  which  eonsiituies  what  is 
distinctively  understood  by  the  term  Llmiiso.  Limtlso) 
hu  acquired  a  ^Mciil  interest  la  Ihe  itnitent  of  ooinparaijve 
history  through  the  instructive  patalld  which  ila  history  present! 
ID  that  of  the  Church  of  Rome. 

Tbe  central  pcant  of  primitive  Buddhism  wu  the  doclrint 
"       system  of  ethical  and  menial  self-cultiit^ 


and  sorrows  of  Eie  in  a  change  of  heart  te  be  reached  ii_^ 
here  an  eartb.  This  doctrine  seems  10  have  been  tn^' 
held  very  neatly  in  its  origirul  purity  from  the  time 
when  it  wu  propounded  by  Cotama  in  the  Ath  century  B.C. 
to  the  period  in  which  northern  India  wu  conquered  by  the 
Hunsaboullhecommcncemcnt  of  tbe  Christian  era.  Soon  alter 
that  time  there  arose  a  school  of  Buddhist  leicheis  who  called 
thelrdoctrincihe"  Great  Vehicle."  It  was  not  in  any  con  I  ladic- 
tion  tothe  older  doctrine,  which  they  contempluDusly  called  iba 
"  Little  Vehicle,"  but  included  it  alt,  and  wu  based  upon  iu 
The  distinguishing  chuactcristic  of  the  newer  school  wu  the 
impoitanu  whicb  il  attached  lo  "  Bodhisalship."  Tbe  older 
school  bad  taught  that  Gotama,  who  had  propounded  the  doctrine 
of  Arabaiship,  wu  a  Buddha,  ihat  only  a  Buddha  is  capablt 
of  discovering  that  doctrine,  ajjd  that  a  Buddha  is  a  isbd  who 
by  seli^lenylng  cSoris,  continued  through  masy  huadnds  of 
diSereni  bitths.  has  acquired  Ihe  soi^lled  Ttn  PsiamSlii  a 
carding  virtues  In  such  perfection  ihat  he  is  able,  when  sin  and 
ignorance  have  gained  the  upper  band  throughout  the  world, 
lo  save  the  human  race  from  impending  ruio.  But  until  tbe 
process  ol  perleciioa  has  been  completed,  anlil  the  moment 
when  al  last  the  sage,  silting  under  the  Wisdom  tree  acquires 
that  particular  itui^l  or  wisdom  which  is  called  Enligblenoient 
DrBuddhabDad,hei>itillonlyaBadhisaL  The  Imk  of  conBeiioo 
between  the  various  Bodhisals  in  (he  future  Buddha's  successive 
births  is  not  a  soul  which  is  Itansferred  from  body  to  body, 
but  the  htrma,  or  character,  which  eath  sjccestivt  Bodhisat 

Now  (he  tJder  school  also  held,  bi  the  Ent  place,  that,  when  • 
mw  had,  in  this  tile,  attained  to  Atahaiship,  his  karma  would 
Jtol  pass  on  to  any  other  individual  in  another  lite — or  in  olber 
worda,  that  after  Arabatship  there  would  be  no  lebirtb;  and, 
secondly,  that  four  thousand  years  alter  Ihe  Buddha  bad  pro- 
claimed the  Dhamma  or  doctrine  of  Arahalsbip,  his  (caching 
would  have  died  awiy,  and  auothir  Buddha  would  be  required  10 
bring  mankind  once  Bum  to  a  knowledge  of  the  truth.  Th« 
leaders  of  tbe  Great  Vchii^le  urged  (heir  followeta  (0  seek  (o 
attain,  not  so  much  to  Arahauhip,  which  would  involve  only 
their  own  salvation,  but  to  Bodbiaatship,  by  Ibe  attainment  ol 
wfaicb  (hey  would  be  conferring  the  blcasings  ol  Ibe  Dhamma 
upoa  countless  multitndes  in  the  long  ages  of  Ibe  future.  Bj 
thus  laying  stress  iipoti  Bodhisatshlp,  rather  than  upon  Arabat- 
ship, the  new  school,  though  they  doubtless  merely  tbot«ht 
Iheondvea  to  he  csnyinrlhe  idder  arthodDi  dactriBei  lo  their 
kvcal  toodwiioii,  wen  ically  cbvigiDg  tbe  caniral  poiot  o| 


lAmaism 


M  tf urios  tha  OiwtloD  or  tlnb  mdUI  Tfilon . 
i(  mini  DO  avu  ilut  lb>)i  uUtend  laotbet  (MpacM  In  tbe  nuin 
10  tba  oMr  teubias,  tint  thty  pcafgaad  U  beld  to  the  itne 
Mbkd  il-ittm,  Ihtt  they  ■dfancd,  nnpt  in  a  Itw  vnbnporUDt 
iltlailt.totbsoMRguhliaiiBoftbcMdefoftkeBoddUHiMndi- 
dmtredaui.  TheiiiieBt boofa, pmmred ja tha PtU Pilahu, 
haag  nuliil/  occnplHl  trllh  the  deUIh  at  AnhaUhlp.  lo*t  tbeir 
oKlulva  *ilDe  io  the  i^ff  ot  iIhh  vhOH  uteDtlm  wu  bang 
dinctedtalhadatafllofBodliiHtihip.  And  the  a^aloa  that 
evei7  levjer  bi  theiiTdijInu  dido,  tvtrr  taebei  dhdngiiiibed 
unang  tbem  fat  Ui  Bndity  of  life,  or  Im  hit  exten^ve  kming, 
WIS  ■  BadUiat,  who  mlfbt  have  and  who  pnbiblr  hid  inbnited 
Lbe  kaima  of  nrae  peat  teacher  of  old,  opened  the  door  to  a 
Bood  of  HipentltkHU  fUKla. 

li  a  wonhy  of  note  that  the  new  Khool  f oimd  tti  enliat 
profeMon  ud  itf  inHeM  cxpoaciden  In  apart  g{  India  outside 
tbadiOilcH  to  whkh  the  fwnoiMl  taRytBtcat  Goiama  and  <d  fail 
inowdiMa  Mkywat  bad  been  cratoed.  The  h«iK  of  eiriy 
BuddhUB  «a>  i«<md  about  Soaali  and  Uagidhai  in  the 
f,  notth  and  Mtuth  of  tba  Cangei  between 
d  RaJRJr  OB  Ibe  east 


«/M. 


.  1  people  I 


:,  which  th« 

forth,  was  written,  end  bu  bMn  prcwrvtd,  In  Suukrii— tli 
pnaefpal  books  tH  Dlurm*,  or  doctrine,  being  the  faUcwing  nine: 
(i)  er^na-piramili,  (i)  Ctifia^PjMt;  (j)  Data-tMlmii^iara; 
(4}  StmUii-raja;  (s>  LanlOtaUn;  (6>  Stiikaima-fi'iiaia* ; 
(7I  Talkat^m-i^yala;  (8)  IMOa-titlarai  (^)  SMKrti-trstkisit. 
Tho  date  of  none  ol  Iheu  woifca  la  known  witb  any  cetlxinly, 
hot  It  is  U^y  jmptobabta  thai  asyooaol  ihero  h  older  ibin  tbe 
fith  centory  alter  the  death  of  Gatama.  Coptei  of  all  of  ihem 
w«n  hnoght  to  Earope  by  Mr  B.  U.  Hod^a,  and  other  copies 
have  been  ncdnd  alnca  thesi  but  only  one  ol  them  has  as 
y««  been  publiabid  in  Eatops  (the  Ltlila  Viilara,  edited  by 
Lofmana),  and  only  two  hare  been  traDslated  into  any  Euiopean 
bnguge.  These  are  the  £<]<ifo  ViOara,  iraiDlattd  into  French, 
ihno^  the  Tibetan,  by  M,  Poucau.  and  Che  Saddiama 
Faf^rtta,  tianslsled  into  English  by  PrDfeuoc  Kem.  The 
fornerislegesdaiy  work,  partly  in  vent,  on  the  life  of  Cotami, 
the  historical  Buddha;  and  the  latter,  alw  partly  in  venc, 
it  devoted  to  praving  (he  essential  identity  ol  the  Oteatand  the 
LittU  Vehleks,  and  the  eqaal  antbcntidly  of  both  a*  doctrines 
ennnciated  by  the  master  hiniselt. 

Of  tlic  authors  of  these  idne  works,  ai  of  all  the  oldn  Buddhist 
works  with  one  or  two  excepciocs,  nothing  has  been  ascertained. 
He  louodti  of  the  system  of  the  Great  Vehicle  b,  however, 
often  refeued  to  under  the  name  of  Nlggijuiu,  whose  probable 
date  Is  abeni  ikn.  sea 

Together  with  NIgtrfina,  otlm  early  teachen  of  the  Great 
Vehicle  wboae  namta  ace  kwwn  are  Vasunitta,  VianbaBdhn, 
Aiyadava,  Dhanaaplia  and  Ganamatl— all  nf  vhoas  wue 
loakad  1901  aa  Bodhlaata.  As  the  arwia  sdwd  did  not  venture 
so  Eat  as  to  dalm  as  Bodhbata  the  dlicM**  ^"^  >■  '^  •'■'*' 
boofca  to  have  been  the  tentampnsile*  of  CoUaia  (tlmy  being 
pRcbdy  the  pcnons  hnown  aa  Anhats),  they  attamptad  to 
(iva  tbe  appesramz  of  ^e  to  the  Bodhbat  theary  by  npRSenting 
the  Buddha  as  bdng  lamandod,  not  only  by  bb  hwnan  con- 
paaioDS  &a  Anhats,  but  also  by  (abuloui  beings,  whom  they 
Rpnsentad  as  the  Bodhisats  e^tOat  al  that  tbe.  In  the 
opening  wud*  of  each  ItahlyiBa  tfiatba  a  Uu  U  given  of  iDch 
BodUntt,  who  wa«  baglaiilDg,  tacnl>«  *<tb  the  Ustoiical 
-    ■■■    -      '  -Q  tbs  Buddhist  eborch     ' 


of  tbo  UMery  of  Cbiisttaoity  in  the  Chuth  nl 
.nd  these  lilts  of  tabukuf  BodUsatshavs  now>  diHioci 
importance.    For  they  grow  in  length  in  the  later 


nd  It  is  often  posalhle  by  comparing  them  oi 


r  with 


booksin  ,  _._.. 

fiom  the  shortness  of  the  list  In  the  opening  words  oF  the  LaJita 
Ktitero,  as  compared  wllb  that  in  the  first  seclioni  of  the  Sai- 
dkanma  PmfoAlia,  that  the  latter  work  Is  much  the  younger 
of  the  two,  a  conclusion  soppoited  aba  by  other  consldcrstioni. 
AmongtheBodhlnumentlonRlmtheSaiM^iBa  J*av^plta, 
and  not  mentioned  in  the  Lalila  Vutara,  »  atteitdint  on  ibe 
Buddha  are  Manlu-M  ukI  Avilokllcivaia  That  these  saints 
•ere  already  adiBOiriedgtd  by  the  fnlkmeta  of  the  Great  Vehicle 
at  the  beginning  of  the  jth  eenluiy  Is  clear  from  llie  (act  that 
Fa  HIcB,  iriw  vUted  India  about  that  time,  says  that  "  men 
trf  the  Great  Vehicle  "  were  then  worshipping  them  it  Mathura, 
not  Car  from  Ddhi  (F  K.,  chap,  irl.).  These  were  supposed  to 
be  celetlul  beings  who,  inspired  by  love  ol  the  hnmin  rice, 
bad  taken  the  so-called  Great  Resolve  Io  beceme  future  Buddbas, 
and  who  Iherelrin  descended  from  heaven  wfaea  Ibe  actual 
Buddha  wis  on  earth,  to  pay  reverence  Io  him,  and  to  learn 
of  bin.  The  belief  in  tbcm  probably  Bn»e  out  of  the  doctrine 
of  the  older  school,  which  did  not  deny  the  eriitence  of  tha 
various  creations  o(  previous  mythology  and  Bpecolation,  but 
allowed  <^  their  actual  eiistence  as  s[^iiiual  being;,  and  only 
deprived  them  of  all  power  over  the  lives  cf  men,  snd  declared 
Ihem  10  be  lemporary  beings  liable,  like  men,  to  sin  and  igaor- 
Boce,  and  reqoirlng,  like  men,  tlte  lalvaiion  of  ArahatshqL 
Among  tbem  the  later  Buddhtsls  snm  to  have  placed  their 


BodfcisatS)  and  to  ha 
MaB)u.JrI  at  the  petsonihcation  of  wisdom,  and  to  Avaloklle- 
iwara  as  the  penonitcstioa  of  overruling  love.  The  former 
was  afterwanb  tdentUed  with  the  mythical  fint  Boddhlst 
mls^eaiary,  wbo  1)  nippoied  to  have  intndnced  dvlKzation 
into  Tibet  about  two  hundied  and  fifty  yean  alter  the  death  of 
the  Buddha. 

The  way  was  now  open  to  a  rapid  laQ  from  the  simpBdty 
of  early  Buddhliin,  in  which  men's  attention  was  dbecled 
to  the  various  parts  of  the  system  oi  self-culture, 
to  a  bdlet  in  a  whole  pantheon  of  saints  or  angels,  '^^^ 
which  appealed  more  strongly  to  the  balf-civiliied 
races  among  whom  the  Great  Vehicle  was  now  pro- 
fessed. A  themy  spnog  up  which  was  supposed  to  eiplaifl 
Che  marveUoua  powera  ol  the  Buddhas  by  representing  tliem 
as  only  the  outward  appearance,  the  reflection,  as  ll  were,  or 
emanation,  of  ethereal  Buddhas  dweliing  in  the  skies.  These 
were  called  Dtytni  BuJdliti,  and  their  number  was  lUpposed 
10  be.  like  that  □(  the  Boddhis,  innntnefable.  Only  five  ot 
them,  however,  occupied  any  apace  in  the  qcculative  world 
in  Which  the  Ideas  of  the  later  Buddhists  had  now  began  ta 
move.  But,  being  Buddhas,  they  were  supposed  to  have  Ibeii 
Bodhluti;  and  thus  out  of  Ibe  five  last  Buddhas  of  the  earlis 
leachlog  there  grew  up  five  mystic  trinhiea,  aadi  group  coa- 
sitting  of  one  ol  these  fire  Buddbai,  Us  prototype  in  heaven 
the  Dhylni  Buddha,  and  hit  celcstUl  Bodhiiat.  Among  tbesa 
bypoiheiica]  beings,  the  cttatloat  of  a  tfckly  schojaslicism,' 
hoDow  ibslnciions  without  life  or  reality,  the  paitknlar  trinity 
in  which  the  historical  Gotama  was  as^goed  a  aubordlnale 
p1ac«  naturally  occupied  the  most  exalted  rank.  Amitlbha, 
the  Dbydni-Suddhaof  this  trinity,  loon  began  to  fill  the  largest 
place  in  the  minds  of  Ihc  new  bchool;  and  Avaloklletwan, 
bis  Bodhfsat,  was  looked  upon  with  a  nvnence  somewhat  less 
than  his  former  glory.  II  Is  needless  to  add  that,  under  the 
overpowering  Induenca  ol  these  vain  Imaginations,  the  earnest 
moral  teachings  of  Gotama  became  more  and  mon  hidden  from 
view.  The  imaglnaiy  aainls  grew  and  9aarilbed.  Each  new 
creatfon,  each  cww  step  In  the  tibeory,  demanded  anolfaer, 
until  the  iid»Ie  sky  was  filled  with  forgeries  oi  the  bnin,  and 
the  Dobler  and  simpler  icnoni  ol  ibe  founder  of  the  rdiglon 
were  bidden  beneath  the  gUlleting  stream  of  metaplQ'Sitd 
subtleties. 

Still  worse  results  followed  cm  Ibe  change  ot  Ibe  eaitier  point 
ot  view.  Theacuteminds  of  the  Buddhist  paadits.  ru  kniget 
occupIiHl  with  tbe  practical  leasoni  dI  Aiabalaliip,  turaad  theli 


98 


LAMAISM 


Utcotioo,  u  far  u  [t  wu  not  enfitwl  apon  Ibcir  hicruchy 
of  mythoiofiul  btingt.  lo  queauotu  of  meuphyiicil  ipauUlion, 
niiich,  In  ibc  cacUcji  Euddlusio,  ut  not  only  diicounsed 
but  FoibiddeD.  Wc  £ad  long  iiatuei  on  ihc  niturc  o[  being, 
idealistic  dtumi  wbich  have  u  litlle  la  do  wiih  the  Bodbiuuhip 
that  Is  tonreiocd  wiih  the  ulvalion  oi  ihr  world  u  wiib  the 
Anhitsliip  Lbat  u  coDcemed  with  lb«  peifeci  hie  Only  one 
lowet  slep  was  possible,  and  ibat  »u  doi  long  10  being  tiken. 
The  animism  common  alike  to  ibc  natlughl  Huns  and  M  thut 
Hindu  conqueton,  but  condemned  in  caily  Buddfaiun,  »u 
allowed  to  revive  As  the  ilronger  side  oT  GoLama^  teaching 
was  neglected^  the  debasing  belief  in  ntes  and  cercmoniea, 
and  charms  and  incantations,  which  had  been  the  eipecial  object 
of  his  Bcora,  began  to  spread  like  tlie  Bliaoa  weed  wanned 


narsh  and  muddy  soil 


the  eipiilsion  of  Buddtiijm,  the  degrading 
and  hU  diuky  brid«  hod  been  incotporued  into  Hmduam 
from  the  uvage  devil  wonhip  dI  Atyaa  and  of  noa-Aryan 
tribe).  M.  as  ptue  Buddhism  died  away  in  the  north,  the  TaiU'i 
aysieiD.  a  miiluie  ol  magic  and  wiichoaft  and  toicery,  was' 
incDiporated  mto  the  ODtiupted  Buddhism. 

Th«  loundei  of  thi)  tysum  teems  to  bavB  baco  Aianfa.  an 

Influenlial  monk  of  Pethl»at,  who  wrote  the  Cnt  mt-book  of 

tbe  creed,  the  YeiMciiia  BhimI  Siilra,  in  tlie  «th 

?f._       cenluiy  a-d.    Hsun  Taang,  who  tiavcUed  in  the  first 

ic  7th,  found  the  monaitery  where  Asanga  bad 


at  deileiity 


lived 


le  the  t 


Saivite  gods  oi  devil^  both'n 
heavens  of  the  then  prevalent  Budi 

Avalokiteivara.    He  thus  made  it  passible  fo 


n  the  inleiioi 
,  and  by  repreaenluig 
the  Buddha  and  of 
the  half-converted 
J  brought  oflecingB. 
and  even  bloody  oSerings.  to  these  more  congenial  shrines,  and 
while  their  praaical  belief  had  no  relation  at  all  to  the  Truth! 
or  the  Noble  Eightfold  Path,  but  busied  iuelf  almost  wholly 
with  obtaining  magic  powcn  (SUdlii),  by  meant  of  ma^c  phrasci 
IDiiroHi),  and  magic  circlet  {Jfop^ofa).  Atanga's  happy  idea 
bore  but  too  ample  fruit.  In  bis  own  conntiy  and  NcpU,  the 
new  wine,  sweet  and  lutciout  to  the  tatle  of  tavaga,  completely 
disquAfied  them  from  enjoyiag  any  puiei  drink;  and  now  in 
both  countries  Saiviua  it  sopttme,  and  Buddhltm  la  even  nomin- 
ally eatinct ,  eicept  in  tome  outlying  distiicu  of  NepU.  But  this 
full  eSect  hat  only  been  worked  out  in  the  lapse  of  ages;  the 
Tanlra  literature  has  also  bad  its  gtovth  and  its  devdupmtnt, 
and  some  unhappy  ichelar  ol  a  future  age  may  have  to  trace 
it>  loathsome  hiatory.  The  nauseout  taste  repelled  even  the 
tcU-tacrificing  industry  of  Burooui,  when  he  found  the  later 
Tanlra  booki  to  be  as  immoral  at  they  are  abiurd.  "Thepen." 
he  tayi,  "  refiuet  to  ttantcribe  doctrioet  u  miterable  in  respect 
of  foim  as  they  are  odioUJ  and  degrading  in  mpect  of  meaning." 

Such  had  been  the  decline  and  tall  of  Buddhism  considered 
as  an  ethical  system  before  ilt  inlrodnciion  into  Tibet.  The 
manner  in  BhichilKirder  of  ueDdicant  redusei,  at  first  founded 
to  afford  better  (Vportuaities  to  those  wbn  wished  to  carry 
out  that  system  in  practical  life,  developed  at  lail  into  a  hier- 
archical monarchy  will  beat  be  undentiMd  bf  a  sketch  of  tbe 
history  of  HbcL 

lu  real  history  comnunce*  with  Smng  Tsan  Gampo,  who 
was  bom  a  litlle  after  6oo  aj).,  and  who  is  lald  in  tbe  Chineie 
chronidca  to  liave  entectd,  in  £54,  into  diplomatic 
f^^^  rdatiiuuhip  with  Tai  Tsung,  one  of  the  empeiDtt  id 
irr-i  y  ihe  Tang  dynasty.  He  wta  the  founder  of  the  praent 
capital  «(  Tibet,  now  known  at  Uuua;  and  in  the 
year  6I)  (the  tame  year  at  that  in  ohich  Mahomet  fled  from 
Mecca)  he  began  the  formal  introduction  of  Buddhism  Into 
Tibet.  Fat  ihu  purpose  he  sent  the  minister  Thomi  Sambhota, 
aflcrwaida  hioked  upon  as  an  incarnation  of  MaRju-trl.  to  India, 
there  to  coUect  the  sacred  books,  and  to  lealn  and  tranilate  Ibtm. 


I-  a  10.  it^.  >ii. 


a  rdiw  Ckndnf,  edited  by  Rhya  Davids  and  Biuhell, 


Thumi  Sambbsta  acconUngly  iavantad  an  alphabet  for  tb* 
Tibetan  language  on  the  model  of  the  Indian  alphabelt  then  hi 
use.  And.  aided  by  the  king,  who  is  iqHetented  to  have  been 
an  induslrwus  student  and  translator,  he  wrote  the  firal  books 
by  which  Buddhism  becatue  known  in  his  native  land.  Tbe 
most  famous  ol  the  works  aacribed  Ui  him  is  the  Uani  Kambitm, 
''the  Mynad  of  Preoout  Wocdi " — •  lieatite chiefiy  on  religion, 
but  which  alto  contain*  an  account  of  the  intioduction  of 
Buddhism  mto  Tibet,  and  of  the  clotLng  part  ^  ibc  life  of  Srang 
Tsan  Gaoipo  He  n  also  very  probably  the  Bulbar  of  anatber 
very  ancient  itandard  work  of  Tibetan  BuddUtn,  the  Smalat, 
a  ikott  digest  of  Buddhist  noraUty,  on  which  the  d<ril  law*  of 
Tibet  have  bca  founded.  It  la  said  in  th<  tfaiii  JCa*i6M>  to 
have  Fatten  from  heaven  In  a  casket  (Tibetan,  niialfg),  and,  like 

King  Srong  Tsu  Gampo'a  leal  for  Bttddhlan  «•>  ahued 
and  supported  by  his  two  queen*.  Briba«in,«  prineew  fpw  Kq>U, 
and  Wen  Chii«.  a  prince**  frara  China.  Ttwy  ue  idaUd  to 
have  brought  with  them  tacred  r^ci,  booln  and  pictuea, 
for  whose  belter  ptetervatlon  two  large  BMmuteffe*  woe  neetcd. 
The*e  are  the  doiaten  of  L>  BiMg  (JokiiaBfl)  and  Sk  MochC, 
still,  though  much  chuwd  ^"^  calarged,  tin  meat  aacred  abbajs 
'   Tibet,  and  the  glory  ot  Lhaaa.    The  tiao  quecm  banbecoma 


Dtr4-Eii,  tbe  "  glorieu  mother*,"  being  ictaided 
tbe  wife  of  Sin,  raprcteatiBf  reqiecliveb' 
two  of  Ihe  qualities  which  ifae  penonlfits,  ifivke  vcofeaBne 
and  divine  love.  The  fanner  is  WDnhipped  by  tlM  UongoUaot 
as  OUi*  Toipi,  "  the  Viisin  Goddeta ";  but  in  Tibet  aod 
China  the  rAle  of  tbe  divine  virgin  ia  filled  by  Kmaa  Yim,  a 
pertoni&cation  of  Avalokiieivan  at  tbe  heavenly  ward,  wIm  ia 
oiten  tepremtcd  with  a  child  in  bar  armt.  Snng  Twa  Canpo 
bai  alto  bccoBc  a  uini,  being  lookol  tipon  aa  an  faicataatioB 
of  Avalokiteivaa:  and  the  dcacdlilion  in  t^  ecclcalattiBiI 
hiltoliani  of  Ihe  meaturci  be  took  for  Iba  wdfare  of  Ub  tubjectt 
do  great  credit  to  their  ideal  of  Ihe  ptifict  Buddhist  tdag.  He  ia 
said  to  have  qwnt  hla  loog  nign  in  tbe  buBding  of  nirrrnin. 
bridge  and  canab;  is  Iba  pnmollin  oi  agDOitture,  boiticuluiia 
and  manufactumi  in  the  eataUiduncot  ol  edioola  and  mHiyn 
and  in  the  mainienaiKe  ol  juttica  iDd  tbe  cncooiageaenl  at 
virtue.    But  the  degree  of  Ui  ancceat  muit  have  been  iGght. 

For  after  the  dealt)  oibiDMdf  and  ol  hit  wlvaBi 

ally  decayed,  and  waa  anbfeclcd  by  M 

penecutiona;  aod  it  waa  not  till  moi 

aflerwarda.  under  King  Kir  Song  da  Tita,  who  idgned  740-786, 

that  IruerellgiDaiaadtoowlcdgedby  tbeccdaiiai  '    "' 

to  have  become  Gtmly  eataUisbed  ia  Iba  land. 

Tills  BiaDarch  agaii  •   •■ 

that  had  been  kitt,  a 
them.    The  mat  dittbguiahed  oi 
were  UaUt  Rakabita,  ~    '       '     ' 
Slla.  for  Bbom.  and 

built  a  tplendid  monasteiy  ttill  ciiitlng,  t 
about  three  days'  jou  ' 

that  Ihe  Tlbelani  a< 

:ied  bn  , 

ing  6Hq  work*,  of  whidt  than  are  two  01 
three  complete  seta  in  Europe,  one  of  them  in  tha  India  Office 
library.  A  detailed  analyaia  of  these  loipturea  haa  been  pub- 
liihed  by  tlie  celebrated  Hungarian  achcjar  Caoma  de  KtMa, 
whose  aBlhodlalive  work  haa  been  repuhUaliBd  in  Etendi  with 
complete  Indices  and  very  useful  notes  by  U.  Uon  Sea.  Than 
volume*  "m^*^"  about  a  dozen  wgrkaof  the  oldest  acbool  of 
Buddhiaffl,  the  HIaaylna,  ami  jAoui  joo  wo^  nxtttly  my 
tbort,  beloagfng  to  the  Tanlra  aehod  But  Ibe  great  balk  id 
the  cidleciion  comiitt  ol  Hali^isa  boeka,  betonglag  10  all 
tbe  ptevioualy  exitting  ntietkaof  tlwt  widely  ancnded  Baddbitt 
teci:  and,  aa  tbe  Santkrii  oiigiaalt  el  many  of  iheae  wiUap 
lott,  Iba  TIbeiu  uutlatiou  will  be  of  gnUvtfn^ 


( 


99 


4  tntly  Willi  ibc  tlien  cmpcroT  af  Ctiiu  (ihc  twtlftb  of  ihc  Tui( 
dynutyj,  k  renrd  of  vhu:h  w^  co^raved  oa  «  atone  put  up  in 
tbe  abovc-nxDiioDed  fmt  convent  ot  La  B'arij  (JoLhang], 
lad  h  tua  U  be  Ken  there.'  He  ii  docribtd  ui  Ibc  chuich 
cftfonides  u  4D  incai utjon  of  the  evil  sp[ril,  juid  a  said  to  have 
(Dccecded  in  uippreuinf  Suddluim  thioughoul  the  grealei  part 
of  the  land.  The  period  from  Stong  Tsan  Campo  down  to  the 
death  of  Laiig  Daim*,  who  was  miiidered  about  A.a.  S50,  in  a 
is  oiled  in  the  Buddhist  boolu  "  the  fintinLTodi 


It  w 


ifoUon 


dbyn, 


lury  oi  r 


have  lived  In  these  troublous  timn,  and  thcii  eSorli  were  ai 
last  crowned  with  success,  for  in  the  century  commeociDi  »ith 
the  rflgn  of  Bltam^ur  in  g^i  there  took  place  *'  the  second 
iDlroduciion  of  religion  "  into  libel,  more  especially  undct  the 
fudance  ol  the  pandit  Atliha,  who  came  to  Tibet  ui  1041,  and 
of  bis  ramout  native  pupil  and  fdloKei  Brum  Ston.  The  long 
period  of  depreuioD  leenu  not  to  have  bean  witlwut  a  btneficial 
iofiuence  on  the  persecuted  BuddbisI  church,  [or  these  teachers 
are  reported  to  have  placed  (he  Tsnlra  system  more  in  the 
backgroand,  ind  to  have  adhered  more  strongly  to  the  purer 
forms  ol  (he  Mahlylna  developraent  oF  the  ancient  lajih. 
,  Par  about  three  hundred  yean  the  Buddhist  church  of  Tibet 
•aa  left  m  peace,  subjecting  the  country  more  and  mote  com- 
-^  ptelely  to  its  control,  and  growing 


victory,  and  ui 


t  important  cliange  in 

After  the  reintrodjc- 

into  the  "luBgdoiu  of  snow,"  the 


verediu 


.    Its  re 


t  the 


country  was  practically  rtry  much  in  (he  condition  of  Cei 
■(  about  (he  same  time — chieftaini  of  almost  independent  power 
ruled  from  their  cisiles  on  the  hUl-lops  ever  the  (djictnt  valleyi. 
engaged  in  petty  wars,  cxid  conducted  plundering  cipedilians 
against  the  neighbouring  tenants,  whilst  the  great  ■bheys  were 
places  of  refuge  for  the  studious  or  religious,  and  their  heads  were 
the  only  rivals  to  the  barons  in  social  slate,  and  in  many  respects 
Ibe  only  protecton  and  friends  of  the  people.  Meanwhile 
Jenghii  Khtn  had  founded  [he  Mongol  empire,  and  bii  grandson 
Koblai  Khan  became  ■  convert  to  the  Buddhism  of  the  Tibetan 
Limas.  He  granted  to  the  abbot  of  ihe  Sakya  monasleiy  in 
southern  Tibet  the  title  of  tributary  sovereign  of  the  country, 
head  of  the  Buddhist  church,  and  overlord  over  the  numerous 
barons  and  abbots,  and  in  return  was  officially  crowned  by  the 
abbot  aa  lulu  over  (he  ei(enslve  domain  of  the  Mongol  empire. 
Thus  was  the  fonndadnn  laid  a[  one  and  the  same  time  of  the 
temporal  sovereignty  of  the  Llmas  of  Tibet,  and  of  the  suzerainty 
over  Tibet  of  the  emperors  of  Chhia.  One  of  the  first  acts  of  the 
■  head  of  the  church  "  was  (he  printing  of  a  carefully  revised 
edition  of  the  Tibetan  Scriptures — an  undertaking  which 
occulted  sltogetber  neatly  thirty  years  and  was  not  completed 

Under  KuUai'i  succesiora  in  China  the  Buddhist  cause 
Hauished  greatly,  and  Ihe  SUya  Llmas  extended  Ihclr  power 
both  at  home  and  abroad.  The  dignity  of  ihbot  at  53kya 
becanie  hereditary,  the  abbots  breaking  so  far  the  Buddhist 
rule  ol  celibacy  that  they  remained  m*nied  untQ  (hey  had 
begotten  a  lOH  and  heir.  But  rather  more  than  hall  a  century 
■ftemnls  titit  power  Wu  threatened  by  a  loimidable  rival 
41  home.  ■  BuddMst  refonncr. 

Twn^apa,  the  Luther  of  Tibet,  wu  bom  about  ijjjaathe 
■pot  when  the  bmoua  monastery  of  Kunbuni  nov  stands.  He 

vety  early  entered  the  order,  juid  slvdied  at  Slkya, 
2i—  Btigung  and  other  monasteries.  He  then  spent  eighi 
•f  r»M      yara  as  a  hermit  in  Takpo  in  southern  Tibet,  where 

the  comparatively  purer  teaching  of  Adsha  (referred  to 
abffve)  was  itiU  prevalent.     About  1390  he  appeam!  as  a  public 
>  Publiibed  with  (aaiinile  and  (ransIatioD  and  iwtca  ui  th*  Jsonut 
>f  «(  it0)«f  4fWt  SscMy  (or  i87»'iasa,  Vol.  in. 


teacher  and  reformer  fn  Lhasa,  and  before  Us  death  in  1419 
theie  were  (hree  huge  mooastciies  there  containing  jo.oco  of  his 
disciples,  besides  oiben  in  other  parti  of  the  country.  His 
voluminous  works,  of  which  the  most  famous  are  the  Sumtnin 
and  the  Lam  Nim  Tikenpo,  exist  in  printed  Tibetan  copies  in 
£urope,  but  have  not  yet  been  translated  or  analysed.  But 
the  principal  lines  on  which  his  reformation  proceeded  ate 
lufficicnily  attested.  He  insisitd  in  the  first  place  on  the 
complete  carrying  out  of  the  ancient  rules  of  the  order  as  to  the 
celibacy  of  its  memben,  and  as  to  simplicity  in  dress.  One 
result  ol  Ihe  second  of  ihoe  two  tefotins  was  to  make  it  Decessaiy 
for  every  mook  openly  to  decbie  himself  either  in  favour  of  or 
ogaiosl  the  new  vi^ws.  For  Tsongkapa  and  his  foUowers  wore 
the  yellow  or  orange-coloured  larmcnts  which  hid  been  Ihe 
distinguishing  mark  of  \ht  order  In  the  lifetime  of  its  founder, 
and  in  support  ol  the  ancient  ruia  Tsongkapa  reinstated  the 
fortnightly  rehearsal  of  the  PHimcUkii  or  "  disburdcnmenl  " 
in  regular  assemblies  of  the  order  ai  Lhasa — a  practice  which 
had  fallen  Into  desuetude.  He  also  restored  the  custom  ol  the 
first  disciples  to  hold  the  iiMalled  Kojja  or  yearly  redrement, 
and  the  puJic  meeting  Of  the  ardetai  its  close.  In  all  these 
respects  he  wai  simply  following  the  directions  of  (he  Vlnaya, 
or  regulations  of  the  order,  as  established  probably  in  the  lime 
of  CoUma  himself,  and  as  certainly  handed  down  from  iht 
earliest  times  in  the  [ntakas  or  sacred  books.  Further,  he  set 
Ills  lace  against  the  Tantrs  ' 


e  laid  St 


naya,  but 


h  bad  b 


sell-cultun 


1  altowe 


volve< 


It  ot  Ihe  1 


nOari 


Mid  during  the  first  days  of 
linly  mode 


rdbyA 


id  other 


■ry  fifth  year.  Laymen  i! 
(s  monks  take  part  In  the  proceedings,  the  details  of  which  are 
unknown  la  us  eicept  from  the  accounts  of  the  Catholic  mission- 
aries—Fathen   Hue  and   Cabet— who  describe  the  principal 

high  mass.  In  doctrine  the  great  Tibetan  teacher,  who  bad  no 
access  to  the  >^  Piukas,  adhered  in  the  main  10  the  purer 
forms  of  the  Mahiylna  school;  in  questions  of  church  govern- 
ment he  look  h'ttle  part, and  did  not  dispute  the  titular  supremacy 
of  the  Slkya  Limas.  But  Ih(  eSecIs  of  his  teaching  weakened 
their  power.  The  "  orange-hoods,"  as  his  (ollowen  were  called, 
rapidly  gained  in  numben  and  influence,  until  they  so  over- 
shadowed the  "  nd-boods,"  as  the  followers  of  the  older  sect 
were  called,  that  in  the  middle  of  the  I5tb  century  the  emperor 
of  China  acknowledged  the  two  leaden  of  the  new  sect  at  that 
lime  as  the  tl(ular  overlords  of  the  church  and  ttihutary  nilcri 
over  the  realm  ol  Tibet.  These  two  leaders  were  then  knawq 
as  the  Dalai  Lima  and  (be  Paaisktn  Umo,  and  were  the  abbots 
of  (he  great  monasteries  at  Gedun  Dubpa,  neai  Lhasa,  irKl  at 
Tashl  Lunpo,  in  Farther  'nbct,  respectively.  Since  that  time 
the  abbots  of  these  monasteries  have  continued  to  eierdse  th« 

As  then  has  been  no  further  change  in  the  doctrine,  and  no 
further  reformation  in  (Ssciptine,  we  may  leave  the  ecclesiastical 

eoaddei'iomeprincipalpoinlsonthtconslitotionofihe  £J3^" 
LtmllaiD'Of  tiwlay.  And  first  as  10  the  mode  of  r,  iwirrnr 
Meeting  ittccesian  to  the  two  Great  Llmai.  It  will 
have  beoB  notked  that  it  wis  u  old  idea  of  the  northern 
Buddhists  to  look  upon  dlMingoUKd  memben  of  the  order  ■» 
jncamattan  of  AvalokiteSvara,  of  HiBJu-irf,  or  of  Amrtlbhc 
Thcle  bdngi  wera  mppoaed  to  possess  the  power,  whilst  they 
continued  to  Ihw  in  bMven,  of  appearing  bn  eUth  in  a  NirmttU' 
,t4«,  or  apparitiooal  body.  In  the  same  way  tlie  Pantshen  Lma 
is  looked  upon  as  an  incarnation,  the  NinnJLna-kgya,  of  Amittbha. 
who  bad  previously  appeared  under  the  outward  foim  oi 
Tshoakapa  hlmaelf;  and  the  Dalai  Lima  ii  looked  upon  a*  an 
incimatlon  -  of  Andokltclvm.  Tbeoretiolly,  therefore,  tha 
former,  as  the  spiritual  successor  of  the  grut  teacher  and  also  ol 


LAMALOU-LES-BAINS— LAMAR 


lOO 

Amiubha,  who  occu|ria  ibit  higbn  t^a  in  tfae  mytbokv]'  of  itu 
Cicat  V(hide,  Would  b«  tupcdoi  to  Ibe  Iitlci,  u  tbc  )pmtuii1 
tcprcMDUlive  of  AvaloklleSvaci.  But  pnctiaiiy  the  DaUi 
Lima,  oving  to  his  poutJos  is  the  capital,'  has  the  poHlical 
tupicmacy,  and  il  aclualty  called  the  Cyal^  Xiii/gfiile,  "  the 
glarious  Lizig " — his  compamon  being  content  vith  the  title 
PanliluK  Rinpolihe,  "  the  glDiioui  IcichK."  When  nthei  ^ 
Ihem  dies  it  is  ncctssaty  for  lie  other  to  aictrtain  ia  whoM  body 
IhE  celestial  being  whose  oulHiid  {orm  has  been  dissolved  hu 
been  pleastd  again  to  incarnate  himself.  For  Ibit  purpose  the 
names  of  all  male  chililn:n  bom  just  atiet  the  death  of  the 
deceased  Gieal  Lima  are  laid  befoct  his  survlvoi.  He  chooses 
Ihiee  out  of  the  whole  number;  their  names  are  Ihroim  into  ■ 
golden  Cijkel  provided  for  that  purpose  by  ■  former  emperor  of 
China.  The  Chulutaus,  o^  abbols  of  the  great  monasteriu,  then 
usemble,  and  ifler  a  week  of  prayer,  (he  bis  are  drawn  in  their 
presence  and  in  presence  of  the  luiviving  Great  Lima  and  of  the 
Chinese  political  Tesidcnt.  The  child  whose  name  is  Gnl  drawn  is 
the  future  Gteat  Lima;  the  other  two  receive  each  o[  them  500 
pieces  of  silver.  The  Chuluktus  just  meniioned  correspond  iii 
many  raped!  to  the  Roman  cardinals.  Lilie  the  Great  Liaai, 
(bey  bear  the  title  of  Rinpotslie  or  Glorious,  and  ue  looked  upon 
•}  incarnalions  of  one  or  other  of  the  celestial  Bodbisati  ol  the 
Great  Vehicle  mylbology.  Their  number  varies  from  ten  to  a 
hundred;  and  it  li  uncertain  whether  the  honour  is  inherent  in 
(he  abbacy  of  certain  of  the  greatest  cloisten,  or  whether  the  Dalai 
Lima  exercises  [he  right  of  choosing  (hem.  Under  these  high 
officials  at  (he  Tibelan  hierarchy  there  come  (fat  Chubil  Kbina, 
who  m  the  post  of  abbot  to  the  lesser  monasteries,  and  are  alto 
Incarnations.  Their  number  is  very  large;  there  aie  [ew  monas- 
tcrici  in  Tibet  or  in  Mongolia  which  do  not  claim  to  posseis  one  of 
these  living  Buddhas.  Bcsicles  these  mystical  persons  there  are  in 
(he  Tibetan  church  other  ranks  and  degrees,  correqionding  to  the 
deacon,  full  priest,  dun  ud  doctor  of  divinity  in  the  West.  At 
the  grea(  yearly  fcttival  a(  Lhasa  Ihey  make  in  the  cathedral  an 
tmposing  amy,  not  much  less  magnificent  than  that  of  (he  clergy 
in  Rome;  for  (be  ancient  simplicity  of  drtas  has  disapptnrtd  in 
■he  growing  differences  of  rank,  and  each  division  of  the  spiritual 
army  it  distinguished  in  Tibet,  as  in  the  West,  by  a  ^)ecial 
uniform.  The  political  authority  oi  the  Dalai  iJUna  is  can£ned 
(0  'Ilbe(  i(self,  but  he  Is  the  acknowledged  head  also  of  (lie 
Buddhist  church  tbionghout  Mongolia  and  China.  Hchasno 
(upremacy  over  his  ce-rellgioaists  in  Japan,  and  even  in  China 
tJiere  are  many  Buddhists  who  are  not  practically 
control  or  inSueacc. 

ThEbeit«arkonLtmliHoiEMiUKSppea'iZ>iiLoKiuehnKnin:iU< 
wii  Jtnt*i  (Berlin,  1859).  See  alio  Bitshcll,  "  The  Early  Hijtoiy  of 
Tibet."  in  [he/wnwJof  (i.  Royai  Aiialic  Sxirly.  iB79-i8«o,  voL 
dL;  Saltans  Setien's  Hiilgry  0/  l}n  Eait  Meniii  (in  Mnonillan. 
tnnilated  into  German  by  J,  SLhmidl.  Cutkicklt  itr  Ost-Mimieiin); 
"Analyae  du  I^ndjur,"  by  M.  L^on  Fecr,  in  AjtnaUt  dn  Mustt 
Ctimtt  ((SSi);  Scholt,  Vtbir  ten  BiMhismia  in  Hock-Ancn: 
CuuUr,  CnMiMu  ia  CUmiukin  Jbicta;  Koc  and  Gab«, 
Snmimn  tut  »>•»  Jvu  la  TitrtUsh  U  TiM,  A  la  Ckim 
U^aris,  lifS):  tttt^t  Samminxi  UiUnicliir  Natkriikitit  ahtr  t^ 
UatcliiclUn  VMrriJitJIni-.  BUhi  Saiat  Chundcr  Ebs's  "  Contti- 
bulionionihe  Religlm  and  HiKory  of  Tibet."  In  the  Jsunuf  s/lJIi 
Btntal  Aiialic  Smitly,  1881 ;  U  A.  Waddell,  TJit  BwUkism  0/ 
FiM  (London.  iSMf;  A.  H.  F™«kt  Hulnry  0/  Vom  Tihil 
(LortdoB.  1907)1  A.  Gnandcl.  Uylieltptilu  Bt^Usmiu  in  Tim 
amt  dtr  lIoMiM  (Btii\n,  1900).  (T.W.R.D.) 

UHAUU-lBS-BAtKt.  a  wa(triDg.fUce  of  southern  France 
ip  Ihe  department  ol  H^rauK,  sii  m.  W.  of  MontpcUiei  by  rail, 
in  a  valley  ol  the  southern  Civonneb  Pop.  (iQob)  Tta.  The 
watcn,  which  are  bf  ih  hot  and  c«ld,  arc  used  in  cuts  ol  Aca- 
au(i>m,  sciatica,  kKomolar  ataxy  and  nervous  m4ladi«i, 

LAIU-IIUO,  or  DOLON-Hoa,  a  city  of  the  piovince  of  Chih-li, 
China,  iSf>  m.  N.  ol  Peking,  in  a  bariea  sandy  ptain  mtered  by 
the  UitiagDl,  a  tributary  of  the  Shang-tu-fco.  The  lows  ptopa, 
.u  most  exclusively  occupied  by  Cbineie,  ia  about  a  mile  in  loiglh 
Bubriijitlal  and  hoRorlcal 
s  el  ManA  IqiD,  when  [he 
:  ia  India,  andol  loutj  when 
od  the  Dalai  LlmaSed  U 


lall  a  mile  in  breadth,  bos  narrow  and  dirty  street*,  uid  cod- 

s  a  population  of  about  26,000.     VnliLc  the  ordinary  Chinese 

n  of  the  same  rank,  it  is  not  walled.     A  busy  trade  is  carried 

>elwecn  the  Chinese  and  (he  Mongolians,  who  bring  In  IhciT 

le,  sheep,  camels,  hides  and  wool  to  barter  for  tea,  tobacco, 

on  and  silk.    At  some  distance  from  (be  Chituse  town  lies  the 

jgolian  quarter,  with  two 'groups  of  lama  temples  ftnd  villages 

ipied  by  about  ijoo  priests.     Dr  Williamson  (/ounuyi  lit 

Hifli  Ciina,  iS;o]  described  (he  chief  temple  as  a  huge  abk>ng 

luildlng  with  an  Interior  not  unlike  a  Gothic  church.    Lama- 

oiao  is  the  seat  of  a  manulacloiy  of  hionie  idols  asd  other 

Jticlcs  of  ritual,  which  find  thcii  way  to  all  parts  ol  Uongolia 

Jid  TibeU    The  craftsmen  work  in  their  own  houses. 

LAKAR,  LDCms  QUINTUS  nRClKKATOS  (iB^j-iSfj), 
Imeiicao  statesman  and  judge,  was  bom  at  the  old  "  Lamat 
Homestead,"  in  IHitnam  coupty,  Geor^,  on  tie  ijth  oS 
er  iSij.  His  father,  Lucius  SJ.  C.  Lamar  (iiqt-iBm), 
ible  lawyer,  a  judge  of  the  si^tior  caun  of  Georgia, 
and  the  compiler  of  the  Law$  d/  Gartia  Jrtm  iSio  la  iSig 
(iSii).  In  1845  young  Lsmar  graduated  from  Emoiy  College 
(Oxford,  Ga,),  and  in  1S41  was  admltled  Ig  the  bar.  In 
1S49  he  rerwved  to  Oxford,  Uitsissippi,  and  in  1850-1851 
Kas  adjunct  professor  ol  mathematics  in  (he  stau  unt- 
/ersiiy.  In  iSji  he  removed  to  Covington,  Ca-,  to  practise 
law,  and  in  iSfj  was  elected  a  member  of  Ihe  (Georgia  House  <4 
Representatives.  In  1SJ5  he  returned  to  Miasissiupi,  and  two 
yeara  later  became  a  member  ol  the  National  House  of  Bepre- 
sen(allves,  where  he  served  until  December  iMo,  when  he  with- 
drew to  become  a  candidate  for  election  to  the  "  iccfalon " 
convention  ol  Mississippi.     He  was  elected  to  the  cooventioB.and 

summer  of  iS6a  be  had  accepted  an  appointment  to  the  d. 

ethics  and  metaphyiics  in  the  university  of  Mississippi,  but. 

Army  in  the  spring  of  1861,  be  resigned  his  professorship.  The 
coloBfl  of  his  regiment  (Nineleentb  Mississipja)  was  killed  early 
in  the  battle  of  Williamsburg,  on  the  sth  of  May  iB6j,  and  the 
command  then  fell  to  Lamar,  hut  in  October  he  resigned  from 
tlie  army.  In  November  1S61  be  was  appointed  by  Proidenl 
Jeflerson  Davis  spcdal  comioissioQer  of  the  Confederaty  tO 
Russia;  but  ie  did  not  ptnceed  farther  tbau  Paris,  and  his 
mission  was  soon  terminated  by  the  tefusat  of  the  ConfedtTxte 

appointed  to  the  cbait  of  ethics  and  metaphysics  in  the  uni' 
vtrsily  of  Mississippi,  and  in  the  neityear  was  trajufened  to  the 
Chair  ol  law,  hut, in  1870.  Republicans  having  become  trustees 
of  the  university  upon  the  rcadmiiuoa  ol  the  sUte  bito  the 
Union,  he  rcagned.  From  187^  lo  187J  he  was  again  a  Demo- 
cratic representative  in  Congress;  from  1S77  to  iSg;  he  was  a 
United  Suies  senator;  from  1SS5  to  January  iSSS  be  was 
secretary  of  tlie  inlcrioii  and  from  i83S  until  his  death  at 
Macon,  Ga.,  00  the  ijrd  of  January  iB«j,  he  wu  aaasiodalc 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  Statf*.  In  Congress 
Lamar  fOught  the  silver  and  greenback  craie  and  argued  (brdbly 
against  the  protective  tariff;  in  the  department  of  the  interior 
he  introduced  various  lelqnns;  and  on  the  Snpmne  Court 
inioi)  in  the  Neaile  Cati  (based  vfian  • 
wen  bdonging  to  Congress,  but  oM 
jlication  vesl^  in  the  department  ol 
perhaps  best  known  for  the  part  he 


.    In  Ite 


bench  hi 

denial  that  certain 
eierdsed,  were  by 
iuslice)  b  bmous.     '. 

look  after  the  Civil  War  in'hclping  to  efTecl  a  recnndliatioB 
between  the  North  and  the  South.  During  the  nrlysecaxko 
movement  he  strove  to  arouse  the  while  people  of  (be  South 
from  their  IndiSerenca,  dedapng  that  secession  akiae  could  aavs 
them  from  a  doom  simitar  to  thai  of  ibt  fonner  wblui  ti  Sao 
Domingo.  He  probably  never  changed  hii  convictions  as  lo  (he 
righteousness  of  (he  "  los(  cause  ";  but  he  accepted  (he  reidl 
of  (he  war  as  a  final  se[tlement  of  IhediSertnces  leading  lo  il,  and 
strove  to  restore  the  Sou  th  in  th«  Union,  and  to  efltct  the  reunion 
oE  the  nation  in  feeling  as  well  as  in  gnvcrnmcnL  This  ia  in  jMit 
seen  from  such  speeches  as  bis  eukigy  on  Charles  Sumner  (iTth 
of  April  1874).  Us  ladersUp  in  reorgaafaug  the  DeiBDciMic 


LAMARCK 


putrofU*.) 

pcaidcntial  nnuua  ai  m 

Sc*  Edwinl  Mjiyo,  -Luc 
SfHciu  (NaAviUe.  Tciu^ 

UlUJtCK,  JEAN  UPnnS  FlUUtl  AnOIHB  DB 
■ONEL  CbevjUJEE  is  Isji^iSigl,  FrocIi  nalunlist,  wu 
bom  oa  Ibt  lat  ol  August  i;mi  't  Buui(iii,  i  vilbpi  of  Piciidy. 
He  wai  an  clcvcnUi  child^  Bod  lua  tvUicE,  lord  of  ihc  manor  and 
of  old  lunSy,  but  ol  linuled  meins,  kiving  placed  three  lont 
ia  IbeaEiiur.doliiwItbiaODifortlieciiuichiandieDl  bim  toihe 
Jciuili  U  Amieni,  tihen  be  omtiaued  till  hii  fathcHa  death. 
Mier  tbi)  be  would  remain  witb  tbe  Jcsuila  no  loDier,  and,  aal 
yel  Kventecn  yean  o{  itie,  itiited  (oi  tbe  HBI  ol  war  aj  Birgen- 
op-ZcoDi,  bcfoie  ubicb  place  ooe  oI  bii  bmlbets  bad  alieidy 
bixQ  ijlled.  Mounted  on  as  old  bDne,  nitb  a  boy  from  the 
viilage  aa  atlendant.  and  fiiintihed  by  a  Udy  vitb  a  letter  ot 
uiinxtuclioB  to  a  colonet,  Ik  reached  bii  deutuatioa  on  the 
eveniag  bclore  a  batik.  Next  mamizii  the  coloael  lound  that 
ttie  new  and  very  dinunutivft  volunteer  had  posted  himself  in 
iheffont  ranltof  abody  9f  grenadien,  and  could  not  be  induced 
to  quit  tlie  position.  In  the  bailie,  the  company  nhicb  tie  bad 
joined  became  eapwd  io  the  £ie  of  the  enemy'i  arliUecy,  and 
in  the  confusion  ol  relreat  was  (oigotten.  AH  the  oSccn  and 
subal  terns  were  killed,  and  not  more  than  fourteen  men  weit  lefl. 
when  the  nldat  grenadicn  iceing  there  were  no  more  Frcocti 

niindani  to  witbdraH  his  men.  This  he  refused  to  do  •rithout 
«ders.  Thcae  at  last  arrived;  and  far  his  bravery  he  iras  made 
an  olTicet  on  the  spot,  and  soon  af  ler  was  named  to  a  lieutenancy. 
AFter  the  peace,  Uie  regiment  was  sent  10  Moiuco.  There 
oneolhisconiiadcsplayfullylitiedhimby  Ibehcad,  and  to  this 
ii  was  imputed  Ihsl  hewasKiud  wiihdiseaMof  the  glands  of  the 
Deck,  so  severe  as  to  put  i  stop  lo  bil  miUtaTy  career.     He  went 

Torking  in  a  banker's  office  Be  early  became  intercsied  in 
meteorology  and  in  physical  and  chemical  speculattani  of  > 
cbimciicat  kind,  but  happily  thtcw  his  main  itrei«ih  into 
botany,  and  in  i;;S  published  bit  Fhri  frantai't,  ■  work  in 
which  by  a  djcbolomous  system  of  contrasting  characters  he 
enabled  the  student  with  facility  lo  deleimlae  iptnia.  This 
work,  which  went  thioughstveial  editionsand  long  kepi  the  Bcld, 
gained  for  ila  aulhor  immediate  populuiiy  ai  well  as  admission 
IA  the  Academy  ol  Sciences. 

Tn  i7Sr  fnd  i;8i,  under  tbe  title  of  botanist  to  the  king,  an 
appointment  obtained  for  hiiiiby  GuB'on,  whose  son  accompanied 
him,  he  t  ravelled  thiaugb  v^iiou)  couniriei  of  Europe,  eitending 
bis  knowledge  ^f  natural  hisloiy;  and  on  hii  return  he  began 
those  etaborale  contributions  to  bolany  on  which  his  reputatjon 
in  that  science  principally  rests,  namely,  the  Diclisrmain  it 
BiU-mat  and  the  mmh<aiQ»ii  it  Cc«ra,  voluminous  works 
ronlribuled  lo  Ihe  Encyda^it  Wlliadiqut  (1785).     In  1793,  in 


conseque 


onoflh 


le  Jardin  du  Rol,  where  he  bad  held  a  botanical 
appointment  since  1788,  Ijmatck  was  presenied  lo  a  zoological 
chair,  and  called  on  to  lecture  oa  the  IhucIo  and  Vcrmii  el 

urleirala.  Thua  driven,  comparatively  late  In  life,  to  devote  his 
principal  aiLention  lo  aoology  instead  of  bolany,  he  had  the 
misfoilune  soon  after  lo  luflet  from  impaired  viiion:  and  the 
malady  resulled '  subiequenlly  in  total  blindnct).  Yet  bis 
greatest  loclof^cal  work,  the  Hitlolre  noturelle  in  animaui 
jsRi  vtrllirii.  was  pubh'shed  from  181s  to  1811,  with  the 
assistance,  in  the  last  two  volumes,  of  hii  eldest  daughter  and 
of  P.  A.  Latrenle  (ijfi-iSa).  A  volume  of  plates  of  (he  loisil 
shells  of  the  neighbourhood  (d  Paris  was  collected  in  i8y  from 
bis  memoira  in  the  Annala  HsUiuliim.  He  died  On  tbe  iSlh 
of  December  i8}(i. 

The  cbaraclct  ol  Lamarck  as  >  nMuraliai  is  remaitaUe  alike 
for  its  eicellencei  and  lis  dtlcctt.  His  eicellences  were  width 
of  scope,  lertilily  of  ideas  and  a  pre-eminent  faculty  of  precise 
description,  arising  not  only  from  a  singularly  terse  style,  but 
from  *  deal  insight  into  bolb  (be  dislinctive  (catuics  and  the 


-    I  lOI 

lOembUneeaof  fonns.  Tliat  part  af  his  loological  wodi  which 
CDuilitutct  his  solid  claim  to  tbe  highest  honour  as  a  zoclogist 
is  to  be  found  in  hii  eitertive  inil  detailed  labours  in  ihe  depart- 
ments ol  living  and  fDuQ  Iiorrlibraia.  His  endeavours  at 
dasailicatiou  of  the  great  group*  were  aecesiaiily  defective  on 
accouot  of  the  imperfect  knowledge  possessed  in  his  time  in 
regard  to  many  of  ihem,  e.t-  echinodeims,  ascidiani  apd  in- 
testinal worms;  yet  they  are  not  without  iaterest,  parttcuUrly 
on  account  of  the  comprebeosive  attempt  to  unite  in  one  great 
division  as  Arliaiialii  all  those  groups  that  appeared  to  present 
a  segmented  construction.  Moreover,  Lamarck  was  the  £nt 
to  distinguish  vertebrate  from  invertebrate  animals  by  tho 
presence  of  a  vertebral  column,  and  among  Ihe  Inveitehrata 
to  found  the  groups  CnuUia,  AraiiHida  and  Aimtliia,  In 
ijS;  lUiit,  itt'Aeai.)  be  Evinced  his  apprecialion  of  the  necessity 
of  natural  orders  in  bolany  by  an  attempt  at  Ihe  classihcation 
of  plants,  interesting,  though  etude  and  falling  immeasurably 
short  of  the  sysleu  which  grew  in  the  hand*  of  h--  -------- 


re  phUosophicaQy  tb 


subsequently  put 


yhasni 


nable  (a 


Tbe  I 


il  defect  in  Lami 


Bis -inn 


rvation,  and  led  bim 
LS  chemistry  without 
luchtlmeonfruiUeu 
Ualiroiotiqiu)  were 


be  admitted  to 
Do  u  btlcss  the  apecula- 
tive  tendency  furnished  '  '  '  .     .    .  - 

outran  the  legitimate  ded 
into  the  production  of  vr 
npeiimentsl  basis,  as  wel 
meteorological  prediction: 
publitbed  yearly  from  iS  . 

until  alter  an  unneeetiarily  public  and  brulal  tirade  from 
Napoleon,  administered  00  the  occasion  of  being  presented 
arith  ooe  of  bis  works  on  nalural  history. 

To  the  general  reader  the  name  of  Lamarck  is  chiefly  interesting 
on  account  of  bit  (beoiy  of  tbe  origin  of  life  and  of  ihe  diversitiei 
of  animal  forms.  The  Idea,  which  appears  lo  have  been  lavoured 
by  Buflon  before  him,  thai  species  were  not  through  all  time 
unalienble,  and  that  the  more  complex  might  have  been 
developed  from  pre-erisient  simpler  forms,  became  with  Lamarck 
a  belief  or,  as  he  imagined,  .... 


might  be  easily  co 


tived  ai 


ity  causing  in  small 
gelalinous  bodies  an  ulriculat  structure,  and  inducinga  "  lingulai 
tension,"  a  kind  of  "  irtlhisme  "  or  "  otgasmc  ";  >nd,  having 
Ibus  accounted  for  Ihe  fint  appearance  of  life,  he  eiplained 
Ihe  whole  orgaaicalion  of  animals  and  formation  at  diSeient 


_.  .-._  Jt  is  conierved 
individuals  whkh  proceed 

,  Tbe  second  law  UoIIen  itfcirod  toasLamircli'shypolhesisof 
tbe  evolution  ol  oigans  In  animals  by  appetence  or  longing 
allliough  be  does  not  teach  that  the  animal'i  deaires  aSeci  iii 
cooformation  directly,  but  that  altered  wanta  lead  to  altered 
habits,  which  result  in  (be  lonnation  of  new  organs  as  well  at 
in  modification,  growth  or  dwindling  of  those  previoudy  eiiiling: 
Thus,  he  suggests  that,  ruminanls  being  pursued  by  carnixori, 
Ihcir  legs  have  grown  slender;  and,  then  lep  being  only  fit 
for  support,  while  their  jaws  are  weak,  they  have  made  atlact 
with  the  crown  of  the  head,  and  tbe  deiermlnation  of  iluidt 
thither  has  led  to  Ihe  growth  of. horns.  So  alio  the  ttKtchlng 
oTlbg  giiaSe'i  neck  lo  retch  the  Mage  he  luppowi  la  have  led 


LA  MARGHERITA-^'AMARTINE 


102 

to  iu  doogitloD;  aod  tbc  kansMoo.  gittlng  uprithl  to  luppdrt 
the  younj  [n  Its  poach,  bt  imigints  Co  have  hkd  tu  foK-Umbi 
dwarfed  by  disux,  uit!  [ti  biod  trp  lad  Uil  eusgented  by 
nsing  ibem  b  leaping.  Tbc  lourlh  law  eipnaa  the  iuheHtince 
of  acquired  chancten,  which  is  denied  by  Auguil  Welsmana 
and  hii  foUowen.  For  a  more  detaiJed  account  ol  Lainittk's 
place  in  the  history  of  the  doctrine  o[  evoluiion,  lec  EvoLinlDK. 
U  MARaUERITA,  CLEMEim  MLARO,  Comn  del  (i7gi' 
i36«).  Piedmontese  statesmin,  was  bom  at  Uondovl.   He  studied 

he  iefiii«d  to  talce  his  degree,  as  tJils  ptDceeding  would  have 
obliged  him  to  recogniie  the  authority  of  the  usurper;  gller  the 

In  181I!  be  entered  the  dipbmatic  service.  Later  he  returned 
(0  TVrio,  Mid  succeeded  in  gifning  the  confidence  and  esteem 
of  King  Charles  Albert,  who  In  iSj;  appointed  him  minister  of 
foreign  affairs.  A  Fervent  Roman  Catholic,  devoted  to  the  pope 
and  to  the  Jestdii,  friendly  to  Austria  and  firmly  attached  to 
the  principles  of  autocracy,  he  strongly  opposed  every  attempt 
at  political  Innovation,  and  was  in  consequence  bitterly  hated 
by  the  liberals.  When  the  popular  a^tiiion  In  favour  of  con- 
atitulional  rrfonn  first  broke  out  the  king  felt  obliged  to  dispense 
within  Margherifa'a  service,  although  he  had  conducted  public 
alTaira  with  considerable  ability  and  absolute  loyalty,  even 
upholding  the  dignity  of  the  kingdom  in  the  face  ol  iht  arrogant 
altitude  of  the  cabinet  of  Vienna.  He  expounded  bis  potiilcal 
creed  and  his  policy  as  mbistet  to  Cbarics  Albert  (Itnia  February 
i8jj  to  October  184;)  in  his  Utrntren^KM  timet-fiiilice, 
published  in  iS;i,  a  ducumenl  of  great  [niereil  lor  the  study  of 
the  conditions  of  ncdmosl  and  Italy  at  (bat  lime.  In  iSsj  he 
was  elected  deputy  lor  San  Quirico,  but  he  persisted  in  reguding 
his  maodate  as  derived  from  the  royal  authority  lather  thaa 
as  so  emanation  of  the  popular  nill.  M  leader  of  the  Clerical 
Right  in  the  parliament  he  strongly  opposed  Cavour's  policy, 
which  was  eventually  to  lead  to  Italian  unity,  and  on  the  alab- 
lishment  ol  the  kingdom  of  Italy  he  retired  f™n  public  life. 

U  MARMORA.  ALTOHSO  FBRRERO  (t8o4-i878),  Italian 
general  and  sleinmin,  was  bom  al  Turin  ori  the  iSlb  ol 
November  1804.  He  entered  the  Sardinian  army  In  j8i],and 
was  a  csplaiu  in  March  iS^S,  when  be  gained  distinction  and 
Iherankof  majorat  thesiegeol  Pochiera.  On  the  sth  of  Auguit 
1848  he  liberated  Cfaailo  Albert,  king  of  Sardinia,  from  the 
Milan  revoluiianarics,  and  ia  October  was  pmnotcd  geoeral 
and  appointed  minUtet  of  war.  Alter  luppreslng  the  revolt  ol 
Genoa  in  1S4Q,  he  again  assumed  In  November  1S49  the  portlolio 
of  war,  which,  save  during  the  period  of  his  comitiiad  of  the 
Crimean  eipedition,  he  retained  until  i8s9.  Having  recon- 
structed Ibe  Fiedmonteie  army,  be  took  part  In  the  war  of  iSs9 
agalnM  Austria;  and  <B  July  of  that  year  succxeded  Camur  in 
the  premlenhip.  In  1860  he  was  xnt  to  Berlin  and  St  Peten- 
buii  to  arrange  for  the  rec«goiliaa  ol  the  kingdom  of  Italy, 
and  iBbaequtnlly  be  held  Ibe  offices  of  governor  of  Milan  and 
royal  ttcuieoant  at  Naples,  until,  in  September  1864,  he  succeeded 
Mioghelti  as  piemier.  In  tbis  capacity  he  modififd  the  scope 
ol  the  September  Convention  by  a  oote  in  which  be  ctaiined 
loi  Italy  lull  freedom  of  acliou  in  tested  d  natioital  aipiraliooa 
to  the  possession  of  Rome,  a  documeDI  of  which  Viscontf  Vennta 
afterwards  took  (dtaauge  When  juuliying  the  Italian  occupation 
ol  Rome  in  iS;a;  In  April  iSi6  La  Marmora  concluded  an 
alliance  with  Prussia  ag;dnst  Austria,  and,  on  the  outbreak  of 
war  in  JunC;  took  command  of  an  anny  corps,  but  was  defeated 
al  Cuslouaontheijtdof  June.  Accused  of  treason  by  his  fellow. 
countrymen,  and  of  duplicity  by  the  Prussians,  he  eventually 
pubtiihed  is  defence  of  his  tactics  (iS;})  a  series  of  documents 
entitled  U<i  pa'  fii  ii  lua  niili  aeali  delP  snu  1S6S  [More 
light  on  the  events  ol  i86fi]  a  step  wbicb  Caused  trritation  in 
permany.  and  eipoied  him  to  the  charge  of  having  violated 
Kate  secrets.  Meanwhile  be  had  been  sent  to  Paris  In  1H7  to 
oppose  Ihe  French  eapedjtion  to  Rome,  and  in  1S70,  alter  the 
oCcupaLion  of  Rome  by  the  Italiani,  hid  been  appointed  lieu- 
lenaal-royal  of  the  new  capital   He  died  at  Fhrence  omfae  jih 


of  January  1878.  la  MaMnora'a  wrAlnp  Include  ITk  ifbiib 
id  riitfiimenlt  ilaiiaiia  (Florence,  187J);  and  /  updi  it 
tiale  nd  tnma  cnaltiiatffiaie  (Floreiice,  rgjy). 

Sec  G.  Mamni.  A  fneroJe  jlffMie  JD<  tf«iiuni  {Hikn,  i8t0). 

UMARTIHS,  ALPHOHSB  MARIS  LOOU  DB  PRAT  M 
(1790-1869).  French  port,  btttottan  and  Etatesotan,  was  bom  at 
Mlcon  on  the  iiit  ol  October  1790,  Tbe  order  of  his  sumainci 
is  a  controversial  mallet,  aod  ihey  are  sometimes  rrveticd. 
The  family  of  Lamarttne  was  good,  and  the  title  of  Prat  wai 
taken  from  an  estate  in  Franche  Comlf.  His  father  was  im- 
prisoned during  the  Terror,  and  only  released  owing  lo  the  evenii 
of  ibeqlb  Thetmidor.  Ijimartine's  early  education  was  te<:C.'vcd 
from  his  mother.  He  was  sent  to  sd»al  at  Lyons  in  180s,  but 
not  being  happy  thetr  was  transferred  to  the  care  ol  Ibe  fiia  de 
la  Fol  at  Belley,  where  he  remained  until  1809.  For  some  lime 
afterwards  he  lived  at  home,  reading  romantic  and  poetical 
literature,  but  in  iSii  he  set  out  for  Italy,  where  he  seems  to 
have  sojourned  nearly  two  years.  Rb  family  having  been  steady 
royalists,  he  entered  the  Gardes  du  corps  at  the  return  ol  tbe 
Bourbons,  and  during  the  Hundred  Days  he  sought  refuge  first  in 
Switierland  and  then  at  Aii-en-Savoie,  where  he  fell  in  bve,  with 
abundant  results  of  the  poetical  kind.  After  Waterloo  he  re- 
turned to  Paris.  In  iSitt-iStg  he  revisited  Switierland,  Savoy 
and  Italy,  the  death  of  his  beloved  afiording  him  new  mhjecta 
for  verse.  After  some  difficulties  he  had  faia  first  book,  the 
Mtditotimi,  faiti^ua  tt  nUgituiit,  published  t:8>o).  It  arai 
eiceediogly  popular,  and  helped  bim  to  make  a  position.  He 
had  left  the  army  for  some  lime;  he  now  entered  the  diplomatic 
service  and  was  appointed  secretary  10  the  embauy  at  Naples. 
On  his  way  lo  his  post  he  manied,  ia  iSij,  at  Geneva  a  young 
English  lady,  Marianne  Rirch,  who  bad  both  money  and  beauty, 
and  in  the  same  year  his  N madia  mUilalimi  patii^iia  appearnL 

In  iS>4  he  was  transferred  to  Florence,  where  be  remained  fiv« 
yewi.  His  Lail  CaiU  tj  CkiUe  HartU  appeared  in  1815.  and 
he  had  to  fight  a  duel  (la  which  be  waa  wounded)  with  an  Italian 
ofiicer.  Colonel  Pepe,  In  consequence  of  a  phrase  in  it.  Charles  X., 
on  whoK  coronation  be  wrote  a  poen^  gave  him  the  order  of  tbe 
Legion  of  Honour.  The  Harmmiii  peUbpui  it  rtHtumti 
appeared  In  1819,  when  he  had  left  Florence.  Hanng  refused 
an  sppomtment  in  Paris  under  the  Potlgnac  minisiry,  he  went  on 
a  special  mission  to  Prince  Leopold  of  Saie-Coburg.  lo  the  sajne 
year  be  was  elected  to  the  Academy.  Lamartioe  was  inSwfiier- 
land,  net  In  Paris,  at  the  time  of  the  Revolution  of  July,  and, 
though '  he  put  Forth  a  pamphlet  on  "  Raljonal  Policy,"  he 
■         '■       '  part  in  politics,  refusing. 


It  that  crisis  take  1 


id  daughter  For 


s  diplom 

Palestine,  having  been  unsuccessful  in  L ,„ 

in  the  chibibet.  Hii  daughtfr  JuCa  died  at  Beirut,  and  befoie 
long  he  received  the  news  of  his  election  by  a  constituency 
(Beigoes)  In  the  department  of  the  Nord.  He  relumed  through 
Turkey  and  Germany,  and  made  hia  Gist  speech  shortly  alter 
the  beginning  of  1834.  Thereafter  he  spoke  constantly,  and 
acquired  considerable  reputation  as  an  orator, — hrin^g  out, 
moreover,  many  books  in  proic  and  verse.  His  Eastern  iraveli 
IVayatt  ai  OnaiC)  appeared  In  1835,  his  CkuU  fmt  anp  and 
Joctlyn  in  i8j7,  and  his  RtLiuaicmnU,  the  last  remarkable 
vijume  ol  his  poetry.  In  18J9.  As  the  reign  ol  Louli  Philippe 
went  on,  Lamarilne,  who  had  previously  been  a  liberal  royalist, 
somethiog  alter  the  Fashion  of  Chateauljriand,  became  more  and 
more  democratic  In  Tiis  opinions.  He  set  about  bis  greatest 
pToee  work,  the  Hittoin  dts  Girondirts,  which  al  first  appeared 
periodically,  and  was  published  as  a  whole  In  1847.  Like  many 
other  French  histories.  It  was  a  pamphlet  as  well  as  a  chronicle, 
and   the   subject*  of  Lamartioe^  pen'  became  lui  models  in 

At  the  revolution  of  February  Lamarilne  was  one  of  Ihe  first 
to  declare  for  a  provisional  government^  and  became  a  member 
of  It,  with  tbe  poll  of  minister  for  foreign  aflairi.  Hewaielecled 
for  Ibe  new  constituent  assembly  In  ten  difTercnt  department!, 
and  was  chosen  one  of  the  five  members  of  the  Eieeuiive  Com- 
mJitee-     For  a  few  months  Indeed  LamaHine,  from  being  a 


LAMARTINE 

IB  oC  iMUn,  ut  «fid«l  of  uftrinr  i*nk  in  4i>^ 


veakEDHl  thtgi 


bRwne  DM  dI  tba  ImcdcW 
b  Ihti  raatiM  work  ol  jnnawmt,  tbc  attcrijr  utmctiut 
UIUR  of  ha  coBaciK*.  ud  Ihe  luibokoct  cf  the  PuUu  ■»!), 
ptovol  Md  lo  Ui  ctaiKt*.  He  gav*  tome  prntb  ol 
like  •bOity.ud  bii*la4u*Dce  wu  RpeiUdly  cdkd  ii 
lion  M  padfj'  tbe  Puldaa*.  But  m  one  ckd  pcnuiwBilr 
c*ny  on  the  (•varnoMnt  <d  >  gnu  cotintry  b)'  ipwclu*  Itaai  ihe 
halawjt  of  a  bouM  ia  lb>  e^Ial,  and  l^muiiiM  fouid  hioHcU 
a  daemMa.    So  long  b  he  hcU  ahxrf  Inm  Ledra-RoUin  asd 

~  1(110,   the  dlfoBioB  Rxili' 

IB  w  he  effected  aa  apiaolii 
LWD  ID  mem  ue  huoih  ciuki  feU  off  Fna  Udi.    TIm  qudi 
of  the  iwmnctioB  of  the  ijth  of  Uajr  na  Ua  bit  utam 
icU   A  aNDlb  hler  the  icoewai  ol  active  diuiubancca  fanughl 
on  the  fiffatioB  of  Juae,  asd  I^aiatliM'i  ladoMici  mw  euin- 
■■mbediafavoarolCavaiiaae.  lIotiovei.hiachumalEeiMweil 
political  pre-emiDeiKe  waa  fane.  He  had  b«a  ttfed  aod  ~ 
■anting,  havinf  aritbet  the  vInaB  not  the  vine  of  1^  (ilu 
In  JaaaaiT  tS49.>hough  he  «■■  aomiaaud  (ot  ihe  pnii 
only  a  lew  thoinanJ  wdIb  were  given  Lo  htm,    ind    three 
fDonihi    later    he  «B  Bot  even  elected    to    the  Lefialalivc 
ABcmbly. 

The  lenuiningitofy  of  Lamuiinc'a  life  ii  wme»hat  metiBcfaoly . 
tfa  had  Deverbecna  rich  nan,  Dor  had  he  beeniuvingOBe.and 
duriag  liii  period  □(  populuily  end  office  he  had  iKiund  great 
ptpcima,  He  no*  tei  to  mrk  to  itpatr  hii  loiianebi'  uo' 
rei^Uing  liltniy  labour.  He  brought  oui  in  ihtPraii  (iSm)  ■ 
aerita  of  CemHtwfn.  and  eomewhat  later  ■  kind  of  aotobkignphy, 
entitled  SafiaiL  He  *ib(e  levetal  hiiioncal  nrki  af  more  or 
kM  inpottancc,  the  Hisltry  i>/  Ai  Ratla^m  0/  iS^,  Tkt 
Hitltrj  ^  Ikt  Ratwalin,  Ilu  Hitlary  ^  Tvkty,  Tin  Hiiltry 
9f  Kmsbo,  benda  a  Urge  niunber  of  email  biographical  and 
■t«cellin«on»  mrka.  In  iSjS  a  lubtcription  wu  opened  for 
hii  bcacfiL  Two  Tcan  afterward!,  (oUowtng  the  tuu»;de  ol 
Chateaubriand,  be  auperriMd  an  elabonle  cdltioB  oi  hii  own 
woika  in  lortr^iia  volumei.  TMaocmpM  five  yean,  and  wfaile 
he  ma  engaged  on  it  hit  wile  died  (iSij).  He  wu  now  over 
(eventjr;  Ui  poven  hwl  dBertad  Um,  and  even  if  ihey  had  not 
the  pubUc  taMe  had  eitiieljF  changed.  Hii  effoiu  had  not 
incceeded  in  pkctng  bio  in  ■  position  of  independence;  and  at 
lut.in  tS67,  thegoveiDDentof  the  Empire  (Inm  whichhehad 
pctfone  ttood  alool,  though  he  never  comideted  it  necenuy  to 
adopt  the  active  protaliog  atlilude  of  Edgar  Qiiinet  and  Victor 
Hugo)  cane  lo  bii  aaiinance,  a  vole  of  £»,ooo  beuig  pnpowd 
in  April  of  that  yat  lot  hii  benefit  by  Einile  Olliviet.  Thii  wit 
creditable  to  both  partia.  lor  LamarLine,  both  u  a  distinguiihed 


10  the  [ 


'  of  his  I 


inlry. 


1B69. 

tor  miky  man,  who  wu  not  prepared  and  abU 

covld  hardly  have  guided  the  thip  of  stale  uiely  even  in  much 

ol  hit  character  heHia  vanity  and  an  incurabie  teiulcncy  towardi 
t  hcairica]  elleet.  which  mahet  Irit  travel*,  menHinand  other  pertonal 
rtcordi  a*  well  am  hie  hiitoriciJ  worki  radically  untruKwonhy.  Nor 
don  it  appear  Ihal  he  had  any  letibd  peliiicil  ideal.  He  dM 
by  modcratine  the  levoletioiiaTY  end  dcelniclive 
PirMin  popukce  in  iS^S^but  behidbeenpniiipi- 
than  aay  other  lingle  penon  for  briogif '  "'"  ~  ~^ 

, >. ,  l„ibY  upqbli 


ledidsood 


Motcmuiibeuid, 
drpanmcnaol  iSkt 


literary  Reld,  at  leu 


«■  wae  eopiething  of  a  elaiiiciad  had  wn  (fl 


103 

^    -_._._ne(Knelfr'*heee«pl*MlMi:tholibi 

Rooianiie  reidval.  hot  he  weal  fai  In  thai  direetoa.  He  avaiM 
hinudl  ol  the  letnuiiia  InereH  u  legiiimiM  im]  Catholidn  which 
WB  itpNieaMd  by  Bonald  aad  hSeph  de  MaLme,  of  (ha  natui* 
wonhiB  gf  Roumu  aad  Bamaidin  de  Saint  Picna.  of  the  muU 
meanBun  of  Madame  de  Soil,  of  the  mtdievaliKn  and  the  ronince 
of  Chaieaubriaod  and  Scott,  of  the  moladi*  da  tiHtr  of  Oureaubriind 
andSynn.  PeThapiil  hiimitierbe  vcrycloKly  ainlyied  it  wiHbe 
feand  that  he  added  hardly  anyihinc  of  hii  own.  But  il  the  parli  ol 
the  lainurt  were  lihe  other  ihiagt  •*"  ",:.'.,—  ■• — ••  —  ~~  i> 
•ecoted  indeed  u  tin  imniediaie  gen 

ha>  it  thai  the  ifMiloluiiii  wen  ref< 

were  in  none  of  the  accepted  nylet.  They, 


'hftnt  he  had  vi: 


I  entirely  conpenuted  by  Ihi 


Liminine 

lac,  dcecfibiofliia  nlnrn  to 
'—  ■'..  dath  ol  hli  miilieei, 

— •     "Tie-  ■■ - 

oi'i'rethr 


■^  ihnu"aMl 
ily  thai  hh 

iheXtcariJJh 


d  enjrwhcfe  in  worL  of  equal  bulk  by 
ontain  nothii^  but  medjuilve  lyriisl 

., itiyracaloflhewt-'-  -^-  -^  -"^ — -- 

wiideiable  varatlon  ol  merii.    The  ti 


hinted  (hu' 
worthy:  with  rnird 


very  Irequently,  __  _. ,., 

•/ 5e>U->*i'>U.,Creai(ill<i   &0.  beie 


]|  ifl  not  Burprifliig  wl 
re  appreciated  to  lind  1 
I  Fiance.  Ai  a  poet  h 
e  dcd.    He  wu  eatii 


hiitoriet  ti..   

ird  (o  hi*  Eaitem  travel!  it.—  „  ,—  ,,- 

In  hli  hiuotia  proper  the 
pan,  but  the  hahU  ol  in- 
bekHijn  ekduiivdy  lo  tbc 
Jtr  phuoeophical  on  the  one 


ttheK 


vene  ■  bilk  lew  nntlqiuted  llian  thai  of 
r.    HihubeenHidlobeaFrenchCowpei 


and  vigoToui 
ir  headT  HI. 


il  In  laagiuie 
lilt  and  Hilit- 


ind  of  hi>  relniive  podtkm  lo  th 


itallhew  Arnold 


"vduiion  ™niiica:  a'j^'oilier"ia.?e'.  i"e  DbMv'l'Dn'r. 
IDlitical  unpDpularily.  and  above  all  the  reictfon  age' 
;he  emrame  ftonnnlica,  harve  bcea  the  main  locnti 
nartJne  hai  been  eatoUid  u  a  p»tcra  ol  cunbinn 
lettiaint.uamodclof  nobility  or  sentiment- aad  11  a 
3ure  French  claaiciim  in 'lute  and  enpre^on  with  m 
ihebRierpinoIKamaiitlciHnitielf.  ThrwoKlllatI 
ir-  frequent,  il  net  oaivenal.aad  il  iaooly  after  o/ttr  1. 


one  of  Laiuniae.  hut 

-    .     Alter  hii  dMIh  lortie 

111  youth  were  publiihed.  and  also 

of  Lfllrii  10  him.    The  change  of  vif«  aSniw  IV- 

(irrcd  10  may  henudied  in  the  d«— ■■-' — '-" — ' '" 


Theediiit      

bere  are  maay  inaee  of  hit  Kparate  worl 
oemi  md  ithmrn  inUiu  Of  hi> youth 


idanielnal  MM.  BcuttUn. 


104 

FifiRt,  I«(»)IR,  Ac,  and  In  lb 


, , uttw  mtk  of  Ch.  de 

. rUxi  (ig)g)i  B.   DnchKiid.  Lamaruiu  (1B93I1 

E.  Zynmld,  Luumw  (1696)!  »nd  ptrhtpi  '    "     '    " 
Ptt6ia  to  Emik  LwKiia'  Ct*™™*™"  "*"—  "*■''" 


Cbrendon  Pm  cdiiiaii  •>(  /ocidya  (i»o6). 


(G.  S 


UHB.  CH&ELBS  (117S-1S34),  Eseliih  csuyisl  ud 
mi  bora  in  Crown  OScc  Row,  Inns  Ttmple,  LoocIdd, 
lOlh  o(  Februwy  177J.  His  fiiher,  Ji '  ' 
mBD,  wbo  fille]  tbe  cituatian  ol  ctcik  *na  Kivani-a>mpanu>a 
to  SuDuct  Salt,  1  member  o[  puliaratnt  ftnd  one  ol  ihc  bcnchen 
ol  Oac  Insu  Tunple,  wu  auutarful  In  abtainiui  far  Chirln, 
the  youngest  of  tbret  lorviving  ctaildrcn,  •  praeniiiion  to 
GirisL'i  Hospital,  wheie  the  boy  remained  from  hia  eighth  to 
his  Mlceoth  year  (1781-1789).  Here  he  bad  for  a  acboblfeUow 
Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  his  senior  l>y  lather  mon  than  two 
yean,  and  a  close  and  tender  friendihip  begu  which  luted  lor 
(he  rest  of  the  lives  of  both.  When  the  time  came  for  leaving 
•chool,  where  h«  had  kaiMd  some  Greek  and  acquired  consider- 
able (acUity  in  Latin  mmpoution,  Lamb,  alter  a  brief  stay  at 
home  (prDbably  spent,  as  his  school  holidiys  had  often  bevn, 
over  old  En^h  authors  fn  Salt's  library)  was  rondeinned  to  the 
labours  of  the  desk — "  an  inconquerahie  impediment  "  in  his 
speech  disqualilying  him  (or  the  cledcal  proletaion,  which,  as 
the  school  eihihilions  were  usually  only  given  (o  those  preparing 
[or  the  church,  thus  deprived  him  o(  the  only  means  by  which 
be  could  have  obtained  a  ujiiversily  education.  For  a  short 
time  be  was  is  the  office  o(  Joseph  Paice,  k  London  tneichani, 
and  then  for  tmnty-lhin  ireeks,  until  the  Sih  ol  Febtugry  1791, 
be  held  a  small  pait  in  the  Examiner's  Ollice  of  the  South  Sea 
House,  where  his  brother  John  was  established,  a  period  which, 
although  his  age  was  but  sixteen,  was  to  provide  him  nearly 
thirty  yean  later  with  maleiiala  for  the  first  of  the  Eisayt  of 
Blia.  On  the  5lh  of  April  1791,  be  entered  the  Accountant's 
OKce  in  the  East  India  House,  where  during  the  ncil  three  and 
thirty  years  the  hundred  ofBdai  lolioa  of  what  he  used  to  caU 
lus  (rue  "  works  "  were  produced. 

Of  the  years  i79j-t;9S  *e  know  little.  At  the  end  of  i;m 
he  uw  much  of  Coleridge  and  joined  bim  in  writing  sonnets  in 
tbe  Ittrnuii  Put,  addmsed  to  eminent  penonsi  early  in 
■795  he  met  Souibey  aod  was  much  in  the  company  of  James 
While,  whom  he  probably  helped  in  the  composition  of  the 
Oripnal  Loieri  e/  Sir  Jokn  Falilajl;  and  al  the  end  of  the  year 
'    '  '  ■     al  mentally 


tmsuccessful  love  a! 


asylum 


The  □ 


bable.  w 


le  Hetifordshire 
Liden  to  whom  his  first  sonnets  are  addressed,  whom  he  would 
ve  seen  when  aa  hii  visits  as  a  youth  to  Blakcsware  House, 
■r  Widford,  (he  country  home  of  the  Plumer  faaiily,  of  which 
Lamb's  grandmother,  Mary  Field,  laa  for  many  years,  nntil 


1  i7g3,  sole  cuslodi: 
It  was  in  the  late  summet  1 
came  upon  the  Lambs,  whic 
prospects  in  the  very  moitiingol  li 
his  li         "         *■  ' 


179611 


idol  September 


at  night,"  was  suddenly  se 
Slabbed  her  mother  1 


:dlework  by  day  and  to  her  mother 
iied  vrith  acute  mania.  In  which  she 
le  heart.    The  calm  stJI-maslery  and 

eicilible,  nervous  and  seli-mistrusllul,  displayed  at  this  crius 
ID  his  own  history  and  in  that  ol  those  nearest  him,  will  ever 
give  him  an  imperishable  claim  to  the  levermce  and  alleciion  of 
all  who  are  capable  of  appreciating  the  heroisms  of  common 
life.  With  the  help  ol  friends  he  succeeded  in  obtaining  hit 
sister's  release  from  the  bfe-kmg  restraint  to  which  she  would 
otherwise  have  been  doomed,  on  the  express  condition  Ihst  he 
himself  should  undertake  the  responsibility  for  her  safe  keeping- 
It  proved  no  light  charge:  for  though  no  one  was  capable  ol 
aHording  a  more  intelligent  or  aflectionale  cooipanionihip  than 
Maiy  Lamb  during  her  periods  o!  health,  there  was  ever  present 
the  apprehension  of  the  recurrence  of  her  malady;  and  when 
icom  time  to  time  the  piemonilory  symptoms  had  became 
unoiiatakable,  then  wa*  Do  alternative  but  ber  nnuvaj  whkh 


look  piles  In  quJelnesa  and  te 
of  Lamb's  domestic  life  must 


I.    How  deeply  the  wbtaleeOUTW 

Lve  been  af  ected  by  hia  angnUiT 
0  be  pointed  out. 


of  tbe  great  tragedy  of  hi*  life  ( 1 796),  when  there  wen  published 
in  the  volume  ol  Peemi  en  Varitvs  SMbjtcti  by  Oolctidge  foiu 
sonnets  by  "  Mr  Chaik*  Lamb  of  the  Jndia  House."  In  the 
(oltowing  year  be  oomnbuied,  with  Ch*rles  Lloyd,  a  papil  of 
Coleridge,  some  ^eca  In  btank  verse  to  the  second  edition  of 
Coleridge's  Paau.  In  1797  his  short  summer  holiday  was 
^nt  with  C^eridge  at  Nether  Stowey,  where  he  met  tlw 
Wordsworlhs,  William  and  Dorothy,  and  cslahlialied  a  friendship 
with  bothwhich  only  bis  own  death  leiminaied.  IB1798,  vnder 
the  inltuencE  ol  Henry  Mackenaie'i  novel  Jidii  it  Jtankift, 
he  published  a  short  and  pathetic  prose  laic  entitled  Btatmnnd 
Gray,  in  urtiich  It  is  passible  to  trace  beneotli  disguiied  coDdiiioBi 
rtferencn  to  the  misfortune*  ol  tbe  author's  own  family,  and 
many  personal  touches;  and  in  the  same  year  he  Joined  Uovd 
in  1  vdume  of  Blent  Verse,  to  which  Lamb  contrihuicd  poena 
occasioned  by  tbedeatiiol  Ids  mother  and  bis  auu  Sarah  Lamb. 
among  them  being  his  best-known  lyric,  "The  Old  Familiar 
Faces."  In  this  year,  1 798.  be  achieved  the  uoexpected  publicity 
of  an  aUack  by  the  Aiai^acBiln  upon  him  n  an  (Kociate  of 
Coleridge  and  Soulhey  (Lo  whose  Amiiiel  /nttcfpfy  be  had 
contribuied)  in  their  Jacobin  machituEions.  In  1799,  on  the 
death  cf  her  father,  Mary  l^mb  came  to  live  again  *hh  her 
brolher,  their  home  then  being  in  Pentonville)  Init  it  was  run 
until  iSaolhaliheytcallysetllodlogethcr.  their  lirsl  independent 
joint  home  being  al  Mitre  0>urt  Buildings  in  the  Temple,  vkere 
they  Und  until  iSoq.  At  the  end  ol  i£or.  or  beginning  of  iSoa, 
appeared  Lamb's  first  play  Jain  ifiuMf.  on  which  he  set  great 
store,  a  slight  dramatic  piece  written  in  the  style  ol  tbe  eiriier 
Eliaaliethan  period  and  conuining  some  gentiine  poeiiy  and 
hippy  delineation  of  the  gentler  emolians,  but  as  ■  whole 
deActent  in  plot,  vigour  and  character,  it  was  held  up  to  ridicule 
by  the  Eiinburtli  Retiof  as  a  specimen  of  the  ni3esi  condiiioa 
of  the  drama,  a  work  by  "  a  man  of  the  age  ol  Thetina."  The 
dnmatic  spirit,  however,  was  not  thus  ennly  quenched  in  Lamb, 

and  his  nest  eflorl  was  a  larce,  Ur  H ,  the  point  ol  which  lay 

in  the  hero's  anxiety  to  conctal  his  name  ~  Ko^esh  ";  but 
it  did  not  survive  the  first  night  of  its  appearance  at  Diury 
Lane,  in  December  1B06.  Its  aathor  bott  the  Isilare  with  rate 
equanimity  and  good  humour — even  to  joining  in  the  hissing — 
and  soon  struck  into  new  and  more  succcssfut  fields  ol  Kieiary 
exertion.  Bdore,  however,  pasting  to  these  it  ehould  be  men- 
tioned that  hetnade  various  efforts  to  cam  money  by  journalism, 
partly  by  humorous  articles,  partly  aa  dramatic  ctilic,  but 
chiefly  as  a  coniTibuioroCsamsiicorfunny  paragraphs,  "sparing 
neKher  man  nor  woman,"  in  the  iTgraiiii  Pail,  principally  in 
tSoj. 

In  i9o7  appeared  Tola  /mmWetf  tn  (At  PIcyi  ef  Sliahifttre, 
written  by  Charles  and  Mary  Lamb,  in  which  Charlei  was 
responsible  for  the  tragedies  and  Mary  for-ihe  comedies^  and 
in  iSog,  Spaimaii  cj  EntliiM  Dnmelk  Pttli  who  Ihri  abctil 
Ihi  Unu  a!  Skakesptan,  with  short  but  lellcitous  critical  notes. 
It  was  this  work  which  laid  the  foundation  ol  Lamb's  tcpulallon 
as  a  critic,  lor  it  was  filled  with  imaginaiivt  understanding  ol 
the  old  playwrights,  and  a  warm,  discerning  and  navH  apprecia- 
tion of  their  great  merits.  In  the  same  year,  i«og,  llafy  Lamb, 
assisted  by  her  brother,  published  Potiry  lo  CUlircn,  and  a 
collection  ol  short  school-girl  tales  under  the  title  Uri 
Likaltr'i  School:  and  to  the  same  date  belongs  r*f  Aiwiilam 
0/  Ulyius,  designed  by  Lamb  u  a  companion  10  7"*f  ^ifrfnliirei 
a/  TilinaikHs.  In  iSio  began  to  appear  Leigh  Hunt's  quarteriy 
periodical,  7*e  Hrfiniar.  in  which  Lamb  published  much  (hidud. 
ing  the  line  essays  on  the  tragedies  of  Shakespeare  and  on 
Hogarth)  thai  subsequently  appeared  in  the  first  collective 
edition  ol  hii  Warku  which  he  put  lorlh  in  1S1B. 

Between  iSii.when  TAe  Xejfecf >r  ceased,  and  iSia,heHrotc 
almost  nothing.  In  these  years  we  may  imagine  him  al  bis 
most  social  period,  playing  much  whist  and  enlcrlaining  his 
friends  on  Wednesday  m  Thuriday  nighut  ni»a>)|i)c  v*hciu« 


LAMB— LAMBAUE,  PRINCESSE  DE 


U  othen,  whldi  UaiUtt,  ntao  waJ  u  one  time  one  at  Umb's 
dcBC3tf[UDdi,hudancHmuchu>cdcbiale.  Wbenin  iSiSiii- 
pemd  Uk  R'irti  in  two  valumo,  it  luay  be  tlui  Lamb  cDosidcml 
bii  literary  cBicer  over.  BtSoit  comioc  to  1E20,  and  an  event 
■hkit  was  in  rtajiiy  to  be  ibe  bcgipning  of  ifaai  caKtr  as  it  is 
feiKI>I!y  knowD — the  estsblishment  o!  Ibe  ItuUi/m  Itagczint — 
it  tbauld  be  iccotded  that  in  the  suinincT  of  iSiq  Lamb,  vith  hia 
liitei'*  [ull  conscDt,  piopoied  munage  to  Faney  Kelly,  (he 
actics,  who  was  iJieii  in  her  tbinieth  year,  tlisa  KfHy  could 
not  accept,  ^ving  as  ace  nasog  her  devotion  to  her  nuthtr. 
Lamb  bore  the  rebuff  with  charuteii^tic  humour  ud  Coniiude. 
llie  csublishaienl  of  ibc  Laniliii  ilagtaint  in  iSiD  slimujaled 
Lamb  lo  the  piodueiioB  o(  a  aeries  el  new  nu)?  (the  Eiiayi 
tf  Elia)  which  nuy  be  uid  to  [oim  the  chief  corner-stone  ia 
tbc  imall  but  classic  temple  of  his  fame.  The  Km  of  iheie, 
u  it  fell  out,  was  a  description  of  the  old  South  Sea  House, 
with  ithicb  Lamb  happened  10  have  a^uciaLed  the  oameof  a 
"g»X  light-heaned  foreigner  "  called  Elia,  who  w»»  t,  derk  in 
the  dayi  of  his  service  there.    The  pseudonym  adopted  on  this 


d  for  il 


which 


appeared  collectively  in  ■  volume  of  etuys  called  Eii 
After  a  career  of  five  yean  the  IjitxIbh  ifaiosine  came  lo  an 
endi  and  about  Ibe  same  period  Laoib's  long  connexion  with 
the  India  House  termlnaied,  a  peuion  of  £tio  (£441  rxi}  having 
been  aseigned  to  him.  The  ijKreased  leisure,  however,  for  which 
be  bad  king  sighed,  did  rwt  prove  favourable  lo  liLerary  pro- 
duction, which  hcQceforth  was  Lrailed  lo  a  few  trifling  cantribu- 
tiona  lo  the  New  iimlhly  and  other  serials,  and  the  excavation 

British  Museum  by  David  Carrick,  which  Lamb  laboiiously 
read  through  in  1627,  an  occi^ation  which  supplied  him  for  a 
time  with  the  regular  hours  of  work  he  missed  so  much.    The 

shortening  intervals  of  relief,  broke  in  painfully  on  his  lettered 
cue  and  comloct;  and  it  h  unforLunately  impossibJe  to  igoon 
the  deteiiortling  cBecU  of  u  over-free  indulgence  in  the  use 
of  alcohol,  and,  in  euly  life,  tobacco,  on  t,  tempenuneot  such  as 
bb.  Hit  lemoval  on  account  of  his  wtei  to  the  quiet  of  the 
country  at  £s&dd,  by  tending  10  withdraw  bin  from  the 
Uunulating  society  of  the  la^  circle  of  Uieiaiy  Iiiend^  who 
had  helped  lo  make  his  weekly  or  monthly  "  at  homes  "  so 
rtnuikable,  doubtleu  abo  tended  <o  ijiteotify  his  liitUasneas 
and  bcTplnsnfia,  One  of  Ibe  bti^test  element*  in  tbe  cloaing 
yean  of  bis  life  was  tbe  f liendsbip  and  compk^iDOship  of  Emma 
IioU,  whom  be  and  his  sister  bad  adopted,  and  whose  marriage 
in  1S33  to  Edward  Moion,  the  publsher,  though 


.    Whili 


Lt  Edmonton,  whither  he  had  mov 

Lo  patjents  of  weak  intellect,  Lamb  was 
oveEtaheaby  anattack of  eiyiipelas  brought  on  by  an  accidental 
fall  as  he  was  walking  on  the  London  road.  After  a  few  days' 
fUaew  he  died  on  the  i;th  of  December,  1S34.  The  sudden  death 
of  one  so  widely  known,  admired  and  beloved,  fell  on  the  public 
•s  well  aa.on  hia  own,  attached  circle  with  all  the  poignancy  of 
■  perwoaJ  calamity  and  a  private  grid.  Hi*  memoiy  wasted 
DD  tribute  that  Section  could  bestow,  and  Wordsworth  com- 
aiemaratcd  ia  tople  and  soJemn  verse  tbe  fenius,  virtues  and 
(fatcrnal  devatioB  of  hii  early  friend. 

Cbojlea  Lamb  is  eotilled  to  a  plats  as  aiv  essayist  beside 
UontaigDC,  Sii  Thomas  Brawoe,  Steele  and  Addison.  He  unites 
aany  of  the  cbvacXeiistics  oi  each  of  these  writers — rchned  and 
exquisite  humour,  a  genuine  and  cordial  vein  of  jdeasonLry  and 
heart-touching  pathos.  His  fancy  is  dlitinguishcd  by  great  delicacy 
and  lendemcssi  and  even  Us  conceits  are  imbued  with  human 

paitiabty   for  earlier  prose   writen,   pariicnlaily   for    Fuller, 
BiBWD*  aiKJ  Bnnon,  as  well  as  for  the  draoalists  of  Shakc- 
Veare's  time;  and  the  care  with  which  im  studied  thei 
apparent  io  all  b*  evet  wrota.    It  ahioc: 
bis  style,  which  baa  an  antique   >ii  ai 


pirit  he  made  himscU 
of  sludyiog  them  11 
le  lomelhing  of  theit 
siyK  naiurai  lu  lusn-,  ana  long  experience  had  rendered  it  a(A 
only  easy  and  familjar  but  habituaL  II  was  not  a  masquerade 
dress  he  wore,  hut  tbe  costume  which  showvd  the  man  to  most 
advantage.  With  Ihougbt  and  meanlngoftCQ  profound,  thougb 
clothed  in  simple  language,  every  Kntence  of  his  essays  is 

He  played  a  oonsklenblc  patt  In  reviving  the  dramatic 
nriters  of  tbe  Shakespedan  age;  for  be  preceded  GiOotd  and 
others  in  wiping  the  dust  of  ages  from  their  works.  In  his 
brief  comments  on  each  specimen  be  displays  eiquisile  poueis 
of  discrimination:  his  discenunent  of  the  true  meaning  of  bis 
author  is  abnost  infallible.  His  work  was  a  departuie  in  ciiticisin. 
Former  editors  had  supplied  leitual  criticism  and  olitiiuilive 
readintp:  Lamb's  object  was  to  show  bow  our  anceslott  felt 
when  they  pbccd  themselves  by  the  power  of  inuginalioii  ia 
trying  situaLuins,  in  the  conflicts  of  duty  or  passion  or  the  strife 
of  contending  duties;  what  sorts  of  loves  and  enmities  tbcin 

As  a  poet  Lamb  is  not  eotilled  lo  so  high  a  place  as  ibai  which 
can  be  claimed  for  him  as  essayist,  and  critic.  His  dependence 
on  Ellxabethan  models  Is  here  abo  manifest,  but  in  such  a  way 
as  lo  bring  into  all  the  greiier  prominence  his  native  deficiency 
in  "  the  accomplishment  of  verse."  Yet  it  is  impossible,  once 
having  read,  ever  10  forget  (he  teoderaesB  and  grace  of  such 
poems  as  "  Hester,"  "  The  Old  Familiar  Faces,"  and  the  Unes 
'■  On  an  infant  dying  as  soon  as  botn  "  or  the  quaint  humour  of 
"  A  Farewell  to  Tobacco."  As  a  letter  writer  Lamb  ranks  vtT) 
high,  and  when  in  a  sonscssical  mood  there  is 


Edition  and  memoin  of  Lamb  an  numerous.  Tbe  LOUn,  with  1 
ielch  ol  his  lib  bv  Sir  Thomas  Noon  TalfQurd.  appeared  in  1837; 
lie  ftMl  MimtriA  rf  Ctarla  Lamb  by  (he  nme  hand,  alter  Mary 
'  l»^:  Bury  Cermiirt  Claifa  l^mt:  A  UtmaiT. 


I  It66.    Mr  P.  Rtif  _, 


aid's  Chulu  Lamt 


(iS;i).    Mr  Rtuen'ld  and  Mr  Hairiti' ha^ 

tfKn-i,  andMcRciseraldbroughlTalrniinL „ 

ef  Lamb's  works  in  [07O-1B7&  Later  and  fulWr  editions  are  ih«e 
of  Canoi  Ainger  ia  ti  voliiaib.  Mr  Macdonsld  in  11  valines  and 
Mr  E.  V.  Lucas  In  ;  volumes,  Co  which  ui  I90J  wai  added  Tii  Uh 
0/  Cla-fci  Lamb,  in  I  volumes  '  (E.  V,  L.) 

LAMB  (a  word  common  to  Teutonic  hmguagct ;  cf.  Ger.  XniHia), 
the  young  of  sheep.  Tbe  Paschal  Lamb  or  Agnus  Dei  ia  used  as  a 
symbol  Of  Jesus  Cbiist,  the  Lamb  of  Cod  (John  I.  1^,  and 
"  lamb,"  like  "&>ck,"  it  often  used  figuratively  of  tbe  membea 
of  a  Christian  church  or  CDmrnumty,  with  an  allusion  to  Jesw' 
charge  to  Jeter  (John  ui.  is).  'The  "kmb  and  fiag"  is  an 
heraldic  emblem,  the  deiter  fore-leg  of  the  lamb  supporting  a 
staS  healing  a  banner  charged  with  the  St  George's  cross.  Tiaj 
was  one  of  the  crests  of  the  Koights  Templars,  used  on  seals  a* 
early  aa  1141;  it  was  adopted  as  a  badge  or  crcgt  by  tbe  Middle 
Temple,  the  Inner  Tem[je  using  another  crest  ol  the  Templars, 
the  winged  bone  or  Pe^uus.  The  old  Tangier  recent,  now 
tbe  Queen's  Royal  West  Surrey  RcgimenI,  ir^  a  Paschal  Lamb 
as  its  badge.  From  theit  colonel,  Percy  Xjrke  (g.e.),  they  were 
known  as  Kiike's  Lambs.  The  exaggerated  reputation  of  the 
regiifwit  for  brutaUty,  both  in  Tasgici  and  in  Fnglfnd  after 
Sedgmoor,  lent  irony  to  the  nickname. 

LAUALLB,  HARIB  TB&lfiSB  LODISB  OV  SAVOT- 
CARIONAHO,  Pkincesse  de  (1749-1701),  fourth  dau^ter  of 
Louis  Victor  of  Carignano  (d,  r774)  (gKat-giandfather  of  King 
Charles  Albert  of  Sardinia),  and  o!  Christine  Henrlelte  of  Hesie- 
fiheinfels-Rothenburg,  was  bom  at  Turin  on  the  8th  of  September 
1744.  In  1767  she  was  married  to  Louis  Alexandre  Stanislaus  de 
Bourbon,  prince  of  Lamballe,  son  of  the  duke  of  Penihl£vre,  a 
grandson  ol  Louis  XIV. 's  rtatural  son  tbe  count  ol  Toulouse.  Her 
husband  dying  the  followint  year,  she  retired  with  her  faiher-In- 
law  to  RainhouiUet,  wbere  she  lived  until  the  nanlage  of  the 


LAMBALLE— LAMBERT,  D. 


dauphin,   *I 

Ml   die   retutntd   to   court.    M.rit   Anioia 

charmtd  by 

her  (ccile  ind  naive  minncn,  lingM  her  tni 

1  compirlon 

■nd  confidinte.    Thr  imptluom  chsrsoer  o 

ound  !n   Klidime  de  Lambrie  thit  tubm 

lempmmtn 

friflidt.    Arier  her  icccsion  Mirle  Anioinct 

ipHeoflhc 

ing-i  oppoiiHon,  bad  her  ippoinicd  .upcrinicn 

ct  lh(  royal  houMhoLd. 
Pali'gnac  tucmded  in  lupplanilng  her;  but  nbcn  the  queen 
lired  o[  Ihe  avitice  of  the  PoUgnnci,  she  turned  again  lo  Madame 
dc  Lamballe.  From  tr^s  lo  the  Revolution  ihe  was  ftlarie 
Anioinetle't  closest  friend  and  the  pliant  Iniininienl  of  her 

(lion  served  u  a  nieeting-piace  for  the  queen  and  Ihe  members 
of  the  AaKmbl>  whom  she  nished  to  gain  over,  the  people  believed 
her  tabeiheuulofaQ  ihe  intrigues.  After  (visit  loEngUnd  in 
I7gi  to  appeal  for  help  for  the  royal  family  ihc  made  her  will 
and  returTKd  to  the  l\iilerie3,  where  she  continued  hn  tendcts 
to  the  queen  nniil  the  loth  of  August,  when  she  shared  her 
imprisonmcni  In  the  Tem[rfe.  On  the  i^lh  ol  August  she  wa» 
traniierrcd  to  La  Forre,  and  having  refuied  to  lake  the  oath 
against  the  monarchy,  she  was  on  the  jtd  ol  September  deh'veied 
over  to  the  fury  of  the  populace,  after  which  her  head  was 
placed  on  a  pike  and  carried  before  the  niDdovrsoi  the  queeti. 

See  Ccorie  Benin.  VaJami  ic  Lamltiat  (Pirii,  tSSB];  Auitin 
OotoH.  fetr  Frfdmimtn.  (1190):  B.  C,  Hardy.  PriiiKU  de 
r^.bib  (lutli  Conn  dt  Looir,  la  Primiai  it  LuO-ii' 
a  Hciimtnti  iaUUt  (1864IJ  acme  letlen  of  iIk 


ttprh  _. _-_ 

puUithid  by  Cb.  Schmidt 
1900)1  L.  Lambeiu.  Eihi- 


. ,—  Ja  mori  it  mutmt  la  pritiasie  ie 

,.j)lS<rF.  Montefion,  TlitPTinmuitLaiiAMiii%gK. 

Tin  Sum  Umtin  Ij  lln  Styal  Famdy  ef  Frana  .  .  .  nom  fnl 
pMiiluifrtm  Iht  JnrMl.  LnU'i  and  CmrxUitn  ,f  Ihr  Piivan 
it  LamhaU  (London,  2  voli..  iBj6}_have  »incf  appeared  in  variouj 
edilioiK  in  Cntlllh  and  in  Frenrh.  They  are  iltribulcd  to  Calhvioe 
Hyde.  Mvrhioina  CDvion-BragliD-SoUri.  and  arc  ajBcrrphal. 

LAMSALLK,  a  town  of  north-western  France,  in  the  deparl- 
tnenl  ol  Cetes-du'Notd,  on  the  Goueisant  ij  m,  E.S.E.  of  St 
Bricuc  by  catL  Fop.  (1906)  4347.  Crowning  the  eDiinence  on 
which  the  town  is  built  is  a  beautiful  Gothic  church  [ijth  and 
i4th  ceBtuties),  once  the  chapel  of  the  castle  of  the  count*  of 
Penihiftvre.  LaNoue,  the  famous  Huffuenot  leader,  waa  mart aOy 
wounded  in  1541  in  the  siege  of  the  castle,  which  was  dismantled 
in  i6ifi  by  Richelieu.  Of  the  other  bui)ding>,  the  church  of  St 
Manin  (nth,  isih  and  itith  centuries)  [a  the  dilef.  Lanibalie 
has  an  imporiani  ktiai  (depoi  for  siallionj)  and  curries  on  trade 
in  grain,  tanning  and  leather-dressing;  eanhenwaie  is  manu- 
factured <n  the  environs.  LambaQc  was  the  capital  of  the  terri- 
tory of  the  counts  of  Penihiivre,  who  m  1569  were  made  dukes. 

UHBAYBQnB,  a  coast  depirtmeni  of  nonhno  Peru, 
bounded  N.  by  Plum,  E.  and  S.  by  Cajamsrca  and  Liberlad. 
Area,  4614  sq.  m.  Pop.  (1906  estimate)  93.070.  It  belongs  to  the 
arid  region  of  the  coast,  and  is  settled  afong  the  rivet  valleys 
where  irrigation  Is  possible.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  mgac-pioducing 
departmenls  of  Peru,  and  in  some  valleys,  especially  ticai 
Ferreflafe.  rice  is  largely  produced.  Four  railways  connect  its 
principal  producing  centres  with  ihe  small  portaof  Eten  and 
Ftmemel,  vii.:EtenloF«Telkife,  17  m.;  Eten  to  Cayalii.  >]  m.; 
Pimentel  10  Lambayeque,  15  m.;  and  Chidayo  to  Pttapo,  ij  m. 
The  principal  towns  are  Chidayo,  the  departmental  eapitil, 
with  a  population  (i9o£  estimate)  of  te,soD,  Ferreflafe  teoo, 
and  Lambayeque  4500. 

LAKBBAUZ.  JEP  Qtunm  Main  Taaius),  [igji-i^), 
Belgian  sculptor,  was  bom  at  AntwciTi.  He  itsdied  at  the 
Antwerp  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Jean  Ceefs. 
His  first  work,  "  War,"  wia  exhibited  in  1871,  and  was  IoIIowh] 
by  a  long  series  of  hamorous  gimps,  inchiAng  "  Childmi 

dandrg,"  "  Say '  GocnI  Morning. The  Ludty  NumI 

"  An  Accident  "  {187!).  He  then  went  to  Paris,  1 
eiecuted  for  the  Belgian  salons  "  The  Beggar  "  and  "  1 
Pauper."  and  produced  "  The  Kiss  "  (1881).  generally  regarded 
as  his  masterpiece.  After  visiting  Italy,  where  he  wi 
hnpressed  by  tlie  works  of  Jean  Bologne,  he  thowed  1 
predSection  for  effects  of  force  atid  mollon.    Other  notable  woiki 


are  his  fountain  at  Antwerp  (ttSS).  "  Kobbing  Ihe  Eaglet 
Eyrie"  (iSw),  "  Dninkenncss "  {1S93),  "The  Triumph  of 
Woman."  "  The  Bitten  Faun  "  (which  created  a  great  stir  at  Ihe 
Eiposition  Unlvetselle  at  Ufge  In  1^5),  and  "  The  Hutnao 
Passions,"  a  colossal  marble  bas-relief,  elaborated  fraai  a  sketch 
eihibilcd  In  iSSq.  01  his  numerous  busts  may  be  mentioned 
those  of  Hendrik  Conscience,  and  ol  Charles  Blls,  the  hucgomastei 
ot  Brussels.  He  died  on  the  Mb  of  June  190B. 
LAMBEBMOMT.    AUQUITE,    BaaoM    (1R19-1905),    Belgian 

TLlarch  lAto.  He  came  of  a  family  of  small  farmer  proprietors, 
who  had  held  land  during  three  centuries.  He  was  intended  fot 
the  priesthood  and  entered  the  snninary  of  FTorefle,  but  hi- 
energies  claimed  a  more  active  sphere.  He  left  the  monasleiy  for 
Louvain  Univciiliy.  Here  be  studied  law,  and  also  prepared 
himself  tor  the  nililary  exarninations.  At  that  Jnncture  the 
first  Cirlist  wai  broke  out.  and  Lambcrmont  bastened  to  the 
scene  of  action.  His  services  wen  accepted  (April  iSjS)  and  he 
was  enltvtted  olth  the  command  of  two  small  cannon.  He  abo 
■aed  as  A.D.C,  to  Colonel  Dutando.    He  gnatly  distinguished 

with  the  Cross  of  Ihe  higheal  military  Order  of  St  Fenlinand. 
Returning  to  Belgium  he  entered  the  Mioisliy  for  Foieign 
Affairs  in  1S41.  Re  served  hi  this  department  sixty-thtn  years. 
He  was  closely  assodaled  with  several  of  the  most  important 
questions  In  Bel^an  history  during  the  last  half  of  the  191b 
century — notably  the  freeing  of  the  Scheldt.  He  was  one  of  the 
very  first  Belgians  to  see  the  importance  ot  developing  the  trade 


ot  their  e 


:  foreign  office.  ThetoDsim[ 
Dutch  on  navigation  on  the  Scheldt  strangled  Bel^an  trade,  for 
Antwerp  was  the  only  port  of  the  country.  The  Dutch  had  the 
right  lomakethblevy  under  treaties  going  back  to  the  treaty  ot 
Munstcrin  1648,  and  they  dung  to  it  still  more  tenaciously  aftci 
Belgium  separated  herKll  in  1B30-1E31  from  the  united  kingdon 
□r  (he  Helherlands— the  London  conference  in  1839  fixing  tbe 
Id!  payable  to  Holland  at  i' so  florins  (3s.)  per  ton.  From  i85£to 
iSfij  Lambermont  devoted  most  of  his  energies  to  the  removal  tt 
this  Impediment.  In  i8s6  he  drew  up  a  plan  of  action,  and  he 
prosecuted  It  with  untiring  perseverance  until  he  saw  it  embodied 
In  an  iDlenullonat  convention  aeven  yean  later.  Tweniy-one 
powers  and  states  attended  a  conference  hdd  onlhequestlon  •! 
Brussels  in  iMj.  and  on  the  rjlh  of  July  the  treaty  freeing  Ihe 
Scheldt  was  signed.  For  this  achievement  Lambennont  was 
made  a  baron.  Among  other  Important  conferences  in  which 
Larnbermont  took  a  leading  part  were  tho^  of  Brussels  (1874) 
on  the  usages  of  war.  Berlin  (1884-1883)  on  Africa  and  the 
Congo  region,  and  Brussels  (189a)  on  Central  African  ABails  and 
Ihe  Slave  T^ade.  He  was  jtnnt  nporter  with  Baton  de  Courtel 
of  the  Berlin  conference  in  1884-1883,  and  on  several  ocosou 
he  was  chosen  as  arbitrator  by  one  or  other  of  the  great  Eatopeaii 
powers.  But  his  gnat  achievement  was  the  fredng  of  the  Scheldt, 
and  In  token  of  its  gratitude  Ihe  city  of  Antwerp  erected  a  fim 
monument  to  Us  memory.    He  died  on  tbe  7lh  of  MardiiQOS, 

LAMBEIIT,  DAHIBL  [i77i>-rSs9),  an  En^isfaman  lanont  for 
his  great  site,  was  bom  near  Leicester  on  fbe  IJtb  of  March 
I7TO,  tbe  son  of  the  keeper  of  the  jail,  to  which  post  he  succeeded 
in  r79i.  About  this  time  his  size  and  weight  increased  enor- 
mously, and  though  he  had  led  an  active  and  athletic  life  he 
weighed  in  1703  thirty-two  Btone  (44S  lb).  In  1S06  be  remlved 
to  pR^t  liy  his  notoriety,  and  mlgniag  )ih  office  went  up  to 
London  and  exhibited  Umsclf.  He  died  on  the  iisl  of  Jnly 
1S09,  and  at  tbe  time  measured  s  ft.  11  in.  In  bei^t  uid  weighed 
jij  atone  (739  ft).  Ho  waistcoat,  now  in  the  Kings  Lynn 
Museum,  measures  loi  in.  round  the  wast.  Bis  coffin  contained 
1 1 1  f).  of  dm  and  was  built  on  wheels.  His  name  has  been  used 
as  a  synonym  for  Unmensity.  George  Meredith  dscrlbea 
London  as  the  "Danid  Lambert  of  dtlei,"  and  Herbert  Spencti 

proportions  were  depicted  on  a  number  of  tavem  signs,  but  the 
best  portrait  of  him,  a  large  neuolinl,  ii  preserved  U  (be 
British  UuSEUm  in  Lyaon^  CtUaltHea, 


LAMBBRT,  F.— LAMBERT,  J. 


L&MBKBT,  nUCn  (c  m8^>S]*)>  Praisunt  reformer, 
ma  the  icui  ol  ■  papal  oSicM  at  Avignon,  whcic  he  wu  bom 
betwMD  14S5  and  1487,  Al  the  age  of  15  be  enuied  the 
FrucuCM  mooaleiy  u  AvigBoii,  and  a/tir  iji;  he  was  an 
ilinerant  preacher,  mveUing  through  France,  Italy  and  SwiiKr- 
laod.  Hil  itudy  of  the  Scnpliuei  tbook  faia  Iiilh  in  Roman 
Calhotic  theology,  and  by  ijii  be  bul  abandoned  hit  order, 
and  becainc  known  to  the  leaden  of  the  Refoimztign  in  Swiiiei- 
land  and  Germany.  He  did  not,  bowevei,  idectiiy  himself 
either  with  Zwinglianfim  ox  I-utberuusni;  he  diluted  with 
Zwingli  al  Zurich  In  isiit  and  then  made  hia  way  to  Eisenach 
and  Wittenberg,  where  he  married  in  ijij.  He  retuined  to 
Slrauburg  in  1514,  being  anxious  to  spread  the  doctrines  oi  the 
Reiomution  among  the  French-ipealiing  population  of  the 
neighbourhood.  By  the  Germanshe  wa«dlitruatcd,andin  1526 
his  activitie)  were  prohibited  fay  the  city  ol  Striuburs.  He  wa>, 
bowevet.  bcliiended  by  Jacob  Sturm,  who  recommended  him 
10  the  Luidgnf  PhlUp  of  Hesse,  ihe  most  Hbcral  of  the  Cermaa 
reloming  prinires.  With  FhiUp'i  cncouragenKnl  he  dialled 
thai  scheme  o(  ecdcsiaslical  reform  for  which  he  is  bmoul. 

il  provided  for  the  govcmmenl  of  (he  whole  church  by  means  of 
a  synod.  Pastoiswereto  be  elected  by  [he  congregation,  and  the 
whole  system  of  canon-law  was  repudiated.  This  scheme  was 
submitted  by  Philip  I0  a  synod  it  Homburg;  but  Luther 
intervened  and  persuaded  the  Landgraf  to  abandon  il.  It  was 
far  too  democratic  ta  commend  itself  to  the  Lulheians,  who  had 
by  this  time  bound  the  Lulheian  cause  10  the  tupporl  of  princes 
lalher  than  to  that  of  the  people.  Phtlip  conlinued  lo  favour 
Limberl,  who  was  appointed  prolessot  and  head  of  the  theo- 
logical faculty  [n  the  Landgrafs  new  university  ol  Maiburg. 
Pairiclc  Hamilton  (fj.).lheScoIli5hmsnyc.wai  one  of  his  pupUi; 


his  Lxi  t 


:D  Scotia 


rkk-i  Flea, 


X  populi 


waveted  between  the  Lmheran  and 
o(  Ibe  Lord's  Supper,  but  at  this  conference  he  defintcely  J 
the  Zwinglian  view.     He  died  of  the  pbfue  on  the  iSlh  of  April 
15J0,  and  was  buried  at  Marburg. 


A  calatDguc  of  Lamberl'e  writings  ii  given  in  Haag'i  Cd  Franc* 

SolulonU.    See  also  lives  of  Lambert  bf  Baum  (Slrastburg.  lit"); 
W.  Heuencamp  (Elberfeld.  iB6o),Stieve  (Bicslau.  iMt)  "-' '  "'  - 
Ruffet  (Paiw  '874):  Larimer,  £1/1  sf  Palw*  Hamim 
A.  L-  Richw.   -  ..   .       I.    <        . 


.¥' 


._   ..  Mint  ktrckamrdtl    , 

unmatun:   Philip  of  Eteue's  Cfrnsfoi^i..    _    .. 
Lena;   UodKy,    BiiL    JUftrmadtn;    Mljtmtlnt 


■  mtUr. 


(A. 


I^irwrli 
F.  P.) 


LAHBBRT,  JOKAIOI  HEDIBICB  (171S-1777),  German 
pbysicisl.  Tnathemalician  and  astronomer,  was  bom  al  Uul- 
hausen,  Alsace,  on  the  i&thi^  August  1718.  He  was  the  son  of 
a  tailor;  and  the  sUght  eleinentaiy  instruction  he  obtained 

own  private  reading.  He  became  book-keeper  at  Monlbiliard 
ironworks,  and  suhsequeally  (i74sl  secretary  10  Proleisor  Iselin, 
Ibe  editor  of  a  newspaper  at  Basel,  who  three  yeat»  later  recom. 
mended  him  ai  private  lutor  lo  the  family  of  Count  A.  von  Salis 
of  Coire.  Coming  Ibus  into  virtual  possession  of  a  good  library, 
Lambcrl  had  peculiar  opportunities  for  improving  himself  in  his 
literary  and  sdentihc  studies.  In  i7sg,  after  completing  with 
hia  pupils  a  lour  of  two  yean'  duration  through  Gattingcn, 
UtrechI,  Paris.  Marseilles  and  Turin,  he  resigned  his  tutorship 
and  lellled  al  Augsburg.     Munich,  Erlangen,  Coire  and  Leipiig 

removed  lo  Berlin,  when  he  received  many  favoura  at  the  hand 
of  Frederkk  Ihe  Great  ind  oai  elected  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Acadcny  of  Sciences  of  Berlin,  and  in  i;;*  edited  the  Berlin 
Ettumcrii.  He  died  of  consumption  on  the  ijth  of  September 
1777.  His  publication*  show  him  (o  have  been  a  man  of  original 
and  active  mind  with  a  singvtai  facility  la  applying  malhemalics 


Hia    I 


atbcm 


ical    I 


e   exluded  .and  a 


»07 

shadowed  by  hii  coitmponilei.    Hii  developounl  oi  the 

equation  i^+^»t  in  an inGiiiteaetfes was  extended  by  I,eoDhard 
Enler.  and  pattkularty  by  Joseph  Louis  Lagrange.  Id  i/fii 
he  proved  the  irrationality  of  i;  a  simpler  proof  was  given 
somewhat  later  by  Legendta.     The  introduction  ol  hyperbolic 

qaldiscovtries  are  of  great  value,  his  Ditjrcit  i*(rjf«(iK(ijs9- 
1 77i)  being  a  work  of  great  merit.  Astronomy  was  also  enriched 
by  his  investigations,  and  he  was  led  to  several  remitkible 
theorems  on  conies  which  bear  bis  name.  The  most  imporlaDl 
are:  (i)  To  eipresa  the  time  of  describing  an  elliptic  arc  under 
the  Newtonian  law  of  gravitation  in  terms  of  the  focal  dislancei 
of  the  initial  and  linal  poinii,  and  the  length  of  the  chord  Joining 
them,  (i)  A  theorem  relating  to  itae  apjiarent  curvatuie  ol  tb« 
geocentric  path  of  a  comet. 
Lambvei  m«  intpemnt  nixt,  PynmHrii  (Berlm,  imj,  Is  a 


igftnirg,    17C0),   Jttiifniam  orbilat 

_ ,-iait-  17*0.  and  Btiliiie '^'<- 

nnl  ^ttiAimmiiMi  U  vols.,  BirlV 


ip»p»  propnttalti  (Atig^rf,  IT^ij,  and  ^itriie 
'trltalkrmUiktiKdJtrviAiimndiiniUvai-  "-•■' 
The  Uimairi  of  the  Berlin  Academy  ii< 


28 


flaidi,  ™Bi.eirm7eoinEtrp>obabiKiitfc  ihe  motfcm  ol  three  bt 
meteorokigr.  *c.  In  the  Aca  HeVwHtfl  (1751-176^  and  Ir 
^0ra  vta  trudile  (i763''7<a)  sevaral  ct  ma  eoncribaliona  ap 
lnBodc's./aiFhfi(i77^i7Mhediinuseinuulian.abctriS 
lilhl.  Saturn'i  rings  and  comeu;  in  rhe  NaM  aila  Hdrtliia  (l. 
he  hu  a  long  paper  "  5ur  1e  son  des  corps  ^bsliqun."  Tn  Bernoulu 
and  tJindenGun*!  Uafiain  (1767-1788)  he  ireais  ot  the  rooli  of 
equatkn  and  alpaiallFl  lines:  and  la  Hiadenbuig's  Artlat  (I7«S- 
1799)  he  wriiet  on  oplici  and  perspective,  hiany  of  thoie  pvecn 
were  published  poatfuimoatly.  Recogniud  ai  smona  the  first 
maihenuliciaos  of  his  day,  be  wai  aUo  widety  known  for  Ihe  uni- 
versality  and  depth  of  Ms  philological  and  philotophical  knoiwVrfee. 
The  most  vahu&g  li  his  loduTand  diilasaphical  mcmdra  atre 
puUiihed  eelletih-ely  in  1  vji.  (i  79iJ. 

S«  Huber-i  Liaii€ft  jUKi  Ki'arK  Ubtt  anf  Wiriifi;  M.  Cha>lt«, 
CtsctniUi  itr  Gtrmtliii;  and  Baenich,  lamtt'lt  PkilestMc  kiul 
«.MJW/aagniJt:<.nl(,90i). 

UMBERT  [d/ioi  X'icuoUOkI,  JDBH  (d.  isjS),  English 
Proletlaot  martyr,  wa*  bom  at  Norwich  and  educated  at 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  BX  and  wu  admitted  Id  1511 
a  fellow  of  Queen's  College  on  the  noBdnailon  of  Catherine  ol 
Aragon.  Afier  acting  for  some  yeaia  as  a  "  masi-priesl,"  his 
views  were  unteliled  by  the  aigumems  of  Bilney  and  Arihur; 
and  episcopal  persecution  compeUcd  bim,  according  to  his  own 

He  likewise  tetnoved  to  Antwerp,  where  he  became  chaplain  lo 
the  English  factory,  and  formed  a  friendship  with  Frith  and 
Tyndale.  Reluming  to  England  in  tjji.  be  came  under  Ibe 
notice  ot  Archbishop  Warham,  who  questioned  him  closely  on 
his  religious  beliefs.  Warham'a  death  in  August  1531  relieved 
Lambert  from  immediate  danger,  and  he  earned  a  living  for  some 
yeara  by  teaching  Latin  and  Greek  near  the  Stocli  Jlarkct  in 
landon,  The  duke  of  Norfolk  and  other  reactionaries  accused 
him  of  heresy  in  iij6.  but  reTMming  tendencies  were  tult  In 
the  atcendant.  and  Lambert  escaped.  In  1538.  however,  the 
reaction  had  begun,  and  Lambert  was  lla  fiiat  victim.  He 
singled  himself  out  forperseculion  by  denying  Ihe  Real  Presence; 
and  Henry  VIII.,  who  had  just  rejected  the  Lutheran  propoeal* 
tora  thcologicil  union,  was  in  no  mood  lo  lolersle  worse  heresiea. 
Lambert  had  challeDged  lome  views  eipreised  by  X)i  John 
Taylor,  afterwards  bishi^  of  Lincoln;  and  Cianmer  as  arch- 
btshop  condemned  Lombfrl's  opinions.  He  appealed  loihg  king  as 
supremeheadoItheChurch.andon  the  i6Lh  of  November  Henry 
heard  the  case  in  person  before  a  large  sssembly  of  spiritual  and 
temporal  peers.  For  (ivehoursLamberl  disputed 'ilh  ihe  king 
and  ten  bishops:and  then,  as  he  boldly  denied  thai  Ibe  Eucharist 
was  the  body  of  Christ,  he  wiscoudenincd  to  death  by  Ctomwell 
as  vicegerent.  Henry's  condescenuon  and  patience  produced 
a  great  impression  on  hii  Catholic  subjecis;  but  Cromwell  b 
said  by  Foie  lo  have  asked  Lambert's  pardon  before  his  eiecullon, 
and  Cranmer  eventually  adopted  the  views  he  condemned  in 
Lambert.  Lambert  was  burnt  at  Smithfitld  on  the  nod  t/l 
Kayember. 


Eo8 

S«  LtUen  ami  ^«(m  «/  H«p»  VtSI.:  Faa-t  Adi  ati  «««- 
MUSi  Prwde.  HuOtfl  Diion,  CIHKk  Uiiiity;  Cwdotr. 
MtaF^r  uJ  tta  J^ftnMkfli.  McL  nf  Utt.  Buf-  "^  tulhonao 
then  ax«L  <."■  '•  PO 


'   ILiAMSEfeT.'JOHN 


LAMBEST.  Itmn  (i«i9-'*94).  English  gcneoJ  in  Ihe  C™i 
Rebellion,  WIS  bora  >t  Cillon  HJ],  Kitkby  Mslhsm,  in  the  W«t 
Bidini  o(  Yorkihirt  His  famUy  *ii  ol  uidtnt  ltae»gf ,  ipd  long 
Killed  in  tlia  louoly.  He  studied  law,  bul  did  not  mike  it  his 
profession.  Id  i6jQhtmamed  Frances,  daughter  o[  Sir  William 
Litter.  At  the  opening  of  the  Clvfl  War  he  took  up. arms  for 
Ihe  gwlianient,  (Ad  in  SeptombFr  1641  was  appointed  a  captain 
of  horK  in  the  umy  commanded  by  Ferdinando,  Lord  FaTrTai. 
A  yeu  later  he  had  become  coIoheI  of  a  refpinent  of  horse,  and 
he  diitinguiilKd  himself  at  the  liege  of  HuH  in  October,  164]. 
Early  In  i&u  he  did  good  service  at  the  battle)  ol  Nantwich 
and  Bradford,  At  Manton  Moor  Lambert's  own  reguncnl  »as 
routed  by  the  charge  of  Goring's  horse;  but  he  cut  hb  way 
through  with  a  tew  troops  and  joined  Cromwell  on  the  other  side 
of  the  field.  When  the  New  Model  army  wi*  formed  in  the 
beginning  of  i6ti,  Celontl  Lambert  was  appotnled  to  succeed 
Fairfai  in  command  of  Ihe  northern  farcn.  General  Poynti, 
however,  soon  replaced  him,  and  under  Ibis  officer  he  served  in 
Ihe  Yorkshire  campaign  ol  164$.  IcceiviBg  a  wound  before 
PoDtcfracl.  In  1646  he  wu  giveni  tegimeot  <n  theNewModel, 
Krving  with  Fairfai  in  the  wtJI  of  England,  and  he  was  a 
comtniuloner,  with  Cromwell  and  othcn,  for  the  surrender  ol 
Oiford  U  the  una  year.  "  It  is  evident,"  says  C.  H.  Firth 
{DUI.  Sal.  But-):  "  ■>"'.  tx  ""  'rom  the  fint  resided  ta  an 
officer  o(  eiceptional  capadt^  and  specially  selected  for  leml- 
polilical  imploymenli." 

WhtD  the  quarrel  between  the  army  and  the  pailtament 
began,  Lambert  Ihiew  UBiwlf  warmly  into  the  aimy'i  caiue. 
lie  assisted  treton  in  drawbig  up  the  Mvenil  addrcDet  and 
remonstrances  issued  by  the  army,  both  men  having  had  some 
experience  In  the  law.  and  being  "  of  a  subtle  and  worting  brain." 
Early  in  August  1647  Lambert  was  sent  by  Faiilax  >s  major- 
general  to  take  charge  of  Ihe  forces  in  the  norlhem  counties. 
Hii  wise  and  j'uit  managing  of  afiaiis  hi  those  parts  is  commended 
by  Whiteloclie.  He  suppressed  a  mutiny  among  hii  troops, 
kept  strict  discipline  and  hunted  down  the  moss-troopers  who 
hlteiled  the  moorhod  country. 

When  the  Scottish  army  under  the  maiqulj  of  Hamilton 
Invaded  Enghnd  in  Ihe  summer  of  1648.  Lambert  w»  engaged 
In  suppressing  the  Royalist  rising  In  hii  district.  The  nrrival 
of  [he  Scots  obliged  him  to  retreat:  but  Lambert  displayed  the 
ercalest  energy  and  did  not  cease  to  harau  the  invaders  till 
Croiawetl  came  up  from  Wales  and  wiih  him  dctlroyrd  Ihe 
Scottish  army  in  the  three  days' lighllng  from  Prrston  10  Warring- 
Ion.  After  the  battle  Lambert's  cavalry  headed  Ihe  chase, 
punuing  the  defeated  army  t  anlnntcc,  and  finally  sumnindid 
It  It  Ultoielet,  where  Hamilton  sunendered  to  Lambert  on  the 
jjlh  of  August.  He  then  led  the  advani*  of  CromweB'j  army 
Into  Scotland,  where  he  was  left  in  charge  00  Crorawell't  reium. 
Prom  December  1154!  to  March  i64[i  be  was  engaged  in  the  siege 
of  Ponicfract  Castle;  Lambert  was  thus  absent  from  London  at 
the  time  ot  Piidc's  Purge  and  the  trial  and  execution  at  the  king. 

When  Cromwell  was  appointed  to  (he  command  of  the  war 
In  Scotland  (July  1630),  Lambert  went  with  hhn  as  major; 
general  and  second  in  command.  He  was  mnindcd  at  Muucl- 
burgh,  but  returned  to  the  front  In  time  to  take  a  c6ns[ricuous 
share  in  the  victory  of  Dunbar.  He  himself  defeated  the 
"  Protetters  "  or  "  We«em  Whigs  "  at  Hamilton,  on  the  ist 
of  December  1650.  In  July  11)51  he  «ii  sent  Into  Fife  to  get 
in  tV  rear  and  Hank  of  the  Scottish  army  near  Falklrt,  and 
force  Ihem  to  decisive  action  by  cutting  off  thdr  supplies.  Thii 
mission,  In  the  course  of  which  Lambert  won  an  Important 
victoiy  at  Inverkcithing,  was  eiecuted  with  entire  luccesi, 
whereupon  Charles  II.,  as  Lambert  had  foreseen,  made  lor 
England,  For  the  events  of  the  Worcester  campaign,  which 
quickly  followed,  see  GuuT  RebelUOn.  Lambert's  part  in 
the  genera]  plan  was  carried  out  most  brUliantly,  and  In  the 

''wning  victory  ol  WorceUet  he  commanded  the  right  wing  of 


In  October  i6ji  Lambert  wu'made  a  commisdoiier  to  lettk 
the  aSatn  of  ScolUnd  ,andoiithedeathoflKloshewu  tppcdsted 
lord  deputy  of  Ireland  (JatiaDtT  1651]-  He  accepted  the 
office  with  pleasure,  and  made  magnificent  preparations; 
parliament,  however,  soon  afterwards  reconflituted  the  Iiish 
administration  and  Lambert  refused  to  accept  office  on  the  new 
terms.  Henceforward  he  began  to  oppose  ibc  Kump.  In  the 
coundl  of  ofScers  he  headed  the  party  desiring  representative 
government,  as  opposed  to  Harrison  who  favoured  a  i^ted 
ollgaichy  of  "  God-fearing  "  men,  but  both  hated  what  remained 
of  the  Long  parliament,  and  joined  In  urging  (^omw^  to  dissolve 
it  by  force.  At  the  same  time  Lambert  was  consuiled  by  Ihe 
paruamentary  leaders  as  to  Ihe  possibility  of  dismissing  Cromwell 
from  his  command,  and  on  the  i^lh  of  March  1IS5J  Cromwell 
refused  10  see  him,  speaking  ot  him  amtemptuODsly  as  "  bOtioDi- 
less  Limbetl."  On  the  lolh  of  April,  however,  Lambert  accom- 
panied Cromwell  when  he  dismissed  the  council  of  state,  on  ihe 
same  day  as  the  forcible  expulsion  of  the  parliament.  Ijmbrrt 
now  favoured  the  formation  of  a  small  executive  coundl,  to  be 
folbwed  by  an  elective  parliament  whose  pavers  '>hoEld  be 
limited  by  a  written  iniirument  of  government.  BelnS  at'  thU 
time  the  ruling  spirit  in  ihe  council  of  slate,  and  the  idol  of  the 
army,  there  were  some  who  looked  on  him  as  a  possible  rival 
of  Cromwell  for  the  chief  eiecutive  power,  while  the  royalists 
for  a  short  time  had  hopes  of  his  support.  He  was  Invited, 
with  Cromwell,  Harrison  and  Dcsborough,  to  sit  in  the  nominated 
parliament  of  i6$$;  and  trhen  the  unpopulariiy  Of  that  assembly 
increased.  Cromwell  drew  nearer  to  Lambert.  In  November 
1653  Lambert  presided  over  a  meeting  of  officers,  when  Ihe 
question  ofconslitutionalsetllemenlwasdiscu)sed,anda  proposal 
made  for  the  fordhle  npubton  of  the  nominated  parilament.- 
On  the  1st  of  December  he  urged  Cromwell  to  assume  the  tille 
of  king,  which  the  latter  refused. '  On  the  iith  Ihe  ("rllament 
resigned  its  powers  Into  CromwrD's  hands,  and  on  the  ijtN 
Lambert  obtained  Ihe  consent  of  Ihe  oflicfrs  to  the  Instrument 
of  Government  (f->.).  in  Ihe  framing  of  which  he  had  taken  ■ 
leading  part.  He  was  one  of  the  seven  officers  nominated  10 
seats  In  the  toUncfl  created  by  the  Instrtnoent.  In  the  IMeIgn 
policy  of  the  protectorate  he  was  the  most  dampious  of  (hose 
who  called  Tor  aflian^  with  Spain  and  war  with  France  in  i6jji 
and  he  firmly  wiihalood  Cromwell's  design  for  an  eipedition 
10  the  W(si  Indies. 

In  the  dcbitei  In  pai^iameni  on  th«  Instrument  of  Govern, 
moni  hi  i6s4  Lambert  proposed  thai  the  office  of  protector 
should  be  made  hereditary,  but  was  defeated  by  a  majority 
which  Indnded  members  of  Cromwell's  family,  hi  IM  parlia- 
ment of  this  year,  and  again  In  1656.  Lord  Lambert,  as  he  wai 
nowstyled.  sat  03  member  for  the  West  Riding.  He  was  one  of 
the  mijor-ginerals  appointed  In  August  1655  to  command  the 
militia  h  the  ten  districts  Into  which  It  was  proposed  to  divide 
England,  and  who  were  to  be  respon^ble  for  Ihe  maintenance 
ofordtrnnd  ihe  administration  o(  the  lawinthelrseveial  districts. 
Limhrt  took  a  prominent  part  In  the  committee  of  coundl 
which  drew  up  instructions  to  the  major-generals,  and  he  wu 
probably  Ihe  originator,  and  certainly  the  organlter,  of  the 
system  of  police  which  these  officers  were  to  controL  GartUnet 
tonjecturei  that  it  was  ihrough  divergence  of  opinion  between 
Ihe  protector  and  Lambert  In  connexion  with  these  " 


t  the  e^ 


.t  belwi 


n  began. 


At  aQ  events,  although  Lamliert  had  himself  at  an  earlier  t 
requested  Cromwell  to  take  the  royal  dignity,  when  the  proposal 
10  declare  Olivet  king  was  slirted  In  parliament  [February 
1657)  he  Bl  once  dedared  sirongly  against  it.  A  hundred  oHicets 
headed  by  Fleetwood  and  Lambert  waited  on  the  protector,  and 
bcg^  him  to  pui  a  slop  to  the  proceedings.  Lambert  was  not 
convinced  by  Cromwell'sargumenl!,  and  thdr  complete  estrange, 
ment.  personal  as  well  as  pijiilcal.  followed.  On  his  refusal 
to  lake  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  prolectir,  Lambert  wai 
deprived  of  hit  comniiulou,  rtcdving,'  hottevtr.  a  petuion  ol 


LAMffiRT  OF  MERSEELD— LAMBESSX 

)ut  gudcn  11  WiRibledoa.  ud 


10^ 


fNoo  A  ]n*r.    He  Rtlrtd 

■ppared  BO  moic  in  public  aunng  uuv«  LmmBcii  >  iiicume; 
ki«  ibtttlr  bdon  ha  ilalii  CrnnvtU  aoughi  a  RtondlUtion, 
■lift  Lunhtn  ■nd  hii  witr  vis'tcd  hifii  il  WhitehiLL 
When  Bicbunl  CrDmwcU  au  ptoclnimcd  prolcctor  bla  chltf 

CDDlroL  I^mbert,  though  bokjing  no  mLlJliry  coiDimHJant  «u 
Iht  msst  popnlir  of  ifcc  eld  Cromnllian  gcnenh  with  the 
nnk  and  file  of  (he  irmy,  and  it  iraa  very  gcnenUy  believed 
Ihal  be  would  inual  himself  in  Olivec't  scat  of  powei.  Kichard'i 
adIicnotA  Lfied  lo  eoDciJiate  him,  and  the  royaliat  luden  lUde 

Lambert'i  daughter.  Lambert  at  first  gave  a  luteWarm  support 
(0  Rurhard  Ccomwell,  and  look  no  part  in  lie  intngus  of  the 
oOcers  u  Fleetwood's  te>idcnc«,  WalUnglan]  Hoiuc  He  was 
1  member  ot  Ihe  parliament  wMcli  met  in  Januiiy  ifijg, 
and  when  il  was  disjotvcil  in  April  under compubioii  ol  FlnlKood 
and  Detborongh.  he  wai  cilorcd  to  hl>  commands.  He  headed 
the  depuution  to  Unlhaii  in  May  iaviling  the  rtluin  ol  the 
Kump,  which  Ifd  (0  the  umc  Klircmcnt  of  RichiKl  Ciomirell 
into  obscurity;  mci  he  wai  appointed  a  oicmbci  gl  the  com- 
mittee of  wfcty  inH  of  Ihc  council  ot  state.  When  the  paiHar 
meat,  deiinu]  of  controlling  the  power  of  the  army,  withheld 
from  Fleetwood  the  right  of  nominating  olTiccra,  Lambert  was 
named  one  of  a  muncil  of  seven  chaigcd  with  this  duty.  The 
parliament's  evident  distrust  ol  the  soldiers  caused  much  dis- 
content hi  the  army;  white  the  entire  absence  of  real  Authority 

Charles  tl,  the  moil  serious  of  which,  under  Sir  George  Booth 
and  the  earl  of  Derby,  was  crushed  by  Lambert  near  Chester 
on  the  iglh  of  August.  He  promoted  i  petition  from  his  army 
that  Fleetwood  might  be  made  lord-general  and  himself  major- 
generaL  The  republican  party  In  the  Home  took  olTence, 
The  Commons  (October  nth,  tfisg}  cashiered  Lambert  and  other 
offictn,  and  retained  Fleetwood  as  chief  of  a  military  council 
under  the  authority  of  the  ipcalei.  On  the  neii  day  Lambert 
caused  the  doois  of  the  Bouie  to  be  ihjii 


leptc 


smbcr.  He  waj  also  appointed  major- 
gcDeral  of  all  the  focces  in  England  and  Scotland,  Fleetwood 
being  genetal.  Lambert  wai  now  kdI  with  a  targe  force  to 
m«t  SfonV,  who  was  in  command  ol  the  English  forces  in 
Scotland,  and  either  negotiate  with  him  or  force  him  ts  term*. 
Uonl:.  however.  Ml  bit  umy  io  motion  southward.  Lambeii** 
anny  began  to  melt  away,  and  he  was  kept  io  luqieme  by  Monk 
lil!  his  whole  army  fell  from  him  and  he  relumed  to  Londoo 
almost  alone.  Monk  marched  to  Loadon  unopposed.  The 
"  eiduded  "  Presbyterian  members  were  recalled.  Lanibcrl 
waisenl  to  the  Tower(Maich3rd.i66cl,  from  which  he  escaped 
a  month  laler.     He  tried  to  rekindle  the  dvil  war  in'  favour  ot 

to  the  Tower  (April  14th).  On  the  Rcslontiorx  he  was  eicmpted 
from  danger  of  life  by  as  addms  ot  both  Ilausrs  to  the  king, 
but  the  ncit  pariiamenl  (166))  charged  him  with  high  treason. 
Thenceforward  for  the  rest  of  his  life  Lambert  remained  io 
custody  in  Gucnxsey.  He  died  in  i6fM. 
L^nbin  wOBk]  han  left  ■  t-tts  luiaalfl  UMory  If  b*  had  bees  a 
pyalist  than  to  the  puritan 

tiFlieTFd  thit  Cronvnlt  eould  nol  atirid'  without  him:  and  when 
Croaw>n  wai  di^  be  loulKdbliiHelf  aotitled  and  it  ted  to  luececd 
him.  YeckitanibitioBwMlmMlUiihaathatitfMoak.  Laaben 
ii  accused  o(  no  ill  faith,  w  want  oTi  '  '.       .      < 

Utioi  policy.    As  a  soldier  lie         ' 


cavalier.    Kia  Mia^  artfert  and  orcii 
easily  drarpftd.  wai  more  aliio  to  th 


>:ar     HejMi 

blame  of  Mn 


Il  hu  ben  said  that  be  bi 


,  loSt),  Cemm  dmnlcter, 
was  probably  a  ThuringiaB  by  hinh  and  became  a  mook  In  the 
Benedictine  abbey  of  Hersfeld  in  105s.  Aa  be  was  ordained 
prieal  at  Aschaflenbtug  be  is  sometime)  called  Lambert  g{ 
Aacbafloibiug,  or  Scbafnaburg.  Be  Dude  a  pilgTinnge  to  the 
Hofy  Land,  and  vtailed  varfoiis  monasteries  of  his  order;  but 
beisfamoDsasthesuthorofiome  ^iMo/ei.  from  the  crtaiioD 
of  the  world  until  about  1040  these  AniiaJes  am  a  jejune  copjr 
of  other  annab,  but  from  1040  to  ibeir  condiuion  jn  1077  Ihey 
are  interesting  for  the  history  of  Germany  and  the  papacy. 
The  important  eveots  during  the  elrliec  part  of  the  itign  of 
the  emperor  Heniy  IV.,  induding  the  visit  to  Casossa  and  the 
battle  of  Hohenharg,  aie  vividly  described.  Tbdr  tone  is 
hostile  to  Henry  IV.  and  friendly  to  the  papacy;  their  Latin 
ityle  is  eicellenl.  The  Aniwla  were  tint  published  in  T5)] 
and  are  printed  in  the  Uonimala  Gameniji  kisltriai,  Blade 
iii.  and  v.  (Hanover  and  Beriin,  1816  lol.).  Fonnerly  Lambert's 
TtpuIalioB  for  accnracy  and  ijnpartiaiity  was  very  high,  but 
both  qualities  have  been  somewhat  discredited. 
Lambert  is  ah>  Raided  u  tlw  autbur  o(  tlw  Hizlsria  OrlMtU- 

Mafunuila  of  aYSaLaili.  Lullus,  irdif^hop  ol  .Maioi.  be'lna  ih* 
founder  dT  the  abbey  at  IlenTdd;  and  of  a  Ctrmt-,  dr  btUoSan^ia. 
His  opera  have  been  edited  with  an  iBtroduction  by  O,  Holder- 

^m  H.  Delbi^ck/0iv  *tt  Oai-iKitiittfil  LumbtrU  mm  Btr^dd 
(Bonn,  IS?!):  A.  Ejeenbrodt,  LmptH  fsn  HiiajtU  and  iit  noun 
Q^£a}i,nii%»t  (ifaad,  iBoS):  L.  vsn  Itinkc.  Z,tr  KrilH 
fnnhidk-dmxler  Jtci^huiKi^iiUir  (BecliK,  IBu):  W.  Wattee- 
tneh.  DtMOcUaiiii  CackitkUmHBr*  Band  A.  (Becfln,  1906}  and 
A.  Ponbut,  £>l(Mlt«  Auwui  (BettimKffi). 

UMBBSSA.  the  ancient  Lambaesa,  a  village  ot  Algeria.  In 
tfie  arrondincment  of  Batna  and  department  of  Constantine, 
T  m.  S.E.  of  Batna  and  r;  W.  ef  Timgid.  Ilie  modem  village, 
the  cenlreofanagricultnralcolony  founded  in  rS4S,  Is  noteworthy 
lor  its  great  convict  establishment  (built  about  rSjo).  The 
remains  of  the  Roman  town,  and  more  especially  of  the  Roman 
eamp,  in  spile  of  wanton  vandalism,  are  among  (he  most  Interest- 


re  ialfarn 


northern  Afriei 


They 


d  by  tl 
IS  have  resulted 


nmany 

nteresting  disc 

veriea 

Th 

minj 

re  situated 

on  the 

owerte 

races  ot  the  J 

bel  A 

nd  CO 

nsist  of  tn 

umpha 

arches  ( 

me  10  Septim 

us  Sevi 

ras. 

r  10    Com 

nodus) 

ieeso 

amphi 

heat re,  bi 

hs   and 

M^qu^nt'^y" 

ybe 

onging 

to  private 

houses. 

To  the  north  and  east  II 

eiteni 

vec 

emeten 

a  with  th 

In  their 


nal  al 


o  the  1 


have  been  largely  removed 
for  buiMing  the  modern  village.  Ot  the  temple  of  Aesculapius 
only  one  column  is  standing,  though  in  the  middle  of  the  igtb 
century  its  facade  was  entire.  The  eapilol  or  temple  dedicated 
to  Jupiter,  Juno  and  Minerva,  which  has  been  cleared  of  debris, 
has  a  portico  with  eight  columns.  On  levc)  ground  about  two- 
thirds  of  a  mile  from  the  centre  of  the  ancient  town  stands  tht 
camp;  Its  site  no*  partly  occupied  by  (he  penitentiary  and  its 
gardens.  It  measures  ifiisfi.  N,  loS,  by  r4;e  ft,  E.  10  W.,  and 
fn  the  middk  rise  the  ruins  ot  a  buEldtng  commonly  called,  but 
Incorrectly,  the  praetorram.  This  noble  building,  which  dates 
from  a.t>.  i6i,  is  gi  ft.  long  by  66  ft.  bi«ad  and  n  ft.  high; 
Its  soulhem  facade  has  ■  splendid  peristyle  half  the  height 
of  the  wall,  consEning  of  a  front  low  of  massive  Ionic  columna 
sod  an  engaged  row  lA  Corinthian  pilasteis.  Behind  this 
bnildtBt  (wUeh  was  roofed).  Is  ■  large  court  giving  access  to 
other  buildings,  me  befng  th«  aneaal.  In  it  have  been  found 
many  Ifaoosands  of  projeclilei.  To  the  S.E.  an  the  remains  of 
the  batfas.  The  luiiu  of  both  tily  and  eamp  have  yielded  manr 
inscriptions  (Renlercdlted  ijoo,  and  then  are  4r8s  in  the  Cirpin 
Inter.  Lai.  vol.  viil.);  and,  thongh  a  very  large  proportion  are 
epJUphs  af  the  barest  kind,  the  more  imporlint  pieces  lupply 
an  outRne  of  the  hiMory  of  the  pUoc.  Over  ijoo  ilaciiptloni 
relating  to  the  eamp  have  been  deciphetnl.  In  ■  museum  in 
the  village  are  objects  of  antiqAity  discovered  la  the  vicinity. 


iDIposnr 


rihear 


1  of  Srptimlus  Severui.    The  tt 


ea  include 


Ldmbuu  wu  1  miliUTV  fcnjiuIatiCin.  Th^  CAn 
legion  (Lcgio  III.  Auouiu),  to  which  It  own  IHD. 
tuvC  IvKi  aublutKr  btlHRn  A.D.  I13  and  tl4, 
ILidriaD,  whoK  ulflret*  ""  ""'"  ""'"■  "" '"  """" 


lAMBBTH— tAMRETH  CQNFIBREHCEJ 

lutMi  Ra*d  b  KennUctM.Ovil,  4c  novad 
:rfckn  Chib;  the  KoKd  in  konB  Bueb  uj 


niDcc  of  Niioiidik.    The 


l.^flie  town 


loaad  jiucrUxd  on  ■ 

'  a  muTILCipiuEn  probably 
l1  n(  the  new  If  fDundrd 

I  itt  lii^l  d»>ru^  d«l 


xl  bv  Vilei 
lie  pbn  tl 

tuvt  been  round  tmoiw  the  niiu. 
About  1  n.  S  of  Uiubou  ire  the  ni«»  of  Mukuna.  Ibe  incinit 

"s^S.  GiiwiLiJin^in^'irtiiMuT'iUI-Mtint  (PiHi,  1^1)  ind 
VAlrhii  iant  tantipiiU  (Algicn.  looj);  1-  Rcniei,  Uunpltoiii 
MMM  ifa  '''i^l'i'  (Paris.  lS5S)i  CuiUv  Wilmmnn    "  Die  rtni 

Mtmmiemi  (Berlin. 'l8i7|;  Sir  L  PUyiJlf.  f>Ii^".ii  UtT^iUpi 
til  BrMce  (LondoD,  1877);  A.  Craham,  Rimaii  AJnca  (London,  isai). 

LAHBBTH,  «  aouihetn  nwiinpolitan  bottHigh  af  London. 
England,  boundRlN.W.  by  the  liver  Thames,N.E.  by  Southwaik, 
E.  by  Cambetwell  and  W.  by  Wiiidiwotlh  and  Baiwree*. 
and  eiteniliiig  S.  10  the  bouDihiy  of  Uit  county  of  I.ondon. 
Pop.  (1901)  301,895.  The  name  ii  commonLy  mnfined  to  the 
nonhetn  part  of  (he  borough,  bordering  the  river;  but  the 
principal  districta  included  aie  Kennington  and  VaiiiSuH  (north 
leulral),  BriiLflo  (centiaJ)  and  parr  of  Norwood  (iouib).  Four 
Isad-btidga  croai  tbe  Thamei  within  the  Umiti  of  ihc  boniugh, 
Dimcly  Waterloo,  WeitrainiteT,  Lanbelh  and  Vatnhall.  ol 
which  the  Gist,  a  fine  stone  iinictun,  date)  from  tSi;,  and  i> 
the  oldest  'niamu  bridge  ilanding  uiihin  the  county  of  London. 
The  main  thoroughfare  ruui  S.  (roin  Woiminner  Bridge  Road 
■s  KcDiiington  Road,  contlauing  u  Biliion  Bead  and  Biiiten 
Kill.  Clapban  Road  biaochlag  S.W.  bom  ii  at  Kenninron. 
Several  thoroughfarei  alw  converge  upon  Vauiball  Bridge,  and 
from  a  point  nisr  ihii  down  to  WesimJos^c  Bridfe  the  rivei 
ii  bordered  by  the  iine  Albert  Embankment. 

Early  records  present  the  name  Lamt^-hytlu  in  vuioui  forms. 
Tbc  suffii  is  common  along  the  river  in  the  meaning  ol  a  haven, 
hut  the  ptcAa  is  less  clear;  a  Saxon  word  signifying  mud  ia 
suggested.  Briaton  and  Kennington  arementioned  in  Domesday; 
and  in  Vauxhall  is  concealed  the  name  vl  Falkea  de  Bieaut^* 
an  unicmpulous  adventurer  ol  the  time  ol  John  and  Henry  III. 
exiled  in  iiaj.  The  manor  ol  KoiLh  Lambeth  was  given  I0  the 
bishopric  ol  Rochester  in  the  tune  of  Edward  tbe  Confesur, 
and  the  bishops  had  a  house  here  till  the  iGtb  century.  They  did 
not,  however,  retain  the  iDanor  beyond  the  tlote  of  the  laih 
century,  when  ii  was  acquired  bv  the  sec  of  Canieibuiy.  Tbn 
palace  ol  the  itcbbishopi  is  still  here,  and  lornii,  with  Ibe  parish 
ictLireaque  group  ol  buildings,  lying  doM 


:e  the  r 


icHoii 


1  of  Farl 


julnins  with  them  10  makeof  this  reach  of  Ibc  Thamei  one  of 
the  finest  proipecla  in  London.  The  oldest  put  of  the  palace 
lemaining  is  Ihe  Early  English  chapcL     The  le-callal  Lollard'a 

t.  1440.  There  is  a  fine  Tudor  gatebouae  of  bride,  and  the  hall 
is  dated  i6£].  The  poriion  i»w  inhibited  by  ihc  archbishopi 
was  erected  ia  J&M  and  ftoota  a  ipuiois  quadrangle.  Among 
the  portraila  of  Ihe  archbiahops  here  ore  examples  by  Holbein, 
Van  Dyck,  Hogarth  and  Reyuldi.  There  ia  i  valuable  library. 
The  church  oT  St  Uary  waa  rebuilt  c  i&io,  thou^  the  ancienl 
monuiDEola  ptearved  give  it  an  appeuina  of  antiquity.  Here 
ate  tombs  ol  some  of  the  archbisbopt,  induding  Bancmfl  (d, 
1610),  and  of  the  two  Ttadcscanta,  coUzctara,  and  a  raemorial 
to  Eiias  Asfaraole,  whoie  name  is  preserved  in  the  Aabmolean 
Museum  at  Oifoid  University,  to  which  he  ptncated  the  colleo 
tions  of  his  friend  the  younger  Ttadeicaat  (d.  i66ii.  In  the 
present  Westminster  Bridge  Road  wai  a  circus,  well  Icdowd  in 
the  later  iBth  and  early  j^tb  (tnturic*  aa  Astley's,  and  near 
Vauxhall  Bridge  wen  the  celebrated  Vauxhall  Garden*. 

The  principal  dMdem  cleaiure  gniunda  are  Kenninglofi  Park  (» 
•cm),  aadBrockwcUParli  (11;  acres)  south  of  B[iiian.ud  near  the 


Ihe  Sutiey  Caohiy  Cricket  Ctab;  the  1 
..  other  important  fiitvna.'  Amsag 
St  Thomas'  HopitlL  Ibe    — — '—  ' 

Albert  Embankment.  The 

SCo°^'      " 


.    Th«  etiilliig 


Ij^ildlngg,  HibKqoMCly  uUrpd,  wh« 


lalderm 


n   StockwelJ.     Jitn  •• 


OSS.  Nonh.  KcDniagtDB,  Brinoa 
member.  The  bonufk  councH 
ind  60  caaadtkire.   Area,  408^4 


T^'J, 


UK BETR  nyHRRBNCBSl  the  name  given  to  the  twrlodiol 
lasemblies  of  bishops  of  the  Anglican  Communion  (Fan-Anglican 
synods),  which  since  iMj  have  met  at  Lambeth  Palace,  tbe 
London  residence  of  the  archbishop  of  Canlerbucy.  Tbe  idea 
of  these  meetings  ¥ras  lirst  suggested  ig  a  letter  10  llic  atchbUhop 
of  Canterbury  by  Bishop  Hopkins  of  VennSni  in  1851,  but  the 
immediate  Impulse  came  from  the  cotoqial  Church  in  Canada. 
In  iS6s  tbe  synod  of  that  province,  in  an  urgent  letter  to  the 
archbishop  ol  Cinlettiury  (Dr  Longley),  represented  the  unfeltle- 
mem  of  members  of  the  Canadian  Church  caused  by  recent  legal 
the'  Privy  Council.and  their  alarm  lesl  the  re 


n  o(  C 


"should  leave  u 


[shops  ol  the  Anglican  Churcli  at 


Longley  a; 


:h  housi 


in  of  Cani 


tury.  Archbishop 
the  bishopa  of  the  Anglican 
Lommumon  (then  144  in  number)  to  meet  at  Lambeth  In  1(67 
Many  Anglican  btshopi  (amongst  (hem  the  archbishop  of  York 
and  most  of  his  suffragans)  felt  10  doubtful  as  to  the  nisdom  of 
such  an  assembly  that  they  refused  to  attend  It,  and  DeaD 
Sunlcy  declined  tb  allow  Wcsiminatel'  Abbey  to  be  used  lot 
the  closing  service,  giving  aa  his  reasotis  tbe  partial  character 

and  "  tbe  presence  of  prelates  not  belonging  to  our  Cburdi." 
Archbishop  Longlcy  said  in  his  opening  address,  holvever. 


"the! 


sofa  gem 


ofnllthccburchesi 

lull  CO  mm 

union  wi lb  the  Chu 

rch  of  England," 

but  merely  to  "d 

r>  of  practical  In 

erest.  and  pro- 

nounce  what  we  de 

racirpedl 

nt  In  resolution  < 

4iich  may  serve 

as  safe  guidet  to  f 

a."    Experience  baa  shown  ho« 

valuable  and  wise 

(hit  coune  wa*.    The  its, 

tutions  of  the 

Umbeth  Conferen 

cei  have 

d«i«a,  but  their 

weight  has  increased  with  e 

as  those 

which  possenedth 

e  mind  of  Dean 

Seventy-six  bishopa  accepted  the  pifnut^'s  Invliation  to  (lie 
first  conference,  which  met  at  Lambeth  on  the  utb  nl  Srplembet 
1B67,  and  sat  for  lour  days,  the  jesiioDJ  being  in  private.  The 
archbishop  opened  the  crafetence  wiiU  an  tddren:  delibeiatioa 
foUowed;  e6iilnuttM(  Mni  appoiftlcd  to  report  OB  tpecial 
questlonr,  RMlutloni  were  adopted,  and  an  encyclical  kitet 
wu  addicssed   to  the  faithful  ol  the  Anglican  Cooununion. 

Canterbury  caihedcal  and  addnascd  by  (he  archbiabop  fnun 
the  chair  s(  St  Augustba.  It  has  then  met  at  LanbMfa,  and 
after  sitting  for  five  days  for  delibciation  upon  the  fixed  tubjecU 
and  appointment  of  committees,  has  adjourned,  to  meet  again 
at  tbc  end  of  a  fortnight  and  att  for  five  daya  BOn,  la  leuTv* 
itporu,  adopt    icKlutioni  and   Co  put   fanh  the  cacydkal 


.  1.  Firjl  Cmtftrtna  [September  i4->8.  18G7).  convened  and  pre- 
aided  over  by  Archbikhoo  Longley.  The  proposed  oider  td  ubiectt 
was  eniirely  altered  in  view  of  the  ColeniacaK,  for  which  urtaogt 

the  thirteen  roolutiona  adopted  by  the  coaftnqcc,  twn  hava  dinct 


LAlilBINUS— LAMECH 


ta  do  witli  tbc  ocmIm  of  h 

volunury  ifiihiihu  trUniul "  m  a — -  _ 

HiboniiiutKA  of  tynodt*    The  rejjoni  of  th -,-- 

nidv.  udwcRcicriRl  [erwui)  to  tbc  raif etna  of  1<; 
■HiHi  UtSy  j-a?.  l<7*).  EanmMd  ii 
<p  Tnt.    Ob  tUt  okuob  do  bajuli 


ji^^^ 


by  tbc  aiSbufaop  aTVorlt.  Tk  nporu  of  thi 

imincet  (baied  Id  pvt  udob  thoae  of  tbo  coRimitlei 

I  iBboiUed  la  Iho  cacydinJ  \ttttr,  vie  on  tbc  bcM  modi 
nfmiiaiy  boonk  of  Afbitntioo,  niiMHiin 

__ -.- ^-1  J. — 1-: J  ^  Kport  of  J 


SoD^y. 
ibs^—' 

Ctih 

r 


I  Tnnpit;  194  UilKipt  pmcm. 


ET  by  Archbuhop  Bauooi  [^ 

coDiidenttDii  boif  tbo  posdoB  of 

■KM  the  hiitoric  ciucofiBtb   la»(kL,--„  ,^  , —  ^_j, 

■^****  rcMlutiawHt  put  forth,  lod  the  rtporti  of  t«_-. 
BinippnidArapoa  vhich  tbcy  in  bued,  the 
lenilnDca,   pority,  diwuCT.  polniiii]^,   nbKiyince  ol 

.^an  ConunuHOB,  bono  mmioB,  Scandlnabriu  Churrb,  CHd 

CithalicB,  Ac,  Eoitera  Churchn,  stondvdi  of  doctrine  Jmd  woruSp. 
FViIiiu  the  HUM  imponint  ul  lhe«  »  the  fanoui  "  Luinbclh 
gudrilalenl."  which  hit  down  ■  loarfoM  buu  tar  home  reunioR— 
•>■■■'■  ^  t^  Apude^  ud  Nkoe  cficdi.  (he  In 

Bcnnwntiantiiiini  by  Clirut  htaidf  *odththii»rieeph««ii. 
IV.  FnrA  Cmfcraa  (July  J-Ji.  1%),  taovcned  by  AtchbMhon 

One  o(  (he  chief  aubjccu  (or  coiiiKla«t~..  —  ,■■, 
"  iT^ii^  of  rdcndce  " :  taet  the  retohnioaa  on  thii 
witbd/avn.  owiog,  il  !■  laLd,  la  the  oppOMtJod  ot 

bodp^iai  sibHiialcd.  The  cwyctlal  iHtn  ii  » 
■itty-tbin  rcBliHidna  (irtnrh  indndF  1 


OM  Cilhobc  bodia).  ind  the  repotti  of 

'"^TtM  CwMjnMna  (July  6-Aui»l  j,  190S),  anvmd  by  Arch- 
bishop fundalf  Davjdiop>  who  pmidcai  >4T  bjihope  were  pmenl. 
The  chid  lubjecti  of  diKuwan  were:  (he  rebtioni  of  fiiih  and 
nwdpTD  Ihotiflhr,  (he  wpply  and  training  of  (be  cWrfv,  educilion. 
forwx  niBDiu.  Teviifoa  ud  "  eoiiriiiaeaE  "^  of  the  Pnyer'&oali, 
the  rclalioa  of  ths  Church  to  "  nitoiMiiea  of  halii«  "  (Chriaiin 
Science  Ac.],  Ihc  qiKitioDt  c^  nunian  uid  divonc  vvaniuiion  U 
Ihe  Anilioii  Church,  teunlon  with  otlicr  Churcho.  The  multi  ol 
the  deftberatioAi  were  embodied  ia  levnity-ctiht  retduiionL  which 
wvn  apacdded  to  theeacydicBl  iHoidk  in  the  name  of  tbcconKmice, 
by  tbc  AnhNiliap  of  Caoutbiuy  oa  the  Bth  of  Auiua. 

The  fifth  LuriKib  cmfoence,  tullowini  ai  it  did  cloit  oa  the  (rea( 
Pan-Anipan  coneina,  it  leinirkibli  inainly  aii  pconf  of  the  irawlh 
of  (he  influence  nnd  many-iiiM  utfviiy  of  l^e  An(lion  Church,  and 
u  a  eoaapiciiaiu  naaileitnkB  of  her  chmcteriiiic  principlei.  01 
the  (cvaly-d|bc  nuluiinu  tone  i>  In  any  •enie  epcch-maUni, 
and  ihdr  i|Hn(  i>  ihai  ot  ih«  trMUiioiwal  Anglian  na  oudu.  (a 
pnent  Ihej'  are  characlcriiei]  ty  a  firm  adherence  10  (be  funda- 
■>u«rai  BrtH-iM  ^  r->ttiDlic  onhodoicy,  tempered  by  a  tolerant 
at  of  "  the  houKb^of  the  [ilth."  The 
Ih  and  modem  (houihl  i>  "  >  farthlul 
._..a  ol  our  i.ord  Jeun  ChriK,  ihich  Ihe 
ichicncralion,  may.  under  Ibecharactrr- 
iK,  b«l  command  alletsaiice."  On  the 
BL  ]|-i4ltheronfeieiHciTalftrmedt(ronEly 
Mniie  Chriuian  teaibiac  in  ■chDob.  v  leeidar 

., ,  ..ndemned  at  "  educiiion^ly  at  well  at  morally 

uDt4Hifuf,  tince  they  fail  to  co-ordinate  (he  (raining  of  (he  whoW 
'-    MIA'-IB^n).   ThereBluHontonqueflionialfni- 
._..  .6)dd1  wiihr.f.  theoverlapplnf  ofepticopal 

}uriadinB»  Ual  ud  the  nubliiluiwnt  of  Chsnrfmon  linnadBcr 
or  colour,  which  it  condemned  ilOi.  The  reHfutianiooqundoniof 
marrian  and  divorce  (JJ-M)  reaffirm  (he  traditional  illilude  o(  Ihe 
Churrlt:  It  It,  however.  inlerHling  (o  oote  (h3(  (he  reidmion  (40} 
deprvcatiat  tiie  remarriaie  In  ehurch  of  (he  innocen(  pany  10  a 
divon*  vaacvficd  oulyby  eithiy-v*m  voni  io  nthty-four.  In 
rHolutiaaa44  to  M  (be  conference  dealt  with  Ihe  dwy  ot  the  Church 
towardt  mowm  democratic  ideali  and  tociai  probiema,  alfirmt  ihe 
mponnbiiily  id  invetlott  for  (he  character  and  conditioni  of  Ihe 
concenu  lo  which  their  money  i>  plactd  [4q|;  "  while  tranklv  ic 

•uppona  the   -~   -'   ■ ■ — '    — ' -— 

emphaiiaei  (he 

It"  waa  decided 
irfeliofl  (O  the 

aaaemWtd  (fc.) _.,  „ _  _,.„ _    „,.. 

CDmnuaion  with  certain  of  (he  Churchei  of  (be  Onhodoi  Eat(eni 


■e  laid  down  ior  » 


ieniny  relatiooa  " 


"  anctnt  acparaitd  OnDchea  ol  the  Ea«  " 

Cathofica.    By  leulutioa  U 
naintaid  and  Mrengihen  (be 


with  Ron 

een  the  Chiiithet~oi  the  AngUan" 

ntunion  anu  uk  ancient  Church  of  IMIand  "  (J^oacBut,  aetr 
Utmc^t)  and  the  old  Catholic  Churdna-,  and  niglutioBt  70-73 
made  elabmu  proviBoni  fur  i  pioiccttd  cornmt*  luiiaa  betwcn 
the  Anjlican  Church  and  tbe  VmiUt  fnirtm  (Honvitn  Brethren). 
Ai  IO  "  home  reunion."  however,  l(  waa  made  perfectly  clear  (ha( 
thia  wwld  only  be  poetible  "  on  uoea  Htfieated  by  tucii  preetdenit 
u  thoae  of  16ID,"  m.  by  the  Preibytaiu  Churcbea  aceepiinf  the 
epitcspal  uodeL   So  far  ai  the  or^niialion  of  (ho  AniUcaa  Church 

the  reconnruction  of  the  Central  CoitiullalivT  Body  on  representative 
hnea  (S4-j6) ;  (hia  body  to  conaU  of  the  archbiabm  o(  Canterbury 
lad  Kvnieen  hiahepa  apfuinted  by  Ihe  varioua  Churchea  of  the 
Anglican  Camrnuuiaa  throu^iout  the  world,  A  nouble  feature  of 
tbc  conteicnce  wat  (he  preaeoce  of  (he  Swediih  tuihop  of  K-l'-^' 
who  pmenled  a  lettr- ' ■>■ '•'-^■' ' " — '-  —  ■— 

Sue  A^^biahop  K  T-  [Javidaon.  TV  LawMk  Cnfuauti  ^  1IS7. 
/J/f  aid  fSJS  [London,  1896) :  CoHfcrmu  1^  £i]tDf]  t/ lie  .4  nuficuii 
Cnnnniiiini,  fK^icoI  UlUr.  Sc.  iXondon.  1897  and  1908)- 

UUfBIHUS.  DIOHTSinS,  the  Ulmlied  name  of  DenH 
Laiirih(i5io-ij7i),  French  chuicalscbolu,  born  at  Hontrcuit- 
tur-mei  [a  I^cardy.  Hsvinj  devoled  icveral  ycu3  to  clusical 
tludia  duting  a  midcnce  in  Iioly,  be  was  invited  to  Parii  in 
i6;o  to  £11  the  pralcs»nbip  of  Latin  in  the  College  de  Fiance, 
which  be  loon  iflerwardi  eichangtd  for  thai  of  Creeh,  Hii 
leclura  were  frequcnily  inlemipted  by  hli  iH-he»lth  and  the 
reUgioui  disiurbancei  of  Ihe  time.  Hi)  death  (Scpicmber  1571) 
is  uld  to  have  b«n  caused  by  hit  xppreheuiDa  that  he  mighl 
■hire  Ihe  fate  of  hii  friend  Peltr  Ramui  (Ffcrrc  de  la  Ramfe), 
who  had  been  killed  In  the  inuuae  of  St  Bartholomew. 
Lambinu)  wit  one  of  the  giealeat  icholan  of  hit  age,  and  hi) 
if  chissical  futhors  aicatiU  uhIbL     Id  teiluij  criticiui 


he  wai  a  coiuervKliv 

defect  ia  that  he  refeis  vaguely  t 
the  lourci  of  hii 


hb  MSS.  wiifaout  ipecifying 
It  ibeit  rditive  importanco 
icl,  with  (heir  wealth 
mine  of  information. 
preserved  the  happy 


L(ed.  But  hii  commeii 
of  lllnsttalion  and  panllcl  pnaagcs,  ai 
In  the  opinion  ot  the  beat  icholan. 

coined  Ihe  word  tiKiMiKr  to  express  Iiiflini  and  diffuienest. 

Hia  chief  editiont  *ie;  Hsnce  dsfiit:  Luciniui  (13A4),  on  which 
•ec  H.  A.  J.  Muruv'a  preface  to  hia  edilion:  Cicero  (is66) ;  Corneliui 
Nepal  (IJtlo)!  DemDBhcnei  {isto).  compleiinE  (he  unAniihed  work 
of  Cijllliume  March  PUuiui(ij76]. 

See  IVter  UKr,Z)(  Diini^riio  Li iiiMao  lurrslig.  printed  in  pielll't 


rfa^ 


rc 


1»3*).    I 


Ivaruai  OmAidgHi  «  epiiulat  hmSinii  atiuui:  Unrtli. 
Lambini.  fyiii  {Pahl,  1979)1  alio  Sandyi.  HiU.  cf  Claniial  Stknltr. 
•hif  Oooa.  S.  IM),  ind^A.  Horawiti  in  Erjch  and  Cruberi  Allp. 
IfrtHc  Enrjehpedic 
LAHBODHII.  1 


n  the  New 


rkjhire.England.fism-W.ofLondon, __ 

of  Ihe  Ijnibouta  Valley  li^i  railway  fmm  Newbury.  Pop, 
(igoi)  Mil.  It  lies  high  op  the  oa  now  valley  of  lheL«nboiim, 
a  (ribuliry  of  ihe  Kennet  fimom  (or  in  iHHit-ftjhing,  among 
the  Berkshire  Downs.  The  church  of  St  Michael  is  cruciform 
and  principally  Idle  Norman,  but  has  numerous  additions  of 
later  periods  and  has  been  considerably  altered  by  modern 
reiioraiion.  The  inmates  of  an  ilmshouie  founded  by  John 
Esibury,  c,  1300,  by  his  desire  still  hold  letvlcf  daily  al  hi» 
lomb  in  the  church.  A  Perpendicular  isarkel'craB  slariili 
wiihout  the  church.  The  lonn  has  agticuliural  Inde,'bul  its 
chief  imporitnce  is  derived  from  large  training  ilibtes  in  xbe 
neighbourhood.     To  ihe  north  of  the  town  is  a  large  group  of 

to  be  I  British  buml-place. 
UMBCH  {x!Ti,  the  biblical  pilriircb,   ippeir*  in   each  of 


the  aniediluvian  gcnealogtet 


In  III 


4  y.  1 


1  descendant  of  Cain,  and  ihrough  his  sons 
of  primitive  clviliiaiion^  In  the  htier  he  it  the  laihtt 
But  il  11  now  gcnrratlv  held  thai  Ihew  IM  fCiMBlogies 
.1  tdaptalions  of  the  Babyloniin  list  of  ptimllivr 


IIS 


LAMPGO— LAMELLIBRANCHIA 


king!  («  EHOcn).     It  !■  doubtful  wfaethfi  Luaech  it  to  bt 

idfoLlficd  wiib  Ihc  nuns  of  any  doc  of  ibest  l^ingi;  be  nuy 
have  been  introduced  iitto  the  geoeilogy  ffoia  uiother  Inditkm. 
la  the  older  aanallvc  in  Geo.  Iv.  L.atiiecli')  family  in  the 
oii^iutan  of  vuioui  idvuica  in  dviliulioD ;  be  bimieU 
it  the  £TSt  to  mury  more  than  one  nfe,  'Adah  ("  omtmept*" 
perlu)B  specially  "  d»wn  ")  and  Zillab  ("  ihidow  ").  He  has 
three  sons  Jabal,  Juhat,  ind  Tubal,  the  last-named  qualifiedby 
the  addition  oi  Cain  £-  "»aulb"0.  The  assonance  o[  these 
names  is  probably  intentioBal,  cf.  the  farotheis  lUsan  and  Hosein 
of  early  Mahommedan  hcHory.  Jabal  institutes  the  life  oF 
nomadic  shepherds,  Jubal  is  the  biveDtor  of  music,  Tubil-Cain 
the  lint  smith.    Jabal  and  Jubal  may  be  buns  of  a  cool  used  ia 

and  underlying  our  ''jubilee."    Tubal  nay  be  the  cponytnoui 
ancestor  of  the  peopli     ■    '  .._.... 


with  " 


kicls  of  h 


aometimei  derived  Irani  '^'  in  the  leiue  of  oHspring,  so  Ibat 
Ihey  would  be  three  different  words  for  "son,"  and  there  are 
numerous  other  theories  as  to  Iheir  etymology,  Lamcch  his 
also  a  daughter  Naamah  (" gracious."  "pleasant,"  "comely  "; 
cl.  No'min.  a  name  of  the  deily  Adonii).  This  nanalive  clearly 
intends  to  account  for  the  origin  of  these  various  ans  ai  they 
(listed  in  the  narrator's  time;  it  is  not  likely  that  he  Ihougbt 
of  the^  discoveries  as  separated  from  his  own  age  by  a  universal 
floodi  nor  docs  ibe  tone  of  the  narrative  suggest  thai  the 
primitive  Iradilioo  thought  of  these  pioneers  of  civilization  as 
members  of  an  tccuocd  family.  Probably  the  passage  was 
originally  Independent  ol  the  document  which  told  of  Cain  and 
Abet  and  of  the  Flood;  Jabd  may  be  a  variant  of  Abd.  An 
ancienl  poem  is  connected  with  this  genealogy] 
"Adah  and  Zillih,  hear  my  voice; 
ye_ wives  of  Lamech,  gfvc  ear  unto  my  speecK 


In  view  of  the  conseiioii,  liie  poem  it  interpreted  as 
Lamech's  etultaiion  at  the  advantage  be  eipecta 

able  to  lakt  signal  veogeuce  for  the  least  mjury.  Butth 
probably  had  oHginsUy  nolbing  to  do  with  iha  geiie>Jn_ 
may  have  been  a  pie«  of  folk-tODg  eelehniing  the  piowest 
of  the  tribe  of  Lantech;  or  It  may  have  bad  some  relation  to 
a  sloiy  of  Cainand  Abd  In  irbich  Cain  was  a  hero  and  not  a 
villain. 

The  genealogy  in  Gen.  v.  bdnngs  to  the  Priestly  Code,  c. 
4J0  I.e.,  and  may  he  due  to  a  revision  of  ancient  tradition  in 
the  ![Kht  of  Babylonian  archacoiogy.  It  tj  noicwonliy  that 
according  to  the  numbers  in  the  SanuHtan  MSS.  Lantech  dies 
in  Ihe  year  of  the  Flood. 

The  oripn  of  the  name  Lai 


it  Sin  the  . 


ic  Uban-Tuti 


i  ^j^ei  ol  Bcrobu^  wl 


Si^loniai 
«Ih  U^r, 


HI  expanded  and  ini 


, piimillve  Babyk „ .. 

llie  Babylonian  Hood  uory.  jU!i  as  Lamech 
•  nd  the  larbcr  ol  N*»h.  Spinel^*  rta^M  vl 
explained  fnxn  the  Hebrew,  but  may  penbly 
AMk  yoIiKokvn.  "  a  strong  youag  maru" 

Dulsldr  of  Genesis.  Lameeh  is  only  menti 

Chron.  i.  3.  Luke  iii.  36.   Later  Jewidi  tiaditi . 

prtted  Ihe  Moiy  in  ill  unat  fashion.  (W.  H.  Be) 

LABEQO,  a  city  of  nortliem  Foitugal,  in  the  district  of  Viieu 
and  formerly  included  in  the  province  of  Beirai  6  m.  by  road 
S.  of  Ihe  rivei  Douro  and  41  m.  E.  of  Oporto.     Pop.  (tgoo) 


.»-».  lor  Lamech's  limily.    Theidr 

rh  tornjo  is  al«  SUKeHcd  by  Sayce.  Ejfpoiii 


Ni  Ikt  Httmt  Tal  0/  CaaU,  <i 


nil.  IIm  neanst  railway  sUlioB  h  Pew  da  Rifg^  oa  tk« 
opposite  side  of  the  Douro  and  on  (be  Barcm  (f^vaOporto 

riQny.  Lamego  is  an  andent  and  piduresftoe  city,  ih  the 
midst  of  a  beautlfut  mountain  lef^on.  Its  principal  boHdiiigs 
(le  Ihe  I4tb-c«atuiy  Gothic  catbedial,  Mooiish  dLuU,  Romaa 
baths  and  a  church  which  ocenpica  the  site  of  a  ueaque,  dhI 
though  intrin^cally  commonplace,  b  cekbraled  In  I^lrnlgaj 
as  the  seat  of  the  legendaiy  csrtes  of  tI4]  or  1144  (see  PouiifUi, 
HiOory),    The  ptincipal  ioduitriet  ue  vitiodtun  and   the 


rearing  of  n 

in  Ihe  Qtb  and  loth  centuries    It  was  c^>tUKd_Jn  loj;  by 

LiMBLUBRAHGHU  (Lat.  lamtOa,  ■  amall  or  thla  fdatc, 
and  Gr.  fipiyxit,  giUa),  Ibc  fourth  oftbefiteclBBesoCanimalt 
conititutmg  the  phylum  MoHuaca.  (4,1.).  The  LamellibraDctda 
arc  mainly  characterised  by  the  rudimeDtaty  condition  of  the 
head,  and  the  retention  of  the  ptioutive  bilaleni  s; 
the  latter  feature  being  actentuiled  by  the  htetal  tt 
of  the  body  and  the  development  of  the  shell  aa  two  bUitenlly 
symmetrical  plates  01  valves  covering  each  one  side  of  the 
aninuL  The  foot  i>  commonly  a  dmplo  cytindriial  or  plough- 
shart-ahaped  organ,  used  l«r  btning  in  sand  and  mud,  and  mon 
ritcly  pRsents  a  crawlitig  disk  similar  to  that  of  Gastropoda; 
in  some  forms  it  ii  aborted.  The  paired  ctenidia  are  very  gnatl; 
developed  right  and  left  tl  ibe  elongated  body,  aad  focm  the 
men  prominent  organ  of  the  group,  Tbeit  ftUKtlon  is  chiefly 
not  re^'ntoiy  but  nutritive,  since  it  t>  fay  the  currents  produced 
by  lb«r  ciliated  suiface  that  food^iutides  an  biought  to  tlw 
leeUy-devdoped  mouth  and  buccal  cavity. 

The  LuneNlhnnchia  piesent  as  a  wbide  a  somewhat  uaifann 
•Injclute.  The  chief  points  in  which  they  vary  are— <i)  In  the 
structure  of  the  ctenidia  or  hraadiial  plates;  (a)  intheptaobct 
of  one  or  of  two  chief  musdea,  the  fibres  of  which  run  actoes  ibc 
animal's  body  f  ram  om  valve  of  the shril  <o  the  other  (adductors)! 
(3)  in  the  greater  or  less  ebborallou  of  the  posterior  portion  ol 
Ibe  Dunile-skiit  so  as  to  fonn  a  pair  of  tubes,  by  one  ot  which 
water  it  introduced  bilo  the  sub-pallial  chamber,  whilst  by  lit 
other  It  is  eipcUed;  (4)  in  the  perfect  or  deficient  symmetry 
of  the  two  valves  of  the  shell  and  the  connected  soft  parts.  M 
compared  with  one  another;  (j]  in  tbe  devdopmeot  at  the  foot 
aa  a  disli-like  crawling  organ  (Ana,  HiKtia,  Patuwttiia, 
Trigmia,  Leflai,  Galiemma),  as  a  simple  plongfa-Uke  or  tongue- 
shaped  organ  {UniimiJiii,  &c.).  as  a  R-curv^  saltatory  orgaa 
iCaidlum,  &c.].  as  a  long  burrowing  cylinder  (Salatidat,  Ac.), 
or  its  parUiJ  (My  lilsccat  or  even  loaopteic  abonim  (Osttieacta). 

The  essential  Mottaacan  organs  are,  with  these  exceiMioiis. 
unilormly  well  ■  develc^ied.  The  manile-shirt  is  ahtayi  long, 
and  hides  the  rest  of  Ihetnlmal  from  view,  iu  dependent  mar^ns 
Bwettng  in  the  middle  lin«  below  the  ventral  surface  wbcn  llw 
animal  ia  nttacted;  it  is,  ss  it  wtte,  slit  In  Ihe  medlafi  Um 
"behind  so  as  to  form  two  flaps,  a  right  and  a  lelti 
:areom  valves  of  the  ttieH 


e  ihe  right  and  the  le 


e  bomt  Bcspeciively,  c 


ibellca 


1I  by  ei 


incaki&ed  paM  of  the 


iotly. 


Both  ctenidia,  right  and  left,  are  invarlaUy  present,  tbe  ub 
of  each  taking  ortgin  from  the  side  of  Ihe  body  as  in  Ihe  schematic 
aichf-Mollusc  (see  lig.  15).  A  pair  of  renal  tubes  opening  right 
and  left,  rather  far  forward  on  tbe  sides  of  the  body,  are  always 
present.  Each  opens  by  its  internal  extremity  Into  (he  peri- 
cardium. A  pair  of  Bcnita!  apertures,  connected  by  genital 
duels  with  the  paired  gonads,  are  Found  tight  and  left  near  the 
ncphiidisl  pores,  eicept  in  a  few  cases  where  the  genital  duel 
joins  that  of  the  renal  organ  {Sfaiiiylia).  Hie  aeia  an  often, 
but  not  always,  distinct.  No  acnssory  glands  or  copnlatory 
organs  are  ever  present  in  Lamcllibranchi.  Th»  ctenidia  often 
aci  at  biood-pouchea. 

A  donal  couraclite  heart,  with  symmelrical  rij^t'snd  Wt 
auricles  receiving  (era trd  Mood'frohi  the  ctenidia  and  manllt- 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA 


ikM,  ti  pfom,  bdng  onequBy  devdoped  onlyWii  thtac  lew 
fcKJBt  whkh  are  jnequivalve.  The  (ypical  perinrdEiiiD  is  wLL 
developed  It,  u  In  other  MoUuici,  is  not  a  blood-space  buL 
devdopi  [ram  the  eoelom,  and  it  communkilis  wilh  Ihe 
tjtefior  by  the  pair  or  renal  tubes.  As  in  Cephalopoda  (and 
postibly  otber  MolLu&ea)  water  can  be  inlroduced  through 
Ibe  nephridia  into  this  space.  The  alimentary  canal  keeps  very 
Deaily  to  the" median  vertical  plane  whilst  exhibiting  a  number 
of  Beiures  and  loopings  in  this  plane.  A  pair  of  large  gbndular 
outfTOWths,  the  lo-talled  "  liver "  or  peal  digestive  gland, 
eaists  as  in  othei  Molluscs-  A  pair  of  pedal  otocysls,  and  a 
pair  of  osphradia  at  the  base  of  Ihe  giils,  appear  10  be  ^Uways 
present.  A  l/tncal  nervous  syslem  b  present  {6g.  19),  consbting 
o[  a  cerebro-pieural  ganglion-pail,  united  by  cminectives  to  a 
'    ganglion-pair   and   a   visceral   ganglion-pair    (parieio- 


"^A^pylori 

In  many  L 
of  the  fool 


ic). 


with  the  UDmach  fa  comnionly 
1  tough  flcuble  cylinder  of  iranspuenl 
ince,  tailed  the  "  etystalline  style  "  (Mac/i-d), 
nchs  a  gbnd  is  found  on  the  hinder  sulfate 


Maigin  of  the  ri^t  mantle- 

,  Ejicuirent  Bphonal  notcb  of 

Incurrmt  lipbonal  notch  of 
the  mantle  margia. 
/.    Fool 

-  Probe  paMd  Into  the 
Hiperior  diviiion  of  the  lub- 
pallial  chamber  through  the 

asd  iBuin^  by  the  ade  of 

dividon  of  Ihe  sub-p^Ual 
chamber. 
A,  Anteiioi   (pallial)  adductor 
mutdeof-'-  -■-"- 
Anterior  n 


e  form  of  threads— the  soKalled  "byssus" — by 
Dieans  of  whkh  the  animal  can  fix  itself.  Sometimes  this  gland 
is  found  in  the  young  and  not  in  tbe  adult  lAtitJonla,  Umo, 
Cycfoi).  In  some  LameUibiancbs  (PufaR,  Sfcndylus,  PMai. 
UiOta.  Tdlira,  PiclHnctUm,  Galttmaa.  tic),  lUhough  cephalic 
eyes  are  generally  absent,  special  eyes  are  developed  on  the  free 
margin  of  the  nuntle-sldrt,  apparently  by  the  modification  of 
tentacles  commonly  found  there-  Tliere  are  no  pores  in  Ihe  foot 
or  etsewbere  in  Lanellibranchia  by  which  water  can  pus  into 
and  out  of  the  vascubr  system,  as  formeTly  Jtsscrled- 

A  very  few  have  the  power  of  swimming  by  opening  and  shutting 
the  vatves  of  the  shell  (PiilrH,  Lirni);  most  can  crawl  slowly 
or  bunow  rapidly;  others  ore,  when  sdult,  pennanently  fixed 
to  stones  or  rocks  either  by  the  shell  or  the  byssus-  In  develop- 
ment some  Lamellibranchia  pass  through  a  free-swimming 
liochosphere  Mage  wiib  preond  ciliated   band;  other  fiEth- 


FiG.  I.— 'Disgramicf  the  external  form  and  anatomy  of  ^■otfiM'r 
emeo- the  PoDd'MuHel:  in  figures  1.1, 4.3.6  ihcaiumilitKnifraii 
tBeleflbdclhccenlro-dofsalrexionuppermoBt-  (1) Animal rrmovrt 
from  its  shell,  a  probe  g  paiaed  into  the  wb-pallial  dumber  throusl 
the  dcuneat  siphoul  wlch.  (a)  View  from  the  venlnl  surface  ol 
•n  Anodoo  witli  iu  foot  apcndid  and  iiHiinf  fmni  between  thi 
filiini  shdla.  (]j  The  Mt  nunile-Sip  leflected  upwards  so  as  Ic 
eapo«  Ibe  lidea  oC  tbe  body.  (4)  Diagrammaiic  lecIioB  of  Anodor 
to  ibow  Ibe  counc  of  the  aliiiKntary  canaL  (sj  The  two  gill-plsln 
i<  IIh  lell  side  rejected  uiiwanis  lo  aa  to  eapoM  the  fiaure  between 


rausde  of  the  ahclU. 


lie  fool 


Pcalecior  labi^  lei 


"^  diviMin  of 
ol   the  .foot   tup 


at.    Duel  of  the  liver  on 


ir  ponioa  of  Ibe  Ml 


'.  Left  internal  ^l-plate, 

rr,  InneV  lamella  of  the  right 

inner  gill.jdale. 
rg.  Right  outer  giU-jJite, 

outer  lamcUa  of  the  left 
outer  gill-iJatc  with  Ibe  Ml 

I.   Pallid  tentacles. 

■.  The  ihlcVened  muscular 
pallial  margin  wUch  ad- 
Geres  ID  the  ibdl  and  forms 
Ihe  paDiat  line  of  tbe  Idi 

T,  Thai  of  Ihe  li^t  side, 

X.  Apcnure  of  the  Irf I  organ 
01     Boianu*    fnephridium) 


water  forms  whic 


■ac  of  the  left  nc^hiidiura. 
■nriion   of  the  Idl  nqib- 


«w.  Left  cerATD-pleuiD-visceral 

ttx,  Lefi  pedal  gangfion. 

OS,'  Lefl      oltactory      langlian 

fpa  riclo-AplaodinicX 
W,   Floor   of    the    pericardium 


byth 


■hich  carry  the  young 
i  have  suppressed  this  lai 
iple  of  tbe  organiEation 


le  non-glandular  portion  of 

nl  phase. 

of  a  Umcllibranch,  wc 

il  with  other  Lunelli- 


mussel  {Anadimla  ryp"")- 
branchiL 

The  iwaB-mustd  h»  nipcrficiiUy  a  pcifeclly  developed  bnalnal 
■ymmeliy.  Theleflndeottheanimsl  Hseenaawhcn  reiuoved  Irom 
in  ihea  in  fig  1  (1).  Tbe  valves  of  the  shell  have  been  removed  by 
■cnii^  Ibor  adhnlons  to  the  muscular  areae  t.  •',  (.  I,  m,  u.  The 
liee  edge  of  the  left  half  of  the  mantle-skirt  6  ii  rrpresented  ai  a  little 
eontraeted  In  order  to  ibow  Ihe  exactly  similar  free  ed^  of  rhe  righl 
faalfef  Ihemantle-aklrtt  Tlieae  edges  are  not  allachcd  Bi.  althougb 
they  tDiKh,  one  another:  each  flap  fright  or  left)  can  be  freely  thrown 
baek  la  the  way  carried  out  in  fig.  I.^  for  that  of  Ihe  Ml  side.  Thia 
■I  not  ahnys  Ibe  eaae  with  Lanewbranefca:  there  ii  hi  the  group 
I  tendency  for  the  earrespoiidiiif  edges  of  the  nuMl^ikirt  '-  ' — ' 
logeiher  by  eonereieence.  and  «  to  form  a  more  or  lesa  eon 
In  Ihe  Scaphopoda  (PnWii    ' 


noleha  d,  t  of  the  binder 


iintle-gkht  ti  Anttmla  are  in 


tnverted  into  two  teparate  holes,  Ihe  edges  of 
ther  along  this  hinder  margin. 

lorm  _■  pair  of  iXs  whkh 


B.  J9l.     1"'" 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA 

ivicy  oi  the  tbctb 


■^Tripon."    Thh  n  Ihc  utiul  condioon 
and  SeplibniKhA.     When  Iht  fcdal  i 


rcunin&ln.andui 


'-^  i^f 


thickenfd  ndn 
panlkl  to  iIk 


wUUi  dtnted  patttiiatiy  by  m  tiimt  formed  by 
the  nuicla  whkli  rcliacl  the  Bpheos. 
,  U  i>  Ihe  appnuiauH  cqulity  in  the 

ductor  miMcIs  which  led  lo  the  name 
Iwinya  (or  tht  group  to  which  /t  uibiiU 
behinEi.    The  hinder  udductor  muicle 

__,  Ih*  anterior  adductor  may  be  very' 
tmall  (He(troroya),  or  ah^ni  ihiKether 
(MonomyaJ,     The  Interior  addiKior 

Cylk^rn  loM  0(  the  Sinu-  Sj^™,^,t,^^'„l^fSrr"l''n 
^,.J„mya,,  f™.  the  ^^^  -"^,^1^  J^n.^"^  tt 
■nut.  The  former  daHificalioa  bawd  on  theie  diffenncn  in  the 
adductor  minclH  u  now  abandoned,  havins  proyid  to  be  an  an^ 
aalurai  one-  A  Hnelc  family  may  include  isomyarian.  aniioniyarian 


be  unele  adductor  muieie  of  Il>e  M 
chi.    Oik  of  theie  portiom  if  mi 


Fic.  J.— Right  Val* 
bling  india-rubber. ; 


d  accordingly  out  buret  (fa- 1,  j,  i 
lupalliate  genut  C.ilrrm-  Tlie  com 
tiB-liudnita.  Rdening  10 Ibe fiiuri 
«i  applicable  lo  the  partt  of  the  valv 


(1,  i)  for  an  oplaiuliiin  of  lerma  applicaUi 

and^the  markup  on  iu  inner  (urface—cun., ....  ,„  ,.,^  ...,.^__ 

aieai  already  noted  on  Ihe  nrface  of  Ibe  animal't  body — ve  muit 
■pecially  note  here  [be  poution  of  that  rientienlatid  IhidvninE  ol  the 
donal  margin  of  Ihe  v;dve  which  it  called  the  hinge  (&r.  \t.  Dy  this 
hinge  one  valve  ii  chnely  fitted  to  the  other-  Bdinr  ihb  hinie  each 
ihcU  becoma  concave,  above  it  each  ihell  rin  a  Utile  to  form  the 
umbo,  and  it  it  into  thii  ridR-like  upgnswlh  of  each  valve  thai  the 
elaitic  Uganenc  or  •firing  i>  Ajied  (fig.  4).  At  thoca  in  Ihe  diagram 
(nj.  s)  reprewnting  a  trannerH  tcciion  of  Ibe  two  valve*  ol  a 
Lameliibranch.  the  Iwo  ihclli  form  a  double  lever,  ol  which  the 


b  act  upon  tba  Iw  am 
:i  their  cont  rial  iofl  Eeepa  1I 
or  tprinff  h.   On  the  other  I 


aftkelevtrUA 


I  upon  Ibe  thort  • — ^ — 

icver  Ihe  addueton  (Tbi,  the  eUilic  nibNi 
'acta,  and  the  ihelli  gape.    It  itr-  ■'■- 


by  the  umlunal  rid^  of  the  ahelbi 

.  .U..L.  -J— o(  ,|„  Nguneni 

that  the  nive* 


aa  the  affere _.  _, 

and  eflemil  nipeiior  "  liphoni ""  formed  by  the  mantle 
other  Lamellibranchl  llw,  8). 

Whilu  Ihe  valvei  <A  the  ihell  ate  equal  in  A  miimla  w 
many  LamcUibraiKhi  (Oi/rou,  Ciama,  CurbiJa,  &c.)  o 

Hal.  whiitt  the  larger  didi  may  be  fixed  to 
rock  or  to  itaiiH  {OiIraM.  Ac).    A  further 

additional  ihcUy  plain  upon  Ihe  doiHl  line 
belwcen  the  two  laiEe  valvei  (ftnliuliifiKl.  In 
^biJsi  daaylui  we  find  a  pair  of  umboir 


ol   the  oititubt  hard   ptoduct   produced  on           /        " 

the  donal  luifice  and  on  Ihe  mamle-fljpi         f^^=fe 

i>  to  be  reganled  at  the  ■*  .hcH.-  of  whkh  a         ^^^ 

median  band-tike  area,  the  ligament,  ujually         P=*l^ 

lipment.    But  the  thdly  tubtum  doe.  not         \ 

alwayi  in  bonng  fonni  adhere  to  Ihii  form        \\ 

whole  of  the  lububr  mantle  »«  tecrclei  •         \\        H 

the  adult  tubular  thell,  which  hat  even  re-       pjo.  (.—Diagram 

pbcrf   the   ligament.   .0   thai   the   lube   it  ol   a   lit  ion   Si    a 

completer    In  7>rr^  a  timilar  tube  ii  fornied  La  mellibranch't 

:.='  ",T,'s  iB-i-ijjss.SK;  ,"ft».*'~'!i.»:i; 

Jll'^ti^^in;.  ^i^i^i^u'Sr  t"the^ace   """' '  ^-  '^1"": 

the nacRoui layer.   Thelaoitaecmedby the 

whole  Kirfaee  o(  Ihe  mantk  e^pt  the  border,  and  addlllont  la  In 

thichnett  continue  to  be  nude  through  life.    The  pei^oflracum  b 

produced  by  the  eitreme  edee  of  Ihe  mantle  bonier.  Ibe  priimatic 
Uver  by  Ibe  pan  of  the  borJet  within, the  edge.    TheK  t-K  layH.. 

Ibe*^^ 


low  miniM  the  oinna  wh 
Is,  iih]  >k  tatbcd  Gy  tbc  c 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA 

:b  lie  benealh  the  miiuk-ikirt 


iDtfe-duRMHniitexfitedielit.lb)-   WethmopoK 

.... . ^  _te  foot  (fl,  the  two  kll  laUal  MalacGsi.  and  [b«  two  left 

t>U-J>litea«lefIct«DuIiiim.   Infig.i  (j).  one  of  iht  labial  tenUcIn  n 

la  luo  ibroHn  b*ck  to  ikow  ilie  moutn  tI^  and  ihe  hd  Mi  gill-plam 

are  nBectcd  to  ihow  the  ^-plala  of  tbr  ricKt  suk  (rr.  rg)  pro- 

JKtiflflbtihiod  the  footi.the  inner  or  median  plate  ol  each  aide  being 

united  hy  concrcKence  to  it*  fellow  of  Ihe  oppo^ie  lide  alfing  a 

coaliniiout  liae  lu).   The  left  inner  ftill-plaieiialfto  snipped  to  ^ow 

the  lubjacent  orificct  nC  the  kfl  renal  onan 

*,  and  of  the  eenilal  eland  (leilis  or  ovary)  v. 

The  loot  thui  cjtpoied  in  AnaLiiUii  ii  a  Hople 


of  Ihcie  ilandt.     In  the 


The  labial  tentacleiiH' palpi  of  ^iiiiAnla(ii,o  in  Gg.  i  Ij). Jsl)  an 
highly  vucular  Bat  proccMca  richiy  suflplwd  with  nerves.  1^  left 
aatenor  tentacle  fieen  in  the  fieuie)  n  jtnned  at  in  bov  In  front  ol 
IbcraauihMtotlieiigiitanlenarlentacle.andiiaiilaclylhe  left  W 


appearance  and  pcailion  firfgcit  thai  Ibey  are  in  tonte  way  relaicd 
mafpbokjficailv  lo  the  fill-^lei.  the  anterior  labial  tentacle  beii^  a 
conlinuaiionof  ibc  outer  BdUplHe.  and  Ihc  posterior  a  fDnimuation 
of  the  inner  gill-plate.    Thcie  ii  dd  cmbryolaftifal  evidence  to  tupporl 

hiitory  d4  the  gill. plain  in  various  fnrmi  of  Lpamenibfanchtdoes  not 

labial  tenlaclef,  and  one  which  in  Anodffnta  iiiingularly  complicated 
*ich  what  nun  have  been  ihdi  ocitiul 


bcinchia.  The  phenomcoso  of  "coacren 
alicady  had  to  note  aa  ihowinE  itself  «o  impo 
fire  rdgn  o(  the  nuntle-ikirt  and  Ihe  fomu 
what,  above  all  ihinfii  faaa  complicated 
Laoiellibimnch  denidiitni.  Our  prcKni  bno 
ing  «enei  oE  modiScationa  through  which  t 
platea  have  developed  to  their  mnat  comp) 
R.  H.  Ftck.  K.  Mitufairi  and  W.  G.  Ride 
ctenidlun  li  typically  a  plume- 
like  Atnicturet  coamting  of  a 


(b.   lo) 
e    S    a    I 


tamellae,  but  are  ilightly  flat* 
lened.  wry  long  tubea  Of  hollow 
lilanienla.  Theae  hlanwnll  an 
ao  fioe  and  are  let  lo  closely 
Togelhcr   that   they   appear  to 

Lntil    examined    with    a    lena.    (peddlj   aspect   of  the  anli 

iDgethcr   by   patchea   of   cilia,  awav.    (Lankeater.) 
ca^d'-dlialed,      junaiona."  a.   Itfouth. 


n^'Jo'dJ!   "hT^'    Tk^A^^ 

c,   Frm  ipirully  (umcd  eilremily 
of   tile   iin.a>ia  or   ctenidial 

aiia  of  iRe  right  aide. 

d.    Do.  ol  the  lell  aide. 

•s^'tncsss 

''^'  laiS^'^KH^tH^o*'^ 

?.j5SS"i"='"a; 

e.  Anlcripr  adducto;  muscle. 

u  profoundly  modiAed  t^  the  n,  Sole  at  the  loot, 
cuiioua  condition   of   the   free  n,  Calloaity. 

Thcie  are  actually  rrilecMd  at  a  thlip  angle — doubled  on 
in  fact— and  thua  form  an  additional  row  of  AlanHnti  (se 
■tlament  haaa  detccndUig  an 


muf,  and  Inatead  ol  Hi 


a  ainpie  plate,  ihe  plate 


iadouble»  conaiatino  of  a  dncendina  and  an  aacendiiw  lametla.  Ai 
Ihe  aiii  of  Ibe  cleiTiiUun  liei  by  the  aide  of  iba  body,  and  ii  very 
[requenllycanaale  with  the  body,  at  10  often  happeni  in  Caitropodi 


Ncvenheleii  Ihe  Abmrnt 

"   Kui  labalaMe  and 

■lly  by  endothelium 

i>iWninli(.ii.C 


Then  let  ua  auppote  that  Ihe  Intrr-larnclhr  luncllofla  already  notei 
in  Uylilki  beiMine  very  numeroofc  brge  and  irretutar:  by  them  th 
two  titllia-worka  o!  filament)  would  be  united  lo  aa  >o  leave  only  . 
aponge-like  KI  of  apaces  bflween  them.  Within  Ihe  Imbecolae  c 
the  ^mnge-work  blood  tirculares.  and  between  the  Irabcculae  th 

work  iomed  bf  the  united  titl-nlamenta  (fit.  14).    The  lar^  th 


fiBwih.    Tbu  IiHi 

MJH  the  iBdivldial  UamciiuJ 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA 


ucbed. 
(Jjt^  Arc  plicEiI  Of 


«>,  FRcaircmitkK 

(UiiKnu). 
if.     Mid-liK    of    U 

bDtdet. 
I,     SuKhc  oI  (ke  pi 
f.      I»  upm  boidfr. 
*,      ChiliVnui  llnlni  i 

■'.     F.bmu.  Iran. 

0.  Upper  b\tjod-wB 

H,     Lonr  bl«d-vci 

1,  ChlaixHii  [niKi 

c».  Canalinlhcunie. 
i4,  B.  Line  ilooE  which  Ihe  < 


inof  IhrCLcnidiaof  V^uiJa.  (Aiicr  MUukucL 

S«  il»  Ri.  3. 
>  Ihe  luii  □[  a  the  Ictc  valve  d  the  iln 

ith  ■  iuir  ot  and   the  leTt  half  ol  tl 


Libiil  Tentacle. 

I,   FiUnlFnlouft     ippenduA  ol 
the  libiil  tenlule. 
Hood-lilie  apfcndafc  of  the 

Mem^ne  «u«|iefidin)[  tbc 
Bill  and  attached  to  iht 
Body  ftlf>Df  Ihe  line  x,  y.  i, 

PoBerlor  end   of   ihe  (ill 


^cnw-    I.     EDiihdhini  of  general 

r.     Dilated  bkod-HiaM. 
NuKila    k.     Chiiiamn  llniiu   (coi 


fa.  II.  C.  lend 
fiTanKnI.    And 


really  Ihickencd  as 
ai^cLTlfyJc' 


Idd,  in  the  other  (lowet  la  Ihe 
.  ThechiiiiwuiHibiUiueiitb 


Aioicila  lit.  ij.  C)  Ihii  oUitei 

**"  ^   ''ifl  LhickcMd.  the  licelrtal 

'^    ■     c.  rod-like  body  oc 


fllament,  AlihAugh  ib«  (tnienie  el  the  dendiaiB  l>  Ihu  lii^y 
eoffliilkaiHl  in  Atmlimu,  It  bvet  more  n  in  lonK of  the  nphuiile 
lenera  of  LanellibranchL  The  fibinenli  take  on  a  Kcondaiy 
(laiping,  IhE  uiffacc  of  the  lamelta  beini  thrown  into  a  Kiinot  haU- 


nhn' Lamellibranchi.  theot 


U  hatdbed  embryoa  an 


FtvntaieCEivetheava(Si.  ij.A).   TheyoSng'are  nonri»hrdbTm 
ubwanw  furmed  1>y  the  cilla  vhicb  cover  the  iponiy  inter-UmelW 

(Sher  point!  in  the  modification  of  the  typical  cti 

if  each  ctenidium,  right  and  l^t.  Rant  from 


tf.tlp.Alali 


Umella.  junaion.  fr.,  Frmial 
re  tpiihelium;*./.!'.,  1/j".,  ihciwo 
h  nwi  ol  Islero-fronlal  Fpithdial 
ig  cell*  with  longdlia;fl,chitiiioiiB 
>-  tubular  lining  of  Ihe  Mii^M; 
i;    b(.,  blood  lacuna  invened  by* 


u- th«  labial  lnlacln.bi 


n>  then 


,  and  if  the  it 


nl  tameliai 


-  - lully  croppnl  » 

w  <^in  the /Dim  •kmiiii  &•.  15.  where 


>e  lefl  and  the  rL 


ttjpeeiively  th 

beyond  the  bony,  innrtn  imtcan  ueicen  wim  i^r  icHimuDie.  1 
(he  fiLanenIi  are  more  easily  removed  than  are  the  conaoUdati 
laipelbe  formed  by  the  Abmenli  of  AneSania,  and  in  Ana  the  fr 
aket  of  the  clenidia  are  large  ami  firm  in  tnluie  (fig.  9.  tA. 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  117 

9WI1  diwinuntially  in  fc.  t(L  C,  «wl  man  comctly  In  fa;  17, 
Ikb  ngM  Itie  inner  uiacl&c  CI  tlw  iaMr  gJB-plua  mn  no  Idb(w 


Flo.  1  J.— TnnjvBie  S«(ion  of  thr  Outer  C 
DftuHtiit  polymcrfln.    [Alter  EL  H.  I 
/.      Contitusit  gill-Gliiaenli.        k,    Blood-cotp 
/.     FibRHnnib^i^damlctUius.    U,    Fmmittpi 
a,    CUlDiiinu  wluaiKC  of  Uw    If,  J/c'.Twom 
fikflKMi.  epitlwlHl 

■ctiCdUfclaudtallKdutaiBW  cHii. 


^,  PigfDcnt-all*. 


l-plaleof 


.     lOHT  lill-IllltC. 

.    A  por&n  o(  B  own  hjeUr 
I,  Oaut  Ismdla.     lnmrlW. 


[>■  SectidM  »(  GiU'plua  ol 

(Afta  R.  H.  PkIe.) 

ia£,  LacunAr  liatL 
<*,    ChimncKuiu 


[AIM  R.  H.  Pick.] 


ziU-plale  mliiu  on  Iht  tool  llie  Wl  Mill  of  llw  an[nitl  of  ^ii«b^ 


EKHKC  tktu.  o(  ihc  fra.  ".  Cniro-dorMl  ar 
(eofllienaectcdUnielbc  '■  Arttnpr  iddocn 


it  once  iDVButHl   ilw  cc-  cicnidiuin  which  b  fuwl  with  tha 

duclioa  do*  [iU.pl.iH  .>(  b"  of  t»|f  fool.  Ihe™  dWleil 

of  tlw  Bmpl«l  nmidium  Iwn  riiwi  of  iJI-BUmpitt. 

pnenti  no  diBruliy:  «ii<l.  ■.  l-me  of^mjin  g(  the  Mterior  libiil 

Ttremin  10 iupfi^l'^Mi  "■  Nephndiil iptnim. 

lirniBclDCC.     iiir  mrcSxia-  '•    Genual  mpenur 

ai  n>ul<  of  th.  coKTt«o«  '■    Li« "("nP" ol 

of  the  outer  limellir  lo  the         tennde. 

i™nlle-a»p.«id  of  the  inner 

lamclUe  lo  one  (nother  ii  ihown  u  aection  _.  ...  —  _ 

ihc  lub-pallol  tpKt  ii  divided  into  no  ipua  bv  ■  horia 

■eptum.    The  upper  wpta  (i>  commuDKotH  wiUi  the  oifta  < 


n  D,  G|.  IS.  le  that. 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA 

r   npcrisc   (ipWal  M>di   ol   th*   nunile 


notch  (<  in  Sg.  i).     Tbc  only  conuminlcatkni  betomi  ilw  iwd 

ipaceB.  EucplinE  throuBh  the  trcUU-work  of  the  ai1l-pU1«.  H  by 

Ih*  lUt  (•  In  ft.  I  (si)  Wt  by 

of  the  [nner  kn^  of  the 
inner  |riD-plue  iriih  ihc  foot. 
A  prMK  (f)  b  InnvlucHl 
IhraBA  iMi  lUfliln  puan. 
and  Itu teen lo pan eut  by  ihr 
tioirrcnt  •ipiunal  notch.  Il 
H  throoch  Inii  pun^,  or  In- 
directly (hrough  (he  pore*  of 


Fio.l7,-Veftic«l  Sectim 
an  Auaitnlt^  aboul  the  m 

•>,  Hinlle-Baiv 
br.OuKT.yr:  i 

compoied  Dt  tv»  wncia: 
/,    Fool.' 
t.  VcnIricJe  ci<  the  beut. 

fV.  lWrdi.1  ovlty.  ,^i,  .aBBe.lio 

•.    Inlotuw.  loirowtloul  byDrPiul 

Pc1«neir  in  the  cbnifidlion  now  f^nprally  idojrtFd. 

The  ilimcDtary  canal  a(  AnatimU  ii  shown  !ti  <if.  I  W).    The 
mouth  [■  placed  between  the  anterior  ■dducior  and  the  foot;  the 

and  (UiefautEt  into  the  luperiiic  falliil  chamber  aloit  *hkh  the 


Fncyclopiedia  Pitrfeieor  (Sir] 
E.  R.  Lankeeter  wnnted  that 
Ibcse  dilTeRncFa  cT  xill-atnic- 


Tbe  coil  ef  the  Intenine 


n  wnp^  u  itwer 
anEement  in  Lanwlllbranch 
IK  Gaatropoda  (ifdIuHu).    . 


limilar  ta  that  of  other  LamdliL  . 
peikardium.  and  hu  uic  ventricle  ol  th 

aod  a  nmilar  dispoeitJtK 

liact  called  ttamacb  Into  a  pair  ol  bne  diiettive  glincti.  ihe  i 
called  liver,  the  bnnchei  nf  whKh  are  cloiely  packed  in  iha  regii 
(ah.  TbcFo()da[iherfiHil«a.ualoIherLinirilJbranch<,coniii 

by  the  Mreim  which  leti  into  the  tu1>palliil  chamber  at  Ibe  low 

nphond  notch  (linlif.  i)     Pmbablya  ttiainingol  walerlromiol 

pailiclei »  eflectrd  by  the  lillice-wDth  ol  the  clenidia  or  riU-platei 

The  bean  o(  ^HOMa  cwuitti  oC  a  median  ventncle  emtiacinf  i; 


and  of  two  aurictee  which  open  in 
tested  by  vilvn. 

The  blond  i>  tnlouileu.  and  hai 
floatlnE  in  it.     In  CtroliseUn  UlUM 

which  foon  become  irraular  lacunae  aurrDundinv  the  viiren,  but 
in  pant — ej.  the  labial  ten  laclet  and  wall*  of  tne  snt— venr  fine 
vetteh  wilh  endothelial  ceU-lining  an  found.  The  blood  malin  i>i 
way  by  larne  veini  to  a  veooiia  ^iu  which  liet  in  the  micfdie  line 
below  the  heart,  haying  the  paired  renal  orfans  (nephridia)  placed 
between  it  and  that  organ,  ffence  it  pa^ee  throvigh  the  veavla  of 
the  lelanttular  walls  oTthe  nephrrdia  right  and  Mt  into  the  cin- 
lamrTlae.  whence  it  retJTiiH  through  many  openinn  into  tbe  widely- 
iRFtched  aurides.  In  the  (ilametiiiof  the  xill  ol  Prstabnnchia  and 
many  Filibranehia  the  tubular  cavity  is  divided  by  a  morr  or  leva 
complne  Rbrnm  leptum   into  two  ehanneb.  lor  an  aHrrrnt    and 

perianiiua  which  bckKhed  with  a  pavement  endotbeEuttUd,^  iSX 


L.tLizcdByGoOJ^ie 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA 


ii-S 


dEiMlty  with  Iht  Wood- 

'pcritardiura  of  Umdli- 

lll.  Of  cnpH  Iron  tbt  loot,  or  Iw  Iht  rrnal  oigani  when  Iht 
1  wddenly  amnscti,  it  (umiihtit  by  iSe  CmiiKaim  Icftm. 
lum  nd  Mood-cocpnitk*-  Accofding  f o  obH-rvalioni  made  by 
R  of]  an  UDlojuRd  CtmHsoien  iegumtn,  no  ird  corpuKln  in 
to  bt  mn  in  ihp   pcriojrOial 


of  thr  pcrictrdlum.  . 
Each  ntphndiuiti.  if 

fir" 


■nurlird 


sflrfln^  E^T  (J)  «.J. 


«,  Of  Anodnla.  ■    "7  4^^      i  ^l^,i^ 

•.  CmbBi  gmnjt»ii-pur  (-are-  S^rhi  ™J,™„^^S^™  ^ 

».   P«£rni«1ion-pB;r  ST^J^-     .^■«„^  i.^ 

t,  aiMloiyloipluidBlJ  ^nglion-   ^[iS^".|i^ich^"mu„i 

tiw  oriio^ariul  invvcplaBd  lo  the  front  ol  thr  grrai  ad- 

peikjirdiuro.  From  iu  tvtt  of  tbr  eyfiform  *ac  narrow  Bialk-lilw 
tuba  uv  Efveq  vB^  vndidc  ■■  abuKUnt  widely-ftpn^  bnnrhirg 
^adukr  GAflo,  vhich  fdnn  tbeoannial  rvnai  arcrning  apparaiun- 
TIk  (caitAl  duct  opniv  by  «  pocv  into  the  uriiH^grnriai  etoovf  of  ihc 
tmaa  ftheiuiiearnngcnieiit  bdns  irpeated  on  cacli  aidcuf  ihr  bniy) 
tine  to  but  diitioct  from  tbe  apenure  of  the  ncphridia]  cinal- 
KcAce,  aajA  for  tbe  famutHm  of  a  urino^niUt  etodvf.  the  iper- 
ma  (K  pkeed  u  (bay  are  in  Anadnla.  Prevnualy  la  Hock'i 
diHXFVery*  hrem^oloiind  inveatmcat  rA  the  aunclem  of  the  heart  of 
the  oyster  had  been  uppoacd  t«  nprevem  Ihr  nrphndia  la  a  nidi- 
nentaiy  alate.  Thia  invettment.  which  occurs  also  in  many  Fili- 
bnnchiaH  fomu  the  perirardial  flLand*.  comparable  (o  the  pcricanJial 
acceaaory  glandutar  [rxrwihs  of  Cephalopoda-  In  Vntontdtt  aod 
■evetal  other  forms  ifie  pericardial  glands  arc  extended  mio  averii- 
cula  oj  the  pericardium  which  penetrate  the 
mantle  atid  cofKtitute  Ihc  ornn  of  Hebcr. 

from  the  pericardium  into  the  renal  OTcani. 

Ntrttv    Sjiirm    D«f    Sii>»-(>jaai.— Tn 

«>A./Mbl  (here  an  three  wrl1-di;vrluprd  pain 

pnglia  (fi^.  19,  B,  ami  Iw.  1_  (&))- 


of     C^>.       lF.t 
cCapsi 


the  (^^[^(Er'  .. 

lot  Ihectivbraland  pli-ural  bat 


I  the  ivpical  Mollusc,  wh - 

air  placed  eloie  tocelhcr  in  the  foot  (lit 
tlu,  ume  "     ■*  "■  *■  "^  ^-  '  '*'•  "*  °"  ""  "''?**' 

0  Otolith     ■  pj*>lpnilia:iheyan^ncdioiheceiebro. 

o,uM.itn  pleural  ganglia  by  coniKtivea. 

Poateriorly  beneath  the  pwtenur  adducloifc  and  covered  only  by 
a  Ihin  layer  of  ekingaied  epidermal  cells,  an  the  vtsceral  nn[l]a. 
Uniled  with  thcK  .anglia  on  the  outer  rides  are  the  osphradia 

aoioe  Lsmellitaanchi  the  osphradial  ganglia  receive  nerve-ftbrcs,  not 

viaeeni  oommissuii.  Tocmeriy  ihe  ponerioc  pair  ol  ganglia  were 
Uenifad  at  timply  Ihe  osphradial  ganglia,  and  the  antenorpsir  at 
Ibe  cnebral,  pleural  and  visceml  jangTia  umied  into  a  tingfc  pair. 
But  it  has  tmce  been  distovcrnf  Ihat  in  the  Protobranchia  the 
cerebral  ganglia  and  the  pleural  ate  disririct.  each  *''1l!g5^ 


^ plcuiv-pedal  cofliKctbRt.  hancvet.  !n  Ihtw  caMt  in  only 

teparatein  the  initial  jKTta  of  their  course,  and  unite  togefber  for  the 
lower  half  of  their  leiwlh.  or  lor  nearly  the  srhole  lengih.  Moreover, 
in  many  forms,  hi  which  in  the  adiih  oonditvon  there  is  only  a  single 

— --  -    '-II  pnglb  and  a  dngle  pedal  tonncetive,  a  pJeural 

cl  from  the  cerebral  hat  been  recogoiied  in  the  course 
I.  Tbere  is,  hosrever.  no  evidence  of  th«  union  of  a 
ilh  tbe  cerebro-pleuraJ. 

liana  of  ^uAnAi  other  than  the  ospfaradia  coniitt  <t 
SIS  attached  Id  the  pedal  ganglia  (Bg.  T  (fi).  ay).  The 
^1  arc  peculiarly  favourable  lor  study  on  account  of 


Flc.  31.— f^milEyeofSfwiufyni.    (From  Hickaon.) 
i.t^o-cornealepiiheliuni.  /,  Ret liut  nerve. 

:,'  Ketinal'bod^.  1  EpI^Ec^'cdlt'  Hied'  with 

(,Tapctum.  pign«nt, 

r.  Pigment.  ».  Tenucle. 

me  is  eihibiled  in  fij.  ao.  A  angle  otolith  it  present  as  in  the  veUgcr 

[otoconia).  The  organs  are  devel^ied  at  invaginations  ol  the  epi- 
jennis  o(  the  fool,  and  in  Ihe  majority  of  the  Protubranchia  (be 
>n6ce  of  inva^nalien  remains  open  throughout  life;  Ibis  it  alio  tbe 
-  'i  Ujtilts  indvding  the  common  mussel. 

■    ■   '-    —     - -"  —  tort,  and  ihe  lentaclei  on  Ihe  mantle 
border-  This  delidency  is  very  usual 

^_..  of  larKe  well-devclofied 
rabsD-plcural  gaaclion-pair. 


ne  of  Ihcse  lenlaclet  have  undnrane  a  i 
Ling  them  into  highly-organiicJ  eyes. 
-  are  found  in  P«u,,.  Sftiulylu:  L,ma.  t 


eves  on  the  maniie-eage  are  founo  in  rrririT.  ^pcn 
/hIxiukIu,   Wafisd.   Cardmm.   T^ha.   ilt. 
Fialos  and  Cairsmma.    Thej'  are  totally  drsi 
'ypicalMr-  —  "-■•■ •" 


:  nerve  penetrates  the  capaulr  of  the  eye  and 
eliiHlbody  (Ag.  iil.nsltal  its  Abrei  join  Ihe 
nerve-end  celhi  is  in  Vmebrato.  inslead  of 


fig.  Ill,  noil 

liisin  Vr..._._ 

In  tbe  cephalic  eyes  of  MoHiui 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA 

picmenlcd  vpilhelial  tota  c 


Pra.  3].^Dtvtlopi»nt  of  ibe  OvBttr,  OiMs  tduli 
(Modified  [rDm  Hint.) 


Ktli^Bd'it 
,  Blinopoic. 
I,  InvaRinaiedendoderT 


fare.   Thr  dliattd  vTUr  rii 

■hown  by  the  two  proJ«clii 
dlu  on  the  Jpper  pan  of  t 
Grun.     Tbc  embryo  i>  « 

__, . iTiochon*"*. 

C,  Similar  optical  iKIion  al  a    e;  Surf ■«  vi»  s(  » 
littk  later  flage.     The   In-  1  period  ilmoit  Id 

the  blaatwtn  li  i»w  mon  F.  Later  embryo  ttta  aa  a  trans- 

conCracteff,  d;  and  celli.  hk,  m.  Mouth.              [paicnl  objecl. 

formlne  the  nietDbla!!  from  Jl,    Fool. 

which  the  a^m  and  muKu-  a,   Anua. 

Urandiktielo-trophlcliuuea  e.    Intestine. 

develop,  are  eeparaTed.  a<,  Stomach. 

D.SimilaraectionofalateriiaEe.  1^,  Velaiaieaof  thensHDiitiuin. 

The     blasiopoee.     W.     haa  The  eitent  of  the  iheU  and 

cloaed;  (he  anua  will  tub-  cammeiirii^  upgrowth  of  the 

■Dquenily  porforate  the  cor-  .mantle-aklrt  la  tntjkated  by 


lis  develapTnein.  a>  In  that  of  PUidiuM  (Rg.  Ij),  no 

Th-enteron.  becoming  the  inttslinc.  The  nioiith  and 
formed  as  independflit  ia-puthinH.  tlie  nwulh  with 
first,  and  (he  ihon  anal  proctodaeum  much  bter. 
ation  at  the  appearances  is  contrary  (o  that  of  Hofst, 
ur  drawlnf^  oT  the  oyMcr'a  dcvclopraeDt  are  taken, 
ivcn  by  the  Amcriciii  William  K.  Brookt  differs greall)' 


of  ilie  epidermis— myelooic  aa  opposed  to  eptdoviic 

re  of  lite  lepuud  eyes  of  several  of  the  above-namn 

KM  been  (snliilly  cumined.    In  PtcUm  and  SlKmdjliii 

r.  Ihey  have  been  fully  studied  (see  hi.  Jl.  and  eaplanation} 

eniary  cephalic  eyes  occur  In  the  Mybliiai  and  in  ^vinJa  a 

ue  base  of  ttw  ^rat  Uajneot  of  the  inrKT  pU,  each  consisting  ta  J 


The  arm 
RudlmeniaiV  ceSaUcty 


ntaiolnf  a  culicular  kfu. 


. — Tht  gonads  of  Amtdffnta  are  placed  in  distinct 
.^■..^^.....      , 1  —  ^litjiiKhs— for  in- 


to. rirtiMH- 
i^ler  (0.«i 


charge  of  the  ova  and  the  ■pemia- 

t«oa  from  the  females  and  mala 

lespeciively.     In  the  OUrca  (dafii 

fertltiiation  of  the  eui  is  cffnied 

drawn  in  ID  the  iut>.palliil  chamber 

I^  rmtnyoi  paK  through  the  early 

the    female    parent    \f,t.    «)■      In 

•p^nS.^  tE  I^ETu-JSue  of 
tlie  outer  gill-pbte.  and  are  there 

FiQ.  11.— Embryo  of  Piiii- 

fertiUied.  and  advance  whilst  slin  in 

this  positioato  llK  glochidium  phase 

vSer)        The    emb.^    hu 
increased  in  me  hy  accumula- 

tion  of   liquid   belwao   tbc 

open  lo  the  olerior  by  two  simple 

outer    and    the    invapnaled 

celli-      The    blastopore    has 

ckised. 

ducts,  one  right  andone'lefi.continV 

OB  sriih  Ihe  tubular  braatdies  of  the 

{onadi.    In  Ihemmt  primilhr 

fooads  diichartc  into  the  renal  cavity,  as  in  PatiUa  among  Gas 
poda  ThilislhecaBcin  theProtdbranchla.r.f.SE^nem^.  In  wl 
tbe  ffOAad  opens  into  the  reno-pericardlal  duct.  But  The  general 
fnducis  do  not  pass  through  the  whole  length  of  the  renal  In 
'^ —  '"  ~  direct  opening  ftom  the  pericardial  end  of  Ihe  tube  to 


cd  o^  i^  w^i. 


Fic.  is-B-Samc       .,     _.    .     , .. 

showing  the  invaeiiuicd  cellr  ky  which  form  the  arch-enie 

the  mesoblaslic  cells  au  which  are  budded  dH  [nim  the  stirfa 

niaia  A>.  and  apply  ihemsdves  to  [he  inner  surface  of  the  epibUstic 

cell-layer  rp.   C.  The  same  embryo  locused  so  as  to  show  the  meso- 

blanic  tells  which  immettiately  itoderlie  the  outer  cdl-layer. 

open  into  a  ckacal  ilil  on  the  iurface  of  the  body,    tn  Uyiaiatbe 

Scplibranchia  ar     '  


male  and  one  lemalc.    These  fa 
i>  and  Icuis  completely  iprk>*a 
le  body,  each  having  its  di 
xi.^Mc».jwtii.«ntof  Anodomta  is  remarkal  . 
em  Imown  as  flKlnfjaw  (Sg.  111.     The  ikichidii 

le  valves  c/its  ihtll.  as  do  adull  PKln  and  Uiu 
ime  time  a  long  byisus  thread.    TUl  byaaas  is  a     ' 


tstbegUI- 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA 


Am  «I  other  LuDdlibiMcliL  but  *r!|iiutea  Inm  i  imik  gkn 
HitheRil  all  eaiitMeS  In  ifce  Ibun  on  the  daml  uteriof  u 
AetMiiaacteatcU.   By  thiiiliabiauslit  inincmiBct  with  [I 

Ikmoa by OMU* oltlie uoi^hI (dft  -'-—  -■-"-  "^  ■■  "■— 
CDCvited.  Mitd  it  Dounnhcd  by  the  en* 

b'^M*^  ■ddgcta 

he  (nduiwha 


□I  Ihe  nialhei,  tbuuiEi  aimuui 

tirva  MM  the  BlachidiimL      An 

in  die  devektpmenl  ot  the  EuiD- 
pcaa  oyticr,  to  the  fi^re  of 
»hich  And  ite  explautun  the 
reader  h  ipeclally  referred  (lig. 


Ibt  po 

(Alter  I 


i--DBB"?'"IEmbtyoi>I  „,„  biwlve.  the  KnJ.n™ 
i.Theuiuhadtdireag™  tK,j|„,,riJchh«*beenttttdied 
nan  o(  the  .heU-valve.  £„  Luikeiter.  ThaEumiUu 
■"■"•^O  r«iDed  in  thiecw  b>E^iiu- 

lIl  tioa.   The  embryonic  telle  con- 


udicnteroQ!  Ihcy  prolifi 


j6j.   14);   within   Ihii.   "on' 
and  giveo^branchmifceilt,  which  npfdy 


.     -.  ,  E.»S.Qlo —  - 

the  muoblatt.  The  outer  angle  byer  at  edit  wnich  connitula  the 
Mcface  of  the  vetide  it  Ibe  cctDdeta  or  epUut.   The  liillc  mue  ol 

with  the  CKitrii  of  the  blaMoiXKe  or  orifice  of  invkcinilion  hy  > 
•talk,  the  rectal  peduade.  The  entna  itiell  beeouei  bikbed  and 
uioiiied  by  a  new  iavafiaation,  dial  of  the  mouth  and  atamodaeum. 
TbemCHblau  mulliplieailtcelu.  which  become  partly  muiciUar  and 

Dyronic  ahell-Elan(L  The  pharynx  or  itorMdatum  ia  elill  amall, 
the  Foot  rvt  yet  prominent,  A  later  alage  !a  accn  in  fix-  76,  where 
the  pbaryu  u  widdy  open  and  the  foot  promiocnL    No  dliatci] 


121 

'  An  eitraofdinary  luUficitEaii  of  the  vditer  eccvtv  in  the  dfr 
velopmtnt  of  IftKiia  and  KeUta  and  pnbaUy  other  mcnbtn  of  dke 
aame  familica.  After  lb*  fonnatlaa  of  tbe  (aalnila  by  epibcie  the 
larva  bfcomta  cndoaed  by  an  cctodermle  tat  coverinf  the  whole  of 
the  orifinal  aurface  ol  Ike  body,  indudinc  the  ihdl-gland.  and 
leaving  only  a  amall  opening  at  the  poaterior  end  in  which  thcatona> 
daenn  and  prvctodaeum  af«  fomwL  la  KaUta  aad  A^acaJa  *r«r6ita 
the  teit  conHti  of  five  nwi  of  lalleaed  cdla,  thE  Ihne  nwdiaB  row* 
bearing  drdati  of  long  dUa.  At  tbe  anterior  end  of  the  teic  ia  the 
anicxl  nlate  [mm  Ihe  <ntn  of  irUcfc  pniecta  a  iDiar  OiidlBia  aa  (a 
larvae.  In  ffanfa  ddf^Suriiiila  the  teat 
I  diort  cilia,  aad  then  ia  no  6^idldm. 
ia  completed  the  teil  u  caat  oH,  Ite 


n  the 


nldevdopi 
apart  and  I 


cdl*  bfinVing  apart  and  lalLkig  to  piccea  la 

with  a  well^eveloped  ibdt  eiipoaeo  aod  A , ,  ._  _ 

advanced  lUte.  The  leat  b  Rally  a  ciliated  vdum  devdaped  In  th 
Bormal  poatkia  at  Ihe  apical  pole  but  reflceted  baekwirda  in  hk 
a  way  aa  to  cover  tbe  original  ectodemi  euept  at  the  paaterior  end 
In  KiMia  and  Kuala  pnximt  the  ova  are  H  free  in  the  water  an 
the  leet-larvae  are  frafranfiinmiag,  but  in  tii^^a  Jtipkiiuieml 
the  female  lorma  a  Ihla^walled  cdt^aae  of  mucui  attached  to  Ih 
poalerior  end  of  tbe  diell  and  In  oiinmunicatiDn  wiih  tbe  pallii 

chanber:  In  thli  caae  the  egg*  dt — ' —  '--■  "■--  "— " ' ■ — 

cloaed,   A  limilar  modibcadoa  of  lb 


CtMiaiaaioH  ca 

Tlie  ctaauficatioa  originally  based  on  the  structure  of  Ihtt 
gills  by  P.  Pclscnecr  jDcluded  five  ordera,  viz.;  the  Ptotobraachia 
in  which  the  gill-fiUmeDU  aie  flattened  and  not  rcSectedi  tb* 
FllibiaDchia  in  which  the  filajnenti  are  long  and  reflected,  <ri(h 
DOD'Vasculai  juncljona;  Ihc  Pscudo-laoiellibrariclua  ia  which 
Ibe  giU-lameUac  are  vertically  folded,  tht  interhUmentar  and 
inlulaineUat  Jimclioai  being  vaiculir  or  non-vuculai;  the 
EuUraelUbtandiia  in  which  the  inlerSlaineniar  and  iulet- 
lamellai  jooctiona  are  vascular;  and  bstly  the  Septibranchia 
in  which  the  gills  art  reduced  to  a  horiiontat  paitition.  Tbe 
PscudolametlibraKhia  included  tlie  oyster,  scallop  and  their 
alUei  which  lonnerly  constituted  the  order  Monomyaiia,  having 
only  a  single  large  adductor  muscle  or  in  addition  ft  very  small 
anterior  adductor.  The  researches  of  W.  G.  Riilewood  have 
ihomi  that  in  gUl-ilructure  Ihe  Peciinaces  agree  with  the  fili- 
bcaochia  and  the  Oslraeacea  wiUi  the  EuIameUibraDchia,  and 
irdin^y  the  order  Pseudolamdlibrancbia  is  now  suppressed 


Tbe  fouj 


lembcrs  divided  be 


m  the  f 


other  orders  men 


in  or  pre-oral  (cephalic)  lotie  ei 
ipeara,  the  mantle-thirt  is  rabei 
pa  are  secreted,  the  anu*  An*p«  h 
rectal  peduncle,  and  1I1 


is  (B)  ai 


1.  (M  a. 


w  (fig.  76.  lateral  vieiir)^  and  tli 


I  Ibec 


„ .,  „..-„al  form  of  the  adult  are  aoiuired.    Later  chanRt 

conaiii  in  (he  growth  of  the  shdl>valvea  over  the  whde  area  of  ih 
mantle-Saps,  and  in  Ihe  multiplication  of  Ihe  gia-Uamenu  and  ihr 
eonsoBdaimn  to  form  [in-plaiei.  Il  ia  important  to  note  that  ih 
fill-filamentsareformeaonebyone^ilmiprfii.  The  labial  Itnacli 
BTe  formed  late.  In  the  allied  genus  Cyclas.  abywiigland  h  forme 
m  Ihe  Iwi  and  nbaequently  ditappean.  but  no  auch  stand  oixura  i 


filamcDl,  but  other  organs,  such  as  ll: 

1  otgani,  may  not  show  corresponding  stages.  On  the 
coulrary  coD^derable  differeBCes  in  these  orgins  may 
occur  within  uiy  unjle  order.  The  Pralobiandua,  how- 
ever. poBicis  sever*]  primitive  chatacten  besides  that  of 

Isce  lued  for  creeping,  as  in  Casltopods,  the  byisus  gland 
is  but  slightly  developed,  the  pleural  ganglia  are  distinct. 
there  a  a  relic  □(  the  phiryrigeal  cavity,  in  some  fonni 
with  ft  pair  ol  glindulnt  sacs,  the  gonada  retain  theit 
primitive  csnneiioii  with  the  nnftl  cavitlts,  and  tha 
otocysls  are  open. 

Order  L  PiOTOiuMcmi 
la  addition  to  the  charactera  given  above,  It  may  bt 

'1  provided  laith  a  hypobtaochial 

that  Yotnt  the  gland  <m  the  outer  side  of  each  gill,  tha  aiuidet  an 
muscular,  the  kidneys  are  gUndulu  throngh  theit  whole 
length,  the  sexes  are  separate. 

fam.  I.  SalnuMiyufu.— One  rawof  branchial  filaments  LidliecHd 
dornllv,  the  odier  vinlrally;  the  mantle  baa  a  Ion*  (mattnj- 


embryo  of  YMia  UmatMU. 


Fa'i^'j.'  ^Vi 


very  broad,  and  pr 
a ntle  open  along  in 


Id  iWmni 


.>O^I 


CAMELLIBRANCHIA 


brapchia  thromh  tbe  Stin  wmytjat,    Itca 


lu  the  folbwiiif  CKtiDf  I 

linfv  dcBtilkn  Ht  b 

Fun.  1.  AMitle<tniil.—Sti^  iiii^iUviilvb    AitUpltiira;  Sjluriao. 
Turn.  i.  Carduliiiai.—SltrU    «iuinln    and    vcntricsH;    hinge 

vitiiout  tHth.   dnfH^;SihirunaiidDfvooUn, 
FUQ-  4<  <^wajrni^»--<'Shell  thin,  cqutvulve,  ovil  or  elongBtc; 

hingv  without  tctth'     Cnmmytni  Silurian  and   Devonian. 

^nWM)«;  DBvooiao.     Coriitnurptat   Siluriu   to   Cvbon- 

Fan.  ]■  VlailMoc.— ShrU  vov  inviiiiTilvc:  hince  without  Hcth. 

VluUiSlimaii. 

Fam.  &  ,SgjiMr'ito,~^b(1l  cquivalvc  iratly  elonjatcd,  un- 

bout  vny  far  lonnnL  Stitiutai ;  Dcvooiaii  u  Tciu. 

OrdttlL  FoauH^u 

GJU^filamoit  ventnliy  direded  and  reflected,  eonaected  by 

dliiied   jtiDctioni.     Foot  genenlly  provided   with   a  highly 


dull.     Byf^cma.    Caralia.    Efkipfii 
Sul»cder  II. 
SymmelTial ;  raanllc  open  [hnju 

Faiii.'i"  a!^^ 
eyea.     The  hi 

Hiaga  pliodnnl 


Britilk.  _   Scapkula;     (r 


Fan.  t.  FamlUoititiUiii. — i 
ldi«t  teeth  elongated 

EcnciB  are  fouil 

btmaria;  Carhonii, ,  __ 

"  '  mopMoK. — Shell   orfhcnlar,  hinge  curved,  IMament 


antcro.p«terf4rly  i 
oatencny-     Limapi 


iryidar- — Shell  thin,  very  InequHatei 
imbonca  proitcilng.    PkiMrye, 
idBHfufof.-'-utincti   eheU  cqDivol 


Fam.  fi.  rrwHfube..— Shell  thicti  foot  < 
front  and  behind,  ventral  Ijordcr  shnqi; 
nina:  shell  suh-triangular,  DmbODc* 
Thiflgenutwaivervabundantin  thaSccoi — , 
in  Juratsic  KS9.   There  are  <^,^™!l  'P™Jl ' 


alun'Au 


1.  7.  Lyrodtsmidat. — Exti 


erlll.- 


Mjiaaca 

.malt  or  _. 


(*  only  _ __.._ ....  . 

mantle  and  open  at  udn  otkidneya.  Fool  lingmiflnnand  by«f( 
Fam-  f.  MytiMM. — Shell  Ineqtrilateral.  anterior  end  tnoct; 
hinge  without  teeth;  ligament  cxtenaL.  Manik  haia  potterior 
•mure.  Cephalic  eyea  piTKnl.  llytUKi;  British.  Uoiiila; 
Britilh.  lUbilaMKl.  MaHnlariis:  Briliih.  Orwlto.  SOwilill. 
Datrjdium.  tlyrSna.  liti.  Stprifrr. 
Fam.  I.  ifxMVs^iUar.— Extinct:  Snuriin  to  Crelanoui;  ad- 
ductor muKlc*  HiIreqiilL   Ueiialtftii.—ltiidiametfla,    Xye- 

Fam.  i.  finiju.— Shed  very  inequilatergl  1  linmenc  nib- 
divided:  nuntle  open  ihrouEhoui;  anterior  idduclor  abirnt. 
Ptna.    CrnHfalii:    Inhahita    ipan^      Balindlm.    CtrdOrim 


.- — Enincl:  Pilaeoioic. 

0.  s.  LbMnUeariiiiM, — Extiactj  Silurian  and  Devonian. 
a.  6,  CnuurdtUuv—ExtiDa; Silurian taCartionilcrout. 

9.  ^  i4>il«ycJiBte.—'EiBinn;SlBriari  and  Devonian,    The 

n.  B,  JVjaMindu.— EiitlMI;'snuriag    to    Cretaceoui;    ad. 

n.  9.  Aumuiidtu. — ^ell  orlricular,  amooth  eatemally  with 
idiating-  eoatae  iotemally.    Gilb  without  interlamellar  June- 

1.  10.  Sfnijliiiit.—Shi^  very  ineijuivalve.  Gied  by  the  right 
live  whch  <i  the  larier.     No  byiuii.     Spmdylnl;  thcll  I^h 


without  a  byaul  linua;  Briiiih-     CUamyi; 


Sub-order  V.— I 
with  oriiicular  aad  alim 
(eeth  -and  liganKiit  in 


ra  of  the  nb-Dnler.     Diwrjc;  i 


wo  idducion  usually  prricnt.     Bianchiil  filaments  nailed 
I  vaiculir  inleifitamentar  lutirlioiu  utd  vascular  inlerlaiiKlIu 
nctioni;  the  latter  coniiin  the  afferent  vessels.    Tha  gonadi 
wayi  have  theii  own  proper  txumil  Bperlutt*. 
Suborder  I.— Curaeoini. 

Fam.  I.  InrAH.— Shell  with  auriculae.    Fd«  digitirorm,  with 

form  a  mm  by  meana  o(  the  bysjui.  or  awim  by  dapinna  the 
valvei  o(  (he  ihell  tcjelher.  timsM. 
Fam.  I.  OifnKuloe.— Foot  much  reduced  and  withool  byanu. 
Heart  usually  on  the  ventral  lide  o(  the  iKiuni.  Cillt  fund  to 
the  nuntle.  Shell  irregubr,  fined  tn  the  vmini  by  the  lelt  and 
lariter  valve.     Oilrara;  Inot  nbMnl  In  the  adulli  edible  and 


Fbbi.  3.  EliimiAae. — Eitinct:  Joraaie 
Fam.  4.  Wa»ii(iir.— Shell     ebngaled. 

fSlr'Sl'h   by'™'"""  ""    '  "" 

*MH«!  foiBL  Carbc 

and  Cretaceoita.   Afrina;  foaii]  and 


Lted'  and     aafnnf 
Briti^~"c],rW^'niia.    AtU^ 

" '—     '^iMTBua:  Juiuaic 

i^CaHniltnMa 


Suborder  U.—SiitmfliJaia. 

Mantle  only  allf  hlly  ch»cd :  usually  there  [i  only  1  lingls  lut 
liphont  abaent  or  very  ahon.  Cilli  sinooih.  Nearly  ilvayi 
lyariaa.    SbeU  equivalvc,  with  an  external  ligament. 

Fam.  I.  DreuKunirfu.— Shell  elongated;  hinge  without  to 

Driuiniis:  Kvet  in  (reth  water,  but  originated  Irooi 
CaipianSeaiinlinduced  into  England  about  1834. 

-    JfaAofarciAH.— Foot  with  a  planisr  nirfice;  the 


Prtixodmi;  Devonian. 


.  ierve  aa  Inei^tor^ 

x-— Shell  eoncenincally  ttliated ;  foot  elonnW. 
Brilidk     »»fu.  Clfuj  Skob3u7. 


^  OoiBlrfKiTK.— Sfwll  iliicfc.  vhh  o 


lamellibkanchia 

iaIiH  cnue;  fool 


'nijiicariia.   CariiuUa.   CarJiUfiU. 


D.  7.  Cypnniai.—Utaltt  o 


Ofrna:  Bthuli.     C 

TruB-    ^  nUacar^  \  J 

■  m.fl,  Isoaritiiat. — Hunle  tiiftly  dtnrdppRlal  oriAn 
~  art  at  squil  iLic:  tbeU  (kibvlir,  wiih  pnunincE 


F(ni.a.  CiUmirJiiifai.— Siphmu    prcKnt: 


Fam.  11.  CgrWtfu.— Sbdl  thick,  with  dtnticulalcd  boi 
■penurt  with  vdve  but  no  dplioa ;  foot  dirtfaudin 
CjrMi.      Cneitm;    Tciu   aod    Junnic.      JfiUMJ 

Faid,  13,  C/K^tHjifir. — Foot  tnatly  ckmotKl.  vcmil 
li^   in   a  ^(brlolar  «aiargeincDI.      U% 

Fin.  tj.  Cmnldlulu,— Two   dongalnl, 

KtJbOBa',  inshwKKr,   Cyrtmlia,    Jaamiii 
F111L14.  raicM<lii^.-9icli  doi 


.i  giilt  wilhcnit 


itcd.  soa-ntnctai 

-uinflular.    Euioct. 


rdiiAx.— ShriL    iLib-nrbiru 


Fim.  16.   Lipicmidat 


Teitiary.     Pylkima.     Saiukia.     SftrllUai 


,  °)f(ift«: 


Fim.  17.   CnlnniuKnloi.— MantTr  irllrrtcd 
nping;     vlducton     much     irdund 
£nu^    Kimliitlla.    EjMpfaLmla; 
'-■—    ■^- ■■-»  lollowip 


.   The  Ihf«  lollowing  |en<-,  

■biy  bplonE  to  tTiIb  iaitilly^— CWa>tijhJ«ffrt£*fl. 

Fmm.lB.   Kftfji/fiifcH,— Shel.    ,,- 

•hirt  liphon:  foot  ilaofnted.     KtUytUa.     Tt 


fiBhwucri  larva  a  flochidmni.     [ 
Briliifa.      "mJaiim.      Quoilnifa.     . 
StUiuia.    idyctlapiu. 
Pam.ij.  UiMidat.—rimtrt   from    [ 

KItiai    luiurci:     rmhwatci,     Miu 
Vtso.   Hyria.    1 
Fam.  76.  Ailitniia. 


'^U'Jtjia. 


Sob-order  Itt.— riSIwa*. 

Mantle  not  oitenilvTir  cIoKiJ;  two  pallial  n 
developed  aJphoDL  Cilia  unooth'  Foot  compr 
Lalnal  pilpt  very  laigE.    Diiryuiani  pallial  [in.  - 

Fan.  I.  rtUiiMlu.—EamiHlBill'platc  directed  I 


3  aad  two  welt- 


idoa- — Caieri»]|ill-plate  directed  upwardt;  baboiu 
I  elongated;  foot  with  bvHiu:  palpa  very  UiRe; 
Ltcrn^    Tdlimt:    Briti^      C^aiu:    BiitBi. 


C«™»wl™ 


iteraal  gill-i^ici  directed  upwacdi; 

wve!y  lonf;  Eoot   without  bynub 

British.      Sjtdeimya;      Biiti^ 


•iplnaa  aepuate  and  eqinl-   Utn 


U-iioi 


iat. — Ejitemal     nll-ptate     directed     vcnlnDy; 
d.  invested  by  a  chilinoui  iheath;  foot  Iinii.  bent 

■■'-  ■  ^ -■-■'  ■'  f.  4.»). 


It  byiHU.     Uatlra;  Brjtiah  (ftgi.  u 


IliUrta 


Sub-order  IV, — Vavraaa. 

Two  pallial  Hturea.  •ishoni  laDHwhat  elongated  and  partially  or 
.wholly  united.   Giili  ilighlly  jolded.   A  bulb  on  the  (mterioraona. 

Fam.  1,   Vinmiiil.— Fool  will  developed;  pallial  nnunhallow  01 

,,      DdriniaVBr^jh.      r<.»i:  British. 

itiih.   ilt'tlrii.    Cira;  Bntiili.    Vat- 

■•.  pM°.-, 

ited  StatH,  hu 


Fam.'.  Ptiric^idnt -—Bo^na  forms  wim  a  Teaui:nj  looii   if 
delated,  with  dceppallinliinue.    Pariicla.   F.  pMadiJem 

aas      '"' ---■-■ 


water.   aaauMja.    Tuyii 

Sub-order  V.— Cirdiun. 
Two  ppllial  HJtuna.    Slphodi  gcanaUv  short.    Foot  cyliadrical. 

Fam.  1.'  CofJJiilw,— Hanile  slightly  closed;  siphoi^i  Tery  short. 
surroLindtd  by  papillae  which  often  bear  eyes;  foot  very  long, 
nnicvlated;  pallial  line  without  sinus;  (wo  adducion,  Cvdiwmj 
Britiih.   PMude-ktUya.    Byuawriimn:  Eocene.   LiMwardiatn; 


Fam.  J.  Lim. 
FanTl"?!^ 


riiiici- — Siphons  very  loni 
'uadduclo[s;b<ackilh  wa 
>nd    fossil    front   tbe   Ten 

^.—Mantle   closed   to  a 


united  (hmigbout; 
y.  Attkktriitm; 
nnsiderable  ettenl: 


duclor;  shell  thick.    TriiaiiuL.  Hippapitt. 

Sub-order  VI,— C*nma«a. 

AryntmetricaT,  fnequivalve,  lixed,  with  evten^ve  pallial  nitures; 

I  iiphonf.    Two  atlductort.    Fool  leduccd  and  without  bysMt. 

Shell  Ihkk.  without  pallial  sloua. 

Fam-1,  C^sssdae. — Shell  with  aub^quai  valvei  aod  prominent 

umbooet  man  or  lets  aplrafly  coiled:    ligament   exltnul. 

CtauM,    i>i«rai:  lutaivc    Bitiiinia;  Zttuaxiai.    UoiIut- 

Fam,  >,  CAfriaiiu. — Shell  Inequivalve;  fined  valve  ^ral  or 
eonica];  tiec  valve  collect  or  apiral;  Cretaceoua,  Coprint. 
Ctpniiiw.   Caprinula,  ftc. 

Fan.  J.  Afo»o)i/«uruf«.— Shell    vrry  ,  Ineflulvalve ;    Bied  valve 

^^•t°'s^'^a.    The^'t.^foSrowi'n'g'^'ilies,  logeiher  known 
Diatinc  forms  from  Secoadaiy  depotita,  "ntcy  wtn:  Bnd  ^  1h* 


LAMENNAIS 


fnt  Mt  nbc  I>  bm  tp 
r  tptjphywB  ID  vhich 
bkdAvai,  vilbooE  a 


to  Ibe  otcrnal  layer.    Kudltlilil.    BiriMttiUl. 
Fan.  s-  HipparilidiM. — Fiml  viln  long,  cylindnMiiflkal. 
Ihne  longnudiru]  EurTowa  whirfa  corrapDnd  inloiaLly  t( 
(iUin  for  support  of  (lwiipb«u.    Hipfmr" 
Sub-onltT  WIL— If yaaa. 
Mutle  cloKd  ID  a  onuldcrat 
^lU  Buch  folded  and  [rpqEienilv  I 
Foot  conproaed  aod  Bcnenuy 


toot  Rijuced;  ^11  fikpioc;  ^lUKflt  in 
SBkrnii:  Britiih.    Twmu.   nalyain. 

Fan.    3.    CorhiKiliu.— ^1   ub-tricaiwl.    , 

^ >-ii~r:  diriiDni  ahon,  miTud,  ompteldy 

lintcd^ollEn  bridfaiilH.    Ctibutrnja. 


Uya:  Briiiib. 


""lin,    npiiw    widely    ar 


LiBimcnF  wacitrns;  ahcll  Eaplngi  with  ■  riylfRd  jpopliyiii  in 
the  umbotul  cavLiics-  GUU  pjolongcd  Lnu  llie  branchial  liphon. 
Mantle  larsdy  ctoied.  aiphtxu  kioR,  uniLcd.  Fool  ihon,  truncait?d. 
-     'd,  wJtbHt  ■■ 


I.  f  iWti!«MUu.— Siphona  Kpantc. 
-=•-■- rtiMe.    Firiplama. 


n.  J-  AnaJimidat--^Siphoaa1aBt, 
hciihj    aot    tompletely 

a.  4-  FUadrmyiJai.—M 

oat  ■man,  milh  paslerior  appndagF.    F/iffiUdomja. 

n.  J.  Ararmjuiat. — Eatinct;  Sccondajy  and  Tefliary.    Xn^ 


antic  with 


Fam.  6.  FAtlaitUiJu.— 


FUaMla.    F\y- 
unjiiiit.— EiiiOct ;  Stconilary.    IVoirsmjo.    Cra- 
Fam.  B.  /'suSpriilat.— Shell    rhin,    liKODivalvt.   fir*;    lietmi 


i/ya,    Ci<l>mya, 


Fam.o,    JtfyMbMUu.— 
laltial  iinui;  liphona 

Fam.  10.  Clum«iI,oH- 
pedal  apcnurc  inu 
Bsed  by  (he  righi  v 

Fan.  II.  ClataifUiia. 


-Sbttl  very  li 


ivilve.  aolid, 


■nij^'!'' JvVwikuu.'  Uj^n. 
—A    iDuiih    pallial    aperture  pr««ni; 
■iphoni  very  ihori  andieparale:  ibell 
'.  irrrgular.    Cliamoitrata. 
PedaT  apenun  very  umU,  fooc  nidi- 


t.  LyauitAv. — Foot    byaifcnui;     lipboBi    afabr 
•ciuUe.   i.yeianii  Britiah.   EMledam.   ilJAHiKViiL. 
Fam.  13.  VtrluariiHatr-^otiBia   than,    gilU    papiltoKt    '<nt 
Huin  ilHdl  (lobular.     Many  •(cciaa  it/frnd^   V—' — "- 
EncirM.   LjauuUa.   Baliatiit. 

Ordet  IV.  SETTIBUkllCHU 
GIUiliBvc  bat  Ibeirispiratoiy  function, 
ito  a  muacular  KptniD  on  eicta  side  between  manlJc  and  foot- 

— Siphona  abort  and  aeparaie;  bfancbtal 
L  lare?  valve;  bnnchial  aeptun  beara  two  ETOuu 
eilbcT  aidci  bermaphnxble.    Foromyai  BritiUL 


ffS 


HAca  an  each  ude;  liphona  abort,  eepuatc,  Iwauclual  bpbon 
dlh  a  valve.   Ca^iindia  iSilnia). 

n.y  CitipiduHidae. — Branchial  teptum  with  foar  arfiv«  pairt 
f  very  oarrow  ayniinetrkal  orifice*;  liphona  lon^.  united,  iheir 
rtrenitiea  Hrrounded  by  tenlada;  aeaa  •cpaAic     Cmpi- 


bnocbci,"  Feme  ^ 
Origin  of  Pearli."  1 
"  Tiit  Minute  Stnic 
Qurt  y«m.  JVicr. 
Structure  of  the  Gilli 
(19O])!  K.  MitHikui 
aberrant  forma  of  La 
(id.  (iser);  A.  H.  C 
vol.  ill.:  Paul  Pelien 
E.  Ray  LanluMter,  pi 


leaon.  ■'  On  ihe 
);  R.  H.  PecW. 
inch  MoUuica." 
wood,  "  On  Ihv 


ILL.:  j.Vc.)"' 


UMBRKAU,  HnoOBS  Ftucirt  BOBBBT  DB  (1781-1854). 
'rench  priat,  and  philoKptiical  uu)  poliiical  writer,  wai  bom 
t  Saint  Malo,  in  Brittany,  on  tbe  igtb  of  June  17S2.  He  was 
he  ion  ol  a  ahipowner  of  Slim  Malo  ennobled  by  Louis  XVI. 


.    He  I 


iraiy  of  ai 


unde,  devouring  the  writings  of  Rousseau,  Pasnl  and  othcn. 

erudition,  which  deltnDined  his  subsequent  caiRi.  Of  a  sickly 
and  senailive  nature,  anil  impressed  by  the  honors  of  the  French 
Revolution,  his  mind  wis  early  seized  with  a  moibid  view  of 
life,  and  this  temper  characterized  him  thiougbout  all  his  changes 
of  opiBioo  and  dicumstanci^  He  was  at  &m  inclined  towards 
latianaliitic  vien,  bat  partly  through  the  influence  of  fail 
hiolher  Jean  Marie  (iJTj-iSSi),  partly  at  a  result  ol  his  philo- 
Bophical  and  hiilotical  studies,  he  lelt  belief  to  be  indispensable 
to  action  and  uw  Ln  religion  the  most  powerful  leaven  of  the 
community.  He  gave  utterance  to  these  convictions  io  the 
Rtfaioni  tur  Pllal  ill  Tt^ist  at  FraKI  fmlaiU  le  iS-^  lildt 
ef  nir  ta  tiiuaiion  atlMiiie^  published  anonymously  in  Paris  in 
1808.  Ntpoleon'a  police  seized  the  booh  as  dangerously  ideo- 
higlcal,  with  its  eager  recommendatioD  of  religious  revival  and 
active  clerical  organization,  but  it  awoke  the  ulinDiontane 
spirit  which  has  since  pUyed  so  great  ■  part  in  the  politics  of 
cburctaes  and  of  states. 

As  a  rest  from  political  strife,  Lamennais  devoted  most  of 
(he  following  year  to  a  Irsnsbtlon,  in  caquisite  French,  of  the 
Spaulxm  Umachmim  of  Ludovicus  Blosius  (Louis  de  Bhiis) 
which  be  (Milled  £eCiiiifejp^ili.eI  (1809].  In  iSii  he  rccdvnl 
the  loiuure  and  shortly  afterwards  became  pmlessor  of  malhe- 
tnaticsin  an  ecde^astical  college  founded  by  hlsbiothcrat  Sainl 
Ualo.  Soon  after  Napoleon  had  concluded  Ihe  Concordat  with 
Pius  Vn.  he  published,  in  conjunction  with  his  brother,  Dc  la 
ItaJiUat  it  I'tflin  sur  l-iiulilnlim  da  teb/Ha  (1S14),  a  writing 
occasioned  by  the  emperor's  nomination  of  Cardinal  Maury  10 
the  archbisliopric  of  Paris,  in  which  he  strongly  condemneil 
the  Galilean  principle  wbich  allowed  bishops  to  be  created 
ineapeclive  of  the  pope's  sanction.  He  was  In  Paris  at  (h«  first 
Bourbon  restoration  in  1814,  whicfa  he  hailed  with  satisfaction, 
less  as  a  monatchist  than  as  ■  strenuous  apostle  of  religious 
regeneration.  Dreading  tbe  Caa  Jimri,  he  escaped  10  London, 
where  he  obtained  ■  meagre  livelihood  by  giving  French  kssont 
Is  >  icfaool  founded  by  the  abM  Jules  Catron  for  French  toiigrfs; 


LAMENNAIS 


"5 


tc  iba  tMaaw  tdtor  >t  the  haate  of  Lulf  Jcrnin^iuD,  wbcae 
iiX  impniiiiia  of  him  tt  *a  t-^^-nu  chugcd  ioto  IrieDdihip. 
OnlbefiiulaffenhtDWirfNapoIraiitDtSisbeRtunied  loPuis, 
and  in  lk<  lollowbig  yeir,  whb  mony  nbgiviDgi  as  to  hli  calliiis, 
be  yielded  to  bis  brothrr^g  »iid  Curon's  advice,  ud  vu  nduned 
prieil  by  tbe  bisbop  ol  RcDses. 

Tbe  fint  volume  ol  fail  gieat  work,  Eiiai  nir  rimiifiraue 
tn  maiiire  dt  rtiigioar  appeared  in  1S17  (Eog.  trans,  by  Lord 
Stanley  of  Alderley,  Leodon,  iSgg},  and  aBected  Europe  like 

aspell.il         ■       ■ 

irilh  a." 


the  i 


sdety.ha 


n  their 
Ihority  one 


>rds  of  Lacoi 

:  enjoyed  by  Bos! 


liiiiual  death.    EcdesL 


lical  ai 


cience,  by  Lutbei  into 
yclopaedistB  into  politics 
aled  in  practical  atheism 


.     .     ,        tupporl. 

by  the  univenal  irj 

the  sole  hope  of  reger 
more  volumes  (Paris,  iSta-ia94)  foUoned.and  met  with  a  miied 
reception  from  tiie  Gallican  bishops  and  monarchists,  but  wilb 
Ihe  enthusiastic  adhesion  of  the  younger  clergy.  Tbe  work 
was  examined  by  three  Roman  theologians,  and  received  Ihe 
formal  approval  of  Leo  XIL  Lamennais  visited  Rome  at  tbe 
pope^s  ref^uest,  and  was  offered  a  place  in  Ibe  Sacred  College, 
which  he  refused.   On  fiis  return  to  France  fie  took  a  prominent 

vicomte  de  Villele,  wasa  regular  contiibulor  to  tbe  ComenafeHr, 
but  when  Villele  became  the  chief  of  Ibe  supporters  of  absolute 
monaicby,  Lamennaia  witfulrew  hia  support  and  started  two 
rival  or^ns,  Le  Drapeau  bianc  and  Le  Utmoriat  calholi^iu. 
Vanousolhei  minor  works,  togelber  wifb  Delardigion  caaidirtt 
ia<u  la  rapptrli  asa  I'trdri  civU  cl  ptliliqiu  (i  vols.,  1S15- 
1H76),  kept  bis  name  before  the  public 

He  rctized  to  La  Cb^jiaie  and  gathered  tound  bim  a  host  of 
briUiant  diiciplea,  includijig  C.  de  Montalembert,  Lacordaire 
and  Maurice  de  Gu£iin,  bis  object  being  to  form  an  organised 
body  of  opinion  to  persuade  the  French  clergy  and  laity  to  throw 
oS  Ibe  yoke  of  tbe  state  cocnuion.    With  Rome  at  bis  back, 

tbe  liberties  of  tbe  Callican  cbuich.  His  beJlh  broke  down 
and  be  went  to  tbe  Pyrenca  tg  recTuil.  On  his  retuca  to  La 
Chtnaie  in  1S17  he  bad  anothee  dangerous  iUness,  wluch  power- 
fully impiEued  hiin  with  tbe  thought  that  he  bad  only  been 
dragged  back  to  Ufe  to  be  Ihe  imtiument  of  Providence.  Lti 
PrtgrltdilartteliilimttdilagiurrccinUrel't^iuUBiB)innVtH 
Lamennais'a  complete  lenundatJon  of  royalist  principles,  and 
benaforward  be  dreamt  of  the  advent  of  a  Iheooalic  democniry. 
To^veeffecl  to  these  viewshe  founded /.'it  tcnir,  the  Erst  number 
of  vbicb  appeared  on  the  ifiib  of  October  iSjo,  with  the  motto 
"  God  and  Liberty."  From  the  &i*t  Ihe  paper  was  aggres^vely 
denocntic;  it  demanded  ri«hu  of  local  admioislralion,  an 
enlatged  sufirage,  univettal  freedom  of  conscience,  freedom  of 
iniinictlon,  ol  meeting,  and  of  the  press.  Methods  of  vonhip 
were  to  be  criticised,  improved  or  afwlished  in  atuolutc  lub- 
miiuon  to  tbe  spiritual,  not  to  the  lemponl  authoiity.  With 
Ihe  help  ol  MonUlembert,  he  founded  tbe  Ataut  [Iniraii  fniir 
la  iffaat  it  la-  libali  rtliskvc,  wbich  became  a  far-reaching 
erginiialioD,  il  had  agenls  all  over  the  land  wfio  noted  any 
violations  of  religious  freedom  and  reported  Ihem  10  tiead- 
qutrlen.  As  a  result,  L'A-mnr's  career  was  stonny,  and  the 
opposilion  of  Ihe  Conservative  bishops  checked  iU  drcuklion ; 
■.tatiett  and  Lacordaire  resolved 


d  they  m 


n  Nov 


nber  1S31 


to  obtain  tfie  i^roval  of  Gregory  XVI.  The  "pilgrims 
Uberty  "  wen,  after  mucb  OHioeition,  received  in  audience 
Ub  pope,  bnt  cmly  an  the  condition  tbat  the  object  which  brou 
tbcm  to  Kome  should  not  be  mentioned.     This  was  a  bil 


Holy  See,  whilsl  adndlUng  Ibe  justice  ol  ibdt  inli 
like  tbe  matter  left  open  for  the  preaenL  Lacordaire  ana  Montal- 
emlKR  obeyed;  Lamennais,  however,  remained  in  Rome,  but 
his  last  hope  vanished  with  tbe  issue  of  Gregory's  letter  to  the 
Polish  bishops,  in  which  the  Polish  palriols  were  reproved  and 
the  tsar  was  affirmed  to  be  their  lawful  sovereign.  He  then 
"  shook  Ihe  dust  of  Kome  from  oS  his  feet."  At  Munich, 
ia  tSji,  he  received  Ibc  encyclical  Uitari  mi,  rondeinning  his 
policy;  as  ■  result  t'^DeKir  cased  and  Ihe  Ataiafm  diMolvcd 
Lamennais,  wilb  bis  two  Ueutenanti,  submllLed,  and  deeply 
wounded,  retired  to  La  ChCnaie.  His  genius  and  prophetic 
insight  had  turned  Ibe  entire  Catholic  ctiurch  against  hiDi,  and 
those  for  whom  be  bad  foogbl  so  long  were  the  fiemst  ol  hit 
opponents.  The  latnous  Purnlei  <f  im  crcycHf ,  pubUsfaed  in  iB j4 
through  Ihe  intemiediary  of  Sainte-Beuve,  marks  I^meonais's 

in  it*  petvenity,"  was  Cregny'a  cfitidsm  in  a  new  encydical 
letter.  A  tractate  of  aphorisms,  it  has  tbe  vigour  of  a  Hebrew 
prophecy  and  contains  tbe  choicest  gems  of  poetic  feeling  lost 
in  a  wbitlwind  ol  eiaggenlions  and  distorted  views  of  kings  and 
ndecs.  The  work  bad  an  eitrsonlinary  circulation  and  waa 
translated  into  many  Eiuopean  languages.  It  is  now  forgotten 
as  ■  whole,  faul  the  beautiful  eppeab  to  love  and  human  brolher- 
hoodareilillieprintcdineveiyhand-bookof  French  literature.  \ 
Henceforth  Lajnennais  was  the  apogtle  of  the  people  alone. 
Lti  ASaira  de  Rome,  da  maux  de  Flilise  Hie  la  secUU  (iSj?) 
came  from  old  habit  of  reli^ous  discus^oru  rather  than  from  his 
real  mind  of  iSj;,  or  at  most  it  was  but  a  last  word.  Le  Litre 
da  pmfli  (1S3;),  Bt  I'admate  nudtme  C1B39),  Ptliliqat  i 
rasati  da  peaplt  (iSjg),  three  volumes  of  artides  from  Ihe 
journal  of  the  eitreme  democracy,  Le  Monde,  are  titles  of  works 
which  show  that  he  bad  arrived  among  the  missionaries  of 
liberty,  equality  and  fraternity,  and  be  soon  got  a  share  of  their 
martyrdonL  Le  Pays  et  U  louBemaiuni  C1A40)  caused  him  a 
year's  imprisonment.  He  struggled  througb  difficulties  of  lost 
Iriendsbipi,  limited  means  and  personal  illnesses,  failbful  (0 
the  last  to  his  fiardly  won  dogma  of  the  sovereignty  of  tbepeople, 
and,  to  judge  by  his  contribution  to  Louis  Blanc's  Home  da 
progrtr  was  ready  for  something  hlie  communism.  He  was 
"     '    if  the  "Soci£tf  de  lasolidarite  rfpublicaioe," 


irbicb  c 


n  fifteen  days. 


845  bad  bis  sympathies,  a 

the  iDIh  of  July,  compliiniug  that  silence  was  for  tbe  poor, 
but  again  be  was  at  the  head  of  La  RHdHlum  dtmttraHiiut 
el  saciale,  wlucb  also  succumbed.  In  Ihe  constituent  assembly 
be  sat  on  Ihe  left  till  the  coate  fllal  of  Napoleon  IU  in  iSfi 
put  an  end  to  all  hopes  of  popular  freedom.    While  dqiuly  be 

after  a  translation  of  Dante  chiefly  occupied  him  till  his  death, 
which  took  pUce  in  Paris  on  the  ijlh  of  February  1854.  He 
refused  to  be  reconciled  lo  Ihe  church,  and  wss  buried  according 
to  his  own  directions  at  Pete  La  Chaise  without  funeral  riles, 
being  mourned  by  a  countless  concoutse  of  democratic  and 
Literary  admirers. 

During  tbe  most  difficult  time  of  fiis  republican  period  he 
found  solace  for  his  Intetleet  in  tha  composition  of  Via  taix 
during  bis  imprisoomeat  in  a  BBiihu  strain 
I  ooyaal.  This  b  an  inieresling  tonlrihutioo 
'ity:  it  was  published  in  Paris  in  iS«fi. 
iff  fkOnitkU  (1840).  Of  the  four 
ilumes  of  this  work  Ihe  Ibird,  which  is  an  exposiiion  of  ait 
I  a  devek^meot  from  ihe  aspiiatSons  and  neceaDtics  ol  the 
mple.  Bands  pre-eminent,  nd  remains  the  beat  evidence  of 
s  thinking  power  and  btiUiant  style. 


1S44);  both  these  are  very  inccnnplele  and  only  co 

quenrly  published  sie:  Amviiupatids  el  DarvOMdi  (1S43).  Le 
il  la  Pclopie  (l&4«1.  MilanttJ  pkOaiefliiaaei  d  ttHltOHt  { 
Ure^ifSei  tiHi)  and  Ln  Ktw  Omfiit,  tbu  latter bdng 
lationorihaGasptkaDd  of  Daats- 


lo  Lei  paroiei  d'lm 
to  tbe  Uletalute  of 


LAMENTATIONS 


, IxUlfliii  rfamti  (1S9J).( 

F.  Dnlne.  Zwibhu.  is  wh  it  la  i^i;  Para  elm 
lagSJ  1  The  Hon.  W.  COwn.  riW  XiW  ^  Lii»i>ii«iiiu  « 
"  -  '-    ■'- -■    -   '"— ^  (Uondor    t896);E.  R- 


t^t"*"  (l^V^!  Met.  Rkaid.  i.'iuJi  mnui 

Sunle-Bcuvc,  Ffrfraili  cnliiRfaroiiii,  uma  L  (iSji),  m 

UNENTAIToiu  (LohkcAiImiiu  a/  JiremiaKl,  >  book  d  tlie 
Old  Tesumenl.  In  Hebrew  MSS.  uid  editions  this  liltLc  coIIk- 
tioa  <A  lilui^al  potnu  ii  cntilied  tam  Ah  ksal,  Um  finL 
void  of  cb.  L  (and  clu.  ii.,  iv.);  d.  the  boolu  of  tbe  Penuteuch, 
and  Ibe  Babylonian  Epic  of  Crealion  (a  fat  older  eumide). 
In  the  Septuagint  H  b  called  Bmtet,  "  Funent-souei "  or 
"  Dirges,"  the  mual  rcnderioi  o{  Heb.  urf  (Am.  v.  i ;  Jer. 
vii.  Jfl;  »  Sam.  i.  Jj),  "hich  la,  In  fart,  the  name  in  the  Talmud 
{BataBiMra  150)  and  MhM  Jewish  wrilinp;  and  it  was  known 
as  lucb  to  the  Fatbi^  {Jcnme,  CiaalA).  The  Scptua^I  (B) 
inlroduccft  the  iiook  thus:  "  And  it  came  to  pass,  alter  Israel 
HU  taken  captive  and  Jerusalem  laid  waste,  JeremUb  ut 
weeping,  and  lamented  with  this  [imentatloo  ovet  Jerusalem, 
and  said  . .  „"  a  notice  which  may  'have  related  originally 
Some  Septuatfnt  MSS.,  aod  the  Syriac 


uo/ya-f 


w  Bible  lamentations  is  placed  among  the  Cetubim 
or  Hi^ogiapha,  vsiuUy  as  the  middle  book  of  the  five  Uepaolli 
or  Ferial  Rolls  [Canticles,  Ruth,  Umenutlons,  Ecdeslasics, 
Esther)  according  to  the  order  of  the  d:Lys  on  which  they  are 
read  in  the  Synagogue,  Lamentniians  being  read  on  the  Qth  of 
Ab  («b  of  August),  when  the  destruction  of  the  Temple  Is 
oommemorated  (Uiiss.  SaplieriM  18).  But  the  Septuagint 
appends  the  book  to  Jeremiah  (Baruci  intervening),  just  as 
it  adds  Ruth  10  Judges;  thus  making  the  number  ol  the  books 
of  the  Hebrew  Canon  the  ssmc  u  that  ol  the  letlen  of  the  Hebrew 
alphabet,  vii.  twenty-two  (so  Joa.  c.  Ap.  i.  S),  Inslead  of  the 
Synagogal  twenty-lour  (see  Balia  Baliri  14}). 

EiUrnal  Jcaiuru  aid  foilUal  iltuciart, — These  poems  eihibi 
a  peculiar  metre,  the  so-called  "  lilt  "  "  "    ■■■-■-■- 

V.  2  is  a  good  losiance: 


'  of  which  A 


Leftlii 


id  Israel! 


erUnd— 


A  bager  line,  witb  three  accented  syUables,  i>  fcJIowed  by  a 
Ehorter  with  two.  Chs.  i.-iit.  consist  ol  stavas  of  three  such 
eooplets  each;  chs.  iv.  aod  v.  of  two  like  Am.  v.  1.  This  metre 
came  la  liioe  to  be  distinctive  of  degy.  The  text  of  Lamenta- 
tions, however,  k>  often  deviates  from  it,  that  wc  can  only 
■Emi  the  IfiittKy  of  the  poet  to  cast  his  couplets  into  this 
type  (Dtiva).  Some  anomalies,  both  of  metre  and  of  sense, 
may  he  removed  by  judidous  emendation;  and  many  lines 
beume  smooth  eaou^,  if  we  assume  a  crasi*  of  <^«ii  vowels 
of  tbe  laioe  class,  «  a  diphthongal  pronundation  of  others,  or 
contraction  or  nlence  of  certain  suffiies  as  in  Syriac  The  oldest 
elegiac  utteranca  bit  not  couched  in  this  metre;  e.g.  David's 
(1  Sam.  iii.  n  I.  Abncr;  ii.  I  •g■l^  Saul  lod  Jonathan].  Yet  the 
lelrain  of  tbe  laiiet,  '£1'*  lUlf  'lu  [Itbiirfa,  "  Ah  how  are  heroes 
fiUenI "  agieo  with  our  longer  line.    Tbe  remote  aitceitor  ol 


dbllw'B 

mtten  «  least  a  thousand  yean  eaittar- 
En-UiH  On  hiliti  |  Miirw  ito  ffri 
lylriead.BQ'liukbrollictl  1  Leoford  o(  ibe  Wad!" 


j'K",-, 


I  of  the  Psalms,  Lame 


-iv.  are  alphabetical 
acrcpsiics.  cjcn  poem  contains  iweaiy-iwo  stanzas,  eonopond- 
ing  to  the  twenty-two  letters  of  the  Hebrew  alphabet;  and  eadi 
sianu  begins  with  its  proper  letter.  (In  ch.  iii.  each  of  the  three 
couplets  m  a  slamu  begins  with  the  same  letter,  so  Ibat  the 
alphabet  is  repeated  thrice:  cf.  f^ulm  ciix.  for  an  dght-fold 
lepeUtion.)  Tlie  alphabet  of  LamcntatioDS  ii.  iii,  iv,  varies  ftum 
the  usual  order  of  the  lellers  by  placing  Fl  before  ,4in.  The 
tame  was  doubtless  the  case  in  ch.  L  also  until  some  scribe 
altered  it.  He  went  no  further,  because  the  sense  forbade  it 
in  the  other  insianns.  The  variation  may  have  been  one  of 
hKal  use,  filher  In  Judea  or  in  Babylonia;  or  the  author  tnay 
have  had  some  fanciful  reason  for  the  transpositinn,  such  as, 
lor  eiample.  that  Pt  foUowing  Sanedi  (m)  mi^t  suggest  the 
word  rue.  "  WaQ  yel  "  (1  Sam.  iii.  31).  Ahbougb  the  iddeat 
Hebrew  de^es  are  not  alphabetic  acrostics,  it  is  a  curious  fact 
that  the  word  irg,  "  Was  he  a  coward?  "  (Sc  tiS  ;  la.  vfL  4), 
is  formed  by  the  initial  tetters  of  tbe  four  liiKS  on  Abner  (om. 
t,  tine  3);  and  the  initials  ol  tbe  verses  of  David's  great  elegy 
arc  im  von  «n,  which  may  be  read  is  a  sentence  meaiung, 
perhaps.  "  Lo,  I  the  Avenger  "  Icf.  Deut.  nxii.  41,  4]}  "  will 
go  forth! ";  or  the  Gist  two  letters  fa':)}  nay  stand  for  w  -m, 
"  Alas,  my  brotherl "  (Jer.  »iH.  18;  A  nxiv.  s).  In  oyptie 
fashion  the  poet  thus  registers  a  vow  of  vengeancs  on  the 
Philistines.  Bnth  kinds  of  acrostic  occur  ride  by  side  in  tbe 
Psalms,  Psalm  ex.,  an  acrostic  nf  tbe  same  kind  t)  David's 
elegy,  is  followed  hy  Psalms  cii.  cxii.,  which  are  alphabetical 
acnslics.  like  the  Lamentations.  Such  aniGces  ate  not  fn  then- 
selves  greater  dogs  on  poetic  expreasian  than  Ibe  emodve 
alliteration  of  old  Saxon  verse  or  the  strict  rhymes  of  modeni 
lyrics.  (Alliteration,  both  initial  and  intsual,  ia  annraoa  in 
Lamentations.) 

As  the  final  [Mcce,  ch.  V.  may  faavT  suffered  more  in  transmisBion 
than  those  which  precede  it — even  to  the  extent  of  IdbIdi  tlie 
acnnlic  form  {like  some  ol  the  Psalms  and  Nahum  L),  besides 
half  ol  lis  stanzas.  It  we  divide  the  chapter  into  quatrains, 
likech.iv.,wTnoticeseveT*lvesligcso[aliac«i9tIc  Tbe  Altpk 
stanza  (vcises  ;,  S)  still  precedes  the  Befjt  (verses  0, 10),  and  the 
■fin  Is  still  iiuite  clear  [veraes  ij,  iR;  cf.  i.  t6).  Tnmsposing 
verses  5,  6,  and  cotrecting  tbdr  teit,  ve  see  that  the  Jad  atanza 
(verses  3.  4)  precedes  the  LamiJ  {veaa  6,  ;),  Capk  having 
disappeared  between  them.  With  this  due,  we  may  rearrange 
the  other  quatrains  in  alphabetical  sequence,  each  according 


Its  initial  letter.   Wet 


■  of'dev 


■.srf. 


beginning  urith  the  letters  a  (vents  J,  8),  a  (9,  ro),  n  (11. 
1  (19,  cf.  Psalm  di.  .3;  ami  n),  i  (i,  »),  a  (r3,  tewi;  t«), 
•  (J,  -t),  S  (6,  rW,;  s.  t™-  .  .  .  W,  •  {";  "),  »  (I7.  1«. 
and  V  (15,  iiJ).  luccessivdy.  An  internal  eonneiion  iriD  now 
be  apparent  in  all  the  stanzas. 

GtHtral  labjal  and  nSine  efamladi. — Hie  thenHof  Lasienta- 
tions  is  tbe  final  siege  and  fall  of  Jerusalem  {;86  B.<^),  and  tha 
attendant  and  subsequent  miseries  of  the  Jewish  peof^. 

In  ch.  i.  we  liave  a  vivid  picture  of  the  distress  of  Zion,  alter 
all  is  over.  The  poet  does  not  describe  the  sveata  of  Ibe  rfege, 
nor  tbe  horrors  of  the  capture,  but  the  painful  expetlcact  of 
subjection  and  tyranny  whidi  fdlnwed.  Ndtha  this  nor  ch. 
ii.  b  slrirtty  a  "  dirge."  Zion  la  not  dead.  She  b  peitMlified 
as  a  widowed  piiaccss.  bereaved  and  deaolale,  ilttisg  amid 

the  ruins  of  her  former  joys,  si  ' '       "  

From  verse  i  ic  to  the  eiid  (ei 


w  it)  she  herself  h  tbe 


joie.yel 


raafll 


Behdd  and  see  I 

griel  there  b>  like  ailu  l,"!  )OQ  IC 


LAMENTATIONS 


iii.  1-8);  1 
pnvokcd  by  her  ^ 

The  tn[  has  Bifftinl^  mueh.    Vm  «  « 

If:  ipm.  nad  -wp,  "  wu  bouDd."  Vene  iv  n™.  -,. 
■a  n^  nu  31m  >ai  "  For  thty  iDiitht  lood  to  raio 
lift,  and  found  it  not:"  cf.  Scptuagint ^  and  vena  11,  r 
IF —  _^.  ^L_     _  —  _    » r_f  I   jrifvoufcly   r 


■eBoddi.  \ 


,  "Mt  i 


Iu^^ikI   Ltt  Ibt 
Bcdaudj  Batb- 


bdM. "  ihould  ba    w  n 

I.   Von  II  r.!  "All  mt    „ --,-— 

Falm  ix.  13).  "  Tbau  didM.  Bnii(  Thau ' 
Dty  Tbou  but  pncUimcd;  Lfl  them  brcomc 
line"  (nv;  m  Sii>tui|iiit)  "  a[  their  olunity  fd 

Clupta  iL — "Ab  how  in  wnih  the  Loid 
Sioiil"  TIN  poet  lamcDU  Yihwch'i  ujei  u  Lac  ini 
tauie  which  deiiniyed  dly  uid  kingdam,  iiupendcd  leu 
tad  Sibbuh,  rejecled  dUr  and  unctuaiy.  He  mention 
tlie  upiDU  o(  the  vidoD  in  the  Temple;  the  disnunllini 
of  the  walls;  the  enle  o(  killl  and  princei  (venei  i-gl 
He  mtlb  the  mnuroing  in  Ibc  doomed  ciiy;  the  cbildrci 
dyint  of  hunger  in  the  UiteU;  the  prophets  deluding  th 
ptgple  with  vain  hopes.  PuMB-by  jeered  i(  ihe  lallcn  dly 
ibd  all  her  cnemm  triumphed  over  her  (venei  10-17].  Siol 
o  the  Lord  in  pioleM  againsl  Hil  pililaa  Koil 


Hen 


>  ,fr«). 


arr  "  (Septuaginr  ti  mwi 
B  liJIowi.   »  hrre).     [. 


"He  I 


Ihe  .irlng  (Srpiuii.ni.  ^..uiW.r): 
ir  end  «■  (n.)  ■*!,  •■  He  tpcni  Hi» 
rk.  v>L  a.  u  1.  »  Vrtf  «: 
Ar  down  tlir  vail  of  Jlii  dvetimg- 
ttmini.  d    Pialm  liuiv    7/,  where 


l^-Among  Ibe  nation. 
V«K  iBr'-Ciy  much" 
Iht  Lord.  O  ViiTin  D»i. 
rrdjjBdam.  and  the  lul  riauin  di 
■■  For  ihc  liCe  ol  Ihy  childtrTi  ■'  > 
hith  donr  IB  ihee"  (iS  SW"  Inl.  . 
The  unilann  gtooni  of  (hii.  (he  ma 
unrdievnl  by  a  Angle  ray  of  hope, 
ibtpun  1.  ill  iv.  aifn. 

Chapter  iii.— Here  the  nation 
His.  li.  i).  who  hnienti  hia  01 
i9-»,  ii.  m-ti.  thi>  is  hardly  1 
uikt  lorm  ot  elegy  {Klaidud). 


^5r= 


=.  2pph    1 


airee  wilhwhal  Ie4|owa. 

icn  the  mt  »a>  added. 

[unified  ai  a  nan  (ct. 
unities.  In  view  of  I. 
nis  devialioii  Itorn  Ihe 


of  th. 


:  poenu.     Chapter  il. 

slaughtered  children; 
ning,  with  its  abruptly 
fprcujon  o[  the  Divine 


■ilh  a  mother's  lamenl 

'ndent  "  I  am  Rie  Mini  "    ' 

it  inlenliona].  Israel  dunl  not  breathe  it,  until  compelled 
■  dimai,  vene  iS:  ct.  Am.  vi.  10.  Contrast  its  frequency 
when  ground  4f  hope  is  found  in  the  Divine  pity 
and  purjjose  (venet  Il-«o),  ud  when  the  contrite  nation  turns 
uliiCodinpTayer(ventS5S-6&).  Thespiritoalaspect  of  things 
B  now  the  main  topic.  The  poet  dealt  less  with  inddeni,  and 
more  wiih  the  moral  lignihcance  of  the  Balion')  sufferings.  It 
■I  (he  retigieu  culmination  o(  Ibe  book.     His  poem  a  nithcr 

in  Ihe  conneiion  of  thought;  but  his  alphabetic  scheme  proves 
ihat  fir  ittipud  twenty-two  slanias.  not  siity-sii  detached 
cMplels.  There  is  somclbing  arrwling  in  that  bold  "  I  am  Ihe 
Man  ■';  and  ihe  lyrical  intrajity,  the  religious  depth  and  beauty 
ot  the  whole,  may  well  blind  us  lo  occasional  ruggedneuof  metre 


awl  language,  abrupt  transitions  from   I 
Mber  alkged  Uemisbea,  some  ol  which  a 


>l  have  I 


n  of  Ihe 


haps'  "  He  iwallawed  me  up"  Uer.  11.  Jf)  " 
"  (Scptuagint)  "  wiib  gknoi "  <ai  la  Kw.  IB 


rarber  all  peapUi  (Htb.  MSS.  and  Syt). 


•an   ny 
iW.  rd. 

aaho:" 
bei     m-i 

"fvS? 


de'r  Hb°fKl  . "' 
«i.  18).    V««  J. 


Adotiai  purpitBl  not  (Gen.  n. 
*r  (Geo.  v.  5;  or  im  Nen.  ix.  h 
"  Why  dnth  a  morul  cepiplaiiir 


_-n  inxviii.  la). 


Ujjnlw  CEzek.  «iiU    m).     For  Ihe  wording, 

1:  eh.   L    16;  Jer.  iiici.    IJ.      VerK  51:   "  T 
Ihe  pit  "  (Shcoh  Palms  im.  4.  l">vlil.  4 

..    L L.  ^^  iaigt,   to    Abaddon  '*    (jnaii  -jr 

■  jS;  "  O  p4ead,  Lord,  the  cauK  of 


•ollHan\-T^vili 


I^irhapa:  "  Wberewilh  (hey  doiged  my 
■alia  Unujt.  51  f.  Vtrae  ii,  rd.  Dvp,  as 
ji  vene  14  and  lob  la.  9.  Vene  65: 
madnen  "  (cf.  Arab,  (aiifla;  mapitfi.,  mad) 


Tbe  finest  m  change  hud  " 

The  poet  shows  how  famine  and  the  sword  desdaled  Zion 

(verses  i-io).    All  was  Yahweh's  work;  a  wonder  10  the  heathen 

(Jer  itiiii.  11,  14,  «vi,  8,  10  I!.,  iiii.  11-13),  "ho,  like  Cain, 
became  homeless  wandcrenand  outcasts  (verses  11-16).  Vainly 
did  the  besieged  walcb  Cor  succoura  from  Egypt  (Jer  iiivii. 
S  R }.  and  even  the  last  forbm  hope,  (be  flight  of  "  Vahweh's 
Anointed."  King  Zedekiah,  was  doomed  (0  fail  (venei  17-10. 
Jcr  jxBi.  4  fi).  Edom  rejoiced  in  her  ruin  (Eiek.  «v  ij, 
mv,  IS.  Obad.;  Psalm  cmvii.  j),  but  Zioo's  sin  o  now 
atoned  for  (tf  Is.  il.  3),  and  she  may  look  forward  10  (be  judgmea( 
of  ber  lot  (verses  ii-Ji). 

wen  Ihe  dwTef  the  nroid  Tlui  Ibr  itain  of  raoiinel  FOr  ihey  " 
(Septuagini  am.).  "Ihey  paued  away"  (oSn  Sepluigint;  Pulm 
xinui.  14)  "with  a  «ab  "  (Ju.  a.  S4;  Is.  aiii-  "S;  Jer.  li.  4). 
"Suddenly,  in  the  field"  fn  dvo;  Jer  liv.  iB).  Vene  13, 
add  ■«  after  !fii:  d.  Ju.  liv.  4;  Jer.  xiii.  i&  Vene  lyr  : 
"  Whik  we  watched"  (Sep[uatinl)  " mntinuilly : "  ncnni. 
Verwi  ig;-'Our  (itpi  wen  curbed  "  (n  MSS,;  sec  Pro.  iv  11: 
Job  iviii.  7]  "  from  walking  In  our  open  places  "  (bcfofe  1^  uiv 

Pies;  ^feh.  viii.  1.  ]):  "The  completion  of  our  days  diew  mgh 
r     mrto    a-    rv;    cf.     Lev.    viii.     33;     Job    ix.     11).     ■'Tor 

Ui  (dittoir.  >):  "Sedler  in  the'  Land!"  Uj.  of  j'udahr^  Eiek! 
mrv.  10.  mivi.  s.   Pe.haps  V.i  iwr.' "  Seiiei  ol  the  Land  "), 

Chapter  v. — A  sorrowful  iupi^ca[iaB,  in  which  (he  speaken 
deplore,  not  tbe  fall  of  Jerusalem,  but  their  own  Male  of  galling 
dependence  and  hopelcia  poverty.  They  are  (till  suffering  lor 
the  dni  ol  Iheii  lathtn,  wbn  perished  in  ilit  ea(as(rophe  (vine 
7).  They  are  at  (be  merry  of  "  servants  "  (verse  g.  cl  1  Kinp 
Mv.  14;  Neh.  v.  15:  "  Yea,  even  thdr  '  boys*  lorded  it  over 
tbe  people  "),  under  a  tyranny  of  pashas  ol  Ihe  worst  type 
(vcfSd  II  f.).  Tbe  soil  is  owned  by  aliens;  and  the  Jews  have 
to  buy  their  water  and  Gn^wood  (venea  3,  4,  cf.  Neh.  ii.  36  I.) 
While  busy  ^anrating,  they  an  aaposed  to  the  raids  of  the 
Bedouins  (terse  q).  jackals  prowl  among  (he  ruiu  of  Zion 
(verse  iS;  ci.  Neh.  iv.  3).  And  ihii  condition  o(  Map  has 
already  lasted  a  very  bng  time  (veiu  bo). 

Vervi  i  f.  iTanspose  and  rittdr  "To  advenan'es"  (B-n'f) 
"wt  HibiniKed.  Saying"  (-km^),  "'We  shaU  be  salisfed  with 
bread'"  (cf.  Jer.  till.  14):  "The  yoke  of  our  neck  they  made 
heavy"  (Neh.  v.  13:  a^  "j!  Tru.1).  "We  toil,  and  no  ml 
IS  allowed  us."  Vcrie  13 :  "  Xobica  enduied  to  gnnd.  A~i  n>.'nrM 
.       »  .  .  ,  which  belonei 


i.   7!    Is. 


which  belonn  id 


128 


LAMENTATIONS 


V. 7;vi. it]. ~  Vniig,  "  ButTlua..."  PHlmdi. ijOIclIautaitn 
incnUiici,v(ne  iS).  VsKii.iiiiiilH;  dittogr.oIialloaiiigiEi. 

AuUarMf  and  iatt. — Hie  lisdition  of  Jemnjah's  tuthonliip 
camiDt  be  traced  higher  thui  the  Septiugint  venioD.  The 
prefitciy  note  there  nuy  come  Imm  *  Uebnw  MS.,  buLpcrbip* 
rcfen  to  dupler  L  only  ("Jerenuih  i&ng  Uns  dirge  ")■  The 
jdu  Chit  l^unenlatjona  mi  originiUy  mppcnded  to  Jeremiah 

wirdf  sepinted  front  it  lad  idded  to  the  other  Megillolh  for 
the  Utnrgidl  convenience  of  the  SynigOfue,  reMi  OQ  the  [«cl 
that  Joscphui  (Ap.  L  I,  S)  ud,  following  him,  Jenme  md 
Oiigen  rechon  11  boaki,  tikisg  Ruth  with  Judga  ind  Lamenlt- 
tuni  with  Jerenuah;  whcreu  the  ordinuy  Jewish  reckoning 
giva  14  books,  u  in  our  Hebrew  BibtcL    There  ' 


■  ftsciful 


irtlfidiil  lecknnlng 
lie  Hebrew  ilphlbet  was  ever  much  n 
geilion-    Even  in  the  Scptoagijit  the  uutug  oroer  miy 

be  origiml.  It  ippein  likely  thit  LomentvtionB  was  not 
isliled  by  the  lune  hud  u  Jaeniiih  (Noldeke)      UqULc 

liLIer,  the  5eptiugint  Lamentitioia  iticki  closely  to  the 
saorelic  teit.  The  two  books  can  kudly  hive  been  uniled 
n  the  Gnl.  On  the  ilmglh  of  1  ChioD.  niv,  ij,  some 
ient  writers  (e.g.  Jeiome  arf  Zech.  lii.  1 1)  held  Hut  Jerf njih 
iposed  Lamentations.  When,  howevci,  JiMcphus  (Ant.  i. 
)  states  that  Jeremiih  wrolc  an  elegy  on  Josiah  slill  eilapt 
is  day,  he  may  be  merely  quoting  a  little  too  much  of  Chron. 

iiton'l  note).  Itisurged.  indeed,  that  Iheaulhol  of  Cfareaides 
Id  not  liave  imagined  a  prophet  to  have  sympathized  with 

he  must  have  connected  tht  passage 
However  that  may 


wilh  Jc 


ic  Chroi 


stjer, 


es  he  imply  tliat  the 

contrary;  for  be  implio  that  Tit  Qinolh  conliincd  not  only 
Jeremiah's  single  diige  on  Josiafa,  but  also  Ihe  dcgio  of  "  all 
the  unging  men  and  aiogiBg  women,"  fiom  the  time  of  Joiiah'i 
death  (608)  down  10  his  own  day  (3rd  tcnlury).  The  unlimdy 
(ateofjoiiah  became  a  stock  alluiioD  in  dirges.  Ills  not  meant 
Ibat  foe  Ihree  centuries  the  diige-wriiets  had  nothing  else  to 
sing  of;  mndi  less,  that  they  sang  of  the  fall  of  Jerusalem  (pre- 
supposed by  our  book)  before  iu  occurrence.  Upon  the  whole, 
il  does  not  seen  probable,  either  thai  the  Cbronicler  mistook 
Lamentations  iv.  for  Jeremiah's  dirge  on  Joslah,  ot  that  the 
book  he  calls  The  Qimlk  was  identical  with  our  (jinoth.    Later 

obtrusive  almilaritit*  between  Jeremiah  and  LameDtallons 
(lee  Driver,  L.O.T.  p.  43J  '■),  and  the  supposed  reference  in 
Lamentations  111  JJ  S.  to  Jeremiah  mviiL  6  B.,  a*  well  as  Ihe 
fact  that  Jeremiah  was  the  one  well-known  inqiiied  writer  who 
had  lived  Ihraugh  Ihe  siege  of  Jeniaalcm — they  naturally  enough 
ascribed  this  little  book  to  the  prophet.  It  is  certainly  Irae 
that  Ihe  same  emotional  temperament,  dissolving  in  tears  iI 
the  spectacle  of  the  country's  won,  and  etpcesiiog  itself  to  a 
great  extent  in  the  same  ot  similar  language,  ia  noticeable  in 
the  auIhor(B)  of  LamenUtiocs  i.-iv.  and  in  Jeremiah.  And  both 
refer  these  woes  to  Ihe  lame  cause,  viz.  the  lins  of  the  nation, 
and  particularly  of  lis  prophets  and  priests. 

This,  however,  is  not  enough  to  prove  identity  of  aulhotlhip; 
and  the  {^lowing  oiniideraiioBi  militate  strongly  against  the 
(nidilion.  (i.)  The  langua^  aiul  style  of  Lamentations  are 
Id  gcRcnd  very  unlike  thoee  of  Jeremiah  (see  (he  details  in 
Nigelsbach  and  Uhr);  whatever  allowance  may  be  made  for 
conventional  diffeiencci  in  the  phraseology  of  elegiac  poetry 
and  prophetic  prose,  even  of  a  mon  or  le&s  fync^  cast. 
LamenlaIionsi.-iv.shawa  knowledge  oC  £«k  ie1(cf.Lanieata(iDna 
ii.  ^c;  Ei.  n.  S,  11;  Lam.  ii.  14;  £1.  lii.  14;  liii.'io,  14: 
Lam.  iL  rj;  Ec  xzvil.  3;  nviiL  i>;  Lam.  iv.  3o\  Ei.  lii. 
4.  8)  and  of  Is.  il.-livi.  (Lam.  i.  10,  nroa;  Is.  Idv.  10;  Lun. 
i.  is:  ^  liiii.  >;  Lam.  ii.  i;  Is.  livL  i;  Lam.  H.  »i  Is. 
iliii.  181  Lui.  ii,  ij  Us  J  tait;  Ifc  xL  iS,  ij;  LuD.  iL  \ff; 


Is.  ]x.  15I;  L«m.  iii.  lA  eon;  la.  xML   5i  LuB.  liL  30:  ti. 
1.  6;  Lam.  iv.  14;  Is.  Ux.  3,  la;  Lam.  iv.  15;  Is.  liil  11;  l^m. 

got  quote  Eiekiel;  and  he  could  hardly  have  quoted  wiitiag* 
if  the  a^  of  Cyrus.  (ilL)  The  coincidence*  of  liDguage  between 
Lameatilioiu  and  certain  lala  Psalms,  such  u  Psalms  liii., 
Im.,  buxviii.,  Ijnii.,  ciii.,  ait  numerous  and  ligniB- 
t  least  as  a  geoetal  indication  of  date,  (iv.)  Thepointof 
view  o[  Lamentations  sometimes  differs  from  that  of  the  prophet. 
This  need  not  be  the  case  in  L  >i  f .  where  the  conteit  ahow*  that 
nemiei  "  are  not  the  ChaJdeans,  but  Judah's  ill  neigfabours. 
Ammon,  Moab  and  the  rest  (ct.  iv.  ii  f.;  in.  59-66  may 
>  the  same  foes).  Ch.  ii.  gc  may  refer  to  popular  prophecy 
propheta  ";  cf.  'verse  14),  which  would  naturally  be 
d  by  the  overwhelming  FolBfication  of  its  comfortable 
predictions  (iv.  14  B.;  c[.  Jer.  liv.  ty,  Eiek.  vii.  16  f.;  Psalm 
Iniv.  9].  But  though  Jeremiah  was  by  no  means  disloyal 
(Jer.  uiiv.  4  f.),  he  would  hardly  have  spoken  of  Zedekiah  in 
the  terms  of  Lam.  !v.  10;  and  the  pnphet  never  looked  to 
Egypt  tor  help,  as  the  poel  of  Iv.  tj  appears  to  have  done.  It 
must  be  admitted  that  Lamentations  eihibits,  upon  the  whole, 
"a  poet  (more)  in  sympathy  with  the  old  life  of  the  nation, 
whose  attitude  towards  the  temple  and  the  king  is  far  more 
popular  than  Jeremiah's"  (W.  Roberuon  Smith);  d.  f.  4, 
u.  6,  J,  aof.  (v.]  While  we  End  in  Lamentations  some 
that  we  should  not  have  expected  From  Jeremiah,  vre 
her  things  chatacterisilc  of  the  prophet  There  is  no 
f  his  confident  faith  in  the  restoration  of  both  Israel 
dab  (Jer.  iii.  14-1S,  xxiii.  3-8,  iix.-iiii;i.),  nor  of  bis 
doctrine  of  the  New  CovenanI  (Jer.  md.  31-34),  as  a 
of  hope  and  consolation  [or  Zion.  The  only  hope  ei- 
in  Lamentations  i.  ii  the  hope  of  Divine  vengeance  on 
I  malicious  rivals  (i.  11  i.);  and  even  this  is  wanting  fton 
Chapter  iii.  finds  comfon  in  the  Ibonght  of  Yahweh** 


woe  for  Edom 


':  but  ends  with  a  ton 


cry  tor 


r  hope  nor  eonsolalion,  until  the  end, 
irancetJial  Zion's  punishment  is  complete, 
n  be  eiUed  (iv.  31  f.).    Hie  but  word  is 


B  state).    Had  Jen 


re  shaU  re 


"  {it. 


positive  and  definitely  prophetic 
in  tone  and  spirit.  (The  author  of  chapter  ill.  seems  to  have 
felt  this.  It  was  apparently  written  in  view  of  chapter  ii.  as  a 
kind  of  religious  counterpoise  to  ita  burden  of  de^air,  which 
it  first  lakes  up,  verse*  i-».  and  then  dissipates,  verses  11  fl.). 
(vL)  It  seems  almost  superfluous  to  add  that,  in  the  brief  and 
troubled  story  of  the  prt^hel's  life  after  Ihe  fall  of  the  dty 
Jer.  xiiii.-xliv.},  it  is  difficult  to  specify  an  occauon  when 
he  may  be  supposed  lo  have  enjoyed  the  necessary  leisure  and 
quiet  for  the  composition  of  these  elaborate  and  carefully  con- 
structed pieces,  in  a  style  so  remote  from  his  ordinary  freedom 
and  spontaneity  of  utterance.  And  if  at  Ihe  very  end  of  hii 
stormy  career  he  really  found  time  and  inclination  lo  wi " 


onder  why  il 


ncludi 


works,  or  at  least  mentioned  in  Ihe  chaplen  wbidi  leUle  to  bis 
public  activity  after  the  cata*troph& 

Budde's  date,  no  i.e.,  might  not  be  too  catly  for  chapter  v.,' 
if  it  stood  alone.  But  it  was  evidently  written  as  Ihe  dose  of 
the  book,  and  perhaps  la  complete  Ihe  number  of  five  divisions, 
after  the  model  of  the  Fenlaleuch;  which  would  bring  it  below 
the  date  of  Ezra  (4S7  B.C.).  And  this  date  is  supported  by 
inlemsl  indications.  The  Divine  (oigetfulnesa  has  already 
lasted  a  very  long  time  since  Ihe  catastrophe  ("  for  ever," 
veise  lo);  which  seems  to  imply  Ihe  lapse  of  much  not*  than 
thirty-six  years  (cf.  Zech.  i.  11).  The  hilt  of  Zion  is  stiU  a 
deserted  site  haunted  by  Jackals,  aa  il  was  when  Nehepilab 

tions,  political  and  economic,  leem  to  agree  with  what  is  told  ui 
ty  Nebemiah  of  the  state  of  things  which  he  found,  and  which  pre- 
vailed before  hii  coming:  cL  op.  Neh.v.  9-5  with  Lamcnlatiani 


lAMETH— LAMETTRIB 


T.  >,  lO,  ud  Nch.  T. 
k  DoUiiBx  IB  doplci  L 
vriUEn,  hul  be  b«a  m  poet  (cL  Nek  i.  «).  The  nuTBtive  of 
Kih,  liiL  tbion  light  od  venc  lo;  md  Ibcre  an  muy  nun- 
ddaicBBol  lasguige,  &(.-"Tbe  Piovince"  <oI  Judea),  Neh.  i. 
},  cL  vcne  1 1  "  ■dvenadn  "  (n),  of  Judih'i  luitile  neif^ 
hottn,  vene  7i  Neh.  iv.  ii;  "made  my  sueDglfa  stumble," 
WH  14.  ti.  Neh.  n.  4  (Heb.);  the  pnyen,  venn  ai  I.,  Neh. 
iv.  4  f-  (Hcb.  iii.  36  f.),  are  similai.  -TIm  raemoiy  ol  what  is  told 
mNeh.iT.  5  (ii),  Emiv.  i3f,,v.  5,  may  perhaps  have  intgsled 
the  pecuUar  Ism  nve,  Otffate,  anat.  vene  7.  With  verse  ] 
"  Jadob  mi^atcd  Inm  uppaaaioa;  From  gicatoesa  ol  savitude; 
Bbe  settled  among  lbs  oltioBs,  Without  fioding  a  ratine-[dace," 
d.Neb.v.  iSendtJet.  iLiiL  The"remnuito(thecaptiviiy" 
(Neh.  L.i  f.)  bname  mKl  ailoiuBted  (d.  nne  4),  beauie  all 
vbo  could  esc^ie  fiom  tbc  galliog  tyraimy  ol  the  foreigner 
kft  the  iDuiiUy  (d.  Tine  6).  \eaia  it,  19  (deanb  of  feod), 
10  fdangB-  in  the  fidd,  staivalioii  in  the  bcmse}  sgree  curioody 
■ilh  Neh.  T.  6, 9 1- 

'.  Cbapttta  iL  aad  Iv.  can  hBdly  be  dated  eailiir  than  the 
biginniiig  at  the  Pcniaii  period.  Tbey  might  then  have  b«n 
written  by  one  who,  aa  a  yoong  man  of  siitaa  or  twenty,  bad 
wilnawd  the  Unible  scEnc*  of  fifty  yeaii  before.  If,  however, 
n  li  sewnlly  tecogniud,  these  poems  are  not  the  spontaneous 
ud  tiBIBiltod  outponringt  of  pastlonale  grief,  but  compositions 
of  "'"■'"'^  ut  and  itnded  effects,  wriilen  for  a  purpoic,  it 
ii  ^ivioai  that  they  ucd  not  be  contcmpomy.  A  poet  of  a 
lucr  seaoUioD  mtfit  ham  Mmg  oC  the  great  drama  in  this 
foUos.  He  cbM  iadtleBta  and  episodei  would  be  deeply 
paven  Id  tlw  popular  oxnuiy;  and  it  ia  the  poet's  hiDCtion 
to  make  the  past  live  again.  There  is  much  netsphot  (i.  13- 
15,  il.  1-4,  Iii.  i-iS,  iv.  I  S.),  and  little  detail  beyond  the 
honon  usnal  in  long  sieges  (see  Deut.  xviii,  51  ff.;  i  Kings 
tL  j8  f.)  Acquaintance  with  the  eihting  litmture  and  the 
popular  remiidscenafl  of  the  last  dayt  of  Jerusalem  would  supply 
■n  aopla  lowndallon  for  aU  that  we  End  in  these  poems. 

LrTBMTDaB.— 'Thedder  litcraluie  ii  fully  given  by  Nbniibadi  in 
Lange'sBiMwri^.r.xv.  (I«6S.  Eng.  Irani.  iB7i,p.  17).   Anune 

"- ly  be  Bodced  thoM  of  Kalkar  (in  Lalln)  (iSrt); 

'     -     '    f  Hfitmek  (i8ss),  who  ascribet 

, , jup.  K.  Budde  in  ZA.T.W.,  1881, 

t,  4S);  VaiUi«er  (l8ST)i  Neumann  (iSsS):  H.  Ewald  in  bis 
Kclbr,  vol  I.  pt.  U.  (loded.,  tS66) :  Eimtfanlt  (1867):  Nlgtli- 
bKh,  tf-  ti*-  (tM»;  E.  Gotach,  D»  IChidM.  Jer.  (i»6ah  A. 
KBII^lh■useninBanen'sKtltavjtlB.(l«6BJ:C.F.Ktit(lB73)(£I^. 
liana.,  1B74):  Payne  Smith  in  Iti  Sftaitri  Ctrnmnliirf-'  Rtuw. 
Lt  Balt:_jiiiKlyrifiii(iiT9) :  T.  K.  CWne,  at  end  of  "  Jeremiah," 
Pulpii  Ommixiiirj  (igaj-iS*.);  E.  H.  Flumptrc,  in  Eincmi'j 
O.T.  /orSsdu*  Kod»i  (iSS4h  S.  Oellli  in  Slnck-7.Cc1der'i 
Kmiff-  Xtmm.  A.T.  viL  lte»))iM.  LMi  (1S91)  and  again  Hai.'- 
tw— ffif  (HI  A.r.  [tB9])i  F.  Baetbnn  ap.  Kaulsxh,  Dii 
BtOitf  SChriJI  <E.  A.r.  (189th  W.  F.  Admey,  Ex/KiaWi  Bibit 
JlSi^j'S.  Mmocchi.  U  LaixmlaBimi  di  Ctrfna  (Rome,  iK97);and 


K.  Budde, "  Fflnf  MnilUx."  in  Kuntr  Hd.-Ciim< 
"      '     ~     '        '  ntetary  criticism  see  ar 


'■riUiat,  ii.  477-4^  (ijTJ):  &■  H.  Rodhe.  JVnas  Jatmai  Tkraui 
tri^ml  ipuulwiKi  (Lundae,  1871};  F-  Monlct.  Elmit  or  U  Inrs 
u  tomlatuiu  [Centva,  18J5I ;  C.  Bickell,  Ctrmina  7.T. 


i-IM  (iWl).  and  WitntrirUalmhfir  Kmiitia  MiTHiilBiia, 

I.  mi  a.  tl*M)  (cf.  also  Ins  Mclnawi  dtr  HiMtr,  I  «Me«, 

lM>):UerlKirm(rdaiX.r.AKhd<r2JkHiu^(r  (Halle.  i«8a)i 

t.  Dyserinck,  TMsfiidt  7-<Uiciln|l.  xavi.  349  ff.  (1I91) :  S.  A.  Fi^ 

*■  Panlleleiwis^en*rhr.  Iv.,  v.und  der  MaaaUenell.''Z^.r.lC.. 


(>(r  .Sfnctj^lMBt  da  Swia  dir  JCtadifdff  1  anS  LAhr  "  l^ieni  Ui. 
upd  die  jeremlanische  Autonchaft  Oea  Buches  def  KUBelicdo'," 
Zjt.T.W:,  Edv.  I  ff.  (iwH). 

On  the  ERHody,  see  {besides  the  worb  of  BSrhell  and  Dnerinclil 
K.  Budde, "  Das  hebrfiKhe  Khuelied,"  ZJl.T.W..  U.  i  tT.  (1M1I.  iii. 
MS  B.  (1M3).  xL  i34f.  (1S91).  Iii.  31  fl.  >6i  ff.  (1891):  i*! 
AtrMcbf.  iniiL  4S1  H.  (iSul:  and  C.  I.  BaK  "'rhe 
SuuctuRofQiDDth"  J>..S.B..il. (March  iggj].   (Thewiiler 
unacquainted  with  Bodde's  previous  labours.} 

The  following  may  also  be  consulted,  NUdeke,  DiiA.T.Lllmiiir, 
niL  141-148  (i3ig);$ein(cke,  Cork,  ia  Volka  ttnd.  ii.io  H.  (itSi); 
Eude.  Cwil.  p.  701.  B.  I.(l>S7)l  Smend  In  Z.A.TSr.  \im\ 
P  61  r :  Steinlhal,  ''Die  KlanlKder  Jer."  In  OiM  *nd  !bi.-tkaBKI*ie, 
i^U  (1  «9o) :  Driver,  LOT.  (i89i).p.i2(,"TheUnienIaliiiiM";aKl 
Cbeyae'>aiticlc"Lanientatk>ns(BoDk>,"in£iu.BiU.liL  (C.J.B.*) 


[OR,  Cfntn  oi 
(i7to-iSi9),  Fitncb  soldier  and  politician,  was  bom  in  Paris 
on  the  loth  of  October  ijte.  He  served  la  the  American  Wu 
of  Indqieadence  under  Bnchsiabetu,  and  la  i7Sg  was  sent  as 
deputy  to  the  Stales  (^eoBal  by  the  nobles  of  the  bailNagi  ol 
P*ronne.  In  the  Constituent  Assembly  be  formed  with  Bsmave 
and  Adrien  Duport  a  sort  of  association  called  the  "  Triumvirate," 
which  controlled  a  group  of  about  forty  deputies  forming  the 
advanced  left  of  the  Assembly.  He  prraented  a  famous  report 
in  the  Consliluent  Assembly  on  the  organization  of  the  army, 
but  is  betlcf  known  by  his  eloquent  speech  on  the  95tb  of 
February  1791,  at  the  Jacobin  Club,  against  Mlrabesu,  wbose 
rdations  with  the  court  were  beginning  to  be  suspected,  and  who 
was  a  personal  enemy  of  Laioeth.  Howeva.  after  the  flight  of 
the  king  to  Vicenaeg,  Lamcth  became  lenaicilcd  with  the  court. 
He  served  in  the  amy  as  SMrtohif-dKaai^  under  Lucknet  and 
Lafayette,  but  was  accused  of  treason  on  the  ijib  of  August 
179J,  fled  thp  oouDtry,  and  was  Imprisoned  by  the  Austrians. 
Alter  his  relesae  be  eogaged  in  commerce  at  Hamburg  with  his 
brother  Charles  and  the  due  d'AiguiUon,  anl  did  not  return  to 
France  unlil  the  Consulate.  Under  the  Empire  he  was  made 
prefect  successively  in  several  depaitctenU,  and  in  iSio  was 
created  a  baron-  In  1S14  he  attached  himself  to  the  Bourbons, 
and  under  the  Restoration  was  appointed  prefect  o(  Sonrae, 
deputy  for  Seine-Inffcrieure  and  finally  deputy  for  Seine-et-Oise, 
in  which  capacity  he  was  a  Icado'  of  the  Liberal  opjwsition. 
He  died  in  Paris  on  the  iSth  of  March  1S19.  He  was  Ihe  author 
of  an  inqnrlant  History  rf  Ik  Cnsittlwnl  AaaMy  (Paris, 
>  vols.,  iS7S-iSig}. 

Of  his  two  brotben,  THtonou  Laheth  (i7s6-iSs4)  served 
in  tbc  Amerion  war,  sal  In  the  Legislative  Assembly  as  deputy 
from  tlic  department  <A  Jura,  and  beame  marUliBi-it-amp; 
and  Chulxs  Malo  FaaHcon  LuiEtB  (i7j;-igj3),  who  aba 
served  in  America,  wsa  deputy  to  the  States  General  of  4  73p, 
but  emigrated  early  in  die  Revolution,  returned  to  Fraiue 
under  the  Consulate,  and  was  appointed  governor  of  WUnbnrg 
under  ibe  Empire.  Uke  Alexandre,  Charles  joined  the  Bourbons, 
auixeeding  Alexandre  as  deputy  in  1829. 

See  F.  A.  Aulard,  t«  Orafciiri  i   "■        -"    -       ■  _    . 

LAMBTTSIB,  JDUBH  OPFBAT  DB  (1709-1751),  French 
physician  and  philosopher,  the  earliest  of  the  materialistic 
writers  <A  the  Illumination,  was  bora  at  St  Malo  on  the  igtb 
of  December  1709.  Afis  studying  theology  in  the  Jansenisl 
schools  for  some  yean,  be  suddenly  decided  to  adopt  Ibe 
pTOlessoo  ol  medicine.  Ini7u  hewentloLeidenlostudy  under 
Boerbaave,  and  in  174s  returned  to  Paris,  where  be  obtained 
Ihe  appointment  of  surgeon  to  the  guards.  During  an  attack 
of  fever  he  made  observations  on  himylf  with  reference  to  the 
actkm  of  quickBkcd  dmlation  iq»n  thought,  which  lad  him  to 
the  ooudusiDn  that  psychical  phiHimena  wcia  to  be  accounted 
for  sa  ths  eflect*  o(  ofganlc  changes  in  Ibe  hrain  and  nervous 
ayrian.  This  conclusion  ba  worfcjed  oul  in  hb  earliest  philo- 
aopiucal  worit,  tbe  Hit$»ir»  DoMirdtt  i4  Finn,  which  appeared 
about  1 745.  So  gical  was  the  ouuty  caused  by  its  publicalion 
that  Lametlde  was  forced  lo  Uke  icfuge  in  Leiden,  where  he 
developed  his  docuiaca  stUl  more  boldly  and  complelely,  and 
with  great  origmalily,  In  L'Hmmm  madime  (Eng.  trans., 
London,  1750;  ed.  Willi  introd.  and  notca,  J.  Asstiat,  iS6s), 
and  Z,'HniiiH  fJoiM,  IRalisei  based  upon  principles  of  the 
most  conststeotly  maierlslisUc  character.  The  ctbio  of  these 
principles  were  worked  out  in  Diicom  nr  b  benkmr,  La 
ValHfU,  Bid  L'ArliUjiHar.iaiiUcii  the  end  of  life  is  found  In 
the  pleasures  of  the  senses,  and  vbtoe  Is  reduced  to  sdf-Iove. 
Atheism  is  the  oidy  means  of  ensuring  the  happiness  of  Ihe  world, 
which  bss  been  toidered  ImpossfUo  by  the  wars  bronght  about 
by  theolo^ans.  Tbe  soul  Is  only  the  thinking  part  of  the  body, 
and  with  tbe  body  it  passes  away.  Wfaen  death  comes,  the  farce 
is  over  (In  Jara  at  jouUt,  tboefon  let  ui  Uke  our  pleaiura 
while  we  can.  Lamettrie  has  been  called  "  the  Atistippus  of 
So  MtoDg  waa  the  fcding  afaliut  Uin 


TauTDcua,  Ih^ioi.  ia  fkiiioin  df  iWrj  {\ 


LAMIA— LAMMERGETER 


thM  iD  1 748  be  «u  cuaqnlled  10  quit  UoUud  lac  Bidin.  nben 
Tredtiitk  Ux  Cnac  dm  only  tJkiMrtd  him  (a  pnctiu  u  ± 
pbyiiciui,  but  appolniid  liim  coun  radci.  He  di»l  on  ihe 
iiih  o[  Novemba  17J1.  Hi>  oMtaeii <Eiarts  fkiltsepkiqua 
Appeued  if  urhia  death  in  several  flljlkt  OS,  publi^Kd  Id  LoDdoo. 
fiertia  ud  AmUentam  mpectivitjr. 

Thechiel  niitbiiriiy  br  hBlile  ■>  ihe  £l<>te  irriRni  br  Fmkrick  [be 
Creil  (primed  in Aiiiui'i  cd.ol  Homme  jauiinc).  In  nuxtein  tirno 
Lametirie  has  been  judetd  leu  icvciily;Kjc  F.A.  Laoie.  CrK*i£*u 
in  Uaonalinm  (ti«.  trant.  by  E.  C.  Thomai.  ii.  ISSd);  Mrit 
QatfiitUj.RtotPtaua).LaUtarit,unfHiaienra  (1873.  wilh 
CrnluiteU  biitecv  (d  fail  wscki):  J  E-  Psrlliky,  J.  O.ib  LiamtUnt. 
Slit  LOtn  uai  uini  Wott  (1900):  F.  PIcavcl.  "U  Mtitric  a  U 
eHlIqiie  illeinande."  in  Ctm/M  lendu  in  liaKH  ic  tAcad,  in 
ScuiUa  monkt  tt  ptiili^ti,  xxxii-  (lAS^Ji  4  reply  lo  Gerirun  re- 
habilkatioitt  of  Lamettrifc 

UMU.  Id  Gieek  mylbology,  queen  o[  lifayt.  She  »u 
beloved  t^  Znu,  and  wtacn  Hera  robbed  hec  of  her  cbfldren  out 
of  JeikMity,  the  killed  eveiy  child  she  could  gtl  inio  bcr  powei 
(Diod.  Sic.  K.  41;  Schol.  Araiophinet,  Pni,  .jsj).  HoDte 
Lomii  cBine  lo  rnenn  a  lemxle  bogey  ot  demon,  wboK  nune 
«u  uwd  by  Gitefc  moiheti  10  Iriehien  ihdr  children;  from 
Ibe  Greek  ibe  paued  into  Romin  denionology.  She  wu  repre- 
KUed  with  1  ifoman's  Fan  and  a  secpem's  tifl.  She  ni  alu 
known  n  a  sort  of  ftcnd,  the  prototype  of  the  tnodem  vampire, 
who  ID  the  form  of  a  beautiful  Tromon  enticed  young  men  to 
b«  emhraca,  in  order  that  she  miEht  feed  on  their  life  and 
heart's  blood.  In  ih'is  (otm  she  appears  in  Goethe's  DU  Brani 
m  CotinOi.  and  Keals's  Umi„.  The  none  UmU  is  deaily 
inine  form  of  Latnoi,  king  of  the  Laesttygonta  (fl.t.). 


At  I. 

(both,  according  to  some  ic< 

■onhipped  as  gods;  but  li 


,  children  of  Foh 


in)  wer 


n  the  g< 


in  Germ 


kably  like  that  of  the  malignant 


d  Celtic  folk-lo' 


rnclalu 


of  Cieece  tsA  Asia 
belong  to  that  religion 


Minor;  and  it  is  probable  that  the 

which  spread  from  Asia  Minor  over  Thnce 

UMMAI  (O.  Eng.  Uammaan.  Uafmarnc,  from  aiij.  loai,  ana 
■uciie,  mass,  "loaf-mass"),  originally  in  En^ind  Ibe  festival 
of  the  wheat  harvest  celebcaled  on  the  iit  of  August,  O.S.    It 

mas  (Christmas)  and  Whitsuntide  lEasler),  Some  rents  are 
ilill  payable  in  England  at  Lammastidc,  and  in  Scotland  H  li 
geoeralty  observed,  but  on  the  iitb  of  August,  uncc  the  altera- 
tion of  the  calendar  in  George  II. '9  reign.  Its  name  was  in 
alluuon  to  the  custom  thai  each  worshipper  sboold  present  tn 
the  church  a  loaf  made  of  the  new  wheat  as  on  oOering  of  Ibc 
Gnt-fruiu. 

A  relic  of  Ibe  aid  "  open-field  "  syslen  of  agrkvlttire  siwivct 
in  the  so-caUcd  "  Lammas  Lands."  Th«e  were  latidi  eneloud 
■nd  beld  in  severally  during  (he  growing  of  com  and  giua  and 
IhrawD  open  to  paMuragc  during  the  rest  of  Ihe  year  for  those 
who  had  common  tights.  These  commoncn  might  be  Ibe 
■everaJ  owners,  the  inhabitants  of  a  parish,  freemen  of  a  borough, 
lenantl  of  a  manor,  &c.  The  opening  ■(  the  fields  by  throwing 
down  the  tencn  look  place  on  Lammai  Day  tmh  of  Augasi) 
lor  corn-Unds  and  on  Old  MldsuRimer  Day  (6ih  of  July)  for 
gcasa.  They  remained  opea  untA  the  following  Lady  Day. 
Thus,  is  law,  "  lammas  landi "  bclmg  to  the  several  owners  in 
lee-simple  subject  fot  half  the  year  to  the  lights  of 


LXMHEBOEYEIt  (Ger.  Lti 


and  Ihe  Gypaiiui  barbalus  of 
grandest   birds-of-pny  of   the  Palae 
lofty  mountain  chains  Item  Portugal 
thou^  within  historic  limes  il  has  bee 


the  Falti  barbalui  c 


one  ol  the 
inliabiliDg 


iltndcd  fanbcr  tiaa  lb*  loulbcrD  Iianiicr  oi 


Bavitia.  or  the  odgfaboiBtKiod  of  Salzburg;  ■  but  in  A^  )l 
formerly  reached  ■  higher  latitude,  having  been  fouod  eveu  ao 
lately  as  igjo  in  the  Amur  regioll  where,  according  to  G.  P. 
Radde  (Btiir.  KanUn.  Run.  Ktkki,  udiL  p.  4G7),  it  hat  no* 
left  hut  its  name.  It  ii  not  unaiiniaaB  oa  many  puts  of  the 
Himalayas,  where  it  breedi;  and  oa  the  ntouDtains  oi  KtunaoQ 
aod  the  Punjab,  aod  ii  Ihc  "  golden  eagle  "  of  maM  Angto- 
Indiani.  It  ii  found  abo  in  Peru,  Palestine,  Crete  and  Greece, 
the  Italian  Alps,  SIdly,  Sardioia  and  Mauritania. 

In  some  ealemal  characters  the  Itmmergeyer  la  intennedialc 
between  the  families  Vtiituridae  and  FakBitidcCt  and  the  opioiop 
ol  systematists  has  from  time  lo  lime  varied  as  to  its  proper 
posiiiotL.  it  is  now  generally  agreed,  bowever,  that  it  is  more 
cloiely  alUed  Kith  the  eagles  than  with  the  vultures,  and  the 
lub-family  Gyfaltittae  ol  the  Fskmiiu  baa  been  formed  to 

The  whole  teagth  of  the  bird  is  from  41  to  46  in.,  ol  which, 
howevee,  about  »  an  due  to  Ibe  loag  cuneiform  tail,  while 
the  poiDied  wiogi  measure  more  than  jo  io.  ftom  tbe  carpal 
joint  to  the  tip.  The  top  ol  the  head  it  white,  bounded  by  blatk, 
which,  beginning  [n  stiff  btlstly  EeaEheis  turned  forwarda  over 
the  base  0^  the  beak,  pioceeds  on  either  side  of  the  face  in  a 
well-defioed  baod  to  ibe  eye,  when  it  bifurcals  into  two  nairow 
stripes,  of  which  the  upper  ooe  passes  above  and  beyond  that 
feature  till  just  In  front  ol  the  scalp  it  suddenly  turns  upwards 
across  the  bead  and  meets  the  corresponding  stripe  from  Iho 
"      '    ude,  cnckeing  the  wUte  foRhead  already  m 


khUe  the  In 


iddenly  tiopi.  A  lult  o(  black,  btiatly 
leathers  projects  bcardlike  Imm  the  base  of  Ibe  mandible,  aid 
gives  the  bird  one  ol  its 
The  rest  ol  tbe  head,  th 

are  dolhed  with  lanceolate  feathers  of  a  pale  lawny  coi 
sometimes  to  pole  as  to  be  nearly  white  beoeaih;  whi 
scapulut.  back  and  wing-coveRs  generally,  are  of  a 
gieyitb -black,  most  of  Ibe  featben  having  a  white  shaft 

tail,  are  of  1  dirk  bUukish-gtey.  The  irides  ait  of  a  light  o 


ndlhe 

sclerotic 

tunio— equi 

onspic; 

us  am! 

of  a  bright 

young  ol  lb 

loitb 


t  head,  neck^nd 
ts  of  the 
mesially 


untie  and  wing-coverts  an  broadly  tipped  a 
treaked  wilb-tawny  or  ligbtish-grey. 
The  Bmoiergeycr  breeds  ejdy  in  Ihe  year.  Tlie  neil  it  si 
uge  site,  built  of  tiitks,  lined  with  toft  malnial  and  placed 
n  a  ledge  of  rock— a  spot  being  chosen,  and  often  occupied  lor 
lany  years,  which  is  nearly  always  diflicult  of  access.  Hene 
1  the  month  of  February  a  single  egg  is  usually  laid.  This  is 
length  by  nearly  3|  in  breadth,  of  a  pale 


bh^)raDge.    Tbe  ) 


'    food  ol  the 


and  neck,  and  with  ochriceoua  in  the  I 

There  a  much  discrepancy  as  to  Ibe  ordi 
UmmeTpyer,  tome  observers  maialtining  that  it  lives  almoit 
entirely  on  (amon,  offal  and  fx-en  ordure;  bul  there  Is  no 
question  of  iu  frequently  taking  living  prey,  and  it  is  reasonable 
to  suppose  that  this  bud,  like  so  many  othen,  is  not  everywhere 
unilDim  in  in  haliits.  Its  name  shows  il  to  be  the  reputed 
enemy  of  shtphttds,  and  it  ia  In  tome  measure  owing  to  their 
hostility  thai  ft  has  been  eHcrmlnated  in  so  many  parts  of  its 
Euiopcaa range.  ButtheUmmergeyerhatalwagrcal partiality 
for  bones,  which  whcD  imalt  enough  <l  awallowi.  When  they  are 
too  luge,  it  is  said  to  MBr  with  them  to  a  great  hoight  and  drop 
ihem  on  a  rock  or  (tone  that  they  may  be  broken  into  piece* 
ol  convenient  size.    Hence  Its  name  totlfiagt,'  by  vbidi  the 

■See  a  paptf  by  Di  Cirtanner  on  this  bird  in^SwItterlaDd  (fir- 

tandf.  Sl-Call.  •ulura.  Criillntaf'-  1(169-1870.  pp  147-144}- 

'  AnUMifl  olhcfl-  cr[nn  al  Lribuled  10  the  specie*  is  that,  accotdiaf 
la  nixy  (Hiil.  JVoL  X.  cap  }J.  ol  having  caused  the  death  of  Ibe 
pact  AeKHylut,  by  dropping  a  tortoiie  oa  hit  bitd  bi  ■  "    '    -'  - 


LI  bald  bead!    In 


LAMOIGNON^LA  MOTTTE 


Hebtc*  Ptm  b  lishtly  (luAtol  in  the  Aatkstiicd  Voiiin  of 
tbc  BiUe  (Lev.  li.  ty,  Dtm.  m.  ii) — •.  nod  cwnipted  ints 
ttpnf,  umI  applUI  M  ■  biid  w\mh  bu  on  btbit  oC  the  kind. 

Tttltitttrpcycrcfnanh  wimmdimMt  Airk»it^i«iafc- 
*lly  diMioct,  and  ia  bwm  w  Gjfatba  andaiMlu  «  C. 
M>ih>ct.  Ia  btUK  k  loanbla  Iba  northctm  bod,  fncn  vhidi 
it  diStn  in  little  DUntbumalXas  the  bUck  aript  below  tbe 
ere  and  hnrias  the  Idwb  put  of  the  Urn*  buc  of  fcMhoi. 
ll  B  the  "RDltkn  eitle"  of  Bnicc's  Tmdi,  ud  bu  bent 
huutUuUy  isuied  by  JoKfth  WoU  in  E.  Rilppdl'i  SjM.  Obat. 
ilF  Vitd  Kmi-Oa-Afrika.'!  {Tal.  i).  (A.  NJ 

UHOtOKOIL  ■  Fnoth  Uouly.  wbidi  taktt  in  buh  ittm 
LxaoigiuB.  ■  ptue  uid  to  beve  beea  in  Iti  prMtwion  lince  the 
I jlh  century.  One  of  iu  anrcn]  bnacbei  it  tlut  of  LunagDon 
de  Mftlofaerbca.  Several  of  the  lanwigAou  hive  played 
impoitut  patts  In  the  hiuoiy  oC  FniKCuidtbeluBilyhubeia 
•pedelly  diUiBguUhed  in  the  legil  pciifaiioB.  Guiliaiihi 
D(  Lakoicnon  Ci6"7-iiS7?),  atliinnl  emiaenre  «i  »  lewyer 
ud  becenie  pnsdeat  of  tbe  pirlement  of  Fuii  in  165S.  Fint 
an  the  populiri  end  later  on  the  royiliit  tide  during  the  Fraode, 
he  peeuded  at  tbe  eulier  silting  of  the  thai  of  Fouquet.  vhoo 
he  Ttgarded  ai  innocent,  and  he  was  ■■*^>"*>"*<  with  Colixrt, 
whom  he  wai  able  more  than  once  to  thwart.  Lamoipion 
tried  to  smplily  the  laws  of  Fnnce  and  loatfal  the  Hciely  of 
eien  of  letters  like  Boileau  and  Badne.  Having  ncdvcd  rich 
m-aids  for  his  public  services,  he  died  ia  Firil  on  the  lotb  ol 
December  1677.  CuilUume'i  second  ion,  NicdiaidiLamoicmon 
(164S-1714),  took  the  surname  of  BaiviUe  FoUowina  his 
beredtlary  calling  he  iili^  many  public  olTicea,  serving  »  inlend- 
aot  of  Montauban,  ol  Pau,  of  Poiticn  end  of  Unsuedoc  before 
fci>  redremcnt  in  171S.  His  adminbtniion  of  Languedoc  wat 
chielly  resuitable  for  ngorous  meuuns  atainit  the  Camiuids 
and  other  Froteituls,  but  In  other  diiections  his  work  in  the 
IMKb  of  France  was  nunc  bcoeficent,  at,  following  the  lumple 
of  Colbert,  be  encountged  igricullure  and  industry  generally 
ud  did  sometbing  towards  improviog  the  means  ol  communica. 
tioD.  lie  wrote  >  Ulmairi,  wtiith  ountaiu  much  interesting 
bformnlioa  about  his  public  work.  This  wu  published  at 
Amiterdun  in  i7it.  Lamaigwn.  nho  i*  (ailed  by  Saint  Simon, 
"  the  kiDland  tyrant  of  Languedoc,"  died  in  Paris  on  the  17th 
of  May  1714.  CuKfiUM  Fi*k{oie  na  Lahdicnon  (i7j;-r;So) 
entered  public  life  U  an  early  age  and  wasanadorinUie  ttoublet 
vbich  heralded  the  Revolution.  First  on  the  side  of  the  paile- 
meal  and  later  on  that  of  the  king  he  wu  one  of  the  assistanu  of 
Lom^nie  de  Diiemie,  whose  unpopularily  and  fall  be  shind. 
He  committed  suicide  on  the  ijih  of  May  17S0. 

UaOXT.  JOiUNK  von  (i3os-i87eI.  Scott bh-Gctman 
attroDomei  and  mignttitlan.  was  bom  at  Braemar.  Aberdeen- 
shire, on  the  ijlh  of  December  iSo;.  Hewis  sent  at  the  age 
of  twdve  to  be  educated  at  Ihi Scottish  monaileryin  Regensburg, 

Hi)  strong  bent  tor  sdentific  itudia  was  recognized  by  the  bead ' 
of  tbe  monastery,  P.  Deasson,  on  whose  recommendation  he 
wu  admitted  in  1817  to  the  then  new  observatory  of  Bogen- 
faauacik  (near  Hunich),  where  he  worked  under  J.  Soldner. 
After  the  death  of  hig  chief  in  1835  he  was,  on  H.  C.  Schumacher's 
TecotaisendatioQ,  appdnted  to  succeed  him  as  director  of  the 
observatory.  In  iSji  he  berame  professor  of  astronomy  ai 
the  anivBiity  of  Muiuch.  and  held  both  these  peats  till  his  death, 
which  took  place  00  the  Mh  of  August  i8i«.  Lamont  wu  a 
tneoiber  of  the  academics  of  Btuuels,  Upsala  and  I^igue,  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  of  the  Cambridge  Philosophical 
Society  and  of  many  other  learned  corporations.  Among  bis 
contributions  to  astronomy  nuy  be  noted  his  eleven  lone- 
cataloguB  of  M.674  stars,  hii  meaturemenis,  in  iSsfr-itj?,  ol 
nebulae  and  clusters,  and  his  determination  of  the  mui  of 
1,  Sx. 


<•'  ;i.  183S}.    A  m 


u  equipped  at  Bogen- 
:  chiefly  of 


in  iMi.    His  HaMmtM  ta  Et^mapHtinmia  (Bolin,  it 
asUDdud  work  on  the lubicct. 

Sa  Altftmiimi  Dtmlitht  Bitpapkii  (S.  Gtather]:  V.J.  Sclirifl, 
Ailr.  GtitUiikall,  IV.  6a;  MmuiltLiluias  Rn.  AUr.  Sixitly.  il.  IQt; 
KiKirl.  u.  4151  Ourl.  .ToanufVflw.  Stcitl,.  d.  Ji;  Pnx^imtl 
Ray.  Stcitly  a  Eiiwburtk.  i.  tjg;  m  Timii  (11  Aug.,  1879); 
Si(  F.  RoinMi^  aa.  •!  Btctj  iSilimi  m  ElWrutly  and  Jttpuliim. 
pp.  lii-tiy.lttftlSttia^iCal.  if  ^irmliftPtptrt, -nil.  m-yii. 

uuuwiciiBBi  raaiBranu  LtoH  urns  juchaslt 

08  (t&36-TM5),  Ffcncli  general,  wu  bom  at  Naolca  on  llw 
Tilb  of  Seplemher  iSoA,  and  entered  tbc  Fniinnrn  in  iliS. 
He  ssved  in  the  Algerian  oenpeigne  fmn  iSjo  onwards,  and 
by  tS4o  he  had  risea  to  tbe  gnde  (d  tmrtckJrit^amf  (major- 
general).  Tteae  yon  later  ba  was  Made  ■  gelteral  of  dinslon. 
He  wai  OBC  of  tbe  neat  ditliacaiabed  tad  efident  of  Bugeaod'a 
gmeralt,  rcudand  qiecial  aerrtcs  at  Isly  (Ansusl  14,  r844), 
acted  leraporaiily  at  govefimr-geaaal  «C  Algeria,  and  Gnal^ 
efiected  tbe  captore  of  Abd  d-Kader  Id  (S«7.  Lamoridtrc 
took  aOBa  pan  in  the  political  events  of  1S48,  bolh  a*  a  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  and  as  a  ndlitary  commander. 
Under  the  ttgine  of  Cemnl  CavalCMC  he  vat  (or  a  time 

tile  maat  conapacuoda  oppoocnta  ol  the  policy  of  Louis  Napoleot^ 
and  at  the  tnf  drtUI  of  tbe  lad  of  December  1S51  he  wat 
arrested  and  eiiled.  He  refused  to  give  in  his  alt^iance  to  tbe 
emperor  Napoleon  111.,  and  in  iMo  accepted  the  command 
dI  the  papel  army,  which  he  led  in  the  ItaUan  campaign  ol  1&60. 
On  the  iSih  of  September  of  that  yeu  be  was  severely  defeated 
by  the  Jtiliao  uoy  at  Cosldfidarda.  His  last  yean  weee  spent 
in  complete  retirement  in  France  [he  hid  been  aUowed  to  relura 
'be  died  at  Proiuel  (Somne)  oa  tbe   itlh  of 


'P'™ 


r  1M5. 


Sec  E.  Keller,  U  Cttl'oi  A  LcMoruitn  (Paris,  1871)- 

LA  MOIHE  LE  VAVEfl,  ERUffOIS  DE  (isaBri67>),  French 
writer,  was  bom  in  Paris  of  a  soble  family  of  Maine.  Hb 
father  was  an  ook^  at  the  parlemcni  of  Paris  and  author  of 
■  curioui  ireatiw  on  the  functioni  of  tmbtssadori,  entitled 
Lrfaliii.  Hit  Dt  kciilimm  priril/tiii,  afiit  il  mnnot  librUia 
(1574)  and  illustrated  mainly  from  ancient  history.  Francois 
succeeded  his  father  at  the  parlemeat,  but  gave  up  his  post 
■bout  1647  and  devoted  himselE  to  tnvel  and  btllti  Itliru. 
Ha  Caniul/rjiiiiu  nr  rHotniiHt  fmnijiu  (ibjS)  procured  him 
admistion  to  the  Academy,  aitd  hit  Pt  rixiirnilitii  it  Up.  I* 
Daupk'iK  (1640)  attracted  the  attention  of  Richelieu.  Iu  1644 
Aoneol  Ausuia  entrusted  him  with  tbe  educalionof  her  second 
son  and  subsequently  with  tbe  coniplclioa  of  Loult  XlV.'i 
education,  which  had  been  very  much  neglected.  The  outcome 
of  his  pedagogic  Ubotus  was  a  series  of  books  comprising  the 
Ctspapkit,  Rkilariltc.  Ucrali,  £i</nimivu.  PMique,  Liiidai. 
and  ehytiipu  da  friiue  iibii->6i%).  The  king  rewarded  bit 
tutor  by  tppointing  him  historiographer  of  France  and  councillor 
oftuie.  La  Mothe  Le  Vayet  died  in  Paris,  Modest,  sceptical, 
and  occasionally  obscene  in  hit  Latin  ^eces  and  in  his  verses, 
he  made  biioself  a  ptrsona  irala  at  the  French  court,  where 
libertinism  in  ideas  and  morals  was  hailed  with  relish.  Besides 
his  educational  workt,  he  wrote  JutmiKl  mr  In  aacitui  (I 
triniifiaux  iiilarUni  IMCI  ef  Idlmi  (i64G)i  a  treatise  entitled 
Dn  ftu  dc  urliludi  gu'if  y  a  ea  AiiUirc  (iMS),  which  in  a  sense 
marks  the  btginning  of  historical  criticism  in  France^  and 
sceptical  Dinlatmi,  published  poithumously  under  the  pscudo- 
uym  of  Orotiui  Tubero.  An  incomplete  edition  ol  bit  workt  wat 
published  at  Dresden  in  17S6-115Q, 

See  Bayle,  Dic/ieeea.'fr  crilhiu,  article  "Vayer"l  L,  Elienoe, 
Eiioi  mr  U  UMt  Lt  Vaur  (Pint.  |S49). 

U  KinTK  AKTOWB  HOQirAtl  DB  (ifiri-illt),  French 
author,  was  bom  in  Pant  on  tbe  tSih  of  January  it?!.  In 
169J  his  comedy  Zej  Oiiiiwiii  proved  a  complete  faihlre,  which 
so  depressed  the  author  that  he  contemplated  joining  the 
Trappists,  but  four  yean  later  he  again  begin  writing  operas 
and  ballell,  t-t.  VEnriitt  t^rlHU  ^164;),  and  tragedies,  one  of 


LAMOUREUX— LAMP 


Itidunc  Drndct  had  publubol  {liqq)  *  Uualilion  of  Ibc  Iliad. 
ud  Li  MotLs,  vbo  knew  no  Gcttk,  muk  i  inuuhlno  (1714) 
in  vene  ininded  od  bo-  wiKk.  Tbc  utun  oi  hii  work  miy  be 
judged  fTom  bit  own  ciprenlon:  "I  luve  tikm  the  LlKrly 
tc  cbinge  *b(t  I  tboufht  diusmUe  in  il."  He  defended  ihe 
DMderu  in  Ibe  iMscpm  jut  Hrmtrt  prefiicd  to  bu  timnsUlioa. 
and  in  liif  Rifaiaia  lur  Is  eritijat  (171^).  Aput  from  Ibe 
■miU  of  Ibe  eoDliovsijr,  k  m*  coodDCtcd  on  Li  Uotte'i  lide 
vdtb  a.  wjt  aud  j/etiaata^  wbich  compand  very  fmvounUy 
with  Iiu  opp«Hiit'a  BHtbodi.  He  ns  etectcd  to  Ibe  Acukm; 
io  1710.  (sd  uon  liter  became  bbiid.  La  Molte  calried  on  > 
torretfiMHfeace  with  the  dacbeiai  du  Maine,  and  vaa  tbc  fiieod 
el  FoDlencUe.  Ha  bid  the  nunc  frndom  fmm  pirjudice,  the 
■aiae  inqidrtng  nind  la  the  Utter,  and  it  ia  on  tbe  eiccilcnt  pnne 
ia  wbich  hi*  vim  are  eiproKd  that  Ui  reputation  mta.  He 
died  in  Pari*  on  tbe  ifith  c<  December  1731. 

Hii  <Ea>ni  du  lUtM  [1  fola.)  apoand  in  ITV.  and  hiiSism 
(10  voIl)  in  17)4.    See  A.  H.  I(«aul[.  HiUmn  it  It  fwrdlf  4cl 

UMODBSOX,  CHARLBi  (1154-1899),  Pmdi  conductor 
and  vitdiniit,  was  bom  at  Bordeaux  on  Ibe  iKth  of  September 
iS}4.  He  itudied  at  tbe  Pau  C«nwmtoIre,  wat  engaged  u 
vii^niit  at  the  Op^,  and  in  1S64  orjaniaed  a  lerief  of  conccrta 
devoted  to  chamber  muiic.  Having  jouneyed  to  England 
and  aaiiMed  at  a  Handel  feativat,  be  thought  he  wijuld  attempt 
iomeLfaing  aimilaj  In  Paiia.  At  hia  own  expenie  be  founded 
Ibe  "Sod^t  de  I'Hannonie  Sacrie,"  and  in  1S73  conducted 
Ihe  firal  performance  in  Paiia  o(  Handd's  Uasiak.  He  aba 
gave  perfinnancea  of  Bach'i  SI  Uallkrm  Ptaim,  Handet't 
Jrdai  Iftaaiatui,  Gounod's  GaUu,  and  Maaaenet'a  £ae.  In 
187J  he  conducted  the  feativa]  given  at  Rouen  to  celebrate  the 
cenlenuy  of  Bolddieu.  The  foUowing  year  he  became  ckrf 
fttthtiut  at  Ibe  Opfn  Comitiue.  In  1S81  be  founded  the 
famous  conccria  aaandaied  n^ih  hla  name,  which  contributed 
io  mocb  to  popularise  Wagner'i  muse  In  Parla.  Tbe  perform- 
ances of  delacbed  pieces  taken  from  the  German  maater'a  worki 
did  not,  however,  saiiafy  him,  and  be  nutumd  the  project  lo 
produce  Lakmtrin,  whidi  at  that  time  bad  ml  been  heard  in 
Parii.  For  Ibis  purpose  be  took  tbe  Eden  Tbe*tK,  and  on  ihe 
jtd  of  May  1S87  he  cDnducted  tbc  £nt  pcrfonnance  of  Wagner's 
opera  in  the  French  capital  Owing  to  tbe  oppotilion  of  the 
Ctaauviniita,  tbe  performance  wai  nol  lepealcd;  but  it  douhtlen 
prepared  the  way  for  ibe  pnxlucUon  of  tbe  tame  maalerpiece 
■t  Ibe  Paris  Opfra  a  few  years  later.  Lanwumi  WIS  successively 
■econd  duf  d'nrcliatrt  at  Ibe  Conservatoire.  Hrsl  duf  ftinlialn 
at  the  Opti*  Comiqne,  and  twice  first  etc/  fonhtiln  at  the 

uiccessful  concetti  at  Ibe  Qui 


>cei  ootbtng  stnnge  in  tbe  "  featjval  of  lampa," 
wbkh  was  held  at  Saia  in  Egypt,  except  in  the  Taai  nonner  of 
Ihcm.  Each  wis  &l]ed  with  oU  10  aa  to  buia  tk  whole  nigbt. 
Again  be  spedis  ol  evening  as  ibe  lime  of  lampa  (jH/i  Mkm. 
vii.  II  j).    Still,  the  scarcity  of  lampa  in  a  style  anything  like 

tbam  Iron  the  late  Greek  and  Roman  age,  »ems  to  jwtify 
the  mnark  of  Atbenaeua.  The  r^mmoneit  acrt  of  domealic 
lampa  were  of  terra-oMU  and  of  ttie  shape  seen  fai  Ags,  i  and  1 
with  a  quut  or  nozile  ((iHnb>)  fn  wbicb  Ibe  wick  «|1h>Mi| 
burned,  a  round  hole  ou  tbe  top  to  pour  in  oil  br,  and  a  handle 
to  carry  iJk  lamp  with.  A  Ump  with  two  or  man  ipouti  was 
JUfiutet.  Tplfufoi.  Jkc.,  but  tbcoe  tetmi  would  not  ^iply 
'    ly  to  tbe  large  dais  of  lamps  with  numerous  hotm  for  wicks 


«  Ihe  11 


been  at  last  heard  in 
bis  diteclioR.  After  i 
masteipiece  he  wai 


1*99. 


nducting  one  of  the  performances  of  this 
iken  ill  and  succumbed  in  a  few  days, 
stion  before  hia  death  oi  witnessing  the. 
triumph  ol  the  tunc  be  hid  so  courageously  dumpianed. 

LAMP  (liom  Gr.  Xigirii,  1  torch,  X^isr,  to  shine),  the  general 
lerm  for  an  apparatus  In  which  some  combustible  tubiunce, 
generally  for  illuminating  purposes,  is  held.  Lamps  are  usually 
asaociaied  with  lighting,  though  the  term  is  also  employed  in 
conneiion  with  heating  (e.g.  ipiril-limp) ;  and  as  now  employed 
for  oU,  gu  and  electric  Ugbl,  Ibey  are  dealt  with  hi  the  article 
on  LiCKTiNC.  From  the  artistic  pinnl  of  view,  in  modeni  times, 
Iheii  variety  precludes  detailed  rderence  berc;  but  their  ardiaeo- 
logicil  history  deserves  a  fuller  account. 

A  ncicnl  £411^1.— Though  Albenaeus  sUtes  (iv.  700)  that  the 
limp  (Xvxm)  was  not  an  ancient  invention  in  Cieece.  it  bad 
come  into  general  use  there  for  domestic  purposes  by  Ihe  4th 
cenlury  n.i;.,  and  no  doubt  had  long  before  been  employed 
for  temples  or  other  places  where  a  permaneni  light  was  required 
in  room  of  Ibe  torch  of  Homeric  times.     Hcmdotu*  {U.  6t) 


British  Museum  ha*  ■  view  of  the 
IS  with  speciaiort  kx^ng  an  u  a 
chariot  race.  In  other  cases  the  lamp  ia  made  iltofeiher  ei  • 
fanlistic  shape,  as  in  Ihe  lotm  of  an  animal,  a  bull's  head,  or  a 
human  foot.  Naluially  colour  was  eiduded  iron  ibe  cmamcnla- 
lion  eicipt  in  Ihe  form  of  a  red  or  bltck  gUae,  which  would 
resisi  the  heat.  The  typical  form  of  hand  lamp  (figs,  i,  a)  is  a 
(nmbinition  of  Ihc  flnlnes  necessary  lor  carrying  sleady  and 
remaining  steady  when  act  down,  with  the  roundneia  evcdved 
from  tbc  working  in  clay  and  chatacierisiic  of  vessela  in  thai 

though  the  roundness  was  less  in  keeping  with  metal.  Fanciful 
shapes  are  equally  common  In  bronic.  The  standard  form  of 
hancfle  conssla  of  a  ring  lor  tbc  lorehnger  and  above  it  a  kiivl 


ould  only  be 
protecting  ine  flame  from 
case  out  of  doors  in  Athena. 

.    Apparently  it  wua  to  tbe 


a  crescent,  no  doubt  in  allusion  I 
wilb  bnnie  lamps  that  the  co 
the  wind  cotUd  be  used,  as  was  t 
Such  a  lamp  was  In  fact  1  lant 
lijitcrn  that  Ihe  Creek  worI  Isn^i,  1 

probably  from  a  custom  of  having  guards  to  protect  the  torches 
also.  Afterwards  it  came  to  be  employed  for  the  lamp  itsell 
(Xlr^rof,  (wcTna).  When  Juvenal  {Stsl.  ili,  177)  speaks  of  Ibe 
■men  lampai,  be  may  mean  a  torch  with  a  btonie  handle,  tnl 
more  pmbahly  dlbcr  1  lamp  or  1  lanlera.  Lamps  used  lor 
'cre  mostly  ol  bronie,  and  in  such  caici  tbe  decora- 
wit  on  tbe  under  pan,  so  as  to  be  seen  from  below.  OI 
tbe  belt  '""■pi-  Is  Ihe  lamp  at  Cortona,  (oimd  tfaeit  is 


1840  (.tBgT'ied,  Unmutui  d.  nu<.  v(*.  iU,  pb.  «i,  4>.  uul  in 
Dcania.  Cifiif  aMl  CemiUriei  of  Bimria,  liid  td.  ii.  p.  403). 
It  B  icl  round  wilb  linccn  nouls  oniiDieDtH  iJiRulcJy 
with  K  sireD  and  a  ulyr  ptaying  on  a  double  flute,  between 
each  pair  of  nozilcs  ii  a  head  ol  a  river  god,  aitd  on  Itie  bottom 
oj  the  lamp  a  a  large  majk  of  Medusa,  surrounded  by  baodt  of 


LAMP-BLACK— LAMPEDUSA 

Thii  lamp  vas  rctiUcd  on  eoctly  tbc  tame  day  ei 


Fio.  4.-Brontt  Lamp  i 


Ol  MuKum. 


which  appears  to  belong  (0  the  bcginoing  of  the  jlhceniuiy 
B.C.,  jostlGn  ihe  Hieem  in  which  Elrascan  lamp*  were  held  in 

■lylc  is  a  bronce  lamp  in  the  BHtilh  Museum  found  in  the  balht 

o(  Julian  in  Paris  (figs.  3,  4.  s)-    The  thain  is  aiiaihed  by  means 

ol  two  dolphins  very  artistically  combined.    Under  ihc  nozzles 

are  heads  of  Fid  (dg,  i);  and  from  Ibe  sides  project  the  fote- 

pul*  of  lions  (fig.  s).     To  wbai 

Client  lamps  may  have  been  used 

in  temples  is  unknown.    Probably 

Ibe  Erechtheum  on  Ihc  acropolis 

of  Alhcns  was  an  exception  in 

having  a  gold  one  kept  burning 

day  and  ni^l,  jusi  as  this  lamp 

I  anistic  raetits.  It  was  the 
.  of  the  sculptor  Callimachus, 
■rai  made  apparently  for  the 
y  tebnili  temple  a  Utile  before 
■c.  When  once  filled  with 
Fio.  J-  oil   and    lit   it   burned  coniinu- 

oosly  For  a  whole  yeM.  The  with 
v>9  of  ■  fine  Sax  caOed  Caipauan  (now  undeistood  to  have  been 
a  kind  of  cotton},  which  proved  to  be  the  least  combustible  o[  ill 
flu  fPau^anias  i-  26-  7).  Above  the  lamp  a  palm  tree  of  bronze 
nne  10  the  roof  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  oS  the  fumes.  But 
bow  this  was  managed  it  is  not  easy  to  dclermine  unless  the 
palm  be  supposed  to  have  been  inverted  and  to  have  hung  above 
the  laii^  spread  oul  IiIlc  a  refleclor,  [or  which  putpose  the  polished 
boQie  would  have  served  fairly  well.  The  stem  if  left  hallow 
voiald  collect  the  fumes  and  cany  Ihem  out  through  the  roof. 


11  then 


(Uxrow)  opable  ol 
days  of  the  year,  wt 
the  Ptytaneum  of  1 


a  thee 


ie  by  it 


ly  lamps  ai  there  were 
lus  tne  Sidlian  tyrant  placed  in 
At  Fharae  in  Acbaia  there  was 
statue  of  Hennes  with  a  marble 
l&mps  were  attached  by  nieam 
of  lead.  Whoever  desired  to  consul!  the  statue  went  there  in 
the  evening  and  first  filled  the  lamps  and  lit. them,  placing  also 
a  bronze  coin  on  Ifao  altar.  A  similar  custom  prevailed  at  Ihc 
oncleof  ApisiiiEgypI(PausaniBsvii.i9.2).  At Atgos he spcika 
of  a  chasm  lolo  which  it  was  a  custom  continued  to  his  lune 
10  let  dovD  burning  tamps,  with  some,  icfercnce  to  the  goddess 
of  the  lower  world,  Persephone  ""  ...... 


re  found  crowded  iD 


apltce 

iltar  at  which  il  had 

ncrici  Bt  HaiUarnaaui,  Ire,  S.  y>i).  These  lamps  are  of 
!ria<otla.  but  with  Utile  otnsmentatton.  and  so  like  each  other 
1  woriimiiisfaip  that  they  must  all  have  come  Iiom  one  potteiy, 
od  may  have  been  all  bmughi  to  ihc  spot  where  they  were 
mod  on  one  occastan,  probably  the  funnal  of  a  peison  with 
lany  liicnds.  or  the  cclcbialion  of  a  festival  in  his  honour, 
jch  as  the  pamOidia  among  the  Romans,  to  maintain  which 


a  marble  slab  in  Ih 

British  M 

iseum  ha 

a  Lalin 

inscription 

describing  the  property  whi 

hhs 

dbeecle 

I  to  provide  among 

other  things  that  a 

lighted 

am 

withinc 

should  be 

placed  at  the  tomb 

llhed 

ledontb 

kalends. 

nODcaand 

des  of  each  month  (if  lu.i/ 

V.  pi.  8,  fig.  >),    F 

rbinhday 

piesenti  tcrra-cotta 

lamps 

appear   to  h 

ve  been 

employed,  the  devic 

ally 

being  Ih 

t  of  two 

figures  of 

victory  hokUng  beti 

ran  ih 

disk  ini 

fribed  wi 

th.good 

the  ItudiplioD  01 


year: 


This 


lamp  in  the  British  Museum,  which  besides 
toe  vicioncs  nas  among  other  symbols  a  disk  with  tbe  head  of 
Janus.  As  the  torch  gave  way  to  the  lamp  in  fact,  so  also  it 
gave  way  in  mythology.  In  the  earlier  myths,  as  in  that  of 
Demeter.  it  is  a  torch  with  which  she  goes  Conh  to  search  for 
her  dau^tet,  but  in  the  bte  myth  ol  Cupid  and  Psyche  il  b  an 
oil  bmp  which  Psyche  carries,  and  from  which  to  her  grid  a 
drop  of  hot  oil  falls  on  Cupid  and  awakes  him.  Teni-colla 
lamps  have  very  frer]ucnlly  the  name  of  the  maker  stamped  on 
"'     ■  Clay  moulds  iroi '"■"'"  """"  ' ""  — -■*- 


LAKP-BLACK. 


:rable  numbers. 


deep  black  pigment  consist 
y  one  siaic  of  division,  obiaiited  by  the  i 
of  hi^ly  carbonaceous  substances.    It  is 


(A,  S.  M.) 

g  of  carboi 


din  tl 


justiblc  bodies  rich  in  carbon,  the  finest 
iccd  by  the  combustion  ol  oib  obtained 
ecCoai-TAK).  Lamp-black  is  « 


a  pigni 


It  for 


ig  and  also  lot  "cboniiing"  cabinet  work,  a 
waiing  and  lacqueiiag  of  lotber.    It  is  the  principal  constituent 
of  China  ink. 

LAMPEDUSA,  a  unall  island  ia  the  MMiterranean,  belonging 
to  the  province  of  Girgenti,  fnun  which  it  is  about  mm.  S.S.W. 
Pop.  (l«oi,  with  Linosa — sec  below)  i>;6.  Its  greatest  length  is 
about  J  m.,  its  greatest  width  about  3  m.;  the  highest  point 
is  400  It.  above  sea-kvcL  Gcslogicalty  it  belongs  to  Africa, 
being  situated  on  the  edge  of  the  submaiine  platform  which 
extends  along  the  cast  coast  of  Tunisia,  from  which  (at  Mabadia) 
il  is  90  m.  distant  easlwtids.  The  soil  is  calcareous;  it  «a* 
covered  with  scrub  (chiefly  the  wikt  olive)  until  compsrativdy 
recent  times,  but  this  has  been  cut,  and  the  rock  is  now  bare. 
The  valleys  an,  however,  fairly  fertile.  On  the  south,  near  Ibe 
only  village,  is  the  harbour,  which  has  been  dredged  to  a  depth 
oT  13  ft.  and  is  a  good  one  foe  torpedo  boats  and  small  citft. 

The  islsod  was,  as  remains  of  hut  fooj  '    ' 


it  f oanditiDiu  ibow,  inh^ 


>34- 


LAMPERTHEIM— LAMPREY 


in  pnhiilDtic  limn.  Piuiic  tamb>  uid  Ronin  buUdinp  alto 
ad%l  [leJiT  the  huiwur.  Tfae  uJuid  a  (he  Lopaduu  of  Slmbo, 
■nd  tbe  Lipulou  of  Aiicnto'i  (Maado  Funaia,  Iht  scene  of  the 
boding  al  Roger  of  Sicily  and  of  hii  coavenion  by  tlie  hennit. 
A  (hoiURnd  sUves  well  l»Len  [min  its  population  in  isS3- 
In  1436  it  wu  given  by  Alfonso  of  Aragoo  to  Don  GiovBnni 
de  Caio,  baroD  of  Montechiiia.  In  1661,  Fadinnsd  Tommasi, 
ill  then  ownn,  received  tbc  title  of  prince  from  Cbarrn  U.  of 
Spain.    In  1737  [be  earl  of  Sandwich  found  only  one  inhabillini 


upm 

I;  in  1760  some 

French  letdera 

est 

Wished  Ihemselv 

tbere. 

Catherine  11,  0 

Rimia  proposetl 

buy  il  as 

Ru»ia 

naval 

sutios,  and  the 

Biiliih  govemi 

Ihongbt 

of  doin 

ttttiai 

se  if  Napoleon  had  Bioseded  in 

ng  Malta 

IniSc 

•P?" 

of  itwasleucd 

0  Salvatore  Gal 

ot 

Malta.  *h 

o]°>a 

tublel  part  of  il  to  Alcaandra  Femandei.  In  !&«  onmrdi 
Ferdinand  II.  of  Naples  estibliahcd  a  colony  there.  Then  is 
DOW  an  Italian  penil  cclony  for  dimikilh  loallt,  •nib  some  40a 
ConvicU  (kc  B.  Sanvisente,  L'liola  ii  Lamptdvta  trdla  a 
alenia,  Napla,  i&iq).  Eight  miles  W.  il  tbe  b!(t  of  Lampione. 
Linosa,  some  Jo  m.  Id  [he  N.N.E..  nteasuie)  about  2  by  1  m., 
and  it  enlirely  volcanic;  its  highest  polnl  is  610  (t.  above  sea- 
levd.  Pop.  (1901)  about  loo.  It  has  hmding-placH  on  tike  S. 
and  W.,  and  is  more  fertDe  than  Umpcduiai  but  it  suffers  from 
tbe  lack  of  springs.  Sanviiente  uys  the  water  in  Lampcduia 
il  good.     A  few  fragments  of  undoubI«lly  Roman  pottery  and 

the  luins  of  housci  ate  probably  of  later  dale  (P.  Calcara, 
DacHuant  dell'  itala  di  Litma,  Palermo,  igji,  39).  (T.  Ai.) 

UMPERTHEIN,  a  town  in  tbc  grand-duclv  ol  Mesle- 
Damutadl.Sm.  N.  from  Mannheim  by  Ibe  railway  [0  Fiankfort- 
on-Main  via  Biblis,  and  at  the  junction  of  lines  10  Worms  and 
Weinhdm.  It  contains  a  Roman  Caifaolic  church  and  a  fine 
Evangelical  diuich,  and  has  chemical  and  cigar  factories.    Pop. 

UHPETER  lUaabcdr-lmilSlclilHm),  >  madet  town,  muni- 
dpal  borough  and  assise  lown  of  Cardiganshire.  Wales,  on 
lite  right  bank  of  the  Tcifi.  here  crosied  by  an  ancient  stone 
bridge.  Pop.  (jgor)  1712.  Lampercr  is  a  ilation  on  the  so- 
called  ManchesKr.and.Milford  branch  Unc  of  the  Cnal  Wnlem 
railway.  Though  of  ancient  origin,  the  town  is  entirely  tDodim 
in  appearance,  its  most  conspicuous  object  being  the  Gothic 
buildings  of  St  David's  College,  founded  in  iSii.  which  cover 
a  large  area  and  conloin  a  valuable  library  ol  bigliih,  Welsh 
and  foreign  works  (sec  Ukiverstties).  Tbe  modemiaed  paii^ 
diurdi  oI  St  Peter,  or  Pcdr.  coouins  some  dd  monuments  of 
the  Uoyd  lamily.  Moilh  of  the  town  are  the  park  and  mansion 
of  Falcondale,  the  seat  of  the  Harford  family. 

The  name  of  Uanbcdr.panl-Slcphan  goes  10  prove  the  early 

(Kh  century,  while  one  Stephen  was  the  original  builder  ol  the 
bridge  over  (he  Tcifi.  As  an  imporlsol  outpost  in  the  upper 
valley  of  the  Tcifi,  Lumpelcr  possessed  a  caslle,  which  was 
demolished  by  Owen  GnYnedd  in  the  iilh  century.  In  iiGS 
tbe  town  was  visited  by  Archbishop  Baldwin  on  his  way  from 
Cardigan  to  Sitata-Flatida  Abbey,  and  the  Crusade  was  vigor- 
ously preached  at  this  spot.  Lajnpcler  was  first  imcorporaied 
nnder  Edward  II.,  but  the  earlic3(  known  durter  dales  from 
the  rdgn  ol  Henry  VI.,  »hcreby  the  principal  oKccr  of  the  town, 
a  portreeve,  wu  to  be  appoirded  armually  at  (he  court  Jeet  of 
the  manor.  The  (own  was  subscqucndy  governed  under  a 
coafirmaloiy  charier  ol  1S14,  but  in  1SS4  a  new  charter  was 
obtained,  whereby  the  corporation  wai  csponercd  to  consist 
of  a  mayor,  4  aldermen  and  11  councillati.  Although  only  a 
tfliall  a^icultucal  centre,  Lampeter  has  since  1SS6  became  the 
■ssiie  tOBH  of  Cardiganshire  owing  to  its  convenient  position. 
Until  the  Redistribution  Act  ol  sB&s  Limpeler  formed  one  ol 
the  group  of  boroughs  comprising  (he  Cardigan  parliamentary 

LAMPOOH,   a  virulent  satire  either  in  prose  orverse;  the 

to  its  definition.  Although  in  its  use  (he  word  is  properly  and 
almost  nctutively  English,  Ibe  derivation  appears  to  be  French. 


LItlrf  derives  it  from  a  term  of  Puiliaa  wvol,  lamftt,  to  drink 

greedily,  in  great  mouihfuls.  This  wocd  appears  lo  have  begun 
to  be  prevalent  in  (he  middle  of  the  I7lh  century,  and  Fureti^ 
bai  piacrved  a  fragment  from  a  popular  (ong.  which  layi: — 

Jaeques  fuvaat  de  Dublin 

bittUuua,  toacounn, 

"^Prcnci  uin  de  ma  couronnc, 

LamponsI  lampomt " 


English  fonn,  lampoon,  the  word  is  used  by  Evelyn  in  1645, 
"  Efere  they  still  paste  up  their  drolling  lampoons  arid  scurriloui 
papers,"  and  soon  after  il  is  a  verb,—"  suppose  we  lampooned 
all  the  pretty  women  in  Town."    Both  ol  these  forms,  the  noun 

nwdilicalion,  for  violent  and  reckless  literary  censure.  Tom 
Brown  (iMj-1704)  was  a  past  master  in  the  art  of  lampooning, 
and  some  of  bb  attacks  on  the  celebrities  of  his  age  have  a 
certain  vigour.  When  Dryden  became  a  Roman  CathoUc,  Brown 


ri^torK..Codandrr 


Sflien. 


Lodest^  bdieve  in  transu 
Several  of  the  heroes  of  the  Duruiad, 
-Oldtniion  (ifijj-i;*'),  were  charged  1 
being  professional  lampooneis.  The  coa 
published  by  Richard  Savage  (1697-174, 
Macclesfield,  were  nothing  more  nor  less  Ihan  lampoons. 


As  a  rule,  how 


r,  the  1 


mpoon  possessed  bi 


isually  a] 


lolChun 
eticalg 


Udy 
describe 


inymoui.    The  ni 


Eijoy  <M  Woman  (1764)  of  John  Wilkes  was  a  lampoon,  and 
was  successfully  proceeded  agauist  as  an  obscene  libd.  The 
piogress  of  civiliaation  and  the  discipline  ol  the  law  made  il 
more  and  mote  impossible  for  private  malice  to  lake  Ibe  form 
ol  baseless  and  tnurilaui  s((ack,  and  the  lampoon,  in  its  open 
shape,  died  of  public  decency  In  the  iBth  century.  Malice, 
especially  in  in  anonymous  form,  and  passing  in  manuscript 
from  band  to  hand,  haj  cenlinued,  however,  Lo  make  use  of  thil 
very  unlovely  form  ol  literature.  It  has  conilantly  reappeared 
at  (imn  ol  political  disturbance,  and  Ifae  French  have  seldom 
[ailed  (0  exercise  their  wicked  wit  upon  (heir  ut^iopular  rulers. 
Set  also  FuQUiHitDe.  (E.  C,1 

UKPHEY.  a  fish  belonging  to  (he  family  Pitramyimaidai 
(from  irtrpot  and  fiifu.  literally,  ctonc-iuckers).  which  with  the 
hag-hshcs  or  if)iiinuliic  forms  a  distinct  subclass  ol  fishes, 
the  Cyclvitomata,  diatinguiahed  by  the  low  organitatlon  of  their 
skeleton,  which  ia  carliiaginous,  without  volcbtal  segmentation, 
without  ribs  or  real  jan-s,  and  without  limbs.  Tbe  bmpreyi 
readily  ncDgniied  by  their  long.  c<l-like,  scaleless  body. 


iariy  in  the  c 


rialm 


side,  behind  the  bead, 
(here  is  a  row  of  seven  branchial  openings,  through  whkh  Ibe 
water  is  conveyed  to  and  lima  the  gills.  By  means  of  their 
mouth  (bey  fasleo  lo  Uones.  boati,  Ac.,  as  well  as  to  other 
fishes,  (heir  object  being  to  obtain  a  resting-place  on  the  former, 
whilst  they  attach  (beniselvcs  to  the  latter  to  derive  nonrisbmenl 
from  (hem.  The  inner  surface  of  their  cup-shaped  mouth  is 
armed  with  pointed  tcclh,  with  which  they  perforate  the  integu- 
ments of  (he  fish  attacked,  scraping  ofi  particles  of  the  fieih 
and  sucking  the  blood.  Mackerel,  cod.  pollack  and  flat-fiihes 
are  the  kinds  most  frequently  attacked  by  them  in  the  sea; 
of  river-fish  tbe  inigraloiy  Sdmmiiat  and  the  shad  are  some- 
times found  with  the  maiksof  the  teeth  of  the  lamprey,  or  with 
tbe  fish  actually  attached  to  them.    About  fifteen  ipcdei  are 


m  (he  « 


k   WAiu,    vu.   UK  lacgG  DiluLU 

zcdbjGooglc 


LAMPROPHVRES 


lunptm  (^.  fmit^is),  and  tbc  imall  hmpan  «  "  p(id« " 
«  "  ^Lud-pqKT  "  (P,  braMckislH),  Iht  fint  V«o  jir  btifntory, 
cnUriog  riv«n  ID  Ibe  wring  te  ipiirD;  of  the  liva-luipRy, 
hiit»ti.  gcckBOtt  lie  net  with  in  fresh  mur  ill  tlie  ycu 
mmd.  In  Soab  Ameriok  ibont  tu  (pcda  of  lunpngr  neon, 
•rbile  in  South  Aueria  ud  AuUnluia  itSL  ollm  uefound. 
Lauprcyi,  specially  the  Ka-lunprcy,  uc  atccmst  ■■  food, 
fiHincrly  more  ■>  Ihin  u.  piBcnl;  but  tboi  flak  is  But  cuy 
li  diaeslioii.    Hncy  I.  of  En^and  b  add  to  luivt  faUes  *  vicUm 

nVR-binprcy,  which  ai  bait  ig  pcclfrred  to  all  olhen  in  tbc 
cod  and  Inrbot  fisheiia  of  Ibe  Ninth  Sea.  YatrcU  atatei  that 
iDnncriy  the  Thames  alone  supplied  Irom  1,000/300  to  t.Too^ooo 
lampetni  annuilly,  but  that  number  baa  90  fflucb  filkn  oS 
that,  for  inilance,  in  iStC  only  4o/»o  wen  utd  to  the  cod- 
fiihai.  That  ycai.  however,  was  In  niwulUy  bid  yt»i-,  the 
liinpenu.  fioni  their  saidiy,  fetched  £8,  101.  a  thouaand, 
■bibt  in  oidinaiy  yean  £j  ii  cmsidertd  a  fair  piica.  The  ■eiun 
for  caidunf  Umpetiis  cloats  in  the  Thames  about  the  middle 
ef  March.  The  origm  of  the  name  lampicy  is  obscure;  il  i>  an 
adapution  of  Fi.  lomtrme,  Med.  Lat.  lumtnia;  thij  hu  been 
taken  as  a  vuiaut  of  anoiher  Med.  Lit.  tarm  Lamfcira,  which 
occuiB  in  ichihyologkal  wniks  o[  Ihe  raidille  ago;  (he  derivaikHi 
Snm  lamiot  ^einu,  to  liiik  aimn.  is  a  specimen  ol  etymological 
ugCDuity-  The  devdopment  of  lampreys  haa  received  much 
atiEDiion  oji  the  part  gf  jiaturalists,  since  Aug.  MoUer  discovered 
that  ihey  tukdergo  a  metamorphosis,  and  that  the  minute 
Worm-Ukc  lampems  previou^y  known  under  the  niune  of 
AmmKttUt,  and  abundant  in  the  sand  and  mod  of  many  streams, 
Were  nothing  but  the  undeveloped  youDg  of  the  livci'lampreys 
ud  null  lanpcna.    See  Ctcustoiuta. 

LiMPaWHTBBi  (fiom  Gr.  Xa^o^  bright,  and  the  teniinU 
part  of  Ibe  woni  porphyry,  meaning  rocki  containing  brl^t 
pnphyritic  crystals),  a  group  of  racks  coBtaiiung  phenoccysts, 
usually  of  biotite  and  hombtnide  (with  bright  cleavage  (urlaces), 
often  also  of  olivine  and  augiie,  but  not  of  felipu.  They  are 
thus  distinguished  from  the  porphyries  and  portAyrites  in  which 
felspar  has  crystilliied  in  two  gtaeialioos.   They  are  essenti- 


ally ■'  dike  I 


turring  u 


marginal  facics  of  _ 
a  good  Fumple  of  the  correlation  which 
petrofraphical  types  and  their  mode  ol 
the  inponancc  of  phyiiiml  conditioni  in  deuralnlng  the  minen- 
loglcal  and  slructunl  characters  of  rocks.  They  ale  usually 
dark  in  ctjlour,  owing  to  the  ahundaDcc  of  fcrro-msgnesian 
slicates,  of  relatively  high  qtecific  gravity  and  liable  to  dccoot- 
poiition.  For  these  rtasDaa  they  have  been  defined  as  a  ttiianv- 
otlt  leries  (rich  in  the  dark  mhierals);  and  they  are  often 
accompanied  by  a  complementary  lencocrait  series  (rich  [n  the 
white  minerals  felspar  and  qusrti)  such  >s  apliies,  porj^yiics 
and  felsitea.  Both  hsve  been  produced  by  differentialiai  li 
a  parent  magma,  and  if  the  two  camplemcntaiy  sets  of  rocks 
could  be  mixed  in  tbe  t^ht'pioponiona,  it  is  presumed  that  a 
msa  of  limiLsr  cbemiol  compodtlon  to  the  parent  magma 
would  be  produced. 

Both  in  the  band  qtedmens  and  in  micnscopic  alidca  of 
lamprsphyrk  rodu  biMile  and  barabkode  an  usually  con- 
ipioHNS.  Tboagfa  bUck  by  re8ected  light  ihcy  arc  bnnm  by 
tnrwnitled  Ugbt  and  highly  pleochroic.  In  some  cases  ihey 
are  yeUow-bitiwn,  hi  other  cases  cfaeslnul-brown  and  reddish 
brown;  in  the  same  rock  tbe  two  mlnenlt  have  slrikinily 
similar  colour  and  picochroiara.  Augiie.  wbeit  it  occius,  is 
Bmellmet  green,  at  other  limes  purple.  Felspar  is  restricted 
to  the  ground  maas;  quarts  occurs  sometima  but  fa  scarce. 
AhboD^  porphyritic  structure  is  akKBt  universsl,  it  is  some- 
times BOI  very  marked.  The  large  biotiua  and  hombiendes 
are  not  sharply  distinct  from  those  of  intcmiediate  lise,  iriucfa 
in  turn  graduate  into  the  small  crystals  of  the  same  minerals 
In  the  ground  mass.  As  a  rule  all  the  jngredientt  have  rather 
perfect  crystalline  forms  {esi^l  quails),  hence  these  rocks  have 
bea  olM  "  ptmdtonwiphic."    In  many  lampnphyns  the  pale 


spots,  or  oerUi,  in  which  there  has  been  progrcssvc  cryslaUis*< 
lion  tnm  tbe  mai^ns  (owuds  the  centre.  These  spots  may 
consist  of  radiate  01  bnuh-hke  febpars  (with  some  mica  arxl 
homhlende)  or  of  quarts  and  felspar.  A  cvntivl  area  ol  quarts 
or  of  anahile  probably  represents  an  ori^nal  miarolitk  cavily 
infilled  St  a  later  period. 

There  are  two  great  groupa  of  lamprcfJiyTcs  differing  in  com- 
pooition  while  retaining  the  geiKrat  features  of  the  cUss.  One 
of  these  accompanies  inlrustons  of  granite  and  diorite  and 
includes  the  minettes.  kerssntiles,  vogesitea  and  q»sssrtlles. 
The  other  is  found  in  assodaltoo  wilb  nephcline  syenites, 
easeiites  and  tocheniies,  and  is  eieinpUfied  by  canptooilea, 
monchiquites  and  alnoitcs.  The  compleTneptSiry  fscits  of  the 
first  group  is  tbe  aplites,  porphyriles  and  felsites;  (hat  of  the 
second  group  jncluda  tustonita,  tiDguailei  and  other  rocks. 

The  p<niao^arilic4iimpnpkym  (the  first  of  these  two  grovps)  an 
found  lo  mtny  districtt  when  gnnites  and  diorites  occur,  e.r  (he 
ScotiLih  Highlands  and  Souihem  llpUndi,  the  Ukedotrict.  Irbod. 
the  Vo^ei.  Btick  Forat,  Han,  «c.    As  a  rule  Ihey  dO  not  prawett 

rot  be  regankd  as  sharply  diuinct  from  one  another.  The  group 
ai  a  whole  ii  a  wcU-charactericed  one  and  shows  few  trunvTions  (o 
porphyiies.  porphyiitcs  and  other  dike  types^  its  subdivisions, 
however,  tew  to  merge  into  one  aiwHher  and  eqiecislly  when  they 
are  weathered  are  hard  to  dLfTerentiste.  The  prnenre  or  abience  of 
the  four  dofniiuDt  minbali,  orcboctai*.  plagiocbic,  biotite  and 
hornblende,  determiiH  the  ipecies.  Mlneitei  contain  Uoiite  and 
onhocbn;  kenaodtn.  Uolite  and  plagloclaK.  VcMiltes  contain 
honUends  and  oRhoclaiti  q>es*artite%  bombkBde  and  plagio- 
claie.  Each  variety  of  lampnmhyie  may  and  often  docs  contain 
all  four  ddaerats  but  is  named  aMeeding  to  the  two  whidi  nv- 
ponderate.  These  rocks  conlaia  tbo  Inn  aiida  (usually  tilamler- 
Dui),apati(e,s>mecImessphene.auglttandaU<iite.  The  homblciKie 
and  biotite  arc  bnmn  or  greeniih  bnwn.  and  as  a  ruk  thdr  cryitah 

-— "  when  smaU  «- ' '  "^  •' ' = 

iccognlsable 

decomposed 

.._  _  shapes  or  may  be  iibr 

,..-, -  -_.-.-—    'hich  are  mitow  in  Ibe  midoie  mu 

rowarda  bolh  ends.     If  quarts  b  present  1(  u  the  lail 
cryslallisadon  and  (he  only  mineral  devoid  of  idkHnnrphL 

Lmprophyres  lie  prone  lo  ■Iteniionby  weaihvri 
nee  01  secondary  mioeiala  is  ua  ""'""  '-----■  -'-  '■- 

OceUar  BtructuR  is  covmon ;  the  ocelli  conuH  msinly  of  ortho- 
laie  and  oosrti.  and  may  be  a  quarter  of  an  Inch  in  diameter. 
jwlher  fciluie  el  these  rocks  is  (be  pmence  of  large  foreign  cryHsb 
.1  lenscryits  of  fetspar  and  of  quarts.  Their  forms  are  rounded. 
indicadng  priitial  merptkm  by  the  solwBtKtion  of  the  Isnimphyric 
msgmai  and  tbe  qaaiti  may  be  sumundtd  by  corroaiaD  tuders  of 
nsiacmls  such  ss  auglte  and  hornblende  produced  where  the  maema 
is a((BcUng the ctyttaL  Theiecrystitsareaf  doublfularlgin:  (hey 
an  often  at  eoailderaUe  sise  and  may  be  eoHpicuous  in  hand- 
sptcimeos  of  the  rocks.  It  is  supposed  that  (bey  did  not  crystaUiae 
"  •■-  lampiDphyre  dike  but  in  soma  way  were  caiighl  up  by  il. 
ncHHiea.  mere  ceruyily  of  loreiBn  origin,  are  often  Ken,  such 
liite,  schisls.  gametifcroui  rocks,  giarite.  Ac.  These  may 
d  and  altered  or  in  other  cases  pirtly  dissolved,  Conjienle 
formed  either  in  (heendomin  ocln  (be  IsntproiAyiw.  where 
the  shape  of  hexagonal  prisms  which  in  polarised  IiEht  break 
tin  eecion,  liiangulsr  in  shape,  diverging  from  the  centre  of 

of  Ismpeophyric  dike  meks  JI*._™p»> 

descKbed.    As  ■  nk  they  occur  (ogether,  ni 

phyrcL  InSweden,Brau1,I^«ugi]I.Non 

rases,  though  nM  In  alf,  they 'have  a 

iici>he1iiK  or  leucBt  n>eid(es  and  simiiai  rocki .- 

hiiika(eaa  genetic  afinky  Ulie  (hsi  which  eaiats  between  the  granilg 
LAd  (he  mineltes.  Ac,  and  further  pnofof  IhbcoanedOB  la  f  umsbed 


Cncft  hornbleDdeee 

lb  Himorphlc  crvKals  of  pale  greca 

ithnlng.    Oavine  In  the  Treah 


(piUie). 


nns  rounded,  corroded  gnlns;  in  many  ca 

-_  jrecn  or  colouileas  honblande  in  radiaODg 

plsgkidaac  occurs  as  small  rectangular  crystab; 
Save  Hiailar  r' ■■-  "• ■■ '  ■- 


136 


LAMPSACUS— LANARKSHIRE 


iiitbo«Umi>c|i)iymcf[nKiu,  baOync 


nddit 

divine  ■«]  (ilit<ei>ue 


Tlk^r  luvt  t\)K  porphivniic  *wi 


The 


[ailed 


Semde  Mom 


Bl»r  Itw  Sara  de  MoncKiqt 
;rf  Idqxc.    Tlwir  aMcliil 


le  And  purplivh  Jtucitc    ^own  ItvabkiKk,  lik«  that  of 

pRKH,  wbich  may  ■onwlimM  T»  *  TwTM*n  DiaiA.  hill  Bt  mfwr  li 

la  ofouikH  and  ia  Micwd  b 

cryauiiine  analcitc    They  vo 


:;  odien  n^id  ibe  analri 

le  u  aHuiaUy  ^aay.  Soi 
ila  la  otben  adialt  Icudta  i 
■ny  pnteott  though  leaa  mark 

than  in  tha  canptoflilc*.    A  apedal  eroup  fi  moatitnaaUta  rith 

dap  brown  biofile  haa  been  called  Tourchi 

Mouataiok  Arkanva). 
TV  alnoile*  (called  after  the  ialaixl  ol  All 


le  and  meUlile.    They  an  fi 


(iTla  the  F< 

n  Norway)  ai 

!t  ol  North  America 


al  CbeK  mcka  wOl  be  (ndkated 


id  hygioacopic),  COi.  S.  MnO,  PA.  Ci 


UJIPlACni,  as  tudal  Greek  colony  is  My^  A>i4  Minoi, 
knoitn  ai  Pityusa  or  Fityuaaa  before  iti  coloniiaiion  by  Imian 
Giecka  fiom  Phocara  ud  Miletui,  waa  liiuaiH  oa  theHeUapoDi. 
oppcntE  CiUipoIii  (GallipoU)  is  Thiaa.  It  posiesHd  a  good 
harhoui;  and  the  ndghbourbood  ma  lamoui  lor  lu  wine,  ta 
Ihat.havinglaUeninlothehandaoItbeFcniaiuduringtbeloDiaii 
revolt,  it  waa  assigned  by  Aituerxes  I.  to  Tlietiu»1odea  to  provide 
bun  with  vine,  ii  Petcntc  did  nitfa  mat  and  Magneiii  nith 
bread.  After  the  battle  of  Mycale  {479  B.C.),  Lampaacus  joined 
the  Athenians,  but,  having  revolled  fiom  Ihem  in  411,  waa 
reduced  by  force.  It  waft  defended  In  19A  B.C.  agnnut  Aniiochua 
the  Giesi  of  Syria,  after  iihich  ita  inJubituiIa  were  received 
■a  lOiei  o(  Rome.  LampucUa  was  the  chief  icat  o[  the  wonhip 
of  Priapua,  a  gtoia  nature-god  doaely  connected  w!lh  the  culluie 
of  the  vine.  Theancienl  name  ia  pioerved  in  that  of  the  modem 
village  of  Lipuki,  but  the  Greek  town  poaaffaly  lay  at  Chirdak 
inunedialcly  oppoaile  GallipoiL 

See  A.  L.  Caslellaii,  LtUra  KB  la  Ugrii,  rHiOapml.  Ire.  (Paris, 
|B»);   Chouetil  Gou^er,  Voyap  piu^wfiu  dam  ftmpirt  ttttman 


tripod  or  figure  eitending  t 


.       .  -  _         the 

floor  for  auppofling  or  holding  a  lamp.  The  lampatand  (Jdai^a- 
Jire)  is  probably  of  French  origin ;  it  appears  lo  have  been  in 
UMin  France  before  the  end  ol  the  i;th  century. 

UXARK.  ■  royal,  municipal  and  police  burgh,  and  coimty 
town  of  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  standing  on  high  ground  Ibout 
half  a  mile  Inim  Ibe  right  bank  of  the  Oyde,  ]i  ra.  S.E.  of 
GlugDW  by  the  Caledonian  railway.    Pop.  (1901)  644a.    It  ia 

■  t.  Mtnelle  (Weiler.  Alsace).  IT.  Kersantite  (Neubninn,  Thur- 
iogia),    in.    Vcveute  (Canle  Mounuln.  Moi  "'     ~ 

aartite  {WaJdmicGad,  SpeBart).    V.  Camptonl 
VI.IMoixhk|uile(RiadaOun>,5cfndeTuig<M). 


>  tCtjmaloa  FaUaT 
V1i.AAaitc(AlBA, 


omvileKCDt  bomi 
Victoria  Jubilee  fo 
ning,  weaving,  nail 

antiquity. 

William  f 


being  the  p«nt  fmm  wUeh  tke  laHi 
,  viuted.  The  principal  buildingi  aft 
ity  buildingi,  llw  assembly  rooms,  occupy- 
Frandson  monajlery,  three  ho^tate,  > 
be  SmyUum  oipbinage  ud  (he  Qu«n 
ain.  The  industriea  include  cotton-q:^ 
iking  and  oilworka,  and  there  are  frequent 
place  ol  conaidenble 


inelh  II.  held  I  parliac 


n  the  re 


kings,  ooe  of  whom, 
charter.    Seven]  el 


[4),  granled  it 

of  William  Waltace 

neighbourtwod.  He  burned  the  town  and  slew  the  Engliah 
aheriS  William  Heielrig.  Abont  i  m,  N.W.  arc  Cartland 
Craiga,  where  House  Water  runs  through  a  ptedpitoua  red 
undttone  ravine,  the  aide)  ol  which  are  about  400  ft.  bi^ 
The  fiream  is  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  lin^  span,  supposed  to  be 
Roman,  and  by  a  three-arthed  bridge,  deaigned  by  Thomai 
Telford  and  erected  in  1813.  On  the  right  bank,  near  tbia  bridge, 
is  the  cave  in  which  Wallace  concealed  himself  after  killing 
Heaelrig  and  which  alill  bean  his  name.  Lanark  was  the  centre 
of  much  activity  in  the  dayaof  Ibe  Covenante n.  WiUiaDi  Lithgow 
(.S81-J64S),  Ibe  traveller,  William  Smellie  (1697-1763),  the 
ohitctridaa  and  Gavin  Hamilton  (1730-1797),  the  painter, 
were  bora  at  Lanark.  The  town  i»  one  of  the  Falkirk  dimirt 
group  of  parliamcDtiry  burghs,  the  other  coDltituents  being 
Alidrie,  RarnQton,  Falkiik  and  Linlithgow. 

New  Lanark  (pop.  795),  i  m.  S..  i>  lamotu  m  eonnenon 
with  the  lodalbl  eipetinenls  of  Robert  Owes.  Tbe  village 
was  founded  by  David  Dale  (i739-i8o«)  in  178J,  with  tbemppott 
of  Sir  Richard  Arkwright.  inventor  of  the  apinning-frame,  wbo 
Ibougbt  the  ipal  might  be  made  tbe  Uancbesler  of  Scotland. 
In  ten  yeara  four  cotton  mills  were  running,  employing  nearly 
1400  bands.  They  were  totd  in  r799  to  a  Manchesler  company, 
who  appointed  Owen  mutgcr.  In  the  aame  year  he  manicd 
Dale's  daughter.  For  many  yean  the  milla  were  ttxceaalnlly 
cmducied,  but  fricliw  ullimnlcly  arose  and  Owen  rMInd  in 
iSsl.   Tbe  milta,  however,  are  Hill  caitied  on. 


c^ficler  of  the  Scottiib  jeffnyi.  "RobcnBsillic.'i 
wi,  E«culed  lor  coukkikx'  aake  (i««4).  btlonKd  to 
enaleonlbeMouae.  Lee Kouae. Ibehon.. ^ tlw Lo 
N.W.    Tbe  oU  CB 


7  •!"  P? 


the  Clyde  at  Crwlord,  is  said  I 


.lbeNethan,alefl-handtribuiaryjoi 

LUUBKIBIBB,     a     aouth-wettem     county     ol     Scotland, 

lunded  N.  by  the  shirea  of  Dumbarton  and  Stirling,  E.  by 

Linlithgowahire,  Mld-Lolbian  and  PeeUesshlre,  S.  by  Dunifrie*- 

and  W.  by  the  counties  ol  Ayr,  Renfrew  and  DumbanoB. 

rea  is  874  sq.  m.  (i6i,Sii  acres).    It  nay  be  described  u 

idng  tbe  valley  of  the  Oyde;  and,  in  addition  to  the  gradual 

:nt  from  the  high  land  in  the  south,  it  is  also  diancteriied 

.      gentle  slope  lowardt  both  banka  of  the  rivet.    Tbe  shire  ia 

divided  into  three  wards,  the  Ukkt,  compijiing  all  the  aouthern 

half  the  whole  area  (over  j]o,coa  acres); 

tbe  Middle,  with  Hamilton  for  its  chief  town,  covering  fully 

ipOiAoo  acres;  and  the  Lower,  occupying  the  northern  uct 

>i  about  40,000  acres.     The  surface  falli  gradually  from  the 

iplands  lo  the  south  to  the  Firth  of  Clyde.    The  hlgbeal  bills 

iR  nearly  aU  on  or  chise  to  the  borders  of  Peehtnshire  and 

Dunfiiesahire,  and  include  Culter  Fell  (1454  ft.)  and  Lowtber 

Tbe  loftiest  heists   eiduaively    belonging  to 

■e  Green  Lowtber  (S403),  Tinto  (>JJ5),  Balleo- 

!i  Law  (>i6y),  Rodger  Law  (ust).  I>un  Law  (1116},  Shid 

(si^o),  Dungrain  Law  (1186)  and  Comb  Law  (no)}. 

principal  riven  are  the  Gyde  and  ill  head  waten  and 

BU  (on  tbe  light,  the  Hedwin,  Uouie,  South  Caldcf ,  Notth 


LANARKSHIRE 


•37 


CiUs  tad  Edvia;  <«  &e  Ut,  tine  Don^u.  Neihu.  Ann, 
KolUo  Csldci  lud  Carl).  Tberc  m  no  loclu  at  cxmsderable 
ut,  Uk  Eck  theeU  of  witer  in  tlie  Dortb — Wwdend  Roavoir, 
Bishop  Lodi,  Uoggufield  Loch,  Woodeoil  Loch.  Locbcad 
Loch — mainly  (ceding  ihe  Monklind  tad  tht  Forth  and  Oyde 
CuaJL  The  most  bmoiu  natural  fealuto  are  the  Fall*  of 
□file  at  BduudsUid,  Coira,  Duadaf 


Gf^oa- — The  touthera  upland  portion  u  built  up  at  Si\\ 
Ordovician  rocks;  the  northern  knitr-iyii 


■hila, 


Old  Red  Sandstone  rocks.    Ordovidan  nrata 

.,  ...m  S.W.  to  N.E.  in  a  bdi  w  m.  in  breadth  nhich 

is  bniiElit  up  by  ■  lault  uainic  the  Old  Red  and  the  Sluriaa  on 
the  ooRbcm  dde.  This  lault  niu  by  LaminElon,  RobcRon  and 
CnwfeidkAa.    The  Ocdovlcian  neks  lie  in  >  lyoclmat  fold  with 

IhIi  o(  Cndoc  aje  in  the  centie  Banked  by  (i ■-'- 

niu  and  coEvbnieratc^  iocluditw  among  the  laat- 

Hulii-iDck  ":  the  veU-lmaim  lead  minea  of  LeaflhULa  ar 
ia  thoe  Coroutions.  Silurian  ihalei  and  sandstoDes,  Ac 
louth  oi  the  Ordovician  bell  to  the  county  boandary;  and 
lie  noTthefa  ^dejrf  the  Ortlovidao  belt " 

Tltt'Sd , 

•iciui  belli  >  ■owu  division  consisting  of  aandatone. 
aad  auutitane*  u  the  msl  eiteniiiietr  developed! 

f  ecmaue  upon  the  lower  dii 

■SK 


with  the  ridi  and  etfcnsive  coal  and  ina  Aeld  to  the  eaat  and  sontlH 
cast  of  Gbssow;  the  shipbuildiac  at  Govan  and  Putich  and  in 
Glasp^w  haibour;  the  tendlea  at  Alrdrie,  Blantyir.  Hamilton, 
Lanark,  New  Lanark,  RutiwfvleD  and  Glaifow^  engineeriDg  at 
"  imbuslant,  Carhike,  Coatbiidge,  Kinning  Fuk,  MotWwell  aad 
„ishaw,  and  the  varied  and  flouriahing  OAOuiacturea  centiid  in 
and  uouad  Ctugo*. 

/- .'^i-- .|j  jjig  north  of  the  oounty,  where  poftulation  is 

._„.,  « , , , . .  jtineiaJ  field  ejKeptiaDBily  neb.  railway  lacihties 

•re  biahly  devetooed,  theie  beiog  lor  lo  or  ii  m.  around  CUiieoH 
quiteanelwarksi  Unes.   The Caledanian  Itailway  Company'i main 


Orflovidan  belt  two  amall  tracts  appear 
r.H.<n«.  on  the  cresta  of  antkUnal  loMs. 
irretutar  tract  north  of  the  Orcfo- 


id  melaphyna.  co 


^^^^^^^^^-^  -~ jILanddgton.   Lanar  ed 

Sandstone  and  the  Falls  of  GvdeDCCur  in  chi  Ic- 

ally  the  most  iraportanl  geDbgiol  feature  he 

Ghwow  district.    The  ana  of  this  baun  lii  sc- 

.,...  ;.  -I 1 "'luding  Cla^D  01, 

h'S^'^cS  ™ 

the  EH,  Main,  Splint,  Pyotshaw  and  VirtueweE  Underlying  the 
aat-measaro  U  the  Millstone  Grit  Kcoon  the  northern  sidelietween 
Glenboig  and  HoKsn&eld— here  the  hieclayi  of  Camkirk,  Cailcosh 
and  Glenbc4g  are  wmhed — and  on  the  boim  and  south-east  d[  the 


Wishaw,  Cariuke,  U. 


ie  Cildferaiu  Sandstone  letiea  whid)  in 


It  in  the  west  Uie  greale 


part  of  the  aeriea  is  composed  of  laterbedded  voicanic  rocks — ' 
perphyiitei  and  mthriiyrei.  It  will  be  observed  that  in  lenenl  the 
yeuniet  lomiation*  Ik  neater  the  centre  ol  the  baain  and  the  older 


Iheic lire'iiitnisw'bBsalls  in  the  Caibonilerous  roda'Uke  that  in  the 
ncithboucbood  o(  Kult^  and  the  smaller  mUas  (I  Hognn&eld  near 
dasiawaBdelsewbere.  VokankDeckiaRlounduitheCarlBkeand 
Kilcadiow  dislricti,  marUni  the  venta  of  former  velcanoea  and 
■eveial  dike*  of  Tertiary  age  ttavem  the  older  iscka.  An  intruHHi 
of  pink  lelste  in  early  «d  Red  Ubio  baa  been  the  cause  of  TintD 
HilL  Eindences  al  the  Cladal  period  are  abundant  in  the  fom  of 
id  boulder  day. 


an  eastetb  direction  who 
teacheiol  the  Clyde  the 
above  the  preaent  sea-level  ate  to  be  obserrt 

aimaU  end  4pt«anr«.— TM  rainfall  * 
being  higher  in  the  hill  country  and  lomr 

July  »■■    The  area  under  grain  has  show 
■ince  iseo.    Oats  is  the  pnncipal  ciop.bi 

Ihe  Lower  WiitS  nauket-^rdaning 


aj,  JO  ao 


noil. 


.-..  »...«  ,.—  — • .— , - *sed  coaMenbl 

Ihe  quantin  e(  vegetable*,  gnpaa  and  tomatoes  reared  under  glasa 
has  reached  inal  proportions.  An  anoenl  induatty  In  the  vale  of 
Ihe  Clyde  fw  many  nOes  below  Lanark  is  the  culdvalion  of  Iruil 
several  of  the  orcurds  bang  said  to  dale  from  tite  time  of  Bedi 
Hk  apples  and  paars  an  of  good  repute.  Therv  haa  hecfl  a  remarli 
able  eneisHHi  in  the  culture  of  sitawberries,  hundreds  of  acrta  being 
laid  down  in  beds. .  The  sheep  walks  in  the  upper  and  middle  watdi 
ire  heainly  stocked  and  the  herds  of  cattle  are  eiteosive,  the  lavourr* 
breeds  bnns  Ayrshire  and  a  crass  between  this  anil  "  inpiovc 
Unaffc."  Dairy-fanning  AeuriJies.  the  cheeses  of  Camwath  ae 
l^mahagowl  " "    '^--■-  ■■-■-■---*■-  '-- 

of  high  ^ss. 


I  sUwIy  demand.  Clydesdale  draiuht-horaes  a  re 
■  W  have  been  bredftom  Flandera 


-     They 

iported  eaily  In 

"-^  -'  rte  h»- -. 

'  unbmken  horses  and  mar 


.    Most  of  die  hotaes  i 


general  holding  runs  from  J 
sre  under  wood. 
Olicr  iaduilriu.— The  le 


kept  tor  agneullun 
latS  hi  the  Upper  W 


Lhrough  the  wh^  length 

^..  ,.__ al  points,  especially  at 

Tbe  North  British  Railway  Company  servea 
'     "die  nrdaand  Ita  lines  to  Edinb 

and  the  nonh  of  the  county.   0 

neq^bourhaod  of  Glasgow  does  the  Glaqpnr 

sysicn  compete  for  Lanarlophiretr^ffi''  rhmwh 

Caledoidan  to  work  the  Mid-Lar 

Tha  Monkbnd  Canal  in  the  far  norl 

"n  the  north  and  north-west  mrry  .. ^ ...„„„.  ..- 

ind  before  the  days  of  railways  aHorded  one  of  the  priocipil 

Apulalisn  iui4  jl^ssnijfnituiis.— The   populatkm  amoui 
II9I  t0  1J05,^andin  1901  to  Ijaj.JJ^or  ISJJpen™ 

i..'^?r.fcj_j  _r  .J- >..!_. ^ —  Lj  .1 .!r5. I.. ,«, 


^  J...Ktion. 


.nd  the  Forth  and  Clyde  Canal 


he  county  la  dii^ded  In 
t.  North-west,  MM  -■ 
I  returning  one  meir 
rfc  and   Riitheiglen  1 


kmg  10  the  Fallcirt  group 
<  oTparlianieDiary  burgha. 
principal  is  confined  to  his 

'«3>  at'Aird'rie,  H'ammon 
school-tioard  jurisdiction,  many 


and  Lanark.    The  •! 

schools  earning  grants  tor  rugner  educBliDD-  for  oavaoceu  educa- 
tion, besides  the  university  and  many  other  insiitulioni  in  Gtaigow 
theiE  are  a  high  school  In  Hamilton,  and  technical  schaolB  at  Coal- 
bridge  and  Wshaw.  The  county  ooundl  expends  the  "  residue  ~ 
giant  in  supporting  lectuns  and  daascs  lo  agrkuhure  and  agr^ 
cuUnial  cfaemistr^,  raining,  dairyiiig,  cookeiy.  buadry  work,  nursery 
aad  poultry-kee^ng,  b  paying  Ices  and  railway  fares  and  jm>- 
viding  bumries  for  technical  students,  and  in  subvdLring  scieitce 
and  ail  and  technical  classes  in  day  andevening  sdunlB.  A  director 
of  technical  education  la  maintairwd  by  Ihe  council.  Lsnark. 
Motherwell  and  Biggor  entrust  their  shares  oE  tbe  grant  to  the 
county  council,  ana  Coatbridge  and  Airdrie  thcmscTvet  subsidiB 
science  and  art  and  evening  classes  and  continuation  schools. 

Hillary. — At  an  early  pciiod  Lanoiltshire  was  inhabited  by 
•  Cellic  Uibe,  the  Damnonii.  whoie  terrilory  was  divided  by 
Ihe  srall  of  Anloninus  between  the  Forth  and  Qyde  (lemsios 
of  which  arc  found  in  Ihe  parish  of  Caddcr).  but  who  were  never 
wholly  lubjugiled  by  the  Romans.  Trucesof  Iheirlortlfitatiooi, 
mounds  and  circles  cuifit.  while  stone  ajces,  hronie  celts,  querru 
and  urns  belonEing  to  tbeir  age  are  occauonally  uneanhed. 
Of  the  Bonans  there  are  traces  in  the  camp  on  BcattiKk  summit 
near  Elvanfool.  in  the  fine  bridge  over  the  Mouse  near  Lanark, 
in  the  mad  (o  the  south  oi  Strathaven,  in  the  wall  already 
menlioaed  and  in  the  coins  and  other  relics  that  have  been  duf 
up.  After  tbeir  departure  tbe  country  which  included  Linark- 
shire  fotmed  part  ol  tbe  kingdom  ol  Slralhclyde,  which,  in  the 
;th  cenluiy,  was  subdued  by  Noithumbrian  Suoni,  nhen  great 
numbers  of  the  Cells  migrated  into  Wales.  The  county  once 
embraced  a  portion  of  Renfrewshire,  but  this  was  disjoioed  in 
the  time  ol  Robert  III.  The  ihite  wa)  iten  divided  into  two 
trardi.  the  Over  (with  Lanark  as  its  chief  town)  and  the  Nether 
(wilh  Rutherglen  as  Its  capital).'  The  present  division  into  Ibree 
wards  was  not  effected  tiD  tbe  iSlh  century.  IndepCTiilrnlly 
ol  Glasgow,  Lanarkshire  has  not  borne  any  part  conttouously 
in  Ibc  (eoenl  history  ol  Scotland,  but  has  been  the  Kzoc  ol 


'38 


LANCASHIRE 


■cnni  CKitlDi  cpbado.  Huijr  of  WiBut'i  diring  deob  nre 
psformed  in  tbe  csunly.  Queen  Miiy  met  her  fite  it  Lusside 
(ijAB)  Uld  the  Covesanlen  leceivol  oosiUat  luKMn  fnua 
tb*  people,  drfeatiog  CUveriiouie  U  Dnunckf  (1679).  but 
nEMiDideEeat  tbeiEidve*M  Both  well  Brig  (1679). 

S«  W.  HlolillaB.  DutrifUtu  of  <^  .UaijM«"i  •}  Lmari  imd 
itrJifr™,  MlilllBd  aub  (rSjI)!  C.  V.  rrvi™  .nd  A.  Mumy,  Tl. 
mbr  Ifanl  ^  Idwrtitin  (Ghupw,  iS^^I;  r*i  ajitiialt  Smd 
A»l  {ClMgow)!  W.  A.  ConDrHiil»7 <^ iiinri  (LiiaA,  i«t7): 
EiHroeUfrwrn  On  Startt  tflki  Bvil,  iifU*aik  (Glugow,  i«91). 

LAHUSHIRK  >  north-wateni  oninty  of  EngJuid,  bounded 
N.E.  by  WcumoiliuKl,  E.  by  Yorkihire,  S.  by  Chofaue,  W. 
by  tbe  Irish  Sea  »nd  N.W.  by  Cumbedlnd.  Tlii  ««  ii  i8So-i 
iq.  m.,  the  county  bf inj  the  liiLfa  is  liie  in  Engluid.  Thf  rout 
ii  genemlly  fiiil.  aaA  broken  by  greU  inJeU,  with  fide  eipuiMS 
o[  undy  foialioR  11  low  tide,  Tbe  chief  ioleU.  iiom  N  10  S., 
ue — tbe  atDuy  of  tbe  river  Duddon,  whicb,  with  Ihe  rivn 
ilMlI,  iep«r»lo  tbe  eoiinty  from  CumbetUnd;  Moreaoibe 
Biy;  ud  the  Biuiriei  of  tbe  Kibble  ud  Ibe  Mcney. 
Iforecunbe  Bay  receiva  the  riven  Crile  and  Lcvtn  in  KODunon 
cnuary,  and  the  Kent  Imm  Wataunknd;  while  the  Luh  ind 
the  Wyre  diachtrge  Into  LancajMer  Bay,  which  Is  only  partially 
Eepariltd  Imm  Moiccambe  Bay  by  the  promooLory  of  Red 
N^    MoiEcunbe  Bay  al»  deiacheLfrom  Lbe 


I  ol  Fun 
and  bating  oS  it 
and  uvtni  an    " 


lliileiwi 


It  the  itland  of  Walney, 
ilbeLwe 


3  the  Duddon, 
m,  in  length, 

taainlaiid.  The  principal  aeaaide  reurta  and  wateiing-placea, 
Cron  S.  to  N.,  are  Soiitbpan,  Lylham,  Si  Anne't-on-tbe-Sea, 
Blackpool,  Fleetwood  and  Morecimbc;  while  al  the  head  of 
Uoiecambe  Bay  ue  Kvend  pleasant  villagn  frtqucotcd  by 
viiitora,  such  u  Ajntide  and  Ctance.  Of  the  rivEia  tbe  Uaraey 
(f->-).  aeplnling  Ihe  county  fiom  Chahire,  ia  Ibe  principal, 
and  TeceivtA  from  fjncaalure  Ihe  Irvell,  Sonkey  and  other 
tmalt  ■iTcims.  Tbe  Kibble,  which  rises  in  the  mountaini  o[ 
tbe  Weit  Riding  of  Yoricabire,  [omu  tor  a  few  mDea  the  boundary 
wltb  that  county,  and  then  £owt  S.W.  to  FnMon,  Rceiving  tbe 
Hodder  from  the  N.  and  the  Caldcr  and  Dirwen  from  Ihe  S. 

fanoua  for  their  iceneiy,  but  doea  not  include  the  finest  part  ol 
either.  Fumew,  entirely  hilly  enepl  (or  a  nanow  coastal 
Inui,  eilendi  tf.  to  indude  Ihe  aouthcra  part  of  Ihe  Like 
Divricl  (y-Oi  it  cantaiu  Coniiion  Like  and  harden  Wiadei- 
whicb  are  diained  le^wctively  by  tbe  Leveo  and  Craki 


with  K 


and  WethetUm.    . 


e  unaller  lakes  and  il 


ichabiii 


nothi 


A  Uan 


lied  ditlrict,  forming  part  of 
etching  from  the  Scottitb  border,  covered 
broader  applicaLion,  rum 


bribe 

along  the  whole  eaiteni  boundary  qj  ine  maia  panmn  01  me 
couoty,  and  to  the  louth  o(  lbe  Ribble  ooupiet  more  than  half 
the  area,  atreuhmg  west  nearly  to  Liverpool.  The  moorlands 
ia  tbe  soDlbem  district  are  generally  bleak  and  covered  with 
heather.  Towaids  Ihe  north  the  scenery  Is  frequenlly  beaulilul, 
the  green  rounded  devaled  ridges  being  leparalcd  by  pleasant 
tullivated  valleys  variegated  by  woods  and  waLered  by  rivers. 
None  of  the  summits  of  tbe  range  within  Lancashire  alliini 
an  elevalion  of  Moo  ft.,  Ihe  highest  being  Blickuone  Edge 
(13I}  ft.),  Pendle  VSi.  (iSji  fl.)  and  Boulsworth  HiU  Uiea  ft,). 
Along  lbe  sea-coasl  from  the  Meney  10  Lincuter  Ihere  is  a 

which  have  been  rediimed.  The  largest  is  Chit  Moss  between 
Liverpool  and  Manchester.  In  some  Inilances  these  mosses 
have  ethibited  the  phenomenon  of  a  moving  bog.  A  large 
distifct  in  tbe  north  belonging  to  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  was 
at  one  time  occupied  by  forests,  fnit  these  have  wholly  dis- 
appeared, though  their  eiillcnce  ia  recalled  in  nomendalure, 
as  In  Ihe  Forest  of  Rossendile,  near  the  Yorkshire  boundary 
wmewhai  south  o(  the  centre. 

Cfoiagy, — The  Rivalet  nan  of  Lancashire,  the  central  and  eanent 
portion!,  is  oceuned  by  Cari»ni(et«u>  rocksi  a  tmad  bell  r' ''--  -'■' 


outh:  ' 


K  of  the  detached 


ill  the  priDc^ial  manufacturiog  to 


BtackboB.  CberiRt,  Wipn.  B^u^  Vtvuo,  O 
■nd  Maacbestei.  ralheecBtnefdieeeatWdiai 
lud  trad  EocBed  of  Ibe  pfta  and  ibales  of  the  "~ 
Pari  ot  the  mall  eoaliad  a(  In^eton  aks  lie 

IB  which  ^ta  an . 

limenoH  and  ahalea  which  are  well  eiposed  in  the  quarriu  at 
dlthene  and  al  Loofridge,  Chlppini,  Whalley  and  [Xiwnhan.  Tbe 
lineBonc  again  appeanbi  the  nonFat  Boln»4e-Saiids,  Bunoo-ia- 
Kendall,  Cnuge,  Olventoa  aad  Dalio^iB-FumeiL  Large  wketi 
of  rich  ban  ore  are  worked  In  the  Umeatone  In  Ibe  FunieA  district. 
The  bell  of  Trial  includes  the  Burner  andstone  and  eengloBiente. 
vhkh  langea  fraa  Bairav-in-Furaeia,  through  Ganiang,  Prenon, 
Omukick,  Uvtfpoot,  WarriagloB  and  Salford^  and  Keuper  mailh 
itfhieh  underlie  lbe  surface  between  the  Banter  outcrop  and  ilie  sea. 
On  lbe  eoau  there  it  a  eonindenUe  devdopneal  «  blown  biid 
between  Blackpool  and  Lylbam  and  between  Savthpnit  and  Sca- 
ferth.  North  of  Broughton-ln-FurBest,  Ulvenrton  and  Cartniel  an 
Ihe  Silurian  rocks  around  Lakes  Windermere  and  Conitton  Water. 
locludinglEieCaniston  grits  and  fligi  and  the  Brathay  Aigi.  These 
rocks  are  bounded  by  the  Ordovidan  ConlRon  limenone.  nnging 
northeast  and  Boiilh.vesI,  aad  Ihe  volcanic  lerics  of  BorrowJale^ 
\  good  deal  of  Ibe  adSti  geology  is  obscured  in  many  places  t^ 


.ilaUe  coal  s^ply 


,  -. -  han  been  eslinaled  at 

oftons.  In  ISSilheamoanlnisedwas 
ns  14.3Sy.475  tons.  In  the  pfaduction 
I  Yorkshire,  nut  each  Is  about  onc>lhiid 
*        -     -  ■    i^fg^  quanticiee — fireclay, 


■  district  b 


of  coal 

bdow  Durham.   Tberear ...  ._.^_ 

brine.    Tlie  red  beniititic  inn  obtained  Id  th. 

very  viluabl*.  but  is  liable  to  decnaie.    Tin  district  al__  . .. 

A  line  blue  slate.   Metali.  eaceptlng  Iron,  are  uniDponanl. 

Ctimait  ami  Airiailnrt.—'ni  climate  in  Ihe  billy  districts  It 
frequently  cotd.  but  io  Ihe  more  sheltered  parts  tying  to  Ihe  soglb 
inrf  wcu  II  il  mild  and  geniaL  From  ita  westerfy  siluatioB  and  Ihe 
ittnction  o>  the  hilli  iKeie  it  a  high  iwifan  in  tbe  hilly  dalricla 
(i.e.  ■!  Bdlon  the  average  is  58-71  in.),  while  Ihe  nvcrueforlhe 
olher  diiuioi  b  about  u.  The  nil  after  ledamitlon  awTdiainage 
ia  fertilei  but.  u  it  it  lor  the  most  pan  ■  strong  clayey  loam  it 

Its  of  the  Mertey 
and  well  adtpEcd 


d  unfit  for  agiiculiural  opcntloni  by  ijie  rubb' 
L    A  low  prDporrion  ^iboul  ■cvTn-lenlhs]  ot  Ihe  lot 


idtpicd 


er  wheat.  10  the  ei 


Iniatlria  nwf  TVode. — Soutl 


n  Ihe  acreage  under  oiit,  whidi 
i  the  ana  u^er  grain  cimw,  lod  ia 
HI  of  the  cullival»nal  barley.   (X 


Lancashire   Is    Ibe  prindpal 
E  cDiioa  miuuiuiurc  in  the  world,  the  ttsde  centring 
icbcsier,  Oldham  and  Ihc  neighbouring  densely  pi^u- 
fict.     Il   cmpdoya  upwards  of  400,000  iq>cralives. 
The  mnstcd,  woollen  and  silk  tnanufactures,  Su,  hemp  and 
idusltiea,  though  of  leas  impoHance,  employ  considerable 
9a.    Noo-leatile  factories  employ  about  jSs.ddq  hands. 
Tbe  manufacture  of  machines,  appliances,  conveyances,  tooll, 
'  Impotitnt,  e^jecially  In  supfdying  the  needs  of 
weaving  ind  apinoing  industries.     For  Ihe  same 
puipoae  there  it  a  lar^  bnii(b  of  industry  in  the  manulaclure 
'  bohbbis  from  the  vnxKl  grown  in  the  oorihem  districts  of  Ihe 
iinly.     Of  industries  principally  confined  to  certain  definile 
aires  there  may  be  meniioni*!— the  manufaclure  of  iron  and 
kI  at  BaiTow-iii-Furness,  a  tosm  of  remarkably  rapid  growth 
Lce  Ihe  middle  of  tbe  1^  century;   tbe  great  glass  workl 
St  Helens;  Ihe  watch-making  works  al   Prescol  and  the 
leather  works  at  Warrington.     Printing,  bleaching  and  dyeing 
works,  paper  and  chemical  works,  india-nibbcr  aod  tobacco 
manufacturea  are  among  lbe  chkf  of  the  other  resources  of  this 
great  industrial  regkin.     Besides  the  port  of  Liverpool,  of  world- 
wide Imponancc,  the  prindpal  ports  are  Manchester,  bnnrghl 
into  communicalion  with  the  sea  by   the  Uancbester  Ship 
Canal    opened    in    1844,    Barrow-in-Fumeu   and    Fleetwood, 
while  Preston  and  Lancaster  have  dodit  and  a  contidciable 
shipping  trade  by  the  riven  Lune  and  Ribble  retpectlvely- 
Tbe  tea  fisheries,  for  which  Fleetwood  and  Livcrpcol  are  the 
duel  poiU,  arc  «f  c«i»id«tihle  va^w. 


LANCASHIRE 


Saokcy  carat.  10  m.  lofig.  (he  firn  cana]  opened  in  Britain  (anan 
fioBiTtfy  early  wcrlct).wajconstructedlocarrvcoa]rromSiHelFiiB 
to  LivEfpool.  Shortly  aflen^idB  Ebe  duke  ol  BridEcwaler  projected 
the  (Tvit  oiul  fiom  MandwMcr  acno  the  trweU  ID  WoisTey,  cQcn- 
ptets]  in  176L  and  buring  the  name  t^  ill  orieineror.  The  Lecdi 
and  Livcrpoa!  carut*  bcjun  in  r770,  connectB  Liverpool  and  other 

Dibcr  principal  aiiSi  are  lhe'R«bda!^LbeMa'«bater  (to  Kuddn 
fi^)  and  tne  LancatU}.  auuxcf  ing  Preflan  and  KeDdal.    A  short 


IgrKularBI 
■nd  Yorlah 


to  Blarkpool  and 
ti  pnelkally  all 


■  nd  Liverpool,   The  Chcthire  Unca  1 


Unca  lyitm,  worlted  by  a  • 
Centnl  andMidlandonniii 


nd  Hcytham 


ni  bfandiea.    BiancManf  the  Midland 


I  |,»J,365  acres.    lu  population  in  iSoi  was  67^^86; 

3,916,760,  ind  in  i^oi,  4406^09.  Tbe  aiea  oI  ihc 
rative  couoty  ia  1,196.753  acres,  Tbc  dutributlDII  ol 
itnal  population  may  be  bat  appreciated  by  sbowiaj 
amcntary  diviaiona,  paillainenlajy.  county  and  inuni- 
'oughi  and  urban  districts  as  jriaced  among  the  loui 

of  the  ancient  uumy  In  the  case  of  urban  diilricta 
!  oI  tbd  ircat  town  to  whkb  cub  ■  neu  or  tdjaccM 


LANCASHIRE 


Ihe  cstata  of  tbe  duf  hy  ii  merely  nomiiuiL  Tbc  chancery  of  th^ 
ily  pdiliDC  bu  fODcumnt  juriidiciiaD  wiih  the  High  Court 
:haDceTy  in  nli  nuitleil  ol  equity  within  the  county  pilitine, 
indcpendoil  juiisdiclian  in  regard  to  i  variely  of  other 
ten.   The  couDty  palatine  compiues  six  hundreds. 


c,  BuTow-in-Fumm.  bbckposi,  BcJiaa,  Bury,  aithsoe,  CdH. 
Ten,  Ecdei,  Heymnd.  Lancuter,  MkMleton,  Mooley,  NriHD. 
iton,  Rschdilr,  St  Helen.  Soulhpoct  anil  Warrinfton  have 
imecaminiiuDniddhepeiceaiily.  ThtRanUDcivUpHigba. 
caahirr  ii  mainly  in  Ihe  (iioctie  of  MaDcbefCer.  Out  pant  are  in 
le  at  Liveiinol.  Cariiilc.  Rijion,  Cheater  and  Wakefield.  TlxTe 
7S7  ecckauitical  pariabei  or  diitricti  whdiy  or  in  part  vithJD 

A  Liverpool  are  each  ivnii  at  a  univenity  and  of 


t  lor 


IS  the  chancery 

Hie  chancery  of  (he  duchy 

the  chancery  of  Ike 


ither  imi 


imoui  Roman  Catholic  college  oi  SlonyhuiH. 

[ling  GolleKe  for  ■efaoolmaaten  in  connejdon  wtlh 

llFKe,  LEvCTpDol,  and  a  day  tiaLnliu  calUge  for  both 

.ind  aehaoliiuilreuca  in  eonnenion  with  Owcoi  Coll». 

Mincbener.  At  EdfebiU,  Liverpoot,  then  ii  a  rtiidential  trainiiig 
collse  for  KhoolniitlreaAea  which  takea  day  puplti.  at  LIvhibc^  a 
residential  Roman  Catholic  training  college  for  aelwolniaitera,  and 
at  Warrington  a  leiidential  1rainin|  coll^  (Cheoer,  Mandietter 
and  Liverpool  diocesan)  for  achoalmntreuea. 

ffatoy, — The  distritt  atlerwanU  known  u  Lancashire  was 
tcr  Ibe  departure  of  (he  Romans  for  many  yean  a^arently 
:Ue  bcller  than  a  waile.  It  iru  not  unii!  the  victory  of  £ihd. 
fiilh,  king  of  Dcira,  ntti  Chester  in  613  cut  oS  the  Briions 
ol  Wales  from  those  of  Unrashire  and  Cumbciland  that  even 
Lancashire  south  of  the  Kibble  was  CDnqiicied.  The  part  north 
of  the  Ribble  was  not  absorbed  in  tbe  Nonhumbrisn  liingdom 
tiU  the  rdgn  of  Ecgfijlh  <670-6Sj).  Of  the  details  of  Ibis  hing 
struggle  we  know   nothing,   but 


and  of  the  twelve  great  battles  he  is  supposed  to  have  fougbl 
against  the  English,  four  are  tiadilJonaUy,  though  probably 
erroneously,  said  to  have  taken  place  on  the  river  Douglts 
near  Wigan.  In  the  long  struggle  for  supremacy  betv'een 
Merda  and  Northumbiia,  Ihe  country  between  tne  Mersey  and 
Ribble  was  aomctimes  under  one,  sometimes  under  the  other 
kingdom.  During  the  Qth  century  l^nrashire  was  constanlfy 
invaded  by  the  Danes,  and  after  tbc  peace  of  Wedmoie  IX-,X) 
i(  was  included  in  the  Danish  kingdom  of  Northumbiia.  The 
■4.5.  CAfflnnJ*  records  the  teconquesi  ol  the  district  belweoi 
the  Ribble  and  Meiscy  in  91J  by  the  English  king,  when  it  appears 
to  have  been  severed  from  Ihe  kingdom  of  Norihumbria  and 
united  to  Mercia,  but  the  districts  north  of  (he  Ribble  now 
comprised  in  the  county  belgngcd  (0  Northumbria  until  its 
incorporation  with  the  kingdom  ol  England.  The  names  on 
the  Lancashitt  coast  ending  in  by,  such  as  Crosby,  Formby. 
Roby.  Kirkby,  Derby,  show  vhere  the  Danish  settlements  were 
thkkesl.  William  the  Conqueror  gave  the  lands  between  the 
Ribble  and  Mersey,  and  Amaundernos  to  Roger  de  Poiclou, 
but  at  the  time  of  Domsday  Book  these  had  passed  out  of  his 
band  and  belonged  (0  the  kinjt. 

The  name  Lanoubite  does  n 
between  the  Ribble  and  Men  . 
those  north  ol  the  Ribble  in  Yorkshire.  Roger  de  FoicWU 
ioon  regained  his  lands,  and  Rulus  added  to  his  potuuions 
the  rest  of  Lonsdale  south  ol  tbe  Sands, 'of  which  he  already 
held  a  part;  and  as  he  had  Ihe  Fumess  fells  as  well,  be  owned 
all  that  is  now  known  as  Lancashiie.  la  iioi  oe  finally  forfeilcd 
all  hb  lands,  which  Henry  L  held  till,  in  11  iB,  he  ctcMed  the 
bonoox  ol  Lancuiet  by  iiKOiponling  with  Rofei^  lorfdtcd 


LANCASHIRE 


knik  ttttata  ddKatcd  lunon  (n  tbc  coundcs  of  Naitbrgluin, 
Dutv  mad  Lincoln,  and  cuuin  royst  muwn,  ind  botowtd 
M  upon  bk  tuplcw  Suphm,  aftcnnrdi  king.  During  SUphen'i 
teigB  the  biMor;  ot  tbt  honour  pnsoiU  cettiin  diSindlia, 
Jh  Divid  dI  ScotteDd  bdd  the  Undi  nonh  of  Ibc  Ribblc  for  ■ 
tIBC,  ind  in  1147  tbe  cul  oi  Chester  held  ihe  district  bctvan 
■he  RibUe  lad  Men^.  Hency  II.  give  ihe  wbote  honoui  id 
WiDfuD,  Stephen's  son^  but  [n  1164  it  cuneiguninto  Ihe  king's 
handt  anta  11S9,  ahen  Richard  I.  granted  it  to  his  bmber 
Jobs.  Id  iiM.oving  10  Jnhn's  rebeUion,  il 
ud  ibe  banour  KOiained  with  the  cimm  till 
bowevw,  iQ  (he  ctown  d^niesne  between  Ihe  Kit 
wu  gnnted  In  RanuU,  eatl  o(  Che«ln,  and  on  h 
ome  ID  William  Feitea,  eari  of  Derby,  in  ri 
Agnes,  sister  and  co-heir  of  Rinulf.  The  Fei 
ir66,  when  it  was  confiscated  owing  to  the 
116T  Heniry  III,  granted  Ibe  honour  and  coi 


tiil  of  Lancisler.    His  x 


ity  and  all  the 

I,  EaH  Tbomu,  nunied  Ibe  heiress 
a  Heniy  de  Lscy,  earl  01  Lincoln,  and  Ihiu  obtained  the  great 
(Stales  belonging  to  Ihe  de  Lacyi  in  Lancaihite.  On  Ihe  death 
a(  Henry,  tbe  first  duke  ot  Lanosler,  In  ij6i,  Ihe  eslales, 
title  and  honour  leB  lo  John  of  Gaunt  In  right  of  his  wife  Blanche, 
the  duke's  dder  daughter,  and  by  the  accesiion  of  Henry  IV-. 
John  of  Gauai'a  only  sou,  to  the  tfmne,  the  duchy  and  honour 
became  merged  in  tbe  cnnm. 

Tbe  cDunly  of  Lancaster  b  first  mentioned  hi  ii6g  aicontribvt- 
ing  100  ninrhs  10  tbe  Royal  Eichequer  for  defaulll  and  fines. 
The  creatioci  of  the  honour  decided  the  bornidan'd,  ihmwing 
into  It  Furae»B  and  Cartniel.  which  geographically  behing  to 
WestmorUnd ;  Lonsdale  and  Amoundemess,  which  in  Domesday 
had  been  surveyed  under  Yoikshirci  and  the  land  between  Ihe 
KibUe  and  Mersey.  In  Domesday  this  district  south  of  Ihe 
Ribhle  was  divided  into  the  six  hundreds  of  West  Derby, 
Newton,  Warrington,  Blackburn,  SaUonI  and  Lcyland,  but  befon 
Henry  II. 's  reign. the  hundreds  of  Warrington  and  Newlon 
were  absorbed  in  Ihat  of  Wesl  Derby.  Neither  Amoundemess 
or  Lonsdale  was  called  a  hundred  in  Domesd^ 


!  the  fori 


-eatedas 


undred. 


stically 


^  originally  belonged 
Vork,  but  after  the  reconquest  of  the  district  between  the  Ribble 
and  Heraey  in  (>?3  this  part  was  placed  under  tbe  bisbopof  Licb- 
fidd  in  the  archdeaconry  of  Chester,  which  was  subdivided 
into  Ihe  rural  deaneries  of  Manchester,  Warrington  and  Leyland. 
Up  to  TS4I  ihe  district  north  ol  the  Ribble  belonged  to  (be 
archdeaconry  of  Richmond  in  tbe  diocese  ot  York,  and  was 
subdivided  into  the  rural  deaneries  of  Anwundemesa,  Lonsdale 
and  Couplaad.  In  1541  the  diocese  of  Chester  was  created, 
bduding  all  Lancashire,  which  was  divided  fnlo  (wo  arch- 
deicouriea:  Chester,  comprising  the  rural  deaneries  ot  Man- 
chester. Warrington  and  Blickbum,  and  Richmond,  comprising 
(he  deaneries  of  Amoundemess,  Fumess,  Lonsdale  and  Kendal. 
In  1847  the  diocese  of  Manchester  was  created,  which  included 
all  Lancashire  eicept  paris  of  West  Derby,  which  Hill  belonged 
to  the  diocese  of  Chester,  and  Fumess  and  Caltmel,  which  were 
added  to  Carlisle  in  1856.  In  187S  by  tbe  creation  of  the  diocoe 
of  Liverpool  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  county  was  Eubtnc(ni 
from  the  Minchesler  dioiise. 

No  thirt  court  was  ever  held  for  the  coonty,  but  as  >  duchy 
and  county  palatine  it  hai  its  own  special  courts.  It  may  have 
enjoyed  palithie  juiisdiclioo  under  Eari  Mortar  before  the 
Cmquest,  but  these  privileges,  if  ever  eierdsed,  remahed  b 
abeyance  till  ijjt,  when  Henry,  duke  of  Lancaster,  received 
power  to  have  a  chancery  in  the  county  of  Lancaster  and  to  issue 
writs  therefrom  under  bis  own  seal,  as  well  touching  pleas  o( 
the  crown  ai  any  other  relating  to  the  common  la^,  and  to 
have  aD  Jve  Jiegofia  bdonging  to  a  county  palatine.  In  1377 
tbe  county  was  erected  into  a  palatinate  for  John  of  Gaunt's 
life,  and  in  1396  these  rights  ot  jurisdiction  were  eitended  and 
settled  in  perpetuity  on  the  dukes  ot  Lancaster.     The  county 


•  utS.  » 


I  chancei 


which  ii 


shack  at 


K  jurisdiction  of  whidi « 


'41 

tbe  high  <^un  of 


transferred  In  1B73  by  tbe  _ 

justice,  and  a  court  of  criminal  juruoiction  wnicn  m  do  hs 
diSen  fnm  tbe  king's  ordinary  court.  In  1407  the  duchy  coui 
of  Lancaster  was  cieated.  in  which  all  questions  of  revenue  an 
dignities  affecting  the  duchy  possessions  are  settled.  Th 
chancery  of  Ihe  duchy  has  been  lor  years  praclically  obsoteli 
Tbe  duchy  and  county  palatine  each  bas  its  own  teal.  Tb 
ofiice  of  cbancdkir  ol  llie  ducby  and  county  palatine  dale 

Lanea^ire  ii  fanKd  far  Ik*  number  ot  old  udhnponant  cmnf 


the  beireia  of  Lalhom  and  Ihi ,...^.,  ^ 

Kiwnier.  Il  lu6  ibe  bead  of  ibe  famtl] 
the  title  of  Bana  Stanley  and  in  I11S5  nisrd 
The  Molyneuaca  of  Sepbtwi 
from  Walilm  dt  Molim.  wl 


fr, 


John  Stanley  early  in  Che  IJIh  century  mtninl 
_  — ■  .L...  -■ — ; — ■ :—  ^  Lalhom  and 

, .r-j rMomofDwby. 

of  Sepbton  aad  Cnntetb  are  pishsblv  deiceaded 

Molim.  who  came  to  Emland  with  William  Ihe 

on  Ihe  roll  ol  Battle  Abbey.    Roger  de  Polclou 

*  "^    ' '  '  Richanj  de  Motyoeox  who  held 

•adly  an  ancaur  of  the  family. 

vanoed  to  Ihe  paefage of  Ireland 

sod  in  1771  Chades.  Lord 

bepeerage of  Ireland.    His 

<  Eaita  of  Lalluia.  are,  it  ii  said, 

f  "?!ho   dlw"  ba^k  al'O*  to 

I  famaiel  inlennarried.    In  iClg 

I  I  bestowed  on  tbe  head  of  th« 

I  .ithsm.    Tbe  Cenudi  o(  Brya 

*  ife^i[?^ii^>n'd'^^W  un  i! 

t  isGenrd  wasc'ealedaban>net 

<  ilbtaal  btaocb.  TheLiaduya, 

<  epreKDIativeon  the  female  udc 
c  oansaJdlobeofSamiiorlgln. 
(  cHoihtonsolHnbtoBTower. 
(  BhndeUs  of  Ises  Blnndell.  who 
1  c  the  ttth  century,  now  repr^ 

AI  the  close  oE  Ihe  iith  and  dnrfng  the  ijtb  century  there 
was  *  considerable  advance  fn  ilie  bnponance  of  Ihe  towiu; 
in  1199  Lancaster  beckme  a  borough,  in  1307  Liverpool,  in  (730 
Salford,  in  1146  Wigan,  and  in  1301  Hanchsler.  The  Scottjih 
wars  were  a  great  drain  to  the  county,  not  only  because  the  north 
part  was  subject  to  frctpient  bvasions.  as  in  1322,  hut  because 
some  of  Ihe  beat  bloixt  wax  taken  for  these  wars.  In  1147 
Lancashire  raised  1000  men,  and  ftl  the  battle  of  Falkirk  (ii^) 
1000  Lancashire  ioldieri  were  fn  Ihe  vanguard,  led  by  Henry 
de  Lacy,  eaH  of  Lincoln.  In  1344  tbe  county  ma  visied  by 
the  Black  Deaihand  a  record  enslsof  its  ravages  in  Araounder- 
neit  In  ten  parishes  between  September  1349  and  January 
i3S'>. 'J. '^openou*  perished.  At  Pieston  3000  died,  at  Lancaster 
3000,  at  Caratang  »uo  and  at  Kirkbam  3000,  From  the  effects 
of  this  plague  Lancashire  was  apparently  ilow  to  recover;  its 
boroughs  ceased  to  return  members  early  In  the  i4lh  century 
and  trade  had  not  yet  made  any  great  advance.  The  drain  cd 
the  Wars  of  the  Rjcvs  on  tbe  county  must  also  have  been  heavy, 
although  none  of  tbe  battles  was  fougbt  within  its  borders;. 
Lord  Stanley'a  force  0!  seoo  raised  In  Lancashire  and  Cheshire 
virtually  decided  tbe  battle  of  Boswonh  Field.  The  poverty 
of  the  county  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  out  ot  £40,000  granted 
in  1504  by  psriiament  to  tbe  king,  Luioisbire't  ^le  was  only 
£318.  At  the  battle  ot  Hodden  (ijij)  Ibe  Lancashire  archers 
led  by  Sir  Edward  Stanley  ahnost  lolally  destroyed  the  High- 
landers on  Ihe  right  Scottish  wing  and  greatly  contributed  to 
the  victory.     UiideT  the  Tudon  tbe  county  prospered;  the 

the  lowns  increased  in  tlie,  many  balls  were  built  by  tbe  pnliy 
and  iiute  increased. 

In  iCi;  Jana  L  vUtcd  LancaihlR.  and  ie 
pelilkin  pcwentedlohimat  Hcflhton.r*""''-^"''' 
impned  upon  Sunday  amuKiTienIs,  I 
Bm  if  Sptru,    Anotbcr  ci<  James's 


Dg  of  the  n 


i  the  f> 


LANGASHIRB 


'itcbcraftmtana 


IfiSS 


In  (he  AUcsflnKnt  o£  ship  maney  in  i6^  Ihe  couDly  wu  put 
down  [«  £1000,  tonirdi  which  Wigin  W23  to  raise  £jo,  Pmion 
£40,  Lancaster  j£jd,  «nd  Live jpggi  £15^  and  tbcK  bgura  ton- 
pared  with  the  utetunenls  ul  £140  an  Hull  and  £»»  on  Leeds 
show  the  compantivc  unimponince  of  the  Lancubin  boreugbt. 
On  the  eve  ol  Ihc  GrMl  Rebtllion  in  1641  pitUamenl  Tcwlvfd 
to  take  coRuna^  of  the  militia,  and  Lotd  Strange,  Lord  Dciby'^ 
eLdest  wrt,  «v  lunoved  from  thf  totd  lieutenancy.  Chi  the 
whole,  the  eauoty  wa<  Royalai,  and  the  moving  apitit  among 
the  Royalists  was  Loid  Sitange,  who  became  Lord  Deiby  in 
1642-  Maorheqter  was  Ilie  hcadauattcrs  oE  the  PailiunentAriaiu, 
and  was  besieged  by  Lord  Derby  in  SepLenber  1641  for  seven 
days,  but  not  taken.     Lord  Derby  himself  took  up  his  head- 

of  J643  Sir  Thomas  Fairlax  made  Manchester  his  headi^uarlers. 
Early  in  Febniaty  the  Parlimnenloriatis  from  Mancbesler 
nir«ssEully  assaulted  Preston,  whhb  ««  strongly  Royilisi; 
Ihenn  the  Parliamentarians  rnarrhed  to  Ilogblon  Towct,  vhich 
they  took,  and  within  a  lew  days  uptured  Lancaster.  On  the 
Royalist  side  Lord  Derby  made  an  unsmcessfu!  attack  on 
Boiton  Irom  Wigan.  In  Marth  a  large  Spanish  ship,  laden  with 
ammunition  For  the  use  of  piiliamcnt.  was  driven  by  a  norm 
on  Rotsall  Paint  and  scited  by  the  Royalists;  Lotd  Derby 
ordered  the  ship  to  be  burned,  but  the  parliament  forces  Irum 
Preston  succeeded  in  carrying  ofl  some  ol  the  guns  to  LanOBiec 
rd  Derby  ciyjtured  the  town  of  Lancasti 


one  ol  the  chief  Royalist  sti 
by  Ibe  parliament  forcrt,  wno  aL« 
and  Ibc  guna  from  the  Spanish  ship  ' 
Watrington,  which  was  obliged  10 
week's  siege.   Lord  Derby  also  hncd 

e  Lord  Derby 


n  April  Wigj 


which  w 


'd  by  ll 


igholds  in  the  cr>unty,  was 


1  against  the  Royalisis  in 
cnt  10  the  Isle  ol  M;n, 

captured  Hornby  castle,  and  only  two  strong- 
holds, Thuiland  castle  and  Lalhom  house,  remain^  in  Royalist 
bands.  In  the  summer,  alter  a  sevon  weeks'  siege  by  Colonel 
Alciander  Rigby,  Thurland  casile  suirendtted  and  was  demo- 
lished. In  February  1644  the  Parliamentarians,  under  Colonel 
Kigby,  Cohniel '  Asblon  and  Colonel  Moore,  besieged  Lai^om 
house,  the  one  refuge  left  to  the  Royalists,  which  was  bravely 
defended  by  Lord  Derby's  heroic  wife,  Charlotte  de  la  Trtmi^iie. 
The  siege  tasted  nearly  four  months  and  was  raised  on  the 
approach  of  Prince  Rupert,  who  marched  to  Bolton  and  was 
joined  on  his  atrivil  outside  the  town  by  Lord  Derby.  Bolton 
'  '  '  "       rt  ordered  Ihat  no  quarter  should 


en.  and  it  Is  usuiHy  sa 


at  leas 


begarns. 


ilain.  Prince  Rupcii  advanced  withaul  delay 
■bicb  waa  defended  by  Colonel  Moore,  and  took  !t  after  a  siege 
ol  three  weeks.  Alter  the  battle  of  Marston  Moor  Prince  Rupert 
again  appeared  in  Lancashire  and  small  engagements  took  place 
at  Ormskirk,  Upholland  and  Preston;  in  November  Liverpool 
surrendered  to  the  Parliamentarians.  Lathom  bouse  was  again 
Ibc  only  ilrong  place  in  Lancashire  left  to  the  Royalists,  and 
in  December  164s  alter  a  five  months'  siege  it  was  compelled 
to  surrender  through  lack  of  provisions,  and  was  almost  entirely 
destroyed.  For  the  moment  the  war  in  Lancashire  was  over. 
Id  164S,  however,  the  Royalist  forces  underthe  dnke  of  Hamilton 
tnd  StE  Uaimadukc  Langdalc  inarched  through  Lancaster  To 
Preston,  hoping  to  reach  Manchester;  but  near  Preston  were 
Mealed  by  Cromwell  in  penon.  The  remnanl  retreated  through 
Wigin  towards  Wimrngien,  and  alter  being  again  defeated  tl 
Winwick  Hureudotcd  at  Wanioglon.  _  In   1651   Chalks  U. 


advancad  through  Lonrasier.  Prtglon  and  Chnibr  Ml  lito  aomk 
ward  maich.  and  fdid  Derby  alter  galbering  foices  wu  on  lib 
way  to  meet  him  when  he  was  defeated  at  Wlgan.  In  i6s8.afts 
Cromwell's  death,  a  RoyaJiU  reb«llion  was  laited  in  which 
Lancashiie  took  a  prominenl  part,  but  it  was  quickly 
suppreucd,  Dunng  the  Rebellion  ol  1715  Manchester  waitke 
thief  centre  of  Roman  Catholic  and  High  Church  Taiyism. 
On  the  7ih  of  November  the  Scoitisbarfny  entend  Lancuter, 
where  the  Pretender  was  proclaimed  king,  and  advanced  t« 
Preston,  at  which  place  ■  considerable  body  ol  Roman  Calholict 
joined  11.  The  itbtb  lemained  at  Preston  a  lew  days,  a|^rcntly 
unaware  of  (he  advame  et  the  goveinmeni  troops,  until  General 
Wills  ftom  Manchester  and  Central  Cwpenter  from  Lancaster 
surrounded  the  town,  and  on  the  jjtb  ol  November  the  town 
and  the  rebel  garrison  surrendered.  Several  of  (he  rebels  were 
banged  at  Preston,  Wigan.  Lancaster  and  other  places.  In 
174s  Prince  Charles  Edward  passed  through  the  county  aod 
was  joined  by  about  300  adherents,  called  the  hlanchestei 
regiment  and  placed  under  the  command  ol  Colonel  Townley, 

The  first  industry  estnbUshcd  in  Lancashire  was  that  of 
wool,  and  with  tbe  founding  ol  Purness  abbey  in  1137  wool 
farming  -on  a  targe  scale  began  here,  but  the  bulk  ol  the  wool 
grown  was  eiponed,  not  worked  up  in  England.  In  1181, 
however,  there  wa>  a,  mill  lor  fulling  or  bleaching  wool  in  Man- 
chester, and  by  the  midille  of  the  lAth  century  there  was  quit* 
a  Sourishing  trade  in  worsted  goods.  In  an  act  ol  ijjJ 
Manchestec  "  rugs  and  frizes  "  arc  ^Kcially  mentioned,  and  id 


It  Manchester,  Rochdale,  Bolt 


.  Blaci 


iry;  the  duty  of  the  ai 
friaes  and  rugs  "  Irom  being  sold  unsealed,  but  it  must  be  noted 
that  by  cottons  is  not  meant  what  we  now  undeatand  by  tht 
word,  but  woollen  goods.  The  i;th  century  saw  tbe  biitfaol  (he 
class  ol  tloihieis,  who  purchased  the  wool  in  laige  quaniitiea 
or  kepi  their  own  sbccp,  anddeli\'eicd  it  towcavtnwho  wotkcd 
it  up  into  chith  in  their  houKS  and  returned  it  to  ibe  employers. 
The  earliest  mention  of  the  manufacture  of  real  cotton  good* 
4s  in  1641,  when  Klancheslcr  made  luslians,  vcnnilioni  and 
dimities,  but  the  industry  did  not  develop  to  any  eatent  untU 
after  the  invention  of  the  lly  shuttk  by  John  fUy  in  ijjj,  ol 
the  spinning  jenny  by  James  Hargreavcs  ol  Blackburn  in  itAj, 

1769.  and  of  tbe  mule  by  Samuel  Ctompton  of  HaH-in-tbe-Wood 
near  Bolton  in  1779-    So  rapid  was  Ibc  development  ol  the 

mills  in  Lancashire,  til  worked  by  water  power.  In  I7£9, 
however,  steam  wu  applied  to  (be  industry  In  Uancheslec, 
and  in  1790  In  Ballon  a  cotton  mill  was  worked  by  steam.    Tbe 

J,870,OB      "    ■ 


Tbe  rapid  growth  wi 
rious  political  it 


)  in  particular  led  to  (he  fi 
1  and  lo  (be  Blanteieers' 


:  indust 


but  public  and  private  rdiel  mitigated  the  evils,  and  one  good 
result  was  the  introduction  of  machinery  capable  of  dealing  w-ilb 
tbe  shorter  staple  of  Indian  cotton,  tJius  rendering  the  trade 
less  dependent   for   its  supplies  on   America- 

During  the  iSth  tenlury  tbe  only  town  where  maritime  trade 
increased  was  Liverpool,  where  in  tbe  last  decade  about  4500 
ships  arrived  annually  of  a  tonnage  about  ooe-Gflh  that  of  the 
London  shipping.  The  prosperity  of  Liverpool  was  closely 
bound  up  with  the  stave  Iraide,  and  about  one-lourlli  of  its 
ships  were  employed  in  this  business.  With  the  incieaie  of 
trade  Ihc  means  of  communication  improved.  In  17J8  llu  doke 
of  Bridgewater  began  the  Biidgewater  canal  from  Worsley  lo 
~  "  d  and  aooss  the  Irwcll  to  Manchester,  and  before  (he  end 
:  cen(ury  the  couoty  was  iotcrsected  by  canals.  Id  iSjo 
rst  railway  in  England  was  opened  between  Maocbestcr 
and  Liverpool,  and  other  railways  rapidly  loUowed. 


LANCASTER,  HOUSE  OF 


of  fiuluinKiitary  npAanilBliM  hi 

rWoc  l'fir"bom?Eti7'of   Ui^ltK. 
.     ThF  ihcHB^^ddrd  Id  Ihi>  iclum 


_  ..         .  ...  .      >  priviI<:Kr. 

Fmton  unululy   wu  vkcuahL  aKcr   I«J 

dCHiB  ™  bun^lia  OURkI  «  UT  AccuitomRl  lo  come  ■■  Uiii  Wril 
mjuinL"      In    15S^   ClilhFfDC  And    N'twIon-lF-Willawi   tint   tent 

Md,  with  mbTWtlcepT ion  during  the  C(mimonw«lrhHtli»corlimi«! 
tabetbciwIumHiULrymiiaenuiiiiniilliap.  By  the  Refom  Act 
of  1II3I  UKubire  wdt  auicned  four  mcmbm,  two  for  tbt-DortJicm 
uid  tvc  for  the  southeni  diviuon.  LsncasterjPreKon.  Wigan 
tnd  Livenpool  continued  to  tend  two  meinben,  CUtheroe  returned 
(Me  and  Nevton  vu  ditfranchited.  The  f^iinrine  new  boroue^ 
wen  anted:  MsDcbeHer,  Ikilun.  Btackburn.  OUbtai,  muraioi 
1*0  neniben  each;  Asbtoa-under-Lyiie,  Buty,  Rockdale.  Salfotd 
and  Wamnflon,  oik  each.  In  18(1  ■  tkird  member  ni  limi  to 
Soutb  Lancuhinand  in  1S67  (be  county  wai  divkkd  inlofourcon- 
Rituencjea,  toeflcboTwbidiroiir  HienibenwefvaW£ned;»iiice  ttSK 
the  CDuaty  Rtunia  Iwcnty-thne'nieinbn.    The  bonm^rnimied 

^iU^;i»,— llieCiatetcianabb^roZFiiineH J«.>!n>oneo[  Ibe 
ftnest  and  moit  ekteuive  eccleilastical  ruinf  [n  England.  WhalEcy 
abbey.  Em  [ounded  at  Stanlawe  is  Cbnhire  in  11^  and  nmoved 
ia  iiqrt.  bdonied  to  the  lanie  order.  There  wat  ■  priory  o(  Black 
Cinana  at  Buncough,  (ounded  In  the  time  o(  Richard  I.,  one  al 
Conithead  daiing  from  EJenry  li.'i  nif-  and  one  at  Lancaster. 
A  convent  of  Auguslinian  frian  was  rounded  at  Carimcl  in  iiBS, 

BeDedicline  priory  of  Upbolland*  changed  from  a  coUeff  of  tccuUr 

ErieitB  La  ijiS.  had  a-priery  -■  ' -— -- — 


I  Penw< 


wde*   the  churchef 


!igo  of  Richaid  [..  and  a 
tcrihelinieofihcCon- 

:n  of  Henry  nf:.' of  wMch 


Kirfdjy.  lehuili,  w 
i^pendicular,  witl 
LomdaJc}»  Perpendicular,  with  Atained-glau 

by  a  ^ira;  Overton,  with'Nonnan  doorway:  Ruddiffe.  ^ 
Scfion,  Perpendicular,  wiib  fine  bnts  and  rccumbcni  bim 
Molyneux  famiLy.  alio  a  Kreen  oquisiicly  caived:5ud 

Perpendicular;  UpholLand  priory  cburcb.  Early  EnflM.  v 


buich,  Decorated  anJ  Popcndicular,  iriih  Riinlc  Hone 
lincipal  old  ciillea  are  Ihoie  of  Laoculer!  Dallen.  ■  aoall 

Fa  aieBeby  onSerof  parliaineni  in  1649;  the  ruinj  of 
cign  of  Edward  IH.,  now  moat  dibpid^ted-    Tbere 


Sk  Vkuth  /Hit 


ilT  Paittim  and  Dmhj  pi  Lanca. 
y  ,1  Ui^^Mr,  li894i;  W.  D.  F 


UKCUTSB,  UOaSB  OF.      The  >u 

ooniiDonly  used  10  designate  the  Lincol 
dactDded  from  John  o[  Counl,  tlie 
Bui  the  hiuory  ol  the  family  sod  0 


•hire  11889). 

■e  oi  Lanosler  ia 

tlnga  wniiice<  Lately 


Henry  fll.,  who  crtalH  tii)  KCtmd  ton.  Edmund, 
aster  In  ii«7.  Thb  Edmund  received  in  hi<  own 
ime  oF  Crouchback,  not,  as  was  afttrwaids  lupposed, 
nal  defottBity,  '       '         '      ■ 


Heii 


io[ 


:e  in  history  eiccept  ia  relattoT 
I  later  age  about  hia  Hnh,  which  we  shall  notice 
ion  Ttiomns,  who  JDhtrhed  the  title,  look  Ihe 
nobfes  ol  Edward  11. 's  time  in  opposition  to 
nd  the  Despensera,  and  was  bebeaded  For  treason 
At  the  commencement  of  the  following  [tign 
3  revetKd  and  his  brother  Henry  restored  to 
id  Henry  bnng  appointed  guardijo  to  the  young 
F  on  the  yoke  of  Motlim 


IS  Hem 


ded  by  a 


1  of Ihe 
ir  Wryneck,  a 


advanced  to  (be  dignity  of  a 
oealed  in  England  beforr.  and  t 

when  the  klng^  ion  Edward,  ine  oiaca  rrince,  was  maae  ouxc 
ol  Cornwall.  This  Henry  Wryneck  died  in  rjBi  without  heir 
trait.  His  Mcood  daughter,  Klinche,  becanie  the  wife  ol  John 
ol  Giant,  who  thus  succeeded  to  the  duke's  inberftance  in  her 
tight;  init  on  the  ijth  of  November  rjAi,  when  King  Edward 
attained  Ihe  age  of  fifty,  John  was  created  duke  of  Lancaster, 
bis  elder  brother,  Lionel,  beinj  al  the  sunt  time  created  duke  o( 
Ostenre.  It  was  from  these  two  dukes  ihaf  the  rival  houses 
of  Lancaster  and  York  derived  thrir  respecllve  cbims  10  Ihe 
crown.  As  Clarence  was  King  Edward's  third  son,  while  John 
of  Gaunt  was  bis  fourth,  in  ordinary  course  on  Ihe  faihirc  of  the 

of  that  of  Lancuter  in  Ihe  succession.  But  the  rights  of  Clarence 
were  conveyed  ia  Ibe  fiist  insUmce  (o  an  only  daughter,  and  the 
ambition  and  pabcy  of  the  house  of  Lancaster,  profiting  by 

possesion  of  the  throne  but  to  maintain  themselves  in  il  For 
three  generations  before  they  were  tfispossessed  by  Ihe  rcpre- 

As  for  John  of  Cauni  himself,  it  can  hardly  be  said  thai  ihii 
MTt  of  pdilic  wisdom  is  very  conspicuous  in  him.  His  ambition 
*ai  generallr  more  manifest  thin  his  discielion;  but  fortune 
favoured  his  Inhiiion,  even  is  to  himseH,  somewhat  beyond 
eipectaiioB,  and  siill  more  In  his  posterity.  BeFore  the  death  of. 
his  lather  he  had  becoms  the  gn^eiest  subject  in  England,  his 
three  elder  brothers  hBvinE  iD  died  before  him.  He  had  even 
added  to  his  other  dignities  the  title  ol  king  ol  Casiile.  having 
married,  alter  his  first  wife's  death,  the  daughter  of  Peter  the 
Cruel.  The  title,  however,  was  an  empty  one,  the  throne  of 
Castile  being^  actuatly  In  the  possession  ol  Henry  of  Trastimin, 
whom  the  English  had  vainly  endeavoured  lo  set  aside.  His 
military  and  naval  enlerprisn  were  for  the  most  part  f^sastrous 
failures,  and  in  England  he  was  eiceeffingly  unpopular.  Never- 
theless, during  the  later  years  of  his  Father's  reign  the  weakness 
ol  the  king  and  the  declinfng  health  oF  Ihe  Blick  Prince  threw 
the  govemmcttt  very  much  into  his  funds.  He  even  aimed, 
or  was  stapccted  of  aiming,  at  the  succession  to  the  crowns  but 
in  tbh  hope  he  was  disappointed  Vy  the  action  of  Ihe  Good 
Poilfafnent  ayew  befon  Ed  wo  rd^  death,  in  which  il  was  settled 
that  Richard  the  son  of  Ihe  Bhck  Prince  sliould  be  king  alter 
his  gnndlitber.  Nevertheless  the  suspicion  with  which  ht  was 
regarded  wal  Dot  ^together  ([uieied  when  Itichard  came  to  the 
throne,  a  boy  in  the  eleventh  year  oF  his  age.  The  dole  himself 
complained  la  parliament  of  Ihe  way  he  was  spoken  of  out  ol 
doois,  and  at  tlie  milbreak  oT  Wat  Tyler's  bisurrection  the 
peaianuitopped  pOgrlmson  Ihe  road  10  Canterbury  and  made 
them  swear  never  to  accepi  a  king  ef  the  name  of  John.  On 
gaining  ptasevian  of  London  Ihey  bural  his  magnificent 
palace  o(  the  Savoy.  Richatd  (eond  a  convenient  way  10  get 
rid  of  John  o[  Gaunt  by  sendbtglilm  to  Castile  to  make  good  his 
bairoB  title,  and  on  this  tipeditlon  he  was  away  ibree  yetrs. 
He  luaeeded  M  far  ac  to  nwke  •  inaly  with  bb  rival,  King 
JohB,  toR  of  Heary  «<  Tnotamun,  fw  Ihc  suncsiitn,  Iqr  virtue 


It* 

of  which  hii  dauthtci  CuthenM  becuDC  tlie  wife  ol  Henry  III. 
of  Cutile  aome  yun  Uta.  After  hii  Htuta  ihe  tuni  wemt  la 
have  reguded  him  with  gieuer  Uvour,  cruted  lum  duke  of 
AqufldnCf  and  employed  him  in  repeated  cmbauia  lo  Trance, 
which  at  Leo^h  iciulled  ia  a  treaty  of  peace,  and  Richard'* 
naniage  to  the  French  king's  daughter. 

Another  marked  incident  of  his  public  life  was  the  lupporc 
which  he  gave  on  one  occasion  to  the  Relariaer  WydiSe.  How 
far  this  was  due  to  rcligioot  and  hoT  far  lo  political  considerations 
maybeaquFSILon;but  notonly  Jotinof  Gaunt  but  his  immediate 
descendants,  the  three  kings  of  the  house  of  Lancaster,  all  took 
deep  interest  in  the  religious  movemenu  of  the  times.  A  re- 
action against  L^ardy,  however,  bad  already  begun  in  the 
days  of  Henry  IV.,  and  both  he  and  his  son  felt  obliged  to  dis- 
CDunlenance  opinions  which  were  believed  to  be  polilically  and 
theologically  dangcroua. 


LANCASTER,  EARL  OF 


ishadbi 


■I  Johnof  Cauntn 


ce  during  the  earlier  pajft  of  Richard  IIA  reign  of  eDtcrtaining 
(igna  to  supplanthis  nephew  on  the  throne.  But  these  Richard 
ver  seems  to  have  wholly  credited,  and  during  his  three  yean' 
lence  his  younger  brother,  Thomas  of  Woodstock,  duke  of 
oucesler,  showed  himself  a  far  nnce  dangerous  inmguer. 
^e  confederate  lords  with  Gloucestei  at  tbdr  head  took  up 
ns  against  the  king's  favouiilc  ministen,  and  the  Wonderful 
jliament  put  to  death  without  remorse  almost  every  agent 
his  former  administration  who  had  not  £cd  the  country. 
Qucester  even  contemplated  the  dethronement  of  the  king, 
t  found  that  in  thii  matter  he  could  not  rely  on  the  support 
his  Bsiodates,  one  of  whom  was  Henry,  carl  of  Derby,  the 
erwards,  by  declaring 
,  and  within  ten  ycin 
reversed  by  a  pailia- 
his  allies  were  then 
nd  Thomas  Mowbrsy, 
u  as  baviof  oppoted 


the  former  duke  of  Hereford  and  the  bitet  duke  of  Nocfotk. 
But  within  three  months  from  this  time  the  ant  duke  accuied 
the  other  of  treason,  and  the  truth  of  Che  cbarge,  after  much 
consideration,  was  referred  10  trial  by  battle  according  to  Ibe 

it  was  inlcrmpted  by  (he  king,  who,  Id  preserve  the  peace  of 
the  kingdom,  decreed  by  his  own  mere  authority  that  the  duke 
of  Hereford  should  be  baniibcd  for  ten  yean— ■  term  inuncdiUely 
alterwardi  reduced  (a  6n — and  the  duke  ol  Norfolk  ler  life. 

This  arbiuary  sentence  wu  obeyed  in  the  fiiil  inMUKe  by 
both  partis,  and  Noifolk  Devu  tetumed.  But  Henry,  duke 
of  Hereford,  wh«ic  milder  teoteocc  was  doubtleu  owing  to  the 
fact  that  he  was  Ihe  popular  favourite,  atnt  back  wiibin  a  year. 
having  been  furnished  with  a  very  fair  pretext  for  doing  so  by 
a  new  act  ol  iojuUia  on  the  put  ol  Richard.  His  (alber,  John 
of  Caunl,  had  died  ia  Iht  imerval,  and  the  king,  troubled  with 
a  rebellion  in  Ireland,  and  wnly  in  want  of  money,  had  lelaed 
the  duchy  of  I,ancu(e[  as  (orfdled  properly.  Heniy  at  once 
sailed  for  Enghwd,  and  laodiDg  In  Yorksluce  while  King  Richard 
was  in  Inbnd,  |am  out  tbat  he  came  only  lo  recover  his  in- 
beritaoce.  H*  at  ooce  nedved  the  support  of  the  noiihem 
ioids,  and  a*  ht  ■""■'■*■'  tooihwards  the  whole  kingdom  was 
■oon  pnctkaUy  at  his  coBunuHL  Richard,  by  the  time  he  had 
recroued  the  cbiauMi  to  Wales,  diKOveed  that  hi>  cause  was 
knt.  He  wai  comnpd  ban  Cheuer  la  London,  and  forced  to 
eaeoile  a  deed  by  which  he  Ki^pwd  his  ODwn.  This  was  lecited 
in  parliament,  and  he  wu  lonutly  depcscd.  The  duke  of 
Lancaster  then  cUined  tha  kia<dem  aa  due  to  himself  by  virtue 
oi  his  descent  ban  Reaiy  IIL 

The  cUiiD  which  be  pul  fgnraid  Isvalved,  lo  aO  appearance, 

■  Miwigc  falsification  ol  liiMaiy,  loc  il  Hened  lo  icM  upon  the 

Edmund  of  LancaHer.  and  not  Edward  I., 

le  ddest  son  of  Uaory  IIL     A  Moiy  had  gooe  riioat, 

a  the  dafs  o(  John  of  Gaunt,  who,  il  we  may  trust  the 

T  John  Uardyng  (Cjtmwala,  pp.  ago,  191),  had  got  it 


inserted  in  chionidet  dtfwtlttd  In  variooa  ""— ■'»"'«i  that  Uui 
Edmund,  auRiamEd  Crouchback,  was  jeally  hump-backed,  ud 
thai  he  was  set  aside  In  favour  of  his  younger  brother  Edward 
on  account  of  his  dtformily.  No  chronicle,  however,  a  known 
10  exist  which  acIuaUy  states  that  Edmond  Crouchback  wat 
Ihns  set  aside;  and  in  point  of  fact  he  had  no  deformity  at  all, 
whUe  Edward  was  six  years  his  senior.  Haidyng's  testimony  is, 
moreover,  auspicious  as  redecting  the  prejudices  of  the  Pocyi 
after  (hey  had  (umed  against  Henry  iV.,  for  Hardyng  hinuetl 
expressly  says  that  the  eail  of  Northumberland  was  the  source 
of  his  information  (see  note,  p.  m  of  his  Clnimitlt).    But  a 

(vol.  iiL  pp.  369,  jjo)  conoboralcs  Hardyng  to  some  extent; 
foe  we  are  told  that  John  of  Gaunt  had  once  dexiTed  in  parlia- 
ment that  his  son  should  be  recognized  on  this  flimsy  plea  as 
heir  to  the  crown;  and  when  Roger  Mortimer,  eatl  oi  Uarch, 
denied  the  story  and  Insisted  on  his  own  claim  aa  descended  from 
Lionel,  duke  of  Clarence,  Richard  imposed  silence  on  bolh  parlio. 
However  this  may  be,  it  is  cetloln  that  this  story,  though  Dot 
directly  asserted  lo  be  Hue,  was  Indirectly  printed  at  by  Henry 
when  he  put  forracd  his  claim,  and  no  one  was  then  bold  aaa^ 
to  chaUeoge  it. 

This  was  partly  due,  no  doubt,  to  the  tact  tbat  the  ttiie 
lineal  heir  after  Richard  was  then  a  child,  Edmund,  who  had  juil 
succeeded  his  father  as  earl  of  March.  Another  orcumslapce 
was  unfavourable  lo  the  house  of  Mortimer— that  it  derived  its 
title  through  a  woman.  No  case  precisely  similai  had  ai  yel 
he  precedent  of  Henry  IL,  il 


mt,  Henry  could  say  with 
is  grandfather,  Edward  IIL 
hrough  females  was  valid, 
lis  mother  from  Henry  III. 
in.    And,  in  the  words  t^ 


migfal  be  doubled  whelhi 

favoured  by  Ihe  constltui 

truth  that  he  was  Ihe  direc 

If,  on  (he  other  hand,  st 

he  could  trace  his  descent 

by  a  veiy  iUuiuiout  line 

which  he  (ormotly  made  his  claim,  he  ventured  to  say  no  more 

than  thai  he  was  descended  from  the  king  last  mentioned  "  by 

right  line  frl  the  blood."    In  what  particular  way  Ihnt  *'  right 

line  "  was  to  be  traced  be  did  not  venture  10  Indiate. 

A  brief  epitome  of  the  reigns  of  the  three  succenlve  klogi 
belonging  lo  the  house  of  Lancaster  (Henry  IV.,  V.  and  VI.} 
will  be  found  elsewhere.  With  the  death  of  Henry  VI.  lb* 
direct  male  line  of  John  of  Gaunt  became  extinct.      But  bytiit 


true  that  hii  childn 
though  Henry  IV. 


han  one  tine  of  foreicn 
ndants  by  his  third  wile,  Catheriiie  Swynloid, 
of  En^nd  to  the  house  ol  Tudor.  Il  ii 
n  by  (his  lady  were  born  before  be  manied 
nade  Icgiiimate  by  act  of  parliatnenT,  and, 
n  confirming  the  privilege  thus  granted  to 


tainedil 


n  froi 


the  SI 


in  the  orf^nal  act,  and  Ihe  tide  1 
probably  better  than  he  himself  supposed. 

We  show  on  Ihe  following  page  a  pedigree  of  the  loyil  and 
iQustriouB  hoiiaei  that  traced  their  descent  from  Jofan  of 
Gaunt.  U-Ca.) 

LANCAnBIt.  HEHKT,  EaKL  or  (c.  11S1-IJ45),  was  Iha 
second  son  of  Edmund,  earl  of  Lancaster  (d.  1296),  and  coi^ 
sequently  a  grandson  of  Henry  HI.  During  his  early  days  he 
look  pari  in  campaigns  in  Flanden,  ScolUad  and  Wales,  bul 
was  quite  overshadowed  by  his  elder  brother  Thomas  (sN 
below).  In  1314,  two  yean  afur  Thomas  had  lost  hit  hfe  fCa 
opposing  ibe  king,  Himry  wu  made  earl  of  Leicettcr  by  Us 
cousin,  Edward  II.,  bnt  he  was  not  able  to  secure  the  titles  and 
estates  of  Lancaslet  ID  which  he  was  heir,  and  he  shomd  i^nly 
that  his  synpalhies  were  with  his  dead  brother.  When  Quen 
Isabella  took  up  arms  against  her  husband  in  1316  ibe  was 
johted  at  once  by  the  earl,  who  took  a  leodlog  part  in  the  pro- 
ceedings against  Ihe  king  and  hi)  favourilei,  the  De^KUers, 
being  Ednrd'i  gaoler  at  Kenllworth  castle.  Edward  IIL 
being  now  on  the  ihrone,  Ldccster  secured  the  ntldan  ol 
Lancasln  and  Ua  bcother'i  lands,  becomiaf  alto  iteward  at 
Kntfand;  bt  knigbled  th*  young  king  and  wu  lbs  lotcmMl 


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LANCASTER,  SIR  J.— LAKCASTER,  DUKE  OF 


member  oC  the  loyal  council,  but  he  */*s  won  »t  v»riiBee  m'th 
lubdli  uid  hei  pinmour.  Roger  Mortimer,  and  wu  pnctuaUy 
deprived  ol  his  power.  In  i]i8  hi>  itltmpt  to  ovenhrow 
Uoitimer  Iiiied,  and  he  quietly  rude  hii  pern  with  the  king; 
t  Mcond  eM»y  n»init  Mortimet  WM  more  UKcesIul.  About 
thi)  time  Lancuter  became  blind;  he  relired  from  public  life 
ind  died  on  the  und  of  September  134s. 

Uia  ton  and  lucceuor,  Hehiv.  tU  duke  oI  Lanoiier 
(c  ijao-1361),  was  a  soldier  of  unujual  dialinction.  Probably 
from  his  birthplace  in  Monmouthabire  he  waa  called  Henry  of 
Ciovnant.  He  fought  In  the  naval  hght  ofi  Sluys  snd  in  the  one 
off  Winchelsca  in  mn;  he  led  aimia  uito  Scotland,  GiKony 
and  I^ormandy,  hil  eiploiti  in  Gaicony  in  luS  *>ld  1346  being 
especially  auccessful;  be  lerved  frequently  under  Edward  III. 
himaelf;  and  he  may  be  fairly  dcKribed  as  one  of  the  moat 
brilliant  and  capable  of  the  Engliah  wanion  during  the  earlier 
part  of  the  Hundred  Yean'  War.  During  a  brief  rcapile  from 
the  king'*  service  he  led  a  force  into  Prussi*  and  he  w»i  often 
employed  on  diplomatic  buiinesi.  In  1354  be  wai  at  Avignon 
negstiiling  with  Pope  Innocent  VT..  «ba  wished  10  make  peace 
between  England  and  France,  and  one  of  bia  last  acts  was  to 
usbl  in  arranging  the  details  of  the  tnaty  of  Br(tign^  in  1360. 
In  1337  he  was  made  earl  of  Derby;  in  134J  he  succeeded  Co 
Us  father's  earidoms  of  Lancaster  and  Leicester;  in  1349  he 
waa  created  earl  of  Lincoln,  and  In  1351  he  wu  nude  duke  of 
Lancaslel.  He  waa  ilsward  of  England  and  oae  of  the  original 
knights  of  ihe  order  of  the  garter.  He  died  at  Leicester  on  the 
I3lh  of  March  1361.     He  left  no  »ns;  one  ol  his  daugbleis, 

Havd  (d.  1361),  maiiied  William  V.,  count  o' 

el  the  emperor  Louii  the  Bavarian,  and  tbt 

(d,   1369),  married  Edward  UI.'s  son,  John  of  Gaunt,  who 

obtained  his  father-in-law's  titles  and 

LANCASTER.  EIH  JANBS  [S.  ISQI-161S},  En^  navigaloi 

trade  and  empire.  In  early  life  be  fought  and  traded  In  Portu^I. 
On  tbe  loib  of  April  1541  he  started  Inm  Plymouth,  with 
Kaymond  and  Foicroft,  on  his  first  great  ¥oy»ge  to  tbe  East 

India;  this  Seel  of  three  ships  is  the  earliest  of  English  o 

Indian  expeditions.   Reaching  Table  Bay  (ist  of  August 
and  losing  one  ship  off  Cape  Coirienles  on  the  1  ilh  of  Sepli 
the  sqiiadrtm  rested  and  refitted  at  Zaniibu  (February     .. 
rounded  Cape  Comorin  in  May  following,  and  was  oS  the  Malay 
Peninsula  in  June.    Crossing  later  to  Ceylon,  tbe  crews  in 
on   returning  home;   the  voytge  back  wu  disastrous; 
iwenly-fivc  officen  and  men  reappeared  in  England  in 
Lancaster  himself  reached  Rye  on  the  241I1  of  May  rsM; : 
same  year  he  led  a  military  expedition  affunst  Pemam 
without  much  success;    but  his  Indian  voyage,  like  Ralph 
Fllcb's  overland  explorations  and  tisdins,  *l 
laclor  in  tbe  foundation  of  the  East  India  Company.    In  1600 
he  was  given  command  of  the  company's  Erst  Sect  (w^ 
sailed  from  Toibay  towards  the  end  of  April  ifoi);  he 
alio  accredited  as  Queen  Elisabeth's  special  envoy  lo  vari 
Eastern  poleniatet.    Going  by  Ihe  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (iji 
Novcmbei  itioi)  Lancasttr  visited  the  Nicoban  (from  the  «lh 
of  April  1601],  Achin  and  oiher  pans  of  Sumatn  (from  the 
jlh  ol  June  i«oi),  and  Bantam  in  Java;  an  alliance  was  con- 
cluded with  Achin,  a  faclory  establishnl  at  Baniam  and  a 
commercial  missioD  dttpalched  to  the  Moluccas.    The  return 
voysge  (10th  of  February  10  lUh  of  September   1603)  was 
speedy  and  prosperous,  and  Lancaster  (whose  success  both  in 
trade  and  in  diplomacy  had  been  brilliant)  was  rewarded  with 
knighihood  (October  1603).    Be  continued  to  be  one  of  the  chief 
loftheEasl'    "    "  ..  ■    .. 


Eait  India  ....  ed.  Sir  Ckaeats  Maikfaam,  itaUuyt  Soc  (1I77), 

ditndari  «J  Staie  Pahtrs,  Eail  India.    The  origioal  journata  of 


only  Purchas  to  go  on. 


LUICASTER.   JOHN   OF   eAUHT,    Don   Or   (t}40'i3M), 

urth  son  of  Edward  III,  and  Queen  Philippa.  wu  bom  in 
March  1340  at  Chent.  whence  his  name.    On   the   iqtb  of 
September  1341  be  was  made  eart  of  Richmond;  u  a  child  he 
was  present  at  the  sea  fight  with  the  Spsnlatds  In  August  1350, 
but  his  first  military  service  was  in  135J,  when  be  was  koighled. 
On  the  14th  of  May  ijjq  he  married  his  cousin  Blanche,  daughter 
id  ultimately  sole  heiress  ol  Henry,  duke  of  Lanctslei,    In  her 
jht  he  became  cbtI  of  Lancaster  in  1361,  and  next  year  was 
nled  duke.     His  marfigge  made  bim  the  greatest  lotd  in 
ngland,  but  for  some  lime  he  look  no  prominent  pan  in  public 
lain.    In  1366  he  joiaed  his  eldest  btoiher,  Edward  the  Black 
ince,  in  Aquilaine,  and  in  the  year  after  led  a  strong  conlingeat 
share  in  the  campaign  in  support  of  Pedro  the  Cruel  of  Castile. 
With  Ihis  began  tbe  connexion  with  Spain,  which  wu  to  have 
so  great  an  influence  on  tiis  atler-Iife.   John  fought  in  the  van  at 
Najera  on  ihe  3rd  of  April  1367,  when  the  English  victory  restored 
Pedro  lo  hi)  throne.    He  returned  home  at  the  end  of  the  year. 
Pedro  proved  false  to  his  English  ailiea,  and  wu  finally  over- 
thrown and  killed  by  bis  rival,  Heniy  of  Trutamara.  m  1369. 
The  disulious  Spanish  enterprise  led  directly  to  renevred  var. 
between  France  and  England.    In  August  1369  John  hid  com- 
■■  ■    ■      ided  n«l" 


le  following  yeai 


:,  and 


EdwB 


k  of  Limoges. 
I'sncaiin  wasoroacn  oown.ano  nesoon  aiLerwcnl  home,' 

war  at  bis  own  cost,  but  whilst  in  Aquilaine  a  greater  pro^Kct 
wasopened  lobim.  Tbe  duchess  Blanche  had  died  in  the  autumn 
of  ij6o  and  now  John  married  Constance  (d.  1304),  (be  elder 
daughter  of  Pedro  the  Crud,  Ind  in  her  right  assumed  Ihe  title 
ol  liing  of  Cuiile  and  Leon.  For  liiieen  yean  the  punult  of 
his  kingdom  was  the  chief  object  of  John's  ambllion.     Ko 

great  army  which  invaded  Fiance  <n  1373.  Bui  the  French 
would  not  give  battle,  and  though  John  marched  .from  Calais 
right  through  Champagne,  Burgundy  and  Auvergnc.  it  was 
with  diustrous  results;  only  a  shattered  remnant  of  the  bost 
reached  Bordeaux. 

The  Spanish  scheme  had  to  wail,  and  when  John  got  back  lo 
England  he  wu  soon  abwrbed  in  domRiic  politics.  The  king 
wu  prematurely  old,  ihe  Black  Prince's  health  was  broken^ 
John,  in  spile  of  the  unpopularity  of  his  El-succe«i,  wu  forced 
into  tbe  fotemoit  place.  As  he»d  of  the  court  parly  be  bad  lo 
bear  Jbe  bmnt  of  the  attack  on  Ihe  administratkm  made  by 
Ihe  Good  ParUament  in  ij;6.  Il  wu  not  perhaps  altogethtf 
just,  and  John  wu  embittered  by  retlccLions  on  his  loyalty. 
As  soon  as  the  parliament  wu  dissolved  he  had  its'  proceedings 
reversed,  and  next  year  secured  a  more  subser^ent  aaembly. 
There  came,  bowevcr,  a  new  devclopmenL  The  duke's  politic* 
rere  opposed  by  the  chief  ccclesiaslics,  and  in  resitting  them 
c  had  made  use  of  WydiRe.  Wiih  WytlilTE's  rdigious  opinions 
sympathy.    Nevertheless  when  Ihe  bishops  arraigned 


t  abandon  him.   Tbe  en 


it  the  < 


of  the  Son 


if  the  early  Sluai 
I- West  passage  w 


10  Indil  I 


T  Sound 


Baffin's  Bay  (in  74°»'l    .. 
Sir  James  {July  i6i6). 

See  Hikluyt.  Priitipql  Knlitliami,  vol.  il.  pt 
vol.  iii.  pp.  70S-71S  IISW):  Purchu,  Pilirimi 
pp.  M7-'M ;  alK  Tk  Vsyifd  nj  Sir  Jama  Ln 


over  the  trial  led  to  1 
and  a  riot  in  the  city  during  which  John  wu  in  danger  of  his 
life  fnm  the  angry  citiiens.  The  ailualion  watentircly  altered 
by  the  dcilh  of  Edward  III.  on  Ibe  list  of  June.    Though  his 

without  any  taini  of  didoyalty.    In  his  nephew'a  interests  he 

ally  with  hit  oppmients.  Though  he  took  hit  proper  place  in  tbe 
ceremonies  at  Richard's  coronal  kin,  he  showed  a  laciful  modera- 
tion by  withdrawing  for  a  time  from  any  share  in  the  gorem- 
ment.  However,  In  the  summer  of  T37S,  he  commanded  in  an 
attack  OB  St  Haki,  which  through  no  fault  of  hit  failed.  To  add 
to  Ibis  miilortiiWt  duiing  bis  absence  lODt  of  bit  mivactei* 


LAMCASTTBR,  J- ' 


■4> 


a^neiriul  tHllDriyiriBparlMmenlit  Ckncslcributi 
a  ptomJiKcit  put  in  llw  gBVcmmcnl,  Acnpltd  (hi  e 
the  Scociiih  bolder.  He  ni  (here  enjmged  «bci 
of  Lbe  Savoy  ui  Londofi  wu  burnt  during  tbe  pus 
io  Jniw  1381.  wad  nponi  tbu  evm  (he  bow 
Jtdmd  him  »lr«itor  nude  him  «tk  reftm  in  Sa»U«i>d.   RJchitd 


d  itTmslhracd  hii  po^lEoD,  uid  he 


John's  *elf- 
br^ui  Bfain  10  think  of  hii  Spaniui  Kaeroe.  ne  urgea  ns 
underukin^  in  parhaflienE  ia  1352,  hut  nnrer  tnwhla  wflTe 
more  urgent,  and  John  himscU  wu  wanted  on  the  Scottilh 
border.  There  he  uu^L  to  omnge  peace,  but  a^iut  hia  will 
■aifoned  iatoaBuofortuDalccampaJgn  In  13A4.  HisiU-iucma 
Itoewid  his  Hnpopul»rity.  and  the  coirrl  favourites  of  Richard  II. 
inlri^urd  c^a«l  hjm.  They  were  probably  rcaponiible  for  the 
alkgilian,  made  by  a  Caimelile,  called  Lalcmar,  that  John  waa 
conipirlng  againat  hii  oephevr.  Though  Richard  at  6at  believed 
il,  the  matter  wa*  ditptaed  of  by  the  friar's  death.  However, 
tbe  CDuiI  party  >oon  aher  ooncocled  a  tiesh  plot  for  the  duke'i 
deatruction;  John  biddly  denounced  his  traducen,  and  the 
quarrel  wu  jqipeaaed  by  the  intervenlioo  of  the  king's  mother. 
The  iutrlgae  slill  continued,  and  broke  out  again  during  the 
ScoILblt  CBRipaign  in  ij8j.  John  was  not  Ihe  man  to  be  fomd 
bito  ireaiDn  tn  hU  family,  but  the  Impoiaihility  of  the  position 
at  bonv  made  H>  foreign  anibiiions  more  feasible. 

Tbe  viciDty  e<  John  of  Portugal  over  the  king  of  Castile  at 
Aljnbartol*,  won  with  Englith  help,  ollerrd  an  opportunity. 
In  July  ijS6  John  lefl  E>«land  with  a  strong  force  10  win  his 
Spsjiista  throne.  Helnndedat  Coruons.  and  during  the  sutumn 
conqnemi  Calicis-  Juan,  who  bad  succeeded  his  father  Henry 
ss  king  ol  Castile,  ofleted  a  compromise  by  nuntlge,  John  ol 
Gaual  refuted,  hoping  for  greater  success  with  the  help  of  Ihe 
king  of  Portugal,  who  now  married  (be  duke's  cliksi  daughter 
Fhilippi.  la  the  ipring  the  allin  invaded  Cisitle.  They  could 
srhicve  no  snccesa,  and  sidmeH  ruined  (he  English  army:  Tlie 
conquests  of  the  previoia  year  were  lost,  and  when  Junn  renewed 
U>  offers,  John  d  Gaunt  agreed  to  surrender  his  elainu  10  his 
daughter  by  Constance  d  Casiik,  who  was  10  marry  Juan's  heir. 
After  some  delay  (be  peace  wu  oincluded  at  Bnyonne  ia  i}g8. 
The  neat  eighteen  months  were  ^lent  by  John  as  lieu(enan(  of 
A(tuitaiiw,  and  it  wis  not  till  November  1389  (ha(  be  returned 
to  EngUind.  By  his  ahience  he  had  avoided  iniplica(ion  in  tbe 
trouUes  at  honx.  Richard,  slill  insecure  of  his  own  position, 
welcomed  his  uncle,  and  eoily  in  the  following  year  marked  his 
favour  by  creating  him  duke  of  Aquiialne.  John  on  bis  part  was 
(lad  to  support  (he  king's  govtmmenti  dnring  four  years  he 
cietdwd  his  influence  in  lavatir  of  ptcifiotion  at  home,  and 
(brad  wsa  chiefly  responsible  for  tht  canclusioa  of  a  tniee  with 
Fiance,  Then  in  rjgs  he  went  to  uke  up  lh«  govensBent  of  his 
duchy;  thinks  chielly  (o  his  lavnh  eipcnditvre  hii  administn- 
tnn  was  001  unsuccessful,  but  the  Cuouu  hed  from  (he  first 
objected  lo  govtrnmcnt  ttapl  by  the  crown,  and  Mcund  his 
Tecall  within  lets  than  a  year.  Almcot  Immediauly  after  his 
Rtum  John  narrinl  u  his  third  wife  CatMerine  Swynlord; 
CoBllance  of  Cuslile  had  died  in  1304.  Catherine  had  been  his 
niulTeas  foe  many  yean,  and  his  children  by  her,  who  bore  the 
name  of  Beaufort,  were  now  Irgitinuled.  In  this  and  in  other 
Batters  Richard  foutid  it  politic  to  conriliate  him.  But  though 
John  prtiidcd  at  the  (rial  of  the  carl  of  Arundel  in  September 
1J97,  he  took  no  active  port  in  aflain.  The  ciile  of  his  son  Henry 
in  139!  wia  a  blow  Iron  which  he  did  not  mover.  He  died  on 
tbe  3rd  of  February  139(1,  <">d  wu  buried  at  S(  Paul's  near  the 
Ugh  altu. 

John  WIS  neither  a  mat  soldier  nor  a  slatesmafi,  hoi  be  wm  a 
chivalrous  kn^hl  and  loyal  to  what  he  believed  oen  (he  intcresis 
of  his  faiAily.  In  spite  c4  opponunitjes  wd  provocadDm  he  never 
ini(  hinutlL  (q  (mwn.  He  deserves  credit  for  hii  proiKiicni  of 
WycliRe.  thoueh  he  had  tid  •trnpal'iy  with  hit  rel'eiOLii  or  poKilcil 
epmioni,  He  wu  siso  IhF  piiron  of  Chaucer,  whow  Bmlu  sf  lla 
omiiiit  wu  I  lament  for  Bbncbe  dI  LaiKaiier, 
The  chief  origiul  sourca  for  Jsba's  lifi  are  Finslart, 


of  Henry  Knlghtoa  (both 


(*hftatt' 


■2?m-« 


But  fuller  in  .   .._ ,  _,.  ,  _, 

S  Armyiage-Smith.  published  in  11)04.  For  his  descendants  ik  the 
table  under  I^hcaitbi.  House  of.  (C.  [_  K.} 

UXCAaTES,  JOSEPH  (1778-1838),  EngUsh  educationist, 
wubomin  Soulhwaik  In  I7;S,  the  son  of  a  Chelsea  peo^oner. 
He  had  lew  oppoiluniiio  at  regular  instruction,  but  he  very 

siilccn  be  locked  forwnrd  to  the  dissenting  minlstiy;  bui  eoob 
after  his  religioui  views  iliercd,  and  he  attached  himself  to  the 
Society  of  friends,  with  which  he  remained  associated  for  many 
years,  until  long  afterwards  he  wu  disowned  by  thai  body. 
A(  the  Bgeoftmnly  he  began  [ogalher  a  few  poor  chfhlren  under 
hii  father's  root,  and  to  give  them  (he  rudiments  of  initrvction, 
without  a  Ice,  except  in  cases  in  which  the  parent  wu  willing 
(0  pay  a  trifle.  Soon  a  thousand  children  were  assembled  in 
the  Borough  Road;  and,  the  attention  of  the  duke  of  Bedford, 
Mr  Whitbread,  aiul  others  having  been  d^ected  to  hl>  elToits, 
he  wu  provided  with  means  for  building  a  schoolroom  and 
supplying  needful  materials.  The  main  lealurt*  o(  bis  plan 
were  the  employment  of  otder  sdK^rs  u  monitors,  and  an 
elsboiaie  system  of  mechanical  drill,  by  means  of  which  these 
young  teachers  were  made  to  impart  Ihe  rudiments  of  reading, 
writing  and  arithmetic  to  large  numbers  at  the  same  time.  The 
mslerial  ^ipliances  for  teaching  were  very  scanty— a  few  leav«s 
torn  out  of  spelling-bat^  and  pnsted  on  boards,  some  slates  ind 
a  desk  spread  with  sand,  on  which  the  children  wrote  with  (heir 
fingers.     The  order  and  cheerfulness  of  (he  school  and  (he 

much  public  observation  at  a  lime  when  the  education  of  Ihe 
poor  waft  almost  entirely  neglected.  Lancaster  inspired  his 
young  mom'tom  with  londness  for  their  work  and  with  pride 
in  the  institution  of  wbich  they  formed  a  part.  As  these  youths 
became  more  trustworthy,  he  tound  Hlmscll  at  Insure  to  sccepi 

in  various  towns.  In  this  way  many  new  ichooli  Wert  euablisbed, 
and  placed  under  the  care  of  young  men  whom  he  huf  trained. 
In  a  merrtoruble  iDttrvltw  with  George  lU,,  Lancuter  wal 
encouraged  by  tbe  expression  of  the  king's  wish  that  every  poor 
child  in  tiis  donunioos  stiould  be  (aught  (0  read  the  Bible. 
Royal  patronage  brought  ia  it*  train  resources,  fame  and  pabllf 
respoBsIhiliiy,  which  proved  to  be  beyond  Lancaster's  own 
powers  10  susloio  or  control.  He  was  voja,  TCtklesi  and  im- 
provident. In  180S  a  few  noblemen  and  gentlemea  paid  hii 
debts,  became  his  trustees  and  founded  the  society  at  Snt  called 
(he  Royal  Lancaslerian  Institution,  but  afterwatdi  more  widely 
known  as  the  British  and  Foreign  School  Sodety.  The  trustees 
soon  found  that  Lancaster  wu  impatient  of  control,  and  (hat 
his  wild  impulses  and  hF«dl«  extravagance  made  it  impossible 
(0  work  with  hfm.  He  quarrellFd  with  (he  committee,  set  up 
a  private  school  at  Tooting,  became  bankrupt,  and  in  iSiS 
emipnied  10  Aroeiica.  There  he  met  at  &m  a  warm  itocp- 
(ion,  gave  several  ooune*  ol  lecture*. which  were  well  attended, 
and  wnne  to  Irlaids  at  home  Iclten  full  of  enthusiasn.  Bui  hii 
fame  wushtm. 'lived.  The  miseries  of  debt  and  disappoiniment 
were  aggravated  by  sickness,  and  he  lettled  for  a  time  in  the 
warmer  climate  pi  Carlcaa.  He  afterwards  vitiled  St  Tbomu 
and  Santa  Cnu,  and  at  length  returned  to  New  York,  tbe 
corporation  of  which  dty  made  him  a  public  grant  of  500  dollars 
in  pity  for  the  misforlunei  which  bad  by  this  time  reduced 
him  to  Lamentable  poverty.  He  alterwatd*  visited  Canada, 
where  he  gave  lectures  at  Montreal,  and  was  encoungcd  to  open 
a  school  which  enjoyed  an  ephemeral  success,  but  wu  soon 
abandoned.  A  tmill  innuily  ptovided  by  bis  frieodi  in  Engfand 
wu  his  only  means  ol  support.  He  lamed  a  plan  for  returning 
home  ind  ^ving  a  new  impetus  lo  his  "  lyMem."  by  whidi  he 
declared  it  would  bo  possible  "  to  icach  ten  Ihouund  childrea 
read  fluently 


'ceks  (o  thrct 


'    But  these 


tsofNew 


■♦8 


LANCASTER,  T.— LANCASTER 

oC  thi  t«D  rivd  InTtntor*  ef  wku  wu  ealhd  the  "  I 


1  tnr  bauJwI  M  « 

■ncutn*  m  Bit  vn  pi 


.„^ ,_jii  of  fail  Dwrinie0»  in 

i»  b»  puBphlH.  publlihcd  in  laoi. 

. t  lo  BedTu  uiM  uKful  hiniL    The 

iwo  wmgd  InJtymkHlly,  bin  L*«MitH'  »w  tbe  firs  ta  apply 
the  tyitcin  of  nopitorid  tochifv  on  ■  l^rw  icale.  At  an  economKal 
ettperiment  hii  Kho^  tt  the  Etoroucti  Row]  wu  a  liiiuL  tucceu. 
He  bad  OH  tbouHitd  (choUti  under  dndpline.  mnd  iiughi  ttmm  to 


Dmctl  lo  the  dnidfery  at  daily  labour,"  vid  ibenlon 

'e  to  leach  even  wntioE  and  ciphering  to  the  lawn 

'  main  dWerence  between  them  wai  lEit  the  lyuvm 

..,  .rai  adafMvd  bv  eeeWuailici  and  CDiucrTaiive^.— the 

■i  Socinv  for  the  Edueuian  ol  (he  Poor  in  Ihe  priiKiplet 

01  tne  coaMidiRl  Church"  haviDg  bRO  (oundcd  in  iSii  lor  in 

^dSt^'^'giZ*.  by  Whi(  uain^,  by  •'ew'uiMl  ChuivhnKn 
and  by  NonconlmnHia  gnirniiy.    It  waa  tbe  dni^n  ef  Lancaricr 

aectaFian. — (a  cauK  ibc  Scriptqm  10  be  read.  eaplaiiiRf  and 
•ntly  denoDnecd  aa  deiitic  aitd  mia- 


he  CauUidMi  Chun 
:  ibe  rival  (laimi 

.  "?rt  neither'S 


Bell  wa>  cold. 


ird  and  unmnhodical, 

i  effort.    I „. . .. 

ihort  pantphlelB  deAzriptive  of  the 


hiah.principied  penoni  effort.    Hit  writinRi  wen 

Tfcy  eamlM  malnlv  of  i" '■ 

be  aliened  n  the  Bomk 

^  Ik  Ckitf  Oflia  omI  Tramiaami  b/  my  Obh  Lift,  appealed  ii 


ihr  of  ih«t  pantphlelB  deAzripii 
Bonniih  Road.  Hia  Ian  publii 
1  omI  Tramiaami  b/  my  Obh 

Eiriga.  by  toottiieaa  and  incohenncy  of  K^^  oy  eaolli 

dt^'m  "v^  Han  ■■!«  ^i^  t/beline  llutbHcl1i(c 


nitorial  method  tervrd  a 


taught  by  thoH  who  have 

m  of  national  edocalfon  the 
It  brought  large 


[t  of  hitherto  neglected  children  under  diicipliae,  and  gi 

bility  and  ener^  for  their  ^ck  of  eipcrience.  and  to  Eueh 
oudiaal  ^^p? It  £ra^"iLKaiUr'u^^pri'^^P' 
pupilft  uiauVI  come  for  Euidancc  from  (racheia.  but  as  an  or 
They  in^E  to  i^acc  (brir  Khabra  Emn  the  ^at  ui  helpful 


[bra 


O-G.F,) 


:,  Bail  or  (c.  ii;t-i]»),  ns  th< 
eldeit  ion  of  Edmund,  earl  of  Lincailer  and  titular  king  o 
Sicily,  and  a  grandKn  at  Ihe  Engliih  king,  Henty  III,;  vhik 
he  wai  related  lo  Lhe  royal  house  of  Fiance  both  Ibniugh  bi 
molher,  Blanche,  a  gnnddaughler  o(  Xouii  VIII.,  and  hi 
al^aiftler,  Jeanne,  queen  of  Navarre,  the  wife  of  Philip  IV 
when  Earl  Edmund  died  in  iigt,  T^omai  received  bi 


father's 


irldon 


I  of  Ijncaster  and  Letccs 
In  Engliih  affair 


» the  %c 


of  his  cotisin.  Edward  II.,  in  July  tjo?, 
(d.  1J4S),  davgbter  and  beiiHs  ol  Henry  Lacy,  earl  of  Linccdn 
and  added  the  earldom  of  Derby  to  Ihoje  which  he  almd; 
held,  far  wii  marked  out  both  by  hii  wealth  and  ptnition  ai  ^h 
leader  of  the  baroni  in  their  miatancc  to  the  new  king.  Will 
his  aiaadatei  he  produced  the  banishment  of  the  rttyal  favotirjic 
Piers  Gaveston,  in  ijDt;  onnpclled  Edwttd  in  ijio  id  sucrcnde 
bii  power  to  a  committee  ui  "  ordainen,"  among  wbon  h< 
himself  wu  numbered;  and  took  op  amu  when  GiveMoi 
tdumed  10  England  in  January  tjii.  Lancaster,  wbo  bad 
juM  ebliined  Ihe  uridomi  ol  IJnrola  md  SalnbUiy  on  ibc 


death  of  hb  falbeT-in4aw  in  1  ji  i,  iliDVB  Ihe  king  and  hli  favourite 

lion  of  Gaveston  in  June  ijii.  After  lengthy  eSons  at  media- 
tion, be  made  his  submission  and  received  a  fuU  pardon  Inm 
Edward  in  October  ijij;  but  he  lefuMd  10  accompany  the 
king  on  hii  march  into  Scotland,  which  ended  at  BannocUnun. 
niid  took  advantage  of  the  English  disutei  to  wrot  the  cootnt 
of  affairs  from  the  hands  of  Edward,  In  ijij  he  tw^conmand 
of  the  loicei  raised  10  light  the  Scots,  and  was  loan  appoiDted 
to  the  "  chief  |^ce  in  tbe  council."  while  his  supporten  Sited 
the  great  offices  of  suie,  but  hli  rule  wis  ai  IceUt  as  that  of  the 
monarch  whom  he  had  superseded.  Quarrelling  with  aomest 
the  baroni,  he  neglected  both  tbe  government  and  the  defence 
ol  the  kingdom,  and  in  1,317  besan  i  private  war  with  John, 
Earl  Warrenne,  who  had  asibled  his  countess  10  isape  from 
her  huiband.  The  capture  of  Berwick  by  the  ScDti,  however, 
in  April  1318  led  to  a  second  reconciliation  with  Edward.  A 
formal  treaty,  made  in  the  loUowing  August,  having  been  nlified 
by  parliament,  the  king  and  earl  opened  the  siege  of  Bowick; 


as  quickly 


On  several  occasions  I^ 


_  ilh  the  Scots,  ai 
that  bis  lands  were  spared  when  Robert  Bruce  nviged  the  oottli 
ol  Englaitd.  He  iclused  to  attend  the  councils  or  to  take  toy 
part  in  Ihe  goveminent  until  ijii,  when  the  Despcosen  were 
banished,  and  war  broke  out  again  between  himself  and  the  kins. 
Having  cooducled  some  military  operations  agsiDst  LancBUel'l 
friendi  on  the  Welsh  marches,  Edward  led  his  troops  a^nst 
the  eari,  who  gradually  fell  back  from  Burton -on -Trent  lo 
Pontefracl.  Continuing  this  movement,  Lancsltel  reached 
Borou^brid^,  where  he  was  met  by  another  body  of  lOyllBtl 
under  Sir  Andrew  Harclay.  After  a  skirmish  he  was  dcsotod 
by  bis  troops,  and  was  obliged  10  surrender.    Taken  to  his  OWD 


on  the  »nd  of  March  ijii.  He  left  no  c 
Although  a  coane,  selfish  and  viijent  n 
the  attributes  ol  a  statesman,  Lancaster  wd  _ 
for  palnotism;  and  his  ntemory  was  long  cheriihed,  eapedaHy 
in  the  north  of  En^and,  as  that  cf  a  defender  of  popular  liberlieL 
Over  a  hundred  years  ■tier  his  dealt  miradei  were  aaid  to  have 
been  worked  at  bit  tomb  at  Pontefracti  t 
effigy  in  St  Paul's  Cathedral,  London,  a 


W. 


See  amida  >/  lb  Reipti  gf  EAannl  I.  ninf  £tf»int  //..  edi 
with  introduction  bi'  W.  Stubbi  (London,  l88j-|  —  -'-  — " 
Stubba,  CnuliIiifiDaiJ  Hillary,  vuL  ii.  [Oafonl.  1^96). 

LAKCASTER,  a  market  town  and  aunldpal  bomugh.  livot 

Lancaster  parliaineDlary  division,  ijo  m.  N,W.  by  N.  from 
London  by  the  London  &  North-Westem  railway  (Casile  Staiion): 
served  also  by  *  branch  o(  the  Midland  railway  (Cncn  Ayre 
stntion),  Pcf),  (iSgi)  u.ijfi.  (1901}  40,319,  It  Ues  at  ibc 
head  ol  the  atuaiy  of  the  river  Lune.  mainly  on  its  ooulh  bank, 

crowned  by  Ihe  tastle  and  the  chuich  of  St  Mary.    Fine  vicwi 

manded  frmn  the  lumnut.  St  Mary's  church  waa  orifiiully 
attached  by  Roger  dc  Poictou  lo  hii  Benedictine  priory  fouDdcd 
at  Ihe  doae  of  the  nth  crntury.  It  cnntaint  medc  fine  Bariy 
English  work  in  the  nave  atirvie,  bni  is  ol  PcrjKndicular  Bock- 
manship  in  general  appcaraiice,  while  Ihe  lower  dates  fnim  I7S9- 


:e  beauti 
wrought  probably  from  CocI 


or  ForiKB  Abbey. 


le  reign  ef  Hadrian,  The  Dungeon  Tower,  also  iu[q»>cd  to  be 
Roman  origin,  »■«  taken  down  in  1818.  The  greaier  pan  at 
le  old  portion  of  the  present  iiruclute  waa  built  by  Roger  de 


LANCASTER 


Bmee,  oImm  itUck 
ud  ilrenphtlKd  by  Ji 
pul  of  Ibe  Gittwiy  T< 


great  sUugfatcr,  bat  tl 


unU  0! 


i  ■■  Job 


•■CiunftChiir."  During  lb*  Civil  W»i 
by  CnuamlL  Slionly  tlttr  this  it  wm  put  to  puWie  u»,  ind 
Hw,  laigety  modfrnhrd,  eontiiiu  the  auiie  courts  *nd  gaol. 
Ill  appeaiance,  with  massive  buildings  lunouuding  a  quadnngle, 
ii  piclutcsquc  and  digniAcd.  Wilboul  Ibc  wiUi  ii  a  pteaunl 
Icinci  walk.  Other  buildingt  inchidi  Kvetal  bandioiiK  inodem 
diurcba  and  cbapeb  (notably  Itae  Bornin  Calholiccburch);Ihc 
Storey  Inalilute  vith  art  gallery,  technical  and  art  ochook, 
museum  and  library,  preHnled  to  the  bonugb  by  Sir  Thoniu 
Si«rey  in  1S87;  Palatine  HaU,  Ripley  boapfid  (an  endowed 
Khool  for  the  children  of  reiidenis  in  Lancaster  and  the  neigh- 
bonrbood),  the  aiylum,  the  Royal  Lancaitei  infiimary  ud  an 
ebarvaloiy  in  the  Williannon  Park.  Anew  lowa  fasti,  picKhted 
l>yLi>rd  Ashton  in  1909.  a  a  handsome  claBical  building  from 
dit«nB  of  £.  W.  Mounlford.    The  Aihton  Uemoiial  in  William- 

A  kttty  domed  itiucture.  The  grammar  school  occnpiei  modem 
.  buildings,  but  its  foundation  datei  from  the  close  of  the  ijth 
T  Jacobean  houM  near  the  church 


iic  Thomaa  Tyldesley  once  more  Iniitlesaly  besieged 
the  rebellion  &t   1715    the   norihetn    rebels   occupi 
:cr  for  I*o  days  and  several  of  them  were  later  eiecul 
During  the  174;  rebeltiaD  Fiiace  Cbailcs  Edward's  art 
pasMd  through  (he  town  in  its  soulhwaid  march  and  again  in 
inhabitants  stood  Grm  for  the  Hanovfrians. 
1  maitetaar.  Wd  waMy  on  Wednnday  - 

iilKd' 


SiliuDenl  from  liqs  to  lAii  and  agaia  fron  niae  time  is  Henry 
Il.'i  nign  before  I5»  tiirit67,w&ea  it  m  mernd  in  the  Lan- 
canerdivlSonatiionbLiiuaihlie.  A diuidl nitted here. probab^ 


n  Whew 


Uchatd  C 


■caud.     A 


It  Honesboe  Ci 

tows,  and  renewed  from  time  to  time,  ii  said  to  mark  (he  place 
where  >  shoe  was  cut  by  Jtdm  o[  Gaunt's  horse. 

The  chief  industiia  are  cntton-ipinning,  cabinel-msfciDg, 
eil  doth-maklng,  lallway  wagoa-buildlng  and  engineering. 
Claaon  Dock,  s  m.  down  the  Lune,  with  a  graving  dock,  is 
acccisibte  to  vesieli  d  600  tons.  The  Kendal  and  Lancaiiec 
canal  reacbei  the  town  by  an  aqueduct  over  the  Lune,  which  is 
also  croHcd  by  >  handsome  bridge  dated  >7SS.  The  town  has 
further  conneiion  by  canal  wiih  PreslOD.  The  corpontlon 
consists  ol  a  mayor,  8  aldetioen  and  14  counciUon.  Aiea, 
]So6acre«. 

HUlery. — LuKUter  (Lone-cajter  or  Lunecaitrum)  waa  an 
important  Raman  station,  and  traces  of  the  Roman  foctlGcalion 
■all  remain.  The  Dines  left  few  inemorials  of  iheir  occuiniion, 
and  the  Runic  Cna  found  here,  once  supposed  to  be  Danish,  ii 
DOW  concliuivcty  proved  to  be  Anglo-Saioti,  At  the  Conquest, 
(be  place,  reduced  in  size  and  with  iu  Roman  castrum  almost 
m  mJDS,  became  a  possession  of  RoDei  de  Poictou,  who  founded 
or  enlarged  the  present  caslle  on  the  old  site.  The  town  and 
oMle  had  a  somewhat  chequrted  ownecship  iDl  in  iiM  they 
were  granted  by  Henry  III.  to  his  son  Edmund,  fint  carl  of 


probably 
m  the  ^te  of  the  parMi  chureh  of  St  Mary't,  in  Anglo-Saxon  times. 
>ut  Ibe  preseia  ehurch  dates  fioin  the  mity  ijih  century.  An  an 
if  parliament  «*i  poatd  In  179a  to  ntke  tb*  anl  front  Kendal 

hrough  Lanancr  and  Pmion. which  iicaiiicd  ovb  the  Loaeaboal 
I  mile  above  LancaBtcr  by  a  iplendid  aqueduct. 

Fkury,  Time-HmiiMna  lanaulcT  (1891)1  E.  Balaes.  Hiitmi 
■ — ■■--  (18M). 

Dt,  a  city  and  the  counly-seat  of  Fair£eM  county, 
OTilo,  U.S.A.,  on  the  Hocking  river  (non-navigable),  about  32  m. 
S'E.  of  Cnlumbus.    Fop.  (1900)  8991,  of  whom  441  were  foreign- 
born  and  III  were  negroes;  (igio  census]  13,093.     Lancaster 
served  by  the  Hocking  Vatley,  the  (Tolunibus  &  Southern 
d  the  Cbicinnati  i  Muskingum  Valley  (Pennsylvania  Lines) 
"- ■■  ■-    the  dectric  line  of  the  Sdoto  Valley  Traction 


luchy  of 
id  the  CI 


liU  the  present  lime.    A  town  gathered 
b  II9J  John,  earl  ol  Mertoun,  afterwards  king,  granted 
charter,  and  another  in  119Q  atier  his  accession.    Under  these 
chsrlert  the  burgesses  claimed  the  right  of  electing  a  mayor,  of 
holding  a  yearly  fair  at  Michaelmas  and  a  weekly  market  on 
Saturday.    Henry  UL  in  1276  confirmed  the  charter  of  1 
in  iigi  the  style  of  the  cOTponlion  is  first  mentioned  as  Bal 
It  centmnmUs  &Hrfi,  and  Edward  IIl.'s  confirmalian  and  ei 
■ion  (ijA))  is  issued  to  the  mayor,  bailiffs  and  common 
Edward  lU.'s  charter  was  confirmed  by  Richard  IL  (11 
Henry  IV.  (1400),  Henry  V.  (u").  Henry  VU.  (148B) 
Eliabeth  (1563).    James  I.  (1604)  and  Charles  IL  (iMj  and 
i&Sj)  ratified,  with  certain  additions,  all  previous  charters,  and 
again  in  1S19  a  similar  confirmation  was  issued.    John  of  Gaimt 
in  ij6]  obtained  a  charter  for  the  exclusive  right  of  hoUing  the 
tessons  of  pleas  for  the  county  in  Lancaster  itself,  and  up  to 
1S73  the  duchy  appomled  a  chief  justice  and  a  puisne  justica 
fat  the  court  of  common  pleas  at  Lancaster.    In  1311  the  Scots 
boml  the  town,  the  castle  alone  escaping;  the  town  was  rebuilt 
but  removed  from  its  ori^nal  position  on  the  bill  to  the  slope 
ud  foot.    Again  in  1389.  after  the  battle  <rf  Olterbum, ' 
dcttroyed  by  the  same  enemy.    At  the  outbreak  <A  the  Great 
Rebellion  the  burgesses  sided  with  the  king,  am 
-       '  ln_  February  1643  by  the  Pi 


n  Hay 


1648  I 


in.'a 


andles  and  cordage.     The  borough  n 


with  Colu 


ir  the  ce 


Is  Ml.  Pleasant,  which 
ig  plain  and  about  which  duster  muy  Indian  l^ends; 
with  TO  acres  of  woodland  and  fields  surrounding  it,  this  has 
been  given  to  the  dly  for  a  park.  On  another  hill  is  the  county 
house.  Lancaster  has  ■  pnbKc  library  and  a  children's 
;  and  6  m.  distant  Is  the  Stale  Industrial  School  for  Bays, 
lannfactures  include  boots  and  shoes,  glass  and  agricultural 
Implements.  The  total  value  ol  the  city's  factory  product  hi 
-  159,410,  being  an  increase  ol  118-3%  over  that  of 
isler  is  the  trade  centre  of  a  fertile  agricultural 
wd  transport  itkin  facilities,  and  is  near  the  Hocking 
Sunday  Creek  Valley  coal-lieldsi  its  commercial 
1  importance  increased  greatly,  alter  1900,  through 
the  development  of  the  neighbouring  natural  gas  fields  and,  after 
1907-1908,  through  the  discovery  of  petloleum  near  the  city. 
Good  sandstone  i*  quarried  in  the  vicinity.    The  mum"cipa!ity 

Lancaster  was  founded  in  iSoo  t^  Ebcneier  Zane  (174J-1811), 
who  recdved  a  section  of  land  here  as  part  compensation  for 
openmg  a  road,  known  as  "Zane's  Trace,"  from  Wheeling, 
West  Virginia,  to  Limestone  (now  Maysville),  Kentucky,  Some 
of  the  early  settlers  were  from  Lancaster,  PennsyNania,  whence 
the  name.  Lancaster  was  incorporated  as  a  vDlage  in  1S3 1  and 
twenty  yeats  liter  became  a  dty  of  the  third  class. 

UNCASTSR,  a  city  and  the  county-seat  of  Lancaster  county, 
Pennsylvania,  U.S.A.,  on  the  Conestoga  river,  68  m.  W.  of 
Philadelphia.  Pop.  (1900)  41459,  of  whom  3491  were  foreign- 
bom  and  777  were  negroes;  (1010  census)  4J,J17-  It  is 
served  by  the  Pennsylvania,  the  Phnadelpbia  b  Reading  and 
the  Lancaster,  Oiford  li  Soulbem  railways,  and  by  tramways  of 
the  Conestoga  Traction  Company,  which  had  in  1909  a  mileage 
of  iji  m-  Lancaster  has  1  fine  county  court  house,  a  soldiers' 
monument  about  43  ft.  in  height,  two  fine  hos^Jials,  iheTbaddeus 
Stevens  Industrial  School  (lor  orjAtBS),  K  ehildren'a  home, 
the  Mechanics'  Library,  and  the  Library  of  the  Lancaster 
Historical  Society.  It  is  the  seat  of  Franklin  and  Marshall 
College  (Reformed  Church),  of  the  affiliated  Franklin  and 
Marshall  Academy,  and  of  the  Theolo^cal  Scndnaty  of  the 
Reformed  Church,  conducted  in  conneiion  with  the  c«nege. 
The  college  was  founded  in  i8ji  by  the  consdidatJMi  of 
Franklin  College,  founded  at  Lancaster  in  1787,  and  Marshall 


Is  Uaicb  1643  Lord  Derby  assaulted  and  look  the  town  with  I  College,  founded  at  Mrrcetabuig  In  1836,  both  of  which  bad 


ISO 


e*nwd  a  liifh  lUnding  unong  tbc  t 

Fcouylvania.  Franklin  CoUcec  m  wmcd  in  honour  oi 
Benjamin  Frtnklin,  la  utly  palmn]  Manhall  ColJcge  wis 
launded  by  Lhe  Rc[«incd  Church  ind  wu  oainal  in  honmu  of 
John  ManhiU.  The  Theologies  Scnucaiy  wu  opcneil  in  1815 
at  Culiilc,  Pa.,  *nd  wai  Kn»ved  to  York,  Pa.,  in  iSig,  to 
Metcenbucg,  Pa.,  in  iSj7  and  to  LancaMFr  in  1S71J  in  1B31 
il  wai  chailcicd  by  the  Fenniylvima  tcgislilure.  ^Ong  its 
tnchcn  huve  bten  John  W.  Nevin  and  Pbiiip  Sduff,  vhotc 
umcs,  and  thai  of  tbe  Kminaiy,  an  luociittd  with  the  so- 
tailed  "  Uereetshurg  Thwlogy."  At  MUlcnvjlit,  4  m.  S.W.  ol 
Lancaun,  is  the  5«ond  Pcansytvanli  State  Naimal  SchooL 
At  Lancutcc  are  the  grives  of  General  Jahn  F.  Reynoldt,  who 
vai  bora  herei  Thuldcus  Sleveos,  who  lived  heie  alter  1841; 
and  Pnsidoit  Jama  Buchanan,  who  Uvcd  for  many  years  on 
an  estate,  "Wheailuid,"  near  the  city  and  i»  buried  in  the 
Woodward  Hill  Cemcitry.  The  city  ii  in  a  ptoduclive  lobaceo 
and  grain  region,  and  has  a  large  tobacco  trade  and  important 
manuFacturea.  Tbcvalueof thedty'ifactrwyproductiincieased 
Irom  (11,750.419  in  1900  to  li<,647,6ai  in  1905,  or  14-9  %. 
In  1905  the  principal  products  were  umbrellas  and  cajiea  (valued 
at  (3,781,879),  dgars  and  cigirelles  ($1,951*7'),  and  foundty 
and  machjoe-shop  ptodut^ts  {£i,oj&,526).  Lancaster  county  has 
long  been  one  o(  the  richest  agricullura]  counties  in  the  United 
'*'''"  *         '     .s  bcii]g  valued  at  about  Sio^ooo, 


LANGE 

ibk  length,  fee  Una 


1906  tl 


value  of  U 
=re  8l«  man 


1  crop  w 


H  Sj, 115,00 
mly. 


h  Quak< 
k    An  important 


Cermioi,  wal  laid  out  as  a  li 
borough  in  I741,  and  chartered 
ttealy  witb  the  In>quoia  Intlia 
governor  o[  FennsylvaDia  and  by  comnussionen  Irom  Maryland 
and  Virginia  in  June  1744.  Some  ol  General  Burgoyne's  troops, 
■urrcndered  at  Saratoga,  were  oinlined  here  alter  (he  autumn 
of  ijgo.  The  Continental  Congress  ut  here  on  Ibe  ]7tb  oC 
September  1777  iftei  being  driven  (rom  rhiladelphia  by  Ihe 
British;  and  subsequently,  after  the  organization  ol  the  Federal 
lovemment, Lancaster  was  oneoC  the  places  seriously  considered 
when  a  national  capital  was  to  be  chosen.  From  1799  to  iS" 
Lancaster  wa*  the  capital  ol  Pennsylvania. 

LAKCK,  a  form  of  ^>ear  used  by  cavalry  (ice  Stear).  The 
use  of  Ihe  lance,  dying  away  on  the  decay  of  chivsby  and  the 
introduction  of  pistol -armed  cavalry,  was  revived  by  the  Polish 
and  Cossack  cavalry  who  lought  against  Charles  XII.  and 
Frederick  Ibe  Great,  It  was  not  until  Napoleon's  time,  how- 
European  battlefields.  The  cfleclivc  use  af  the  weapon— long 
belore  called  by  Mi 


Napi 


It  Waierl 


lied  10 


:o  the 


British  service,  and  ciccpl  for  a  short  period 

fto  Ihc  S. 

anaehro 

ft  has  shared,  or  rather  contested,  with  the  sw 

td  Lhe  pre 

place  amongst  cavalry  arms.     In   Great   Bri 

ain  and 

eounlria  lances  are  carried  by  the  front  rank  of 

light  cavalry,  regiments,  as  well  as  by  lonccr 

Germany,  since  iKBq,  the  vtoU  of  the  cavalry 

as  been  ai 

with  tbe  lance.     In  Russia,  on  the  other  han 

d,  line  ca 

being,  until  recently,  considered  as  a  sort  ol  mounted  infanliy 
or  dragoons,  the  lance  was  restricted  to  the  Cossacks,  and  in 
Austria  it  enjoys  less  favour  than  in  Germany.  Altogether 
there  are  few  questions  ol  irmamcnt  or  military  detail  more 
freely  disputed,  in  the  present  day  as  in  the  past,  than  this  of 
■word  Kriu  lance. 

Tbe  tsKcs  uaed  b  the  BiilUi  aetviea  arc  sf  two  Undi.  tbne 
with  ash  and  those  with  bamboa  Kavo.    The  latlet  are  much  pn- 
cd.  the  "  male  "  bamboo  being  peculiarly 


tough  and  elaa 
wb£h  the  troop 


'"■^}ti 


!  it  provided  w 


a  ^ng.  thrtnigb 


lie  ileel  riioe  Gctuij  ioi 


Hi  id  large  quaaiuy  Knight  a 


'hH"a!ldKi^X' 
ic  lUu ;  (hat.  when 


nes,  have  adopted  a  stave  of  Beel  tubing 
3-  I.  S  and  4). 

inc  relative  emcJcncy  ol  the  lance  and  (he 

m  ioi  cavalry,  it  il  alleged  that  Ibe  fanner 

I  tarry,  eoni^cuoiii.  and  much  in  the  way 

country,  working  through  woodi  and 

g_  ready  for  the  dkarge.  it  ie  awkward 

Aiiively  dannrovt  if  -  ^ ' -^ 

wboih  hands  on  the „ 

"'  '' ^    rasily parried^ and. lastly. 


ind  i  the  German  ueil  tuhular 
nd  ng.  4  tbe  German  pine-wood 
The  full  Length  of  tbe  CcroiaD 
■  1  II.  9  in.,  t^i  of  (he  Cesacks 


don.  1853),  by  Cap 

l'M-^9ltfc  Hungarian 

Huuars  were  .  .    gcnciaLly  lucceaful  againil  Ihe  Anurian  heavy 

cavalry — cuiramcn  and  dragooni;  bur  when  rhey  met  the  Poliih 


.  that  of  tbe  Austrian  lana._ 

.,  and  the  French  lance  11  (1. 

■'      e  is  9  ft.  long    The  weight 

t  but  ttiihtTy.    The  Keel- 

ighs  4  lb.  the  bamboo  4). 


r  their  discipline.  £oad  riding,  j 
ad  pUaniry  in  anion,  aiainsi 
ufvl,  and  al  once  attribuied 
-  The  Aunriaas  then  eaioUc 
fnI  all  ihr^t  i\aht  cavalry  '•^b 
n  the  Briiiih  1 


E7th  and  the  31B.   AHthefc 


arc  the  Jlh,  the  9th. 


biasltd  front, called  the  jjaitn 
a  Hat-topped  lancer  "  cap."  at 


10  wear  scaries  with  bl 


facings. are  clad  in  blue. tbe  5th. 9ih  and  nth  haviiu  (cartel  fatlMS 
and  green,  blaeic  and  led  plume* mpec lively,  the  1 7in  (faiaoui  a>  the 
"death  or  glory  bays  "and  wearing  a  skull  and  crouboim  badge)   ' 
lacings  and  wfaiu  plume,  and  the  >lsl  Ught-blue  (ai ' 


T  (Lincrlst  du  Lu.  or  Linctlot  o[  the  Liic),  a 
fimout  figure  In  IbFAnhuiiui  cycle  d  tasuiaca.  To  Lhe  great 
nujotity  oi  English  readen  tlie  name  of  no  koigbt  ol  King 
Anhui's  coun  ii  H  lanuliar  ai  I*  Ihal  ol  Sir  Lancelot.  The 
racDiion  o[  Anhur  and  Ihe  Round  Table  >t  once  brinp  him  to 
mind  as  Ihe  most  valiant  member  of  that  brotberhood  and 
the  seem  lover  of  the  Queen.  Lancelot,  however,  ii  ml  an 
oHgitiaL  member  of  the  cycle,  and  the  dcvelopmnit  of  hii  stoiy 
ii  Hill  ■  source  ol  conjidmble  perplneity  to  the  critic. 

Briefly  tummorized,  the  outline  of  his  caieer,  as  giveri  In  the 
Cennan  Lcatdcl  and  the  Fieoch  prose  LanuJal,  h  as  [oDows; 
Lancelot  was  Ihe  only  child  of  King  Baa  of  Beooic  tod  bis 


While  ; 


(alber  > 


I  diivt 


frotn  tis  kin^om,  cither  by  a  tevtJt  of  hrs  subjects, 
ovn  batshneas  {Lnia^et),  or  by  the  action  ol  bis  enemy  Claudaa 
da  U  Deseile  {Lantde!).  King  and  queen  fly,  caiiying  the 
child  oith  them,  and  while  the  vifc  ia  tending  hci  husband. 
who  dies  of  a  broken  heait  on  his  flight,  the  Inlant  Is  carried  ofi 
by  1  friendly  watcr-faity,  the  Lady  ol  the  Lake,  who  brings  the 
boy  up  in  hcT  mysterious  kingdom.  In  the  Getman  poem  Ihii 
iaaveriiable  "Isle  of  Maidens,"  whete  noman  ever  enlera,  and 
■rhere  it  is  pcTpetnal  spring.  In  the  prose  Lmdtl,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  Lake  is  but  a  mirage,  and  the  Lady's  court  doe*  not 
lack  its  complement  ol  gallant  knights;  moreover  the  boy  baa 
the  tompanionship  of  his  cousins,  Lionel  and  Bohort,  who, 
like  himself,  htive  been  driven  from  their  kingdom  by  Claudas. 
When  he  reaches  the  customary  age  {which  appears  to  be  fifteen), 
theyoungLancelot,  suitably  equipped,  is  sent  out  into  the  notW. 
In  both  versions  his  name  and  parentage  are  concealed,  In  the 
Laiadel  he  is  genuinely  ignorant  s(  both;  here  too  his  lack  ol 
an  knightly  accomplishments  (not  unnstuta!  when  we  remembe*' 
be  has  here  been  brought  up  entirely  by  women)  and  his  In- 
ability to  handle  a  atecd  are  in^led  upon.  Here  he  rides 
forth  in  search  ol  what  adventure  may  bring.  In  the  prose 
Laiuilel  his  education  is  complete,  he  knows  his  name  and 
parentage,  though  for  aome  unexfJsined  Ttason  he  keeps  both 
secret,  and  he  goes  with  a  fining  escort  and  equipment  to 
Arthur's    court    to    demand    knighthood.       The    subseque 


itures  differ  widely:  i 


re  Ibtis,  T 


whole  of  il 


«  same  day,  in  good  ol 


le  Laiailtl  has  much  mi 
tban  Ihat  ol  a  knightly  i 
In  the  prose  version,  Loncelol,  f 


!  dying 
■tale  fashion.  In  fact,  the 
re  the  chuocln  of  a  fairy 


is  first  appearance  at 
10  is  very  considerably 
his  senior,  his  birth  taking  place  some  time  after  her  marriage 
to  Arthur.  Thb  Infatuation  etJouTS  all  hb  later  career.  He 
free*  her  from  imprisonment  in  the  caslle  ol  Mcleaganl,  who 
has  carried  her  off  against  her  wiB — (a  rimilar  adventure  is 
related  in  Londtl,  where  the  abductor  is  Valeiln,  and  Lanzclel 
ia  not  the  rescuer) — and,  although  be  recovers  his  kingdom  from 
Oanclas,  be  prefers  to  remain  a  simple  knight  o(  Arthur's  court, 
bestowing  the  lands  on  his  cousins  and  half-hmlhet  Hector. 
Tricked  into  a  Haison  with  the  Fisiier  King's  daughter  Elaine, 
he  becomes  the  lather  of  Calahad,  the  Grad  wioiicr,  and,  as  a 
result  ol  the  queen's  jealous  anget  at  his  relations  with  the  lady, 
goes  mad,  and  remains  an  eille  from  the  court  for  some  yean. 
He  takes  part,  trmllessly,  in  Ihe  Grail  epiesl,  only  being  vouch- 
safed a  fleeting  ^mpse  of  the  sacred  Vessel,  which,  however, 
b  sufficient  to  cast  him  into  anconsciouines!,  in  which  he  remains 
for  as  many  days  as  he  has  spent  years  in  sin.  Finally,  hi) 
retatious  with  GUenevcrt  are  revealed  to  Arthur  by  the  sons 
ol  King  Lot,  Gawain,  however,  tatJng  no  part  in  the  disclosure. 
Surprised  together,  Lancelot  escapes,  and  the  queen  is  condemned 
ID  be  burnt  alive.  As  the  senlcnce  is  about  to  be  carried  inlo 
eaecution  Lancelot  and  bis  kinsmen  come  to  her  rescue,  but  in 
the  fight  that  ensues  many  of  Arthur's  knights,  deluding  Ihne 
ol  Cawaln'a  brothers,  are  slain.  Thus  converted  into  an  enemy, 
Gawain  urges  his  uncle  to  make  war  on  Lancelot,  and  there 
(oUows  a  desperate  struggle  between  Arthur  and  the  race  of 
Ban-    This  is  latctTupled  by  the  tidin»ol  Mordred's  treachery. 


and  Lancelot,  taking  no  part  In  tbe  bst  fatal  confBct,  ooUives 
both  king  and  queen,  and  the  downfall  of  the  Round  Table, 
finally,  retiring  to  a  hermitage,  he  ends  his  days  In  the  odoui 


dily. 

The  process  whereby  the  independent  hero  of  the  Zanadtt 
(who,  though  his  mother  is  Arthur's  sister,  has  but  the  slightest 
connexion  with  tha  British  king),  ihe  failhlul  husband  of  Iblis, 
became  converted  into  the  priodpal  ornament  of  Arthur's 
court,  and  the  devoted  lover  of  tbe  queen,  is  by  no  means  easy 
10  follow,  nor  do  other  works  of  the  cyde  etplain  thelrsns- 
formation-  In  the  pseudo<hnmidea,  the  Hutaria  of  Geoffrey 
and  the  translations  by  Wace  and  Layamon,  Lancelot  does  not 
appear  at  all;  the  queen's  lover,  whose  guilty  pasuon  is  fully 
returned,  is  Mordred.  Chrdlen  de  Troyea'  treatment  ol  him  is 
contradictrHy;  In  the  Eric,  his  eaiiieit  eitant  poem,  Lancelot's 
name  appcara  as  third  on  the  tilt  ol  the  kni^ts  of  Arthur's 
court.  (It  is  well,  however,  to  bear  In  mind  the  possibOily  of 
later  addition  or  alieratioD  In  such  Usts.)  In  Oiilt  h«  again 
ranks  ai  third,  being  overthrown  by  tbe  hero  of  the  poem.  In 
Ze  Ciaaliir  di  la  Ckantlie,  however,  which  foUowed  OitU,  we 
£nd  Lancdot  alike  as  leading  kni^t  of  the  court  and  lover  of 
the  queen.  In  fact,  precisely  In  the  position  he  occupies  in  the 
prose  tomance,  where,  bdeed,  the  section  dealiug  with  this 
adventure  Is,  as  Gaston  Paris  clearly  proved,  an  almost  literal 
adaptation  of  Chrflien's  poem.  The  suhjeci  ol  the  poem  isthe 
rescue  of  Ihe  queen  from  her  abductor  Meleagant;  and  what 
makes  the  matter  more  perploing  is  that  Ohrftlen  handlea 
the  situation  aa  one  with  which  his  hearers  are  already  familiar; 
it  is  Lancelot,  and  not  Arthur  or  another,  to  whom  the  office  ol 
rescuer  naturally  belongs.  After  this  II  Is  surprising  to  find 
that  In  his  ne«  poem,  Li  ClmaliiT  au  Limi,  Lancdot  b  once, 
and  only  once,  casually  referred  to,  and  that  In  B  paasing  refer- 
ence to  his  rescue  ol  the  queen.  In  the  Ptrcend,  Chr*tien^ 
last  work,  hedoa  not  appear  at  all,  aadyct  much  of  the  action 

In  the  eontlnualioia  added  It  Various  times  10  Chrfticn's 
unfinished  work  the  Me  assigned  to  Lancelot  a  equally  modest. 
Among  the  filteen  knights  selected  by  Arthur  to  accompany 
him  to  Chaslel  Orguellous  he  only  ranks  ninth.  In  the  version 
of  the  Luilt  Triiiran  inserted  by  Geriiert  hi  his  Fircmd,  he  is 
pubb'cJy  overthrown  and  shamed  by  Tristan,  Nowhere  is  he 
treated  with  atiytbing  approaching  the  importance  assigned  to 
him  in  the  prose  versions.  Welsh  tradition  does  not  know  him; 
early  Italian  records,  which  have  preserved  the  names  of  Arthur 
and  Gawain,  have  no  reference  to  Lancelot;  among  Ihe  group 
of  Arthurian  knights  figured  on  the  architrave  of  the  north 
doorway  ol  Modma  cathedral  (a  work  of  the  nth  century)  he 
finds  no  place;  the  real  cause  for  his  apparently  sudden  and 
triumphant  rise  to  popularity  fa  extremely  difficult  to  determine. 
What  appears  the  most  probable  aolution  fa  that  which  regards 
Lancelot  as  the  hero  of  an  tedependent  and  widely  diffused 
folk-iale,  which,  owing  to  certain  special  dtcumsUnces,  was 
brou^t  Into  contact  with,  and  incorporated  in,  the  Arthurian 
tradition.  This  much  has  been  proved  ccrtam  of  the  adventures 
recounted  in  the  Lmada;  Ihe  theft  of  an  Inlant  by  a  water-fairy; 
Ihe  appearanco  of  the  hero  three  consecutive  days,  in  three 
dilTerent  disguises,  at  a  tournament;  the  rescue  of  a  queen,  or 
princess,  from  an  Other-World  prbon,  all  belong  to  one  well- 
known  and  widely-spread  folk-lde,  variants  of  which  ait  found 
in  almost  every  land,  and  ol  which  numerous  eiamplcs  have  been 
collected  ah'ke  by  M.  Cosquin  In  Us  Csnlci  Lcrrains,  and  by 
■  Ir  J.  F.  Campbell  in  bis  Talti  of  Ihe  IFci/  HliUeiuli. 
The  ttoiy  of  the  loves  of  Lancdot  and  Gnenevcre,  ax  related 
f  Chr^icn,  has  about  It  nothing  ^xmtaneous  and  genuine;  In 
1  way  can  it  be  compared  with  the  story  of  Tristan  and  Iscult. 
is  Ihe  cipowtion  of  a  nlalion  governed  by  artificial  and 
bitrary  nJes,  to  which  tbe  pifaidpd  actom  in  the  drama 
,usi  perforce  conform.  Chrttien  stales  that  he  composed  the 
xm  (which  he  left  to  be  compleled  by  Codeltiu  de  Leigni) 
:  Ihe  request  of  the  counicssMaricDiChanipaipie,  who  provided 
im  with  «o/>fr(  t(  rax.  Marie  was  the  daughter  of  Loub  VII. 
ol  Fruce  and  ol  Ekanor  of  Aquhaiae, 


LANCET— LANCIANO 


[«leriq£  tlut 


HcDiy  n.  d  Asjou  ud  F.nglinil  It,  u  i  nulls 
both  mother  ajid  daughter  were  irtivc  i^enli  i 
view  of  the  social  rebtiou  oE  the  aeies  which  louna  m  mon 
fftmoiu  expresaion  io  the  *' Courts  of  Love,"  uid  which  wu 
lopouible  for  the  dictum  that  love  betweeo  husband  and  wife 
wa4  ijtiponible.  The  logical  coodtuion  appcan  to  be  that  the 
CAarrefJtf  poem  is  a  "TatdaaStkrijI"  compcoed  undei  certaia 
QKdal  conditions,  ip  lesponsc  to  a  qiedal  demand.  The  itoiy 
of  Trulan  ati  Until,  immcntdy  popular  u  it  was,  was  iw 
genuine— (shall  we  say  too  aude?)— to  aalisfif  the  taste  of  the 
court  for  which  Chttlioi  was  writing.  Moieovei,  the  Anhurias 
sloiy  wu  the  populac  stocy  of  the  day,  and  Tristan  did  not 
belong  to  the  ma^c  dide,  though  be  wai  uUimately  introduced, 
somewhat  clumsily,  it  muat  be  admitted,  witliin  iU  bounds. 
The  Anhuiian  cycle  must  have  iti  own  love-lalei  Gueneveie, 
the  leading  lady  of  Ihat  cycle,  could  not  be  b«hiad  the  coutlly 
ladies  of  tbe  day  and  lack  a  lovei;  one  had  lo  be  found  for  hci. 
I^ncebt,  already  popular  hero  of  a  tale  in  which  an  adventure 
parallel  to  that  of  the  ClamUe  figured  piominenlly,  wai  pressed 
into  the  Mtvice,  Modied,  Guencvere'a  earlier  Lover,  bong  loo 
unsympathetic  a  character;  moreover,  Uodred  warn  required  for 
tbe  final  lAlc  of  iraitoc. 

But  to  whom  is  the  atoiy  to  be  uslgned?  Here  we  mint 
dislioguish  between  the  LaimM  pmpet  and  the  loaccM- 
Ciunevcre  venions;  so  far  as  the  latter  arc  concened,  we  cannot 
get  behind  the  version  of  Chretien,— nowhere,  prior  lo  the 
composition  of  ;he  CJkn/iir  dt  la  CkamUe  is  there  any  evidence 
of  the  eaistence  of  such  a  stoty.  Yet  Chretien  does  ttot  claim  to 
have  invented  the  situation.  Did  it  spiing  from  the  fertile 
brain  of  some  court  lady,  Marie,  or  another?  The  aulboiship 
of  the  LaHtdol  proper,  on  the  other  hand,  is  invariably  ucribed 
to  Waller  Map  (see  Map),  the  chancellor  ol  Henry  II.,  but  so 
also  are  the  majority  of  the  Arthurian  prose  Romances.  The 
trend  of  tnodem  critical  opinion  is  towards  accepting  Map  as  the 
author  of  a  Laactiol  romance,  which  formed  the  basts  for  later 
developments,  and  there  la  a  growing  teodency  lo  identify 
this  hypothetical  ori^nal  LarueM  with  the  source  of  the  Cerman 
Laiuilcl.  The  author,  Ulrich  von  Zaliikhoven,  tells  us  that  he 
translated  his  poem  from  a  French  (BdicJtci)  book  in  the  pos»a- 
alon  of  Hugo  de  Morville,  one  ol  the  English  hoatages,  who,  in 
iiM,  replaced  Richard  Cceui  de  Lion  in  the  prison  of  Leopold 
of  Austria.  Fuithcr  evidence  on  the  pmnl  ia,  unfortunately, 
not  at  present  forthcoming.  To  the  student  of  Ibc  original  teats 
Lancelot  >s  an  ioGnitely  less  intercatiag  bero  (ban  Gawim, 
Perceval  or  Tristan,  each  of  whom  posscue*  a  well-marked 
personality,  and  is  the  centre  of  what  we  may  call  individual 
adventures.  Saving  and  excepting  the  incident  of  bis  being 
stolen  and  brought  up  by  a  water-fairy  (from  a  Iti  relating 
which  adventure  the  whale  Uory  probably  started),  there  is 
absolutely  nothing  in  Lancelot's  character  or  career  to  distin- 
guish him  from  any  other  romantic  hcio  of  the  period.  The 
language  of  the  prose  Lanalst  is  good,  easy  and  graceful,  hut 
the  adventures  lack  oiiginaUiy  and  interest,  and  the  situations 
repeat  themselves  in  a  most  wearisome  manner.  English  readen, 
who  know  the  story  only  through  the  medium  of  Malory's  noble 
piose  and  Tennyson's  melodiou*  verse,  carry  away  an  impression 
entirely  foreign  la  that  produced  by  a  study  of  the  original 
literature.  The  Laiudol  story,  in  its  rise  aad  development, 
belongs  eaduuvely  to  the  later  stage  ol  Arthurian  romance; 
il  was  a  story  for  the  court,  not  for  the  folk,  and  it  lacks  alike 
the  dramatic  force  and  human  appeal  of  the  genuine  "popular" 
tale. 

The  prcae  LamcrlM  was  fnquedily  prInlHl  i  J.  C.  Brunct  chnHiicln 
cdliionsol  14M,  lua,  1513.  ijn  and  ISU—o'thu  Ian  date  Ikcic 
■niwo.  one  publiihed  by  Jrhan  Petit,  the  other  by  PhiUope  LmairCi 
ihh  ]Attby  far  the  betier.  I^rinc  printed  tram  ■  mueli  fuller  manu. 
script.  Tin*  is  no  criikal  •diikm.  and  the  only  trbdh  avaibble 
for  (he  aenenl  reader  it  the  modemiatd  and  abridged  text  paUithtd 
by  Pauba  Paris  in  veb.  iU.  lo  v.  o(  Ktmant  £  la  TaSt  Unit. 
A  Dutch  verse  Iran^Iion  of  the  iith  cfntury  was  published  by 
M.  WJ.  A.  Jonclcbloet  in  ]>!*>.  uixfcr  the  title  of  SemKinii  Lance 
tttl.  TTii)  only  b^iiu  wHh  what  PaoKn  Pa™  termi  the  .^mmiii 
aectiofl,  all  the  part  pnrioM  lo  Cuenevere'i  necue  from  Meleatant 
having  been  lott;  but  Ih*  Wat  it  an  eicdlent  one,  agreeing  cletely 


part  bcfon  hin.  Mabry'tvertionofibeCAarTMUadvi 
ID  many  nspectt  from  any  Dther  enau  fonti.  and  the  1 
mcial  Kction  of  hit  workit  trill  a  queatioa  of  debate  ao; 
The  ten  at  hii  diipotal.  etpecially  ia  the  QtirsUtraia 
been  ckitcly  akin  to  that  uied  by  the  Dutch  Iiantl^ 
compiler  01  Lenoite.  luj.  UnEenunatdy.  f^rSommer 
on  the  Soarat  of  iToier?.  omitted  to  consutt  these  te 


and  the 
with^b' 


Gauon  P.ri>,  i>  conuinrd 


ins  dealing  with  Ijnfffpf  and  QwU  urgently 

juaihl  (ed.  Hthn,  1S4J,  out  of  print  and 
hbtain).  Clir^len'tpoem  hat  been  published  by 
Denier.  In  hit  edltKm  of  the  works  of  that  peat, 
I).  A  Dutch  TcnioD  <il  a  Aon  epitodlc  poem, 
pifi  bitic  will  be  found  io  M.  Jonckbloel't 
of  this  and  other  Lamctloi  poemt,  by 
in  vol.  XXX.  of  HiiOirt  UlUiairr  it  & 
on  1  he  luhiect  cf.  Gatton  Pirii's  anielet 
"      Weehsi^,  Dk  ■encMedlMa  Rrdtl^- 


lienn  ia  Gnml-LmKtM  CjtMai:  J.  L.  \tc , 

LaKiM  itK  l^  jGrinim  Ubraxy,  vol.  lii);  and  Till  f 
Taitnumtitt   (Gnmm    Library,   vol.    xv.)    an    appendi 


LtHCBT  (from  Ft.  IdaMM.  dim.  of  Ishm,  lance),  the  lame 
given  10  a  turgical  instrument,  with  a  narrow  two-edged  blade 
and  ■  lance-chaped  point,  used  for  opening  abtceases,  &c.  The 
term  is  applied,  in  architecture,  to  a  form  of  tlie  pointed  arch, 
and  to  a  window  of  which  the  head  ia  a  Lancet-arch. 

UUfCSWOOD,  a  sttaight-grained,  tou^,  light  daslic  wood 
obtained  from  the  West  Ind^  and  Guiana.  It  is  brought  into 
commerce  in  the  form  of  taper  poles  of  about  30  ft.  in  kiigth 
and  from  6  to  fl  in.  in  diameter  at  the  thickest  end.  Lancewood 
is  used  by  carriage-builders  for  shafts;  but  since  the  practice  ol 
eoptoying  curved  shafts  has  come  largely  into  use  it  is  not  in 
u  great  demand  as  formeriy.  The  smaller  wood  ia  used  for 
wbip-handlcs,  for  the  tops  of  fishing-rods,  and  for  various  minor 
purposes  where  even-grained  elastic  wood  is  a  detidetalum. 
The  wood  is  obtained  from  two  ciembeii  of  the  natural  order 
Anonactae.  The  black  Uncewood  or  carisiri  of  Guiana  {CuaOtria 
viriala)  grows  to  a  height  of  10  ft.,  is  of  temarkat>ly  slender 
form,  and  seldom  yields  wood  more  than  8  in.  diameter.  The 
yeUow  bncewood  tree  {DatiKiia  fMdimuti,  yari-yari,  of  Guiana) 
is  of  similar  dimensionii  foond  in  tolerable  Sundance  throughout 
Guiana,  and  used  by  the  Indians  for  arrow-pointa,  as  wdl  as 


LUf-CHOV-FD.  Ihc  chid  lawn  of  the  Chinese  prcnrince  of 

Kan-tuh,  and  one  of  the  most  impettant 

dlies  of  the  interior 

imatedal  iJSfioo.    The  h 

utia,  with  very  few 

Eitepiions,  are 

built  of  wood,  but  the  sir 

kU  are  paved  with 

blocks  of  gram 

iade  omatSent. 

Is  and  tobacco  art 

the  chief  articles  of  the  local  trade.    Tobac 

0  is  very  exlensivdy 

vidnity. 

iMiauitu 

episcc^  see  of  the 

AbruzB,  Italy, 

in  the  province  of   Chieti 

situated  on  three 

hills,  9B4  ft.  above  sea-levd,  about  S  m.  Iioin  the  Adriatic  coast 
and  11  m.  S.E.  of  Chieti.  Pop,  (1901)  j6ti  down),  iSjiS 
(commune).  It  basa  tailway  slalian  en  the  coast  railway,  14  m. 
S.E.  of  Caslellammare  Adriatico.  It  has  broad,  rtsuUr  streets, 
and  several  fine  buitdm^  The  cathedral,  an  imposing  stnicture 
with  a  fine  clock-tower  of  ttjj^,  Ishuilt  upon  bridgesof  brickwork, 
dating  perhaps  ttam  the  Roman  period  (though  the  inscription 
attributing  the  work  lo  Diocletian  ii  a  forgery),  that  span  the 
gorge  of  the  Fellrino,  and  is  dedicated  to  S.  Maria  dd  Ponte, 
Our  Lvly  el  the  Bridge.  TheGoihkchurchof  S,MariaMa«gioie 
dates  from  1317  and  has  a  fine  facade,  with  a  pottsl  of  1317 
by  a  bcal  sculptor.  The  processional  cross  by  the  silvenmith 
Nicola  di  Guardiagiele  (1411)  is  very  besutifuL  In  S.  Nicola 
Is  a  fine  reliquary  of  1445  by  NicoU  di  Fnmeivllla.  The  church 
of  the  Anauniiata  has  a  good  cose  window  of  1361.  The 
industries  of  the  town,  famous  in  the  middle  ages,  have  declined. 
Anianum  belonged  originally  tn  the  tribe  ol  the  Frenlani  and 
later  became  a  nuiiucii/iUH.    ll  lay  oo  ibc  auknl  tii(hn4d. 


LAKCRET— LANDBN 


■kicfa  ■hipdcnal  lt«  coMt  it  OtUm  n  n.  lo  (he  N.  ud 
ictnmcd  (o  it  U  HiUoniniii  [Vu)a)  Rcmaiu  ef  a  Rotnaii 
tbotie  cxiM  oixkc  Uw  bobofi'*  piUce. 

Sh  V.  Bwdi.  Mumm-liM'  Atmrni  (Nuka,  iMf,  «go  Kn.). 
and  for  diKowin  in  Ibc  Hfhbourbood  «  A.  Oe  Niao  in  IfiAu 
^i»m(l8S4].43I.  CT.Al.) 

UHCBBT,  HICOLU  (i66o-(}4j),  FtcBch  iwinla,  ni  ben 
ia  Pan*  od  Um  iind  ol  Juuuy  ■(■■iOi  and  becaaie  >  briUiaal 
dcpiclti  «f  liglit  coBKdy  which  lefltctrd  ibe  una  and  aiaaDni 
d(  pRDch  tedcLy  under  the  leieu  Oilevu.  Hit  fini  Blaster 
HU  Pieite  d'Ulin,  hut  hii  uquaintance  *iih  ud  admiiatiiOB 
Im  Walleau  induced  him  to  leave  d'Uliu  ioi  Cillet,  whotc  piqiil 
Walteau  had  been.  Two  piciutet  punted  by  Lucret  and 
eihibiled  on  the  PJna  Dauphine  had  a  i»at  >ucc«»,  which 
laid  the  foundation  of  hit  CoituDe,  and,  it  ii  Uid,  atcaoged 
Watluu.  who  tud  been  compliraEBtnl  H  thctt  autboc.  LuicRI'i 
work  cannot  oaw.  Iiowcvn.  be  taken  lor  thai  ol  Watleau,  (or 
both  ia  dcawiot  and  in  piioliiis  hii  touch,  allbousb  iDtcUiacnt, 
ii  dcy,  bard  and  wanting  in  (hit  quality  wbkh  distincuBfaed  hit 
(nat  model,  these  characlcriNin  an  due  poaiibly  in  pari  (o 
ihe  faa  Ihii  be  had  bem  (at  »mc  lime  in  Iraininc  undn  an 
engnvn.  The  number  at  hii  paiDtiitf  (ol  which  ovet  ogbty 
have  been  engraved)  is  imnunsc;  he  eieculed  a  few  potltails 
and  attempted  bistoiicd  (smjKailioii,  but  hia  favouiili  lubjects 
vcK  balk,  fain,  vdiife  wcddinft,  tto.  The  Briiiah  Museum 
pouesaei  an  admirable  terka  of  Mi^ei  by  I«i>crel  ia  led  cbalk, 
and  Ibe  National  Gallery,  London,  abows  four  plintingi — tbe 
"  Four  Age*  a[  Man  "  (engraved  by  Desplua  aiid  I'Aimesain), 
cilcd  by  d'AigenviUe  araoogu  the  piiodpal  woila  of  Lancrci. 
Ia  ijiq  he  was  received  as  Academician,  and  tKcame  councillor 
in  1735;  in  1741  be  married  a  fiandchtld  of  Boursaultt  author 
ol  Aanf  at  Cain,    He  died  on  the  I4lh  of  September  i]4}, 

d'Arteeville,  Via  ia  priitlrti;  and  Ballot  de  SanX.Siait 


1874}. 

for  that  pan  of  the  earth's  lurface 
iKMaed  to  tea  ot  water.  The  word 
piagn,  mainly  in  the  Hmc  form  and 
neaning.  The  Celtic  c«ciuite  fomis 
,  ao  enclerare,  also 


ii  U.Laia 

LAND,  the  general  ten 
wbitfa  ia  aolid  and  dry  a) 


Cornish  Jnnind  Breton  faun,  health,  which  has  given  Ihe  Ft 
Jaiide,  ao  enpaote  01  tract  of  sandy  waste  ground.  The  ullimale 
CDDi  is  unknown.  From  its  primary  meaning  have  dcvekiped 
oaLurally  the  vjliious  uva  of  the  word,  for  a  tract  of  gnnipd  or 
country  viewed  either  aa  a  political,  geographical  or  elfano- 
graphiad  division  of  (he  earth,  as  properly  .... 


or  by  a  privaJ 

the  urban  or  Ihe  cultivated  as  opposed  to  the  built  on 
the  country;  ol  panicular  meanings  may  be  mentioned 
•  building  divided  into  teneiuents  or  flata,  the  divistoD 
ktbown  as"  bc>iiaes."a  Scottish  idage.and  liso  Ihal  of  a 
of  a  ploughed  field  marked  by  the  irrigating  channels 
icansferred  lo  the  HBOOth  paita  of  the  bore  of  a  riSe  faelv 
groovg  ol  the  rifling. 
For  tK_  ,_ ,  .,  _    . 


•i(h  the  disposal  of  the  public  hud  Uici  phHicm 
jnA  further  inrDrmalion  with  roard  to  ihr  pan 
^uenlon  in  Roman  hi»ioTy  will  tie  r 


N  Laws  d 


Quenion  in  Ronu 


TEHam,  and  LaMD  RwuitaaTiOH). 

LARMO,  a  town  in  the  Bavaitan  Palalinatt.  on  Ihe  Queich, 
lying  nndgr  Ihe  eastern  elopt  ot  the  Hardt  Mountains,  ji  m 
by  rail  &W.  from  Mannheim,  at  the  Junction  of  Unes  lo  NtiutadI 
an  der  Bardt,  WeUtenburg  and  Saarhrllcken.  Pop.  flooi) 
11.165.  Among  tti  building  are  Ihe  Cothkr  Evangeliril  (huirh, 
dating  from  tiBj;  Ihe  chapel  of  St  Catherine  buHi  in  i]44; 
the  church  of  the  former  Augustlnlan  monastery,  dating  from 
l«aj;  and  tbe  Auguillnian  monastery  ilsell.  founded  in  1176 


eigiis,  beer,  hall,  watches,  luinitun  and  raicmne 
'  le,  fruit  and  cereals.  Luge  callle-maiketi 
iQ  wii  founded  in  1114,  becoming  an  impi 
later.    This  dj^dty  was  looB  kat,  ai  in  tji 


and  ■  trade 
BheMben. 
il  city  fifty 


in  tjii.  Captured  eight  times  dnting  the 
Tluctr  Yan^  War  the  town  ««  tsded  to  Fiance  by  the  tmly 
ol  Weatphaha  in  164!,  although  with  certain  ill-defined  rserva- 
~  itn  Lmn  XIV.  definitely  took  pooesilon  of  Landau. 
I  wen  |>«atly  slienglbeoed;  nevertheless  il 
ns  twice  taken  by  Ihe  IrapcrulisU  and  twice  movcnd  by  tbe 
Finich  during  the  Spanish  Soccenion  War.  In  iSij  it  was 
iven  to  Austria  .and  in  the  toUowlag  ycat  to  Bavaria.     The 

Tbe  town  is  eoounonly  suppoaed  10  have  given  its  name  to 
he  foBr..wheded  caniage,  with  an  adjustable  divided  lop  lot 
■e  either  open  or  doaed,  known  as  a  "  landau "  (Ger. 
dndanff].  Bnt  this  derivation  is  douhiful,  Ihe  origin  of  the 
ame  being  also  ascribed  to  thai  of  an  English  carriage^buildcr, 
Landow.  who  introduced  this  form  of  equipage. 
See  E.  Hnurr,  DU  BAwnna  torn  Laxiam  n  ia  JtMrn  17M 
■  &«*«*«    ■       •       - 


l9t):  Le\oHiuv 


'."  ('"ill 


ind)™ 


..lilt   __ 

(Undau,i879)- 


Pop.  Ugc-si  J  ,481 
It  has  manufaclur 

urbood  are  the  ru 


It  ia  situated  at  an  alliiude  ef 
ol  gloves.    Landeck  is  visited  by 
Qt  ol  its  warm  sulphur 
r  ijth  ce  -      ■ 


le  castle  ol  Katpertstein. 
.,      .  ,        la,  l8;j);  Schlllie,  Di«  Thtrmi* 

1  [Bcilin,  iSgjI;  Wehw.  B^  Lmiak  (Bnnlsu,  1BS6): 
I  tttrmtn  Ha  Lmink  (Berlin,  iSStI,  and  PatKbovsky. 
c*  Bad  Idntak  and  Linfi^f  ISchwcidniti,  191a). 
*,  JOHM  (1719-17^),  English  mathematician,  waa 
['cakirk  near  I^erborough  in  Northamptonshire  an 
ol  January  1719,  and  died  on  the  ijth  of  January 


in  it,  hii  dogmatism  and  pugnicil 
shunned.  In  1761  he  was  appoii 
William,  and  held  that  office  to  w 
He  was  Gm  km 


ippointeo  agent  to  ine  tail  Fit*- 
to  within  two  yean  of  his  deaih. 

ilhematicion  by  hb  essays  in  the 
LaJiis-  Diary  lor  1744.  In  1766  he  was  elected  a  fellow  ot  the 
Royal  Sodcty.  He  was  wdl  acquainted  with  the  works  of  Ihe 
mathemalidans  of  his  own  time,  and  has  been  called  Ihe 
"  English  d'Alembert."  In  his  Disanau  on  the  "  Resklual 
Analysis."  he  proposes  to  avoid  Ihe  metaphysical  dilhcullics 
of  the  method  of  fluiions  by  a  purely  algebraical  method.  The 
Idea  may  be  compared  with  thai  of  Joseph  Louis  Lagrange's 
Cofcuf  der  Pmcliens.  His  memirir  (177;)  on  ihc  roliloty 
motion  ol  a  body  contains  (as  ihe  author  was  aware)  conclusiont 
at  variance  with  Ihosr  arrived  at  by  Jean  le  Bond.  d'Alcmbnt 
and  Leonhard  Euler  in  their  tcsearchn  on  Ihe  same  subject- 
He  renroduces  and  lunhtr  develops  and  defends  his  own  views 
in  iiit'ifalktmiUictil  Mtmtiri,  and  in  his  paper  in  Ibc  PkUoicfkiiBl 
discovery  is  Ihat 


in  them 


■715.  a 


le  (obtained  h 


■e  ol  0 


f  two  elliptic  I 


in  the  £nt  vdui 
aion  ol  the  arc 


ibich  they  had  on  later 
mathemalldaiis.  He  also  showed  ihai  the  roots  of  a  cubic 
equation  can  be  derived  by  means  of  the  inhnitcsimat  calculus. 

The  rw  rf  hli  wrilinii  is  as  foBowi:— tad«('  Oiary.  various  com- 
miifikations  (1T44-I7te):  papen  in  the  FUl.  Tr^i.  I1754,  11*0- 
I7««,  ITTI.  ITTS.  1777.  iT^jTl  Malkimoucal  Loci*nli<nu  (17S9): 
A  Dimim  Inarw..!  tt(  AiiJul  Anatnu  t>TS«):  TI1  Rtii3i-«{ 
Amilnii.  book  1,  (17*4);  d«imoAt«i«I  «■  Dr  Slrwurri  «cl*iW 
d/csw^I.II  IIh  StM'lhiitamafrimaiEvIk  (1771)1  tfaUtlHliuJ 
Urmnrt  (17*0,  IT*))- 


LANDEN— LANDES 


portuit  JIUl 


le  proYince  ol 


of  LMge,  Btlgiuni,  u  in- 
A  LLmbDif ,  Li^ge  uul 
LeuvuD.  fop.  (idm)  1874,  It  it  the  biithplue  o[  iht  Bnt 
PippiD,  dulingushnl  u  Fipplc  o(  L-iaden  fiam  hii  giudion 
Pippin  of  Hinlil,  la  lAgj  tlw  FrtDCh  uodei  Minlu]  Lnumburg 
■MoUd  ben  the  Aiifl(»-Dulch  irmy  undci  WiUlao  lU.  Thii 
Ullle  ii  also  ciUed  NcemiiidiD  f ran  a  villigi  ]  in-W.  of  Linden. 
Here  in  iiM  the  Austnuu  undei  Frederick  of  Suc-Coburg 
ud  dcrfayl  (Mciled  the  Fiencfa  undec  Duauiuicz. 

LUTDBR,  UCHUO  LBHOK  (1804-18^!  ud  JOBR  (1807- 
l83g}.  Eoglijb  eipioRn  ol  tlie  Niger,  were  natives  of  Commli. 
'        innkeeper  at  Tniro.    At  (he  age  of  cicren  Richard 


K  West  In 


In  1S13-1S14  he  a 


ia  the  lervice  of  a 


lies,  with  whom  be  travelled  on  Ibc  continenU 
compoflied  Major  (aflenrarda  GcneraL  Sir) 
on  a  Lour  through  Cape  Cdony.  In  i8>s 
ervicea  to  Hugh  Clappcrton,  then  |>reparjng 
"■  ClappertDH's 


impBiiiotl 


11  this  eipcdilrai 


Clappenon's  death  near  Sotolo  in  Aprii  1817  Ricbacd  Ludet. 
after  visiting  Kaoo  and  other  p*iU  of  the  Hiusa  Main,  returned 
ID  (he  Guinea  caul  through  Yoruba  bringing  with  him  C)a[^r- 
ton's  journal.  To  this  on  its  poblicalion  (1819)  was  added 
TMt  Journai  nf  Rickard  Lander  from  Kant  It  lie  CoasI,  and  in 
the  next  year  Lander  published  another  account  of  the  expedi- 
tion entitled  RitBrdi  of  Caflain  Oappatm'i  Latt  Eiptiilion 
lo  Afrita . .  .vUk  Iht  ititicfHenl  Aistnltra  0/  Ikt  Auikm. 
To  tfau  narrative  he  prefixed  an  autobiographical  note.  Richard 
Lander,  though  without  any  scienlilic  atiunmtnK,  had  ei- 
hibilcd  >uch  capacity  tor  exploration  thai  the  British  government 

Niger.  In  the  expedition  he  was  accompanied  by  hii  brother 
John,  by  trade  a  printer,  and  l>ellcr  educated  than  Richard,  who 
went  as  an  unsaliiicd  volunteer.  Leaving  England  in  January 
1B30,  the  brothers  landed  at  Badagry  on  the  Guinea  «ia>i  an 
the  und  o(  March.  They  then  travelled  by  the  route  pieviouily 
taken  by  Clappftton  to  Buisa  on  the  right  bank  ol  the  Mger. 
reached  on  the  17th  of  June.  Thence  Ihey  ascended  the  river 
lor  about  100  m.     Going  back  to  Buua  the  liavelleti  brgan. 


ilSepleni 


.    They  Jo 


alknowii 


ibeN 


aing  its  confluence,  by  paddling  againEt  its  stream, 
iise  was  not  in  that  direction.  At  the  beginning  0 
y  were  capluied  by  the  Iboj,  from  whom  they  wen 
"King  Boy"  of  Brass  Town;  by  bim  they  wen 


outhoi 


Fimindo  Po,  reached  on  the  ist  of  December.    The  Landers 

were  thus  able  to  lay  down  with  approximate  correctness  the 
bwer  course  of  the  Niger — a  tnatter  till  then  as  much  in  dispute 

Ibot  the  Landers  lost  many  of  their  records,  but  they  published 

Jour-al  ef  an  Ezftdilion  le  Explori  lii  CoHisi  and  TirminaKnH 
iflktNtta  Inrecognitionofhisservicejlhe  Royal  Ccograpbical 
Society— formed  two  years  previously— granted  Richard  ijndei 
in  tSji  the  royal  medal,  he  being  the  first 


ward. 


D  Aftici 


n  expedition  organixed  by  Macgregor  Laij 
Liverpool  merchants  to  open  up  trade  on  the  Niger  and  lo  found 
a  commeicial  xttlemcnt  at  the  junction  ol  the  Benue  with  Ihc 
main  slccaoi.  The  expedition  encountered  many  difGcullics, 
suffered  great  mortality  from  fever,  and  was  not  able  10  reach 
Bussa.  Lander  made  several  journeys  up  and  dawn  stream, 
aiKl  while  going  up  the  river  in  a  canoe  was  attacked  by  the 
natives  on  the  lolh  ol  January  i8j4  -1-  .  .     _ 


d  by  a  musk 
lo  Po,  where 


:  died  on  the 


died  on  the  i6lh  of  Novelnbec  1)39  ol  ■  dti 

See,  besKtc*  the  bcnki  nmciniKd,  tlie  ffirrsMe  of  the  Niger 
expedition  of  iSja-iBu.  published  in  1831  by  Maanaar  Laird  and 
R.  A.  K.Old&ij£ 

LUfDES,  a  department  in  the  south-wesi  of  Fiance,  formed 
in  I  jflo  of  portions  of  the  ancient  provinces  of  Cuyenne  (Landes, 
Condomios  Chalosse),  Gascony  and  Biam,  and  bounded  N.  by 
Cironde,  E.  by  Loi-el-Gironne  and  Gen,  S.  by  Bums  Pyrenees, 
and  W  (lor  bS  m.)  by  the  Bay  ol  Biscay.  Pop.  {t»o6)  iw,397. 
Its  area,  J615  sq.  m.,  is  second  only  to  thai  of  the  department  of 
Ctronde.  The  department  takes  its  name  from  the  Landa, 
which  occupy  three-quarters  of  its  surface,  or  practically  the 
whole  region  north  of  the  Adour,  the  chief  river  of  the  depart- 
ment. They  are  separated  from  the  sea  by  a  belt  of  dunet 
fringed  on  Ihe  east  by  a  chain  ol  takes.  South  of  the  Adour  lies 
the  Chalosse — a  hilly  ngion,  intersected  by  the  Gabas,  Luy  and 
Cave  de  Pau,  left-hand  tributaries  ol  the  Adour,  which  descend 
from  Ihc  Pyrenees.  On  the  right  the  Adour  is  jinned  by  the 
Midonce,  formed  by  the  junction  ol  Ihe  Douze  and  the  Uidoo. 
The  climate  of  Landes  ia  the  Gitiindine,  which  prevails  from 
the  Loireto  the  Pyrenees.  Snow  is  almost  unknown,  tbe  spring  is 
rainy,  the  summer  warm  and  stormy.  The  prevailing  wind  is  Ihe 
south-west,  and  the  mean  (empcratiiTe  ol  the  year  is  ^*  F-,  the 
thermometer  hardly  ever  rising  above  81°  or  falling  below  14*. 
The  annual  rainfall  in  the  louih  of  Ihe  department  in  the  neigh- 
bourh(»d  of  Ihe  sea  reaches  js  in.,  but  diminishes  by  more  tbin 
hall  towards  the  notth-etm. 

patative  pootness  ol  the  soil  of  the  Landet,  and  small  though  the 
population  is,  the  department  doei  not  (HVduce  wheal  enough 
for  iu  own  consumption.  The  chief  cereal  it  maize;  next  in 
jmpartaDce  are  lye,  wfieal  and  millet.  Of  vegetablct,  the  bean 
is  most  cultivated.  The  vine  is  grown  in  Ihe  Chalosie,  sheep  are 
numerous,  and  Ihe  "  Landes  "  breed  of  horses  iB  weli  knowiL 
Forests,  chiefly  composed  of  pines,  occupy  more  than  hall  Ihe 
department,  and  their  eaidoilalion  forms  the  chief  industry 


idlroi 


mske 


«Iin, 


purposes,  arc  also  obtained  fi 


d  Eugenie 

important      There  a 
brick  and  tile  works 


as  and  IV*chaeq.    The  t 


.s  (Mon 


eMan 


Monl-de-Maisan  is  the  capital  of  ihedepanment,  which  comes 
withinthccircumscriptionaf  the  appeal  court  of  rau,thcacad/mie 

and  formt  pan  ol  the  region  of  the  18th  army  corps,  li  b  served 
by  Ihe  Southern  railway;  Ihctt  is  Mime  navigation  on  Ihe 
Adour,  but  that  upon  the  other  riven  ii  of  little  liapoeiaBCe 
Mont-de-Marsan,  Dax,  St  Sever  and  Aire-sut-rAdour,  Ihe  motl 
natL'wonhy  towns,  receive  separate  notice.  Hagctmau  has  a 
chuAh  built  over  a  Romanesque  crypt,  the  roof  of  which  is 
supported  on  columns  with  elaboraiely.ctrved  capitali.  Sorde 
has  an  inleiesiing  ahbey.church  of  ihe  ijlh  and  14th  centuiki. 
LANDES,  an  extensive  Datura]  region  of  ioulh-weslcm  Fiaaec, 
tnown  more  strictly  tt  Ibe  Laodes  de  CaicogDe.  li  bu  an  irca 


LANDESHUT— LANDLORD  AND  TENANT 


«l  Moaiq.  n.,  «nil  omipiB  ihi«-qinn*n  (rf  ihe  (tepmiunit  of 
Linds,  half  ol  that  of  Gironde,  and  umc  ijs.oooacTn  ofLoi-ci- 
Gaxoune.  Th«  Laodcs,  formerly  a  vast  tract  oF  mooiEand  and 
Banh,  now  coisiit  chirfly  of  fieldi  and  foraii  of  pcnea.  Tbey 
form  ■  platou,  shaped  like  a  triangk,  tht  bate  of  nhich  is  ihic 
Aitantk  coail  while  the  apei  is  siiualed  slightly  west  of  NJrac 
(Lot-ct-CafODiu).  lu  limits  ate,  on  the  S.  the  rivn  Adoui, 
00  the  E.  ibe  UUi  ol  Amugnac,  Eauan,  Condamoii,  Agenaia 
aiul  Baiadais;  and  on  tbe  N.E.  Ibt  Garonne,  the  hiib  of  MMoc 
and  the  Cironde.  Ttic  height  of  the  plateau  ranges  in  geneni 
ttom  ijolo  ]te[l.;lhc  highest  alliUide  (498  ll.|  is  found  in  Ihe 


then  is  a  gradual  slope  towanfa  north. 
The  soil  is  naturally  sterile.  It  is  compoi 
on  a  iubaoQ  of  tufa  {oUot)  impenneabh 
quBiten  o(  the  year,  oiiuequently,  the  1 
aJnost  level  loiface  and  unable  10  film  Ihr 
fonn  ibe  count  ly  into  unwholesoiH  swamps,  wtai 
couJd  only  traverse  on  stflis.  About  the  mn 
fenlury  in  engineer.  Francis  Chambrelenl.  jns 
of  draining  and  planting  10  remedy  these  ev 
■boul  1(00  m.  of  ditehes  bave  been  dug  wbidi  ca 

tbe  welt,  and  over  1,600.000  acres  have  tiei 
mantime  pinei  and  oaks.     The  coast,  foi  a  b 

dunes,  jn  ranges  parallel  to  (he  shore,  and  Iroi 
in  beigbl.  Driven  by  the  west  wind,  which  is 
these  paiu.  the  duMS  were  slowly  advancii 
towards  tbe  eui,  bniying  the  culiivaied  iani 
houses.  Nicolas  Thomas  Brimonticr,  lowaidi 
ifilh  century,  devised  Ihe  plan  of  arresling  this  1 

bave  been  thus  It 
place  of  the  pines.    ' 

Thii  barrier,  from  3i 

ierieiofUlics(Houni 
Biacanoaie.  Aureilhn 


d  ol  fine  sand  reeling 
ugh.  used  to  trans- 


.    Upi.ari 
ted.    Jn  the  south-west,  cork  tr 


n  loroied  by  means  ol  1 
lit  high,  pieMDIsan  obsl 
I  Ihe  easletn  side  ol  ihe 

IS,  Lacanau.  Caiau  or  Sanguinct 


n.  Si  Julien,  Lton  : 


escaped  by  de&ltialto 


n,  and  they  are  now  quite  fic 
which  ma  midway  between  the 
Lacanau  and  Caiau,  still  communicttes  with  tbe  o 
euirenl  of  the  Leyre  which  flows  into  it  having  suffic 
to  keep  a  passage  c^n, 

LAMDESHUT.  a  town  in  the  Prussian  province  of  : 
(he  oenh  foot  of  the  Riesengcbirge,  and  on 
63  m.  _S.W.  ol  Breslio  by  rail.    f^ip.  (190s) 

of  cloib.  aboes  and  beer.  The  town  dalei  irom  the  ijth  cenluiy, 
being  originally  a  foilnss  built  tor  pmection  against  the 
BoWnians.  There  the  Prussians  delcalH)  Ihe  Austliant  in 
Hay  1745.  and  in  June  1760  the  Prussians  were  touted  by  a 
greatly  supenoi  force  ol  Auslrians. 

See  Penchlic.  Bmbiihii 
iBcestau.  itig). 

LARDORAVB  (Cer,  tnnifpa/.  fiooi  lanJ.  "  a  countiy 


0.     Its  mairi 
nanulaclurtt 


nxJ  CeuMiMi  iir  SUdt  Landtshi 


C">}.  ■■ 


aCenn 
!   Holy  Ron' 
count  01  more  than  usua 
implied  sovereigni; 

blanch  of 


ollletu-Homburg.ni 


«ng  fro. 


icorporatcd  in  Prussia, 
ne  various  orancnesoi  incnouseol  Hesse,  and  by  a 
family  of  Futslenbcrg.  In  other  cases  ihe  title  ol 
:  IS  Dorne  by  Cerman  sovereigns  as  a  subudiary  title, 
and-dule  of  Saie-Weimar  is  landgrave  of  Thuongia. 
LAMDLORD  AMD  mUMT.  In  Kamaa  Law,  Ihe  relalionship 
ol  landlord  and  icnani  arose  Irom  tbe  contract  of  Idling  and 
hiring  (/ncnUD  cmiiiulisl,  and  existed  alto  with  special  incidents, 
nndtr  tbe  lorms  ol  tenure  known  ai  tmpkyUuiii—iYit  k>ng  lease  of 
Koman  law— and  piitariam,  <ir  tenancy  ai  will  (see  RoiuM  Law). 


Law  Bf  Mn^ead.—'nt  law  of  Entfand  and  tbe  laws  of 
Scoiland  and  Itetand  agree  with  it  on  this  pout— rtcogniBci 
no  atsolute  printle  owneithip  of  land.  The  absolute  and 
alliautc  owner  of  nil  land  a  the  ciown,  and  the  highest  interest 
that  a  ubject  can  kold  therein — via.  an  estate  in  fee  simple — 
is  only  ■  tenancy.  But  Ibis  aspect  ol  tbe  bw.  under  which  the 
landlord,  other  than  the  crown,  is  himseU  always  a  tenant, 
lalis  beyond  the  scope  of  the  present  article,  which  is  restricted 
la  those  holding  thai  arise  from  Ibo  hiring  and  leasing  of  land. 

TlK  legal  relationship  oi  landlord  and  tenant  is  constituted 
by  a  lease,  or  an  agreemcit  for  a  lease,  bvassipimcnl,  byatlocO' 
meol  and  by  otoppel.    And  5:  ~     '      ^  ' 


All  L 


ol  ii 


r  buHdiiigs,  oc 
m  0(  ol  way.  may  be  let 
w  prohibits  tbe  grant  ol  a 


pR^rty.  whether  corporeal,  su 

incorporeal,  such  as  rights  of  njj 

The  Benelicc*  Act  iSog,  however 

lease  of  an  adva¥RiOB.   Titlaoihonour.otncesot  truuorrclatuig 

10  Ihe  admioistralion  of  justice,  and  penairaB  granted  by  tha 

speaking,  any  person  may  giant  or  take  a  lease.  But  there 
arr  a  number  ol  coitmon.law  and  statutory  t^aalibcatjons  and 
cicepllota,  A  Icasr  by  or  to  an  infant  is  v^dabie  at  his  optioo. 
But  eiteroive  powieesol  leasing  the  property  ol  infants  have  been 
by  the  Scitled  Estates  Act  187;  aAd  the  Betiled  Land 


t  iSSi     A  p( 

he  is  capable  of  ear 

wns  ol  Ihe  Lunacy 


Irom  or  under  t 


e  Man 


d  Won 


'separat 


ir  take  i 
le  made  on  bekall 


(/mm  jofe).     As  regards  other  property, 
ol  her  husband  is  generally  necessary.     An 

a  leasee.  Bui  this  disqualification  is  removed  by  the  Naiuraliaa- 
lion  Act  1870.  The  righl  to  deal  with  tbe  properly  of  ■  conVKl 
while  he  b  nndetgrtng  senlmce  (but  not  while  he  is  out  ol  prison 
on  leave)  is.  by  Ihe  Forfeiture  Act  i8;o,  vesied  in  his  admini- 
strator Leasts  by  01  ID  corpoialions  must  be  by  deed  under 
their  common  seal,  and  the  teasing  powers  ol  ecclesiastical 
corporations  in  panKube  are  subject  to  complicated  statutory 

Eicl  Zjne.  ind  ed.. p.  I'Si).    Fowersof  gianling  building  and 
leases  have  been  conferred  by  modem  legislation  on  muni- 


A  person  h: 


person  who  cr 


g  an  interest  In  land  can.  in  general,  create  a 
rlolheeitentof  that  interesi.  Thus  a  tenant 
I  from  year  to  year  only,  may  stand  in  hii 
to  another  tenant.  If  he  profess,  however,  to 
for  a  petiod  longer  than  that  to  which  his  own 
he  does  not  (hereby  ^ve  to  his  tenani  an 


>l  the  lessor  becor 
ty  was  cnated  the  1 
le,  again,  the  subti 
liom  den: 


pire  with  the  ir 
will  be  good,  ai 


im\  of  the 

I  should  the 


posiiK 


special  rule*  of  law  with  reference  to  leases 
byveisons  having  only  ■  hmiied  interesi  in  the  oroperty  leased. 
t-t-  a  tenant  lot  life  under  the  Settled  Land  Acts,  or  a  mortgagor 
or  mortgagee. 

Tin  Lutint.—Ta  constitute  the  relationship  of  landlord  and 
tenant  in  the  mode  under  consideraiion.  it  is  necessary  not 
only  that  there  should  be  parties  capable  of  entering  into  the 
contract,  but  that  there  should  be  a  letting,  as  distinct  from  a 
mere  agmmeni  to  ]ci,  aitd  thai  the  tight  conveyed  should  be  ■ 
nght  to  the  eacluslve  possession  of  (he  lubjetl  of  the  letting 
and  not  a  simple  liwnce  to  use  if.    Whether  ■  patticniat  instrn- 


or  an  agreement  lor  a  lease,  or  a  bare  licence, 
swer  to  which  depends  to  a  targe  extent  on 
if  individiial  cases;  and  the  onl/  geiwral 


(ha 


LANDLORD  AND  TENANT 


B  that  in  I  ]c*u  (ben  mint  be  in  oipnttfon  ot  inicalno  on  Ihc 
pan  of  the  lissar  to  convey,  ud  oi  Use  Ism  to  accept,  Ibe 
eicliuivt  possoiion  of  the  thing  let  lor  the  preHribed  tenn  and 
on  llie  pmcribed  conditions.  The  kndlonl  must  not  pan  with 
the  whoJc  of  hii  IniereU,  lince,  if  he  doei  id,  the  inilnunent  a 
nai  a  leate  but  an  asugninenl.  Where  a  tenant  enten  under  an 
agmtncBt  far  a  leaie  and  pafi  nnl,  the  agreemenl  wiJl  be 
regarded  sa  a  leaie  tram  year  lo  year;  *nd  if  the  agrcenienl  it 
one  ol  Hhich  specific  perfcnoaiKe  inuld  be  decreed  (ij.  if  it 
conlaina  a  comfdeie  contract  betmsB  the  patties  and  utistet 
the  pTDViiiani — to  be  noted  luuoedialely:— ol  the  Statute  of 
Frauds,  and  if,  in  all  the  droimilaDcti,  its  enforcement  i>  just 
and  equitable),  the  lessee  J)  Iteiled  as  havings  lease  lot  the  term 
f  led  in  Ibe  agreenic 
under  it,  just  as  iff 

b*  a  lesse  f«  a  teim  of  reus  (olhtr  than  a  I 
might  be  made  by  paroL    Butundeilb  " 

three  yean,  and  in  which  the  reieived 

at  least  of  the  improved  vilueoftbe  premises,  wt 

in  writing  aiencd  by  the  parlies  or  tbeii  lawfully  aulhoriHd 

agents,  and,  under  the  Real  Properly  Act  1S45.  a  lease  required 

by  law  to  be  in  writing  '  ,    ,       .    , 


ration  of  the  leiuncy.  or  where  BhouHiilenl 
IDInother.   A  tenancy  al  wiUisde«<riniDcd 

)'e?tlK*oAer.  (vL)  Tniatcy  at  S^lpll^ut.— 
to  poscistafl  by  i  lawful  demise,  but  "  holds 
ossHvon  ifler  his  estate  ii  ended,  nsald  to  be 
;,"    Properly  •pnkinf.  tenancy  at  soffRwta 

IE  bconnws  a  tenaney  at  wills  arid  it  b  to  be  irierdcd  oierely  as  a 
leial  Eciioa  which  oreveated  the  riihtful  owner  from  Itcattiig  the 
iner  until  he  ha-"  "^ — "  —■-  —  — '— ' "-—  "• 


upon  1 


^otni  cf 


Le  ol  Frauds  also  prohibili  an  action  IroB  being  brought 
fix  »  lease,  for  any  term,  unlen  such 
ig  and  signed  by  lbs  party  10  be  charged 
igent  lawfully  wlboriied  by  him. 
-The  loUowiiH  are  the  principil  fnrnis  of 
lor  Lili.—f,  lease  Ih  life  muK  be  nude  by 
_y  bo  tiic  ntc  of  The  IcsKC  jnd  the  life  or  lives 

1  «  i^be  li^ol  the  wrvivor;  al«>  for  the  lives  el  The 


of  sinininffluie.6oyeait.  (flinthecascof  inyMher 
iuil4ce.    A  lease  under  the  Sel'iled  Land  Act  tSS)  m 


eneecding  jodsys.  (ii.)  Tmanc 
t*  aod  never  by  implication,  a 


ID  quit  or  any  other  fonntSty.    (iii.)  rnsK;^ 
Thifl  lenaaey  may  be  cnntrd  by  expreu  agrr 


Where  there  is  no 


six  months'  Boiice  being  rniuiml 
to  year  of  a  cDrpoml  hmd't^mer 
hereditament  such  »  i  right  to 
fmat.— Closely ■— -■  — -' 


siS 


-...Jy  tenancy,  ai 

rterly  tenancy.  It  is  chicSy  in  connciion  with  the  Icnint 
.  flaih  ac.  that  tenancies  <t  this  cb»s  an*  (n  Flaii 
ipLoooiHGs).  (v.)  rMMcymH'iiU.-AMaaKvaiwJll 
h  enduns  at  the  will  a(  the  nanies  only,  ij.  at  the  wit 
if  a  demiie  be  made  10  bi^  at  the  will  of  the  lewr,  thi 
,  thai  it  u  at  the  will  di  the  lessee  alio  and  vice  vena, 
mion  of  a  desire  10  terminate  the  tenancy,  whether 
("noiia"  or  not,  will  bring  ii  la  an  end.  ThisluRnal 
le  tenancy  froin  year  to  ytnr,  wy  be  tnued  either  by 


itab  (when 
itk  of  the  lessor;  the  demise  or  actual  letting 

li  the  extent  of  the  premises  demised  is  slated,  the 
tubmdum  (which  defines  the  commencement  and  the  term  of  the 
lease),  the  rMndwrn  or  rcservstion  ol  rent,  and  the  covenanU 
and  conditions.  The  Conveyancing  Act  iSBi  provMeB  tbil, 
as  regards  conveyances  subsequent  to  iSAi.  unlna  a  contrary 
intentian  is  eipressed,  a  lease  of  "land  "  is  to  be  deemed  to 
include  all  buildings,  hilurcs,  easemenla,  ftc..  appenafning  lo  11; 
and,  il  there  are  houses  or  other  buildings  on  (he  land  demised, 
■II  out-hnutes,  erections,  ftc,  are  to  pass  with  the  lease  of  the 
land.  Rights  which  the  lindloni  deures  to  main  over  Ihe  lands 
let  are  eicepted  or  reserved.  Sporting  rights  will  pass  to  the 
lessee  unless  reserved  (see  Game  Laws).  A  granl  or  nservalion 
of  mines  in  general  terms  confers,  or  resetves,  a  right  10  wort 
Ihe  mines,  subject  lo  the  obligation  ot  leaving  a  reasonable 
svppait  to  the  surface  as  il  eiisti  at  the  lime  of  Ihe  grant  « 
''  '  not  neceuaty  that  a  lease  should  be  dated. 
a  dale,  it  will  tale  effect  from  the  day  <>< 


CoKnaili  ■'■  Lai, 
(™p»:,(,.l  /«ef«d 

being  made  lor  it  in 


I.— These  may  be  loughly  d: 


ind  in  the  sai 


he  letter  probably  covenanit  Impliedly  lor 
quiet  enjoyment  of  the  premiifls  by  the 
•nualt— Where  an  afmineH  lor  a  leua 
jl  conditions  as  the  payment  of  lenl,  and 
'  tcrmi,  or  providea  that  the  lease  shaD 
bTnantt.  the  panies  art  entitled  to  have 
'in  punuance  of  Ihe  agreemeni  ■uehDiim 
inleaiesof  prapeRyoltheHnech 


lofthet 


ilily  the  legal 

persons  daimina  under  or  ifarai 
by  ihe  Icsaee  altbe  demited  pi 
to  pay  rem,  it>  pay  uwi.  cxce] 
keep  the  premleet  in  rrnair.  am 
view  ibt  condition  oi  the  premi 

IKX  to  assign  or  uriderlei  withou 


Rate  intended  la  be  gtanled  t7  the 

imited  lo  hlsownacisandihoacol 
h  him.  lor  the  "quiet  enjoyment" 
nitet,  and  covenants  tw  theleaaee 

10  allow  the  landVnd  to  enter  and 

'•t^'helcaeel^biilldandnl^ 


"  usual. ';^    Vnim_ 

areukula^SFl^M 

afalnt  uiignmenl .. . 

m-)  rkiCwHUr  rairani  md  Ik  Land.— A 
"  r«n  with  the  land  "  when  the  riihti  and  ■■  -  '— 


ies  which  it 
•  (in  -1 


CHI  the  ume  fooiirs  by  a  naniKcil  Henry  Vltl.  (IMO).    A 

101  "runs  with  (be land  "  il  it  relaindlhertoaibing  M«ua, 


LANDLORD  AND  TENANT 


npair  gf  Inwn  or  btun  or  ■BchiiHr)'  ilnwiy  baik  or  •■(  up,  or 
ui  tluiv  not  H  im  at  tbr  tlBRnf  ih*  dmiBc.  bin  taiduf  tke  hud, 
pniviiM  ttot  Ita  "Dnl  "  Mmii "  i>  uinl  i  " 
unplKd  coTCHMi  no  nth  tin  Iwl.   AiinU 


nptiim,  If  the  Kilaa  bt  bioD^t  Ittcr.  (nLITlieiniprapef  uMt 
of  the  preniiia  to  the  iajniy  o[  tbc  RVBrimMr  li  iHilt  (f.*.). 
(It.)  CovmulB  by  ibe  tcuatt  to  Insm  tin  pramiia  ud  keep 
nd  An  ftlio  common;  And  if  the  premiiea  are  lefl 
lor  the  imtUBt  ponion  of  Ibe  tenn,  though  tboc  » 

bar  titd  pay  nM  ud  tam  have  b«D  diicoued  above,    (vi.) 
'  iIolbttMaul'toUisatioBlopay  ml,  ice  Rent. 
AiiifimiM,  AUtuwmia,  Bttaftii.—-' 
nl  ud  UDiBt  my  b*  allond  ehhei  , ,    , 

of  the  panict,  ot  invohintarily,  by  tbe  opentka  of  lav,  and 
may  abo  bt  diaolved.  Tha  prindpal  loadt  <(  vohutaty  ilt«n- 
citbn  by  tbe  teoiu  of  hii  tenn  or  by  tbt 
■mUijk  CKMH  tbe 


,-_  ,, jfiflff  dwactar^    An  t»  latter 

ta  Kaiftad  to  ptyniaau  o(  thu  kind,  or  do  they 
. -^iaha  payiaaDta  denanded,  for  aaaiaple,  by  a 

a^naontBad  allictiag  the  pnitaH'dniaHl?'  'TbadicUoaa  oa 
the  paial  an  nnneim  and  diSenh  ta  tacandk,  bat  tbe  laaiB  teat 
it  ■betber,  oa  eon  tnia  coaMnRlDa  al  Ibc  pactieBlar  i 
. . — . ._. 'fythehadhrd^abia 


hia liBdlocd'* title.    ThiakoDt: 
The  pdodpk  of  »U  tenaadM  o<  tk 
tbe  patty  eatoived, 
not  be  aUowed 


itntiial  Fifilt  tui  LiamUiti  if  Lmilttd  ati4  rtiuat,— These 
lie  to  a  lir^  eitcDl  tegulated  by  Ibc  covcsuU  □(  tbe  leaie. 
(L)  The  landletd  leDenlly  «Ktiuuta-«iid,ui  tbe  ibunce  of 
neb  a  ptovjao.  a  covenani  wUI  be  implied  f  nm  the  (act  of  letting 
—that  the  tenant  ihall  bave  quiet  enjoyment  of  ihe  premisn 
|or  the  time  agreed  upon.  Thii  obligalion  makes  the  landloid 
Ripaiitibleforany  lavlul  eviction  oi  the  tenant  during  the  lerni, 
but  not  for  wronglul  eviction  unleu  he  ii  himiell  tbe  wrvng- 
doer  or  hai  eiprcssiy  made  bimvlf  mponiible  (or  evictfont  o( 
■11  bindi.  It  may  be  noted  hiie  that  at  common  law  no  lease 
(di  yean  i>  complete  till  actual  entry  bat  been  made  by  the 
leaaee.  1111  then,  be  baa  only  a  right  of  entiy  or  taMreiK 
Urmini.  (iL)  Tbe  tenant,  on  hb  patt,  <i  pmumcd  to  tinder- 
take  to  ute  the  property  in  a  reuonablc  manner,  according  to 
the  puipoaca  for  wlucb  it  wai  let,  and  to  do  reasonable  repairs. 
If^,^       A  landlord  b  not  prtnimed  to  bave  undertaken  to 

But  tbe  mpeclive  ebligations  of  parties  »hett  repairs  are,  as 
Ibcyalsiaysate  in  leasea  for  years,  the  subject  oCeipttsa  covenant, 
■My  vary  indefinitely.  Tbe  obligation  is  generally  imposed 
npon  tbe  tenant  to  keep  tbe  premises  in  "  good  conditiOB  " 
■  "  ■   ..    —  J  amount  and  quality  o(  the  repaii 


Lolult 


(islble,  under  such  a  covi 
n  value  caused  by  li 


id  the  premises  during  tbe  tenancy  a 
'  some  olfaer  inevitable  calamity,  lb 
id  restore  them  at  his  owa  eipense, 


,r  by  th. 


iral  dsm,  or  dtatroyed 
lani  is  bound  lo  rebi  " 
1  althouiji  tbe  landl 
Das  laun  out  a  poucy  on  nis  own  accoual  snd  been  paid  by 
insurancecompanyinreipeaofit.  A  onveoaat  to  keep  in  repair 
teqnirca  tbe  tenant  to  pat  the  pttmlK)  in  repair  if  they  are  c  ~ 
nf  it,  and  to  mainlaJD  then  ia  that  tondiiion  up  to  and  al  t 
end  of  the  tenancy,    A  breach  of  tbe  covenaat  to  repair  p\ 
tbe  landlord  an  action  (or  damage*  which  wiU  be  measured  by 
the  icvetsion  if  the  action  be  brought 


sistance  of  tbe  n 
he  noted  that  it 

t,"  by  wbkb  the  m 

the  latlei  tbercupoo 
■cqultea  a  ponr  of  dlalivn  a*  an  additional  security.  If  tbe 
lands  aailsncd  are  riluatedin  Hfddleset  or  Yaikthire,  the  aialgn- 
nent  should  be  refislered  undei  the  Middleaei  Repstiy  or 
Ynrksbire  Registries  Acu,  aa  the  case  may  bei  and  limiiar 

litleundertbeLandTraoifer  Acl*iS7sand  |8«7. 

UniaUaa. — Another  torn  of  alieralieo  ia  ■  contract  of 
tenancy  is  an  underlease,  vbicb  differs  from  assignment  In  this — 
thai  the  lessor  parts  with  a  portion  of  Ilia  estate  instesd  of,  aa  in 
aasignment.wichlbewbi^olit.  There  is  no  privity  of  conliact 
between  an  underlessec  and  the  superior  landlord,  but  tbe 
Utter  on  eoforce  againat  Ibe  former  mtrittive  covenant*  o( 
which  he  liad  noticeT  it  is  the  duty  of  the  underieaaee  to  iriform 
birnselE  as  to  tbe  covenants  of  Ihe  originaf  lease,  and.  if  he 
enters  and  takes  possession,  he  will  be  considered  to  have  had 
full  nolice  of,  and  will  be  bound  by,  these  covenanla. 

Baukmflrf,  Dtatk. — The  conlraci  of  tenancy  may  also  be 
altered  fay  operation  of  taw.     If  a  tenant  become  bankrupt. 


bii  Inierttt  panes  lo  bis  legal  represenlali 


Uetol 


.    Belief  (r 

and  righu  of  re-enlry  are  no*  regulated  thiefly  by  the  Convcy- 
aodng  Ads  iSSi  and  iSSi.  Under  these  acis  a  right  of  re- 
entry gi  forfeiture  is  not  to  be  enforceable  unless  and  until  Ihe 
lessor  has  served  on  tbe  lessee  a  written  notice  specifying  Ihe 
breach  of  covenant  ot  condition  complained  of.  and  requiriag 
him  to  remedy  it  or  make  eompensalion.  and  this  demand  ba* 
not  within  a  reasonable  time  been  complied  with;  and  when  a 
lessor  is  proceeding  to  enforce  nicb  a  right  Ibe  eouit  may,  if  it 
think  61,  gnat  relief  to  the  lessee,  A  Inrfeiture  is  alio  waived 
if  the  landlord  riects  not  Id  take  advantage  of  it— and  diowt 
his  election  cither  eipresaly  or  impliedly  by  some  act.  whirb 
acknowledges  the  conlinuance  of  the  tenancy,  (,f.  by  the  accept- 
aoce  of,  or  even  by  an  abaduli  


'hen  ■  tnunt  ii  puly 
to  KHiK  mct|  ihc  validity  of  which  he  k  legiliy  oloppsl  from 
iayat  lod  which  would  aol  h>*a  bcm  vtlid  had  ibc  tauacy 
CDBlioaed  to  aitt, 

Thelud.  on  the  eqantioB  el  the  lenancy.  bccDma  at  conmen 
Uw  the  ahnlute  propoiy  ot  the  landlord,  no  mattec  bow  ii 
may  have  beeo  altered  oi  iinpnved  dmiof  the  otcupHtioa'  Id 
certain  cw,  haweva,  the  Uw  ha*  diKTimioaltd  beiwicD  Ibe 
of  landlord  and  tenant,  (i)  In  raped  of 
y  be  ihoit!/  defioot  u  iwivablei  lo  aAied 
sine  part  theraf).  tbe  Unant  may  umctims 
vhen  they  have  been  btxtught  oo  tbe  preouics 
being  uied  in  huaiaes  (lee  FlxruaES).  (2) 
rhu  of  uwA  land,  a  ^esaai 


Id  re 


happesing  of  an  uncErUio  oontbicnKy  (lee  £iuLui£im). 
(1)  A  BmiUr  right  ii  vsy  genenlly  rougniied  by  cuitoin  in 
traaau  wb«e  term  expires  in  the  oedimuy  my.  The  cuitom 
of  the  diitricl,  in  the  abunce  of  alipuialiaiis  bctwoen  theparliei, 


right  only  arita  at  the  otpintiaii  of  the  lnae» 
•tantkl  peiforraaace  of  the  covenuta;  and  ia  lortdied  if  the 
leout  abudoBt  hit  ttnaocy  during  tbe  leno.    Tifkant  tight  i> 
awigoable,  and  will  pau  under  in  uaignment  of  "all  the  esti 


lefan 


the  accptiona  ikoted,  the  laod  i 
over  al  common  law  to  the  UuHord.  Tbe  tenant  tnty  have 
added  to  ita  value  by  buildinfn,  by  labonr  applied  to  tbe  land, 
or  by  the  UK  of  fcitiliiiiig  raanuia,  but,  wbaievei  be  the  amount 
of  the  additioDaJ  value,  he  ii  not  entitled 
whatever.  'Rui  again  ia  a  matter  which  the  partiea  ex 
they  pteasc.  regulate  for  Ibemadvea. 
The  law  aa  to  Ejalmal  it  dealt  with  Dndei  that  beading. 
—Reference  may  be  made. 
'  have  af  ecled  Itie  lii 
■  I  too*  (» 
»ncfi906) 


valuiiioiL     The  Arricullui 
evefy  tenant  fwiih  wight  eiccptianil  entire  frerdofn  of  croppif^  and 
of  di^oia]  of  prnduce,  nolvithitandiiig  uly  niatom  of  the  county 
or  ckplkii  ureenent  10  the  conirary      ISme  further  the  artr'" 
EjacTHEHTTTiXTtrnis.  RiHi  1  ThtSmallHoldiuiiandAlloinu 
Act  190a,  which  iTpeiled  pnvioui  acta  of  iRS;,  ilqaand  loo;,  dc 
on  terim  Binilar  to  Ihoie  of  the  Apirulinril  HoHiiifja  Ad  i( 


LANDLORD  AND  TENANT 


Dgi  Act   lqo6  for  >]nprovti 


by  tbe 
d  beloR 

.  — .»  k»ow- 

(  (bt  lardlonl  ai  a  markci  gardeo.  if  the  landlord  had  not 

e  vti  were  incorporated  in  the  Agnculi«nl  tfuldinBB  Act 

r  Lav, — The  original  Ease  in  Scots  law  took  the  form  of 
.  by  the  proprietor  or  lessor.  But,  with  adviDcing  civiliia- 
id  the  conicttuenl  incrasc  in  the  number  oi  (he  condition* 
mpcaed  on  both  partia,  Ibaes  became  mutual  contracts, 
ilinrarm.  Tlelawof  ScoiUnd  as  tolandlordand  tenant 
e  considered  under  two  main  heads;— I.  Oriintrj  Ltcia, 
m  Lav  and  Siatiiiofy\  W.  BuiUiai  or  Lvni  Lttua^ 


'^e^™'™^ 


by  (wnluue  or  adjiidKailDa.  and  the  leaiee  waa  liabln  to  be  ejected 
by  Bcli  penw.  anWa  (a  prccaullon  dauallr  taliea)  aane  of  the 
uibjectt  deniaed  was  eipressly  eoAferred  OB  oim  l>y  th    ' 
ohvute  thta  difRcuhy.  tbe  Scott  Act  1449.  c.  tS.  made  i 
the  Hibiecn  of  the  le —  —-■-—• —  —  •"- 

rwndfbH  ii  not  iituiory)  and  rem  of  dura'tio 

follow  on  Ibe  kate     Special  powenof  gnuiifi, . 

by  lUiiNe  00  truneea.    (Tium  ISimlaiidl  Act  1M7,  a.  ■).  fiariiiii 
kHuUudicial  Factor*  ISeotUndJAciiU;]  and  hon  of  eBBll  <cf. 

bM  iDeutioned.  are  similar  10  tbcae  impned  ia  Eulai  ' 
lor  life  by  Ibe  Settled  Land  Acts  (i.  »».  p  1).  The 
for  must  not  be  ilhitary.  aad  muK  fairly  lepment  t 
tubjecu  leaacd.  and  tba  icra  of  ihf  Uaae  must  Bot  bt  eiic«aalve 
(uloRnlicnefally.inRuiT).  A Kfe-mtercaa only giut ■  kaae 
that  IS  effectual  dnnng  the  lubuience  ti  the  Ule-rcni.  Then  il 
practKilly  no  limilalion.  but  the  will  of  the  parties,  at  to  the  persona 
to  whom  a  lease  may  be  granted.  A  leuF  granted  to  a  tenant  by 
MMc  iriN  pat*.  OB  his  dcalTi  during  tiK  anbiinefK*  of  the  icm  Id  hu 
heir4U-law,  even  il  the  lease  coataina  no  dtninatioa  to  beiTL    The 

oTihe  produce,  the  piymcnl  of  rent,  the  quiel  poueauon  of  the 
dniilar  lo  ihoae  enstiog  under  Engliih  lav.  An  airicullural  Iciai 
does  not.  apart  fron  tnpulaliaa.  essilar  any  ri^I  toUll  game,  otha 
than  hares  and  rabbitt  (a>  to  which,  aae  Ibc  Ground  Game  Act  iSBo, 
without  the  landlord't  content,  lo  chi 
aubjecti  denlatd.  and.  eaocpt  under  %i 
bound  toqujt  the  premiiesea  thr  - — ' — ' 
of  urban  leaic*.  bovever.  eicc-._.-„.  ^. 

""■"""wm.ngbeftre  '     '"    ' 


'■Tt. 

a  the  landlord,  and  followrd 
lee;  Gl.)  by  tub-lettt— the 

, under-laatc  hi  Englkh  law ; 

at  of  the  heir  of  a  tenant:  (jv.)  ia  Ihe  ctae  <i 

kjingt.  by  bequeal  (Africultutal  Holdingi  [Scotlandl 

""E  ."*"  ^  *'  P'^''  '"  "^ow  favoor  it  is 
nd  of  lorfeituR.  either  conventional. or  slalutory. 
•  rent  ia  ig  arrtir.  or  he  laiU  to  Rnu»'C  on  the 
*ct  of  Sederunt.  14th  of  Dec,  1756  Agricultural 
a.  n):  nil.)  bv  the  bankruptcy  or  Intolvency  of 
-■"— I's  option,  il  It  Is  ao  stipulated  in  theleaiei 


LANDLORD  AND  TENANT 


„  ,„_ It.  ihautk  puiial.  ihe  failure  at 

ta  will  (ivT  fflid  by  cntilling  ihr  tcnJnt  10  renounce  the  I 

vowiBal,  il  iriU  Dof  (diiiIf  dn  taani  Is  niiel''  (I 
•.  IMS)     Atricnltural  kUci  unuUy  caDUid  ipcci*!  pi 

tn  tlv  nrrln-  rj  rrnnniiiB.  the  niaoB  tfoclun^  of  tbc  Iir_ 
lanl  with  reftard  M 


.houbJKt 

if?™ 


■re'i^re 


ri(htio(Ib(  ,  _     - 

tDii}E  crop.    Where  the  rent  ift  in  mDnev.  it  It  RpneTally  payable  at 

the  tern  cj  payiafiit  »  i^an  tbe  cnw  ia  ivpiil.  aaoiflt' 
"  Tbe  termi  tboa  Mipjlatd  are  railed  '  the  canvauiaOi 
tbe  mT  payabk  by  aniictpatiaa  being  caUed  '  [oeehand 
wbicb  »  payable  alter  the  crop  la  reapedi  '  back  rent/ 
rent  ia  id  frahi.  or  otherwiie  payable  la  p^uce.  il  ja  to  I 
Imai  tbe  prodace  tji  the  larta,  il  there  be  aity.    11  tl^re  bi 


rteluaive  poateaiioii  betnc  hu  dnrinc  aced  time.    But  be  i 
titled  to  the  UK  of  the  banu  In  thintiini,  Sk.,  the  ann. 

The  Africultural  HoUIiiEt  (Scotland)  Acta  jggjatid  190 
referred  to  irKidenlil1y»  contain  provl«ona—Mmilar  to  the 


tbe  termination  of  a  tcnajKV.  and  a  teuat't  property  io  naturei. 
Tbe  Ccofieia'  Holding!  (Scotland)  Acta  1U6. 1U1  aod  IBSB.  confer 
«  "  cnJtBv  '*  ^leciaT  i^ta.  A  crofter  ia  dafined  at."  a  tenaor  of  a 
Mdiaf  "— beini  arable  or  pature  laad.  sr  sully  anble  nd  pvlly 
paaiure  knd— '^liu  jw  10  >ar  «tii>  naidca  s*  Ua  holding,  (he 
■aniwl  mat  of  wUidi  iaa  na  exceed  £30  ia  insney,  asd  •rhicb  is 
■tuatcd  ia  a  '  croltiiii  pariA.'"  (briy  all  the  (lariibiBin  At^II, 
iBVCTHia,  RoK.  Cromarty.  Satholud.  CailhMa  and  Orkney  and 
"  -■-■■ Ma  daacriptnu.   Tbeeiofte — ' 


in  Holdtan  Act  iSai  .„. 

UadenfaelawaTSetiilaDddiHni 

for  rent  ikH  oa  aa  ogricaftitnl  leaae  a  "  bypcrtliec '  — kj.  a  pnrcr- 
enlialriibt  trverordinafy  crEdltan,aadaileiidiDg,ubject  tocenala 
limilalisaa,  vnr  tlis  irhglc  Btack  and  crop  of  the' ■"'-  --^- 


ealni 


ai  tetania  all  kaaea  en 
wffeere  tbe  land  demiBOj  i:^,^:^^  tr 
lord  wu  Mt  tD  Media  I  aUo  n  t 
Scotland.  Act  l«ao). 

II.  BuiUiinf  LncLrairt.—UadcribtHleuea.  tbe  term  of  which 
I>  uiually  m  and  wmelimei  g^  van,  the  tenant  ii  to  a  certain 
extent  la  the  povnion  of  a  fee  Mmple  prfrpHetDr,  except  that  hia  rwht 
ia  tB^nnable.  and  llut  be  can  on^  eiereBe  such  righti  of  ownenbip 
BI  an  confened  on  him  eitbei  trf  atatutc  or  by  cbt  tenna  ef  Mi  kaic. 

itatutb  to  iniiteei  luhiect  to  the  autbciity  of  the  Court  (Trust 
ISwilandl  Act  1867,  ..3)  and  to  heiftof  entail  (Entail  A—  — ~ 
iSm.  itSA    Where  lon(  Icm  an  "  probaiin."  u.  hoi 

minea  and  minerala.  aod  cF  boda  held  tiy 

an  extent  of  bud  exceeding  50  acreat  ano  coniam  piaviuuni  iiu- 
renewxl.  they  may  be  reeordA  for  pubricalitm  in  the  Ripitrr  c/ 
Saiimti.  and  aDcb  publiotkin  hai  tkc  dlect  al  poMcisan  (Retiitm- 

.: r  . „  [SMtlandl  Act  l»SJ). 

"nK  Law  of  bndlord  and  tenant  wu  orwDally  lubatanti' 


/relawf,— Tbe  La< 
ally  the  tarn 
Land  Acta  I 


II  that  dexribed  for  Englar 
-•■■— Tf  tbe  relatior  ' 


or  Ebne  chanirea  by  tbe  fti 


!e^.  Tbe 
.  lied  by  |od 
Act!  of  10701 


.  were  padually  cicabliabed  by  tbe  Land 
meScned'w  "STLl^dT^rchaK  Acta  («e  laiLaNp). 

Uniltd  jlolci— The  law  of  laidlDid  and  lenanl  in  the  United 


only  possible  to  indie 
al  limilinty.  Thr 
created,  altered  and 
■pd  dutifs  of  panira 


;e.  by  way  of  eiample,  aome  o!  (be  fioiBIl 
retalwnihip  of  landloid  ud  lentjit  a 
isaolvcd  ia  the  ume  way,  and  I  he  right! 
ire  lubalantiaiJy  identica],  A  Jease  tntisl 
f  tv  by  clear  reference,  all  the  terms  of  a 
the  names  ol  tbe  puliea,  dcKriptkn  of  Iht 
il  (mc  Reitt)  tui  (be  conditiona.    The  date 


i*  Bot  omiisl.    "nrn  i>  ■  nMt . 

«ilf  In  FtuiaylvaBHi,  parol  evidcBCt  ol  the  dau  li  lUoimt 
Tbe  tHKral  Amcikaii  doctrine  is  Ihat  nken  (br  contnci  it 
coDUined  ib  scparau  wrilinff  tbcjr  bum  cobdcci  ibcnnelvt*  by 
nCereoct,  uid  tbai  puol  tvideocc  is  not  adnnifble  to  canMct 
tbUL  liie  Eaglitb  tiacuiot  that  a  v*tfaal  Icue  may  be  ^xafic- 
ally  enionxd  il  then  hit  bato  put  polotmuuB  tv  tbc  pcnaa 
nking  tba  tiatily  baa  ben  (ally  Mkiitod  in  nmly  all  ibi 
The  lavti  10  lb*  rifht*  and  oUi^lin>«i 


.     In  tbe  United  States,  ai 
lor  quiet  enjivneot  vnly  eitenda,  to  iai  «i  telslei  ic 
ol  third  panje^  to  lairfiil  acta  of  distiiibaBce  in  the  enjoyment 
of  tbe  subject  (freed  la  be  kt. 

loH  b/  Mler  CnmMu.— It  is  Impowble  here  to  deal  «i>b  the 
qntena  of  laad  Icnuie  in  force  In  other  conntriea.  Only  tbe 
qoeuion  of  the  legal  RlalioBs  between  landlord  and  leowt  cw 
he  touched  iqun.  In  fiance,  the  Code  Civil  tectwiim  two 
mcb  lelalionalups.  the  tettmg  to  hire  of  botiics  (ioil  d  J<i;ier) 
and  the  letting  to  farm  of  niialpn>perties(h»fl /emu).  To  a 
ceit«ia  extent,  both  forms  cd  tenancy  are  governed  by  tbe  nnt 
rules.  The  letting  may  be  eitlier  written  or  vesbal.  But  a 
verbal  leaae  prcaenis  this  disadvamafe  that,  if  it  is  trnpe^fonned 
and  one  of  tbe  parties  denies  its  exislcnce,  it  csnnot  tie  proved 
by  witnofsea.  The  party  vbo  denies  the  letting  can  otjiy  be  put 
to  hia  oath  (Ana.  I7i4-i7is>.  It  may  lunher  he  noted  that  in 
tlie  case  of  a  verbal  lease,  notice  to  tjuit  ia  regulated  by  tbe 
custom  of  tbe  place  (Art.  1  fjfi).  Tbe  tenani  or  fanner  baa  lbs 
right  of  underletting  or  aaaigntDg  Ua  tease,  in  the  absence  al 
prohibiting  iiipulalioa  (Art,  iji)}.  Tbe  leasn  is  bound  by  tbe 
natun  of  ha  ontrKI  and  wiilwui  the  need  oF  any  paiticdai 
stipulation  (i.)  to  deliver  to  the  lasec  the  thing  hiied  in  a  good 
MMU  of  repaiti  (U.)  to  maintain  il  in  a  stale  to  serve  tbe  Dvnioag 
for  which  it  has  been  hiredi  <ili.)  1 
enjoyment  duiing  the  continuaoci 

He  ia  bound  lo  iraiianl  tbe  lessee  against,  and  to  mdemuly 
him  for,  any  loss  arisinB  Inm  any  faults  or  deFects  in  the  thing 
hired  which  prevent  its  use,  even  though  he  was  not  aware 
ol  them  SI  tbe  time  of  tbe  lease  (Art.  1711).  If  din4ng  tbc 
conlinuance  of  the  felting,  the  thing  biced  is  entirely  destroyed 
by  atddcot,  the  ie*K  is  cancelled.    In  case  oF  partial  ik 

dimiuutiob  of  tbe  price,  or  the  cancdlalion  oi  the  leas 


tbe  thing  itiied  li         ^ 

famiiie).  In  acoordance  with  the  exprcsa  01 

of  the  hiring,  (ii.)  to  pay  the  price  oF  the  hiring  at 

agreed  (Att.  171S),     On  breach  of  the  former  obligatlnn,  the 

lease  may  be  judicially  cancctled  (Art.  1)99)      Al  10  tbe  con- 

lequencea  of  bmch  n(  the  latin,  see  TUkt.    II  a  slalmnent  of 

the  coDditioo  of  the  properly  iHaJ  da  fteex)  baa  been  prcraitil, 

the  lessee  mutf  give  it  tip  auch  as  be  received  it  iccoidtng  to  (be 


(An.  ijjo). 
ilei  Jkki.  the  lessee  b  piewmed  to  ha' 
in  1  good  state  of  lenantablc  repair, 
saving  prool  10  the  etaltaty  (Art.  173 


ved  tbe  thing  bind 
luH  so  yield  it  up, 
it  liable  lor  injutiti 
nlcsa  be  prove  that 
tbay  hive  taken  pUcewltboot  bis  iaiilt  (Art.  1731)1  ia  pulicuUi', 
lor  loss  by  fire  unless  be  show  that  the  fiie  hippeneit  by  acddenl, 
/(rra  ea^fran.  01  delect  af  constmnioB.  01  Ibraugb  eoam 
liOB  btin  a  nctghbouifaig  bouK  (Ait.   I7ji)      The  k 


LANDON,  C.  P._LANDON,  L.  E. 


iJSiy—H  M  'Ii»  period  tbc  ICMcc  ttnuiti 
■ion,  then  i).  in  the  cue  o(  vrillto  Icuo. 
mamimtlin)  of  Ihe  leue  u  >  verbil  >w 
{u.)  by  Ibr  leu  of  the  Ihin^  bind  tad  hy  it 
oi  leWR  in  Ihe  fulfilmeD      '    '   ' 


<0,  fc 


M  by  tl 


;  (Art*.  1738-1739); 
default  of  the  leuor 
ve  abUgatioDi  (Art. 


.  , .  .■    The  condilioiB  of  Ejamain  are  lUted  nndti 

Ibll  hoicUog.  The  ^Kcial  raJei  (Arti.  1751-1761)  relative 
to  ihe  hire  of  botuei  ire  loucbed  upon  in  Lopcn  in  LooaiHCs. 
I(  only  remaina  here  to  refer  to  IhoK  tpplicahle  to  leiMi  lo 
farm.  The  lesee  is  bound  10  ilock  ihe  faitn  wltb  (he  caltle 
aod  impJementt  neceuary  for  ill  husbandry  (Art-  1766),  and  la 
Mtck  in  Ihe  places  appointed  for  the  puipoic  in  the  letse  (Art. 
Ij«7).  A  lenee.  who  famu  on  condition  ol  dividing  the  produte 
wjih  the  leiur.  can  only  underlet  or  asign  if  be  [>  eipreuly 
empowtied  to  do  10  by  the  lease  (Art.  1763).  The  lenee  muat 
give  Dotke  10  the  leuor  of  any  acta  oF  uuipatioa  commilted 
on  Ibe  property  (An.  1768)-  If  at  leut  half  of  Ihe  birveM  io 
any  ye«  itdesiioyed  by  accident,  (he  lenee  (a)  in  the  cue  of  a 
IcMe  lor  Kveral  yean,  obtains,  at  the  end  of  his  lease,  a  refund 
of  rent,  by  way  of  indemnity,  unless  he  has  been  indemnified 
tV  pncedini  harveats;  (6)  in  the  case  ol  a  lease  for  i  ye*r  only, 
may  KCtite  a  proportional  abatement  of  (he  current  rent,  No 
refund  19  payahle  if  ('  '"'       ■"■      --'"--- 


.    The  leuee  has 


ud  known  at  the  date  of  the  lease  (Arts.  1769-17; 
for  I09B  by  "  accidents  "  may  be  thrown  on  Ihe  les 
Mlpulalion  (Ait.  1771).  "Accidents"  here  n 
accidents  only,  such  u  hail,  lightoing  or  frost. 


cforloH 


tdbyei 


dihek 


tarik  as  war  or  floods, 
tccidenu,  foreseen  or  1 

B  deemed  10  be  for  the  term  necoury  lo  enatde  Ihe  Jcssee  to 
gatherinallthc  produce,  thus  fori  year  in  Ihe  case  of  i  meadow 
or  vineyard^  in  the  case  of  lands  leased  in  tillage,  where  they 
are  divided  into  shifts  or  seasons,  for  as  many  years  u  there  are 
shifts  (Art.  1774)-  The  outgoing  must  leave  for  the  incoming 
tenant  convenient  bousing  and  other  facfhties  for  the  laboun 
of  the  year  following;  the  incoming  must  procure  for  Ihe 
es  for  the  consumption  of 


legotin 


mstom  of  the  place  is  (o  be  followed  (Art.  1777).  The  outgoing 
teninl  must  leave  Ihe  straw  and  manure  of  the  year,  if  be  received 
them  at  the  beginning  of  hk  lease,  and  even  where  he  has  not 
B  received  them,  Ihe  owner  may  relaia  (hem  according  (o 
vahiilion  (Art-  1778).  A  word  matt  be  added  u  to  lelling  by 
cbepli4  (toil  i  obf^MI}— a.  contract  by  which  one  ol  the  (Ktrtlt* 
gives  to  Ihe  other  a  stock  of  caltle  to  keep  under  coiiditiona 
■greed  OB  between  them  (Art.  iSoo).  There  are  aevcnl  varieties 
ol  Ihe  contract,  ().)uniplec)icptel(cilt^nH^)in  which  Ihe 
whole  stock  is  sufH^ied  by  the  ksaor — the  leasee  taking  half 
the  pioht  and  bcuiog  half  Ihe  lou  (Ail.  1804!;  |ii.)  cbeplcl 
by  moiety  (cktfld  i  mitiaUi — here  each  of  the  conlnctiog 
parties  furnishes  half  of  the  slock,  which  remains  common  for 
profit  or  loss  (Art.  iSiS);  (iii.)  chqitd  givefl  toa  fanner  (firwutr) 
or  participating  cultivator  ffetoa  partiairr) — in  the  cbepid 
given  to  the  farmer  (also  called  (4(^^/er)  alock  of  a  value 
equal  to  the  esumaled  price  of  the  Mock  given  must  be  left  at 
Ihe  eipiry  of  tbc  lease  (Art.  igii);  cheplel  given  to  the  panld- 
paling  cultivator  resemble*  simple  cheptd,  eiccp<  in  pointa 
of  detail  (Arts.  1817-1B30);  (iv.)  the  term  "cbepid  "  It  alto 
iaiprofierly  appUed  to  a  conlrecl  by  whkh  cattle  are  gives  to  be 
boused  and  fed — ben  the  letsoi  retain  the  ownership,  but  hu 
only  the  profit  oi  the  calves  (Art.  iSji). 

The  French  system  just  described  is  in  lofce  in  its  tniiniy 
in  Belginm  (Code  Civil.  AtU.  (713  tt  aeq.)  and  bu  been  followed 


10  same  encnt  in  Italy  (CIvfl  Code,  Art*.  tjW  et  leq.),  Spain 
(Civil  Code,  Ails  1541  el  acq.),  and  Portugal  (Civil  Code,  Aiu. 
1198  et  seq  ,  150J  et  teq-).  In  all  these  cauntiies  ihoe  are 
varieties  of  emphyteutic  temm;  and  In  Ilaly  the  mdiadiia 
or  metayer  system  (see  Ovil  Code,  Acts.  1647  et  aeq.)  exists. 
The  German  Civil  Code  adopts  Ihe  distinction  between  baililaya 
(Miehl,  Arts.  535  et  aeq.)  and  iaU  t  firmt  (Paeht,  Arts.  ;Si 
el  Mq.),   Dutch  law  also  (Civil  Code,  Art*-  15B]  et  seq.)  is  simaar 


on  the  suhtect  aic  loo  nufpenru)  and  loo  difleieni  to  be  doh 
with  here-  In  Mauritius,  the  pRnrjalont  of  the  Code  Civil  an 
in  force  without  modification.  In  Quebec  (avil  Code,  Art*. 
160S  et  seq.)  and  St  Luda  (Civil  Code.  Aits,  ijii  et  seq.)  they 
have  been  lepiodnced  by  the  local  law.  In  niny  of  the  caloBJes. 
paita  of  the  Englirii  law  of  landlord  and  tenant,  common  law 
and  itaiutory,  have  been  introduced  by  local  enactments  (c(. 
British  Guiana,  Ord.  4  of  litfi;  Jamaica,  i  Vict,  c-  16).  In 
othen  (e.|.  Victoria.  Landlord  and  Tenant  Act  tS(ia,No.  iioS; 
Ontario,  Rev.  Suts.  1897,  c  170)  coniolidailDg  itatutei  hafe 
been  paswd. 
Al7TaoKIT[aa.— English  Law:  WolstenholBe,  BrintoB  and  Cherry, 

(-i J  c-azfia^  ^jj,  (London,  9Ih  ed.,  1905);  Hood 

ai  u  »<  SaO^  Umi  Aai  (Laadm.  Tih  hL, 

Sri  laii-  TtnaU  (Laodan,  ath  «L.  1907); 
id  Tfiuiil  (Lonkin.  lUh  ed..  1907) ;  FaH 

Ia  tmitm.  Jrd  «i..  1005).    " ■ "- 

«  t  fEdinburgh.  4th  ed..  xojvi, 
tnl  ed..  1891);  Rasld 
. ImitarJ  «4  Tl 


i*7«). 


_ _.    .  ll  (alhed. 

Irish  Law:  Kdly's^UMtt 7a  ^ 

frdand  (Dubhn.  1898);  Banoa  and  Cbeny'l 
1.  1896K  Qnyi.  KaniKoa  and  LongwuRh. 

ad  rpiMtDbbUa,  1904).  Anericaa  Law: 
-  '"'    "—^1  (LoDdBf!   1B97):  MeAdsn. 


_  iNew  York, 
.  .»  m.»  t.m  Vorii,  1U8). 
■Ld.  UaikMi^f  aW  at  ntcH^  if 


r.Ht  r« 


Noic*).  (Loadoa  and  Bomob,  1894-1901).'  '  (A.  W.  1L) 

LARDOH.  CHARLn  PAUL  (■760-1816),  French  painlel  and 
art -author,  was  bom  al  Nonaot  in  1760.  He  entered  tbcstudioct 

Regnaull,  and  won  the  first  ptiie  of  the  Academy  in  1791. 
Alter  his  ntucn  from  Italy,  disturbed  by  Ihe  Revolution,  be 
seems  to  have  abandoned  painting  for  letteia,  but  be  began  lo 
eihibil  in  179J,  and  continued  to  do  to  at  varioiis  intervals  up 
I01814.  His"  Leda  "  obtained  an  award  of  merit  in  iSoi,andi( 
nowbthe  Louvre.  His"  Molber't  Letson,"  "  Paul  and  Virginia 
Bathing,"  and  "  Daedalus  and  Icatut  "  have  been  engraved ;  bat 
his  works  on  painting  and  pajntcn,  which  reach  neady  one 
hundred  volumes,  fbttn  hit  chid  title  lo  be  remembered.  In 
spile  of  a  complete  want  of  critical  accuracy,  an  eitnmc  care- 
lessness in  the  biographical  details,  and  the  feebleness  of  Ihe  line 
engravings  by  which  they  aic  lUustisled,  Landoa's  Ammaia 
iu  Uuiti,  In  3]  vols,,  lorm  a  vast  tepertory  of  composElions  by 

also  published  Lhts  ef  CdcbraM  PairUtri,  in  11  vols.;  .4a 
Hiiuriial  Dturiftiim  aj  Parii,  1  volt.;  1  OcKri^fwn  ef  Ltmif, 
with  41  plain,  and  deacripliont  el  ibt  Luiemboufg.  of  the 
Ciunlniani  collection,  and  of  the  gaDciy  of  Uw  ducbette  de 
Berry.    He  died  at  Paris  in  1S16. 

LUDOH,  LmrtA  BUZABBra  (tSoi-iSjS),  En^sh  pod 
and  Dovelist,  betlec  known  by  her  initials  L.  E.  L.  than  as  Min 
Landon  or  Mrs  Maclean,  wu  descended  from  an  old  Herefoid- 
shiie  family,  and  wu  bom  at  Chelsea  on  Ihe  i4ih  of  August 
i8ai.  She  went  to  a  school  in  Chdiea  where  Min  Mitlord  alto 
received  her  edwation.  Her  father,  an  army  agent,  amassed  a 
Urge  properly,  which  be  lost  by  (peculation  shortly  before  hit 
diilh.  About  181  s  Ihe  Landons  made  Ihe  acquaintance  ol 
William  Jerdan,  and  Letitia  began  her  conlribulion)  to  the 
Liltrary  Catllt  and  to  various  Cntriitmta  annuals.  She  abo 
published  some  vdumes  of  verse,  which  soon  won  for  her  a  wide 
literary  fame-  The  genile  melancholy  and  ronanlic  aenlimeni 
bcr  writing)  •nbodled  tulled  the  taste  of  the  period,  and  wouU 


LANDOR,  W.  & 


b  tnr'  ait  bm  Kcand  b«  tlie  lympalbr  and  ippravil  of  t 

vide  das  of  rciden.  She  displays  richness  of  IsDcy  uid  iptneo 
ai  UapiAgtf  but  ter  work  sutTcred  from  hasty  produdiori,  and 
hmwt  «tood  the  test  of  time-  The  Urge  sunusbeeunedby  Iter 
\iiznij  Uboiiji  wete  opeuded  on  tbe  support  of  her  family, 
An  eofagement  to  John  Fonter,  il  'b  said,  was  broken  off  through 
the  iDlervention  of  KudaliDongcn.  In  June  iSjS  tbe  nunied 
CmKF  Uadean,  governoi  of  the  Gold  Coast,  but  she  only  nii- 
viTpd  her  irmmage,  fthich  proved  to  be  very  unbappy,  by  a  few 
BODIht.  She  died  oQ  the  isthofOctobei  1838  at  Cape  CoaU  from 
an  overdose  of  pnosic  add,  which,  It  Is  supposed,  was  taken 
vrideBtaBy. 

For  some  lime  L.  E.  L.  wu  joint  editor  of  the  Ultrary  CmtUt. 
Kcr  first  volaiDe  ol  poetry  appeared  ia  ifiso  uhder  the  title  Tlu 
FaU  tf  AMaidt,  tni  m  followed  by  «lier  a>Iln:tion>  of  vnvi 
(ill)  ■milar  litlei.  She  atu  wrote  •e%ml  noveli,  of  which  tbt  beit 
a  £IU  anTikUi  (1837).    Varioui  Ediliou.  of  her  PMUcal  Werta 

dnnory  memoir  by  W.  B.  Scott  TAr  Lijt  and  IMtnry  lUmain  erf 
lettia  Elitaielk  Laniint,  by  Luun  BUuicbvd.  appewed  !n  1841, 

LAMmR.  WUTSb  SAVASS  (1775-1864),  En^ish  wHler, 
itdot  90D  of  Waller  Landorasd  his  wife  Elizabeth  Savage,  was 
boni  at  Warwick  on  Ibe  jotb  of  Jinuaiy  1775.  |He  was  Bent  to 
Kugby  school,  but  was  reowved  at  the  headmaster's  request 
ud  (ludicd  privately  with  Mr  Lasf^,  vicar  of  Asbbounie. 
la  iii)i  he  ebtered  Trinily  College,  Canbtidge,  Ke  adopted 
Rpubiican  principles  and  Id  1794  £rcd  a  gun  at  the  windows  of 
a  Tory  for  whom  be  had  an  aversion.  Re  wat  rusticalcd  lot  a 
*  year,  and,  although  Ibe  authorities  were  willing  to  condone  the 
offence,  he  refused  to  return.  The  affair  led  to  a  quarrel  with 
bis  fatber  in  which  Landgr  expressed  his  inlention  of  leaving 
home  for  ever*  He  was,  however,  reconciled  with  his  family 
through  the  efforts  of  his  friend  Dorothea  LyttelLon.  He  entered 
no  ptoftaaioD,  but  hia  father  alkiwed  him  £150  >  year,  and  be 
V19  free  to  live  at  home  ot  not  as  he  pleased.) 

In  1795  appeared  in  a  small  volume,  divided  into  three  books, 
Tic  Poemt  9]  WeiUr  Savage  Landor,  and,  in  pamphlet  form  of 
nineteen  pogo,  an  anoDymous  J/ohJ  EpisOe,  rispalJxUy 
MiittliJ  la  Earl  Slanttfi.  No  poet  at  the  age  of  twenty  ever 
hid  more  vigour  of  style  and  Suency  of  verse;  nor  perhaps  has 
uy  ever  shown  such  masterly  commnnd  of  epigiam  and  ulire, 
made  vivid  and  vital  by  the  purest  enihusiasm  and  most  generous 
indignatioD.  Thrte  years  later  appeared  the  fint  edition  of  the 
irst  great  work  which  was  to  inscribe  his  name  for  ever  among 
the  great  naioa  fn  English  poetry.  The  second  edition  of  Gtbir 
appeared  ia  1803,  with  a  leit  conecttd  of  grave  errors  and  ' 
improved  by  magTiificcnt  additions.  About  the  same  time  the 
whole  poem  was  also  published  in  a  Latin  form,  which  for 
might  and  melody  of  line.  Tor  power  and  perfeclion  of  language,  . 
must  always  dispute  the  palm  of  "precedence  with  the  English 
version.  [Hix  father's  death  in  iSoJ  put  him  in  possession  ol  an 
independent  forlone.  Landor  settled  hi  Bath.  Hero  in  iSoB 
be  met  Soutbey,  and  the  mutual  appreciation  of  the  two  pocls 
led  to  a  warm  friendship.]  In  1808,  under  in  impulse  not  leu 
heroic  than  that  which  was  afterwards  to  lead  Byron  to  * 
gloriaus  death  in  redemption  ot  Greece  and  his  own  good  fame, 
Landor,  then  aged  thirty-three,  left  Englond  for  Spain  as  a 

head  of  a  regiment  raised  and  supported  at  his  sole  expense. 
Alicriome  three  months' campaigning  came  the  affair  of  Cinin 
and  its  disasters^  "  his  troop,"  in  the  words  of  his  biographer, 
"  diqietsed  or  melted  away,  and  he  came  back  to  Entfand  in  as 
great  a  bniry  as  he  had  left  it,"  but  bringing  with  hita  tbe 
honourable  recollection  of  a  brave  design  unselfishly  attempted, 
^oi  the  material  in  his  memory  for  (he  sublimesl  poem  published 
ui  our  language,  between  the  Last  masterpiece  of  Milton  and  the 
fiist  masterpiece  of  Shelley— one  equally  worthy  (o  stand 
unchallenged  beside  either  for  poetic  perfection  as  wdl  as  mora! 
■"jesty— the  lofty  tragedy  of  Cminl  JuUan,  which  appeared  in 
'813,  without  the  name  cj  its  author.  No  comparable  work  is 
^  be  found  in.  Englbh  poetry  between  the  dale  of  5a<iiiini 
^fiilti  aiid  the  date  el  Fnmtlkaa  Uttbanmd;  ud  ttich  both 


ignificena  of  effect.  Tbe  style  of  CmU  j'alian, 
a  some^iat  dcficienl  in  dramatic  ease  and  the  Suency  of  natntal 
dialogue,  has  such  might  and  purity  and  inajestyirf  speech  as 
elsewherc  wc  find  only  in  Mflton  to  long  and  so  steadily  nnlained. 

Id  May  1811  Landor  hadsuddenly  married  Miss  Julia  ThuDlier, 
with  whose  looks  be  had  fallen  in  love  at  first  sightinabaU'room 
at  Bath;  and  in  June  they  settled  for  a  while  at  Uantbony  Abbey 
in  MonmouIlMhiro,  from  whence  he  was  worried  in  three  years' 
time  by  the  comlrined  vexation  of  ndghbours  uid  tenanll, 
lawyers  and  Jords-lieulenaiit;  not  before  much  t<^  and  nooey 
had  been  nobly  wasted  on  attempts  to  improve  the  alerility  of 
the  land,  lo  relieve  the  wietchedneBB  and  raise  the  condition  at 
the  peasantry.  He  left  En^nd  for  Fiance  at  £rat,  but  aflei 
a  brief  rtildence  at  Touts  look  up  his  abode  Iw  three  years  at 
Como;  "  and  three  nu^e  wandering  yean  he  passed,"  layi  hb 
biographer,  "  between  Piu  and  Ptstoja,  before  be  latched  hit 
lent  in  Florence  in  iSir." 

In  rE35  be  had  an  unfOTtuDBle  difference  with  his  nil*  which 
ended  in  a  complete  separation.  In  1894  appeared  the  fint 
series  of  his  tmltinary  Ccimraliims,  in  rgi6  "  (he  semnd 
edition,  corrected  and  enlarged  "^  a  supplementary  tliird  Toluino 
was  added  in  181S;  and  in  i8ig  the  second  series  was  given  to 
the  world.  Not  untH  1B46  was  a  fresh  instalment  added.  In  (ha 
second  volume  of  his  (oUected  and  selected  works.  During  (ha 
interval  he  had  published  his  three  other  most  tamnu  and  grcaleal 
books  in  prose:  Tki  Ciiation  ajid  Eiaminaliai  if  Wiiliam 
Skaiaftarc  [1854),  Periila and  AifaiiaiiSsb),  Til Pinumtraii 
(t837).  To  tbe  last  of  Ibese  was  originally  appended  Tlu 
PcitiatogiOy  containing  five  of  tbe  very  finest  among  his  shorter 
studies  in  dramatic  poetry.  In  1S47  he  publi^ied  hia  most 
important  Latin  work,  foenala  tl  mscrifliima,  comprising, 
with  large  additioDs,  the  main  contents  of  two  former  volumea 
of  idyllic,  satiric,  elegiac  aod  lyric  verse;  and  In  the  Bamo  golden 
year  of  ba  poeLic  life  appeared  the  very  crown  and  flower  of 
its  manifold  labours,  the  Hellenics  of  Waller  Satagi  Lamlir, 
enlarged  and  completed.  Twelve  years  later  this  boc^  was 
re-issued,  with  additions  of  more  or  less  value,  with  alterations 
geoetilly  to  be  regretted,  and  with  omis^oni  invariably  to  be 
deplored.  In  r853  he  put  forth  Tlie  lasl  FiuU  eff  oa  OU  Twa, 
contaitiing  fresh  conversations,  critical  and  controversial  cuayn, 
miscellaneous  epigrams,  lyrics  and  occasional  poems  of  vaiiom 
kind  and  merit,  dosing  with  Fa<  Scena  on  tbe  martyrdom 
of  Beatrice  Cend,  unsurpassed  even  by  their  author  himself 

profound,  ardent  and  compassionale  insight  bto  character, 
with  consummate  mastciy  ol  dramatic  uid  qiiiitual  truth. 
Id  t8s6  he  pubh'tbed  Anleny  omf  Ottaviut — Stma  fer  Iht 
Study,  twelve  consecutive  poems  in  dialogue  wbicb  aUme  would 
suffice  to  place  bbn  high  among  the  lew  great  mastets  of  hislofk 
drama. 

In  1858  appeared  a  metrical  miscellany  bearing  the  title  of 
Dry  Slieks  Faceted  by  W.  S.  Landor,  ukI  containing  amons 
other  things  graver  and  lighter  certain  epigrammatic  and  satirical 
attacks  which  reinvolved  him  in  the  troubles  of  an  action  for 
libel;  and  in  July  of  the  same  year  he  relumed  for  the  last 
sii  yean  of  bis  life  to  Italy,  which  he  had  lelt  for  England  in 
iSj;.  [He  was  advised  to  makeover  hs  property  to  his  family, 
on  whom  be  was  now  dependent.  They  appear  to  have  refused 
to  make  him  an  allowance  unless  he  returned  to  England.  By 
the  eicrtions  of  Robert  BiowBing  an  aDowance  was  secured. 
Browning  settled  him  first  at  Siena  and  then  at  Florence.) 
Embittered  and  distracted  by  domestic  dissemkins,  if  brightened 
and  relieved  by  the  affection  and  venention  oS  friends  and 
strangers,  this  final  period  of  bis  troubled  and  Eplendid  career 
came  at  last  to  a  quiet  end  on  the  I7tb  of  September  181)4.  In 
tbe  preceding  year  he  had  published  a  last  volume  of  HtnU 
Idyll,  nIM  Addilimat  Farmi,  English  and  Lalbi,— tbe  bei(er 
part  of  them  well  worthy  to  be  Indeed  the  "  last  f  Rdt  "  of  a 
genius  which  after  a  life  of  d^ty-elghi  yeus  bad  lost  DOtblog 


LANDOOR— LAND  REGISTRATION 


A  coinpleU  lilt  of  Lmdoi'i  writings,  pnblohcd  oi  privitcly 

prinltd,  in  Engliib,  Lutin  tod  lUluD,  iDclodiog  pimpblcU, 
Sy-ttaeet>  uid  ocoiiaul  ocmpapu  cotiespandeacs  od  polilicil 
or  liLcniy  qucUioiu,  it  m>uld  be  diSculi  to  give  uijrvhcre  and 
impouiblc  lo  give  here.  From  ninHKn  almost  to  ninety  his 
intcUcclDil  and  litctuy  activity  mi  iDdffuigably  iocsuni^ 
but,  hemD  U  least  liiu  Chatics  Lamb,  nbate  cordid  admintion 
bo  Id  cordially  itturned,  he  could  net  write  >  oote  ol  Ihitt  lioei 
which  did  not  be»r  the  marii  of  bli  "  Romiui  hand "  in  [t> 
mutchlesi  ud  immilatile  coramaDd  of  a  Uyle  at  ooca  ihe  most 
pomeiiul  and  the  pumt  oi  his  age,  Tfae  odc  cbarge  which  can 
evci  miouiiy  be  brought  and  ciaintaiqei  against  it  ii  that  ol 
fiuch  occaiional  obscurity  or  dif&cuhy  as  may  arise  from  excessive 
'  in  of  phiase  aod  eipucgailon  ol 


Hii  English  prcee  sod  his  Latin  vere«aie  perhaps  more  frequency 
and  more  gmvcly  liable  to  Ihis  charge  than  either  bis  English 
verse  or  bli  Lalin  prose.  At  limea  it  is  well-nigh  impossible  lor 
an  eye  less  keen  and  i«f  t,  a  scholarship  less  czqulsite  and  ready 
than  his  own,  lo  catch  the  precise  direction  and  lollow  the  pcilcct 
ceuneoCbisnpidthoughtaodtadiantuItctaDce.  This  apparently 
itudioui  pursuit  and  pcefereDce  of  the  most  leiM  and  elliptic 
evrtuion  which  could  be  found  for  anything  he  might  have  lo 
lay  could  not  but  occasionally  make  even  so  sovereign  a  master 
of  two  great  languagci  appear  "  dark  with  excsu  of  light "; 
hut  from  no  former  master  of  either  tongue  in  prose  or  verse 
wu  ever  the  quality  of  real  obscurity,  of  loose  and  nebulous 
incertitude,  more  utinly  alien  or  more  naturally  rtmole.  There 
is  nothing  ol  cloud  or  fog  about  the  path  on  which  he  leads  us; 
but  we  feel  now  and  then  the  want  ol  a  brid^  or  a  haudrail: 
we  have  lo  leap  from  point  to  point  of  narrative  or  argument 
without  the  usual  help  of  a  connecting  ptank.  Even  in  bis 
dramatic  works,  where  least  of  all  it  should  have  been  found, 
this  tack  ol  viiible  conaeidoii  or  sequence  in  details  of  thought 
or  action  is  too  often  a  source  of  scumble  perplexity.  In  his 
noble  trilogy  on  the  bblory  of  Ciovanna  queen  of  Naples  it  is 
sometimes  actually  difficult  to  realize  on  a  first  reading  what 
has  happened  or  is  happening,  or  how,  or  why,  or  by  what 
agency-— a  defect  alone  tuffident,  but  unhappily  sufficient  in 
itself,  to  explain  the  too  general  ignorance  of  a  work  so  rich  in 
subtle  and  noble  treatment  of  character,  so  sure  and  strong  la 
id  grasp  and  rendering  of  "  high  acliona  and  high  passions," 
so  rich  in  humour  and  in  pathos,  so  royally  serene  in  its  command- 
ing power  upon  the  tragic  mainsprings  of  tenor  and  of  pity. 
A»  a  poet,  he  may  be  said  on  the  whole  to  stand  midway  between 
Byron  anid  Shelley-— about  as  far  above  the  former  as  below  the 
latter.  IE  we  except  CatuUua  and  Simom'dci,  it  might  be  haid 
ID  match  and  it  would  be  impossible  to  overmatch  the  Sanlcss 
■nd  blameless  yet  bving  and  breathing  beauty  ol  his  most  perfect 
elegies,  ei>]gFama  or  epitaphs.  As  truly  as  prettily  was  he 
likened  by  Leigh  Hunt  "  to  a  stormy  mountain  June  which 
ibouM  produce  lilies."  His  pazionate  coapassion,  his  bluer 
and  buroiDg  pity  for  all  wrongs  endured  in  all  Ihc  world,  found 
only  their  natural  and  inevitable  outlet  in  his  lifelong  defence 
OI  advocacy  of  tyrannicide  as  the  last  resource  of  baffled  justice, 
the  last  discharge  of  heroic  duly.  Hii  tender  and  ardent  love 
of  children,  of  animals  and  of  Aowen  makei  fragrant  alike 
the  pages  of  his  writing  and  the  records  ol  his  life.  He  was  as 
surely  the  most  gentle  and  generous  as  ibe  most  headitiong  and 
bot-headed  of  hooci  or  d{  men.  Nat  ever  was  any  man's  best 
wwk  more  thoroutbly  imbued  and  informed  with  evidence  of 
his  noblest  qualities.  His  loyally  and  liberality  of  heart  were 
as  inexhaustible  aa  his  bounty  arid  beneEcence  of  hand.    Praise 


e  yet  u 


mdily  to  his  lips  than  challenge  or  defiance.  Reviled  and 
ridiculed  by  Lord  Byron,  he  retorted  op  the  olTender  living  leu 
readily  and  lc«  warmly  than  be  lamented  and  extolled  hini  dead. 
On  the  noble  dramatic  work)  ol  his  brother  Kobert  he  lavished 
a  magnificence  of  sympathetic  praise  wbich  hit  utmost  stlf- 
eitimate  would  never  have  exacted  lor  Ui  own.    Age  and  the 


llus  rich  and  re 

of  the  next  generation  he  was  not  readier  to  do  honour  than  to 

those  of  a  later  growth,  and  not  seldom  of  deserts  far  lowu  and 

his  own,  and  avowed  it  with  the  frank  simplicity  ol  nobler 
times,  is  not  more  evident  or  more  certain  than  that  In  com- 
parison with  his  friends  and  fellows  he  was  luble  rather  to 
undervalue  than  to  overrate  himself.  He  was  a  classic,  and  no 
formalist;  the  wide  range  of  bis  Just  and  loyal  admiration  bad 
room  for  a  genius  so  far  from  classical  as  Blake's.  Nor  in  hli 
own  highest  mood  or  method  of  creative  ai  of  critical  work  wai 
he  a  classic  only,  in  any  narrow  or  exclusive  sense  of  the  tcim. 
On  either  side,  Immediately  or  hardly  below  bis  mighty  master- 
piece of  i'enJcj  and  .^J^njiji,  stand  the  two  scarcely  leu  beau  liful 
and  vivid  studies  of  molicval  Italy  and  Shakespearean  En^and. 
The  very  finest  Bower  of  bis  immortal  dialogues  Is  probably  lo 
be  found  In  the  single  volume  comprising  only  "Imaginary 
Ccaveisations  ol  Greeks  and  Romans  ";  his  utmost  command 
ol  passion  and  pathos  may  be  leited  by  its  Iranscendeat 
success  in  the  distiUed  and  concentrated  tragedy  of  Tittrius 
and  Vipsania,  where  for  once  he  shows  a  quality  more  proper 
lo  romantic  than  rli^*!^!  imagination — Llie  subtle  and  sublime 
and  terrible  power  lo  enter  the  dark  vestibule  of  distraction, 
lo  Ibrow  the  wbole  force  of  his  fancy,  the  whole  £re  ol  bis 
spirit,  iolo  the  "  shadowing  passion  "  (■>  Shakespeare  calls  It) 
of  gradually  imminent  insanity.  Yet,  ii  this  and  all  olber 
studies  Irom  ancient  hisloiy  or  legend  could  be  subtracted  from 
the  volume  of  his  work,  enotigh  would  be  left  whereon  to  rest 
tbe  foundation  of  a  fame  wbich  time  could  not  sensibly  impair. 

_         CA.C.  s- 

GESUoaRAru 
(S  vols.,  iS^J, 


TU  Worii  sail  Life  of  Walltr  Sonie  louder 

It-r^]),  edited  by  6.  C  CruRipj  comprises 
i,  Petmj,  Ditihpu^  la  I^erjr  aaa  Epitramr 

.^.. WiTli^    His  LUUn  awi  «M>r  Unp^iikit 

WrilHoi  were  edited  by  Mi  Stepbco  Wheeler  (1I47).  'Tben  are 
many  volumes  ol  selections  Iron  hb  works,  notably  one  (lUl)  fer 
ihe''CoMenTna>ory"aeriet,  edited  InSidneyColtAB.  who  aba  con- 


and.  Tin  LmtfT  Fnn  WorU 


jributed  the  p 


d  by  Sidney  CdtAi 

(lUl)  in  the  "  EwKih  UeneC 

'  "-  WHki,  wny  of  wUck  bi« 

. , ._ jn's  artlde  on  Landor  in  the 

lienaryej  Kalitmal  Bapafiy  (vcl.  xxxii.,  1S91).  CM.  Bl.) 
LAHDOUB.  a  hill  ttaiion  asd  sanatorium  In  India,  in  Dehra. 
Dun  district  ol  the  United  Provinces,  adjoining  Mussoorie. 
Pop.  (iw)  '!"••  riling  to  3700  in  the  hot  season.  Since  iSay 
it  has  been  a  convalescent  station  lor  European  troops,  with 
a  school  for  I  heir  children. 

LAND  REGITTRATIOII,  *  legal  process  connected  with  the 
transfer  of  landed  property,  comprising  two  forms — registration 
of  deeds  and  registration  of  title,  which  may  be  best  described 
as  a  species  of  machinery  lor  assisting  a  purchaser  or  mortgagee 
in  his  inquiries  as  to  his  vendor's  or  mortgagor's  title  previously 
to  completing  his  dealing,  and  for  securing  his  own  position 
afterwards.  The  expediency  of  making  inquiry  into  the  vendor's 
tiite  before  completing  a  purchase  of  land  (and  the  case  of  a 

possession  may  ordinarily  be  relied  on  as  proof  of  full  ownership; 
in  the  case  ol  land,  the  person  in  ostensible  possession  is  very 
seldom  the  owner,  being  usually  only  a  tenant,  paying  rent  to 
someone  else.  Even  the  person  10  whom  the  rent  is  paid  is 
in  many  cases — probably,  in  England,  in  most  cases — not  the 
full  owner,  but  only  a  life  owner,  or  a  trustee,  whose  powers  ol 
disposing  of  the  property  are  of  a  strictly  limited  nature.  Again, 
goods  arc  very  seldom  the  subject  of  a  mortgage,  whereas  land 
has  from  time  immcmorixJ  been  the  frequent  subject  of  this 
class  of  transactiorL  Evidently,  therefore,  some  sort  of  inquiry 
is  necessary  10  enable  a  purchaser  to  obtain  certainty  that  the 
land  for  whicb  he  pays  full  price  is  not  subject  to  an  unknown 
mortage  or  charge  which,  if  left  undiscovered,  might  afterwards 
deprive  him  of  a  large  part  or  even  the  whole  of  its  value.  Again, 
the  probability  of  serious  consequences  to  the  purchaser  ensuing 
from  a  mistake  as  to  title  Is  infinitely  greater  in  the  case  of  land 
than  is  ibtcais  of  goods.   Before  ibe  rightful  owser  can  itcovn 


LAND  REGIStRAtlON 


163 


niuppreptiilcdgMKb,  tie  hutD  findout  ohen  Ihcy  ire.  Tl 
M  miidty  a  miller  o(  coniKlerable  difficulty.  By  the  time  thi 
have  reached  (he  handi  of  a  tend  fdt  purthuer  all  chance  1 
ibeir  retdvery  by  the  Irae  owner  is  pratiically  al  an  end.  Bi 
with  land  the  caw  ii  fir  olherwiie.  A  ditpouesaed  righlfij 
owner  never  has  any  diffitully  in  Iractng  his  property.  It 
il  immovable.  All  he  ha*  to  do  ii  to  bring  an  action  lor  ejectn 
ijainsllhepersoninpoiseHion.  Forlheseteaioni, among othen, 
any  altempt  Id  deal  Hitb  land  on  the  liinple  apd  uniuipccling 
piindplei  which  obtain  In  regaid  to  Eooda  mould  be  fr 
with  grave  risks. 

Apart  Ironi  very  early  and  ptimilive  social  coBditioni,  there 
appear  to  be  only  two  ways  in  which  the  required  certainty  11 
to  title  to  land  can  be  obtained.  Either  tiie  purchaser  musl 
itUsfy  himself,  by  tn  exhaustive  scrutiny  and  review  of  lU  thi 
deeds,  wills,  martiaEcs,  heirships  and  other  documents  and  events 
by  which  the  property  has  been  conveyed,  fflortpged,  leased 
devised  or  transRiitted  during  a  considenble  period  o(  time 
that  no  loophole  eiista  whereby  an  adverM  claim  can  enter  01 
be  made  good— this  is  called  the  lyitem  of  private  investigitloi 
of  title — or  the  governmeiit  muit  keep  an  aulhoiitltive  lisl 
or  register  of  the  properties  within  its  juiiadiction,  togetha 
with  the  names  of  the  owners  and  porticutais  of  the  eacumbrancei 
in  each  case,  and  must  pjotecl  purchasers  and  others  dealing 
with  land,  on  the  faith  of  this  re^stcr,  from  all  advene  daims. 
This  second  system  i*  calTed  Registration  of  Title.  To  these 
two  alternatives  may  perhaps  be  added  a  third,  of  very  rermt 
growth— Insurance  of  Title.  This  is  largely  used  in  the  United 
States.  But  it  ii  in  reality  only  a  phase  of  the  system  of  private 
bvestigation.  The  insurance  company  investigates  the  title, 
and  charges  the  purchaser  a  premium  to  cover  the  expense  and 
the  risk  of  error.  Registration  of  deeds  is  an  adjutict  of  the 
system  oi  private  investigation,  and,  eiccpt  in  Englaod.  is  a 
practically  invariable  feature  of  it.  It  consisu  in  the  atablish- 
ment  of  public  offices  in  which  all  documents  affecting  land  are 
to  be  recorded—pinly  lo  preserve  them  in  a  readily  accessible 
place,  partly  to  prevent  the  possibility  of  any  niatcrial  deed 
or  docnmenl  beiog  dishonestly  conceited  by  a  vendor.  When 
tegistration  is  cBected  by  depositing  a  full  copy  of  the  deed,  [I 
also  renders  the  subsequent  f  alsiEcaiion  of  the  oti^od  document 
danKerous.  RegislraiioD  of  deeds  does  not  (except  perhaps  to 
a  certain  extent  indirectly)  cheapen  or  simplify  the  process  ol 
investigation — the  formalities  at  the  registry  add  something 
to  the  trouble  and  cost  incurred — but  it  prevents  the  pirticulir 

The  history  of  land  registration  follows,  u  •  general  role,  ■ 
fairly  uniform  course  of  development.  In  very  early  times,  and 
in  small  and  simple  communities,  the  difficulty  afterwards  found 
ifl  establishing  title  to  lijid  docs  not  arise, oi^ng  to  the  primitive 
babit  i>f  attaching  ceremony  and  pubUcity  to  alt  dealing!.  The 
parties  meet  on  the  land,  with  witnesses;  lymboUcal  icts  (luch 
as  blading  over  1  piece  of  earth,  or  the  bough  of  a  tree)  are 
perfanaedi  and  ■  set  form  of  words  is  spoken,  expressive  of 
the  intention  to  convey.    By  tliis  means  the  ownership  of  each 

of  commoa  knowledge,  rendering  fraud  and  mistake  difficult. 
But  this  method  leaves  a  good  deal  to  he  desired  in  point  of 


leexriies 


itabliihmi 


of  a 


of  public  record  kept  by  the  magistrate,  lord 
authority,  eoutainiog  a  seiies  of  coatempotaiy  notes  of  the 
effect  of  the  various  tnatactioiia  that  take  place.  This  book 
becomes  the  general  title-deed  of  the  whole  community,  and  as 
long  as  transactions  remain  simple,  and  not  too  numerous, 
the  results  ai^iear  to  be  satisfactory.  Of  this  chanctci  are  the 
Haoorial  Court  Kolls,  which  were  la  the  middle  ages  the  great 
authorities  on  title,  both  tn  England  and  on  the  continent. 
The  entries  io  them  in  early  times  were  mad*  in  a  very  few  words. 
The  date,  the  names  of  the  parties,  the  name  01  short  verbal 
description  of  the  land,  the  nature  of  the  transaction,  are  all  that 
appear,  In  the  land  regisfry  at  Vienna  there  is  a  continuous 
series  of  registers  of  this  kind  going  back  Co  ijAS,  in  Prague 


to  be  In  a< 


to  1371,  in  Munich  to  \na.  No  doubt  there  are  ortant  (thongh 
In  a  less  easily  accessible  form}  manorial  records  in  En^and  o( 
equal  ot  greater  antiquity.  This  may  be  considered  the  first 
■  -  '  the  history  of  Laiid  Registration.  It  can  hardly  be  said 
lion  at  the  present  day  Io  any  civillied 
in  which  that  term  is  usually  undeislood. 
wneie   ocaungs    oecome    more    numerous    and    complicated, 

parties,  and  afterwards  to  luj^ly  evidence  of  the  landowner's 
title.  It  appears,  loo,  that  as  a  general  rule  the  public  books 
already  described  continue  to  be  used,  notwithstanding  this 
change;  only  (as  would  be  expected)  the  entries  in  them,  once 
plain  and  simple,  either  grow  into  full  copia  of  the  long  and 
intricate  deeds,  or  consist  of  mere  notes  stating  that  such  and 
such  deeds  have  been  executed,  leaving  the  persons  inteieited 
to  inquire  for  Ibe  originals,  in  whose  custody  soever  they  may 
be  found.  This  systctn.  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  second 
stage  in  the  history  of  land  registration,  is  called  Re^stralloil 
of  Deeds.  It  prevails  In  Fiance,  Belgium,  parts  of  Switzerland, 
in  Italy,  Spain,  India,  in  almost  all  the  British  colonies  (except 
Australasia  and  Canada),  in  most  of  the  slats  of  the  American 
Union,  in  the  South  American  republics,  in  Scotland  and  Ireland, 
and  in  the  English  counties  of  Yorkshire  and  Middlesex.  Where 
it  existi,  there  is  geBtrally  a  law  to  the  cflect  that  in  caic  of 
di^nite  a  registered  deed  shall  pr«vail  ovir  an  tmreiutered  one. 
The  practical  effect  Ii  that  a  purchaser  c      '  ... 


ought  tc 


tltat  il,  after  completion,  he  regiiten 
his  own  conveyance,  no  other  deedi-— even  if  they  exist — will 
prevail  against  hira. 

The  expenses  and  delays.  Dot  to  mention  the  occasional  iclual 
losses  of  properly  iIudo^  fraud  or  mistake,  attendant  on  the 
system  of  making  every  purchaser  responsible  for  the  due 
examination  of  his  vendor's  tlile-^whclher  ot  not  assisted  by 
registration  of  deeds— have  induced  several  govemmenH  lo 
establi^  the  maie  perfect  system  oi  Registration  of  Title,  which 
consists  in  csUectblg  the  transaclioni  affecting  each  separata 
estate  under  a  lepatate  head,  keeping  an  accunte  account  of  the 
parcels  of  which  each  such  estate  is  composed,  and  summarizing 


uthori 
rights  of  al 


eacbir 


1  to  the  land  itself.  This  syilem 
I,  Hungary,  parts  of  Switierland, 
rly  the  whole  of  Canada,  some  ol 
the  stalesef  the  American  Union,  lo  a  certain  extent  in  Ireland, 
and  is  hi  course  of  establishment  in  England  and  Wales.  The 
Register  consists  of  three  portions:— (]}  The  description  of  the 

to  ■  map;  (3)  the  ownership,  giving  the  name  and  address  of 
the  person  wbo  can  sell  and  dispose  of  the  land;  and  (3)  the 
encumbrances,  in  tbeii  order  of  priority,  and  the  names  of  Ibe 
persons  lor  the  tune  being  entitled  to  them.  When  any  fiesb 
transaction  lakes  place  the  instrument  eSecting  it  is  produced, 
and  the  proper  alientions  in,  or  additions  to,  the  register  are 
made;  if  It  be  a  sale,  the  name  of  the  vendor  is  cancelled  from 
the  register,  and  that  of  the  purchaser  is  entered  Instead;  if 
mimgage,  it  is  added  to  the  list  of  encumbrances;  If  a 
discharge,  the  encambrance  discharged  is  cancelled;  if  it  is  a 
sale  ot  part  of  the  land,  the  original  description  Is  modified  or  the 
plan  is  matked  to  show  the  piece  conveyed,  while  a  new  descrip- 
plan  is  made  and  1  new  renter  is  opened  for  the  detached 
parcel.  In  the  English  and  Ausmlian  tegisirie*  a  "  iand 
certificate  *'  is  abo  issued  to  the  landowner  containing  copies 
oi  the  RgisleT  and  oi  the  plan.  This  certificate  takes  the  place 
ooreorlessof  the  old  documetits  of  title.  On  1  sale,  the  process 
s  as  follows;  The  vendor  first  of  all  produces  to  the  puicbater 
lis  land  cenificate,  or  gives  idm  the  number  of  his  tide  and  id 
ulhority  to  ioipect  the  register.  In  Austria  and  in  some  colonia] 
egislries  this  is  not  necessary,  the  register  being  open  to  public 
inspection,  which  in  England  is  not  the  case.  The  purchaser,  on 
Inspecting  this,  can  easily  see  (or  himself  whether  the  land  he 
wishes  to  buy  is  comprised  In  the  registered  description  or  plan, 
whether  the  vendor's  name  appears  on  the  register  as  the  owner 


LAND  REGISTRATION 


usually'  prepares 


oaveyaDCt  or  tnosfc 


„  ...    If  Ihcn 

the  ngiitei  slates  their  nmDunt  and  who  i 
The  puichuec 
a!  tbe  Und  (t 
iigiitry),ainii 

moDey.    If  theie  aic  mDrtgOBes,  he  paya  them  off  to  the  pen 
named  in  the  ref^tei  as  their  omieTS,  oud  they  concur  ij 
dischaigc     He  llien  preseDls  tbe  elecutnl  iiutnimeDU  at 
leftstiy,  and  ij  eolered  as  ownet  of  th*  land  instead  of  the  vmh 
the  mortgages,  if  any,  being  cancelled.  Where  ■' land  certificali 
4re  used  (as  In  En^and  and  Australia),  a  new  bnd  ccrtihcat 
iuued  to  the  puichasei  sbowing  the  existing  state  of  the  Tester 
and  mntaimng  a  copy  of  the  re^iered  plan  of  the  land.    Th< 
above  is  ouly  a  brief  nutline  of  the  processes  employed.    Foi 
further  informatioQ  aa  to  pracllcal  details  reference  may  b4 
made  to  the  treatises  mentioned  at  the  end  of  this  article. 

EMiiand  amd  iVaUl- — ^The  firat  attempt  to  introduce  genefal  rrgit- 
tration  of  coovfyanc«  appeara  to  have  been  made  by  the  Statute  of 
EnrolloentH.  paued  in  Ihe  JJth  y^T  of  Henry  V1[L 

ViOd  louaA  to  be  empabk  of  evaiion,  and  it  became  -  ^— ^  _.- 

A  RegisuatiDO  Act  applying  n  Ibc  enunliii  <4  fjuKMer.  Cbou 
■nd  Durliaid  wu  paisHi  in  Queen  Eliaabeui  ■  reigiL  but  tajfed  for 
want  of  providing  the  neccnary  machlEtery  for  It«  obqervaoce' 
The  nibject  reappeaied  in  aeveni  bills  during  tbe  CoanunwEfliH, 
bat  Iheie  failed  lo  put.  owliv,  it  wouM  seen,  to  the  objectioa  at 
iBpdowoen  to  pnblieity.  In  louaconunitteeof  tbe  House  of  Lordi 
rtporttd  that  one  auae  of  the  depnciitioD  of  landed  property  waa 
tbe  docerlainty  of  tltka,  and  propfiaed  rq^istiatioa  of  deedi  as  a 
mnedy,  but  □olhinc  mi  done. 

During  the  neat  thirty  yeara  rnncfUB  pataphleta  for  and  a^init 
■  geiK«lRp«y  were  published.  In  1704  tbe  fiiB  Deed  Rijiioy 
AetwaspuMd.  applying  to  tbe  Wen  Riding  of  Yorkdiiie.  In  1707 
■be  gystenKiai  extended  to  the  Eajt  Hiding,  and  in  inS  to  Middlesex. 
Tbne  Middlenex  and  Yorkriilre  Kgiittiea  (n»di£cd  conriderably  in 
enctiec,  but  not  SBioosly  in  prtactplc,  by  tbe  Yortshite  RcEiiltica 
Seta  IgB4.  iStis,  and  Und  Registry  JMiddlciea  Deeds]  Act  itJQil 
-'-  in  operation,  end  an  gnatly  valued  by  tbe  smaller  pi 
— ■ = ■■ ' ■-—  '-Tiad  whi. 


ET. 


ily  leviatration  of  deeds  bad 

■  of  a  lejisler  of  title.    Theachemi!  Ibi 

ally  embocfied  in  a  IhII  introduced  u 

- —  SidicitDr<kneral — but  a  rUssoltitioD 

111  iKa  LDrd,Westbury  had  the  ■aiiiTactloii 


iB^  b^  Lord 


10  register  an  tndeffa^le  title  on  production  of  atrict  proof.  The 
prooTrequlttd  *u  to  tie  such  ai  i)k  court  of  chancery  would  fem 
an  unwilling  purchaser  ta  accept.  Only  a  few  hundred  titles  weie 
registered  under  this  act,  and  in  1868  a  Royal  Commiason  was  ap 
pointed  to  inquire  into  the  cauin  of  its  failure.  They  reported  in 
IS7D,  maldng  various  suggestions  of  detail,  and  eqxcially  adverting 
to  the  great  expense  caused  by  the  luictneat  of  the  offidnl  invesB'ga- 
tlon  of  titis  before  a  property  could  be  ■dmiiied  10  tbe  register. 
Ill  the  >anK  year  i.otd  Raiherfcy  introduced  a  Transfer  of  Land  Bill, 
*" ot  proceeded  with-    lo  JS73  Lord  Sclbome  inlroductd  a 


tt  them  In  his  books. 


..is  much  the  same  as 

e  ronncr  bill,  iMt  without  compulsion.  This  act  had  no  better 
ceesi  in  the  way  of  voluntary  general  adopijaa  than  the  act  of 
62,  hut  as  its  aooptirKi  baa  fence  twen  made  compulsory,  its  pro- 
liou  afe  important.  Its  nuM  notieenble  feature,  from  a  practical 
lint  of  view,  is  the  additional  pnmineneE  given  le  an  expedient 
lied  "  Possessory  "  registration  (which  alsD  existed  under  another 
ime  in  Lord  Westbur/s  Act),  whereby  b  removed  the  grc«  initial 
lEculty  of  placing  titles  on  tbe  re^ster  In  Ilie  Gial  instance.  Ta-o 
rtsof  regiitntioa  wcreestabUshed,"  Absolute  "and  "  Poueiiary." 
He  dlect  of  an  abselgte  registntian  waa  Immedlatelv  la  drntivy  all 
limsadverse  10  the  registered  title.  But  this  was  only  to  be  granted 
I  a  regular  Investigation  of  title,  which,  though  ODE  so  strict  asunder 

ewhoeouS 


etiitc — ■  quick aM cheat  , 

3n  would  not  be  immcdiBtet*  felt.    It  w 
idvene  claima.    It  would  only  prevent  n 


loluteone."  In  iMj  tbediikeol  Hati£omu(h 
registry  of  titles,  aDd  in  the  IdMowiof  vnentiai 

—  1 ^  j^  nim  advocating  tbe  aaine 

-- '-  --■ ■•     '-   1M7  Lord 


Lord  Davey  wrote  three  letters'..  _.  .   _. 

thing  OB  the  general  lines  aftcrwuds  adoptc 

Halsbury,  by  mtmdileing  his  L^nd  'Hansfer  , 

struggle  with  the  onoDnents  of  reform,  which,  after  ten  years  of 
ahnoMCDBdauouaeSen,  icaultedu  tbepuaagof  hiaacwef  ien> 
■^■Mi*hTifc|r  compulsDry  itgistration  ol  title.  Lord  Halsbury  intn^ 
ducedbilislaisiy.  ■*UandlS«9.  Lord  Hcrschell,  who  succeeded 
bim  after  tbe  change  of  government,  introduced  bills  In  Itgi,  ttu 
■I      '  lastlhreebelngunanimouilypassedbytheflouseot 

L  iceaaion.   Tfaehillof l8Kreachedcaoiinineein the 

C  was  stopped  by  the  diieolution  of  parltaaenE.    la 

tt  luiy  {who  had  returned  to  the  wootsnch)  again  intro- 

di  '  bill  with  certain  modifications  which  caused  the 

Ir  iw  Society  to  withdraw  ita  opposition  in  the  House 

ctf  id  the  act  was  finally  passed  on  the  last  day  of  the 

se  '  it  the  Privy  Council^  power  to  isHK  onkn 

d(  <n  a  certain  date  regisrration  r>f  title  is  to  be  com* 

pi  inagivendisliin.    The 

la  purchaser  of  laud  in  the  1 

re_  cetory  title."  immediattl) 

compulsory  provisions  of  the  act  extend  [c  . 
af  lerwaids  made)  to  leaseholds  having  fcoty ' 
except  the  first  can  be  made,  save  nn  the  requ 
The  first  order  was  made  in  Jnly  1898. 
iminiitrative  coun^  of  London  <Includin| 

rocecding  graduBll)r  by  gronpa  of  parish . 

iwards  of  uajaoa  titles  had  been  registered  by  1908,  rej 


-  . . .  a  fesr  years,  persons  dealing 

...... ...»  ...  .^...  ....uDty  will  uliimatelyeaperience  great  relief  in  the 

matter  both  of  coat  and  of  delay-  Tbe  costs  U  a  sale  lincluding 
piofesBOnal  assistance,  if  teqnirecl)  wiU  ultimately  Ik  for  the  vendor 
al»ut  one-fifih,  aud  for  the  puiehasec  (at  tbe  most  usoal  valued  leas 
than  hall,  of  the  pnseM  esptaaei.  Ibe  detay  will  be  no  nuse  thnii 
In  dealings  with  stock.  Mortgagee*  will  also  be  protected  from  liskn 
of  fraud,  which  at  present  are  very  appreciable,  and  it  which  the 
ReibtBve  and  Richards  eaaea  are  recent  examples.  Further  par- 
ticulars of  the  prsetleal  operation  <f  tbe  acts  will  be  found  in  tba 
Begistmr's  Reports  of  tgoi  and  1906,  embracing  the  period  from 
1899  to  190}  inclusive,  with  comments  on  the  general  position, 
sunestions  for  future  legislation.  Oc  In  the  autumn  of  1908 
a  '^     ■  "  under  the  chairmanship  of  Lord  St  Aldwyn. 

wi  ulte  Into  the  worldne  of  the  Land  Transfer 

A.  iven  befDre  them  in  ttetober,  November  and 

I>  ised  a  general  expcaition  by  the  regifltrarof  ibe 

or  tbe  acts,  and  the  principffs  of  their  working. 


'  beneficial,  and  who  had  carried  through 
^  under  ahaolute  title-  —j-v....  -..-f....^- 
lat  a  greatly  reduced 


ao,  if' desired,  be  made  I 


ithouc  prc^saional 

b°  w  escabUshed  by 
igs  J.  There  ate  also 
dinburgh.  Deeds  an 
■be  deeds  f-    --■--■ 

II  deeds  fleeting  it  are 
— --■     -lually..    The 

investigated. 


.  an  abridgcmrnt  (with  permission^  of  pp.  7 
a.  Moitis't  book  ntened  to  at  the  end  a  this 


LAND  REGISTRATION 


,6j 


1I70  and  1A74.    CMoRdsluv  ■■>d  ■fpndinc  «.._ 

pawl  in  DDK  ol  tbog  lUtai   OnSf  ■banliite  Iilk  is  re 

ukI  sraoted  by  fovcmnnL,  afnr  the  fui*|  *>!  the  kv^u  vcl 

B  pUcH  on  the  ngieter  ceoifHilHirily.   Bur  voluiuary  appb^ioc 

1 -ie  in  *Try  larie  nunben   It  b  Hid  or"-"^-  ——^ — 

'  Und  udeH  the  (eiidiir  fau  le-' 


PFmtieo  (or  emn.     At  a  ncent  date  they  unouiHed  u 

Itoo.ODD.  BlBle  only  £lf.asi>  odd  had  tees  paid  in  cUitns.    1 

fr|iitn»  pay  their  own  **|**«**^     Banhsa  aad  men  e£  bUHDe 
pnmilv  aiv  <nm  is  their  apptedatioa  o(  the  a 


uly  caBed  Tofiena  Acta,  Aa  their  an[Iiia(Dr,  whu.  ihoiijh 
bwyer,  erttiuted  add  cuiied  tfamigh  tlua  LmpDnani  ami 


m  in   ItSs  adopled  by  Oataru.  Manitoba  and  iSf  Nanh-Wm 
TRTitHin.    Only  Ouebec.NovalcolLa.Nn  Brunswick  and  Priiu^ 
-■— '  — ■-  --  -■-■  Gn^iifa  >yseiii.  ptui  regi^iralion  ol 
chliate  adopted  ngiHraiioa  ot  liile 
._  JBscnt  (oma.    In  Bridih  Cdundia 
laihaii'i  Ad  ol  iWi^  The  Nonh-Wiat 

ilmoH    a    traii«T«    oT  ■       ■    - 

rf  llie  tfice'  ---    — '-■ 


Ednid  Iiland  n 
ikBk.   Tbe three,... 


<  of  Larl  Caim'i  A 


4  Act*,    The  Ootario  Act  ia 
■     -ft  of   I87S-     The  fee. 

"nlc  Dniario  RfBtry 

ut  avT  djatnct  oncra,  ai  weJI  aa  the  cenln]  ooc  a(  Tomota 
7^  i>  apparentiy  the  only  coionial  irsiatry  not  open  tQ  public 

'  V  of  titk.  pJuB  rrciitJ 

Cmtttay  dud  AMitr 
ntnipka  of  regiatT 

BiDnitiea,  vith  all  the  imricadtaaad  1 

life — ore  to  be  foaad  in  Gemaiiy  1 — ,,—.,-.«,    ,- 

PHU  of  these  countiiei  cefiatrathia  of  titk  has  been  cstaUiil 
Kwfal  ceuiirira — iwaU*  ia  Bebenia;  in  nast  parti  it  has  enlited 
^  the  Beater  lAet  etf  lae  iqth  cotiiry:  u  some  diitricu,  aaaiB, 
•DUblythBl  and  the  Uue  Fr^aeea.  It  la  itiU  m  none  of  iMm- 
duaion.  Ia  all  cues  it  apvaaia  to  have  been  ixeceded  by  a  aysteni 
«  deed  R^istcatiaii,  wIhcd  materiaDy  [acililatcd  its  iotroduclioo. 
ia  mne  cava,  Prunia,  for  inauact,  the  rormcr  rc^ften  were  kept 
ia  Bidi  a  way  a*  Id  aanint  in  thetnielvei  to  Uule  ihon  o(  a  refistry 
ol  title.  Very  lov  icalei  of  leia  mffice  to  pay  ell  oOcial  expenses. 
Id  hqsia  the  lees  for  repatenjig  hIs  begin  at  5d.  [or  a  value  dit; 
•<  £»  ihc  lei  ii  M  7d.:Bt  £taoiiii7a.  jd.:ai  rioDOlt  is£i.  Ids.: 
aijyiDa./a,  ts-.^ndaaon.  In  caae  of  error,  the  offioals  are  personally 
bEIe:  laOiot  these,  the  HMe.  OUwr  states  are  veiy  Binitar.  In 
■*H.  ■■139MS  innaactieH  wsr  npstned  in  Pnaiia.  In  iBU, 
*}S.n(  were  leaiateied  ia  Ausnia.  Some  ides  ol  the  eatem  u 
awiiaiaUbaldingaiiitvanintbeseoiuntries  may  be  fathered  froin 
"*  fan  that  j6  %  of  the  lales  and  moniam  in  Auuria  "ete  (or 
DKlFr  £B.  ta.  M.  value— 7t%  aKre  [or  nnder  £10.  Ovinf  10  the 
"Mr  and  Hmplkity  of  the  raittets.  it  it  not  Hwaya  iiul^ij  to 

femploy  profcssioDal  help.  When  wch  help  il  Bquired.  the  fen  are 
»*.  In  Vienna  £1  ia  a  very  luual  ice  (or  the  puTchaaaa  lawycir 
:o  ii  KMom  reaehnl.  In  Gennany  the  icsiner  ii  private.  In 
uHrit  it  is  open  to  public  impeclioB.    In  tine  r^s>«a  aiay  be 

durpB  aiidcimnbniKas  and  dsalioia  thicewllh,  peasuta' 
Townio;  in  aUBKfnua  icattercd  parcels,  acquited  and  miposcd  of 
11  oifleieitt  tlme^'aDd' variDufy  nmEMaiid;  town  and  nbdrban 
pupenies.  (att,  nsaB  bma,  rifhts  to  Biht  and  aie.  rifhta  of  wt, 
>unly  ssttknenis.  and  dialiais  of  al  ■na-inhmlaana  (Bd  wilh 

i«nilio»  badnplcias.  aoittara  — ' •  — ■—  -^  -i-i—- 

■'ntirith.  The  ConlincMal  ^em 

','  'fiflrfcts.  about » to  »  m.  ac 

In  Badea  and  WOrttenbtfi  «i 


ennfitiDn.   Sccaniy  «ih.„.,,,, 
Th  U»M  SMJcL—Un  to  *  late  date  the  otdinaiy  En(li>h  lyiu 
'''     qpitraEKtn  ctf  dia^,  ns  universal  in  ibe  Unjird  btatca.    1 


,.,,  ,^-  —  .--..  — ^  -,,__  thjny  days  and  Ii . 

£}0)  A  later  Sute  ComaiHioa  in  Illinois  esumates  the  bir  coui  ol 
a  Ble  then  at  aboiM  IS  doUaii  (£sj;  the  time  may  nui  into  man 
"■^**''**  Allusion  baa  alceady  been  made  to  the  Jnaurana  of  titM 
csopaniea.  The  tales  d  Insurance  are  substanlial.  ij,  Cs  dolara 
tltSoo  the  fast  »00  dellan  U«M|,  and  i  doBar*  QTi)  on  each 
adiGikiBalnoodo&nUMO).  TbainaldamoKttofiaaalxaa 
value,  il  to  OB  UOMorislo  on  £100,000.   Tha  fii 

very  ample,  apd  may  be  n ""  ""  "  "*" "" 

of  the  fee.    BefulnitioB  1 
voluntary  basis.  Ibid  thi 


rbsequent  own. 
K  bteTy  bca  In 
4  Oiaonna,  O 


aflectiiia  the  bnd  to  the  extent  of  three  yean' 

_, , .  J  not  t^Ueied.  WiUs  need  not  be  nftolefed. 

Mocincea  must  he  re^caiitered  every  ten  yeart  Purchase  deeds 
are  iq(ialeted  by  fiUD(  fiill  copies.  Rcfiitries  are  established  in  all 
the  considerable  towns.  The  duty  on  sales  anounts  to  the  hijb 
tgim  at  about  61%  en  the  vahie.  Fan  o(  this  is  allocBted  to 
refiltaafaa,  in  addition  to  wUch  a  &aed  fee  of  one  ftauc  and 
stalioBsa'  efaaaes  avefaging  6  francs  ere  also  chaneoble.  The  title 
^n  usually  be  fully  invcstifated  Irorn  the  documenis  in  Ibe  registry.- 
OlEaal  searches  for  mortfaKs  are  cornmonly  rcsoned  to.  at  a  c«t 
of  abont  s  (nncs.  Under  the  iBonsirhy  the  lanj  aystem  was  nsic- 
lically  ca^ikold  MBiac,  but  raaster  validity  w»  nttadisd  to  the  Com 
Rolls  than  waa  the  case  u  En^nd.  The  pnsem  qislem  was 
estabGsbcd  by  a  la*  of  1790  after  the  abolition  of  ncignionat  institu- 
tions in  17S9.  This  was  modified  by  the  Code  Napoleon,  and  furlbs 
peffected  by  a  law  af  iSu.  The  avenie  value  of  mnsKtians  ii 
Frsmz  is  veiy  aiaalL  Probably  al  the  pteatnt  time  faiir.GIths  of  tiv 
properties  are  of  under  hi  vaIue._The  cosu  of  a  sale  for  300  (nno 
UirwouU  he  abuul  ul3iowt^  Duty,  n  Ir.;  Notsiy  {1%).  1  h.: 

high  figure  of 


_  _     _    _  complete  list  of  so , — _ 

tion  fnna  i6u  to  ie«  will  be  found  in  B.  fiurael  1^ , 

XcfutnUin  (1895)1  Pailianienlary  Publicationt   &csa^Xcfwri  «/ 
Oil  RmoI  Prelnff  Cemmiinmurt  (iSjt);  RipBt  at  Ol  JtEjianilHpe 

._. n„  ^ (igjo);    RlfcH  Ii  Oh  lUpMrDliim  1 

an  ^m  Land  ftaw^  Cmmini*m 


iByoJi*. 


lUi];  lUpitrl  on  ArfulH/iM  of  Tilli  ia  Ctnuay  an^ 
niary  |iB9fi),  rkr  Riftifnr']  Jktvrlt  ^  Ipoi  owf  FpoA  on 
n  af  a  Krpttr  m  LnJcm ,  AtnJ  Cnaiaiiitni  n  **•  tand 
di.  J(i*i>IBs/&id(a«(ia09)  CenenI  reviews  of  land 
.  in  the  British  Isles,  the  Colonies,  and  in  [oceiin  counirii^: 
Monis,  ■>  above,  aod  C  F  BricVdale.  LaaJ  T-osifir  «■ 

MPUrisi  (i»94)      Booli.  on  preclice-  Enjland— Brich- 

dale  and  Sheldon,  tin  Land  Trntifn  Aat  {md  rd..  iw):  Oicrry 
and  MarirM.  nir  Lmi  Tranjn  Aits  IIBoB).  Hiy,  Laail  RtHU- 
Hon  mwftr  lif  Land  Traxsltr  Atti  ("JUjI;  '^^,^*^^i^;^"l°^ 


C.  F  Brfckdate.  RtfUmhim  . .  _._ 
Amnnha*  Ttmni  Syi^tm.  Hng.  1 


a  (iSOJf.    AiBtralia— T» 


LANDSBERO  AM  LECH— LANDSEER 


__    Pimitulict    CmJtmili- 

ffuttt  {Berlin).  Auuru — Dai  iU[rmnv  Omrndbuituttult,  Ac. 
(VieiiiH) ,  BwtkIi.  Du  OtiUtTtuktidte  aUgem^ne  CmMOfrKf  Jis£f  Kfi 
!■  matr  pntHulm  Aimimdii*(  (Vienna)  Suoru — Siexinann, 
Satitucit  HypaHttnniU  (Lapiie).  Sanuia—OaUTrailniiti 
Suimik  (Cn-iOittks-a-^Ur)  tVlmna.  mniully].  (C.  F  -Bl.) 

LAHMBBRO  Ut  LECH,  i,  town  b  tlie  kingdom  of  Bavaru, 
on  ibe  tivET  Lech,  ]8  m.  by  nil  W.  by  S.  of  Uunicb.  Pop.  (igoj} 
6^;.  It  bu  dghi  Ronun  CiUiolic  cbuicha,  unong  Ihem  ihE 
UeblTauen  Kirclif  dating  from  149S,  leveral  nonutcrici,  and  1 
fipe  medieval  lowo-hsU,  with  tnscoa  by  Kari  von  Piloly  ind 
1  palntiog  by  Huben  voD  Hnkomei.  Heie  olio  ire  1  fine 
ftiewiy,  the  Biyer-Tor,  u  ngricultunl  tod  oUier  Khoob. 
BRwJBg,  unning  ud  the  manufacture  of  (irlcvltunl  machiiKrjr 
arc  araont  t)ie  piincipi!  indujiries. 

See  Stbober,  Ltnasberi  am  Lak  %ni  Umpbia[  Uyai),  and 
ZiRT(cr,  CtKkicttt  LaiUihrrp  (iSSgJ. 

LARHHBRO-AN-OBH-WABTBb  ■  town  ia  Ibe  Pruuian 
province  of  Bnadenburg,  at  Ibe  coafluence  ol  the  Warthe  ud 
Ibe  Kiidon,  to  a.  N.E.  of  BerUo  by  raiL  Pop.  fi?os)  ]6,734. 
It  has  importani  engine  and  IwQet  wgrlu  and  Iron-foundries; 
tliere  are  alio  manufactura  of  tobacco,  cloth,  carrlagea,  wofda, 
qiiritl,  jute  pnsducta  and  leather.  An  active  trade  ii  carried  on 
in  in»d,  cattle  and  the  produce  of  the  nnnuuling  counti^, 
Landslxrg  obtained  dvic  privileges  in  uj?,  and  later  na 
bciieged  by  the  Poles  and  then  by  theHusutes. 

See  R.  Ecliert,  CachukU  k*  Uwi^if  Wurtii  (189O). 

LAHDSBERO  Va  BALIB,  a  town  in  Prusiil  00  the  Slrmg- 
bach,  on  Ibe  railway  froni  Berlin  to  Weiscnfels.  Pop.  (190s) 
1J70.  Its  indiutiies  inctude  qimrrying  and  making,  and  the 
manulacluie  oi  lugar  and  luichinay.  Landibcrg  nu  tbc 
capital  of  a  unall  nuignviate  of  tliia  name,  ruled  ia  the  iitb 
century  by  1  certain  Dietrich,  who  built  ibe  iD*rn,  l^ter  it 
tietongcd  lo  Meissen  and  to  Satony,  passing  to  Prussia  in  1S14. 

LAXDSSEIl.  «B  EDWIK  HEHRV  (itor-iS?}),  English 
painter,  third  Ki)  of  John  Landiecr,  A.ILA,,  a  well-known 
engraver  and  writer  on  art,  was  bom  at  71  Queen  Anne  Street 
Eiat  (afterwards  jj  Foley  Sireei),  London,  on  March  jib  "toj. 
His  mother  wu  Miu  Poits,  who  sat  lo  Sir  Joibua  Reynold* 
u  the  reaper  with  a  iheal  t^  com  on  ber  bead,  in  "  Macklin'i 
Faoiajr  Piclure,"  or  "The  Gleanen."'  Edwin  Henry  LandKcr 
begao  hit  artistic  etiucaiian  under  bis  father  u  successluJIy 


Ihal  in  hit  fi 
aninal  character 
Kenvnglon.  datei 


lairiy  weU,  and  w 


lofai 


by  his  I 


of   h 

SI  Ihal  he  drei 


Iraughtsm 


Thomas  engravei 


he  drew  a  raaieslic  St  Bernard  dog  so  Bnely  thai  his  brother 
t  published  the  work.  At  thii  dale  (iSi;) 
10  the  Royal  Academy,  and  was  described 
in  the  catalogue  as  "  Mailer  E.  LindKer,  a  Foley  Street," 
'Youth  forbade  his  lieing  reckoned  among  piaciinng  artists, 
and  caused  him  to  be  considered  as  the  "  Honorary  Exhibilor  " 
of  "  No.  «3,  Portrait  ol  a  Mule,"  and  "  No.  584,  Porlniti 
of  1  Pointer  Bitch  and  Puppy  "  Adopting  Ihe  advice  of  B,  B. 
Haydon,  beuudied  the  Elgin  Uaitdia.  ibe  animals  in  the  Tower 
of  f^ndon  and  Eieter  'Change,  and  dbiecLed  every  animal 
whose  carcass  be  could  obtain.  In  1S16  Ljtndieer  wai  tdmitled 
a  student  of  tbe  Royal  Academy  scbools.  In  1S17  be  sent  to  the 
Academy  a  portrait  of  "  Old  Brutui,"  a  much-iavoured  dog. 
•rhkh,  a)  well  u  its  ion.  another  Brutus,  often  appeared  in  bis 
later  pictures.  Even  at  this  date  Landseer  enjoyed  conndenible 
reputation,  and  had  more  work  iban  be  could  readily  perform, 
his  renown  having  been  lealously  foHeted  by  his  lather  ia  Janes 
Elmes's  Aniui)  if  Uu  Fiiu  Am.  Al  the  Academy  he  wu  a 
diligent  student  and  a  favourite  ol  Htniy  Fusdi's,  who  would 
ijohn  Laadicer  died  February  19,  1051.  aged  ninety-ooe  for 
•ighly-tliree.  aaxxding  u  Coanu  Moakbouse).  Sir  Edwin's  ctdcu 
bn>lherTliainas.an  A. Et.A.anda  famous  Engraver,  who*  inierpit- 

"'"""""  "       °  mJTmo.  "c£«r" 


Ihe  world.  • 


irother,  was  born  in  1 799.  and  died  July  la.  1879.   Jolin  LsndMrs 
rother  Henry  was  a  painter  <d  hck  npuution,  ■)»  esnigraieil  10 


le  acbool  and  a^  "  Where  li  a 


'     Altbough  b 


look  about  the  crowded  *r 
curly-beaded  dog-boy  1 " 

from  the  Aral,  Ihe  pncti  be  rccelveo  at  inis  tune  were  Eompara- 
lively  inulL  In  itii  Landseer  sent  lo  the  Sodety  of  Painlen 
in  Oil  and  Water  Colours,  which  then  held  iis  eihihitions  in 
Spndg  Caidenj,  bis  picture  ol  "  Fighting  Dogs  gelling  Wind." 
Ttie  sale  of  Ihii  work  10  Kr  George  Beaumont  vastly  enbaiiced 
tbe  fame  of  the  painter,  who  soon  became  "  the  fashion."  This 
picture  llluilrala  Ihe  prime  tlrenglb  of  Landseei's  earlier  ilyte. 
Unlike  Ihe  produclions  ol  his  later  Lfe,  il  displays  not  an  iau 
of  sentiment.  Perfectly  drawn,  loUdly  and  minutely  fimabed, 
and  carclully  composed,  its  ececution  atlesied  the  skill  acquired 


.    Betwc 


I18.S 


1-indseer  did  a  great  deal  ol  work,  bui  on  Ihe  whole  guned 
tiiiie  besides  facility  of  technical  ciprcasron,  a  greater  itM  for 
humour  and  a  larger  style.  Tlie  work  ol  this  stage  ended  with 
the  production  ol  the  painting  called  "  The  Cat's  Paw,"  which 

sensation.  The  price  obtained  for  this  picture,  £100.  enaUed 
Landseer  10  «t  up  (or  himself  in  the  house  No.  i  St  John's  Wood 
Road,  where  he  lived  nearly  hlly  years  and  In  whidi  he  died. 
During  this  period  Landseer's  principal  pictures  were  "  The  Cat 
Disturbed ",  "  Alpine  Maslifts  reanimating  a  Distressed 
Travetter,"  a  famous  work  engraved  by  his  father;  "  The 
Rateatcheis  "  ;  "  I^inten  lo  be  "  ;  "  The  Larder  Invaded  "  ; 
and  "  Neptune,"  the  head  and  shouldeta  ot  a  Newfoundland  dog. 
In  1S14  Landseer  and  C.  B.  Lolic  made  a  journey  lo  the  High- 
Und<--a  momentoua  visit  for  tbe  (omer,  who  thencdorward 
rarely  failed  annually  to  repral  il  in  search  of  studiesand  subjects. 

In  1816  Ijindseer  was  elected  an  A.R.A.  In  1S37  appeared 
"  The  Monkey  who  has  seen  Ibe  World."  a  picture  which  marked 
the  growth  of  a  laate  lor  humorous  subject*  in  Ihe  mind  of  the 
painter  that  had  been  evoked  by  the  success  of  the  "  Cat's  Paw  " 
"  Taking  a  Buck  "(iSij)  was  the  painter's  first  Scottish  picture. 
lis  eieculion  marked  a  cbaige  in  hi*  style  which,  in  iDcrease 
ol  largenoa,  was  a  great  improvement.  In  olher  respect*, 
however,  therr  was  a  decrease  of  solid  qualities.  Indeed,  finidi, 
searching  modelling,  and  elaborate  dnughtimanship  rarely 
appeared  in  Landseer'*  wotk  after  iti}.  The  subject,  as  such, 
soon  after  this  lime  became  a  very  distinct  elenual  in  his  piclures; 
ultimaiel)'  it  dominated,  and  in  eflect  the  anist  enfoyed  a  grater 
degiee  of  popularity  Iban  technical  judgment  justified,  so  that 
bier  criticism  has  put  Landseer's  ]»siTion  in  art  tnudi  lower 
iban  the  place  he  once  occupied.  Sentiment  gave  new  charm 
to  his  works,  which  had  previously  U^iended  on  the  eipTcsuoii 
of  animal  passion  and  character,  and  tbe  eihibillon  of  noble 
qualities  cE  diaughlsmansbip.  Sentimentality  ruled  in  not  a 
few  picture*  of  later  dates,  and  fiusf-human  humour,  or  ]satho*, 
superseded  Ihal  masculine  animalism  which  rioted  in  its  energy, 
and  enabled  the  artist  to  rival  Snydera,  if  not  Velazquez,  as  a 
painter  of  beasts.  After  "  High  Life  "  and  "  Low  Lile,"  now  in 
Ihe  Tale  Caliety,  Londoa,  Landseer's  dogs,  and  even  fail  lions 
and  birds,  were  somelimes  more  ihan  lialf  dvilized.  It  m*  not 
that  these  later  i^utes  were  leu  true  to  nature  than  their 
forerunnen,  but  the  models  were  chosen  from  different  grades 
of  anioul  SDdety  At  Landseer  prospered  he  kept  finer  coDpany. 
■ad  his  new  patrane  did  not  care  about  rai-catchlng  and  dog- 
(ghtlng,  however  vigorously  and  learnedly  those  lubjecii 
might  be  depicted.  Il  cannot  be  said  that  tbc  world  lost  much 
when,  in  eichange  for  Ibe  "  Cat  Disturbed  "  and  "  Fighting 
Dogsget  ting  Wind,"  ouM  "  Jack  in  Ofhci,"  "  Tbe  Old  Sbepberd'a 
Chief  Mourner,"  and  "  The  Swannery  Invaded  by  Ea^," 
three  pictures  which  an  types  of  as  many  divene  moods  o[ 
I^odieir's  art ,  and  each  a  noble  one. 

Landseer  waadccted  a  Royal  Academician  in  iSji.  "  Cbev; 
Chase"  (1816),  which  is  at  Wobom,  "Tbe  Highland  Whisky 
Still"  (1825),  "High  life"  (1B19)  and  "Low  Life"  (1819), 
besides  other  impocunt  works,  had  appealed  in  Ihs  [oterval 
Landseer  had  by  Ibis  lima  attained  such  awti^ng  mastery  that 
he  piinled  "Spaniel  and  Babtril  "  In  two  hours  and  a  haU, 
and  "  Rabbits,"  which  was  at  the  British  Instiiuiion,  in  three- 
quanara  ol  an  hour;  and  tbc  £nc  dag-picliue  "  Odin  "  [1836) 


LANDS  £ND— LANDSKNECHT 


167 


ms  Ike  work  ol  ctie  litUng,  Lt,  paiDled  Hichin  tirtlvc  hoius. 
Bui  pcrhflps  tht  dksi  wondnlul  insljiDct  of  his  npid  but  sun 
uh]  duleroua  brusb-baiKlliD^  wat  "  The  Cftvalicr'a  Pcti  '* 
(1&15I,  tbc  pktunof  iwo  King  Chailn'sspaniciiin  iheNaliooil 
Cillery,  wbicb  wu  eiecultd  in  Lwo  days-  Aoolbcr  rcmerkiblc 
h^  camisled  in  draHiji^,  aimultaneoDsly^  a  Hag's  head  with 
ofK  band  aod  a  head  of  a  bone  with  Liic  other.  ''  Harvest  in 
the  Htshlaadi,"  and  that  masleipiecc  o[  humour,  "Jack  in 
Office,"  wen  eihibltcd  in  1S3J,  In  iS^  a  noble  work  ol  senli- 
neat  was  given  to  the  world  in  "  Suipense,"  which  is  now  at 
South  Kensington,  and  shoivs  a  dog  watching  at  tbeelooed  door 
of  ba  wounded  nusLcr.  Many  think  this  to  be  Londseei's 
fiacsl  work.otbenprcrer  "The  Old  Shepherd's  Chief  Mouner" 
(iSjt).  The  ovcr-praiied  and  unfortunate  "  Solton  Abbey  in 
tbe  (Hden  Time,"  a  group  of  poilnili  in  chancier,  «u  also 

mcived  £400. '  A  few  yeart  later  he  sold  "  Peace  "  and  "  War  " 
(or  £1500,  and  [or  th(  copynghis  alone  obtained  £6odo.  In 
1B81  "  Man  pioposa,  God  Diipoies  "  (1S64)  was  resold  loi  6jao 
puncit,  and  a  cartoon  of  "  The  ChaH  "  (iS66|  fetched  jooo 
fuiQra&^  "  A  Patinguiahed  Member  of  the  Humane  Society." 
adog  reclining  on  a  quay  wall  (i8j8),  was  succeeded  by  "  Dignity 
and  Impuiitnce  "  (i8jo).  The  "  Lion  Dog  ol  Malta,"  and 
"  Laying  down  the  Law  "  appeared  in  lito-  In  1843  was 
finished  the  capiiil  "  Highland  Shepherd's  Home "  (Sheep- 
shanks Gift),  together  with  the  beautifut  "  Eos,"  a  portrait  ol 
Piinee  Albert's  most  graceful  of  greyhounds,  to  which  Thomas 
Landieer  added  an  ineffable  charm  and  solidity  not  m  the  paint' 
ing.  The  "  Rout  of  Comus  "  was  painted  in  the  iummerhouie 
ot  Buckingham  Palace  garden  in  ii4].  The  "  Challenge  " 
wai  accompanied  ( 1S44)  by  "  Shoeing  the  Day  Usre  "  (Bell 
Gift),  and  billowed  by  "  Peace  "  and  "  War."  and  the  "  Stag 
at  Bay  "  {1S4A)  "  Alexander  and  Diogenes."  and  a  "  Random 
Shot."  ■  d-ad  kid  lying  in  the  snow,  came  iorlh  in  1S4S.  1° 
iBjo  Landseer  received  a  naltonal  commisuon  to  paint  in  the 
Houses  of  Pirliameni  thne  tubjccti  connected  with  Ibe  chase. 
Although  Ihcy  would  bave  been  worth  three  limes  ai  much 
money,  the  House  ol  Commons  refused  to  grant  £1500  for  these 
pictures,  and  the  malttr  IcU  Ihrough,  more  to  the  artist's  profit 
than  Ibe  nation'*  gain.  The  famous  "  Monarch  of  the  Clen  " 
(1851)  was  one  of  these  sub>ecl>.  "  Nighl  "  and  "  Klorning." 
nmantic  and  pathetic  deer  subjects,  came  in  due  order  (i8u). 
For  "The  Sanctualy  "  (1841)  the  Fine  Arts  jury  ol  eiperu 
It  Ibe  great  gold  medal  of  the  Eiposilioo 


Unii 


.18S5. 


"  (1S50).  which  he  afterwards 
ttgardtd  wiih  sirong  disapproval,  showed  how  Landseer,  like 
MHily  all  English  artists  of  original  power  and  considerable 
leililily,  owed  cnthing  to  French  01  Italian  trginiag.  in  the 
umf  year  he  received  the  honour  of  knighlbood.  Neat  came 
■'  Geneva  "  (iBsO,  "  Titania  and  Bottom  "  (iSsO,  which  com- 
pfises  a  cbitraing  queen  of  the  fairies,  and  the  "  Deer  Pasa  " 
(i8s>).lollawed  by  "The Children  ollhcMist"(i8j3), "Saved" 
(i80),  "  Braemar,"  a  noUe  stag.  "  Rough  and  Ready,"  and 
"  Uncle  Tom  and  hii  Wife  for  Sale  "  (i8f  71-  "  The  Maid  and 
the  Magpie  "  <iSs81,  the  ealraordinajily  lug>  cactam  called 
"  Deer  Browsing  "  (1B5;).  "  The  Twa  Dogs  "  (1S58),  and  one 
or  two  minor  punting*  were  equal  to  any  previously  produced 
by  the  artist.  I4everiheless,9gnscdlailinghealth  were  remarked 
ia  "  Doubtful  Crumbs  "  and  a  "  Kind  Star  "  (iSjq).  The 
immense  and  profoundly  dramatic  piclute  called  "  A  Flood  in 
the  Highlands  "  (i860)  more  than  ceinslalcd  the  painter  before 
Ibe  jwblic.  but  friends  slill  saw  ground  for  uneasiness.    Exti 


1  itsell  ii 


the  chalet  (1864)  of  the  dread 

God  Disposes,"  bean  clumsily  .      _ 

Jcdin  Franklin's  party,  there  was  occult  pathos,  which  some  of 

Ibe  artist's  intimates  sti^ccled.  bul  did  not  avow.    In  iS6j 

and  1863  Landseer  produced  nothing;  but  "  A  Pqier  and  a  Pair 

ol  Nulcracken  "  (1864)  revealed  his  eld  power.     He  declined 

the  presidentship  of  (he  Royal  Academy  in  1865,  in  succesiioD 

10  Sir  Charles  EasUUe.    Id  186)  the  tout  iiona  which  be  bad 


modelted  for  the  base  of  the  Nelson  Monument  In  Trafalgti 
Square, London,  were  unveiled,  and  with  "  The  Swaiuieiy  invaded 
by  Eagles  "  (i86«)  he  achieved  his  last  triumph.  After  four 
yeaij  more,  full  of  suffering,  mainly  ol  broken  art  and  shallered 
mental  powers.  Sir  Edwin  Laadseer  died  on  the  isi  of  October 
1873.  and  was  buried,  ten  days  later,  ia  St  Paul'*  Calfaedial. 
Those  who  would  see  the  full  suengtb  of  Landseti's  brush  drattld 
eiamine  his  sketches  and  Ibt  like  in  the  Vlcioiit  and  Albert 
Museum  and  sinitUi  works.  In  these  be  show*  himself  endowed 
with  the  strength  of  Paul  Polttt. 

Sit»gernaaCavtttCtulififlliiWtrtitfllulauSiiEJmii 
LtuJuet,  RA.  (London,  lul.l ;  Fredenc  G.  Stepheiu'i  Sir  Einn 
La-tJitir  OtSoi;  W  Couna  Monkhouie'i  HU  .Smdie]  ^  5>r  £<tna 


(l8So]i  W  CoMi 
.lUl^wMtttltili 

'  Aautitfnfi^aadJiimmuttmiu  {!»»(}.  \ 

ifiSgi):  and]anM*A.Maiuon's"Su'EdwiiiLandMer, 

R.A.,  ■  TU  Uaim  oj  BrtHik  Art  (London,  1901). 
UKD'S  BMD,  a  promontoiy  of  Cornwall,  forming  the  weaten- 
point  of  England. 


ttttary  rf  lal  Att-LHI  (LosdcM.  11 

FniKillyAM^ifmfiiTaal&miui — — ■    •'— 


by  a 


rroui  reefs  lie 


Klfor 


1  cM  • 


the  Longshipt  Lighthouse,  in  5o~  4' 
End  is  the  westernmost  of  the  giai 


the 


tioru  of  a  submerged  forest  bave  also  been  discovered  in  the 
neighbourhood. 

LAHDSHDT,  a  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Bavaria,  on  the  nghl 
bank  of  the  Isar.  40  m.  N.E.  of  Munich  on  the  main  lineoi  nO- 
way  to  Regensbuig.    Fop.  (1905)  14,117-     Landshut  is  still  a 


Jodocus 


of  Si  Martin,  with  a  tower  431  ft.  high,  of  St 
if  Ibe  Holy  Ghost,  or  the  Hospital  church.  aU  three 
1410.    The  former  Dominican  convent,  founded 

ofTites.  The  posi^lBce,  formerly  the  mceiuig-house  of  ihe 
Estates,  a  building  adorned  wiib  old  frescoes;  the  royal  palace, 

hall,  built  in  1446  and  restored  in  t86o,  are  also  nolcwotthy. 
The  town  has  monuments  to  the  Bavaiian  king,  Muimiliu  II., 
and  to  other  famoua  men;  it  contains  a  balanical  garden  and 
a  public  park.  On  a  hill  overlcoking  Landshut  is  the  ensile 
at  Tiausnitz,  called  also  Burg  Landshut,  formerly  a  stronghold 
ol-  Ihe  dukes  of  Lower  Bavaria,  whose  burial-fdacc  was  at 
Seligenthal  also  near  the  town.  The  original  building  was  erected 
early  in  the  ijlh  century,  but  the  cbapd,  the  oldest  part  now 
existing,  dates  from  the  I4lh  century.  The  upper  part  of  the 
castle  has  been  made  habitable.  The  industries  of  Landsbul 
are  not  important;  they  include  brewing,  tanning  and  spmuing.' 
and  tile  manufacture  of  tobacco  and  cloth.    Market  gandcDing 

Landshut  was  founded  about  1104,  and  from  i)jj  to  IJOJ 
he  dukes  of  Lower  Bavaria 
[  Bavaria-Landshut.  During 
he  ThiRy  Yean'  War  it  was  captured  several  lime*  by  the 
swedes  and  in  the  iSth  century  by  the  Austrian*.  In  AprQ. 
iSog  Napoleon  defeated  the  Auslriaos  here  and  ibe  lawn  wa> 
[formed  by  bis  troops.  From  iSoo  to  1S16  the  univeraiiy, 
acmeily  at  Ingolsladt  and  now  at  M  unich.wa*  located  at  Landa- 
liut.     Owing  to  tbe  three  bdmets  which  fonn  llBwma  the  town 


mStadt.' 


n  i8ji|; 


nd,  TofiBtraciiKAe  Cucliukli  hii  Liaiilni  (LandshnI,  1858)-, 

ilhal,  Zxr  Jfcilillrtichillili  Jtr  Slidlc  Lamliliiil  Mid  Sl'0»hnt 

(WlJnbl^iS,    iSej);      Kalchet.    FiUrrr  dunk  Laniitn^    n  __-,_,- . 


eh,  1894); 


iBd  Gakkliu  itr  SioMi  Ltadilua  (Laodihut. 


a  German  merccDiry  fool-addier  of  tbe 
h  ceatixy.  Tbc  Dsmt  (OBman  fsr  "  ^u  of  tto  plaini  ") 
>  given  (o  atA  tbc  conttait  between  the  force  of  tbesa 


i6e 

■oldicri,  hiniKd  by  tbc  cmperoT  HiiiBuliui  I.  iboul  the  aid 
d  the  1 5th  centucy,  uid  the  Swita,  the  "  men  of  the  mountiini." 
■t  Ihil  time  Uk  lypicd  mateaary  isfsntiy  of  Emope.  Alter 
the  bittlci  of  MuiguD  lad  Pivii,  wheie  the  military  leputa- 
tlon  a[  the  Snls  h(d  bren  brakes,  the  Switsiin  lanilitiuiUi 
ame  to  be  convd^red  the  best  fifthting  troopi  in  Europe  Thou^ 
prinirily  m  GcrmaD  [oice  uid  always  the  nuirutay  o[  imperial 
armies,  cbey  servi^d  In  organized  bodies  as  mercenaries  elsewhere 
in  Europe;  in  France  they  fought  for  the  League  lud  tor  the 
Protestants  indiscriminaldy.  In  fact  iaiiij*»uiU,  and  more 
particularly  its  French  comiption  lanijutiul,  became  in  western 
Europe  a  general  term  Cor  mFrcenary  foot-soldiers  It  is  owing 
to  the  IdHfc  SfiaH  (Ions  P''"  <•'  ^nce),  the  typical  weapon 
with  which  Ihey  were  aimed,  that  the  corruplcd  French  form, 
ai  wdl  as  ■  German  ioim,  fdnhucU.  and  an  English  "Unce- 


LANDSKRONA— LANE,  E.  W. 


The  landshnechls  . 
the  emperor  issued  reeiuil 


I  raised  by  colonels  [Ot«riO,  t 


re  orgatiiied  [n  reffmenii  made  up 
and  tegmental  staff,  with  a  varying 
numncr  ot  companies,  "  colours"  IFSknUui),  commanded  by 
captaini  (Aov^nnini),  lubaltem  ofScen  were  lieuleoanta 
and  ensigns  IPtinnrk).  In  Ihu>  defining  the  titles  and  duties 
of  each  rank,  and  in  almost  every  detail  of  regimental  customs 

knechls  may  be  consdered  as  the  founders  of  the  modem 
tuililary  system  on  a  re^mental  baus  (see  further  Ailrv), 

LAHDSKBOKA.  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Sound,  15  m.  N.E.  ol  Copenhagen.  Pop.  [ijoo)  14,399.  The 
harbour  is  encellcnl.  t^vieg  a  depth  of  jj  ft,  mth  ij  ft.  beside 
the  quays.  The  town  is  among  the  first  iwdve  manufacturing 
centres  oi  Sweden  in  nlue  of  output,  the  principal  industries 
bring  tanning  and  sugar  manufactiiie  and  refining  from  beetroot. 
Onthflittle  island  ofHven.immediatelyopposiieihe town, Tycho 
Brahe  buDt  his  famoui  subterranean  observatory  ot  Uranien- 
borg  in  the  second  half  ol  the  16th  century.  Lindskrona, 
originally  called  Landora  or  LandSr,  o9ied  its  first  Importance 
10  King  Erik  XIII.,  who  introduced  a  body  of  Canneliie  monks 
Ironi  Germany  In  1410,  and  bestowed  on  the  place  the  priirilegcs 
oi  a  town.  During  the  wan  of  the  i6Ih  and  r7tb  centuries  it 
played  too  conspicuous  a  part  for  its  own  prosperity-  On  the 
14th  of  July  1677  a  great  naval  battle  was  fought  in  the  neigh- 
bouthood  in  which  the  Swedes  defeated  the  Danes. 

LAHDSTURK.  the  German  equivalent  of  the  fcNle  n  iwuk, 
or  general  levy  ol  all  men  cipaUe  of  bearing  arms  and  not 
included  in  the  other  regularly  organired  forces,  standing  army 
ot  its  secoi»d  line  formations,  of  Continental  natians. 

UHDWKHH.  ■  German  word  meaning  "defence  of  the 
country";  but  the  term  as  applied  to  an  insurreclionai  niElia 
Is  very  andeni,  and  "lanlveri"  are  mentioned  ia  Balxtii 
Cafiiuhria,  u  quoted  in  Hallam's  UiMie  Atu,  i.  j6j,  10th  ed. 
Tlie  laodwiht  in  Pnasia  was  first  formed  by  a  royal  edict  o( 
the  i7lh  oi  Mitch  iBij,  which  called  up  ill  men  capable  ol 
bearing  arms  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  [orty-Gve,  and 
not  serving  In  the  regular  army,  for  the  defence  o(  the  country. 
After  the  peace  of  iSij  this  force  was  made  an  mlegral  part  of 
the  Prussian  army,  each  brigade  being  composed  ol  one  hnc  and 
one  landwchr  regiment.  This,  however,  retarded  the  motriliu- 
tion  and  diminished  the  value  of  the  first  line,  and  by  the 
rc-orgardaation  of  iljo  the  landwehr  troops  were  relegated  to 
the  second  Hne-  In  Austria  the  landwehr  is  a  totally  different 
organisation.  It  Is  in  rality  a  csJre  force  existing  alongside 
the  regular  army,  and  to  it  are  handed  over  such  recruits  as, 
(or  want  of  vacancies,  cannot  be  placed  in  the  latter.  In  Switier- 
land  the  landwehr  is  a  second  line  lorce,  in  which  aH  dtUens 
serve  for  twelve  years,  aller  pBUing  twelve  in  the  "  Ausiug  "  or 
hdd  amjy- 

LAM^  EDWARD  WILLIAM  (1101-1876),  English  Anhic 
scholar,  son  ol  Dr  Theophilua  Lane,  prebendary  of  Hereford, 
wa*  born  on  the  17th  of  September  rSoi.  He  was  educated  al 
Biih  and  Hereford  pammar  schoals.  where  be  showed  matlied 
mathematical  abihiy,  mad  n  deMgne' 


church,  bul  this  purpose  waa  abandoned,  and  for  Mmc  liBe  ba 
studied  the  an  ot  engraving.  Faifote  of  health  compded  him 
10  throw  aside  the  burin,  and  In  1E15  be  BlaKed  for  EgyfK,  when 
he  qieni  three  years,  twice  ascended  the  NQe,  proceediiig  at  lai 
as  the  second  cataract,  and  composed  a  complete  dsetipUon  of 
Egypt,  with  a  portfolio  of  one  hundred  and  one  drawings.  Thit 
work  waa  never  published,  but  the  accoant  of  the  modeni 
Egyptians,  which  formed  a  part  <A  it.  waa  accepted  for  tejiatale 
publicalion  by  the  Society  fot  the  Diffusion  01  Useful  Knowledge. 
To  perfect  this  worit  Lane  again  visited  Egypt  in  iSjj-iSjs, 
residing  mainly  in  Cairo,  but  retiring  to  LuioT  during  the  plague 
of  iSjs-  l^ne  took  up  his  residence  in  the  Mahommedan 
quarter,  and  under  the  name  of  Msnsur  Effendi  lived  the  life 
of  an  Egyptian  scheme  He  was  fortunate  In  the  time  when  he 
took  up  his  work,  for  Cairo  had  not  then  become  a  modem  city, 
and  he  was  thus  able  to  describe  aspects  of  Arabian  life  that  no 
longer  ensl  there.  Perfected  by  the  additional  obaervaliona 
collccled  during  these  yean,  the  UoioK  BiyfUam  appeared  In 
1836,  and  at  once  took  the  place  which  it  has  never  lott  as  the 
best  description  of  Eastern  life  and  an  Eastern  oiiinity  ever 
written  It  was  followed  from  iSjg  10  1840  by  a  Iranilation  of 
the  A'abian  Nigkli,  irilb  notes  and  illustrations,  designed  to 
make  the  book  a  sort  of  encyclopaedia  of  Eastern  manneii. 
The  trandarion  itidf  Is  an  admirable  proof  of  scholarship,  bul 
is  cbatacteriied  by  a  somewhat  stilled  mannerism,  which  ia 
not  equally  appropiiale  to  all  parts  of  the  motley-coloured 
oripnal.  The  character  of  tome  of  the  tales  and  the  tedious 
repetitions  of  the  same  theme  In  the  Arabic  c^leclion  induced 
Lane  to  leave  conrideisble  parts  of  the  work  unlrantlalod. 
The  value  of  his  version  is  inoeated  by  the  eihauslive  notes  on 
Mahommedan  lite  and  cuatoma.  In  1S40  Lane  mattied  a  Creek 
lady,  A  useful  volume  of  5(Jiilwiu>«iwlAcKii>-dH  waspublished 
in  1843,  but  belore  it  pasted  Ihtough  the  press  Lane  was  again 
in  Egypt,  triiere  he  qienl  seven  yeait  (1S41-1840)  collecting 
materials  lor  a  great  Aiabic  lexicon,  wlich  the  munificence  of 
Lord  Prudboe  (afterwards  duke  of  Northnmberiand)  enabled 
him  to  undertake.  The  most  important  ol  the  materials  amaited 
during  this  sojourn  (in  which  he  waa  accompanied  by  hia  wife 
and  by  his  litter,  Mrs  Poole,  authoress  ol  the  HnttiiirBiman  ■'■ 
Egypl,  irith  her  two  sons,  afterwards  well  known  in  Eastern 
leltCTS)  waa  a  copy  in  24  tMck  quarto  volumes  of  Shdkh  Kur- 
tada's  great  lexicon,  the  Taj  d  'Art),  which,  though  itself  a 
compilationi  is  10  eitenslve  and  exact  that  it  formed  the  main 
basis  of  Lane's  subsequent  wutk.  Hie  author,  who  lived  in 
Egypt  in  the  18th  century,  used  more  than  a  hundred  soumit 
interweaving  what  he  learned  from  then  with  the  al-Qamti  of 
Fairiliibldl  in  the  form  of  a  commentary.  By  far  the  larger 
part  of  this  commenury  was  derived  from  the  LilSli  d  'Ami  of 
Ibn  Hokarram,  a  work  of  the  ijifa  century,  ithich  Lane  waa  also 
aUetousewhileinCaira 

RetumiDg  to  England  in  1849,  Lane  devoted  the  remaining 
twenty-seven  years  of  his  Ule  to  digesting  and  translating  hjs 

graphical  knowledge  of  the  Aiaba.  In  spite  of  weak  health  be 
(Ontlnued  this  arduous  task  with  unflagging  diligence  till  a  few 
days  before  Us  death  u  Worthing  on  the  loth  ot  August  iSA 
Five  parts  appeared  during  his  tltelime  (T863--ig74),  and  tkree 
poalhutnous  parts  were  afterwards  edited  from  fait  ftapcn  by 
S.  Lane-Poole.  Even  in  its  impcifect  state  the  Lakm  is  an 
enduring  monument,  the  completeness  and  finished  scholarship 
with  which  it  it  executed  making  each  tnide  an  eihauttlve 
monograpfa-  Two  essays,  the  one  on  Arabic  lexicography  and 
the  other  on  Arabic  pronunciation,  contributed  to  the  tuagaairic 
of  the  German  Oriental  Sadety,  complete  the  record  of  line's 
pubtkaiions.    His  scholanhip  was  recogniied  by  many  learned 


,    Hew 


wCerm) 


lOrienti 


1  i8Sj 


rs  were  thoae  of  obscrvatkin.  Industry  and  aoand 

His  personal  character  was  elevated  aiul  pure,  his 

•e  of  rdi|)aut  and  moral  duty  being  ot  the  type  that 


LANE,  G.  M.— LANFRANC 


169 


oily  I»'t  of  Uu  i$tli  cafaij. 
f  A  Mcnoir.  by  hit  snnd-' 
PR  n.  sf  the  iAicn.  lln 


u  pubUihed  lepaialcly  J 
t  UM»,  SBORSK  MABTIB  (1811-1847),  AmoiaiD  KhsUr, 
ml  boiD  at  ChulsiowB,  Muuchiuetu,  on  the  )4th  of  December 
aii-  He  fiuliuied  in  1846  tx  Huvud,  uid  in  1847-18$! 
nudicd  it  tlie  uuiveniiin  a(  Beriio,  Boon,  HddelbsK  and 
CMUnceo-  In  'H'  ^'  Rcaved  his  doctor's  decree  at  COllinien 
fcc  his  di^dtKtiDci  S^yrnattmm  lUt  Calac  d  Amli^MiUil€s, 
Isd  on  liu  Rloia  to  Atoerica  he  vai  appointed  Univenily 
Fiuliaoi  of  I^tin  in  Harvud  Colbge.  Fioin  iS6«  unlil  1I94, 
■lin  be  Rsisnnl  ud  becunc  pcofawi  emeiitm,  he  wu  Fopc 
Proftsar  of  Lalin  is  Ibe.  umc  ioililutiop.  Ilit  lalin  Pro- 
uKuluK,  whicb  led  to  ihe  nj«iiDa  ol  the  English  method  of 
Luin  pcoauDciaiion  in  ibc  United  Suics,  oaa  publiihcd  in  1S71. 
Ht  died  oa  the  joih  of  June  1S97.  Hii  lalin  Oiuuiur,  com- 
pletid  and  publithed  by  Pnloaot'  M.  H.  Maipui  in  the  [aUowiog 
ytu,  a  of  hi^h  value.  Lances  aoiuaoce  in  the  prrpantioa  of 
Uuper^l  Latin  leucons  va3  also  invaluable.  F^ci'l**  li^t 
verie  he  vrote  vith  humour  and  fluency,  aod  his  ung  Janak 
ud  the  Bidtad  of  Ikt  Lent  FisMbaa  were  famoux 

UNE,  JUiES  BEmT  (1814-1866),  AmeikaD  uldiei  and 
politidaoi  was  bom  at  LavreticeburE,  iDdiaoa,  on  the  imd  of 
June  1B14.  He  wu  the  ion  ol  Amos  Lane  (1778-1849),  a 
polilifal  leader  in  Indiana,  a  member  ol  the  IndiaDa  House  of 
Rcpiaenlatives  in  iSili-1818  (speaker  in  [817-1818),  in  1811- 
1821  and  in  1839-1840,  and  from  1833  to  1837  a  Democratic 

cdaratioD,  studied  law  and  in  1S40  was  admitted  to  Ibe  bar. 
In  the  Uencan  War  he  Kived  as  a  cdIoocI  under  Ceneial  Taylor, 
ud  then  commanded  the  Fifth  Indiana  regimoit  (which  he  had 
raised]  in  the  Southeni  Campaign  under  General  ScolL  Lane 
*u  lieuteoant-govemor  ol  Indiana  fromi&49  to  1855,  and  Inxn 
ilS3  to  iS^s  waa  a  Democratic  representative  in  Congress.  His 
vou  in  Favour  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  ruined  his  polilical 
lutute  in  bis  own  stale,  and  he  emigrated  in  ifijj  to  the  Territory 
of  Kansas,  probably  as  an  agent  of  Stephen  AJ)Duglas  to  organize 
the  Democratic  party  there.  He  soon  jcdned  the  Free  Sc^le 
forces,  however,  was  a  member  of  the  first  general  Free  Slate 

"  platform,"  which  deprecated  abt^tionism  and  urged  the 
odusioD  of  negroes  fiom  the  Teiriloiryi  and  he  presided  over 
Ilie  Topeka  ConstitutioDal  Convention,  camfnaed  ol  Free  State 
nwo,  in  the  autunm  ol  1855,  Line  was  secnnd  in  command  ol 
the  ioras  in  Lawrence  during  the  "  Wakarusi  War  ";  and  in  the 
V>ng  oE  iBj6  was  elected  a  United  Slates  senator  under  the 
Topeka  Constitulion,  the  validity  of  which,  however,  and 
thf  relate  the  validity  of  his  election,  Congtoa refused  to  recognise. 
In  Uay  1836,  with  George  Washington  Ddlilec  (iSi6-igS4), 
Dr  Charles  Soblnson,  and  other  Free  State  leaders,  he  was 
>adicted  for  treason;  but.  he  escaped  from  Kansas,  made  a  tovr 
ol  the  northern  cities,  and  by  his  fieiy  oratory  aroused  great 
tathuusm  in  behalf. of  the  Free  State  movement  in  Kansas. 
SetBiaing  to  the  Territory  with  John  Brown  in  August  i8j6, 
he  look  an  active  part  in  the  domestic  feuds  of  i8s6-i8S7. 
After  Kansas  became  a  stale.  Lane  was  decled  in  1861  to  the 
United  State*  Senate  as  a  Kepublican.  Immediately  on  reaching 
Wuhington  he  organized  a  company  to  guard  the  President; 
ted  in  August  1S6 1,  having  gained  the  ear  of  ibe  Federal  autbor- 
^  and  become  inlimaU  with  President  Lincoln,  he  went  to 
Kansas  with  vague  military  powers,  and  exercised  them  in  ^tle 
^  Ihe  protests  of  the  governor  and  the  regular  departmental  com- 
manden.  During  the  autumn,  with  a  brigade  ol  1500  men,  he 
ti>wlDcted  a  devastating  campaign  on  the  Missouri  border,  and 
m  July  1S61  he  was  appranted  coramisuoner  ol  recruiting  ioi 
^usas,  a  position  in  which  he  rendered  lailhlul  service,  though 
■e  fietpiently  came  into  conflict  with  the  Hate  authorities.  At 
Ifdi  time  he  fanned  a  chimerical  *'  great  Southern  expedition  " 
Vica  Hew  Mexico,  but  [Ms  came  to  nothing.  In  1864  he 
"loored  earneMly  for  the  re-elecikin  of  Llncdn.  When  Ftetident 
—  ',h  the  Radical  Repubiicam,  Laos  daerted 


^'uua  quancUed  wi 


Vifginia  Agriculti 


he  Aubama 


tbe  latter  tod  defended  (be  Executive.   Aagered  by  ht>  defect  ioa, 

certain  lenatois  accused  him  of  being  implicalcd  in  Indian 
contracts  of  a  liaudulent  character;  and  in  a  lit  of  depression 
following  this  accusation  he  look  his  own  life,  dying  near  Fan 
Leavenworth,  Kansas,  on  the  iilh  ol  July  1866,  ten  days  alter 
be  had  shot  himself  in  the  bead.  Ambitious,  unscrupulous,  rash 
and  ImpulsivB,  and  generally  regarded  by  his  conlemporarii.4 
as  an  unsafe  ksder,  Lane  was  a  man  ol  great  energy  and  personal 
magnetisa),  ud  poasased  oratorical  powers  ol  a  high  order. 

Sec  the  article  by  L.  W.  Sprifig  enimed  "  TbeCimrodi  Karaas 
lUlliciai)."  in  VOL  iv.  (Onobcr  iS^si  «(  the  Amniian  IliiUrinU 

'"s^i^TT^  should  not  be  confused  vith  Jimo  Hency  Une 
(1813-1907],  who  Krvcd  on  the  Conrcdcrate  lide  duiini  Ihe  Civil 

11  pre4e«aor  of  nalural  pBlkvophy  and  i\  '" 
Lia  Agriculture]  and  MecHanicafColleKelr 

UliBnUI.  JBAII  KARIB  AimHKB  DB  (1843-  ). 
Preach  statesman  and  naturalist,  was  bom  at  Sainle-Andri  de 
Cubiac  (Giionde)  on  Ihe  13th  ol  July  1S43.  He  entered  the 
navy  la  1861,  serving  on  the  Eaat  AfHcan  and  Cochin-China 
stations  in  the  mediad  department  until  the  FnuKo-Ccrman 
War,  when  he  resigned  and  vtJunlnnd  fra  the  army  medical 
service.  He  mw  completed  his  ttiidies.  taking  his  doctoialt 
Elected  to  the  Municipal  Council  a{  Paris  in  1S79,  he 
n  favour  of  communal  autoiuMny  and  joined  with  Henri 

the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
ol  Paris  in  1881  he  gradually  VEcmd 
party  to  Ihe  Kcput>lican  Union,  and 
IdeotiBed  himself  with  the  cause  oi  cokiiual  expanson.  A 
government  mission  to  the  Fiench  cdonies  in  18SA-1887,  ii 
coBoeiion  with  Ibe  approaching  Palis  eahibition,  gave  him  the 
opportunity  of  studying  cokMiial  quefltions,  on  which,  after  bis 
return,  he  puUished  three  works;  La  Twuiie  (Paris,  1887]; 
L'Eipaiuim  colniaJ*  ifa  la  Frana  (it.,  18B8),  L'loiitCkiM 
fraxtaiit  {ih.,  1889).  In  1891  ho  was  made  civil  and  mililary 
governor  of  Ftencb  Indo-China,  where  his  administration,  which 
involved  him  in  open  rupture  with  Admiral  Fotrmier,  wai 
severely  criticized.    Nevertheleas  he  consolidated  Froicb  influ^ 

of  territory  on  the  Mekong  river  Imi 
He-  wu  recalled  in  1894,  and  published  an  apology  lor  his 
adminislntiao  (La  CiJmuaftm  /roncaix  n  Imb^Cliatl  in  the 
following  year.  In  the  Waldecjc-Rousaeau  cabinet  id  1899  to 
1904  he  was  minister  of  marine,  and  in  1901  he  secured  the 
passage  of  a  naval  pcogmmme  Intended  to  raise  the  French 
navy  during  the  neit  six  yean  to  a  level  bcfitlmg  Ibe  {dace 
of  France  among  the  gieit  powers.  Al  (he  general  election  of 
1906  he  was  not  reekcled.  He  was  political  director  of  (be 
Siidt,  and  president  ol  the  French  Coloniialioa  Society,  atid 
wrote,  besdca  the  books  already  menliooed,  various  works  on 
political  and  biological  questions. 

LAtrrRAKG  (d.  1089),  archbishop  ol  Canterbury,  was  a 
Lombard  by  extractitm.  He  was  bom  in  the  early  yean  of 
(he  ii(b  century  at  Pavia,  where  his  father,  Hanbald,  hrid  Ibe 
rankol  Bina^tnt&  Lanfianc  was  trained  in  the  legal  studies 
for  which  northern  Italy  was  then  becoming  famous,  and 
acquired  such  proficiency  that  tradition  bnks  him  with  Imcrius 
ofBolognaasaiHoneerintheienaissanceolRonianlnw.  Though 
designed  for  a  pubUc  caiecrLanfranc  had  the  taatcsof  a  student. 
Alter  hb  father's  death  he  crosaed  the  Alps  to  found  a  school 
in  France;  but  in  a  short  while  be  decided  that  Normandy 
would  B&ord  him  a  belter  field.  About  1039  he  became  the 
iihedral  school  at  Avranchea,  where  he  taught 


I   with  D 


n  the 


aewly  fotmded  bouse 
lolute  seduaion.  Hv 
open  a  school  in  the 


LANFREY 


unnaslcry.    Frem  tl 

maciUa).    His  pupi 
Nornundy,  buL  ilv 


first  he  wu  cdebrMcd  {leUiu  LalMlalii 

wire  drawn  nol  only  from  France  ind 
Fnim  Gnvony.  Flanden,  Cfnnikfty  atid 


.c  subjccu  or  hb  Icclun 


uil  of  inldlcclaal 


The  favourite  subjccu  of  hb  Icclum  were  logic  ond  dogmatic 
theology.  He  was  Ihcnlore  nalumtty  invited  lo  defend  Ihc 
docirfnc  a[  traniulaianttation  agninst  Ihc  allacki  of  Dercnear 
of  Touts.  He  look  up  the  task  with  the  gitalesi  ical.  although 
Bcrcngar  bad  been  his  pinonal  [licndi  he  was  Ihc  prolagooiit  of 
Dtthodoiy  at  the  counciht  of  VciccUi  (lojo).  Touis  {tDj4)  and 
Rome  (loss).  To  his  influence  ftc  may  atiributc  the  ileienion 
of  Betongar's  cause  by  Hiidrbrand  and  ibc  more  bioad-nilnded 
of  the  cardinals.     Our  Imowledgc  ol  Lanftanc'i  poicmic 


t  Due 


t  Dtmi 


had  been  finally  condemned.  Though  bclraying  no  ttgni  ol 
melaphysical  abilily,  his  work  was  regarded  u  contlujve  and 
became  *  tcil-book  In  the  schooh.  It  b  the  most  important 
of  the  worlu  attributed  lo  Lonfnnc;  whkh,  considering  his 
lepulation,  are  sHgbi  and  dliappoiating. 

Lanlranc  boeanic  a  political  loree.  While  merdy  ■  ptfoe  of 
Bee  he  led  the  opposition  to  the  uncanwiicat  marriage  of  Duke 
William  with  Matilda  of  nandtn  {lejj}  and  carried  nioiiert 
M  iir  thai  he  incurred  a  scnicnce  of  ciile,  Bui  Ibc  quarrel 
wu  leiilcd  when  be  una  on  the  point  of  departure,  and  he 
undertook  the  difTicull  taili  of  obtaining  Ihc  pope's  approval 
o[  the  marriage.  In  this  he  was  turxcsilul  a1  the  ume  cvuncil 
which  witnrsM'd  his  third  victory  over  Bercngar  (losg),  and 
he  thul  acquind  a  lasting  diim  on  William's  gratitude.  In 
loM  be  became  Ihc  fint  abbot  of  St  Stephen's  at  Caen,  k  honte 
■hich  the  duke  had  been  enjoined  lo  found  at  a  penance  for 
his  disobedience  la  the  Holy  Sec,  Ilencelon>ard  Lanfnnc 
eieriiscd  a  percc|iliblc  Influence  on  his  maatcf't  policy.  William 
adopted  the  Cluniac  programme  of  ecclesiastical 


assuming  Ihe  i 
lion.    It  was  J 


4*  his  English  expedition  by 
e  o!  a  cnuiidcr  against  schbm  and  tomip- 
det  II.,  Ihe  former  pupil  ol  Lanfnnc,  who 
onqticst  Ihe  papal  benediction^a  noubit 


.1  (1067), 


Naturally,  when  the  tec 
the  thoughts  of  tbt  elector-  ~ 

the  honour,  and  be  was  nominated  lo  the  tngian  pnmacy  as 
■Don  as  SUgaitd  had  been  canonieally  drpsaed  (tojo).  The  new 
aichbiihop  at  onoe  began  a  policy  of  rwuganiiation  and  reform. 
Hia  first  dimculties  were  with  Thomaa  of  Ba]'eui,  srcbblabop- 
elect  of  York,  who  aSMiled  that  bis  ice  was  independent  of 
Canterbury  and  claimed  iurtsdiclion  over  the  greater  part  of 
midland  England.  Lanlranc,  during  a  visil  which  he  paiil  Ihe 
pope  lor  the  patpoae  of  receiving  his  pallium,  obiained  an  oider 
from  Aleaandet  that  the  disputed  points  should  be  settled  by  a 
council  of  the  English  Church.  Thb  wa*  bcld  at  Winchester 
inioji,  'nuinkatoasijlfolnseot  forged  documents,  ihepeimale 
carried  the  csuncfl's  verdict  upon  every  point.  Even  if  he  wen 
Dot  Ihe  auibot  of  the  forgeries  be  can  Kaicely  have  been  Ihe 
dupe  of  hb  own  panisani.  But  Ihe  politiod  dangers  10  be 
apprehesded  Imn  the  disitipUoD  al  the  En^ish  Cburcb  wen 
■aSciently  serious  to  palliate  the  Inud.  This  was  noI  the  only 
occaalon  on  which  Lanlranc  allowtd  his  judgment  lo  be  warped 
by  GoosideraliOiis  af  oqiedieDcy.  Although  the  school  o<  Bee 
was  firmly  attached  to  the  doctrine  of  papal  sovereignly,  he 
still  assisted  William  in  maintaining  the  independmce  at  Ihe 
English  Church;  and  appears  at  one  lime  to  have  lavmued 
Ihe  idea  of  maintaining  a  oeutRil  attitude  on  the  subject  of  the 
qnarrds  between  papsfy  and  cmtare.  In  tbe  dunesiic  aHairs 
of  Engbod  the  artlihi^op  showed  mon  spiritual  seal,  Hb 
:e  the  Church  from  the  fetters  of  Ihe 


monastldsn.  Be  endeavoured  to  enforce  celibacy  upon  the 
secular  deigy.  He  obtained  the  king's  permisuon  lo  deal  with 
Ihe  aflairs  of  Ihe  Church  in  synods  which  met  apart  from  the 
Crvat  Council,  and  were  ciclu^ively  composed  ol  cccleaiaatjcs. 
Nor  can  wc  doubt  that  it  iva&  his  inrluence  which  shaped  the 

courts  ((-  iOT^).  But  even  tn  such  questions  he  allowed  aome 
is-eighl  10  polilical  considerations  and  Ihc  njahcs  of  hb  sovereign. 
He  acknoahilged  Ihe  royal  right  10  veto  the  legislation  of  national 
synods.  In  the  cases  of  Odo  of  Baycui  (loSi)  and  of  William 
of  St  Calais,  bishop  of  Durham  (loSS),  he  used  his  kgat  ingenuity 
10  juslily  Ihe  trial  o(  bishops  bclore  a  lay  tribunal.  He  acceler- 
ated the  process  of  substituting  Normans  for  Englishmen  In 
all  preferments  of  importance;  and 'all  hough  his  nominees  were 
usually  mpcciable,  it  cannot  be  said  that  aQ  of  them  were 
better  than  ihc  men  ahom  they  superseded.  For  this  admixture 
of  secular  with  spiritual  aims  there  was  considerable  eicuse. 
By  long  tradition  the  primate  was  entitled  to  a  leading  posiliao 
in  the  king'h  Gouncibi  and  Ihe  intertill  of  the  Cburcb  demanded 
thai  Lanlranc  should  use  his  power  in  a  manner  nc 
to  the  king.  On  several  occasions  when  William  I 
irom  England  Lanfranc  acted  a*  his  viccgtrcnti  .  .. 
oppotlunllics  of  realiting  the  close  connexion  between  i 
and  secular  aflain. 

Lanfranc's  greatest  political  service  to  Ihc  Conqueror  was 
ftndcml  in  107s.  'shen  he  detected  and  foiled  the  conspiracy 
which  had  been  formed  by  ihe  earls  of  Norfolk  and  Herelord. 

account  his  Influence  with  the  native  English.  Altboiqdi  he 
regarded  ihcm  as  an  Inferior  race  he  was  just  and  honourable 
towards  their  leaders.    He  Interceded  for  Wiltheofs  life  and  to 

of  others;  he  lived  on  terms  of  friendship  with  Bishop  Wulfstan. 
On  the  death  el  the  Conqucior  (mS})  he  secured  the  succession 
_   .      .  -  .     ..  I  of  the  Anglo-Nonnan 


vas  absent 


and  in 


ntlbcsi 


if  Ihe  I 


s  induci 


id  the  other  partisans  of  Duke  Robert.    He  exacted 

as  he  lived  he  was  a  check  upon  the  worst  propensllies  of  Ihe 
king's  adminntratron.  But  his  restralcung  hand  was  too  sooit 
removed.  In  loSo  he  was  Kricken  with  fever  and  he  died  on 
the  nth  of  May  amidst  universal  lamentations.  Notwithstand- 
ing some  obvious  moral  and  Inlelleclual  defects,  fae  was  the  moat 
eminent  and  Iheniosl  disintenatedof  those  who  had  OMipcraLed 
with  William  I.  in  riveling  Norman  rule  upon  the  English 
Church  and  people.  As  a  statesman  he  did  something  to  uphold 
the  traditional  ideal  of  his  oflice;  as  a  primate  fae  rfevatel  the 
slandaMs  of  clerical  discipline  and  education.  Conceived  h<  the 
Hildchrandine  spirit,  his  reforms  led  by  a  natural  sequence  to 
strained  rdailons  between  Chureh  and  Slate;  the  equih'briuin 
which  he  established  was  unstable,  and  depended  loo  much  upon 
his  personal  influence  with  tbe  Conqueror.  But  of  all  the 
Hildchrandine  statesmen  who  applied  their  teacher^  ideas 
within  the  sphere  of  a  particular  nattenol  church  be  was  the 
most  successful. 


oRipiUiujn,  should  also  be  couulied.  Tbe  first  edition  of  th _ 

ources,  and  ol  Lanfiane's  wiiciini,  b  [hat  of  L.  d'Achcry,  Bnii 
"^rii,  104B).  Another  editjoo.  iliditlv 
.  _  Otta,  LaMuKJ  tftra  (t  voU.,  Oueid, 
nee  bciweea  LttifawK  and  GngMy  VII.  b 
L  CmtrinMa  (ed.  P.  5*34,  hlin.  i  Ms).  Of 
a'l  Cui/niK  tParii.  la^i,  H.  Baehmer'sDft 

"■—■■—■ Gmfcriiiry  (Leipde,   190J), 

iloiil  «  eifdud  wU  ill  fttr 


UlctKiipn  ErMidurf  Lamfnnki 
id  the  nnc  aulhor'i  Kircln  m 


LANG,  A.— LANG,  K.  H.  VON 


iSi&  Hb  (Ubei bad  b«a] one  of  Hipdcon'i  officm.  Them 
Etudied  philaiopbv  and  hiatory  Ln  ^lii  aod  wrote  butorica 
woE^  d1  an  anli-ckiical  and  rationalizing  tendency.  These 
included  I.-£ilisi  a  la  pUiBstpka  mi  XVIII'iUdeMiSi  B'l' 
editioD,  wilfa  a  notice  ol  the  author  by  E-  de  Prcuenif,  i^79)> 
£mri  jar  la  rtoohiiion  Jraa^idu  {iis&)i  Uisioitt  fttUiqut  iet 
fQfa  (t86a)i  LtUni  d'Esttard  (i860),  a  novel  in  the  loim  oi 
iatm:  LtSaaUitamiiil  it  la  Pelat—l'i^).  K»mapHtm„pui 
mt  bi>  Hislairt  dt  tfapaUon  /■'  (j  vdIl,  11167-1875  tad  1ES6; 
Eds-  U&oa^  4  volt.,  1871-187(11,  wbidi  ceaied  unfortanitlely  U 
Ihe  ead  of  iSii  with  tbepiepantiaDsIarttie  Kussian  campaisn 
d  181  a.  TU*  booli,  baSEd  00  Ihe  enpeKH'i  amMpoadcnu 
puhlbbediD  1858-1870,  aiiEmpted  the  diarueUon  of  the  Iciend* 
mhiih  hut  |iown  up  aiuund  hii  tubjcci,  and  wught  by  a  ciiiical 
cumiaatuni  of  the  documents  (0  tipbio  Ilie  noiivet  at  hit 
policy.  In  bii  drain  to  controvert  cuncal  suKonovlioni 
and  exaggerations  of  Napoleon's  abilities  Lanfrcy  unduly 
minimiicd  his  nulitary  and  adnunistjulive  genius.  A  itaJtcb 
rTput>Ucan,  he  was  elected  to  the  National  Assembly  lu  1S71, 
became  ambassadoi  at  Bern  (iS7i'i8yj),  and  Hie  scnaloi  in 
187;-     He  died  at  Pau  on  the  ijlh  o[  November  1877- 

HiiCEiiirM  amiitui  one  publhbed  in  12  vols.  (1S79  in.),  and 
h>CarTuf«dawii;  1  vob.  (itejj. 

LAUD,  ARDRBV 


caled 


eatly  b 


.        of  Maich  1844.  al  ; 

the  Edinburgh  Acaikmj 

BaUiol  College,  CMord.  where  I 

ical  schools  in  1868.  bccon 

omrary  leUow 


'.  St  Andi 


Hcv 


s  Uniii 


made  I 


c  day.  His  lint 
publication  was  a  volume  oi  OKtrical  experiments,  The  Buliaii 
si«JZ.>ruiii/adfraif«  (187]}.  and  this  was  followed  at  intervals 
by  other  volumes  ol  dainty  verse,  irii.  BMula  in  Bliu  Ckiaii 
(iBSo.  enlarged  edition,  18SS),  Ball^i  and  Vena  Vaim  (1S84). 
ideclcd  by  Mr  Austin  Doboon;  RMyma  i  U  UaU  (1SS4),  Croii 
Bf  PtOHOiuu  (iSSS),  Bjh  and  Airiirc  Ban  (1804),  Nr»  Cclliclrd 
Rkyma  (19a;).  I{e  coUaborated  with  S.  H.  Bulcher  in  a  prose 
transUlion  (187(1)  oi  the  Ofyiuy,  and  with  E.  Myers  and  Waller 
L«a[ini  prose  version  (1883]  of  the  i/idif,  bothol  them  leraark- 
able  for  accurate  scholaisbip  and  eicelknce  of  style.  As  a 
Homenc  scholar,  of  conservative  views,  he  tookahigh  ranL  His 
Homtrandtke  £^i£ appeared  in  i8gj;  anew  prose  tmnilation  ol 
Tin  Htmc'ic  H^^mns  in  ittn.  *iih  Oiays  liiprary  and  mytho- 
logical.in  which  parallcliioihe  Grcckmyih! 


aHoM 


itAttii 


study  of  Scottish  hi 


Hb  purely  jouiaallsli 
description,  ranging  from  sparkling  "leaden"  fo(  the  Daily 
Ncvs  to  misccyancous  aitidcs  [or  the  Uamiitg  Poa,  and  for 
many  yeoii  he  was  h'leraiy  editor  ol  Liniman'i  Utgcu'ne-, 
no  critic  was  in  more  reiguest.  whether  for  occasional  atticla 

toiy  Mr  Idng  brought  a  scholarly 
Tary  style,  arul  a  gift  for  disentaa^- 
iog  compUcaled  questions.  Tht  Mys^  nf  Uery  S!iun  (looi. 
new  and  revised  ed..  1QD4)  was  a  consideration  ol  the  fresh  light 
thrown  on  Mary's  hisloty  hy  the  Lcnnoa  htSS.  in  Ibc  Univctsiiy 
libiaiy.  Cambridge,  ittenglhening  hn  case  by  restating  ihc 
pcilidy  of  her  accusers.  He  aba  wrote  monagraphs  on  Tlie 
Fnlrjili  awt  /rhJ(  Bf  Unry  Slwri  (100&)  and  Jamti  17.  and 
Iki  Gtmic  it yilcry  (ii)ol).  The  somewhat  unfavourable  view  of 
jk  JtliH  Kfti  .lid  IIk  Rtjtrmtlim 


ir  of  Ihe  Younx  micndcr  in 
FbihlktSfyU'in'i.  an  accsunl  of  ALialair  Ruadh  Macdonell, 
Khem  he  identified  with  rickje.  a  notodout  Hanoverian  spy. 
Tbit  was  followed  in  1808  by  Tkc  Cump^iiBHi  Bf  Piitlt.  and  in 
igoo  by  a  monograph  on  Priatc  Ckmlci  Edimird.  In  looo  be 
began  a  Hiilffry  nj  Siodand  Jibm  Ihe  Roman  Oirupalian,  the 
[garth  vnlume  of  which  (1007)  brought  ScoTLJsh  hLitory  down 
101746.  TkeVaU'i  rnjfrfy  (looj).  which  lakes  its  title  from  an 
nsiyonlbe"  Manwith  tbelioDMuk,"(KelaON  UAiii},cvllecta 


«7> 

twelve  papers  on  hitloiicsl  nqvtetie*,  and  A  Uamk  <f  Fijt 
(1S96)  is  a  fidiiious  oarnlive  purporting  to  be  written  by 
■  young  Scot  in  France  in  i4]g-i4]i.  Mr  Lang's  versatility 
was  also  showninhis  valuable  woikson  Icdk-Ioie  and  on  primitive 
rdigion.  The  earliest  nf  these  works  was  Cubwi  oiuf  Uylk 
(1884];  in  ilylli,  LiUtaiut  and  Motion  (1  vols.,  1887.  French 
trass.,  i£^)  he  eipbined  the  irrational  demenu  of  mythology 
ai  survivals  Iron  earlier  lavageryi  in  TIa  Uakint  t^  Rtiitum 
(an  idealiutioti  jf  savage  tnimisoi)  he  siWDtaiDed  the  existence 
of  high  ^ritual  ideas  among  aavige  races,  and  iiutituled 
compatisnu  bolween  savage  practices  and  the  occult  phenomena 
among  dvilised  races;  he  dealt  with  the  origins  of  totemism  (?.*.) 
in  Social  Oritini,  printed  (1903]  together  wjtb  J-  J.  Atkinson's 
Primal  Law.  lit  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  study  ol 
"  Psychical  Research,"  and  hia  other  wdiinga  on  aclbiopology 
indsde  TKc  BotkiiJ  Drams  and  Gktili  (1847),  ifuficowf  Sdipai 
(1901)  and  r*e  Sara  0/  Uc  TBirm  tipos)-  He  carried  Iht 
humour  and  sub-acidity  of  discrimination  which  marked  hit 
critidsm  of  fellow  frU-torists  into  tbc  discuttkin  d  purely 
Uteraiy  mbjecta  in  hit  BMjti  oniJ  Bmkwti,  (i88fi),  Lellm  It 
Diad  A  tlkari  liSS6).  Ldltri  Bf  LilfBliirt  [1880),  8rc  His  ant 
Fairy  Talt  Book  (iSSg),  beautifully  produced  and  illustrated, 
wai  foUowed  annually  at  Christmas  by  a  book  of  fairy  taks  and 
laaiances  drawn  from  intny  sources.  He  edited  Tke  Poems  and 
Soatt  *f  A><«r<  Bmnu  (tg«6),  and  was  responsible  for  the 'life 
ami  UUtri  (1897)  ol  J.  C.  Lockhart.  and  Tke  lAje,  LtUtrs  and 
C>ariu(i8oo)  of  Sir  StaHordNonhcote.  first  eari  of  Iddesleigh. 
LAHQ,  KABI.  HEIHBICH.  RlTTEi  vo»<i764'iS3s),  German 
historian,  wu  bom  00  the  7th  of  June  1764  at  BaLgheim,  near 
IMrdUflgen.     From  the  trst  he  was  greatly  attracted  towarda 

the  gymnasium  of  Octtingen,  and  in  1781,  when  he  went  to  the 
university  of  Alldorf.  near  Nuremberg.  At  the  aame  lime  he 
studied  juiltpnideoce,  and  in  17S1  became  a  government  clerk 
at  Octtingen.  About  the  same  period  began  his  activities  as  a 
journalist  and  pubbdsl.  Bui  Lang  did  not  long  remain  an 
ofhciaL  He  was  ol  a  restless,  changeable  chaiacter.  which 
constantly  involved  him  in  personal  quands,  though  he  was 
equally  quick  to  retire  from  them.  In  178S  he  obiaioed  a 
position  as  private  tutor  in  Hungary,  and  in  17B0  became  private 
secretary  10  Baron  von  BHhln,  the  envoy  of  WUrtlembctg  at 
Vienna.  This  led  to  further  tnveh  and  10  hb  entering  the 
service  of  the  prince  of  Octtingen- Waltersteln.  Jn  1743  Lang 
again  betook  himself  to  a  university,  this  tine  10  GCItlngen. 
Here  he  came  under  the  influence  of  the  historian,  Ludwig 
Timotheus  Spinier,  from  whom,  as  also  fran  Johannet  von 
Mliller  and  Fciedrich  Schlegel.  his  hblorical  studies  received  a 
fresh  impulse.  At  intervals  from  1 743  to  iBoi  Lang  was  closely 
connected  with    the    Pnis»an    sulesnun    Hardenberg.  who 

1 797  he  was  present  with  Hardenberg  al  the  congress  ol  Rasladl 
OS  secretary  to  the  lection.  He  was  occupied  chiefly  with 
afTairs  of  the  principaGiies  of  Anspach  and  fiayrculh,  newly 
acquired  by  Prussia,  ami  especially  in  the  tetUcmcnl  of  dbputes 

When  in   180s  the   principalities  became  pan  of  Bavaria, 
Lang  entered  the   Bavarian  service  (tSo6),  was  ennobled  in 

He  again  devoted  himself  with  great  enthusiasm  to  historical 

He  evolved  the  theory,  among  other  things,  thai  the  boundaries 
oflheold  counties  or  ptiir(Cai«)wcreidcnticalii'i1h  those  of  the 
dioceses.  This  theory  was  combated  in  bier  days,  and  caused 
great  confusion  in  the  province  of  historical  geography.  For 
the  rest,  Lang  did  great  service  to  Ihe  itudy  of  the  history  of 
Bavaria,  especially  by  bringing  fresh  materia!  from  the  archives 
lo  bear  upon  it.  He  also  kepi  up  his  activity  at  a  publidat.  in 
tRt4  defending  in  a  detailed  and  somewhat  biassed  pamphlet 
Ihe  pobcy  of  Ihe  minister  Monlgdas.  and  he  undertook  critical 
studies  in  the  binary  of  the  Jesuits.  In  1817  Lang  retired  from 
active  life,  and  until  his  death,  which  laok  ]dace  on  the  alHb 
of  March  181s,  lived  chieOy  ia  ARsbscb. 


LANGDELI^-LANOE,  F.  A. 


Lang  'a  bat  known  thnmgh  bn  Uemtirtn,  aUdi  appcunt  >1 
Srunsirick  in  tw  puis  in  1S41,  ind  wen  rFpufaUtlinl  in  itii 
m  a  SVCdd  edition.  "Day  contAin  much  of  [ntemt  For  \he 
hiilory  of  the  period,  but  have  to  be  lued  with  the  greaieat 
mition  on  acrtnint  of  tfaeir  pmnounced  tendency  10  ulire. 
Luc't  chmcter,  u  cui  be  gilbered  e»ped»lly  fnnn  1  considera- 
tion of  his  behaviour  aC  Muntdi,  ii  daikened  by  many  shadows. 
He  did  dcK  scrupTe,  for  instance,  lo  strike  nut  of  the  lists  of 
witnesses  to  medieval  chaiten,  before  pabliihinf  tbem,  the 


LAHODBLL,     CHXICTOPHEX 

Am^ican  jurist,  was  bom  in  New  1 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  22nd  of 


(iS26-ioo«), 


in  181S-1S48,  at  Harvard  1 
Harvard  Law  School  in  1851 
iSm  In  New  York  City,  but 
Ji 


whose  Tnaiitr  n  the  Lav  of 


iay  1826,  oi  Engtisb 
[  FbiUips  Eieler  AcihI 
in  134B-18J0  and  in 
He  practised  law  in  il 
aloHBl  unknown  whti 
:  pnfcHor  of  law  (and  1 

10  succeed  Theopbilus  F 

CoHlraai  {iSjj}  he  bad  conlntiulca  as  a  student.  He  tmgncd 
the  deanship  in  1695,  in  iqoo  became  Dane  prolessor  emeritus, 
and  on  the  61b  of  July  1006  died  [n  Cambridge.  He  Roived 
the  degree  ol  LL.D,  in  iiiy,  in  igoj  a  chair  [n  the  law  school 
wai  named  [n  his  honour^  and  after  his  death  one  of  the  school's 
building  was  named  Langdell  Hall.  He  made  the  Harvard 
Law  School  a  success  by  remodelling  its  administratioB  and  by 
introducing  the  "  case  "  system  of  Instruction. 

UnidcU  wrote  5cJcctiiniD/CuiIinlllilLaB^CgiUrii(>  (1870,  the 
Unt  book  uml  In  the  "  CBie  "  iyAem^  enlarved,  1077):  CoMI  on 
Salii  (iStiJ  ;  Summary  of  EaKUy  Pltaimi  (1S77.  ind  td-,  IS83) : 
Coin  11  E^tij  PItadtnt  (l88]|;  and  Bri^  Suntj  Iff  BguUy  Jnril- 
diclitm  (190J). 

UNODOIf,  man  (1741-1819),  American  slalesman,  was 
bom  in  Portsmouth,  New  Kamrshire.  on  the  25th  ol  June  1741. 
Alter  an  apprtntlcohip  in  a  counting-house,  he  led  a  seafaring 
life  lor  KVtnil  yran,  and  became  a  shipowner  and  merchant. 
In  December  1774,  as  a  ailitla  captain  he  assisted  In  the  capture 
of  Fort  William  and  Mary  at  New  CasLle,  New  Hamp^ite,  one 
ol  the  firat  overt  acts  of  the  American  colonists  against  (be 
property  of  (be  crown.  He  was  decltd  lo  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  last  Royal  Assembly  oi  New  Hampshire  and 
then  to  the  second  Conlinenlal  Congress  In  1775,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Gist  Naval  Committee  of  the  lalter,  but  he 
resigned  in  1776,  and  in  June  1776  became  Congress's  agent  of 
prizes  in  New  Hampshire  and  in  177S  coulinental  (naval)  agent 
of  Congress  in  this  stale,  where  he  supervised  the  building  of 
John  Paul  Jones's  "Ranger",  (completed  in  June  1777),  the 
"America,"  launched  in  1785,  and  other  vessels.  He  was  a 
judge  of  the  New  Hampshire  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  177^ 
1777,  a  member  (and  speaker)  of  the  New  Hampshin  House  ol 
Representatives  liam  1776  until  1781,  a  member  of  the  state 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1778  and  of  the  state  Senate 
in  1784-1785,  and  in  1 78 j-i  784  was  again  a  member  of  Congress. 
He  contributed  largely  lo  raise  troops  in  1777  lo  meet  Burgoyne; 
and  he  served  as  a  captain  at  Bennington  and  at  Saratoga.  Ho 
was  president  of  New  Hampshire  in  I7S;-I7S6  and  in  1788-1780; 
a  member  ol  the  Federal  Constitulional  Convention  In  1787, 
where  he  voted  against  granting  to  Congress  the  power  of 
ijsuing  paper  money;  a  member  of  Uk  itale  ttmvcDtioo  which 


ratified  the  Federal  Consli 

of  the  United  Stalei  Sena' 
Irm.  during  the  first  Coc 

Reprtsenlatives  in  iBoi- 


totlon  for  New  Hampshire;  a  nenlier 
le  in  17S9-1801,  and  it>  president  fre 

>er  of  the  New  Humpshlre  House  of 
igoj  and  its  qseskec  in  1803-1805; 
ana  governor  01  me  luie  in  i8oJ-i8og  and  in  livfiiii.  He 
ncelvcd  nine  electoral  voles  for  the  vice-presidency  in  iSoS. 
and  in  iSii  was  an  elector  on  the  Madiaon  ticket.  Me  died  in 
Poitimeuth  on  the  i8ih  of  September  iSig.  He  was  an  able 
leader  during  the  Revohitionaty  period,  when  Us  wcahh  and 
todal  portion  woe  of  gieat  assistaiice  to  the  patriot  party. 
In  the  later  yean  of  his  life  in  New  Hampshire  he  was  the  most 
prominent  of  the  bed  Republican  leaden  and  buill  up  his  parly 
by  putisaa  appointments.  He  icfused  the  naval  portfolio  in 
"  ffersoa's  f»Wnet. 

His  dder  btotber,  Woocnuxv  Lancdoh  (irjcr-iBoj),  was  a 
delegate  to  tlie  Continental  Congress  in  17717-1 780,  a  member  of 
784.  judge 

of  the  Supreme  Court  ol  the  state  in  1782  and  in  I7B6'I790 
(although  he  had  had  no  legal  training),  and  a  state  aenalor  in 
1784-1785. 

igdoo  Elwyn  hat  edited  Ltlirrt  by  W    ' 

:  OOurt.  WniUH  Diaitit  amd  AJItr  IJu . 


Dl.nlL 


'f^^. 


LUfSB,     AKHB 


le  and  VO< 
ic  Rue  1 


((77s-l8l«. 
In  (jenoa  on  the  17th  of  September 
lusician  and  an  actress  al  Ibe  ComMie 

first  appearance  on  the  stage  at  Tour* 
ibut  at  the  ComMie  Francaise  in  17S8 
It.  She  followed  Talma  and  the  others 
:lieu,  but  relumed  after  a  few  months 
1  the  ComMie  Francaise.    Here  her  talent  and  beauty  gave 

the  perfoTmance  ol  which  brought  upon  the  theatre  the  vials 
of  wrath  of  the  Committee  of  Safety.  With  the  author  and  the 
other  members  of  the  caste,  she  was  arrested  and  iraprisDned. 
After  the  gth  Tbermidor  she  rejoined  her  comrades  at  the 
Feydeau,  but  retired  on  the  i6th  of  December  1707,  reappear- 

married  the  son  of  a  rich  Belgian  named  Simons.  She  died  on 
the  sjth  of  May  1816, 

LAKGB,  ERKR  PHIUPP  KARL  (i8ii-i8«g),  Genun 
novelist,  who  wrote  luder  the  pseudonym  FhUipf  Gsirm,  wsj 
bom  at  Potsdam  on  the  ?ist  of  December  1813-  He  studied 
medicine  at  Berlin  (18)5-1840),  and  on  taking  his  degiee,  in 
1840,  entered  the  Prussian  -     -■  ■ 


ig-Hlrfste 


impdgn  ol  1849. 


,1858),  which  eoji^ed 
cimiiBued  10  *«*k  at 
with  the  tank 


bisfint  novri,  Zfer/>ueJt«iii{(i852  jrded 
conuderable  pf^ularity.  In  Bielefekl  he 
his  profession  and  10  write,  until  his  retltement,  v 
of  Oitrstabsar^  (furgeon-general)  to  Potsdam  in  187S;  llK1« 
he  died  on  the  30th  of  Febmaty  1899.  Llnge's  novcil  al« 
distinguished  by  local  colouring  and  pretty,  though  not  powerful, 
descriptions  of  manners  and  customs.  He  particularly  favoured 
scenes  of  English  life,  though  he  had  never  been  in  (hat  coustry. 
and  on  the  wh<rie  he  succeeded  well  in  his  descriptiona.  Chief 
among  his  novels  vt,  Dtr  Im  am  SI  Jamn  (1855.  5th  ed., 
1871),  and  Entry  Glanden  (jrd  ed..  Leip.,  1865),  while  of  those 
dealing  with  the  Schleswig.HolsteIn  campaign  Aitirtas  Bum 
(1856)  and  Dit  TkU/t  da  Diplamaltn  (i86j)  conmacdMl 
considrrable  attention. 

HiiCuDiHiaetle  &W*  appeared  in  j&  vols.  (18S7-1866}. 

LAHOB.  FRIEDRICH  ALBEHT  (1S1S-1875),  German  phit- 
Dupher  and  sociologist,  was  bom  on  the  iSlh  of  September 
•  tii.  U  Wald,  near  Solingen,  the  son  of  the  theologian,  J.  P. 
Lange  («-•-)-  He  was  educaled  at  Duishuig,  Zurich  and  Bonn, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  by  gymnastics  as  mudi  as  by 
scboolDiasleT  at  Cologne;  in  1851 
at    Bonn;  la    1858  schoolmaster 


LANGE,  J.  P.— LANGENBECK 


Hci 


cause  of  politic 


t  nKBt  oi  his  best-knowD  books,  Dk 
(i»6j),  Dii  Arbtiltrfran  (i»65,  5th  id.  1894). 
CaiUtMU  da  Ualtrialiimmi  tmd  Krilik  leimr  Btdculmi  fn 
•Itr  Ctiaatart  (1S66;  7lh  cd.  wilh  biognphiol  ikclch  by  H. 
Ceten,  1901;  Eng.  Inns.,  E.  C,  Tbomu,  1S77),  and  J.S. 
UUTi  AmiJUn  tibir  dU  ixioU  Frofc  (iSM).  In  'i3««.  dis- 
□nn«cd  br  (Siiis  in  Gtrnuny.  he  moved  te  Wnlerthui, 
mi  ZOrich,  la  betome  connccled  with  the  dcmocntic  nevspapei, 
WijUaOmrfr  lAndbvie.  In  1U9  he  was  PriniiintM  at  Zurich, 
ud  BOX  ytmi  piDliSMr.  The  stroog  French  sympathies  of  Ihe 
Swiss  in  the  Fnnco-Geimsn  War  led  to  his  qieedy  resigiwlion. 
Tbcncdorwud  be  gave  up  poiiiica.  In  1871  he  accepted  ■ 
pnfeMonhip  it  Marburg.     (Jniiappil)',  his  vigorous  frame  was 


died  at  tdarburg.  on  Ihe  i 


r  1S7S.  d 


nd.  Hii  Letiulu  SImdUn  was  published  by  H.  Cohen  in  1S77 
(jtHf  «d.,  iAq4).  HiimAiiivoriL.ihtGrrdnrklfiUjMatmalijmui, 
lihich  is  biilUanliy  arritten,  with  wide  scicniMic  knowledge  and 
more  aymparhy  vilh  Engliah  tbonghl  IhAn  is  usual  in  Germany, 
is  rather  a  didactic  exposition  of  piincipLea  than  a  history  in 
Ibe  proper  sense.  Adopting  the  Kantian  (tandpoltit  that  we 
can  know  nothing  but  phenomena,  Lange  maintains  that  neither 
malch&lism  nor  any  other  metaphysical  syatem  hat  tt  valid 

however,  which  is  all  that  man  can  look  for,  materialism  with 

Ideal  metaphriics,  though  they  [aB  ol  the  inner  truth  ol  things, 
have  A  value  as  the  embodiment  of  high  aspirations^  in  the  same 
way  as  poetry  and  reli^on.  In  Lange's  Logischr  Sttidien,  which 
illempU  a  recoostiuclion  ol  formal  logic,  the  leading  idea  it 
that  reasoning  has  validity  in  10  tar  as  it  can  be  represented  in 
lenns  of  ipue.  His  '4r»eilrF/ra(r  advocates  an  Ul-delined  form 
el    aodalism.      It    protests   against    contemporary   industrial 


oiganii 


Darwinian  nnnciple  ol  straggle  lot 

S«0.  A-EUinen,  F,A.  Lam  (Leipiig.  1891],  an 
CtmtmimiiorU.  iii..  1894.  lIDlf.;  H.  CoFien  in  Prn 
t^7^-  iS^  ff.;  Vaihinier.  Hartwunm,  Dtihrinc  mti 
iSrtjnTM.   B«Kh.   f .    ■     ■  .  -. 

{Fnuenfeld,  i>90h  H.  Be 


ustry  0 


81). 


(K.S 


(Hall 


LANGB.  JOHUni  PBTBB  (iSc»-i»8t),  German  Fntestant 
theologian,  was  of  peasant  origin  and  wai  bom  at  Sonneborn 
near  Elbetffjd  on  the  loth  of  April  iSoi.  He  studied  theology 
at  Bonn  (rrom  iSii)  under  K.  I.  Niluch  and  C.  C.  F.  LUcke, 
held  several  piatorate>,  and  evcniuilly  (1854]  setlled  at  Bonn 
as  prcifdior  of  theology  in  luccesaion  to  Isaac  A.  Domer, 
becoming  also  in  igte  counsellor  to  the  consistory.  He  died  on 
the  9th  of  Jnly  1884.  Lange  has  been  called  the  poetical 
theologiin  pat  taiHtna:  "  It  has  been  said  of  him  that  his 
thought*  succeed  each  other  in  siKh  rapid  and  agitated  waves 
that  all  calm  reflection  and  all  rational  distinction  become, 
in  a  Dianiier,  drowned  "  (F.  Uchtenberger).  As  a  dogmatic 
writer  he  belonged  to  the  school  of  Schleiermacher.  HisCfeiif- 
Iklu  Dit-oUi  (3  «lt,  'K49-'Bsi,  new  edition,  1870)  "  contains 
many  Iruitful  and  auggeuive  thoughts,  which,  however,  an 
hidden  under  such  a  mau  of  bold  figuie*  and  strange  fancies, 


Langeab  has  a  churcb  of  the  iitb,  nth  and  tjth  centuries  but 
is  chiefly  interesting  for  the  possession  ol  a  large  chateau  built 
alter  the  middle  ol  the  ijlh  century  by  Jean  Bouir*, 
tei  of  lAub  XI.  HcTT  the  marriage  of  Charles  VIII.  and 
of  Britlauy  took  place  in  1491.  In  the  park  are  the  ruins 
of  a  keep  of  late  lolb-century  architecture,  built  by  Fulk  Neira. 

LAXeEH,  JOSEPH  (i3j7-i»oi),  German  theolo^n,  wis  bom 
Cologne  on  the  3rd  ol  June  igj7-    He  studied  at  Bonn,  was 
ordained  priest  in  iSjq,  was  nominated  professor  ntiaordinary 
■  university  ol  Bonn  in  1S64,  and  a  prolessor  in  ordinary 
eiegtsis  of  the  New  Testament  in  1S67— an  oHice  which 
d  liU  his  death.    He  was  one  ol  the  able  band  ol  professor! 
1  1870  supported  DOIIinger  in  his  resistance  to  the  Vatican 
's,  and  was  ercommunicated  wilh  Ignaz  v.  Dsllinger, 
n   Hubei,   Johann    Fiiedrich,    Fiant    Heinrich   Reusch. 
Joseph  Hubert  Reinkeni  and  others,  loi  telusing  to  accept  them. 
S78,  in  consequence  ol  the  permission  given  to  priests  to 
ry,  he  ceased  to  identify  himself  urtth  Ihe  Old  Catholic 
ement,  although  be  was  not  reconciled  with  the  Roman 
lolic  Church.    Langen  was  more  celebrated  as  a  writer  than 
speaker.    His  £ist  work  was  an  Enquiry  into  the  authorship 
he  Commentaiy  on  St  Foul's  Epistles  and  the  Treatise 
on  Biblical  Questions,  ascribed  to  Ambrose  and  Augustine  re- 
spectively.    In  1S6S  he  published  an  IiUmdmiiim  la  Ike  Nrm 
Talamtnl.  a  work  of  which  a  second  edition  was  called  loi  in 
1S7J,     He  also  published  works  on  the  losl  Day;  nj  lit  Lift 
ol  Jatu.  on  Judaism  in  Ike  Time  <4  CirliS,  m  Jthi  of  Demtscni 
(1879)  and  an  Examiaaii™  n/  Ihi  Valiian  Dtgrn-i  in  Uu  Lit''' 
0/  PalriilU  Eiegnii  nj  He  Sm  Ttilamenl.     But  he  b  chiefly 
famous  for  his  HiiUry  0/  tti  C*ii«*  */  RtKa  h  Oil  Fmlificalt 
<>//■><«(«(///.  {4  vols.,  1881-1S0J),  a  work  of  sound  scholarship, 
based  directly  upon  the  authorities,  the  most  important  sources 
being  woven  careluUy  into  the  teit.    He  also  contributed  largely 
0  the  Internaiionaie  Iheotofistlie  Zeiltcbrifl,  a  review  started 
n  1893  by  the  Old  Catholics  to  promote  the  union  ol  National 
:hutches  on  the  basis  of  the  councils  ol  the  Undivided  Church, 
ind  admitting  articles  in  German,  French  and  English.    Among 
ithei  subjects,  he  wrote  on  the  School  of  Hieivtheus,  on  Romish 
falsifications  ol  the  Creek  Fathers,  on  Leo  XIIL,  on  Liberal 
nontanism,  on  the  Papal  Teaching  in  regard  to  Morals, 
ncenlius  of  Lerins  and  he  carried  on  a  controversy  with 
isor   Willibald  Beyschlag,  of   the    German    Evangelical 
^h,  on  the  reflective  merits  ol  Protestantism  and    Old 
Catholicism  regarded  as  a  basis  for  teaching  the  Christian  faith. 
An  attack  of  apopleiy  put  an  end  to  his  activity  as  a  teacher  and 
hastened  Ids  death,  which  occurred  in  July  1901.  {J.  J.  L.*} 

UNOBMBBCK.  BEHHHARD  RUDOLF  KOHRAD  VOH  (1810- 
1S87),  German  surgeon,  was  born  at  Horneburg  on  Ihe  vth  of 
November  iSio,  and  received  his  medical  education  at  Giittlngen, 
where  he  look  bis  doctor's  degree  In  i8j;  with  a  thesis  on  the 
stracturc  of  the  retina.  Alter  a  visit  to  France  and  England,  he 
returned  to  Gattinjen  at  PriuildaeHl,  and  in  1841  became 
professor  of  surgery  and  director  of  the  Friedrichs  Hospital  at 
Kiel.  Sii  years  later  he  succeeded  J.  F.  Dleffenbach  (1 794-1847) 
as  director  ol  the  Clinical  Institute  for  Surgery  and  Ophthal- 
mology at  Berlin,  and  remained  there  till  18S1,  when  failing 
health  obliged  him  to  retire.  He  died  at  Wicsbadeo  on  the  joih 
of  September  18E7.  Langenbeck  was  a  bold  and  skilful  operator, 
but  was  disinclined  to  resort  to  operation  while  other  meant 
afforded  a  prospect  ol  success.    He  devoted  pi         ~ 


cdllonfaip  ol  Dr  Philip  5chall, 

UNOBAlt,  a  town  ol  west -central  Prance  in  the  department 
of  Indte-et-Loire.  on  the  light  bank  ol  the  Loire,  16  m.  W.S.W. 
of  Touis  by  rail.     Pop.  (1906)  town,  17JS;  commune,  JSSO- 


ol  gunshot  woun 
in  iS«4,  i86«,  a 


cting  a: 


authority 


.ihetr 


ic  building  was  packed.  He  also  utiliied 
Instruction    that   thus  arose,   and   the 

tsellschalt,"  which  met  twice  a  week  for 
the  discussiona  of  which  every  turgeoa 


•74 


LANGENSALZA— LANGLAND 


ia  the  dXf  wu  inviled  [o  Ukt  part,  irreqxclive  of  mliooaljiy. ' 

ennobled  foi  hit  urvico  ia  the  Daniih  Wu  oT  1W4. 

UHOBKBALZA,  i  towD  in  Uie  Fiusun  pcovince  of  Saiony, 
on  Ihc  SaUa,*bout  10  m.  N.  W.  fiom  Erfun.  Pop.  (1901)  >  i,HS. 
Near  it  are  Ibe  renuini  of  Ihe  old  Benediclint  monaitery  of 
Homburg  or  Hobenburg,  xhere  Ihc  emperor  Henry  IV.  delented 
Ihe  SaiDns  In  1075.  The  manufacture  of  ckMh  is  the  cbiel 
induilry;  lace,  ilaich,  machinet.  dgan  ond  cbemicali  are  alu> 
produced,  while  ip!niUD(,  dyeini,  brcwinf  and  piisilng  are , 
carried  on.  There  ii  a  lulphui  balh  in  Ibe  otiflibourbiiHl, 
^lualed  In  a  pleaunt  park,  in  which  thare  are  insnunicnu  to , 
IhoM  who  Fell  in  Ihe  war  of  1S66.  Langensalia  became  a  lown 
in  [III  and  wai  artervr^hrdi  part  oT  the  electorate  of  Saxony. 
In  1815  it  came  into  the  possesion  of  Pnusio.  It  is  remarkable , 
in  bisLoiy  as  the  scene  of  three  battles:  (i)  the  victory  of  the 
Prussians  and  English  over  the  imperial  army  on  the  15th  of 
February  i;6ii  (1}  that  of  the  Prussians  over  the  Bavarians 
on  the  I7lh  of  April  iSij;  and  (j)  the  enjagemcnl  on  the  i7lh 
of  June  iS£6  between  the  Prussians  and  the  Hanoverians,  in 
■hich  Ihe  litter,  though  viclorioui  in  lbs  Geld,  were  compelled 
to  lay  dawn  their  umi  on  the  arrival  oi  overwhelming  Prussian 
[elDlotc«nunls. 

See  G(tKbelj_<^r»t(  itr  Slail  Lanttniala  (Lanicnialu.  181S- 


rai  (d.  ijj6),afcl.hi 
cardinal,  was  bom  at  Langhajn  in  Rutlar 
in  the  abbey  of  "   " 


■e.    In: 


r,  and  la 
made  tre 


le  bishop  of  Ely;  1 
cellar  of  England  in  is6i  and  was  chosen  ar 
bury  in  1366.  Fechapi  the  most  interest: 
primacy  was  when  be  drove  the  acculic  derg 
of  Canlnhuiy  Hall,  Oifotd,  and  filled  Ibcir 
Tbc  expelled  head  of  the  seculars  was  a  ccrl 
who  has  been  identified  with  the  grul  relori 
withvanding  the  part  Langham  as  chancclli 
anti-papal  measures  of  136J  and  ij6i  he  w 
by  Pope  Urban  V.  in  ntS.  This  slip  lost 
Edward  1II..B    '  .... 


rWyclifFe.  Nol- 
had  taken  in  ihc 
made  a  cardinal 


He 


elected  archbishop  of  Canterbury  tor  the  second  time;  but  he 
wiihditn  hii  cUim  lod  died  at  Avignon  on  Ibe  und  of  July 
1376,  Langham'i  tomb  is  the  oldest  monument  to  in  ecdetiaslic 
in  Wctttniiutcr  Abbey;  he  left  the  le^due  of  his  etlate—a  laige 
sum  of  money-i-lo  the  abbey,  and  has  been  called  its  second 
founder. 

LAKQHOLM,  a  burgh  of  barony  and  police  burgh  of  Dumfries- 
shire, Scotland.  Pop.  (1001)3141.  It  it  siloiled  on  both  sides 
of  the  Esk,  16  m.  X.E.  of  Annan,  the  terminus  of  a  branch  line 
connecting  with  the  >fotth  British  railway  system  at  Rlddlngs 
Junction.  The  Esk  Is  crossed  by  a  three-arched  stone  bridge, 
utdling  the  old  town  on  the  left  banh  with  the  near  on  the  right, 
and  a  luqienslon  bridge.  Ewes  Water,  which  falls  ioio  the  river, 
it  Ipanned  by  a  two-arched  bridge,  1  m.  N.  at  the  town.  The 
public  buiidinp  include  the  town  hall— a  tuUlintial  edifice 
with  a  tower  ri^ng  In  three  tiers  from  the  body  of  the  itiucturt, 
the  Telford  library,  and  the  Hope  hospital  for  aged  poor.  Alieidy 
famous  for  Its  plaids  and  blankets,  the  prosperily  of  (he  burgh 
advanced  when  it  look  up  the  manufacture  of  tweedl.  Distilling, 
brewing,  dyeing  and  tanning  are  also  important  induttries.  The 
Esk  and  Liddel  being  favourite  fishing  sircanu,  Langholm  is  the 
heidquailera  of  the  association  which  protects  the  rights  of 
anglers.  About  im.  to  the  N.W.  stands  Langholm  Lodge,  a  seat 
of  the  duke  of  Bureleuch,  and  some  4  m-  S.E.  It  Cilnockie  Tower, 
the  peel-liouH  that  belonged  to  Johnny  Armstrong,  the  free- 
booter, who  wai  executed  by  order  of  James  V.  In  rsjo. 

LAHOHORHB.  JORH  (17JS-1779).  English  poet  and  translator 
of  Plutarch,  was  bom  at  Kirkby  Stephen,  Westmorland.  He 
at  first  supported  himself  at  a  private  tutor  ind  •cboalraastct. 


aviog  taken  otden,  was  appointed  (t7U)  to  Ih*  rectM7 
gdon.  Somersel,  where  he  died  on  Ihe  isl  of  April  1770. 
ems  (original  and  translations],  and  sentimental  tales,  arc 
ITgollen,  but  hi*  IransUlion  el  Plutarch's  iiw  (1770).  in 
he  bad  Ihe  co-opeulion  oi  his  elder  brother  WlUiora 
I7T>).  it  not  yel  supcnedcd.  It  is  fir  less  vigorous  thin 
Sit  Thomai  Noilh't  version  (translaled  from  Amyot]  but  is  free 
jm  its  inaccvciciet.  Kit  poems  were  published  in  i3et  by  hit 
n,  J.  T.  Lsnghome,  wilh  1  memoir  of  the  author;  they  wiU 
10  be  loundin  R.  AndecBoo't  Peril  tf  Creel  Bi iUin.  li.  (1704) 
id  A.  Chalmers's  Eui/iik  Poeli,  ivi.  (1810),  wilh  mcmoii. 
[  hii  poems.  Tit  Coaalry  Jmlicc.  a  pica  for  the  neglected  poor, 
id  The  Fablii  tj  Flora,  were  the  mou  successful;  of  bis  prose 
rilings.  Tie  CaiesfeaAiKct  hcncciit  Tbcsdmiui  SKf  Cexilaiilia, 
unded  on  a  well-known  story  in  the  Sprcltler  (No  144)- 
LAHGIEWICZ,  MAHYAH  (iSi/'iBS?),  Polish  patriot,  was 
•m  at  KroLosiyn,  in  the  provinn  of  PoK0,an  Ihe  5lhol  August 
137,  his  father  being  ihetocal  doctor.  Langiewicawu  educated 
"     '  '  "■         !,  and  was  compelled  to  earn  bii 


ly  bread  by  givlni 
issiin  Laudvchr  ai 


ently  entered  tl 


n  Ihe 


oyal  guard. 


lupia  (Februity),  capturing 

L  last  be  bad  11,000  men 

iptured  500  muskets  and  i 
c  proclaimed  himself  dictal< 

r  had  not  time  enough  to  c- 


iruits  to  his  ttandaid,  till 
dispcKil.  On  the  jjrd  of 
dans,  at  Maiogoaacaa,  and 
I.     On  the  loth  of  March 

[tempted  to  form  a  regular 

hit  plant,  and  after  a  ftesh 

(iSth  of  March),  whereupon  he  took  rciuge  in  Austrian  territory 
and  was  Interned  al  Tamow.  He  was  subsequently  tranafetrAl 
to  Ihe  fortress  of  Josephstadt,  from  which  he  was  released  in 
iKs.  He  then  lived  at  Solothum  as  a  ciiiien  of  the  Swin 
Republic,  and  Eubtequently  entered  the  Turkish  service  as  Langie 
Bey.  He  died  al  Constantinople  on  the  i  ith  of  May  1817. 

See  Bolnlaw  Limariowilii.  Tie  Nallimiil  hiarrttliim  of  rt6i-64 
(Pol.)  (LcmbiTB.  1900}:  Paolo  Mauolcni.  /  B^amanU  in  Pc&<^ 
nd  /«J  (Brrjamj.  1S93) ;  W.  H.  Bivink,  Dt  PikIi^  rpMletd  lit], 
Ac.  (KaaHcm.  1S64J. 

LAXOLAIID.  WILUAH  (f.  ijji-t.  1400],  the  lupposcd 
English  poet,  generally  regarded  until  recently  as  Ihe  single 
author  ol  the  remarkable  I4th-ccntnry  poem  Pieri  Iki  PliKmen, 
111  full  title  is— r^e  ViiieH  aj  WiUiam  teuenimt  Piti  Ikt 
Pimiun.ltttlkfvUk  Viisii  Dc-vd,  De-t€l,a  Da-heU.ittmium 
WU  1  Rtstm;  usually  given  in  Latin  as  Viiin  WUtelmi  it 
Pdn  Plinrmaii,  Ire.;  the  whole  work  being  lometimes  briefly 
described  at  Ultr  4t  Pdia  PUnman.  We  know  nothing  ol 
Wlllitn  Ijinglgnd  except  from  Ibe  supposed  evidence  of  the  MSS. 
of  Ihe  poem  and  the  text  itself,  and  it  wiU  be  coDvenicDt  fint 
to  give  a  brief  general  description  of  them. 

The  poem  exists  In  three  forms.  If  we  denote  tbeK  by  the 
names  of  A-texl  (or  Vernon).  B-teil  (or  Crowley),  and  C-ieit 
(or  Whitaker),  we  find,  of  the  first,  ten  MSS..  ol  the  ■ennd 


iDlhen 


material,  a  circumstance  which  proves  the  great  popularity  of  the 
poem  in  former  times.  Owing  10  the  frequent  expressions  which 
indicate  a  desire  for  retomulion  in  religion,  It  was,  in  the  time  of 
Edward  Vt..  coniidered  worthy  of  being  printed.  Three  impres- 
^ons  of  the  B-leit  were  printed  by  Robert  Crowley  Id  isso; 
and  one  of  these  was  badly  reprinted  by  Owen  Rofcra  In  isti. 
In  1S13  the  best  MS.  of  IhcC-lext  was  printed  by  DrE.Wbitaket. 
In  184]  Mr  Thomas  Wright  printed  an  edition  from  u  txceUcM 


US.  tt  the  B-ton  ia  ibe  Ebrary  tt  Ttfnitj  Cdkge,  CimbhdiB 
(ind  td.,  1I56.  MW  hI.,  lifis).  A  omplele  ediLioD  ol  all 
libne  texts  nt  printed  lor  (be  Eaily  ri-gh'*!!  Tut  Society  u 
cdlwd  by  tbe  Rev.  W.  W.  Skai,  with  the  eddiiioa  ol  Riduri 
Ik  KidAa,  lad  cnttalniigt  full  Dotet  ic  mU  three  teiti,  with  ■ 
^oBuy  uid  induo,  in  1861-1885.  The  CUmidoB  Fns 
edilicKi.  by  the  sUbc  cdhor,  appeued  ia  lSS£. 

Tbe  A-icit  coBtuDi  ■  pnh^e  tnA  1 3  puns  or  cuitei  (i>-iv-i 
the  visioa  of  the  Lady  Meed;  T.-vfii.,  Ibe  Trsion  a\  Phn  the 
PlaflDuo;  ix.-iii.,  Ibc  Ttsioa  of  Do-iiel,  Do-bel  and  Do-bat), 
*iLh  156J  linea.  Tbe  B-tcit  ii  mocb  longer,  coDlainiig  7141 
Unr^  with  additional  piuus  foUovJng  after  u.  of  A,  the  earlier 
(Hsus  being  altered  in  varioui  re^iecti.   The  C-teit,  with  lat 

Tbe  gEneral  coDtenla  of  the  poem  may  be  gathered  from  a 
brief  docription  of  Ibe  C-ieit.  This  ii  divided  into  twenty-three 
pauux,  nominally  ranprisiog  faiu  paiti,  cilled  reipcaively 
Voia  de  Petro  Fiownun,  Vi^  de  Do-wel,  Viiio  de  I>o-bet  and 
ViuodeDo-b(M.  Here  A^^  aigtiifis  "  do  belter  "in  Rndem 
EngUib;  the  eiphuialion  of  the  niinea  being  thai  be  who  does 
1  Und  actim  imj  wA,  he  who  (nchel  others  to  an  kindly  if«i 
kcler.  whilst  he  who  conxbines  both  pracLice  and  theoiy,  both 
doing  good  binBclfandtnchingoIben  to  do  tlie  ume.  daa  kd. 
But  llie  visions  by  no  means  dosely  conespond  to  these  descrip- 
tions; and  Skeat  divides  the  whole  mto  1  »l  of  eleven  viuons, 
which  may  be  thus  eoumeiated:  (i)  Vition  of  tbe  Field  Full  of 
Folk,  of  Holy  Chunh,  and  of  the  Lady  Meed  (puws  l.-v.}; 
())  Visioa  of  the  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  and  of  Pieis  the  Plowman 
(pw.  vi.-t);  {j>  Wit.  Study.  Cleigy  and  Scripture  (pass.  »i., 
lii-)l  (4)  FonuH.  Nature,  Recklessness  and  Reason  (pass, 
niii-,  liv.);  (s)  Vision  ollmaginalive  (pass.  »v,);  (6)  Conscience. 
Puience  and  Activa-Vila  (pass,  ivi,,  ivii.l:  ii\  Free-wili  and 
tbe  Tree  of  Charity  (pass,  iviii.,  xii.);  (8)  Faith,  Hope  and 
Owiity  [pass,  u.);  (q)  The  Triumph  ol  Picis  the  bowman, 
it.  Ibe  CniaBxion,  Burial  and  Kcsnircction  of  Jesus  Christ 
(pass,  tii.);  (10)  Tbe  Vistoo  of  Gnre  (pass,  ndi.);  (ti)  The 
Visioa  ol  AnliFhrist  (pass,  iiiii.). 

Tbe  bare  outline  of  the  C-texl  gives  lilll^  idciol  the  teal 
tature  of  the  peem.  Tbe  author's  abject,  as  Skeat  describes  it. 
was  to  "afford  bimscll  opportunilies  (ol  which  he  has  amply 
availed  himsdO  f"  describing  the  life  and  manners  ol  the  poorer 
daises;  for  inveighing  against  clerical  abuses  and  the  rapaclly 
si  tbe  frian;  for  reppotnling  the  miseries  caused  by  the  great 
pestilences  then  prevalent  and  by  the  hasty 


and  ibim  beggin,  the  ci 


icing 


fabthood  which  are 
bdignant  eiposure. 
deadly  ains,  he  gives 
■hat  tbe  reader  leels 
from  the  life;  and  i 


all  lime  the  lit  subjects  for  satire  and 
n  describing,  for  example,  the  seven 
ciact  a  dHcripiion  of  Gluiion  and  Sloth 


hardly 
tiiutton  tnan  it  is  to  reaitie  sit  John  Falilaff.  The  numcn 
aDegoeical  perstHiagcs  so  frequently  imtoduord,  such  as  Scripti 
Oergy,  Conscience,  Patience  and  t' 
of  the  (utboi  himself,  uttering  for  I 
mcnts,  but  sometimes  speaking  In  w 
which  each  is  supposed  to  reprcsen 
lioDi  which  are  occasionally  inirodi 
tedious,  but  the  earonlness  of  the  author's  purpose  and  his 
(nergy  of  language  lend  to  relieve  ihcm,  and  there  are  not  many 
passages  which  might  have  been  omitted  without  loss.  The 
poem  b  esienlially  one  of  those  which  improve  on  a  second 
reading,  and  as  a  linguist  ic  monument  it  Is  of  very  high  value. 
Mere  cilracts  from  the  poem,  even  if  rather  numerous  and  of 
■ome  length,  fail  to  give  a  lair  idea  of  it.  The  whole  doerves. 
and  will  repay,  a  careful  study;  Indeed,  there  ate  not  many 
■ingle  works  from  which  a  student  ol  En^Ish 
the  Engllsb  language  may  derive  more  substai 

"Tlie  metre  Is  allitrraiivc,  and  destitute  of  finil  rhyme-    It  is 


le  most  part  his  own  senti. 
»rdance  with  the  charactei 
.    The  theological  disqulsi- 


fitlot  words  ralbet  than  those  which  i 


lethi 


F  rhythm.    The  ddcf  nde  ii  that,  in  genaal,  the  s: 


d  begin  tlim  atiesied  syllables 


It  ol  the  commons  made  hi 


:a  reign.'     Someti. 


There  is  invariably  a  pause,  more  or  less  distinct,  in  Ibt 
of  each  line  "  (£iicy-  Brit.,  gih  ed.,  art.  Lanclxnd). 

Tbe  indiiional  view,  accepted  by  such  great  auiho 
Skeat  and  Juiserand,  that  a  single  author — and  that 
Langland — was  responsible  lor  the  whole  psem,  in 
versions,  has  been  so  recently  disputed  that  it  seems 
■late  it  in  Skeai's  own  words,  before  giving  brieHy  the  alteri 


yreal 


r  this  edition. 
"The  author's  ni 
g  his  life  are  fewa 

tit  WilltlMi.  &c 


W.  de  Petro 


>mposite  authorship, denying 

Langland."    The  account  of  the 

luthor  theory  is  repeated  Irom  Professor  Skeat's  artide 

■'"     ' '^'i  work,  slightly  ttvised  by  him  in  190s 

not  ({uite  nttain,  and  tbe  facts  concecn- 
ana  scanty.  As  to  his  ChrlstiaD  name  we  are 
IS  allusions  In  the  poem  itself,  and  the  title 
tc.,  in  many  MSS,;  so  that  we  nuy  at  one* 
tion  that  his  name  may  have  been  Robert, 
hree  MSS.  Idt  the  C-teil;«ne  not  later  than 
following  colophon:  '  Eipllcll  visit.  WlUtlml 
l>lownun.-  What  is  here  meant  by  W.  it  is 
dilBcult  10  conjecture;  but  It  Is  just  possible  that  it  may  repit- 
senl  Wychwood  (of  which  more  presently),  or  Wigoinensis,  Ij. 
ol  Worcester.  As  tothesumame,  wefindlhenolelhat  'Robert 
or  William  Langland  made  pers  ploughman,'  In  a  handwtlling 
of  the  isth  century,  on  the  fly-leaf  of  a  MS.  copy  |ol  the  B-lexll 
formerly  belonging  to  Lord  .Ashbumham,  and  now  Id  the  British 
Museum;  and  in  a  Dublin  MS.  (of  the  C-lexll  Is  the  note  [In  * 
iSlh-centuiy  handl  :  'Uemonindum,  quod  Stacy  de  Rokayle, 
pater  WiUielmi  de  Langlond,  qui  Stacius  fuit  generosus  ct 
monbatur  in  Schiptonc-under-Whicwode,  tcneni  domlni  le 
Spenser  in  comitalu  Oion.,  qui  piedictus  Willielmus  fecit  libtum 
tjui  Tocalur  Perys  Ploughman,'  There  ii  no  trace  of  any 
Langland  family  in  the  midland  counties,  while  the  Langley 
family  were  valtfcns  ol  Wychwood  lores!  in  Oxfordshire  between 
the  yeiis  1178  and  1361;  but  this  consideration  can  hardly 
set  aside  the  above  statement.    According  to  Bale,  our  author 

the  supposition  that  his  father  may^ave  removed  from  that 
place  to  Shipton  in  Oifordshire,  as  there  seemi  to  have  been  a 
real  connexion  between  the  lamtlicj  in  tbose  places. 

"The  internal  evidence  concerning  the  author  is  fuller  and 
more  satiifacloiy.  By  piecing  together  the  various  hints 
concerning  himself  which  the  poet  gives  U9,  we  may  com;Ae 
the  following  account.  His  name  was  William  (and  probably 
Langland).  and  he  was  bom  about  ijji,  perhaps  at  Cleobury 
MortlmerinSh'icpshire.  Hiilather.wbowas  doabllcss  alranklin 
or  faonec.  and  his  other  friends  put  him  10  school,  made  a 
'  clerk  '  or  scholar  of  him,  and  taught  him  what  Holy  Writ 
meant.  In  t]6i,  at  the  age  ol  about  ihitly,  h*  lound  himself 
wandering  upon  the  Malvern  hills,  and  tell  aricep  beside  a  stream, 
and  saw  in  a  vhion  a  field  full  ol  folk.  I.e.  this  present  woild, 
and  many  other  remarkable  sights  which  he  duly  records.  From 
this  supposed  dtcumslance  he  named  his  poem  Tic  Viiitn 
if  William,  though  It  Is  really  a  succession  of  visions,  since 
he  mentions  seferal  occasions  on  which  he  awoke,  and  afterwards 
again  fell  asleep;  and  he  even  tells  us  of  some  adventures  which 
befel  him  in  his  waling  moments.  In  some  ol  Iheie  visions  ibete  . 
is  no  mention  ol  Piera  the  Plowman,  but  In  olhtis  h*  describes 
him  as  being  the  coming  reformer  who  was  to  remedy  all  abuses, 
and  restore  the  world  to  a  right  condition.  It  is  remarkable  that 
his  conception  of  this  reformer  changes  from  lime  to  time,  and 
becomes  more  exalted  as  the  poem  advances,  Al  first  he  Is  no 
more  than  a  jrioughman,  one  of  the  true  and  honest  labourcia 
who  are  the  salt  (^  the  earth;  but  at  last  he  is  idenlihtd  with 
tbe  great  refonncr  who  has  come  already,  the  regenerator  of  tbe 


176 


■P«nu 

pouibli  lo  make  the  miiUke  into  wbicb  10  miiay  bt.vt  Ullen. 
of  ipakiDg  ol  Picn  the  FloanuD  *<  bdDg  the  autboi,  not  Iht 
tuhject,  of  the  pDcm.  The  lutboc  mux  alludes  to  the  nickninw 
ol  Long  Wni  batowed  upon  him  Iiom  his  UllneB  of  UatUK— 
jtut  u  the  poet  Gucoignc  was  familiaTly  called  Long  George- 
Though  there  ii  meotion  of  the  Malvern  hilli  more  than  once  near 
the  bcgCnning  of  the  poem,  il  a  abundantly  clear  that  the  poet 
lived  foi '  many  yean  in  Comhill  (London),  mth  fail  wile  Kilte 
and  hit  daughter  Calote.'  He  seems  to  have  come  to  London 
toon  after  the  dale  ol  the  first  cammeDumeot  of  his  work,  and 
to  have  long  continued  then.  He  describes  himtelt  as  being 
a  tall  man,  one  who  was  loath  lo  ceverence  loidi  oc  ladies  or 
persons  In  gay  apparel,  and  nol  deigning  to  say  '  God  save  you  ' 

people  look  him  lo  be  a  fooL  He  was  very  poor,  wore  long  robc3, 
and  bad  a  shaven  crown,-  having  received  the  clerical  tonsurCr 
But  he  seems  only  lo  have  taken  minor  orders,  and  earned  a 
precarious  living  by  singing  the  ffci«*o,  diritc  and  seven  psalms 
for  the  good  of  men's  souls.    The  fact  that  he  was  married 


explain  why  he  i 

source  of  livelihood  in  his  ability  11 


M  church. 


il  legal  dc 


'Mi- 


■n  about  1362, 


(C-le 


lughl  (A-le»l), 


.  SI  befoK  the  depojition  of  Richard 

a  poem  addrnwd  lo  the  king,  »ha  b  designated  as 
Redeless,"  ij.  devoid  of  counjeP.  This  poem,  occurring  in  only 
one  MS.  [of  the  B-leil]  in  which  It  a  iocomplele,  breaking  on 
abruptly  in  the  middle  of  a  page^  may  safely  be  atlributed  Lo 
Langland,  who  was  ihen  in  BrisLoL  As  he  was  at  that  lime 
about  silly-seven  yean  of  age,  we  may  be  Mire  thai  he  did  nol 
.  bngsurvivetheacccssionof  HenrylV,  It  m»yhercbeohierved 
■hat  ihe  well-known  poem  emitted  Picrii  PlaKiiiiuH'i  Criie, 
Ihou^  ciccllently  wriiien,  is  certainly  an  imitation  by  another 
hind;  for  the  Pierce  Ploughman  of  Ihe  Crtii  a  very  diHetent 
in  concqiiion  from  Ihe  whicct  of '  William't  Viiioii.'  " 

On  Ihe  other  hand,  ihc  view  taken  by  Piolessor  ].  M.  Manly, 
of  Chicago,  which  has  recently  obtained  Increasins  acceptance 
amongschobis.  bthai  Iheeailypoputatityof  Ibei'uTi  Plmeman 
poems  has  resulted  in  "  the  confusion  of  what  is  really  the  work 
oF  live  difleicnt  men,"  and  thai  Langland  himsell  is  "  a  mythical 
aulhar."  The  orguipent  for  Ihe  diuinction  in  authorship  cesli 
on  internal  evidence,  and  on  analyslt  of  the  style,  diclion  and 
"  visualizing  "  quality  within  Ihe  different  teits.  Whereas 
Skeit,  regarding  the  three  tens  as  due  to  Ihe  same  author, 
fives  most  alteniion  to  the  bter  vcnions,  and  coosideri  B 
the(niermediaieform,asonihewholetbe  best,  Matily  recogniHs 
in  A  the  real  poet,  and  bys  special  stress  on  the  impdrlance 
of  aiieniion  to  the  A-teil,  and  pttlicularly  piss.  i,-viii.  In 
■' "     ■"  —  '""         e  regarded  as  by  a  single 


author  of  gi 


third  is 


being,  moteover,  by  a  th 
in  [act  given  towards  ihc  1 


(hole  CI 


Billion.     Who 
unsolved.  Joli 

of  A  "  seem 


.  The  supposed  re 
ly  B  and  C,  ate  III 
were  the  five  auli 
I  Bull  according  to 


rofessor  Manly,  w 
B,  C  and  the  1 


of  monta  and  frfui,  to  have  been  of  the  mcdIu  deigy,"  C 

being  "a  better  icfaoUr  than  either  the  continualor  of  A  or  B." 
A,  who  "eiempU  from  his  satire  no  order  of  sodely  lacept 
monks,"  may  have  been  himself  >  monk,  but  "aa  he  cxhibita 
no  ipecial  technical  knowledge  or  inlereits  "  be  "  may  have 
been  a  laymu."  As  regards  Richard  ths  Redelesa,  Protcwor 
Manly  attributes  Ibis  to  laolher  imitator;  he  regards  identity 
of  authonhip  as  out  of  the  qtiestion,  in  coosequenceaol  differences 
in  style  and  thought,  apart  allofelber  from  the  con^hisioB  as 
to  the  authorship  of  Pkrt  Uu  PUmuBi. 

See  the  ediiioMabiBdy  referred  to:  rk  Dtpuitiam  s/  Ku^ri  II., 
ed.  T.  Wrigbl  (Camden  Society),  which  i>  the  ame  poetn  as  Rittari 
ikt  IMdtii;  Wanoa,  Uia.  •}  Eni.  Fctiry;  Rev-UH.  Milmao, 
Milt,  af  latin  Ckriiiiailj;  G.  P.  Manh,  Uclam  a*  Butliik; 
H.  MaAey,  E*riiik  WrilrrI;  B.  len  Brink,  Early  £ii|fujb  Lgtrttm: 
I.  ].  Juimnd,  Ohcnaiiimi  nr  It  riiiam  it  P.  F.  (Paris,  iVM: 
III  Algtit  «■  mtyn  tv-  VEpoftt  mjUiqia  ii  WOliam  iM^aad 
(■(01,  Eni,  uans.  i^eri  I^tmu*.  revised  and  enlatsed  by  anoihtr 
1^1:  J.  M.  Manly  in  OaOrtife  HiU.  tf  Eatlut  fit..  voL  ii.  and 
biMiDoraphy.  A  loiw  and  careful  sumnury  ol  the  whole  poeen  is 
gives  in  Morley's  EmSuli  Wrilai,  and  is  repealed  in  his  lttmlr*tit*i 
eJEaiUili  Itilitie*,ch.  iiL 

LMTOLET.  8AMDEL  PtSBPOMT  (iSm-i90«),  Americaa 
physicist  and  asiKHtamer,  was  bom  at  Roibuiy,  Bosloo, 
Muaachusetls.  on  the  iind  of  August  iBj*.  After  acting 
for  a  short  time  ss  assistant  in  Harvard  College  Observatory. 
he  wi*  appointed  aubiint  ptofessor  of  matHematics  in  iheU.S. 
Naval  Academy  in  iSMi.andinthefollowingyearbccainedirectat 
of  the  Allegheny  Obseivalory  at  Pillsburg,  a  poiilion  which  Ik 
held  until  his  selection  io  1^87  as  seccclary  ol  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  It  Washington.     His  name  is  especially  associated 


L  of  the  pucilicalioo 
iy  S.  1-  Lamaruky. 
thich  he  began  hb 


.0  be  capable  of  detecting  a  change  of 
to  less  than  one-hundred-millionlb  of 
:  fact  thai  the  electrical 
lucli«ly  of  a  mcullic  conductor  is  decreased  by  beat,  ii 
isls  of  (wo  strips  of  platinum,  arranged  10  form  the  two  arms 
Wbcatslone  bridge;  one  strip  being  eqiosed  10  1  tourte 
idialion  from  which  the  oilier  is  ihicldnd.  the  heat  cause* 
ange  In  the  resiuance  of  one  arm,  the  balance  of  the  bridge 
siroyed,  and  a  delleclion  is  maiiied  on  the  galvanomeler. 
platinum  strips  are  eicecdingly  minule,  being  in  some 
I  only  th  in.  in  widih,  and  less  than  one-tenih  of  that 
uni  in  thickness-  By  the  aid  of  Ibis  instrument,  Lan^y. 
ling  on  Mount  Whitney,  I  i.ooo  ft.  above  sea-fevel,  discovered 


the  infra-red  porlU 

he  study  oft 

e  latter  he  took  up 

.Sjiofane 

nergy-turve  of  the  s 

be  Imperfect 

ns  of  the  ihermopi 

-ork.  led  him 

about  igSo,  to  the 

orlance  of': 


itirely   « 


uipecled 


lich  he  called  II 


n."     The 


known  before  iSBi  having  a  wave-length  greater  than  r-8  n, 
he  detected  rays  having  a  wave-length  of  j  3  il.  In  (ddition, 
taking  advanlage  of  the  accuracy  with  which  ('be  bolomelei 
can  determine  the  position  of  a  source  of  beat  by  which  il  is 
aRectcd,  he  mapped  out  in  ihii  infra-red  spettnm  over  700 
dark  lines  or  bantls  resembling  the  Fraunholec  lines  of  Ihe  visible 
spectrum,  with  a  probable  accuracy  equal  lo  thai  of.rehned 
asiranomicai  observations.  In  aeronautics  he  succeeded  In 
demonsltaling  the  practicability  of  mechanical  flight.  He  Gni 
undertook  a  preliminary  inquiry  into  the  principles  upon  which 
flight  depends,  and  esUblished  at  Allegheny      


0  make  il  sufGciendy  light 


an  hour.    The 
emptcd.     llw 


le  power  its  machinery  could  develop;  and  u 

ere  built  in  which  trials  were  made  of  stoam,  and  ol  compressCfl 

t  and  catbonic  add  (as  ai  motive  agent*.     About  iSfti  m 


LANGLOIS— LANGRES 


Mbfictvy  midline  wu  ndr.wid  •, 


il  hid  to 


DchedM 


might  be  blowii 


line  CDndilioni  la  be  fulfiUcri. 
Diacfaiiw.  Tben  il  tell.  sbDuJd  f*U  on  wi 
uneiarTicdouIonlheFoloauchvn.MiniejDm  below  Wuhiag- 
tcHL  It  KU  not  (ill  lheiulunina(  iRm  Ibu  in  eflicient  bunching 
ippanKia  was  devised,  and  Ihen  the  mngi  were  found  ikh  la  be 
jlrwig  enough  to  bear  the  pmturea  to  which  they  were  lubjected. 
Variqui  other  dcbyi  and  miihapi  loUowed.  but  ultimatrix.  on 
the  Oth  ot  May  i8«a,  a  sucmslu]  llighl  vu  made.  On  ihu 
day  an  ■eiodrome.  weighing  about  30  lb  and  about  ifi  11,  in 
[ngth,  with  «ring>  meaiuring  bclwnn  11  and  ij  It.  Irom  tip 
to  lip,  twice  nulaiBcd  itsdf  in  the  an  (or  ij  minulci  (the  lull 

on  each  occasion  a  distance  of  over  half  a  mile,  tailing  gently 
into  the  water  when  the  engines  iteppnl.  Later  in  Ibe  same 
year,  on  the  iBth  of  November,  1  limilai  umdrome  licw  about 
ihlTC-quiiten  of  a  nik.  attaining  a  speed  of  jo  m,  an  hour. 
In  iqej  he  eiperimented  with  an  acmdroBic  cap^le  ol  carrying 
1  man,  bat  repeated  accidents  prevented  il  from  being  lauochcd, 
and  finally  Ihrougti  lack  of  lunds  the  eiqierinaents  had  to  be 
afaindoned  without  Ifie  macfiine  ever  having  J>cc[i  tree  in  the 
air  (««  abo  FLtUHT  AND  Flting).  Langlcy  died  on  the  17th  ol 
February  ioc6. 

UMGLOIS,  HIIVOLYTB  (i8j«-  ).  French  genctal,  wiu 
bom  at  Besancoii  in  iSjQ-  and.  alter  passing  lhrau|[h  the  £cDle 
Fldytecbnique,  was  appoinled  ID  the  artillery  as  sub-Ucutenanl 
in  i8;S.  BitaiDing  Ibe  rank  <■(  cnplain  in  iS6t.  He  served  m  the 
army  of  Mela  in  thf  war  ol  1S70.  Eight  yean  later  he  bccinie 
maioT,  in  iS&l  lieutenant-cohinel  aad  in  1888  coloneL  Al  this 
time  hcwas  arointed  proFessD?  of  artillery  a(  the  £colcde  Guerre. 
and  in  this  pent  be  devoted  himself  to  working  out  tht 
piincrplei  of  the  employment  of  field  ailillery  under  the  new 
nwdiliona  of  armament  of  which  he  loresaw  the  idi  — 

pubhc  mull  ol  his  work  was  Ibe  greet  ticaliie  L'A 
(«M^(se(ia«i-itoi).  which  may  slUi  be  regarded  as 
of  the  arm.  In  1844  he  became  general  of  brigade,  and  in  iSqS 
general  of  (fivisjon.  For  two  years  alter  tbis  he  was  the  com- 
piandanL  ol  llie  £cote  de  CucTje  al  the  time  that  the  modern 
Fnnch  stratcgicaJ  and  tactical  "  doctrine  "  was  being  dtvdopcd 
tad  taught.  He  was,  bowcvor,  r^^gorded  as  a  leader  as  well  ai  a 
thnorisl,  uid  in  iqoi  be  was  seleirled  to  command  the  XX.  Army 
Corps  oa  the  Cefnuin  frontier,  popularly  called  (he  "  iron  " 
corps.  In  19m  be  became  a  member  of  the  Conxil  Bup^ricur  de 
la  Client,  consisting  of  senior  genctali  marked  out  for  the  higher 
commands  in  war.  He  retired  from  the  Mljve  list  in  1904  on 
reaching  Ibe  te  limit,  and  devOMd  bimte'I  with  Ibe  grcnlcst 
energy  to  ailieal  military  liieraturt.  In  (007  he  began  thf 
publication  el  a  monthly  journal  of  mUitiiy  art  and  history, 
ibe  KtwM  Mililiiirt  (<H«ra^.  The  mosl  important  of  his  othi-r 
works  are  Eiutigatmails  de  daa  ^Hirrarttiitiei  aad  CoKitqutiun 
lacliifa  da  proi/is  di  I'armemail. 

LAKOPOHT.  a  market  town  in  the  easlcm  parliamenlary 
division  of  Somersetshire,  England,  ij)  m.  E.  of  Taunton  by 
the  Great  Wesltrn  railway.  Pop.  (1901)  Btjo,  It  lies  on  the 
right  (east)  bank  of  the  rivet  Pirret,  near  the  poini  where  that 
river  debouches  from  the  hills  on  to  the  plain  through  vrhicli  it 

Ckne  lothJsanarchway  croifles  the  Toad,  bearing  a  Perpendicular 
building  known  as  the  hanging  chapel.  After  wrvirg  ihis 
purpose  it  housed  first  the  grammar-school  (founded  1675I, 
then  Ibe  Quclwit  muKum,  named  after  John  Thomas  QucUtI 
(iBiS'iS6i)  Ibe  hislologist,  a  native  of  the  lown,  whose  father. 
WIS  master  ol  the  school.  Thehangingchipelifierwirdsbecami- 
'  a  masoitlc  halL  Not  far  diatani  is  the  church  of  Kuish  Episcopi. 
wiib  one  of  the  finest  ol  Ihe  Perpendicular  towers  lor  which 
Somcneishire  is  noted,  l^ngport  hnaconsiderabJegeneraland 
agricultural  Itad*. 

LanEpoil  (t/«i(Vft,  IgnutCTi. lanHBsn) owed  ftsoriglii  tolls 
defenubfepoaiilan  on  a  bin.  and  Its  growlti  10  its  Fadlitiei  for  trade 


of  LiongbtH-th, 

thai  Lanipoct  w»  1  borough  of 


Tu^ 


LAHORBO, 

Oviedo,  in  vw 


only  il  now  held,  on  Ihe  3rd  of  September.  whL 


the  province  ot 
iniry,  on  the  left  bank  ol  Ihe  river  Nilon, 
ana  on  a  orancn  railway  Irom  Oviedo  to  Labiana.  Pop,  (igoo) 
18,714.  In  the  ndghbourbood  large  quantities  of  wheal,  bcm[i^ 
Iruit  apd  cider  are  produced;  and  there  are  imponant  cnl 
and  iron  mtaes.  foundries,  and  lactoiicslorthemanufactureal 

LAHOBBS,  a  town  of  eastern  Fiance,  capital  of  an  arrondiise- 
mcnt  in  the  department  of  HaDle~Marne,  11  m,  S,S.E.  of  Chan- 
mom  on  the  eastern  railway  10  Bdforl.  Pep,  (iQoe)  tow^ 
660j;  commune,  qSqj.  Lingm  stands  at  a  height  ol  some 
1 550  ft,  on  a  jutting  promonlory  of  (be  laUeland  known  as  Ihe 
plileau  de  Langrcs,  and  overlookt  ea^wird  and  westward 
rnprctively  the  valleys  of  the  Mame  and  its  tributary  the 
Bonnelle.  From  the  caihedral  lower  and  the  ramparts  which 
surround  the  town  there  is  an  eilenuve  view  over  the  valley 
of  Ihe  Marrw,  the  Vosgesand  Iht  COte  d'Or,  and  In  clear  weather 
Mt  Blanc  (160  m.  distant)  is  visible.  Thecathedralof  StMunmtt, 
for  the  most  part  in  Ib«  Transilionil  style  ol  Ihe  nth  century, 
hasawestliont  inthcCraeco-Komannlylc  of  the  tSlh  century 
and  a  fine  Renaissance  chapel,  Thechureh  of  St  Mailin  <ijth, 
ijihand  iSth  centuries)  possesses!  figure  of  Christ  ot  Ihe  i6ih 
cvntury.one  of  the  linen  wood  carvings  known.    The  ramparts 

in  the  Roman  period,  is  preserved,  but  is  walled  up.  The 
Tone  des  Moulins  (i;th  century)  is  the  most  interesting  of  Ibe 
other  gates.  The  town  possesses  a  mu^m  rich  fn  Gallo'Romati 
antiquities,  a  picture  gallery  and  an  important  library.  The 
birth  of  Dcnb  Diderot  here  II  commemorated  by  a  statue. 
Langccs  is  the  seal  ol  a  bishop  and  a  sub-prelect;  and  has  tribunals 


well-known  cutlery  and  grind-stones.     Trade  is  bi  grain  and 
other  larm-produce,  live  stock,  wine,  &c. 
Langres,  the  ancient  A  ndtmalnaiim.  was  capital  of  Ihe  Llifna. 

but  was  reduced  to  the  tank  of  cdony  after  the  revolt  of  the 
chief  Sibinus  in  *.D.  71.  The  bishopiic  was  founded  about  100 
and  inihe  middle  ages  Its  holders  became  peers  of  the  realm  and 
enjoyed  the  temporal  power  in  the  town.  In  301  the  Alcmarni 
were  ddcatcd  al  Langres  by  the  Romans,  but  in  the  oeit  century 
it  was  burnt  by  the  Vandals  and  by  Atiila. 

The  "*  plateau  of  Langres"  appears  trequcnily  in  the  military 
hisloryof  the  iBth  and  iqih  centuries  a*  a  dominant  strategic  iMjinI, 
Ihough  its  Impofia nee  as  Kich  ha*  appealed  chiefly  to  iheadvocalei 
of  wan  of  pouiioni  and  passive  defence     The  modera  fonificatteos 

St  MeS^orLiBmvilwTwgh  groui.'d'a£^rihe™fl"enee  ol  ^ 
Mame  and  the  Neuilly  bnoti,  about  s  m,  N.  by  W.  of  ihe  lawn: 
lb)  the  w«t  frDni.  comprisiiig  Humes  bstirry  fj|  m-  N  W,  of 
l.angm).  Fori  de  la  Poinie  de  Diamant.  and  the  rrdoubls  ol 

o^erio^il^'it  ihe'Jeep  vall^  of  the  Mouci?e"brDok  iihii  ftonr  was 

'Fwide'taBori'MllfotD^"4»(jm.  ss'w  ofihetm.i,),a 

CDinmaiidinE  ihe  Chabn-Langrn  road.  Lr  Mont  and  Le 

failly  bsiierin.  Fori  V'nciiitetoriK,  ihcbn,  s  m  S  W,  of  ihe  plair. 

by  Forts  Monilandon  and  Plesnoy  at  I,-.  -^, ,--  ^ —  .. 

ipectivi-iyc^a  lonR  •leep  tid(e.  6  m.  E.  ol  Langres.  ihe  bridges  over 
the  ManKleadinltolheicwarkibeingcommaadedbyFoit  feigney. 


11  (Knt,  mirt 


n» 


LANGTOFT— LANGTON,  S. 


■  mriiatxiiK  hall  imllenit  of  tbt  town;  (i)  Fan  DaiDpinrc.  1  m 
K.£.  ol  (he  lown.  wlikh  comnundt  all  fhe  main  sppcwhs  Imm 
Ibt  mHih,  and  conplnei  the  circle  by  cra«ii1g  itt  brf  with  thu  ol 

UXCTOPT,  PBIER  (d..c.  ijo;).  English  chnnider,  look 
ha  attot  from  Ibe  vilUee  «f  Langiofl  in  Vorluhin,  ind  nai 

■  anon  o(  tbc  Augusiinian  priory  in  Bridlingion.  Hii  nine 
is  al»Q  gTv»n  as  Lingetod  and  Langetos).  He  wrMe  in  French 
VCTH  a  ChrBKUlt  dealing  wiLh  ihe  history  of  Enfbnd  frum  ihe 
carUeMlimei  10  ihe  death  of  Edward  1.  '  "      ' 


three  paita  and  c 


Thg 


etrlier  pan  of  Ihe  Ckrsnicle  a  taken  Inm  CeoRic]'  of  Monr 
ud  other  writen;  lot  the  peiiod  dealing  with  the  reitn  of 
E4ward  I.  Lancloft  ii  a  conlemponirir  and  valiubl*  tulhotily, 
opedalljr  lor  ailaln  in  the  nonh  of  England  and  in  Scoiland. 
Langtoli's  Ckmiidt  scemt  to  have  eajoyed  couidcratile  popu- 
laiiiy  in  tbe  north,  and  the  lailer  pan  of  it  »u  tnnilated  Into 
EDgliibl>yKobenMannyng.iameiiinacalkd  RoheitofBiunne. 
aboui  ijjD.  It  hai  been  edited  for  the  RoUi  Series  by  T.  Wtigbi 
(i«66-i«6S). 

Sec  Wrighi'i  prefarep  aod  ■!»  0.  PrcuoiiN,  Robert  Uonnymi  tf 
BruniK'j  TfArrHIiunt  nn  Ptrrrr  it  Lantblll  Ckmult  umL  th, 
Vt>kall*U!  Btm  Oripnali  [Bi«Iau,  l«9lj. 

LAKOTON,  JOHN  (d.  ijj;),  chanccllar  ot  Etigland  and  biihop 
of  Chichester,  was  a  clerk  in  Ihc  royal  chancery,  and  bccirne 
chancellor  in  iioi.  He  oblaincd  KVeral  ecclesiastical  appoinl- 
nents,  bat  owing  lo  Ihe  cciistance  of  Pope  BoniFac*  VIU.  he 
failed  to  secure  the  bishopllc  ol  Ely  in  iiqS,  althoiigh  he  was 
supponed  by  Edward  I.  and  visited  Rome  to  attain  his  end. 
Rejigning  hit  oQice  i)  chaoceUor  in  t joi,  he  wit  chosen  bishop 
ofChicheflcrin  1305,  and  again  became  chancellor  shortly  alter 
(be  Bcccsion  of  Edward  II.  in  IJ07.  Langlon  was  one  ol  ihe 
"oidainer*  "elected  in  ijio.  and  it  vrai  probably  his connenion 
lis  body  that  led  to  his  losing  iheofTtcc  of  chancellor  about 


medial  ing  b 


:n  the  1 


mplini 


d  Earl  Thoir 
;nEdwa 


ilLincai 


rebellioi 


He  died  in  June  or  July 

university  ol  Oifoid. 

LANDTON,  STBFHEH  (d.  iiiS),  cardinal  and  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  was  tbe  wn  af  English  parcnti;  but  Ihe  dale  and 
place  of  his  binh  are  unknown.  Since  he  became  early  in  bis 
career  a  prebendary  of  Yoik,  and  since  bii  brother  Simon 
(d.  124S)  WIS  etccfed'  to  that  see  in  1115,  we  may  suppose  Ihe 
family  to  have  been  ef  nonhcrn  eilraclion.  Stephen,  however, 
migrated  to  Paris,  and  having  graduated  in  ihat  university 
becams  one  of  lit  most  cckbriled  theologians.  This  was 
probably  ibe  liote  when  he  composed  hit  voluminous  com- 
Ricntiries  (many  of  which  still  eiisi  in  manuscript)  and  divided 
the  Bible  into  chapters.  At  Paris  also  be  com  ratted  the  (riend- 
ship  with  Loihacof  Segni,  thefuiure  Innocent  III.,  which  pbyed 
to  important  a  part  in  shaping  his  career.    Upon  becoming  pope, 

him  at  cardinal-priest  of  S.  Chrysogonui.    Immediately  allet- 

Archbishop  Hubert   Waller    had  died    in    iio^    and    the 

suffragans  of  Canterbury  claimed  a  share  in  choosing  Ihe  new 
primate,  although  that  right  had  been  eadusivcty  reserved  lo 
the  monk*  of  Canierbiiiy  by  a  papal  privilejei  and  John 
supported  tbe  bishopi  ^nce  they  were  prepared  Lo  give  their 
votes  for  his  candidate,  John  de  Gray,  bishop  of  Norwich.  A 
parry  of  Ihe  younger  monks,  to  evade  ihe  double  piessure  ol 
the  king  and  bishopt.  secretly  elected  their  sub-prior  Reginald 
and  sent  him  Lo  Rome  for  conRrmatioa.  The  plot  leaked  out; 
Ihe  rest  of  the  mooks  were  induced  to  ekct  John  da  Cray,  and 
he  loo  was  despalehed  to  Rome.    After  hearing  the  cast  Innocent 

tT.t;'''"'"'"'""™' "'"""""'" '''■*'"■"'''' 


inolCini 


>  France  on  diplomatic  butineH  by  Henry  ^ 


by  Pope  Gregory  IX- 


ilecfared  both  elcciior 

that  a  new  election 


void;  and  with  Jirtin's  (onsenl  otdered 
hould  be  made  in  his  presence  by  Iht 
cpreientatives  01  ine  monks.     The  latter,  having  confessed 
hat  they  had  given  John  a  aecrel  pledge  10  dcct  none  but  the 
lishopof  \orwich.  wen  rdcated  from  the  piomise  by  Innocent, 


_  iteiriien  Lang 

secraled  by  the  pope  on  the  ]7lh  of  June  ijoy.  On  hearing 
ncut  Ihe  king  banished  the  monks  of  Canterbury  and  tod 
a  protest  with  the  p(^,  in  which  he  threatened  to  prevent 
English  appeaii  from  being  brought  to  Rome.  Innocent  rep 
by  laying  England  under  an  inlerdicl  <March  ihS),  and 
communicating  Ihe  king  (November  laoo).  As  John  : 
remained  obstinate,  the  pi^  at  length  invited  the  French  I 
Augustus  to  enter  England  and  depooa  him.     It 


the 


Ihis 


d  Joh 


a  that  he  abould  acknowledge 


a  peaceful  compro 
(Julyiiij)hejho. 
Bul,  unlike  Ihe  poi 
of  poliiicat  giitva 
baronial  opposilioi 


residing  at  Pontigny.  formerly  the  refuge  ol  Becket.    He  bad 
addressed  to  the  EngUab  people  a  dignified  protest  againti  Ihe 

measures.  Bul  be  had  cunsislcoily  adopied  lowaids  John 
.tlilude  u  bis  duly  to  tbe  church  would 
:  than  once  entered  tipon  negolklioiu  fot 
ise.  Immediaiely  after  entering  Encland 
d  his  dnite  for  peace  by  absolving  Ihe  king. 
,  he  gave  ear  to  the  popular  cry  for  redress 
et;  and  peruurd  in  associating  with  ibe 
even  after  he  was  ordered  by  Inooceat 
lem  as  disturbers  of  the  peace.  Langtoa 
encouraged  the  barons  to  formulate  their  demands,  and  is  sard 
10  have  suggested  that  Ihey  should  take  their  sund  upon  Ibe 
charter  of  Henry  I,  It  is  uncertain  what  further  share  be  took 
in  drafting  Magna  Carta.  At  Rurmymede  he  appeared  as  & 
conunissioner  on  the  king^  side,  and  his  influence  must  therefore 
be  sought  in  those  clauses  of  the  Charter  which  diSer  from  Ibe 
origin^  petition  id  the  baiDns  Ot  these  the  most  striking  i* 
that  whidi  confinni  the  "libeniea"  of  Ihe  church;  and  Ihit 
is  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  moderation. 

Soon  after  the  issue  of  the  chaner  Ihe  archbishop  kft  England 
to  attend  Ihe  Founh  Laleran  Couoril.  At  the  moment  of  ha 
dcpanure  be  waa  suspended  by  the  representatives  of  Innocent 
for  noleiifarcTnglhepapalcensumagainst  thabarlins.  Innocent 
confirmed  the  senleoce,  which  remained  in  force  for  two  years. 
During  this  lime  Ihe  archbishop  resided  at  Roma.  He  wax 
allowed  to  return  in  iiiR,  after  the  deaths  of  Innocent  and  John. 
From  that  date  till  Ins  death  he  was  a  lower  of  nrenglh  to  Iha 
nyil  pany.  Through  his  inRuence  Pandulf  was  tEcaUed  la 
Rome  (1111)  and  Honorius  111.  promised  that  do  legato  should 
be  sent  to  reside  in  England  daring  the  archbishop's  lifetime. 
In  iiii.  in  a  synod  hdd  ai  Oscney,  he  prornnlgated  a  set  of 
still  lecogniaed  as  foitnlag  a  part  of  tbe  law  ol  Ibe 


English  Charct: 


Cnnterbury  Cathedral, 
may  still  be  seen. 

The  Buthoriliet  stc  mainly  th 
rcmporary  biography  has  eomedi 


is  little  ii 
,e  9th  of  July  >i 


buiyChmn 


tbe  reign  of  I<4in.    Kocoa- 

UL  Some  Mien,  by  Lugten 

I  qiiarrel  over  bis  eledion  are  pceservedin  ■ 

. ~ W.Sliihb.in  the  ■■  Roll. ■■  edition olC(r«« 


ccniT.^eimiX  Of  (Hxfcrn  >.  _      .. 
Immntlll.  (Hsnburg,  It^l-lSu)!  "* 

buitpi  el  Ctntabrry  (London,  lWo-t8: 

10  the  second  volame  of  tfaftere/Owilry  (~  Rol  _  .. 
VDin  specfal  aKentlon  to  Langloii.  The  MSS.o(L>n«on'twritinn 
are  ii«!«l  in  J.  Bale's  J.^  BriuniBU  icnHsrHi  (ed.  R.  U  t^>i£. 
tmi :  hit  CoiutitHtiDas  an  (xiitsd  m  D.  Wilkui't  Cmcilim,  voL  iL 
(London,  1737).  (H.  W.C.  D.) 

Aroihei  Ensliih  prelate  who  boie  the  name  of  Langion  was 
Tmou.s  LaHCTOK.  Ciihop  e(  Wmchetter.  chatditn  to  Ed«rd  IV. 
In  148J  he  wu  ehowi  bi^  of  St  Davids:  «  t4l<l  he  was twle 
biihop  of  Saliiburv  and  provoit  ol  Queen  1  Collefe,  Oafotd.  and  he 
became  biihop  of  wincherter  in  1493,  In  ijol  he  vai  elected  arch- 
bishop of  Canrediury.  but  he  died  on  the  aTth  of  January  1501, 
before  Ms  tkieiiiin  had  been  ccBirmed. 


LANGTON,-  W.— LANGUEDOC 


i£   uii).  bi^p  d    Lkk&cU  wd 

[]iab*bl]t  *  BUivc  cf  Lanclaa  Wot 

'  ■  dofc  is  llac  nyal  tbtMoty. 

d  Edward  L,  uUnc  pan  ia  tht 

ta  llie  ScwiHli  ihiuac  in  iifi,  ud 


■o  119s,  and  in  iift  biriMft  il  UchMd.     Having   bccaoic 
■upopulu,  Um  bw9M  in  1301  nidy  Mked  Edmid  to  domin 


be  tried  MoK'Popc  Bonibn  VUI.,  wbo  Rfnnd  Iht  «M  (0 
ftinrlitlw.  mUiihtpal  Cultrtwiri  tikt  arthbijbop,  ilibouih 
L»|ioa's  lilcloBi  enmy,  found  hin  iuwcnil,  ud  Ihii  xalnKc 
wu  ooofirincd  by  Bonilkct  in  ijoj.  Thmii^iodt  iIkk  difli- 
cidiioi,  and  ■!■>  dvint  ■  quurd  viih  ihc  princr  of  Wilcv 
aficTvsnb  Edwvd  IL.  Ibc  treamnr  wu  loyaMy  Hippoftcd  by 
Lhc  Uh^  Vuttinc  Pope  Clcmcnl  V,  «i  royiJ  busincs  in  isoji 
LviCloa  appnn  lo  tuve  pcniudcd  CIcmRU  lo  SBpcnd  WiiKhd- 
ta;  itlcT  bis  return  to  En^luid  he  was  tbe  chief  adviscf  oJ 
Edinrd  L,  vbobad  tlTcadyappoiiitcd  lain  the  pDncipalcieculor 
el  bii  will.  Hi*  ivaition,  however,  wu  chin^  by  the  king'i 
death  in  July  I J07'  The  accesatonoi  Edward  II.  uid  Ihc  relura 
of  Langton't  cncniy.  PicB  Cavcaton,  were  quickly  lollawed  by 
the  arreU  of  tbe  bi^p  and  his  rcnuval  fram  aSici.  His  bnds. 
loceihci  with  a  crest  hoard  ol  movable  wealth,  were  sciud. 
and  lie  was  accused  ol  misappTDprialnn  and  verialily-  Id  ifHte 
oftheiDterccssionolClniicnt  V.  and  tvmoIlhctnlDrRlarch- 
biihcip,  Wlnchdsca,  who  was  anxiaus  to  uphold  the  pnvjlizfcs 
of  bis  order,  Langton,  aecused  again  by  the  barons  in  ijoq, 
remained  in  prison  after  Edward^s  surrender  to  the  "  ordiinrn  " 
is  ijio.  He  was  reltastd  in  Jinunry  ijii  and  again  became 
treasurer^  but  be  was  diililced  fay  the  "  ordainer^"  who  forbade 
him  to  discharge  the  duties  ol  his  aSiitt.  Eacommunicated 
by  Winchebea,  he  appealed  to  th«  pope,  visited  hin  31  Avignon, 
and  rxtuTood  to  Eni^and  ilttr  the  archbishop's  dcalh  in  tlay 


of  II 


royJn 
quest  of  pari 
was  buried  id 


.■S.  He 
n  UchbcM  athednl. 
which  was  improved  and  enriched  at  liis  expense.  Laii£1on 
appears  to  have  been  no  idation  ot  his  contcmpocary,  John 
Langlon.  bishop  of  Chichester. 

UMTBY,  ULUB  [iSji-  ),  EnglUi  nctms,  *»  the 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  W.  C.  k  Breton,  dean  ol  Jersey,  and 
□unied  in  1B74  Edward  Langtry  (d.  i597).  For  many  yeirs 
.he  was  famous  as  one  of  the  most  beautilul  women  in  England. 
It  wai  not  tin  iBSi  that  she  definitely  went  on  the  stage, 
appearing  from  that  time  under  htr  own  management  both 
'  '  -     ■        '    .    lo  itgg  the  Duuiied  Sir  Hugo  de 


Bathe,  Ban. 

UHOUAGB  (adapted  fram  the  F>. 
tongue.  Let.  Jiafuii),  the  whole  body  o 

thoughts;  also,  ir 


!■[«((,  fro. 


the  power  of  eipresing  thought  by 
ally  under  fun^ioci,  Phobbtics. 
Voice,  WuiiNC,  CjtAMHAii,  &!.;  and  ihe  arLidc*  on  the 
vaHotia  laitguages,  or  under  headings  of  countries  and  rates. 

UMOUEDOC  one  of  the  old  provincn  of  France,  the  name 
of  which  dales  {rom  the  end  of  the  ijih  (entnry.  In  iiqo  it 
was  used  10  refet  10  tbe  cotinliy  in  whou  tongue  (fanfar)  the 
word  lor  "  ytt  "  wti  ai,  at  opposed  to  the  centre  and  north  of 
France,  the  Ishik  d'lH  (the  evi  of  to.doy).  TcTTiiorially 
Languedoc  varied  considerably  in  eitent.  but  in  grnenl  Irom 
ij6o  until  tbe  French  Revolution  it  birluded  the  territory  i^ 
the  following  depart  menta  ol  modem  France:  part  of  Tarn 
M  Csronne,  Tarn,  most  of  Hauft-GaiWine,  Aritge,  Aude, 
FyrfnfesOrirntala,  Hffault,  Card,  Loita.  part  Ot  Ardfchc 
and  Haulc^toire.  The  eouniry  had  no  naluial  geo^aphical 
unity.  Stretching  over  Ihe  Cevenncs  Into  Ihe  valleys  of  the 
upper  Loirt  on  the  iMrth  and  into  (hat  ot  the  upper  Garonne 
ODihewnt,  il  reached  Ihc  Pyrttien  en  (he  soath  and  IhendKng 


hilb  alai«  iht  Khooe  on  tte  eaal.  Us  udly  wm  tntfady  ■ 
poliiical  creatiot,  hut  none  the  le»  real,  as  H  was  tbe  great  uatc 
of  Lbe  Midi,  the  reyrr unmiveol  its  culture  and,  to  some  degree, 
■be  defence  of  iia  pecDhar  eivilimioei,  lu  dimatt,  i^iecially 
ia  H^ult  (Mootpcllia),  it  apedaHy  ddigbllul  in  speing  and 
early  summer,  and  ibt  sceairy  Uill  holds  cnougti  mined  renaias 
of  Roman  and  (ewlal  tiiaca  to  reczU  tbe  nwance  and  the  tragedy 

AlihDufh  lbe  naiae  is  oi  cooipantrvefy  la£e  medieval  origin, 
the  hsloiy  of  Langaedoc,  whidi  had  Ultte  in  ooatnwa  with  Ibat 
of iiorlbeTnFraiice,beginswilh tbeKomanoccupnlioa.  Toulouse 
was  ao  important  place  as  early  as  119  a.c.;  tbe  ocit  year 
Narbonne,  the  seaport,  became  a  Roman  eoleiiy.  Bythe  tinw 
of  Julius  Caesar  the  coualry  was  suBicienlly  Roanuiiad  to 
furnish  InD  with  men  and  money,  and  tbou^  at  first  Itivutved 
in  tbe  dvil  wars  which  foUowed.  il  proipefed  under  Roman  rule 
Bsperhapsnoolhcrpanof  Iheempindid.  While  it  cDrrespODded 
exactly  to  no  adminislralive  diviuin  of  the  Roiaaa  cnpue, 
it  watapproximatdy  the  territory  indudcd  in  <rffJ<diVar6tirpenT. 
one  olLhe  seventeen  provinces  inio  which  Ihe  empire  was  divided 
at  Ihc  death  of  Augustus.  Il  was  iich  and  fteurisfaing.  cnwded 
wilh  ^xat  and  densely  populated  towna,  Nlmes,  Narbonne, 
BUeis,  Toulouac:  with  tchoob  ol  rhetoric  and  poetry  il>U 
vigoous  in  the  51h  cenluiy;  theains,  anphilhealia  and 
splendid  temples.  In  the  jih  ccatui>  this  high  cultun  was  aa 
open  prise  foe  the  barbarians;  and  after  the  jm?Hpng  of  the 
Vandals,  Suebi  and  Viiigolhsialo  Spain,  Ihe  ViiignUtt  relumed 
luder  Wallia,  who  nude  his  capital  at  Toulouse  in  419.  Thia 
was  Ihe  foundalion  ol  the  Visigothic  kingdom  wbicb  Ckrvit  dis. 
membcred  in  503,  leaving  the  Visigoths  only  SeplimalUB — Ihe 
countiy  ol  seven  cities,  Narbonne.  Carcassonne,  ChK,  Bbins, 
Maguetonnc,  Lodfve  and  Agdc— thai  is,  very  nearly  the  area 
occupied  later  by  Ihe  province  of  Languedoc.  At  Ihe  council 
of  Naihoane  in  jSg  five  races  are  mentioned  aa  living  in  Iha 
province,  VisigMht,  Romans,  Jews — of  whom  ibcre  were  a 
great  many — Syriun  and  Greeks.  The  npube  ol  the  Arabs  by 
Cbaik*  Marlcl  in  7j]  opened  up  the  coanlry  tor  the  Frankish 
conquest,  which  was  completed  by  76g.  Under  the  CandingianB 
Septimania  bccamo  part  of  the  kingdfHW  ol  AqnitaiaCH  but 

Unid  the  oponinl  nl  the  13th  cenluTy  there  b  no  unity  in  the 
hial«y  of  Langoedoc.  Ihe  great  bouses  ol  Toulouse  and  Csl- 
caotonne  and  the  swarm  ol  warlike  counts  and  banns  practically 
ignoring  tbe  distant  king  of  France,  and  maintaining  a  chronic 
Mile  nl  civil  war.     The  feudal  rHime  did  not  become  at  all 

France.   AHodial  tcni 


non-vastal  subjects  ol  the  king, 
were  lillle  Iioubled.  By  the 
house  of  Ihe  counts  of  Toulouw 
It  itie;  but  their  coun  had  been 


its  wenllh.  Constance,  wife  of  King  Robett  II.  and  danghlcr 
ol  the  count  ol  Toulouse,  gave  great  ollcnce  10  Ihe  monks  by 
herlcilowingof  gattanl  gentlemen.    They  01 


iciT>d  p< 


n  blood,  and  tbe  1 


j|  their  dM  lovt 


Mahommedans,  their  neigbboura  and  imenies.  and  thdrliicnda 
when  they  were  not  fighting.  Under  Raymond  of  Saint  CiUes, 
at  the  end  of  the  iTIb  centuiy,  the  county  of  Toulouse  began  its 
great  career,  but  Raymond's  ambition  to  become  an  OTientM 
prince,  which  led  bin^^and  the  hundred  tboiusnd  men  who, 
aceoiding  to  Ihe  chranideis,  foUowed  bim— away  on  the  hrst 
crusade,  left  a  troubled  heritage  to  his  sons  BcTlrand  and  Alpbonae 
Joordain.  The  latter  succemfully  beat  oli  William  IX.,  duke 
of  Aquitainc-and  woq  irom  the  count  of  Barcelona  that  pan  of 
Provence  between  the  DrAme  and  the  Durance.  Hw  tcign  of 
Alphonse  lasted  front  1100  to  114S.  By  the  opening  of  tba 
ijth  eentuiy  the  soveteigniy  ol  the  counts  of  Tnuloute  was 
irengniinl  ihiciu^  about  hall  of  Rmvence.  ond  they  held  ih* 
rich  cities  of  the  tnsal  cultun^  and  wealiUeai  portion  ot  FMncc, 


LANGUEDOC 


by  Llw  birbaruji  uivaAkms  [ram  Uh  Roman  penocl.  Tbe  cilizciis 
of  Vheu  im  ciLia  were  Id  conlinuil  intercoune  with  Sancna 
of  PakaEine  «Dd  Moon  of  Spain;  Itiey  had  never  entirely 
■tandojied  pagan  CLSIoms;  IhcLr  poclry — Lhe  poetry  of  Ifv 
IraulMdotin — taught  then  the  joyi  of  iile  lalhei  thin  Lhe  fear 
of  doth,  tbe  Licence  of  ibcir  chiviliy  with  iti  awiu  of  love 
kd  to  tile  Dliier  ealieme  of  aaccliciun  in  luch  aa  were  of  reti|^ui 
ngi  a>mbLned  to  malte  languedoc  the 
. .  Tbe  Church  never  had  tbe  hold  upon 
the  MUDlry  thai  it  bad  in  the  north,  the  people  of  the  Midi  were 
alwA>a  Zukcwarm  in  llw  faith;  there  waa  no  Kleworthy  ecdni- 
lUical  literature  in  Latiguedoc  fn>m  tlx  end  of  tlie  Cuolingian 
peiiod  until  alter  the  Albigcntian  (rtitade,  no  tbeoki^Ril  ctntic 
like  Parit.  Bcc  or  Laon.  Yel  Langucdoc  fBtnitbcd  the  mon 
heroic  maclyis  ioi  the  amiic  Mtmichiieaii  trnd  Tlie  eta  of 
herny  began  with  the  preaching  of  Pelcr  de  Brucys  and  his 
follower.  Uenry  ol  Lauuiuie,  whs  emptied  the  churches  and 
taught  conlempl  lor  lhe  clergy,'  Saint  Bernard  bimiclt  was  able 
to  make  but  temporary  hladmay  agaiiiBt  ibit  tebcUion  tioni 
~ n  the  fii 


^  ijtb  « 


le  the  ir 


.    Tbe 


Foia,  Montpellicr  and  Qucrcy,  was  in  open  andicomfulaeceiaHnt 
front  he  Citlulic  Church, and  tbeiupprcsion  of  Ihii  Uanichaean 
«  C^lbar  reljgian  waa  the  end  of  the  brillianl  culture  of 
Languedoc.  (See  Albicehses,  Cjhruh.  Imquieitiom.)  The 
cmadeagain3ltheAlbigensn,aa  the  Calhan  were  locally  termed, 
in  IJ09,  roulted  in  the  union  to  the  crown  of  France  in  iiiq 
of  all  the  country  from  Carcaiunne  to  tbe  Rhone,  thui  dividing 
Uaguedoc  into  two.  Tbe  western  part  left  to  Raymond  VIi„ 
by  the  treaty  of  tttq,  included  the  Agenais,  Quercy,  Rouergue, 
the  Toulausain  and  southern  Albigeoii.  He  bad  at  well  the 
VcnaisKQ  iciOB  the  Rhone.  From  iiiv  to  hii  dciib  in  114a 
Raymond  VII.  worked  tirelessly  to  bring  back  prosperity  to 
bis  ruined  country,  encouragiog  the  foundation  ol  new  ciiin, 
and  allempling  to  gain  leconciligtion  with  the  Church.  He 
left  only  a  daughter,  Jeanne,  who  mu  married  to  Alphonse 
ol  Foitien.  jUp^nse,  a  sincere  Calbolic.  upheld  the  Iniruiiilion, 
but,  although  ruling  the  country  from  Paris,  maintained  "peace. 

their  return  from  the  crusade  in  Africa,  in  1171,  and  although 
she  Bltemptcd  by  will  10  prevent  tbe  reversion  of  her  lands  to 
the  crown,  tbey  wei«  pmmpily  seiled  by  King  Philip  111.,  who 
used  Ih*  opposilian  of  K(«er  Bernard,  count  ol  Foil,  a>  an 
excuse  to  appear  whb  a  formidable  umy,  which  bad  tittle  to 

passed  to  the  ctown,  though  Philip  III.  turned  over  the  Agcrtais 
to  Edward  I.  of  England  in  ii7!l.  h  iiT4  he  ceded  tbe  county 
of  Venaissin  to  Pope  Gre^iry  X..  the  papacy  having  claimed 
h.  without  le^  gisunds,  sioce  lhe  Albigcniian  crusade  (see 
Avicnoh). 

Such  wu  the  fau  of  the  lednced  county  of  Touhnae.  At  the 
diviiioa  ol  Langucdoc  in  1119  Louis  IX.  was  given  all  the 
country  from  Carcanonne  to  tbe  fihone.  This  loyal  LangueJoc 
waa  at  first  subject  to  much  trickery  on  the  part  ol  norlbern 

royal  nfnAciiri,  much  like  Charlemagne's  Run  rfniiHici,  to 
(•rrect  all  abuses,  e^icrislly  to  inquire  concerning  peculiiioD 
by  royal  aijenU.  On  the  basb  of  their  investigations  the  king 
issued  royal  edicts  in  1154  and  1359  which  organiied  the  admini- 
stration of  tbe  province.  Two  Vtifeihiaiija  were  created — 
one  at  Nlmes,  the  other  at  Cirosnnne — each  with  its  lesser 
divisions  of  ngiaria  and  bailliatB.  During  tbe  teign  of  Philip 
III.  the  tKfuliairi  were  busily  employed  securing  justice  for 
the  conquered,  preventing  the  leiiure  of  lands,  and  in 
a  supreme  court  of  justice  was  established  at  Toulouse 
IJBi  Philip  IV.  convoked  the  estates  of  Languedoc.  but  in  the 
cestui^  which  followed  they  were  lest  an  insLnimeal  fin 


(k  securing  money,  thus  aitHng  tbe 
ta^nllatri,  who  during  Ibe  Hundred  Yeats'  War  became  mere 
revenue  huntera  for  tbe  Ung,  In  13SJ  the  Black  Prince  led 
a  aavage  plunderiug  raid  across  Ibe  coontry  to  Narbonne, 
Alter  the  battle  of  Poitiers,  Languedoc  supported  the  count 
of  Armagoax.  but  ibere  was  no  enthusiasm  for  a  national  cause. 
Under  Charia  V.,  Louis  of  Anjou,  tbe  king's  brother,  waa  governor 
of  Languedoc.  and  while  an  active  opponent  oC  the  En^irii,lK 
drained  the  country  ol  monoy.  But  his  eitonions  were  tBrpasted 
by  iboie  of  umber  brothel,  the  due  de  Beny,  after  tbe  death 
olChorlet  V.  In  ijSaand  13S]  Ibe  infuriated  peasantry,  abetted 
by  Bsnw  nobles,  tote  in  a  rebellion —  known  as  the  Todiln* — 
which  was  put  down  with  frightful  botcbery,  while  slQI  greater 
sums  were  denuded  from  the  impoveiisbed  tmnlry.  In  the 
anarchy  which  foUoved  brigandage  increased.  Redren  diit 
not  coine  until  i4ic^  when  the  dauphin,  afterwards  Chatles  VII., 
came  to  Languedoc  and  reformed  the  administration.  Then  the 
country  he  saved  furnished  him  with  the  means  for  driving  out 
the  English  in  tbe  north.  For  the  first  time,  in  the  cllmu  of 
its  miseries,  Languedoc  was  genuinely  united  to  France.  But 
Charles  VII.  was  not  able  to  drive  out  the  brigands,  and  it 
was  not  until  after  lhe  £n^isb  were  expelled  in  1453  thai 
Languedoc  had  even  comparative  peace.  Charlel  VIL  united 
Comminges  to  the  crown;  Louts  XI.  RoussiBon  and  Cerdagne, 
both  o(  which  were  ceded  to  Aragoo  by  Chirlel  Vlll.  as  the 
prrce  of  in  neutrality  during  hii  eipediliOn  into  Italy.  From 
[he  reign  of  Louis  XI.  until  isijlhegovemorshipof  lAHguedoc 
was  hrid  by  tbe  bouse  ol  Bouibon.  After  the  Irttson  ol  the 
constable  Bouibon  it  was  held  by  the  Montmorency  family 
with  but  aliiht  inlemibiion  until   iftji. 

Languedoc  orthotSai.      Peneculion 


The 
had  succeeded.    Tlte  Inquisition  had  had 
and  tbe  dtles  wliicb  had  been  centres  1 ' ' 
onhodoi.    Toulouse  was  one  of  the 
cities  in  Eurcfie.  and  reniained  so  In  V 
ism  gained  ground  rapidly  in  Ibe  olhi 
by  I  ste  the  majority  of  the  popolaiicm  iias  Protesunt. 
however,  partly  a  political  protest  against  the  mlsnile  of  Ihi 

Guises.    The  op  

the  edict  of  Ni 
accompanied  wi 

The  mainligURintbb  period 
seigneur  de  Damville, ' 


igiy 


conflict  came  in  ] 
3  dsoS)  there  w 


nt  dvil  * 


>iS77,a5 


thert  was 


Hensf  de  Montmorency, 
ducde  MontmoreiHy.govemoTof  the 
laa,  at  first,  hostile  to  the  Protestants, 
eadeioftbe"  Potfii^i,"  an  advocate 
was  hardly-ever  established,  tlihoegh 
for  the  ploughing.     By  the  edict  of 


Henry  IV,  In  r6)o  the  Protestants  in  Languedoc  lose  under 
Henri,  due  de  Rohan  {tSTO-ifija).  who  for  Iws  years  ikfied 
the  power  of  Louis  XIII.  When  Loub  took  Monlpdlier  h>  iftif. 
he  attempted  to  reconcile  the  Calvinisls  by  bi5bes  of  money  and 
ogke.  and  left  Montauban  as  a  city  ol  rrfnge.  Richelleu't 
extinction  of  HuguenOlism  is  lest  the  history  of  Ltngwdoc 
than  of  the  Huguenots  (q.v.y  By  161$  Proieslanllira  nai 
crushed  in  tbe  Midi  as  a  poiilical  force.  Then  followed  the 
tragic  episode  of  Ibe  rebellion  of  Henri  11.,  due  de  Montmorency, 
son  of  the  old  governor  of  Languedoc.  As  a  result,  Languedoc 
hitt  its  okl  provincial  privilege  of  self-aasessmenl  until  1649, 
and  was  placed  under  the  governorship  ol  Marshal  Schomberg. 
During  Louis  XIV. 's  reign  Languedoc  fvoifxred  until  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  Industries  and  agriculture 
were  encouraged,  rotdt  and  bridgtt  were  built,  and  the  great 
canal  giving  a  water  route  from  the  Aibniic  10  lhe  Mediiemnean 
increased  the  trade  of  its  cities.  Colbert  especially  ennunged 
its  manulactuTit.  Tbe  religious  persecutions  which  accompanied 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  bore  hardest  on  Lsngucdoc, 
and  resulted  in  a  guerilla  warfare  known  as  the  rebellion  ol  the 
Camiiuds  (T.V.).  On  the  eve  of  the  Rivolutlon  come  of  the 
*      '      ~  id  pfosperlty  which  surprised 


LANGUET— tANlHR 


IB  mtp  at  FnnCB, 
d  pnvincoi  ud  tb*  dclkutaMots  racaticiKd 
took  iu  pbce.  Bm  tbe  pecuUu  chancuriuk*  «(  tbt  men 
ol  Ik  Hiili  liMiia  ■(  ckuly  diMiact  fNoi  tboM  of  Ifaa  north 
utbeSoottnkQ'paiidiHtDCtfnBtlwEnilkh.  TlM"pMnAd 
''*'"*  idabfroBcn  la  lb*  ninuMt 

d  PvUun  tlw  MMO  vlrit  of 


_^ _ _m Claude  Devicasd  Dm}?].  ViuKlE.i/ubHiifairab 

it  la  frmmade  Lmitpiedtc  is  yiii»,,Pmm,t7W-l7^).  ThitnubecA 
rt-<dLt«i,  uiii  conliDued  And  incrtMed  by  ib«  additiafl  ti  LmpoiUnt 
aoHfnplii.  to  ij  Hdunea  (Toi^Diue.  1871-1)91).  It  is  the  (Rat 
tbrxry  ol  ■oorm,  crilkal  tppmntta  Hud  blbliocnphicB  cononiiDg 
Luwuvdoc.  and  ouria  Uv  niAorv  up  to  1790-  TW  fiiw  vticw 
-  Linpiedoc  "  in  £41  Cnnii  Eaty^P""  i>  bj  A.  Molinicr.  pcihsps 
ibc  tnatat  Bodan  utliolity  on  iJiBEiKdac.  (J.  T.  S.*) 

UVGTTET,  HDBBKT  (1518-1581),  French  Huguenot  wriltr 
uxl  dipktnMLl,  wu  bom  it  Vittaux  in  Burgundy,  of  whicb 
town  Ids  fithcT  wu  ^vcnwr.  He  rrcdvcd  hii  urly  education 
[rom  a  dbtinguiihed  HeUeniit,  Jean  Feiillc,  uid  displayed 
imukahle  ibiLty  in  Creik  and  Latin.  Kt  studied  taw,  theology 
and  science  at  tbe  univeisity  of  Poltiera  irom  IS36  lo  1539; 
Ibeii.  alter  Bne  (Tavtl,  Uleoded  the  lUlivcnities  o(  Bok^pia 
and  Padua,  receiving  the  doctorate  [lom  the  latlei  In  1548. 
At  Bokigna  he  read  Melancbthon^a  £or»  commitna  tkaitgiat 
and  iraa  10  impressed  by  il  thai  in  1549  be  >vtat  lo  Wittenberg 
(o  we  the  author,  and  ihoitly  aflciwudi  becune  a  ProlatanL 
He  made  Ui  headquanns  at  Wiiteaberg  uBiil  tbe  death  of 
HelanchthoD  in  1560,  altbougb  during  that  period,  as  well  *• 
thnHighoDt  tbe  reit  ol  bii  life,  be  treveHed  eitensvely  in  &asce, 
Italy,  Spain,  Gentiany,  Sweden,  and  even  Finland  and  Lapland. 
In  1557  be  dedined  the  inflation  of  OueIivtb  L  to  enia  the 
service  of  Sweden,  but  two  yeais  later  accepted  a  siDiifar  iovili- 
lioB  ol  AuguiltB  I.,  (lector  of  Satony.  He  aboaed  great 
ability  in  diplomscy.  pankularly  in  organising  the  Protestatiti. 
He  repnieiUed  the  tleciac  at  tbe  French  court  Iran  1561  to 
1571  eitepl  when  the  religious  anJ  pob'licsl  iroublei  in  France 
occasionally  compelled  hJm  temporarily  to  withdraw.  He 
performed  mm;/  minor  diplomatic  missions  [«  the  elector, 
and  in  1 567  acc^npanied  him  to  the  uege  of  Ck>tha.  He  delivered 
a  violenl  batangue  before  Charles  DC.  of  France  In  1 570  on 
behalf  of  the  Protestant  princes,  and  escaped  deilh  on  St 
Bartholomew's  Day  (1571)  only  through  the  intervEntion  of 
Jean  tie  MorviSien,  Ihn  moderate  and  influential  bishtf^  of 
Orleans-  He  represented  tho  elector  ol  Suony  at  the  imperial 
.    Financial  embarrassment  and  disgust 


in  which  be  wi 


pate  caused  him  to  seek  recall  Iroia  t!ie  imperial 
requfst  being  gruted,  Languet  spent  tbe  lut  yeoK  of  his  ti!e 
mainly  in  the  Low  CDUDliies,  and  though  nominally  (till  in  the 
lervice  of  the  elector,  he  undertook  a  mission  to  England  for 
Joba  Caslmir  of  Bavaria  and  was  a  valuable  adviser  to  William 
the  Silent,  prince  of  Orange.  Languet  died  at  Antweip  on  the 
jolh  of  September  1581. 

His  corrnpandenre  is  importaiit  for  the  history  ol  tbe  i6lb 
century.  Ttuee  hundird  and  Iwcnty-fllne  letter*  to  Augustus  of 
Sxiumy  dating  from  the  iTlh  of  November  1565  to  the  Mi  of 
Se^xenberi  jSt.  and  DM  hundnd  aad  devea  lectefi  to  the  chaiKelk>r 
Uoedeisn  daiini  fran  Novuibcr  ig»  to  the  umner  of  ijfis,  are 
Die«rved  in  MS.  In  the  Sa»7ai^ive*.  and  wen  wbliSnl  by 
LudovkBi  at  HaUe  la  1699  under  the  title  Xremu  laiiti  JKimi  mil 
One  hoadred  and  elgfat  tetters  to  Camenifui  weir  publidied  at 
Graaiagea  la  1(46  aeder  tW  tiik  laaHKi  Spiiulai  U  JowK 
CawKTttiitm,  taimi  ttfilMm-.  and  oinety-w  lo  kit  frmt  friend  Sir 
Philip  Sidney,  dating  froni  the  »nd  of  April  lijx  to  the  iBih  of 
Octoea  is>0.  spiicand  at  Frankfort  in  leu  and  have  been  mnc 
bted  into  Ei^lahby  S.  A.  Peat*  (London.  1S4S).  The  HiiUna 
D<«n^4<tMiieBeaBda|iono[CiiUia  appeared  in  ijesand  has 
Imn  tnuulated  Into  FRodi  and  Cennaa.  The  aulhonhip  of  ihe 
worli  by  which  Languet  is  best  knoon  has  been  diqiuled.  It  is 
tetitM  Viail^at  caum  lyranui.  list  di  frindfii  u  pcpiJxm 
ftpali^u  n  frlKciftm  tifilima  palaMt.  Slrpianit  Jam'ii  Bmu  CrOa 
maaoH,  aod  is  Ihoaght  to  have  been  published  >t  Basel  (1379} 


ahkangh  it  beui  the  lOBHnitd  Bil 
10  Bcaa,  Hotiaaa.  Cuaubonaod  Dt-r. 

auHwrityof  Cnitiui.  Tbe auibordiip of  LaoguK was snp^ined l^ 
Peief  Biyk:  (lei  irawna  Hated  (■  she  torn  a)  ■  •applemeni  to  ibi 
Diiti^mmrt) and maJnaed Ity anmically all  Isler witten.  Thewwfc 
has  been  [Rqunlhr  lepilnted,  tha  l^png  editioa  (It^fi)  conl«a>i« 
a  life  of  Languet  by  Treitschke.  A  nench  uaadaliao  ipnared  in 
IS«i  and  an  Engtlih  transladon  la  1689.    The  work  up£^s  Ibe 


el*  to  •aytUag  which 
■wi,    -nalt3«s« 


, cJtKs 

, hetoeilhtraf  laa»iwl(Ciwv»gPrfBaterer. 

IrcMf^  at  of  Ktm  dtVOtten  {Motley,  XiH  <^  ikf  J>Mcl  AMiUk  1 

See  Ph.  de  h  Man,  Pie  iRuiot  Laapul  (HaDe,  1700} :  E.  and 
E.  Haag,  U  Fnmu  fnUMmu;  H.  Chrvreul.  HMiH  Until  (l^ria. 
I«5J) ,  J.  BhueL  Hmtrrt  tamfi^  (Bre^u.  1871) ;  O.  Sehota.  UaiHt 
Lantmi€  «ii  kuriiliiinlir  BtrirUirilmltrT  m.  CuH^Mr  n  Fnattrriit 
vHirrwd  ijSo-is?'  tHaSe,  1873);  C.  Toucbard.  Zle  pUiUca  auiaH 
Laniueti  (Paiii.  1S98).  There  H  a  gi^  anicle  on  Languet  by  P. 
Twiadcen  in  Hawk's  SaJ-BiKjUtfiiit,  3rd  ed.,  iL  374.180. 

URBDB,  one  td  tlK  two  Hindu  names  (the  other  being 
Utaammi)  of  the  sacred  Indian  monkey  scientifiFaUy  Iidowd  as 
StmiwtMeaii  twItUui,  and  hence  atimeliraes  called  the  entellin 
tBOokey.  A  prodlgioaly  long  tail,  beetling  eyebrows  with  long 
Mack  habs,  Uuk  ears,  face,  feet  ai>d  hands,  and  a  general 
greyiab-btowB  odour  ol  Ibe  fUt  tie  Ibe  datinctive  characteristics 
o(  tbe  langur.  These  moakey*  roam  M  will  in  Ibe  baiaan  si 
Hindu  ddes,  where  they  hdp  themsetves  freely  from  the  stores 
of  the  giain-deaten,  and  they  are  kept  Id  munben  at  the  great 
temple  In  Benaits.  In  a  aoolarical  sens  tbe  term  it  extended 
to  embrace  iB  the  mo&ey*  of  the  Asiatfe  gena*  .^earMfifjUciir, 
which  iDdudet  ■  large  number  ef  tpedes,  ranging  from  Ceykn, 
Iitdia  tod  Kaifcmii  to  •tmtbem  Oiina  and  the  Malay  countria 
■sfareattaiBvDeotadSanaltt.  These  Bioakeys  are  diaracter- 
iad  by  tbdr  btak  bodies,  long  deader  Embt  and  tail,  well* 
deveti^cd  IhuEBbs,  absence  ot  ehcA-poiuJH,  and  complei 
stoeucbt.  Tbey  feed  on  leaves  and  yoangthooti.  (S.L.*) 

LAM  vm  VnUHBVM,  HiUHlin  (1449-1540), 
German  statesman  and  eccleshstic,  vti  the  son  of  a  burgher  of 
Aupburg.  He  afterwards  assumed  tbe  name  of  WeUenburg 
from  a  castle  that  came  into  his  pcosession.  After  studying  at 
Ingobtadt.  Vieoaa  and  TBbtngen  he  entered  tbe  service  of  the 
emperor  Frederick  111.  and  qinchly  made  his  way  to  the  front. 
He  was  alto  one  ol  ibe  most  tni$led  advisers  ol  Frederick's  son 

1 500  with  tbe  provostahip  of  the  calbcdial  at  Augsburg  and  in 
tbe  foUowing  year  with  the  biibi^ric  of  Cuik.  In  1511  be  waa 
made  a  cardinal  by  Pope  Julius  It.,  and  in  1514  he  became 
coadjutor  to  the  aichbishop  of  Salzburg,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1519.  Hr  also  received  tbe  bishopric  ol  Cartagena  in  Murda  in 
1511,  and  that  of  Alhano  In  1535.  ling's  adherence  to  thedder 
faith,  together  with  his  pride  and  arrogance,  made  hib  very 
nnpopular  hi  hit  diocese  of  Salsburg;  in  1513  he  was  involved 
in  a  Krioui  itrug^  with  his  subjects,  and  In  ijij,  during  the 
Pcasants'War,  he  had  again  to  fight  hard  to  hdd  his  own.  He 
was  tax  ol  tbe  chief  ministers  ol  Charles  V.;  he  played  an 
impMtant  part  In  the  tangled  International  negotiations  ot  his 
time;  and  be  was  always  loyal  to  his  inpcrisl  masters.  Not 
without  reason  has  he  been  compared  •'itb  Csidioal  Wolscy.  He 
died  OB  tbe  jwh  of  March  1S40. 

UniK,  mWIT  (i84>-i88i),  Amerhan  poet,  was  bom  at 
HacHi,  GeorglB.  on  the  3nl  of  Febroary  1841.  He  wa*  it 
Huguenot  descent  on  his  lalher'i  >Jde,  and  of  Scottish  and 
Virginian  on  hla  mother's.  F^m  chDdbood  be  wss  pasBonately 
fond  of  music  His  subaeqaent  mastery  of  the  flute  helped  to 
support  him  and  grrtttly  Increased  his  rc^nitation.  At  tbe  age  of 
fourteen  he  entered  Oglethorpe  College,  when,  after  graduating 
with  disllnctiDn,  he  held  a  tutorship.  He  enlisted  In  the  Con- 
in  April  i«4i,  servin    "      "    "" 


Atom  Ibb.tinB  Uw  £m  va^teaB-<S  amramptlai)  ippcued. 
He  ittbacquendy  isTEd  in  ■  blodrndt-nitincr,  bat  hii  vcsel  wu 
captured,  uul  be  wu  coDEned  for  fivg  montlu  in  t,  F«knl 
ptiwn,  lui  Bute  itrovuv  tbe  bat  ol  cnqptniaoi.  Eichuged 
ttj\y  in  1865,  be  Kvtcil  bisiia  on  toot,  uilving  [n  m  Uite  ol 
mbiuition  that  led  to  ■  severe  Utnefo.  In  1S6;  be  veiled  New 
York  in  coimeilon  wilh  hi)  novel  Tit"  t£Hu— «n  inmuluie 
mttk,  duliug  in  put  with  bii »((  eipcricnces,  ud  now  difficult 
lo  oblain.  Lalei  in  tbe  uiDe  year  lie  look  cbugc  tt  1  cousliy 
idwol  in  Alabuni,  and  vu  muvied  to  Miss  Mary  Diy  gf  bii 
utive  town,  lite  next  yeac  he  relumed  ID  Macon  In  low  heallb, 
and  bcpn  to  itiiiy  and  pnictue  Uw  wiib  bii  faLho.  In  1S71 
be  wint  10  Texu  (h  fak  balih,  bui  mi  lonKd  to  KtuTB.andhe 
•ecund  IB  cmmment  u  fm,  flute  In  the  Feabody  concerts  at 
BattiOM*  (December  iR;j).  He  wrote  1  guide-book  lo  Florida 
(iStIS},  and  tales  (or  bojii  [roe  Fioiuut,  Miloiy,  the  Mabinogion 
and  Pcny't  JUifKI  (iStB-iSBi>.  He  now  nude  congenial 
ftlenda,  tnch  as  Bayard  Tayhv,  bla  reputation  graduiUy  in- 
ttesjed,  and  he  waa  enabled  to  iludy  music  and  liieraiure, 
especially  AngJo-Saion  poetry.  In  i8j6  be  wrote  his  ambitious 
cantata  for  tbe  Centennial  Exhibition,  and  brought  his  family 
north.  A  small  volume  o£  vena  appeued  in  the  next  jari^.  In 
lS]9  be  was  made  lecturer  on  Eoclish  literature  at  Johns  Hopkins 

Eailisk  Vau  (iS&>]~bia  mot  important  pnae  work,  and  aa 
admirable  diacuxdon  of  the  relations  of  nu^c  and  poetry— ^tnd 
alio- of  his  E'^Uh  Nmd  (New  York,  iSSj),  wbich,  devoted 
larffcly  to  George  BUel,  is  suggestive,  bqt  one-fidrd.  Work  liad 
to  be  abaodeued  oa  acauDl  of  growiiic  feeUenuss,  and  in  the 
ipiiiig  of  iSSi  be  vu  cwiied  to  Lynn,  North  Carnlina,  to  try 
camp  life,  and  died  tbere  on  tbe  )lli  of  Septeaiber.  Smcc  bis 
death  hii  fante  has  grown  steadily  and  greatly,  an  enlarged  and 
finaledition[iA&4)of  his  poems,  prepared  by  bis  wife,  bJ^lxUtrtr 
1S66-1SS1  (iSm),  and  several  yolumca  of  miscellaneous  prase 
having  assisted  i&  keeping  his  name  befota  tbe  public.  A 
po»thumoui  work  on  Shakiftrt  uid  kit  Fmnmnat  fLondoi^ 
a  vols.,  igoi}  was  edited  t^'  H.  W.  Lanier.  Amoag  bi*  more 
Dotcwtotby  poenu  an  "  Com, "  "  Tbe  Revenge  of  Hamiata," 
"  Song  o[  the  Cbaltabaachce  "  ■«d  "  Tbe  Uaisbek  of  Glyini." 
By  some  hi*  genius  is  regarded  at  muucal  rather  than  poetic,  and 
bii  style  ia  considered  taeciici  by  oibeti  be  is  hekl  10  b*  one  of 
tlie  most  original  and  most  talented  of  modem  American  poeia. 
Be  is  coniidncd  the  leading  wriltt  of  tbe  New  SouU),  ibtgreateat 
Souiheni  poet  since  Foe,  and  a  mu  ol  benuc  ii>d  toijuisite 
character. 


LANJUINAIS— tANNES 


IiHint,".l7  WIlKli 


in  fl>y< 


Wwd.  [ 


o  (tie 


r  iHa-iISi  (iM).  Rhud  by 
E^  Hilnk.SidmnLMiiitr  (1905). 


^  by  M™»an  Citl; 


tW.  P.  T.) 
LUOTDfAIS.   out   D8RIS,    Cons   (tJUiSai].   Fnoch 

SUlician,  vat  bom  at  Renne*  (lUe^t-Vilains)  on  tto  iilfa  of 
ucb  i]5j.  After  a  brilliant  coUei^  career,  wbicb  made  him 
doctor  of  laws  and  a  qualified  barriidc  at  ninEteen,  be  h*> 
tppnalcd  coBDsel  to  the  Bretoii  eaiatesaodio  177;  proIiMotof 
ecdesiasliciJ  li>  at  Rennes.  At  this  pmiod  be  wrote  two 
Impoilant  works  which,  owing  to  tbe  disUactod  state  ol  public 
•fiaiis,  remained  uapubbshed,  tmsHluiitrici  jurit  tuitimlici 
and  PmiaUima  jiirii  accfeittuJKk  He  had  begun  his  caiea  at 
Ihc  bar  by  pleading  against  the  feudal  iroU  iu  niomin^,  and 

1 7S0  he  demanded  the  abc^Uoa  of  Debility  and  the  substitution  ol 
(be  liile  at  king  of  the  Freock  and  the  Navarrcae  for  lung  tt 
France  and  Navarre,  and  hdped  toettabUsb  the  drQ  raaatilulion 
of  the  dergy.  Returned  to  Ihc  Cooventioa  la  S^tember  i]«i 
be  developed  moderate,  even  reactionay  vieHB,  becomleg  one 
Of  the  £erc<at  t^ponents  of  the  Uounlain.  (bough  be  never 
wavered  in  his  luppon  of  republican  prlndplei.  Be  refused  to 
*o(i  for  (be  death  of  Louis  X\l..all(^ng  that  tbe  nation  bad  no 
light  lo  dopalcb  a  vanquished  ptisoner-  His  daily  attai^a  on 
the  Mountain  naulted,  on  the  ijlb  of  April  i/gj.  in  a  iVrwirt 


by  tbe  comnuBe  toe  U»  cxdodon  tiMn  Ibc  UKBbly.  but,  «^ 
daunted,  when  the  Parisian  pT"iTnT  invaded  the  Chavber  oa 
the  ind  of  June,  I,anjuinaiB  naewod  hJadeSaaoa  •!  tha  vidcnout 
party.  Plactd  under  arroX  with  ibe  CiroodiDs,  k*  escaped  U 
ReaiKi  where  he  drew  iqi  a  pamphka  deaouacbig  tke  Consti  tutun 
of  iiQ]  under  Ibe  curious  title  U  Danitt  Crimt  it  Lanjiiiuaii 
(Reoaca,  1743).  PuoDed  by  J.  B.  Carrier,  mho  was  <aal  U 
stamp  out  Teatsianct  in  tbe  west,  be  layhiddcn  until  some  time 
afta  Iba  sevolutioa  of  Thermidor  (Jvlr  '704).  but  be  was  re- 
admitted lo  the  CoaventioD  on  Uw  Sib  of  March  iios.  He 
maintained  bis  liberal  and  independenl  altitude  hi  tbe  CodscH 
dca  Anciens,  tbe  Senale  and  the  Chamber  of  Peers,  being  proident 
of  lbs  upper  bouse  during  the  Hundred  Days.  TogMlier  with 
C.J  B- Target, J  £-M.  Potlalisandolbenhcrouirdcdundeiihe 
empire  an  academy  of  legislation  in  Paris,  bimsdf  lecturiiig  oo 
Roman  law.  Qosely  associated  with  orieolal  sibolats.  and  a 
keen  student  of  oriental  religions,  he  entcnd  the  Aodtoy  ol 
Inscriptions  in  iSoS.  After  the  Bourbon  restoration  LaDJuIub 
consistently  defended  the  principles  of  conslilutionalninnirch]', 
but  moat  ol  bis  time  was  given  to  religious  and  political  subjetls. 
Besides  many  conttibulions  to  periodical  liienture  he  wnte, 
among  other  works,  Cttuliluiimt  it  la  MJieii/riinfai»(iSig)i 
AtfrtciaiioH  ia  fict  it  M  rdaiij  am  trail  cmattdBlr  {iM, 
eth  ed.  1817),  is  defence  of  GalUcanisra;  and  Sluia  Hi- 
p-afkiqiui  iHiUtraira  inf  AKioini  Attuaili,  P.  Niuli  tl  Jaeifta 
ItHtir  (1813).    He  died  in  Paris  00  tbe  ijih  of  January  1817. 

Hb  ton,  VicToi  Ahbboise,  Vicoute  m  LANtuiHAts  (iSei- 
laiiti),  Wju  also  a  poLlician,  becoming  a  deputy  in  1S3S.  HIl 
fnteruts  lay  chiefly  in  financfal  questions  and  in  ]g4g  he  became 
minister  of  conunerce  and  agriculluR  In  the  cahlnel  of  OdUoD 
Burol.  He  wrote  a  Meliu  kiilarigiit  lur  laviitlla  aartta  i» 
amit  it  LaKJaiHaii,  which  wax  prefixed  to  an  edition  of  hb 


Forih 


■s  (Enwa  U  vols-,  i8]l). 


AnSili.'La  Ookurt  dr  la  L^i 
lUS).   ForabibUo^pbyeTl: 


Jtla  Cinatntiim  (("arti.  iMJ- 

,-,-, isee  J.  U.  Qufcaitf.Ln  fmaa 

liMran,  vsL  UL  (iSk-^ 

LUHAR,  CBARLB  BOCRWIU.  (iljo-  ),  American 
Sanskrit  scholar,  was  born  In  Norwich,  Connecticut,  on  Ihc  Sth  ti 
July  1S50.  Hegraduatedat  Yalein  1I71,  was  a  graduate  student 
there  (1871-1973)  under  James  Hidlcy  and  W.  D.  Whitney,  and 
in  Germany  (1873-1876)  studied  Sanskrit  under  Weber  and  R«k 
and  philology  under  Ceoig  Curlius  and  Leskien.  He  wai  pio- 
lessor  of  Sanskrit  It  Johns  Hopkins  Cniversity  In  1870-1880 
and  Buhsequentty  at  Harvard  Univenity.  In  1SS9  be  Iravdfcd 
in  India  and  tiouf^t  lor  Harvard  Univenity  Sanskrit  ind 
Prlkril  books  and  manusciipls,  Hhich,  with  those  subsequently 
bequeathed  (o  the  univeisily  by  TiUedward  Hall,  make  the 
most  valuable  collection  of  its  kind  In  America,  and  made 
passible  the  Hamd  Oritnlal  Stria,  edited  by  Professor  LacmalL 
In  1879-1&B4  be  was  iKrelary  and  editor  of  the  Triuuacliiu, 
and  hi  iSBo-rSpopresIdcniof  the  American  Philological  Associa- 
tion, and  in  1884-18^  he  was  corresponding  secretary  ol  the 
American  Oriental  Sodcty,ln  1897-1^7  vice-president,  aid  ia 
i»o7-iooS  president.  In  the  Harterd  Orimial  Saia  be  trsns- 
bted  (vol  iv.)  into  English  Rljafekhani's  KiirpOra.Uihjari 
(1  »oo),  a  Prlkrit  drama,  and  (vols.  viL  and  vlii.)  revised  and  edited 
Whitney's  translation  oil,  andnotei  on,  tha  Aliana-Vtia  Summit 
(i  vols.,  1905};  be  publiibed  A  Saiukril  StaJrr,  »ilA  Vtcaiiiift 
ami  SMa  (1  vols.,  t8S4-Tg88);  and  he  wrote  on  early  Hindi 
pantheism  and  contributed  the  section  on  Brabmanism  t* 
Maioia  0!  At  Wo^U  JUi'tmu. 

LiUOIES,  JEAM,  duke  of  Hmtebelk)  (i7lV8o«).  nianhsl 
of  Fnnu,  was  bisn  at  Lectoure  {Gen)  oa  the  ii(b  of  AptS 
17G0.  He  was  the  son  of  a  livity  sliUes  keeper,  and  ns 
apprenticed  to  a  dyer.  Hehidbadbttleeducation,but  bisgnal 
strength  and  proficieBcy  in  alt  muly  sports  cattsed  him  in  itV' 
to  be  elected  sergeant^flBjor  of  tbe  battalion  of  volunteers  ol 
Cers,  which  he  had  joined  on  the  breaking  out  of  war  b«*eM 
Spain  and  Ihc  French  republic.  He  served  thnugb  tbe  ci» 
paigns  in  the  Pymee*  in  ^  7|ij  and  I IP4,  udnac  by  diaiinguidM 


LANNIOM— LA  NOUE 


183 


eseddct  to  the  ink  of  tit/'  it  trifi'.  Rowrvn',  in  i  n%i 
Ibc  ntotm  o[  llie  urnly  bUoduccd  by  (be  Thtmudaiiini,  he 
vudbmionKRnDloiTBDk.  He R-nlbtrd « s tiniple nli 
ia  tbc  Biny  of  luty,  bdiI  in  (be  funois  uinpiign  a(  1796  be  icsin 
iDOgbt  bs  ny  up  10  higb  lank,  bdng  mntuzlty  msile  >  gcnnal 
of  brigide  by  Bonaparte  He  ms  dutinguiilied  In  every 
bililc,  and  ma  mniDded  at  Aicsla.  He  was  cbosen  by  " 
pane  to  accompany  bim  to  Cfypt  aa  comnuader  od  t 
Elebcr^i  brigada,  ui  vhldi  eapaoly  be  greatly  dialinEutahed 
Idmidf,  especiBlly  on  tbe  retreat  from  Syria.  Re  veDI  vitb 
Bonaparte  to  France,  assisted  al  llie  iSth  Bnunaire,  and  ns 
■ppouted  general  zX  diviiion,  and  conimandant  of  the  coiDulb 
guard.  He  conoDnded  tbe  adv^ilced  guard  ta  the  citnung  dL 
the  Alpa  En  iSoo,  vaa  hntrumental  in  viiuilng  tbe  battle  of 
UoBiebetIa,  hum  whkb  he  atterwiudi  took  hb  title,  and  bore 
tlie  hnint  oE  the  battle  ot  Ijaiengo.  In  iSoi  Napoleon  sent  torn 
■a  ambaasadoi  to  Portugal  Opinions  differ  la  to  liii  merita  in 
ths  capadty;  Napoleon  never  made  auch  use  of  him  agajn. 
On  the  catabJiabmcnC  d(  tbe  empire  he  waa  created  a  marshal 
of  France,  and  commanded  once  more  the  advanced  guard  oF  a 
gre^  French  army  in  the  carapugn  of  Auiterlitx.  At  Aualerliti 
he  had  the  left  of  the  Grand  Army.  In  tbe  1S06-07  campaign 
be  was  at  hia  best,  commanding  his  corpa  vith  Ihe  greatest  credit 
m  the  mar^  through  the  Tliuringian  Forest,  the  action  of  SaaUdd 
(irhich  ia  alu£ed  as  a  model  to-day  at  the  French  Slalf  College) 
and  tbe  bailie  of  Jena.  His  teadenhip  of  Ihe  advanced  guard 
at  Friedland  was  even  non  conspicuous.  He  vas  now  to  be 
tried  as  a  commandf r-in-cbief,  (ot  Napoleon  took  him  to  Spain 
m  lAoS,  and  gave  him  a  detach«t  wing  of  the  army,  with  which 
be  won  a  victoey  over  Cajtaltas  at  Tudtia  on  November  ii. 
In  January  iftoQhe  vraa  sent  la  attempt  the  capture  of  Saragossa, 
■Dd  by  February  11,  aftn  oaa  of  the  most  atubbom  defences 
iw  history,  was  ia  posuaion  of  the  place.  Napoleon  then  created 
him  due  de  MontebeQo,  and  in  lAog,  for  the  last  time,  gave  him 
oonnnand  ol  (he  juivanced  guard.  He  look  part  m  the  engage, 
menti  around  Eckurflljl  and  ihe  advance  on  Vienna.  With  Ms 
carps  he  led  tbe  Fitncti  army  acrasi  (he  Danube,  and  bore  Ihe 
brum,  witb  Masaina,  of  the  terrible  battle  of  Aspetn-Eoliiig 
(f.c.).  Ontbe  iindof  Mayhehadtoretnal.  During ibe retrett 
IJnnes  eiposed  himself  as  usual  to  Ihe  holleil  Ere,  and  rectived 
t  mortal  wound,  to  which  Re  auccumbed  at  Vienna  on  the  31st 
of  May.  Aa  he  waa  being  caiiied  fnin  tbe  field  to  Vienna  he 
met  the  empcrei  hurrying  to  tbe  front.  It  waa  reported  that 
the  dying  man  reproached  Napoleon  for  bis  ambliion,  but  this 
rests  on  liitle  evidence  save  the  fact  that  Lances  wai  the  mosi 
Uun(  and  ouBpoken  of  aU  Napoleon's  manhata.  He  was  one 
sf  the  (ew  men  (or  whom  ihe  emperor  felt  a  real  and  deep 
affection,  ind  al  this  thdr  last,  meeting  Napoleon  gave  way  10 
■  paasionMe  buix  ol  grief,  even  in  the  midii  ol  the  battle.  His 
eldest  (on  *a;  niade  a  peer  of  Fnnce  by  Louis  Xvni. 

Lannei  ranks  with  Dsvout  and  Maafna  at  Ibe  ablol  of  all 
Nitnlem'!  nurthals,  and  cenaeiaady  or  ancondoudy  wot  (he  bat 
opoficni  vt  the  empcrw^  nelbod  of  mahuv  war.  Hence  bis 
fHi¥taDt  emplDynwnr  in  tasks  reqairing  tbe  utanat  resolutioB  and 
diring,  and  more  KpecLdllv  when  the  emperor's  conunaiions  de- 
pended upon  ihevrfDuraiidscfl.aacrificaofBdetaehncnIorfraclLOn 
of  (be  armT.  It  ms  thus  iviih  Lanna  at  FrlEdtand  and  at  Aspem 
••  '•  •>»  with  DrvshI  ■(  AuterKu  aad  AucMidli  and  Napalcm'i 

:,„::::s;w 

with  (he  uiusl  military 

el  tmap  tiaden  Uhe  Souh  and  Maedonakl, 

..,, s  own  hand  lor  the  iaal  aHaull  which  he 

bimself  lasneW,  but  Ibe  long  hounol  pnpaiatory  lichtinf  againu 
oddi  ol  two  to  one,  which  alone  made  (he  1^1  blow  pouiblVie  en- 
(nislcd  only  to  men  of  nliaortirary  courage  and  hl^h  capacily  for 
mmnund.  In  his  own  wordt,  he  found  L^nne*  a  pigmy,  and  loat 
kim  a  giant.   Lannee't  place  in  hiaAjfrc(icna  was  never  nlled. 

Se>;  R.  Pirin,  Vii  mUilaiTt  <U  Jam  Untui  (Piiii,  1S09J. 

UUIRIONi  ■  town  of  tioRli-we9(em  Frtnce,  capital  of  tn 
tmmdtasement  in  Ihe  depBitment  of  Ctte«-du-Nord,  on  Ihe  rlghl 
tank  of  (be  Uguer,  45  «'  W.N.W.  of  SI  Brieuc  by  rail  Fop. 
(igofi)  %i!fi'  Lannlon  (a  j  m.  in  direct  line  from  Ihe  mouth  of 
Ihe  LEguer;  its  pan  daft  a  aoiall  itade  (exparti  ol  agriculiural 
[midDce,  impo"*  of  "i"*!  ■■'■■  I'mber.  Ac.),  and  there  I*  an 


active  tsbing  Industry.  Tbe  toMi  ccntalns  Dumy  booses  o( 
(he  i^lh  and  T6th  cenlnries  and  other  old  buildings,  (Ik  chief 
of  which  la  the  church  of  Si  Jean-du-Baly  (itilh  and  I7tb  cen- 
tarfes).  On  an  eminenct  dose  (a  l^nnion  is  Ibe  church  gf 
BrCleveofs  of  the  iiib  centuiy,  restored  in  tbe  15th  or  rtttb 
century;  it  hss  sn  intCKSIIng  iStltoaitury  Utdy  Scpukhic 

Some  6  a.  S.E.  of  (be  (own  are  the  imposing  ruins  al  tbe 
cU(esu  of  TonquCdec  (c.  1400)  styled  the  "  Pierrelbnds  of 
Btittady,"  and  there  are  other  buildingB  o(  antiquaiian  Interest 
in  Ibe  vidaity.  The  coiat  north  of  Lannion  at  Trtgaatel  ud 
Ploununac  pieaenta  curioua  rock  formations.  1 

Lsnnlon  b  ibe  scat  of  a  snbprefeet  and  baa  a  tribunal  tt 
Stst  instance  and  a  communal  coUege.  Ila  induatriea  ladude 
■iw-millini,  tanning  and  the  manolaetuiiB  of  farm  implemenls. 
The  (own  waa  taken  in  t^tfi  by  tbe  En^ish;  It  waa  defended 
agWBit  Ifaem  by  GeoSroy  de  PonlUane  whole  valonr  n  csm- 
memoreted  by  a  ooaa  ckoe  to  the  spot  where  be  was  ifaJn. 

LUNOT.  fiUILUBnr  DB  (1386-1461),  Flemirt  diptomMiM, 
was  ebambetlain  (o  (he  duke  of  Burgundy,  governor  of  tbe  fott 
of  Sluya,  and  a  knlgkt  of  the  Ctddcn  Fleece.  He  discbaned 
levenJ  dipkimalic  miaaona  in  France,  England,  Pnistia,  Polaod 
and  Lithuania,  and  waa  one  ol  the  negotiators  of  tbe  (testy  of 
Tmyes  (14W).  In  t*"  be  waa  esit  by  Henry  V.  ol  En^d 
to  Palestine  loin^ireioto  the  possibilily  of  reviving  tbe  kingdom 
ol  Jcruaalem,  and  wiole  an  account  of  his  navels.  La  PUtrinaia 
ie  Sarye  el  it  Bpfk,  which  wta  published  in  1S16  and  again  in 
1841. 

UHOUir  (L*t.  Una,  wool,  and  dtum,  oil),  tbe  commerdal 
name  of  the  ptepantion  st^cd  oib^i  Inue  kydram  in  the  Btf  lid 
Pharmacopoeia,  and  whidi  consists  of  7  oa.  ol  ncuual  wool-fat 
iadipj  loiwr)  mlied  with  3  fluid  oi.  of  water.  Tbe  wool-fat 
is  obtained  by  purificalion  of  tbe  "  bpTown  grease,"  "  recovered 
grease  "  or  d^gras  eitracted  from  Taw  sheep's  wocJ  in  the  procev 
of  preparing  It  for  tbe  pinner.  It  is  a  translucent  unciuoui 
aubstance  which  has  the  property  of  taking  up  large  qusntiiles 
of  water  and  forming  cm  ulsiona  which  are^very  slaw  losepamto 
into  their  conatiluenla.  Owing  to  the  ease  with  whiib  it  pent- 
Irates  the  skin,  wool-fat  both  in  the  anhydrous  form  and  aa 
bnolin,  sometimes  miaed  with  inch  tubslanccs  aa  vaseline  01 
fatty  oDs,  Is  largely  employed  as  a  basis  for  (^(inents.  It  is 
slightly  antiseptic  and  does  not  become  randd. 

U  IK»T%  PBAHCOn  in  (i5ji-is9T},  called  Brai-de-Fer, 
one  ef  the  Huguenot  captains  of  the  i6lh  century,  was  botn 
neat  Nantes  In  1531,  of  an  ancfenl  Breton  family.  He  served 
In  Italy  ^uder  Hatshal  Brisaac,  and  in  the  Erst  Huguenot'  war, 
bnt  Vis  tttt  great  eiphill  was  tbe  capture  of  Oricans  at  the  head 
of  only  fifteen  cavalien  la  1567,  during  ibe  second  wsr.  A(  the 
ba(tle  ot  Jamac  In  Mareh  i;eo  he  commanded  the  tcargosrd, 
and  a(  Moncontnur  in  the  following  October  be  was  taken 
prisoner;  but  he  was  enchangrd  in  time  10  resume  tbe  govemor- 
ship  of  Pdtou,  and  to  Inflict  a  signal  defeat  on  tbc  royalist 
troops  before  Rochefort.  At  the  vege  of  Fontenay  (r57o)  his 
left  arm  was  shattered  by  a  buDet;  but  a  mechanic  of  Racbelle 
made  him  an  iron  arm  {hence  his  sobiiquet)  with  a  book  for 
holding  hia  reins.  When  peace  was  made  In  France  in  the  same 
year,  La  None  carried  his  aWord  against  the  Spaniards  In  Ihe 
Netheibnda,  bnt  waa  taken  at  the  lecaplore  ij  Mona  by  the 
Spanish  in  1571.  Permitted  to  return  to  France,  he  was  com- 
missioned by  Charics  IX,,  after  the  massacre  of  St  Bartholomew, 
to  reconcile  theinbabitantsof  La  KochelIe,the  great  slronKhold 
of  tbe  Huguenots,  to  the  king.  But  the  Bochellois  were  too 
much  alarmed  to  come  to  terms;  and  1*  Noue,  perceiving 
that  war  was  imminent,  and  knowing  that  his  posl  was  on  the 
Huguenot  side,  gave  up  his  royal  commissoo,  and  from  IJ74 
liH  T578  acted  as  general  ol  La  Rochelle.    When  peace  was  again 

the  Low  Countries.  He  took  several  toiFns  and  captured  Count 
Egmoni  in  t;So;  bnt  t  few  weeks  afterwards  be  fcD  Into  the 
hands  al  the  Spaniards.  Thrust  into  a  loathsome  pri»on  at  LIm- 
burg.  La  None,  ihe  admitation  of  all,  of  whalever  faith,  for  his 
gallantry,  honour  and  purity  ol  chai^ter,  was  kept  confined 
for  bre  yart  by  1  powerful  nation,  whose  iductlioce  to  set  buq 


i«4 


LANSDOWNE,  MARQUESSES  OF 


:a  hb  rcpiitmtloL    It  w 


publabed  M  La  Rochclle  i  jgo,  FnnUuit  od  Uiin  (is  Gcnnuil 
I jQi  and  ilSii,*iid  London  (inEn^^iali)  i{07luulhaduiiinine(iM 
ti^uoicc  OB  ibt  aaldiera  of  >11  nitioni.  The  abiduig  value  o( 
Li  Nout'i  "  DUcDUTMi "  lia  in  thf  £»ct  that  he  wrote  of  •«■ 
u  >  hunULD  drsmt,  before  It  hid  been  eUbonted  lod  codified- 
At  IcDglh.  in  June  158;,  La  Noua  wu  cxchuigcd  for  Egmont 
and  other  pritooEn  of  cooiidention,  while  a  heavy  noiom  and ' 
a  picdfc  not  to  bear  arms  a^nat  his  CattK^ic  ma|«ly  vcre 
■!»  coded  Irom  hini.'  Till  isBf  La  Noue  took  no  pan  in  public 
matlen,  bnt  in  Ihat  year  he  joined  Hiniy  U  Navam  againii 
the  LcMUcn-  He  was  present  at  both  sieges  of  Parii,  at  Ivry 
and  othei  battles.  AI  the  siege  el  Lamballe  in  BnlUoy  be 
received  a  wound  of  which  he  died  at  Uoncootour  oa  Ibe  4th 
of  August  1591. 


u  Ulrti  it  la 
■UJtLaNttt 


x,beBdestheDiscoane*.ZMiImtiniMv^^fanMii( 

te  lUfAK  di  Si^at  U  JuMtii  (ij^};  OtHnolHiu  tin  CkiaiKn  it 
Cttuinfiioi  (a  vola,  1301);  aod  noui  on  FltttanVi  Utii.  Hii 
CsTTuAnAuict  wu  puAuhed  in  1854.  ^n  Li  Vit  it  Fnmfnt, 
tnpKV  it  La  Num.  by  Moyw  Amimuli  (Lddm,  —  "  "  - 
tfine's  VitI  da  ClManwi  fnmfaii:  C.  Viiim'i  L 
gi/trmm:  J-r.  ^  ^  Ifiw  (l«75]:  and  Haiwr,  A<ia« 

LAHSDOWH^     miLUi      FETTT      FITZMAQHICK      1ST 

UAaQi;ES9  01  (1737-1805)^  British  slateamaa.belter  known  llndcr 
his  earlier  lille  of  call  of  Shelhume,  vss  bom  at  Dublin  on  the 
>oth  of  May  1137.  He  was  a  descendant  of  the  knda  of  Keiry 
(dating  Imm  iiSi),  aod  his  grandlathei  llionua  Fltimaurice, 
who  was  created  aui  of  Keny  (ijij),  maiiied  llK  daughter  of 
Sir  William  Petty  (f-t.)-  On  the  death  without  issue  of  Sir 
William  Petty'i  1001,  the  first  earli  of  Shelhume,  the  (slata 
paasedlohisnepbew  John  Fitimaurice  (advanced  in  i;5j  to  the 
earldom  of  Sbelbune).  wlio  in  17JI  look  the  additional  name  of 
Petty.  His  son  William  spent  his  chOdbiiiid  "  io  the  remotest 
parts  of  the  toulh  of  Ireland,"  and,  aecotdiog  to  his  own  account, 
whea  he  entered  Christ  Chunii,  Oiford,  in  i;$j,  he  bad  both 
"  eveiything  to  kam  and  everything  to  UDleun."  From  a 
tutor  whom  he  dcsciibcs  as  "  namw-minded "  be  received 
advantageous  guidance  in  his  studies,  but  be  attribulei  bis 
improvement  in  manners  and  in  knowledge  of  the  world  chiefly 
to  Ibe  lact  that,  as  was  his  "  fate  through  tile,"  he  ftU  in  "  with 
clever  but  unpopular  connciiona."  Shortly  after  leaving  the 
utuver^ty  be  served  in  WoUe's  regiment  during  the  Seven  Years' 
War;  and  10  diatinguisbcd  himself  at  f>lindenand  Kloster-Kampea 
thai  he  was  laiied  tn  the  tank  of  coloDcl  and  appointed  aide-de- 
camp to  the  king  (ii&i).  Being  thus  brought  Into  near  com- 
Biumcation  with  Lord  Bute,  be  was  in  i;ei  employed  by  Ihat 
nobleman  to  negotiate  for  the  support  ol  Henry  Fox,  Lord 
Holland.  He  was  returned  to  the  House  of  Commons  as  member 
lor  Wycombe,  but  in  i;6i  he  succeeded  his  Calhei  as  earl  of 
Shelhume  in  the  Irish  peerage,  and  Baroa  Wyrambc  in  the 
peerage  ol  Great  Britain  (created  fjbo).  Though  he  declined 
to  take  office  under  Bute  he  undertook  negoliatbns  to  induce 
C.  J.  Fox  to  gain  the  cousent  of  the  Commons  to  the  peace  of 
1763,  Fox  affirmed  that  he  had  been  duped,  and,  although 
Shelhume  always  asserted  that  he  had  acted  In  thoriouch  good 
faith,  Bute  spoke  of  the  afiair  aa  a  "  inous  fraud."  Sbelbume 
ioined  ibe  CrenviUe  ministry  in  17A3  as  president  of  the  Board 
of  Trade,  but,  failing  ia  his  efforts  to  replace  Pill  in  the  cabinet, 
he  in  a  few  months  resigned  oRice.  Having  moreover  on  account 
of  bis  support  of  Pitt  on  the  question  ol  Wilkes's  expulsion  from 
the  House  of  Commons  incurred  the  displeasure  ol  the  king,  he 
retired  for  a  time  to  his  estate.  After  Pitt's  return  to  power 
In  1766  he  became  secretary  of  state,  but  during  Pitt's  iHncas 
his  conciliatory  policy  lowardi  America  was  copipleiely  Ibmned 
by  his  coUeaguet  and  the  king,  and  in  116S  he  was  dismissed 
tmm  oBioe.  In  17S9  he  consented  to  take  office  under  the 
marquess  of  Rockingham  on  condition  thst  the  king  would 
recogoin  the  United  Stales.  On  the  death  ol  Lord  Rockingham 
in  the  same  year  he  became  premier;  but  the  aeccasion  of 
Fox  and  his  supporters  led  to  the  lamoua  coalition  of  fox  with 


Nortb,  wUcb  caused  bis  tedgution  in  the  (oOoalog  Febnour, 
his  [aU  being  peifaaps  hastened  by  bis  plans  for  the  reform  a( 
the  public  setvice.  He  had  also  in  contemidaiioa  a  bUl  tn  pm 
mote  free  cnmnicrcial  intercourse  between  Eo^and  and  the 
United  States.  When  Pitt  acceded  to  office  in  1 7S4,  Sbelbume, 
instead  of  receiving  a  place  to  Ibe  cabinet,  waa  created  marquea 
ri  LaDsdowu  Though  giving  t.  general  su|q>ott  to  the  policy 
of  Pitt,  be  bom  this  time  ceased  to  take  an  active  part  in  public 
affairs.  He  died  on  the  7th  of  May  1S05.  Duiing  bis  lifetime 
be  waa  blamed  for  insincerity  and  duplicity,  and  he  incurred 
the  dewiest  unpopularity,  but  the  accusations  came  cbieBy  from 
these  who  were  dlssatished  with  his  preference  of  principles  to 
party,  and  if  he  had  had  a  iDt>re  unscrupulous  regard  to  his 
personal  amhitioo,  his  career  as  a  statesman  would  have  had 
more  outward  success.  He  waa  cynical  in  bis  estimates  of 
characlei,  but  no  sulesman  of  his  time  pcnsased  mm  en- 
lightened political  views,  wbile  his  frieodsbip  wiib  tbose  of  bis 
cnnlemporaries  eminent  ia'sdence  and  literature  mtM  be 
allowed  considerable  weight  in  qualifying  our  estimate  ol  tb« 
moral  defects  with  which  be  h*s  been  credited.  He  was  twice 
married,  first  to  Lsdy  Soplua  (i745-iT>i),  daughter  ol  John 
Carteret,  £ari  Granville,  through  whom  be  obtained  the  l^n^ 
downc  estates  near  Bath,  and  secondly  to  Lady  Louisa  (17;;* 
1789},  daughter  of  John  Fitqu-ttick,  1st  earl  of  Upper  Ossoiy. 
John  Henry  Petty  Fitxmaurice  (1765-1309),  his  son  by  the 
Gnt  marriage,  succeeded  as  lod  marquess,  after  having  sat  in 
the  House  of  Commons  for  twenty  years  as  member  for  Chipping 
Wymmbe. 

Henei  Petit  Fttzhaumce,  jid  msrqtKSi  ol  Lansdowne 
(17&0-1M3),  son  of  tbe  1st  muquess  by  bis  lecond  marriage, 
was  horn  on  the  ind  of  July  1780  and  educated  at  Edinburgh 
Univeruty  aad  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  entered  the 
House  of  Commons  in  i3oi  as  member  for  the  Ismily  borough 
of  Calne  and  quickly  showed  bis  mettle  as  a  politician.  Id 
February  iSot,  as  Lord  Henry  Petty,  be  became  chancellor  ol 
tbe  exchequer  in  tbe  ministry  of  "  All  tbe  Taleou,"  being  M 
Ibis  time  member  for  the  univeisty  of  Cambridge,  bnt  be  lost 
both  his  seat  and  bis  office  in  1S07.  In  1809  he  became  matquess 
ol  Lansdawnei  and  in  tbe  House  ol  Lords  and  b  society  ba 
continued  to  pUy  an  active  part  as  one  of  the  Whig  leaders.  His 
duel  interest  was  perhaps  in  the  qlestion  of  Roman  Catholic 
emandpalion,  a  cause  which  he  consistently  championed,  but 
he  sympathized  also  with  the  advocates  ol  the  abolition  cj  the 
slave-trade  and  with  the  cause  of  popular  education.  Lansdowne^ 
who  had  succeeded  his  couun,  Francis  TlHimas  Fitxmaurice^ 
as  4lh  eari  ol  Kerry  In  i8i3,  took  office  with  Canning  in  May 
1S97  and  was  secretary  for  home  sSails  from  July  of  that  yeal 
unid  January  iSiSj  be  waa  lord  pttiident  of  the  councU  under 
Earl  Grey  and  then  under  Lord  Melbourne  from  November  iSjo 
to  August  iSfi,  with  the  exception  of  tbe  few  monibi  in  1335 
when  Sir  Robert  Peel  was  prime  minister.  He  held  the  same 
office  during  the  whole  of  Lord  John  Russell's  nunistry  (tS4(r- 
1352],  and,  having  dedinni  to  become  prime  minixler,  satin  tbe 
cabinets  lA  Lord  Aberdeen  and  of  Lord  Pslmersion,  but  without 
office.  In  i3j7  he  refused  tbe  offer  of  a  dukedom,  and  he  died 
on  Ike  31st  of  January  1S63.  Lansdowne's  socisl  inSuence  and 
political  moderation  rnadc  him  one  of  the  most  powerful  Whig 
statesmen  of  the  lime;  he  was  frequently  consulted  by  Queca 
Victoria  on  matters  of  moment,  and  his  long  offidal  etpeiience 
made  his  counsd  invaluable  to  bis  party.  He  married  Louisa 
(17S5-135O,  dau^tei  of  the  ind  earl  ol  Dchester,  and  was 
succeeded  t^r  his  son  Henry,  the  4th  marquess  (rBi6-t86fi). 
The  latter,  who  was  member  of  parliament  lor  Calne  for  twenty 
yean  and  chairman  of  the  Great  Western  railway,  married  lor 
his  second  wile  Emily  (1819-1895),  daughter  of  the  comte  de 
Fhhaut  de  la  Billarderie,  a  lady  who  hecame  Baroness  Nairne 
in  her  own  right  in  1867.  By  her  be  had  two  sons,  ^  Stb 
marquess  tnd  Lord  Edmond  Fitanaurice  (Baton  Fitimaurice 
of  Leigh). 

HxNav  Chjluee  KmB  Petty  FitiihOiiCB,  5th  marquess  of 
Lansdawne  (b.  1S4;},  was  educated  at  BsJliol,  Oiford,  where 
he  became  oae  ol  Jowctt'a  favourite  pvpils.    In  1869  be  married 


LANSDOWNE— LANTERN 


185 


Ik  diu^lfr  oi  Ifae  lit  duke  of  Abemm.  As  a  member  oC  ibe 
Libenl  puly  be  ni  i  lord  of  ibe  treuuiy  (1SA9-1S71],  undei- 
lecreuuy  of  war  (107Z-JS74),  iind  under-secTelary  of  India 
(iSSo);  ia  itUtj  be  «u  appointed  governoi-geaenl  of  Cuuda, 
uidboraiSMloiSgjbeninceniyof  India.  He  joiied  (be 
Liberal  Unionisl  party  whrn  Mr  Gladstone  proposed  horoe  rule 
lor  IreUnd,  and  on  reliltning  to  Engbnd  became  one  of  its  most 
inBuentiat  leaden.  He  wu  leuetaty  oi  slate  for  war  from 
iSgS  to  igno,  aod  lorrisri  ucnltiy  from  i«eclDi9o6,  becoming 
lead«  of  ihe  Uniotiist  pany  In  Ibe  House  ol  Lords  on  Lord 
Salisbury's  dealb. 
His    brother  Eduono  Ceosoe  Fitihauuce,  Baion  Fit*. 

be  took  a  first  dasa  in  clanica.  Unlihe  Lord  LamdowTir,  be 
remained  a  Liberal  in  politics  and  lollowrd  Mi  GladtlDne  in  hit 
borne  rule  policy.  A)  Laid  Edmond  Fttuuuiice  he  entered 
the  House  of  Qimnwni  in  1S6S,  and  was  undcr-iecretaiy  for 
foreign  aSain  fiDiB  itSilo  iS8f.    Helbenhad  00  Kat  in  pariii- 

Wilts,  aad  retiiing  in  1905,  be  was  created  Baron  Filzmautice 
of  Lcich  in  ido6»  and  made  uibder.iecrctary  lor  farei^  affairs 
in  Sir  Heary  Csinpbell-BaDneroian'i  ministry.  In  1908  he 
beome  chincellor  of  the  ducby  of  Lancaster  and  a  member  of 
tbe  Liberal  catunet,  but  resigned  bis  posl  in  1909.  He  devoted 
Biuch  time  to  literary  work,  and  was  t^  aulbor  ol  eaceUeat 
biocrapluci  of  (be  »t  marquess,  o(  Sir  WilUim  Petty  (iSgj), 
and  of  Lord  CruviUe  (igoj),  under  whom  be  had  served  at  the 
loceiga  office. 

Fortbe  IM  Baniiaii,  «e  Lori  Fiuuurke.  Lilt  ^  WiBimnk,  Eari 
^  ShMmmm  {j  nh^  Li>«Idd.  il/j-iSTfi). 
.  LUIDOWIf^  a  hiQ  cantDaDienl  in  India,  In  Garhwal  dis- 
trict of  Ihe  Uoitcd  Pmvlacet,  about  fiooo  ft.  above  tbe  sea, 
10  m.  by  can  toad  Iram  the  Wation  ef  Koidwaia  on  the  Oudh 
■nd  RobilUiaod  railway.    Pop.  (ijai)  ]94}.    Tbe  canlOBneBl, 


louirded  in  1887,  e 


n.  Ihroi 


:commodate  three  Gurkha 
UHUHQ,  the  capital  ol  Hichitan,  U.S.A.,iD  Ingham  county, 
at  Ibe  confluence  ol  tbe  Grand  and  Cedar  riven,  about  S5  m. 
W.N.W.  of  Detroit  and  about  64  m.  E.S.E.  of  Ciand  Rapids. 
Pop.  C1900)  i(S,4Bs,  of  whom  3357  were  foreign-bom;  t'flio 
census)  ]i,3ig.  II  is  Hived  by  the  Michigan  Cenlnl,  Ibe 
Lake  Sboie  &  Hicbigin  Southern,  the  Grand  Tmnk  and  Ihe 
Pirt  Maniuette  rmilwiys,  and  by  intenirtwn  dectric  lines.  The 
Grand  river  on  lis  way  through  tliedly  makes  a  boisc-sboe  bend 
rouwt  a  noderalely  elevated  plateau;  this  is  the  cenunerdal 
centre  of  tbe  dtyr  and  hen.  in  a  square  cxncring  10  acres,  is  Ihe 
Sute  Capilirf,  etteied  in  i8;j-t8;8  and  coDlainlng  Ihe  Suie 
[ihiiry.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  faiihei  PJ.,  and  alio 
citendio;  acroaa  the  uuthem  portion  of  the  ciiy,  aie  districts 
devDIed  laigdy  to  manufactuiing-.  Lansing  has  a  public  lihraiy 
and  a  dty  boqillal.  About  j  m.  E.  of  Ibe  dty,  at  East  Lansing, 
is  the  State  Africultuial  CoDege  (coeducalionil),  the  oldest 
agricsltuiat  college  in  the  United  Stales,  which  hu  provided 
loc  by  the  alate  cmslilution  of  1850,  was  organitBd  in  18;; 
and  opened  in  1857.  lu  engbeeilng  OMine  waa  begun  In  1885; 
a  course  in  home  econDmics  [oc  women  ni  etiablished  in  iSq6; 
and  a  lorestiy  cwinc  was  opened  in  1901.  In  conociion  with 
the  college  there  isan  agricultunl  eiperimeBlMatiait.  Lansing 
ii  Ihe  seal  of  the  Michigan  School  fot  the  Blind,  and  of  Ihe  Stale 
Industrial  School  for  Boys,  (oraierly  Ihe  Relorm  School.  The 
city  bas  abundant  water-powet  and  ii  an  important  manu- 
iadnrint  centre.  The  value  of  the  factory  praducts  incicaaed 
from  t»,W>,306  In  1900  (of6,8«;,4iSln  1904,  oii]4'i%.  The 
municipality  owns  and  opentes  the  watcr-woiks  and  the  dectriC' 
Egfaling  plant.  Tbe  place  was  selected  as  Che  site  for  (he 
capital  in  1&471  when  it  was  siill  covered  with  foresls,  and 
pewth  «**  aknr  until  181)1,  when  the  railways  began  to  teaeh 
IL  I^BSinf  mi  chartered  as  t  city  in 
'Sq). 

LUmO  MAM.  Ihe  Uim  applied  by 
certain  human  remains  discovered  hi  root  during  loe  aigging  w 
a  "I'"'  Don  Lansing,  Kamas,  and  by  some  aulborilies  beBeved 


inal  Mus> 
\  of  hist 


irehislniic  type  of  nun.    Tliey  include  a  skull 

^  adult  bones  and  a  chiUI'i  ja*.  They  were 
!o  ft.  of  undisturbed  silt,  in  a  position  indicai- 
lI  burial.     The  skull  Is  preserved  in  the  U.  S. 


c  Ind 


if  the  ceaon. 


Its  elhno 


cal  V. 


glacial  period  is  very  doubtful,  It  being  impossible  accurately 
to  determine  (he  age  of  (he  deposits. 
See  Handbaak  of  Amttvait  /adiau  (Waihln£toa,  T907J- 
LAHSqUBXET,  the  French  corrupted  Inim  of  the  German 
LaniiintiM  (^.i.),  a  mercenary  foot-soldier  of  the  i6lh  century. 
It  ia  also  the  name  of  a  card  game  said  to  nave  been  introducnl 
into  France  by  the  Latiisk'aMe.  The  pack  of  ji  cards  is  cut 
by  the  player  at  the  dealer's  right.  The  dealer  lays  the  two  first 
ritds  on  Ihe  table  to  his  left;  the  third  he  placi 


card,  ii 


middle 


s  the  bets  a 


ihle.    The  playen,  usually  ci  .  _ 

it)  pmrnlrrs,  &take  any  sum  within  the  agreed  limit  upon 
raid;  the  dealer,  vbo  is  also  the  banker, 
id  then  turns  up  the  nut  card.  II  this  fails  Is 
:  cards  already  eiposed,  it  i>  laid  beside  tb> 
ce  card  and  then  punters  may  stake  upon  it.  Other 
matching  are  treated  in  the  same  manlier.  When  a 
cara  IS  turned  which  matches  the  rffouissance  card,  the  banker 
wins  evetytbing  slaked  on  it,  and  in  like  manner  he  mint  what 
is  staked  en  any  cacd  (save  his  own]  that  is  matched  by  the 
caid  lurried.    The  banker  pays  all  aukes,  and  the  deal  it  over 

that  should  ihe  two  cards  originally  placed  at  his  lell  Iioth  lie 

In  France  matching  means  winning,  not  kAing,  as  in  Great 
Britain.    There  are  other  variations  of  play  00  Ihe  coBtineni  of 

LUTABA,  SIMON  HATinJBlR  (1719-1778),  French  tepd- 
(capc  painter,  was  bom  at  Oncy  on  the  14th  of  Match  17)9. 
His  father  was  a  weaver,  and  he  himself  began  life  at  a  herdboy; 
but,  having  attracted  the  notice  of  Gille  de  Reumonl,  a  ton  ol  hit 
mailer,  he  wu  placed  under  a  painter  at  VeisaiDes.  Endowed 
with  gieai  facility  and  real  talent,  his  powen  found  ready 
recognition;  but  he  found  the  cnnilraint  of  a  regular  life  and 
Ihe  society  of  educated  people  unbearably  tiresome;  and  as  long 
at  Ihe  proceedt  ol  the  UtI  sale  lasted  he  lived  caielett  of  the 
future  In  the  company  of  obscure  workmen.  Kicli  amaleun 
more  than  once  atlracled  him  to  theti  houses,  only  lo  find  that 
in  eas^  and  high  living  Lantara  could  ptoduce  nothing.  Be  died 
in  Paris  on  tbe  imd  of  December  1778.  His  works,  now 
much  prized,  are  not  numemui;  (he  LJnivre  hat  one  bod- 
scape,  "  Morning,"  signed  and  da(ed  (761.  Bernard,  Joseph 
Vemet,  and  olhen  an  said  to  have  added  figures  ID  hit  land- 
scapes and  sea-pieces.  Engravings  after  Laatan  win  be 
found  in  Ihe  works  0!  Lebas,  Ffquenol,  Dunl,  Mouchy  and 
othen.  In  1S09  >  comedy  called  Lanlara,  ar  Ou  Pdmltr 
in  At  PtOuim,  wu  branghl  out  at  the  Vaudeville  with  great 

See  E  Bd!iD  de  la  Chavignerie.  Satirtlui  nr  It  atjufrt  laOart 
(Puis,  IBSJ).  ' 

LAHTSRII  (an  tdaptallon  of  Ihe  Fr.  lanltme  from  Lai. 
lanltria  or  laltna.  supposed  to  be  from  Gr.  Xatimiii,  a  torch  or 
lamp, Xiiiiw,  10 ahlne, cf.  "lamp  ";the  i6th-and  i7th-ceotory 
form  "  lanihom  "  Is  due  to  a  mistaken  derivaiion  from  "  horn," 
as  a  matetial  frequently  used  In  Ihe  making  of  lanlemt),  a  metal 
ease  filled  in  aith  tome  Iransptrent  material,  and  used  for  holdi 


iGghla, 


<ing  it  froi 


rtint 


.   The  1 


kindt — the  hanging  lanien 
which  are  ancient.  At  Pompeii  and  Hemilanenm  have  been 
discovered  two  cyEndrical  bronze  Isntems,  with  ornamented 
pfn«rt,  to  wMch  chalfB  ue  attached  lor  carrying  or  hanging  the 
lanlem.  Platesof  boninirRninded  ihebronielamp  within, and 
thecoverat  Ihetopean  be  removed  lor  lighting  and  for  (be  escape 
of  inwke.  The  hinging  lanlem  lor  lighting  looms  was  composed 
o(  oraanientil  netil  work,  at  which  Iran  Ud  bta»  weR  peilapi 


i86 


s\  Ircquently  uud.  Silver,  (nd  even  gold,  wne. 
neliroa  employed,  »nd  ihe  irtiftcen  ia  meiil  of  thi 
t  cenluriM  praduccd  much  eiceedingly  iniitit  w 
id.  Ofientil  Lintrms  in  open-work  bronze  were  i 
lutiTuL  The  early  Untcrn  hid  sida  ot  horn 
d  paper,  and  Ihc  primilivc  ihapc  remain 

lh  Ihe  hanging  bnlcni,  although 


the  CI 


richly  vorked  ai 


duaUy 


«dy  a. 


iiited'aUolhcrn 


:  ijlh  cc 


le  early  part  oT  Ihc  i9lh.    fiy  ll 
s  had  fa 


modest  appliance 

Ai  glau  grew  cheaper  it 

ry  was  itDl  being  used  in 

ded  by  Ihe  cindlsiicli. 
The  CDllapsibte  papel  lanlcru  ol  Cbint  and  Japan,  ujually  knann 
ai  CbineK  lanterns,  ate  globular  Bt  cylindrical  in  shape,  and  the 
paper  b  pleated  and  when  not  in  use  fold^  Bat.  For  illuminative 
and  decorative  purpoiei  tbey  are  coloured  with  pattcmi  of 
flowen,  frc.  The  lantenu  carried  by  the  ordinary  foot  pasacngei 
ire  made  of  oilfd  paper.  In  China  the  "  Feast  of  Lintenu" 
lakes  place  early  in  the  New  Year  and  lasts  for  lour  days.     In 

tintems."  It  is  then  that  the  spirits  ot  the  dead  ancestors  return 
to  the  household  altar.  The  iestii^l  Ukes  place  in  July.  The 
"■  bull's-eye  "  lantern  has  a  convei  lens  which  concentrate*  the 
light  and  illowl  it  to  be  thrown  in  the  thipe  d[  a  diver^ng  cone. 
The  "  dark  lantern  "  has  a  shutter  or  slide  arrangement  by  wbich 
the  light  can  be  shut  oS  at  wilt.  Ships'  bntemi  are  uied  u 
masLhcad  or  other  signal  lights.  On  Trapn't  column  ii  a  lepit- 
■enlaLionof  a  heavy  poop-lantern  on  a  ship.  The  ibipa' lanterns 
of  the  ]6th  and  1 7th  centuries  were  highly  ornamental,  especially 
when  placed  on  the  poop.  Al  the  Armeria  Real  in  Madrid  is  a 
(vDectiOD  of  these  i61h-cenluiy  ships'  laDlcms.  The  protected 
Clget  which  contain  the  lights  used  in  lighthouses  ate  also  known 
u  "lantern!"  (see  Liohthouiu). 

In  architecture  a  lantern  a  primirily  a  frameWDtk  of  limber, 
wilh  windows  all  round,  to  admit  ample  light,  placed  on  the  lop 
of  a  roof.  In  a  broader  sense,  it  ii  applied  to  Ihote  poitionl  of 
buildings  which  are  largely  perforated  with  windows,  and  more 
especially  to  the  upper  part  of  the  towers  of  cathedrals  and 
chuichcs,  as  in  the  octagon  of  Ely  cathedral,  ci  (he  tower  ol 
Boston  church,  Lincolnshire.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  Ihe 
entire  church,  as  in  the  case  ot  Bath  Abbey  church,  which  was 
called  Ihc  "  lantcm  of  England,"  from  the  number  of  its  windows, 
and  St  John's  Ptioiy  at  Kilkenny,  the  "  lanlrtn  of  Ireland,"  on 
account  of  the  window  on  the  south  ude  ot  the  choir  which  wis 
54  ft.  long.  In  the  Renaissance  style  tbe  lantern  wu  looked  upon 
as  a  decoutJve  leatutE  surmounting  the  dome,  at  in  St  Fetei's, 
Rome,  the  I       ■ 

The  mapcor 


9,  Puis,  and  St  Paul's,  London. 


Uapi  ir  Optical  Lanttn. 
Dr  optical  lantern  is  an  bistmnient  for  projecting 
on  I  wnite  wall  or  screen  largely  m«|niGed  lepcesentationa  ol 
tiaiupaient  iMCtuci  painted  or  photc^rapfaed  on  glua,  oi  ol 
objects — cryiials,  animals,  ic — carried  on  glass  slides  <a  in 
|lui  vessels.  If  the  li^t  traverses  the  abject,  the  projection 
ft  said  to  be  diascopic,  if  by  reflected  light,  etntcopia 

The  invention  ol  the  magic  lantern  is  uiuJly  atiiibMed  to 
Athanauus  Kircher,  who  described  it  in  tbe  firtl  edition  (i&4fi) 
of  his  .4rf  HUjpu  litcis  a  umbriu,  but  it  is  veiy  probably  oLearlier 
discovery.  For  a  long  period  the  magic  lantern  was  lued  chJeSy 
to  ezhilHt  comic  piciuro,  or  in  the  bands  of  lo-caUeii  wiurds 
to  summon  up  ghosts  and  peifoiai  other  tricks,  astsrssluDg  la 
those  ignoTut  of  the  simple  optical  principles  employed.  Within 
recent  yean,  bowever,  the  optical  lautrm  has  been  gieuly 
Lmproved  in  construction,  and  its  use  widely  extended.  By 
its  means  finely  executed  photi^raphs  on  ^ass  can  be  shown 
ffcatly  uiagni^  to  large  audiences,  tbus  Mving  the  trouble 
|uid  expense  of  preparing  large  dugrams.  When  suitably 
msitrucled,  it  can  be  used  in  the  form  b(  <>  microscope  to  eihibit 
OS  a  screen  the  forms  and  movemeuls  ol  minute  Uving  organisoia, 
or  to  show  to  Ma  audience  delicate  pbyaical  and  '•'■"'■'" '  expeii- 


menis  which  could  otherwise  be  seen  enly  by  1  few  at  a  ttm* 
Anoihcr    application  ot  the  optical  laRIem  is  found  Id  tbir 

The  apHcaf  taniei'ni  in  its  liinpler  formi,  consists  of  the  lolk^lni 
parti:  (1;  the  Unlem  body,  <i)  a  soum  of  lltKi.  I3)  an  optical 
syuemfor  pnqeclinf  tkcinvfc*.   The  lantern  body  isa  tccianiular 

VDOd  (which  mult  beprotcdcd  by  asbesEOi  ai  font  liable  to  damage 
by  tical).  provided  with  theopenin^t  neceuary  tolhcinurlionof  the 
source  of  ligtii.  windows  for  virvinB  the  tame,  a  chimney  for  con- 
v«yiiH  away  the  products  of  combusiion.  6iLmEi  to  carry  Ebe  klidv* 
andaheopiical^ueiii.  lalbeearJicrandsinplef  laaiem.alUmp* 
were  commonly  used,  and  in  the  toy  forms  cither  an  oil  Oameuaa 
ordinary  ga*  |cl  it  still  employed.  Natural  pctioleum  burnt  In  a 
spedally  eaastmctcd  lamp  by  DHan  of  two  or  three  pnraDel  wicka 
see  edoeways  to  the  knas  was  eaployed  ia  the  scioprieon,  an  in- 
proved  lan^ra  Inveoted  ia  America  which  gave  wdl-dcintd  picturea 
6tolD(t.indianetcr.  The  Argaad  gas  burner  also  found  apcUcaiion. 
A  neat  improvement  attended  the  introdttclion  of  Iime.|ight.  i-e^ 
Ihe  liiht  emitted  by  a  Muck  of  lime  IR-'-  ' 
pinBing  or**"^"™-  "-  — — -~— i-- 


prepated  m 

coal-gas  greatly  popularised  these  iltumina 
-  '-- -  Sten  m-" ■' '-•-'• 


n  made  m  the  ordinal  i] 


mercial  supply  ol 

The  limKyliiiden  an  (pecialiy  prepared  ts  wiUmad  tetter  tl 
disintcfrating  effects  c^  the  Bame,  and  are  Boumed  ona  total inc  pin 
__j._  .*.__  ._..t  .  .J —  ^  brought  into  play.    Cooes  td 


n  thesa 


bunaer  are  in  use;  <0  tbg"blow.thr(>ughfei.^whicli  tlie  oiygen 
is  forced  Ihnnilh  the  jet  of  the  burning  gas  (this  is  ihe  safest  typef, 
and  U)wberetlie|asesaiiemi]cedbeforecomDuit)Dn  tihiftisthcmDre 
dangerous  hut  also  the  more  powerful  type).  Elherbumen  are  also 
inutb  Inone  type  the  oxygen  supply  isdiwied  into  two  srrtams, 
utir  ti  •Ihc*  paiH  thiwili  ■  dHuiiber  eonl^nlng  cotton  wool 


The  appiicatiDn  of  the  incandetcenl  ns  mantle 
■nlefmty  ol  Ihe  heat  emitted  and  ihelarge  ana  i 


these 


Le  olatinDm  and  cvbon  filament  lampa  1 
iBlamp  (in  which  ItH  preliininary  heatiB| 


.    Of 


mrboru  rdativdy  to 


them.  B  that  the  bright**  part  of  tbe  "a .„ 

O^a/SyiteM.— In  the  ordinary  (or  veniallyl  projeciinj  Lantern 
Itie  r^t  arr  tranimilted  through  a  lens  lerrned  the  "  condenser," 
Ilien  ihmighiheobiect.and  Anally  through  aoacher  leas  lermeil  the 
"  obimtiva."  In  Ihe  bDriacmtally  praiatinf  type*  tbe  light,  after 
pawng  through  Ihe  coadmer,  ii  redecied  venically  by  a  plane 
mirror  inclined  al  4S*  10  the  direction  o(  the  light;  it  then  Iravenca 
another  lens,  then  the  Db|eci,  then  Ihe  obiectlve.  and  ii  finally 
projected  horlumially  by  a  plsii*  mirmr  inclined  at  »,%'.  or  by  a 
right  angled  giBsa  piini,  tbe  hnotheouie  face  of  which  k  siivtnd. 
In  qiim|De  proicctioo.  the  Ughl.  haviag  traversed  Ihe  condenser, 
LI  refiected  on  to  the  object,  placed  horiiomafly,  by  an  inclined 
miiror.  The  rays  refleciing  the  object  then  Inverse  Ihe  objeclivc. 
andanthenprajeeledhoiUDntaaybyBmirTorarprism.  Thisdevice 

before  the  kna.  The  objeet  of  £>CHidenser  is  to  coUeet  as  much 
fight  as  pdaAble.f  roDi  the  source,  and  paia  it  through  the  object  in  a 
uniform  beam.  For  tids  porpoae  the  condenser  fhoukl  subtend  sa 
brge  BD  angle  as  passible  at  the  soarce.ot  light.  To  secure  this,  it 
ihoukl  be  teleiaUy  latift  and  tis  dutaiKe  fnm  the  light,  that  is.  ita 
iool  lewth,aaiall.  Slate  effective  single  lenses  of  large  diameter aia 
neeeseuily  of  long  focus,  a  really  good  condenser  of  coHiderabie 
-'^imeter  and  yet  i£  short  focus  must  be  a  combinaiion  of  two  or 
rndenier  be  while  and  limpid 


as  still  in  the  cheaper  fori 


yet  ti  short  1 
InlheeuUcrlaBK 

(JtJKT  types  employ  IwD  ptano-cBBvel  Icneh.  the  ci 


the  aperture,    " 
deuEte-coavga 


OS  tbia  is  guarded  aniasc  by  pU 
he  condenser  and  Ibellghi.    Ifth 


I  the ot^lveb  to etodiicc a  ringidlitd  >a*;^ 
a  at  short  locus.   TbisJIawetti,  swot^  pmdun 


:■  oHiainiflr  tntnama  or 
re ahc avaJlAk blue  nth 


LANTERN-FLY- 

■  mnM  pktm.  and  tliU  Ht  nrr  dWhict  M  tfet  cdfs.   Tke  tttt 

olilcai^K  U  the  pmnh  combiiuLlian  kn«  ■■**<^h'  ^  ^^  Ptu**l 
I^pc  u  lurd  in  0fdii4iv  phoioftrjphk  ouktilk    Tbne  are  fATTfull^ 

i^DlBtFly  cjatjuiat  in  the  objccrive^  mlthouBh  a«  ii>  ■eoauy  In  tha 

Ot/tco, — The  anmaiiat  obiecti  uad  for  aihibiliiii  wilb  Ihi 
Dfxul  lantcjn  an  named"  ^id«  "-Andnonulollnclun^pnrKFdaD 
(nosmmt    BirluTt.     Solid  objectA  mounled  oo  flau  After  ibt 

(riiiarr  KuiuKr  ol  mxiKinj  inkrcT-'-  -^^ ' "-■- 

il  BUbalioo.  whI  hgllDw  pmm  un 
s  UDdvn«c  HH  ilieniiiHi 
m.    II UH Dcccw^ to dimu 
ioudy  on  thr  objrct.  A  ve —  —  ^-^.^ — ^^s.  ^^.«^..^.,. 
»-  or  B  s%  (olBlioa  (4  [ark  chknk.    In  the  ontinar 

-" lEC  nuDtcd  with  mmfiuvsi  wtcr  or  oil  cokmn. 

, M  nini  of  fluL    If  Barttof  the  piclurr  art  Id  be 

_.  _  Kiditkiof  ^u  are  employed,  Ihc  am  Dovablc  In  Imt 
al  the  DIber.  the  Bad  can  ol  the  pictun  Mnc  painted  os  Ihc  £ied 
<E^  and  (he  movable  pan  on  the  olhtr.  Vj  nun  of  a  lew  the 
kirer  doA  b  Taeved  ia  ita  o«b  planei  and  fn  thit  way  a  cow.  for 
■rninra-.  cvi  b«  E^eeiCAied  drinkiai,  cr  a  donkey  cutltng  anuis^ 
cfpom.  In  t^  chiDniatrg|ie  ilide  liro  circular  diiks  of  olaii  are 
IMced  f^ce  to  face,  each  coocainlng  a  deti^n  radiating  Imni  the 
centre.  4tul  painted  with  bfilGaal  trampartnt  celoifrs.  By  a  imaTI 
pinion  searing  in  loathed  wheeli  or  endleu  faaadl  the  dido  Ire  made 

duced   ia  a  unfularly  bauIifuL  change  of  dntfn  and  colnir.     In 

phaaea  of  the  moon  or  the  iike  ire  timilariy  [eprvnted  by  mechanical 

Piuaftiai  Yiem.— Far  ihia  purpoM  two  nape  bnterH  aie 
■rrr  laarr  amazed  eitlicr  lidc  by  tide  or  the  one  on  Ihc  top  nf  the 
other.    Tbe  [ram  of  the  laoitrnt  are  iliibtly  inclined  lo  each  other 

■  ■  ^    By  nicani  at  a  pair  ol  diia  meiallic  air" " —  " — ------- 

-like  «eih.  aad  novable  by  a  rack  or  k 
be  iradually  cut  oS  at  the  lam 

llawedRBdiiallylDlallDDthea 

melt  or  dinalvc  Into  another.    This  ai 
•y  Ckilde  in  II 


—LANTHANUM 


bomoplennB  divtakin  < 


... —  ,n_j_  -i .. •   p.  E.  UcKjant  Dii /"lof 


e  ([veil  10  uutcti  belonging  lo  the 
e  Hemipten,  and  rcfenble  [a  the 
gaiaa  nugura  ana  auied  lonra.  Tfacy  an  nH»(ly  of  large  lile, 
with  ft  supcrfidaJ  leKmbtancelotepidoptcraduet^tlKiibriUiaiil 
and' varied  ct^nlion-  Characterislicolthegraup  Ji  theprtseace 
on  ;bc  itoat  of  the  head  d  a  hollow  pmccsi,  simulailBg  a  snout, 
■hich  i)  sonietinio  inflated  and  as  large  aa  ibe  r»i  ol  the  iueci. 
■ometinia  rlongaled,  cano*  and  ipically  upi'umed.  It  «u 
believed,  mainly  on  the  auibatily  of  Kluie  SibyUe  de  Mirian, 
that  this  process,  the  to-oIIed  "lantern,"  -nt  tuDunou  (I 
night.  Linnaetu  adoplol  Ihe  italement  wilhoul  qvccllon  and 
made  uw  of  a  nuober  of  specific  muneft,  such  as  tanttrnBria, 
fhojpktrta,  eanddvia,  tx.,  lo  ilLuslrate  the  supposed  fact,  and 
tbtis  aided  in  disseminating  a  btliel  which  subtequcnl  obscrva' 
lios)  have  foiled  to  ciiiibliih  ind  which  ii  now  gtMrally 

UNTERHG  OF  TBE  DEAD,  the  archilectunl  name  for  Ihe 

France,  pierced  with  small  opcniop  at  Ihe  t^,  where  a  light 
was  eiMbiied  at  night  to  Indicate  the  poaition  of  a  cemetery. 
These  te>teii  vRie  nsually  circular,  with  a  iniill  entrance  in  Lhe 
lower  part  giving  acnts  ig  the  inletioi,  to  u  1«  raise  Lbe  lamps 
by  a  pulley  to  tbe  reqiiirtd  hdghl.  One  a!  the  moat  pslect 
b  France  it  that  at  CeOefniuin  (Charcnle).whkhconi)Stiaf  a 
lerici  oJ  eighl  attached  lemicircnlar  shafts,  raised  on  a  pedestaL, 
and  is  oocned  wiib  a  conical  nof  decorated  with  fir  conca; 
it  hu  only  one  apeRore,  toward)  Ihe  main  load.  Other  eiainplea 
titst  at  (SrOD  (ladrt)  aad  Anijgny  (VienM). 


a  CelWroiiii  (Cbannte). 

atomic  wcighl  ijs-o  (0-i6)Iooe 

derived  [rom tfaeCi.XanflaHu.IDliehidden.  It wasfirstisolilcd 
in  \&y)  by  C.  C.  Mosander  iiom  Ibe  "  cerium  "  orj.  BeiuUus. 
II  Is  found  in  the  minerals  gadolinite,  ceiile,  umusliile  and 
fetgusonlle,  and  Is  usually  obtained  from  cerilE.  For  details 
oi  Ihe  complu  process  for  the  separalion  of  tbe  lanlhanum 
salts  from  cerite,  see  R.  Bunsen  {fttl-  ^i":  '875.  'ii.  P-  3!7>; 
P.  T.  Cleve  (SaU.  it  ta  ik.  chim..  1874,  >i,  p.  iflft);  and  A. 
V.  WtUbacb  [Afmili.  /.  Cktm.,  1884,  ;,  p.  joS).  The  Dietd 
was  obiftined  by  Mosander  on  healing  its  chloride  with  potassium, 
and  by  W.  F.  KiUebrand  and  T.  Norton  {Pszc-  ^iv-,  iB;5. 
156,  p.  4M)  on  e!«lrolysii  of  the  fused  chloride,  while  C. 
Winkler  [Btr.,  1S50,  i],  p.  JS)  prepted  il  by  tfaling  the  oiide 
with  a  miiture  of  magnesium  and  magnesia.  Mulhmann  and 
Weiss  (.Inn.,  1Q04,  331,  p.  i)  obtained  il  by  electrolysing  the 
anbydrous  chloride.  It  may  be  readily  hammered,  but  cannot 
be  drawn.  Its  specific  gravity  ts  61545,  and  it  melts  at  8io*. 
It  decomposes  cold  water  stonly,  but  hot  water  'nolently.      Il 

oiidiicd  by  nilric  acid. 

vM  oiide.  La^,  is  a  white  powder  obtainod  by  burninv 

lulphaie.  It  combinU  with  naiir  with  exolulion  o(  heat,  and  on 
heating  with  nuBncsiiimpowdprinaTiatmojphircoIhvdroien  forms 
a  hydride  ol  probable  conipouiion  l.a,H,  |C.  Winkler.  Bit.  1S9T.  14. 
p.  too).  jUiUikmiMI  kfdntidt.  La(OHJh  i>  a  white  amorphoiw 
powder  formtd  by  pn^ipitating  lanthaaujn  uHs  by  potaa^uni 

-'■'    ---'■lainedioTEeMhydrouseond 

ehtorid*  or.  KMtdiaa  to  C 

the  action  olthloi 

evapondng  tl 

solution  of  lanibanum  oxide  in  hydrochl 

of  a  ayrup,  and  altowliit  Ihe  BluiiM  to  Band,  lane  colourina 
cryKali  cla  hydraicd  chlsridc  of  Ihc  eompoBlioa  2LaCii'lSHiO  »« 
oUained.  ZdiNtaiiiiai  nlfhidt,  \jt^  is  a  ycllDW  powder,  obtained 
when  Ihe  oxide  ii  healed  in  tbe  vapour  ol  carbon  Uiultihide.  It  1> 
dccampDWd  by  water,  with  evolution  of  nilphurelttd  hydrogen. 
■—■—••r  nlMnb.  La,<SO,>reH(0.  forms  BK-sidtd  frin^ 
oyawithtboKof ihtooROpaadfaifimlimnlt.  Bycarafii 


LaCl,.  is  obtained  in 


SiSS 


\  nr  hydrochloric  acid  on     ' 
oxide  with  hydrochloric 
la.    By  evaporation  ^  ' 


m^\c 


LANUVIUM— LAOCOON 


mOralt,  LiCNdilrHliO,  u  abtuDBl  by  dinalvint 
idd.  II  oytuUbB  in  plilH,  iDd  ■  •oluble  in  • 
[amlStmm  arUdt,  LuZi,  u  pnpiRd  by  hcttiii 


B^iiMt  cthylne, 

vcUoviik  rhombic  pciuL 
Ekch  dMcfinijwd  by  B.  Bni 


IPSS^ 


Crmft.  rmd..  rtfft.  IIJ. 


pmbic  pciuL     The  ml 

-^  -. ](  laniiuuin  lulphiu  M  joa*  C.,  tb'e  value  otuincd 

brim  i»  CO- 16): 

LUnnnnM  (more  frequently  Lmhiiim  in  irapciul  lines, 
mod.  CiwUa  Larinia),  an  undent  c:ty  ol  Lftliuin,  some  ig  m. 
S.E.  of  Rome,  I  Utile  S.W.  of  Ibe  Via  Appii.  It  ou  silualnl 
on  ID  isoUtnJ  hill  projecting  S.  tRxn  Ibe  mun  nuisi  o(  the  Albu 
antry 


in  jjB  a.c. 

ibip,  but  u 


boRowed  : 
ended  u  lai 


independent  untti  conquered  by  Rome 
lid  not  enjoy  the  ri(htol  Roman  citizen' 

pal  council  lEepI  tlie  titles  of  iUtalar 
y.  It  was  e^Kcially  famous  for  its 
ed  temple  of  Juno  Sospes,  from  wbich 
9ney  in  ji  B.c,  and  the  possessionsof 
IS  the  sea-coast  (T.  Ashby  in  Ueantti 
loj).    It  possessed  many  other  temples, 


dtClcolt/i 

repaired  by  Antoninus  Fius,  i 
Commodus.  Remains  of  the  ancient  theatre  and  of  the  city 
walls  eiisl  in  the  modem  village,  and  above  it  is  an  area  sur- 
rounded by  a  portico,  in  spia  rakiUalitm,  upon  the  north  side 
of  wbich  is  a  ncUDgulii  fauilding  in  s^w  tiuidrg^m,  probably 
connected  with  the  temple  of  Juno.  Hne  archaic  decorative 
terra-cDtta*  were  discovered  in  eicavitions  carried  on  by  Lord 
Savile.  The  acrspotU  of  Ibe  primitive  dty  was  probably  on 
the  highest  point  above  the  Ititii^e  to  the  north.  The  neighbour- 
hood, which  is  now  coveted  with  vineyards,  conlalni  remains 
of  many  Roman  villas,  one  of  which  is  traditionally  attributed  to 
Anioninu)  Plus. 


I,  Italian  poliii 

the  islh  of  February  iSto.  He  tludied  medicine  at  Turin.'and 
(uactrMd  for  some  years  in  his  Diiivc  place.  He  was  one  of  the 
promoteci  of  the  agrarian  auociilioa  in  Turin,  and  took  an 
active  pan  in  ihe  rising  of  1848.  He  was  elected  to  the  Pied- 
parly  of  Cavour,  devoting  his  aiiention  chiefly  to  questions  ol 

in  iSji  in  the  cabinet  of  Cavour,  and  in  iSjS  niinistcr  of  finance. 
He  followed  Cavour  into  his  temporary  retirement  in  July  1859 
after  the  peace  of  Villafranca,  and  for  a  year  [i86a-i£6i)  was 
president  of  the  Chamber.  He  was  minister  ol  the  interfor 
(1864-1865)  in  the  La  Marmora  cabinet,  and  arranged  the  trans- 
ference of  the  capital  10  Florence.  He  maintained  a  rnotule 
opposition  to  the  financial  policy  of  tlcnibrca,  who  resigned 
when  Lania  was  a  second  lime  elected,  in  1S&9,  pmidcnt  ol 
the  Chamber.  Lania  formed  1  new  cabinet  In  which  be  was 
himself  minister  of  Ihe  [ntciiot.  With  Quinlino  Sella  as  minister 
of  Knance  he  sought  to  leorganlic  Italian  financc.and  resigned 
olSce  when  Selja's  projects  were  rejected  in  1873.  His  cabinet 
had  teen  the  accomplishment  of  Iialian  unity  and  the  insulla- 
lion  of  an  Italian  government  in  Rome.  He  died  in  Rome  on 
the  glh  of  March  1881. 

■  SeeEaricoTa¥alliiii,la  Faa(di(™fi*-C«iMa»iIflMa(jvols., 
Turinand  Naples,  1887). 

UHZABOTB,  an  Island  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  forming  part 
of  the  Spanish  archipelago  ol  the  Canary  Islands  ((,(.).  Pop. 
(iQoo)  17,546;  area,  31&  iq.  m,  Laniarole,  ihe  most  easterly 
of  the  Canaritt,  has  a  length  of  31  m.  and  a  breadth  varying 
from  5  to  10  m.  It  is  naked  and  mountainous,  bearing  every- 
where marks  of  its  volcanic  origin.  MontalU  Blanca,  the  highot 
point (iooofi.»,i»eullivated to theiummit.  Int;jotheappear- 
MKt  ol  hall  the  {sland  waa  altered  by  a  volcanic  oMborit.    A 


villages  were  destroyed.  In  1815  aiwther  volcanic  eruption 
took  place  accompanied  by  earthquakes,  and  two  hiUs  were 
thrown  up.  The  port  of  Naos  dd  the  south-east  of  the  island 
aSords  safe  anchorage.  It  is  protected  by  two  forts.  A  short 
disunce  inland  is  tie  town  of  Aimife  (pop-  joSj).  The  tlimite 
is  hot  and  dry.  There  is  only  a  single  s;iring  of  fresh  water  on 
the  island,  and  that  in  1  potilioa  difficult  of  access.  From  the 
total  failure  of  water  the  inhabituts  were  once  compelled  to 
abandon  the  island.  Dromedaries  are  used  as  beasts  of  burden. 
Teguiie  (pi^.  jj86},  on  the  north-west  coasl,  is  the  residence  of 
the  local  auLhoriliea.  A  suait  about  6  m.  in  width  separate* 
Laniarote  from  Fucrteventura. 

Ctadosa,  a  smiD  uninhabited  island,  is  divided  from  the 
DOrtb-eastem  eilremily  of  Lanurole  by  a  channel  1  m.  in 
width,  which  aifonh  a  capacious  and  safe  harbour  foe  large 
■hips;  bui  basaltic  cUSt,  ijoo  ft.  higfa,  prevent  inteieoune  *jlh 
the  inhabited  part  of  Lanaaiote.  A  tew  persons  reside  on  the 
little  island  AUe^iarifa,  a  mi 


has  still  a  weU-defiind  edge. 

LAim,  LUIGI  drji-iSio),  Ital 
in  1731  and  educated  as  a  priest, 
keeper  of  the  galleriet  ol  Ftorei 

Italian  painting  and  Elruscan  antiquities  and  language.  In 
the  one  field  hia  labours  are  represented  by  his  Slaia  PiOorita 
dtUa  Ilalia,  Ihe  first  portion  of  which,  containing  the  Florentine, 


1  1773  he  1 
and  ihereaJter  studied 


,    ROBin 


appei 


ired  L 


translated  by  Rosi 
ology  his  great  achievement  was  Satgiti  ^i  ftiif  no  EInua  (17S0), 
followed  by  SaitK  ddk  /infKC  Hal.  aniulic  (tgo«).  In  fail 
memoir  an  the  u-called  Elruscan  vases  l,Dii  hji  atUsM  dipinti 
ttltarmau  ciiamali  EiraicJii,  1806)  Lanzi  rightly  perceived 
thrir  Greek  origin  and  cbaracten.  What  was  true  of  the  anti- 
quities would  be  true  al».  he  argued,  ol  the  Etruscan  language, 
and  the  object  o(  the  Soiiif  H  liniua  Elnsca  was  to  prove  that 
this  language  must  be  related  to  that  ol  the  neighbourios 
peoples— Romans,  Umbrians,  Oscans  and  Creeks.  He  wma 
allied  with  E.  Q.  Visconti  in  his  great  but  never  accomptisbed 
plan  ol  iUuttnliDg  anliquity  altogether  from  eiisting  literature 

styles  appeared  as  an  appendix  to  the  Sauit  di  lintna  £lnuta, 
and  an»e  dm  of  his  minute  study  ol  the  treasures  then  added 
to  the  Florentine  collection  from  the  Villa  Medici.  The  abuse  be 
met  with  from  later  writers  on  the  Elniscan  language  led 
Cotssen  (Spracke  4tr  EIniier,  i.  p.  vi.)  to  protest  in  the  naine 
of  his  real  services  to  philology  and  arthaeotogy.  Among  hia 
other  pTAductions  was  an  edition  of  Hesiod'i  Wtrkt  and  Dayt, 
with  valuable  notes,  and  a  trantlalion  in  una  riau.  Begun  in 
178J,  it  wasrecasi  and  coRifJeted  in  180S.  The  liM  oflA  work* 
closei  wilb  bit  Optn  sacrt,  a  teries  of  trealiset  on  quritBa] 
lubjeeis.  Land  died  on  the  joih  of  Uarch  i8ie.  Ht  wu 
buried  In  Ihe  church  of  the  Santa  Croce  at  Floreoce  by  the  side 
ol  Michelangelo. 

LAOAO,  a  town,  port  (or  coasting  vessels,  and  capital  of  tlw 
province  of  Iloeoa  Norte.  Luaon,  Philippine  Islands,  on  Ibe 
Laoag  river,  about  ;  m.  from  its  mouth,  and  in  the  N.W.  part 
of  the  island.  Pop.  (ifloj)  3*,4S4;  in  1903,  after  the  census 
bad  been  taken,  the  municipality  of  San  NicoUs  (pop.  1903, 
TO,83o1  was  added  to  Laoag.  Laoag  is  on  an  extensive  coast 
plain,  behind  which  is  a  picturesque  range  of  h^^  ii  it  well  built 
and  is  noted  for  its  fine  climalt,  the  name  "  Laoag  "  algnifying 
especially  well  equipped  for  handling  Hce,  which 


1  shipped  in  large  q< 


ies;  Ind 


also  shipped.   Cotton  ._  „ _ _^ , 

by  the  women  into  fabrics,  which  find  a  ready  sale  among  Ibe 
pagan  triha  of  the  moimliins.  The  language  is  Ilocano. 

UOCOOH,  In  Greek  legend  a  biolher  of  Anchiset,  who  had 
been  a  priest  of  Apollo,  but  having  profaned  the  temple  ol  the 
god  he  and  his  twn  sons  were  atl  acked  by  serpents  while  preparing 
to  (aciifice  1  bull  al  the  altar  of  Poseidon,  In  wboae  servkt 
Laocoon  was  tl^n  acting  u      ' 


LAODICBA— LAON 


189 


hone  left  by 

UDom  tbc  iBffdicm  of  Citck  li^^d  u  muked  by  iU  bonw — 
fWUcnluly  to  IB  it  COnM*  10  0*  ia  Vic|il  (Atmaii,   a.  199  iq.), 

■ad  u  il  b  nptaaitci  in  the  niutle  gioup,  the  Laacooa.  in 
[be  Valkui.  Id  Ihe  oldnl  eiistins  venion  o[  the  legend — thil 
ol  Aioinux  of  Miletw,  wbkh  h»  10  lu  been  preictvcd  is  ibe 
eiceipu  III  ppxlu*— the  csUisity  a  lc*MBed  by  the  Eict  Ibil 
only  one  of  the  tm  una  h  kiDedi  ind  thu.  u  bu  been  pointed 
out  (Arck.  Ziitimt,  iS;q,  p.  16;].  agitts  with  the  iiitecpRtation 
shich  Goethe  in  hi»  Frt/fjlaca  hid  pui  en  tbe  muUe  iraup 
rilhout  reftRsa  to  tbe  litenry  Indition.  He  Hyi:  "  Tlie 
yaoBgrc  KB  itnig^a  and  b  poKerlen,  ind  li  ilarnieil;  Ihe 
Lithtr  stiuR^es  ineffectively,  indeed  tiis  efforts  only  increase 
ibe  o(>poiiLian;  the  ddet  tan  il  leaal  of  all  injuicd,  be  fccb 
Hilbcr  ■Btnish  nor  paio.  but  he  is  homlied  at  Irhal  be  les 
tuppenidg  to  his  faihei,  and  he  scteinu  while  be  pushes  the  coils 
of  the  teipcot  off  [ram  his  legs.  -He  ii  thus  an  obKcvet,  wilnesa. 
lod  partidpant  in  the  inddeat,  and  Ibc  irofk  ii  then  complele.'' 
Again,  "  the  giadatian  ol  the  iacidtnC  il  this:  Ihe  lalbR  hai 
become  powerteis  among  Ihe  cuilt  of  the  serpent;  the  younger 
son  ha£  atiA  stiength  for  resistance  but  b  vouoded;  the  elder 
has  a  proapect  of  escape."  Lesang,  on  the  other  hand,  naain- 
tained  the  view  that  the  marble  group  Dluilrated  the  venion 
of  tbe  legend  given  by  Virgil,  with  such  difference!  as  were 
neceasary  from  tbe  different  limlla  of  reprcientalion  imposed 
on  the  arts  of  sculpture  and  el  poetry.  These  lintits  required  a 
new  debnilioo,  and  (bis  be  siHlcrtaoii  hi  hit  ttiU  famous  •nn'k. 
Uatoim  (see  tbe  edition  of  Hugo  Btamnef,  Bechn.  1876,  in 
which  tbe  iDbttqueDt  cHtidsm  ii  coUected).  The  date  of  the 
LaocooB  being  now  fixed  Itee  Aceundie)  to  40-»  n.c,  there 
(an  he  no  qucalioD  of  copyitig  Vir^  The  group  represents 
Ihe  eitreote  of  a  pathetic  tendency  In  tcnlpture  (see  ClECK  An, 
Hate  I.  fig.  s>). 

LAODICBA,  the  name  of  at  least  d^t  dtie*,  founded  or 
renovated  to  Ihe  liter  Hellenic  period.  Mo»t  of  them  were 
loanded  by  the  Seleodd  kings  ol  Syria.  Seleucus.  founder  of 
Ihe  dyoatty.  biaJd  by  Appian  to  have  named  five  dlies  after  his 
mother  Laodlce.  Thus  in  the  imneiwe  realm  of  the  Sdeucidae 
from  (he  Aegean  Sea  to  the  borders  ol  India  we  find  cities  called 
LaodScea,  as  also  Sdeuda  (q.i.)-  So  long  as  Greek  dviliuition 
bcM  its  gnnind,  theae  wire  tbe  commercial  and  lodal  cenltH. 
The  chief  are  Laoificea  sJ  Lycan  (see  below);  Cnmbmla  on 
the  boiden  ol  PbiygiB,  Lycaonia  and  Piadia;  a  third  in  Pootus; 
a  fourth,  orf  nure,  on  the  coast  of  Syria;  a  fifth,  ed  Ubamim, 
beside  the  Lebanon  mountains;  and  threeothen  in  the  faieasi— 
Uedia,  Persia  and  the  kiwer  Tigris  valley.    Intheialler  couotriet 

appeared;  the  other  live  continued  gnat  Ihroughout  the  Greek 
and  Koman  period,  and  tbc  senrnd,  thlid  and  fourth  retain  to 
the  present  day  the  andeiitname  under  the  pronuDdationLadik, 
Ladikiyeb  m  Latakia  (f.t.). 

Laooiou  ux  Ltcuh  (mod.  Denati,  ga.^  Tas  founded 
ptnbablyby  Antiochui  II.  Theos  (161-46  B.C.],  and  named  after 
biliirilelAodice.  Its  site  is  dooe  to  tiie  italion  of  Gonjcli  on  the 
AnatJ^an  railway.  Here  was  one  of  the  oJdesl  homes  of  Chtilt- 
ianilyand  theseatof  ooeof  tbcaevcn  cburdies  of  the  Apocalypse, 
FEny  1UK9  (v.  >o>  that  (he  town  was  called  in  older  times 
Diospolis  and  Rhoas;  but  at  an  eariy  period  Cdcosae,  a  few 
miUa  to  the  east,  and  Hierapolia,  6  m.  to  the  north,  were  the 
freatdtleaorihcneighbourh»d.DndLaodicea waaof  noimport- 
IBCetilltheSiJeudd  foundation  (Strsbo,  p.  ijS,).  A  favourable  lile 
ns  found  on  some  low  hills  of  alluvial  lonnation,  about  1  m.  S. 
0ftbeilverLycuB(CtaunikEu)and9m.£.of  the  confluence  of  Ibe 
Liicus  and  Maeander.  The  great  trade  route  f  mm  the  Eupbiate* 
■Dd  the  toterior  passed  to  it  through  Apamca.  There  it  forked, 
one  blanch  pang  down  the  Maeandcr  valley  to  Ntagne^a  aiid 
thencenortbtoEphcsus.  a  distance  of  about  00  m..  and  the  other 
branch  cmsing  the  mountiina  by  an  easy  pass  to  Philadelphia 
and  Ihe  Heroius  valley,  Sardis,  Thyatira  and  si  Ijsl  Peig*muni. 
St  Paul  (Col-  iv.  ij]  aDudei  to  the  utuation  of  Ludicea  bc^de 


CCilome  mai  Hicnptb;  and  (be  oHcr  id  otkfc  lbs  kit  fat 
chsnhes  of  the  ApooJypse  ue  ennmerated  (Rev.  L  11)  is 
eiplaiDed  by  Ihdt  poaitioa  on  tlie  load  just  dCKtibcd.  Placed 
in  Lhia  situation,  in  the  imtR  of  a  voy  festSe  disuici,  Laodica 
becUD*  a  rich  dty.  It  mi  famsna  loc  ita  Buiey  moiactioBS 
(Cic  At  Fam.  a.  n,  iii.  s).  u>d  foe  tbe  bantiful  lofl  wotd 
grown  by  the  iheep  of  Ibe  country  (Stnbos7S).  Bothpcinuan 
fefentd  to  in  the  a  mag*  to  the  church  (Rev.  in.  it.  18). 

'    ■      ■  'nary  o^  (he  town.     It  suffered  givatjy 

1  opife.    The  Zeui  of  Laodicea,  with  tbe 

I  JiisarRqaentiynibolanthedtycoina. 

I  AoMiag  ia  ihB  entoded  right  hand  an 

<  liuMfBO.   Not  fvfioa  the  city  »aa 

I  .  with  a  (R>l  medial  school;  while 

I  xne  fanuos  Scepiic  ithnonphen.  and 


i. :  Th.  MomBien.  Efiam.  Etirapi.  L 

I  fltCtlSt Lalmivu. dup.  v.)7The ciiy 

]  :.  but  not  of  c™i  beauty  or  inlcmt; 

1  that  much  has  been  bwied  heocaih  the 

1  uioakea  to  which  tbe  district  ■■  expned 

— , MdBiitofririitfi'lrwio.l.-ir.  (189s)! 

LiUrri  u  On:  SiKn  Cturrka  Uvu):  ini  lhebe*ulrFuldrawiii«.tf 
CackcnUinthe^Uioil«)«'jnH,voLiii.pl.4T-5l-    (A.  H.S.) 

LAODICBA.  mOD  OP.  bdd  at  Laodlcca  >d  l^oun  in 
Phry^  some  lime  between  J43  and  jSi  (w  Hefde;  but 
Baronius  argues  for  314,  and  othen  for  a  date  as  late  ei  3oq), 
adapted  slily  canons,  cluetly  diidplinaty,  which  were  declared 
ecumenical  by  the  council  of  Chaloedon,  4;i.  Tbe  malt  sgnlfi. 
cant  canom  are  thoac  directly  affecting  the  dergy,  whcrdn  the 
dergy  appnr  as  a  privileged  dass,  far  above  the  laity,  but  with 
ihirply  differentiated  and  carefully  graded  orders  within  itself. 
For  eiample,  tbe  prlcsu  an  not  to  be  cbosen  by  the  people; 
penitents  are  not  to  be  present  at  ordinationa  (lest  they  sboidd 
hear  the  failings  of  candidate*  diicusied);  biiho|i«  are  to  be 
appointed  by  tbe  metropolilan  and  hit  tufftagan;  tutMleacont 
may  not  distribute  the  dcmenli  of  the  Eucharist;  deiici  ate 
forbidden  to  leave  a  diocese  without  tbe  bkhop*!  ptmdsikia. 
Other  canons  treat  of  intercoune  with  beiTtlcs,  adraltriOB  oi 
penilent  heretics,  baptism,  faitt,  Lent,  angel-worthip  (for- 
bidden as  idoblroui)  and  Ihe  canonical  bixikt,  from  which  the 
Apocrypha  and  Revelation  are  wanting. 

See  Mann  ii.  J63.614;  Hardouin  i.  777-79>;  HeWe,  and  ed,  I. 
746-77?  (Eog.  tram.  iL  afls-jjj).  a.  F.  CO 

LAOMEDON,  in  Greek  legend,  too  of  Hut.  king  of  Troy  and 
father  of  Podarces  (Priam).  The  gods  ApoUo  and  Pateidan 
served  him  for  hire,  ApoOo  ICDding  hii  herds,  while  Poaddon 
buSt  the  walls  of  Tray.  When  Laomedon  iduied  to  pay  tlie 
reward  agreed  upon.  ApoUo  vislled  the  bod  with  a  pestilence, 
and  Posddon  sent  up  a  monster  iiom  tbe  tea.  which  ravaged 
the  land.  According  to  the  orade,  the  wiath  of  Posddon  could 
only  be  appeased  by  the  ucrifice  of  one  of  the  king's  daughteia. 
The  kit  feU  opon  "    ' 


the  n: 


dng.     Her. 


y  back  ft 


land  of  tbe  Amaions.  offered  to 
Meiione.  on  condition  that  be  should  receive  Ibe  woadeilul 
hoTHS  preiented  by  Zeus  to  Tros.  Ihe  father  al  Ganymede,  b 
console  him  (or  the  Ins  of  his  son.  Again  Laomedon  brake  bia 
word;  whereupon  Herades  returned  with  a  band  of  waniora. 
attacked  Troy,  and  slew  Laomedon  ond  aD  his  tons  eicepl 
Priam.  According  to  Diodoius  SIculuj,  Laomedon  aggravated 
his  offence  by  impiiioning  Iphidus  uid  TdaDion,  who  bad  been 
sent  by  Heradet  to  demand  the  lurrender  of  the  bonia.  Lao- 
medon wai  burled  near  the  Scietn  gate,  and  i(  was  laid  thai 
so  loog  at  his  grave  remained  unditiuibed,  so  long  would  liie 
waitt  of  Troy  remain  impregnable- 
See  Homer,  lUtil.  v.  36}.  640.  vU.  451.  ni.  **}■  ApoHodorui 
Hi.  Q  and  6.  4!  Diod.  iSc  iv.  ji.  4a,  m;  Hyginui.  Fat.  S9; 
Honce,  OJlt  liL  3.  »:  Ovid.  Utiam.  ai.  194. 

LAORi  a  town  of  northern  France,  capital  of  tbe  deparUmt 
of  lUsne,  S7  m.  N.E.  ol  Paris  on  the  Northern  railway.  Pop. 
(iQoA),  town.  4787,  cominunc  (indudbg  Iroopa)  is,iSa.     It  il 


•ilaatcd  on  in  iMUinJ  ifdge,  fatnlng  im  ridd  of 
vhich  rbes  Kvie  ^o  ft.  abow  Ibe  lurrcumlJnB  pkrn  and  th« 
Ihtls  river  of  Anton.    The  luhucbi  of  Si  HirxI  and  Vaui  ciUnd 
tiOBi  Ibc  (OM  of  tbc  tidgs  lo  Ibe  oonb.    from  Iha 
Malloa,  iiiuitcd  In  ibc  pUa  to  Ibc  nonh,  i  Uriighl  >Ui 
•ntnl  hundtod  uep*  ItuU  lo  the  gilc  ol  ibe  lovn,  and  all  the 
nadi  connecting  Lasn  with  Ibe  aurraunding  dliirict 
ligugi  on  the  iiecp  ilopo,  nhkb  tn  crowne 
onlhejiKoflheoIdramparta.    The  lith-cenluiygatool  Ardon, 
CbeniKlIea  and  Soiisona.  the  tatier  la  a  Hale  of  ruin,  have  be 
pitMned.    At  Ibe  easiera  (ilremiiy  of  ihe  lidce  liica  i 
(itadel;  at  iu  apex  ii  the  pande-gtound  of  St  Mutin,  and 
the  uuihem  end  itandi  the  ancicBt  abbey  of  S(  Vincent.    T 
deep  depmiioo  beivrccn  the  anni  of  ibe  ridge,  known  u  tbe 
Cuve  Si  Vinceni.  hu  iu  ilopei  coreced  iiitli  Irea.  vegetable 
fardeni  and  vincyanti.    From  the  promenade  akms  the  lioe 
the  ranpana  ihcie  ia  an  eiicniivB  view  nonhmrd  beyond 
Queniin.  woinard  lo  the  foteit  of  St  Gobabi,  and  louihwi 
over  the  wooded  bill*  of  Ihe  Luunill  ud  SoiBonnaii. 
The  cilbcdnl  of  Laon   (see  AacHnxcTVIE,   Romaneiq 

crutioniof  theart  of  tho  iiihand  ijth  centurlea.  It  look  (he 
place  of  the  old  cathedral,  burned  at  Ibe  beginninc  ol 
munal  itnigglei  mentioned  below.  The  buildijig  ii  cnidform, 
and  Ihe  choir  tenninatca  in  a  itraighl  waU  initcad  of  in  an  apae. 
Of  ibc  lix  towers  flanking  the  facade^  only  four  are  compjete 
lo  the  beighl  of  the  base  of  the  ^Hiei,  two  al  tbe  weal  front 
with  bugh  figuna  of  oien  beneath  tbe  arcadei  of  their  vppa 
portion,  and  one  at  each  end  ol  (he  traiuept.    A  iquare  central 

three  porches,  the  centre  one  suTDmunled  by  a  fine  roae  window, 
ranka  atxi  to  that  of  Nairt-Daat  al  Farii  in  purity.  The 
cathedrat  hia  atained  glan  of  tbe  i jlh  century  and  a  cboir  grille 
dI  tbe  tSlh  century.  The  chapier-bouse  and  tbe  i ' 
beauiiful  tpeciraeni  of  tbe  archiiecluie  of  the  beginning  ol  ibe 
rjih  century.  The  old  epiKopal  palace,  conilguoua  lo  tF 
cathedral,  it  now  used  as  a  coutt-bouac.  The  front,  flanked  b 
turreli,  ia  pierced  by  great  pointed  windowl.  There  ia  alw 
Goihic  cloiiter  and  an  oM  chapel  of  Im  storeys,  of  a  dale  anlerii 
to  the  cathcdraL  The  church  of  St  Martin  date*  from  Ibe  middle 
of  the  nth  cenlury.  The  old  abbey  buildings  of  Ihe  same 
foundaiionarenowuscdas  Ihe  bospitaL  The  museum  of  Laon 
had  c^lecUon*  of  sculpture  and  painting.  In  iis  garden  there 
is  a  chapel  of  the  Templars  belonging  to  the  Jilh  cenlnij.  The 
church  of  the  suburb  of  Viui  near  the  rallny  tuiicm  dates  from 


lllheoV 


rtifica 


Ihe  tiih  and  ii 

luanies  in  the  hill-tide, 
a  triangle  of  impoiunt 
n  inner  line  of  woikt  m 
a  of  Laon  itself,  and  (m  groups  ol  detached  forts, 
one  some  i)  m.  S.E.  about  Ibc  village  ol  Bruyira,  (he  other 
about  1  to.  W.S.W.,  neu  LtnlMMn.  To  lh«  S.S.W.  fons 
Malmainn  and  Condi  eonuect  Ltao  with  Che  AisDC  and  with 

Laon  is  tbetcal  of  t  prelect  and  a  court  ol  aisites,  and  ponose* 

a  tribunal  of  Rn>  instance,. a  lycfc  for  boys,  a  oollcte  for  girls, 
I  school  of  agriculture  and  training  colleges.  Sugat-iuking 
and  roetai-founding  are  carried  on,  but  neiibcr  Industry  nor  trade, 
vblcb  Is  in  grain  and  wine,  are  ol  oiiich  imporlaace. 

The  hilly  dtnricl  of  Laon  (LaudunBin)  has  always  hid  une 
(inlegic  importance.  In  Ihe  time  of  Caesar  theie  wii  a  Gallic 
irillagE  vheie  the  Reni  Tudiabitanli  ol  Ihe  coualry  round  Reina) 
ludiiieHeiibeoneiQlthtconlEdtntBJ  B^hic  Whatever  may 
have  bcia  ibe  pnxiee  localilv  of  ihal  baillcBeld.  Laon  was  fortified 
by  Ibe  Romanh  and  wcceuively  checked  the  invaiiiin.el  the  Franks. 
BlinurKllan^  Vindati.  Alinl  and  Huni.  Si  Remlgiiii,  the  arch- 
lilsbaii  of  Reijnt  who  baniied  Ckivis,  n*  born  in  the  Laonnait.  and 
It  was  he  who.  at  the  end  sf  (he  jlh  century,  instkuted  the  tuhopiic 
sflhelawn.  ThencelDcward  Laon  was  one  of  the  princTpal  towns  (tf 
(he  kingdom  ol  the  Franks,  and  Iht  ncHtnlnw  of  it  was  often  dis- 
puted. ChaikalbeBaldhadcuicbeditachBicliwiththegiltaliiefy 

-. , ., — ^_,,  ,--.._..._.„.._.-.._  ......'K'St'onl 


'^T^Sued  bTihc 

.,,,._  _  .._  ™., ,  __^-. -,..,-  .he  dcain  of  their 

iiiliop.  Tbt  king  attemalelv  inlerfeRd  ■■  lavaur  of  the  bUup  and 
^  the  inhabllanti  till  lin.  Alter  Ihal  date  tbe  tibertfaa  el  Laoa 
were  no  nore  coateued  liDrui,  when  Ibe  conniunB  sts  abelisbcd. 
Durii«  the  HundiTd  Yeara'  War  il  waa  aitackcd  and  taken  by  tbt 
Buriundiana,  who  ovc  it  up  lo  Ihe  Engtiih.  lo  be  retaken  tw  the 
French  alter  the  coaiccmion  of  Cbarlei  VII.  Under  Ihe  Leliw 
Laon  took  the  part  si  the  Leaners,  and  was  taken  by  Henry  1V. 
Oonng  Ihe  caoipalgn  of  1814  Napoleon  tried  in  vaJn  to  diJodgc 

he  ciladd  11  the  moment  when  the  Grrm 


and  Ihe  ea 


I  and  Ihe  eh 


rilory  of  French  Indo-China,  bounded  N.  by  the 
Chinese  province  ol  Yun-nan,  W.  by  (he  British  Shan  ttala  and 
Siam,  S.  by  Cambodia  ai»d  Aonam.  E.  by  Annam  and  US-  by 
Tonglting.  Nonhcm  Laos  ia  traversed  by  the  Mekong  {f.i.} 
which  Irom  Chteng-Khan  10  a  point  below  Slung-Treng  forou  the 
boundary  between  Laoi  (im  Ihe  left  bank)  and  Siam  and  Cam- 
between  700  and  Boo  m.  in  length  with  an  average  breadth  of 
IJS  m..  In  ippnuimatc  area  of  Kg,7Sosq,  a.,  and  a  population 
of  gbout  sio.ooa.  Itsnortbcm  region  between  tbe  Uekongawl 
Tongking  il  covered  by  a  tangle  of  mountain  duias  clothed  wilh 
dense  foieUs  and  travencd  by  the  Nara-Hou,  Ibc  Nam-Ta  and 
other  Iribularici  of  Ibe  Mekong.  ThecidmuislbgpomtCTCeedl 
6joo  fi.  in  height.  South  ol  thii  is  the  eiiensive  wooded  plateau 
ol  Ttan-Ninb  wilb  an  average  ahiiude  of  between  3000  and  5000 
It.  Towards  the  iBtb  degree  ol  latitude  Ihis  mountain  lysleoi 
narrows  into  a  range  ninning  parallel  to  and  eloacly  approaching 
the  coiut  of  tbe  China  Sea  aa  it  descends  south.  Tbe  boundary 
between  Looi  and  Annam  loDowi  the  cresl-line  ol  tfaii  langc, 
seveiBl  peaks  ol  which  oceed  650011.  (Pu-Alwat,  over  Sooo  ft.). 
On  Ibe  west  its  ramificaikmi  citend  to  tbe  Ueknng  enclosing 
wide  plains  watered  by  the  aSuenIS  of  that  river. 

Laos  is  bihabitcd  by  a  mixed  population  falling  into  three 
main  groups — the  Thais  (including  the  Laotians  (aee  below)]; 
various  aboriginal  peoples  daased  as  Khai;  and  tbe  Inhilataats 
of  ndgbbeuring  anmtiica,  eg.  Chma,  Aanim,  Cambodia,  StiD, 

Bulnu,  &C. 

Laos  hu  *  niny  seaiOD  lasting  fmra  June  to  October  and 
ainesponding  to  tbe  S.W.  monsoon  and  a  dty  aeaaon  oojodding 
wiib  the  N.E.  monsoon  and  lasting  from  November  Lo  May. 
Both  In  Dorthem  ind  southern  Laos  the  beat  during  April  ai>d 
May  tsescoitve,  tbe  Iherroomelar  reaching  lOf'F.  andavcn^ng 
95*  F.  With  tbe  beginning  of  the  lains  the  beat  becann  mora 
tolerable.  Docember,  January  and  Febmary  arc  cool  moolhs, 
the  temperaiuie  bi  south  Laos  (south  of  ig^  Lmt^at  }T*,  in 
north  Laos  from  50*  to  jj*.  The  plaltaa  of  Tian-Ninh  and,  ia 
the  south,  tbu  of  tbc  Bolovon  an  dislingukbcd  by  tbe  wbole- 
iomeDen  of  tbcb  disiate. 

Tlie  forests  contain  bamboo  and  many  vahable  mods  bboo|>1 

which  only  tbe  teak  of  north  Lao*  and  tallan  ue  eaploilcd  to 

other  forest  producta  are  mbbei,  atich  be,  gUBi, 

nfamoins,  Ac     Ri«  and  maiie,  arui  coItoOt  hidigo, 

_ar4aike  and  cardanoms  are  among  tbe  cuhhrated 

planti.     Elephants  are  numaous  and  the  Inresta  are  (nh^ted 

tigers,  panthers,  bears,  deer  Sod  buffalo.    Buntii^  and  fithjog 

!  lead)B«  occupations  ol  ihe  inhabitants.    Many  spcdcs  ol 

mkeys,  as  weQ  as  peacocks,  pbeasanU  and  woodeack  are 
lound,  and  the  tepliks  iadsde  crocodiles,  turtles,  pythons  and 

Scardly  ol  labour  and  difficulty  el  csmauiJcBtbn  Undct 


LAOS— LAO-TS2E 


«9» 


■easal  an  of  ■  priaiiiive  kiad  mad  ttdalg  only  Incil  stub. 
Tke  btflilo,  the  BE,  ih*  fcana  ui'   ■      ■    ■ 


B  loi  do^alic  ■■»  Tndt  b  duefly 
ibe  riiiiM  n  imt  ll  I  ■iiiml  rin  Inr  tin  mmr  fO  iiirli  liiiii  The 
Mckoos  B  Uk  ckict  utoy  «l  (laBA;  duokcn  nimnii 
B  iSgidBd  by  tncki  ■oawtiiBM  pai 
Laaas-Pi^iBiiS  (f^k)  h  Ibe  prindpd 
ibc  French  •ccBpalioB  •!  Lua,  U  WM  .  . 
pilitia  imamgii  oC  >fckh  the  diet  m*  IhU  sf  Vkn-Tiuie. 
VicB-Ttueoudctlioycdia  |S*8  by  Ju  SiuM*c  aibo . 
the  tnTiUay.  lo  iSgj  Ibcy  nwie  it  over  to  lite  Fnach,  vbQ 
(rmped  lb*  mmanti  isM  provincci.    01  IhcM  tbete  uc  imli 

■arvciltaBCe,  ^  aativt  olEdi]*  detud  by  Uu  people  fra 
■niospt  the  BKiubni  ttl  an  henditary  aobililjr.  Al  Ibe  bead 
si  Ibc  admiaalratioa  ibere  a  a  niideBt-niperiar  atalioned  u 
SaosBBBkct.  Up  tin  1(96  Lwia  bad  no  ipedal  budget,  but  wu 
■dniDBlcnd  by  Cochin-Cbina,  Anoan  and  ToDgUng.  Tbe 
bodgEt  for  i8w  aboiicd  napta  iji^Si  and  eipendituie 
L7JA'7-  Fo*  »9o*  the  budgel  ^tb  mre,  reccipa  ii>,9*', 
pprnri  rtxre  1}6m4-  Tbt  chief  lourca  of  leveaue  an  the  direct 
ttxo  Uis.iotia  i{B4),  opedalfy  the  poU-tax,  and  ihe  tontribu- 
tion  fflwt  tbe  geneial  budget  of  Isdo^ChiDa  (£54,090  in  1904). 
The  chief  item  of  tipenditiln  io  igo4  vert  Govennneot  boiuc» 
b->  £"-55t-  trawpoft.  ^ig.igi,  native  guacd,  ^it^'I- 

Sec  M.  J.  F.  Girnlr.  Vt^ap  tatUnHitm  n  Imdt-CM^  (Plrii, 
■S7J);  C.  CoocHn,  Z^J^TDiIf  ;(pn<(EUnU/na(iiu<rar«,  lOOO); 
L.  Je  fitinach,  If  jUu  [Piiii,  i9aj)  lad  ^h  inr  It  Laot  (Paiia, 
IS106} ;  aod  biblisgnphy  uodcr  Indo-Cuika,  FalNCH. 

tMM,  or  Lionom,  an  important  diviiicn  of  tbe  mdaprcad 
Thai  or  Sbaa  net  found  thiMfboUl  Indo-China  from  >S*  H. 
and  tbe  iMiioa  of  tbe  Inamddy  ai  fn  ai  Cambodia  and  7*  N. 
in  Ibc  Ualay  Peainnila.  Tbii  Thai  family  iatluds  Ibe  Sbans 
proper,  and  Ibe  Siamna,  Tbe  name  Lao.  vhich  appeara  to 
nean  smply  "man."  ii  Ibe  ooUeclive  Siameie  lenn  foi all  ihe 
Thai  pcspie*  lobiect  to  Siiin,  «hl]e  Shan,  laid  to  be  of  ChioeM 
oriclB,  h  Ibe  eollBCtire  BirBUW  tent  for  tboM  lubject  to  Bunna. 
Lao  ii  theRfore  rather  ■  iNlUkal  than  ao  elhwcal  title,  and  the 
people  cmdially  didilu  the  lama,  iwlMiDg  on  Ihcir  right  lo  be 
called  ThaL    Owtng  lo  the  dlBeieat  dminitani 


ihabilanti    ' 


lained  t 


,    _     ,  ,    Tbe  Lao,  irbo  descended  fcom 

the  DiminlaiB  dlMrict*  «f  Ywmaii,  Saechuen  and  Kwcicbow  lo 
Ihe  highland  pUn*  of  nppar  lado-OuBa,  and  dnve  tbe  wilder 
Kba  peapla  whom  thqr  foaod  in  poaMsion  inio  the  biUt, 
mcBily  adopted  fioddfaim,  and  lonnad  small  uiikd  cammuniiiea 
Dt  italcs  in  whidi  lam  were  eaiy.  taw*  light  and  a  very  fair 
degree  of  comfort  itu  allained.  There  are  two  main  divMooa. 
the  Lao  Poni  Dam  ("  Black  Paundil^aot  ").»o-caUalfiomlheli 
hibii  of  latiooing  tbe  body  fiom  the  waiat  10  lbs  knees,  and  tbe 
Lao  Pong  Kao  ("  White  Pauocb  Laot  "J  who  do  not  utlw. 
Lao  tattooing  ii  of  a  moU  daborale  kind.  The  Lao  Fong  Dan 
no*  foTTB  the  wealem  branch  of  Ibe  Lao  funily.  iobabitiog  tbe 
Siimeae  Lao  Malei  of  Chtcng  Mai  Lapaun,  Tern  Pic  and  Man, 
lad  readriog  a*  far  aouih  aa  17*  N.  Varioui  influencn  have 
tiiTilHbuttd  lo  making  tbe  Lao  (he  pleasant,  euy-going,  idle 
Idlow  that  he  it.  The  result  is  thai  practically  aU  tbe  trade  ol 
Ihcie  Kalea  is  in  the  hands  of  Banging  Chinete  ^mu,  ol  a  certain 
number  of  European  hooia  and  olhcn.  while  moai  of  the  manual 
bhsur  coanected  -with  the  leak  iitdutlry  is  done  by  Ka  Mut, 
■ho  mifiate  in  large  numben  from  the  leA  bank  of  the  Mekong. 
The  Lao  Pong  Kao.  or  eastern  branch,  appear  to  have  migiUed 
lODiliwanb  by  the  more  eailerly  route  of  Ihe  Nam-a  and  Ihe 
Mdung  vaDey.  In  conl  laiUiliDciion  lo  the  Lao  Pong  Dam,  who 
ItLvt  derived  Ihdr  written  language  from  ihe  Burmese  chancier, 
Ihe  Baiao  race  hu  talained  what  appeaa  to  be  Ibe  Miiy  fdtmol 


the  pRicm  Siamese  Writing;  &am  lAidi  It  diflen  Ktfc.  Tlity 
toimed  imiiorttal  tetliemenu  al  varioui  poioti  oa  the  Mekoog, 
notably  Luang  Pnbang,  Wieng  Chan  (Vien-Ttane)  Ubon  and 
BaBac;-and,  beading  inlud  as  far  aa  Karat  on  tbe  one  side 
and  the  Anuamite  wateohed  in  Ihe  east,  they  drove  out  the 
leu  civiliied  Kha  peoples,  and  even  the  Cunbodiana,  as  the  Lao 
Pong  Dam  did  on  Ihe  west.  Vien-Tiaw  during  the  iSlh  century 
was  the  most  powerful  of  Ihe  Lio  priudpaUlics.  and  was  feared 
and  respecin]  Ihiougboul  ludo-Cbioa.  It  was  deslroynl  by  Ibe 
Siamese  in  iSi8.  The  inhibitaDls.  in  auardance  with  the  Indo- 
Chinese  custorS  of  the  day,  were  tiampQited  lo  Lower  Siom.  Tho 
Lao  Ftmg  Kao  below  jS*  X.  are  a,les&  oieiiy  and  tesavivadous 
people,  and  are  for  Ihe  most  pan  tfaoitu  and  more  thickset 
than  Ihote  of  Luang  Frabang  and  the  Borth.  If  possible,  they 
an  as  a  race  lauer  than  Ihe  wetiem  Lao,  as  Ihey  ate  certainly 
more  muiical.  The"  khen,"oi  mouth  organ,  which  Is  universal 
among  ibem,  is  Ihe  sweete3t-.lonod  of  easiem  ins^menta, 

After  i&rS  Ibe  Laos  became  enlirely  subject  10  Siam.  and  were 
governed  partly  by  khiau,  or  native  hcredilary  princes,  partly 
by  mandarins  dinclly  nanuBalcd  by  Ihe  Bangkok  auihoriiiea. 
Tile  kbiao  were  invested  by  a  gold  lUsb,  bciel-boi,  spittoon  aod 
teapot,  which  were  sent  fmn  Bangkok  and  reUnicd  at  Iheii 
death  or  deposition.  Of  all  the  khiao  Ibe  most  powerlul  was  the 
>rjnce  of  Ubon  (ij*  N.,  ios°  R).  whose  jurisdiction  eilended 
learly  from  Baisac  on  the  Mekong  northwards  to  the  great 
outhera  bend  ol  that  river.  Nearly  all  the  Laos  country  b  now 
divided  between  France  and  Siam,  and  only  a  lew  tiiba  main 

>r7  account!  of  the  Laos  ait  dne  lo  Ibe 

ccome  much  miied  with  tbe  aboii^oal 

islet  sprung  from  alliaawa  with  lb«  wild 

3  of  UiDCasic  stock  present  every  variety  between  that  type 

the  MongoliarL     But  tbe  pure  Laos  are  sliB  dalingoislied 

by  tbe  high  cheek-bones,  small  Sal  nose,  oblique  eyei,  wide 

mouth,  black  lank  hair,  sptne  beard,  and  yellow  compleiiaa  ol 

Ihe  Thai  and  other  branches  of  tbe  Mongol  family.     In  dis- 

asllion  Ihe  Laoi  are  aii  qathelic.  peace-bvlng,  pleasani- 

lannered  race.    Tluugh  Ihe  women  have  lo  work,  Ihey  are 

ee  and  well  treated,  and  polypimy  it  rare.    Tlie  Laoa  are  very 

ipeislilioui,  bdieve  in  wer-wolva,  and  that  all  diieaies  are 

lused  by  evil  spiiiu.     Their  chief  food  is  rin  and  Gih.     Men, 

omen  and  children  all  smoke  tobacco.    The  dvilized  Iaos  were 

Bg  addicied  to  slave-hunting,  iwl  only  with  the  T"'ii~'  bi< 

rcn  with  the  co-operaiion  of  tbeit  rulers,  the  Lao  mandBSina 

heading  regular  eipcditioDS  against  the  wilder  Iribei. 

Cloaely  allied  with  the  Lao  area  number  of  (libeifiiuiHlIhiTwghowt 

Chinaandlheupper vatcnuf thcMenamin^ani.  Thcyhaveall 

e  Huih-wHl  fram  Ibe  hithland  districts  of  southern  China,  which 
_ii  produced  »  many  recniits  fur  Ibe  peopling  of  the  lado^ChiKse 
peDtDadla.  Of  thisrrodpof  peopJe.amDiig  whoramay  bt  naoMd  the 
Vao.  VaoVin.  Laatea,  Meo,  Muaur  (or  MiDiwi]  and  Kiw.  perhaps  Ihe 

'     I  Lan  are  tbe  Lu— both  names  meaniai 

-..« f      - —  — ve  in  nanv  cases  adopted  a  form  « 

Buddhism  (Aivouitd  aiDn(ly  by  ihelr  natural  rewecl  for  local 
•piiiu  u  well  ai  lafRieiiic)  and  other  niativdy  civtiited  euKsms. 

ctlltd  villan  eustence.     Haidy,  dmjtle  and  Laduslrious,^  fond  ^ 

hete  'people  poiiesi  ia  •  wnn<^ul  d^ne  Ibe  secret  oi  checrlid 

AurHoairiis.~M,  J.  ¥.  (^trwcr,  Csyufi  d-eiffsnUun  «  Indf- 
Ckioi-.  K  H.  MaiilM.  TrntiUm  liu  CiiUnl  PvU  tS  iHit-Ckina. 
CanbaiiaaMJLju,s(iii^);  fiohS.fl>lle><,X  rtnfaW  tfJeinsa 

Shdii  (iS^S)^  Lord  Lamington.  frpc.  JLCJ.  vol.  nii.  No.  In 
Anher,  lUp-xl  «■  s  jMmy  in  ilu  Utiunt  VtlUj:  Prinee  Henri 
d'OrUaoi.  Amii^  Taniin  and  Si^m  (1S94);  M'Caithy.  fUfni  m  « 
Sumy  in  Siam  (iSoth  Bulitiiiti.  Paris  Ce«nphka]  Society: 
H.  Waringlon  Smyth;  Kaui  ej  a  yMrwy  m  da  Upftr  ilittmt 
(iSgjJ:  ra,  Ynui  i-i  Siam  U»>»):  Humutl.  Lt  Lti  tt  In  ftfrn- 
lalumi  ini«i(cl  A  flM^Ckiat  (lUo),  See  aho  bibliasmphy  to 
precedinf  article. 

LJIo-TSZB,  or  LtaO-TsiE.  the  desgnalion  ol  tbe  Cbincie 
author  af  the  cdebiated  tieatiie  called  Tit  Tik  King,  and  tht 
reputed  loundu  el  tbe  idifioa  called  rfiini     TIM  Hill  t 


lAo-TSZE 


dunclen  composing  the  ck^gnittoD  may  mtaA  tHha 
cm  Son,"  which  commonly  asjuma  with  (oicigni 
"  the  Old  Boy,"  ot  "  tlit  Old  PhiUnnphtr."  Th( 
tance  il  atUched  to  Ihcm  b;  Dr  CbalmFn  in  his  iranslition  01 
the  IrealiK  published  in  lS6S  undrr  the  title  o[  7^  Sptaiatimj 
m  Uetafkynu,  ?»'■'>  ami  UeralUy  ef  "  Ou  OU  Plnlosiifktr," 
Ldo-lsic.  The  fotmer  is  derived  from  >.  fabulous  actounl  of 
Uo-lsze  in  the  SUk  HsifH  Climiit,  "  The  Armunt  of  Spirils 
uid  ImmoiUls,"  ot  Ko  Hung  in  the  4th  centuiy  a  Ji.  Actordirj 
to  this,  his  mother,  after  a  aupemalural  conciTiiIpn,  oirieil  him 
in  het  womb  jiity-lwo  yeara  (or  levcnty-two,  or  eighty-one — ten 
yeiB  more  or  fewer  aie  of  little  Imponance  in  such  a  rase),  so 
that,  when  he  wu  bom  at  last,  hli  hair  was  white  u  with  age, 
and  people  might  well  call  him  "the  old  boy."  The  other 
meaning  of  the  de»g;n>tiDn  rests  on  better  authority.  We 
find  it  b  ^e  KU  YH,  or  "  Narratives  of  the  ConXudin  School," 
compiled  in  the  jrd  centuty  a.a.  from  documents  said  to  have 
been  preserved  among  the  descendants  of  Confucius,  and  also  in 
the  brief  bistoiy  of  Uo-tsze  given.!n  the  historical  records  of 


I    (about 


.c). 


I  the  : 


deaignatbn  ia  tiled  by  Confucius,  and  possibly  it  originated  with 
bim.  It  should  be  regarded  more  as  an  epithet  of  respect  than 
of  years,  and  is  equivalent  to  "  the  Venctable  Philasophcr." 

AH  that  Ch'ien  telli  u>  about  Uo-taa  >d«  into  small  coinpan. 
His  suiiume  was  Lt  and  hii  name  Uih.  He  wa>  i  native  o<  the  slate 
«r  Ch'U.aad  wai  tom  in  a  haniM  luKfar  fmm  the  pmrm  pnleciural 
city  of  Kwetle  in  HMiaa  pcDviaee.  He  waa  ase  (4  the  reconjen  or 
JdMaciognphen  at  the  court  of  Chow,  his  ipidal  depvunoit  beiiii 
the  cha^  of  the  wfiole  or  a  portku  of  the  myal  library.  He  nuiit 
thua  have  htefl  able  Co  make  himself  acqualtiled  with  the  history  of 
Uiesuntiy.  ChlendaesintiBenlioBtlMyear  of  hiiblTth,  which  ii 
oltca  (aid,  tbouft 
kave  talBnplace  Ii 


.  tbouft  on  wue  uunete  auinoii 
iBnplace  la  the  third  ycaiefKioji  I 
.    IW  date  caniwi  he  fu  ' — ■■■ 


'SSlh^^?^ 


, ,   with  Coofucli 

tatioDoyof  theLIXIandlhEAu  moninevonrucian  tioe,  sntroi 
Chwanc-liaeaBdSie-nMCh'toaoalhc'niiui.  The  two  men  whoH 
inHueace  kaa  been  so  gnat  oa  all  the  subflcqueni  iracrations  of  the 
Chinae  pdjple — Kung-tue  (Coafuciiis]  and  UU>-tBi— had  at  Itait 
n.n  ir,;^,,:.^  In  Ei^  B.C..  when  the  former  was  In  his  thiity-hlth 
ilton  between  then  wu  hiteieitlng.   lie  was  in 


1:  Kung  appeara  to  the  giatcr  advantage,  t 
;iu»,  when  hewHfidjhone  vean  oU,  vuiied  LI 
lan  tio^  nira  >'n,lhel«irteeiiih  ofhutia 


Iffi." 


Mriier  Tloi«  wiker)  pindm  Confudui  in  [h 
Olds  01  the  Philiatlnn  ihd  the  captive  Saaaoa 
lions. "  to  aula  sun  for  them."  Their  leMimo 
any  matter  of  faST  There  may  have  been  leve 

|)iaceafltrtliatliine.  Ch'i«iadd>: 


"  LaiMiaeaillimad  the  TUa  and 

behif  how  to  kM  binseU  coneealea  ana  ubkbowb.  He  joiiSiA  at 
ichecapkaIol)Cbaw:  bBtafterakuigtime.sceliitihedKayortht 
dysaaty,  be  Id^  it,  and  went  away  to  the  Gale  [katding  from  the 
ioyal  iliiiBaui  Into  the  ngloaa  iMvond— at  IheentnoHiil  the  pan 
«l  Haa-kfl,  In  the  north-WBt  et  HMaa).  Via  Kd,  the  wardelT^ 
theCaie,iBiduhln, 'Y«i  an  about  la  withdraw  younclloji  of 
driit:  1  pny  ysa  to  eanpcMe  for  me  a  book  (bdm  you  go).'  On 
iHs  Us-iaie  oiada  a  wntiag,  lennig  forth  hii  views  on  the  Mi 
■■d  iditiie,  (a  two  seellan),  coMalnlng  obk  than  jooo  chiractert. 
He  then  went  away,  and  it  is  aot  known  when  he  died."    The 


fe  that  Llo-me  w 

gnDd  kisloriograiAer  "  of  Chow,  railed  Tan,  one  hundred  and 
twenty-nine  <7  one  hundred  and  nineteen)  years  titer  the  death  of 
Csnfnehia.    The  introduction  of  these  dujoioted  notices  detracts 

[1>a1ly,Ch'ienKateithat"Ua.taiewjnuperiM^n.^Klced 
to  keep  In  otKHricy,"  IncM  the  line  of  his  peuerity  down  to  the 
and  century  BX„  and  coocludca  with  tMs  important  itateiaent: — 
"  Tboae  whsallaidi  themseKa  to  the  doclrhte  of  Llo4sie  candemn 
that  of  the  literati,  and  the  titenti  on  their  part  coxlemn  Uo-tia, 
thus  vtrltving  the  saying,  '  Parties  whOK  priKiplei  are  diifcrent 
cannot  take  coaneel  toxether.'   LI  llrh  taught  that  traniTorm^illon 

•od  rauiiiatioa  cawM  in  tbtiama  way  (na  bS^  pun  aad  uilL" 


Accepting  the  ns  TU  VAtf  ufbe  veihiUemtli  of  lia-UH, 

we  may  now  examine  its  contents.  Consisting  ef  not  nioit  than 
between  Ave  and  six  thouaand  cbaracten,  it  is  but  t  ibon 
treatise— nothatfihedieoftheGaapeiaf  St  Mali.  Thcnatuie 
of  the  subject,  however,  the  want  of  any  progress  of  thought  n 
of  logical  connexion  between  its  diflerent  pans,  and  the  condensed 
style,  wilb  Ibc  mystic  tendencies  and  poetical  teEdpcnment  ef 
theauthor,  make  its  meaning  enTaordinari^  obecure.  Dfvidcd 
at  lint  into  two  parts,  it  has  subsequently  and  convenlenlly 
been  subdivided  into  ehapten.  One  of  the  oldat,  and  the  most 
common,  Of  these  arrangements  makes  the  chapters  eighty-two. 
Some  Roman  Catholic  missionaries,  two  centuriea  ago,  fancied 
that  they  found  a~  wonderful  harmony  between  many  poBsgrt 
and  the  teaching  of  the  Bible.  Montucci  of  Berlin  __, 
ventured  to  say  m  iSoS:  "  Many  things  about  a  i!i^ 
Triune  Cod  are  so  cleariy  expressed  that  no  one  who  *■• 
has  read  Ihfa  book  can  doubt  that  the  myiteiy  of  the  ?f*,'.'. 
Holy  THnily  was  revealed  to  the  ChteesehvecentariM  "*"* 
before  the  coming  of  JesoB  Christ."  Even  Rtmuatt,  the  Era 
occupant  of  a  Chinese  chaii  in  Europe,  publiibed  at  Paris  ii 
i8>j  his  Ulntire  sv  la  tit  a  In  efMemt  ic  Lie4ae,  ta 
vindicate  Ibevieirthatthe  Hebrew  name  Yahweb  was  [dionelic- 
ally  represented  m  the  fourteenth  chapter  by  Chinese  tharacttn. 
These  fancies  were  exploded  by  Stantslas  Jutlen,  when  be  issued 
in  1841  bis  Itanslstion  of  the  whole  treatise  aa  Lt  I^tn  it  la 

The  most  important  thing  b  to  determine  i^t  we  are  te 
undentand  by  the  Tin,  for  Ttk  is  merely  its  outcome,  especially 
bi  man,  end  1>  tightly  translated  by  "  virtue."  JuUen  tranilateil 
Tia  by  "U  vote,"'  Chalmers  leaves  It  untranslated.  "No 
English  word,"  he  says  (p.ii.}."  is  its  exact  equlvaleiit.  Three 
tetm  suggest  Ibemselvea — the  way,  reason  and  the  word; 
but  they  are  all  liable  to  objection.  Were  we  guided  by  ety- 
mology, '  the  way 'would  come  nearest  the  otiginll,  and  in  one 
or  two  pasuges  the  idea  of  a  way  seems  to  be  in  the  term;  hut 
this  is  too  materialistic  to  serve  the  puipose  of  a  transfation. 
'Reason,'  again,  seems  to  be  more  like  a  quality  or  allribuie  of 
some  conscious  being  than  Tta  is.  I  would  Innslate  it  by 
ird.'  In  the  sense  of  the  Logos,  but  this  would  be  lite 


Tesemblance 


I  wish  I. 


the  Logos  of  the  New  Testament 
seTio."  Later  Sinologues  In  China  have  imploytd 
"  nature  "  as  our  best  anabgue  of  the  term.  Thus  Watten 
(Lit-tae,  A  Study  im  Ckinai  PlriiBsifiy,  p.  4;)  says:—  "  la 

under  the  names  Non-Existcnce,  Eilstence,  Nature  (rdo)  and 

in  various  manliest  at  kms.  It  is  In  all  cases  Mature  (no)  whiA 
is  meant."  This  view  has  been  skilfully  worked  out;  but  it  only 
hides  the  scope  of  "  the  Venerable  Phlloaopher,"  "  Nature" 
cannot  be  accepted  as  a  fraaj/o/iwi  of  r*».  That  character  wt^ 
ly,  road  or  path;  and  then,  figura- 


«Iy,itw, 


y, in  th 


method— the  cwrie  that  we  puraue  in  passmg  from 
or  concept  to  another  as  its  ciid  ot  result.  It  is  the  name  of  * 
cjuallty.  Sir  Robert  Douglas  has  "rell  said  (Ce«/iiri«niii»  «rf 
rd«iiM,  p.  >89):  "II  we  were  compelled  to  adopt  a  singk 
word  to  represent  the  TAiof  Lio-lsie,  we  riiould  prefer  the  sense 
In  wtkh  It  Is  used  by  Conludtis, '  the  way,'  that  is,  ii»aia%." 

What,  then,  wu  the  quality  which  Uo-lize  had  In  view,  and 
which  he  thought  ol  as  the  rjo—there  in  the  Ubraiy  of  Chow, 
at  the  pus  ol  the  valley  ol  Han,  and  where  he  met  j^ 
the  end  of  his  KTe  beyond  the  limits  of  the  dviltnd  *»*• 
Slate?  It  was  the  simplidly  of  spontaneliy,  action  ^T 
(which  might  be  called  non-aclfon)  without -motive,  '"* 
free  from  all  selfbh  purpose,  testing  in  nothing  b«  Us  own 
accomplishmcnl.  Thisisfoundin  Ihephenomenaoflbematnisl 
world.  "All  thhigssptingop  without  a  word  spoken,  and  grow 
without  a  doim  for  their  production.  They  go  throng  their 
proceases  without  any  display  of  pride  In  them;  and  the  resohl 
are  realiied  without  any  assumption  ol  ownership.     ]t  is  owing 


c   compaDding   roulti,     "  His  c 
litetc,  and  1        *" 


uV  uid  bflppy.  "  A  loreniineaL  Duiducted 
Dy  »CB  "BuUI  lire  the  bortt  ot  the  p»|ile  fiDm  ingrdiniti 
■ksiiH,  fill  tbcir  brllies,  ktfp  tkeil  umbiliou  tcttAe  uid  Unnclbcn 
ibdr  bono.  Tbcy  muld  cvnslaaily  keep  ibe  people  witbotU 
kjwwledge  ind  Iiec  from  duira;  lad,  whtie  ibcie  wete  ibosc 
■ho  hid  koovlcdge,  they  would  have  them  to  "  ' 
Bat  dare  to  put  it  in  practice"  (chap,  iii.)-  > 
nunc  obisvcd  hy  individual  man  '    "    _ 

"  ai  a  liiili  (JiiU "  (chaps,  x.  and  ii»iii.)  will 


e  primitive   limplidtr" 

Hibject  matin  of  (be  TAi  Tai  Xiai— the  <qxraiioD 
01  tnis  neinod  ot  Ttt,  "  without  itriving  or  dying,"  in  naliiie, 
in  lodely  aod  in  the  individual.    Much  that  a  very  beautiful 

individual  chaiacter.  The  writer  aeeuu  to  feel  that  be  cnmol 
lay  enough  on  (be  virtue  of  bumility  (chap,  viii.,  lie.),  Tbere 
■ere  three  (hin^  which  be  priied  and  hdd  (asi— genile  cont- 
passioo.  (coDOmy  and  the  not  pnouming  (o  uke  precedence 
m  (he  worM  (chip,  livii.).  His  toching  taa  to  in  highest 
point  in  chap,  liiii,: —  "  It  is  [he  way  of  Tit  nt  to  act  from 
any  penonal  motive,  to  oondoct  aSiln  without  [eeliag  the 
trouble  of  ihcm,  to  (aste  wiiboiK  being  aimiK  of  the  ttsvour.  (o 
accooat  the  gnst  ai  imall  and  the  small  as  gieal,  to  ncompense 
injuij  wjih  kindDcj*."  This  test  and  ooblm  characteristic 
^  (he  Tia,  the  requiting  "  good  for  evil,"  is  not  touched  on  again 
b  (be  treatife;  but  we  know  that  it  eidtcd  general  altenlioB 
t(  Ibe  (ime,  and  wu  the  subject  (d  convcnalion  between 
Coaf ucjns  and  his  diidptci  (Cm/acian  Aiulali,xiY.  36), 

Whal  is  nid  in  (be  Tdf  on  government  is  not.  all  of  il,  » 
Btiiliclary.  The  writer  shows,  indeed,  the  benevolence  of 
his  bean.  He  seerat  10  candemn  the  infliction  of  ca|»tal  punish- 
moit  (chapa.  lniii.  and  bdv.),  and  be  deplores  the  practice 
ot  wii  (chap.  liti.>i  but  he  bad  no  sympathy  with  the  piogRss 
of  Hcicly  or  with  the  cultuie  and  arts  of  life.  Ho  lays  (chap, 
lav.).---"  Those  who  indenlly  were  tkillul  in  practiung  the  Tit 
did  not  use  it  to  enlighten  the  people;  thdr  object  rather  was 
to  keep  them  simple.  The  diBindiy  in  governing  (he  people 
arises  from  their  having  taa  much  knowledge,  and  tberelon  he 
wbo  tries  to  govern  a  sute  by  wisdom  is  a  scourge  to  it,  while 
be  wbo  does  not  try  to  govern  thereby  is  a  blessing."  The  last 
dufXet  but  one  is  (be  following; —  "  In  a  small  state  with  a  few 
jphabHanta.  1  would  so  order  il  that  the  people,  though  supplied 
witll  all  kinds  of  implemenls.  would  not  (car^tol  use  theml 
I  would  give  Ibetn  cause  to  k>di  on  death  as  a  most  grievous 
thing,  while  yet  (bey  would  not  go  away  (o  a  distance  to  escape 
from  it.  Though  they  bad  boats  and  ciTTiaees,  they  should 
have  no  scosioii  10  ride  In  them.  Though  they  had  bufl-coais 
and  sbarp  wespoiu,  they  should  not  don  01  use  (hcRI,  1  would 
make  them  return  to  the  use  ^  lEnotled  cords  (instead  of  written 
diaractcis).  They  should  think  their  coane  loud  sw«t.  their 
plainclathingbeautiful,  their  poor  houses  placesof  rest  and  (hdr 

a  neighbouring  stale  within  «ght,  and  the  sound  of  the  (owls 
snd  dogs  sfan^  be  heard  Irom  il  (o  us  wi(bDUt  intemqilion, 
bat  I  wBoM  make  the  people  10  old  age,  eveo  to  death,  bavs  no 


that,  with  all  his  power  of  thought,  he  WM  only  a  dreamer. 
But  thus  far  there  is  no  difficulty  arising  from  his  language 
in  regard  to  the  Tie.  It  is  tieittiy  \  quality,  descriptive  of  the 
style  of  character  snd  icliao,  which  the  iadividusl  should  seek 
to  silsbi  in  himself,  and  the  ruler  to  impress  on  his  administratis. 
The  laognagc  about  the  TSt  in  nature  is  by  no  means  so  clear. 
Whik  Sir  Robert  Douglas  says  that  "  the  way  "  wouM  he  (he 
bat  truulation  of  Tit,  he  immediately  adds:—  "  But  Tit  k 
moK  than  the  way.  It  it  the  way  and  the  way-goer.  It  is  sn 
nenal  nad;  along  it  all  beipp  snd  things  walk:  but  no  being 
aude  It,  for  It  Is  Iwing  ila^i  it  is  evoyduDg,  and  nothing 


0  Tit  and  to  Tti 
f  these  represent! 

1  reader  of  the  ti 


'93 

9IK  Ttt, 


ns  require  modification;  but  do 
iie  csn  fsH  to  be  ofUn  puuled 
oy  what  IS  said  on  the  pomt  m  band.  Juiien,  indeed, 
says  with  truth  (p,  liiL)  (hat  "  it  b  impossible  (o  take  Ijj^ 
Tin  for  the  piimotdlil  Reason,  fot  the  sublime  In-  ^H^ 
(elligence,  which  has  created  and  governs  (be  worid  ": 
but  many  of  L4o-t>ie's  ttalemcnts  ale  unthinkable  if  there 
be  not  behind  the  TSt  tbe  uneipcessed  recognition  ol  a  personal 
creator  atid  ruler.  Granted  that  be  does  not  itRrm  positively 
the  eiisteDCe  of  such  a  Being,  yet  certainly  be  does  not  deny 
it,  snd  his  language  even  implies  it.  Il  hit  been  said,  indeed, 
that  he  denies  It,  snd  we  art  referred  in  proof  to  the  fourth 
chapter: —  "  Ttt  is  like  the  emptiness  o(  a  vessel;  and  (he  use 
ol  il,  we  may  say,  must  be  (ree  from  all  leK-iulficiency.  How 
deep  and  mysterious  it  is,  ss  if  it  were  the  author  of  all  Ihlogil 
We  should  make  our  sharpness  blunt,  and  unravel  the  com- 
plications of  things;  we  should  allemper  our  brightness,  and 
assimilate  Quisdvcs  to  the  (Jiscurily  caused  by  dust.  How  sUl 
and  clear  is  Tie,  a  phantasm  with  tbe  semblaiKC  of  permsnencel 
I  do  not  know  whose  son  it  II  It  might  apptu  to  have  been 
befoteCod[rO." 

Tbe  (cadet  will  not  ovtrloak  the  caution*  and  dobiout  manntt 
in  whidi  the  predicates  of  Tt»  are  stated  in  this  reraarkablc 
passage.  The  auibor  does  not  say  that  It  was  before  (^od, 
but  that  *'it  might  appear"  to  have  been  so.  Nowhere  else 
in  his  treatise  docs  the  nature  of  TSe  as  a  method  or  style  o( 
action  come  out  mors  dearly.  Il  has  u  positive  eitstence  ol 
llseU;  il  is  but  like  the  emptloess  of  a  vessel,  and  the  maailcsta- 
lion  of  it  by  men  requires  that  they  endeavour  lo  free  thensdvei 
from  all  sdf-suffidency.  Whence  ome  il?  It  does  not  shock 
Uo-liie  to  suppose  that  it  had  a  father,  but  he  canpot  tell 
whose  son  it  is.  And,  as  tbe  feeling  of  Its  mysietionsnen  grows 
on  him,  be  ventures  to  sajr  that  "  it  might  appear  to  have  been 
before  God." 

There  is  hetc  no  denial  but  express  recognition  of  the  existence 
ofCod.sofatasitisimpliediatheiume  rt,  which  is  tbe  persansl 
name  fot  the  concept  of  heaven  as  the  ruling  power,  by  means 
of  which  the  fsihert  of  (be  Chinese  people  rose  in  prehistoric 
time  (o  the  idea  of  God.  Again  and  again  Lio.tsse  speaks  of 
heaven  just  as  "  we  do  when  we  mean  thereby  the  Ddly  who 
piesldei  over  heaven  and  earth."  These  last  words  arc  taken 
from  Witters  (p.ei);and.  Ihoughheadds,"  We  must  not  forget 
that  this  heaven  is  Inferior  and  subsequent  to  tbe  mysterious 
Tia,  and  wu  in  fact  produced  by  it,"  it  bss  been  shown  bow 
nth  sod  Unwairanted  is  the  sscription  oi  sudi  a  icntlneU  to 
"  I  he  Venemble  PblliODpher."  He  makes  (be  Tit  prior  to  heaven 
and  earth,  which  isapiirase  denoting  what  wB<rftcn  call  "natue," 
but  he  does  not  mske  It  pri«  to  heaven  !n  the  hitfn'  and  In-' 
material  usage  ol  that  name.  Tbe  fast  sentence  of  fail  treatise 
is: —  "  Il  is  tbe  Tiv — (be  way — of  Heaven  to  beni£t  and  not 
injure;  it  is  tbe  Tia—tbt  way— of  (he  sage  to  do  and  nnt 

Silite  Jullen  laid  the  rts  rri  JCnig  fairly  open  (0  Western  readers 
in  1S41,  then  has  been  a  nndeacr  (o  ovennimale  imiher  than  lo 
UBdeiesiiniiU  in  value  as  ■  scheme  of  (hougbt  and  a  diKlpline  lor 
tbe  individual  and  SDcsety.  There  arc  !n  it  Kssons  of  jiDnirosHed 
vslue.  such  as  (he  liKulalian  of  slmplldly,  humility  snd  self- 
sbaegsiioii,  aitd  especially  the  brief  enuncfatiHi  of  Ibe  divine  duty 
of  letuinink  good  lor  ill  1  but  ihci*  ai*  also  the  regretful  tcpn- 
■entations  o)  a  pilraitive  society  when  men  ware  ignorant  <i  the  rudt 
r»ni«  rtf  f,i,lEure.  add  tbe  longings  for  Its  return. 

IS  thought  that  the  treatise  made  kiuwD 


luch  speculation  about  visits  (e 

,.,u  ,.„.u  .u  Greece.    The  neeesdiy  for  am. ». 

spsndaway.  llweanre«i*eSse-ml  Ch'Ien'shutori 
ORhy,  Llo4siE  might  hav*  bosid,  hi  (he  SUIis  oi  Che 
II  the  wad  tribes  adjacent  (a  then,  views  about  social 
mnxnl  very  Che  hli  own.  Ch'ien  relates  bow  an  env 
-    --     ■   '-   -'    ---esBlgnedlo-"-'- 


iRotDukeMllBrCh' 


iDdabordtaoa  the  west.   The  daka  toU  W  of  tba  histgnss, 


Digilizcd  by  Google 


■9+ 


LA  PAZ 


poan^  oiha  of  litB.  mule  ntd  lin  vtiicli  tbey  had  to  tbt  m'Mk 

■U1I9.  while  yet  nbtlUon  Add  diufdcr  wen  of  IrcqiKnCDcnmiuT. 
Aod  Allied  bow  cood  order  mi  VKund  amooB  the  wild  peovk.  wha 
hftd  none  of  thoee  appliances  Tbe  envoy  imiled,  and  rrplicd  thtt 
tlie  irsHbln  of  China  were  oceaaioned  by  ihoie  very  ihinp  at  which 
the  duke  vwuited.  and  that  there  had  be«  ■  ■nduaJ  ckpncn- 
rton  hi  the  conditiofl  of  itt  atr"'  ■■  "i*^' "«•**— ^  ^«iii™.inn  h*H 
intnaied.evttii  '  ' 
jfilhebndhecai 

simplicily,  their  ^ .  _..  .  . 

the  people,  who  nnondcd  lo  (hem  with  loyally  aad  nxid  liiih. 
"  The  (ovemnHot  ol  ■  Maw,"  uid  he  io  coochuuia. "  u  like  a  nun  i 
nilinf  Tija  own  finek  penan.  Hs  rulq  it.  and  doea  not  luiow  how 
hedo«»:  and  (hu  wai  indeed  ihe  method  of  the  lane.*"  Llo-iue 
did  not  need  to  go  fiirtbn  iMd  to  find  all  dui  he  haa  aaid  about 

""wT^J*  'cwifined  ounHve.  lo  the  Ttiiiun  of  the  Tit  ri»  KiMt 
wilhrHll  louohini  on  tlic  relwion  TAoiitn  now  euAting  ul  Chird.  but 
f^  which  did  not  take  ihape  until  more  thin  Ave  hundicd 

rloba  yean  iltecthe  death  of  Lao-lue.  ihDO|>  he  now  ocrupin 
ttnZtt  '*"  aeoond  place  la  In  trinity  of  '■The  three  Pure  oi  Holy 
,  ^^    Onea."   Ttmiihaidlyawwdiahiiireaiiaethaiiavaurt 

rrolesquF  lu^enlilioiH;  hot  their  bellefa  (If'lndeed  we  can  uy  that 
they  had  belMa)  tad  not  become  tmbodled  in  any  icKiiouaiiiaiilu- 
(■saa.  WhtnweooaieUtheCh'indynaMy  (aii-K>iB'C-).wein«t 
with  a  Taoiam  in  the  ahapc  of  a  icarch  for  the  Cairy  iiiaoda  of  the 
eadrm  Bca,  where  the  herb  of  ifnmorulity  inifihl  be  gathered.    In 

.    u  u  (he  ^1  pntcwir  and  nMlrDdrr  of  Ihia  T4oiaiik  preinring  in 
Klirennnl  "  the  piU  "  wbtcb  renewed  faia  youth,  tujMRnc  ova  all 
•pirita,  and  dntroyina  miUiona  of  tlemoiu  by  a  atnke 
He  left  hi(  booka,  landnam  and  charmi,  nth  hia  awi 
danii,  ind  one  of  them,  profeHnw  to  be  ani 
»theLiii«.hanH)untalB<n:"         '    ' 


andical. 


of  public 


Each  <S^ti  "  (hi*e  Hob  Onei "  hu  (h«  dtk  of  TUnt  Tim.  "  the 
Hcannlyand  Honoured."  Uken  fioii  Buddhim.  and  alia  of  &taa( 
Ti  01.  Cod.  taken  bom  ^  oh]  relitioa  of  the  csuntiy.   The  mou 

Vint  Stan  n.  -  Cod.  the  PierfcR  Kini."  But  it  would  take  k>ng 
(QteUot  an  lu"akatial  toda."  "gnat  fodi.""  divine  niirn"  and 
odKti  II  hn  biea  doubled  whet^  Uoiw  ackgowMted  the 
-CKitlence  of  Cod  at  all,  but  modern  TAuiftm  it  a  lycicm  oi  Ihe 
wildcil  pulylhciim.  The  tcieiKeand  rel^pon  of  Ihr  Wfhi  meet  from 
il  a  mou  detenninecl  Dnnotiiron.     The"'  Ven^raMr  Philnwinhfr  " 


..    The^-Veni 
^  them:  but  h 


puikt  n< 


Ihe  obla4«y  of  bcinf  (he  founder  of  Ite  Tidiat  rdigiaa. 

U  PAK,  ■  walRa  dqwrmctit  of  Bolivia,  boimded  N.  by 
tbe  national  lertiloriea  of  CaupoHciin  and  E)  Benl,  E:  by  El 
Beni  and  Cochabunba.  S.  by  Cdchabimba  and  Oniro  and  W. 
by  Chile  and  Fetu.  Pop.  (1900)  44S,eifi,  (he  majoiiiy  of  abom 
art  Indian).  Am  ;3.7T7  »!-  m.  The  depaitiniai  bdongk  to 
tbe  great  BoUvian  f^ieiu,  and  iii  gmicr  pan  to  ihr  mid, 
bleak,  piau  cUmallc  ngion.    The  ConliUera  Real  crout*  il 

Sotaia  and  lUlmani.  Tbe  wex  ol  ibe  depaitincm  indudei 
a  patt  oi  Ihe  T^tican  baain  with  about  half  ol  (he  lake.  Thit 
elevaled  plateau  rctpon  b  pinlalty  barren   and  inhoipilable, 

poliiocs.  quinoa  (CAwpodiiini  qaimta)  and  barley,  with  a 
lilllt  Indian  com  and  wheat  h  favoured  localitlea.  -  Sonieltten- 
tioii  l>  given  (0  Ihe  leaiinf  of  Uamaa.  and  a  few  caiile,  sheep 
and  mutci  are  to  be  acen  soulfa  of  Lake  Tiilcica,  Thrie  it  a 
conudeiablc  Indian  population  In  Ihia  icgion,  living  chiefly  In 
amall  hatnteti  on  Ihe  product!  of  their  own  induitiy.  In  (be 
iDwtT  vatleyj  ol  Ihe  eaatem  slope!,  when  rflmatic  conditions 
langt  from  lemptrate  10  tropical,  wheal.  lodiaii  coin,  oats  and 
Ibe  Iruilj  and  vcgetaUca  of  ihc  lempeiate  aone  ore  cultivated. 

oranga,  bananas  and  other  Irofriciil  fttilu  an  grown,  and  the 
(oiesls  yitld  cinchona  birk  and  lubbtr.  Tbe  mineral  wealth 
.»[  La  Pai  include!  gnld,  tilver,  tin,  copper  and  biimuth.  Tin 
Wd  copper  are  the  moat  ioporUol  of  tbeoc,  the  peiodpal  lis 


mine!  being  In  the  vicinity  of  (lie  capital  and  known  under  <M 
name]  of  Huayna-Polou,  Millunl  and  Chocoliaga,  The  chief 
copper  mims  are  (he  famous  Cotocoro  group,  about  7;  m. 
S.S.E.  of  Lake  Titirata  by  the  Deaaguadeio  river,  the  principal 
meant  of  (rantport.  T>ie  ouiput  of  the  Corocoto  mines,  which 
abo  includes  gold  and  illvcr.  finds  itt  way  to  market  by  boat  and 
rait  to  MoUendo.  and  by  pack  aninuli  10  Tacna  and  raJ  to  Atica'. 
Theic  are  no  roads  in  La  Pai  worthy  of  the  name  except  Ihe 
;  m.  between  (he  capital  and  the  "  Alto,"  though  uage- 
coach  communication  «ilh  Oivro  and  Chilitaya  hai  been -main- 
tained by  the  national  government.  The  raUway  ctpened  in 
loo;  between  Cusqui  and  La  Pu  (54  in.)  sspctieded  the  latter 
el  these  Mage  line!,  and  «  railway  is  planned  from  Viaiha  to 
Orum  to  lupeiicde  Ihe  other.  The  capital  of  the  departnMnl  ii 
Ihe  nailonii  opllal  La  Pai.  Corocoro,  near  the  Desagnadero 
river,  ibnui  7j  m,  S.S.E.  ol  Uke  Tiiicaca  and  ij.jij  ft.  above 
■ea-level,  hai  an  eulmated  population  (igaAl  of  i;«ao,  (liiclly 
Aymari  Indiana. 

LA  PAZ  (oKcially  La  Pu  Dt  ATacncsol,  (he  capital  of 
Bolivia  since  igQg,  the  see  of  a  bishopric  created  in  lOo;  and 
capital  of  the  depanmenl  ol  La  Paz,  on  (he  Rio  de  ta  Pxi  or 
Rh)  Chaquiaps,  41  <■,  S.E.  ol  Lake  TiUcaca  (pon  ol  ChlKkyi) 
fn  16°  j(/  S..  M*  W.  tap.  (1900)  ;4.7i3,  (i9o«,  niimaie) 
■>T,>35,  The  d(y  il  built  In  a  deeply-eroded  valley  of'  Iha 
CcFrdUleia  Real  which  ii  believed  10  luive  formed  at)  outlet  of 
Lake  Tiiicaca,  and  at  thb  point  dcKendi  sharply  lo  the^.E., 
the  liver  tniking  a  great  bend  louihward  and  then  HMring 
oonhwardio  the  Beni.  The  valley  is  about  loni.  long  andj  "■ 
wide,  and  is  singularly  barren  and  forbidding.  Its  precipitoua 
Bideo,  deeply  gullied  by  torrential  rains  and  dlvenely  ooldiirol 
by  mineral  ores,  rise  ijoo  ft,  above  the  dty  lo  the  maisth  o( 
(be  great  plateau  lunounding  Lake  Titkacn,  and  above  these 
are  the  snow-capped  tummiu  of  lllinuni  and  other  giant*  of 
Ihc  Bolivian  Coidiltcra.  Below,  the  valley  Is  fertile  aod  coveted 
with  vegetation,  first  of  the  lempetile  and  then  of  the  iniiical 
■one.  The  elevation  of  La  Pai  Is  ii.ih)  It.  above  sea-level, 
which  places  it  within  Ihe  ^mt  climatic  ngloB,  In  nhiah  the 
nimmen  are  short  and  cold.  Tbe  mean  annual  terapenture 
is  a  litllc  above  the  pitna  average,  which  is  ^  P-,  the  eitFemei 
ranging  fmm  i^"  to  jj".     Pneumonia  and  br 


il  said  to  be  rai 


i  the  rivet  «i 


Isome  public  prtHnenodc  with  parallel  rows  of  ei 
ba  and  Aowen,  which  an  maintained  with  no  a 
)  iahiKpHBWea  climate.  The  trees  which  sear 
art  the  willow  and  eucalyplgs.  The  sireeu  are 
iw  and  roughly  paved,  and  there  are  mioicnua  btit 
id  its  many  tmall  tributaries.    The  dwdli. 


of  (he  valley  a  very  ui 


theri 


with  tiles,  but  stone  and  brick  are  uaed  for  the  beuer  sn 
The  cathedral,  which  waa  begun  in  the  i7ih  ceDiuiy  when  the 
mines  of  Poiosi  wen  ai  the  height  ol  their  praducIiveBoa,  was 
aever  finished  becauie  ol  the  nvoluiions  and  the  owiparaahie 
pavcny  of  the  city  tuidei'  the  repuUie.  Il  laets  tlw  flaia 
tlayor  and  is  distinguished  lor  the  findy-orved  stoaonrfc  ol 
ill  facade,  facing  the  same  plaaa  are  Ihe  gDveminiM  officca 
and  ksiilativc  chambers.  Other  notable  edificea  and  initiautieiia 
(re  the  old  univereily  of  San  Andrfa,  the  San  Francisco  church, 
a  aalional  coUcgn.  a  leodnary.  a  good  public  Ubraiy  and  a 
muaeam  rich  in  itSa  o(  the  Inca  and  cslonial  pcdodi..  La 
Va  fs  an  Impotlant  commercial  centre,  beiag  cannccled  with 
the  Fidfic  coaal  by  the  Povvian  railway  liom  Midleada  la 
Puno  (via  Arequipa),  and  a  BoMvian  eiiensk>n  (mm  Ginqal  to 
the  Alio  de  La  Pai  (Heights  of  La  Pai)— the  two  linti  beinx 
OHinecled  by  a  iteamship  acrvice  aciasa  Lake  TJlii 
tlecttlc  railway  $  m.  long  connects  the  Alto  dt 
dty.  1443  ft.  below.  This  route  \ntfia  ' 
because  of  iiana-thipmcnls  and  the  coil 
Mollendo.  The  vicinity  ol  La  Fu  abounds  with  ml 
SNM  iBipoetaal  are  the  1 " 


■"^fVOT^ 


LA  PEROUSE— LAPIDARY,  AND  GEM  CUTTING 


ind  Ckocoluci.    Tha  Ia  Pu  nllcy  b  uuifenHa,  tad  ■ 
[ouDduiaa  of  Ihe  dly  (dU  hu  b«ca  Uiia  inn  ilie  toil  Milinl 

Li  Pu  nt  (ouiKkd  is  lua  by  Afanro  dc  Mendon  _ 

<<  *a  ln«M  <riRue  alM  OnKiottpu,    It  n>  caltcd  iSe  PuAlo 

Sonodi  NootimSOudtla  Fu  n imh.ihiIiii.  of  Uh  itcdi 

dlatiaa  bMnn  PSairn  ud  Almacn.  >hI  Mian  bcaiM  sn  ui 
petUMoioBV.  Al  ihcclDHof  tbenrotbdepenikiM  (ia*J) 
vu  Rchrouaal  La  Pu  de  AyacDcbs.m  hooour  of  Ihe  lu  dcciiii 
battic  tl  ihH  imncNd  imittlt  It  m  mde  oik  a(  the  bH 
opataU  el  at  niaubEc.  but  £e  nwohnlni  of  i*at 
otaMiA^  tb<  nt  «(  fowunc  h»  bnuetTki 
vcaltb,  iradc  and  political  idducDcc- 

U  rtBODK  JUH-rUBCOU  SB  DALAUP.  Com 
{1741-C  ijU),  Flench  Mviptor,  na  bom  nm  Albi.  « 
»ixl  of  AiiguM  17*1.    Hii  funiJy  una  na  Gtlaup,  and  La 
P^muc  or  U>  Peyrouse  wu  id  addition  adopted  by  hiin    " 
Innaimallfuuly  Mate  DOT  AJbi.    Aa  a  lad  of  c«hle«  be 
wnuidcd  and  made  praoocr  on  boud  tha  "  FocmidaUa  "  wben 
a  «u  captund  fay  Adninl  Hiwkc  ia  17m  and  durlnc  the 
w  wiib  Eoglaod  bdwien  1778  and  wBj  he  »«vtd  wilh  " 

caatsBcouli  of  Caaada  and  in  HudBD'i  Bay.  when  be  opli 
Foiu  Prince  of  Wales  ind  Vorii  {Augiui  Sih  and  iiU,  1; 
Ib  ijSS  (AufuM  III)  be  ullcd  irota  Bral  in  (omnund  ol  tlw 
FicDck  fovcrnmenl  eipediiion  of  two  vault  ("  La  BouBole  " 
niNkc  Id  PiiouM  hioueU.  lad  "  L'AiliDlabe,"  under  de  Langle) 
loi  the  discoveiy  of  ifae  Nonb-Weit  Pasuge.  vainly  eeayed  by 
Cook  M  fail  lau  vay>£c.  fmni  (he  Pacific  aide.  He  wu  atu 
ckatftd  villi  ibc  funbo  eiploraiion  of  the  nonh-wst  («•«)  of 
AnKrin.andLhenonlHeiticaaiLiof  Alia,  of  iht  China  and  Japgn 
at**,  thr  Solomoti  Islaodt  and  Australia:  and  he  was  onlned 
to  coUmI  infomuLion  ai  10  Ihe  wbalr  fiihery  in  the  aoulhetn 
occaas  and  at  lo  tht  Eut  (nde  in  Nonb  Amerin.  He  raached 
HotiDt  Si  Eliu,  on  Ihe  coui  oi  Aluka.  on  the  ijrd  oi  June 
Ij86,  Alter  lil  weekt.  marked  by  various  imall  diicoveties, 
he  vu  driven  Itom  ihete  tcKJoot  by  bad  weather;  and  arier 
vitiiini  Ibc  Hamiiai  Islands,  and  disrovering  Necktr  ItUnd 
(Ncnreirber  jtb.  1 7U).  he  crosacd  over  to  Aiia  {Maoo,  January 
jrd.  17S7)-  Thence  he  paued  10  the  rhilippinea,  and  n  10  the 
■outs  of  Japan,  Korea  and  "  Chinese  Tanaiy,"  where  hit  bal 
fcnOia  *en  iiuned.  Touching  at  Quelpan.  ha  reached  De 
Castria  Bay.  near  the  modem  \'ladivDttok,  on  the  iSlh  oi  July 
1787;  and  on   I »  .     ■    . 


lerardiiie  the  work  ol  ihe 
ibe  iqlh  ol  September,  ana  amveo  al  ftlauna 
tmup  on  Ihe  8lb  of  December;  here  de  Langle  and  Len  ol  the 
crew  of  the  "  Astrolabe  "  were  murtlerrd.  He  quilted  Samoa 
eo  Ibe  uth  of  Dcceniber.  touched  al  Ihe  Friendly  Iilandt  and 
N'orlolk  Island  and  arrived  in  Botany  Day  oni  he  i6<  h  ol  January 
17A8-  From  this  place,  where  he  interchanged  courtesies  with 
lonteol  the  English  pitmcersin  Australia,  he  wmie  his  last  letter 
10  Ibe  French  Mmistiy  of  Marine  (February  7lh|.  Alter  thii 
M  more  wu  heiFd  of  him  and  his  squadron  till  in  1816  Capiatn 
[^tcrDiUon  found  (be  wreckage  ol  what  must  have  been  the 
"Bouisak"  and  iha  "Atirolabe"  'on  the  reelt of Vanikoro. 
an  ialawl  (o  Ibe  notth  of  Ihe  New  Hebrides.  la  lAiA  Dununi 
d'Unrilk  tiiiled  Ihe  tnne  of  Ibe  disatier  and  erected  t  moau- 
ment  (March  i^ih). 
-      Mikt  Munau.  Vgfftl  it  h  N'—u  •»">■<•  i'  "eoit  (Paris, 


August   followin 

disco 

vend   the 

between  Sakhalin 

and  ibe 

Northern 

h  ol  September  he  put  in 

at  Pelro- 

by  special 

»t.  Catherine  li. 

Jben 

-e  be  sent 

the  journals,  not 

sTpina 

andmapt 

pedilion.     He  lei 

Avach.  Bay  on 

-•KprffJa/' 

1  Urard,  Vin  .  .  .  ir 
:   Peter  Dillon,  fair. 


.  »/a 


I,  (Pari 


So^i'Saiiti'liu  b'i'iiimiri'^'iif  Fair  ejlB  Piraiu  (LoiTdm,  ie»i. 


& 


d  Paul  Cairn 


r;  Dome 


'ai^'itSlsin  t/%i-al"dfia' 
»4^.«Miniririinirill.l}lhal  February  104;. 

U^DART.  and  OEM  CimiHa  lUl.  Upiiari*!,  Upii,  a 
vmmy  The  earliest  eiamples  ol  gem  culling  and  nrvlnf 
knowq  (see  alao  CgH>  uc  Ibe  ancient  engraved  teals,  wbkt  are 


of  two  piBidpil  typo,  tiic  e)4i^rical  oe  "  tolti^  "  aeilt  d 
Babylonia  and  Atqnia,  auggesled  by  a  joint  of  the  bamboo  or 
the  centnj  whorl  of  ■  csik^-like  ihell,  and  the  peculiar  tcaia- 
haeoid  acafa  of  Egypt.  Recent  raeaichcs  make  it  appai  chat 
both  these  lypei  were  in  use  as  far  back  as  4500  ax.,  Ibough  with 
some  vanationa.  Tlie  jewels  sf  Qiteea  Zer,  and  other  jewcb 
contisling  ol  cut  iucT)uoisc  lapis  tajuli  and  amtlhyst,  found  by 
lb*  French  misuw.  date  from  4777  *J^  lo  4515  ».c  Until 
about  1500  B.C.  the  cylinder  teals  bore  almoai  wholly  animal 
designs;  then  culieihinn  insciiptioot  were  added.  In  the  61b 
century  B.C.,  the  xsrabaeotd  type  wu  iotioduced  fronwEorpi, 
whBe  the  nllinc-Seili  began  to  give  place  lo  a  new  toim.  that 
of  a  taU  cone.  These,  in  a  nntuty  or  two,  were  gradually 
shortened;  the  bole  by  which  they  wetc  suspended  was  enlarged 
until  it  could  admit  the  finger,  and  in  time  they  passed  hito  the 
familiar  form  ol  seal -rings.  This  later  type,  which  prevailed 
for  a  long  period,  usually  bore  Persian  or  Srssanisn  intcrxptioDt. 
The  wuabaeoid  seals  were  worn  u  lings  In  Egypt  appaceotly 
from  (he  earliest  times. 

The  most  ancient  of  tbe  cyLndei  letls  wen  cul  at  Grit  (ton 
shell.  Iben  largely  [nun  opaque  stones  such  at  diorile  and 
terpentine.  After  J500  B.C.,  varieties  of  chalcedony  sod  milky 
qauti  wen  employed,  translucent  and  richly  coloured;  bodk- 
times  even  reel  cryslal,  and  also  fmjocndy  a  beautiful  compact 
baemilile.  Amaioneslooc,  amethyst  and  fasjU  coral  were  used, 
but  no  ^ecimen  U  believed  (o  be  known  of  ruby,  sapphiie^ 
emerald,  diamond,  tourmaline  or  spinel. 

The  date  of  abau(  jca  a.c,  marks  the  beginning  of  a  period 
of  gtial  artiillc  tasle  and  skill  in  gem  carving,  which  extended 
ihtoughout  the  tocieni  civiliied  world,  and  lasied  uolJl  the  jtd 
4th  cvniury  A.p.  Pribr  to  this  period,  all  the  work  appears 
have  bnn  done  by  hand  with  a  sapphire  point,  or  else  with  a 
iw-drill;  tbencefvrward  (he  wheel  came  (o  be  largely  employed. 
H  Greek  culleit.  in  their  best  period,  (he  5th  and  6th  ceoluiies 
C.  knew  the  use  of  disks  and  drills,  but  preferred  (he  sappbiie 
inl  for  Ihcit  <ine3[  work,  and  continued  to  uie  i[  (or  two  or 
ree  hundred  years.  Engraving  by  the  bow-drill  was  introduced 
Attyriin  and  Babylonian  work  u  early  u  perhaps  Jooo  B.C., 
e  eailltr  carving  being  all  done  with  Ibe  sapphire  point,  which 
Li  secured  in  a  handle  for  convenient  application.  This  haad- 
irk  demanded  the  ulmoil  iLill  and  ilclicacy  of  touch  in  tbe 
li^t.  TTie  bolv^lrill  consisted  of  a  similar  point  fastened  in  the 
d  of  a  stick,  which  could  be  rotated  by  means  oi  a  boritonia] 
)und  the 


ick;a 


wu  moved  up  and  di 


1,  the  1 


crnaiijy  in  opposite  direction].  This  bu  been 
for  such  purpoto  among  many  peoples,  both 
rn.  civilized  and  uncivilised.  The  point  used 
bow-drin,  were  aflcrwaids  variously  combined 


.     This  proc 


could  be  m 

\.  used  wilh  nnc 


u  also  CI 


:ly  employed  among  many  peoples.  .    . 

1  suggested  by  the  boring  ol  other  shells  by  carnivorous 

luscs  of  ihe  Uuta  type,  eaamples  of  which  may  be  picked 

ed  in  Ibis  way  oui  of  larger  pieces  by  meant  ol  a  hollow  teed 
Of  bamboo,  the  cylinder  being  lell  u  Ihe  core. 

The  Egyptian  scarabs  were  an  early  and  very  characleiislii 
type  of  seal  culring.     The  Creek  gem  cutters  modified  Ibem  by 

Ihem  also  worked  in  Egypt  and  lor  Egyplians.  Phoenician 
ork  shows  a  mialure  ol  Assyrian  and  Egyptian  designs;  and 
Cypriote  seals,  principally  on  ihe  Igale  gems,  are  known  that 

Scarabs  are  sometimes  found  thai  have  been  sliced  in  two,  and 
«  new  flat  facet  Ihut  pioduced  carved  wilh  later  InscriplioDt 
id  sei  in  rings.  Thii  secondary  work  is  ol  many  kinds.  An 
ssyrian  cylinder  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum.  New  York, 
iclcrrcd  10  jooe  b.c^  bears  luch  a  cutlins  el  Medltcrnjieai^ 


i<)b 


LAPIDARY,  At^D  GEM  CUTTING 


cbinclti,  of  tbe  nd  or  3rd  ceBlniy  B.C.  ts  ihe  nriy  Cllibliu 
en,  llw,  muiy  GiMkajid  Ronun  gerai  wen  Rcat  with  Cacttic 
ud  mha  pecutiti  (nd  obscun  devins. 

In  Ihe  IUb  Romu  period,  ibe  jid  and  4tli  cenlurio,  >  pal 
dedine  in  tbe  art  b  ttru — w  ptat  ttict  Cutellani  tenni  h  "  Ibe 
Ediotk  tgc."  Nuroberi  of  genu  ot  this  kind  have  been  found 
together,  u  tbougfa  the;  were  the  product  of  1  nn^  nuDu- 
lulurtr,  carved  io  tbe  etudsl  manner,  both  in  design  and 
eiecatioB.  Yet  raiuutable  rtsulu  an  umeiimcs  produced  in 
(htM  by  a  few  toudiD*  of  tbe  drill,  whicb  under  the  ^an  >ivcu 
very  ftode  bat  nevertbdex  yicid  atronj  effects.  The  same 
tbinf  majr  be  seen  now  in  many  of  the  Japanese  sketcbes  and 
bcquer  doigns.  wbere  a  wbotc  itndscape  is  deiucled,  or  rather 
•uggested.  by  a  lew  aioiple  but  poweiful  itnls.  It  b  now 
Ihoaghl  th«t  tome  of  these  scab  my  be  of  earlier  origin  than  has 
been  luppoKd,  and  alio  that  Ihey  nuy  liavt  been  worn  by  Ibe 
poorer  duws,  who  nnild  not  afford  (be  tnofc  finsbcd  work. 
Tbey  must  bivt  been  made  bj  the  bundrad  Ihonsaad.  Tbe 
decline  ol  the  art  went  on  until  in  ihc  Byaniine  period,  apediHy 
Ibe  6th  ctnluiy,  it  had  reached  a  very  low  point.  Moal  of  the 
terns  of  this  period  ibow  diill-wotk  of  po«  quality,  alibough 
band-work  is  occuionaDy  seen. 

Wlh  (he  Renaiaiance,  the  •«  of  gen  carvteg  revived,  and  tbe 
engravers  from  thai  time  and  onward  have  produced  results 
(bat  eqoal  tbe  best  Greek  and  Roman  work;  colrics  of  ancient 
gem  carving*  made  by  some  of  Ibe  iBth-century  masters  are 
only  dbtinguishable  from  true  antiques  by  eipciu  of  great 
profidency.  It  b  in  fact  eitremely  dilBcult  (0  judge  posilivily 
ts  lolheageof  mgnved  gems.  The  materials  ol  wbidi  they  are 
made  arc  hard  and  resistant  10  any  cbange  tbrougb  time, 
and  there  an  roaoy  ingenious  devices  (or  producing  the  appear- 
ances usually  believed  to  indicate  great  age,  tucb  ai  slightly 
dulled  or  scratched  surfaces  and  the  like.  There  are  also  Ibe 
genu  with  secondary  carving,  already  alluded  to,  and  the  andent 
gems  that  have  bern  partutly  recut  by  nwdeni  engravers  lor 
the  purpose  of  fraudulently  enhandng  Ibdr  price.  All  Ihete 
dements  enter  Into  tbe  pnbkn  and  make  it  an  abnost  hopeless 
one  fat  any  but  a  person  of  great  operience  in  the  study  of  such 
eblects:  and  even  he  may  not  be  able  in  all  cases  to  dedde. 

tJntil  (he  141b  century,  almoit  all  tbe  gems  wen  cut  n 
(liwidit— thai  i>.  smoothly  rounded,  aa  carbuncln  and  opilt 
are  ttin— or  ebe  in  tbe  (arm  of  beads  drilled  from  both  aides  (or 
suspension  or  attachment,  the  two  perforations  often  meeting 
but  imperfectly.  These  laller  may  be  ol  Asiatic  origin,  bioughl 
into  Eutope  by  commerce  during  the  Crusades.  Some  of  tbe 
finest  genu  in  the  Austrian,  Rus^an  and  German  crowns  are 
stones  of  this  perforated  or  bead  type.  An  approach,  or  Iransi- 
lion,  to  the  modem  facetting  b  seen  in  a  st^e  of  cutting  often 
used  for  rock-crystal  In  the  lolb  and  lilb  centuries:  ao  oval 
cabochon  was  polished  Bat,  and  the  sides  of  the  dome  wen  alia 
inrnmed  Bat,  with  a  rounded  back,  and  the  upper  side  with  a 
ridge  In  thecentn,  tapering  off  to  the  gprrile  o(  ihe  stone  bdow. 

Tbe  plane  facetted  cutting  Is  altogether  modern^  and  hence 
Ibe  pictures  which  represent  the  breastplate  ol  Ihe  andent 
Jewish  high-priest  as  set  with  facetted  stones  are  wholly  imaginary 
and  probably  Incorrect,  aa  we  have  no  exact  knowledge  of  the 
forms  o(  Ibe  gens.  The  Orientals  palish  gems  in  all  sorts  ol 
irregular,  rounded  shapes,  according  to  the  (orm  a(  the  inecc  as 
found,  and  with  tbe  one  object  d(  pteservlDt  as  much  o[  its 
original  siie  and  colour  as  possible.  The  greatest  ingenuity  is 
used  to  make  a  speck  ol  colour,  as  in  ■  sapphire,  tone  up  an  entire 
gem,  by  cutting  it  so  that  there  is  a  point  ol  high  colour  at  the 
lower  side  ol  the  gem. 

In  later  times  a  few  facels  are  sometimes  cut  upon  a  generally 
rounded  stone.    Tbe  cakcjim  method  is  nil!  Jjsed  lor  opaque 

Ac:  but  lor  (ranspanni  ("">  <Ik  lacetled  cutting  is  almost 
atwaya  emidoyed,  on  account  of  Its  fine  effect  In  producing 
brilliancy,  by  reflection  01  refraction  of  light  from  Ihe  under 
^e  of  (he  gem.  Occasionally  the  ancients  used  natural  crystals 
with  potiihed  laces,  oi  pcrhapt  at  lima  poliibed  Ihese  to  some 
ei(ait  ailifidilly.    This  use  of  crysiab  was  (requenl  whb  prisms 


of  emerald,  which  were  drilled  and  suspended  as  dnqis.  Thc«e 
the  French  call  "  primes  d'ftneraudes."  These  wen  often 
natuial  crystals  from  Zabonh,  Egypt  or  tbe  Tirol  Mountalnt, 
drilled  through  the  height  of  Ihe  prism,  and  wiih  little  or  oo 
palisbin(.  In  nre  inatancea  perfect  and  briUIant  crystals  nay 
Dowbeteca  mouMed  as  gema. 

The  modem  melbod  k  that  ol  numerous  facets,  ge»meltically 
diqiosed  10  btiat  out  the  beauty  ol  lighl  and  oolour  to  tbe  beat 
advaotage.  Thla  b  done  at  (he  sacrifice  of  aa(erial,  often  ta 
the  eneat  ol  half  Ibe  stone  or  even  moit — tbe  oppoaile  of  the 
Oiicoiat  idea.  There  are  various  forms  of  such  cutting,  but 
three  an  specially  employed,  known  as  tbe  briffiani,  tbe  tose 
and  the  labfe-eul.  Tlielasi, generally  nadefromdeavageplecea, 
usually  square  or  oblong,  with  a  single  facet  or  edge  on  each 
aide,  and  occuianally  lour  M  more  faceli  on  the  lowei  aide  of  tbe 
atone,  b  used  chiefly  for  emeraldi,  niUesandsapphiies;  (he  two 
loTmer  for  diamonds  io  particular.  Tbe  briUlaBi  is  etaenlEaDy 
a  low,  double  cone,  its  lop  Iruocated  to  form  a  large  flat  eight- 
sided  face  called  tlie  table,  and  its  basal  apex  also  Impcaled 
by  a  veiy  small  lace  known  as  the  cidclfc  or  e^ri.  The  upper 
and  blwer  slopes  are  cut  into  a  scries  of  triangular  facets,  3s 
above  the  girdle,  in  lour  rows  ol  eight,  and  s*  below,  in  three 
rows,  making  stlacclsinaS.  The  rose  form  b  used  for  diamonds 
not  thick  enough  to  cut  aa  briliianis;  it  a  flat  below  and  has 

meeting  in  a  point.  Slones  thus  cut  an  also  known  as  "  rose* 
CDunnmto";  others  with  fewer  facets,  Iwehn  or  even  aii, 
are  called  "  rosea  d'Anveta,"  and  are  a  spcdaliy,  aa  their  name 
implies,  at  Antwerp.  These,  however,  are  only  cut  from  vely 
Ihin  or  shallow  stones.  None  ol  the  niseKiit  diamonds  is  equal 
in  beauty  to  the  brilliants.  There  an  several  other  farms, 
among  which  are  Ihe  "  briolelle,"  *'  marquise,"  oval  and  pear- 
shaped  stones.  &c,  but  they  are  ol  minor  Importance.  The  pear- 
shaped  brilUuiI  u  a  facetted  ball  or  drop,  bemg  a  brilliant  in 
style  of  cutting,  altbou^  tbe  form  ol  Ibe  gem  is  dongated 
or  drapihaped.  Tbe  "  marquise  "  or  "  navetie  "  fonn  Is  u 
etliplical  brilliant  ol  varying  width  Is  proportion  In  Its  length. 
The  ^'rcmdeUe  "form  consists  of  flat,  ditular  gems  with  smooth 
sides  pierced,  like  shallow  beads,  with  facetted  edges,  and  is 
sometimes  used  between  pearla,  or  gem  beads,  and  in  the  coloured 
gems,  such  as  rubies,  sapphires,  emeralds,  ftc.  The  milred  gens 
filled  to  a  gauge  are  much  used  and  are  closely  set  together, 
lormlng  a  continuous  line  of  colour. 

Modem  gem  cutting  and  engraving  are  done  by  means  of 
the  lathe,  which  can  be  made  to  revolve  with  eiiniae  rapidity, 
carrying  a  poi^  or  small  disk  ol  solt  iron,  with  diamond-dust 
and  oil.  The  disks  vary  in  diameter  Irom  that  of  a  pin-bead 
to  a  quarter  ol  an  inch.  Better  than  Ihe  liihe,  also,  is  ihe  S.  S. 
While  dental  engine,  which  Ihe  pnseni  writer  was  Ibe  first  (o 
suggest  for  ihb  use.  The  fleiibiliiy  and  sensitiveness  a[  tbb 
machine  enables  it  to  respond  to  tbe  touch  of  (he  artist  and  (s 
impart  a  personal  quality  to  his  work  not  potsihle  with  the 
mechanical  action  of  Ihe  lathe,  and  more  loie  the  hand-work 
with  the  sapphire  pdnl.  The  diamond-dust  and  oil.  thus  applied, 
will  carve  any  stone  lofler  than  the  diamond  itaell  with  com- 
parative ease. 

We  may  now  review  some  of  tbe  ^icdal  lorms  of  culling  and 
working  gems  and  omamenlal  stones  Ibat  have  been  devehped 
in  Europe  since  the  period' of  the  Renabsance. 

Garnets  (7.V.I  have  been  med  and  worked  from  remote  aelinitty^ 
hot  in  modem  limea  Ihe  nilling  r4  Ihefn  has  been  carried  oa  dvefly 

potitioR  and  galHefcd  from  gnvels  aod  beds  ol  air 
ol  the  rich  red  variety  known  a<  pyrope  (u.),  or  E 
it  is  generally  valued  asa  Hm-slone.    Such  ~~  '' ' 
rubies."  ol  Sunti  Africa.  Toun'  ' 
East  Africa,  and  ihe  beaullf 
rubies."    (Darm- 


!5(d''cape 


.  .  induKry.  employing  some  five  buodnd  noneia^s  equal 
numberoIcBllerBandasmanyaslhreetlKiussnddoleri.  Eileaiife 
(arnel  eutllng  is  also  done  in  India,  ei|KiBlly  at  Jeypcnt'Mldt 
there  an  larn^werka  emplavinE  natives  who  have  been  laugbl  bjf 
Curifinns  The  Indian  |anie».  however,  an  moatly  o(  anoihee 
Variety,  the  almandine  (g.i.l:  il  is  equally  rich  in  coloir.  ihoucll 


LAPIDARY,  AND  GEM  CUTTING 


mythokigical  dr^Eiu,  vm  pnibibty  obuincd  f  RHB  litdb  or  pn^p* 
fna  dha  rcnwwilB  loakiry  tat  brie  Attna  of  fvnet  Ln  Cenun 


cn^tat.  iMa  been  anlHt  on  ance  Ihe  lAthcvntaiY.  Aai  iji  [taty.  by 
M  Mqil— >  laatun  of  iho  tint,  and  afKrvfajda  la  PnnCt  under 
Kadolpb  lU  ulU  iIk  Tkirty  Van'  War,  whea  1^  uidiiuiy  wai 
liDcd  out.  Sc-lEndid  «««mpw  ^C  iMi  work  an  ia  tlw  inc 
nuvuTiu  at  Europe.    Hanyodbne  '       '         '   ' 

•ad  fine  cnniplB  an  hKhiigil  bi  aom 

ikcK  arv  Fock-aimu\  dlikca  amarat , 

fnvrd  in  JnlacLioaiKlauunledinailver  wiltafaflD.  Other 

«  quaru  minrrab.  tuch  ai  agate,  jasper,  Ac  and  other  onumeatal 
ironH  of  liniitar  turdrteu,  are  lihcwue  vroueht  iato  all  manner  of 
art  abiecti.  Ca^Mi.  naei.  ewi.  coupii  and  aniinal  and  other 
[aacilut  lacsia,  are  tanuliar  kl  tkaia  opaque  and  Kmi-lraiiBiiueni 
iton^ffiikctfcafvedoiitflf  liaikBiaaiBaormBdeof  anHrate  uecta 
■niud  nth  (Old.  lilver  or  enamel  in  tbc  moat  Mit5k  laanncr. 
Cellini,  and  oIlKr  naiten  la  the  l6tli  and  17th  cntiiricf.  vkd  with 
each  other  in  aucb  worlE. 

Tke  tiaami  devdapmeiR  of  aiM*  (f '.),  konwnr.  liM  been  Kfii 
in  Germany,  at  WaUkiich  la  Dreiicau.  aad  capeciaUy  at  Idar  and 
CNxntein  on  the  Nahe,  in  Oldenburi.  The  iadiutry  bcian  in  llie 
l*th  century,  at  Ihc  nciKhbtuiriiiB:  lawn  of  FtcibunTi  out  waa  tntni- 
fetretl  to  Waldkirch,  vliciT  it  is  atin  carrinl  on.  rmptbying  about  120 
Ben  and  wHden,  tu  nuratier  ol  anrkmen  havidf  Lncrqird  naarlj' 
threefold  uncs  the  middle  bI  the  191)1  cenluiy.    The  Idar  and 

ri(tpnf4ve-  MJlit  run  by  water-power  line  the  Nahe  river  for  vvvr 
30in.,fr9maboveKmanarh  to  below  Idar,  and  rave  employiiient  in 
190a  to  HHDe  woo  people — 1625  lapidaries  t60drulcra,  loocnuaveia. 
a90Q  c uttera.  an.,  beaidea yjo  ^eaellera and 300 dealeiai  ThainduKry 
beianheRinconieoaeiiccof  iheabuodanceof  aEataaid  theaaiyida' 
h>a  neb  of  <be  viciniiy:  and  it  Ii  probaUa  that  many  of  the  Cinque 
Cenio  ffeiflf ,  and  pethapt  even  Biiie  of  the  Ramaa  onca,  were  ob- 
laiaed  Si  thk  retlan.  By  the  mkldle  of  the  Kth  ccMsiy  the  ben 
maieriat  was  aboul  ekhamled.  bat  the  ndBotry'liad  become  lo 
firmly  eslablnhed  thai  Et  haa  been  kept  up  and  incnaied  by  import- 
ing aiatea.  In  1540  there  mre  only  th«  aiillt:  in  1740.  twenty- 
fin:  in  1840,  filly:  in  ttTO,  one  hundred  and  eighty'ioiir.    Afenii 


.d  itored.    The  chief  Burce  of  aaate  aup^y  haa  beea  in  Ona 

11  much  hai  b^n  brourtt  ' k_  jC^- i,~i.     t 

aled  that  Bity  ihouaarid  ti 


Tlie  EriftdiDf  If  1 


inred  at  Salto  In  Utugua]'  at 
ontal  wheeli  hlee  t^ndatonea. 


Iheie  Kmicirrular  rrDDvca  until  one-half  of  it  ia  ahaped,  and  tlicn 
lurTied  over  and  (Ac  other  h;i[r  ground  in  the  *ame  way_-  _  The 

airy  carvinK  ur  ornamentarlon  a  then  pet  00  with  a  wheel-edee  or  a 
drill  by  ikiUed  workiKn. 

In  ttic  United  Statea  the  Drake  Company  at  Sioun  Fallt  Sooth 
Dakota,  haa  done  cutting  and  polishing  in  hard  matenali  on  a  grand 
icale.  It  bfRrcandhereonly.lhat  tneacatiied  wDodlrom  Chalce- 
dony Phrk,  Arlaona,  baa  been  cut  and  polished,  large  B«:tioiis  ol 
tiee-trunks  kavinv  baan  made  into  lable-topa  and  coluniDs  ol 
wonderful  beauty,  with  a  polish  like  that  of  a  mimr- 

hluch  of  theftnesl  lapidary  worh.bolhonalaTgeanlasnull  scale, 
is  dime  in  Russia-     Catherine  II.  sought  to  develop  the    preciaui 

lapidaiiea.  This  led  m  the  loondlngof  an  indusUy  which  now  em- 
ploys at  least  a  Ihousand  poe^.  The  work  h  dona  either  at  the 
great  Imperial  lapidary  eatabZishmeiu  at  Elcateriaburf.  or  ia  the 

of  wlnn  haa  his  peculbr  style.  The  pmrfucli  are  lold  to  dealers 
It  the  *mt  Ruanta  faiia  at  Nlih^  Navfnmd,  Mninow  and 
Ekiierinbucg.  The  impeiial  wnriia  at  the  laM-aancd  plaee  hivn 
tomnund  oTan  immenae  water-power,  and  an  on  ivck  a  aeale  that 
ireai  massea  of  hard  stones  can  be  vorked  ai  maiUe  Is  in  other 
coMHriea.  Much  of  ib*  machinery  hpilmitlTe.battbeappfieationt 
are  infeaioua  and  the  reaulEa  unaurpasaed  anywhere.  The  work 
done  b  of  Kvaral  daases,  ranging  from  the  brgeat  and  matt  masalve 
10  the  sDiallesi  and  most  delicate.  Then  is  (i)  the  cutting  ol  facetted 
HAS.  as  topa^,  aquamarine,  amethyst,  Ac.,  from  the  mines  of  the 
llral,  and  ol  other  gem-stones  also;  this  it  largely  done  by  meant  of 
tka  cidiana.  a  Biull  machine  held  in  the  hand,  by  which  the  angia 
ol  the  f^nts  can  be  adjusted  nadily  when  onea  ine  stone  hat  bean 


aome  veigMng  MOO  ■•  and  » 

tbe»  arc  made  ftom  "■ 

mauchile.  rhodonin 
typeofMirkitCllt: 


197 

nd  reouiring  yean  to  eompteta; 

nmls  of  the  Ciiat  and  Siberia— 

beadtiful  groupa  of  f  r^t.  flowera 
atch  esactly  the  colour  of  each 


lupply  of  rhodonite;  jade,  jaspers  of  various  ccdoun.  dtc,  tomeiiioei 

wrighed  nearly  9  tons,  and  n  nuss  a(  rhodonite  above  30  lonti 
the  litter  nqulrtd  a  week  ol  tlrdglTig.  with  ninety  honct,  to  bring  it 

inl  ten  boyt.  who  earn  from  two  to  ten  loubles  (<>.  to  £0-  A 
Enirungtchoolitconncciedwilhihe  works,  where  over  hltyboyt  are 
pupils;  on  graduating  they  may  remain  as  gDVennqeot  lapidaries 

tamekind.  Onecf  tlHM,  founded  by  CaiheriiK  II.,  <sa(  PeterhsC 
a  short  distance  &ora  the  capital:  it  is  a  large  budding  fitted  up 
with  imperial  eltgance.  Hen  an  made  alt  the  designs  and  modeb 
far  the  wDik  dnoe  at  Ekatoinbarg;  thete  an  nturwd  and  strictly 

of  tba  lapUaiian  atf.  vaaa  and  pediaub 
i  mtt,  made  from  tba  hardest  imd  most 
ur  of  years  far  their  corn- 
is  at  Kolyvan,  In  Siberia, 
i-uones  ol  the  Altai 
he  UraL    The  Ibna 


aikd  columia  of  imi 


gteai  txtabUshmenl  is 

lb  ot  Elateriabiug  do 


lapidary  wofic  and  the  products  of  these  otablitb- 
'  that  nuntry  Canotia  thraaghout  the  world.   The 

^^ hK  cotuBua  of  the  Henaluge  aad  of  S<  laaac'a 

Cathedral,  of  polithcd  granita  and  ntber  hatd^ascf    ' 

in  among  the  utuiliplH  of  n    ' 

Alenader  column  (I  St  Pnatib 


."Sf^-".; 


Cathedra! 

Alenader  cdumn  (YSTPnoibaiw  b  B~ai'nikp^ii^ed  'it 
in  diuneDn-  and  Si  ft.  la  hc^ihi. (3  the  ndnnlaBd  gianlte. 
The  finest  lapidary  wcrk  ol  modern  Pnoce  ft  done  at  Moulin  la 


Vaeherie  Saint  S 

with  absidute  perfection  of 
porpllfry  and  the  like,  of  t 
tiom  Egypt  and  elsewhne,  1 


e  pndncu  v^riyiiiannei 

inship,  an  brought  hi 
nailer  objects  for   ma 


s  "-^p  to  6  in.  in  dL 


about  the  lapidary  art  of  Japai^  and  China,  especially  in  relation  to 
thecryiIaIbal!i,iiowrepnxlucaIinFnlTice>ndeltewhere.  The  tool' 
an  the  simplett,  and  then  b  no  nuchinery;  but  the  lack  of  it  ii 
made  up  by  time  and  patieitce,  and  by  hereditsury  pTide,as  a  Japanese 
■nisan  can  often  tnce  back  hb  art  through  many  generations 
cootinuouBly.  To  ittalce  a  quana  ball,  a  iaige  crystal  or  mass  is 
chipped  or  broken  Into  available  shape,  and  then  the  nrce  b  trimmed 
into  a  apherical  form  with  a  small  steel  hammer.  The  polidilng  is 
effected  by  grinding  siith  emery  and  garnet-powder  and  plenty  of 

that  of  the  ball  to  be  gnuml,  which  is  kept  conslandy  turning  as  it 
b  nibbed.  SmaU  balb  an  hod  ia  the  end  of  a  bamboo  tube,  which 
ibeworker  cootinually  rrvolvea.  Tlte  final  brillianlpolish  is  given 
by  the  hand,  salh  mugcpowder  (haematite).  Thli  procttt  b 
evidently  very  abiw.  and  only  the  chcapncas  of  labour  prrvcata  the 


ce,  OeiinaAy 


7  dilferinlly 


'■J. 


iny  and  the  United  States.    They  are  g 

. -tin  a  brge  horiunlal  wheel  of  hard  11 , .- 

used  fcT  grinding  tarrwls  at  Obentein  and  Idar,  or  dee  by  gradually 
revolving  them  on  a  lathe  and  lining  them  into  hollow  cyiUidera. 
Plenty  of  water  must  be  used,  to  prevent  heating  and  cracking. 
The  pelbhiflg  la  eileeled  on  a  wooden  wheel  with  iripoIL  Work  of 
thb  loiid  Is  now  done  ia  the  United  States,  in  the  ptodDetion  of  the 
iphem  and  camd  omameikta  of  roek-crynal.  that  b  equal  to  aav 
in  the  world.  But  matt  of  the  nwterbl  for  these  suppcned  liaanese 
balb  now  comet  from  BraiH  or  Madagascar,  and  the  work  b  oone  in 
Cermany  or  Fiance. 

The  cuttina  of  amber  It  a  qiecial  bra  neb  of  lapidary  work  devefaped 
along  the  Baltic  coatt  of  C«ntny.  when  amber  ischiefly  obtained. 
The  amber  traffic  ilatei  back  to  pnhLiioric  times:  but  the  cutting 
iaduBtry  in  northern  Europe  cannot  be  definitely  traced  further  back 
than  the  lath  century,  when  gilds  of  amber-woi-kcrs  s4rc  known  at 
Bruges  arid  LQbeck.  Fine  carving  was  also  done  at  KDnigsbet*  aa 
early  as  t]99.  Tbc  tatter  dty  and  Daniig  have  become  ihecliief 
seats  of  the  amberindustry ,  and  the  businashas  iocrcAsed  inmensely 


198 


LAPIDARY,  AND  GEM  CUTTING 


wiibin  a  KrMt  ;siad.  Anide*  in  inidc  ih«R,  nM  cmlv  la  lU  the 
dviliiEd  wald,  but  (or  tipactatiDn  Is  luir-ciriUiid  iml  cva 
bubuDUB  luiiofii,  in  gieat  vajidy  uf  dupo,  nyla  and  coloun 

Diamond  Cuttinc. — On  ■ccauni  of  its  eilmna  hiidmw, 
Iht  IratmiDl  of  Ihe  diimood  in  prtpimlion  loi  luc  in  jewelty 
cansiiiuid  ■  Mpuait  and  apcciAl  bnnch  ol  iht  Upidu)''*  tn. 
Any  valuable  gem  must  firu  be  irimmal,  dovid  w  uwed 
Inio  niiuble  ihape  and  lizc,  Iben  cut  into  Ihe  dsiicd  tarm,  and 
GnaQy  polidifd  upon  tbe  [aco  whicb  bavc  b«n  cuL  The  tiagu 
in  diamond  worLing  are,  thereEon,  (i)  cLcavasc  ot  djviaion; 
(i)  culOng;  (])  poUsliuig;  bul  in  poinl  o(  (aei  ibew  are  four 
pro(«uea.  aa  the  aetiing  of  Ihc  stone  F«  cutting  ia  a  aomrwhat 
diltioct  branch,  ajid  the  workers  an  cla»cd  in  [our  (roups — 
cie*vera,  setters,  cutters  and  poUshen^ 

I.  Clttaiit  nr  Dmiini. — Diamondi  ue  alwiys  found  as 
crystals,  usually  octahedral  in  fonn,  though  a[tEQ  Irregular 


a  Involve 


in  the  largest  perfect  tlone  pouible,  and  (i)  lo  renwve 
uypi>n.ianBcontaininj6BmordefecU.  Tbese  erds  are  genenlly 
■net  by  cleaving  ibe  crystal,  ix.  auiing  it  (o  qilit  along  certain 
nalBial  planes  of  slructuial  wutaess,  which  are  paialld  with 
the  faces  of  the  octabedioo.  This  proces  lequlie*  the  utmou 
Judgment,  ore  and  skill  oa  the  part  of  the  operator,  as  any 
error  woiil  cause  great  loss  ol  valaahle  material;  heace  expert 
cleavers  command  very  high  wages.  The  stone  ia  &rst  cxajnincd 
closely,  to  deteimine  the  dirKtion*  of  the  cleavage  idanea, 
which  ate  leoicniaable  only  by  an  expert.  Tbe  daver  then  cut* 
•  narrow  notch  at  the  place  aelecied,  with  another  dlaound 
having  a  sharp  point;  a  rather  dull  iron  or  steel  edge  is  Ibeolaid 
on  Ibis  line,  and  a  smart  blow  iitudc  upon  it.  If  all  hat  been 
skilfuUy  done,  Ibe  diamond  divides  at  once  in  tbe  dirtmion 
desired.  De  Boot  in  tteg  mentions  knowing  some  me  who  could 
pari  a  diamond  like  mica  or  late.  In  this  process,  each  ol  the 
diamond*  is  fixed  in  cement  on  the  cod  ol  a  stick  or  handle, 
to  that  they  can  be  held  firmly  while  one  is  applied  to  the  olber. 
When  the  stone  is  large  and  very  valuable,  the  cleaving  is  a 
most  critical  process.  WoUaston  in  i  Tta  made  many  favourable 
tianiacllons  by  buying  very  pooi-looking  Sawed  sLonts  and 
cleaving  oS  the  good  parts.  In  Ihecaseol  IheimmenscEicclsior 
diamond  of  971  cxntt,  which  was  divided  at  Amsterdam  in 
1904,  and  made  into  (en  splendid  stones,  the  most  ebborate 
study  extending  over  Iwo  monlhi  wiigivcn  10  the  work  before- 
hand, and  many  models  were  made  of  the  very  inegular  slone 
■nd  divided  in  diSerent  way*  to  determine  those  most  advan- 
tageous.  This  proceu  was  in  1508  applied  to  the  moil  remark- 

of  llie  ipganlic  Cullinan  diamond  of  J015]  EngUth  carats.  Tbe 
stonewiaukento  Amsterdam  lobe  Ireiied  by  the  old-fashioned 
hand  method,  with  innumerable  preeauiions  ol  every  kind  at 
every  iiep,  and  the  culling  was  succcsilully  acsompliihed  after 
nine  months'  work  (see  Jkt  Timti,  Nov.  10,  1908}.  The  two 
prindpal  ilone*  obtained  (see  Diuiond),  one  a  pendcloque  or 


and  64  Facets 
instead  of  tbe 

tspectivcly  (ei 
Lormal  jS. 

lusive  01  tne 

table  ana  cuutij 

This  proces 

ol  cleavage  Is  the  old-established  one,  still  used 

lo  a  large  eii 

nt,  e^Kcially 

X  Amslerdsm 

But  a  different 

method  hai  rec 

ntly  been  inlrc 

-luced.  that  0 

aawing,'  which  is 

DOW  generally 

mployed  in  Antwerp.    The  > 

Lone  is  placed  in  a 

small  metal  rec 

eptacle  which 

5  «)led  wiih 

securely,  with 

it  is  pressed  firmly  againal  Ih 

edge  of  a  m 

tallic  disk  or  thin 

Wheel,  4  or  i  in 

adeofcoppe 

iron  or  phosphor 

b»o»,  which  is  charged  with 

diamond  dust 

■nd  d1,  and  made 

grnt  velocity. 

Thi,  machin 

an  American  In 

vention,  but  th 

form  now  pnncipaUy  employed 

at  Aolwerp  was  invented  by 

Belgian  dian 

lond  cutter  in  the 

Uniltd  Stalci. 

■nd  is  similar 

to  tliltini  wbeeli  u»ed  by  gem 

Ihsl  diamond  duH,  ^wdl  around  and  diluted  wirh  *i 
vifiegar,  is  used  in  tlit  sawing  of  diamondi,  which  is  dt 


of  method.     The 

less  is  much  slower  than  haad-deavage,  but  grellly  diminiaha 

loss  of  material  invalved.    Ii  is  claimed  thai  noi  ooiy  oa 

1  or  defective  pontau  be  thus  easily   taken  oB,  but  thM 

any  well-fonned  crystal  of  tbe  usual  octahedral  shape  {known 

.  the  trade  as  "  six-point  ")  can  be  divided  in  half  very  pcrfectty 

:  the  "  girdle,"  "^*^^*^g  two  stones,  in  each  of  which  the  sawed 

.cecaAbeuatd  with  advantage  to  kirm  Ibe"  table  "  of  a  bnlliant. 

By  another  metiisd  th<  atone  is  sawed  al  ■  tangeal  with  Ibe 

octahedron,  and  Ihen  each  haU  Into  three  iriecet;  for  Ihii 

Wood  method  ■  total  uving  o(  1%  is  claimed.    OcCTsionally 

e  finest  oiaterial  is  only  a  small  spot  in  a  large  buss  ol  imp«ic 

alerlal,  and  ihts  Is  taken  <rat  by  most  skilful  deaving. 

Alter  Ibc  cleaving  or  tawing,  however,  the  diamoiid  It  larety 

.  n  in  a  form  for  culling  the  faceti,  and  requires  considerable 

shaping.     This  tough  "  blocking-out  "  of  the  final  form  it  It 

'  latiurne,  by  removiflgirregularitleaandmakrngit  aymmettksl, 

called  "  brutige."    Well-shaped  and  dawlcss  crystals,  indeed 

ay  not  require  to  be  ckavcd,  and  then  the  brutagc  is  the  titt 

proceaa.    Here  agaiD,  the  old  haitd  metbods  are  begjanbig  to  pve 

medlaaism.    In  dther  case  two  diamonds  an  taken, 

I  In  cemeni  on  the  end  of  a  handle  or  support,  and  are 

le  against  the  other  uoUI  the  inegulaiilies  arc  ground 

IbegencralshapedaiiediiatlaiDed.   The  old  method 

0  this  by  hand— an  eitremely  tedioua  and  laboiioui 

pro»«.    Tbe  machine  method,  invented  about  iMs  and  fint 

ised  by  Field  aod  Morse  of  Boston,  is  now  used  al  Anlweip 

jxlusively.    In  tbit,  one  diamond  ia  fixed  at  Ibc  ccalie  oi  » 

rotating  apparatus,  and  the  other,  on  an  arm  or  handle,  is  placed 

as  lo  press  steadily  against  the  olber  tlone  al  the  propa 

1e.     liie  routing   diamond    thus   becooct   mundcd   and 

vtbed;  ibe  other  one  it  ibea  put  In  III  pbca  M.  thi  ceain 

I  their  mutual  action  mersed- 

LI  Amtterdam  a  hand-proceas  Is  employed,  which  lies  between 
deavtge  and  ihe  bniiage.  This  consists  in  cutting  or  trini- 
ig  away  aoglet  and  irregidariliet  all  over  the  stone  by  me*D* 
I  diaip-edged  or  pointed  diamond,  both  being  mounted  la 
tent  on  pear-shaped  bandies  for  firm  holding.  Thit  work  Is 
brgdy  done  by  women.     In  sll  these  processes  the  dust  aod 


aught  an 


ircfully  sa 


I.  CuffiHf  amd  ^eHiiif.— The  next  pnceis  It  ibal  of  culling 
the  facets;  but  an  imetvening  step  is  the  filing  or  "  sellbig  " 
of  the  stone  far  thai  purpose.  Thit  Is  done  by  embedding  it  ia 
a  fusible  alloy,  meliing  ai  440*  Fahr.,  in  a  little  cup-ih^ied 
deproiian  on  ihe  end  of  a  handle,  the  wbde  being  ailed  a 
"dop,"  Only  the  portion  to  be  ground  oS  is  left  exposed; 
and  two  such  mounted  diamonds  are  then  rubbed  against  each 
other  until  a  (ace  is  produced.  This  is  Ihe  work  of  the  culler; 
it  is  very  laborious,  and  requires  great  are  and  skill.  The 
hands  must  be  protected  with  leaiher  gloves.  The  powder 
produced  Is  carefully  saved,  as  in  the  former  processes,  for  use 
in  ibe  final  polishing.  When  one  face  baa  been  produced,  tbe 
alloy  is  softened  by  beating,  and  the  stone  re-set  for  grinding 
another  surface;  and  as  this  process  is  necessary  for  every  lace 
cul.lt  must  be  repeated  many  times  for  each  Ilone,  An  improved 
dop  has  lately  been  devised  in  which  the  diamond  ia  held  by  a 
system  ol  daws  to  that  all  this  beating  and  reselling  an,  il  il 
daimed,  be  obvlaled,  and  the  cullhif  comf^ed  with  only  two 


minale.  The  dlamond-powder  saved  in  the  former  operation*, 
and  also  made  by  crushing  very  inferior  diajnor>ds,  here  cocoe* 
into  use  as  ihe  only  material  for  policing.  It  is  applied  with 
cal,  and  the  stone*  art  Gied  in  ■  "  dop  "  in  much  the  same  way 
as  Id  the  culling  process.  Again,  the  utmost  skill  and  vtf  cMul- 
nett  av  necestary,  as  the  angles  of  the  faces  must  be  mathematics 
ally  exact,  in  order  to  yidd  ibe  best  eflecia  by  refraction  and 
reBeclion  of  lighi,  and  iheir  sizes  must  be  accnraldy  tegolated 
to  preserve  the  symmetiy  of  the  Stone.    In  Ihii  proceit,  aliOa 


LAPILLl— LAPIS  LAZULI 


199 


Ann  whenby  the  dkaooil  h  bcU  by  *4JMuUe  cUwi,  on  1  ba 
■hit  en  hi  iBiUtd,  M  u  )a  apply  il  in  **y  ilaind  podiio 


Ttv  npid  dnd 


nt  of  nHchuici]  drvka  for  llw  Kvcnl 

.  ._ .  IS  has  ilFeady  Fatly  inJhicnttd  IbciTt- 

A  vcvy  inmsting  compaTuoa  wu  luwi^t  out  in  Ibc  ihrrtRDth 
Rpoit  dI  the  Amcrian  CimnnuoaR  of  Labour,  u  10  the  ttsxas 
ud  r^IiODl  of  hADd-work  and  machiwry  tn  Ihii  bnoch  of 
■ndiiidy,  Il  apfKand  fnrn  the  data  galbcTHl  Ihal  Ihc  advanlacc 
lay  with  madiuaery  ai  10  time  aod  vrilh  hand-wofk  as  to  not, 
ia  the  lalkB  Taprdivtl)'  o(  i  to  jjS  and  I'TC  to  i.  In  olbci 
■ords,  about  half  the  Eain  in  time  b  lot  by  inneasFd  npouc 
is  ibe  OK  of  micMiK  mrthods.  A  gntt  many  dcvica  and 
appUcatioB  ban  b«ti  developed  wiihln  the  Uit  Itv  ynra. 
ooTDg  to  the  inuDciue  incniK  m  ihc  productkin  at  diairMndi 
bam  [he  Sooih  Atritan  minB,  and   '  ' 


UuUryifDicmtti  Cattint.— The  Eiil  Indlin  diimeacti,  nany  d 
wUi^  are  *juhilm  »»ty  ancient,  iimpoli*cd  in  the  mini  Orinili 

lld2wk"»*ta^iibovea»d'ap)^niidhefo""       ""'"■"'      °°' 

aanei  <i  iba  MU  «hiioi.  Bui  ibc  iw  dcfciike 
dumpad  polifbint  are  early  in  the  crniiry  foUofenni;,  when  one 
Kemuna  becaiDC  noted  for  tuch  work  in  Paiv.  The  modern  niclbod 
dt  *^  brifliani "  cultiof,  however,  n  lener^Hy  ajcribed  10  Loidt  da 
Bnqocn,  tt  BruH*.  mho  In  1175  cut  irtmi  eeMmttd  dianoodi 
murhiaibyCbarlta1hiBold.((uk*<i(Biinundy.  Hataa^tUi 
procna  xo  aaay  pii(ik»  vho  afterwanb  HttM  in  Aatwerp  and 
Amsierdaai,  hhieh  have  be* a  the  chtcT  ceiuna  of  dtamond  eultiof 
ever  tincc  Peeual  wai  ihe  anlM  who  worked  oat  the  iheoey  of  the 
■di^proHtioicd  brilliani  of  Jl  ^ceta.  Some  very  Ana  WM  wai 
dsH  ouly  in  LJiadiin  ■)»,  bat  noai  of  the  mdoBen  iRrt  Jem,  vh^ 
bliila  objeaionable  in  Entlud,  fuoM^  beluok  ihenwfvta  to 
Ameterdan  4nd  Antwerp^  EITorta  have  been  lately  made  to  re< 
evtablidi  the  art  in  Londoa,  where,  at  ibcfreat  diamond  mart  o(  the 
worki,  il  iltaald  paculiarh  belong. 

The  aiH  unwiec  poficy  wai  even  man  laaibed  ia  INinugaL 
That  nation  had  iucoioQial  poHeaaouin  India,  loMowina  the  voya  gee 
and  diacovnies  tjf  Da  Gama,  and  ihu«  became  the  chiH  importer  of 
dumondaiRfoEonipt    EnHyinthe  iSthcenluiy.  aha,  the  diimond- 


tajou  in  the  third 


Induury  of  cu 


«Je. 


■cni  toHoBandand  BeMum.whei 

ntmted  aiBrc  ihc  inddlcol  f  he  Ifllh  eenlury. 
3  trace  Ihe  teccnt  endeawuti  10  eiubii^ 
- le  United  Sulia.    The  p»nar  in  ihia  move- 

L>  Henry  I>.  Monc  d(  Bonon,  awcMled  with  Jamei  W. 

onof^New  York.    He  opened  adiamond-cui  ling  eiiabi;ih- 

BuihTc'UiJ inipcnaiic* of  hia awk lay  in  iti  uiperior quality.  So 
looi  bad  h  been  a  mom^y  ol  Ibe  Dutch  and  Belaiam  iliAt  Jt  wat 
detlinliigintoaniereiBechinical  trade.  MorteKuificd  Ihe  diamond 
acientiialy  and  UD(hi  hia  iHipilg  ho*  imporitm  maihemaiical 
ewctkudc  in  mllaf  naa  to  the  baaiHy  and  value  of  the  (em.  He 
— --id  •  peefeeiion  ranly  —  '-' —    — '  — — -- 


ImsbouliM 


w  iwv  it  drdioed.  oving  ponly  lo  -,■■—.< 
■icnu  n  Id  the  aptnicaifon  of  Kme  of  the  Is 

■eof  ia95.ho* ■ '■' '— 

andncar>lew 


nMy  equal  if 


m  recocniied  ai  one  of  the  chief  di ^., 

K  joocvtlen.  and  Ihc  quality  of  wotk  de 

inisr,  toaByinlheOUWueid.   SoikIIh 


=irttinahaitro*aiipflinccl<75.~  Saaltiailbannin  by  tmerpDwer 
ind  the  aaSwv,  aa  weU  aa  Ike  wthofc  are  from  HelLtnd.  Th 
Bnailiaa  diaiaaad  Hfc  la  diH  both  vca  aad  ehaply,  aid  npplii 

pontlon  in  diamond  workirE  Aill  betonn  to  Ami 
. . 1 ;npied  in  the  "ndunry 


I  denanioe 

diuribuled  amon 
etiaoLiknmeniL  a  majoniy  ol  the  wori:en  an  oeiKiani.  out  laer* 
arc  many  D^itch,  ftjiea  and  Auirro-HunMrian*.  prineipdlty  Jewa 
Amonf  theac  numenittt  employeea  Iherela  much  opfionunily  Tor 
diihoneity,  and  but  Kitle  auiveilliacc.  actual  ec  ixaBiblc;  yci  fomea 
Iron  Ihii  cauH  are  almoae  uakoovn.    The  waaea  paid  aia  imd. 

■  verarm  from  O.  9t-  «d.  toii,  ITl  6d.  a  weiik.  Soiien  ivceiv* 
from  iSa.  to  £j:  cuttere  from  il.  91  6d  10  £3,  61,  and  eteaveci  from 
£}.  I4t.  upwaidt. 

With  Uic  (eem  Intndnctlon  of  eleetricily  in  diamond  euliini 
their  hat  bees  a  revoluiioa  ia  that  induttry.  Wbertut  fo(a>nl)r 
whceli  latre  made  to  revolve  by  atcam,  they  are  now  placed  in  direct 

machine.  The  an  foe  aliltini  ibedtamond  ton  ihu>  be  nude  n 
revolve  much  lanra  rauidly.  ami  tberv  ii  a  dvaatineia  and  a  ipeed 
about  Iba  wocfc  never  beforaattaiaad.  <C  F.  K.) 

UmU  (pL  of  ItiL  hfOt,  rram  Ut.  In^ai,  dim.  of  (o^ii, 

■  *loot),  >  IMBW  IpplM  to  null  f  ngRKBIi  oi  lava  ejected  [rom 
a  volaDO.  Thty  art  fttwralty  >uban|u)ti  in  ihapc  and  veiicular 
ia  ttnKtui*,  vaiyinc  fn  aze  tism  a  pea  to  a  walnut.  In  Ibe 
Neapolitim  dEaleci  the  word  beconci  npiUI^-m  [onn  loinctlniel 
med  by  En^Iih  wriLen  oq  volcnnoei.  (See  Votc*NOU.) 

LAPIt  LAZUU,  or  arure  Mane,'  a  niDcnl  aubslance  valued 
for  tiecoiaLive  purposea  in  coniequence  of  (he  fine  blue  colour 
^■tch  it  moally  presenla.  It  appean  to  have  been  the  aapphire 
of  andent  writen:  Ihuj  Thei^iaitDi  deicribca  the  (^T^ifioi 
ubelBllpoIled  with  gD!d.dutl,  a  delcrlplion  quite  Inappropnate 
lo  modem  lapphlR,  but  fully  applicable  to  lapJi  laiuli,  for  thii 
none  f  icqiMnily  eoniaiu  dluemliutied  panidei  of  iroo-pyTiio  of 
goU-Ukt  appeanace.  Plioy,  loo,  refen  10  ihe  affiinii  ai 
a  Uene  tpiioklcd  wiib  qiecks  ol  gold;  and  pcsnUy  an  allusion 
to  the  Hnie  chaiacler  may  be  found  in  Job  iivlil.  6.  Tbe 
Hebrew  10^^,  denoting  a  Hone  in  the  High  Priejl'i  btnslpSale, 
wia  probably  lapii  laiuli,  ai  acknowledged  Id  Ihe  Xeviitcd 
Verson  ol  the  Bible,  With  the  andent  EgypUnns  lapil  laauK 
wai  a  favourite  ilone  for  amulets  and  omataent j  mch  as  »eai»b4; 
it  wai  alio  toed  lo  a  limited  eitrni  by  the  Assytianj  and  Baby- 
kmiani  fa  cyiindei  leali.  It  has  been  suggcned  that  the 
Egyptian!  obtained  il  from  Persia  In  eitcbaoge  tor  their  emeraWl 
When  the  lapis  luuli  conlains  pyritei.  the  bKlliint  spots  in  the 
deep  blue  malrii  invite  compariBon  wilh  the  slai3  in  the  firma- 


.   The  li- 


lt w 


favourite  material  "Hlh  t! 
Iti,  >m*]1  buili  and  other 
ilive  uae  of  bpis  ti 


Hi  by  an 


Magnltceni  eiampln  ol  th 

employment,  when  ground  and  levigated,  as  a  valuable  pigment 
known  aa  ullramarine  ff.!.).  a  aubstance  now  praclically  dif 

Lapil  laiuli  occura  usually  in  compact  masses,  wllh  a  6ne1y 

granular  sliucinre;  and  occaiionally,  but  only  a>  a  gieai  larity, 

<  The  Med.  Gr.  U(ii,w.  Med.  Ut.  Jinrfu  «  latefai.  as  the 


Mannrd,  Pen.  Ujwtr^,  blu 

SFu^I^tly  uUd  ti""a'l'!3 
mveniionilly  in  black  and  * 


colour,  laps  laiuli.     

.he.ceO.F;aiv.En|."a(v», 
ir  in  heraldry  fo.p.J  a  ' 
te  by  horilontalllllea. 


200 

il  pnunis  the  lonn  o(  ihe  ibo 
tjtivily  (•  J-jS  lo  J-4S,  and  iu  Janlnos  Bbout  _  _. 
compBtHUvdy  soft  it  Lcnds»  when  polished,  to  laM  il 
nthct  readily.  The  colouc  ii  gcDcnlly  a  fine  uun 
Btiiin  blue,  but  »ine  virieiio  eihibii  gna,  violet  tod  i 
Dnii,  or  may  be  aliogelhec  colouHes,  The  cdour  Ii 
improved  by  healing  the  atone.  Under  anISdal  illuinination 
Ibe  daili-blue  ilones  may  a^icac  almost  black.  The  minenl 
I)  opaque,  with  only  iljght  IRioluceiicy  at  Ibin  edge*. 

Analyiei  al  lapii  laiuli  ihow  conaMeraUe  vaiiaiioD  Id  com- 
posiiion,  and  ihii  led  lotif  ago  10  doubt  at  to  iu  hoRiogcoeily. 
Thfi  doubt  was  conErmed  by  tbe  microscopic  iiudiei  of  L.  K. 
Fischer.  F.  Ziikeland  H.  F.J.  VogeUang, vbo found  that  ledioni 
ahomd  bluiih  patlldes  in  a  white  mairii;  but  il  wai  reserved 
for  PtofeuM  W,  C.  Brflggcr  and  H.  BlclstrtSm,  of  Chrisliania, 

provioi  that  it  la  a  rock  rather  than  a  definite  mineral  tpccia- 
The  tiaenlia]  part  of  most  lapis  lazuli  b  a  blue  mineral  allied  10 
aodllite  ind  cryslallixed  in  the  cubic  system,  which  Brdgger 
distinguishes  as  lazurite,  but  this  is  intimately  auodated  with 
a  dosdy  lelaied  mireial  which  has  long  been  kaowa  u  hallyoe, 
or  haOyniie.  The  toiutilc.  soinetlnies  regarded  ai  Inie  lapii 
Uiutl,  is  a  sulphui-beiring  sodium  and  (luminium  tUicde, 
having  the  formula;  Na,(NaS^I]AI,(SiO,],.  A>  the  luuriie 
■nd  the  hallynile  seen  lo  occur  in  molecular  iniermiiiure, 
various  kinds  of  lapti  luuli  art  formed;  and  it  haa  been  proposed 
10  distinguish  some  of  Ihem  u  kiurite-iajus  and  hiHyDe-Iapis, 
according  as  Ofl«  or  the  other  mineral  pievails.  Tbe  lazurite 
of  lapis  laiuli  in  10  be  carefully  dislinf^ished  from  laaulile,  an 
aluminium -nu^niiim  phosphate,  relaltd  to  turriuoise.  In 
addiiioo  lo  the  blue  cubic  minerals  in  lapis  lazuli,  the  [oikndng 
minerals  have  alto  been  found:  a  non-ferrifetDut  diopaide, 
■n  amphibole  called,  from  tbe  Rutsian  mineralogist ,  loksbarovi  to, 
anbodase,  plagioclase,  a  muscovitc-Iike  mica,  Bpelile,  tilaoite, 
aircon.  calcite  aod  pyrite.  The  calcile  secnu  to  form  in  some 
cases  a  great  part  of  the  lapis;  and  the  pyrilc,  which  may  occur 
in  paldiea,  is  often  alleied  to  linwnile. 

Lapit  lazuli  usually  occurs  in  cryslallioe  limatone,  and  leens 
lo  be  a  product  oi  contact  mclamoiphism.  Jt  is  recorded  from 
Persia,  Tailaiy,  Tibet  and  China,  but  many  of  the  kicaiitiei 
are  vague  and  tome  doubifuL  The  best  known  and  probably 
the  most  imporunt  locality  i>  in  BadakibaD.  There  ji  occuci 
in  iimalane,  in  the  valley  of  the  river  Kokcha.  a  tributary  to 
the  Oiui,  south  of  Firgamu.  The  mines  were  visited  by  Marco 
Polo  in  1171,  by  J-  B,  Knucrin  iSjs,  and  by  Captain  John  Wood 
in  iSj7~i8iS.  Tberock  is  split  byald  ol  lim.  Three varielies 
of  the  Lapis  laauii  are  recognized  by  the  miners:  nSi  of  indig<v 
blue  colour,  amoiii  aky-blue,  and  tain  of  green  tint.  Another 
locality  for  lapis  lazuli  is  in  Siberia  near  the  westcni  caliemily 

■ranite.     Fine  masiea  of  lapis  lazuli  occur  in  Ihe  Andes,  in 
y  of  Ovtlle,  Chile,    la  Europe  lapis  lazuli  is  found 


LAPITHAE— LAPLACE 


in  the  pi 


ejected  blocks  of  Mome  Somma,  Vesuvius.  {F,  W. 

LAPITHAE,  a  mythical  race,  whose  home  was  in  Thestily 
In  the  valley  of  the  Peneua.  The  genealogies  make  Ihem  t 
kindred  race  with  the  Cenlauia.  their  king  PeirilhoUs  being  Ihe 
ton.  and  the  Centaurs  the  grandchildren  (or  wni)  of  ItioD, 
The  best -known  legends  with  which  they  are  connected  an  thou 
of  Iiion  (f.>.)  aod  the  bailie  with  the  Cenitun  (;.•.).  A  well- 
known  Lapiih  was  Caencus,  said  10  have  been  origiaally  a  giil 
named  Caenis,  the  favourite  of  Poseidon,  who  changed  ba  into 
a  man  and  made  her  invulnerable  (Ovid.  Utiam.  xii.  14G  O)- 
In  the  CenWur  bailie,  having  been  crashed  by  rocka  and  irunkt 
of  Inei.  he  was  changed  into  a  bird;  or  he  dittppeaied  into  Ihe 
depths  ol  the  earth  unharmed.  According  to  some,  the  Ltpithae 
are  representalivcsof  the  gianls  of  fable,  or  spirits  ol  Ihe  tlorm; 
according  to  oihen,  they  are  a  umi-legendary,  lemi-histarical 
ran,  like  the  hlyrmidons  and  other  ThesaaTian  tribes.  The 
Grert  Bcnlploia  of  the  school  of  Pheidiaa  ctmceived  of  Lbe  bailie 
ol  the  Lapiihae  and  Ceolauts  as  ■  struggle  between  mankind 


between  the  Greeks  and  Penlaas.  Sidney  Colvin  (Jtm*. 
Hdlai.  Slui.  I.  64]  ezplaiot  il  at  a  cnnteii  of  the  physical 
powen  of  nature,  and  the  mythical  eapteation  of  tke  leniblt 
eAecls  of  swollen  waters. 

LA  PLACB  (Lai.  Plaaaa).  JOSUfi  DB  (ito6?-iMs),  French 
Pnteslanl  divine,  was  bom  in  Brittany.  He  studied  and  after- 
Tarda  taught  philosophy  at  Saumur.  In  i4is  be  became  pewor 
of  the  Rehmied  Church  at  Nantes,  and  in  1631  wat  appointed 
ptofcstorof  Ihoology  at  Saumur,  where  he  had  as  his  collea^ei, 
appoioled  al  Ihe  tame  time.  Motes  Amyraui  and  Louis  CappelL 
la  1640  he  published  ■  work,  Tkim  Ikiiltticae  it  Oatu  ktminii 
lapii  oalf  fntluiB,  whidi  wtt  looked  upon  with  aome  suqucioD 
u  contuoing  liberal  ideas  about  the  doctrine  of  original  tin. 
The  view  that  the  origiaal  sin  of  Adam  was  not  imputed  to  hia 
descendants  was  condemned  al  the  tynod  of  Charenloa  {164s), 
without  ^Kcial  reference  being  nude  to  La  Place,  whose  poiitioii. 
perhaps  waa  not  quite  dear.  As  a  matter  of  fad  La  Plac» 
distinguished  between  a  direct  and  indirect  imputation,  and 
alter  his  death  hit  views,  at  well  as  thoM  of  Amyiaut,  werw 
rejected  in  the  Ftrmiiii  ceiuauiu  of  167s.  He  died  on  the  i;th 
of  August  166$. 

-,  ,"- Jflmi  io76H.~"A  oJi 

rorksappearrdat  Frapicknin  j699,aiidat  Aubei 
UPUCE.  PISRRB  SIMOH.  Uibquis  de  (1 


In  NormaiKly,  on  II 
small  farmer,  and  hi 
by  his  lively  pans  1 


E  2Sth  ol  March  1749.    His  father 


rsant  of  poaiiion.  His  £zst  dia- 
jainedin  theologiod eonlroveisy, 
but  at  an  eariy  age  he  became  mathemaiio!  teacher  In  Ihe  mililiiy 
school  of  Beaumont,  the  classes  of  which  he  had  attended  aa  an 
ezlem.  He  was  not  more  than  eighteen  when,  aimed  arith 
letlenof  locommendalion,  he  approached  J,  B,  d'Alemberl,  then 
at  the  height  of  his  fame,  in  the  hope  of  Ending  a  career  In  Paris. 
The  tetters  remained  unnoliced,  but  Laplace  waa  not  crushed  by 
tbe  rebuff.  He  wrote  10  the  great  geometer  a  letter  on  ibe 
prioaplei of  median ici,  which  evAed  tnimmcdialeandenihnsi- 
astic  rcipoate.  "  You,"  laid  d'Alembert  to  him,  "needed  «> 
Inlroduciion;  you  have  lecommended  yourself;  my  support 
it  yem  due."  He  accordingly  obtained  for  him  an  appoiatmsit 
at  profotor  of  matbemaiict  in  the  ficole  Mllilairt  of  Paiia,  and 
continued  zealously  to  forward  hit  interestt. 

Laplace  had  nol  yet  completed  his  twenty-fourth  year  when 
he  enicicd  upon  ihe  course  of  discovety  which  earned  him  Ihs 
Uile  of  "  the  Newton  of  France."  Having  In  his  hnt  published 
paper '  shown  his  mastery  of  analysis,  he  proceeded  to  apply  its 
resources  to  the  great  oulslanding  problems  in  celestial  mechaiiics. 
Of  ihese  the  most  cou^ucuous  wat  oScred  by  the  tqipatile 
inequalities  of  Jupiter  and  Saium,  which  the  emuhnt  efforts 
of  L.  Enter  and  J.  L.  Lagrange  had  failed  to  bring  within  the 
bounds  of  theory.  The  discordance  of  their  results  indted 
Laplace  to  a  searching  eiaminaliaa  of  the  whde  subject  of 
planetary  perturbaliona,  and  hb  maiden  effort  waa  rewarded 
with  a  discovery  which  contiiiuied,  when  developed  and  com- 
pletely demonstrated  by  his  own  furlhct  labours  and  those  at 
hit  iltuilriout  rfval  Lagrange,  Ihe  most  important  advance 
madeinphyiicalattronomysinccIbelimeolNewtan.  Inapapcr 
read  before  the  Academy  al  Sciences,  on  the  loth  of  Februaiy 
■  773  (Itim.  prUaals  par  iivtri  uviia,  torn.  vii..  1776},  Laplace 
announced  his  cdebiaied  condusion  of  the  invariability  of 
planetary  mean  motions,  earring  the  proof  as  far  as  the  cubes 
of  the  eccentricities  and  indintlions.  Thli  wat  ihe  Grst  and 
most  important  step  in  the  establishment  of  ihe  slabillty  ol  the 
solar  system.  It  wat  foUowedbya  tetics  of  profound  iuvetligs- 
liont.  in  which  Lagrange  and  L^ilice  altemaldy  aurpaased  ud 
tut^lemenied  each  oiher  In  aaugning  llmiii  of  variatim  lo  Ihe 
several  elements  of  the  planetary  orbits.  Thesnatylical  inuma- 
menl  closed  with  the  communication  (0  Ihe  Academy  by  Laplace 

' "  RecheRhei  ■«  k  c "       ' 

nmt  (i7«6-il«gj. 


■"mw^*"* 


1  cbUr  grmp  of  wtrarttble  disceverics.   7t  mrald 

a  the  whole  luge  ot  scicatiic  liteiUure,  to  point 

if  tqual  brilliuKy  niib  Uut  puhliilicd  (divided  into 

puts)  in  the  Tohimsol  the  Academy  for  i;S4,  17HJ  sad 

""       "  ' "  .....         ^  inequality "  of 

ippmAch 


,  n  the  vohima  of  the  Acadi 
:  long-sought  catoe  of  the  ' 
lupiter  snd  Saturn  <tu  found  in  the  i 
Dcnsur^tHlity  of  theii  mean  nutioiu;  11 
tiro  deguit  theorenu,  independently 


any  tiapt  the  m 


rr  taiEcly  affi 
Imos  ol  Uicir  orbitsi  and  the  singuUr  pecuLiarilies  delected  by 
him  in  ibc  JoTian  aystem  were  eipreeoed  in  the  so-called  "  [ain 
of  laptacc"  He  coinpleted  the  theory  of  these  bodies  in  a 
uiatise  published  among  the  Fans  Uerunrn  lor  i;SS  and  1789: 
and  the  sinking  supeiiotily  ol  the  tables  csmputed  by  J.  B.  J. 
Driamhre  from  the  data  then  supplied  marked  the  pnrft  derived 
Imm  the  io»e»tiealion  by  practical  astronomy.  The  year  ijS; 
vas  rendered  fuilher  memorablt  by  Lapbre's  annouofrmait  on 
the  19th  oE  NovEmhcr  {Memeirij  17^6),  of  the  dependence  of 
Vaiaf  acceleration  upon  the  secular  changes  in  the  ecctntticity 
«(  the  earth's  orbit.    The  last  ai^nnt  an«naly,  and  the  last 

With  these  biillianl  pctfotmances  the  hist  period  ol  L^ilace's 
scientiBc  career  may  be  said  to  have  doeed.    If  he  ceased  to 

their  subject-matter  than  bis  powcra  that  failed.  The  general 
vbiking  of  the  great  madune  was  now  laid  bore,  and  it  needed  a ' 
iunher  advance  of  knowledge  to  bcins  a  Imb  set  of  pn^lems 
wHhin  nach  of  invemigalion.  The  time  had  come  when  the 
tBulta  obtained  in  the  development  and  application  of  the  bw 
of  gravitation  by  thirc  gencrationa  of  illustrious  malhemalicians 
might  be  presented  from  a  single  point  of  view.  To  this  task 
the  second  period  of  Lapkace'i  activity  was  devoted.  Aft  a 
monument  of  maLhemattcal  genius  applied  to  the  celestial 
rrvoluiion^,  the  MiianiqueiiUtU  ranks  second  otily  to  the 
PriHcipia  of  Nc 


of  the  grcKt  mahanical  problem  prewntf 
to  lieing  theory  10  coincide  u  cLaecLv  with 
equations  should  no  longer  find  apuce  ii 

Sntt  part'of  the  ™K'(>  vol^  410,  Pari 
■v  calculating  the  movtnenia  tJ  tranil 
beavenly  bodiea.  [or  dctcmiining  their  1 
probteou:  the  iccofld,  espocially  dedicil 


lKii£o?m 


scitaptboasdiAcuU  toprnditrc 

D  Ui  all  but  total  HKHTHion  in 
rault  pervades  the  wheio  of  his 


tybedenihedasthi 


iflipring  of  a  tingle  brain.  The  Eiainmit  c^au  is.  even  id  ihowi 
■UHeonvenwitwiIbBaalyticaliiiethedi,bynDDeai»  asy  reading. 
J.  B,  Biot.  who  Hiiited  id  ths  oNnctlan  tA  iu  pm(  iheeih  re- 
narliHl  that  it  would  hav*  nieDded.  had  ths  dciBsnHracians  beu 
luUy  developed,  M  eight  or  ten  inKsad  li  five  voluew;  and  be  law 
u  tioMi  the  author  hbrnclf  obUged  todevolc  aa  hour's  labour  lo 
Rcni'HJnclhcdropiwdliiiloiil  the  ehalaol  reasoning  coveied  by  the 

The  JEi^iiKiH  dti  lyiOKu  du  iiuiide  O^ris,  17^)  ht>  been 
styled  by  Arago  "  the  Ultmiquc  clUsle  discmbainsied  of  [U 
Ualyiical  parafihemalia."  :  Conclusions  are  not  laeTely  stated 
ia  it,  but  the  methods  punued  for  their  attainnEM  an  indicated. 
It  baa  (he  strength  of  an  analytical  trealise,  the  charm  of  a 
popular  dissertation.  The  style  Is  ludd  and  oiastetly,  and  the 
lummaty  of  astronomical  history  with  which  It  lerminates  haa 
l»ea  ledconed  one  of  the  masterpieces  of  the  Unguage.  To  thit 
Ungnlsiic  eiceHi 


"Plan 


lel-Oi 


"^■sTi.ii^r" 


«tuft»  of  Bufl 


!  •  sot 

In  the  Academy,  of  which  tmtltntlan  hebecane  praldtM 
in  the  following  year.  The  famous  "  nebular  hypothois  "  of 
Laplace  made  its  appearance  in  the  ^yjtf  He  dbHM^.  Althouglk 
relegated  to  a  note  (vii.),  and  propounded  "  Avec  la  defiance  qat 
doit  insplrff  tout  ce  qui  n'est  ptHnt  im  r^sultat  de  I'observatioii 
Iu  ^cul,"  it  is  plain,  from  the  complacency  with  which  he 
TTed  to  it '  at  a  later  date,  that  be  regarded  the  ^jeculatlon 

and  largely  prescribed  the  rourse  of  thought  on  the  subject  of 
planetary  origin  is  due  to  tbe  simplicity  of  its  assumptions,  and 
"'      ■  '  ■'     medumioi  principles  involved,  rather  than 

ace  of  iu  tniih.    It  is  carious  that  Laplace, 
■e  aiteoiion  than  they  deserved  on  the  cmde 

:,  anticipated  by  Kant,  who  had  put  forward 
his  ^IffdHflH  JVolnrfucJlKJUi,  a  true  though  defective 

pebular  cosmogony^ 

The  career  of  Laptacc  was  one  lA  sanely  tntempted 
piosperity.  Admitted  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  an  associate 
in  177],  tie  became  a  tncinbcr  in  ifSj,  having,  about  1  ycci 
pTevioiuly,  succeeded  £.  Bezout  as  eiamineT  to  the  royal 
artllteiy.  During  an  access  of  reroluCloBary  nqiicion,  he  was 
RDKrved  from  the  comnuuiDii  of  weights  and  measures;  t«t 
the  slight  was  quickly  effaced  by  new  honours.  He  was  one  of 
the  first  inemben,  and  became  president  cd  the  Bureau  of 
Lotigitudes,  took  a  prominent  place  at  the  Institute  (founded  in 
i7««),  professed  analysis  at  the  Ecole  Normale,  and  aided  in  the 
organication  of  tbe  dedmij  system.  The  publicalkin  of  the 
Mlcaiiiqm  etialt  gained  him  world-wide  celebrity,  and  hli  name 
appeared  on  tbe  lists  of  tbe  principal  scientific  assodatiooa  of 
Europe,  including  the  Royal  Society.  But  scientific  disrindiona 
by  no  means  satisfied  his  ambition.  He  ajpired  to  the  i41e  of 
a  politician,  and  has  left  a  meriHirable  example  of  genius  degraded 
to  serrlEty  lor  the  sake  of  a  riband  and  a  title.  The  ardoor  o<  bii 
repuUican  principles  gave  i^ace,  after  the  iSth  Bruwaire,  to 
ovation  towards  tbe  £nl  consuli  a  MOtiment  promptly  rewarded 
ith  the  poet  ol  minister  of  tbe  interior.  His  iacapadly  (or  affairs 
as,  however,  so  Sagrant  that  it  becaoK  necesuiy  la  supersede 
m  al  the  end  of  six  weeks,  when  Luden  Bonaparte  became  his 
iccessor.  "  Hebiougbtintothcadminialration,"saidNapoIeon, 
tbe  spirit  of  the  infinitedinals."  His  failure  was  consoled  by 
elevation  10  the  senate,  of  which  body  he  became  chancellor 
in  September  iSoj.  Be  was  al  tbe  same  lime  named  giand 
officer  of  the  LegioD  of  Honour,  and  obtained  in  1813  the  same 
in  tbe  new  order  of  Reunion.  The  title  of  count  he  had 
acquired  on  the  cteation  of  the  empire.  Nevertheless  be  cbee1> 
"  gave  his  voice  in  iSr4  for  the  dethronement  of  his  patron, 
his  "  suppleness  "  merited  a  seat  in  the  chamber  of  peers, 
in  1S17,  the  dignity  of  a  marquisate.  The  rnemory  of  these 
ivcmrions  is  perpetuated  in  his  writings.  The  first  edilioD 
of  the  Syaimc  da  me*Jt  was  inscribed  to  the  Council  of  Five 
Hundred;  to  the  third  volume  of  Ihe  Mtcanique  ctieUe  (iSoi) 
was  prefiscd  the  declaration  that,  of  all  the  truths  contained  in 
the  work,  that  most  precious  to  the  anlbor  was  the  expression 
of  his  gratitude  and  devotion  towards  the  *'  pacificator  of 
Euiope  ";  upon  which  notewonby  protestation  the  suppression 
in  Ihe  editions  of  thi  TUnric  ia  fiebabUiUs  subsequent  to  the 
restoration,  of  the  oriftiaal  dedication  to  the  emperor  formed  a 
fitting  commentaty. 

During  the  later  years  of  his  life,  Laplace  lived  much  at 
Arcucil,  where  be  had  a  country-place  adjoiiung  that  of  his 
friend  C.  L.  Berthollet.  With  his  co-iqxiatkin  Ihe  Socifit 
d'Arcueil  iias  formed,  and  be  occasionally  contributed  to  its 
Mtwairt,  In  this  peacefid  retirement  be  pttrsued  his  studies 
with  unabated  ardour,  and  received  with  uniform  courtesy 
dlstiDgiuahed  visttocs  from  all  parts  of  tfie  wotU.  Here,  too, 
he  died,  attended  by  bis  pbyiicliui,  Dr  Majendie,  and  his  mathe- 
matical coadjutor,  Alcus  Bouvatd,  oa  the  51b  of  March  1817. 
Hi*  last  words  were:  "  Ce  que  nous  connaissons  est  pcu  dc 
chose,  ce  que  nous  Ignorons  est  Immense." 
Expressions  occur  in  Laplace's  private  letters  incoaiisttnt 
•  Utt.  Ul..  torn.  V.  ^  )«£. 


LAPLACE 


..        a  ba  b  coobobIt  beUrtcd  u  bave 

bid.  Uii  chaiacter,  ""'-'■ '>"*~"-B  tba  cgUiim  by  wbkb  It 
Ttf  diifigundt  bul  ftn  tmiaHir  ud  fTCfF^lt  tUo,  Younf 
men  of  ickooB  louod  Id  Un  u  aEtivc  bcnetictM.  Ifiitduiooi 
withthMB"  idepttd  cbildwB  of  liB  thought  "poMUMdnincuUr 
chu-m  of  aSecUoiwlE  timplkitri  Iheli  inlcUectgal  prcfrtM 
ud  milaiil  bldHU  mat  objecu  oi  equal  anUdtude  ts  him, 
and  be  demanded  in  Ktun  only  diliceace  u  the  punuit  of 
kuDwledge.  BioC  [data  ibat,  whea  he  bimielf  Mt  bc^snini 
bia  careei,  Laplace  [ntiodiicHl  him  at  tbc  loMiluie  for  the 
purpoae  of  ez^aiiung  hia  lUppoBcd  dbcovery  of  equaUopa  of 
Doiud  diSeimcc*,  and  aftmrardi  ibovtd  him,  usda  a  lUict 
pledge  of  »Kitcy,  the  papcia,  then  ydlow  vilh  age,  in  vhich  be 
had  king  befon  obtained  tbe  una  niulta.  Thii  inuancc  of 
abaeiatioD  it  Ibe  moie  nnby  of  ItEord  Ihal  it  fanned  a  marked 
ciceptian  lo  Lcplace'i  utual  a>une.  Balmes  him  and  A.  M. 
Legendrp  there  vos  a  feeling  of  "  more  than  oddncn,"  owing 
to  hi*  appropriation,  with  scant  acknoirledgincnt,  of  tbe  fniita 
of  tbe  Dthei'a  laboun;  and  Dr  Tbomai  Voung  cBimted  himieU, 
rightly  or  wnmgly,  amongit  the  number  ^  than  limiUrly 
aggrieved  by  him.  With  l^grange,  on  tho  other  baad,  ha 
alwayi  [cmained  on  the  beat  of  Unm.  Laplace  left  a  ion,  Charla 
Emilc  Fieiie  JoBcpb  Laplace  (1789-1874),  who  lucceededto  hia 
title,  aod  nut  to  Ibe  (aok  ol  genenl  in  tbe  artUleiy. 

It  toigbt  be  said  tbat  lapbce  wu  a  great  matbonaiician  by 
tbe  origiiul  tlruclmc  of  bia  miod,  and  became  a  great  dbcovcrcr 
tbroD^  the  sentiment  which  animated  it.  The  regulated 
euthuaiaim  with  which  he  regarded  tbe  ayUcm  ol  natun  wai 
w^  him  from  bm  to  lait.   It  can  be  tmced  in  bit  earlicU  eMty, 

ordinary  analytical  powers  becaoe  aUidly  MbonUaMad  to 
[Ayiicol  investigatiooa.  To  tbii  lolly  quaky  ot  bltSect  he 
added  a  rare  Hgacity  in  perceiving  aoaloglei,  and  in  detccUag 
Ibe  new  Uutht  that  lay  coBomled  in  bia  totmulae,  and  atcaadly 
of  menial  grip,  by  wbich  problema,  once  leiaed,  were  bebl  faat, 
year  after  year,  until  they  yidded  up  thcb  lalutioaa.  In  every 
branch  ol  physical  astronomy,  accordingly,  deep  tracca  of  bl^ 
work  are  visible.  "  He  wouhl  have  campleted  Ibe  sdeace  •{  Ibe 
ables,"  Baron  Fourier  remarked,"  bad  Ibe  science  been  capable 

I  ll  may  be  added  that  he  trst  -——'■-f  the  eowBtioiis  tf  stability 
of  tlw  system  formed  by  Saiiini's  rings,  poioted  out  the  nscessiqr  lor 
tbdr  loution,  and  fad  fur  if  a  period  tio*!}'}  viRnslly  idendcal 
wiih  Ihil  EsCabllihed  by  the  observations  oC  Herscbel;  that  bt 
dtunsd  the  eiiiUiKe  la  the  idIsi  system  r*  — ' =-"-  -■—  — * 


ic  Bum  of  tbe  products  of  tbe  planitafy  n 


inD  tstUfactory   fonr 
bnttiu  {Uic.  ill.  tom 

compiMoo,  would  a 
Mofecutsr  T^sics  ab 


bent  {i7§i-i7N),ii 


(i(&.(<J.  lom.lv.  p.  aj*).b 
as  for  the  barometrical  d 
V.  p.  334}.  His  removal  of 
:  actual  aad  Nevloalan  veb 
the  incicaie  of  elaaticily  du 


irmlntkM  ol 
ia  the  beat  of 


Ai»deniy(l7Sl)apsperi. , _, 

(ion.    LapUca  was.  nueover,  the  fint  to  offer  a  cooiplete  anuysfa 
gf  cafHlb^  action  based  upon  a  de&^n  hwetbols— thai  of  forcsa 

unsuccenf  ul  efforts  lo  ejipUio  Ihc  plxnDinena  of  light  on  an  identical 
prinHpfe.    li  was  a  favourite  idea  of  his  thsl  chemical  aJEidcy  and 

is*,  sad  it  was  oeihsps  because  dI  its  ttcakitraoee  to  tMs  cherished 
gcneralLiatiad  that  the  midlilatfvy  tbeoiy  of  light  was  distastrful  to 

Tlie  invesllgallon  of  the  figure  rA  pquilibrium  of  a  Ttrtatlng  fluid 
■BBengapsl  thcpeHBUFnialieniian  of  Lapboe.  Hh  £rst  menolr 
was  conraunicalcd  to  tbe  Academy  in  177],  when  he  was  only  (weMv- 
tour,  his  last  In  1B17,  when  ke  was  si;<ty-cight.  The  results  of  his 
many  pipen  on  this  subject— chandcriied  tn  him  as  "  un  des  pcdnts 
Its  due  Imfressans  du  sysftme  du  mondg  — arc  embmricd  fai  the 
tlkamlqal  cNsitt,  aid  lamlsb  one  of  tbe  most  nmackiUe  proals 
el  his  analytical  gcniua  C  Maclauiin,  Ltgtndre  and  d'Alosbcrt 
had  fundsncd  partial  solutions  oi  the  proUem,  caafimng  their 

>  Angola  d4  cUmit  tl  di  ^^li^u  (iSlC),  10m.  iii.p.lj& 


equ^bn'uin.    LaplacF  tti——  -- — -, 

mustbeandlipseidofn' 

Lbcprimilive  iJsne  of  ma 

Tbe  lekied  subject  of  the  attndlon  of  spheroMi  wss  also  sigaslly 
pcomotcd  by  hint.  Legeadre,  in  tfij,  extended  Maclaucio's  tbcorem 
oonoenldi  diploids  of  revelutkn  lo  the  ase  of  any  nhcroid  ol 
letolaikM  whn  the  uiraetid  point,  laatswl  sf  Wflclimiud  to  the 
■ids  OC aqBBIor.  occvpied  any  peiitkia  la  spacciaod  Laplace  in  his 
iiealise  tiitrit  da  siinBniuiU  si  ds  Is  Aars  sfliOMHs  dd  afaatlti 
(pubUshed  in  1784).  eflecied  a  still  lunber  generaVaQon  by  ptovine, 
what  had  been  suspected  by  Legeodre,  rhal  Ibe  Ibeorem  was  equally 
Iiue  for  any  eoofoeal  cllipauids.  Fuialiy,  in  a  celebnied  raonsii. 
rUait  Jtt  aUnOiami  d»  tfUraiila  m  it  It  ft*"  dB  plaMa, 
published  in  ij»s  SDiong  the  Paris  Itmciri  tec  the  year  1781, 
atihoutb  wriltco  after  the  imitse  of  17S4,  Lsplace  Inattd  ea- 
haiEstivcly  the  tenccal  problem  of  the  altrarlion  cd  any  ^bensd  upon 
a  pulide  situated  ontnde  or  upon  Its  sarface. 

These  rcoHEchea  derive  additional  inipotaDce  fnios  bavinwiatn^' 
duced  IwopoweriuldigiDesof  aaalyiis  for  ihe  dement  of  phvscal 
problems,  Lapbce's  coefficients  and  the  polenliil  function.    By  his 

discovery  that  tbe  ailmciina  fan' '^  '^'-  -"— ' — 

panicle  eanld  beebulanl  &r  ifai 
-~tia  fanoioo,  Laplaco  laid  tbi 

locd  of  heat,  dectridty  ai..    _ 

jgosted  by  Dr  Whewell,  I^plaee' 


Ui  employed  it  in  the  calculalion  of  Ibe  msnieiic  poieaiiBTV  the 
earth,  and  it  leccivad  new  light  ftom  Clerk  MaiweL  s  interpretatioa 
of  hsnaaidca  with  ret  etwee  ta  odIb  on  the  qihac. 

Laplaca  Hnriien  dinhvcd  Ibe  ma^vencv  of  his  (Bnius  mon 
eongiieuously  than  in  lbs  tbeory  of  pisfaabilitiea  Tbe  scieBce  which 
EL  Fsscal  and  P.  de  Fermat  had  initialed  he  bcnuilit  vny  nearly 

ta^ot  in  the  chain  cd  nasooiag  so  bt(|uea^  that  the  Ttiirit 

most  arduoas  study.    Tbe  theccy  of  probabilities,  whicb  Laplaca 
,fMi.^4hi^  IS  commoo  sense  expressed  in  maihemalitsl  Unfusge, 
I  hisattcntituilrom  its  importance  in  physia  and  astronomvr 
Biq^Ied  bis  theory,  nol  only  to  ibe  ordinary  proUems 


SS. 


factor,  reduocd  tl 


dad  geaerallJty.     He  also  showed  that  every 
dsgreo  mast  nave  at  kaat  one  real  quadratkr 

soluiUn  of  lusear  dlBeren^l  equatkHis  to 

aenniu  faitefTati,  and  furnished  an  elenat  sahod  by  wbfeh  tba 
linear  partial  diflerenlial  equatloB  of  ibe  second  order  a^hl  be 
aulvcd.  He  was  ^so  the  fist  to  coasidsc  the  difbcult  proUcns 
invijved  iif  equations  of  miaed  differences,  and  to  prove  tbst  an 

Siiation  in  finite  dif!awK«s  of  the  fiisi  dSEree  and  rhe  second  order 
ahl  slways  be  convened  into  s  continued  fraetioo. 
In  Ig41.  tbe  snrha  id  Laplace  bein(  narly  OUI  ol  print.  hU  widow 
was  about  to  seU  a  farm  10  procure  funds  for  a  new  impression,  when 
the  government  of  Louis  Philippe  look  ibe  mstier  in  hand.   A^sni 


?d  froRi  the  chamber,  a  ' 


^f^  (ig4;'lB47).    Tbe  i«caiii«as-i^lBl 
Wllgl.  and  the  ^th  the  7*.  il«  prtiaMilll.  to 


roblesuia.tb* 


S03 


tut  vitre  centribuied  by  hia  tan-  An  cfiDiKfMten  «(_Ld]]la«'< 
atoKfita  and  papoa  [hIwuE  one  hundird  In  nunber)  u  nodcrcd 
BipBHusui  by  Ilieir  cinbiidimfiit  in  hii  pHncipal  worki.  The  Tk. 
in  ftb.  wu  Gn(  publuhFd  In  iSil,  (he  £ibi  in  1S14:  ■«]  boih 
««b  ■■  wdl  u  the  5yj9ihfw  do  H0fi^  wml  thtawli  repealed 
ntiiuini.  An  EnaLuhvET^onof  lk«£Mal»ppEutdinl4e«Yarkin 
1901.  L^pUcc'i  &nt  Kpnnte  work,  Thiont  in  mtiatmtM  ttit  U 
hv,  Mipiiqa;  ia  ploiMa  (1784).  «■  puMi'hrf  il.llie  ejpense 
J  PreixlEnI  Bochud  de  Saron.  The  Priai  il  IkiMtn  it  tailrt- 
mni  (iBii).  (nrmidlbe  bilk  book  of  IhesihodilianodKa^Tittux 
ia  mom^-  An  EngUifa  (niuUtiDii,  with  copioui  eiucidaCiry  ao[n» 
of  the  rLrst  4  vuJl  of  [he  UicaniqH  cUtlie,  by  N'  Bovditcfa,  wAl 
pubhihedaLBDelon.U-S,  (1829-1839).  in  4  volSrftD.^  a  compendiuni 
Dt  certain  portiona  of  the  Hme  lAvk  by  Mrs  Somerv^Ue  appeared  in 
Il]l,  and  a  Gennan  mnan  ol  the  Grat  1  nils,  by  Butckkantl  a( 
Bnlin  in  iSoi.  Ei^iah  tnnilatiana  at  the  J^lbrre  d*  mmii  by 
J.  Pond  aixl  H.  H.  Hane  wm  pubLisbcd.  the  Ant  in  iSog,  (he 
amndinlBjO.  An  edition  entitled  LMffim™  wmitfftjiilafAHi 
(la?!).  dtc,  which  bioindiidc all  hiimcnmlrau  well  aihiiaepamte 
■orkhfi  in  ciHinieCinbUaileaundstlacwupicnof  (hit  Academy 
of  Scitma.  Th*  Ihiiueub  4to  volunic  wa  iwifd  in  1 004.  Some 
of  Upbcc'i  rcnlti  ia  the  theor  o(  pnbibilitiiii  an  iimpliScd  in 
S.  F.  Lacroi'a  7>atU  tUmalain  in  takii  ia  prOiMliUi  and  Dc 
Harnn'*  Etiay,  pubtuhed  In  Uudnef'a  CM*tl  Cttlntaalui.  Fgc 
the  hlMory  ol  tbe  Hibjen  n  A  HiHn  nf  Mt  V«HBH/mf  n»ry  >/ 
PraiiMUr.  1^  IiHC  Tadkuttor  IMs)-  Laplace')  UBUiBe  on 
nedfic  hec'.  waa  publidicd  in  Goniuii  ia  iSga  ai  Nth  40  cl  W^ 
OKwild-a  Klasnta  ia  eaiteii  Wiunulaaeii. 

AUTHOHTTias.— Banti  Fnrier'a  Elare,  Uimolm  it  rmslOiU,  i. 
Inni.  (1831):  JtoiB  nnibMligw,  idai.  (1829):  5.  D.  Poltion'i 
FDrieal  Onlinn  [Ctoib  d«  Tamfi,  iSjo,  p.  19);  F.  X.  von  Zach, 
AUi  gropafkut^ £pktmtriitmtiv^  JO  {linii  ^' An^  Amnutirt 
'■  £arua  tUt  Louf'  1844,  p.  271,  traulated  amoda  Arau'a  Bio- 
riphiea  n(  DiilinguMiefMen  (i8j7}i  J.  S.  Bailly.^M.  it  rmu. 
watirM.  t.  iii.i  R.  Gnnl.RiiL  tt  Pliyt.  Atlt.  p.  u,  Ac:  A.  Beery, 
JtM  Biit  >/  ^dr.  p.  3B61  Mu  Marie,  UaL  ia  jcinui  1. 1.  nj. 
fy9i:  R-  Woll,  Gw^iiu  iir  AUrtmtmit:  I.  MIdIa,  CuQL  £ 
HimmdilHiuli.i  IJ:VJ.Wirw<M.  Hal.  14  JUlndMitiieSciaai.iL. 
ptaim;  ].  C  POKeridoi4^,  Biei-la.  BaiulaBrUtbiiik.     (A.  M.  C.) 


(amter)  cf  ^Amarkcn  and  the  hi^cr  iDlandpaiti  of  TronuC  and 
tioidkaodl  Id  RiuBan  tmiuny  the  wcatets  part  ol  the  govem- 
mcDt  of  Aicbangel  aa  f u  ai  the  White  Sea  and  Iht  Bonhen 
part  of  the  Fitumh  district  of  ITleiborg;  and  in  SwedcD  the 
inland  and  noTthetB  parts  of  the  old  province  of  Nordand, 
Rxighlyi  colnddCBt  vrilll  the  diatticts  [Un]  si  Norbotten  and 
Veaitrbolten,  and  divided  into  6v«  diviuoni — TOme  Lappmark, 
Liiit  Lapptnaik,  Pile  Lapptnarii,  Lyckiele  Lappmark  and 
AmIc  Lappmarii.  The  Norwegian  ponion  ii  thua  insignificant; 
of  the  RuMian  only  a  little  lies  •oulhol  the  Arctic  circle,  and  the 
"hole  it  las  accculble  and  more  ipaneiy  populated  thin  the 
Sardiih,  the  aouthem  boundary  ol  which  may  be  taken  aibit- 
niily  at  abont  64°  N,,  Ihougb  icattacd  lanullci  et  Lapps  oecui 
niKb  farther  acwlh.  even  in  the  Haidangcr  Fjeld  In  NoTBiy. 

The  Scandinavian  portion  of  Lapland  praenta  Iho  Dtua) 
characieiiitica  of  the  mountain  plateau  of  that  peninsula — on  the 
vest  tide  Ibe  bold  headlands  aiid  fjords,  dccply-gmved  valleys 
>nd  glacien  ol  Norway,  on  the  east  the  long  mountain  lakes  and 
great  lake-led  livers  of  Sweden.  Russian  Lapland  it  blindly 
BmiUr  to  the  lowei-lying  parts  oi  Swedish  Lapland,  but  the 
Itcal  lakes  are  Diore  generally  ditlrlbnted.  and  the  valleyi  an 
1a>  direct.  The  counliy  is  low  snd  gently  undulating,  broken 
by  detached  hiUi  and  ridges  not  exceeding  in  elevation  ijoo  ft 
la  the  uplands  of  Swedish  Lapland,  and  to  tome  extent  in 
Ruiaui  Lapbnd,  Uie  lakes  aH«d  (he  piitrdpol  meant  of  (om- 

TiUty  to  valley  without  a  native  guide.  In  Sweden  Ihe  few  larmt 
tl  the  Swadci  who  Inhabit  the  region  arc  on  the  lake  ihon*, 
Ud  (he  traVdlci  mutt  be  towed  from  one  to  anather  in  the 
typical  boats  of  ihc  district,  p(nnled  al  bow  and  stem,  nnuiually 
low  anidsUie,  and  propelled  hy  short  tcuDs  at  piddle*.  Sailing 
Bhudly  ever  practiiid,  and  trpiallt  on  the  Ukta  ire  oiteB 
^ngemns  10  the  rowfng-boata     On  afcwof  thelskeswood-hred 


neidon  w 


I  the  li 


is  Ion 


Between  the  lakes  all  journeying  is  made  on  foot.     The  heads 
<<  the  Swedith  vaUeyi  ars  connected  with  (b*  Vorwt^m  fjonU 


by  passes  geneirily  tnvecsed  only  by  liacki;  though  (rhb 

the  head  of  the  Ume  a  driving  road  crotiet  to  Mo  on  Ranen 
FjonL  Each  principal  valley  has  a  comidenble  village  u 
or  near  th«  tail  of  the  fake^hain,  up  (0  which  a  road  runs  along 
the  valley.  The  village  coniists  of  wooden  cottages  with  an  inn 
{gtlsipfMntArd),  a  church,  and  frequently  a  collection  of  fauta 
without  windows,  closed  in  lummcr,  but  inhabited  by  the  La[^ 
when  they  come  down  from  the  mountains  to  the  wialer  lain. 
Somnimca  then  ia  another  church  and  small  settlement  In  the 
upper  viDey,  to  which,  once  or  tvdce  in  a  summer,  the  Ltppa 
come  from  great  distances  10  attend  service.  To  these,  too,  (hey 
lometlma  bring  thdr  dead  tor  burial,  bearing  them  if  necessary 
on  a  Journey  ol  many  days.  Though  Ijpfand  gives  litlte  scope 
for  husbandry,  a  bad  summer  being  commonly  followed  by  1 
winter  famine,  it  is  richly  fumiihed  with  much  that  is  serviceabla 
to  man.  There  arc  copper-rainct  at  the  mountain  ot  Sulitdma, 
and  Iheirondepofllt  in  Norrland  arc  among  the  most  extensive 
in  the  world.  Their  working  is  facilitated  by  the  railway  frsm 
Stockholm  Id  Gellivara,  Kirunavara  and  Narrik  on  (he  Nor- 
wegian coast,  which  alio  conncctt  them  with  the  port  of  Luld 
on  the  Culf  of  Bothnia.  The  supply  ot  timber  (inne,  fir,  spruce 
and  birch)  It  unlimited.  Though  fruit-trees  will  not  bear  thera 
it  an  abundance  of  edible  berricti  the  rivers  and  lakes  abound 
with  trout,  perch,  pake  and  other  fish,  and  in  the  lower  walera 
with  salmon;  and   the  cod,  herring,  halibut  and    Greenbnd 

In  the  northern  pirU 
rkuess  in  winler  last  from 
onths  each;  and  through  the  greater  pari  ot  lh« 
I  does  not  rise  al  mid-winter  or  set  at  midsummer. 
iDd  January  in  the  far  north  there  is  little  more 
I  cold  glimmer  ot  dawn ;  by  February,  however, 

hours  of  daylight;  in  Man^h  (he  best  of  the  sun 
modify  (he  cold,  and  now  and  in  Aptfflhc  birds  of 
0  Bppeur.  In  April  the  snow  is  melting  from  the 
ig  comes  in  May;  spring  flowers  are  in  blosnm, 
wn.  At  (he  end  of  tKs  month  or  in  June  the  ice 
n  the  lakes,  woods  rush  into  leaf,  and  the  unbroken 
!  northern  summer  soon  sets  In.  July  is  quite 
It  rivers  come  down  lull  fnnn  the  melting  snows 
IS.  August  is  a  miny  month,  the  time  of  harvest; 
y  begin  abiady  about  the  middle  ot  the  month. 
IS  for  winter  arc  made  during  September  ind 
iiU  winter  has  set  In  by  November, 
-The  Lapps  (Swed.  Lapfai;  Rosasn  LeparS; 
caS  their  country  Sabmt  or  5ane,  and  themselves 
es  almost  tdenllcal  with  (hose  tsnpleyed  by  (he 

country  and  race,  and  probably  connected  with 

g  "  dark."    Lapp  is  almost  certainly  a  nickname 

s,  although  some  ol  (he  Lapps  apply  it 

3sc  ol  (heir  countrymen  whom  they  thitik 


»  tor  Ihci 


imposed  by  foreif 

In  Sweden  and  Finland  the  Lai^  arc  usually  dtvfded  inlo 
fisher,  mountain  and  forest  Laiifs.  In  Sweden  the  first  dass 
includes  many  impoverished  mountain  Lapps.  As  described 
by  LieslaiBio  (i8i7-i8]i),  (heir  condition  was  very  miserable; 
but  since  his  time  matters  have  Improved.  The  principal  colony 
has  its  summer  qirittets  on  the  Slora-Lule  Lake,  possesses  good 
boats  and  nets,  and,  be$id«  catching  and  drying  fish,  makes 
money  by  the  ihooting  ol  wild  fowl  and'lbc  gathering  of  eggs. 


laim  B  Ut  of  land.  The  m 
le  representatives  ot  the  n 
mlain  Lapp  his  sutumn  re 


and  torest  Lapps  are  the 
the  wandering  lite  nt  the  r 
on  the  borders  of  the  tore  .  .       , 

central  point;  it  is  there  that  he  erects  his  irjaffo,  a  small  wooden 
storehouse  rsised  high  above  the  ground  by  one  or  more  pilei 
About  the  beginning  o(  November  hebepns  to  wander  south  or 
east  into  the  forest  land,  and  In  the  winter  he  may  visit,  not  only 
'  The  mon  pnAibfeityniologyia  the  Finnish  faf fa,  and  in  thk 
cats  the  meaning  would  be  the  "bad's  end  folk." 


204. 


Rch  ptaca  u  JoUnBokk  ud  AdephutR,  but  tm  Gcfie,  Upuli 
or  StockbolsL  About  tb*  btvooii^  o'  ll>y  be  ia  hixk  (I  bi< 
Djalk,  but  u  BOD  u  the  wnlhu  gran  wuia  be  puibcs  up  10 
the  mDustuiu,  and  there  throughout  the  ■ummer  puium 
bil  herd]  uid  pieputs  bii  More  oi  cbeeM.  By  ■utumn  or 
October  he  is  busy  M  hi)  njalli  kiOiug  tbe  lunJm  reindeer 
buUi  mnd  curing  malt  for  the  winWr.  From  the  mountun 
Lapp  the  loreM  (or.  u  he  uied  tii  be  called,  tbe  )ptuce-fir)  Lapp 
fs  mainly  distln^ui^ied  by  tbe  namnrer  limiii  within  whicb 
be  punua  bit  ticimadic  life.  He  iwet  wandeia  outude  oE  a 
ceitain  diitiict,  in  vhicb  he  poaaaa  hereditary  righli,  and 
mainUiiAS  a  aeries  of  cam[nog-grcpunds  which  he  visits  in  regular 
lotalion.  In  May  or  April  be  let)  hi*  reindeer  loose,  to  wander 
as  they  please;  but  immediately  alter  midsummer,  when  Ibe 
mosqailDC*  become  troubksoinc,  be  goca  lo  collect  tbcm. 
Catching  a  tiagit  deer  and  belliog  it,  be  drives  it  through  tbe 
wood;  the  other  deer,  whose  jnltinct  lead*  them  to  gather 
into  herd*  (or  mutual  protection  aialast  the  mosquitoes,  are 
attttcted  by  the  sound.  Sbould  tbe  summer  be  very  cool  ami 
the  mosquitoes  few,  the  Lapp  Gnda  it  neil  to  impassible  to  bring 
tiM  crratures  together.  About  the  end  ol  August  they  are 
■gain  let  loose,  but  they  are  once  more  coUecled  in  October, 
tite  forest  Lapp  during  winter  pursuing  the  aame  coune  o[  life 
•s  tbe  mounlaiD  Lapp. 

In  Norway  there  ate  three  classes— the  sea  Laj^,  the  ttvet 
Lapps  and  Ibe  nwunisin  Lapps,  the  lirsl  two  settled,  the  third 
nomadic  The  mountain  Lapps  have  a  rather  ruder  and  harder 
life  than  the  lame  class  in  Sweden.  About  Cbiistnuu  tbOM  of 
Ksutokcina  and  Karasjok  ire  usually  settled  Id  tbe  udghbourbood 

they  return  inland  Previovs  10  iSji,  wbea  ibty  were  forbidden 
by  imperial  decree,  they  were  wont  in  winter  to  nave  south  across 
the  Russian  Ironticii.  It  i*  seldom  possible  for  them  lo  remain 
more  than  three  or  four  days  in  one  spot.  Flesh  is  their  favourite, 
in  winter  almost  their  only  food,  though  they  also  use  rdndcer 
tnilk,  cheese  and  rye  or  barley  calces.  Tbe  sea  Lapps  aje  in 
some  Tf*pec(s  hardly  lo  be  dislinguished  from  the  other  coast 
dwellers  of  Fmmark.  Tbdr  food  comisU  mainly  ol  coc4Led 
fish.   Tbcriver Lapps.manyol  whom,  however,  iRdesccndant* 

their  reindeer  to  the  care  of  mountain  Lapps. 

In  Finland  there  are  comparatively  few  Laplahder^  and  tbe 
gttat  bulk  of  them  belong  to  the  fisher  class.  Many  are  settled 
in  the  neighbourbDod  of  the  Enare  Lake.  In  the  spring  they  go 
down  to  the  Norwegian  coast  and  take  part  in  the  sea  fisheries, 
Tetumiiig  to  the  lake  about  midsummer.  Formerly  they  found 
tbe  capture  of  wild  reindeer  a  profitable  occupation,  using  for 
this  purpose  a  palisaded  avenue  gradually  lamwing  loaraidi 
a  pitfaU. 

The  Russian  I^pps  are  also  for  tbe  moat  part  fisben,  aa  i* 
natural  in  a  district  with  such  an  ertent  of  coast  and  sudi  a 
Buoibcr  of  lakes,  not  lo  mention  the  advantage  which  (he  fisher 
has  over  the  reindeer  keeper  ia  canneiion  with  the  rainy  lasts 
of  the  Creek  Church.  They  maintain  a  half  nomulic  life,  very 
few  having  become  settlers  in  ibe  Russian  viUnge*.  It  is  usual 
to  distinguish  them  according  to  tbe  district  of  the  coast  which 
they  frequent,  as  Murman  (Murznanski)  and  Teiian  (Terski) 
Lapps.  A  separate  tritic,  the  FGmans,  u  Fiimmana,  wander 
about  tbe  Paaycts,  Motov  and  Pechenga  tundras,  and  retain 
the  peculiar  dialect  and  the  Lutheran  creed  which  they  owe  to 
a  former  connexion  with  Sweden.  They  were  formerly  kiHiwn 
as  the  '■  twice  and  thrice  tributary  "  L»ppa,  because  ibey  paid 
to  two  or  even  three  ilales— Russia,  Denrnark  and  Sweden. 

The  Law*  wilhio  the  historical  period  have  cuuidenJily 
recruited  themselves  Irom  neighbouring  races.  Sbortnett  of 
suture'  it  tbeir  mott  obvious  characteristic,  tbou^  in  rcguil 
to  this  much  eiaggeittion  has  prevailed.  Dubea  found  an 
average  of  49  ft.  I<s  males  and  a  little  less  for  females;  Manle- 
gaaaa,  who  made  a  number  of  anthtopotogica]  observalions  in 
N«way  in  1879,  ^ves  i  fL  and  ^■^i  ft.  respectively  (Ardaia 

^  HeDCG  they  hsve  been  luppoxd  by  many  to  be  the  ivigiiiaU  of 


LAPLAND 


itSo).    fodividBtb  noch  above  ot  Dnich  bdow 

tue  avenge  ut  tare.  The  body  is  usually  of  fair  pr^ottlont. 
but  the  leg!  ue  rather  short,  and  in  many  cases  somewhal  bandy. 
Darlc,  swarthy,  yellow,  copper.coloured  are  bU  adjectives 
employed  to  describe  their  complexion — the  truth  being  that 
their  habits  of  life  do  not  conduce  either  to  tht  preservation  or 
display  of  the  natural  colour  of  tbeir  ikin,  and  that  some  of 
them  are  really  fair,  and  others,  perbt^  tbe  majority,  really 
dark.  The  colour  of  the  hair  renges  from  blonde  and  reddidi 
a  bluish  or  greyisb  black;  the  eyes  are  black,  baal,  blue 

grey.  The  st^ie  of  tbe  skull  is  the  most  striking  peculiarity 
of  the  Lapp.  He  is  the  most  biachycepbaloui  type  of  man  in 
Europe,  perhaps  in  the  world.<  According  to  Vircbow,  (he 
women  in  width  of  (ace  are  nwce  Mongolian  in  type  than  the 
men,  but  neither  in  men  nor  women  does  the  opening  of  Ibt 
eye  duw  any  true  obliquity.  In  children  the  eye  is  large, 
open  and  round.  The  nose  is  always  low  and  broad,  more 
markedly  retnnisij  among  Ibe  females  than  the  males.  Wrinkled 
and  puckered  by  exposure  to  tbe  weather,  the  fact*  even  ol 
the  younger  Lapps  assume  an  appearance  nf  old  age.  Thi 
muscular  system  is  usually  well  developed,  but  there  is  deficiency 
of  fatty  tissue,  which  sSecls  the  features  (particulariy  by  giving 
relative  prominence  to  tbe  eyes)  and  the  general  chancier 
of  Ibe  skin.  The  Ibinncsi  ot  Ibe  skin,  indeed,  can  but  rarely  be 
paralleled  among  other  Europeans.  Among  the  Lapps,  >s  among 
other  lower  races,  the  indei  is  shorter  Ihan  the  ting  finger. 

Tbe  Lapps  are  a  quid,  inoSensive  people.  Crimes  of  violence 
are  almost  unknown,  and  the  only  common  breach  of  law  is  the 
killing  of  tame  reindeer  belonging  to  other  owoen.  In  Busia, 
however,  they  have  a  b«d  reputation  for  lying  and  general 
untruslworthines*,  and  drunkenness  is  well-nigh  a  universal  vice. 
In  Scandinavia  Uws  have  been  directed  against  the  impottalion 
of  intoikatiiig  liquors  into  the  La[q>  country  since  i]!}. 

Suptrfidalty  at  least  the  great  bulk  ol  the  Lapps  tuve  bftn 
ChrisllaniEed— those  of  the  Scandiiuvian  countries  b^g  Pro- 
lestinti,  those  of  Russia  memhen  of  the  Greek  Church.  Al- 
though the  first  attempt  to  convert  the  Lappa  to  Christianity 


made  ir 


heathen  idols  wsa  carried  on  operJy  in  Swedish  Lappmark  ai 
lale  a*  1687,  and  secretly  in  Norway  down  to  (he  first  qusrler 
of  the  j0th  century,  while  the  practices  of  hcathm  rites  survived 
into  the  19th  ctnlury,  il  indeed  they  areeitinct  even  yet.  Lapp 
gravei,  prepared  in  the  heathen  marmer,  have  been  discovtred 
in  upper  Namdfll  (Norway),  bdon^ng  to  the  years  rSio  uul 
iSifi.  In  education  tbe  ScaodiDSvian  Lapp*  ue  I*r  ahead  U 
thdi  RouiaB  brethrcD,  to  wbom  reading  uid  wrilinc  are  •ru 
u  untaBJUar  u  tbe^  went  la  tbeir  pig*n  uuaton.  The 
general  maBner  ellile  ii  pMiiarchaL  The  lather  el  Ibe  linuty 
ha*  conplMe  aathoiily  over  aU  it*  affair*;  and  00  Ui  death  lUi 
authority  puMa  10  the  *kIcM*aD.  Puenu  are  Irec  to  diuheril 
thdi  children;  and,  If  a  *oa  aeparate*  from  Ibe  lamDy  without 
tit  lather**  permisaioa,  he  lecdvei  no  share  of  tbe  property 
except  a  gnn  and  hi*  wile'*  dowry.* 

The  L^fa  are  of  necealty  comervative  in  umm  ti  Ibeii  habits 
many  ot  whicb  can  hardly  have  altered  since  (be  finit  taming  of 
the  rcuideer.  But  the  itrong  current  of  mercantile  enterpiiw 
ha*  carried  a  few  important  products  of  southern  dviliulioD  into 
tbeir  huts.  The  lines  in  which  Jamea  Thomson  describe*  ibeii 
*implelile— 


™uTc>q 


>l(h 


Their  robes,  their  bedh  and  ill  their  h 

Supply;  tbeir  wholesome  fare  and  cheerful 

are  still  applicable  in  tlte  main  to  tbe  mountain  La|iTis;  but 

even  they  have  learned  10  use  coffee  as  an  ordinary  bevetap 

and  to  wear  itonl  Norwegian  dolh  {tadmal}- 
Unguisdeall*  the  Lap«  bekmi  (o  the  Finiio.IIfTlan  roup 

(s-t.):  tbs  itmlirily  of  (heir  nnxb  to  FinnUh  i.  eviaent  though 

'BeniUon  louad  in  one  insuncc  a  cephalic  index  of  94'  The 
averaae  obuined  by  Piuncr  Bey  was  84-7,  by  Vinhow  825. 

'  A  valuable  piper  by  Ephimenko,  on  "  Tbe  Leo!  Cuitom  (J 
the  Upp^  especul^  in  Russian  Upbnd,"  appeared  ■■voLmi-d 
tbe  Htm.  ^  Xiui.  Cu(.  Sac,  Ethaog.  Section,  I«78. 


low  leading  Oialecti 
In  RuniiB  Ljptinc 
Nomwtan.  Kartliii — 
vol,  ivTi.  "The  Lapp..' 


tthkh  ih  Ikh^i_.  ___._, _  , 

of  tbt  pnplc.     Daben  diMiii|uiib(a 


jlEun  the  pnple  hdid 


^fjocJ 


:h  M  an  at_^ 

J3ii«n  taughl  the  La^M  hgv  ui  turn 
The  imponadt  place,  bOMver.  whif  h 


Tht  Lapp  tanfM 


:  ol  the  ura-hke  piecca — ^ifaail-PeahaD'i  joa 
neniion  ol  the  Dailul  Lake,  and  pOHibly  a] 
ni.    The  noty  of  Njawibena,  dauihler  of  I 


The  lepulatian  ol  the  Laptanden  for  ikill  in  i 

bo!  vtrv  early  date,  and  in  FiMand  b  not  yet  i 

filosd-aie.  ion  of  Hanid  Haatfager,  vUled  Bjaiataland  in  ui, 
found  Cuohild,  daughier  of  AiutTole,  •'-' ■■-  ■ 


'  and  drrinatliM 

L   Wlm   "  •■ 

theUc 


nioed  in  -Ctchi.-..  — . 
ufidan  Irani  Upland  to 
v^    One  of  the  power. 


men.    Diniit  hIa'dT 


.  whyp.    When  they  Id 

'"--^  they  loee  an  olh 

le  Ihyrd  they  ray 


hunde,.ndiShtByoa"  (««(.  <tf  r««W<.  1SJ7J.  Though  wear, 
amiliar  in  Englitb  with  anueiona  to  Lapland  wilcho,  it  appean 
hat  the  ail.  aixoiding  to  native  Riatomi  Ha  in  the  hands  of  th< 


ul  being  haU  to 

"*  dm"™al  i>IXpe  and  made  ■ 

Over  the  Lpper  Kitface  was  Mrelehod  a  i 

«nd  at  Ihecocnen  '""  ' '"^  i-^-  . 

wool.  liODB.  leell. ^  - 

■paeea.  otien  into  Ibnc.  oi 


li,  dawn,  4c    The  aiea  » 


ctann,  iifrequcnlly  repmented  by  a  tquaieanda  ..  .  . 
corns,  Thar  by  two  baniinen  j^ced  cnjanitci  and  in  the 
Dodern  ipeciasent  aymbola  lor  Christ,  the  Virgin,  and  the 
ChoM  aie  iniTDductd.  An  arfia  or  divining-rod  »»>  tiid 
definite  ipot.  Ihe  drum  beaten  tiya  hammer,  and  {oncluiiorix 
Irom  ihepoaitionlakenup  by  thearpa.   Any  Lapp  who  had  an 

binutll,  but  in  maltcn  o(  unmual  n™nent  the  prolejiional  i 


—The  Lspps  have  a 


callnl  in. 


in  that  Iheit 


,d  they  I  ell  rude  st^ 
■nth  Nociemen  and  Karelians.    But  no  answer  < 
(lom  Ihem  in  teiard  lo  their  early  dblnbvlion  i 
It  hu  been  mainuined  that  Ihey  were  fotmcfly 
whole  ol  the  Scandinavian  pcniniula.  and  Ihey 
coniidercd  Ibe  remnanis  of  that  primeval  lace  oF  cavc-dwcllert 
which  bunled  the  reindeer  over  the  snow-fields  of 
wotem  Europe.    But  much  of  the  evidence  adduced  for  these 
ibeotiti  i»  highly  queslionable.    The  tonlents  oLihi 
Lapps'  graves  found  in  vatioui  pans  of  Scandinavia 
anScitnl  in  Ihemselvo  to  show  thai  the  appellation 
misnonier,  and  Lbe  syllible  Lip  or  Lai^  found  in  ma 


•(  placti  tui  alten  be  piDvcd  la  ia,\ 

Lanis.'  They  occupied  Ibeir  present  lemiory  wnen  tney  are 
firv.  mesiioncd  in  history.  According  to  Dtiben  the  name  first 
occun  In  Ibe  ijlh  ceniury~in  ibe  Fardinn  A'n-fgr.  composed 
about  iioa.  in  Saio  Crammaticus.  lUid  in  a  papal  bull  of  dale 
ijjo;  but  the  people  are  probably  ta  be  idaiti&ed  with  tboae 
Finna  ol  Tadtua  whom  he  deictibei  as  wild  huntera  with  tkins 
for  clothing  and  rude  huts  a&  only  meani  of  shelter,  and  certainly 
with  the  SkJiihiphinoi  of  Ptooapiut  Ifiolk.  ii.  ij),  the  Scriiobini 
of  Fauliu  Wamefridua,  and  the  Sctidifinu  of  the  geographer  of 
"  **  -,>.--■        ijy  Procopiua,  in  regard 


IS  acquainted  with  ce 


cnl  of  Infan 
in  cbanctei 


infon 
u  of  the  Lappt. 


If  B>Bi|ulfiDn  hKl  hi)  (^t  tc 


Jdndof  ooaH-fbard  pnvcalcd ' 


lb*  Non 
'dioflbe 

- — dic«l<ir: 

mettled  IhH  die  Non 


n  Norway  and 


Liana  at  the  Lappa  to  iheiT 


KUi^Volja  beynod  Kandi 

,. Ey  of  the  Ruwam  over  Ihi 

_, the  Milacll.     The  relatiiKu  of  tl ^, 

CalmarUiiiindsiJ) Sweden  bej^niaasert  ila  righta  with  vitDUt. 
■nd  in  IJH  the  Iccaly  of  Teuiina  betweu  Swiden  and  Ruim 
decited  "  that  Ihe  Lapps  who  dwell  in  Ihe  wooda  bttwiea  eaHem 
Sothnia  and  Varanger  ahall  pay  their  duei  to  the  Ung  of  Sweden." 
It  wii  in  vain  tiai  Chiiuian  IV.  ol  Denmark  viaitid  Kola  and 
caactrd  hoBUge  in  im.  and  every  year  aeni  meaaengerm  to  pnHeM 
against  the  coUectionol  bia  tribute  liy  the  Swede*  (a  cuRon  which 
eontlnwddowBloiaoi).  Chariea  ol  Swedea  took  the  tlila  of  "  kii« 
of  Ihe  Kajant  and  LapP*,"  'nd  left  no  mtana  untried  10  cHabli^ 
hispoweroveriJIScandlaavianLaplaiid.  By  the  peaceol  Knai«d 
(I6l})  CHBUvoa  Adnlphua  nve  up  the  SwriBth  daim  to  Finmarki 
and  in  ITS'  BHiual  renunnadeai  broaght  ths  lehiion  of  Swcdith 
and  Nonre^a  (Daaidi)  Lapland  to  their  preaent  petition.  Mean- 
while Russiaa  influence  fiad  been  iq>rcading  weatward;  and  In 
1B09,  irticn  Akaander  I.  finally  obtained  Ihe  ceiiiDn  ol  Finland,  he 
alto  added  to  his  damiBioni  tV  whole  ol  Finnlih  Lapland  10  Ih* 
eaal  ot  the  Moonlo  and  Ih*  Karvltnl  It  may  be  inteniliag  to 
■leniion  that  Lappa,  onned  with  wwi  and  arrowi.  were  ■iracbtd 
to  certain  rKimenta  ol  Gusuvus  Ad^phua  in  Germany  during  the 
Thirty  Year?  War. 
The  Lao^  have\ad 

Inieieu  or  iricUaalions.  The  eumple  aet  by  Ihi 
wai  followed  by  Ibe  Swedes:  a  peculiar  claia  ol . 
-  Ihe  Birliarliar-  " ■'-—'■  —  ■-■■  "  — '-  " 


I  b^eci  and  delenceleSa 


'^"llieliinl 


"'r^iX 


'"SHTiheie 


venty'twQ  Birlartuni  In  Tornio.  si  .  .._ _...._.. 

',  ana  ^aty^lt  in  Ume  Lappniark.  They  are  legularly  spoken 
uving  or  owning  Lapps,  whom  ihey  dispose  of  as  any  other 
>l  prapcny.  In  Rinnui  Lapland  mailers  folkiwed  much  the 
»urse.  The  very  Inslitutioni  ol  the  Solovels  monastery,  in- 
Tiypboa  fat  [be^benefil  of  Ihe  pov  neglerled  pofSni. 


haner^Tvan' 
lasieis  of  Ibe  l_ 
!iey  aoon  sought 


TrOoae  not' 


Scandinavian  peninanla.  and  have  duKng  the  course  ol  centurin 
been  driven  back  by  the  Swedes  and  Norvcgians  ia  diapmvrd  by 
tbc  recent  invesd^liona  ol  Vngvar  Nielsen.  K.  B.  \MUund  and 
others.  The  fact  19,  the  Lapps  are  increasing  in  numbers,  as  well 
as  pushing  their  way  farther  and  farther  aoulh.  In  the  beginning 
of  Ihe  iMhtcnlurylhelrsauihern  border-line  in  Norway  ran  on  Iha 
dpperaideof  64*N.  IniSoothnforeed  their  way  10  ihe  headed  the 
HanlangerFiard  In  to'  N.     fnSwedeniheprcieneeef  Lappaatfar 


lUi  ihcy  pushi 


d  («  Jem 


«6.-43'N. 


LA  PLATA— LAPPA 


«tih  •tmilu  aroMlctirv  ibhli:  and  the  nipf^atiait  of  ihc  pairiint 
Nikun  la  Aku*  MikWloviidi.  for  mmptc.  •ham  ckiri)r  ibc 


(Siockholii..  187 J),  wiih 
"  La  Lanoie  mUonc  d 
SveiHatiu  «  Himbq*.-' 
{1903):  S.  PuHin.  *S*rt 
■«<  LaMiHil  (Bnliii.  I 
(London.  iSjB):  E.  Rie. 
aad  £a>J  J  lie  Nsrtt  >l 
Za<  If  Ik  itidnitla  S> 
(fa  J!aja  «'  tit  ^aws  ^ 

i  FinHvIm  <i89S>;  K.  I 
tjuxiniar  tm  Ntrf  >  <Jo 
SWlDEH.  AiDongoMcrwi 
(Fnnkfun.  i6t3.  Engllit 

ICi'iilcr  <■  Lapland  (Lnndoi^  ~ 


lUdiio.  yfunuJ  (1S31). 

T,— »-  ,-----  -— j-.^-^jjf  oTLappin  tbe adivtrsicy 

liaDia,   bu    published    Uippi^e   Spragproatr:  tit  amtial 

...layr.  ariipmt,  of  fUcr  (Clingiiinia,  iSjS),  and  Lappiii 

mylluilaii  iMnl^  niJalkaafM  (Chrluiuii.  1871).  See  aln  C 
Dminn.  Litiir  ia  Ltftrn  (Hehincfcin,  1S76):  Fooation,  Lapp- 
ItmUHlu  littduH.  Ac.  (Vimu.  laSsl.  Cnunmin  oC  (he  Upp 
longue  kavt  bna  publiilied  by  Fj^lnrOin  tyiiih  Lcrai  (1748).  Ruk 
(itlj>),  Slocklltlh  (iB4o)i  luiciini  by  Fjctlinani  (1703).  Lms 
jlTM-irBl).  Lindahl  (178a).  StockOetb  (iSu).  Aiini|  mm 
Rent  mrki  nuv  be  Dcmioned  a  dietionaty  (im).  by  J.  A.  Friii; 
-  —-■--  wlh  -German  Randalioaa  {iSni.  by  J.  QvWud;  a 
<IS9ol  and  (wo  fnaimaia  (ilgi  and  1847)  al  [1h  Lolel 

J  .  .1. — . ,,],„  pj  NocwaiaB  Lappiih  iiSu).  by  K.  D. 

oT  RuHiin  Uppbh.  «  llie  Kola  i^Iki 
nden  c<  dMereM  diahcta  (lWs-1«9(l),  bv 
LiTiiir  dI  Norwegiin  Lai>p<ih  (IBSi).  by  S. 
imaaniLvc  sfudy  or  Lap^ih  and  Finniih  bv 
ofllu  Fiiaiik  AaOrmj  if  Scina.  iiA.  <il.. 
hor'a  NorJiiilii  liUmiiirUr  in  Ltppilik<ii 
VKurf  (ijur  Mrlappiitlm  Lulltlm  [1S96): 
I  by  Llinc  wrilera.  Fauanen  and  Mhm  in  ihe 
f«M-0.('<H«  and  ibc  H»aiiiJH'inK*( 
d  and  VVIUund,  BibUttnifkit  iir  lappixlioi 


ceived  a  itouble  addiik 


Lappmark  by  Olol  Ri 
minionary  »Qck  Ke  SiccIiAelh.  Daitet 
(i»o):  E.  Hiller.  *«»i*«  Kyrbm  —~ 

Ii  mi  ixM  until  i«4Dthai  the  New 

Nermciaa  Lappiili.  wid  not  until  itai  t 
prinl«r.in  ihc  lame  dialect..  In _l_beTli 


uo(5cMattbew'a( 


U  PLATA,  a  city  ol  AcEcn 


Irom  the  port  o[  EnxDula, 


l.ooo.     La  PJali 

1  Aim  had  bcfn  coiutituled  a  fedeial  dlsliic 

ationil  capilaJ.     Thii  neccuitaled  ihs  lelccli 

i«r  the  [ormcr  port  o[  Emenada  de  Bairagi 
was  laid  out  slier  the  plan  o(  Waihington. 
a  wide  thai  they  seem  gut  oI  prananinn  id  th 
igL    The  principal  publk  buJI 
u«o,  at*  the  govcmmeni-fiouM,  asirmblj 
unJcipal  hall,  cathedral,  coull)   of  juili 
h    provincial    muieum    and  rtaway  Hat 


cmBtTucted  of 


orifiaally  ptesenleJ  by  Dr  Moreno,  hai  become  one 
»L  important  in  South  America,  ita  palaeontological 
-opological  colleclioni  being  unique.  There  are  aha 
ity,   natiensi    college,    public    library, 


o  hospital]  and  It 


A  nMewonliy  public  park  i>  (ormnl  by  a  larte  plantaUon  at 
cuoUyptia  Inet,  ohich  have  groan  to  a  great  beighl  and  present 
an  imposing  apptaninc*  on  the  level,  trtelest  plain.  Electricity 
is  [n  general  use  for  public  and  private  lighting,  and  tiamwayi 
art  [aid  down  in  the  principal  streeti  and  edend  eastward  la 
the  port.  The  harbour  of  the  pan  ol  La  Plata  coasiitt  ol  a  large 
ait il^cial  basin,  [450  yds.  long  by  t;o  yds.  vride,  with  approaches, 
in  addition  to  (he  old  port  of  Enunada,  Khich  arc  capable  of 
TccciviDg  the  largest  vessela  that  can  navigate  the  La  Plata 
estuary.  Up  to  the  opening  of  the  new  port  works  ol  Buenoa 
Aim  a  large  part  ol  the  ocean-going  irnlfic  of  Buenos  Aire! 
passed  through  (he  port  of  La  Plata.  It  has  good  railway  con- 
ilh  (he  interior,  and  eaporla  cattle  and  agncultural 


UPORTR,  ROLARD  ([67S-1704). 
known  as  "  Roland,"  was  bom  al 
a  cottage  which  haa  become  the  p 


a  diadpUned  ai 


imisard  leader,  better 
Soubeyran  (Card)  in 
lecome  the  property  ol  the  Sotilli  de 
tiime  fnncais,  and  which  cohUIeb  nliet 
nephew  of  Laporte,  the  Camisard  leader 
ind  shot  in  October  [701,  and  he  himself 
land  of  a  thousand  men  which  he  (orr     ' 


rithout  dcfii 
ccorded  by  tl 


ith  magaaines,  a 
ror  oanng  in  action  ana  npidity  of  movement  ne  was  aecond 
only  to  Cavaher.  These  two  leaders  in  1701  secured  enlrance 
10  the  town  of  Siuve  under  (he  pretence  ol  being  royal  ofhccis, 
burnt  the  church  *od  cutied  ofl  proviiions  and  ammunition  tot 
their  forces.  Roland,  who  called  himstir  "  general  of  the  children 
of  God,"  teiroriced  the  country  bet h'cen  Nlmes  and  Alais,  bunting 
churches  and  hatises,  and  slaying  those  suspected  of  hostility 
against  the  Huguenots,  though  without  personally  taking  any 
part  af  the  spoil.  Cavalier  wu  already  in  negotiation  with 
Marshal  ViUars  when  Rolind  cut  10  pieces  a  Cathcdic  regiment 
""  """ In  May  1704,    He  refused  to  lay  down  his  anna 

Edict  of  Nantea.  Villars  (ben  sought  (a 
_  Roland  the  command  of  a  regiment  on  foreign 
service  and  liberty  of  conscience,  though  not  the  free  eiercise 
ol  their  religion,  lor  his  co-religionists.  This  parley  had  no 
results,  but  Roland  was  betrayed  tohisenenries,  andvnthe  latb 
of  August  1704  was  shot  while  defending  himself  against  his 
capiOTt.  The  five  oRicen  who  were  with  him  sorrendercd. 
and  were  broken  on  the  wheel  al  Nimes.  Roland's  death  put 
an  end  (o  (be  effective  resistance  ol  (be  Ctvenols- 

See  A.  Court.  Hiiuirl  ifri  IroMtt  ia  Chnna  (Vlllefnnche. 
1760):  ILM.  Ullrd.  ITuHuiiaaataKllhtrenctUiitiBnktEdiHiil 
Naxiri  (1  vDla.,  London,  (895),  and  other  literature  dealing  with  the 
Camiaards- 

LA  PORTS,  a  city  and  the  county  seat  of  La  Ferte  county. 
Indiana,  U.S.A.  11  m.  S.  of  Lake  Michinn  and  about  60  m. 
S.E.  of  Chicago,  Pop.  (1890)  iiiS;  (i«o»  7113  (taoi  foreign- 
bom);  [191s)  io.j>5.  U  is  served  by  ihc  Lake  Erie  & 
Western,  the  Uke  ShOR  &  Michigan  Southern,  the  fin 
Marquette,  (he  Chicago,  South  Bend  It  Northern  Indiana 
(electric),  and  the  Chicago- New  York  Electric  Air  Line  railways. 
La  Porte  ties  in  (he  midst  of  a  fertite  agncultural  region,  and  the 
shipment  of  farm  and  orchard  products  is  one  of  its  duel  in- 

situation  in  the  heart  of  a  region  of  beautilul  lakes  (including 
Clear.  Pine  and  Stone  lakes)  has  given  it  a  considerable  reputation 
as  a  summer  resort.  The  lakes  furnish  a  large  supply  ol  clear  ice, 
which  is  shipped  (o  the  ChicagD  mulLcis.  La  Pone  was  settled 
in  iSjo,  laid  out  in  iSjj,  incorporated  as  1  town  in  1S35,  and 

LAPPA,  ah  island  diiecily  opposite  the  Iniur  hailiour  of 
Macao,  the  distance  across  being  fram  i  id  t)  m.  II  is  a  station 
of  the  (Thinese  Irapetial  maritime  cuslnmj  which  collects  dutie» 
on  vessels  trading  between  China  ind  the  Portuguea*  colony 


LAPPARENT— LAPWING 


ao7 


•fhen  Ike  Cbioae  u 


ti  Utma,    Tin  r~r~|[n '  i>  altogillitr  abiKiniiil,  aiid 

CQnKnted  Lo  by  ihc  PortUEUOc  goverjimenl  in  iSS?  to  m 
the  ChijKK  jLUlhorilja  in  Lhc  supprauon  o[  optum  imiuod 
lL  the  Brititli  cokmy 
I  tUUon  b  ILovlooa. 
,  duties  (ID  vttKli  cutenoi  ud 
laving  tbe  fiKei(a  port  ia  lieu  of  levyini  Ihtm,  m  ought  to  b* 
dsne.  on  entirini  or  leavinc  a  Chintu  pott. 

LtPPABBin.  AUBRI  AHOUSIB  COCUOH  DI  (ig39-i9oS), 
FiTnch  jeolo|ii>,  miboCDM  Bourgaoa  tbe  jotb  ol  Dnemb^ 
i!j9.  AJiFi  itBdyinK  at  tbe  £ci>k  Fotyltcbnique  [lom  iSjS  to 
lite  he  became  i*it*itiir  em  Hrfi  du  nuwi.  wid  (oak  put  in 
dtawinc  up  Ibe  t'i'iDE'C'  '"*?  "^  FrVKt;  ud  in  1871  he  waa 
•ppoiiUcd  pFofeiwi  ol  (Toloc  and  muienlocy  tx  tbe  Catholic 
tiotiluir,  Puis.  In  1819  he  piepued  *a  itnpaitast  memoir 
lot  the  geological  lurvey  of  FtancE  on  Li  Ptya  4t  Bray,  a  Hibject 
OD  which  he  had  already  published  Bcverai  memoln,  ami  in  iSSo 
be  leivtd  aa  president  of  ihe  French  Geological  Society.  In 
lEJi-iSSj  he  published  hii  TraiU  de  gkiotU  (jlh  ed.,  190^), 
the  best  European  text4iook  ol  straligraphicai  geok^.  Hit 
Olher  woiti  include  Cbbti  dt  mMralatit  C1SS4,  3rd  ed.,  i8»), 
La  Fonmalimda  iimbu^Uta  Hia^oH  (iSSt),  LtNataaitla 
mtreiui  <»ruUin,  (igS6),  La  TrcmbUminl,  d,  Urr,  (iS8;l, 
La  CitlogU  a  clitmHi  di/tr  (iSSS),  Fr^ii  di  mvUraletu  (i£S3), 
Li  SUcU  du  /tr  (ig«c),  La  Aiuiciu  CUuUri  [i3«j),  Uini  dt 
^apapUtfhys»i»t(.\ii)b),Ki>litiutt'UriikiniTricetalanitic 
iiiqi),  UCUb€Urriilrc{iii)i)).t.n'iSnaiailatoliiiMiiMUV>%). 
Wilh  Achille  Delesie  be  was  lor  nuny  yean  editor  vt  the  JUwi 
4e  ttototit  aitd  conlnbuted  to  the  Etiraitt  dt  ftaia&t,  and  be 
joined  with  A.  Poller  ia  tbe  geolo^cal  surveys  tmdenaken  io 
tonneiion  with  the  Channel  Tunnel  prapouls.  He  died  in 
Puis  on  ihe  jth  o[  May  i«oS. 

LAPPEMBESO.  JOHANM  KARnN  (i;9«-iS«s1.  German 
biuarian.  was  bom  on  the  jotb  ol  July  i^^  M  Hambnig,  whnc 
bis  Father,  Valentin  Anion  Lappcnberg  (i;iq~l8lg),  held  an 
alBciaJ  pcnitioo.  He  studied  medicine,  and  allerwards  history, 
at  Edinburgh,  He  continued  (o  study  historv  in  London,  and  al 
BeiliD  and  GSllingen.  gradualing  as  doctor  o[  laws  at  Gotlingen 
in  1S1&-    In  iS  JO  he  was  sent  by  the  Hamburg  senala  as  resident 

Ibe  Hamburg  archives;  an  office  in  which  be  had  the  fullest 
opporlunilits  ior  Ihe  laborious  and  critical  RseaTch  work  upon 
which  hi*  npuwioB  as  an  hisLoiiaa  rests.  He  retained  this 
post  until  lUj,  when  a  serious  aflection  of  the  eya  campcUed 
him  to  nsign.  In  iSjo  he  represented  Hamburg  lo  tbt  Cmnui 
parliament  at  Ftankiort,  and  his  death  look  place  U  Hamburg 
00  the  iSih  o[  Novembci  1S65.  Lappenbcrg's  most  Important 
work  is  his  GackicliU  mn  En^nd,  which  deals  wilh  the  hislsry 
of  England  ftam  the  earliest  times  to  11S4,  and  was  published 
in  two  volume*  sL  Hamburg  in  i8jj-i8j7.  I(  baa  been  trans- 
UihI  into  Enfllish  hy  B.  Thorpe  as  Histcrj  of  En^od  undtr  Ike 
AnifoSutn  Kiofl  (London  1S4S.  and  again  1881),  and  Hiitory 
g/  En/fawf  u*icT  Ihe  Neman  Ki»ti  (Oxford,  18J7},  and  baa  been 
cnniinucd  in  three  addiiional  volumes  from  11J4  lo  ijog  by 
R.  PiulL  His  otber  works  deal  nuinly  wilh  the  hinofy  of 
HambuOi  *■><'  include  UamturiiKJit  Oirmikta  i»  Nitda- 
itihiiiilur  SfraclK  (Hambiug,  iSsi-iUi):  GtuUtUs^iuUeii  da 
Enaitut  aid  drr  SlodI  Brivwn  (Bnmtn,  1841);  BamiiutiKta 
Vtkuadcnbiali  (Hamburg,  l84>);  Urkuudlitla  CackkkH  da 
HaHiiickai  Slaldlufu  u  Lmden  (Haiabutg,  iSnJi  Hamtv- 
tiulu  RnMialimHlmtr  (Hambarg,  i&4S!;  and  UrtaaificAi 
Gackiaie  dri  Vrtp'mitadB  deattdun  Htnte  (HaabwB  i8]o>, 
acontiouaiion  of  tbe  workol  C.  F.  Sailorius.  For  Lbe  J/iwi- 
miHia  Gtrnaitiat  tiilarica  he  edited  ihe  CitraiiicM  at  Thiclmli 
of  Mnsebuig.  Ihe  Cril*  Hi 


H,  Mrver,  Jskaii  JfjiJiii  Lapptnbtri  (HambBrg.  tSejV, 
Piuli  in  Ihe  Allftmiins  itmliilu  Sw|>spikic,  Band  ivii. 


of  Frei 


UPKUS,  PIBBRS  MASIM  VUTOR  HICBABO  SB  (iti*- 

lESj),  known  a*  Vicini  Dt  LaraiDi,  French  poet  and  critic, 
was  bora  on  Ihe  l]th  o(  Janaary  iSti  at  Uoubrisos,  in  Ibe 
dcpartaient  of  Ihe  Ldie.  He  came  of  a  modest  provincial 
family.  After  compleiii^  bli  studies  at  Lyons,  be  produced  in 
i8j9  a  small  volume  of  religious  vene.  La  Parfumi  dt  UadtUint. 
This  was  fallowed  in  iS^o  by  La  Cuitn  dt  Jina,  in  1S41  by  tbe 
religious  fantasy  of  PiycU,  and  in  1&44  by  Odu  a  fttmei. 
In  1845  Lq>nde  viiiied  luly  oa  a  aiiiskin  of  lilenry  research, 
and  in  1S47  be  was  appctnled  prB/cssoi  of  French  liiciatuir  at 
Lyooa.  The  Frend)  Academy,  by  a  uogla  vole,  preferred 
Einile  Augkr  at  Ibe  election  in  iSj;,  but  in  the  foUewing  year 
Laprade  wa*  choieii  to  &11  Ibe  chair  ot  Alfred  de  MusicL.  In 
1861  he  wa*  nmovtd  Item  hia  post  at  Lyoss  owing  lo  ih« 
publication  of  a  political  lalite  in  verse  (Lti  UifHi  d'Elal),  and 
in  i8;i  took  bit  «eat  in  Ibe  Nalional  Aaumbly  on  the  benches 
of  Ibe  Rigbt.  He  died  on  Ihe  ijlh  ol  December  iSSj.  A 
statue  ha*  been  raised  by  his  fellow-tew  ntiaen  at  Monibtjson. 
Betide*  those  ouned  above.  Laprade's  poelicql  works  inrtudi 
Ptima  ma-ttiiqmi  (iSsi},  IJyIla  Afrnfiwi  (1858),  La  Veit  dt 
lUw*  (1S64),  Pai^  (1S68),  Pi^nta  (Ma  {i8ji).  Lt  Um 
i\*  fiiri  (tS)j),  Forie  and  Lipre  dti  adUaa  (ia;8--i879}.  Id 
piue  he  publishnl,  in  18^  Da  kabUiida  ImitUtUmllti  dt 
I'attttl.  Qualiimi  d'vl  d  di  wwralt  anieared  in  i8ii,  luueedtd 
by  Lt  Srniimtnl  dt  la  taiun,  avmi  It  Cliriitianiimt  in  1866,  and 
Ckft  la  madna  in  1868,  £dmctti*n  libiralt  in  1S7].  The 
Bitlerial  for  ibese  books  had  in  toiae  cases  been  printed  eaifier, 
aflH  defivciy  a*  a  lecture.  He  also  coniribuied  atiicls  10  Ihe 
kmu  dti  dtui  mtiiida  and  the  Rmt  dt  Ptrii.  No  wriiei 
■ra  perfeclly  ihan  Laprade  Lbe  admirable  geniut 
JviiKial  life,  lis  homely  sim[djciiy.  its  culture,  i[a 
piety  and  its  sober  patiiolism.  As  a  poet  be  b^onv  to  tha 
ichoql  ol  Chateaubriand  and  Lamarline.  Devoted  10  the  best 
classical  models,  inspired  by  a  sense  of  tbe  ideal,  and  by  WDi*hi|t 
of  naluitaa  revealing  ihe  divine — gillcd,  too,wiLhaluU  faculty  o[ 
eiptession — he  lacked  mly  hre  and  passion  in  the  equipment 
of  aiomanlic  poet.  But  ihe  want  of  ihese.andlbcpreBureof  ■ 
cetiaiB  chilly  facility  and  of  a  too  caucious  phiiosofduaint  hav« 
prevented  him  from  nacbing  tlie  first  rank,  01  hum  even  attain- 
ing il»  popularity  due  lo  hi*  high  place  in  the  Kcood.  Only 
in  his  ptiriotic.  verse  did  he  shake  himself  cleai  from  tbcso 
trammels.  Speaking  generaUy.  he  poaBcssed  someof  the  quaiilics, 
and  many  of  the  defects,  ol  the  English  Lake  ScbooL  Laprade-a 
prose  ciilicisms  musi  be  nuked  high.  Aiwn  frooi  his  classical 
and  mctapbytic^  tludies.  he  wa*  widdy  read  in  the  liuraUit*  of 
Europe,  and  buiU  upon  the  gimuidwock  of  a  naluially  correct 
taate.  His  dislike  of  irony  and  tceplicisis  piobubly  led  him 
10  underrate  lbe  producl  of  iJio  i8lh  century,  and  thgie  aR  sign* 

of  Iha  besL  a  joy  in  nature  and  a  lof  ly  palliolism  an  nol  Icsa 
evidenl  than  in  bis  poelty.  Few  wHlcrs  of  aqy  nation  bavB 
hhed  their  minds  so  sleadUy  on  whalsoevcr  ibings  are  pure,  and 
lovely  and  of  good  report. 
Snslw  EdmondBirf,  Yblar di  Ltprade,  aAtl  11)  auml.  (C) 
LAPSE  (Lat.  laftm.  a  slip  or  depanure),  in  law.  a  t^mv  ised 

neglected  10  present  10  a  vtnd  benefice  wiihln  lii  months  neit 
aficr  the  avoidance.  Ibr  rigbt  of  proenution  is  said  lo  lapse. 
In  tuch  case  the  patronage  or  right  of  prcscnialion  devolves 
from  Ihe  oeglcclfnl  [airon  to  the  bishop  as  ordinary,  10  llw 
mMropotitan  ■*  superior  and  to  the  sovereign  at  patron  para. 
mount,  (i)  The  failure  of  a  Icilamertary  disposition  in  favour 
o(  aoy  petien,  by  reason  of  the  decease  of  lis  objcci  ■■  lbe 
icslaloi's  lileliiiie.  is  icrmed  a  lapse.    See  Lccacv,  Will. 

LAPWINa  (O.Eng.  Uedpemna^  "one  who  luml  sboul  <n 
ninning  or  flfghl  ").'  a  bird,  Ihe  Tri^ita  M.ielfai  of  Unnarul 
and  the  VnuaEai  Wpm  or  V.aUltUusnl  modern  ornilhologisls. 

'Skeai.E(yii..I>i«.(iMI,'.».  Canon  in  1+Si  has"  lapwyncbes" 
(/UjMvi  fW  ftx,  cap.  17).  Tbe  Am  part  of  the  word  is  tram 
Idttpam,  ID  leap:  lbe  second  pon  b  "  wink  "  (D.H.G.  wrnrten.  Ger. 
ifw>SrB  >nmw).  PofwIareTyiikDlogyhsaBivenihe^ord  itiprnenl 
-  —.n.;;^  iru. '•  i.,l"  .  foU  ac  flap  el 


I  V  lap."  a  (oU  pc  I 


2oS 


LAPWORTH— LAR 


Id  iha  tempeWe  part*  of  the  OU  Worid  lhi>  tpedts  b  perhips 
the  molt  abundant  of  the  pkovcrii  Ckarairiidoi,  breeding  in 
abnist  evciy  nulable  place  from  Ireluid  b>  Japan— ^e  majority 
mipatlng  tomrdi  winter  to  nutheni  counliia,  la  ibe  Punjab, 
Ef^  and  Baibaiy — Lhoo^  In  the  British  lilanda  lonie  are 
Always  found  at  that  aeaion.  Ai  a  Uraggler  it  baa  occurred 
within  the  Aiclic  Cicde  (ai  an  the  Varangei  Fjord  in  Nonray),  aa 
wdl  B9  m  Ic^nd  and  even  Greenland;  while  it  not  unfrequently 
appcinin  Madeira  and  the  Aioih.  Conapicuoua  aa  the  nionglr 
contiultd  colour!  ot  iU  plumage  and  jli  very  peculiar  £i^t 
make  <t.  il  it  remackaUe  thai  it  mainlatu  ila  gtound  iriien  K 
many  «( iti  altic*  have  been  almoH  eilenuinattd.  for  the  lap- 
wing I>  the  object  pcthapi  ol  trcaler  pcnecution  than  any  other 
European  hint  Ihii  ii  not  ■  plunderer.  In  eggi  are  the  wetl- 
known  "  ploven'  eggs  "  tA  commerce,'  and  the  biid,  waiy  and 
wild  at  other  tlmn  ol  the  year,  in  ihe  brceding-seaaon  becamei 
easily  appraachaMe.  and  is  shoi  la  be  sold  in  the  matkeli  for 
"  (oMen  plover."  lu  growing  scaidiy  in  Great  Britain  was  very 
perceptible  until  Ihe  various  acts  for  ihe  protection  of  wild  birds 
were  passed.  It  is  new  abundant  and  is  ol  service  both  lot  Ihe 
market  and  lo  agricutiun.  What  seems  to  be  the  secret  of  the 
lapwing  holding  its  puliifm  it  the  adapiibiliiy  of  its  nature  to 

driest  ol  soils  as  on  tht  fattest  pastures;  upland  and  fen,  arable 
and  moorland,  arealike  loil,  provided  only  the  ground  ht  open 
ough.    The  vailing  cry'  and  the  frantic  gestures  of  the  cocli 


bird  in 


unless  he  ki 
enable  him 
I,  wonderfully 


\o  find  i 


o  look  for  it.  nothing 

The  nea  la  a  slight 

Ltion,  and  Ihe  black- 

ible  a  stone, 
he  approach 


hollow  In  the  . 
deepened,  as  b  usually 

VOlled  olive  eggs  (four  m  numocrj  are  aunost  mi 
artlets  or  untrained  eye.  The  young  when  ftrsi 
dotbed  witll  mollled  down,  ao  as  dosely  to  resen 
and  to  be  overfoolicd  as  they  squat  motionless  on  I 
of  danger.  At  a  distance  ihe  plumage  of  the  ai 
to  be  white  and  bUck  In  about  equal  proportions,  the  latler 
predonlnating  above;  but  on  doscr  eiaminalion  nearly  all 
the  seeming  black  is  found  to  be  a  boltle-gfeen  gleaming  with 
pniple  and  copper;  Ihe  lail-covctU,  both  above  and  below, 
are  of  a  bri^t  bay  cidour,  seldom  vlAle  inflight.  The  crest 
conusis  of  six  or  ef^t  rtamw  and  dontnted  feathers,  turned 
slightly  upwards  at  the  end,  and  is  usually  carried  in  a  horizontal 
positioa,  eatending  In  the  cock  beyond  the 'middle  lA  the  back; 
but  it  it  capable  of  being  erected  so  as  to  become  nearly  vertical. 
Frequenting  parts  of  the  open  eounlry  »  very  divergent  in 
larkaUe  lor  the  pccutierily  of  its  flight 


tatty,  tl 


pwlng-k  la 


nnily  all  parti  of  the  British  Itiands 
group  Limicolae.  The  peetiliaiity  ol  its 
wide  and  rounded  wingi  it  possesses,  lb 


Lhan  any  olher  ol  Ibe 
'  steady  and  ordinarily 


_^  'There  it  a  prevalent  belief  that  many  ol  the  eggs 

liiKX  the  appearance  oT  the  two  is  wholly  unlilie.  Thou 
ledahank.  ol  the  gsidea  i^vrr  (to  i  small  client),  and  ei 
■ambcfa  of  IboK  nf  the  black-headed  gull,  and  in  certain  f 

■imiliTiiy  of  ihcD  to  the  latler.  and  ■  dincma  ol  flavour  or 

■Thli  KHindi  G&  f-"—*.  with  lonie  virirty  oT  Int 
Hence  the  nuBin  peewit,  Beajewrep  and  teiickii,  conma 
elicd  in  some  parts  of  Britain  lo  this  biid^though  the  hnl 
by  which  one  of  the  anialler  gullk.  tAria  ridilm»i»i  (tee  G 

1. :-  .1.-  -"iiirleia  it  fnquenii     '-  -  -■--  "---   ■-  -■ 

. tand  Kl~-  ■-' 

the  lapwing.  %n 

-Si „, 

I.  who  Inmbted  the  L 


other  fossils  wl 
Palteoioic  rocks, 
of  Catashitlt  wi 


slow  Sapping  ol  whidi  impels  the  body  u  eadi 
sinae  with  a  maidltst  though  easy  jerk.  Yet  on  ocaaoB,  u 
when  performing  its  mignltons,  or  even  ill  alawit dally tni^U 
from  one  feeding-ground  to  another,  and  iiiU  more  whra  btio| 
pursued  by  a  falcon,  Iht  speed  with  which  It  raova  tbtoogk 
the  air  is  very  considenble.  On  the  ground  ihii  Urd  nini 
nimbly,  and  b  neariy  always  ecffvtd  in  teudiiDg  for  its  bod, 
which  it  wholly  animal. 

Allied  to  the  lapwing  are  several  fonns  thai  have  bcM  pltced 
by  arnithologiili  In  ihe  genet*  Hofltpltna,  duUusia,  Mi- 
muiliu,  DiJUifpia.  In  tome  of  them  the  hind  toe,  which  hu 
already  cexied  to  have  any  {unction  In  the  lapwing.  Is  whidly 
wanting.  In  oiheraihe  wings  are  armed  witha  tubercle  or  evea 
a  ahaip  spur  on  Ihe  carpus-  Few  have  any  occipital  crest,  hnl 
several  have  the  flee  omameoled  by  the  outgrowth  ol  a  fleshy 
lobe  or  lobes.  Wilh  ihe  eictptlon  of  North  Amerki,  they 
are  found  Id  most  parts  of  Ibe  world,  but  pcrhapa  the  grettrr 
number  in  Africa-  Europe  has  three  ipedcs— He^gflcna 
ipmiui,  Ihe  ipui^winged  plover,  and  CMtuiia  frtfaria  tnd  C 
leuciira;  but  the  firsl  and  last  lie  only  ilragglcn  Imm  ACiica 
and  Asia.  [A.  N.) 

UPWORTH,  CHARLBi  (iS4>-  1,  En^h  gedogisl,  was 
bora  II  Faiingdon  in  Berkshire  on  Ihe  yxb  ol  September  iSt'. 
He  was  educated  partly  In  the  village  of  Buckland  in  ihe 
same  county,  and  afterwards  in  the  training  college  at  Cnlbam, 
near  Oiloid  (1M1-1K64).  He  was  then  appointed  matttc  hi 
a  school  connected  viith  the  Episcopal  churA  at  Galishids, 
vlure  he  remained  eteveo  years.  Geology  came  to  abvxb 
all  his  leisure  lime,  and  he  commenced  to  investigate  Ibe  Silurian 
rocks  of  the  Southern  Uplands,  and  to  study  ihe  gnptdltis 
irlions  in  the  great  aeries  ol  Lowd 
His  hrst  paper  on  the  Lower  Silurisn  tocki 
published  in  iS;a,  and  from  that  date  onwards 
be  conimued  to  enrich  our  knowledge  of  the  touihem  uplsndi 
of  Scoihind  until  the  publication  by  the  Geological  Sodety  of 
his  mast eriy  papers  on  Tlu  Uegal  Stria  (iR;B)  and  TIaGintn 
SlKtaiiei  (iSSi).  Meanwhile  in  187;  he  became  an  issisUnt 
mailer  in  the  Msdias  CoUege,  St  Andrews,  and  in  iSfll  professor 
of  galofy  and  mineralogy  (alterwsrds  geology  and  phytfopaphy) 
in  Ihc  Mason  College,  now  Univer^Iy  of  Birmingham.  In  i«i 
be  started  worii  hi  ihe  Durneu-Etiboll  dislrici  of  Ihe  Scollbh 
Highlands,  and  made  out  the  true  succession  of  the  roib.  and 
intopretcd  the  complicated  ilructure  which  had  baffled  taoil 
of  the  prtvioui  observers.  His  retutu  were  pubUihed  io  "The 
Secret  of  Ihe  Highlands"  (CMf.  tfni..  1W3).  Hia  subteijucnt 
work  Uidudcs  papers  on  the  Cambrian  rocks  of  Nuneaton  and 
the  Ordovidan  rocks  of  Shropshire.  The  term  Ordoviciin  ini 
intiwluced  by  him  in  1870  for  the  iinia  between  the  base  of 
the  Lower  Uindovery  formation  and  that  of  the  Lonier  Arenig; 
and  il  wai  intended  to  settle  the  confusion  arising  from  the  use 
by  some  wiiieis  of  Lower  Silurian  and  by  oihen  of  Uppi* 
Cambrian  for  the  same  lel  of  rodis.  The  term  Ordovidln  ■ 
now  generally  adopted.  Prolessor  Lapvorth  was  eleeied  F.R.Sl 
in  iflgS.  he  received  a  royal  medal  In  1891,  and  vai'awarded 
the  WoUatlOB  medal  by  the  Geological  Society  in  iB9g,  He 
waa  presidtnl  ol  Ihe  Geological  Sodety,  KfOi'igcu.  His  lulr- 
■KdioK  Teit-iMt  t/  CalttJ  wu  published  in  iBg;. 

See  article,  with  ponrait  aad  bibfiognphy,  in  CM.  Maf-  0% 

LUt,  ■  ctly  of  Persia,  ca[dtal  of  Laiistan,  in  37°  jV  N..  M*  sS* 
E.,  iSd  m.  from  Shirat  and  75  from  Ihe  coast  at  Bander  Lingah. 
It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  moonlain  range  in  an  mrnstve  pUa 
covered  with  palm  trees,  ind  vis  once  a  flourahlng  place,  bul 
a  large  portion  h  in  ruins,  and  the  population  which  early  in  the 
iSlh  century  numbered  50,000  is  reduced  to  800a.  Tlleie  are 
siiU  some  good  buildings,  of  which  the  most  prnfoinent  areihe 
old  baaar  omiisling  of  four  arcades  each  iSoft.  '  '      "" 


igfrw 


pregnabla.    Jusi  below  Ihe  ctstlc  Is  a  well  aunk  loe  k.  in  th 


LARA— LARCTNY 


M9 


h  far  One  mwat  put  in  mfaa. 

IAEA.  iiiMlmi  lUte  of  Vsiendi,  tjinj  id  tlK  anile  fenncd 
hj  Ibc  pntioK  irf  the  K.  and  VS.  nBga  of  tbc  Conlilkn  de 
iltridi  and  —■"-<■■■;  N£.  iritli  cQnm^ng  fronljcn  to  the 
CiribbcBB.  Po^  C19OS  (Stimate)  ty'.'ii.  The  gmXer  part  ol 
iu  nrface  is  DUmiUiiiDu*.  with  elevated  knjic  vaUe)t  which 
hive  a  tempenle  diniate.  The  Tocuri  river  ibs  in  the  S.W. 
u(le  of  (he  Mate  and  San  N.E.  to  the  CuibbeaD  vith  a  loul 
length  ol  aSj  m.  A  unow-gaufe  railway,  the  "  South-westeni," 
Dwned  by  Biitiih  ciiii'aliui,  luni  [nun  the  port  of  Tuau*a  jj  m. 
S.W.  to  Banjualneto  br  way  of  the  Ana  coppei-iiiinini  disUicl. 
Lata  pnduco  wheat  ud  otlter  CBcah,  coitee,  iu|ar,  tobacco, 
Beat  caUle,  iheep  ud  vaiioui  miiml  oca,  indudinc  silver, 
copper,  inm,  lead,  biimuthaiidantuioiij.  Usecapttal,  fiarqaiii' 
Beta,  ii  one  of  the  laifot  and  moat  pcogroaive  ot  the  inland 
dtica  af-Venezada.  Caiora  b  a^  pniniaect  ai  a  commcrda] 
~  '         ■  I  1891,  iS,3Bj),  40  m.  S.W.  of  Banpiisi- 

Yaritapu  (pop.  atnut  i  t.oooj, : 
tt>i6  ft.  above  tbc  lea,  ii  known  foi 

miAUB  IBAraiili),  a  port  in  nonban  Monxco  M  the 
AtlaDtk  coast  in  js*  13'  i^-  ^°  «'  W,  <]  m.  by  M*  S. by  W.  of 
Tangiec,  picturaquely  ^tuated  on  the  left  baol  of  the  atnaiy 
•f  the  Wad  LekkuL  Fop.  teso  to  lecv.  The  livei,  beiot  falily 
dnep  inaide  the  hai,  nude  Om  a  fanwirite  p«t  for  the  Salli 
fovera  to  winter  in,  but  the  quantity  of  aiiuvial  aoii  brou^t 
down  threatou  to  cltoe  the  port.  The  town  a  well  litiiaicd 
for  defence,  it)  waHa  are  ia  fair  condLtioa,  and  it  has  ten  f arti, 
all  aapfiitd  nith  old-fathioncd  guto.  Traces  of  tbc  Spanish 
ocnqatiDB  fnm  1610-1689  are  to  be  seen  in  the  towers  whoso 
umei  an  ^vcn  by  Thiol  as  thoee  of  St  Stephen,  St  James  and 
that  of  ilie  Jews,  with  the  Caitlc  of  Our  Lady  ot  Europe,  now  the 
Laabah  or  dtadci.  The  znost  remaAable  [eatuK  of  Laiaah  is 
it)  fine  lai|E  aiiAet-idace  bejde  the  town  with  a  km  cohMuade 
in  front  of  very  mull  sbopa.  Hie  itneu,  though  narrow  and 
steep,  are  genenlly  paved  Its  chid  eiports  are  orange*,  millet, 
dra  and  other  cobIs,  goat-hair  and  aknu.  sbectiakiiui,  enwl  and 
tullen'  euth.  Tlie  wool  goes  tiadty  to  Mataeillts.  'Ilie  inmtal 
tilue  of  ihi  trade  Ii  Itdffl  £40^000  to  £seo,aoa. 

In  i^So  all  the  European*  in  Laniib  aece  expelled  by 
MnhsiMmil  XVL,  aIlho<^  in  it86  tfe  monopoly  ol  its  trade 
had  been  gnated  (a  HoOmd,  evoi  tta  eipart  of  wheat.  In 
1787  the  Uoon  were  itOl  bidldiiie  pirate  vsaeli  here,  the  timber 
hir  which  came  ficun  the  oeigbbouriiig  foist  of  M'amora.  Not 
far  from  the  town  ate  the  ronaibs  of  what  is  believed  to  be  a 
Phoenician  crty,  Shanuniih,  mentioned  by  Idiiai, 
no  alltBJOil  to  Laraiih.  It  i>  not,  however.  ' 
passage  in  Scylai  that  the  site  ol  the  present  town  was  occupied 
by  a  libyaa  s-Mtkment.  Tradition  alao  connects  Laraith  with 
'    '      "  ' '  "  (   being  the  Arabic    for 

n  appla"  perhapt  the 

a  city  and  the  county-ieat  of  Albany  county, 
.  .  £  U.S.A.,  on  the  Lanmie  Hver,  57  m.  by  nil  N.W.  of 
Cheyoiiie.  Pop.  (1900)  Bmi,  of  whom  iiSowere  terefgn-bom; 
(igoj)  Tfioi;  U910)  89J7.  It  is  served  by  the  Unlcm  F(d£c 
and  tba  LwamK,  Hahn's  Peak  ft  Padhc  raQww*,  the  Utter 
cMcndlog  fnra  Laramie  to  Centennial  (30  m.).  The  city  is 
■tnated  on  the  Laramie  Plains,  at  an  elevatioD  of  7165  ft., 


It  haa  a  puhlic  libeaiy,  a 


*  by  p 
a  United  'Slates  Gevenuaent  building 
le  nnivenlty  of  Wyoming 
and  of  a  Protestant  Episcopal  mteionaiy  bhhopric.  There  Is  a 
Mate  fish  hatcheiy  in  the  vidnlty.  The  univeisily  (part  of  the 
public  (dwol  system  of  the  state)  was  founded  in  1886,  waa 
•pcaed  In  iSSt,  and  cmbncei  a  College  of  Libenl  Arts  and 
Ciaduate  School,  a  Noimsl  School,  a  College  of  Agifculture  and 
the  Mechanic  Arts,  an  Agricullunl  Eiperlnunt  Sutkm  (esub- 
Hdied  by  s  Fedetil  appmpriaiion).  a  Cidlege  of  Engbieering,  a 
Sdool  ol  Uusic,  a  Piepuataiy  SctaocJ  and  a  Summer  School 


niting  uid  mining  itgiop— particulaily  coal  mining,  though 
gold,  silver,  copper  and  son  are  alsB  found.  Tlie  Union  Pacific 
Kailiosd  Compaiiy  hai  machine  sbopa,  repair  riiopa  and  nDing 
mills  at  Laramie,  and,  a  ibott  ^stance  S.  of  the  dly,  ke-honsci 
and  a  tie-prtserrtng  plant.  The  mannfactura  indude  ^ais, 
leather,  Bour,  plaster  and  praied  brick,  the  brii^  being  made 
from  shale  obtained  in  the  vkioiiy.  The  munidpality  own* 
and  operates  tiic  watcr.wotto^  the  water  is  obtained  from  large 
sprinp  shout  H  m.  distant.  Laramie  wa*  settled  In  iBfig, 
by  people  laigdy  from  New  Qi^and,  hUcUglu,  Wisconsin  and 
Iowa,  and  was  named  in  honour  of  Jacques  Laiainie,  a  French 
for  Itada.  It  was  first  chartered  as  a  diy  In  ilU  by  the  Icgbla- 
tare  ef  Dakota,  and  waa  ledianered  by  the  legitlatuic  ot 
Wyomhig  hi  1S73. 

IMUKT,  a  pamh  and  town  of  SiMIngiblre,  Scotland. 
Pop.  of  parfah  (1901}  6;oo,  of  town,  1(41.  He  town  is  diuatcd 
OD  the  Canon,  g  m,  S.  by  E.  of  Stirling  by  the  North  British 
and  Caledonian  railways,  the  junction  being  an  important 
sution  for  traffic  from  the  loutb  by  the  West  COast  route. 
Coal^iinlng  fa'tbe  chief  industry,  1^  |»indpal  building  an 
the  chnrch,  finely  placed  overlooking  the  river,  the  SfirUng 
district  asylum  and  the  Scoltbb  National  Instilutioa  for  imbecile 
chUdjen.  iD  the  dturchyard  Is  a  monumear  lo  Janiei  Bruce, 
the  Abynnlas  traveDer,  who  was  bom  and  ditd  at  Kinnaiid 
House,  it  m.  N.E. '  Two  m.  N.  by  W.  are  the  ruins  of  Torwood 
Castle  and  (be  remains  of  Torwood  lorest,  to  wbich  Sir  Wiliism 
WalUce  retired  after  bis  defeat  at  FaUui^  (119S).  Near 
"  Wallsn's  oak,"  in  which  the  patriot  conceded  himteU,  I}onald 
Cargin  (iiSnri6Bi),  the  Covenanter,  eicotninunicited  Chariesll. 
and  Janes,  duke  of  YoA,  In  iMo,  The  fragment  of  an  old 
round  boildfaig  is  said  to  be  (he  relic  of  one  of  the  very  few 
^  brodts,"  or  round  towers,  found  In  the  Lowlands. 
-LUCKMV  (sn  adaptation  of  F^.  larciH,  O.  Fr.  lamdH,  from 
Lat.  iofrocnfuK,  theft,  latie,  robbrr),  the  unlawful  taking  and 
carrj^Dg  away  ot  things  peraonal,  with  intent  to  deprive  Ihe 
rl^tful  owner  of  the  same.  The  tens  Uufl,  sometimes  used  ss  a 
synonym  of  larceny,  Is  in  reality  a  broader  term,  applying  to  si] 
cases  of  depriving  anothfr  of  his  property  whether  by  removing 
or  -  withholding  it,  and  Indudes  larceny,  roUieiy,  cheslii^ 
erabenlcment,  breach  of  trust,  ftc 

Larceny  is.  In  modem  legal  systems,  unimsBlly  treated  as  a 
otme,  but  the  conception  of  it  as  a  crime  b  not  one  bekmglng  to 
the  earliest  stage  of  low.  To  its  latest  period  Roman  lav  regarded 
larceny  or  theft  (Juriiim)  iiadcliet  ^eu/afiepunuedby  ativO 
remedy— itie  ortie  /ibK  for  »  penally,  the  siaifitaliB  or  umiictit 
lot  the  stolen  property  itself  or  its  value.  In  Uier  times,  ■ 
criminal  remedy  to  meet  (he  graver  crime*  gradually  grew  up 
by  the  side  of  the  dvO,  and  in  the  time  of  Justinian  the  criminal 
remedy,  where  it  ejdsted,  look  precedence  of  the  dvH  [Cod. 
iiL  g.  4).  But  to  the  last  criminsl  proceedings  could  only  be 
taken  in  serious  casei,  r.f.  against  stealers  of  cattle  (a6i|eO  or 
the  dolhcs  of  bathers  {hdnearii).  The  punishment  was  death, 
banishment,  or  labour  in  the  mine*  or  on  public  woHu.  In  the 
main  the  Rom»a  law  robcido  with  the  En^ish  law.  The 
definition  at  given  In  the  Instihdu  {iv.  i.  r)  is  "futtum  est 
conlTCctatlo  lei  fraudulosa,  Vel  Ipnus  rel,  Tel  etiam  ejus  usm 
possesionisvt,"  to  which  (he  Diitil  (dvii.  1. 1,  3)  add*  "  lucti 
fadendi  gratia."  The  earliest  English  definition,  that  of  Bracton 
(1506),  rims  thus:  "  fuRnm  e*t  secundum  leges  contreciatlo 
rel  alienae  fraadolenta  cum  anhno  furandl  invito  iHo  domino 
cupis  res  IDs  tuerit."  Bracton  gmils  the  "  lucri  fadendi  gratia  " 
of  the  Koinap  definition,  because  In  English  taw  the  motive 
is  immaterial,'  and  the  "  usus  ejus  posscsslanlsve,"  beciuse  thd 
dclinition  Includo  an  Intent  to  deprive  the  owner  ol  his  property 
pennanenlly.  The  "  anlmo  futandi  "  and  "  invito  doiiino  "  of 
Bncton's  definllton  are  expansions  tor  the  tahe  of  greater  dear* 
ness.  They  seem  to  have  been  implied  in  Roman  law  Partumi 
Is  on  the  whole  a  more  compieheniive  term  than  larceny.    Thli 

■  Thus  de«ruclioD  ot  a  letter  by  a  eervant,  with  a  view  of  •uP' 
pn»ing  inquirin  into  his  ot  her  chancier,  makes  tbe  lervaal 
guilty  of  lucEOy  hi  English  law. 


2IO 


LAROSNY 


diSBnoce  no  doubt  uiio  fnm  tlie  tEnteicr  lo  Bxtcnd  the  boundi 
of  1.  delict  and  to  limit  the  bounds  of  a,  crimo.  Thiu  it  v>a 
/vlum  (but  it  would  »t  be  tl 
■  d^jout  cS  pinicc  cODlfuy  l 
(oodi  faund,  or  to  ttul  •  hui 
famiiiai  (a  ipiciU  (oim  ol  }t 
would  be  in  Eogliih  law  an  abc 
but  not  a  ibeft.  One  oj  two  mamcd  penonj  could  not  CDQUuit 
furtum  as  'jp'^'^  the  other,  but  larceny  may  be  lo  comjnitlal 
bi  England  lioce  tba  Hacritd  WoiacB'i  rnperty-  Act  iSIi. 
As  a  furtum  was  merely  a  delict,  the  fbiigaiu  a  MiiSt  could  be 
eatin^uishfd  by  agieement  between  the  parties;  this  cannot 

considerate  of  the  ilgbii  of  third  putio  than  was  Romaa. 
The  ihief  can  give  a  good  title  U>  Moten  goods;  b  Roman  U« 
he  raiuld  not  do  B,  eiopt  Inihe  tinglecaMafalcnrfjWiacfiiRd 
by  uuaapio.  The  development  itf  ilie  law  of  ^iirinatRmna 
is  historically  interesting,  foi  even  in  its  latfst  period  ia  found  a 
letic  of  one  ol  the  most  primitive  thcsiies  of  law  adopted  by 
CDucti  o(  Justice:  "  They  took  aa  theu-  guide  the  raeuon  of 
vengeance  likely  to  be  exacted  by  an  aggiieved  person  under 
the  drcumiuiu^i  oC  tlie  case  "  (Mame,  AiiaaU  Lae,  di.  i.}. 
This  eiplains  the  leeaon  of  Ilie  divisioa  at  farium  Into  lunt- 
falum  and  wc  lUfli/uluB.  The  nunifeM  thief  vaa  one  taken 
red-handed—"  taken  with  the  manner,"  in  the  language  ol  old 
English  lav.  The  Twelve  Tables  denounced  Ibe  puni^znent  of 
death  against  the  manifest  thief,  for  that  would  be  the  penalty 
demanded  by  the  indignantowner  in  whoK  place  the  judne  stood. 
The  severity  of  this  penalty  was  afterwarda  mitigated  by  the 
praetor,  who  subatitutcd  for  It  the  payment  at  quadruple  the 
value  of  the  thing  stolen.  The  same  penalty  was  also  given  by 
tbepraiioiin  caseol  theft  froma  fire  or  a  wreck,  or  ofprevealioD 
of  search.  Tbe  Twelve  Tables  muktoj  the  nou'maoifat  thief  in 
double  the  value  of  the  thing  stolen.  Tbe  acliona  fat  ir"'''*** 
were  in  addition  to  the  aciioo  [di  tlie  itoleo  viods  theosMlvt*  or 

hi  the  legislation  of  Justinian.  The  search  for  siolsi  goods,  as  it 
eidited  In  the  lime  of  Cauis,  was  a  survival  of  a  period  when  Lhe 
bjured  person  was,  ai  in  tbe  case  of  aummons  (in  ju  Tocalie), 
his  own  eieculivE  officer.  Such  a  search,  by  Ibe  Twelve  Tables, 
might  be  conducted  ia  the  bouse  ol  the  supposed  thief  by  the 
owner  in  person,  naked  except  lor  a  cincture,  and  carrying  a 
planer  in  his  hand,  uftgulnll  apparently  against  any  pocsi- 
bllity  d!  his  making  i  false  duige  by  deposiluig  some  of  bis  own 
property  on  his  neighbaut'i  preaiisil.  This  mode  of  search 
became  obsolete  before  the  lime  at  Justinian.  Robbcty  (60110  ti 
rapta'i  was  violate  added  to  furtum-  By  the  atJii  n  boHomm 
raplemm  quadruple  the  vAlue  tvuld  be  recovered  if  the  action 
were  brought  within  *  year,  only  the  value  if  brought  after  the 
expiration  of  a  year.  The  quadruple  value  included  the  stolen 
thing  itself,  so  that  the  penally  was  in  eScct  only  a  triple  one^ 
It  was  inclusive,  and  not  cumulative,  as  in /vtim. 

In  En^and  theft  or  larceny  appears  to  have  been  very  early 
^gaidcd  by  legislaton  as  a  quiter  calling  lot  qKcial  attention. 
Tbe  pre-Conquest  compilations  of  laws  are  full  of  provisions  on 
tbe  subject.  The  earlier  laws  appear  to  Hgaid  it  as  a  delict 
which  may  be  compounded  for  by  payment.  Considerable 
distinctions  of  person  are  made,  both  in  regard  to  the  owner 
and  the  thief.    Thus,  by  the  taws  of  jEihelbeihi,  If  a  freeman 

or  from  a  dwelling,  ihreefc^  If  a  theow  luile,  he  had  only  to 
make  a  twofold  reparation.  In  the  laws  o[  Alfred  ordinary 
theft  was  tiiU  only  civil,  but  be  who  stole  in  a  church  was 
punished  by  tbe  lot)  ol  his  band,  lhe  laws  ol  Ina  named  as 
the  penalty  death  nr  redemption  according  to  the  wci-gild  ol 
the  thief.  By  the  same  law*  tbe  thief  might  be  slain  if  be  fled 
or  resisted.  Gradually  the  severity  of  the  punishment  increased. 
By  the  laws  if  fthelstan  death  m  a  very  cruel  form  was  inflicted. 
At  a  later  date  the  Upi  Henna  Primi  placed  a  thief  in  the 
king's  mercy,  snd  his  lands  were  forfeited.  Putting  out  the 
eyes  sod  other  kinds  of  muiilatbo  were  tomctlmes  the  ptmlih- 
Bcnt.    The  principle  of  severity  contiaued  down  to  the  iglh 


century,  and  antH  ilij  iMt  01  kreasy  tt  ccRala  kbdi  !»■ 
mained  capiiaL  Both  belore  and  after  the  CoaqucK  local 
jurisdiction  over  thieves  was  a  common  franchise  of  lord*  of 
mazurs,  attended  with  some  of  the  advantages  of  raodem 
summary  jurisdiction. 
-    Under  tbe  commim  Liw  linnT  wn  ■  felany.    It  was  aCcctnl  by 


.eilfaeibi 


.etheyw. 


bftfcha  of  uus.  Tbe  cuiieR  act  in  Ibc  suiults  ol  tbt  realm 
dealing  sntli  kiceiiy  appean  u  he  the  CitrJa  Famtat  ol  i»5,  by 
which  fine  or  inprlsanment  was  inflicted  lor  ilenCng  the  lung^ 
deer.  The  oen  act  appean  to  be  the  lUtale  of  WHIminui  the 
Pint  (i>T5}.  deaUag  aula  irilh  Healiag  Ota.  It  aenii  ■•  duueh 
the  ^^nt^l^sEuMO-  ---  -^—  —  •-  -^ ^^^^^^' 


value  of  twehv  nan,  ie 

penon,  ^  by  night,  and  t 

^bece  the  vahie  was  twelve 


S" 


Scwythaiirii*  beonv  dra 
cheaper.     Tbe  didinctioi 
£nt  appears  lo  atatule  bw  in 


...   .he  Gnt  line  by  (hat 

pi«.Cbnquest  codee,  u  Uax  ot 

iia  tooki!  ~^c  iUta  iilaiceny  accompanied  by  circumitancn  ol 
BRnvatlon.  as  thai  fc  Is  ia  a  dweUing-bouse  or  Iroo  the  penoa. 
Tht  bwol  larceny  jsnow  coimiiied  cfaiefty  in  tbeLarceayAetlMi 
^■'^i^*  t*'**i^  '^  Fii[U»ii«ti.4rii»fa*H)^  acomprcheasi^  cMGtaie«t 
indudlni;  larceny,  eamesdefnenl,  lEaud  by  baUcc^  Vfpi^  bankersa 
fhctor^  and  tmttecs.  sacrilege,  burglBry,  bousebnakiiig,  mbbery, 
oblaiBing  moaey  by  threats  or  by  Tlba  pnteneea,  and  weeWhig 
■toleA  goods,  aiid  pnsailng  pncedwa^  both  cM  and  criaiiBaC 
Thne  an,  hawever,  other  acta  1*  bmc  dialing  with  spscU  cases  of 
laniny,  such  aaan  aclof  Kennr  VIII.  as  to  stealiaa  the  goods  of 
the  king,  and  the  Came,  POsl-Ottce  and  HenAanI  Shipjang  Acts. 
There  mne  separate  acts  provkUnc  for  brcniy  by  a  partner  of  pamier- 
Mp  pnncrty.  awl  by  a  bailiaador  wils  sf  tba  pmnity  of  the  atha> 
(MairiedWbnwn'snsasnr.AaiW)}.  Pmaadiaaagaii 

Act  iMd  and  the  Ainiy  Act  iSii.    There  are  levenl  . 

tvfnrr  mnri  after  lA6r.  diivcling  how  lhe  pnwerty  is  (o  1 
for  stealing  lhe  gnidi  dI  counliea,  Iric&lty 
-    Se.     The  ptind— '  — -"-■ "--- 

e  ibief,  thou^ 

a  ladcfiaiie  period,  and  Ie  — 

ir  it,  aa  Intent  ofiaa  deuribed  in  Bi 
idl:  W  this  ■ 


"    J^^^ 


Ly  of  Urceny. 

:x  not  to  be  felany.  Th 
s  wmea  save  baea  fouAd  has  led  to  aodaa  ayncnuy. 
'  be  tbe  law  that  in  «fer  10  coasikutc  a  IfceBv  of 
must  be  a  Idonious  ioieni  at  the  time  of  finduii* 


c  cocniuillcd  i^ini  Ibe  nwncy  ii  pud  by  rr^'pt*, 
r  Took  it  animo  ftvaitdL  In  two  noteworthy  a 
n  waft  ir^ed  before  a  very  hill  court  fOr  enwn  c 


by  the  laisule  ^  the 

__  ..  ..  _ _ The  jury  found  thai 

.  .  iinur  fmrtiidi  at  lhe  time  of  taldiig  the  money,  snd 

that  he  knew  il  to  be  lhe  noney  tt  the  poamaaler  general.  Tbt 
Baiotin'ol  ibe  court  held  H  to  tc  larceny.  !■  a  cue  hi  iWJ  (Jt  v> 
Aiimdl,  UK.  16  Q.B.D,   190),  where  the  jHoaculor  pve  tha 


m  tyiiov 


Thb  pnvii 
ofifti. 


L-NgnzcdbyGoO^le. 


LARCM 

It  Mirl.  bat  ■ftrmnti  dliesvcrcd  Iti  viluc  ind     ytan;.  ■■ 


W  procedurt  in  prosetgtioiu  lor  larefny.  The  Lnconvrnjencn  at 
thecDminoQ  Uw  rulcsorinlerprelatioDiii  indictincniiLFdlDCFTtun 
uncndjatQtt  of  the  law,  pow  coatained  In  tbc  Lomny  Act,  for 
the  purpooc  cf  avoadiae  (he  [reqiicnt  failgR*  of  jiutkc  owing  to  the 
aricuKu  inch  whkh  indictnKati  von  cantrwd.  Ttanc  Uncnin 
of  property  of  the  HDe  pcnon  witfaht  ni  moatlH  dbt  dow  be 
cbargodinoDelndictrDcnt.  OnanindictiiMntforkicHiytbenuoner 
Bay  be  found  guilty  of  eDibesLeiiient,  mod  via  vtm;  mod  if  the 
paisonet  be  indicted  for  ohtaining  eoodi  by  filie  pntencei.  and  the 
offence  lucn  oul  to  he  larceny,  he  u  not  enlilled  Is  be  acquitted  ol 
the  misdemeanour.    A  couni  for  recei^ng  may  be  Joined  wilh  Ihe 

prove  ownenhip  of  the  property  the  iub)ect  af  Lhe  Indictmenl- 

apprelMrruioa  of  ofTendcn-  In  another  dirticlion  the  powcn  of 
(Hum  of  Summary  Juriadiction  Is*.)  have  been  enended.  in  the 
caie  of  chargea  of  larcenyi  embeeilemeflt  and  leceiving  atoktn 
goodat  agniiuc  chiMren  aod  young  penoiia  and  againal  adulu  rrirad- 


iafllcled  la  certain  excepltooal  r»ei,  bi 


tit  the  CAnrn  or  the  police.  The  on 
larrxny  after  a  previoua  conviction  fo 
ftrvitude.    Whipping  may  be  pan  al 


fcotfand.— A  vul  numbci  of  acta  of  Ilii 
dealt  with  larcepy.  The  general  policy  of 
laireny  what  iraa  not  larceny  at  common  law,  «.f.  itealing  Inut, 
dogs,  ttawks  or  deer,  and  to  extend  the  remcdira,  e.g.  by  giving 
tbe  juitidar  authoiily  throughout  the  kingdom,  by  making 
the  lUUtcT  in  tbe  cue  of  theft  by  the  servant  liable  to  give  the 
latter  up  1o  justice,  OI  by  allowing  the  use  of  firearms  against 
thieves.  The  genetal  result  ol  legislation  in  England  and 
Scotland  has  been  to  assimilate  the  law  of  larceny  in  both 
kingdoms.  As  ■  riile,  what  would  be  larceny  in  one  would  be 
larceny  fai  the  ether. 

Untied  States. — The  law  depends  almost  entirely  upon  state 
legislation,  and  is  in  general  accordance  wilh  that  ol  England. 
Tbe  only  act*  of  Congresa  bearing  on  the  subject  deal  with 
larceny  in  the  army  and  navy,  and  with  larceny  4ad  recdvinx 
on  the  high  Kas  or  in  any  place  under  the  eicluiive  jurisdiction 
«{  the  United  Statei,  t-i-  Ala^L*. 

|oadt.  chacteU, 


for  mil 

lis  In  VI 


erbs.    . 


dwdU^-houe,  wae^aiae,  atcamvhip,  church,  Ac.,  ia  puniihable 

Larceny  of  a  hnw,  mule,  as,  bull,  tteer,  con  or  reindeer  is  poniib 
abk  by  impriminient  for  not  leu  than  one  nor  more  than  hfieci 
yean.  Willully  aliering  or  defadni  marks  or  brands  on  such  animal 
II  laricny  (Pen.  Code  Ala.ka.  |  «,  laH). 

j4pi*im.— ApprT^prlatuv  property  found  without  due  inqujr 
for  the  owner  u  kiixny  {renal  Cole,  \  442).    "  Doge  are  propnl' 

'  property '  and  ^  valuo '  aa  usnl  in  thv  chapter  "  (1^  (  44S).  Pre 
penyincndflia  passage  ticket  though  never  issued.   Penoni  nealin 

be  KoleB  and  brUig  it  into  Ariiona,  may  ije  convicted  and  puniaho 

—  -'  •' ' wnmittwl  IbetE  (lA  1 454).    Stealing  gas  0 

-"--lomeaimir 


the  method  of  proof  required  to  enabiiah  (fiae  offencce  has  not  been 
changed-  Grand  btceny  in  the  jCrjf  Jfgrft  ia  («>  stealing  property 
itf  any  vahie  in  the  night  time:  W  of  ftj  in  value  or  more  at  night 
from  a  dwelling  home,  vessel  or  railway  car:  (()  of  the  vahie  of 


asy  naaaner  pmpeity  lil  the  value  ( 
(^-inking  fnm  the  persoa  properly  < 
record  ol  a  court  or  other  record  filed  1 
other  larceny  is  pctic  lareany. 


U  tlj  and  under  ijOD. 
ny  public  oAcer.   Every 


a  market  vahH  is  the  an 


might  be  coUected  ihereon.  ol  a 

-"    -Idal.    ThevaliKoIar 

■I  value.    Cm  ■  ■ 


inihasti 


r2.' 

««iua».-T 
wpany  »i[b 
nilly  gt  laree 

maaeluati 
noney  by  falsi 

?el£!^fir 

property  Cj"y— . 


U).  Btinginaflolen  goods 
n  ia  jpunishaMe  ai  lateeiw 
:ket  for  renwvlni  a  loaS 
>d  its  vduc  the  amount  to 
w^Sn^f  "'""  drad 
r  traniputalion  chugea  ia 
if  (1907]  90  PaL:.  Rep.  Sod). 


ch.ii8,t4D.)   Thelailinc 

).  It  la  larceny  10  purchase 
ade  on  01  bel^re  aelivtiy) 

itence  ^  dgMd  by  the  peiBon  to  be  charged,    r--^^ '-- 

a  will  need  int  coMaia  an  aU^allan  of  vil 


larcenies  shall  be  adiudged 

may  be  Imprisoned  lor  not  

■econd  conviction  for  larceny  of 


or  prindpal  ol 


Ihief  ■■  and 


bieycic.  Ox 

realty  ia  puniihable  aj  if  it  were  a  larceny  of  pervonal  property 

Otis.— ^ealuig  "  anythhv  cl  value  "  b  laneny  CB*t«  Stats. 
I  6S56).    Tapping  gaa  pipd  u  punialuble  t^  Anq  or  imprisonment 

dealers' "  Irsde  mark,  or  removing  it  from  a  stream,  is  punishaUe 
by  a  hoe  of  not  less  than  |lo. 

Ulak."-li  is  grand  larony  to  alter  the  mark  or  brand  nn  an 
animal  (U  iw,  ch.  38). 

Wyamini. — For  blinding  nr  altfviis  or  defacing  the  bnrHl  OB 
cattle  with  intent  to  steal,  the  penalty  Is  impritonmcrt  for  not 
more  than  five  years.  It  u  Larceny  lor  a  bailee  to  convert  with 
intent  to  steal  goods  left  with  or  found  by  him  (Rev.  Suts.  H  4986, 

^vjtnilm.— A  hone  not  branded,  bin  under  Code  t  6K1  an 
"  outlaw,'*  the  owner  being  unknown,  can  be  tbe  nibjcct  of  1  larceny, 
having  been  held  Co  be  property  o(  the  lUte.  (StaU  v.  EM:/  [<!|o7|, 
Qopac-ftep.641).  Forthethird  offence  of  such  a  larceny  the  peulty 
IS  imprisonoient  lor  lifi  (L.  tfo],  ch.  86). 

See  also  Ei<sezii.ei»ht;  CHiitiwai  FauK  Purmcesi 
R[>BBEaY;  SiOLiN  Goods. 

URCH  (from  the  Ger.  Urcilr,  M.H.G.  lercle,  Lat.  lorix); 
a  nioie  applied  to  a  inuU  group  of  tonilerous  trees,  of  which 
the  comnioa  Urck  of  Europe  is  taken  as  tbe  type.  The 
members  of  the  genu  Iivii  are  distinguished  from  the  £n, 
with  which  they  were  formedy  placed,  by  their  dedduous  leaves, 
scattered  singly,  as  in  Abiis,  on  the  young  sfaoois  of  Ihe  season, 
but  on  all  older  branchleia  growing  In  whorl-liiie  tufts,  each 
surrouiKiing  the  extremity  of  a  rudimentary  or  abortive  branch; 
they  differ  from  cedan  (Cefriu],  which  also  have  the  fascida 
of  leaves  on  arrested  branchlets,  not  only  in  Ihe  deciduoua  leaves, 
but  in  the  cones,  the  scales  of  whkh  are  thinner  towards  tbe  apex, 
and  art  persistent,  remaining  attached  long  after  the  seeds  an 
dischaiged.  The  trees  ol  the  genus  ate  closely  allied  in  bolanic 
features,  uwcll  uio  general  sppeanuice,  solbatil  issotoelimes 
difficult  10  asaign  to  them  deietminaLe  spedGc  cbatatters,  and 
tbe  limit  belween  speciei  and  variety  is  not  always  veo:  accur- 
ately deGaed,  Nearly  all  are  naiives  of  Europe,  or  ihe  northern 
plaint  and  mountain  ranges  of  Asia  and  North  Anutica,  though 
one  (Zjrii  Cri^rtii)  occurs  otdy  on  the  Himalayas. 

The  common  laith  [t.  aaopiua)  is,  when  grown  in  perfection, 
a  stately  tree  vilh  lall  erect  trunk,  gradually  tapering  from 
root  to  summit,  and  horizontal  branches  springing  at  irregular 
intervals  from  the  stem,  and  in  old  trees  often  becoming  more 
or  less  drooping,  but  rising  again  towards  the  eilrcmitics; 
the  braschlels  or  side  sbools.  very  slender  and  pendulous,  are 
pretty  thickly  studded  wiib  Ihe  spun  each  bearing  a  fascicle 
of  thirty  or  more  narrow  linear  leaves,  ol  a  peculiar  bright  light 
green  when  they  hrst  appeal  in  the  spring,  but  becoming  of  a 
deeper  hue  when  mature.  The  yellow  slam  en-bearing  Son-cri 
are  in  sessile,  nearly  spherical  calkins;  the  Icrlile  ones  vary  In 
colour,  from  redor  purple  to  greenish- white,  in  diflerenl  varieties. 
Ihe  erect  cones,  which  remain  long  oa  the  branches,  are  above 
an  inch  in  length  and  obleng-ovate  in  shape,  wilh  reddish-brown 
scales  somewhat  waved  on  the  edges,  the  loner  brads  usually 
rather  longer  than  the  scales.  The  tree  Bowers  in  April  01  May, 
and  the  winged  seeds  arc  ibtd  the  (oUowjng  autumn.  Vbto 
ataading  In  an  open  space,  the  larch  grmii  ef  A  ^^^conicil 


LARCH 


(h^M,  with  the  Idira  bnuickn  doM  mddot  the  rouDd, 
uliilc  IboM  abDve  grmdiully  ■<■"■'"'■'■  in  tengtli  towudi  the  top 
of  Ifac  trunk,  pmcDting  h  very  lymmetilciJ  fonn;  but  in  dense 
iVDodi  the  lower  puti  be<»me  bkn  o(  folii^,  u  w;ih  tJ>e  firs 


w  on  ledges,  the  item  eometlines  baxaia  mocta  cuived,  uid, 
Willi  ill  qwodini  bini(la  ud  pendent  bruchkii.  oflea  lormi 
a  Mrikiag  and  plclureviue  object  id  tlpine  puia  ud  steep 
Rviaa.  Id  ibe  pnvtleat  Kuiopeoa  vuielia  tlie  buk  ii 
redifitb-cny,  md  niba  rough  and  Kured  Id  old  Ueo.  which 
■R  often  much  Hcbea-covered.  The  tnuik  ■ttaiu  m  height  of 
fiom  go  to  140  lu,  with  a  diameler  o[  Iiom  3  to  j  It.  neu  the 
ground,  but  in  dode  woods  is  compsntivcly  slender  in  proportion 
to  its  ^titude.  The  lanh  tbounds  on  the  Alps  of  SviucrUsd, 
on  which  it  flourbhet  Kt  an  elevation  of  5000  IL,  and  abo  on 
tbo«e  of  Tirol  and  Savoy,  on  the  Carpathiaiu,  and  in  moitof  the 
hQl  Ttfotit  ol  cenltal  Europe;  il  is  not  wild  OD  the  ^icnniw! 


low  Adund  ritnatloiHt  It  1>  naiMtildy  watfh,  rnjitlin  a 
.  it  is  as  Uttle 
ind  ue  imall 


-^ betttr  than  any  o(  tba  Er 

thoufh  not  u  eluik  u  KHBe:  pnnK 
1^_,_  __  -  .pii,.  Ok  boughs 


liat>le  Id  ihxiak 
arcTufly  KUODcdj  for 


DnadUeC  ct  Larch  (Latis  nnpaa). 
diajn,  or  the  PyrtQees,  and  in  the  wild  state  is  unknown  hi  the 
Spanish  peninauU.  It  forms  ettensive  woods  m  Rusua,  liut 
does  not  extend  to  Scandinavia,  when  its  absence  is  loniewfaal 
remarkable,  u  the  tree  giowi  freely  In  Norway  and  Sweden 
where  ptuited,  and  even  multlpUn  itself  by  tdf-sown  seed, 
accotdiog  to  F.C.  Schllbeler,  in  the  BeigbbouthoodolTrondhjem. 
In  the  north-essitm  parls  ol  Russia,  In  ihe  country  towards 
Ibe  Pelcbora  liver,  and  on  the  Ural,  a  peculiar  variety  prevails, 
regarded  by  some  as  a  distincr  species  {L.  sibirica),  this  lorm  is 
abundant  nearly  throughout  Siberia,  eitending  to  the  PadGc 
coisl  of  Kamchatka  and  the  hills  of  the  Amur  re^on.  The 
Siberian  larch  has  saiaolh  grey  bark  and  smaOer  cones,  apprtsch- 
ing  in  shape  somewhat  to  those  of  the  American  hackmatack; 
ft  seems  even  hardier  than  the  Alpine  tree,  growing  up  to  latitude 
&B^,  but,  as  the  bdement  climate  of  the  polar  shores  is  neared, 
dwindling  down  to  a  dwaif  and  even  trailing  bush. 

The  larch,  from  its  lody  straight  trunk  and  the  high  quality 
of  its  wood,  il  one  of  the  most  important  of  conifeivui  trees; 
its  growth  Is  extremely  rapid,  the  item  attaining  a  large  siee 
in  from  liity  to  eighty  years,  while  the  tree  yields  good  oseiul 
timber  at  forty  or  hity;  it  forms  firm  heartwood  at  an  early 
age,  and  the  sapwood  is  less  perishable  than  that  of  the  firs, 


le  young  sti 


hebcBvarir 


felling,  and  then  allowed  n 

1  completely  before  sawiDg  up  the  Ion; 

3  while  the  tret  il  lUnding,  and  lei«ng 

i[  year,  has  been  often  advised  with  the 

larcn  as  wttn  other  tunuer,  but  the  practical  isconveidences  td  the 

plan  have  prevented  Us  aiSoptira  on  any  large  scale.    When  well 

prepared  lor  use,  larch  Is  one  of  Ibe  nose  durable  of  cooiferDiia 

woodL    Its  strength  and  toughness  render  it  valuable  foe  naval 

^..^^_^^   --  ^L!^  r_  ^  largely  applied;  lis  freedom  from  any 

II  it  for  cUokcT'buill  boats.    Il  is  much  en. 

ing;  most  of  Ihe  pictuiesqae  latJuuiet  in 

I  cantons  are  built  of  MUIred  hrch  trunks 

own  tint  from  the  haidenid  miD  that  tbiwly 

after  long  eiposire  to  the  wimpier  aun;  the 

in  SwitierUnd  supply  the  place  of  tilea,  are 

.    In  CcTmany  il  u  much  used  by  the  cooper 

let  for  which  long  strai^t  timbD-  u  needciL 
c-posti  and  livrtja^rm;  many  of  the  founda. 

iated,  not  only  In  medieval  timea,  bat  in  the 


'Ihanmany  morrcoslly  WDoda.    A  peculiarity 

-.   _ -.- Biculty  with  which  It  is  icoiBd,  ahhoggh  ■> 

reboousj  and,  coated  with  a  thin  layer  of  pUiur,  beam  and 
pitlanaf  hrch  might  probably  be  found  to  juttdr  Caesar's  epithet 
igni  impenelrabne  fignum  ,  even  the  small  onnchcs  are  n« 
eadly  kept  slight,  and  a  Isich  En  in  the  open  needs  eoniidenble 
care.  Yet  the  loreau  of  laech  in  Siberia  often  nAr  froa  a»- 
Bagialioa.  When  thcie  fires  occur  while  the  tncs  are  full  ef  sap, 
a  curioua  mudtniaDus  mattet  b  exuded  f  ioB  the  haU^wnt  nemai 
when  dry  il  ■•  oT pale  leddiih  colour,  like  some  ol  the  esuiH'  i^Bils 
of  gum-arat4c.  and  Is  lolBhle  in  waler,  the  lolulian  icaeaHfait  gam- 
water,  in  plaoe  of  which  il  Is  sontedmes  used;  couldenbte  qnasAMiea 
are  rollecied  and  loM  as  "  Orenburg  gum  ";  in  Siberia  aad  "  iiis 
il  It  BCSBDiially  emplayed  as  a  lem-medicinal  food,  being  csteenied 
an  antiscorbutic  For  burning  in  c1«e  itovet  and  furnaces,  larch 
maket  tolerably  good  fuel,  iti  value  being  eaiimated  by  Hartig  as 
Ol^y  one-BIlh  \rm  than  thai  of  beech;  tbr  chaiml  ■  compact. 
and  is  in  demaad  for  iron-tmelting  and  other  metaUnrgic  lues  ia 
parti  of  Europe. 


n  Ihe  I 


bundana 


especially  when  growing  In  cUmalea 

Savoy  and  tfie  louth  of  Swilserlaad.  k  h 
.   ^..       ---"- quantity asforiDCfly, when, 

iriv  lunner;  holei  an  bcaed 
ird  lowardt  the  eeane  id  the 

ller^  placS'm"l^"holea 
m  [Milt  hung  on  the  end  ct 

ywMa  from  6  to  g  ft  a  ye 


cotErted  lor  ale.  idoiiih  dot  ii 

which  il  is  obnved  10  one  fa  the  arl] 

to  cofleel  m  small  lacunae;  vrxxlei 

convey  Ibe  viscous  fluid  into  little  * 

each  gutter,  the  secretion  ilowa  tlcwly 

and  will  conlinue  10  rive  an  annual  lupply  lor  iliUly  or  forty  «n. 
being.  ho*evcr,  renriered  quite  uaeleu  tor  timber  by  lubfcctlon  la 
ihii  pnieeSL  In  Tirol,  a  Hnglc  hole  it. made  near  Ihe  root  of  the 
tree  in  Ihe  taring;  this  it  stopped  with  a  plug,  and  the  eurpeniiBc 
ii  removed  by  a  icoop  in  the  autumn ;  but  each  tree  yields  only 
from  a  few  ounces  10  4  lb  by  this  process.  Rcsl  laich  turpenlinr  H 
a  thick  lenacioin  lluid.  of  a  deep  yellow  colour,  and  nearty  tran^ 

oil  of  turpentine,  also  rnin.  aucciinc,  (nnie  and  tylvic  aods.  and  a 
bitter  enractive  mstter.  According  to  Peieiia,  much  toU  onder 
the  name  of  Venice  lurpenlirte  is  a  mlxtun  of  common  resin  and 
oil  □(  turpentine.  On  the  French  Alpa  •  tweet  exudalisa  ia  found 
tns  11  bra  nchlett  ol  young  larches  in  June  and  July,  lesembliv 

.._ 1  1 — .; .!_  „j  Inown  as  ildna  4t 

In  anIlwUddi  biHotar 
e  nendng  before  th*;  arc 

iti  cathartic  powen  are  weaker  than  ihnae  of  Ihe  manna  tl  (he 
manna  atb  (Aniuuu  (ntM).  but  it  is  i^iloyed  in  France  for  the 

The  baik  of  Ibe  larch  iilarftly  used  In  some  cou 
rt  it  taken  from  the  mink  onlv.  being  ilrliiped  Jn 

to  the'  nperirnce  of  British  tanni 
that  of  the  oak.    The  so' 


.__ .„  ,  .-3a  liuMi  oC  tht  laith  ai 

acivtniar   ' 

Tlie  ludi,  thou^  nwnrioDni  by  PiriEEuon  in  i6jgu"T»ritd 
iip"bjr  a  lev'*knvnof  VBriply'*u  a  r^  eicHJc,  dora  not  tevra 
lo  ban  been  moch  grown  in  England  till  tv\y  in  the  iSlh  cmlury. 
In  ScDtland  tbc  dale  ol  jls  introduction  is  a  diiputcd  point, 
but  IE  «mi  lo  have  been  pluilcd  al  Dunbeld  by  tbe  ind  duke 
s(  Atbole  in  1717,  and  aboat  thineen  01  Inneen  jrean  lalci 
CDDsidenible  plailUkim  wnc  nude  at  tbU  place,  the  cDnmence- 
nent  ol  one  ef  the  laixcst  phntiog  eiperiment)  on  reccsd;  it  a 
eaioUed  tlut  i«  milllDD  lanba  ireic  planted  ea  tbe  Albote 
ettata  between  that  date  and  1S16.  The  culiivatioa  ol  the  tree 
npkUjr  spnad,  and  the  larch  has  become  a  nupicuaua  icatuR 
of  tbe  leawry  in  many  pana  of  Scotland.    It  grows  as  rapidly 

its  borne  on  the  Alps,  and  oiten  produces  equally  good  timber. 
The  lardi  of  Europe  is  osenliaUy  1  mountain  tree,  and  lequires 
■oe  only  free  air  above,  but  a  certain  moderale  amount  of 
BKWIun  in  tbe  soil  bescatb,  witb,  at  the  same  time,  perfect 
drunage,  ID  bcinf  tiie  timfair  to  perfection.  Where  there  it 
(nniplele  freedom  fnm  tlaguat  water  in  Ibe  ground,  and 
abundant  nom  (or  the  spread  at  its  branches  lo  light  and  air, 
tbe  lanb  will  Bouriah  in  a  gnu  vaiiely  of  soils,  stiH  clays,  -nn 
^r  raoasy  peat,  and  moist  aUuvEum  hnng  the  chief  exceptions; 
io  its  native  localities  it  seems  partial  to  the  debris  of  primitive 
and  metamoq>hic  rockSi  but  is  occtuonaUy  found  growing 


antfy  0 


the  largest  site,  and  forms  the  best  timber,  on  the  nottbem 
declivities  of  the  mountaiu;  bnt  in  Scotland  *  (outhtra  upecl 
appears  most  favourable. 

The  best  varielv  for  cultnre  in  Brilain  is  that  with  n^  female 
Scfwns;  the  H^lit-noweral  Idnds  are  said  to  produce  jnTerior  w-wd. 
Mod  the  Sibmao  brch  does  not  grow  Id  Scotland  neaHy  aa  fail  aa 
tbe  Alpine  tiee.  The  luch  is  railed  froni  seed  in  inunenje  numbcti 
■D  Bmnfa  nurseriesi  that  obtained  from  Germany  ia  preferred. 
being  more  perfectly  ripened  than  tbe  onca  of  home  growth  usually 
— -  The  Hvda  are  sown  in  April,  on  rich  grouod.  which  should  not 
-  -'  'be  young  larches  are  planted  out  when 
n  tran^cmd  to  a  nursery  bed  (o  attain 

-B^.  . ., . conifers,  they  succeed  best  when  planted 

,^.ng;  gd  the  mouQtaJns,  the  leedlinn  are  usually  put  into  a  mere 
slit  iwde  in  llie  muod  by  a  spade  wiAi  a  triangutar  Uade.  the  place 
being  first  dtdced  of  any  heath,  blacken,  or  tan  fierbage  that  might 
aniotWlhe  young  tree;  the  planu  should  '-  ' —  -  —  -  '- 


)ru(iing  is  n 


id  beywid 


succ«d  on  arat^ie  la 


which  should  I 

Ducb:  liitle  or  do  bruni... 

ef  dead  branches,    the  larch  Is  a 

seem  to  support  this  view;  that  against  the  previous  occupalion 
of  the  ground  by  Scotch  fir  or  Norway  nruce  is  probably  better 
founded,  and,  where  timber  is  the  object,  It  should  not  be  iiUnted 
with  other  eoniferL  On  the  Grampians  and  neighbouring  hills  tbe 
larch  will  floutiih  at  a  greater  ekvailon  than  the  pine,  and  wiH 
grow  up  in  an  altitude  of  170a  or  even  itoo  li.;  but  It  attains  its 
full  sae  DB  lower  slopes.  In  very  dryandWenklocalltiei,  theScwrh 
fir  will  probably  be  more  succeBfu]  up  to  uo  ft.  above  the  •»,  tbe 
Unit  of  the  luauriaot  growth  of  that  hardy  conifer  in  Britain;  and 
in  moiit  valleys  or  on  imperfectly  drained  accH^ties  Norway 
spruce  ia  moce  suitable.  Tbe  RTOwtb  of  (he  Larch  nliile  young  la 
eieeediinly  rapid;  in  the  aoulh  d  England  it  wiO  often  attain  a 
he^c  tX2i  ft.  in  Ibe  first  ten  yean,  while  ii>  laveuable  localilica 
It  wiB  grow  upwardi  of  to  ft.  in  hall  a  century  or  less:  one  at 
Duntddfeflcd  inty  >ears  after  planting  was  110  ft.  high:  but 
Dsuaity  the  tiee  does  not  incteaie  so  lapltHy  after  tbe  first  thirty 
of  tony  yean.  Some  laichea  in  Scotland  rival  hi  aiae  the  moK 
B^gtlcspeamenBtasdiiuinthBr  native  woodai  a  tree  al  I>alwick. 
Peebleashlie,  attained  $  It.  in  diaraelec!  oae  at  Glcoatbuck,  near 
the  Clyde,  giew  above  14a  ft.  high,  with  a  ciTcamferencc  of  IJ  It. 
The  annualinciease  in  ^nh  la  often  considerable  even  in  large  trees; 
Ibe  fine  laich  Har  the  abbey  of  Dunlield  figaml  by  Strait  in  his 
SJInBrilanmUairKiatti  at  II.  between  ITMaad  iSlJ,  itsmeasurt- 
Dent  at  tbe  Uller  dale  bang  II  ft.,  Kith  aMght  e(  47)  ft. 

In  the  south  of  En^nd.  the larct  la  much  |Iantad  Tor  the  aqpi^y 
of  hc»-pales,  though  in  pana  of  Kent  and  Sussaa  poke  formed  ^ 
Sfwuh  chestnut  arc  tegaided  aa  allU  morelasdng.  In  ptantatioai 
made  with  this  abject,  the  aeedlingi  ai«  placed  very  dose  (from  1 1 
(0 1  fc  apart),  and  either  cut  dawn  al  at  om,  whaa  Iba  laqHiied 


UM  213 

height  ia  stt^aLj  ar  tUaned  (M,  leaal^  th*  leauMialn  to  ^in  a 
neater  kaglh:  the  lead  la  always  well  ueBdied  belocc  ijanlinc. 
Ilie  best  aioBEh  for  larcfa  planliDg,  whether  for  polo  or  eunbo-,  a 
Woaambcri  laicbea  an  •~— ''-—  phated  in  the  apring.  bat  Ibe 
pracike  caaaoa  he  wwimfndfri,  aa  the  sap  flows  eariy,  and.  if  a  dry 
periad  lollowa,  the  inanh  ia  aan  to  be  chacked.  The  thuunngs  of 
the  taieh  wooda  in  Oe  Highhndaair  l"  ibiuait  I"  — ii— ,> .!_«« 
scalfc4d  poles,  and  mining  tin''" 


gencmlly  su 


le  V^ 


d  Iv  the 


The  young  seedlings  are  aometima 
rabbit:  and  on  pBru  of  tbe  highland 

be  lenord  in  to  li«p  out  the  bill^caltie,  whkb  wU  bniwie  upon 
Ibe  ihoou  in  ipriv.  The  "  wxttr  aphia,'"  "  Ameritaa  blight,  la 
"  lairh  blight '' (J&J«aaH  iBkiii  aftea  altaclta  die  ncea  in  dev 
valbya,  but  rately  spreads  much  Dilcsa  other  tuhcnhhy  contfitiDna 
are  present.  The  Urch  snleri  fnm  several  dbeaaea  calked  by 
funp;  themodimiHetant  iathebi^^anker  cauaed  by  thepaiawi. 
ism  ol  Paiia  WiiiiammiL  Tbcnoces  gernunate  oaadaDpaarfaee 
and  enter  the  cofenthmagbnaancneborwoundain  Ibe  protecting 
layer.  Tbe  fungiB-myceliuin  will  go  on  grosnng  ladefiaitdy  in  th* 
ramlHum  [awr.Efaaa  bUtDnanddestrayiiisalargerana  yaarby  ye~~ 
Tbe  mm  tffective  method  of  nentneat  is  lo  cut  oat  the  diteai 
tvaarh  at  nntch  ai  eariy  an  poisible.     ADOthei 


unsuitahie  soiL  cspedally  soil  oontalning  1 
Contidenble  —■—'■=—  -■  ■ — •■  -■-'^ 
ir  use  ia  tbe  _.__ 
lie  quality  varies 
[aOan  sample  in  the 
boot  14I  lb  to  the  I 


of  lanh  til 

idditlon  to  inc  a 

Kew  (of  a  very  da 


iacape  Hardener,  the  larch  is  a  valuaUe  aid  in  the 
advantage  as  when  liat^r^  orer  some  tumUing  bum  or  rocky 
known  as  ibe  "djogping"  larch  var.  ptHdnia,  11  ov^asiooally  mrt 


obtained  In  a  pure  state  by  diitillaiTaa  from  a  concent  rated  infuuon 
of  the  bark:  it  is  a  cokiurtesa  lubsance  in  long  ciyitals,  with  1 
bitter  a.id  astringent  taste,  and  a  Faint  add  leactiMi;  beiux  mne 
term  It  fanstau  aoA 

The  European  laTch  has  long  been  Intmluccd  into  the  Unitei! 
States,  where,  in  suitable  localities,  it  flourishes  as  luluiiantly 
aa  in  Britain,  nantntions  have  W«n  made  in  Amerfca  with  an 
eoononir  view,  the  tree  growing  much  fuler,  and  producing 
good  Limber  at  an  earlier  age  than  the  nalive  backmaladt 
(or  tamanck),  while  the  wood  is  less  ponderoua,  and  tbettlote 
more  gcncnlly  appHcable. 

The  genu*  it  repiescnled  in  the  eastern  parts  of  North  Ameiica 
by  the  backraalack  (Z-  aMcriMaa),  of  which  there  are  several 
varieties,  two  so  well  marked  that  tbey  are  by  some  bataniil» 
considered  specilically  distinct.  In  one  {L  «ifrccv^)  the  cones 
are  veiy  small,  rarely  exceeding  t  >n.  in  length,  of  a  roundisb- 
ohlong  shape;  the  scales  arc  very  few  in  number,  crimson  in 
the  young  slate,  reddish-brown  when  ripe;  the  tree  much  m. 
semblcs  the  European  larcb  in  general  appearance  hut  [so!  mott 
slender  growth;  itt  trunk  is  seldom  more  ibun  i  It.  in  diameter 
and  rarely  above  So  ft.  high;  Ihis  form  b  the  red  larch,  the 
tpimtu  Tnt'  oi  the  French  Canadians  The  bbck  latth  {L. 
itndtia)  has  rather  larger  cones,  of  an  oblong  shape,  about )  in. 
long,  purplish  or  green  in  the  inmatute  Uale,  and  dark  brown 
when  ripe,  the  scales  somewhat  more  numeioiii,  Ibe  btacis  all 
dwiler  than  the  traks.  Hie  bark  ii  dark  bhiish.gny,  smoother 
than  in  the  red  brch,  on  the  trunk  and  lower  booghs  oflra 
^osty;  ihe  biaacbe)  are  mon  01  lets  pendulous  and  veiy 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


21+ 

LAI 

The  ted  Urek  (iwn 

"•^ 

roS?^5 

U^k  larch  l^ou^  Steo  on  mcul  bud.  ud  tv 

bKlnutack  it  one  o( 

(ha  mo* 

hiiingmldeinanli 

oltlKoalaaltl 

■iid*cki«<^^«dr*« 

mudiM 

Ibatodhc  pirn  and  fi 

KoCOuu 

hive  bcncuc  down,  btiiUifB  modi  gf  it  uiUiiUt 
diUrkUl  il  abound!  npn^ly  nsr  Lake  S(  Ja 

tT=I!^ 

LARCHER— LARDNER,  N. 


_  ._  — --^^  —  „ — ,  -_  -_..__    ,_  je  cimbo'  and 

buildjnf  yaids  tbe  "  red  *'  hacknuudt  i*  tbe  kind  fnfdnvcl,  tbe 

pndiice, probably,  ol L-  mknarfti  tbe" my*'  ii  * —  -^ ■"■ 

bul  [be  nritlia  fnin  wkkta  tin  voocb  an  d 
alwava  be  traced  witb  cenainljr,    Sevoal  fine  i 

Urcbeiiuin  Enriitb  parka,  bat  ita  frovlh  ia  ini 

of  Z-  tmpntti  the  monpcuduloui  forini  ol  X,  pfWifAia,.  ^^a— 
trees  for  Iho  gardeiL  Th  backmatucka  inickt  perfMya  bo  grow 
with  advanti^f  in  pUcea  loo  wet  for  tbe  conmcit  larch. 

In  weatcm  America  a  larch  (t-  trtiJtwIaiu)  occura  itHn  peart; 
revmbling  i-uM^va.  Tbelave«artthaft,  thicker  and  more  raiii 
than  in  any  of  the  other  tarcheaj  ihcconea  are  niach  larter  than  thu 


a  rigid  Ica/.lik 


fending  fi 


Amerifan  colufrn;  it  ia  dbrablo  and  atkpted  lor 

LARCREH.  nERHE  HEHRI  (i  716-1811), 
ichobr  and  archaralogiil,  was  bom  at  Dijo 
October  17)6.  Originally  inlendcd  lor  the  ti 
It  lor  the  clauia.  His  (ananymoiis)  tratulat 
Ckaertai  and  Colli 


n  the  i: 


Hi>    alti 
II  (published  under 


'    VlKUi 


.bandoned 
lymoiis)  traoslatioa  of  Chariton's 
6])  nutked  hrm  as  an  eicellent 
.  upon  VoUalto'i  Pkilnsofhli  it 
le  nicne  ol  TAbb*  Baiin)  cieiled 
IK.  His  uchaeolofpcal  and  mylho- 
(1775),   which   has  been   ranked 


admission  10  the  Academic  dcs  lucriplions  (177S).  Ailet  the 
bnpeiial  university  waa  founded,  he  was  appointed  proieswr 
of  Creek  tlieniure  (itoq)  wlih  Boisnnade  as  his  assiiunt. 
He  died  on  the  imd  of  December  i8ij.  Larcher^  best  work 
was  his  iranslaiion  of  Herodotus  (ifM,  new  ed.  by  L.  Humbert, 
iSSo)  on  the  preparation  ol  which  he  had  spent  filieeo  yean. 
The  translation  itself,  though  cortvcl,  is  dull,  but  the  com- 
menlary  (translated  into  English,  London,  iSig,  new  ed, 
1814.  by  W.  D,  Cooley)  dealing  wilh  historical,  geographical 
and  cbrooological  questions,  and  enriched  by  a  wealifa  o(  illus- 
Iralion  from  aiicient  and  modem  d.uihors,  is  not  without  value. 


r.  A.  V 


I.  i.  >osi  D.  A.  Wyttenl 


URCI08  Oess  accurately  Lutnm),  Tmn,  probably  sur- 
kamed  FLAVtTS,  a  member  Dt  an  Etruscan  [anuly  (d.  Lan 
Tolumnius.  Lars  PonenaJ  early  settled  In  Rome.  Whm  consul 
in  joi  B.C.  he  was  cboWD  dictator  (the  title  and  office  being 
then  tnimduced  (or  the  (irsi  time)  to  command  against  the 
thirty  Laltn  cities,  wbicb  had  sworn  to  retnslaXe  Tarquin  in 
Rome.  Other  authorities  put  the  a[^intcDcnt  three  years 
later,  when  the  plebeians  lefiued  (0  serve  agaiuM  the  Latins 
tmlll  they  had  been  reteaKd  from  ttt  buidea  ol  (bdr  debts. 
He  oppoud  haish  measurei  agtiftH  (he  Latins,  and  ibo  inie- 
(csied  himself  In  the  Improvement  d(  the  lot  o(  the  plebeians. 
His  brother,  Spurius,  is  aatociaied  with  Koratiui  Cadet  in  the 
ilcfence  ol  the  Sublidan  bridge  against  the  Etruscans, 

See  Li'O'.ii-  '0.  IB,  II,  19;  Dion.  Halic.  v.  JO-77,  vL  jji  Qceto. 

URD  (Fr.  lari,  from  Lat.  UiidMm,  bacon  fal,  related  to 
Gt.  Xa^Kvii  lat,  >ivii  daiuy  or  aweet),  tbo  mdled  and  strained 
iai  o[  tbe  common  hog.  Pcopetiy  it  is  prepued  Iron  tbe  "  kal " 
or  fat  oi  the  bowel  and  kidneya,  but  in  commerce  tbe  term 
as  applied  to  products  which  include  lat  obtained  from  other 
pans  of  (be  animal  and  (oaietine)  containing  no  "  kal  "  at  alL 
Lard  of  various  grades  b  made  in  enormous  quanliliei  by 
tbe  great  pork-paclTing  bouses  at  Chica{a  and  elscwheie  in 


Aneiiei.  "  Neutral  lard"  fa  prepared  at  a  (enperatare  d 
40*-5o*  C.  (rom  freshly  killed  hogs;  the  Unesl  quality,  used 
for  making  oleomargarine,  is  got  from  tbe  leaJ,  while  the  second, 
employed  by  biscuil  and  pastry  bakers,  is  obtained  from  iba 
lat  of  the  back.  Steam  heat  is  utilised  In  eaiiacling  Inferiot 
qualities,  such  as  "  choice  lard"  and  "  prime  iIBim  lard," 
the  source  of  the  latter  being  any  lat  portion  ol  the  ammaL 
Lard  is  a  pure  while  fat  ol  a  butter-like  consistence;  its  spedfic 
gravity  is  about  trgi,  it*  aolidifyisg  point  about  aj'-so'  C, 
and  its  melting  pmnt  3S*-45*  C.  It  contains  about  60%  of 
oleia  and  40S  of  palmiiin  and  stearin.   Adutteruion  is  common. 


IDUIton,  awl  vegetable  oils  such  u  cotton  seed  oil:  indeed, 
niitures  have  been  sold  as  lard  that  contain  nothing  but  such 
adulterants.  In  the  pharmacopoeia  laid  figurei  u  oderiand 
ia  employed  as  a  basis  loc  ointments.  Benioaied  lard,  used  foe 
the  tame  purpose,  is  prepared  by  beating  lard  iiilh  i%  of 
powdered  benzoin  for  two  hours;  it  keeps  better  than  grdinaty 
lard,  but  has  slightly  irrilant  properties. 

Laid  oil  is  the  limpid,  dear,  colourless  oil  eipreiaed  by  hydraulic 
pressure  and  gentle  heat  ftom  lard ;  it  is  employed  for  burning 
and  for  lubrication.  Of  the  solid  residue,  lard  "stearinc," 
the  best  qualities  are  utilized  for  making  oleomarsaiino,  tfaa 
iofcrior  ones  in  the  manufacture  of  candles. 

See  J.  LiwIuwiiKh,  Oilt,  Falj  and  Warn  (London,  1909). 

URDHER,  DIONVSIUS  (i7«-iKs«).  Imh  scientific  writer, 
ilm  on  the  jrd  of  April  179],    His  lather,  ai 


lOlicil 


w  the  ; 


Bophy  a 


nomy   I 


University  College,  London,  a  position  he  held  till  1S40,  i 
he  eloped  with  a  married  lady,  and  bad  to  leave  the  country. 
Alter  a  lecturing  lour  through  the  piincipgl  ciiies  ol  the  Uniied 
Stales,  which  rraliwd  £to,ooa,  he  returned  to  Europe  in  1S45. 
He  settled  at  Paris,  and  raided  there  till  within  a  few  month* 
of  his  death,  which  took  place  at  Naples  on  the  19th  of  April 

Though  lacking  In  originaHly  or  brilliancy,  Lardner  showed 
himwlf  ID  be  a  successful  poputanter  of  science.  He  wat  the  authw 
of  nun^mHis  mathematical  and  physical  treatises  on  such  subjccia 

(iSasl.  the  itcani  enpne  f I'siaj,  beSde"' haw|.bool??n  wri™ 
deparlmenti  of  natural  philomphy  (1854-1856)1  but  If  is  ai  ibe 
ediioc  of  LuRfner'!  CaiimI  Cydopaidia  (igjo-lSM)  that  he  ii  bea 
nmemhcred.  To  this  idenilfic  library  of  IJ4  voComet  many  of  the 
ablest  Mvantsof  the  day  eoniribuied,  Lanfnw  himiclf  being  the 

and  pneumatics,  mechanic,  (in  cBnyMTDn^iiih'' Henry  Ka'eO 
and  eleciriciiy  (in  conjuoaion  aiih  t.  V.  Walker).  The  CiiWite* 
Z.iJrar>  (11  vols,,  tSjo-tSall  and  tbe  UiLHum  ej  Sdaat  and  AH 
(u  volt.,  r8S4-lSs6)  are  bit  other  chisl  undcrtakinjs.  A  few 
orjginjl  papen  appear  in  the  Royal  iriih  Acadcmy'i  jVoiiMmOiii 
(iS;4).  in  the  Royal  Socicly-(  P,Kccd:ni!  (laji-rBjSJ  aid  in  the 
Asironomlcal  SoiSety's  Uetlhlj  Noli,,,  itB52-iSjj);  and  two 
Stpcrli  10  the  British  Aasociailoa  on  railway  coulantt  (1838,  1841) 

UBDHBH.  NATBAHIEL  (1684-1768),  English  theologian, 
was  bom  at  Hawkhnrsi,  Kent.  Alter  studying  for  the  Presby- 
terian minblry  in  London,  and  also  at  Utrecht  and  Leiden, 
he  took  licence  aa  a  preacbcr  io  1J09,  but  «'as  tu>t  successftiL 
In  171]  be  entered  the  family  d  a  kidy  oF  rank  as  tutor  and 
domestic  chaplain,  where  he  remained  until  1711,  to  1714 
he  was  appointed  to  deliver  the  Tuesday  evening  lecture  fn  the 
Fmbylerian  chapel.  Old  Jewry,  London,  and  in  1719  he  beume 
assistant  minister  to  the  Fresbyleriaa  congregation  in  Crutched 
Fiiais.  He  waigiveB  the  degree  of  DJ>.lq'MBrIschal  CcJicge, 
Aberdeen,  Ed  1745.     B«  died  at  Hawkhum  on  the  141I1  tA  July 


1768. 

by  ^tdrew  Kipiat  it  profiled  to 
«™  'in  iaj7.    The  (uu'iit?e  ol 


ditmnaf  the  i 


T7C9;  aod  a  life 


dqf'Ul  Nim  7'uUiucal  UKfiiuad  if  PuaglK^  A'ld4m  Aukort, 


LAREDO— LARES 


WiilBi  i/ttt  Nn  TtU 


wen  alto  pubJithed  tawmMly. 
A  Hitun  «!  Uh  Af^'  **i  El 

mtMl.viiai6t<i- '-  '— ' 

■oria  by  Ljrdi .__._.. 

HfOim   rtuimmiia  Im  lb  TfUlk  tf  Ik,  Ckr    .  .  .    . 

St4ii  ami  Okmafim  U  volt.,  410,  I7t4'i;eTl!  TV  Hitlary  </ 
tin  Htraia  ^  Ikl  CW  jSril  Cmlnrwi  a/lir  Cirtil,  putiluhdj  potl- 


jFI^ttl 


D.S^.,  ud  ■  lub-poit  oi  tntry,  on  iIk  Rio  Cnode 
Nuevo  Xuvdo,  Unico,  ud  ijo  m.  S.  al  Su  AnioniiL  r<qi. 
(igoo)  ij^i^  <4  whom  68S1  wtra  fordgn-boni  (moiily  Mcii- 
c>D>>  and  81  BCSTOSi  (1910  ciibib)  nfiss-  It  is  iRvcd  by 
the  InrnnMioul  k  Cnal  Nanbem,  tbc  Ntlioiul  ol  Mexico, 
the  Ten*  MeiJcu  and  Ihe  Rio  Gitode  &  Eagie  Pau  nilmys, 
md  is  CDoaected  by  biidgei  with  Nucvo  Lucdo.  Among  lbs 
priodpil  buiMinci  are  the  U.S.  Covcmnteot  Building,  ibc 
Dty  Hall  and  tbe  County  Court  Houh;  and  the  city'i  instilu- 
tioat  include  the  Laredo  Srminaiy  (iBSi)  lot  boys  and  giili,  the 
Mercy  Hospital,  tlie  National  Railroad  oi  Meiln  Hospital  and 
ao  llBuline  Cottvtnl.  Loni  Vbla  Park  (65  >cti4)  is  a  pleaniie 
RKHrt,  and  upmcdialely  W.  of  Laredo  on  Ibe  Rio  Grande 
B  For  Mcintosh  (fotEMtty  Camp  Cnwlord),  a  United  Slala 
guliiiry  pott.  Laredo  i>  it  jobl^j-  centiv  (et  trade  betmcn 
the  Unitn)  Stales  and  Mako,  and  a  a  sulHWrt  of  enliy  in  the 
Corpus  Chrlsti  Cuuonu  Diiliict.  It  is  situated  in  aEOOtl  (imiiDC 
and  citile-rai»sg  r^on,  iirigiied  by  water  from  the  Rio  Grande. 
The  principal  crop  is  Bermuda  onions;  in  J90Q  it  W4S  estimated 
that  1500  acres  in  Ihe  vicinity  were  devoted  to  Ibis  crop,  tbe 
•venfe  yidd  per  acre  being  abcait  m.ooo  tb.  There  »ie  coal 
mineiaboat  ijm.  above  Laredo  on  Ibe  Rio  Cnnde.  and  mtiml 
gaa  wai  diK»vend  about  sS  n.  E.  in  igoi.  The  manufacture 
«(  bricki  it  iq  importint  industry.  Laredo  w»  named  fmm 
the  seip«t  in  Spain,  and  wai  founded  in  1^6;  uaUeiicantawn; 
it  originally  inctuded  what  is  now  Nuevo  Laredo,  Mexico,  and 
mi  kinf  tbe  Only  Meiicsii  town  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river. 
It  na  c^it«nd  in  ii*6  by  a  force  of  Tex»  Ringen,  and  in 
tS47  wu  oocupied  by  U.S.  troops  under  General  Lamar.  In 
1851  it  was  chartered  as  a  dty  of  Tens. 

U  HlOLB,  ■  town  of  ■outh-westein  France,  capital  ol  sn 
amndisfeinent  In  Ibt  dcpanment  o[  Cinode,  on  the  light  bank 
of  tbe  Cifonde,  jS  m.  S.B.  of  Bordeaux  by  nil.  Pop.  (igoe) 
J460.  La  JUoh  grew  up  round  a  manadery  founded  In  Ihe 
Tih  or  Sth  century,  which  was  reformed  in  the  nth  century  and 
took  Iba  name  of  Rigula,  whence  Ihst  of  the  town.  A  church 
ol  Ihe  end  erf  [he  iilh  century  and  loateof  the  buildings  (iSlh 
an(ury)  are  left.  There  It  alio  a  town  hall  ot  the  iith  and 
i4ih  ceniuiies.  Tbe  town  forlilicationi  were  dismanlled  by 
order  of  RIdielieu,  but  remains  dating  tmn  the  nth  and  i4lh 
centuries  are  lo  be  seen,  as  well  as  a  ruined  chlteau  bdll  by 
Hrnry  II.  ol  En|^nd.  La  Rfole  has  a  sub-prrfeclure,  a  tribunal 
of  firsi  instance,  a  communal  college  and  an  agricultural  school. 
The  town  is  the  centre  of  (he  dliUict  In  which  Ihe  ucU-known 
breed  oF  Buadsis  cattle  fs  reared.  It  is  an  agricullurat  market 
and  cirncs  on  trade  in  the  wine  of  the  region  logelher  with 
fiqueor distillery  and  Ihenunufactureof  casks,  rope,  bnwmi,  tic. 
LAKES  (older  form  Zorei),  Roman  tutelary  deities.  The 
is  generally  supposed  to  mean  "lords,"  and  identifird 


with  E 


r;  but  this  is  by  no 


.    The 


}  harmonize  the  Stoic  demonology  with  Romai 
icugion  ica  to  the  Larct  being  compared  with  the  Greek  "  heroes ' 
daring  the  period  of  GreeD-Ranian  culture,  and  the  word  is 
frequently  tnntbtcd  4(wn.  In  the  later  peiiod  of  the  republic 
iheyare  confounded  with  the  PcMla  (and  other  deities),  though 
Ibe  distinction  between  them  was  probably  more  sharply  marked 
In  earlier  limes.  They  were  originally  gods  of  the  cultlvited 
SeMs,  wonhipped  by  each  household  where  its  aUotraent  johkid 
those  ol  othen  (see  below).  The  distinction  between  public 
ttid  private  Lares  existed  from  early  limes.  ,  The  Utter  were 
WHibipped  In  the  bouse  by  the  Itmi^  alone,  and  tbe  boueebold 


ais 


Lar  (/aiwiliajii)  was  conceived  of  u 
family  and  of  the  family  cull.  Tlie  word  itself  {in  Ih 
came  to  be  used  in  the  general  sense  of  "  home."  Tl  is  certain 
thai  originDlly  each  boutdwld  bad  only  one  Lar;  the  plural 
was  at  first  only  used  to  include  other  classes  of  Lares,  and  only 
gradually,  after  the  time  of  CicerOj  ousted  Ibe  singular.  The 
image  of  the  Lar,  made  of  wood,  stone  or  metal,  sometimes 
even  of  silver,  stood  in  its  special  shrine  ^arariHm]^  which  in 
early  times  was  in  the  atrium,  but  was  afterwards  transferred 
IDoIhcr  parts  of  the  house,  when  the  family  hearth  was  removed 
Irom  the  atrium.  In  some  of  Ihe  Pompeian  houses  Ihe  lararitim 
was  represented  by  a  niche  only,  containing  Ihe  image  of  the  far. 
It  was  usually  a  youthful  Hgure,  dressed  in  a  short,  high-girt 
tum'c,  holding  in  one  hand  a  thyica  (diinking-horn),  in  Ihe  other 
a  faltra  (cup).  Under  the  Empire  we  find  usually  two  of  these, 
one  on  etch  side  of  the  central  figure  of  the  Genius  of  tbe  head 
of  the  household,  sometimes  of  Vesta  the  heanh-deity.    The 

was  said  10  the  Lar  every  morning,  and  at  each  meal  offpiings 
of  food  and  drink  were  set  before  him;  a  portion  of  these  wai 
placed  on  the  heirlh  and  afterwards  shaken  into  the  fire.  Speciil 
sacrifices  were  oBcrcd  on  the  kalends,  nones,  and  ides  of  every 
month,  and  on  the  occasion  of  important  family  events.  Sucb 
events  were  the  birthday  of  the  head  of  the  household;  Ibe 
assumption  of  Ibe  te^o  lirifii  by  a  son;  the  festival  of  the 
Carislia  in  memoiy  of  deceased ,  members  of  the  housthotd; 
recovery  from  illness;  the  entry  of  a  young  bride  into  the  house 
for  Ihe  first  time;  return  home  after  t,  long  absence.  On  these 
occasions  the  Laces  were  crowned  wiib  garlands,  and  oHerings  ol 
cakes  and  honey,  wine  and  incense,  but  especially  swine,  were 
laid  before  Ihem.  Their  worship  persisted  ihrougboui  the 
pagan  period,  although  its  chancier  changed  cnnsiderably  In 
bier  limes.  The  emperor  Alexander  Scvtrut  had  images  of 
Abraham,  Christ  and  Aleunder  the  Great  among  his  bouschold 

The  public  Lares  belonged  to  tbe  iiale  telixinn.  Amor.gil 
these  must  be  included,  al  least  afler  Ibe  time  ol  Augustus,  the 
larti  camfilJii,  Originally  two  in  number,  mylhologically  Lbe 
sons  of  Mercurius  and  Lan  (orLsrundi),  they  were  the  presiding 
dcilies  oi  the  cross-roads  (mmfila),  where  they  had  their  special 
chapels.  It  has  been  maintained  by  some  that  Ibey  ate  ibe  twin 
brothen  so  frequent  in  early  religions,  Ihe  Romulus  and  Remus 
of  the  Roman  foundation  legends.  Their  sphere  ol  inlluence 
included  not  only  the  ctras-oads,  but  the  whole  neighbouring 
district  of  the  town  and  country  in  which  ihey  were  situated 
They  had  a  special  annual  festival,  called  Compiialia.  lo  which 
public  games  were  added  tome  time  during  the  republican 
period.  When  the  collegetoffreedmen  and  ilavn,  who  atsitlcd 
the  presidents  of  tbe  festival,  were  abolished  by  Julius  Canar, 
it  fell  into  disuse.  Its  importance  was  revived  by  Augustus, 
¥iha  added  lo  these  Lares  hk  own  Genius,  the  religious  pctsoni- 
ficalion  of  tbe  enpire. 

ThesItleitselfhadiLsown  Lares,  called  ^geiftfci,  Ihe  protect- 
ing patnins  and  guardians  of  the  city.  They  had  a  umple  and 
altar  on  the  Via  Sacra,  near  tbe  Palatine,  and  were  represented 
on  coins  as  young  men  wearing  the  chlai^s,  carrying  lances, 
seated,  with  a  dog,  the  emblem  of  watchfulness,  at  their  feet. 
Mention  may  also  be  made  of  the  £dm  (rrnuf  ikt,  whose  woiship 
was  connected  with  the  while  tow  of  Alba  Longn  and  its  thirty 
yonng  (the  epithet  has  been  connected  with  p*""!'!,  to  grunt): 
the  tialti,  who  protected  travellers;  the  ioiiilii,  who  kepi  oS 
the  enemies  of  the  state;  the  pmiarini,  connected  with  the  sea, 
lo  wfaotn  L.  Aemihui  Hcglllus,  after  a  naval  victory  over 
Antiodnis  (iQo  I.e.),  vowed  a  lemptg  in  tbe  Camp«s  Martius, 
which  wai  didicalol  by  M.  Aenuliui  Lepidus  Ihe  censor  in 
IT* 

The  old  view  that  tbe  Lares  were  the  ddfitd  ancestors  of  Ihe 
family  has  been  retecied  blely  by  Witsowa,  who  balds  that  Ihe 
Lar  was  orif^nally  Ihe  pioteciiag  spirit  of  a  man's  lot  of  arable 
bnd,  with  a  thrine  ai  the  ampiium.  i.t.  the  spot  where  the  path 


zcdbyGoo^le 


2l6 


LA  REVELLIERB-LEPEAUX— LARINO 


tn  kdditiofl  cr 


i."'«S!r-i-5 


le  Fowler  m  the  i 


o  the  mtnualt  at  Mar 
■nd  KuKlicr'i  laikn  dir  Mylluliitit. 

■ihI  /^ulni  (fir  JImer  (1903),  p.  14S  [oil.;  / 
wisstnidiofl  (19Q4.  P-  ^  'oU.)  ud  W.  Winfc 
peiiodicftL  (190&,  p.  519}- 

U  R£VELLliRZ-l£FB4trZ.  LOUIS  MUIB  DE  (1753- 
1S14),  FicDcta  polidcian,  membrr  of  ifac  Vinxiocy,  Ok  son  ol 
J.  B.  de  la  R^dliirc,  was  bom  at  Moaialgn  {Wtadtt),  on  the 
a4th  of  August  1753^  The  name  of  Upeaui  be  adoptod  from  a 
Imall  iHvpcrty  bdongiog  to  his  (amity,  and  he  was  known  locally 
■s  M.  de  Lfpcaui.  He  Itudied  Law  at  AnEcrs  and  Fans,  being 
called  to  the  bar  in  1775-  A  deputy  to  the  ttsiB-general  in 
i;St.  be  returned  at  Ibecloscof  the  session  to  Angers,  where  viih 
bU  KhoDl-ltlends  J.  B.  Lederc  and  Urbain  Kent  PUastie  he 
lat  on  the  CDimdl  o[  Maini-et-Loire,  and  had  to  deal  with  (he 
fint  Vend^n  oulbreal^s.  In  ijgi  he  was  ictunied  by  the 
il[:pai1nient  to  the  Convenlion,  and  on  the  i(ilh  o[  November 
he  proposed  the  fimous  decree  by  which  France  oHeled  protec- 
tion lo  Toieign  DitiDDi  in  Iheir  struggle  lor  Ubcny.  Although  La 
RfveHiire-Upeaux  voted  for  Ihe  death  of  Louis  XVI.,  he  was 
not  in  general  agreement  with  Ihe  e«remiils.  Proscribed  with 
the  Girondlns  in  1793  he  was  in  hidipg  unill  the  levolulloa  of 
Q-io  Tbermidor  (27lh  and  38ih  of  July  17Q4).  After  aerring  on 
the  comiDissioii  to  prepare  the  initiation  of  the  new  eonsiituiion 
te  became  in  July  1 705  prc^dent  of  the  Assembly,  and  shortly 
afletwirds  a  nembcr  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety.  His 
name  stood  first  on  the  list  ol  direclois  dected,  and  he  became 
^rraideaC  of  the  Directory.  Of  his  colleagues  he  was  in  alliance 
wilh  Jean  Francois  Rewbell  and  to  a  less  degree  with  Barras, 
but  the  greatest  of  his  fellcnr-directors,  Laaare  Camot.  was  tbe 
object  ol  his  undying  hatred.  His  policy  was  marked  by  a  bilter 
liostilily  lo  the  Christian  relipon,  which  be  proposed  10  supplant 
u a dviliaing agent  by tfaeophiianlhropy,  anew  teligion InvenLed 
by  the  En^idi  ddst  David  Williama.  The  credit  of  the  amp 
i'llal  ol  18  Fructidor  {4tb  ol  September  1797),  by  which  Ibe 
allied  directon  made  tbenuelves  supreme.  La  RfvelUire  arrogated 
lo  himself  In  his  iHrteiret,  which  in  this  as  in  other  matters 
must  be  read  with  caution.  Compelled  to  risign  by  the  revolu- 
"■'■'"■     ■  "      :  T7wl  he  lived  ' 


m  after  his  n 


.    He  died  on  (be  iftfa  ol  Mareh  1S14. 


The  Ittmnirii  of  It  lUvtllifre-Upeaui  wen  edited  fay  R.  D. 
-    -      — '-,ig9s),   5etal«E.Charaw^.taJftjel«fc»- 

axtfrmt  (1903), 

UROBHTttllB,  a  town  of  loutb-caltem  France,  capital  o(  an 
iirondissemeiil  in  the  depntment  o(  Ard^e,  in  tbe  narrow 
valley  of  the  Lijne,  jg  m.  S.W.  of  Privai  by  road.  Rip.  (1906) 
ifiQO.  A  church  ol  the  rilh,  ijth  and  t5th  centuries  and  the 
old  castle  of  the  bishops  of  Vivien,  lords  of  Largentitre,  now 
used  as  a  ho^ttal,  are  the  chief  boitdl'i^  The  town  is  tbe 
■cat  of  a  sub-prefect  and  of  a  tribunal  ol  first  instance;  and  has 
iilk-mills,  and  carries  on  ailk-ajHnning.  wine-crowing  and  trade 
In  fruit  and  sik.  It  owes  111  name  lo  allrei-niina  worked  in 
tbe  vidnlty  in  the  middle  ages. 

LAKOItllftB^  mOOLU  {i«s«-i74fi|,  French  pdnter,  wia 
bomatnutooBlbe  loth  of  October  1656,  Hilfathcr.ameidianc, 
look  hin  to  AntwBp  at  the  age  of  three,  and  while  a  lad  be 
■pent  neaity  Mra  jttn  in  London.  The  attempt  (o  turn  his 
Mteatioo  to  bmineM  havfaig  tailed,  he  entered,  some  time  after 
bii  retniD  te  Antwerp,  the  studio  of  Goubeau,  qvdtling  (hii  at 
Ibe  age  of  d^eoi  to  teA  Ui  fortune  in  Englaiid,  wbtn  be  was 
befriended  t^  Leiy,  who  employed  hhn  for  four  yean  at  Windsor. 
Hii  •UB  atlmcted  the  noIicB  of  Cbariei  II,  wbo  wished  to  retain 
hira  ia  Ui  Hrvice,  but  ike  foiy  aroMed  agaiut  Roman  CatboUct 
by  the  Rye  House  ^ot  alarmed  LargOlihe,  nod  he  went  to  Paris, 
where  he  waa  well  recdved  by  Le  Bng  and  Vau  der  Meulcn. 
In  ipfte  of  his  Flemisli  ttalolag,  Ut  npdtilion,  eipedally  as  a 
pottrdt-paintif,  was  aooo  eatabli^ed;  bis  btUUiU  ooLour  and 
Body  umch  auracled  all  tbe  cdebiitiat  of  tbe  day— uIrsks, 
pubGc  men  and  popular  preachei*  flocking  to  lua  Mudio.  HucI, 
'les.  Cardinal  d*  NoaOfc*,  tbe  OiKka  and 


President  Lambert,  with  his  beanliful  wife  and  ilaii)^ter,  an 
amongst  his  most  noted  subjects.  It  is  said  that  Janet  IL 
recalled  LaTgilliirelo  Enf^and  on  his  acceBioD  to  IhelhroociB 
16S5.  >hai  he  dedised  tbe  office  ol  keeper  of  tbe  royal  coUeciiona, 
but  thai,  during  a  short  stay  in  London,  he  painted  ponraits  of  the 
king,  Ihe  queen  and  the  prince  ol  Wales.  This  last  is  impossible. 
as  the  bitlh  of  the  prince  did  not  take  place  till  168S;  the  three 
portraits,  therefore',  painted  by  LaigUiiire  d  tbe  prince  In  his 
' ,  to  which  dly  he 


mcdso 


le  before  Marcl 


.cadcmy  as  a  member,  and  presented  u  h!>  diploma  |ifctun 
the  hne  portrait  of  LeBrun,nowio  the  Louvre.  He  waa  recesved 
as  an  historical  painter;  but,  although  he  occasioaally  produced 
works  ol  that  class  ("  Crucifinon,"  engraved  by  Roetlten), 
and  also  treated  subjects  of  si  ill  life,  it  was  in  hlRorirat  portiaiu 
(bat  he  einlled.  Horace  Walpole  aula  that  be  left  In  London 
those  of  Pierre  van  der  Meulcn  and  of  Syhrtcht.  Several  of  his 
work*  are  at  Versailles.  The  church  ol  St  £tienne  dn  HonC  at 
Paris  contains  Ihe  finest  example  of  Largilli^ric's  work  whoi 
dealing  with  large  groups  of  figures;  it  is  an  ex  isM  offend  by 
the  dty  10  St  Geneviivc,  painted  in  1694,  and  coidainii^  por- 
traits ol  ail  Ibe  lodiiig  officers  ol  tbe  munidpafa'ty.  Lar^BUie 
passed  through  every  poat  of  honour  In  tbe  Academy,  antQ  In 
1743  he  was  made  chancellor.  He  died  on  the  nth  of  Mardi 
174&  Jean  Baptisie  Oudry  was  the  noM  distiagniahed  ol  hia 
pupils.  Largilliirc's  w«k  found  skilful  InterpreKn  in  Van 
Schuppen,  £ddinck,  Dc^lacea,  Drevet,  Pilau  and  olber 
engtaver^ 

LAMS,  a  police  burgh  and  watering  place  of  Ayrshire, 
ScoUaad.  Pop.  I'ooi)  3146.  It  is  ailuated  4j  m.  W.  by  S.  ol 
Glasgow  by  the  Glasgow  ft  Soutb-Weslem  railway.  Its  fina 
beach  and  dry,  bradng  dimate  have  attracted  many  wcaltfay 
residents,  and  Ihe  number  of  tunuet  visiton  is  also  large 
The  public  buildings  include  ihc  Clark  hospital,  the  Victoria 
home  and  the  SteBtmori  institute  and 


mecbania' 


in  1636.    Near  it  a  mound 

Norwegians  who  Id!  in  the  battle  (ii6j)  bMnaen  AJ 

and  HaCD,  king  of  Norway.    The  harbour  la  ned  mainly  by 

Clyde  passenger  tteamcn  and  yachtsmen.    From  tbe  qoay  a 

broad  esphuade  baa  been  constructed  northwards  round  the 

bay,  and  there  is  an  eicellent  golf  course.    Kdbume  Caatle, 

1  m.  S.,  a  seat  of  the  eail  of  CUegow,  Hands  in  romantic  scenery. 

FUEUE.  J  m.  S.,  anoiber  seaside  retort,  *Iib  a  Ration  on  tbe 

Glasgow  tL  Souih-Westem  railway,  is  the  connetlinj-piAit 

for  Millport  on  Great  Cumbrae.    Once  a  fiihlng  village,  it  baa 

acquired  a  great  reputation  for  its  yachta. 

LUtOUS,  SCRIBOHIDS.  court  physidan  to  the  empcnz 
Claudius.  About  ajt.  4;,  at  (be  request  of  Gaius  Julius  Callist  us, 
the  emperor's  freednaa,  be  drew  up  a  list  of  171  praaiiiiions 
(Cns^Ntltosfl),  moM  of  tbem  bit  own,  although  he  acknowledged 
bis  indtbtedDBB  la  hi*  lutora,  10  fctends  and  to  tbo  writiap  at 
emiaoit  phytidana.  Certain  old  wivta'  Ecmcdies  ace  also  is- 
dudad.  Tba  wok  baa  i»  pietenaiou  to  style,  ^  ■—"'-■'■« 
maiiy  coUoquialiiai*.  The  greater  part  ol  it  was  tnoafsred 
wilbont  Bcknawledgmcst  to  tbe  work  e(  MaiceUu*  Empirical 
(c.  4ro},  A  Ui&Mm—lu  Empiridi.  Pkyatu,  t  Xatiamalalilna, 
wldch  i*  af  gnat  value  for  tbe  conectioa  of  Ihe  text  d  I^igo*. 

See  the  (dhfaa  <t  Oe  Cntarilifiw  by  G.  Hamrekh  CTcsb^ 
•erics,  liST). 

LUIHO  <anCL  larnws)  a  town  and  leiristnpal  ate  of  the  UobM 
(pnvfaiceof  Canpobuso),  Italy,  }>m.N£.of  CampobaaNby 
tail  <sa  n.  dinct),  9B4  ft.  abovi  aea-levd.  Pop.  {iqoii  TOM- 
Tbe  cathedral,  coapletid  in  ijiq,  haia  good  Colluc  la^iki  tb* 
iotoior  has  10  aoDie  eitmt  been  qnUt  by  lata  rotntatioB 
Tbe  campanile  lols  upon  a  Gothic  atrli  erected  in  r45r.  Ihi 
Palana  Coauaaie  ba*  a  courtyard  of  ibe  16th  oeatury.  Thai 
the  ancient  town  (which  is  dose  M  the  mDdBn)  existed 
before  tbe  Roman  aopremacy  had  extended  so  far  1*  proved  by 
the  cgina.  It  lay  in  the  ibd  Augustan  region  (Apulia),  but  Ibe 
jMvlebekiogedlatbeFKOlaalbyrace.    Ilaatroag  poailionpvt 


LARISSA— LARK 


c  in  the  miliUiT  luitiiiy  irf  luly  fntm  the  Huuu- 
tolk  nrs  onwaidi.  The  Iowd  hu  a  mMnttifitm,  liiuaud  on  the 
uiQ  lend  to  Ilw  S  E.,  which  lefL  the  caut  u  hutoDiuin  tVulo) 
and  ran  Irom  Lannum  E-  to  Siponlum  From  Ijiuiam  «  bnuKb 
nwl  nm  to  BovUaum  Veiiu.  Remuiu  of  its  cily  wdlt,  ef  il> 
imphitbmie  ind  ilw  ol  taUu,  &c.,  eiul,  mid  it  did  not  coue 
to  be  lohabtted  unlil  sfler  the  orthquake  of  IJw,  when  lb« 
imicrD  cuy  wai  stabbilled.  Cluenliui,  the  cltnU  o[  Cicero, 
■ha  deliveced  a  ^ccch  In  bit  Uniui,  wtit  »  uktLve  oI  Luuiuib, 
hii  iathei  havini  been  praetor  of  Uie  allied  Corcet  m  ihe  Social 
War.  [T  M) 

LASI5SA  (Tuck,  fen'  Skilir.'ntv  Iowa"),  the  mou  im- 
portant town  of  Thcsaly,  titualed  in  a  rich  agticultural  diitnct 
oD  ihe  nght  bank  of  the  SaUunbm  (PRteto*.  Peieui,  Penniu), 
iboui  3s  m  NW.  of  Void,  with  vhich  it  i>  connecnd  by  rail 
Fop^IiSSg)  13.610,  {1007)  la.cai  Till  18S1  il  vutheieBtof  i 
puha  in  Che  viliyet  of  JuuiinA,  it  ii  now  the  capital  of  the  Greek 
province  mkd  the  scat  of  a  nomarch.  Its  Long  subjection  to 
Turkey  has  left  Little  trace  of  antiquity,  and  the  nvBl  striking 
features  in  the  gcneiBl  view  are  the  mlnvcts  of  Ibe  duused 
mgaques  [only  louc  are  now  in  use)  and  the  Mabammedan 
huiyiDK-groiuid^  It  was  formerly  a  Turkish  mi lituy  centre  and 
DHHt  of  t  he  people  were  of  Turkish  tdood.  In  Ihe  ouukins  is  a 
viUjige  of  Africans  from  the  Sudan—a  curious  tenuiant  of  the 
lores  collectcdby  Ali  Pasha,  The  manulacturainclude  Turkish 
Icaihec.cotton,  lilkwultatucoa,  trade  and  industry,  howevei,are 
1,  though  improving  owing  to  the  immigra- 


diMricti     ( 


.  ol  1! 


of  the  T-. 


ud  the  death-rate  is  higher  than  the  birlh- 

pOTlion  of  the  Turkish  population  emigrated  In  lESi;  a  further 

eiodus  took  i^ce  in  189E,    The  dcpiinmeDi  of  tansa  had 

lie  lire  of  the  Homeric  Ariiiu,  li  appBin  m  early  limes,  when 
Thenaly  vai  nuiDly  governed  by  a  few  aiiilociatic  lamilsDa,  ai  an 
iTDporiant  city  iiiKler  Ehe  rule  ol  the  Alcuadoe,  '  ' 

vKlcnded  over  the  whole  dtstrkr  of  Pelasgiolis.     r-   

l^nily  poHCHed  for  many  generatlont  before  J69  n  c  the  privilege 
of  fumahing  the  Tagus,orHeBeraliiiiiiH,of  the  com  tuned  ThesuLiaa 
forces.    The  pnnciiul  rivab  <d  the  AJniadae  were  Ihe  Scopadae  of 
Crannon.  Ihe  remaitu  of  lAich  (callnl  by  the  Turks  OU  l^rum)  1 
iboul  14  m.  to  Ihe  S.W.  The  inhabitants  sided  with  Atheni  duti 
the  Pebnionnetian  War,  and  duiliia  the  Roman  Invadon  Iheir  c 
wai  of  eonMdeiBble  inpeitaace,    Skc  the  Jth  cnUiry  it  has  bi 
the  aeal  iJ  an  airhlutiHi.  who  has  now  fifleea  Hiffiagani.    Lan 
wutheheadauartersofAji  PashadurinplbeCreek  Warof  Indepei 

War';  the  flight  of  the  Creek  army  from  this  place  to  Pharwla  tr 
place  on  the  Ijrd  of  April  i«4T.   NolicesofiBmeBnciejit  inscrmtlDns 
nuod  at  Laniui  aie givm  by  Milleiin  ifHaalu  ^iWdtifUi  (Paris- 


Ario 


~'!U!. 


:nifieda 


'named  Pelaa^ia  (Sirat 


lilleiin  ifHaasi  UlWdlifUi  (Pai 
fs  nre  found  in  Ihe  ncighbourhr 


onlomany'Tohitlan' 

meTn  TheTulVw  Laruu 
p.  440).  silualed  oa  Ibe  1 


LlRISTjlM,  a  tut)-provioce  of  the  province  of  Fan  in  Pcrsi 
bounded  E.  and  N.E.  by  Kernian  and  S.  by  Ihe  tersiin  Gu 
Ii  tics  between  «S°  30*  and  j8°  15*  N-  »i»l  tietween  51°  30'  ai 
S^  JO*  E.  Mid  has  an  extreme  breadth  and  lenflh  of  110  ai 
I  to  Di.  respectively,  with  an  area  of  about  10,000  sq.  m.  Po 
•bout  90,000.    Laiistin  c  '  "      ' 


thei: 
undy  VI 


leys  sti 


le  low-lyii 


idpbins 


atied  with  rocky  hills  ai 


[  coast  lards  malarious. 


In  the  highlands 
dates  and  othe 


the  country  would  be  mostly  uninhabitable.  Uany 
infested  with  Guinea  worm  (ji/oria  mcJmoiJJi,  Gm.).  The 
loait  it  chiefly  occnpied  by  Arab  tribes  who  were  vhrHiully  inde- 
pendent, paying  merely  a  naminal  tribute  to  the  shah's  govern- 
ment until  iSgS  They  reside  in  (mall  towns  and  mud  lorti 
Kaltcrcd  obng  Ihe  coast.    The  people  of  the 


banian  stodi,  and  there  ut  alto  •  fnr  Bonudi  «i  (he 

ablilQ  tribe  which  came  to  Persia  in  the  iiih  centnty 

piovmce  was  subdued  by  a  Turkish  ehiel.     Lailttan 

In  iDdepcndenl  state  under  a  Turkish  ruler  uald  i6o>, 

b  Ibrahim  Kiian  was  deposed  and. put  to  death  by 

las  the  Great,    The  province  is  subdivided  into  eight 

I  Lat,  the  capital  and  envtrans.  mth  J4  villagei, 

Ihtham  with   11,   (j)   Bikhab   Fal  with  lo,  (4) 

Jehanguiyeh  Miib  ]o,  (s)  Sbibkuh  with  j6,  (6)  Fumiatan  with 

J,  (t)    KauriaUD  with  4,  (8)    Maayijan   with  6  villages. 

Lingah,  with  It*  pnndpal  place  Bander  Luigafa  and  11  viUagci, 

formerly  a  pan  nl  LaJisiaii,  ■>  now  included  in  the  "  Peiaian 

Cull  Ports,"  a  separate  adramistrailve  division,     Laiislan  ts 

~  mous  for   the  condiment  called  ttdjhdleili  (fiih-jelly),  a  com- 

lund  of  pounded  small  aprat-hke  fish,  sail,  nus]ard,  nulmef, 

ovesand  other  spices,  used  as  a  reh^  with  nearly  all  foods. 

UaiVBY,  PlEItKE  (c.  isso-ieii),  French  dramatist,    of 

Italian  ongin,  was  the  son  of  one  ol  the  Cionta,  the  famous 

nters  of  Flureoce  and  Venk*.    The  family  wit  esubhshed 

Tioyes  and  had  taken  the  name  of  Lonvey  or  L'Arrivey, 

by  way  of  iranslatioB  from  gmaia.     I^cne  Lanviy  appears  ti 


•  deAto 


.    Heh 


TheCf 

luraliiad  the  Italian  comn 
adapted,  lather  than  Iranslau 
rrench  prose.  The  £nt  voli 
ippeaied  in  is;o,  and  the  aecoi 
■       ■  ■    ~     -  (,(  iiij 


K.  of  which  he  eventually  bccanw 
iheiheonginatorof  Fpencbeooiedy. 
TaiUe  dates  from  ij6i,  but  Larivey 
nedy  of  inliiguc    in    France,     He 


Ihe  Camtdia  fetMinsti 

Li.  Only  nine  in  all  were 
I  dcptcted  in  these  plays 
IS  maicnea  ny  ine  coarseness  01  ine  eipressioB.  Larivey:s 
merit  lies  in  the  use  of  popular  langusge  in  (halogue,  which  ollen 
nscs  to  real  eicetlence,  and  was  not  without  influence  oa  Moliire 
and  Regnard.  MoliJre's  VAmrt  owes  something  to  the  scene 
in  Lalivey's  masterpiece.  La  Eiprils,  where  Sivcrin  laments 
the  loss  of  his  purse,  and  the  opening  ii:ene  of  the  piece  secnu 
lo  have  suggested  Regnard's  Rilaur  imprtvu.  It  is  uncertain 
wbelher  Larivey's  plays  were  represented,  though  they  were 
evidently  wriitea  for  the  stage.  In  any  case  piose  comedy 
gained  very  little  giound  In  popular  favour  before  the  time  of 
Moliire.  l^vey  was  Ihe  author  of  many  Iranslalions,  varying 
in  subject  from  the  Factiicasa  nuUs  (1S73I  of  Straparola  to  the 
Hi^fsaniU  ie  Jiita-Claiil  (1604)  Irom  Fielro  Arclino. 

URK  [0.  Eng.  MiKKt,  Gcr.  Unit.  Dun.  Lairit.  Dutch  Leta- 
wtrit).  a  bird's  name  used  in  a  talhti  general  sense,  the  specific 
meaning  being  signiSed  by  a  prefix,  as  skylark,  lillaik,  woodltik. 
It  seems  to  be  nearly  CDniemiiniius  with  the  Laiia  Alaada  as 
used  by  older  authors^  uid.  though  this  was  la  some  cMtent 
limucd  by  Linnaeus,  several  of  the  species  included  by  him 
under  the  genus  be  so  designated  have  long  since  been  reteired 
elsewhere.  By  Englishmen  the  word  lark,  used  without  qualihcar 
tion,  alnjosL  invariably  means  the  skylark,  AUuda  crttnsiit 
which,  as  the  best-known  and  most  widefy  spread  ^KCies  througb- 
oul  Europe,  has  been  invariaUy  nnsidered  the  type  of  the  genus. 
01  all  buds  it  holds  unquestionably  the  foremost  phiee  to  Eo^ish 


any  yeai 


n  captivity,  0 


tbriUing  song  many  times  in  an  hour 
for  weeks  or  months  together.  The  skylark  Is  probably  the  most 
plentilul  of  the  class  in  western  Europe  Not  only  does  it 
frequent  almost  all  unwooded  diatricts  in  that  quarter  ol  the 
globe,  but ,  unlike  most  birds,  its  numbeifl  Increase  with  the  spread 
of  agricullulal  improvement.  Nesting  chiefly  in  the  growing 
c«n,  its  eggs  and  young  are  protected  In  a  great  moisuie  from 
iDolslat»n,  and.  as  each  pair  o(  biidi  will  rear  levetnl  broods 
1  Lf  larpiaii,  from  the  ffdf ostfi  of  Ludovleo  Dolce :  £11  Vttntt 
from  Ihe  Viima  ol  Ninilo  BuDnapanei  La  Eipnii.  Iiom  the 
AridHur  at  Lsceniina  de  Medicii:  Lr  JVi^mta.  Irom  Ihe  C(f«ia  of 
Aiilon>aCrauiai,Z^i  Ja/m,  Irom  the  frtiiii  of  Vincenl  Gabbianj; 
and  i*i  EitDUuTj.  from  ihe  Crua  ol  GiroUmo  Raiti,  in  the  im 
volume:  and  in  the  se<v>nd,  fniilSiir,  from  the  Celtiia  ol  Raul; 
f>  Fi4ilr.  fnn  the  fMib  of  Luiii  Paiqualisa;  and  la  Tnmptna, 
tiom  the  ;-!*«•  of  N.  SecdiL 


2lS 


in  Ihe  maul,  (heir  praduee  en  the  ivcnge  my  be  tu  down 
u  u  lost  quadrupling  the  original  ttock-Mhe  eggt  in  euli 
Dot  vuyng  tmra  five  la  Lhree.  Young  LirLa  leave  Ibeir  lunh- 
place  as  aooa  at  tbtf  can  ihi[t  lor  Ihemdvet.  Wben  the 
ilubblo  are  cleared,  old  and  roung  oongregale  in  Aocki. 

In  Gteat  Br^tau  in  the  autumn  tbey  give  place  (0  t^tben 
coming  ftom  more  norlherl)'  diUrict*.  and  Ihen  H  winler  ntcreedi 
ingteti  put  vanuh,  leaving  hula  iiihe  of  the  numbenprevlouslx 
present  On  (he  approach  of  leveie  weather  great  floifka  arrive 
from  Iheconlincnlol  Europe.  On  the  lait  coasl  of  both  Scotland 
and  England  Ihu  [nunigntion  baa  been  noticed  i 
in  a  eonatanl  ilnani  for  aa  many  at  three  dayi  In 
Farther  inland  the  blrdl  an  obiervcd  "in  nnm 
incalculable," and  "incDuntlaahuDdiedl."   In  tbcs 

reproduction  it  u  rapid,  and  Ih*  condiiiona  of  life  n 
"    -  (o  (e»i  any  terlouidinii 


LARK 

aisimiUted  In  bue 


in  the  numben  of  the  ipedea. 

The  skylark's  range  extends 

Faeroe  to  the  Kurile  Islands. 

China.   Nepal,  the  Punjab,   F 

killed  in  Bei^uda,  Ibougb  its 
doubtful.  It  baa  been  succevli 
in  the  suie  of  Nei>  Vnrk,  into  : 
in  which  latia  ii  has  bei 


B  the  Old  World  from 


:b  perbapi  a  doten  may  be  deemed  valid, 
bwdn  a  tuppavd  local  race,  Alamda  mitiUi.  the  diUerence 
between  whicJi  and  the  nennal  bird  Is  shown  in  the  annexed 
woodnil  Ifig.  i),  kindly  lent  to  ibii  work  by  H.  E.  Dreeser,  in 
whose  £irdi  a/ £iirs^  it  is  deicribed  at  length.  ThoeaiefovBd 
in  various  paits  of  Aliica  and  Asia. 

The  woodlark.  Li^ula  arbarta,  a  a  much  mote  loca]  and,  tbere- 
foie,  a  fai  \m  numeioui  bird  than  the  skylark,  from  which  [I 
nay  be  easily  distinguished  by  iti  finer  bill,  shorter  toil,  more 
spotted  breast  and  light  tnpeniliary  stripe.  Though  not  sclually 
inhabiting  woods,  at  its  (omraon  name  might  imply,  it  \)  iddom 
found  far  from  trees.  Its  song  wants  ibc  viriely  and  power  of 
the  skylark's,  but  has  a  resonant  iweeinest  peculiaily  Its  own. 
The  bird,  however,  requlra  much  care  in  captivity.  It  has  by 
no  means  lo  *nde  a  range  ai  the  skyUuk.  and  perbapt  the  matt 
eastern  locality  recorded  f«  it  is  Enenim,  while  its  appeannce 
in  Egypt  and  even  in  Algeria  muu  be  accounted  race. 

Not  far  removed  from  the  foregoing  is  a  group  of  larks  char- 
aclcriicd  by  a  larger  crest,  a  stronger  atid  more  curved  IhU, 
a  rufous  lining  to  the  winp,  and  tome  other  minor  Eeatarca.  Tbit 
group  has  been  generally  termed  Calcrilt,  and  has  for  its  type 

enougb  in  pans  ol  France  and  some  other  countries  of  tbe 
European  tmtinenl.  and  one  which  hu  been  obtained  Mveral 
times  b,  the  British  Islands,  Many  of  the  birds  of  this  group 
frequent  the  bordcit  if  not  the  interior  of  desBis.  asd  luch  at 


that  of  tbeir  haunts.    The  la 
isiic    may   at   ooserved   in    leveral   other  g 
[ftoie  known  aa  belAnging  id  the  genera  CalaKdrtOa,  AmmtmaiKi 
and  CirlMtiaiiia,  tome  speeiei  of  wbch  are  of  a  light  sandy 
last  named  Is  of  very  pectiUar 


irordv  of 


ol  tbe  sumplibilitjr 
from  eiteroal  ciccum- 
ity,  and  perhaps  no 
nomggeneout  group  Ol  rasstra  couio  h  found  which  better 
diqilays  tbe  working  of  natural  selection.  Almost  every 
character  that  among  FasteriBe  birda  is  accounted  most  sure 
is  in  the  larks  found  subject  lo  modification.  The  form  of  the 
bill  varies  in  an  eitraordinary  degree  In  the  woodlark  (Gg. 
1,  A),  already  noticed,  it  Is  almost  as  slender  at  a  warbler's, 
in  /niHiHiKi  it  is  short;  in  CtrlliiUiJa  (fig  i,  B)  it  it  elon- 
gated and  curved,  in  PyrrkaltuJn  and  MAmtairytla  (Gg 
J,  A)  it  it  stout  and  linchlike,  uhHe  m  fOtamfkecoiyt  (Eg. 
i,  B]  it  is  exaggerated  to  an  extent  that  surpasses  almost  any 
Fringilline  [arm.  ticeiding  In  its  development  that  found  in 
some  members  of  the  peipleiing  genus  Paradexma.  and  even 
presenting  a  resembtanci  to  tbe  same  feature  In  the  far-distant 
Anuiomvi — the  tamla  ol  the  maiilla  not  meeting  those  of  the 
mandibuli  along  their  whole  length,  but  leaving  an  open  space 
between  theoi  The  hind  daw,  generally  greatly  elongated  in 
laiks,  is  in  Catandrftta  (Bg   4]  and  some  other  genera  reduced 


The  wings  eihibli  almoit  every 
modification,  from  the  almost  entire  abortioo  of  the  fint  prima  ly 
in  the  skylark  to  its  considerable  development  fhg.  ;),  and  from 
Eertiats  and  scapulars  of  ordinary  length  to  the  cafreme  elonga. 
tion  foimd  iD  the  tlelatiaiiai  and  almost  in  certain  Umiielat. 
The  tnost  conttont  character  indeed  of  the  Alaudidtu  would  seem 
to  be  that  afforded  by  the  falelSaa  or  covering  of  tbe  tarsus, 
which  is  leuteltate  bdiiad  as  well  aa  In  front,  but  t.  character 
easily  overlooked.' 

In  the  Old  World  btki  ait   found  in  moat  parU  ot  llie 
^  By  aiHEning  far  too  great  an  ietportanee  Eo  this  lupFrAcial  char^ 

S-6j)  wai  induced  (a  array  the  lirVt.  bmipaes  and  wenl  other 
teroxencaui  giaapt  in  one  "  leriet,"  to  which  he  applied  tbt  dUM 


HtLizcdByGoOJ^Ie 


LARKHALL— LA  ROCHE 


FalaeMciic,  Elhfciriu  aiiil  Indiin  regiom,  but  only  one  get 
Muafra^  mhibju  Ausmlla,  wbcre  i\  is  rcprocntBl  by, 
lar  AS  is  tsceniuird,  a  lin^e  ipecu*.  U.  kari^tldi,  and  Ifanc 
B  DO  true  talk  indignoiu  to  New  Zalud.  la  the  Ne«  W«U 
there  IS  Alao  onJ^  ooe  guiiu,  Otacoryi^  where  it  is  ^eproented 
bjr  Duur  laco.  »iiic  ol  which  ckoely  ipproaih  the  Old  World 
shMC-lsrk,  0,  alptilrii.  The  ihore-lark  ii  in  £urope  a  iiMivc 
«l  only  Ihc  eitrnne  north,  but  a  veiy  connnoQ  near  Ihe  shores 
of  tbe  Vannget  Fjoid,  lad  likeinM'  brredi  on  nuMmtiin-lopt 
Itnhci  uutb-west,  thouth  siiU  well  wiibin  the  Aittk  circle. 
TIk  RicDow  lone  oS  it)  uU-oote  hai  obtained  lor  it  in  Lapland 
a  name  Bgnifying  "belL-bild,"  and  the  »ng  d(  tfai  axk  ii 
livetx,  Ibough  not  (erjr  loud.    The  bird  truHfully 

Ibe  neighbBurhoodof 
bou&Ot    and 


visUor  ID  Ijie  Ui 
regular  vuiior,  ihougb  in  very  vaiyinf  nutnbert  Theohjerw- 
lioci*  on  Its  habiii  made  by  Audubon  in  Labrador  have  long 
twen  known,  and  often  reprinted  Other  nHi(mcn  o[  thia 
bud  ue  ihe  O.  fniuillala  oI  »uth-«ulern  Europe.  Palntine 
and  central  Alia— lo  shich  art  irlrrrrd  by  H.  E.  Drcuer 
IB  Bmrtpe,  iv.  401)  acveral  other  lorim  oiifiuiUy  dcKnbcd 
■*  dblinct.  All  thKe  birdi,  which  have  b«n  tcmiEd  homed 
Urkl.  from  the  tufi  of  elongated  black  lealhen  gronng  on  each 
tide  of  Ihe  head,  (orD  a  IJlilr  group  auily  Realized  by  their 
peculiar  coloiallon.  which  calb  lo  mind  khdc  ol  Ihe  ringed 

The  name  ol  lark  h  also  frequently  applied  to  many  birds 
which' do  not  belong  lo  the  Alaudidat  ai  now  uodenlood.  The 
mud-lark,  ruch-brk,  lit-larlt  and  tree-lailt  are  pipita  (f.r). 
The  gjaishopper.brk  ii  one  of  the  aqtiatic  watbleri  {(.».). 
white  tbe  10-cailed   meadow-lark  oE  America  is  an   Icterus 

ID  >o<ne  ol  Ihe  tmallcr  mcmbcn  of  Ihe  Lmiatat.  0(  the  true 
lark*.  AlauJiJai,  there  may  be  perhaps  about  one  hundred 
■pedet,  and  it  ii  believed  lo  be  a  physiological  cbaraclci  of 
■be  family  that  they  moult  but  onci  in  the  year,  while  Ihe 
pipils.  which  in  general  appearance  much  resemble  them,  undergo 
'     u  do  other*  ol  the  UilaiiUiilat,  lo  which  they 


arlyal 


\.H.) 


LABKHUL,  a  mining  and  manulaclurli 
shire,  Scstland,  nor  the  left  bank  of  the  Clyde,  1  m.  S.E.  ol 
Glasgow  by  Ihe  Caledoniin  railway.  Pop.  (i(|Oi}  ii,S;o.  The 
Ughesl  bridge  in  Scotland  has  been  thrown  acrojs  the  rivet 
Avon,  which  flowa  tloae  by.  Biirl[.nutkiiig  is  carried  on  at 
Hveralol  the  ad  joining  cnUETirs.  Other  induilrira  include  bleach- 
bg,  silk-weaving,  hre-cliy  and  mamdliiig  works,  and  a  lanilaiy 
apptiancES  factory.     The  town  has  a  public  hall  and  baths. 

LAMKHAWA.  a  town  and  dittrirt  ol  Brilish  India,  in  Sind. 
Bombay.  The  town  b  on  a  tatud  not  far  Iron  the  lodut.  and 
has  a  nation  on  the  Nonh-Wesltm  railway.  iSi  m.  N  by  E. 
o(  Karachi.  It  te  pleasantly  situated  in  a  Irnile  bcality.  and 
is  well  lakt  out  wllh  wklr  streets  and  qiaciout  gardrnt  II 
is  a  centre  el  trade,  wiih  rnaniHicturea  of  coiloa,  silk,  laatbcr, 
aelal-wMe  and  paper     Pop  (1901]  14.H} 


Tbe  DmiKT  OT  Laubami,  lymg  aloog  ihe  rifbl  bank  at 

the  Indus,  was  formed  out  ol  portions  of  Sukkur  and  Karachi 
dtstncti  in  igor.  and  has  an  area  of  ^ogi  sq.  m.j  pop.  (tQOl) 
iSj6,ogj,  showing  an  increase  of  10%  in  Ihe  decade,  lis  wntein 
pan  u  EBOunlauwua,  but  tlir  remainder  is  a  plain  ol  alluvium 
watered  by  canals  and  well  cuhivaied,  being  Ihe  most  fertile 
pan  of  Sind.  The  staple  gnin-cropa  are  rice,  wheal  and  millets, 
which  are  exported,  together  with  wool,  coiton  and  other  agruu]. 
lunl  produce.  CoUon  doih,  carpets,  tail  sod  leather  goods 
are  manulaclured,  and  dyeing  is  an  imporluit  bduHry.  The 
district  is  served  by  the  North- Western  ndway, 

LARKSPDB,  isi  bouny.  ibe  popwUi  name  for  species  si 
MfUnium,  a  genus  of  hardy  herbaceous  planta  bckuigini 
to  the  nataial  oidet  Ranuntuiaceae  (;.•.).  They  are  ol  aect 
branduog  habit,  with  tbe  Oowcn  n  leroinal  racemes,  often 
ol  coniiderable  length.  Blue  is  tbe  predominating  colour, 
but  purple,  pink,  yellow  (O.  Zaia  or  mltivnim].  scarlet  W. 
cardnalii  and  white  also  occur;  the  "spur"  is  produced 
by  the  eleiigalion  of  the  i«pcr  sepaL  ThcAchlDCnKkit  larkspur 
(D    Atacu),  Ibe  branching  larkspur  10.  rnusfiia),  D,  cviu- 

about  ]B  in.    The  spotted  larkitnr  IC  '       ' 

others  are  biennials.    The  perennial  lark 

most  goigecHia  of  Ibe  family.    There  ai 

thisgroup.aalcvtsotiheekland  n< 

ol  varinin.  raised  chiefly  bom 

and  D.  jranJifanm.    Moabers  of  this  gi 

The  larkspurs  are  al  ttty  nhivaliMi,  dlher  in  beds  cr  herbace- 
ous bordera,  Ihe  aoil  abould  be  deeply  dug  and  manured.  The 
annual  varieties  are  best  sown  early  in  April.  wIirt  they  are 
intended  to  Sower,  and  suitaMy  thinned  out  as  grvwih  is  madt 
The  .pereaoial  kinds  at*  incrtaaed  by  ibe  division  of  cnting 
plants  in  spring,  or  by  cuttings  taken  in  spring  or  autumn 
and  rooted  in  pots  in  cdd  Irames.  The  varieties  cannot  be 
perpetuated  with  certainly  by  seed.  Seed  is  the  most  piqiular 
means,  however,  of  raising  larkspurs  in  the  majorily  ol  gardens, 
and  a  suhable  for  all  ordinary  purpoacsi  ll  should  be  sovm 
OS  soon  as  gathered,  prefersUy  in  rows  in  nursery  beds,  and 
the  young  plants  transplanted  when  ready.  They  should 
be  6t  for  the  borden  in  the  spring  of  Ihc  following  year,  and 
if  strong,  should  be  planted  in  groups  about  j  II.  apart.  DcJ- 
phiniuras  require  eipoiure  to  light  and  air.  Given  piaily 
of  ^lace  in  a  rich  soil,  the  plants  rarely  teijuiie  to  be  staked 
except  in  windy  localities. 

LARHACA,  LAJiHica  or  LaiNECA  (anc.  Ciliiiii,  Turk. 
Tiala),  a  town  of  the  idand  of  Cyprus,  at  tbe  bead  of  a  bay 
on  the  south  coast,  tj  m.  S.S.E.  from  Nicosia.  Pop,  tlQoi) 
7064.  li  is  the  principal  port  of  Ihe  island,  exporting  barley, 
wheal,  coitoi,  raaina,  oranges,  kmana  and  gypsum.  There 
Is  an  iron  pier  450  fi.  long,  but  vessels  anchor  in  Ihe  bay  la 
from  16 10  ;ofl.o[  water.  Lamacaoccupies  the  sileol  the  ancient' 
Ciliam,  but  ihe  citadel  ol  Ihe  ancient  city  «ras  used  to  btl  up 
the  ancient  harbour  In  1879.  The  modem  and  principal  rCei- 
dential  part  of  the  town  is  called  Scal&.  Mycenaean  tombs 
and  other  aotiquitis  have  been  found  (see  Cvpivi). 

LA  ROCHE,  a  small  town  in  tbe  Belgian  Ardennes,  notice- 
able lor  its  anliquily  and  its  picturesque  siiuotion.  Pop,  (tQDs) 
]06S,  Its  name  b  derived  liora  its  position  on  a  rock  command- 
ing the  river  Ourthe,  which  ineandeTS  round  Ihe  litllc  place. 
and  skins  the  rock  on  which  are  the  interesting  ruins  of  the  old 
caslle  <d  Ihe  nth  century.  This  is  sopposed  lo  have  been 
Ibe  Bile  of  a  hunting  box  of  Pippin,  and  certainly  the  count* 
of  U  Roche  held  it  in  fief  from  his  descendanis,  Ihe  Cardingian 
rulers.  In  the  iilh  century  they  sold  il  to  the  counts  of  Luxem- 
burg. In  the  i6lh  and  17th  centuries  the  Fmch  and  ImpcriaW 
ista  frequenily  fmi^t  In  its  nelghbairhoad.  and  at  Tenneville, 
not  far  distoni,  is  shown  the  tomb  ol  an  English  uBicer  named 
Bamewsll  killed  in  one  of  these  encounters  in  ifigi.  La  Rocfai 
IS  lanwus  as  a  tourist  centre  on  accounl  ol  Its  fine  sylvan  scenery. 
Among  Ihe  hxal  turiositie*  is  ibc  Diabk^Chlteau,  a  freak  ol 
nature,  being  Ike  appiteni  itplka  ol  ■  medieval  caMlb.  \*- 


220       LA  ROCHEFOUCAULD— LA  ROCHEFOUCAULD,  F.  DE 


Roctw  fa  aumKIrd  by  itam  Iramwiy  with  MdRUi,  i  italion 
on  ihe  miiD  line  frMn  Marloic  to  LKgc, 

U  BOCHEronCAUlD,  (he  rune  (rf  an  old  French  fanDy 
vUch  ii  derived  from  ■  cutle'  in  Ihc  province  of  Angouinaia 
(depulment  of  Charente),  whicb  wu  rrr  its  peaaaSon  In  Ihe 
tith  century,  rnncoa  rte  L*  Bochefouctuld  (i4(H-rST7), 
godsDii  of  Kiiig  Fnnds  I.,  wu  made  count  in  ijij.  Al  ihe  lime 
of  tite  mn  of  rdigion  ibe  family  fought  for  Ibc  Ptoicsiant 
causo,  Frensois  (i  s8S-i6jo)  Waicrealed  duke  »nd  peerof  Fnnce 
by  Lrniii  XIII.  in  ran.  Hii  soa  Franfob  wu  (be  imhor  of 
the  tfan'm.  and  tbe  ion  of  the  Ulier  (ccpiiitd  for  bis  houM 
the  ntBies  of  Lt  Roche-Cuyon  and  Uinooun  by  hi)  mirruge 
wiih  Jeanne  CbarhMte  du  Flcuii-UtnriXitt.  Aleimdre,  due  de 
La  Rochefoucauld  (d.  i;ej),  left  two  daugblen,  who  married 
into  the  Roye  blanch  of  Ihe  family.  Of  (he  numeroni  branches 
of  [he  family  iheiiKxt  famouiare  Iboieof  Boucy,  Roye.  Sayen, 
Douduuville,  Randan  and  EitiBic,  which  all  fumlsbed  disiln- 
guished  slalesmm  and  soidiets. 

LA    BOCHBFDDCAULD,    PRAKCOIS   DB    (rSlJ-lMo),    (be 

and  perhapt  ihr  moEi  comT^cie  and  ■cromptishcd  representative 
of  her  ancient  nobiiity.  ms  born  at  Paris  In  ihe  Rue  des  Petlls 
Champa  on  the  ijih  of  September  ifiij.  The  author  of  the 
Uaiim.  who  during  the  tiletline  ct  Us  father  (lee  above)  and 
pari  of  his  own  moat  Urrring  yean  bore  (he  title  of  prince  de 
MarciUic.  wasiomcwhal  neglected  in  the  matter  ol  educallon, 
at  least  of  the  icholaitic  Und.  bu(  be  Joined  (be  army  belora 
he  was  siiteen,  and  almost  immcdmely  began  lo  mahe  a  figure 
in  public  life     He  had  been  nominally  married  a  year  before 

wile,  white  not  a  breath  ol  scandal  touchs  her — (wo  poinii  in 
which  La  Rochefoucauld  was  perhaps  more  fanunnte  than  he 
deserved.  Foe  lome  yeait  Marcillac  continued  to  lake  part  In 
the  annual  campaigns,  where  he  di^layed  iheuimoit  bravery, 
though  be  never  obtained  credit  for  much  milHaiy  ikiU.  Then 
be  pissed  under  the  ipcU  ol  Madame  de  ChcvreuH.  Ihe  lint  ol 
three  nlcbnled  women  who  lucccssivcly  InRuenced  hia  Me 
Through  UadamedeChevmBchebccameattached  tolhctpiecn. 
Anne  of  Austria,  and  in  one  of  ber  fpiarreli  wiih  RicbcUcu 
and  ber  husband  a  wild  scheme  Keiu  (o  have  b«n  formed, 
according  to  which  Mardlloc  was  to  carry  her  o?  to  Brussels 
on  a  pillion.  These  caballings  agaiost  Rkbelieu,  howeecr,  had 
no  more  serious  irMiltsfan  er^t  days'  ezperieneeol  the  Banitle 
ercepled)  ihan  occasional  eiilcs,  i)b1  is  to  say.  ordeis  to  mire 
(o  hjs  father's  estates.  Alter  the  death  ol  the  great  minisier 
(1641),  q>panunily  acemed  to  be  favourable  to  (h(  vague 

Uaitillac  became  one  of  the  totalled  imporlamli,  and  looL  ao 
active  part  in  leconcitiag  the  queen  and  Condi  in  a  league  against 
Gallon  of  Orleans.  But  the  growing  credit  of  Maiarin  came 
in  his  way.  and  (be  liaiura  In  which  about  ihii  time  |i6(s)  he 
became  miangled  with  the  beautiful  dochass  of  Loigucvillc 
madehin  irremcably  a  Fiondeur.  He  wis  a  conspicans  hgare 
ui  tbe  siege  of  Paiii,  fought  desperately  in  tbe  desultory  en^ge- 
DRnts  which  were  constantly  taking  place,  and  waa  severely 
wounded  al  the  siege  of  Maidyke.  In  Ihe  lecond  Fronde  Maicillac 
followed  the  lortuiKi  of  Condi,  and  the  dcalh  d  his  faiUt, 
which  happened  al  Ibe  time  (lOjo),  gave  iim  to  a  chanctetiuic 
incident.  Tbe  nobibiy  of  the  province  galheted  to  the  lunerai. 
and  ihe  new  duke  dc  La  Recbe[oiicauld  toiA  theOF^nrluoily  ol 
penoadiag  Ihem  to  lollow  hira  in  an  ailempi  on  iho  myalist 
garrison  of  Sauaiut,  which,  however,  wia  not  incccATuL  Wc 
have  no  space  to  foUow  La  Rscbefcsicauld  ibrough  ibe  tixluoits 
cabals  and  negotiations  of  the  bier  Fronde;  ii  is  sufficient  to 
toy  that  he  was  always  bnve  and  generally  unlucky.  His  run 
of  bad  fonuiw  reached  its  dinun  in  Ihe  bailie  of  the  Faubourg 
Saint  Anieine  (i6si].  where  he  was  shot  thtou^  Ibe  head,  and 
ll  was  thought  ihai  he  would  Idk  the  sight  ol  both  eyo.  Il  was 
nearly  a  year  befoir  he  recovered,  and  then  he  found  himself 
al  his  country  seat  of  Vertniil,  with  no  rcsulL  of  twenty  yean' 
■  Tbe  eanlr  waslaigely  irbuilt  In  the  reign  of  Pianiris  I.,  an)  b 


fighting  and  Intriguing  eicept  Imprn'red  health,  a  serioody 
embarrassed  fortune,  and  some  cause  for  bearing  a  grudge 
against  almost  every  party  and  man  oi  Impomnceintheslite. 
He  spent  some  yean  in  Ibfa  retirement,  and  he  was  fonunate 
;nough  (thanks  chiefly  to  the  fidehty  of  GourvDIe,  who  had  been 


in  his : 


when  LouB  XIV.  ■ 
and  Ihc  lurbulcnl  11 
utterly  of  the  pasl. 
Somewhat  ciriiei 
intheialonof  Made 


0.  passin; 


10  the  9 


lof  Maa 


as  on  ihe  eve  of  assuming  absolute  power, 
isLocralic  inardiy  of  (he  Fronde  wis  a  thing 

,  La  Rocheloucauld  had  taken  his  place 
ne  de  Sabli.  a  member  of  the  old  Rambouillet 


It  his  solitude  in  writing  memc 
!m|^oymenI  of  the  Sabli  siJon  1 
and  Uaiimi.      In  iMi.  howr 


his  memirin,  by  th 
y  mninded,  ind  h( 
e  publlcBlliHi,  a  1 


i«5)  hi 


uicepled.    Three  years  latet 


n  Ugh  at 


men  of  lelten  of  Ihe  lime  About  the  same  date  began  the 
Irirndihip  with  Madame  de  la  Fayetle,  which  lasted  till  the  end 
of  his  life  The  glimpses  which  we  have  of  him  henceforward 
are  chieAy  derived  Irom  the  leilen  of  Madame  de  Stvigoj,  «Dd. 
though  ihey  show  him  suflering  agonies  from  gout,  are  on  the 
whole  pleasant.  He  had  a  circle  of  devoted  Iriends;  he  was 
recogniKd  as  a  moraliit  and  man  of  letters  of  ibe  Grai  rank; 
he  migbl  have  entered  the  Academy  for  the  asking,  and  in  ibe 
altered  measuFcof  the  times  his  son,  Ihe  princede  Manrillac,  to 
ii4iom  aoms  lime  beloR  his  death  he  resigned  hia  tillc*  and 
honours,  enjoyed  a  considenble  posilioa  al  court.  Above  all. 
La  Rochefaucauld  was  generally  recogniied  by  his  conlemporariet 
from  the  king  downward  as  a  type  of  Iha  older  nobkae  as  it 
was  before  Ibe  sun  of  the  great  monarch  dimmed  lis  brilliant 
qualitin,  TMs  positian  he  has  retained  until  Ihe  present  day. 
He  died  at  Paris  on  ihc  i;ihoI  Match  1680,0!  the  disease  which 
had  so  long  lormenled  him. 
La   Rochefoucaald'i   cbaiacter,   if  considered   <  '  ' 


a  jhsliki 


thoroughly  respeclable  and  even  amiable  Like 
alnwat  all  ha  eonlenpoiaries,  he  siw  in  politics  lidle  more  than 
a  iboaboard  where  the  people  at  large  were  but  pawns.  Tbe 
freighl  of  tealiiaony,  however.  Inclines  to  the  conclusion  thil  he 
was  umtsuaJly  scrupulous  inhiaconducl,and  that  his  comparative 
iD-Nnna  In  tbe  atrug^e  arose  more  from  this  scrupulousness 
than  from  anything  else.  He  has  been  charged  with  irresolutioa. 
and  there  is  loae  giDund  for  admitting  Ihe  charge  so  far  as  to 
pronounce  Mm  one  ol  Ihoe  Ihe  keenness  of  whose  intellect. 
together  with  (heir  ippnhcmfon  of  both  sides  of  a  quesiioo, 

no  ground  whatevs  for  the  view  which  represents  the  Ua^mt 
ns  Ihe  mere  ouicome  ol  the  spite  of  a  disippoinied  intriguer. 

His  iibportance  ai  a  lodal  and  histoikal  figure  b,  however, 
fai  Inlenoc  to  his  imponance  in  literature.  His  work  in  this 
respect  consists  of  thrvepilta—letlees.  Utmairi  and  the  Jfuiiwj: 
His  lelten  exceed  one  hundmi  in  nun^ief ,  and  are  bngiapltically 

iiiEi;  but  they  need  not  further  detain  us.  The  JVeiunri, 
when  ibey  are  read  in  ibeir  proper  form,  yield  in  literary  merit, 
in  talerest.  aad  In  value  to  no  memoin  of  ibe  time,  noi  even  10 
Ibose  of  Reti.  between  whom  and  La  Rochefoucauld  there  was 


iiiange  1 


il  chaiaclBislic  "poRraili  "    But  iheir  UKsiyi* 


LA  ROCHEFOUCAULD-LIANCOURT— LA  ROCHEJACQUELEIN  mi 


■  mil, tthsliccBiudtlnla^ntnlciStion 

HoIIukI,  ud  IMi,  doiiite  Ibe  Mtlnr'i  ptotot, 
be  npriated  fo  acHiic  ttaitf  ywi.  It  kiu  beta 
■o*  proml  10  be  I  men  ceulo  of  the  ikhL  at  l«l[  >  dntea 
diflmnt  Men,  Karcdy  ■  tluid  of  vkich  b  La  KackcJMKaald'v 
ud  KbM  eonlit  only  have  btoi  poaible  (I  *  tine  whta  It  wu 
the  hahat  of  paaooi  who  Inqoated  blcn(y%>ci«t]t  to  oipy  peK- 
raell  in  eominaDplace  book*  the  US.  cwnpcaHiora  of  Iheir  iiiends 
ud  Mhsi.  Some  yean  kfter  l*  Reckefsiieaiild's  dstb  a  new 
nrensoo  appeared.  Mtoewhit  kta  incoRect  Ihan  the  former,  but 
nil  taigdr  addtcnited,  and  thb  held  in  (round  for  inon  ibao  a 
onlBiT.  Only  lo  1B17  did  inyihiniGke  a  genuine  edition  (even 
then  by  no  nusim  perfnl}  appear.  The  Umimt.  however,  had 
DO  mch  hXt.  The  anthor  re^diled  Ihcm  Irequenlly  during  bij 
G(e,  with  tlletuiDns  and  additiom;  a  few  were  added  allet  bll 
dcalb,  and  ii  ii  uual  now  10  print  the  whole  of  them,  at  what- 
mr  tinr  they  ippared,  together.  Thus  taken,  they  amount  to 
about  men  hundred  in  number,  in  haidly  any  case  ocRdiBg 
half  a  page  in  length,  and  more  frequently  confined  10  two  or 
Ibec  bnea.  The  view  of  conduct  which  they  illustntc  is  luually 
and  not  quite  Incorrectly  summed  up  !n  the  wonli "  werything 
ii  mtndhle  to  the  motive  ol  seil-intntil."  But  Ibough  not 
abtohitely  incomcl,  the  pbiase  b  midudtng.     The  Hi 


general  theory.     They 


■  applia 


hn  th«  cnnlrary  independent 

_ of  life,  different  aHictions  01  IBO 

liod.  and  K  lonh,  horn  which,  talten  together,  the 
iew  may  be  deduced  or  rather  composed,  Scnlimmtal 
have  piDtsied  londly  a^inst  thia  view,  yet  it  i>  ea^er 
to  dedaini  ag^init  it  in  general  than  to  find  a  flaw  in  the  acveral 
parts  of  winch  it  is  nude  up.  With  a  few  accptions  La  Roche- 
(DDCaidd'i  mailnii  represent  the  matured  nsoh  of  the  reflection 
of  a  man  deeply  versed  nl  the  bmina*  and  pleasures  of  the  worid, 
and  possessed  of  an  eitraordinarily  Cine  and  acute  InleUccI,  on 
the  cnndoct  and  motived  which  have  guided  hinBclF  and  his 
Irilows.  There  is  as  Utile  trace  in  them  of  personal  spite  as  of 
forjenlerit  de  tilt.  But  the  astonishing  eicillence  of  the  Klcrary 
medinm  in  which  they  are  conveyed  is  even  more  remarkable 
than  the  general  soundnen  of  their  ethical  import.  In  uniting 
the  [our  qualities  of  brevity,  rfeamess,  fulness  of  meaning  and 
point.  La  Rochefoucauld  has  no  rival.  Hi!  Haximi  are  never 
mere  epigrams:  they  are  never  plitiludei  they  are  never  daik 
sayings.  He  has  packed  ihem  so  (nO  of  meaning  that  il  would  be 
imposaible  to  pack  them  closer,  yrt  there  <s  no  undue  com- 
pressron;  he  has  sharpened  their  point  to  the  utmost,  yet  (here 
is  no  k«t  of  substance.  The  comparison  which  occurs  most 
fiequeotly,  and  which  is  perhaps  on  the  whole  the  justest,  is 
that  of  a  bronie  medallion,  and  it  applies  lo  the  matter  no  less 
than  to  the  form.  Nothing  is  left  unfinished,  yet  none  of  the 
■orktoanship  is  linicaL  The  sentiment,  far  ftora  being  merely 
hard,  as  the  sentimentalists  pretend,  has  a  v«n  of  metanchaly 
poetry  running  through  it  which  calls  to  mind  the  InK^tbtis  of 
La  Rochefoucauld '»  devotion  to  the  romances  of  chivalry. 
The  maiimi  arc  never  shallow;  each  b  the  tut  for  a  whole 
■ermon  of  apf^cation  and  corollary  which  any  one  ol  tboughl 
and  eiperience  can  write.  Add  to  all  this  thai  the  bnguagc  in 
which  they  »M  written  Is  French,  ttiil  at  almost  Its  greatest 
strength,  and  chastened  but  as  yet  not  emasculaied  by  the 
reforming  influence  of  the  17th  century,  and  it  is  not  necessary 

the  world  li  Rochefoucauld  ranks  among  the  scanty  number  ot 
pocket-books  to  be  read  and  re-iiad  with  ever  new  admirallon, 
bsl  ruction  and  delight. 

n  of  La  RocliefoiKauld's  lfuiiii>  [u  the  full  title  ruin. 


Klflr 

bear  the  dates  IMJ  it 


J«lp. 


the  complei*  work!  was  porfile.  ThepreiiousinoreorleBconinlfic 
(ditlans  aiT  aH  nipeneJed  by  that  of  MM  Gllberi  and  Courdauli 
l(IM-lB^).  in  Ike  lerlu  of  "  Geands  EcrlwaiiB  dak  Fnnee,"  J  vah. 

Then  «■  «iU  iMW  punka  a<  ID  the  tntibut  Ihi       

all  avaiUik  matenal  in  reganl  to  them.    The  ham 


Jiaphon  himildiai  erf  J.  BounlFau  _   _   _ 

(i«M»-  (C.  S»,) 

raUICDIS  iLSX- 
Din:  DE  {1747-1817},  French  social  re- 
fomei,  aras  bom  at  La  Roche  Cuyon  on  the  nth  ot  January 
17a;.  the  son  oI  Ftan^  Armand  de  L*  Rocbtfoucautd,  due 
d'Estisaic,  grand  master  of  the  royal  wardrobe.  The  due  dc 
Ijancouit  became  an  officer  of  cathineen,  and  married  at 
seventeen.  A  visit  to  England  seena  to  hive  suggested  the 
cstaUtshment  of  a  model  farm  at  liancoun,  wbere  be  reared 
cattle  imported  From  En^and  and  Switiertand.  He  also  set  up 
spinning  machines  on  h^  estate,  and  founded  a  school  t^  arts 
and  crafts  lor  the  sens  of  soldiers,  which  became  in  r7S8  theSctde 
its  Enlanis  de  la  Fatrie  under  royal  protection.  Elected  to  Itw 
statei-general  of  17S9  he  sought  hi  vain  to  support  the  cause  at 
royalty  wbile  furthering  the  social  reforms  he  had  at  heail.  On 
the  itih  dI  July,  two  days  before  the  fall  oF  the  BastOle,  he 
warned  Louia  XVI.  of  the  Hate  of  aHairs  in  Paris,  and  met 
his  erdamation  that  there  was  a  revolt  with  the  answer,  ■'  ff™, 
lire,  c'nf  ■«  rtttlMlim."  On  the  iStb  of  July  he  became 
president  of  the  Assembly.  Established  in  command  of  a  military 
divi^n  in  Normandy,  he  offered  Louis  a  refuge  in  Rouen,  and, 
falling  b  this  effort,  assisted  him  with  a  large  sum  of  money. 
Alter  the  events  ot  the  loth  of  August  1791  he  fled  to  England, 
where  he  was  the  gust  ol  Arthur  Young,  and  thence  pawd  (0 
America.  After  the  assasunation  of  his  cousin,  Louis-Aleiandrc, 
due  de  La  Rochefoucauld  d'Enville,  at  Gisora  on  the  i4ih  of 
September  1791  he  assumed  the  title  of  due  de  La  Rochefoucauld. 
He  returned  to  Paris  in  1799,  but  received  small  favour  from 
Napoleon.  At  the  Restoration  he  entered  the  House  ot  Feen, 
bni  Louis  XVIII.  refused  to  reinstate  him  as  master  ot  the 
wardrobe,  although  hia  father  bad  paid  400,000  francs  for 
the  honour.  Suceesrive  govemmenH,  revolutionary  and  other- 
wise, recognized  the  value  of  hia  Institutions  at  Lfancourt, 
and  he  waj  for  twenty-three  yean  government  inspector  ot  hli 
school  of  arta  and  crafts,  whicb  had  been  removed  to  CbkloDL 
He  was  one  of  the  first  promoten  of  vaccinatian  in  Franco; 
he  established  a  dispensary  in  Paris,  and  he  was  an  active 
member  of  the  eenlnl  boards  of  adminiatraLlon  tor  hoqiitala, 
prisons  and  agriculture.  His  opposition  10  the  goverament  in 
the  House  of  Peers  led  to  his  removal  in  iSij  from  the  honorary 
positions  he  held,  while  the  vaccination  commiiiee,  of  which 
he  was  president ,  was  suppresled.  The  academies  of  science  and 
ot  medicine  admitled  him  to  thdr  membership  by  way  of 
protest.  ORicial  boslility  pursued  him  even  after  his  dcalh 
(>7th  of  March  lSi7),tortheoldpuiHls  of  Ids  school  were  charged 
by  the  miliiary  at  his  funeral.  His  works,  chiefly  on  economic 
questions.  Include  books  oa  the  English  system  ot  taxation, 
poor-relief  and  education. 

Hia  eldeit  ten,  Franfoia,  due  de  La  RoehefoucanM  (tTfij-rSlS), 
nccerded  his  father  in  the  Houae  at  Pain.  The  •ccami,  Alciandrt, 
comle  dc  La  Rochefoucauld  (1767-1841).  married  a  San  Dsiniiin 
heircH  allied  to  ibe  Bcauhamali  iamily.  Mme  de  La  Rochefoucauld 
became  dame  d'honneur  lo  the  enipiTia  joaephine,  and  thttr  sldMi 
daughter  nanied  a  bralkcrin-liw  of  huline  Bonaparte.  Princen 
fiaraheie.  Ia  Rochc^aKaakl  be^^o  amlMsaBdar  tBCCcaarvely  to 
to  the  Hague  [itoS-iSioJ.vhere  he  iieiatiaiM| 

:,  He  lubiiequeaily  devoted  hltnieU  la 
.  _.ia  became  deputy  to  the  Chamber  aad 
J  ratsliata.    He  was  again  aiiBd  u  (he 


/icnns  (I Sot)  an 
he  union  af^HoIl 


,. ,. jwpati  in  pelilki  after  iSt*. 

The  narqula  wrote  on  social  quaaiiDiia,  noul^  on  priaoa  adminin*. 
lion:  he.tdiiid  the  worki  of  L«  RDChafoucaidd,  and  the  omoin  i4 
Condorcet;  and  be  wai  the  wltHe  of  lonu  vaudevdias,  tiagediea 

U  ROCHUiCQUELW,  DB,  the  name  of  an  apcJent  French 
family  of  La  Vendtc,  celebrated  for  its  tlevolioa  t«,.the  throne 
during  and  after  the  Revolution.  ItaoriginalDamewasDuveigct, 
derived  from  a  fie(  Deal  Brcsniltc  in  Poitou,  ud  ill  pedlpM 


Hor.zcdByGoOJjIe 


322 

ii  tnusiiUc  to  the  ijtb  tantuiy.  !■  isd]  Gui  Duvcrfu 
mani*d  Rente,  hcinu  of  Ji(i)ut*  Leminin,  Klgneiu  it  La 
R«h«)an|uckui,  aboie  nimc  be  luumed.  Hii  gnmdion, 
Louii  Dlivcrgcr,  utgneur  ic  La  RocbrJicqucIcED,  wu  i  dcvcled 
■dhtrent  at  Henry  II.,  and  was  badly  wounded  at  Ihc  baillc  of 
Arqutt;  olbef  inembcn  ol  tbc  UniLy  were  aJao  dttliaiuiihcd 
■b]d[?js,  and  the  xisniory  wu  raued  Lo  a  covDUhip  and  nat- 
quiule  in  tewaid  hi  iheir  lervica. 

At  the  eutbieab.  of  ihe  Revolulioa  (lie  chict  oE  the  Itauly 
wai  Hemu  Louis  AuciraiE.  mirquii  dc  La  ftocbejacqiHlein, 
marickal  it  camf  in  Ihe  nyal  umy,  who  hid  three  aou  named 
after  himseli— Henri.  Louii  aid  Au^ile.  The  Rianiuu  fled 
abroad  with  hi>  Kcond  >0D  Louii  at  the  time  of  tbc  cmicraiion 
it  tbe  nobles.  He  enlered  the  tervice  of  Great  Britain,  and  died 
in  San  Dominio  in  iBoi. 

Henii,  comie  de  La  RochejacqueleiD,  bom  at  Dubertien, 
DCir  Chllillon,  lur  Seviei,  on  the  »t!i  of  Aitfuit  I7)>.  did  do< 


J.A  ROCHKLIiE; 


(Uiri 


lined  in 


Louii  XVL  He  then  took  refuge  wiib  Ihe  naiquii  de  Locure 
on  his  OWE  eslitei  ld  Poitou.  When  tbe  inti-dcrical  policy 
ol  tbe  revolutioiiiry  powers  ptovoked  the  [iiinj  ol  the  peaianiiy 
of  La  Veodfe,  be  put  liiniiell  at  the  bead  of  the  mea  of  bii 
neighbourhood,  apd  came  rapidly  lo  the  front  among  the  genlle< 
men  whom  the  peasants  look  for  leadets.  In  spile  of  his  youth 
and  hii  reluctance  to  assume  the  lespoosibilily,  he  vu  chosen 
jsbytf 


republican 

a  at  Cholet. 

His 

brilliant 

pcnonaJ  coutue, 

lis 

amiability 

and  his  loyally 

othe 

cause  make  him  «  very  atttacu 

B<uir,  bu 

in-chief  ol  the 

Vendans,  who  ca 

and  went 

ai  they  pleased 

had 

power  or  opponun 

y 

to  display 

the  quiiilies  o 

age 

nend.    Tl 

e  comte  de  La  Roc 

Jscqwrlein 

had  in  faci  to 

bey 

isarmy. 

aad  could  only  disp 

y 

Tonal  vail 

policy  which  led  lo  the  rout  at  Le  Uans,  and  was  Anally  shot 
in  an  obscure  ikirmith  at  NouiilK  on  the  4lh  oC  Match  1704. 

Louis,  maniiiis  de  La  RochejacqueleiD,  the  younger  brother 
or  Henri,  acconipanicd  his  Father  in  the  enugraiian,  served  in 
Ihe  army  of  Condi,  and  enlered  tbe  service  o(  England  in  America. 
:o  France  during  the  Consulate,  anf" 


the  ni 


rlally  w 


le  Lescun 


rriedth 


oIL 


le  Lescun 


irothei'i  friend, 

I  on  the  ijlb  of  October  : 
id  waa  the  god-daughter  of  J 


r  oi  La  Vend^. 
adventures  recorded  in  taei  mem' 
In  181J.  They  are  of  eitreme  i 
picture  e[  the  war  and  the  lonu 
much  ol  her  own  properly  and  I 
"'itoiy  policy  was  adopted  a] 


After 


r  she  lived  w 


Napoleon. 


usbind 


Les,  both  refusing  lU  offets  to 
In  i8r4  [hey  took  in  active  part 
and  afaout  Bordeaux.  In  1S15  the  marquis  endeavoured  to 
bring  about  another  Vendtan  rising  tor  ihe  king,  and  was 
■hot  m  a  skirmish  with  the  ImperUUtl  Iota  at  the  PddI  dei 
Mirthetonthc^thof  JuneiSij.  Ttte  nuquis  died  at  Oneaas 
in  iSs7. 

Their  eldest  son,  HEinti  Aucnan  CcoiCU,  inirqut*  de  La 
Rocbcfacquelein,  bom  at  Chtteau  Cittan  In  the  CiraDde  oa 
the  iStb  of  September  iSos,  was  educated  as  a  aoldieT.  lerved 
In  Spain  in  iSji,  and  as  a  volunteer  in  the  Riwo-TUrkish  War 
of  iSiS.  Duiini  the  reign  of  Louii  Philippe  be  adhered  to  the 
legiltmlst  policy  of  his  family,  but  be  became  reconciled  to  the 
governmenl  of  Napoleon  111.  and  was  ipahily  known  as  a  clerical 
orator  and  phftanihropiit.  Be  died  on  tbe  71b  of  January 
l«6j. 

Hii  ton  and  immsor,  Jvutn  Milni  CAnoK,  born  at  Chan  te* 
on  the  tTth  of  March  183],  wu  an  active  legllimltl  deputy 
Id  tbe  iVstembly  chosen  at  tbc  dole  of  tbt  GcnniD  War  of 


Vnilt  tsprii  it 


1  lb  La  KKlirjtiau/liin  tl  It  intni 
nrmi  kMiK  l^lorI.  IB90);  A.  F.  Nntei 
ti€  U  Rxkrjaiaiiitnn  .(ParU,  l«70)  _ 


The 


10  Enilish  by  Sir 
>»»Ln  jLULL,  aiKi  iMbm  ■■  #  vumme  «  uHLHable's  MisceUany  " 
(Edinburih,  1S17J. 

LA  ROCHELU,  a  seaport  of  mtem  France,  capital  of  the 
depannunt  of  Charenie-lnfirieure,  «a  m.  S.  by  £.  of  Kantes 
on  Ihe  railway  to  Bordeaui.  Pop.  (1906)  town  14. j  14,  commune 
jj.B}l,  La  Rocbelle  is  situated  on  ilie  Allanlic  coast  on  an 
ulet  opening  oH  ihe  gnu  bay  in  which  lie  the  islands  «l  Ri 
and  Oliron.  Its  foil ificai ions,  cMitiruacd  by  Vauban,  have  a 
circuit  of  i\  m.  with  seven  (aiei.  Towardt  ihe  tea  an  Ihrte 
lowers,  of  which  ihc  oldesi  (1JS4)  is  thai  ol  St  Nicholas. .  The 
apartment  in  the  first  storey  was  formerly  used  as  1  chapel. 
The  Chain  Tower,  built  towards  the  end  ol  Ihe  i4lh  century, 
a  m  called  from  the  chain  which  guarded  ihe  harbour  at  this 
point;  tbe  col  ranee  to  Ihe  tidal  basin  was  at  one  time  spanned 
by  a  (real  pointed  aich  between  Ihe  two  towers.  The  lanteni 
tower  (1445-147*),  seven  sloieyshi^,  is  sonnounled  by  a  lofty 
spire  and  was  once  used  as  a  lighthouse.  Of  the  ancient  gateways 
only  one  has  been  ptesetved  in  its  eniiitty,  that  ol  the  "  Gioue 
Hoifoge,"  a  huge  squire  lower  ol  the  14th  or  ijih  century. 
Ihe  comer  turrels  of  which  have  been  surmounted  with  trophiefl 
74fi.    The  calhedrsl  of  La  RocheUe  (St  Louis 


lirthdomew)  is  a  heavy  Gre< 


g(.;. 


-\^bl)  with  a 


e  site  of  Ihe   old 


above  Ihe  t 
:hurch  0/  Si  Bartholomew, 
uw  rtpmcnied  by  a  solituy  tower  dating  fiam  Ihe  i4ih 
mituiy.  Eucmally  the  town-house  is  in  the  Golhic  style  o( 
ol  the  iflh  century  and  has  the  ippcirance 


relieved  by  the  beautiful 
Df  Ihe 


two  bclHcs.    The  buildings  lo 

the  Renaissance  slyle  (i6lh  and  early  17th  centuries]   tnd 

(which  was  in  turn  the  residence  of  SuUy,  Ihe  prince  of  Coodf, 
Louis  XJII..  and  Anne  of  Austria,  and  the  scene  of  tbe  maniagc 
ol  Alphanso  VI.  ol  Portugal  with  a  princess  of  Savoy)  accommoda- 
tion has  been  provided  foralihraryiicolleclion  of  records  and 
a  museum  of  an  and  aniiquiiics.    Oihei  buildings  of  note  are 

Protestant  hospital,  a  military  hoipjlal  and  a  lunilic  isylum 
'     the  department.   Inlheboton.'    ' 


ol  nati 


itory.     Medieval  ai 


»  pve  I 


peculiar  character  10  certain  disliictsi  several  have  French, 
Latin  or  Gicck  Inscriptions  of  a  moral  or  religious  tum  and  ia 
general  of  Proteslanl  origiD.  OF  these  old  houses  Ihe  most 
interesting  is  one  built  in  the  midddle  of  Ihe  tfitb  century  sod 
wrongly  known  as  that  of  Henry  II.  The  pinde-g|oun<J, 
which  forms  Ihe  principal  public  square,  occupies  the  sileof  the 
csille  demolished  in  1500.  Some  ol  the  streets  have  side-arcades; 
the  public  wells  are  led  From  a  large  reservoir  in  the  Champ 
de  Mars,  and  among  the  promenades  are  the  Coun  dcs  Dames 
with  Ihe  name  oE  Admiral  Duperrt,  and  outside  the  Charruyer 
Puk  on  the  wesi  Itont  of  the  ramparts,  and  the  Mail,  a  beautiful 
piece  ol  greensward.    Id  tbis  dirtction  are  tbe  lea-balhinf 

La  Rochclle  Is  the  seal  of  a  tnihopric  and  a  [^ect,  and  hai 
tribunals  of  Gnt  instance  and  of  commerce,  a  chamber  of  com- 
merce and  a  branch  of  the  Bank  of  France;  iu  educational 
estabtishments  include  an  ecclesiaiiics]  seminary,  a  lycEe  and 
a  training  college  for  girii.  Sh^building.  law-mllling  andihe 
manufacture  ol  briquettei  and  chemicals,  sardine  and  tunny- 
preserving  and  petroteum-refining  are  aoioog  tbe  industries 
Tbe  rearing  of  oytten  and  musscb  and  tbe  eifdoltatloa  ti  nM 
marshes  li  carried  on  In  the  vicltiity. 

The  inlet  ol  La  Rocbelle  ii  protected  by  a  itone  mole  COD- 
uiuaed  by  Richelieu  and  visible  at  low  tide.  The  harbour,  ose 
of  the  lafast  on  the  CBan,  ii  entered  by  a  chauDri  I7)0]fdi.  loDI, 


Digilizcd  by  Google 


Iter  bAdgr  opening  on  the  OM  hud  into  ■ 
fcUJBg  buia,  oo  tbeothtr  intoi  tidal  Iniin  irith  inotlKt  Sutint 
bniBMljoJDiach.  BdiiMltbctiiUlbisuiijtbeMiubHma'voil, 
[licmtaiofwUdi,  ■long  with  tboK  of  the  Uuuunnil.  >k<P 
to  Kour  tke  pott  ind  navigiUc  diaoacL  Same  too  tailing  ships 
in  Oftgei  in  liiF  fobcrie.  *ud  the  bh  mukel  a(  La  Rochclle  is 
ih  mati  importaid  on  thr  «nt  coast.  Tbc  tii/bmit  is.  however, 
iniLeqMble  to  the  lar;gsl  ve^eb,  for  the  accommodation  of 
vhkh  the  port  of  La  PiUin.  inauganled  in  iSgi.  was  cmted 
Ljn'ng  about  ]  m.  W.S.W.  ol  La  Rochdle,  this  port  openj  inia 
tbt  bay  oppodie  the  easlem  enrcniiy  d  the  island  of  Rf. 
It  was  aitificuDy  excavated  iDd  aflonls  safe  anchorage  in  all 
ralbers.  Tlie  nnter  pott,  protected  by  two  jettia,  has  aa  area 
of  iq  acTB  and  a  depih  of  i6)  ft.  bdow  lowest  tide-leveL  At 
Ibe  enmsTIy  of  the  bieatwilei  is  a  wharl  where  shlpa  may 
fechai^  witbnit  entering  the  basin.  A  lock  conaeiiU  with 
the  inner  bann,  which  has  an  area  ot  aj  acres,  with  5900  ft.  oE 
quayage,  a  ninimimi  depth  of  iS  ft.,  and  deptbi  of  ig)  ft.  and 
it  it.  at  bigfi.  neap  and  spring  tides.  Connected  njth  the  basin 
UP  two  graving  docks.  La  PalUce  has  regular  CDnununication 
with  Souib  America  by  the  vess^  of  the  [>aci&c  Steam  Naviga- 
tinii  ConTpBcy  and  fay  those  ol  other  conpaniej  with  London, 
America,  West  AWca.  Egypt  and  the  Fat  East.  The  port  has 
petrolemn  icGDetifs  and  cfaemical  manure  works. 

In  jijnt  tbere  enlered  the  port  of  I*  Rocbetle.  Inchiding  the 
dock  trf  La  Pallke,  441  vessets  with  a  lonnage  of  fiig.ojS,  and 
deared  46S  vessels  with  a  tonnage  of  M4.S61  (ol  which  ij;  oi 
I4t,i4e  tDU  deaitd  with  baDast).  These  figures  do  not  include 
•eiseb  entering  from,  or  clearing  (or,  other  pons  In  France. 
the  imports  (value.  £i,tj6.doo  in  1500  as  (ompared  with 
£i,SrH,cioo  in  t907)  bdude  coal  and  patent  fuel,  superphosphates, 
utnral  phosphates,  nilnte  of  aodi.  pyrites,  building-limbec, 
wines  and  alcohol,  pilch,  dried  codfish,  petroleum,  juie,  wood- 
pulp.  Eipnta  (value,  £i,)g4,ooi>  in  19001  £1,97^.000  in  i»o;} 
Inchide  wine  and  biandy,  fancy  goods,  woven  goods,  gjrments, 
ikins,  ccal  and  hrii]uettes,  furniture,  potatoes. 

LaRccheDe*iistedaiihedncD(ihe  lothcentury  uadtf  thcaamc 
of  kupelta.     It  belooged  to  the  bam         ■  ^-  -     .  ■"  . .  - 

Jnnexa]  b^^  the  dufcp  of  Aquilainc  1 


LA  ROCHE-SUR-YON— LARRA  223 

Sec  P.  Saniwe,  U  KmUU  HUmfmrni  (La  RocMIe,  1901).  aal 
.  Coaaeaa.  !.■  AKMk  4i)p>»i  (La  RoilKlK  1904). 


d  ChitelaillD 


■died  by  Fliiiip  Aunittus.  Captured  by  Louis  VIII.  ii 
ni  restored  to  the  Engligh  in  1360  by  the  treaty  of  Br«t 
it  ifioolc  eff  the  yiAx  of  Che  fomEoer  when  Du  Gues^in 
SaintoBgo.  Duifig  Iha  14^1,  isih  and  IMh  ctitturies  L> 
then  an  aUaoat  iBdcpcndcot  connuKt  waa  OIK  ol  tbc  gnat 
citia  of  Fiance.  From  iu  harbour  in  (403  Jean  de  B* 
■el  out  for  the  conquest  of  the  Canariea,  and  in  acame 

firs  to  turn  10  aceoiral  the  diacoveiy  of  •*■■■ '-* 

Ui  pnnolmd  a  RbeUka  at  Rod>&  « 

»  penm;  in  ijM  lb*  Ion*  iKured  etcmpuaa  by  tac  payment  ot 
a  UiEe  turn.  At  the  Refomatioa  La  Rocbclle  culy  buciiae  one  ol 
the  chief  ccntm  of  Calviuiim,  and  during  the  leligiaui  wan  it 
armed  pdvalcen  which  preyed  on  Catholic  v^seli  in  the  Channel  and 
o*  the  bi|h  mu.  In  IS71  a  ■ynod  of  the  Prelesant  churches  of 
Fiance  WMbdd  within  it*  wiUa  older  ihepmiiteiicyol  Ben  fur  the 
purpooc  of  drawing  up  a  conlccvon  of  laiifa.  Aflo'  the  mviarro  of 
^  Bartholomew,  la  Rochclte  held  out  for  lia  and  a  half  months 
■pioR  the  CathcJic  army,  which  was  uhininiely  ofaliced  to  laisc  ibe 
•HR  after  Idhiib  man  lliin  MjMO  men.    The  peace  ol  the  ttth  of 

S:  IJIS.  ligngd  by  Ihc  pcDDlc  a<  La  lUcbcUe  in  the  Daneol  all  (he 
otanl  party,  granted  the  Calvnusts  full  liberty  ol  worship  ia 
■cvtral  niacesof  HaTety.  Under  Henry  IV.  the  town  remained  quiet, 
butunderl.ouisXlli.il  put  itself  again  at  the  head  of  the  Huguenot 
laily.    Ill  vesdi  blockaded  the  moath  of  the  Cironde  and  stopped 

(Mna  and  acveni  vchcIs  ol  the  hmI  aeel. .  Richdieu  then  n- 

rendered  by  the  English  troops  under  Buckingham  and  In  spite  <sl 
the  fierce  energy  of  their  mayor  Cuiton,  the  people  of  La  Rochelle 
**~  -'^ — ■  -*  caFstalatc  after  a  yiar'i  tie«e  [Octc^Kr  1618) 
Rmgnt  Kicbdieu  raiacd  Ibe  celebrated  mole  which 
'"vt  the  open  lea.    La  Rochelle  then  became  the 

trade  between  France  and  the  colony  ol  Canada 

ylion  ol  the  Edict  of  Nam™  (iMj)  deprived  h  olssmc 
.■wnvaos  ot  na  ant  Indaatrioos  inhabitants,  irul  Ibe  loss  of  Canada 
kl.  Franca  conphied  for  the  lime  the  niin  of  Ki  oMimme.  lis 
privaiceia,  however,  mainlauied  a  vigcirou  struggle  with  the  Fnglish 
dning  the  republic  and  the  empire. 


eut^tbi  ..    .. 


1904). 

I  Fiann,  capital  oi 
the  department  of  Vendft,  on  as  eminenre  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Y»n.  4g  (n.  S.  ni  Nantei  en  tbe  railway  to  Bordean. 
Pop,  (190A)  town  io,66fi,  conmaDe  ij.iSs.  Tbe  cas^e  of  Ia 
Roche,  which  ptnbably  eilsted  before  Ibe  time  of  tbe  crnsadcs, 

and  was  frequently  attacked  or  taken  in  tbi 

Wat  and  in  the  wan  of  religion,  was  finally 
Louis  Xin.  When  Napoleon  in  1)04  made  this 
DO  impoitaiKe,  ihe  duel  lown  ol  a  department,  tl 
ill  ruins  were  enployed  in  the  erection  of  lb> 
buiMinga,  which,  being  all  produced  at  once  atter  i  itgulu  plan, 
hav«  K  moaotonous  eflect.  Hie  ngntMitan  Matue  <■(  NapolceD  I. 
in  an  immense  squan  Drerioohing  the  itst  of  the  town;  tbe 
statue  of  Gentral  Travot,  who  wai  eogagnl  In  tbe  "  pariCcatim  " 
of  La  Vendue;  Ibe  museum,  with  atvenl  pdotino  Iqr  P-  Baudry, 
a  native  artist,  of  whom  then  is  a  HaliB  bi  Ibe  tovm.  are  Ike  only 
obiecii  of  intercsi.  Napoleon-Vtndft  and  Bootbob-Vendfe,  the 
name*  home  by  the  town  according  Is  the  dominapce  of  etthn 
dynasty,  gave  place  to  (be  original  name  after  the  ren^tion  of 
1870.  The  lown  ia  tbc  seat  of  a  prefect  and  a  court  of  aafus. 
and  has  a  tribunal  of  bst  Instance.  ■  chamber  of  commerce,  a 
branch  of  the  Bank  of  France,  a  lycfe  for  boys  and  training 
coQegei  for  boih  seies.  It  is  a  tnaiket  for  farm-produce,  horsca 
Uid  cattle,  and  has  flour-mills.  The  dog  fairs  of  La  Roche  an 
wtQ  known. 

LUHMilOUltaK  PtBBBB  (t7s6-ig37),  French  phOosapher, 
was  bom  al  Livignac  on  the  3rd  ol  November  1756.  and  died  on 
the  nth  of  August  iSj?  in  Paris-  A*  profesaoT  of  philtaophy 
al  Toulouse  be  was  unsuccessful  and  incurred  the  centure  of 
the  pariiaraent  by  a  thesis  on  the  rights  oi  property  in  conneiroa 
with  taiation.  Subsequently  be  came  to  Paris,  where  he  wb) 
appoinled  professor  of  logic  in  the  Ecole  Notmalc  and  lectured 
in  the  Prytanfe.  !n  1799  he  was  made  a  member  of  Ihe  Tri- 
bunate, and  In  1833  of  tbe  Academy  of  Moral  and  PoHlicBl 
Sdence.  In  1 703  he  pnblisbed /Vti'd  f  MAiwtli  d(  tufa^tyisfM, 
a  woA  charadtriied  by  laddily  and  eic«Ilence  of  style.  He 
wrote  also  two  Utimrlrn,  tesd  before  the  Instiluie,  La  Pvaifra 
it  CmdiUdc  (1805)  and  lj(oni  ii  pkUtiafku  (i8i5>i8in. 
Laromiguito's  philosophy  Is  interesting  as  a  revolt  against 
the  eilieme  phyHological  psychology  ol  the  natural  leienlisu, 
such  as  Cabanis.  He  distinguished  between  those  psychological 
phenomena  which  can  be  traced  directly  to  purely  phy^cal  causes. 
and  Ihe  actions  of  the  soul  which  originate  from  within  itself. 
Psycbobgy  WAS  not  for  him  a  branch  of  physiology,  nor  en  the 
other  hand  did  he  ^vi  to  his  theory  an  atntroie  metaphysical 
basis.  A  pupil  of  Condillac  and  indebted  for  much  of  his  ideology 
10  Deslult  de  Tracy,  he  attached  a  fuDer  importance  to  Allention 
as  a  psychic  faculty.    Attention  provides  the  (acts.  Comparison 


will,  and  is,  Iherefc 
of  discovery  he  ha 


while 


judgment,  ate. 


nmonal.  Forn 
respect.  He  held  thi 
at  Ihe  i>est,  staiementi  of  identity,  and  thai  its  so-cauea  ais- 
covertes  are  merely  Ihe  reiteration,  In  a  new  form,  ol  previous 
truisms.  Laromiguiire  was  not  the  first  (0  develop  these  views; 
he  owed  much  to  Condillac,  DntuttdeTracyand  Cabanis.  Bui, 
owing  to  the  accuracy  of  his  language  and  the  purity  olhis  style, 
his  works  had  great  inBuence.  especially  over  Armand  Marrasl. 
CarditUac  and  Cousin.  A  lecture  of  his  in  the  Ccole  Normale 
imprcMed  CowId  10  strongly  that  he  at  once  devoted  himsdllo 
ihc  study  ot  pbiloaophy.  JouSroy  and  Taine  agree  in  describing 
Urn  as  one  o(  Ibe  gn^  thlnken  of  the  I9lh  century. 

Stc  Daminm.  Bi«i'  lar  la  Mibxitti.  m  Fnnu  sa  XTX'  ntclr; 
Kran,  £iHni  dn  i.-(«i  iff /^■(•u«<*ii :  Victor  Cousin,  Dt  MMtit 
IM  il  JiaaJyn:  Daunou,  VoUir  nr  JjucmMitrt.  H    Tjinc,  la 

PkihHfliii  iiauijoti  ^  XIX' aicU,  Gttie     '        "    '"  ' 

Laremtfitiiri:  Coropayr^,  tfttvt  m  ^pmiifh 
iiMf  II  Xaialiimt ;  f.  Picavec,  La  ItUtlotius 

UBRA.  MiRIAiro  JOSfl  DE  [iSoo-iSi?),  Eptnlih  satirist, 
was  bom  at  Madrid  in  iSog.  His  falher  served  as  a  tegimcnial 
doctoi  in  Ibe  French  aimy,  and  was  compelled  to  leave  tbt 


224 


LARSA— LARVAL  FORMS 


FamiHuU  wUli  hta  Eunily  in  iBii.  .In  1817  Lain  ntumcd  to 
Spain,  knowiiic  la*  ^laoiih  tliui  Fteacb.  Hit  nuun  wu 
dinrds'l]',  hia  iducillaa  wu  impuHcct,  rad,  «ftn  fatil«  attoqiu 
to  obuia  a  dtgicc  in  madJiHiiB  or  law,  be  made  an  Impnident 
■naniaga  at  tke  agt  of  Iveaty,  bnte  oltli  hia  reUiivea  and 
hcame  a  tounuUiit.  On  the  >;tb  el  April  iBji  he  producsl  hia 
fint  play,  Na  nub  wuUrader,  bued  on  two  piece*  by  Scribe  and 

written,  and  held  llu  tlafc  for  many  yean.  On  the  i41h  of 
Scptembet  1(134  he  pioduced  Uaiiai,  a  play  baicd  on  b^  own 
biitocical  Dovei,  El  Domd  it  Dim  Eviqiit  d  DtlitiiU  (iSja)- 
The  diama  and  novel  are  inieniting  u  eiperuncDla,  but  Liira 
WB>  BtenliaUy  a  Journalist,  and  the  increased  Ubeny  ol  the  preai 
aflei  the  death  ol  Ferdinand  VII.  gave  hit  caustic  talent  an 
HUpkr  field-  He  was  already  faniDut  under  the  pacudonymt  of 
'*  Juan  P^rea  de  Mungula  and  ^'  Figaro  "  which  he  used  in 
E!  Patraila  HaUaie'  and  La  RavOa  Eif/OUla  retpcctiv^y. 
Madrid  laughed  at  hia  pim  humour;  minisirn  feared  hit 
vitiiolic  pen  and  courted  him  asuduoutly;  be  wat  elected  aa 
deputy  for  Aviia,  and  a  great  career  toenied  to  lie  before  him. 
But  tbc  era  of  military  prtntuMtiamientM  ruined  bit  penonal 
proapectt  and  patrioLic  plans-  Kit  wriling  look  on  a  iDort 
tombre  tinge;  domestic  troubles  increased  hia  poainiiuQ,  and, 
in  consequence  of  a  disattinut  love-aRaii.  he  CMnmilted  tuidde 
on  ihe  131b  of  February  1S37,  Luni  lived  long  enough  to  prove 
himielf  the  giealcat  preie-wijler  that  Spain  can  boatt  during 
the  iqth  cenlvry.    He  virote  St  great  ipeed  with  Ihe  coniiani  ieai 


in  hit  work,  and  lb«  deiteriiy 
ihafls  it  amazing.  Hit  p^itical  instinct,  hit  abundance  of  ideat 
and  hia  forcible,  mordant  ttyle  would  have  given  him  a  foremott 
poaiiion  at  any  time  and  in  any  country;  in  Spain,  and  in  bit 
own  period,  lliey  placed  him  b^nd  all  rivalry.        (J.  F  -K.) 

UBU  (Biblical  EUaar,  Gen.  liv.  i),  an  important  dty 
of  aadeat  Babybnia,  the  tite  of  the  wonhip  of  the  aun-p^d, 
Sbamaah,  repretented  by  the  ancient  ruin  mound  of  Senkercb 
(Senkera).  It  lay  15  m.  S.E.  of  the  ruin  moundt  ol  Warka 
(anc  EincKi,  near  the  eatt  bank  el  the  Sbatl-en-Nil  canaL 
Lana  i*  mentioned  in  Babylonian  intcTiptioiia  at  early  as  the 
time  of  Ur-Gur,  3700  or  iSoo  B.C.,  who  built  or  ratored  tbc 
liltiiial  (tiaptower)  of  E-Babbai,  the  temple  of  Sbamaib. 
Politically  it  came  mlo  special  pninincnce  at  lb(  time  of  lbs 
Elamite  conquest,  when  it  was  made  the  centre  of  Elamite 
dominion  in  Babylonia,  perhaps  as  a  qMcial  check  upon  tbe 
neighbooiing  £rech,  which  had  pbyed  a  prominent  part  in  the 
i»HaiKe  to  the  Elamilo.  At  tbo  time  ol  Khammunbi'a 
tocceitful  struggle  with  Ibe  EJamite  canquetori  it  was  ruled 
by  an  Elamite  king  named  £riaku,  the  AriDcfa  ol  the  Bible, 
called  Rlm-Sia  by  lui  Semitic  subjecta.  It  finally  lou.  iu  in- 
^pendence  under  Samsu-iluna,  son  ol  Khammurabi,  c.  rpoo 
•j:..  and  from  that  lime  until  the  close  of  the  Babylonian 
period  it  was  a  subject  city  of  Babylon.  Loftus  conducted 
eacavationi  at  this  tite  in  1S54.  He  detccibet  the  ruins  aa 
consilting  o[  a  low,  circular  platloim,  about  ^\  m,  in  circum- 
ference, riling  gradually  Irom  the  level  of  the  plain  to  a  central 
mound  ;o  fl.  high.  Thii  repreienlt  tbc  ancient  tiataal  of  tbe 
temple  ol  Sbamath,  which  was  in  part  explored  by  Loftus.. 
From  the  inicripiiont  found  there  it  appears  thai,  bcsidet  the 
kings  already  mentioned.  Khammurabi.  Buma-buiiash  (buryat] 
and  tbe  great  Ncbuchadreuar  rcslorcd  or  rebuilt  tfie  temple 
of  Shamuh.  The  eicavalioaa  at  Eenkereh  were  peculiarly 
succesilul  in  the  discovery  of  inscribed  remain),  cotuistinc 
ol  clay  tablets,  chiefly  contncU,  but  including  also  an  iia- 
porlanl  maihemaiical  (ablet  and  a  number  of  lableti  of  ■ 
.  description  almost  peculiar  to  Senkereh.  eibibiling  u  bas- 
lelief  scenes  of  everyday  lile.  Loftua  found  also  the  remaiaa 
ol  an  andenl  Btbylontan  cemetery.  Fnm  the  ruins  ft  would 
appear  that  Senkereh  ceased  lo  be  Inhabited  at  or  soon  tfler 


Gen,  France,  where  hit  family  had  livsd  ioc  nmt  tbu  fivo 
hundred  yean.  He  was  educated  for  the  law  at  Auch  awl 
Toulouse,  but  having  private  meant  elected  to  devote  himaelf 

encouraged  Lartet  in  eicavalioni  which  led  in  iSm  to  bit  Grat 
discovery  of  fossil  rcmaint  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Auch. 
Thenceforward  he  devoted  hit  whole  time  to  a  aystematlc 
examination  of  the  FreIKh  cavea,  his  Erst  publication  on  tbe 
subject  being  TIk  AiUiqaty  1/  Um  i»  WaUn  EMnft 
(1S60).  followed  in  tS6i  by  New  Ratanki  n  At  Ceendoica 
o/  ifiiB  sod  «/  At  Crtat  Faiiit  Uammijen  duracltrutii  if  Aa 
ijul  Ctdcpttji  Fcrwd,  In  this  paper  he  made  public  tbe  roulta 
of  bis  discoveries  in  tbc  cave  of  Auriftnac,  where  evidence  eiiated 

In  his  work  in  the  PUgoid  district  Lartet  had  tbe  aid  of  Henry 
Christy {f. I.).  TheEcstaccountoftbeitjointraeaKhesappeateil 
in  a  paper  descriptive  of  the  Dordojpe  caves  and  contents, 
published  in  Eenu  ardiieUip^itt  (iS64).  Tbe  important  dit- 
coveric^  in  tbe  Madeleine  cave  and  elsewhere  were  publilbed 
by  Lartet  and  Christy  under  the  title  Ediqiiiat  At^ilaaicat, 
the  first  part  appearing  in  iS6j.  Chritty  died  before  the  coiD- 
pletlon  of  the  work,  but  Lartet  contioued  it  until  hit  breakdown 
in  beallb  in  1870.  The  meat  modest  and  one  of  the  most  illiu- 
Irious  of  the  founders  of  modern  palaeontolosy,  Lartel't  work 
had  previously  been  publicly  lecogniied  by  bit  nomination 
as  an  oflicet  oT  Ibe  Legion  of  Honour;  and  in  1(148  be  had 
had  the  olFer  of  a  political  post.  In  1857  be  had  been  ekcled 
a  foreign  member  of  the  Geological  Sociely  of  London,  anrt 
a  lew  weeks  before  Ids  death  he  had  beep  made  profcsaor  of 
palaeoniology  at  the  museum  of  Ibe  Jardin  de>  Plaotes.  Be 
"led  at  Seissanin  January  1871. 
LARVAL  FORHS,  in  biology.  As  is  eiplained  in  the  article 
1  Embryology  (q.i.),  development  and  life  are  coeilensive, 
id  it  is  impossible  to  point  to  any  period  In  the  life  of  an 
'ganism  when  the  developmental  changes  cease.  Neverthetee* 
is  customary  to  speak  of  development  at  though  it  were 
inAncd  10  tbe  early  period  of  life,  during  which  the  important 
tango  occur  by  which  the  uninucleated  aygote  acquires 
le  form  charaderislic  of  the  species.    Using  the  word  in  this 

develcfimental  period  frequently  preacnta  two  i^iatea,  the  em- 
bryonic and  Ibe  larval.  During  the  embtyonlc  phase  tba 
development  ocean  under  protection,  either  withbi  the  cgs 
envelopes,  or  within  Ihe  malemal  body,  or  in  a  brood  pouch. 
At  the  end  of  this  phaae  the  young  organism  becomes  lies 
and  uses,  at  ■  rnle.  ila  own  mouth  and  dilutive  orgaia.  It 
this  happens  before  it  hai  appto(imatety  acqm'rci]  the  adult 
called  a  larva  (Lit.  lana,  ghotl,  spectre,  matk),  and 
development  by  which  the  adult  lorn  is  acquired 
contuiHH*  me  larval  jdiase.  In  such  f«ms  the  life-cycle 
i*  divided  into  thne  phues.  the  embryonic,  the  larval  and  the 
adult.  The  transition  between  the  first  two  ol  these  is  always 
abrupt;  whereas  the  semnd  and  third,  eicept  in  cases  in  which 
a  metanorphotis  occurs  (see  Metihoiprosis),  graduate  into 
one  anethet.  and  it  is  not  possible  la  say  when  the  larval  stage 
ends  and  the  adult  begins.  This  is  only  what  would  be  cipeded 
when  it  is  lemembectd  thai  tbe  dcveloprrtenlal  changes  never 
cease.  It  might  be  hdd  that  theptesence  of  functional  rcpnt- 
doctivi  Ofgans.  or  the  possibility  of  rapidly  acquiring  Ibem, 
Marks  o3  the  adult  phase  ol  life  from  the  larvaL  But  this 
tot  sometimes  fails.  In  certain  of  the  Clenopbora  there  ia 
a  double  aeaual  lile;  the  larva  beoomes  sexually  mature  and 
lay*  egP.  which  are  tenDiied  and  develop;  it  then  loses  its 
generative  organs  and  develops  into  ihe  adult,  which  again 
devdopt  reproductive  organs  (ifirrojBiiy;  tee  Chun,  Dit  Clew- 
fluri*  itt  Gtlla  mm  Niafil.  i&Bo).  In  ctMsin  Amphibia  tba 
lam  may  develop  seiuti  organs  and  breed  (iioloil),  bat  in 
l):us  case  (xTiifcny)  it  is  doubtful  whether  further  development 
may  occur  in  tbe  larva.  A  very  similar  pheoomenoD  is  found 
in  certain  insect  larvae  (Cecid«iwy>cl.  but  in  this  esse  ova  alone 
are  produced  and  develr^  paithenogenelically  (paedogcnesb). 
Again  In  certain  Tmnatoda  brval  ttiges  known  asthetporocyst 


LARVAL  FORMS 


"S 


h  hin  lie  p> 


v  dF  developing 


r&  piobibfy  has  noL 
It  11  very  geocnlly  bdd  by 
d  of  \Ht  li  rrpmrtuction.  md  tberr  i« 
■uicB  lo  te  Hid  for  this  vtew|  bn(,  graating  Jti  Uulb,  it  li 
dlfficnJt  to  Kc  wby  Ibe  apacity  for  Rpmduclioii  thovild  so 
gcDcrmUy  be  coofiDed  to  th«  LatFi  itA|a  of  hit-  Wc  kttoir 
by  moiT  tban  odc  iDstaocc  that  it  is  pouibJe  for  tbe  larra  10 
fcprodure  by  sexual  fDaermtnn; why  ^»uld  not  the  phenomenon 
be  tDOR  common?  Il  ii  impowble  in  tbe  preienl  itale  of  oui 
kiM*IC(I(c  to  tattler  ibis  question. 

Tbc  coDcltuIan,  then,  tlul  ire  nacb  ii  lliat  tiie  laivai  pbaM 
of  life  gradUHlts  into  the  latei  phuei,  and  tbai  it  is  Impossible 
U  .duinctcrize  it  with  predtion,  u  mt  can  the  embcyonic 
phase.  Nevenbelas  gnai  inpoiunee  has  been  atUcbcd,  In 
certain  caset.  to  tbe  lotmi  auuDied  by  the  young  o>j*ni>m<i>ben 
i(  bnalu  logiK  itinn  its  cmbryanic  bonds.  It  hu  been  widely 
btM  thai  ibe  study  of  larvae  is  of  peatei  Itnpoitanc*  in  delermin- 
iuf  grnetk  affinity  than  the  uady  ut  >didu.  What  justift- 
calian  is  there  for  this  view?  The  phase  of  life,  chosen  for 
the  ordinary  anatonucal  and  physiaLogical  studies  and  labelled 
as  (he  adult  phase,  is  merely  one  of  tlie  laife  number  of  stages 

free  lile  In  ■■rimals  with  a  neil-ourked  Urval  phue.  by 
far  the  ficater  nunber  of  tbe  stages  of  structure  ate  included 
b  tbc  larval  penod,  fat  the  developmental  changes  an  more 
numerous  and  lake  place  with  greats  npidiiy  at  the  bcginsing 
of  lilc  Ibajt  in  its  later  peiieda.  As  each  oi  tbe  larval  stagei 
is  equal  in  value  for  tba  purposes  of  our  study  to  the  adnlt 
phase.  It  dearly  follows  that,  If  there  is  anything  <°  the  vtew 
tliat  the  aoalomlcal  study  of  eiganiuis  Is  of  Importance  in 
determining  their  mutual  nblioni,  the  study  of  the  organism 
Id  its  Tvious  lami  stagei  mnH  have  a  gmtn  ImponaDcs 
than  the  study  of  tbc  ibigle  and  arbiCiarl^  selected  itage  ol 
Ufe  called  ibe  adult. 

The  importance,  Iheti,  of  the  study  oF  larval  lorms  is  admitted, 
but  before  prweeding  to  It  tbia  question  nuly  be  ashed ,  What 
is  the  meaning  of  the  Iirvil  phase?  Obviously  this  Is  part  of  a 
larger  problem:  Why  docs  au  organism,  as  toon  as  il  is  estsb- 
Itsbed  at  Ibe  feniHiaiioii  of  tbe  ovum,  enter  upon  a  cycle  oI 
Iransfomutiont  which  never  cease  until  death  puis  an  end  10 
Ihem?  Il  is  impossible  to  give  any  other  answer  to  this  question 
than  this,  via.  that  it  Is  a  properly  ol  living  matter  to  read  in  a 
remarkable  way  to  eitenia)  forces  without  undergoiiig  desiruc- 
lion.  As  is  eiplained  in  fimiOLacv,  devekqjment  conststs 
of  SD  orderly  btcraclien  between  the  organism  Bud  its  nviron- 


For  the  purpose  of  obiainfng  ttghc  upon  tbe  genetic  affinitia 
f  an  organism,  a  Larval  stage  hat  as  much  importance  at  baa 
K  adult  stage.  According  Ut  tbe  cunmt  vievt  of  natutaiial^ 
bicb  are  largely  a  product  of  Darninism.  it  has  its  counicrpart, 
s  has  the  adult  stage,  io  the  ancesital  form  from  which  the  livbig 
rgauitm  hot  been  derived  by  descent  with  modificatiorL  Just 
I  tbc  adult  phase  of  the  living  form  diflers  owing  to  evolutionary 
modiBcalion  from  the  adult  phase  of  the  ancestor,  to  each  larval 
phase  will  differ  for  the  same  reason  from  Che  corresponding 
larval  phase  in  the  ancestral  life-history.  Inasmuch  as  the 
Ism  is  variable  at  every  stage  of  its  existence,  and  is  exposed 


meni     The  act 
logical  changes 

^ISt^lunbe 

n  ol  Ibe  CDvironment  produces  certain 
in  the  organism.     These  changes  en 

r  structural  changes  In  tbe  oiganiam 

morpho- 

ahle  lb. 

iUtura 

These 

again  into  »  new 
the  and  of  the 

iletyde.    The  essential  condition  of  . 

uesunti 

this  proco*  is  thai  the  orgaoism  should  always  thilt 
■blfting  of  the  envinoDiait  Is  ■  vety  gradual  process 

allure  in 
and  tbe 

morpbological  ch  _ 
sHght.  In  aomecaBes,  however,  jumps  are  made,  and  1 
sticb  jumps  occur  wt  get  Uw  morphologjcal  pbennmeno 
meumorpbosis.  It  would  be  foreign  (0  our  purpose  to 
this  qucstisa  further  here,  bul  before  leaving  it 


d  complexity  of  tl 


le  life-cycle  expaiMled  or  contracted  1 
LTSt  appeared  oa  the  earth?  According  to 
current  view,  the  life<ycle  it  coatinually  being  tboitene 
one  end  by  the  abbtcvlatjon  of  embryooic  development  and  by 
tbe  absorption  of  larval  stages  into  tbe  embryonic  period,  and 
lengtbened  at  the  other  by  the  evnluilonary  creation  of  0 
adult  phases.  What  was  tbe  condiliaa  of  the  earliest  organlii 
Hadlbey  the  properlyof  reacting  to  external  forces  to  tbe  ta 

'  in  tbg  sameorderiymanaer  that  orgaaitmsha  veto-day  ? 


xliScatlon  : 


y  stage.    Bul, 


ipossible  to  Bscerlsin  what  tbe 
modification  has  been,  and  Ibe  deienoiaaiioa  of  wbich  of  the 
characters  of  Its  descendant  (whether  latvnl  or  adnlt)  are  new 
and  which  indent  mutt  be  conjeciutaL  It  hat  been  customary 
Lo  distinguish  in  larvae  those  characters  wbich  are 
supposed  10  have  been  recently  acquired  as  taneiaMic,  the 
atloent  characters  being  termed  ftdiKietKlic.  These  tcrmst 
Ihey  have  any  value,  arc  applicable  with  c<tuai  force  to  adulta, 
ut  they  arc  cumbrous,  and  the  absence  of  any  satisfactory  teat 
which  enables  us  to  distinguish  between  a  character  which  la 
ine  which  has  been  recently  acquirrd  tenders 
y  doubltul.  Jutl  as  Ibe  adult  may  be  luppoacd, 
icliioe,  ID  be  derived  Itoui  an  ancesira]  adult, 
larval  stages  may  be  supposed  to  have  bceiL 
detived  from  the  corresponding  larval  stage  of  tbe  hypothetical 
'  nil  organic  evcJulioii  SI  all,  we  may  pnhap* 
nol  in  I  posiiion  to  go  further,  and  to  assert 
age  b  npretentaiive  of  and,  to  to  tpeak, 
adult  sUge  la  the  remote  put,  when  Iha 
further  in  its  life-cycle  than  the  stags 
of  ttnictute  revealed  by  such  a  larval  form.    We  may  periiapt 

he  realm  of  pure  fancy. 
Moreover,  it  ijsumej  1  hat  an  answer  can  be  given  lo  the  question 
asked  above— has  the  life-cyde  of  organisms  caoiraded  01 
expanded  as  tbe  result  of  evoluiion?  This  qucsiiOT  has  [wt 
been  satisfactorily  answered.  Indesd  we  may  go  further  and 
say  that  naluraliats  have  answered  it  in  different  ways  according 
to  the  class  of  facts  they  were  coatempUting  at  the  moment. 
If  we  are  lo  conaider  larvae  al  all  from  the  evdulkm  point  of 
view,  we  must  Ireal  Ihem  as  b«ng  rejiretenUtive  of  ancestral 
larvae  from  which  they  have  been  derived  by  descent  witli 
modification;  and  we  must  leave  open  the  question  whether 
and  to  what  extent  the  first  organisma  themselves  passed  through 
a  complicated  life-cycle. 

From  the  above  con^derallons  it  is  not  nrrprising  to  find 
that  Ibe  brvae  of  different  members  of  any  group  resemble  each 
Qtbri  to  the  same  kind  of  degree  as  do  the  adults,  and  that  the 
larvae  of  allied  groups  resemble  one  another  more  dosety  than 
do  Ibe  larvae  of  remote  groupa,  and  finally  that  a  itudy  of 
larvae  does  b  some  cases  reveal  affinities  which  would  not  havo 
been  evident  from  a  study  of  adulit  alone.  Thou^  it  Is  impoi- 
sible  to  give  here  an  account  of  the  larval  forms  of  Ibe  animal 
kingdom,  we  may  illutlrate  these  pobts,  which  are  facta  of 
fundamental  impottaoce  fn  the  study  of  larvae,  by  a  refercnct 


a  right  to  take  up  this  position, 
lo  10,  bccanae  it  leads  ui  ' 


The  t*o  gretl  groups,  Annelida  and  Mollusca, ' 


inily  with  one  anotber, 


'Uch  by  lb 

"  "w 

Induitkin  or  Irttkepkan. 

A  tyncll  tmchosphen  larva  (figi.  I,  t)  poeterwt  a  mail,  traai- 
[wvnl  body  divided  into  a  large  preoial  lobe  and  a  imall  posloraJ 
region.  TbemouihWitonthewcntnftiirfaccMt iheiunctionollh* 
preoral  lobe  with  the  hinder  part  of  the  body,  and  there  is  an  anus 
(7)  at  Che  bind  end.  Connecling  the  two  n  a  curved  alimenlary 
anal  whidi  is  fmqncntly  divided  into  oeaoptiagui,  itanacfa  and 
inteicuie.  There  i>  a  neoral  drclet  of  ponrful  cilia,  called  Iha 
"  vdun  "  (i),  whkh  endrckf  tbe  body  juM  intetiiir  to  the  moalh 
and  BiaHnoff  thepraoraHobfcand  theeeiivwygiiieiallyaiiMiid 
tingofcffiaimniBjiKelybehlndtheiiwuch  (3).  At  Iheanterioieiid 
of  the  preoral  lobe  it  a  nervous  Ihidtenlng  of  the  ccloderra  caAad 


226 

Ihtipial  plilc  (I).   Tlii9ii«*U] 

■ory  hiin.  ■«]  Knicliina  nidiiHDUty  vj 


Apial  plite.  I.  Apical  pbtc. 

Mmct-bund*.  3.  CilLi  of  pi«»»l  dttlo  (vdum), 

Pmnlbudofdlia^vduiii}.  j.  MniCli. 

S.Mmibiaiilcbud.  <.  Aiul  tuft  olcilui. 

6.ADUI-  6.  SbcLI-EbiulcDVCRitby  ibcU. 

tmai  lamu  it  ml  neul)'  u  clew  u  it  i>  in  ibt  cue  oC  iIk  Unm 
d  AniKlida  •nd  MdIIuicii. 

In  the  Echimdeiimu  iIwtt  ut  two  dulinci  larval  FDmu  vh'icli 
caiuKM  bebrougKi  into  nlaiion  with  MKinoIlier.  Thaontol  ihae 
b  found  in  the  Aitrroid:,  Opiiiuniidi.  EiJiiiioid»  ud  HolMluiiDidi; 


FORMS 

TlieAiilij.inlti 


CrouptllAa 


a  pcHloral  longiludiiial  cilialcd  bind  (fig. 

liDi  pMloral  |fie.  a.  flj.     In  lb*  oltw 
LngLc  and  UngitudiuL    In  mA  mm  iho 


'm&  "1?to.'T^A.  Embivn.  and  B,  Voun  Troc__ 
■    'n  ipbere  Lam  01  (ha  Lamrilibnnch  TVmdo. 
a       In  A  the  abell^lAd  (1)  and  th*  mouib  (i) 
■     —'■•---■■ '-  intJ)areiho»ni 


.._^ j),  *Meh  ncitk  EchiM 

fo  cilary  ijnnd*.  the  one  pnomt  and  the  , 


LARVAL  FORMS 


W*ni»yibortly 

In  Ihc  Crur— 


pnaMted  by  At  «h1(.  vh.  tlie 

Huxkdt^  UDDB^  WvKT  For 


lh]    ttw    ibwOR  of 


"7 

■nrnf  ndele  BBd  fit 


.  the  (dull  mc     Hov^nr  nuBiennii  iCn 
may  be.  ibry  ilnici*  alnv*  bavE.  *lm  Gm  iR  (m  (rom  Ihc  ra 

tw  ol  nn>  [onu.  (hit  o(  (be  wn^ni  (fig.  13,  A)  w  ihil  a(  the  HH 
{B(.  It.  B).  TlKiuuiiliiu  ulDUDd  UmuilKMtilMEniiRi  ud  kth 
nntT  unpprtaiit  oC  tbe,  two;  ilw  laca  u  con&iieS  u  the  hijhc 

Um.  hatchrd  ••  a  uupliut.  pama  In  iu  (ndiul  devdopoeni 


to^ifU  to  dctcrmiDC  *ilh 

wnul  Unidoa  of  a  if—,. 
xht  Gfripedk,  vhicta  vu 
pUcH    Inr    the    niuilrloi- 

'-  ibe  Tiinkau  tlK  i' 

' '    tsdpok  ' 

inTdi 


ciuTcDce  of  larvae,  three 
GcDcnl  tutemcDta  oay  b« 
made.   (1)  Thty  an  alwayt 

(iaodalnl  wiib  a  aiDall  cfc 
la  which  tbe  aDuunl  i>I 
food  yolk  ii  not  auScienl 
lo  enable  tlie  atiiinal  la 
complete  il3  developiDent 
is  tbcembiyiuucuali  ' 
A  ffee4inDuxiiiig  lu 


auodated     inlh     Idii 
tilisro    ol    tbe    adult, 
object  gained  by  the 


iUell  over  as  wid 

upssaible.   I(  miy  lunbET  1.) 
Ik  aliened  thai  hud  and 
Eieih-water  animals  develop 

■rilhoul  a  larval  tiage  mudi  3.  1, 

more  ImgucDtly than  marine  4.  Fim  muillt. 

iotma.     Thia  i>   probably  )•  Sttond  ™>jll"- 

p.„i,  d.,  I.  lb, ;..,  .b..    ;  £;.K'iC, 

of  land  aod  |.  Third  muUliped. 


■J  Uie  K 


)F  bmply-<orgaruxed 


di3\,u™ii''™'°1 


:  tboie  ol  marine  life,  and  partly 

rva  would  be  in  danger  of  being  iwept  out  lo 

of  larvae  wiih  mall  egn.  Thii  )•  a  true  Main- 
,  but  in  iDDe ctatt  HnaUcggt  do  not  alve  riv  to 
'ormofnulrimentbeinc  provided  by  the  parent. 


((.(.  Hdii  ihUvh.  BiJfiiiiu),  b  v 
:iauy  laroe,  il  Aoata  in  a  larve  qui 
ot  jk'hKh  ihe  devriopnunt  \ 


u  (CyjS].  Ac. j.  Echinoderm 


itity 


LARYNGITIS— LA  SABLIERE 


□t  al  food^tt  ind  nc 


poda.  with  thai  Um  buvily 
moa  Duriirt  l^mdUbranchiaiJ 
cmbTYanic  period  !■  •bon  unj 
The  Mulfiuca  an  [unhcr  id 
dorly  cvH  in  which.  Ihaugb 
develoonl.  the  IwoJ  Ka£H  «i 
larvil  ori*n>  tct.  munii  ue 


'i~a-.'-!5 


□iiu  Urvae  arc  uiuaUy  fonned  when  the  adult  la 
urn-  ne  neea  onTy  refer  to  the  cuh  oI  the  Cinipedia  with  their 
wdt-marlted  naupliiu  and  cyprit  Larvae,  to  Phortnii  with  itj  le- 
nurkable  ufirulrHht.  to  the  Criiwida.  Folyma,  Oi^  There  are  a 
{ew  eicepticuu  lo  Ibii  luJc.  r.f,  the  MoiiuUdae  amangit  the  filed 
Tuajcata,  Tubxlarit.  Uynollulil,  is.,  tmaag  the  Hydnuoa. 

mirniiixi  to  a  nea  hon.    In  nliM  Nernatoda,  aiinie  CeSoda.  and  in 
(TM        *       "  '     ■     ■ 

LARTHOmi,  I 
There  aie  three  c 
The  luyoi  is  also  liable  10  i 
Kiih  tubeide  or  lyphitii. 

Aatu  Laryn[ilit  may  be  produced  by  an  izidependent  catarrh, 
or  by  one  eiieqding  diber  from  the  nasit  oi  the  bronchial  mucous 
mcmbiane  into  ibai  of  tbe  laryu.  The  causa  ar«  various, 
"  catching  celd  "  bang  the  most  common.  Eice«»vc  use  of  the 
vidce  eathei  in  spealting  or  singing  sornetima  givs  rise  lo  it. 
The  inhalation  of  irritating  particles,  rapoun,  Sc,  and  swaUow- 
ing  very  hoi  Suids  or  corrosive  poiKins  arc  well-recogniied  causes- 
It  may  also  occur  in  conneiioD  with  diseases,  notably  measles 
and  li^uenu.  Asaresutt  of  tbeinflaramalion  there  is  a  general 
■welling  of  the  parti  about  tbe  larynx  and  the  einglottis,  the 
result  being  a  narrowing  o(  the  channel  tor  tbe  entrance  of  the 
ail,  and  to  this  tbe  chief  dangers  are  due.  Tbe  lympiom*  vary 
Hitb  the  intcmiiyof  iheaitick;  there  bfini  a  sense  oT  tickling, 
then  of  heat,  dryoess,  aod  pain  in  the  Ihroat,  wiib  some  difficulty 
in  swallowing.  There  is  a  dry  cough,  wiib  eipectoration  later; 
pbonaiion  becomes  painful,  while  the  imce  i»  huiliy,  and  may 
be  completely  lost.  In  children  there  it  wme  dyspnoea.  In 
lavDurable  cases,  which  form  the  majoiiiy,  the  attack  tends  (c 
■bate  in  a  few  days,  but  Ihe  inSammation  may  become  of  tiK 

■sphyiial  paroiysm.  Many  as«  of  acute  laryngitis  are  M 
alight  as  to  make  themselves  known  only  by  hoarseness  andlhc 
character  of  the  cough,  nevertheless  in  every  instance  Ibi 
attack  demandi  serious  alLenlion.  The  diagnosis  is  not,  ir 
adulti,  a  mailer  of  much  difficulty,  especially  if  an  examlnatioc 
is  made  with  the  laiyngoicope;  in  children,  however,  il  is  mon 
difficult,  and  the  question  of  diphtheria  mutt  not  be  lost  llghl 
of.  The  treatment  is,  Erst  and  foremost,  tetl;  no  talking  musi 
be  allowed.  Tbe  palient  should  be  kept  in  bed,  in  a  room  at  ar 
■     ■        ir  aaturated      ■  ■         ■ 


,     ,         ianffluhm.    OvcrlKated  and 

ill-ventilaled  rooms  must  be  avdded,  at  entrance  into  Ibem 

immediately  aggnvales  Ibe  irouble  4Dd  caute*  a  panuyun  of 

coiigjiing. 

Otdcmalmis  Larynplii  ii  >  very  faUil  condition,  which  may 

xur,  though  rarely,  u  >  teqiuncc  of  acute  taryntfiii.     It 

is  far  lEore  conunonly  teen  in  typhOitic  and  tubercular  cos- 

11  of  tlie  laryu.  Id  kidney  disease,  in  certain  fevers,  and 

let  of  cellulitit  of  the  tieck.    Tbe  laryni  is  also  one  ol  the 

of  Aniatneuralic  trdima.    In  this   form   of  laryigilia 

there  are  all  the  lymptoms  of  acute  laryngilis,  but  on  a  very 

much    euggeiited    tcale.    The    dyspnoea,    accompanied    by 

marked  stridor,  may  arise  and  reach  a  dangerous  condition  within 

space  of  an  hour,  and  demand  the  most  prompt  trealment- 

■      ■       ■  ■  '  the  epiglottit  is 


d  the  il 


uch  relief,  ' 


llally 


diapboreiia  may  be  given,  and  a  full  dote  of  Dovi 

enic  LaryntUii  usually  occura  at  >  result  of  repeated 


with  stre 


The  CO 


inhaUiio 


lell. 


There  it  uniallylitTic 

of  tickling  in  the  laryni,  with  *  coDSlint  desire  to  con; 

changes  tn  the  mucous  membrane  are  more  pctmaneni 

the  acute  vuriety,  and  there  nearly  always  accompani 

chronic  alterslion  of  the  membrane  ol  tbe  phatynn  ( 

fiaryatilii).    The  treatment  coiuiilt  ia  stopping  th 

where  known, e.f,  the  smoking  or  shouting.    Care 

shovM  be  made  10  Ice  if  there  it  (ny  nasal  obsti 

Uryu   should  be   tiealed  locally   with   tuiuble  aslringents, 


.0  be  enormously  swollen.    The  tr 


,  id  the 

throat  and  internally,  tcarihcation  of  the  swollen  parti,  and 
should  thai  not  relieve  the  asphyiial  symptoms,  tracbeMony 

ust  be  performed  immediately. 

Tiiterciilsr  i.dryii{ifii  ii  practically  always  associated  with 
phthisis.  Tbe  mucous  membrane  is  invaded  by  (he  tubercles, 
which  first  form  small  maasea.  These  later  break  dowa  and 
ulcerate;  the  ulceration  then  ipreads  up  and  down,  cautiog  an 
■■—"""  amount  of  destruction.  Tlie  £rsl  iiidiaitioti  is  bsane- 
nesa,  or,  in  certain  (orms,  pain  on  iwallowing.  Tbe  cou^  i*. 
as  a  rule,  a  late  symptom.  A  sudden  oedema,  may  bting  about 
a  rapid  fatal  termination.  The  general  treatment  is  the  same 
as  that  advised  for  phthisiii  kicaUy,  the  aSocted  pans  may 
be  removed  by  one  or  a  series  of  operalioni,  generally  under 
local  anaesthesia,  or  they  may  be  treated  with  some  detlmctive 
agent  such  ii  lactic  acid.  Ilie  pain  on  swallowing  can  be  beat 
alleviated  by  painting  with  a  weak  toluiion  of  cocaine.  Tlie 
condition  ii  a  very  grave  one;  tbe  prognodt  depends  largdy 
on  the  associated  pulmonary  infection — if  Ihai  be  eiteniive,  a 
very  small  amotrnt  of  laryngeal  mitchief  retista  (reatmeni, 
while,  if  the  cue  be  Ibe  contrary,  >  very  eitentive  mischid 
may  be  successfully  dealt  with. 

SyfkilUii  Ivyngilii.—Invasion  of  the  laryni  in  syphDit  it 

in  the  inherited  form.  In  the  secondary  stage  the  damage  il 
superficial,  and  the  symptoms  those  of  a  slight  acute  laryngitis. 
The  injury  in  the  tertiary  stage  is  much  more  serious,  tbe  deeper 
structures  are  invaded  with  t!ie  formation  of  deep  lllcen,  which 
may  when  they  heal  form  strong  dcatrices,  which  produce 
a  narrowing  of  the  air^iaaaage  which  may  eventually  require 
surgical  Interference.  Occasionally  a  fatal  oedema  miy  arise. 
The  Ireatment  consists  ol  admlniitering  constitutional  retnediea, 
local  Ireatment  being  of  comparatively  slight  importance. 

PaniysmiJ  Laryngilii,  or  lorynfiinmi  ilrtda/u,  is  a  nervous 
affection  of  the  laryni  that  occurs  in  infants.  It  Ippeart  to 
be  associated  with  adenoids.  The  disease  consists  of  1  leflca 
spasm  of  the  glottis,  which  causes  a  complete  blocking  of  the  air- 
pBssaget.  The  attacks,  which  arerecurrenl ,  cause  acute aiphyxil- 
lion.    Tbey  may  cease  for  no  obvious  reason,  or  one  may  prove 

infant  has  rilber  recovered  or  succumbed  before  as^slance  can 
be  called.  After  an  attack,  careful  eiaminalion  should  be  made, 
and  the  adenoids,  if  present,  removed  by  operation. 

U  lABUfiRS,  MARauram  DB  ((  i640-i«<}3).  friend  and 
patron  of  La  Fonuine,  was  the  wife  of  Antoine  Kambouiltcl, 
ueur  de  U  SablKie  (1614-1679),  a  FrolettaDt  financier  eninisted 
with  tbe  administralion  of  the  royal  estalet.  her  maiden  name 
being  Marguerite  Hessein.  She  received  an  eiceHenl  education 
in  Latin,  matbemities,  phyuca  and  anatomy  from  the  best 
scholars  of  her  time,  and  her  house  became  a  meeling-pUce  l« 
poets,  scientisii  and  men  of  letter*,  no  lf»t  ihan  for  brilliant 
members  of  the  court  of  Looh  XIV.  About  i6j3  Mme  de  la 
Sablijre  received  Into  her  house  La  Fontaine,  whom  for  twenty 
years  she  relieved  of  every  kind  of  material  anxiety.  Another 
friend  and  inmate  of  the  house  was  the  traveller  and  phyuclao 
Francob  Bemier.  whose  abridgment  ol  ihe  works  ol  Catiendi 
■at  written  lor  Ume  de  la  Sablihe. .  Tlie  fbh^  9baiilicu  and 


329 


dedioMd  to  U  Sdc;  i1m  'jtMbwn  atrwOi  ia  Crmic^ua 
it  FlanJra,  of  whkh  oily  1  fc*  tinn  an  originaL  BninliuBd 
KjBmhiiilediciluiithMLcSilehiulddichledtD      "    ' 


■t  InBf  spoit  in 

I'l  death  in  Ibc  hoc  yoi  incnud  h« 

Cubolickm.     She  died  in  Puii  on  the  fih  ol  Juuuiy  164}. 

U  UU  (or  L*  SULE),  AXTOIItB  M  (c.  1388-1461?), 
French  VTitcr,  vu  bom  in  Florence,  pnbibly  u  Ahei.  He  wis 
1  DUanl  HB  o(  Bernard  de  la  S*Ue,'  •  f*iMia  loldiei  oi  foctune, 
■bo  Ktml  aaat  mautn,  unonf  othen  the  Angevin  dukes. 
Id  1401  Anloiiw  colcttd  the  cnut  of  Anjon,  pnbably  ai  a  page. 
ud  in  i«OT  he  *n  at  McMina  with  Duke  Lonis  II.,  who  hid 
tue  then  to  caiaKC  hi*  d*in  to  the  kingdani  ol  Sidly.  Tbc 
■en  jeut  he  pohapt  vent  in  Brabut,  lot  he  wu  laesent  at  iwo 
innnrtmnm  QVfn  It  Hp— *l"~"'->'™'  With  other  giDtleinca 
(ma  Bnbaat,  whose  lama  be  hai  ptcxttbI,  be  'wk  jun 
ia  the  eipedilian  oI  Mijigamittlie  Moon,  oiganited  by  John  I. 
of  PonugaL  In  1430  he  accorapukd  Louis  III.  on  anoitacr 
cqicditioa  to  Naples,  makinc  in  Iblt  yeai  an  eicuruin  liom 
Kotda  to  the  Monte  ddla  SibiUa,  and  the  neighbouring  Lake  of 
Filale.  The  stny  o(  hil  ulvcntuns  on  this  ooasion,  and  u 
Kmint,  with  gome  Heptical  csmmenls,  ol  the  bolletcad* 
■prdiDg  Fitate,  and  the  Sibyl's  gnxlo,'  form  the  most  inierest- 
ieg  chiiiUr  ot  i^  Salait,  whkb  is  luctbci  adorned  with  a  map  o[ 
IbeiKciil Irom Moptemonaco.  LaSale  probably iclumedwilb 
Louii  UL  of  Adjou,  who  was  (bo  cocnte  de  Provence,  in  1416 
10  Fnwence,  where  be  was  ictlog  as  R'liiwr  o(  Ailes  in  i4io.  In 
1414  Ren*,  Louis'i  Buccejior,  made  La  Sale  lutot  to  his  son 
Jem  d'Anjou,  due  de  Calabre.to  whom  be  dedicated,  between 
the  yean  143S  and  1447,  bit  la  Saladt,  which  it  •  t»L-book 
dl  ibe  itudiea  necessary  for  a  prince.  The  primary  inlcniion 
el  ibetiLie  is  no  doubt  the  [day  on  bis  own  name,  but  be  explains 
it  00  the  ground  ol  the  uiscellaneDus  cfaaiactrr  nf  tfae  botA— 
1  ulad  is  cominsed  "  ol  many  good  herbs."  In  ujg  he  was 
■gain  in  Itsly  in  charge  <d  the  casile  ol  Capua,  with  the  due  dc 
CaLibrE  and  hi*  young  wiie,  Harie  de  Bourbon,  when  the 
plue  wa*  besieged  by  (be  king  of  Aragon.  Rent  abandoned 
Nipla  ia  1441,  and  Anioinc  no  doubl  iclurncd  to  France  about 
'■  <as  sought  at  the  tootnunents  which 


^brated  U 


iur,hc 


at  Nancy  in  144;!  and  in  1446,  at  a  similar  display . 
■u  ow  of  the  nmpiies.  La  Sale's  pupil  was  now  twenty  yean 
el  age,  and,  alter  forty  years'  service  o(  the  house  ol  Anjotj, 
La  iilt  lelt  it  to  become  tutor  to  Ihe  sons  ol  Louis  de  Luxcm- 
beuig,  comic  dc  Ssiol  Pol,  who  took  him  to  I'landers  and 
presCDled  bim  at  the  court  of  Philippe  le  Bon,  dulte  ol  Burgundy. 
Pot  his  new  pupils  be  wrote  at  CUtelet^ur^Oise,  in  I4SI,  & 
aoral  work  entitled  Lji  SaJie. 

He  Wat  nearly  seventy  year»  o(  age  when  he  wrote  the  work 
Ulal  hu  made  bim  lamoua,  L'Hyiloire  it  plaisanlt  cronu^nr 
iitttlilJtkandtSaiiitrlttdiiaJKintiaimtili  BcUcs-Cmi'", 
Saia  SMlrt  Item  nomma,  dedicated  lo  hil  formn-  pupil,  Jean 
de  Calabre.  An  tmm  in  MS.  10,05;  (iw""-  "4'  ''I  ■"  ''" 
Bibliolhique  Natiooale,  Paris,  states  thai  it  was  completed  at 
Chlleiet  on  the  6th  of  March  14JS  ("■  l*i6)-  1^  Sale  abo 
announces  an  intention,  never  iulAUed,  apparently,  of  writing 
a  tominci  of  Paris  ft  Vitnne.  Tbc  MSS.  of  Priil  Jdfan  dc 
ioiiiM  usually  contain  in  addition  FJoriifuni  rl  Eluidt,  translated 
by  RasK  de  Bniohamel  Irom  Ihe  Latin  ol  Nicolas  de  Ckmftngc, 

'  For  his  career,  see  E^iu]  Durriea,  Ltt  Cajtvia  €w  Ilalte  (Auch, 

■  FiJtli'fcilrf  ol  the  Sibyl  cunenl  in  Italy  al  Ihe  time,  given  bv 
la  Sale,  nditt  inls-c^Iion  with  [be  Taiuihliucr  xory.  lec  W. 
Soedefhieta,  "A.  dc  la  Salle  et  la  Wicode  de  TsinhluKt    .« 

•ml  Goton  Paris,  "  Le  R 
Uiende  du  TanaMuier," 


able  hi 


which 


the  style  ol  Ptiil  Idttu 

it  SaiJilH  that  its  author  was  no  novice  in  the  art  of  lomanco- 

The  Rlcei^tif  i  Uadame  it  IftM/tiUt,  a  coDiotalory 

epiAtle  ioduding  two  stories  of  parental  fortitude,  was  wriuen 

Vendnul-sur-Oiie  about  I4;S.  and  in  1459  La  Sale  produced 

,  litatisc  Dci  OJKKHi  fsKnuii  (f  taicti  forma  and  the  Jeimlt 

hwnr  d  it  Pnmatt.    He  followed  his  patron  to  Ccnappc 

Brabant  when  Ibe  Dauphin  (aflerwiidi  Louis  XL)  look 

refuge  at  the  Burgundian  ceuit. 

La  Sale  is  generally  accepted  as  the  author  ot  one  ol  the  nort 

mous  satires  in  the  French  language.  La  Qmime  Jvya  it 

ariii[t,  because  bis  name  has  been  disengaged  fram  an  scrottic 

the  end  ol  the  Rouen  MS.    He  is  also  supposed  to  have  been 

K  "acteur"  In  the  colkclion  ol  licentious  stories  supposed  to 

:  ninated  by  vaiiom  penonl  at  (he  court  ol  Philippe  le  Bon, 

id  entitled  the  Ccef  t/omdlts  HtncOa.    One  only  of  ifae  stories 

given  in  his  nane.  but  be  is  credited  with  the  compUslioo  of 

Ibe  whole,  for  which  Louis  XI.  was  long  held  rttponsible.    A 

completed  cc^y  of  tha  was  presented  to  the  Duke  of  Burgundy 

at  Di)on  in  1441.    If  ibcn  La  Sale  was  the  author,  he  probably 

was  still  living;  olberwise  the  last  mention  of  him  is  in  1461. 

PtlU  /rtdji  ic  SaiiUr*  tlvtt.  at  Ihe  point  when  the  Iraditioni  of 

ideal  knighl  and  nici  lor  his  co'ikduct  under  many  dUIefenI  ciicum- 
fiaticts.  When  Pciii  Jeban,  aged  thincen,  is  persuaded  by  the 
Dame  d«  Bclles-CousiiKe  to  icccpc  her  as  his  lady,  she  pvcs  him 

*ucc»'  S^'msti^Ny  >d«K«^  ana  uMil  Salotrt  beconin 

outfurope.    piiTicci'ioiiof™  iDmancMpSi"l^did»cli?lB 

liiih  iSS'p  A?**.  OoralUS^tmmnrmiBi^M.l^i^Nf^ 
that  (he  but  eection  is  oniply  to  show  bow  th* 
'  other  grades  of  educatioiL  kana  at 

. -^  .-, tU  igainit  coquetry.  The  book  may, 

however,  bo  fairly  regarded  as  satirliing  the  whole  theory  ol 
*'  cooncoos  "  love,  by  the  simple  method  of  fastening  a  repowvo 
conclusMn  on  an  kkal  casb    Tho  conteMion  that  tbg^Wuir-Eki 

JTinuinccs  ot  the  Dau^n's  eiilcd  rouR,  is  inidmisible,  for  the  last 
page  w3>  wriiirn  when  the  prince  artivol  in  Brabant  In  t4j6.  That 
It  IS  an  aatMJerial  satire  tctrnt  unKkdy.    The  profeidoa  of  the 


dilficully  in  acceptins 

fi|i  and  the  CalN*t _ 

maiterpieccs  in  their  may  and  eahiUt  a , 

power  and  grasp  ol  dialc«ue  than  does  PtlU  Jtitm.  Soae  Ughl  U 
itironn  on  the  romance  by  the  tin^umsiancei  o(  the  due  de  Caubn, 
To  whom  it  W3S  dedicated.  His  wale.  Marie  de  Bourhon,  was  orw  of 
the  "  Bc1)n.CDitiiim  "  who  contended  lor  the  favour  of  JacBuci  or 
jacquet  da  Lalaing  in  the  Uwe  it  Jtilt  it  Jtfmi  £alat^  which 
{onnt  Ihe  child  wiuiceol  Ihe  eaity  eiqikits  el  Petit  Jehan. 


at  U  Sale's  aims . 


aims  appear  in  his  method  of  eon- 

_  ._  ._ -_inary.    Jekan  de  SainlrO  Hounshrd 

in  the  Hundred  Venn'  War,  was  taken  prisoner  after  Poltien,  with 
the  elder  Boucicaut,  and  was  employed  in  Mntlatini  the  tnaty  c4 
Bretigny.  FninrtmcnIionedkimaa"lemeiUeuretIepliisvaillant 
chevalier  de  France."  His  caploits  as  related  in  the  romance  are, 
however,  iDunded  on  those  of  Jacques  de  Lalaing  U.  I4»1-I4SJ), 
who  was  brought  up  at  the  Burgundian  court,  and  became  inch  a 
famous  knighr  that  he  exdted  the  rivalry  of  the  "  BelleoCoasinei." 


le  weeks  o(  Ccorgn  ChaRela 
und  in  Pail  /nkis.  ihauld  a 


Ihe  rough  nsTitinol  the  Entliiji 

jtid  figured  hut  that  ol  the  courts  to  which 

LaSalewasKcuuomed. 
The  title  of  LnQniiut  Jayn  it  oaruiwi  It,  with  »  piofonily  ehar- 


LASALLE— LA.  SALLE,  SIEUR  DE 


iTiJigc.     EvitfcHcc  in  Uvtnr  ol 
ard  by  M.  E.  CwBH  (BiWu«ti/i 


Wk,  187J,  pp.  8)-7).  "ho  qi^Qto 

5aAc  ■  paaiEc  paraphrud   iro 

Jcvlniin  *likh  cqnUin  Ibo  chief  . 

fti^i  {Rem  it  Pfii.  D«.  1«OT)  oprawd  »n  opimMi  iIbi  10  fi 

apylbiDg  like  the  b»1icioiu  punnmiwi  b;*  mtaOi  La^o  dim 

the  mou  inliirute  deuik  of  mamed  life,  ind  iIm  paiarid  eucmi 


he  diii«M  o(  tba  tfumt  Jtmi  u  anu»i>U)F  nuani  and  pntunt. 
Uch  oTS*  WHen  vigiMita  a  perfnt  in  il>  kind.   Thm  i>  ■»  re- 
lundaiKC.   The  diSuxniu  of  nmiaace  u  nplaced  by  the  mclbsdt 
il  the  willen  ol  the /oUuiii. 
In  the  CnU  NaimUa  Mwtelbi  the  Italian  uieJfa  n  lulunlized  in 


oirntei  what  appear*  to  ba  H  seniiine  tri^ytand  ijof  an  entirely 
dJUerent  nature  Iron  (he  other  tonitj.  h  ii  another  version  of  the 
Kory  of  Floddam  et  Elvide  aircady  irHDIioned- 

Not  cimtent  irilh  allowing  theie  jchievemenis  10  L»  Sale,  wme 
iritin  have  propoacd  to  agciibe  10  him  ain  the  (am  ef  JfoUn 
Ptiktim. 

The  beu  editions  of  La  Sale  j  undoubted  and  reputed  worluare  ^ 
Petil  Jilian  dt  ScMrl  by  J.  M.  Guiehard  (Itij);  Lrj  On*  A'owkUm 
H„mrlU!  by  Thomii  Wrliht  (Bibl.  rlrivWenrir,  iBsD;  la  Q-ini 
Jofti  it  mariatt  by  P.  Jannct  (Bibl.  eli«v.,  1857).    La  Salalt  tm 

prinieil.  For  iir  conleou  lec  E.  Cos»rt  in  the  BiUuptiU  Mn 
(1871.  pp.  77  et  ie<t-J.  See  alv>  Ine  a utboritieA  quoted  above,  and 
Joseph  Nivv,  A  ntoint  i*  la  SaQt,  mvitHifM  onrairi  ,  ,  .  iuai  dn 

Cnu  JvIiSat"^o»3Si"rom"i!r'£Vi  worki™Pi^i!S*ToldD, 
Cnlratia  nUt  U-dio  iiUa  nneJfn /roHCfH  M  XV  ,  XVI  •aah 

(Hay  'I'Ws)* '^^'siem,'  "'tcr^uch'' liter' Antoine™  la  Salle,' "in 
ArcIlK  Kr  ial  SludiuiK  in  luiirrtn  S^achrn.  vol.  ll)vi.;  and  G. 
Raynaud.  "  Un  Nouviuu  Maoiuciii  du  Petit  Jehan  dc  Sainii^  "  in 
Romania,  vol.  xlxL  (M.  Bk-J 

LASALUt,  AHTOINB  CREVAUBH  LOUIS  COLUNET, 
Count  (jJ7S-iSo<j),  French  soldier,  belonged  10  a  noble  family 
in  Lortajrie-     Hia  grandfather  wu  Abraham  Fabcrt,  manhal 


LA  lALLB.  aait  ROBCItT  OAVmn.  SMtn  n  <l<4>- 
11187),  French  eiplorer  in  Noiih  America,  via  bMn  U  Rouen 
on  the  iindol  November  164].    He  taught  let  a  lime  la  a  Kbool 

(probably  Jetuil)  in  France,  and  acuu  to  have  lorfeittd  h 


lejeai 


Achcd  the  rank  o! 
.  Aa  an  aristocrat 
1  the  ranks,  where 


a  desperate  bravei 


won  back  bis  grade,  and  w 

feat  of  leaping  his  boi»  over  the  paraiKt  of  4  bri* 
capture,  and.  lattr,  in  Egypt,  he  saved  Divout's  1 
By  iSOD  he  had  become  colonel,  and  in  one  combai 
he  had  two  horvs  killed  under  bim,  and  broke  i 
Five  years  later,  having  attained  the  rank  of  genei 
he  vaa  present  with  his  brigade  of  light  cavalry 
In  the  puiauit  after  Jena  in  1S06,  though  he  had  bi 


il  the  I 


t  0!  ai 


y  with  bi 
s>  of  Stcli 


Icrrificd  I  he  cr 


nrcly  equalled  save  by  that  s[  Crornwcll  on  Bletchingdon  I- 
Mnde  general  of  division  (or  lhjsciplalt,he  wuneit  in  the  Polish 
campaign,  and  it  Helbberg  saved  the  life  of  Murat. 
duke  of  Berg,     When  the  Peninsular  War  began,  Lasall 
KM  out  with  one  of  the  cavaliy  divisionE,  and  at  Mcdi 
Rio  Seco,  Gamonal  and  Mcddltn  broke  tveiy  body  of  troops 
which  he  charged.     AycuUtet,allheheadolDncol  Ihecavalry 
(GvisioDS  ol  the  (TrMdc  Armit  he  looli  part  in  the  Auslriai 
At  Wa«un  be  wii  kllkd  U  the  bead  of  hb  men.    Wit 
possible  eactptlon  ol  Cutely,  who  was  in  iSog  sliU  unk 
NapolcDo  never  possessed  *  betier  leader  of  light  hoise.    Wild 
and  irregular  in  his  private  life.  Laialle  was  fsi  more 
■  ban  itbrrmr.     To  talent  and   experience   he  added 
power  of  (eeliag  the  pulse  of  the  battle  which  is  (he  ttui 
ol  a  gnat  leader.     A  statue  of  him  was  erected  in  Luniivi 
itia.     Hi*  remains  were  biaugbt  from  Austria  to  the  Invalidea 


Qinada.  whKhet  hit  broiher,  ■ 

Ipician  sbbj,  had  preceded  him.     From  the  Seminary  of  St 

Ipiceln  MmtiMl  La  Salle  received  a  giant  on  the  St  Lawrence 

out  B  m.  above  Montreal,  where  he  built  a  siockado  and 

:ablished  a  lur-tradlng  poM.    In  16C9  he  utd  this  post  (pattir 

the  Sulpidans  who  had  granted  it  to  him)  to  raise  fundi  lot 

expedition  to  China  ■  by  way  of  the  Ohio.*  which  he  luppoted, 

)m  the  report!  ol  the  Indiam,  to  flow  into  the  PacilK.     He 

ssed  up  the  St  Lawrence  and  through  Lake  Ontario  to  *. 

neca  vilhge  on  the  Genesee  river;  thence  wiih  ui  Iroquoit 

guide  he  crossed  the  mouth  oi  (be  Niagara  (where  he  heud  the 

e  ol  Ihe  distant  falll)  to  (Unattogue,  an  Iroquois  cotony 

he  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  where  he  met  Louis  Jolicl  and 

ived  from  him  a  map  of  pans  of  the  Great  Lakes.    L>  Salle's 

lionaiy  corarsdes  i»w  gave  up  Ihe  quest  fot  Chiot  to  preach 

ing  the  Indiana.    La  Salle  discovered  the  Ohio  river,  deocended 

:  least  Bslir  as  the  lite  of  Louisville,  Kentucky,  and  ponibly, 

igh  not  probably,  to  Its  junction  with  the  Mitsistipfd,  and 

.669-ifi;a,  abandoned  by  his  few  followers,  made  his  way 

k  to  Lake  Eric.     Apparently  be  passed  through  Lake  Erie, 

Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Michigin,  and  some  way  down  the  lUinois 

iver.    Little  is  known  of  these  eiploraiians,  for  his  journals 

ire  lost,  and  the  description  of  his  travels  rests  only  on  the 

estimony  of  (be  anonymous  author  of  a  Hiileiitdt  U.  it  U 

idMe.    Before  167]  La  Salle  had  returned  to  lion treal.  Becoming 

onvinced,  after  the  eiploralions  ol  Marquette  Ind  Jolict  in 

\b^i,  that  the  Mississippi  flowed  into  the  Gulf  ol  Mtiico,  h< 

h  power  to  the  lower  Misaiasippi  Valley, 
of  Cottnt  Fronunae,  (hen  govtrDor  o< 
id  1677  visited  Fiance,  obtaining  ftum 
risit  a  patent  of  nobility  and  ■  grant  of 
landa  about  Fort  Frontenac,on  thesileof  the  piesent  Kingalan, 
Ontario,  and  on  his  second  visit  i  patent  empowering  him  ta 
Tiplote  the  West  at  his  own  eipense,  ind  giving  him  (he  buflalo 
lide  monopoly.  Late  in  the  year  1678,  at  the  head  of  *  small 
lurty,  he  started  from  Fort  Ftontenic  He  esubllshtd  a  post 
ibove  Niagara  Falls,  where  he  VfttiX  the  winlei,  and  when, 
lis  vessel  having  been  wrecked,  he  built  a  larger  ship,  the 
"  CriRon,"  in  which  he  sailed  up  the  Great  LUes  to  Gieen  Bay 
(Lake  Michigan),  where  he  arrived  in  September  ifin.  Sending 
back  the  "  CriFIon  "  freighted  with  (ais,  by  which  be  hoped  to 
satisfy  the  claims  of  his  crediion,  he  proceeded  In  the  IlUnais 
river,  and  near  what  b  now  Peoria,  Ulinolt,  built  a  ton,  which 
bcciUed  Fort  CriveciEur.  Thence  hedelached  Father  Hennepin. 
with  one  comparuon,  to  explore  the  llUnois  to  its  mouth,  and, 
leaving  his  lieutenant,  Henri  de  Tonty  (c.  i6so-£.  1701),'  with 
about  fifteen  ntcn,  at  Fort  Crtvecoeur,  be  rctumed  by  land, 
afoo(,  to  Canada  to  obtain  needed  supplies,  discovering  Ibe  fate 
of  the  "  Griffon  "  (which  proved  to  have  been  lost),  thwaning 

July  16S0  newi  reached  him  at  Fort  Frontcnic  thai  nearly 
all  Tonly's  men  had  deserted,  after  destroying  at  ap[HT)priat[ng 
most  of  the  supplies;  and  that  twelve  ol  them  were  on  thdr 
way  to  km  him  ai  the  surest  means  of  escaping  punishnient. 
'  Th*  unii  La  CUm  was  tanuulicaUy  applied  (0  La  Salle'i 
■etllement  on  the  St  Liwrr — 

oratlen??«™i*_    _.  , .. 

of  [j  Salle's  exploration  pecullariy  dil 


ilendingthe  Frer 
Canada,  ind  In  1A74  1 


m  to  iHve  uaed  the  name  Ohio  I 


■lexpV .. 

(ac  Tonti).  an  luKin,  born  at  Caeia,  was  La  SalleV 

principal  Ucuteaanr,  and  wu  the  equal  of  hii  chief  in  iotiepidilyi 
Before  his  association  with  U  Salle  he  had  cngund  ia  sfuuiy 
flervicelBEDR»e,durhwwliichhehadlaacahaad.  fleaeeaaiaanied 
La  SaHe  ta  the  meutb  oTlhe  Mlsd^pai.ud  wai  iacommialiif  Fol 


joined  d'Ibrrvilk  In 


Indiana.   Thi>ialh*la> 


LA  SALLE,  ST.  JEAN  DE— LASAULX 


IBiMB.  10  bd  the  counuy  demuud  liy  Iht  InquoH,  ud 
kii paM (taadoMd.  tie forawl ■  Ia«H oClb«  WcKoii  ladiiH 
ts  fi(kt  tbt  Inqaoii,  Oa  mu  (o  MkfciinckMc.  vbcre  be 
looBd  Tomly,  pncccdcd  mgria  t«  Fan  Fnotcuc  to  obiuD 


_  down  the  Dlwi 
whkb  he  reubed  in  Febtuaiy  16I1,  bi  1> 
'     ihidi  he  n  ' 


Suncd  RKk  (ne 


1  Ion.  F«t  S(  Lous.  pntuUy  od 
raol  Ottimi,  LllaiH»),  mraund  which 
B  iBdiuit  (Uinoik  KloiDB  ud  Mhtn  icriunc 
DO  the  Inqwia)  bad  b«n  (ilbcRd.  La  Solk 
I  Quebec,  ud  La  Bane,  who  had  nitaedcd 
FioMniac.  baD|  iinfrinidv  la  bin.  again  vieilcd  Fnxt  <i^). 
wbcrebcsiccecdeduiuileRUinclhckiniinaichciiK  10  slaUsh 
a  Ion  at  the  mouih  id  the  Miniiiiinii  aad  Id  sait  the  Spaoah 
paui  is  the  vidnily.  On  tbe  i^lh  ol  Jalji  1&S4,  Mib  (obi 
(eiaels  unds  ihe  utninand  el  hiinclf  and  CapiaiB  Beaajtu, 
aaanloSicer.heuiledfiDniLaRochcIle.  Uiaakins.  il  tppitn, 
the  mlrti  si  Malaiorda  Bay  (ubicfa  La  SaUe  calkd  Si  Low't 
Bar)  in  the  prseBt  aiaie  o(  Teua,  lot  the  luuili  ol  an  uia  «f 
the  Uiaaoippi.  be  landed  there,  and  BcaiiJRi,  toon  aClerwatdi 
leturaed  to  Fiance.  The  eipcdilion  had  aiet  wilb  vaiimu 
niflorttinei;  one  veiad  had  been  captiiied  by  the  Spaniantl 
and  another  had  been  tnecfccd^  and  thnniihout  La  SaUe  and 
Beau^u  had  faded  Is  moA  in  hsnnoojr.  Soon  findi^  that  be 
■u  not  ai  ibe  mooih  ol  the  htininpia,  U  SaUe  crtabUthed  a 
Klllenent  and  buOt  a  lort.  Fort  S(  Loiu,  on  the  LaTaca  [he 
jcatted  it  La  Vachc)  livti.  and  Iravini  then  thi  (Ratn  pan  si 
In  Ihcc,  Ini  October  i68j  to  hlatch  1686  he  *ai^v  iHshl 
lor  the  MjiwaippL  He  aba  nude  Iwa  atlenpti  10  reach  tbc 
IPiaeli  amntrf  and  Canada,  and  durins  the  •ecoDd,  alter  tn 
Boalha  ol  fniillns  >andeiin(i^  be  nu  iMtwimtfd.  on  the 
■Oih  ai  March  16J7.  by  several  e(  hii  foUom*,  acar  the  TiiDily 

Hi>  colony  an  iht  Lavaca,  ahn  iufl«(iii(  letnbly  lion  priva- 
tion and  fhieaae  and  beinf  attacbtd  by  the  Iddiana,  vaa  hnaUy 
brotea  np,  and  a  Igtct  o<  Spamanh  lent  acaiut  ii  is  16S0  lound 
nothing  hut  dead  bodin  and  a  dJaniBIled  Ion ;  the  lew  lur- 
vivon  having  btoppx  douaiicainl  in  the  Indian  viflagcs 
nnr  by.  Sone  wnteia,  noiiUy  J.  C.  Shta.  niimiain  that  La 
Salle  never  intended  to  lottily  tbe  noulfa  U  the  MisuMppi, 
but  *u  Intirucied  to  stiUish  an  advanced  p»t  near  Ihe 
Spansh  poMcaiiona.  where  he  wai  to  await  •  powerlid  tapedi- 
lion  tinder  a  lemjade  Spaaiatd.  rcAaloia,  with  Kboa  be  wai 
■0  ca^perste  in  eipdliott  Ibe  Spanaidi  liom  this  part  d  Ibe 

La  SaUe  wu  one  of  the  greatcit  of  the  uplaim  in  North 
America.  Btsdn  diacovering  the  OMo  and  probably  Ihe 
Ilinoia.  he  wat  the  fait  to  loUow  the  Uitiiiilppi  Irom  ill  upper 

ihc  ducovnia  ol  Kadiiiaa,  Jaliet  and  Harqocite  in  the  north 
wjthlhsacol  Di  Solo  in  tbc  aouth.     Hewaaalei 


Thebnt  acm 
Fnvi*  Parhmaa 
IBiMoa.  itn:  Li 


■"').  i-  Ji- 


S!:^ 


.y  be  (onnd  ii 


■AUbeufh  U  San*  and  Ooa  H>ta  dc  PMiikn  (I«i4-i6ft7) 
pmentdl  10  tbe  French  fovemveal  iBdependcnl  pLint  for  an 
eapedilion  acaiiatt  ihc  Sfdnoidb  and  Pcnatou  aiicTwdrdi  _propoicd 

wai  adopt^.  rjrkrrun  is  of  (he  npinioTi  itut  La  SjIIf  trrnptwd  hh 
eapcdition  acainM  ibp  Spanianli  in  che  hope  that  iheeoiHiusionDl 
peace  between  Fraace  and  Spina  wouM  prevfnt  itt  enmtion  and 
ihat  he  mif  fat  then  utc  theaid  he  had  ihuB  received  in  «tab1i^Lnc  n 
fnnili«l  commercial  colony  at  the  mouih  ol  Ihc  MiMiuipin.  Sec 
E.  T.  IMillB.  "  Tbc  Coimcdion  of  PtAaloM  with  Ihe  La  Saltc  Eipc- 
dilion." in  the  OKtntriy  of  Ihe  Iteaa  Sui*  HiUHwal  Aiudaiioa, 
,vbL  v.  (ABKia.Tea..  igoaj. 


23" 

Pr<-law  [BoMaa.  iSMkand  iiiJ.C.5hea->l>uf<«r7«dX(>l«- 
l:i.»  o/l*f  k.l>iapfiV^j  (N™  York.  Hv):  «  afwP.  Clcsncl, 
Hislimt  it  Cnrlrr  *i  La  Sallr.  aphnlMiu  «  mnaMe  da  faun 
in  Mimaipfi  IPari^  looi).  01  the  tariy  naimiVB  «  LouU 
Htotpin.  Dam^itm  di  I*  Lrtumm  (iMj);  Joaid,  /nraal 
lf,.;««,  &,.  (N™,  ijij';  and  Hciui  dc  ToSTy,  Dfr.i«i  M- 
i«T*Hn  dg*l  r^mfrioiir  irplninnnalf  Jt  U.  it  La  jWto  (Pain> 
ie97>'  OrieiKilBamiveiinaybelo*Bd.liafalaMdiiit>&«liih.in 
Tin  JtmmtjatfaimtRMint  Cmlur.  jnidiid  Jallr.ainlaM*yUr 
FailVal  LmltiuiU.  Utwn  di  TkHt,  £f<.  (1  voli.,  Kew  York,  loos), 
cdil^  by  I.  I-  Coa:  in  Bcnjamln>.  Fivncb-.  lii,ltriial  Cillf^^, 
af_  LniiHU  Ifi  nin,  New  yarV,  tS46-i«s<).  and  in  Shn't  Early 
rayain  Uf  ..d  Damm  Ih.  MiauiifH  tXKany.  tUiy.  a»l  ■■ 
■mnnrw  i^lrciioK  <if  docgmenD  rctilint  lo  La  ^fc  may  be  louid 
•n  Pime  Marcry^  CnMiTrlri_ft_<l«Wimiwt»  ia  fraiuu  i*Mi 


I«7S-IK«).  a 


rl  futiil,  {6  V. 


(C.  C,  H 


U  SALLE.  ST  JEAX  BAITISTB  DB  (i65i-i7i«].  laupdci 
ol  the  (Kilcr  ol  Chiiiiian  Brolhcn,  wai  bom  11  Rdms.  The 
ton  ol  a  rich  lawyer,  his  lalher'a  influence  eaily  seiutcd  bin 
a  canoary  in  the  calhedial;  Ibere  be  catabliabcd  a  ichoel, 
when:  Irct  demtatary  inatrutlion  waa  given  10  poor  children. 
The  enterprise  aoon  bnudcned  in  scc^;  a  band  of  enthusiastic 
aaaiuanu  gathered  round  him;  he  rcaolvtd  10  resign  his  canonry, 
and  devote  Jiinuelf  cntiicty  to  education.  Kb  assislanis  were 
Dflganiicd  into  a  communily.  which  gradually  rooted  itself  all 
over  FraiKCi  and  a  IraininE  school  lor  teachcn,  Ihe  Coll^ 
de  Sainl-Yon,  was  set  up  at  Rouen.  In  ijaj,  s»  yeara  alter 
Ihe  louodei'i  dcalh,  the  society  was  rccogniard  by  the  pope. 
under  the  oHicial  title  el  "  Brothcn  ol  the  Christian  Schools  ": 
its  aembcra  took  Ihe  usual  monaslic  vow*,  but  did  not  aspin 
lothepricalbood.  Duiingthefiru  hundred  yean  of  lit  eosteoce 
its  aelivilies  were  mainly  confined  to  France;  during  the  igth 
century  ii  ^wead  to  noM  of  Ibe  countiica  of  wcsltiv  Europe, 
and  hoa  been  markedly  tucttBlul  in  ihc  United  Staiet.  When 
La  Sallc  was  caoomitd  in  tQoo,  Ibe  total  number  oi  bnlhen 
waa  esiiznated  at  ij.ooo.  Although  the  order  has  beea  chiefly 
(oncirned  with  dcRicnlary  schools,  it  underlakes  most  bianchu 
of  iccondaiy  and  technical  education;  and  il  has  served  as  a 
nodd  Isr  other  aodetieih  in  Ireland  ud  etcwbeM,  aUgkily 
diScring  in  cbaraeiEi  Irom  the  ongiaal  tnsiilute. 

LA  SAUA  a  city  of  La  SaUe  nxuiy,  llUnsis.  U.S.A.,  on  tlw 
UliDDiliivei.iiearlhehcadof  navi(atiaB.9qm.  5.W.  oIClKagg. 
ftp.  (1500)  ia.446,  of  wbnn  3471  weie,  toreign-boni:  {tfl« 
census)  ■■.SJ7-  The  ttty  b  served  by  the  CWcago,  flmlingtoa 
ft  Quiney.  lb(  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific,  aiul  the  Ul^ioia 
Cenlnl  lailmyi,  and  by  tbe  Illinois  U  Midu'gu  Canal,  of 
which  La  Salle  b  Ibe  weilem  tenninui.  The  city  ha*  a  public 
UbraiT.  The  principal  indnitrics  are  the  smelling  ol  sine  and 
tbe  aaRHlaciun!  el  ctaicnt.  rolled  linc,  bricks,  sulphuric  acid 
and  docks;  in  tooj  the  di/s  lociory  product)  were  valued 
at  Si.i  sB.i  }j-  In  the  vicinity  large  tiuaniiiies  «[  coal  an  mined, 
lor  which  the  city  it  an  important  shipping  point.  Tbe  muiu- 
rijsUly  vwns  and  Dpcralo  the  walecworki  and  the  tlecliic  lighl- 
aig  fbnl.  The  Gnl  KtllenicM  was  made  here  in  iSjo;  and  Ihe 
pUce  which  ma  named  in  honour  of  the  ciploiei,  Renf  Robert 
Cavcliec.  Shoe  de  La  Sallc,  wai  dianei«d  a>  a  dly  in  its*  aul 
Rchancred  in  i87«> 

LASAULX.  ABHOLD  CDHCTAKTUf  PEIU  FSANZ  VON 
(lS]q-lSS6),  German  mineralogist  and  pelrngnphcr.  was  bora 
at  Castellaun  near  Cobleni  on  the  14th  of  June  iBji).  He  wit 
educated  al  Berlin,  where  he  look  his  Ph.  D.  tn  iMS,  In  1875 
he  became  prafcasor  of  mineralogy  at  Breslau,  and  in  iSSo 
prolcasor  ol  mlacraloKy  and  geology  al  Bonn.  He  waa  dislin- 
guiihed  lor  his  icscarthn  on  minerals  and  on  cryslaHography, 
and  he  waioneottheearLer  workers  on  microscopic  pelTogTiphy. 
He  described  in  1878  Ihc  eruptive  tocks  ol  the  distiici  ol  Saar 
and  Masene,  In  il«o  he  tdiled  Bir  Atlna  Iram  Ihe.  MSS.  ol 
Dr  W.  Sutotiui  von  Wallcishausen,  the  results  of  obaervallOM 
made  between  the  yean  iSj4-i  86».  He  was  author  si  Bemealt 
irt  Fdnpafhit  (187s).  Emfttkiumt  w  die  CcUaxiltkn  (18B5), 
and  Pihia  dt  tUteifapliu  (1887)-  He  died  at  Boon  on  Ihe 
asUi  ol  juHaiy  lisi. 


LNgnzcdbyGoO^lc 


LASCAR— LAS  CASAS 


LAtCAK,  the  nime  in  colnnwn  tnc  lor  iQ  aricnid,  ind 
apcciftUy  Indian,  saiton,  vrbich  hu  b«n  adopled  m  EngUnd 
inlQ  Ihe  McTclunl  Shipping  Acta,  though  wilhoul  loy  ddinition. 
It  it  derived  Item  the  Pertiui  lailikar-tzay,  or  camp,  In  which 
%tatt  il  is  itiU  used  in  India,  ci-  Luhkai,  originilly  the  amp, 
□ow  the  permanent  npitil,  al  Sindhit.  at  Cwalioi.  Ii  vould 
ircin  to  have  been  applied  by  the  PotiuEutse,  Ent  la  u  infciior 
class  a[  men  in  military  lervice  (ci.  "  lun-lucais  "},  and  ihen 
tosallonisHTlyas  the  ijthcrniucy.  The  Tonn  aubri' on  the 
east  coast  of  Airica,  equivaleni  to  "  sepoy."  tomes  fmrn  the 
Arabic  'aiiar-tnoy,  which  »  believed  to  be  ilMlf  til^en  fram 

LASCARn.  COmTAintHB  {d.  1491  or  Tjoo),  Creek  scholii 
and  gninmuian,  one  of  (he  pnmoteis  of  the  revival  ol  Creeh 
leamlog  in  Italy,  was  bom  at  Conslantiiraple,  He  was  a  member 
of  the  noble  Bithynian  family,  which  hid  furnished  three  crn- 
peton  of  Nicaea  during  the  ijth  cenlory.  Afiti  the  (all  ol 
Constantinople  in  itjj,  he  took  refuge  first  in  Corfu  and  then 
in  Italy,  where  Fiaitcesco  Sfor»,  duke  of  Milan,  appointed 
him  Greek  lulor  to  hb  daughter.  Here  was  published  his 
Grommaike  Ctaria,  rite  umpniiiitm  ixit  aalimii  ^ortinnr, 
remarkable  u  being  the  firjt  book  cntirdy  In  Creek  issued 
from  the  printing  preu.  After  laving  Milan,  Lascaris  taught 
in  Rome  under  the  patronage  of  Cardinal  Beasaiion,  and  in 
Naples,  whither  he  had  been  summoned  by  Ferdinand  I.  to 
deliver  a  coune  of  lectum  on  Creece.  Ultimately,  on  the 
Invitation  of  the  inhabitants,  he  settled  in  Messina,  Sicily,  where 


titinued  to  leach  p 


jidy  unli 


rerou3  pujub  here  was  Pictro  Bembo.     Lascaris  bequeathed 


o(  value 


tinted.  It  die  onty  wi 


H'lvi,.  i.  (Madiid,  17^).    H^  naracn  itpvwiL  lu  iliuuvih  n.-dv^c 

Ihc  romance  of  A,  F.  Villcnuin.  lamrii,  HM  It,  Crui  J<i  ^iniiini 
Jihfr  (i8as).  See  alio  J.  E.  Sandy..  HiO.  Oca.  &W..ed.  3,  vol.  u. 
(i90»).pp.;6lGlL 

'  LAKARII,  JOAmnS  [Johm],  or  Jamto  (r.  iMS-'SiS). 
Greek  scholar,  probaUy  the  younger  broebee  of  CoBtaatiae 
'Lascaris,  surrumed  Rhyndactnus  from  the  river  Rhyndacus 
In  Bilhynia.  hit  native  province.  Aflerthe  fall  ol  CoBslantiDople 
he  wu  lakai  to  the  Fekponnae.  thence  to  Crete,  and  uliimaidy 
found  reluge  in  Florence  at  the  cmirt  of  Lorenio  dc^  Hedid, 
whose  inlermcdiary  he  was  with  the  sultan  Bayeiid  II.  In 
the  puichiK  ol  Creek  MSS.  lor  the  Medicean  libiuy.  On 
the  tipultian  ol  the  Medid  Iran  Florence,  at  the  invitation 
of  Charles  VIll.  of  France.  Laioib  removed  to  Paris  (140s), 
where  he  gave  public  instruction  In  Creek.  By  Louis  XII. 
be  was  several  tima  employed  on  public  minicins,  amongst 
others  10  Venice  (1503-1508),  and  in  1JJ5  be  appeals  to  have 
accepted  the  invitation  of  Leo  X.  to  take  charge  of  thcGreek 
college  he  had  founded  at  Rome.  We  afterwards  (1518)  find 
lascaris  employed  along  with  Budaeus  (Budf)  by  Frands  i. 
in  the  fomaLlon  ot  the  loyal  library  at  FontaineUeau.  and  also 
again  sent  Is  the  service  of  the  French  crown  to  Venice.  He 
died  at  Rome,  whither  he  had  been  summoned  by  FSspe  Paul 
III.,  fa  ijjs-    Among  hb  pupils  was  Musurua. 

AnOAH  other  work^  Lascari*  edited  or  wrote:  Aatitltpt 
(^(FMxana  Cntarmm  (.I4M>'  •■>  'hich  he  SKiibed  the  cDlledion 
of  the  Anthology  to  Agathias,  not  to  I*laiiudn;  Didrmi  AUsaiiJriHi 
icWta  la   Iiaitm   USn)\    Porphyria  of  Tyrr'i  Hemetkanm 


'6,  W^'cii^ 


:k^ 


»»  (Liwloo,  I74i;i  W.  RHKoc.  Li/c  ol  La  ^.  ii.  (ig46);  C.  F. 
firmer,  Dt  itUit  itminAui  Craau  (LdpiiET  i;5o);  A.  Koiawiti 
in  Erxh  A  Gnibcr's  AUttmiimi  E<ityihpij!i:  ).  E.  Sandys,  Hiil. 
Clou.  5(M.,ed.  i,  voU.  ii.  (1908),  p.  78. 

LA)  CASAI,  BARTOLOhS  DB  (1474-rsU),  for  some  time 
bishop  of  Chiapa  in  Meiico,  and  known  to  posterity  at  "  TTie 
Apojile  ot  the  Indifs,"  was  a  native  of  Seville.  Hit  lather, 
one  of  the  cotnpanioDsoi  Cohimbnt  in  the  voyage  which  rcsuhed 
Id  the  dlvovety  of  the  New  World,  sent  him  to  SaUmanca, 
where  he  graduated.    In  1498  he  accooipiaied  Ut  IMber  Id 


an  expedition  under  Cohimbu  (a  the  W*tt  Indie*,  and  In  isoi 
he  went  with  NicoU*  de  Ovtndo,  the  govanur.  to  Hayti,  where 
in  rjio  be  was  adnitled  to  holy  orden,  being  the  tnt  pilMt 
oniained  in  the  American  colonki.  In  ijii  he  paacd  over 
to  Cuba  to  take  pan  in  the  worii  of  "  popuUtioa  and  pad£- 
cation,"andin  ijijor  1514  he witEMtd  lad  vainly  endeawwired 
to  cboil  the  massacre  of  Indiana  at  Caonao.  Soon  afterwards 
there  was  assigned  to  him  and  his  friend  Rentefia  a  large  viUago 
In  the  nei^bourhood  of  Zagua,  with  a  number  of  lodlinaattachad 
'    t  was  known  as  TtparUiiuait*  (tUotmeat);  like  llv 


.     :o  Spain  on  behnll  ef  the  op- 

preued  natives,  and  the  result  of  his  lapreaentalians  wac  that 

for  the  reform  of  abuses,  Lat  Ctu*  Uandf,  with  the  tide  ol 
"  protector  of  the  Indians,"  being  appdatcd  to  adviK  and 
report  on  them.  This  coaiaiMioB  had  not  been  long  at  San 
Domingo  before  Las  Cssat  pcndved  the  ladiStRnco  of  hia 
coadjulDrt  to  Ibe  cause  which  t 
July  tji7  found  bim  again  in  Si 
scheme  for  the  camplele  Vberalkn  of  tin  Ii 
which  KI  only  included  ftdlillet  (or  emJgntlon  fram  Spain, 
but  wai  Intendnl  to  give  to  each  Spanish  resident  In  the  coloniea 
the  right  of  irapoiting  Iwdve  negro  tlavo.  The  emifiatkia 
movement  proved  a  (ailure,  and  Las  Catu  lived  king  eaou^ 
to  eipieia  h^i  shame  for  having  been  so  alow  to  tee  that  Af  ricana 
wcrt  as  much  entitled  to  Iieedom  as  wen  the  native*  of  tbe 
New  World.  Overwhehned  with  disappoint  mem,  he  ielir«d. 
to  Ibe  DomlBJcan  moBastery  in  Halt];  he  joiiMd  the  older  in 
1511  and  devoted  dght  yean  to  Nudy.  AbOBi  1930  be  appear* 
to  have  revisited  the  Spaiusfa  court,  but  on  what  iMiciie  citajid 
is  not  known;  the  confusion  concerning  this  poiod  of  U*  life 
eitendt  to  the  time  when,  after  visits  to  Unko,  tticangu, 
Peru  end  Gualenuda.  he  undertook  an  opcditiMi  in  inj  into 
Tomlutlan,  Ibe  Inhabilanli  of  which  were,  chiefly  thrauch 
hit  tact,  peaceably  converted  10  Christianity,  mat*  being  t«lt- 
braitd  for  the  Snt  lime  anan^  them  in  tbe  newly  buiMled 
town  of  Rabinal  in  i5jg.    In  lU^LaiCaaaiwaticnt  to  Spain 


of  the  order,  and  coofetaK  ol 
in  obltining  royal  orden  and  letlcta  favoaiiag  lui  ealeipriie. 
During  this  stay  in  Eun^,  which  bated  mote  than  foui  yean, 
lie  vitiied  Germany  to  tee  the  emperor,  be  abo  (i{*i>  wrote 
his  Viyult  Aunut,  in  defence  of  the  libeititi  of  tbe  Indiaoi 
and  the  Btaiiima  Sdatien  it  la  Dttlniycisn  ia  l*i  I*diai 
mUtnlila,  the  latter  ef  which  wt*  published  some  twelve 
year*  later.  In  1543  he  refused  the  MedcanbithopricofCuacoi 
but  wat  prevailed  upon  to  accept  that  of  Chiapa,  for  which  be 
sailed  In  i  $44.  Thwarted  at  every  point  by  the  oflicial*,  and 
outraged  by  his  countrymen  in  hit  attempt  to  carry  out  tbe 
new  law*  which  hi*  humanity  had  praoiied.  he  rettintcd  to 
Spala  and  roigoed  hit  dignity  (i^?)-  In  '510  he  met  Sepbl- 
veda  in  public  debate  on  the  thesca  dtawa  from  tbe  recently 
publithed  Aftitfia  fra  litrt  it  imfD  Mli  uiufi,  in  wbicb 
the  lailer  had  maintained  Ihe  bw(ulnets  of  waging  unprotoked 
warnpon  Ihe  natives  of  tbe  Neir  Worid.  The  course  oftbe 
discussion  may  be  traced  in  tbe  account  of  Ihc  Ou^nM  con- 
laincd  In  the  Oirsi  (1551).  In  1J65  L«  Casas  lucceMluUy 
remmstrated  with  Philip  IL  against  the  financial  piojcci  for 
■elling  the  rwersion  of  the  tntaminiaj-^w  pTO|ecl  which 
would  have  involved  the  Indians  in  hopeless  bondage.  In  July 
of  the  fallowing  year  he  died  at  Madrid,  whither  be  had  gone 
to  urge  (and  with  sueceu)  the  necessity  of  restoring  a  coiut 
of  Justice  which  had  been  suppressed  in  Guaieub.  Hit 
Hiilaria  it  lot  Ini'au  wat  not  published  tiB  1875-18^. 

Sir  Arthur  Hetos'  Lift  tf  Lai  Cam  (London,  1S68)  has  not  been 
superxded ;  but  see  also  F.  A.  MacNuit,  fiv^cUmem  if  Lat  Camt 
('90»). 


uit,  teMi^HKW  it  Li 


LAS  CASES— LASKER 


ua  CUES.  EKMAmin.  Anoonn  Dintnowt  uuh 

JOSEPH.  Marquis  ([;66-iS4i|.  Frcoch  oSidil,  wubomil  Lbe 
cajllc  of  Las  Casa  nev  Revel  in  Languedoc.  He  mi  cduciled 
tl  tbe  miUliry  schools  of  VcndAcie  uid  Puis;  be  cnlcnd  tbe 


i;Si.  Tbe  euibcoJi  o 
"  tmigrate,"  uu)  hetpi 
sbuing  la  the  disutioi 
one  ol  Uu  few  suivivor 


the  Revolution  in  ijSg  aiuMd  blm  Id 
il  (omf  yure  in  Gciminy  ud  Entfuid, 
I  Quibeun  tipcdiiioa  (179$).     He 


i  10  F[.ni 


■here  he  !i«d 
wiih 


wber  loyaiisti  who  rallied  Co  the  side  of  Napole 
iltcEwards  to  tfaeejnperor  thalhe  was"  conqueiedby  bii glory ." 
Not  until  iSio  did  he  receive  much  notice  Irom  Napoleon,  who 
tben  made  blm  a  chanbeilain  and  created  him  ■  count  ol  the 
(mpice  (he  >as  marquis  by  beredilary  light).  Aflei  the  £nt 
tbdicalioD  ol  the  emperoi  (iilh  oi  April  i8m),  )^  CaKS  reliicd 
le  EnglaDd,  but  relurned  to  xive  Napoleon  durint  the  Hundred 
Diyi.  Tbe  second  abdication  opened  up  jar  Las  Cuet  the  mott 
laieworthy  part  of  hij  caieer.  He  withdrea  irilh  the  ei-emperot 
and  *  lew  olher  trutty  foUawen  lo  ^odiefarl;  and  it  wa>  La* 
Cases  who  first  ptopoaed  and  uiongly  uiged  Ihe  emperor  10 
tbrowhimaelf  on  the  gcoeiosily  of  the  Brilish  nation.  Las  Casea 
mailelhn  Gnt  ovctlures  to  Captain  MaiUand  of  H.M.S.  "  BeUe- 
lophon"  and  received  a  guarded  reply,  Lhe  nature  of  which  he 
afterwards  misrepresented.  Las  Cases  accompanied  the  ci- 
empeior  to  St  Helena  and  acted  infonnally  but  very  assiduously 
as  bis  secretary,  taking  down  numerous  notes  of  bis  conversations 
which  thereafter  took  form  in  lbe  famous  Uimerial  it  SU 
HBiiH.  The  limits  oft  bis  ailiclcpiedude  an  attempt  al  assessing 
the  value  of  lib  worL  It  should  be  rtad  xith  gieat  caution, 
as  Ihc  compiler  did  not  scruple  to  invit  his  own  thoughts  and 
10  colour  (he  eiptnaions  of  hit  mailer.  In  sotoe  cases  he 
miistated  facta  and  even  fabricated  documents,  ft  is  far  less 
Inslworthy  than  lbe  recotd  penned  by  Gourgaud  in  his  Journal. 
INsliked  by  Monlholon  and  Courgai  '  ■      " 


It  Ihe  islam 
tcTiaL    HoK 


irat  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and 
at  fint  allowed  by  tbe  govcminen 
ince.     He  letldnl  at  Brussels;  I 


up  bis  residence  (hen, 
an  enomaua  sum  from 
See  Utmtmi  ^  "-  ■ 
Ulmcriaiit  SU 
•  ■■  hed  aM 

10  be  by 


translated);  Suilt  dH  mtnuriti  lit  SU  if^iiK,  jia 

Cii'lle  a'nd  Muwt-Pathay.     Sc^  loo  GouacAUD. 
id  Lowa,  Sit  Hudson.  {J.  Hl.  R.) 

LASHIO,  the  beadqnanen  ol  (he  supfr[n1endcn[,  nonbeni 
Shan  State!,  Burma,  stualed  in  11'  iff  N.  and  97*  4^  E.  a(  an 
alli(udtof  3100 ll,, on  alow  spur  overlooking  (he  valley  of  lhe 
Nam  Yao.  Il  is  lbe  present  terminus  of  lhe  Mandaby-Kun 
t«ng  railway  and  ol  the  government  cart  road  from  Mandaliy, 

•UUon.  with  ceant  house  and  quarleia  for  the  dvil  olficen; 
■bemllilaty  police  post,  (he  headquarters  of  the  Lashio  battalion 
of  military  police;  the  native  s(a(ion,  in  which  the  vailoui 
Biiionalitio,  Shana,  Burmans,  Hindus  and  Mabommedani, 
•le  (fivided  Inlo  separate  quarlen,  wilh  reserves  [or  govctnmmt 
•emnls  and  for  the  temporary  re^dencca  of  (he  five  siwbwu 
<(  Ihe  nortbeni  Shan  Stales;  and-  a  baiaar.  Under  Bumeu 
nle  Lashio  waa  also  the  centre  ol  authorily  for  tbe  northern 
Shan  Stales,  but  the  Burmese  post  In  (he  valley  wis  close  to  Ihe 
Kan  Yao,  in  an  old  Chinese  fortified  camp.  The  Lashio  valley 
v>s  lotmerly  very  populous;  l>ut  a  rebellion,  started  by  the 
■eirimaolHuDwi,  about  ten  yean  before  the  British  occupation, 
ndned  tl,  and  H  ti  only  slowly  ipproaching  (he  prosperity  It 
fonnetly  enjoyed;  pop.  (1001)  15SJ.  The  annual  tainfaD 
iveragea  J4  In.  The  average  mamnum  temperalute  1»  So-j* 
uid  the  average  minimum  sjj*. 


LAtRm,  BDUARD  (rSiQ-iSftj),  Cennan  pnblidst,  wai  bom 

on  the  14th  ol  Oclober  iSig,  at  Jarolschin,  a  village  in  Poseo, 
being  the  son  of  a  Jewish  tradesman.  He  atlcnded  Ihe  gym- 
naiium,  and  alieiwards  the  university  e(  Breslau.  In  iS4g 
after  the  outbreak  of  (he  rcvcdudon,  he  went  (0  Vienna  and 
entered  the  s(udenta'  le^on  which  took  so  prominent  a  part  la 
tfie  disturbances;  be  fought  against  (he  imperial  Imops  during 
the  siege  of  the  dly  in  October.  He  (hen  continued  his  legal 
studies  at  Brc^u  and  Berlin,  and  after  a  visit  of  three  years  to 
Eo^nd.  then  Ihe  model  state  for  German  liberals,  enteied  lhe 
Prusaan  Judicial  service.  In  i8;o  he  lef(  the  goveiamenl 
service,  and  in  1873  waa  appointed  to  an  administrative  post 
in  the  service  nf  the  dly  ol  Berlin.  He  had  been  brought  to  the 
notice  of  the  political  woild  by  some  articica  he  wrole  from 

Zm  VtrfasnintiieukiitiU  Praucii  (Ldpdg.  1S74].  and  in 
SGj  he  waa  elected  member  for  one  of  (he  divisions  el  Bettin 


in  the  T 
parly,  a 
but  he  helped  tc 


I  .867* 


IS  also  el 
n  the  ni 


He  join 


i  (he  radical  01 


the  Gen 
rnal  liberal  party,  and  in  cnit- 
which  remained  laithlul  lo  the 
Magdeburg  and  Frankfor(-on- 
'    the  German,  parliament. 


radicals;  alter  this  he  represented 
Main  in  tbe  Prussian,  and  Meininj 
He  threw  himself  with  great  c  _. 
duties,  and  quickly  became  one  Dt  Its  m«t  popular  and  most 
influential  members.  An  optimist  and  idealist,  he  joined  10  a 
fervent  belief  in  liberty  an  equal  enthusiasm  lor  German  unity 
and  the  idea  of  the  German  stale.  His  motion  that  Badca 
should  be  indudcd  in  tbe  North  German  Conlederation  in 
January  1S70  caused  much  embarrassment  to  Bbmarck,  but 
was  not  tfilbout  eflect  in  hastening  tbe  cri^  ol  1870.  His  great 
work,  however,  was  the  share  be  took  in  Ihe  Judicial  reform 
during  the  ten  yean  1867-1877.  To  him  more  than. to  any 
other  sin^  inilividual  is  due  the  great  codification  of  the  law. 
While  he  again  and  again  was  able  lo  compel  the  government 
to  withdiaw  or  amend  proposals  which  seemed  dangerous  In 
Ubeny,  he  opposed  those  libcrsli  who.  uruble  to  obtain  aB  the 
concessions  which  they  called  lor,  relused  to  vote  for  Ihe  new 
laws  as  a  whole.  AspeechniadebyLaskeronlhc7lhaf  February 
1S73,  in  which  he  attacked  Ihe  management  of  Ihe  Pomeranian 


andal  mism 


Wageni 


le  ol  Bisn 


le  fall  of  Hermann 


s  generally  regarded  as  the  bcpnning  of  the  n 
;  economic  liberalism  by  which  he  and  his  parly  were  10 
irived  ol  their  inHuence.     He  refused  10  loHow  Bismin^k 
finandal  and  economic  policy  alter  I8j8;  always  no- 
lo the  chancellor,  be  was  now  selected  for  fais  moM 
L     Between  Ihe  raiflcals  and  sodalists  on  the  one 
he  other,  like  many  ol  his  Irlends, 
msell.     In  1870  be  lost  his  seat  In 
joined  the  Satiunn,  but  waa  ill 
at  case  in  his  new  portion.     Broken  in  health  and  si^iits  by  the 
incessant  labours  of  the  time  when  he  did  "  half  Ihe  work  of  (he 

suddenly  In  New  York  on  the  s^li  "f  January  1884. 

Lasker*!  death  was  the  occa»n  of  a  curioua  epiwid^  *3f^  auwid 
much  diicuiilon  at  Ihe  lime.  The  Ameiian  Home  «l  RepiHeiila- 
lives  adojited  a  motiffii  of  regret,  and  added  to  it  thtae  wordsi 
*'  Tlut  his  loss  is  not  alone  to  be  mourned  by  the  pciwle  of  his 
native  land,  where  his  firm  and  connanl  cipOHlnn  of,  and  ilnwlon 
(0,  Imand  tibenl  Ideas  have  matervvlly  advanced  Ihe  loclal,  polilica) 
and  ennoniieeandilionsol  these  people,  but  by  the  lovers  of  liberty 
thnHi|kDuI  tbe  world."  Thb  nwionwueenl  Ihroufh  theAmetican 

_,_• "-riln  10  lhe  Ceman  loieiin  oftoe,  wilh  a  reqnea  that  it 

municatcd  to  the  president  of  lhe  RricbHag.  Il  waa 
f  k  olbdaDy  to  communicaie  a  radutiDn  in  which  a 
nent  expressed  an  a[Hnian  in  German  alTain  exaclhr 
It  which  lhe  emperor  at  his actvice  had  siwayslotlowed. 
1^l<lR  refined  10  (ommnnicate  ihe  Test^imn,  and  re- 
jgh  lhe  German  minister  at  Wash!  nfiDo. 
kcr's  wrilines  may  be  menliciiied:  Zitr  CexliiMi  ia 
MrfaiimUriKkni  Bmfaicirtnnt  Prminu  (L«plil.  tSTS).  Dit 
ZidHia/' d«  I^nOidhn  Xncki  (Ltipiil.  1177)  and  Vw  m/SwIr  *r 


sympalhetl 

side  and  Ihe  | 

he  was  unabli 


night  be  eo 


ig  Laikcr's  ' 


23+ 


LASKI 


If  (tspw'iun.t  Mur  hit  ilnth  bb  PafMn 

t  fortu-ilnliinillur    Cttlliukit  liM-IISa  mppearol  (diud  by 

W,  C»hn  (Brrtin,  190J).  S«  iliD  L.  Bambrreci.  £J«.rf  iailn, 
~   '     '      li  (Lciplil.  TBS4)i  A.  Wolir.  Zur  ErAimuit  an  Edmard 

Mm,  ia£);Fn;iind,  CiBiHIiibTf^uudMlbr  (Lnpiic. 

nd  £4iiiird  Liuitr.  KiM  ArHneku  lui^  tiiiK  i^nUticlU 


JAH    LiSKl, 


nicslul 


Tlieigtitdu 
withlht 

erabauy 


(J.  \!:h   . 
I  powerful  I\>]i^  funLI/t  I 
La&Jt,  inc  acai  of  Ibeir  lordship. 


largely  sc 


liiiijbt  ir 


»Qnt  he  h 


Rand 


woppoi 


Ihc  indolent  Alciandcr,  who  had  litLle  km 
and  chiefly  raided  in  Lithuania,  Luki 

opposed  the 


olishchanceUorZamiu 
lired  bolh  uiflucnn  ai 
ed  the  shaip-wiited  yoi 

.unlly  ol  displaying 


Ji  thicr 


If  Pd  jh  tSiln 
\  appoinled  by  ibc 
ily  be  lucccsfBlly 
,  ,  .  )t  Ihe  grand-duchy 
incd  the  influence  of  Cstholkbni,  now  lericuily 
thrialened  there  by  the  Muscovite  pmpaeanda.  So  iinick 
wai  the  king  by  his  abiUly  ihit  oa  the  duih  of  ibc  Polish 
chancellor'in  ijo]  he  passrd  over  Ihe  vice-chancellor  Uadcx 
DscKicki  and  confided  [he  £">'  '■^  'o  l-asU-  As  chancellor 
laiU  lupponed  the  nlachla,  or  countiy-feallcmea,  agaiut 
the  lower  orders,  going  so  far  as  10  pass  an  edict  eicludirg 
beocefocth  all  plebeians  from  the  higher  benefices  of  the  church. 
Nevertheless  be  approved  himself  such  an  excellent  public 
lervant  that  the  new  king,  Sigismund  L,  made  him  jooe  of  bis 
chief  counsellors.  In  ijii  tfie  chanceUor,  who  ecdc&iulically 
was  still  only  t  canon  of  Cncow,  obtained  the  coveted  dignity 
of  archbishop  ol  Gncscn  which  carried  wilh  it  the  primacy  of 
the  Polish  church.  In  the  bng  ncgoliatioos  with  the  restive 
■nd  semi-rebeUioua  Teutonic  Older,  Laski  rendered  Sigismund 
most  Imponinl  political  services,  proposing  as  a  solution  of  Ihe 
queslion  thit  Sigismund  should  be  elected  grand  master,  while 
te,  Laski.  should  surrender  the  primary  to  the  new  caiididale 
of  the  knigbis,  Albert  ol  Brandenburg,  a  solution  which  would 
-    ■  ■     :o  Pol 


S'S- 


IS"]  L 


0  the  Uteri 


.mi  the  serrfce  of  Jolin  Zapolyi,  the  Magyu  tom- 

prtltor  IcH*  the  ffungarian  throne,  thereby  seriously  compromlsiiii 
Poland  hot  h  wit  h  the  emperor  and  tbcpope:  Zapolya  despatched 
m  embassy  to  Paris,  Copenhagen  and  hlunich  (or  help, 
is  return  he  found  bii  patron  a  refugee  in  Tiarsytvanii. 
he  had  leliml  after  bb  defeat  by  the  German  king 
id  I.  at  Tokay  in  1SI7,  In  his  eitremiiy  Zapglyt  placed 
bimsdf  under  the  protection  of  the  sultan,  Luki  being  sent  to 
inople  as  his  hiiemiedlary.  On  his  way  Ihilhet  be  wai 
and  mbbed  of  everything,  including  his  credentials  and 
Ihe  rich  prcwnis  without  whMi  w)  negoiiations  weie  deemed 
potaible  at  the  Pone-  But  Laiki  was  nothing  if  not  ludackmL 
Proctedbig  on  hb  way  to  the  Turkish  capital  empty-handed, 
he  nevertheless  wcteedcd  in  giining  the  confidence  of  Critti,  the 
favourrte  of  the  grand  viaier,  and  ultimatdy  persuaded  the 
sultan  to  befriend  Zapolyaand  10  prodiim  him  king  of  Hungary. 
He  went  still  lurthei,  and  without  the  slightest  authoriiy  tor  hii 
In  concluded  a  ten  years'  truce  between  hii  old  master 
Xing  Sigismund  of  Poland  and  the  Pone.  He  then  returned 
to  Hungary  at  Ihe  head  of  i (,000  men,  with  whose  aid  he  enabled 
Zapolya  to  n^-establish  his  position  and  defeat  Ferdinand  at 
"laros-Patak.  He  was  rewarded  with  the  countship  of  Zips 
LDd  Ihe  governor-generalship  of  Transylvania.  But  bis  influence 
ticiled  the  Jealousy  of  the  Magyars,  and  Zapolya  was  persuaded 

0  imprison  hiirL  On  bdng  released  by  the  fnterposition  of  the 
i^>1ish  grand  hclman,  Tarnowski,  he  became  Ihe  most  violent 
i^wncnt  of  Zapolya.  Shortly  after  bis  return  to  Poland, 
..aski  died  suddenly  at  Cracow,  probably  poboned  by  one  pf  hii 
nntinerable  enenric*. 

See  AletaiKkx  HicKhberf,  Hitmyimt  LmiK  (Pol.)  (Lnberi, 

Jah  Lasix,  the  jroungtr  (14^-'!^).  also  known  as  JtiaiHia 

1  LoHt.  Peflib  rcfoDMr,  aoa  of  Jaroslaw  (d.  isij)  niviiila 
if  Siciadia  and  nephew  of  the  fan»ua  Atcbbitliop  LaakL  Stninl 
lis  academical  course  abioad  he  made  the  aoqiuiiitaDoa  iJ 
Zwingli  and  Erasmia  and  returned  10  PalaDd  in  151&  Mltuited 

ih  the  new  doctrinea.  NtvertheleM  be  look  ordni,  and  own( 
tbeinSnence  of  hit  UBckobUined  tbcbiahopiic  Wf  Vaaqnem 
Hungary  from  King  John  Zapolya,  betidca  boldiii)  a  cnwaiy 
Cracow  and  iheoCceof  royal  aecretaiy.  la  isji  btnripKd 
hia  benefices  ratber  than  give  up  a  woiBaB  wbcn  be  had 
:relly  manied.  and  having  incurred  geocral  tCfMnlMtion  and 
e  lasting  displeasure  of  his  uncle  the  archbishop,  ht  Bed  to  - 
ily  (iMj)  he  adopted  the  Aiwaburt 


counca.  convened  by  Pope  Julius  11.,  to  plead  the  cause  ol  Poland 
agiinsi  the  knights,  where  both  as  an  orator  and  as  a  diplomatist 
he  btilliintly  dislingui^ed  himself.  This  misjiOB  was  equally 
profitable  to  his  country  and  himself,  and  he  succeeded  in  obtain- 
ing from  the  pope  for  the  archbishops  of  Cnesen  the  title  of /(jolt 
mali.  In  hisold  age  Laski's  partiality  for  his  nephew,  Hieronymus, 
led  him  to  support  Ihe  candidature  of  )obn  Zapolya.  the  prol^ 
of  the  Turks,  for  the  Hungarian  crown  so  vehemently  a^inst 
the  Habsbutp  that  Clement  VO.  eiconununt cited  him.  and  the 
shock  of  this  disgr; 


kslher 


■orlhy  at 


.  .     5JS)  ai 
riuted  at  Nun 


'5»5 


■n  ZciBfaeig,  M.  Luh'.  ErtUKluf  in  {. 

'4K  >nn  Jan  Korylkowski.  /«■  LtdH.  AitlMil 

len.iaio). 

(179   JuostAW   Laid    (i496-im0.   ^Ush  dlplo- 

ol  InowiDclaw  and  of  SleiaiUa-  His  first  impottanl  mission  ' 
to  Paris  in  11)4,  ostensibly  to  contract  an  antl-Tuikith  league 
with  the  French  king,  but  realty  to  bring  about  a  matrimonial 
alliance  between  the  dauphin,  afterwards  Henry  It.,  and  the 
daughter  of  King  Sigismund  I,,  a  piojecl  which  failed  tbrou|^ 
no  fault  of  LasU's.  The  collapse  ol  the  Hungariait  mon 
at  Mohacs  (1S16)  tint  opened  up  a  wider  career  to  L 
adventurous  activiiy.  Contrary  lo  the  •rishes  of  his 
KMVQin,  Sigitmuad  I,,  wboae  pro-AuitiiaB  policy  be  detested. 


Confess 


.    Hewi 


Friesland.  passed  from 
be-  became  a  member  of  the  so-called 
congregation  of  foreign  Pmlealants  eoled  in  co 
Augsburg  iDterim  of  154^  and,  on  being  expelled  by  Qoc^ 
Uary,  took  refuge  Snt  in  Deoaiark  aod  aubscqueiMly  al-Ftank- 
fort«n-Main,  where  he  was  greatly  eXeemed.  From  Franklort 
he  addressed  three  letters  (priniedat  Basel}  10  King  Sigiaimnd, 
Augustus,  and  Ihe  Polish  gentry  and  people,  urging  the  con- 
version of  Poland  to  Prolcslanlism.  In.ijsti,  durii«  the  brief 
triumph  of  the  anii-catholics,  he  rctunwd  to  hia  native  land, 
took  part  in  the  synod  of  Bnesc,  and  publitbed  a  nanbcT  d 

ac  ralia  Ma  ealaiailid  winulerii  la  ptritrinomm  Ectiaif 
inslUala  (Pincaow,  ij6e},  and  in  Polish,  HiOtry  af  Itt  CnKt 
Pasanlinn  of  Ik  Ciuik  ef  Cad  ■■  1167,  repuhUdled  in  his 
0^4.  edited  by  A.  Kuyper  at  Amsterdam  in  r&6d-     He  died  at 


in  Jan 
the  Polish  Proli 


1  struck  a  medal  ii 


pby 


(?)  Albert  Loski,  who  visited  England  in 
in  aid  of  Dr  Dee's  craie  for  the  "  phUwipher's  aWoe."  La^'a 
writings  are  important  for  the  organiaation  of  tbc  tctJrna 
trrtpinmi*.  and  he  was  concerned  in  Iht  Polah  vtiaiaa  o(  the 
Bible,  nolpublished  till  1563. 

<Ke  11.  l5>kon,  /atuHwr  a  I/ait  fllll).  English  venloa  of  the 
earlier  union  by  T.  Evint  (itM):  Bsrtels,  -rcJooui  a  Lmui 
(iHo)  1  >Urt»e,  StliKkHlt  iu  Jtlmna  a  Lam  UjiSi;  R.  WaSaot, 


LAS  PALMAS— LASSALLE 


»3S 


.'.r-'  .-ISO):  BsuR-Muiiv,  BMitf  Saarra  ef 

£«.  Utit.  C^ii^taa^j  (iSMi;  W.  A.  I.  Aidibald  n  Diil.  Ntl. 
Bin-  (1*41)  uHla  "  Luki,"  &««  Puul.  Jma  <<•  £ai»  (Pjiiu. 
IBM);  iA  U  PalUh  by  AiUaiii  Wnkwiki  (Wimw.  itTiji  and 
]Ju  BoUaM.  Biitory  itrMi  Ji^inHliMi  ■- i'olH' (P«L  HCnin, 
i»«S-  («-  "-  B-) 

LU  FAUUS,  tlM  cai^u]  of  the  ^nUi  iateod  of  Ciuid 
Cauiy,  Id  Ihe  Ctoary  ircbipdiigo,  and  of  u  vIiDlaistniivc 
disuict  wbkta  kiu  compnio  the  islondi  li  I^mnrale  and 
Fucrtevoitani  on  tbe  tut  cout.  la  18°  /  N.  aad  5*  m'  W. 
ttif.  (1900)  44,s<  T-  I-*)  PiJmu  [s  tbc  bugnt  city  In  (he  Oinary 
Iilaoda,  of  ulUch  it  was  tht  upitsl  uotU  iSjj.  Il  b  the  seal  al 
aiQUitotappe«lietabri«aditt,«bocoinin»ndHhf  mililaryfoiui 
in  the  dnl^,  of  a  civil  lieiU»aDt-(Dvcr*oc,  vbo  a  indcticadfnt 
ai  [he  iDvernor-ieiun]  eictpl  in  cooDnioa  vilh  clediooi  and 
munidpal  admioiMnlion,  and  ol  ■  bishop,  wbo  'a  luboidioatc 
uchbitbop  ol  Stvillb    The  palsu  '  ■    ■     • 


I  of  a 


:  valley  wl 


and  although  parti  ol  it  data  from  the  ]6[h  cctiliijy, 
whole  a  clnn  and  modem  city,  wcU  drained,  and  supplied  with 
pare  water,  conveyed  by  an  aqueduct  fiom  the  iiighlanda  of  the 
■ntcrior.  Its  principal  tniildjngs  include  a  handsome  cathedral, 
founded  in  the  16th  centuty  but  only  completed  in  the  iQlh,  a 
ihealic,  a  museum,  an  academy  of  ut,  and  several  ho^>itals  and 
|Ood  schools.  The  modern  devekppmeDt  of  l^s  Paliiias  is  laigeJy 
dtM  to  the  foreign  meichanls,  and  especially  to  (he  British  who 
control  the  greater  portion  ol  the  local  commerce.    La  Li 


b  Las  F 


s  a  Irec  port  and  barhoui  of  icfugc,  officially  considered  the 
td  in  importance  of  Spanish  ports,  but  actually  the  fin 
'  matter  of  tonnage.    It  is  stron^y  fortified.     Hie  harl 
4ected  by  the  piomoutary  ol  La  Iilela, 
h  the  nainlaad  by  a  narroi 


Ships  can  dischaige  at  the  bi 


er  alongside  ibc  < 
us  lighter 


water  (lajj  yds.  long)  or  at  the 
d  in  rS8j-i90i.  TIk  minimum 
■      '  -      ~  refloating 


Id  other  c. 


t,  rtpiuing 


woiksliopa,  and  very  laige  nippliei  ol  coal  afloat  and  adiore. 
Loiiioneaf  the  principal  Atlantic  coaling  staiian,  ami  the  coal- 
trade  is  entirely  in  Brititb  hand*.  Other  important  industries 
Bie  shipbuilding,  fishing,  and  the  manulaclute  ol  glass,  leather 
and  bats.  The  chief  eiports  an  fndi,  vegeiabies.  sugar,  wine 
and  tochiniil;  coal,  Iron,  cement,  limber,  petraleum.  mannrt, 
leitiles  and  provisions  ait  the  cbkl  imporli.     (See  also  Caimki 

LAStALLS,  FERDIHAKD  (iSij-iSetl,  Gtnnan  lodalisl, 
was  bom  at  Bmliu  on  the  nth  oF  April  181S,  el  Jewish  ei- 
tiaction.  His  lathcr,apro>pcrous  merchant  in  Brcslau.  Intended 
Ferdinand  for  a  business  career,  and  sent  him  to  the  CDminerciil 
•chool  at  Leipaig;  but  the  boy  got  himself  transferred  10  the 
univenity,  fim  al  Breslau,  and  ajterwards  at  BertiD,  His 
favourite  studies  were  philology  and  philosophy;  he  became 
an  ardent  Hegelian.  Having  completed  his  university  Studies 
In  rS4  J,  he  began  10  wrhe  a  work  on  Hcmclitus  from  the  Hegelian 
point  of  view;  but  It  was  soon  inlemipted  by  more  stirring 
lotetesls,  and  did  not  see  the  light  for  many  yean.  It  was 
In  BeiUa,  lowanis  the  end  of  i8ij,  that  he  met  the  tady  with 
whom  hb  hie  was  to  be  associated  in  so  lematkable  a  way,  the 
Countess  Hatifeldt.  She  had  been  •eparalcd  from  her  husband 
for  many  yean,  and  wis  at  feud  with  him  on  questions  ol 
ftfopeity  and  the  custody  of  their  children.  Lassalle  attached 
hlBiKlt  to  the  cavK  of  the  aninteu.  whom  he  belicTed  to  have 
been  outrageously  wronged,  made  special  study  of  law,  and, 
after  btinging   the  case  before  lliirty 


.0  tail  diem.    The  proc 


irahle 


1,  which  lasted  tei  . 
.  cciaUy  that  of  the  CantllaitaHdiu 
Hhicb  pursued  Lassalle  alt  the  rest  of  his  life.  This  "  aflsli 
of  the  caikel  "  arose  out  ol  an  attempt  by  the  countess's  friends 
lo  gel  possenion  o(  a  bond  for  a  brgc  lile  annuity  settled  by 
the  cODtt  M  Us  odstrns,  ■  Bumaa  Ueynidolf ,  to  the  piejudice 


BMW  and  berdiildrai.    Two  tt  LumDi'*  towtdo 

is  canyinc  oS  Ibe  caiket,  which  contained  the  lady's 

D  at  an  boteL  in  Cologna.    They 

d  for  ihtit,  one  of  tham  being  coadenued  lo 


•  Mquitteif  oa  appeaL     He  nal  not  si 
a  year's 


lo  the  Miihorilict  of  PmeUoif  duiins  tbe  Uoubia 
Konay  period.  But  going  lo  pliion  waa  a  familial  «i 
in  LasakUe's  life.  Till  iSwLuaaUetwiled  aMsllyin  th^  Rhine 
counuy,  ptMenting  the  mil  ti  Ibe  countisa.  finishing  the 
work  on  Hciadiius,  which  wu  aM  puUiahnd  till  tifi,  laking 
Htlle  part  in  political  agitalioD,  but  ever  a  helpful  friend  ol 
the  worting  men.  He  was  not  allowed  lo  live  in  Beriin  became 
of  his  cBnneiion  with  the  djsluihances  of  '48.  In  rS;^.  howcvec. 
be  oiteitd  the  city  disguised  as  a  carter,  and.  through  the 
infiuence  of  Humboldt  with  the  king,  got  permission  to  stay 
there.  The  same  year  he  published  a  remarkable  pamphlet 
00  tbe  llaiUiH  War  and  Uu  Uiuian  cj  Pnuiia,  in  which  he 
warned  his  uuntrymen  against  going  to  the  re«ue  of  Austria 
in  her  war  with  France.  He  pointed  out  that  if  France  drove 
Austria  oulol  Italy  she  might  annex  Savoy,  hut  could  not  prevent 
the  restoration  ol  Italian  unity  under  Vlcloi  Emmanud.  France 
waa  dung  the  work  of  Germany  by  weakening  Austria;  Pnqaia 


by  B. 


enlly  cc 


obvious  when  thus  puldished  by  Lusallc 
In  tS6i  he  published  a  great  work  In  (wo  vohrmci,  Syslim  4a 
tnmrbtncK  Baku  {SyiUm  nf  Ae^uirtd  Aig*ij). 

Xow  began  the  short-lived  activity  which  was  to  give  him 
*n  hiHotical  significance.  It  waa  (nriy  in  1S61,  when  the 
struggle  ol  Bismarck  with  the  Ftusstan  Ubenis  was  alnady 
begun.  Lassalle,  a  democrat  of  the  most  advanced  type,  saw 
that  an  opportunity  had  come  for  asserting  a  third  great  caus^- 
that  ol  the  working  men— which  would  outflank  the  lihcralisv 
of  tbe  middle  classes,  and  might  even  command  tbe  lympaifay 


entirely  »u 
of  tbe  w{ 
ol  Schuln 
himself  in! 
Hii  worst 


0  the  cam 
dUBculiiis 


His  politii 

n,  foe  which  he  believed"  tiie  % 
vere  utterty  Inadequate.  Laasaib 
r  of  agitator  witb  his  accustomed 


iiasing  apathy.    Hit 
irganiierand  emancipator  of  the  working  dais  lasted 

only  two  years  and  a  half.  In  that  period  he  issued  about  twenty 
■epaiale  publications,  most  ol  them  speeches  and  pamphlets, 
but  one  of  them,  (hat  against  Schulic-Deliltsch.  •  conaiderthlt 
tteslise,  and  all  full  ol  keen  and  vigorous  thought.  He  founded 
the  "Allgemeincr  Deutschet  Arheiierverein,"  was  its  president 
and  almost  lingle-hinded  champion,  conducted  its  afiain, 
and  carried  on  a  vast  correspondence,  MM  to  mention  about 
a  doaen  stale  prosecMions  in  which  he  was  dnring  that  period 
involved.  Beriin,  Leipzig,  Frankfort  and  the  industrial  centres 
on  the  Rhbc  were  the  chief  scenes  of  his  activity.  His  greatest 
success  was  on  the  Rhine,  where  in  the  summer*  ol  iMj  and 
t(l64  his  travels  as  missionary  of  the  new  gospel  resembled 
I  tiiumphal  procession.    The  ablation  was  growing  npldly. 

unworthy  death  closed  his  career. 

White  po^ng  as  the  messiah  of  the  poor,  Lassalle  wu  *  maa 
of  decidedly  fashionable  and  Int 


s  habit).     His  snppcn 


re  ol  his  life  that  he,  one  of  the  gilded 
lulh,  a  eonnosseur  in  wines,  and  a  learned  man  to  boot,  had 
tome  agitator  and  the  champion  of  the  working  man.  In 
t  of  llu  lilcraiy  and  fashionable  circles  of  Bcrlinbe  had 
rt  a  Fiaukin  von  DOnniges,  for  whom  be  al  once  felt  a  passtoa, 
lich  was  ardently  tecrprocated.  In  the  summer  of  1W4 
met  her  again  on  the  Itigi.  when  Ihcy  rescdvcd  to  nsrry. 
le  was  a  young  lady  ol  twenty,  decidedly  u 
id  original  ia  chuicler,  but  Ibc  4 


Ibc  di«|Mct  ol  m  Bai 


Bavuiia 


23* 


AplODutiit  tbCB  Rttdcm  U  Gnwv*,  who  mraU  hart  BMhing 
do  •kh  LuuUe.    The  Udy  wu  impiuowd  ia  bn  ovn  rooi 
ud  soon,  appuinily  undci  ihc  inSocnce  ol  vary  qaniignat 
prcssun,  KneuHed  Luulle  in  favour  o[  anMhn  adminr, 
WiHachiaB,  Count  vod  RacowlUa.     Lasulle  wat  a  diaUeiigc 
bMb  10  ibe  Udy'i  lathei  and  b«  bcirodwd,  which  vaa  acetplcd 
bylheUlur.     At  UHCanHigc,a>ubuibo(  Oneva,  ihei      '' 
toolL  place  on  tbe  nunuBf  oi  Auput  >S,  18&4,  MhcD  1 
«B  Dtonally  wDundcd,  aod  be  died  on  the  ^jst  of  , 
In  ^Ce  of  auch  a  fooliih  eodisg,  hia  Ittncnl  was  that  of  a . 
and  tqr  many  ti  Ua  adhOBUa  be  bai  baa  Rgaided  lioct  *rith 
feeling  dnnit  0(  reUnoua  denDtign. 

Laiealfc  did  oac  lay  aain  bt  aey  kpcdai  cftvruliEy  aa  a  locialUth 
thialwr,  dot  (fid  he  public  any  lyuenutic  Amtenieiii  of  hii  vieva 
YvC  hia  kadinff  ideal  arc  ujflkienlly  clear  and  limple.  Likr  a  tnK 
HtfTliaB  be  aaK  three  n^ea  in  the  devebpinent  of  labourT  Ihi 
vicient  awl  feudal  periodt  which,  rhroutti  the  Hibjection  of  tbi 
Wjwrv.  iou^t  iolidarily  witlKMt  freedonii  thcrcvnof  capuaLaod 
Ok  niddk  claHct,  caubliihcd  in  ijli),  irbidi  K>ut;ht  fmdom  bt 
dntroyins  lolidariry;  aod  the  ncv  era.  bctinning  in  JB4B,  vhich 
woukl  iTconcile  ■alidarity  with  fmdooi  by  inlrodiKiiu  the  piinciplc 
«f  aHOciation.  Il  was  riie  ban  and  uartinE-point  of  hit  opinbni 
that,  under  the  cmpn  of  capital  aad  to  loiv  ai  tlie  wofldng  man 
wu  merely  a  rrcciveT  of  waget,  no  improvcmeBL  in  hia  coadiiiaa 
cDuld  be  eipertnl.  Ttm  poutlon  he  fixindcd  on  the  law  of  wagei 
I ._._^  I..  Dz — ■-.  .nrfarcrpMd  hyall^hekatfinieco-- 


LASSEN,  C. 

Thebenbiocnplni<fUiBlebH.OiKbB'>£ai_lb(Snittvrt. 
I004):  aaorher  eanUni  work  on  Ui  life  and  wridiigi  >•  Georn 
-Brandn'l  Daniih  work,  ftrdiwud  Latiallt  IGennan  Innilation. 


]-x: 


d  by  the« 
-- nicadi  w 

or  fall  of  ' 


iplyoClal 


■  iabourlni 


bviv  [e^ind  ft , , , 

kind:  Lanalle  held  Ibat  Ibe  co^pen 
DEiiincb  on  the  prindpk  of  "  lelf-hclp 
for  the  obviom  iwon  that  the  worUni 

eapiiaL    Tb*  uiuHk  d  Ike  wdrkinc  m ,. 

enpiy  pockata  a^wM  ih*  cuiialiiu  he  comiiar 

iceib  aind  aaib  agiinM  madam  artillery.    In  . 

ccp4ed  the  orthodox  political  econoiny  to  thow  thai  ib< 

rernuly  could  be  found  but  by  abollthii^  the  coodirioi 
Ihae  lam  bad  Iheir  validity — in  oiket  wonK  by  abi 
prewnl  TclatioiH  fd  labour  and  capital  alloBeiTier.    Ant.  ...._  „__ 

maiuy  provided  by  the  eute.    And  he  held  thai  lurh  axociatiaB 
atiould  hr  tbe  veluaBry  act  of  the  workin|  men.  ibi  loverwrneal 

ihc'ru'S  ol  buiineJ'^l^"^ lowed  in  wch  tranM^Lom;    But'Slw 
^-"-  '^-^ .---^  -_-__.  ^.._L  -  I. —  f    Simply  by  introducfng 


•-  utterly  inadet, , 

a  were  deilitiite  of 
vine  hinuelf  wit] 


M  Of  190J,  retimed  (o  tbe  Riichilaj 

ci|btv-oae  membcra  and  polkil  j.oioj/i  volet,  and  at  tlie  eleriion 
oTilio;  leturnrd  rorty-three  mcmbefi  and  polkd  3Jjll,9M  voles. 
CTTie  diminution  inllic  number  ol  mtmbert  rtlurned  in  1907  waidue 
mortly  to  comi^nation  amonE  the  different  politieal  groupL)    Thia 

bia  ambatioii,  which  wao  boundlea.  Jn  tbe  heyday  ol  hia  paaaioo  for 
Fiaaltia  von  Mnnigei.  hia  dieam  wat  10  be  enthroned  aa  the 
piiidenlof  theCcmunnpubilcwithbemledathiiMle.  With 
nit  enetiy,  ability  and  fift  of  doitiinatlnc  and  ofianinnf .  he  mifht 
faideed  have  done  a  (real  deal.    Biunanlkcoiiuetled  wilhUniatlhe 


It  Bithi  halp  Itiffi  tooonbit  ibe  Praiiian 

ch  beign  the  ReicbatiH,  tie  ifolu  of  nim 
in  of  (be  arealeM  antubilitjr  and  ability 
learned.  Eveo  Biibop  Ketteler  of  Melnt 


■',  Dii7kawi^it°HmU4ilu  dS  Oi-Utit  t*  fpfam 

{Berlin.  ilsS).  aod  Ibe  5yfl«n  dtf  trvarban  RtcUi  (Ltipiii.  it6i) 
are  both  marlced  by  (real  Icamirw  and  intellectual  power.  But  of 
fir  mofe  historical  intcreai  are  loe  ipeechei  and  pamphleti  con- 
accted  with  hii  tocialiBic  atiutisn,  ol  which  Ibe  dkm  inporUnt 
are— (Wn  CnfuminHiiii;  ^rWrrprsirainw;  Ofnus  Ant- 
wailictrabtn:  Z*r  AitxilalrtK;  ArheiUtiaiimk:  Htrr  Basliat- 
Siialtr  tn  Driilat/i.  nilr  KapHal  and  'I'tril.  Hia  dranu,  ftilB 
m  Sjctfutn.  pubKihFd  In  i8u.  iia  work  of  nopeetic  value.  Hia 
OAMid  iforlf  wen  iaai^  atXe^dg  in  l«»-IfOI. 


-— -   \U^)-.^i.'u^. 


Jib  ed.p  LcipaiE. 
L.eipii*.  iMj);  L.  >.  [mi,  xwioui  11^ 
^arsiiUi  all  Saittikimiim  (Berlin,   IBM): 

mialtktmemutki  AiuckaiHtuafM  wad  pialU-^-^ 

189J);  Seillitre.  Badci  lar  TVnfiaaa/ £aitaA   (Parll, 
Bemnein.  ftid.  tofiaJJi  Hid  iiTiii  Acrfnlaiif  ^.'-  ' 

(Berlbi.  1004),    There  1> ,- '-• — "-  "^ 

and  death;  tl*  1 
F.  LtiuUt,  by  H 

kta '-  '■ 

Im 


VtntUiif  Mena, 
(ParSTrt*?!;  E. 
dil  ^rteilirallDH 


- o.  byA.  Kuti 

bach,  and  Georie  M  eicdiih'i  rnfic  Ctmtiiant  (iSSo).        (T.  fC) 

LASSEH,  CRHSnUI  [1300-1B76),  Gtnnan  orientalist,  m> 
bora  on  (he  iind  of  October  1800,  at  Bergen  in  Norway.  Having 
received  his  earliest  univetsily  edneition  at  Chrislijmia,  be  went 
10  Germany,  and  continacd  his  itudin  al  Heiddbeis  arid  Bona. 
In  the  llllFC  university  Lassen  acquired  a  sound  knowledge  ol 
Suukiil.  He  next  spent  three  yean  in  Pari<  and  LaodMl, 
engaged  in  copying  and  colliling  MSS.,  and  coUeeting  nulalall 
(oi  future  itscarch.  especially  In  reference  to  Ibe  IGndti  dnpta 
and  philosgpby.  During  this  period  be  published,  jfHntly  whh 
E.  Bunwuf,  his  fini  wprk.  Btniiarit  fit/i  (Paris,  1816I.  On  bta 
mum  ID  Bonn  he  studied  Arabic,  and  took  the  degree  of  Ph.D., 
hit  diBrrialiDn  discussing  Ihe  Arabic  notices  of  ihe  geography 
" '    ' '  "    "     '  [h    {Commrrdalh   leograpkka   atqut  kiiterica    " 


[fl  luAica,  Bonn,  j 


17). 


.  in  conjunciian  wiib  AuguH  W.  vDn 
Kliilan  ol  Ibe  Hilctaiai.  The  ap- 
he  uactin^poini  of  the  critical  etudy 


the  uactin^poini 

tditing  and  IranilatinE  the  first  tw_ 

1819-18J8).   In  iSjahcbrDvghtouttheteatafllKfir 


Inordinary  and  in 
1B40  ordinary  proreBur  □(  (Kd  Indian  languagelnd  titeraluttL 
In  spite  of  a  lempiing  offer  ftum  Copenhagen,  in  1S41,  Lassen 
remained  faithful  to  the  univnjily  of  bis  adoption  to  the  end  o( 
bis  life.  He  died  at  Bona  on  the  llh  ol  May  1876,  having  been 
affected  witb  alnwtt  total  blindoeu  for  many  yean  Ai  early 
u  tU>i  he  wu  relieved  of  the  duly  of  Icctuti 

tn  iSio-iSii  hebmiehtou    ' 
Schlegcl,  a  cnlir«t  .n»n..>,^ 

ofS^l^l  lltiJ 
Schlegel  in    '— 

FMmAjanA  t  __ 

ad  of^Bkavabhdil'a  dnna.  UaltAmtdtan,  and  a  cnaplele  editioa, 
with  a  Latin  iianbiiofi.  of  Ibe  51aUya.UriU.    laiiTy  foSowsd 
his  edition  and  Iruulation  of  Jayadeva'a  chaming  tync^  draotik 
QlsHniHla  and  hia  /ai/ilnliniei  tiaiw  Pmriika:    His  AalUiiffii 
t,.„„ii™  -fcW,  »r-. ,.,.  >t_  folbwiiH  year  (new  ed.  by  lohana 
MvenI  iHihcns  unpubliilied  lexta, 
......  ....  ..._..  »  -.....-..,„  .....  aiudir  of  Sanskrit  la  Genaan  nai.- 

ver&itjFs.  In  1846  Laaen  brought  out  an  irnproved  edidon  of 
ScMciel'i  leil  and  Iranilaiion  of  Ihi  "  Bhagavaihitl."  He  did  not 
confine  hiiDKlf  to  the  iludy  of  Indian  languages,  bul  acted  likewiii 
-a  a  Beienlilc Jdoneer  In  oiher  ficUi  oC  phB^ical  ioqiBiy.  f  n  hia 
itilriti  lar  Onluag  iCir  Eii[mNmulm  TalHn  (itu)  he  prepared 
he  way  for  the  coneel  inlerprelaim  of  the  Uabnan  imcriptionaj 
ind  the  Zrllukrip  lir  dk  JTaadt  ia  Ua^tni'*^'  (7  volt,,  t»\J- 
iSJO).  started  and  laiiely  cendoetnj  by  bim.  conuins.  among  other 
'aluable  papers  Iromliis^pen.  graiaiiuiicil  tkeu^  of  Ibe  SeliicU 


»r  Ir  rofwa 

ue  characlec  d  Ibe  OU 

ieipalina,  hy  one  month, 

..    ._       _, lie  Sr  Henry  Kawlinson-t 

US  mcmoii  on  tbe  Behiituo  Eucription.  though  drawn  up  is 
ia,  independently  of  eentemporaneaus  European  rdeareb,  al 
I  Ihe  aame  dme.  did  not  reach  Ihe  Royal  A^tic  Suciely  until 
t  ycarm  lalof.  Subaeouenlly  LaAon  published,  in  the  saib 
DC  of  hit  journal  (i&t  J),  a  coDccIion  of  all  the  Old  Fenian  cunei. 
inscrinl^s  known  up  to  thai  date.  He  alia  was  the  first 
lar  in  Euiow  who  took  up.  wiib  ngiul  »c«sa.  tbe  deciphemenl 
■  newty^fimvrred  Bactrian  cons,  whack  fumished  him  Ibt 
_-_,.  ,..   ..  _  f...L..L..    .._  —ifft^ffif^  u^  iwtiHtyUiKXn 


,. HI  (rgjB).    He  contempUlrd 

M  of  Ihe  VtHdUal:  but,  after  pubWnt 

b  (itsa).  he  felt  tlul  hii  whole  encnict  me  le- 

_..j  :r:: ilj .  _r  .k .  ...ru.^||i„  j 

ideiedia 


:*^  in  Bak 

the  first  fiwe^i,^.^  ,.,^,,..,  —  . . — ,—  -,._  . 

"or  Ibe  •uccoaful  aCEonpUAnant  of  ihe  fieal  undenakiai 
-hit  indurkf  AOirliimtktiiii.    la  tbi)  work'-comrieled 
lume..  puMlibed  leapeoively  in  1S47  (ind  ed..  lUj),  ■(„ 
I..  1871).  I(5>  and  1B61 — whKh  forms  one  of  Ihe  tiealetl 
enls  oTuntiiW  industry  and  critical  scholaTship,  emythir' 
iild  be  fialhercd  from  native  ami  fon^  touree*.  nbOH  < 


ami  fon^  touree*,  lalstivc  t 
devebpatMof  iBdM.ltM  A 


LASSEN,  E.— LASSO,  ORLANDO 


237 


mchDdto 


by  hiio  into  a  mnnrflwl  hiMorial  *o 

n  bora  in  CuptshigHi,  but  wu 
ud  educmted  at  the  BniiKta  CauervatoiR.  He  wm  Che  ^rtx 
Ji  StmeiB  vSfi,  ud  wcdC  for  m  long  tour  in  Gcmuny  aod  Italy. 
He  mtled  at  Womar,  where  io  iSti  be  nicaeded  Uut  u 
coaductor  of  the  opera,  and  be  died  tberv  an  the  i5tb  of 
Jinuary  (904-  B«ida  manr  veD-kDown  son^  he  mote 
Bftnt—Laitdpi^  Ludmifi  BnailfaM  (1857),  FraimM  (i£AO, 
£•  Caplif  (iS<S8) — Imtnunenla]  miak  to  dramai,  BDlibly  Io 
Cwihe'i  FoMd  (1S76),  tn  sympboafea  and  vailoiis  cboral  woriu. 
LASSO  (I.iun»),  OUAIDO  (t.  ISJ0-15M).  Belgian  mutica] 
csmpoaer.  wbme  real  nacie  vaa  probabl]'  Roland  Delattn,  was 
bora  at  Hans,  in  Rainadt,  piobably  nol  much  eariier  Ihin  1^1. 
ilie  date  given  by  the  epitaph  printnl » the  end  ol  the  volumes  of 
the  Uatmtm  ofia  imutniiB;  though  alrmiy  in  Ihe  i6(h  centaiy 
the  opiniofB  cl  his  biograpfaen  were  divided  beiwen  the  yean 
is»  and  1530  Much  is  reporled,  but  very  Utile  known,  of 
hs  conncjdom  and  Va  early  career.  The  discrepancy  u  10  the 
ditc  of  hia  biith  appein  also  in  conneiion  with  his  tppcnntraeot 
at  tbe  church  of  St  John  Ltteraa  in  Rame.  IF  be  wu  bom  in 
iSjo  or  153)  he  could  not  hiv«  c4>I>!Bed  that  appointment 
in  1541  What  b  ceitiiB  is  that  bis  Gnl  book  ol  madrigals  was 
puhliibed  in  Venice  in  rsss.  and  ibat  in  the  same  year  bespeaks 
of  hicnscU  in  the  preface  oi  Italian  and  French  aongs  and  Latin 
metrts  as  if  he  bad  itfHitly  come  Irom  Rome.  He  seems  to  have 
visited  England  in  1554  and  to  have  been  intioduced  to  Catdinal 
to\t,  10  wliom  an  adolalory  motet  appcan  in  is;6.  (This  is 
ant.  as  might  hastily  be  supposed,  a  coolusian  resulting  from 
the  fact  that  the  ambaBadorf  nun  FctdiDlind,  king  ol  the  Romans, 
Don  Pedro  de  Iasso,  attended  the  naniage  of  Philip  and  Maiy 
m  England  in  the  lame  year.)  HU  first  book  of  moieis  appeared 
at  Antwerp  in  1556,  containing  Ihe  motel  in  honour  of  Cardinal 
I^>le,  TlK  stylo  of  Orlando  bad  already  begun  to  purify  itself 
frmn  the  apecnlativc  and  chaotic  element!  thai  led  Bumey,  who 
sttms  to  liave  known  only  his  earlier  warki,  Io  call  him  "a  dwarf 
on  stilts  "  u  compaied  wilh  Palnirina.  But  where  be  is 
ottbodoz  be  is  as  yel  stiff,  and  hia  secular  compositioni  are,  to 
far,  better  than  his  mote  Krioua  efforts. 

In  1SS7,  if  not  before,  be  waa  invited  by  Albrechl  IV.,  duke 
of  Bavuin,  to  go  to  Mniiich.  The  duke  was  a  mcel  intelfa'geni 
patroQ  of  all  tbe  fine  arts,  a  notable  alhUle,  and  a  man  of  strict 
principles.  Munich  from  hennlortb  never  ceued  to  be  Orlando's 
home^  tboui^  be  sometimes  paid  long  visil)  10  Ilaly  and  France, 
whether  in  response  to  royal  invilitions  or  with  projects  of  bis 
nm.  In  ijsShe  made  a  very  happy  mitriage  by  which  he  had 
[our  sens  and  two  daughten.  The  f^ur  sons  all  became  good 
musicians,  and  we  owe  an  inestlpiable  debt  to  the  pious  industry 
of  Ihe  two  eldest  sons,  who  (under  the  patronage  of  Duke  Maxi- 
millanl.,  thesccondsuccesiOTof  Orlando's  master)  published  the 
enormous  collection  ol  Orlando^s  Latin  motets  known  aa  the 

Pnjbably  no  composer  has  ever  bad  more  Ideal  drcumslances 
for  artistic  insplEalzou  and  erpreasion  than  bad  Orlando.  His 
duty  was  to  make  music  all  day  and  every  day,  and  to  make  It 
according  Io  bit  own  tasle.  Nothing  was  loo  good,  loo  severe 
or  too  new  tor  the  duke.  Church  music  was  not  more  in  demand 
than  secular,  Inslrumental  music,  which  in  Ihe  ifith  century 
hid  haudly  any  Independent  eiistena,  accompanied  the  meals 
of  the  CDuit;  and  Oilando  would  rite  from  dessert  to  sing  trios 
uid  quartcia  ■with  picked  voices-  Tbe  daily  prayen  included 
a  full  maa  with  polyphonic  muuc.  This  amaijng  stale  of  Ibinp 
bccoms  more  Intelligible  and  less  alam^g  when  we  conuder 

he  performed. 


tedious  prelim! 


ilperfon 


bye. 


a  good  billiard 
ven  Haydn's  posiiion  at  Esterhu  can  have  enaUed 
hun,  at  has  been  said,  to  "  ring  the  bell  "  lor  musicians  to  come 
and  try  a  new  ordiestial  effect  with  such  case  as  Ihai  with 
wtuchOriandoceuldiwoducchitwaTkatMunicfa.    Hlsfametooa 


became  world-iride,  and  every  cootemponiy  autboifly  h  tntt 
of  tlie  acdamatira  with  which  Otianilo  was  greeted  wboevci 
his  travels  look  him. 

y  loon,  with  ihls  npid  means  of  acquiring  expenenn. 
Orlando's  style  became  as  pure  as  Pdestilnii's;  whiie  he  always 
retained  his  originality  and  veisalility.  His  lelatlons  to  tbe 
literary  nature  of  the  time  ate  (otimate  and  fascinating;  and 
during  his  stay  at  tbe  court  of  France  in  1571  he  became  a 
friend  of  the  poet  Ronsaid.  In  1579  Duke  Albredil  died 
Orlando's  salary  had  already  been  guaranteed  to  him  for  life, 

was  very  kind  10  him.  But  Ihe  lots  ot  his  master  was  a 
great  grief  and  seems  to  have  c±ecked  his  activity  for  some  lime. 
In  ijRg,  after  Ihe  publicition  of  six  Masses,  ending  wiib  a 
beauliful  Uiua  pro  ^/imdti,  his  strength  began  to  (ail;  and 
sudden  serious  Clness  left  him  Blarmmgiy  ^depressed  aad 
active  onti]  his  dealhon  the  I4tb  of  June  ijim. 
If  Palestrina  lepresenls  the  supreme  height  allained  by  l4tb- 
jilury  music,  Orlando  repiesenis  the  whole  century.  It  li 
impos^fale  Io  exaggerate  the  range  and  variety  of  his  style, 
long  as  we  recognise  the  limit)  of  ifitb-centoiy  muscal 
language.  Even  critlii  to  whom  tMt  language  Is  unfamiliar 
t  fail  Io  notice  the  glaring  differences  belween  Orlando's 
niu!  types  of  art,  though  such  critics  may  bedieVB  all  those 
types  to  be  equally  crudeand  archaic-  Tlie  swiftness  of  Orlando's 
'  LleUednal  and  artistic  drvelopmenl  is  astonishing.  His  first 
'ur  volumes  of  madrigals  show  a  very  inleimlltent  sense  ot 
Iwauty.  Many  ■  number  in  them  is  one  compact  mass  of  tho 
fashionable  harsh  play  upon  Ihe  "  fabe  relation  "  between  twin 
ijot  and  minor  chords,  which  b  usually  believed  Io  be  the 
enviable  dislinclion  of  the  Eogltdl  madrigal  slyle  from  that 
Ibe  Italians.  Ii  musi  be  cDufessed  that  in  the  Ilalian  madrigal 
.  1  disringuisbed  from  ihe  aSancUa  and  older  light  tonns), 
Orlando  never  attained  complete  cerliinly  of  touch,  though 
some  of  his  later  madrigals  ate  indeed  glorious.  But  in  bis 
FicBch  chansons,  many  of  which  are  settings  of  the  poems  of 
bis  friend  Ronsard,  bis  wit  and  lightness  of  touch  are  unfailing. 
In  setting  other  French  poems  he  it  tomelioKs  unloitunately 
moat  witly  where  the  wenls  are  moat  gims,  for  be  it  as  frea 
from  modem  scruples  as  any  of  bis  Elb 
In  ij6i,  when  the  Council  of  Trent  was  censuring  the  at 
Flemish  church  music,  Orlando  had  already  pi 
satical  style;  though  be  did  not  go  so  fcu  aa  to  lUiiaiuzB  it  ia 
order  to  oblige  those  modem  critics  who  are  unwilling  to  believA 
Ibat  anything  appreciably  unlike  Palesirin*  can  be  legilimal*. 
Al  the  tame  time  Orlandii's  Muses  are  not  among  his  grcaieM 
works.  This  Ispoaaibly  partly  due  10  tbe  fact  that  Iheproponions 
of  a  musical  Mass  are  at  the  merry  of  the  local  practice  of  the 
liturgy;  and  that  perhaps  the  uses  of  the  court  at  Munich  were 
not  quite  so  favourable  to  broadly  detigned  proportion  (not 
length)  aa  the  uses  ol  Rome.  DIBercnces  which  might  cramp 
the  ifith-century  composer  need  not  amount  to  anything  that 
would  draw  down  the  censure  of  ecclesiastical  authorities.  Be 
Ihls  as  it  nay,  Orlando')  other  church  music  b  always  markedly 
different  ftom  Paiesttina's,  and  often  fully  aa  sublime.  It  Is 
also  in  many  ways  far  more  modem  in  resource.  We  frequently 
come  upon  things  like  the  Juitomm  animee  [Magrmm  Opus, 
No.  i«0  ()oi)|  which  m  their  way  are  aa  overpoweringly  touching 
as,  for  example,  the  Benediclus  of  Beethoven's  Uiui  in  D  or 
the  soprano  soki  in  Brahms't  DcuUlka  Stquiem. 
No  one  has  approached  Orlando  In  the  ingenuit 

extremely  ehborate  musical  puns,  canyieg  farther  ihan  any 
other  composer  since  Ihe  dark  ages  tbe  absurd  device  of  setting 
sylbbks  that  happened  Io  coincide  wilh  tlie  lel-Ja  syst«n  to 
the  comtponding  nl-fa  notea.  Bui  in  tbe  raosi  absurd  of  sudi 
cases  be  evidently  enjoys  twisting  these  notes  ioio  a  theme  i* 
piegninl  muiical  meaning.  The  quainteil  instance  Is  tbe 
molet  Quid  iilii  puiillanima  {lilagnum  Opus,  No.  gi  (6g)] 

B  good  Ibeme  in  combination  with  the  syllables  already  Ihett 
by  acddut  I  (Ax  ik*«1>>  Jialiiuu  Ul  Sal  IP»  iTiJ  A  Laxalat 


LASSO-^J^S  VEGAS 


Tbn  ugnificance  of  tboa 

.  Duike  good  miuk  JD  Orluulo'B 
iiisical  fun  even  [n  his  volumuiaul  pirody 
ilyle  o[  iniid-ieUing  in  the  builoque  mottt 
niftrF.L.U;  whidi  getl  Uinnigh  one  vent 

qucsUen  ol  pURljr  musC4l  high  ^NnU  Oilinda 

isd  bil  lelUag  of  Wilier  de  Uape'i  Ftrtai 

Lven  in  Ihe  Magnum  apui  wt^  a  stupid  nioni 

if  tlie  tot),  lod  matt  ol  bii  Fiench  cbinxnu, 

ue  unong  tiie  most  deeply  bumoroiu  music  in  the  TDcld. 

Bui  it  i*  id  the  lestiof  tbc  sublime  tbit  Oiluido  sbows  birasdf 
one  of  tbe  grealot  mindt  that  ever  fouiul  eiprettion  in  art. 
Nqtbicg  sublime  wu  ten  uufiinillu  to  fiigbica  bim  iuio  irpiHi- 
tng  Ui  quaint  fancy,  though  be  eaily  repieued  all  that  tbnirted 
liif  musical  nature.  His  PrnUnitial  PiaJnu  stand  with  Jotquin'* 
itiarai  and  Pilestrioa'a  £i>t  book  of  Lamtnlaliiiia  a*  anislic 
IMOaumcnts  of  i61h-«ejltujy  penitential  religion^  just  as  Bach's 
llaHkeK  Pnaie*  tlinds  alone  among  such  monuments  in  later 
in.  Yet  the  passage  {quoted  by  Sir  Hubert  Parry  in  vol.  3 
ol  the  OiS"i  Hiilory  0/  Uuiii)  "  Nolite  fieri  aicut  mulus  "  is 
one  aowqg  many  traits  which  are  ingeniously  and  grotesquely 
descriptive  without  losing  harmony  with  the  austere  prolundity 
of  the  huge  works  in  whjcbtbey  occur.  It  is  impossible  to  read 
•ny  large  quantity  o£  Orlando's  mature  music  without  feeling 
that  1  mind  like  bis  would  in  modern  tibies  bave  covered  a 
wider  field  oi  mature  art  than  4ny  one  classical  or  modem 
tomposcr  known  to  us.  Yet  we  cannot  say  (bat  anything  hat 
been  lost  by  his  belonging  to  the  ifitb  century.  His  music,  if 
only  from  its  pccuUar  technique  of  crossiug  parts  and  uneiptcicd 
Intervals,  is  uceplionally  difbcull  to  itui;  and  hence  jnielligcat 
conductuig  and  peif  oimance  gf  it  is  rare.  But  its  impretiiveneai 
is  beyond  dispute;  and  there  an  many  things  which,  tike  the 
jHslarum  animat  cannot  even  be  read,  much  leu  bcaid,  without 

Orlando't  works  as  shown  by  the  plan  of  Messn  BnSthopt  A 


,  complete  critiol  edition  (b^nin  1894) 

Uatmrm  ofru  mtakum,  a  posthumous  coUeclr-' 
pieces  [«  fiom  two  to  Iwcl  w  vsicet,  J I  &  I 


madr^ak,  caniainui^  ._— 

nadr^als,  ajid  about  hatf  a  vtAt, 
nenas,  Ac,).  (})  Three  valaiMa 
nadi  dr — -■     '•'  "^ '■■- 


...w. 


t  to  twriv«  voices,  516  In  number  (or,  couminc  bv 
over  too).  Net  all  ol  these  are  to  tke  oriitnl 
gaapuOlsckveavoIuatci.   (3)  Fivw  vohuncs  of 

ling  ^  books,  and  a  larfe  number  of  sinel* 
.  .  i.u  .     .,    _      .  [i^ter  Italian  songs  fviili- 

_._ ,.__  .jur  as  in  tbe  prospectus)  of 

(4)  Two  vohinK*  ef  Coman  lour-part  and  Bve- 
Scrial  ehareh  musk:  thrse  volumes,  cootaioiH 
k4^  Jit  (iwo  settings),  /■aiitn  ocwiinf  1°  A 
.  Hiw  ^he  I'assions  of  Victoria  and  Soriano,  a  actiing  of 
if  the  crowds  and  of  the  dinpleA)^  LamnMioni  of 
fsntag  Z«nu;  the  O^ftft  prialed  in  the  third  valsme 
aisciaiiMii  (a  pubUcatmn  suggeited  and  wppgrted  by 
itionsandcontainiiiccightentjreVDhimsDfji is  works); 
Penitential  Pssinu:  Cemian  Pialrni  and  PrspMiai 

, («)  one  bundled  IttfiifiaU  (Jtiilta  B.  U.  Vvrinii) 

3  vols..  (T)  eight  voluniaof  Masses.  (S)  two  volumei  ol  Latin  ionts 
not  in  the  Jfuusi  etai,  la)  five  vobunet  of  unpublished  WDrki. 

LASSO  (Span,  lot,  mare,  ultimately  from  Lat.  Itiqutui,  d. 
"  lace  "J,  a  rope  Go  to  loo  It.  in  length  with  a  ilip-ooose  at  one 
end,  used  in  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  parts  of  America  and 
In  tbe  western  Uailed  Sutea  for  catching  wild  horses  and  cattle. 
It  is  now  less  employed  in  South  America  than  in  the  vast 
grazing  country  west  of  the  Uississippi  river,  where  the  herders, 
called  locally  cow-boys  ot  cow-puocben,  are  provided  with  it. 
When  not  in  use,  the  laato,  called  rapt  in  the  West,  is  coiled  at 
the  light  of  the  saddle  in  front  d(  the  rider.  When  an  animal 
it  to  be  caught  the  berdtc.  galloping  after  it,  swings  the  coiled 
lasso  round  bit  bead  and  caait  it  straight  forward  in  luch  a 
manner  that  tbe  noose  settle  over  the  head  or  round  the  legs 
ol  the  quany,  when  it  is  speedily  brought  into  submisiion.  A 
ihoitcf  npe  called  fartiU  (Span.  Id  raU)  is  used  to  picket  hone*. 

LAST.  I.  {A  syncopated  form  of  "latest,"  the  superbtive 
of  0.£.  leil,  late),  an  adjective  applied  to  ibe  conclusion  of 
myUuBg,  all  that  irnuins  after  everything  else  has  gone,  or 
Ibat  which  baa  Just  occurred.  In  theology  the  "lour  last 
Oaagt "  denote  the  final  •cok*  ol  Death,  Judgment,  Heavea 


m  tha  Day  at  Jiiifpian*  ((t* 


and  HsUi  tba  "  lait  day 

EscHaioLocy). 
I.  (0,E.  Idif,  footstepi  Ibe  word  appean  ii  many  Teutcole 

nfnred  to  a  Teutonic  mot  hit,  cognate  wiLb  Lai.  lin,  a  f  unow; 
f (oa  thn  iwl,  used  Gcutilively,  came  "  leani  "  and  "  Ion  "), 
originally  a  footstep,  trace  or  ttick,  now  only  OKd  ol  tbe  aodel 
of  a  fool  in  wood  on  which  a  thoemaJuT  tnake*  boots  and  tboes; 
hence  tbe  proverb  "  let  tbe  cobblet  stick  to  bit  last,"  "  m*  iitlir 
uUrt  acfiiliim." 

i.  (O.E.  Uaal;  Ibe  work  it  connected  with  Ibe  root  teen  in 
"  lade,"  and  it  uted  in  German  and  Dutch  of  a  veigbl ;  it  is  also 
■eeoin"  baUatt  "),  a  comnercialwrigbtoiineasuRol  quantity, 
varyiog  ac^ndiog  to  the  commodity  and  locality;  originally 
applied  to  ttie  load  ol  gnxla  carried  by  the  boat  or  wagon  used  in 
canyiag  any  paniculac  conmodily  in  any  particular  locality, 
it  is  now  chiefly  used  at  a  weiAbt  for  £th,  a  "  latt  "  of  herring 
being  equal  to  from  10,000  to  id,ooa  fith.  The  German  Latt'^ 
40CO  Ih,  and  this  is  Irequenlly  taken  as  the  nominal  weight  of  an 
English  "last."    A  "  last  "  of  wool^ia  tacks,  and  of  becia 

LASUl,  Creek  lyric  poet,  of  Hermione  In  Argolis,  flourished 
about  jio  B.C.  A  member  of  the  literary  and  artistic  circle  of 
the  Pcisistratidae,  he  was  tbe  iikstniclor  of  Pindar  in  music  and 
poctiy  and  the  rival  of  Simonldca.  The  dithyramb  [of  which 
be  was  sometimes  considered  the  actual  inventor)  was  developed 
by  him,  by  the  aid  of  various  changes  in  music  and  rhythm,  into 
an  aiiiiticaUy  coutlructed  choral  song,  with  an  accaoipaniment 
of  several  flutet.  It  became  mors  artificial  and  mimetic  in 
character,  and  ila  range  of  sub  jects  was  do  longer  cDoflned  la  th* 
adventurca  of  Diooytut.  Lanit  further  incitated  itt  popularity 
by  intioducing  priie  conieait  for  thebett  poem  of  the  kind. 
His  over-refinement  jt  shown  by  hit  avoidarice  of  tbe  lettu 
liima  (on  account  of  its  hissing  toond)  in  several  of  his  poems, 
of  one  of  which  (a  hymn  to  Demeter  of  Heimione)  a  few  lines 
have  been  preserved  in  Athenaeus  (xiv.  (34  £).  Lasut  was  alao 
tha  author  o(  the  first  Iheoretical  treatise  CB  music. 

See  Sitfdaa  tjf,i  Aristophanes,  Wvpi,  1410,  Biidi.  1403  and 
Kboli  Plutareh,  Dt  UmAc,  noi.!  MUler  and  Donaldson.  HiiL 
^  Gmk  Limimt.  L  >t4!  O-  K.  Bode,  CackkUt  if  Mbmarin 
CicUtHSff.  ii.  pt.  >.  p.  II 1 ;  F.  W.  Scboeidewii.  Da  Lsit  Bnutnajf 
CenwM.  (CMIiogen,  1(41)  1  Fiagm.  in  Bergk,  PM.  Lyr. 

US  VBGAS,  a  city  and  the  county-seat  of  San  Miguel  county. 
New  Uexico,  U.S.A.,  in  the  north  centra]  part  of  New  Menoo, 
on  tbe  Callmas  river,  and  Sj  m.  by  rail  £.  ol  SanU  ¥L  Thougb 
usually  designated  as  a  single  munidpaiity,  Las  Vegaa  consiata 
of  two  distinct  corporations,  the  old  town  on  the  W.  bank  of  tbe 
tiver  and  tbe  city  pn^Kron  the  E.  bank.  Pop.  of  the  dty  (iSob) 
93S5;  (igoo)  JJ51  (no  being  fotagn-bom  and  116  negroes); 
(1910)  iTij.  According  10  bcal  etiimatet,  Ibe  combioed 
population  of  the  city  and  the  old  town  in  tgoS  was  10,000.  Las 
Vegat  ia  served  by  the  Atchison,  Topeka  4  Santa  F^  railway, 
and  is  itt  division  headquailen  in  New  Mexico.  The  dty  lies 
in  a  valley  at  the  foot  of  the  main  range  of  the  Rodty  Mountains, 
andisabout  6400  ft.  above  Ihesea.  Thois  an  high  peaks  to  tbe 
W.  and  within  a  short  distance  of  the  dty  much  beautiful 
mountain  scenery,  especially  along  the  "  Scenic  Route,"  a 
highway  from  Las  Vegas  to  Santa  Ft,  traversing  tbe  Lai  Vetat 
canyon  and  the  Fccos  Valley  forest  reserve.  The  country  £.  <^ 
thecityconsislsal  level  plains.  The  small  amount  of  rainfall,  tbt 
great  elevation  and  the  southern  latitude  give  the  region  a  dry 
and  rarifiedair,andLaaVegas  is  anoted  health  resort.  Six  miles 
distant,  and  connected  with  the  dty  by  rail,  are  tbe  Las  Vegas 
Hot  Springs.  The  old  town  on  the  W.  hank  of  the  Gallioas 
river  retains  many  f  eat  uro  of  a  Mexican  village,  with  low  adobe 
houses  facing  narrow  and  crooked  streets.  Itt  inhabitants  arc 
largely  of  Spanish-American  descent.  The  ptrt  en  the  E.  bank 
or  city  premier  is  thoroughly  modem,  with  weU-gnded  streets, 
many  ol  them  bordered  with  trees.  The  oiott  important  public 
intiitutions  are  tbe  New  Meiico  insane  asylnm,the  New  Mcxics 
normal  university  {chartered  iSgj,  opened  184S),  tbe  comitjr 
court  house  (in  the  old  Town),  tbe  academy  of  the  ImmacolMc 
Conceptloa,  conducted  by  the  Sisters  of  Lontti^  Saint  AatboBI^ 


LASWARI— LA  T^NE 


Uexicui  Rcpabtic.  OdIIk  i  jih  of  AnsiBt  1846,  dnriiglbc  wit 
bctvns  Mciico  uid  Ibc  United  SUI«,  Cn.  Stephen  W.  Keirny 
BilcRd  the  ton,  isd  iu  alcalde  look  the  oalb  ol  aJIegiance  lo 
the  United  SCato.  Tbere  ns  bui  lillte  proEressor  drvelopnieiil 
Bntil  [be  airival  of  (he  lailwiy  in  1S79.  In  iSSS  the  part  east 
OI  the  river  wu  incoqioraled  as  a  torn  under  Ihe  name  of  East 
Lai  Vegai,  and  in  iB^  it  waschaneredastbedty  of  Laa  Vegas. 
Tbc  old  Lai  Vegaij  west  of  the  rivei»  vas  incorporated  as  a  town 
ID  190J. 

U1W4BI,  one  of  the  dcdsivt  billies  of  India.  It  wai  rooglil 
Od  (be  lit  ot  November  iSoj  between  tbt  Brilish  under  Ccnenl 
Lake,  ud  the  Mibraiia  troops  of  Sndia,  consisting  ol  Ihe 
temoant  of  Perron's  ball ations.  Laswari  is  a  vilbge  in  the  state 
ol  Alwai  some  So  o.  S.  ol  Delhi,  and  here  Lake  overlook  Ihe 
CDcrny  and  attacked  Ihem  with  his  cavalry  before  the  inlantry 
arrived.  Tlie  result  was  indecitive,  but  when  the  infantry  came 
np  tbere  ensued  one  ol  Ibe  most  evenly  contested  battles  ever 
toujht  between  the  Brilish  and  the  natives  ol  India,  which  ended 

LiTACDIIGA  (LiACTiiccNCU,  or,  in  local  parlance,  Taccvca), 


46  m.S.ol  Quito,  near  t: 


:  of  tl 


le  Alagues 


of  L 


ream 

ollh 

Past 

Ei        Pop.  (1900, 

Latac 

lands  on  the 

old 

Qu 

0  and  has 

It 

bw 

.  It 

above  se»-le 

vel; 

tstimale)  11,000.  largely 
road  bctweeiv  Guayaquil 

aod  its  climate  is  cold  and  unpleasant,  owing  to  the  winds  from 
the  ndftbbouripg  inowclad  heights,  and  the  barren,  pumice- 
coveted  table-land  on  which  It  stands.  Colopaii  is  only  JJ  m. 
distant,  and  Ihe  tocti  has  suffered  repeatedly  from  eniplions. 
Founded  in  if]4,  il  wu  lour  tinies  destroyed  by  tanhquakes 
belwccn  169B  ud  1793.    The  Ddghbounog  rcias  of  an  older 

U  TAIUA  JEAH  DK  (c.  iMo-ifiofi),  French  poet  and 
dramatist,  wu  b^i  at  Soodnroy.  Ilettudied  the  humamlies 
in  Paris  under  Muret,  and  law  at  Oilemit  under  Anne  de  Bourg. 
He  began  his  career  u  a  HuEuenot,  but  alterwsidi  adopted  a 
mild  Catholicism.  He  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Amay-le 
Due  \b  ISTOf  and  retired  to  his  estate  at  Bondaroy,  where  he 
wrote  a  pi^ticai  pamphlet  entitled  Hiiifire  abriiftda  linicriei 
it  (a  lipu,  oltcn  published  with  the  5alir(  IftnippU,  Ua 
duel  peeia  ii  ■  uiire  on  the  follies  of  court  life,  Lt  Cwrfiisn 
nUrl;  he  also  wrote  ■  political  poem,  £4  Prnut  uiiasain. 
But  bli  fame  rests  aa  his  achievements  in  drama.  In  1571 
appeared  Ihe  tragedy  of  .^dU/fc/iif^eiu,  with  a  preface  on  Z.' J  r(  de 
lalraitdit.  Like  JodcUe,  Ciivin,  La  Peruse  and  their  followers, 
he  wrote,  not  lot  the  gcoeni  public  to  which  the  mysteries  and 
larca  had  addtmed  themselves,  but  for  the  limited  aodience 
ol  a  letlcnd  aciitecncy.  He  therefore  depredated  the  native 
drama  and  insisted  on  the  Senecan  model.  In  his  preface  La 
lUUe  (Biuiciatei  the  unities  of  place,  time  and  action;  he 
■naintaini  Ibat  each  act  ihauld  have  a  unity  ol  its  own  and  that 
the  acenca  cotnpoaing  it  should  be  continuous;  he  ob^ta  to 
deathioD  the  stage  on  (be  ground  that  the  reprcientatlon  is  un- 
convincing, and  he  teqtiiret  aa  subject  of  ihe  liagcdy  an  incident 
really  terriUe,  developed,  if  poaalble,  by  elaborate  intrigue. 
Be  ciitidiea  (g.  the  tobfect  ol  the  sacrifice  of  Abrahan ,  chosen  by 
TModore de  Bite  loi bis  tniged)r(i55t}.  as  unsuitable  because 
"  pity  and  Urrar  "  ire  evoked  lii»n  the  ipectators  without  real 
eauta.  It  In  Stal  ttfuritta  he  did  not  cotnplelely  carry  oul  hii 
own  emvictinu  he  devdoped  Ua  piincipsl  character  with  great 
abOily.  A  aecoqd  ingedy,  UPomint «  fei  CaUimlta  Usii). 
is  inferior  ID  canstractkm,  bat  ii  redeemed  by  the  t^aracter  et 
RtqidL    Ha  was  alio  the  author  of  twv  comedici,  Ia  NigrtmaM 


"39 

wrilioi  apfannlly  iif  15S1  but  oat 
published  until  157}.  La  CaiiiwMistenaitalite  loriiseejle- 
qol  pnae  dialagiic,  whkk  loicahadowa  Ibe  eaittlfciice  of  lam 
Fimch  comedy. 
His  brother,  JaCQDESDC  uTuus  (tMt-isai),coaipDieda 
ft  tragediea,  of  which  la  ilmt  it  Dain  and  La  Mmrt 
■^(biithpi>hli>he>liais»)a(Clhechie(.  He  is  best 
known  by  hit  Mmitnitjtirt  ia  mritw  Jrawfait  nnamm  «■  grac 
It  (■  Uia,  an  attaint  to  legulate  Fiendi  vctie  by  qiaality. 
lie  (fied  ol  plagw  at  tbe  aae  of  sol  Hii  Pahaa  Aancs  wen 
poUiahed  ia  isi*. 
The  wnfa  oT  3<m  de  h  TUIk  wse  edind  by  Rcnf  de  MauUa 

Smb.  itjt-iUii.  Sn  >lw>  £.  FagDtt.  La  TwaiU-  J-mvBH  am 
H-'uicfcCiMj). 

LATAXU  {tmc.  Latdieaa),  the  duel  town  ol  ■  ujak  ua 
ihc  Biunt  vOayet  at  Syria,  sllualed  on  Ibe  esasi 
Ibe  islaod  of  Cypna.  The  oMot  name  of  tbc  towa 
10  PhOo  Herenniui,  wai  tiiata  or  Aik4  iiai;  ir  receivea 
that  of  LaodiccB  (od  mo*)  tiom  Sdeucui  NicUor,  who  n- 
bonded  it  in  honour  of  his  motbei  ai  one  of  Ihe  four  "  nstei  '■ 
cftlea  of  th*  Syrian  Tetnpolis  (Antioch,  Sclcucii,  Apamea, 
Laodicea).  In  the  Rinnan  period  it  was  favound  by  Caesar, 
and.  though  11  suffered  sevcidy 


le  lugitiv. 


(43  I.e.),  Stra bo  describes  it  as  a  flourishing  port,  which  suppliedi 
from  tike  vineyards  00  the  mountains,  the  greater  part  of  the 
wine  imported  10  Aleiandria.  The  town  reohndtlMpiivilegiD 
ol  an  Italian  colony  Irom  Severui,  for  laUng  hb  pait  agaiin 
Antjoch  in  the  tliuggle  with  Nlfter-  Laodlcea  via  tba  teat 
of  an  indent  bishopric,  and  even  had  icaoe  dain  to  meUo- 
poblin  rights.  At  Ibi  lime  of  the  cmsadea, "  Licbe,"aaJacqiH> 
de  Vitry  says  It  was  populgtfy  called,  was  a  wtahby  d^.  It 
fell  ID  Taaned  with  AniJoCh  in  iioi,  and  waa  Kcovetcd  by 
Saladin  in  riSS.  A  Christian  settlemeBl  waa  aflerwicifa  per- 
I.  and  to  protect  itiell  by 
Sultan  Kila'On  < 
ilury  Laodicca  m 
rery  low;  the  nvival  in  the  beginning  of  Ihe  17th  was  due 
:o  the  new  trade  in  tobacco.  The  town  has  several  limei  heea 
ilnwflt  destroyed  by  eanhquakei — in  1170,  ittj  and  lAis. 

The  people  an  chiefly  employed  in  tobacco  cultivation,  silk 
tnd  oil  coltiuv,  poultry  rearing  and  the  sponge  fiihcry.  Thsa 
■  a  large  export  of  eggs  to  Aleiandiil;  but  the  wealth  of  tba 
place  depends  most  on  the  famous  "  Lalakia  "  tobacco,  grown 
the  plain  behind  the  towti  and  on  the  Ansarieh  hills.  TbcfD 
t  three  main  varieties,  of  which  ihe  wont  is  dark  in  colouf 
and  strong  in  flavour;  ihe  best,  grown  in  the  districts  o(  Diryus 
and  Amamareh,  ts  light  and  aromatic,  and  is  exported  mainly 
to  Aleiandriaj  but  much  goes  also  to  Conitantinopte,  Cyprus 
and  direct  to  Europe.  After  the  construction  of  a  road  ihrougb 
Jebel  Amarich  to  Kamah,  Latikia  drew  a  good  deal  ol  Irafflc 
from  upper  Syria;  but  the  Ilntnsh-IIoms  railway  !isa  now 
diverted  much  of  this  aeain.  The  products  of  Ihe  suiitHiDding 
district,  however,  cause  the  town  to  increase  steadily,  and  it 
is  a  regular  port  of  call  for  the  maiii  Levantmt  lines  of  iieamei). 
The  only  nolahle  object  of  antiquity  is  a  triumphal  arch,  prob- 
ably of  the  early  jtd  century,  in  the  S.£.  quarter  of  the  modern 
town.  Latakia  and  ill  neighbourhood  formerly  produced  a 
very  beautiful  type  of  rug,  ciainplet  of  which  are  highly 
ptiied.  <a  G.  H.) 

LITEBH  (the  An^dinl  form  of  Fr.  lafi«,  t'.e.  iMt  UHrnt, 
Latin  sail,  to-called  as  t  be  chief  form  of  rig  in  the  Mediterranean), 
a  certain  kind  ol  triangular  nil,  having  a  long  yard  by  which 
it  is  suspended  to  Ihe  mast  A  "  laieener  "  is  a  veaad  rigged 
with  a  lateen  sail  and  yard.  This  rig  was  formerly  much  used, 
and  is  still  the  lypicil  Mil  of  the  ftlaaa  ol  Ihe  Uedilerraneas. 
and  dtiv  of  the  Arabian  Sea. 

Lit  TdHB  (Lat.  Unmit,  ihiDow),  the  ute  of  a  latc-dwdliDg 
at  Ihe  Botth  end  of  Lake  Neudiilel,  between  Marin  and  Fr6- 
fargier.  Accor^ng  to  acmc^  it  wai  originally  a  Helvetic  ap- 
pMm;  according  to  othen,  a  Gallic  comraeidal  settlemat 
E.  FsrrcT  dlttingiusha  an  older  ■eou.militaty,  and  a  yoongM 


LATERAN  COUNCILS— LATERITE 


[<  tko  couiden  Ihe  older  Mition  lo  bkte  been,  DM 
■s  iiual^  mppoKd,  Hdvetu^  but  pee-  or  prato-Hdmlc,  the 
cfaUBCUi  of  which  dusged  orilh  the  advuct  ol  Ihe  HdvcUi 
into  SwltKriuid  (c.  iio-iddk^).  La  T^db  bu  (ividi  hi  nunc 
ts  ■  period  oi  culture  U.  51x1  ■.c.-*^.  lea),  the  pbue  of  the 
Ina  ice  lacceedini  the  HiUitut  pbue,  not  •*  beiuit  iti  tunlag- 
poiot,  but  becwue  the  God*  tn  (he  bat  kDom  ef  thtir  kind. 
He  Utter  an  divided  into  euiy  (c.  500-150  mx.),  Bid^  (ije- 
lee  ix.)  uul  lale  (lOo  b.c.-iu>.  100),  ud  chicBy  bckag  to  the 
middle  pofod.  Tbey  art  mMtly  of  inn,  and  aatnl  of  iwordt, 
ipai-badi,  ua,  Kytht*  and  knives,  *liich  exhibit  a  remark- 
aide  agmmcBt  iritb  the  dooiptioa  of  the  mpona  of  the 
•oathtn  Celu  liveD  by  Diodoiui  SicolnL  TUn  ate  abo 
bnocbo,  bmue  kettle*,  torqaei,  inaU  bnoK  tuMia^  with 
BttI*  tfui  peaita  of  vatioiB  cdoan,  bch-hooki  and  flat  foe 
faKeting  anklei  of  cteUn^i  Hie  La  Ttot  cultnie  made  iu 
vtj  Ihrooib  Fiance  acroH  to  Eoiland.  iriure  II  baa  receivgd 
the  DaiM  of  "  late  Celtic 
at  Ayhsfoid  in  Kent. 

S«  F.  Keller.  Latt  Z^hUiwi  tf  SwiUrrlani.vi.  (Eih.  Ini 
V.Glam.la  Till  ■>•  appidum  tclvtU  ItSSej ;  E.  V<ug>,  Li 
il4ni«(lSB61:P.  Rtrnccke.  ZHf  jrw.l-iil.'     ■    ■*■      ■ 


SallBatMi  itr  frMatnstiHm  .  , 


Alung-K 


(1907). ' 


UTBRAH  CDmcm,  the  Rxleiiaatlcal  OMiDdli  or  aynodi 
held  at  Rome  in  the  Lilenn  badlka  which  waa  dedioted  to 
Christ  under  the  title  of  SdvBtor,  and  fnitbs  called  Ibe  buOicB 
of  CoBMaotlne  or  the  chuith  of  J*^  the  Bapliit.  P'-iVing 
at  1  papal  catbedial,  thia  became  ■  mttch-IavDuiBl  place  of 
aaenbly  for  ocdcsiaiticaL  coundli  both  in  antiqui^  (jij. 
4t;)  aod  Bon  atpcdilly  during  the  middle  igei.  Amoog 
IhCH  Domennu  lynodt  the  mugt  piomiMat  are  tboB  whicb  the 
tradition  of  the  Raman  Catlnlic  ehiudi  bat  daacd  ti  ecuntnical 


1.  Tbe  first  Lateran  eouacit  (the  ninth 
apCDcd  by  Pope  CtHitui  II.  00  the  iSth  ol  Harch  1113;  ila 
primary  object  beiog  to  conbtm  the  coscocdu  ol  Wonni,  aod 
■0  cloK  tbs  conflict  on  the  queation  of  invntilurc  (f.r.)-  In 
addition  lo  lliii,  caooni  wen  enacted  agiinit  iicoony  and  the 
c  pasaed  in  favour 


Ouce  of  God.     Moit  than  three  hundred  bishops  are  nported 

For  [be  nulutisnt  ne  JWnnmla  Ccnuniu,  Lenii  iv..  L  974- 
SJ6  (>Sm);  Maui,  Cmllfflif  Cpruiiisnun,  uL  p.  ill  iq.;  Hclcli, 

>.  Tlie  lecond  Laltran,  and  tenth  ectmnSu'cal,  council  wai 
held  by  Pope  Innocent  11.  in  April  11J9,  and  WM  attended  by 
close  on  a  thousand  ctFrics.  Its  immediate  luk  wii  to  neuiraliie 
the  jficr-eHfcii  of  the  schism,  which  had  only  been  terminated 
in  the  previous  year  by  the  death  of  Anacletui  n.  (±  ijth 
January  iijS].  All  consecrations  received  at  hii  hands  were 
declared  invalid,  his  adherents  were  deposed,  and  King  Roger 
of  Sidly  waa  eicommuoicaled.     Amold  of 


novedfn 


m  Italy. 


IBMthU.  i.  «»U4S  (ed.  a). 

J.  At  the  thiid  Latenn  coondl  (eleventh  ecumenical),  which 
netliMticb  iiT^underPi^eAleisuderlll,,  the  clergy  present 
a^B  munbeccd  about  one  thousand.  Hie  council  formed 
a  (Hiud  to  the  peace  oi  Venice  (1177),  which  marked  Ihc  dose 
of  Ihe  itnig^  between  the  papacy  and  the  emperor  Frederick  1. 
BarbaicBa;  its  main  object  being  to  repair  tlie  direct  or  b- 
dlrect  injuries  which  Ihe  schism  had  inflicted  on  the  Lfe  ol  the 
church  and  10  display  to  Christendom  tbc  power  of  the  see  of 
Rome.  Among  t  he eoactmenta of  the  council,  the  most  important 
CDHcemed  the  appointment  to  the  papal  Ihione  (Canon  i), 
the  eledond  law  ol  1050  being  supplemented  by  a  further  pro- 
vision dcdaring  a  Fwivthirdi  majwity  10  Iw  requisite  for  the 


Ronan  dergy  and  pepnhce,  <T  of  tlu  Imi 
waa  PD  looger  any  questlocu  AB^hfTtmliillin>|i4imptanaf» 
for  the  Ustory  cf  the  Ireauacat  of  bcicty,  wis  the  caooo  lAkb 
deireed  that  armed  force  shoold  be  employed  againu  the  CathatI 
ii  soothcm  Fiuko,  ilut  their  goodi  were  liaUo  to  confiscatloB 
and  their  penow  to  enJayemtnt  by  the  princes,  and  that  all 
rbo  took  up  w^Mms  agiiDU  tfacm  should  receive  a  two  years' 


4.  Tbe  foiutfa  Lateran  coundi  (tweUtb  ecumenical),  convened 
by  Fope  Inaoceirt  III.  In  1115,  wss  Ihe  most  brilliant  and  tbe 
most  numerously  attended  of  all,  and  marks  the  culminating 
point  of  a  pontificate  which  itself  represents  the  senitb  attained 
by  the  medieval  papacy.  Prelates  assembled  from  every  country 
in  Christendom,  and  with  them  tbe  deputies  of  numerous 
piinca.  Tbe  total  included  411  bishops,  with  ftoo  piiott  and 
abbots,  besides  tbe  representatives  of  absent  prelalcs  and  • 
number  of  inferior  cleric*.  The  seventy  decrees  of  the  council 
begin  with  a  confession  of  faith  directed  against  tbe  Cslhui  and 
Waldeascs,  which  is  significant  if  only  for  the  mention  of  ■ 
tiansubstantialion  of  tbe  elements  in  the  Lord's  Supper.  A 
:tait  for  tbe  otganited  sup- 


d  for 


of  tl 


e  also  passed  toucblng 


(Canon  3). 
at  year*  of  discretion,  the  dut' 

Easter  (Canon  >i),  Enadme 
procedure  in  the  ecclesiastical  co 
orders,  appointments  to  offices  lo  the  church,  maitlage-law, 
conventual  discipline,  the  veneration  of  relics,  pQgiimages  and 
intercourse  with  Jews  and  Saracens.  Firully,  a  great  cniiade 
was  resolved  upon,  to. defray  the  eitpenses  of  which  it  was 
determined  tfaat  the  clergy  ^ould  lay  aside  one-twentieth — 
ibe  pope  and  tbe  cardinals  one-tenth— of  their  teveaue*  for  the 
neit  time  years;  while  the  crusaders  were  to  ba  held  free  of 
all  btirdens  diuing  the  period  of  thtir  absence. 

ReKlutioni.  af.  Mans,  up.  til.  nii.  gjj  iq.;  Hefele,  Owilita- 
teuJkkUt,  V.  871-905  (ed.  iX   Seealso  iHNOCaHT  IIL 

5.  The  fifth  Lateran  council  (dghlcenth  ccnmcidcil)  was 
convened  by  Pope  Julius  IL  and  continued  by  Leo  X.  It  met 
IromthejrdotMaylJiitalbeifithotHarch  t5i;,andwasthe 
last  great  coundl  anterior  to  the  Reformatidft  t1»  change  in 
the  government  of  the  duurJi,  the  rival  council  c^  Flsa,  Iha 
ecclesiastical  and  political  dissenunns  witliin  and  witlnut  the 
coundl,  and  the  lack  of  disinterestedness  on  tbe  part  of  it* 
members,  all  combined  to  Iruiirate  the  hopes  which  Its  convoca- 
tion bad  awakened.  IIS  resolutions  comprised  tbe  i^ection  of 
tbe  pragmatic  sanction,  the  proclamation  ol  tbe  tape's  superl' 
orilyover  tbe  coundl,  and  the  renesral  of  the  bull  U»am  taiaiam 
ol  Boniface  Vm.  The  theory  that  it  ispossibleforilhinglobe 
thccilagically  true  and  philosophicslly  false,  and  the  doctrine  ol 
tbe  mortality  of  tbe  buman  soul,  were  bolh  repudiated;  while 
a  three  year*'  tithe  on  all  church  property  waa  set  apart  to 
provide  funds  for  a  war  agamst  tbe  Turks. 

Sa^Hardciuln.  Call.  Cant.  ii.  ^ijjm,  iq.^^Itefele-KerturtHher, 


T.  1570  iq.;  Helelp-H 
.;  {iii7).    CL  biUioff 


*(<?,  m! 


CncUitnta^iilt,  viii.  iH  ■!- 

LATBRin  (Lat,  Isfer,  a  brick).  In  petr(di«y,  a 
superficial  depout  of  clay  or  earth  i^ch  gathers  on  the  surface 
of  rocks  and  has  been  produced  by  their  decnoiposllion;  it  is 
vrry  common  in  tropica]  regions.  In  consistency  it  is  generally 
scit  and  friable,  bill  liaid  mai»a,  nodules  and  bands  often  occur 
in  it.  These  are  usually  rich  in  iron.  The  superfidal  layer* 
of  laierite  deposits  are  ofteninduntedaod  smooth  black  ordark- 
brown  crusts  occur  wbete  the  cUys  have  long  been  eipaaed 
to  a  dry  atmosphere;  in  other  cases  the  toft  dayaarciuUof  bard 
nodulca,  and  in  general  the  laieriie  b  perforated  by  tubi^, 
aometimes  with  veins  of  diEetent  composition  sod  appearance 
from  tbe  main  maas.  The  depth  of  the  Uterite  bed*  varita  up 
to  lo  or  40  ft.,  the  deeper  layer*  often  being  soft  iibea  the 
aurlaca  is  hard  or  stony;  tba  tnoalisD  10  IrMh,  tsuod  rad 


nay  be  imy  ittddBB.  "'nut  laleHte  b  raerdr  TMWd 
!  i«k  ia  proved  by  Iti  often  pjaervtng  the  ilmrtum; 
^nins  and  cTea  the  outUtKi  of  the  ounerBls  of  the  punt  mu4 
bdcnr;  the  felipBn  uid  otlxt  compooents  of  gnoite  giiefs 
kaving  evidently  been  eonveited  hi  nte  into  a  BofI  argiUaaQus 

I^terite  occun  In  practiodly  every  tropica)  ICEioo  of  the  earth, 
aod  a  vrry  abundant  iii  C^m,  India,  Bunna.  Central  and 
West  Africa,  CentnU  America,  Ac  It  ii  especially  veil  devik^ied 
vrben  tbc  imderfyiiig  rock  b  cryttaliine  and  [ebpalhie  (u 
fTairite  gneisi,  lyeniw  and  diothe),  but  occurs  also  on  bualu 
in  Ibe  Deecan  and  id  other  plam,  and  la  found  even  on  mica 
■cfaiit,  aandatone  and  qnartzite,  though  In  such  cases  it  tends 
to  be  more  tandy  than  ar^Iaceous.  Many  vanetiea  have  been 
retogniaed.   En  India  a  calcaieous  laterite  with  large  concreTioa- 

aiy  blacks  of  carbonate  of  line  is  called  kankai 

has  been  much  used  In  building  bridges.  &c,,  becai 
a  bydianlic  cement.  In  some  distlictl  ((.(.  W.  Indies)  simdai 
types  of  bleijle  have  been  cxDed  "  puizuoliBa  "  a4id  are  also 
tned  as  mortar  and  ccTnCnt.  Kuku  is  also  knows  and  worked 
in  British  EmI  Africa.  The  day  calied  cabook  in  Ceylon  is 
CSEnlially  a  varicly  of  lilcrite.  Common  laterile  contains  very 
Gttle  lime,  and  it  seems  that  in  districts  which  have  an  eice^ve 
rainfall  that  component  may  be  disaolvcd  out  by  percolating 
mtei.  while  kankar,  or  calcareous  laleritc.  is  formed  in  districts 
which  have  a  smaller  rainfall.  In  India  also  a  distlilction  Is 
made  between  "Hgh-level"  and  "low-level"  lateriles.  The 
fotmer  arc  found  at  all  elevslicms  up  to  5000  ft.  uld  more, 
and  are  Ibe  pmducli  oi  the  dKompo^lioU  of  rock  in  lilu;  they 
are  often  Ene-ginined  and  soToetiiofs  have  a  very  wdl-marked 
CDBCietionary  structure.  These  lalerites  are  subject  to  removal 
by  rurmfug  water^  and  arc  thus  carried  to  lower  grounds  forming 
tvaDspoTted  or  "  low-levet "  lalerites.  -  The  £ner  particles  tend 
to  be  carried  away  into  the  riven,  while  the  sand  is  left  behind 
and  with  it  much  of  the  heavy  iron  oxides.  In  such  silualions 
the  lalerites  are  sandy  and  lemjginous,  with  a  tniiSa  pnportian 
of  clay,  and  aie  Dot  intimately  conRCCled  with  the  r«b  on 
which  they  lie.  On  steep  slopes  laterile  abo  may  creep  or  sL'p 
when  soaked  with  rain,  and  if  eiposed  in  sections  on  roadsides 
or  river  banks  has  a  bblifcd  appearance,  the  stiatiGcstion  being 
paralld  10  the  surface  of  ibe  gmund. 

Chemical  and  mlcroscoplcat  tnvestigatic 
liDOt  a  day  like  those  which  are  so  familiar  mtemperaceTEgicHD; 
it  dM*  iM  cmsisl  of  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina,  but  Is  a 
mectiinlnl  murture  of  fine  grains  of  quartz  with  minute  scales 
ol  hydrates  of  alumina.  The  latter  are  ca^y  soluble  in  add 
wfnle  clay  is  not,  and  after  treating  laterlte  with  acids  the  alu- 
mina and  Iron  leave  the  silica  as  a  residue  in  the  form  of  qnaiu. 
The  alumina  seems  to  be  combined  with  vuiable  proportions  of 
water,  probably  as  the  minerals  hydcu^Uite,  diaspore  and 
gibbsite,  white  the  Iton  occurs  as  goethlte,  turtle,  liraonite, 
haemalile.  As  already  remarked,  there  is  a  tendency  for  the 
snpcrfidal  layer*  to  become  hard,  probably  by  a  lou  of  the 
water  contained  In  these  aluminous  minerals.  These  cbemical 
changes  iruiy  be  Ibe  cause  of  the  frequent  coocretiDnary  structure 
and  veining  in  the  lateiite.    The  great  abundance  of  alumina 

of  the  fine  particto  of  gibbsite,  Kc,  from  the  quartz  by  ibe 
action  of  gentle  currents  of  water.  We  may  also  point  out  the 
essential  diemical  ilmilarlty  between  literitc  and  the  searas  af 
biuiite  which  occur,  for  eiample,  in  the  north  of  Ireland  as 
reddish  clays  between  flows  of  Tertlaiy  basalt.  The  bauidie  is 
rich  in  alumina  combined  with  water,  and  b  tned  as  an  ore  of 
alnminiuro.  It  is  often  very  ferruginaus.  Similar  deposits 
occur  at  Vogelsberg  in  Germany,  and  we  may  infer  that  the 
bauxite  beds  ate  bycrs  of  laierite  produced  by  suh-aertal  dc- 
nmpotilioa  in  the  same  manner  u  Ibe  thick  laterite  deposits 
which  ue  now  in  course  of  formation  In  Cbe  plateau  basalts  of 
Ibe  Deccan  In  India. 
The  eofldilions  under  which  laterile  are  formed  jnclude,  fim,  a 

wpkuu  or  mountaiot  up  ro  about  50DO  11.  in  l^eight:  wcondly,  a 
heavy  niolall,  with  wdtuuuked  altetsacioo  of  wet  and  dry  Muns 


LATHE 

(b  aiid'inuaeria  laterite  (s  set 


.t  laWriM 


he  rank  fTowth  of  vegetaticdi  produces  lam  aiDDuma  of  bum 

aibonic  acid  wWcb  inally  promoir  rock  dccompoHtion,  ipieous 
.nd  crynalline  rocks  fl  all  kuus  ate  deeply  coveied  under  rich  dark 
oils,  so  that  Id  trqwal  forests  the  podcrlylaa  rucks  are  lar^y  to  be 
eeiL  In  the  warm  soil  nitrificalliHi  pnwdt  raindly  and  uclnia 
il  many  kinds  flourish.  It  bis  alu  B«n  argued  thai  the  frequent 
hundentonm  produce  much  nllric  add  in  the  alnosphcir  and  Ihil 
L<-_^..L eof  lateri1iiB1lon,buIlllacci1ainlvnacar 

S'xtning  Is  rarely  m 
e  BuggestioB  that 

:  pfeseace  in  the  Kiil  

dccampnv  silicate  of  ahndna  Into  qnarta  aad  hydcatca  of  aluniBa. 
Tbc  mtficted  distiibuiioa  of  laterile  defoaiu  imglii  tlin  be  due  to 
the  lubibitinEeSect  of  km  tenpefatna  on  ike  leproduction  of  these 
oT^nisma.  This  very  ingentouahypotbeiu  has  not  yet  ncavcd  the 
experimental  conlinTiation  which  seems  Decenary  betgre  h'csn  be 
leiudal  u  (scAlubed.  Msloohn  Madaicn.  rejecting  tbc  bacterial 
-L I. ■-. ..  tbeahmitesalBntiOBoftheioil 


Attempts  an  bebi  Bade  to  istilise  Ut 
a  purpose  lor  irhlcb  aofne  varieties  m 
bI&o  deposits  of  manganese  asaocLited 
which  may  intimately  be  valuable  as  mice 

LATH  (O.  Eng.  latU,  Wd.  Eng.  lappe,  a 
the  Welsh  "a'^l  Ihe  word  appears  in  many  Teutoolc  languages, 
cf.  Dutch  All,  Ger.  LalU,  and  has  passed  into  Romanic,  d.  IliL 
ItUa,  Fr.  (dUc),  a  thin  flat  strip  of  wood  or  other  maleiiij  used  in 
building  to  form  a  base  or  groundwork  for  plaster,  or  for  tiles, 
slala  or  other  covering  for  roofs.  Such  strips  of  wood  are 
employed  td  form  lattice-work,  or  tor  the  biirs  of  Venetian 
blinds  or  ahutUrs.  A  "  lattice  "  (0.  Ft.  laHii)  is  an  Interlaced 
structure  of  laths  fastened  together  so  as  to  form  a  screen  with 
diamond-shaped  or  square  Inlersliccs.  Such  s  screen  wis  used, 
as  II  still  a  in  the  East,  as  a  shutter  for  a  window  admitting  ojr 
rather  than  light;  It  was  hence  used  of  the  window  closed  by 
such  a  screen.  In  modem  usage  the  term  is  applied  to  a  window 
with  diamond-shaped  panes  set  hi  lead-work.  A  wfodow  with 
a  lattice  painted  red  was  formerly'a  common  Inn-sign  (d. 
Shakespeare,  a  Ben,  lY.  D.  i.  86);  frequently  the  window  was 
dispensed  with,  and  the  sign  irmained  painted  on  a  board. 

LATHE,  (i)  A  mechanical  appliance  in  which  material  Is 
held  and  rotated  against  a  toiJ  for  cutting,  scraping,  polishing 
or  other  purpose  {see  Tools).  This  word  Is  of  obscure  origin. 
It  may  be  a  modified  form  of  "  lath,"  for  in  an  early  form  of 
lathe  the  rotation  is  given  by  a  treadle  ot  q>riilg  lath  attachtd 


.)^le»» 


LATHROP— lATIMER 


lotbccdlioc.    ITwyiitgnifirtOrtiwMrrpetoMciiHiWMilite 

■ouraof  thcworduDftD.  JfftfTmeanJD|appamlly  Asuppamnj 
fnrnevork,  (oimd  in  tbe  mine  dI  Ihc  Luming-[athc,  drtjelad,  and 
■Tw  in  lasdad,  aw-beaci,  tarverlad,  loom,  &c    (i)  One  of  five, 

which  the  county  of  Kent  vu  divided.    Tboagti  ibe  divuinn 

*aj  formerly  »  Judidal  division,  the  court  ol  ibt  latha  being 
superior  to  that  of  the  hundred,  la  UiLi  il  diffen  fnun  the 
npe  (f.i.)  dI  Suski,  which  wu  i  geographical  rather  than  an 
adminialnlive  division.  In  O,  Eng.  the  wont  was  IcK,  the 
oiigin  of  which  is  doubKuL  The  tfrw  Ent'f'i  Dkmmory 
cosiidcn  it  almost  cettiinly  identical  with  O.  None  lad,  landed 
possenioDa,  tenilory,  with  *  poeible  auodatiso  in  meaning 
•tlbiuch«otd*as(ri«,nnn,>iiH'aBiM,  at  tendance  at  ameeting 
or  mool,  or  with  Mod.  Dan.  latti,  a  cfivislon  of  the  country  Tor 
mililaiy  purposea. 

UTHBQP.  FKAHCIS  (iB4«-i«0(]),  AmcricaD  aitiit,  wu  bom 
at  lea,  near  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  on  the  smd  of  Jane  1849, 
being  the  greal-granduD  ol  Samuel  Hotden  Parsons,  and  Ibe 
■on  of  George  Alfred  Lathrop  (1S19-18J7},  who  for  some  time 
was  United  Slates  consul  >t  Honolulu.  He  wai  a  pupil  of  T.  C. 
Fanai  (iSjg-igfi)  in  New  York,  and  stuified  at  the  Royal 
■cadeiny  of  Dresden.  In  1S70-1873  he  was  in  England,  studying 
under  Ford  Madoi  Brown  and  Bume-Jones,  and  working  in  tbe 

~  ol  of  Wiliiam  Morris,  where  he  deroled  particular 


Retumi 


.873,  t 


becan 


A  porttaita,  designed 
^ass,  and  subsequently  confined  himself  10  dcroralive  wort. 
He  deugned  tbe  chancel  ol  Trinity  church,  Boston,  and  decorated 
the  iolefior  of  Bowdoin  college  chapel,  at  BnuiswiclE,  Maine, 
and  several  churches  in  New  Vorlc  The  Marquand  memorial 
window,  frincelon  chapel.  Is  sa  eunple  of  bis  noik  in  rained 
glass.  His  latest  work  wu  a  series  of  mediUioDs  lor  the  building 
of  the  Hispanic-Americiin  society  In  New  York.  He  was  one  of 
the  dmrter  jnembm  of  the  Sodety  of  American  Artists,  and 
became  an  awodate  oi  the  National  Academy  of  Design,  New 
Yorh.  o(  which  aIs9  William  L.  Lathrop  (b.  iSsg)  an  artist 


t  WooddiS,  New  jeney,  on  Ihe  i8th  ol 
October  1909. 

His  younger  brother,  Ceoioe  Paxeohs  LkTBXOP  [iSsi-iSgi}, 
bam  near  Honolulu  on  the  ijth  of  August  iSjt,  took  up  litera- 
ture as  a  professiaD.  He  was  an  issistatit  editor  of  the  Aitanlii 
MmlUj'm  1875-1877,  and  editor  of  Ibe  Bostoii  Cinirkt  in  1S7;- 
iS7«.  He  was  one  of  the  foiuuten  (1&S3}  of  the  American 
eopyiight  league,  aas  promioeot  is  tbe  movement  for  Roman 
Catholic  aninmer  schools,  and  wrote  seven!  novels,  tone 
verw  and  critical  essays.  He  was  Ihe  author  of  A  Siudy  ij 
Halkamid  Hawtiam  (1876},  and  edited  the  standard  edition 
(Boston,  18S3)  of  Hawtfiome's  works.  In  1871  be  married 
tn  London  the  second  daughter  of  Nathaniel  Hawtbotne — 
Rose  Bawtbome  Lathrop  (b.  iSji).  After  bis  death  Ha 
Lathrop  devoted  herself  entirely  to  ebarity.  She  was  instiu- 
menltl  In  establishing  [1B96)  and  subsequently  conducted  St 
Rose's  free  home  for  cancer  in  New  York  Cily.  In  1900  she 
'd  the  Dominican  order,  taking  the  name  of  Mother  Mary 


^dbecos 


ie  third  ordci;  and  she  esUbtished  in  i«oi  and  subsequently 
conducted  this  order's  Rosary  Hill  home  (for  cancerous  patients) 
at  Hawtbotne,  N.Y.  She  published  a  volume  of  poems  (iSSS); 
Umnria  ef  BmHana  (iE97j;and,>nIh  her  busbsnd,  A  Story 
0/'  Couratt:  Annidt  of  Ht  GrorgriffWH  CinmiU  t^  Ikt  ViiUaiiffii 
<tf  ft(  Bland  Viril»  Vary  [ig94). 

UTIMEB.  HUQH  (1.  i49°-iS5s),  English  lusbop,  and  one 
f  f  the  chief  piomoien  of  the  Reformation  in  England,  was  bom 
at  Tburcaslon,  Leicestershire.  He  was  tbe  ion  of  a  yeoman, 
who  rented  a  farm  "  of  three  or  (our  pounds  by  year  at  the 
uttermost."  Of  this  farm  he  "  tiUed  as  much  as  kept  halt  a 
dosen  men/'  retaining  also  grass  for  a  hundred  sheep  ind  thirty 
tattle.  The  year  of  Latimer's  birth  is  Dot  definitely  known. 
In  the  Lijt  tty  Gilpin  it  is  even  a*  1470,  a  palpable  error,  tod 


poulbly  aoiqirbilfai  1490.'  Fom  UUts  Ibal  at  "(b*  agt  ol 
iDurteen  years  he  was  sent  to  Ibe  uoivenily  ol  Cambiii^," 
and  as  he  was  elected  fellow  ol  Claie  in  1  joq,  hi)  year  of  enlraoce 
was  in  all  likelihood  1505.  Latimer  hinuelf  also,  ia  mentianiu^ 
his  conversion  from  Romanism  about  i^aj,  says  that  it  loofc 
place  illet  he  oat  thirty  years  of  age.  According  to  Foie, 
Latunet  went  la  Kbool  "  at  Ihe  age  el  four  or  thereabout." 
Tbe  purpose  of  his  parents  was  (o  train  him  up  "  in  Iheluowledga 
of  all  good  literature,"  but  bis  lather  "  was  u  diligcBI  to  teach 
■  ofEngUnd 


velye 


Ltlimet  mentions  that  in  Ihc  reign  of  Edward  VI.,  on  account 
of  Ihe  increase  of  reuu,  tbe  univeraiiiei  bad  begun  wonderlully 
lodecay.  HegraduatcdB.A.in  ijioand  M.A.in  1514.  Before 
the  latter  date  be  had  taken  holy  orders.  While  a  sludeid  he 
was  not  unaccustomed  "  to  make  good  cheer  ai>d  be  merry," 
butalthesame  time  be  wasapunclilious observer  of  the  mioulcst 
riles  ol  his  (lilh  and  "  as  obstinate  a  Papist  as  any  in  England." 
So  keen  wu  hi*  opposition  to  Ibe  new  learning  that  bis  oration 
on  the  occuion  of  laling  his  degree  of  bachelor  of  divinity  wu 
devoted  to  an  attack  on  the  opinions  of  Mclancbibon.  It  wai 
this  sermon  that  determined  hi*  friend  Thomas  Biloey  to  ^  10 
Latimer's  study,  and  ask  him  "for  God's  sake  to  hear  his 
confessioq,"  tbe  result  bcuig  that  "  from  that  time  forward  be 
began  to  smell  Ibe  word  of  God,  and  forsook  the  school  doctoiv 
and  such  fooleries."  Soon  his  diicounes  eierdscd  a  polent 
iofiuence  on  learned  and  unlearned  ilikei  and,  allhough  ho 
leiliicted  himself,  as  indeed  was  principally  bis  custom  Ibtoagh 
life,  to  the  inculcation  of  practical  righteousness,  and  the  censure 
of  clamant  abuses,  a  rumour  of  his  heretical  tendencies  reached 
the  bishop  of  Ely,  «bo  resolved  to  become  unejpecledly  one  of 
bis  audience-  Latimer,  on  seeing  bim  enter  the  church,  boldly 
cbanged  his  theme  to  a  potttiyal  of  Christ  as  tbe  pattern  priest 
and  bishop.  The  poinu  of  comparisao  were,  of  couisc,  deeply 
disiasLcful  to  the  prelate,  who,  though  he  professed  liis  "  obliga- 
tions for  the  good  admonition  he  had  received,"  informed  the 
preacher  that  he  "  smelt  somewhat  of  the  pan."  Lalimei  »ai 
prohibited  from  preaching  in  the  university  or  in  any  pulpits  of 
Ibe  diocese,  and  on  his  occupying  the  pulpil  of  tbe  Auguslinian 
monastery,  which  enjoyed  immunity  from  episcopal  control, 
he  was  summoned  to  answer  for  his  opinions  bcloic  Wolsey,  who. 
however,  was  so  sensible  of  the  value  of  such  discourses  thai  he 
gave  hjoi  special  licence  to  preach  ibroughnul  England. 

At  this  time  Proteaiao)  opinions  were  being  dissemin 
England  chiefly  by  the  surrepiiiiou*  circulation  of  the  work* 
ofWyclifle,  and  especially  of  his  Itanslalic        -  -      - 


.    Tbea 


subtle 


and  even  10  a  great  e:tlent  tmconsciously  to  those  aSected  by  it, 
for  many  were  in  profound  ignorance  of  the  ulilmale  tendency 
of  Ibeii  own  opiuioDi.  This  was  perhaps,  as  regards  England, 
tbe  most  critical  coiijunciuTe  in  tbe  hisloty  of  the  Refomiation. 
boib  on  this  account  and  on  account  of  the  position  in  vhicb 
iniy  VIII.  Iben  stood  related  10  it.  lo  no  small  degree  it 
■      -    ■  ■  ■    '      lobepli      ■■ ■ 


nceited  and  confused 
Lrally  a  disiasie  lor  mere  theological 
s  be  was  in  the  habit  of  ioculcatiog 
could  scarcely  be  controverted,  although,  as  he  stated  Ibem,  Ibey 
were  diametrically  contradictory  of  prevailing  ema  bolh  in 

eamnwolv  (cqown  a*  "  old  Hugh^Jlinker,"  and  that  Bcmbcr.  bis 
Swis  lervant.  stales  inddentally  (hat  he  was  "  above  thrceicore  and 
■even  years  "  in  Che  reign  of  Edward  VI.  Bad  health  and  aniuetles 
probably  made  hhn  look  oUer  cfiae  his  years,  but  under  Edward  VI. 
his  pDwen  a>  an  orator  were  h  full  vinar,  and  he  W4S  at  his  book 
winter  and  sumacf  at  two  o'clock  In  ihe  **^T"'"t 

HOI. zed  B,  Google 


lATINA,  VIA 


»+3 


"  senoOBi  on  ibf  oi*,"  wHdi  imkfoed  » tortmlHit  aynlmvtny 
in  the  tmivrrsly,  md  ha  opponeota,  fjndisf  (hil  tliey  vert 
knabie  la  tope  with  the  dnlerilj'  and  leennrs  of  hu  utiie» 
wt>uk)  luwIiniblnOy  have  PTrctfdfd  in  gflting  him  lilenced  by 
fffitr,  hut  iriKpf  been  rqnrtn!  to  Tht  king  that  Litimcr"  favmirtd 
hii  cauK."  thai  ii,  Ibe  cause  ol  the  divnce.  While,  tbtntare, 
boih  paitiea  woe  uDpcntiTdy  comrtuiQded  (o  refnin  from 
furthB-  dispiile,  Latimer  tu  nmted  to  pteach  b^ore  Henry 
ID  the  Lent  of  isjo.  The  king  *ai  so  ptcued  witb  the  sermoD 
thjt  after  it  "  ht  (fid  mcot  EamiHarly  talk  irith  him  in  a  eailery," 
Of  the  spedal  i^prd  irfiidi  Uetuy  leemed  (o  have  cmceived 
for  him  Latimer  IvA  adranlife  10  pen  the  (amcnn  letter  oa  the 
fm  airalallon  of  the  BiUe,  an  address  temarkable.  not  only 
for  what  Froude  justly  colls  "  its  alsiosl  unexarnpkd  Erandeur." 
but  far  its  stiikins  rrpndiatioa  of  the  aid  d  temponl  weapons 
to  defend  the  faith,  "tor  Cod,"  he  sayi,  "will  not  have  it 
defended  by  nan  ot  nao'i  power,  but  by  His  Word  only ,  by  which 
He  batb  evcmwre  detraded  it.  and  that  by  a  way  far  above  Bun*i 
power  and  iiaioo."  Though  the  awiaJ  waj  without  effett 
on  tke  imnwdiate  policy  of  Henry,  be  conU  not  have  been 
displeased  with  ill  lone,  for  ihortty  afterward*  be  appointed 
Latimer  o«  d(  tbe  royal  chaplaini.  In  times  ■o"  out  ol  joint  " 
Ijiimer  soon  became  "  weary  of  the  court,"  and  it  was  with  ■ 
sense  of  rdief  thai  he  atCTpted  (he  living  of  West  Kinpon, 
or  West  Kioeton,  Wiltshire,  coilfetred  on  bim  by  the  king  in 
ijjr.  Harassed  by  severe  bodily  ailments,  eacompassed  by  a 
raging  tumilt  of  teligious  conflirl  and  peneculion,  and  aware 
that  the  faint  hopes  of  better  lima  which  seemed  to  gild  the 
horizon  oF  the  fulure  might  be  utterly  darkened  by  a  failure 
eitlMr  in  the  constancy  of  hii  courage  or  in  his  discernment  and 
discretion,  be  oertnt  his  eloquence  with  unabating  energy  in 
thefartheranceofthecauiebebadal  heart.  At  last  a  sermon  be 
was  persuaded  to  preach  in  London  exasperated  John  Stokesley, 
bishop  ol  ibe  dioose,  and  seemed  to  lumish  that  fervent  perse- 
cutor with  otl  opportunity  to  overthrow  the  mc^  dangeroia 
champion  of  the  ntw  opinions.  Bilncy,  of  whom  Latimer  wrote, 
"  if  &uch  as  he  shall  die  evil,  what  shall  become  of  me?  '^  perished 
■I  the  stake  In  (he  autumn  of  isji,  and  in  January  loflowing 
Latimer  was  mnumined  to  aniwn  before  the  bishops  in  the 
consistory.  After  ■  tedious  ind  cnptious  eiaTninaiion.  he 
was  in  March  brou^t  before  convocation,  and.  on  refusing  to 
subscribe  certain  articles,  was  eicommunicited  and  impiiwned: 
but  through  the  interference  of  the  king  he  was  finally  released 
after  he  had  voluntarily  signified  his  acceptance  ol  all  the  anidej 
ncepi  two.  and  confessed  that  he  had  erred  not  only  "  in 
discretion  but  in  docitine."  If  In  this  confession  be  to  some 
titent  tampered  with  his  conscience,  there  is  every  reason  to 
believe  that  biscutpaUetlDudiiywasoccasioned,  not  by  personal 
fear,  but  by  aniiely  lest  by  his  death  he  should  hinder  instead 
of  promoting  the  cause  c^  truth.  After  the  consecration  of 
Craomer  to  the  archbishopric  of  Canterbury  in  153J  Latimei's 
position  was  completely  altered.  A  commission  appmnted  10 
inquire  into  the  disturbances  caused  by  his  preaching  in  Bristol 
severely  censured  the  conduct  of  his  opponents;  and,  when  the 
bishop  prohibited  him  from  preaching  in  his  diocese,  he  obtained 
from  Crannter  a  special  licence  to  preach  throughout  the  province 
of  Canterbury.  In  1  sj4  Henry  [gtmally  repudiated  iheauthoiity 
of  the  pope,  and  Irom  this  time  Latimer  was  the  chief  co«pcratar 
with  Ctantner  and  Cromwell  in  advising  the  king  regarding  the 
■erics  ol  Ic^aiive  measures  which  rendered  that  repudiation 
complete  and  lrrevocaI>le. 

It  was,  however,  the  preaching  of  Latimer  more  (luD  the  edicts 
of  Henry  thai  established  the  priociplcs  ol  the  Reformation  in 
and  hearts  of  the  people;  and  from  his  preachir 


Ibem 


ol  quaUlie 


.    The 


political  condition  o[  the  period  than  p 
source,  fat  they  abound,  not  only  in 
abuses,  and  ol  the  prevailing  corniplii 


itfeteoces  to  many  va/letles  of  aacla]  hijostlce  and  onwln 
cvstoTfo,  in  racy  sketches  lA  character,  and  in  vivid  p4ctiu«a 
(<  special  lealoies  ot  the  time,  occasiooally  Olusirated  by 
Intereting  incidents  in  bis  own  life.  The  bomdy  lersaness  of 
his  style,  his  aboonding  hamoDr— roDgh,cbeeiyaDd  playful,  but 
irrfaisllble  in  its  simplicity,  and  accuioDally  tSqilaying  luddcB 
anddangeroiis  barbs  of  satire — hts  avoidance  of  dogmatic  ndillB- 
ties,  lui  Dohle  advocacy  of  pracikal  rl^tMHoneas,  his  txM  anit 
open  dennndatioD  of  tilt  oppitsiioD  pnctiMd  by  tiM  poveriul, 
his  snthing  dialribs  against  eedeatestlcal  hypooiay,  th« 
transparent  honesty  of  his  fervent  tad,  terapend  by  ngaciMB 
moderatiort — these  are  the  qnalitin  which  not  on^  lendcced 
his  infiuettce  so  paramoDnt  in  his  lifetime,  but  have  transmilled 
his  memory  to  posterity  as  pftrhaps  tltal  of  tlie  one  among  hi! 
contemporarfn  most  worthy  of  our  interest  and  adralraljab. 

In  September  ijj;  Latimer  was  consecnled  bishop  a( 
WorceMor.  While  holding  this  o(&ct  he  was  sdccted  to  oBidaie 
as  preacher  when  the  fr^,  John  Forest,  whom  be  vainly  en- 
deavoBied  to  move  to  submission,  was  burned  at  Ihc  slake 
for  denying  the  royal  supremacy.  In  ijjq,  being  opposed  ut 
the  "  act  of  the  ail  artides,"  Latimer  resigned  hrs  bishopric, 
learning  from  CromweD  that  this  was  Ihe  wish  ol  the  Uog.  It 
would  appear  that  on  this  pdni  he  was  deceived,  but  is  tie  now 
declined  to  accept  the  arttdcs  be  wu  roaBaed  within  Ik  pn- 
cincu  ol  the  palace  of  the  bishop  of  Chichester.  Alter  the 
attainder  of  Cromwdl  little  is  known  of  Latimer  mta  1546, 
when,  on  account  of  his  conneainn  witb  the  preacher  Edvord 
Crome,  he  was  summoned  before  the  council  at  Greenwich,  and 
committed  10  the  Tower  ol  London.  Heniy  died  before  his 
final  trial  could  take  place,  and  the  general  pardon  at  Ihe 
accession  ol  Edward  VL  procured  him  his  liberty.  He  declined 
to  resume  bis  see,  notwithstanding  the  special  request  of  the 
Commons,  but  in  January  1548  again  h^an  to  preach,  and 
with  more  cfTectivenesa  than  ever,  crowds  thronging  to  listen 
10  him  both  in  London  and  in  the  n     '         -■.■'-      .i 


I  iSSJ  • 


:o  Laiimt 


ippear  belore  the  council  at  Westminster.  Though  he  might 
bavo  escaped  by  flight,  and  though  be  knew,  as  he  quaintly 
remarked,  that  "  Sinithfield  already  groaned  for  him."  he  at 
once  joyfully  obeyed.  The  pursuivant,  be  said,  was  "a  welcome 
messenger."  The  hardships  ol  his  imprisonment,  and  the  long 
disputations  at  Oilord,  told  severely  on  his  health,  but  he 
endured  alt  witb  unbroken  checifulness.  On  the  iSth  ol  Oclobcf 
i5Si  be  and  Ridley  were  led  10  the  stake  at  Oiford.  Never 
was  man  more  free  than  Latimer  from  the  taint  of  fanaticism 
br  1(91  dominued  by  "  vainglory,"  bui  the  motives  which  now 
inspired  bis  courage  trat  only  plued  him  beyood  the  laBuaira  ^ 
but  enabled  bim  (0  taste  la  dying  an  IneSable  thrill  of 


Ridley 


"  De  of  good  comfort,  Master  Ridley,  and  play  Ihe  m 
shall  this  day  light  sucb  a  candle  by  Cod's  gnce  in  England 
as  II  trust)  shall  never  be  pul  out."  He  "  received  the  lUme 
as  it  were  embiticiBg  it  After  be  had  stroked  his  lace  with  his 
hands,  and  [as  it  were)  bathed  them  a  little  in  the  Cte,  he  soon 
died  (as  It  appeared)  with  very  little  pain  ot  none," 

Two  valumn  of  Lilimer'i  letmoos  wvri  pul^liihed  la  Iju,  A 
rampktc  edition  of  hii  woikt,  edited  by  G.  £.  Corriu  [or  the  Packer 
Sociciy.  aMicaml  in  two  vnlumn  (i844"iS4s).  His  Sirmtm  an  fkf 
fluitc'l  and  Snca  5rTiiioal>H(WVgr(  EAtvi  VI.  WCR  R- 

trinicdbyE.  Aiiier(i8<l9).  The  chitf  cofliemporaiy  auiboriiies  for 
Is  life  aie  hii  own  ScrKU,  John  Stow'i  OnaUt  and  Foil's  Batli 

sermons,  ibcre  an  lives  of  Latimer  by  ^Dcmaus  (iH^aew  and 
revitcdcd,  lgai).aiH]byR.M.aodA.I.Cariyle<TSn}-  (T.F.H.) 
UTIHA,  VIA.  an  anclcol  highroad  ol  Italy,  loading  S.E. 
[torn  Rome,  ll  was  probably  one  ol  Ihe  oldest  ol  Roman  toads, 
leading  lo  Ihe  pass  of  Algidus.  so  imporlanl  in  Ihc  early  military 
history  of  Rome:  and  it  musl  bave  preceded  the  Via  Appia 
as  a  route  lo  Campania,  inasmuch  as  Ibe  Latin  colony  at  Calei 
liblc  Irom 


two  years  " 


whereas  the  Via  Appia 


nunication,  without  the  enginn 


Via  Appia  had  to  encounter.    A*  a  thraii|h  ri 


.i,,C,ooj( 


.ig(e 


LATINI-^LATIN ,  LANGUAGE 


pn(«ikd  tlic  Via  L^Fau  (m  Libicwu,  Vu),  tboufh  the  Uttu 
■uy  havf  bcti  pnleticd  in  liter  Umts.  Alta  ibeii  juncljas, 
at  Via  Latins  (ODtiaucd  to  [oUow  ibe  vailcy  of  the  Tienu 
(Sacco),  faUowioi  the  line  taken  by  the  muleni  railway  to 
Naplea,  and  pawing  below  the  Heinican  hill-towna,  Aaagnia, 
Facatioum,  Frouna.  lie  Ai  FregcUae  it  cimed  the  Lirii, 
aAl  then  paMed  Ihrough  Aquiniun  and  CaununiT  both  of  Lben 
compaialivdy  law-lying  towni.  It  then  enured  Ibe  interval 
between  tbe  Aperuunea  and  tbe  vcJcanic  group  oJ  Rocca  Mraifina, 
and  tbe  vrigiDal  road,  instead  ol  traverauig  il,  lunicd  abruptEy 


a   by  roadi   t 


N.E.  a 

mmaiiniitaiion  wiib   tbe 

Aetmui  utd  Teleiia.    In 

probabUily  a  abort  cut  by  Rufrae  along  the  lice  IoIlcd  by  the 

modem  blgbroad  and  railway.    Tbe  two  liitM  lejoincd  neat  Ibe 

■  "  ■      "   and  the  road  ran  10  Teanora 

here  wu  the  aosiiDg  oC  tbe 

ie  Via  Ai^ia.    Tbe  distance 


At  railway  atatlrai  o[  Caiar 
and  Calea,  and  n  to  Caailioun 
Voltunua  and  the  iuncljea  wii 

from  Rome  lo  Caailiniun  wat  i  ,  . .     .    . , 

by  tbe  old  Via  Latina  Ihiougb  Venafrum,  iiA  m.  1^  the  abort 
cut  by  Rulne,  Cantideiable  rcmaiu  of  the  road  eiiit  in  tbe 
neighbourfaood  of  Roroe^  For  the  first  40  m.,  as  far  at  ComfHtmn 
Anagninunii  it  ia  not  FoUowcd-by  any  modem  load;  while  farther 
on  in  iti  CDUrse  il  ia  in  the  main  identical  with  tbe  oiadeni  high- 
nad. 

So  T-  AJiby  in  Fapiri  of  Iht  BrilisJi  SOmI  ol  Xsw  iv.  i  iq,. 
».  laq.  fT-As.) 

UTIHI,  BRDSETIO  (c.  iiio-c.  1194),  Italian  philosopher 
and  scholar,  was  bom  In  Florence,  and  belonged  to  the  Cuelph 
party.  Alter  the  disaster  of  Montapcrtl  he  took  refuge  for  some 
yean  (ii6i-ii6!l)  is  France,  but  in  1169  returned  to  Tuscany 
and  for  some  twcoty  years  held  succes^ve  high  ofFces.  Giovanni 
Villani  says  that "  he  was  a  great  philosopher  and  a  coiuummate 
master  of  rhetoric,  not  only  in  knowing  ho*  to  speak  well,  bul 
bow  to  wrfte  well.  ...  He  both  began  and  directed  the  growth 
o[  Ibe  Florentines,  both  in  making  them  ready  in  speaking  well 
and  in  knowing  bow  to  guide  aod  dinct  our  ttpublic  aca>rding 
to  tbe  rules  of  politics."  He  was  tlie  author  of  various  works 
in  prose  and  verse.  While  in  France  be  wrote  in  French  his 
prose  Trisor,  a  summary  of  the  encyclopaedic  knowledge  of  the 
day  (tnntlaled  into  Italian  as  Teicro  by  Bono  Ciamboni  in  Ihc 
tjth  century),  and  in  Italian  his  poem  TuoriUt,  rhymed  couplets 
In  heptasyliabie  metre,  a  sort  of  abridgment  put  in  ailegorical 
fcrm,  the  earliest  Italian  didactic  verse.  Be  is  famous  as  the 
friend  and  counsellor  ol  Dante  (see/njima,  mr.  81.87). 

Fur  the  Trfi^  >n  P.  Chabvinc'i  edirion  (tMi);  For  the  r<ren. 
GaiteT'i  ediiioa  (iStS):  for  the  Tisorau,,  B.  WicK'i  Ksdy  ih 
ZtHuJir^  Or  rouKule  FMiitife,  vv.    See  also  tbe  biognphicat 


Ki  (18B7  ac 


18901. 


.0  l.aliiu  by  Thoe  Suodby  (18S4), 


.     .  it  Ricards  af  iti  Ana. — Latin 

was  the  language  (polten  la  Rome  and  in  the  plain  of  Latium 
in  tbe  6lb  or  7th  century  B.C.— the  earliest  period  from  which 
we  have  any  contemporary  record  of  its  eiislcnce.  But  it  is 
as  yet  impossible  to  delermine  cither,  on  the  one  hand,  whether 
(he  archaic  inscription  of  Traenestc  (see  bebw],  which  h  as-- 
(igned  with  great  probability  to  that  epoch,  represent*  eiacliy 
the  langnage  then  spoken  in  Rome ;  or.  on  the  other,  over  ho* 
much  larger  an  area  of  the  Italian  peninsula,  or  even  of  Ibe  lands 
to  the  north  and  west,  the  same  language  may  at  thai  dale 
have  eitended.  In  tbe  jth  century  B.C.  we  find  il*  limits  wilhin 
tbe  peninsula  filed  on  (he  nortb.weit  and  soutb-wew  by  Etruscan 
(see  Entnua:  laii;iu{e);  on  Ihe  east,  soulh-eut,  and  probably 
nonh  and  north.ea*t,  by  Safine  (S»bine)  dialecla  (pf  the  Morsi, 
Paeligni,  Samniln,  Sabini  and  Fictnum,  Tf.>.)i  but  on  the 
norlh  we  have  no  direct  record  of  Sahine  speecli,  nor  of  any 
non-Latinian  tongue  nearer  than  Tuder  and  Asnilum  or  earlier 
Ihan  (he  4th  century  B.C.  (5«  UiinRu,  Icuvnni,  Plcmtiu). 
We  know  however,  bolh  from  tradition  and  from  the  archaeo- 
logical data,  thai  Ihc  Safine  tribe)  were  in  the  ;th 


ing  oil  « 
niihward   In 


oungei 


folk. 


>  Ihe  peninsula.     Of   the 


save  Id  the  case  of  EiruKin  in  Campania,  but  it  may  be  leaioii- 
ably  inferred  from  the  evidence  of  plaic.naBict  and  tribal  lumes, 
coQibined  with  that  ot  the  Faliscan  inscriptinns,  that  befune 


spoken  by  the  pre-Etruscan  tribes  down  the  length  ui  the  VbCst 
coast   (see  fauECii  VoLsa;  also  Rcuu:  Hiiltry;    Licatit-, 

1.  Eaiti€il  Ximn  liuai^umt,-~hl  Rome,  at  all  evenu, 
it  is  dear  from  the  unwavering  voice  of  tradition  that  Iialin 
was  spoken  fnm  tbe  beginning  of  tbe  dty.     Of  tbe  eadieu 

the  oldest,  the  so-called  "  Forum  ioKrqilion,"  can  hardly  be  re- 
ferred with  confidence  lo  an  earlier  cenluty  than  the  jth;  the 
later,  tbe  wdl-known  Dneiui  (-Luet  Latin  hnui)  inscripiiorL 
certainly  belongs  to  tbe  4tb;  both  of  these  are  biicfiy  described 
tielow  (iS  40, 4r}.  At  this  dale  we  have  probably  tbe  period  of. 
the  narrowest  eilension  of  Lalini  i»D-Laiio  idioma  weit 
spoken  in  Etruria,  Umbria.  Piccmun  and  in  (he  Mariiao  and 
Volsdan  hills.  But  almost  directly  tbe  area  begins  to  upand 
again,  and  after  the  war  with  Fyrrhus  (he  Roinan  anna  bad 
planted  tbe  language  of  Rome  in  her  military  colonics  throughout 
tbe  peninsula.  \Vbea  we  come  to  the  jrd  century  a-c.  tbe 
Lalin  insciiptions  begin  to  be  more  numerous,  and  in  Ihem 
(i.f.  Ihe  oldot  epilapbs  ol  the  Sdpio  family]  the  language  ia 
very  liltle  removed  fnun  what  it  was  in  the  time  of  Tlautus. 

3.  7^  Italic  Grouf  af  Lanfans.—Foi  tbe  characteristic* 
and  adinities  of  the  dialects  that  have  just  been  mentioned,  see 
tbe  aitlde  Itui:  AkcuM  Languaia  aiuf  PeepUs,  and  to  the 
separate  articles  on  the  (ribes.  Here  it  b  well  lo  poin(  out  that 
the  only  one  of  these  languages  which  is  cot  akin  to  Latin  t* 
Etruscan;  on  the  olber  hand,  Ihc  only  one  very  dosdy  lesnnbling 
Latin  is  Faliscan,  which  with  i(  form*  what  we  may  call  tho 
Latinian  dialect  of  (be  Italic  group  of  the  Indo-Fuiopean  family 
of  languages.  Since,  however,  we  have  a  far  more  complete 
knowledge  of  Latin  than  of  any  other  mcmbti  oE  Ihe  Italic 
group,  iMs  is  tbe  most  conveiucnt  place  in  which  lo  stale  briefly 
the  very  little  ihan  can  be  said  as  yet  10  have  been  ascertained 
■s  to  the  general  rdalions  of  Italic  ID  its  bisler  groups.  Here, 
as  in  many  kindred  questions,  the  work  of  Paul  Krelichmer  of 
Vienna  {EMciluni  in  dit  CtsihkhU  Jcr  piaiiHlaH  Spradw, 
CQItingen,  r896)  marked  an  important  epoch  in  Ibe  bistorical 
aipecis  of  linguistic  study,  as  the  first  scicniific  attempt  to 
interpret  critically  Ihc  diEcrent  kinds  of  evidence  which  the 
Indo-European  languages  give  us,  not  in  vocabulary  merely, 
but  in  phonology,  morphology,  and  cspcdally  in  their  mutual 

ttarlilion  and  archaeobgy-  A  certain  number  ol  the  results  so 
obtained  have  met  with  general  acceptance  and  may  be  hiicQy 
(rea(ed  here,  ll  is,  however,  extremely  dangerous  (0  draw 
merely  from  linguistic  kinship  deductions  as  to  racial  identity, 
or  even  as  to  an  original  contiguity  ol  hahitatioa.  Oose  re- 
semblances in  any  two  bnguagcs.  especially  those  in  (hEit  inner 
s(ruc(ure  (morphology),  may  be  due  (0  identity  of  race,  or  to  bog 
neighbourhood  in  the  earLcst  period  of  their  developmcol :  bul 
they  may  also  be  caused  by  temporary  neighbourhood  (for  a 
longer  or  shorter  period),  brought  aboul  by  Dugralions  at  a  lalei 
epoch  (or  epochs)  A  particular  change  in  sound  or  usage  may 
spread  over  a  whole  chain  ol  dialects  and  be  in  the  end  eihiluied 
alike  by  them. all,  although  the  time  at  which  it  Gnt  began  wu 
long  after  (heir  special  and  distinctive  cbancteristin  bad 
become  clearly  marked.  For  eiaraplc,  the  limilalion  ol  the 
word-acccnl  to  the  last  three  syllibles  of  a  word  in  Latin  and 
Oscan  (see  below) — a  phenomenon  which  has  left  deep  maika 
on  all  Ihc  Romance  languages— demonstrably  grew  op  between 

that  it  slatlcd  from  Ihe  inOuence  ol  the  Greek  coloflies  in  Italy 
(especially  Cumae  and  Naple»).  In  whose  bnguage  the  same 
limilalion  (although  with  an  accent  whose  actual  character  wu 
firohably   more  brgely   musical)   had  been  etlablisbed  some 


LATIN  LANGUAGE 


HS 


a,lWlt>fic      ,    _ 

Ear.  •  ta-La-wuMd.  oO^ 

■  cdBbm  to  *a  &>  gdv  piiB^  (< 

■  -  p  Uict^ 


Emacaa  T^wr  citimkc  i^  m^iit  (u-  bMnen  In  d 

oLuJfc^fd.  Uat>._ta.~>c^;l  taMcCi.  far-*  ■- 


—Wok  <kKk  ul  O 

-  '     -        iKHitbatTir 


,  .ot3S 

by  n«lv  chufH  (■« 
>)  ia  Luia  bx  •jlmium.  tbni  'JWh  ud  tbca  tahn  bu 
— _iic  add  '^■^■^i**"*f  aAt.  ka¥uif  iti  panot  rora  to  danp  limlKT 
(nMlaHikai  Kna.c.)iaLatiata<lniB,  Hi^aniciilaHviiapoiuiH 
■"T**,  beeatf  (a)  flf  tbe  chimlopcal  lirnita  nhiA  ba  imptied. 
howns  RUtkhi.  ia  the  pncaia  jim  donibcil.  and  tt)  <i  Uk  diw 
uKidaliaa  m  tuw  ol  tbc  cfcaufi  at  *  lo  ■  with  the  racUn  itua  tf 
the  ~  ■xiad^tiriiDf  ~  (ci  the  lnda-£iiroTican  ploKva  and  UfStta) 
ia  Coioaa:  ik  KxruouBa,  Eimkii.  p.  116,  aid  the  auihmuB  he 

vntera  ETDUpt  a*  oompared  with  what  Grrek  and  Saibkrit  ibav 
ubave  &r^  an  cuikr  Icaturr  of  the  Inda-EuittfHii  paient  ipeedk 
•aa  ibc  devttopaent  li  a  luiifv  eipiialmy  ^mneluDn  latled  •(«•) 
aci:«at.  dpoo  the  Gnt  ^^ble  oTall  wcxda.  Tkie  a^^pan  ^dly  in  the 
hisKyciltaUc,  CdiicLeitiih  (tmbibly.  ud  al  a  Kill  kaia  period) 
in  Cennanic.  ibou^  at  a  ptfiod  hlo  Ihu  the  bcfiiuiac  uf  the 
'  louod-ihiitiiig."  T1»  extintaahnl  the  timplex  qmeni  ol  lt4o- 
Euiuieaii  aaxfitiutioD,  wfaidi  h  ditealy  icflecnd  in  Saukiii.  and 
■a>  icacU  nplKxd  in  Lttin  ud  lAcaa  by  anolba  iinHem  aUady 
mmtioKdHbut  rut  In  Latin  till  it  had  pRHDced  aajhcd  vffecti  upon 
the  UnniacF  U-r.  tht  dciiadalicin  ol  the  vowdi  in  compoBndi  at  ia 
Omfiiui  [nm  !<•->»,  udU>  rnn  Unlamtt).  Thii  curioin  wave 
el  acccntiul  chaiinlfini  peiiUed  oat  by  Dietsidi,  Xate'i  ZrtUcinfl, 
L.  aod  latir  by  Thuiaeyiea.  Pom  cdUgw,  vi.  Ji>,  Mitnulu 
Jfninu^  alio.  J49)  aeeda  aad  demvea  to  be  moni  do«ly  mrati- 

eed  Inm  a  dtnmoldgical  itaodpuuit.  AI  preaent  11  u  n«  dear  how 
il  wan  a-  nally  OMBeetcd  proocia  in  all  the  lantuace^    (See 
further  KlTtKhiner,  ep-  cU-  Jh   115.  K-  BniEmann.  Karat  ttrg/fi- 
gH).  p.  M,  and  their  diationm,  eveoall)' 


haK  "  !■  Jii  ■  firaa  ia  CeWc:  b.  Mfcf . "  i  im  (arrinl," 
SbiIt  -  lnf«IT  _n -;  UBh.  air  Jbv.  liMnlr  «»  JoaBw. 
Ihn^ai^JnaaeMVWwdtoCe.  n»)  Iha  (xajuplt  wv  bm  lO 

nua.     But  wiiUa  ■  twdi'tiaaath  d  tic  ainanm  si 

jt'i  ailkle.  aa   Ovaa   inKiwIicia   (Caawty,   Cimi.    nO^ 

Stiriyi  Pmmiifi.  iSgo.  p.  ifcjad  /hit  DHlsb.  p.  1 1  j1  wai  ds- 


oriaiaalhr  aftivr  ""*"'"t  of  the  -r  fwni  (in  the  third  penon  wwuiar 
pa>m)  il  dw  eaaae  3  Ac  nmartaUe  foadam  tn  the  "  ia- 
ptnoaal**  aaeof  tbo  paaine  ia  LaiiD  ft-f^itmr  niaafefnaH  nfcaw, 

paaii«  haafaai  atf,  AcJi,  ta  aooa  aa  tta  oricia  waa  (ar^dbea.  FuUar 
detaib  ol  the  ddittopmeat  wiD  be  lound  in  Conway,  tf  iQ.p.  j£i, 
and  theavthontialMfvdtedfvcfYlinleiaaddcdby  K.  Bttj^oiaeii. 

Fmnnoa  e(  tbc  petfett  i  mum  Iram  Ike  4a-  paat  lanicialM 
■wlH  (lU).  Ac_  Ir.  Mk JbT^be  «t led."  •^tooJT^ kelua 

tft-"  la  Latia  (be  participle  Buinuiot  itidixiact  adieni\al 
diarKttr,  hi  Irtih  (J  Strachin.  OU  ItoM  randifiu.  lijnS-  t>  JOHl 
haa  ^mk  hito  a  nHy  inrlial  fnTm.  joK  aa  the  pctfcci  pafticiplca  *A 
-u  ia  UiBbrianV>^„<>»>  ■^?'™  <^  <^  fulwpHtacI  V  fH 


•r  (prahab^  It 


a  #ia  a  lall<>wii«  q>IUUc  u  ia  LaC 

fanaat-Ii.  i*c,  mnpanil  with  Saai.  fidaia,  Cr  rim.  Eaf.jiN, 
lad.-^ar.  -pn^ 

(vfi.)  RnaUj — and  pei1iat»  thii  walMiim  b  the  laoal  hnpoRaM 
ef  all  Ins  the  hiitorical  atandpoint — boili  Italic  and  Cekk  arc 
AvidHl  ialo  two  mb^amiliet  wliicb  djis.  and  difftf  in  the  laaK 
'  '  trcatmeot  ol  the  Ind.-Eur  velar  tenuu  f.  la  botk 
Il  crnip  il  wai  libialiaFd  to  khik  eileni ;  in  one  hiU  ol 
wiabibiiliatdBtentobe— ^    'rat. :.  .1..  .!_. 


i£  Crommatii  (1902-1904).  p-  sj.  i 

er-Labka.  Dim  &!»■■(  im  CoSuci 

'     e  larjer  affinilie*  a 


cstDupah 

I  now  nnivmaDT  admitted  tbU  Ibe 
much  dosa  relUiOD  tbaa  uy  otba 

'  even  Ir  doubted  wbEther  there  waa 
any  real  [n>nlier4bie  at  all  betmtn  the  ti 
Ihe  Etnucan  farvason  of  Italy  (see  Etii 
LicDiu}.  Tbe  number  of  marpbologica]  iDDovaiioD*  on  taa 
IiulD-Euio)ieaii  Qtton  which  tbe  two  fR»pi  ihan,  and  which 
anaJmoit  U  not  iH»Uy  peculiar  to  them,  ii  paitkulariy  atrikfut- 
Of  these  the  cUef  are  the  foUoinDg. 

(i.)  Eitenaiaa  ol  the  abmacl-noun  Renu  tn  -/i-  (like  Cmli  «t>ii 
with  Attic /Miit,  fte.)  byan-»aiiSx.afinLat.  iinlig  (Uemiunli- 
Ai-JB-Ic.  iit-)mUim  (atm  aiirj-a-).  coptrancd  wiih  ibe  Htne  word 
without  Ibe  a-iuffia  in  Sam.  maii-,  Lai-  hhhj,  lod--Eiir-  "lap-ii-.  A 
pmilar  eaternlon  (ahared  also  by  Gothic)  appears  in  L4I-  itBtnMi-t-, 


Iffr- 


Gallic  Otttrtf^  the 


*^» 


(iiL)  Ceidthrt  ilntular  of  the  c-Rems  (second  decleittlon)  la  -4 
Lat.  orri,  O.  Ir  .{Ogam  inacrlptioni)  mor, "  o(  a  son." 

(iv/Pssrav.  artl  deponent  lommion  In  -r,  Ul.  smihir-Ir. 
stcteb',  '■  he  idlowv"  The  originally  active  mcaninit  oT  itiJicuiwui 
-  „.«,' a :..j  ^..  i_.  t; ^  yCmka  1  ZliUdirip.  1KB, 


-r  tuSix  was  first  pointed  01 


Ki,"    ,_ 

hna  0)  ctann  0-)  hilanii  Latiadaa  ^t.  ihI.  mmaiti,  niasai; 
Falisc  aaa£^  aad  On-Uobriaii,  be«ef  calM  Sabas  (cJk.  M 
U-ab.  toMt-  ir™  •»«■«].  Oit-Onih.  fmipt^  '■  Ei-e."  In  Oic 
Mnairisi  "  nonae.*  Umb.  MMafdu-.  'fifth  day  at  the  monlh  "): 
aad  (a.)  between  CekMe  (CadtcHO.  Ir.  Ov,  "  £tt.-  laat,  '■•«'; 
DBdmi  Iriik  and  &!oaA  Kac  aa  ia  Ifac/tirjs*)  a^dBorhoaie 
^.iiaaiik)  (WeU  fm,^  "  five,"  4#  let  aa^.  as  ia  fmd  for  Ap 

~      tame  jirtlnction  appears  ebewbettj  Genninic  betoTigi. 

^^raip.   The  ethoolacicarbeatini  ol  the  dutinnion  withia 
I  Doniklend  in  die  articlei  Saaita  aad  Volsci  .  tail  the  wider 
questions  which  the  lads  sutnsl  have  as  yrt  brtn  only  Kanlib 
dlscuiaed:  «  the  nferrncofM  the  " Snquiniin  "  dialsl  ct  Gallic 
ifMloq  ol  ColifBy,  whose  lai^age  preserves  q)  In  the 

e  priinitive  affiniltea  we  must  clearly  fUarinfuiih  lh« 

^.  tah^i  ininl  jtin  (nun  the  Cclitol  north  Italy  i>itk]n 

eiwclally  sn  intcrtatlnc  study  by 

I  Csllsnl  IBS  TniHpaiamu  aptt 


itoric  period; 

Vn^aai  (Leips*  I 


1903). 

Crstsmf/laJic— Webaveitentbove(i4.  L,IL,EUcanua 
broad  chatactetistio  which  the  Gredc  and  ihe  Italic  gnuia  ol 
languajte  have  in  common.  The  old  question  of  the  degita  ol 
theii  affinity  may  be  briefly  noticed.  Hiere  are  decj^acatcd 
difieiencta  in  morphoiofy,  pbondogy  and  vocabulary  bctwccrt 
the  two  IsAgui^ct-ludi  aa  (a)  the  tvss  ol  tho  tonna  of  iha 
ablative  in  Creek  ud  of  the  middle  voice  in  Lstini  (t)  the  decay 
ol  the  fricatives  (i,  t,  j)  in  Creok  and  tbe  cavatici  IrealineDl  ol 
the  aqiicates  in  Latin;  and  (c)  the  almost  toial  disoKpancy  e( 

allofclhet  forbid  tbe  auumplJon  that  the  two  (roupa  can  ever 
have  been  completely  identical  alter  theii  £tat  dialectic  aepaiatioa 
from  the  parent  languaje.  On  the  other  hand,  in  the  first  early 
periods  cj  that  dialectic  development  in  the  Indo-Eiut 
family,  the  prccunoia  of  Greek  and  Italic  cannot  have 
separated  by  any  very  wide  boundary.  Tb  Ihii  ptimiiiv 
neighbourhood  may  be  lelored  such  pecuUaiiliea  *a  (a)  the 
lenitive  plural  lemiuine  endinf  hi  -iilm  ((^.  -Aur,  lalei  In 
varioua  dialects  -iwr,  -iir,  St;  c(.  Osc  ifHmiiM  "  lerum  "; 
LaL  ■KHiariiai,  with  .r- {ram-i-),  (A)  tbe  feminbie  fender  of 
many  nouns  of  the  -«-  declension,  cf.  Gr.  4  Wt,  Lat.  iau 
Itpu;  and  some  importanl  and  andcnt  syntactical  leaiures, 
especially  in  Ibe  uso  of  the  cases  [e.i.  (()  the  (enltlve  ol  price) 
ol  the  (d)  infinitive  and  dI  the  (<)  paitki{ilei.ptnive  (tboti^  ia 


Hi 


LATIK  LANOUAOB 


ra  tn>ui») ,  and  pcilufB 


Mich  cue  llw  tnriM  diScr  vrldtjy  in  t1 
(/)  ol  tb*  dcpemkfit  mood)  (tliough 
been  vigorously  nsbaped  in  Iulic>.  Tbae  ayotaciic  pinUela. 
vliicb  ut  lurfly  noUerf  by  Kitudimet  in  Us  oiherwwe  orrfui 
ducuuiao  (£iriti(.  p.  ijs  iiq.J,  serve  to  confinn  hit  genera! 
which  bu  been  hen  adopted*  bec^uK  ayulAcUc 
iliwglIfeuidmrt«nrivDBO[mneIyi»ni]ilete 
Dipbobgy,  but  even  i  complete  disnge  in  the 
■peaker^l  luigiuge,  e.g'  uch  Celtidsnu  in  liiab-En^i^h  as 
■'Whet  «•  you  after  doing?"  lot  "  Wh«t  have  you  done  ?"  or 
bWaldt-Engluhu"*h«evrr"(ar"uyboiw,"  Afcwinlued 
eofRepOBdeiKei  In  voeabtitaty,  u  in  reiniu  from  'ra-t-mo-, 
with  iiriiii  and  in  I  few  pbut-namei  (c.f.  ir^d«g*  god  pBrrum), 
cannot  dlMutb  tbe  genetil  contlution,  ibough  no  doubl  they 
hamwoK  UMoricatusitlicuce,  if  it  could  be  dneimiaetl. 

7.  Indf-framan  end  llals-CeUlt.— Only  a  brief  reference  can 
bere  be  made  10  the  striking  list  ol  membliiuxs  between  tbe 
Indo-Iianiu  and  Italo-Ccltic  gnupi.  especially  in  vocahulary, 
which  Kntscbnci  hu  coUecied  {iUrf.  pp.  116-144)-  The  mou 
nriUng  ol  ib«c  ire  tin,  0,  it.  rig-.  Sans,  n^f-,  and  the  political 
mcatu'Qg  of  tbe  urac  nut  In  tbc  coirespondinf  verb  in  both 
>f"rinr*  (contnM  rit"'  <nth  (be  meKly  phyikal  otanuig 
of  Cl-  iftyriiiu);  Lat.  fitmm  {for  'Jlat-mfa)  (lactly-Sana. 
MktHK-  (neutei),  meaning  ptobahly  "  laoifiiing."  "  woi^ip- 
t^,"  and  then  "priesthood,"  "  pttat,"  from  the  Ind.-Eui. 
iMi  'blultk;  "blue"  "nake  to  blue";  rii,  rm  otacily 
4*Sans.  rdj,  rdJ«  in  dedduion  and  espectally  in  nieaidng;'and 
ji»l»-, "  noble,"  in  Gallic  ^IriiWiidjiBi,  Sc.,-San>.  irya-, "  noMe  " 
(whence  "Aryan").  So  argnlum  exactly  -  Sans,  rajsta;  Zend 
vaala-;  untiasi  the  difiereat  [though  loorpbolo^cally  kindred) 
iiiffii  in  Ci.  Vyupot-  Some  feny-m  other  Latin  01  Celtic 
■oHli  (amofig  them  aUtrt,  tcrtarUi.  freita,  culm  (d.  Osc 
laait,  Lat.  cant,  Sans,  fifb-),  VaUtfia.  Niflims,  Insii.  trut, 
fnaiiii,  rflr,  mSttia)  have  piedw  SantkhE  01  Iranian  equival- 
ents, and  MBC  M  tKar  in  any  other  of  the  dghl  gtoupa  of 
bnguages.  Finally  tbe  dm  of  u  -r  suffix  lb  the  third  plorU  ii 
emBtoaa  to  both  Italo-Celti«  (see  above)  and  Indo-Iranian. 
These  thingt  dearly  point  to  a  (airly  doK,  and  ptobably  in  part 
poUlieal,  iruercDurse  between  the  two  comninBitie*  of  ipeaken 
at  samp  eariy  epoch.  A  sboiler,  but  InterestiBg,  list  of  corre- 
ipondences  in  vocabulary  with  BaUo-Slavonlc  [r.j.  the  wordt 
mtna^l,  Til,  ignii  have  date  equivalents  in  Ballo-Slavonic) 
lugjests  that  at  the  same  period  the  prccunor  of  this  dialect 
too  wai  a  Bu  reowte  tieivUKMiT. 


t.  D<Ut  0] 
h  the  It 


had  at  all)  a  separaii 

a  outier  of  coojecturc.  But  the  combination  01  ucnaeoiogicai 
and  Ungnistlc  rcwaKh  Which  has  alicady  begun  can  have  lio 
KHjie  itneTtillni  object  iSui  the  approninuite  delermination 
of  Ihii  dale  (or  gtmip  of  datts);"fo(  it  wili  give  us  a  point  of 
cardinal  importance  in  the  early  hlatoTy  of  Europe-  The  only 
ooniideration  which  can  here  be  OITcred  as  a  starting-point  for 
tbe  inquiry  b  ihe  chronological  relation  of  tbe  Etruscan  inVasinn, 
which  is  probably  referable  to  the  iitb  century  n.f.  (sei  EiKuau), 
to  the  Jwo  iirala  of  Indo-EurDpcin  populitian— the  -CO-  folk 
iPiJiai,  Itarrmi,  Viiici,  Iftniti  and  others),  to  whom  the 
Tuscan  invaden  owe  ^e  iiAmra  Eirusci  and  Turcr,  and  the 
-NO-  folk,  who,  on  the  West  coast,  in  the  Centie  and  louth  of 
Italy,  appear  at  a  distinctly  lata-  epoch,  m  some  [daces  (as  in  the 
Bnittian  peninsula,  sec  BEtnra]  only  at  the  beginning  of  oitr 
bblorka]  record.  If  the  view  of  Latin  as  mainly  the  tongue 
ol  [he  -CO-  folk  prove  (0  be  correct  (see  Rove:  Histtrj;  ItU.i: 
AHdeal  Lantuafes  ami  PeofUt;  SABtm;  VoLsa)  we  must 
ngarU  (t  (o)  as  the  loutbcTn  or  oiiiet  bill  ol  the  Italic  group, 
frmty  looted  in  Italy  m  the  i  Mb  century  B.C.,  but  (b)  by  no 
means  yet  isobied  from  contact  niib  the  northern  or  later 
half;  sudi  is  at  least  the  niggestioD  of  tbe  sir{king  peculiarities 
b  moTpholo^  which  il  shares  with  not  merely  CIscan  and 
Umbrisn,  but  also,  «>  we  have  teen,  with  Celtic.  The  progress 
hi  lime  of  thb  Isolation  ought  before  hing  to  be  traced  vitb 
•Ditw  appRUch  to  certainty- 


irLjtitil      ' 

notice  tbe  chief  cbugo  that 
ir  leal)  csmpleta  tcpuatioD 


TKilbsmvai 

9.  We  nifiy  now  proceed 
anac  in  Latin  after  tbe  <nK 
lb*  Italic  group  wheaever 
featnies  ol  Oican  and  Umbiiao,  to  nine  of  wfaicb,  for  ipedaf 
reason*,  occaslou]  itfOtnce  will  be  here  tnade,  tie  fully  described 
under  Oka  Ijmda  and  Icuvira  nspectively. 

It  a  lanly  poniblt  U>  fix  with  any  preciiian  tbe  date  at 
Wliieh  ■  particular  change  bcxaa  tn  wai  ccanplcted,  and  tbe  most 
servfceable  fotn  lor  this  conspectus  of  the  devekipmcnl  wiB 
\x  to  present,  under  tbe  heads  of  Phonology,  Uoipbology  ai^ 
Synlal,  the  dM  chanrteiistin  of  Ciceronian  Latin  which  we 
know  to  have  lieen  devekiped  after  Latin  became  a  acptnte 
language.  Which  ol  these  dianga,  it  any,  can  be  asdgned  to  a 
particular  period  will  be  teen  aa  we  proceed.  But  il  should 
be  Rmeiabend  that  an  euanruu*  increase  oi  exact  kltowledge 
bai  accrued  from  the  scientific  methofa  of  research  introdoewl 
by  A.  Leskicnajid  K.  Brugmann  in  lin.  and  fnally  established 
by  Brugmann's  great  Avndrui  in  1S86,  and  that  only  »  bricC 
CBumcialion  can  tx  bete  atlcnpted.  For  ■dequita  study 
refcwBCe  must  be  made  to  tbe  fuller  treatises  quoted,  and 
especially  to  the  sections  bearing  on  Latin  in  E.  Brugmann'a 
ICvicvTfStiikindeCTamtnlik  (igcu). 
I.  Phomoloot 

10.  Till  Lain  Aitail.—\i  will  be  convenient  to  beiln  with  soma 
' ''     moat  important  discovoy  made  since  (be  applicatic 

-'--'  —  tbe.Biudy  of  Latin,  for,  tbough  (t  U  ni 


intervened  a  period  of  fir 

many  of  the  diaracterislii 

in  Latin  the  deoadatian  ol  the  v 
ai-i-cantm  ttintdfilen  from  fae+wpiO- 
Ptania  {pi*,-tfa»f.  Byri«"ta;i»,  ■—  '  -  " 
OieaB  alto,  '  "  ''-  "'  "^  " 
probably  ^^ 

abriil^nt  a^k 


ly  ihejrdn 


liable*  ct  the  word,  and  Id.  - 
pooult,  were  certainly  not  it*  ea 
(hit,  the  daaiieaf  lyRem.  and  d ., .. 

Umtinan,  and 

forms  aao^uaJU  Irom 
„, —  ,-.,_  (119  below).  R.  von 
lit,  1S9J,  1.  p.  U4)  pointed  out  that  in 
:ury  n.c._,  this  nnC-iylUble-ac^Dl  had 
Item  which  nmited  Ine  word-acceot  in 

Latin.   But  It  remaiaed  lor  C  Eun.  in 

(AnnrUtAu  (1906),  idv.  1 1 7,  teq.).  to  deduce  from 
stuci  of  the  chariffe  (ivhich  had  been  sraduatly 

..  FTSkultch   in   Kroll's  A]unumswiismtkaSt   ik 

Uau*  VitrUIJiiAinlirrt.  1905)  their  actual  effect  on  the  Uuiiuage. 

II.  AaiHI  i«  Tim  rf  Plaului.~The  rulci  which  have  beca 

established  foc.Ihe  position  ol  the  accent  in  the  time  ol  Plaulua  are 

(1.)  Thequsntlly  of  tbe  Gaal  ayllable  had  no  effect  on  accent, 
m.)  II  the  penult  was  long,  it  bore  the  accent  (sm«difli.f). 
(iii.)  II  the  penult  was  short,  ihtn 

(L)  If  ttv  u»c-aiiM-F(iiA  wi*  ttng^  tbe  iccvnt  wa« 

on  the  ■Dte-penult  (aadcUia);  but 
(ii.)  if  Itic  anLc-aoterpeniilt  was  also  iJiort.  ir  bore  Ihe 
Sm'i  lam  of  Syncope.— Wnb  'iheK  (icu  art  now  linVed  what 

became  *gillngdeum  and  thence  ^iHmim  (for  the  -^  see  \  19J, 
^s^pumm  tAAiBD  ^tAfa/TUrt  add  that  titmen  (on  -ptm.  &  i*f.} 

the  ml  Di  the  pandi^m  followed;  vprobab^  oaiMMmii  became 
— "'  ' ixHrd  nun  became  eilfi  tiam:  so  'mpe-lladt  became 


»  jbort  vllabla  waa  leatond  by' the 


'i"; 


trt-tyllibii:  eaies,  O^iKnu,  tioat.  ftc,  to  which  the  law  did  not 
ajplj'^^Converidy.thenom. '^Jijrtoi  


9ld'Jr»i(lr 

ttti,fromH«i(fa 

lollDWing  wtifd.  nmu  litivm'oi 
So  in  F^uiui  (and  piobabty  al 


sr  Colore  corrccilv  a 


oduced  Ihe  moniMyUabii 


iltn-edth 

"they  hid  M  accint  oJ 

1E  wbixliiH^^ndThe  like, 
in  Hiokcn  Latin)  ihi  wordt 
Eutarly  noaosyOahles 


LATIN  LANGtJAGE 


^Xk. 


II.  Jt>iic^^fin«/Syiallii.— ItHpoHibkthUtlwbcqiwiitbai 
Tit  fron  unvenBl  lyncope  ol  fitittl  lylUblci  In  Latin  (upedaUy 
Man  -1.  u  in  dim.  which  nprtKnu  both  Ct.  iibn  ud  Sini. 
■Hrli  -  iKf.-Eur.mrlti.Eng.'iiifiiiOlidueBlBtotkiiliwDpentiaf 
«  nieh  aHBUiutiou  u  bant  iBtw  ■nd  Lbe  like,  but  thti  hu  not 
TTi  b«M  darly  ibovn.  [nanycaitlbeelTccttaf  any  lucb  phonetic 
EhADffc  luve  been  very  freatly  modified  by  iruloracal  chanDsa. 
Tbi  Oxaa  and  Umbrun  tyncope  of  ihort  voodt  before  dial  i 
mrwrn  to  be  in  iodependeiii  chanle,  il  all  evenn  in  it>  detailrd 
AirkiRff.  The  ouibtcak  of  the  unconscious  affection  ol  slun' 
iul  >>^b1e>  may  have  been  conlemporancoiu. 

ij.  I*  pcn-Plimiin  latin  wordi  acceaud  os  (hr  int»ai 

fi.)  m]i1lmd  itya^^  in  the  ihott  sylfaUc  followini^ 

"0>.)  that  ih'ilnroweillni (or  i . foDowed byanslliir  vonl  (uin 
fiiriim.  ntlunm,  Fiitrdi%  when,  iiulud  of  amtiaction,  the 

bnamv  knftlwned,  paniltm  pving  ItaL  furitt,  fi.  parvi,  PutSti 

The  mtTkiion  lA  the  accent  lo  the  tut  three  lynabln  wai  com- 

£«]  by  ibFK  chanKH,  which  did  away  with  all  the  caso  in  jibich  il 
tiood  on  the  fourth  fylhblp, 
14.  Tht  Zjos  of  Uu  Brrrii  Siwifliu.— Ncit  mu«  be  meniloneij 
iDoctin-  gmt  phonetic  chanp,  aJu  dependent  upon  accent,  which 

■udeata  la  the  Bneij  Bfirisiu.  which  may  be  HatnTM  loUowt 
(Eion,  HrrmiUkina  (1901).  lil.  491,  follmrinf  Slnitich  b,  i.f., 
VoUmOlkT'i  JaArtiitriibJir  tamuiiiclu  SfnukaiiuiOilaJI,  \.  iJ): 

syllable.  wM  Itself  ihonened  ifuie  word-accent  (ell  IramciJUtcly 
befwe  or  inunidialely  after  il— thai  i^  on  (he  preceding  short 
lyUabte  or  on  the  not  f  ollowlnt  lyllable.  The  icnuence  ol  syllables 
need  not  be  in  the  same  word,  but  must  b«  »  closely  connectrd  in 

■dlil(f  udJm,  niiid  bir  became  laid  liif  titlwr  the  i  or  the  ( or  both 
beihff  but  faintly  pronounced. 

It  i>  clear  [hat  a  inat  number  ot  Itnlonal  syllable!  «  shoriened 
would  have  their  quantity  immediately  resiornl  by  the  analosy  ol 
the  same  Inflenlon  occumni  in  words  not  of  this  particular  shape; 
thkis,  for  isalance,  the  long  vowel  of  dmd  and  tho  like  is  due  to  that 
in  other  verb*  {pidi&,  o/ilS)  not  of  iambic  shape.  So  ibbttivefl  like 
me^t.  ma  tfH  back  their  -9,  while  In  panicles  llkr  modo,  "  only,' 
ndiuds,  "how,"  the  ihonciud  form  remains.  Conversely,  the 
ahoctcning  of  the  final  -a  in  the  nom.  ilni.  Ion.  o(  the  a-dtctniion 
{contrast  limi  with  Cr.  itui)  was  probably  portly  due  to  the 
liiflLience  of  common  forms  Uke  rd,  Umi,  nuM.  which  had  come  under 

S.  EffM  en  VcA  Ujit 


»+7 


effecti  on  Latin  loflpdon'   The  c 

(^nally'i'nflMtcd''lil«°fluJiii,  h 
nltkble  (in  such  early  Forma  u 
beeomi  i«  later  /iffll.  /uiUCrai,  n 
psradlim  under  this  taw,  and  ini 
E^Attr.,  «*v,  ■«;*■(,  nevTT 
lancuaie.  St  Augustmc,  for  msi 
in.  s.  quoted  by  Eaon,  Hmntiliti 
know  whether  caps  or  capiri  u 
have  Ital.  /.uff,.  «irt«,  Fr  , 
conjucatiofl.  C.  Eun.  f.c,,  and 
rop%,«'i-  aIO,.two  papcti  whic 
16,  The  quesuon  has  betn  rata 


remarkable  Iheorv  cannot  be  dii — id 

and  atu  F.  Skuttch,  Fstuhanffn  »  Laltl*.  GnOmalik  nd  Utttik. 
L  (iSqi);  C  Eion.  Ntrmilhnta  (1903)  ril.  p.  <9i,  W.  M.  Lindsay, 
CaMni  O'loa},  appendii. 

In  ihe  hitioiy  ol  the  voweb  and  diphthonn  hi  Latin  ve  must 
distinguish  the  chaogee  which  came  about  independently  of  accent 
and  lh«e  produced  by  the  preponderance  of  accent  in  another  syllable- 

17.  VsmelCldiitufKdepeiufeidg/.lcmi'.— Intbelonnercatcgory 
the  follovinf  are  those  ol  chief  Importance?— - 

a)  I  became  1(a)  when  final  a*  in  anM  bedde  Cr.  trrf.  MXi 
beaideelfbit-i,  contrasted  •rilhe.t',  ■><*  GitA  neuter  ft^  (the  final 
.<  of  the  Infinitivr-Tfftn.  &c.— is  the  .1  «f  the  hxaiive,  juu  al  in  the 
B-ciUed  lUativet  Rwrs,  Sx.) ;  »)  before  -r-  which  faaa  arisen  from 
■1-,  aa  lo  c>«rii  bside  cmii,  cinundiu;  (rr»  bedde  Gr.  <(>]«■  (Ind.- 
Eur.  *ti-iimi,  a  redupUcatcd  nou.thcinalic  present)- 

QL)  FIoil  i  became  I:  impentive  imrrt '  Cr.  In(4)i:  Lat.  iltr 
may  contain  the  oM  pronoun  •«,  "  he?'  Ct.  t,  Sana,  n  (otherwise 
Skutach.  CUE*,  i.  Hefte  i-t). 

(iii.]  (I  becwM  tt  lOnn  followed  by  any  sound  savT  (,  s  or  t.  at  In 
«aU.  ntl  beside  kUi;  cM  beside  Gr.  rlM*»,  »W>,  Ml.  tUat: 


....  . >0.1  before  a  nasal  followed  by  a  palatal  or  velar 

tonanij(i»(o.  Cr.  rtrx-;  »<iMe  from  •fluapiDl;  fu-)  uridet 
L*'?-?  _.5L°J1?  "??,r?  Rr??"> "UJ^  these'" f'^'iii 


!  t»M.% 


fotlowittg  syllable  (afjlif,  nisi, 
spread  and  Mnished  n-.  thcea 

(V.)  The  -  neutral  vawd  "  r  schwa 
aro*e  in  pruthnie  Indo-EunfieaD  fiom  me  miKuon  oi  long 
d.l  or  f  In  unacnnled  syBabki  (as  in  Ihe  Jjs  panicipki  of  such  roots 
ai  M-,  dhh.  il-.  •umSi,  •MuS.'MSi)  became  a  In  Utin  (italu 
en-dilui  [ttam  •cn-ilalti\>  *>.'iul,  and  it  ia  the  same  sound  which 
a  represented  by  a  in  mast  of  the  lonni  of  dl  (dsMiu,  doM,  &c.). 

iA.)  When  a  long  vowd  came  to  itand  before  another  vowel  tn 
the  same  word  Ihrougti  losi  of  j  or jf.  it  wu  always  shortened;  thus 

il  Identical  with  the  4  tn  Cr.  IMn>.  h*^)  tM  was  thus  confused 
with  the  causative  4)#  (as  in  ii»w*,  "J  make  to  think,"  Sc).  where 
the  short  t  is  original.  So  anAii)  became  'aiidS  and  Ihence  oi«*il 
(the  form  awlW  would  have  disappeared  ahueiher  but  for  being 
testoied  from  aHrfHrraiK,  Ac.;  coimriely  oawntm  is  fcmKd  from 
auJil).  lo  certain  cases  thevowelsconifaetediaa  in  Wi,  Birifc,  Sc. 
with  -J.  from  fUt.  •■amf  from  tmHilf. 

19.  Of  IMi  6ipUkimii. 

(vii.)  n  became  «■  in  pro^thnic  lulic,  Lat.  nam:  Cr,  >tn, 

-at.  unh  to -ii(i)- at  miiniielToaidtitiitt.nits  (which  '■  iis  Jltj 
nything  but  an  enclitic  word),  Old  Lat.  imi:  MrnrfHM 


m 


— ,  whether  original  01 
-4^,  pTobabTy  a^*-'  '"■^ 


when  In  one  ayfialile 

__ —   „  .  , ^ .  _  .J  Met,  Old  Lat.  ivwil, 

Coth.  linluH.  Enc.  iw.  Ind.-Eur.  'diuet. 

(i(.)«bccaniel(aiindlc«.0ld  Lai.dri»t  Cr.Wi-nw.iWo:  Cr. 
nOoixi,  Ind..Eur.  ^MtiitH)  just  before  Ihe  time  ol  Lucitius,  who 
pi^ncribet  Ihe  spellings  psirrri  (nom.  plur.)  but  parrt  (mi.  sirw.), 
which  indicalei  that  The  two  forma  wen  pronounced  alike  In  hb 
time,  but  that  the  traditional  distinction  in  spelling  had  been  more 
or  tni  pnatrved.  But  after  his  time,  since  the  sound  of  ef  was 
metcly  tut  of  i,  ff  is  continuallv  used  merely  to  denote  a  UVng  I.  even 
where,  as  in  fiiuii  for  /mil.  then  never  had  been  any  diphthongal 


(xi.)  oi  became  oe  asd  Ihence  t  some  lime  after  Plavlus.  as  In 
■I.  Old  Lat.  oemu:  f>.  sM  "  ace-"    In  Plauius  the  Forms  have 

3,  immotnt  fociTiKS,  "a  thankles9task,''liasnot  bnnchangedto 
f*tif«  because  that  meaning  had  died  out  of  the  adjtctive  to  that 

le  frJilr  hoi  rqilaced  eriile.    Similarly  in  a  small  group  of 

"■  nw*Fv^  through  tb«r  fitfiirenl  use  in  l™l 

tradition  was  iiricily  prescrvrrf— 


the  old 

^orisa.  .foidn  (noit.)7A«diii  UdjX     >- 

and  jxictical  mocnio,  ramparti,  bedde  the  true  classicat  form 
ifntata,  "dutiet";  thehistorici'anifbeddeiheliTinEandlVMuenilv 
used  niniciim  (Mf«><)— an  example  which  demonuratei  coi^ 
duaively  (pore  Somiuer)  thai  the  variation  between  d  and  oc  is  not 
due  to  any  dUference  In  the  surrounding  sounds. 
(liL)  af  beatne  at  and  this  in  rustic  and  later  Latin  (Ind  or  Jrd 

Lat.  ofdli  (originally  "the  piace  For  Ihe  fire");  iht  country 'fonS 
of  Aonf  11,  pforror  stete  afar,  frOn  (Varrti,  lini.  Lai.  v.  97,  Lindsay, 

lo.  Ke^  aid  DipMonfi  n  lUuurnilri  fyOaMn.— The  ehan|cs 
of  the  short  vowels  and  o<  the  diphthongs  in  unaccented  lyllables  are 

u'Sff  The  first-iyllabli'  system  ol  accent,  wm'e  larcr'fH  9,  10" 
Typical  samples  are  frptrci  from  'ptfarrai  and  Anihii  from 
'tnoilM  (before  two  conaonanis) ;  roncrao  From  '(Akjho  and  IsiplIU 
from  'kiilipaia.  Iinmi  bcfide  Cr.  Mykim  (before  one  consonantf ; 
SkvK  from  •SUdii  (before  a  thick  I.  tee  |  17,  S:  i'HtV  from 
'didtitt  (contrast,  however,  tfie  prescrvatmn  of  Ihe  second  t  in 
Uffinf);  Kitifal  from  'efeafat  (conlran  Dcri>i(  with  i  In  the 
fofloinng  syllablel;  the  varying  spellinf  In  nofrmfrHtujis  and 
■loninsnifwii.inaxirnTBjand  nrajrrmHr,poinri  loan  Intermediate  sound 

[not  epfniaiiil  ^th  W.  tX.  Lir^'say.  Ulin  Lanf'C  tl  '4.  16,^^.}. 
which  could  not  be  correcily  rcpresemcd  in  spelling;  this  diffcrcnn 

neighbouring  souridi.  an  cfTcct  greatly  obtcurtd  by  analogical  inflv- 


Iiucilptlont  of  the  ith 
n  and  -ei  In  final  -"->■■- 
ompared  with  Ihi 


lyllabin  (r.C-  Veivrii.  gen.  ting,,  n 


D.  Spcria!  mention  should  be  m 


»4« 


LATIN  LAflGBAGE 


fcnIidM  tcrii  «t>  (Mend  in  Latin  (ibmiti  not  in  Konh  Onui]  by 
llMtaalilt)' of  other  adjcRivH.  lUir  IriUii,  while  itc  inucu1iMd«r 
yu  pmccted  by  Ihe  unllel  siaiculinc  fgrmi  ol  the  4-  dolciuien. 
like  tour,  niier  [Ifwn  ^laitna,  'nitruli- 
ar.  Leas  wnrdi  gomUy  nmHued  uocajmged.  u  la  eomp^pt, 

3>-  Of  tbediphtbonEf»ffiud«'bothfULk  tofliftod  wfttacfigJnAt 
n'Iunliertol,li>uiucceiitt(liyUtbla,uui^(*mrniiiiCr.  ■Kxv'ti, 
iinHHi/ earlier  *flMiviii  (bofTDwrd  into  Cocbic  mod  then  becoming 
(M)  liwn  Ci.  Rufiv.  Thti  livea  lu  iatcRMini  chrooologicil  data, 
ijnce  ibec^  muat  have  chanced  to  a/-  (1 16,  JJbdon  the  change  tA 
-u-  10  -<<■,  aad  that  before  the  chuige  of  the  accentTrom  the  6rM 
■yDahlc  to  the  pcnultlmatt  (i  9)  \  and  the  hocjowinc  took  place  after 
-i>- had  bttOBe -ef^  but  bfjon -HWH  had  hKODiB -nni,  ai  it  Rgu- 
lailv  did  bebn  (be  tlma  oTFIaBtiia. 
■  But  c«N>  «(  a^  H. 


at  by  the  la 


^f^^ 

cndJOE  -4v  to  oHott  kat,  Ae» 

SUabtn  and  had  therefore  b' 
__  th*  daii<^  feniilye  and 


and  had  therefore  been  preaerved.  The  hiMoty  of  the  'H 
"\v^  fenitive  and  hxalive  ia  hafdlv_yet  clear  (leflEwHi, 
>  K'VS,  (i^  SSSi  K.  Bnipiiann,  AniVui,  la;  ed.  i, 

„ -»-,  a.  In 

ISiA,  taken  from  the  compout 
xTbcefo-i  tink     So^uTuL.. 

ha  older  'ciailA.  "  I  cut.  •trike.' 

Luacted  aiida.  "  the  atHkina  me '  *" 


01  i  (wrongly  «ili™^lhert  i>  lU 

""a)"™lwt  tKtJUe'nin&  uftjSfor^iiB,  »«.  (IiJ.6); 

tn.)  inoonibiiMIIon:  -oji- became -av,  a*  is  (niiS.  Inmi  Ind-Eiir. 
■n  ni.  "  I  come."  San.  >»-,  Eni.  lamt;  -nt-  pnUhly  InpdcT 
CBt^c«ditiouatleatObtaine^«i3-,aai>M2t  b^JdeCc.  nl-^ 
fruil  ■•  G[.MH,ai>duitheteniBdiveuen-flii(iu,-aJBfai.  pnbabhr 
tor  •<*i>i,  -Ktvi:  cf.  the  Saathrlt  nmndln  in  -na-tH-i;  -tj^,  -H- 
bcciaie  ■!-  aa  in  ntlier  fiom  *MiitM,  fti"  from  'jnf-far : 

(iiL)  otberwiiE  -i-  after  a  amuiant  bceaaie  (eneoitlii  tyllabic 


:  H  (lonnoty  lepracnted  by  Engliih  0-  o 


ie  Gnt  Wat  acEenled. 


la  tmuL  MIiiM.  0.  iM. 


(IL)  in  combfoatloa:  Jf-  bccaoie  i, 
duffnut,  VaJfiiifi  Cthnuh  the  poeta  Gouju  uua  auLwn  lu 
^eniy  kuum  IreatetTic  ai  IrlarlUbfcli  p|>-,  /»,  >>-.  1< 
u  >D  a^rril>,  ap^rff  beiide  Uth.  -KruL  '^I  afcn7'^0>e.  acn 
ai^  ia  the  verbal  endinci  4uih,  -it.  Sraia  -Mgr-dM.  -Mul 
mot  of  Lai.  /u).  aiKl  /b,  iwViu,  mptr-iui,  Buf^u 
lioA  the  tame;  -jy-  between  vow^  (at  lean  when  the  h 
acr«ted)  diuppeand  C«e  bdow  1 3^  (n),  iv.),  aa  in  ^tjiIk 
■hta.tf.  Enf./wl.AS»ni.fnipd,  "hoar-IigB."  ConliiB 
inm  aa  (aiiier  ■■inHi-(a  i|fe-,  ns-,  both  beumr  id-,  h  in 
boide  Sana,  notdr-oai,  Ger,  ukwa-t-^r,  Eu-  ju/rr,  jord 
O.  Get.  imiM,  mod.  Ktmin.  -us-  in  GnaTiyU^tn  be 
at  in  fKxt  from  fiwnii,  porxn  from  ^onffl";  but  in  the  dc 
fomifl-ira- vaa  commonly  rettored  by  The  analogy  of  the  ot 
-M(a5jif»MW|(a' ' ■ 


lahitydcntal  fricative.  Tike  Ens-  t;  a 


tn  btiame  r  betwi 
date  are  R.  &  Con-1 
beude  O.  Lai.  dia,  re 


"rAfra  "  me-bui 
of  aCuie,  betide 
luly),  and  m^n 


uid  tbe  voired  [4 
poaitiont]  in  10  Ihi 
at  in  ipelUnEi  like 


'la  between  4Sa  and 


4Sa  and  350  ■.< 
rit/y,  pp.  bL.64) 


thow  -f.  ai  run  (prohibtyTrom  5.  Oscan  I 
f.  Cr.  «Mv),  <dsncs,  "chcew."  Murr, 
uirt^   [proUbly  alio  bocnmed  fnn 


.._  , ,. jj  (Jit<a). 

ime  of  the  chance  of  -t-  10  -r-  (to  in 

.  „ ....    ....  _- ,111 10  espUiJi  the  relenlian  of  the  -i- 

otherwiie  mint  be  laid  to  have  ItHrA  (r.(.  the  iheiny  d  amntiul 
dineruce  In  Vtntt't  Lme  in  Ilmly,  or  that  of  diaiimilatian,  riven  by 
Bnigniann.  Kvu  ITTtl-  Cram.  p.  141]. 

<ii.)  IT  hteiniebr  (  -  Eni.  lir  in  Ibm)  in  nra-elhaic  Italic,  and 
thiibeeuieiniiIal1y/r.a>in/r[|w.Cr.;:'nii(Iiid^Eur.  *»((»),  but 


ttlnfmt,  titU.'Sar  ftt-tt,  •* 


pii.)  -ri-,  U-  beaat  -n 
(cf.  a-u). 

tiv.]  Before  m,  h,  t.  and  a.  -1-  vanished,  having  pnvioutly  cauied 
the  In»  of  any  pitixding  jilgiivi  or  -m-,  and  the  pncedinj  vcm-cI,  U 

Paelig.  prUmu.  -  prima,"  bnlde  prii-iu'. 


- -ia'iii:  iSriii"!!;,  oS*?*'i 


'fcnttiid-,    Piawiett,    ( 


I.  Xnahi  "  while,"  Lai. 

lOn  from  IrtHI-mlln. 
U,  and  K  l-niiJd,  t.U*, 


In  Mn*  from  fi.&(i. 


lOBic  inaWi,  "  10  love,  py  coLrt  10  " ;  wfrer  beiido 
laugbi,"  Eng,  imi-li;  /Uruu  betide  GcKih,  llhfm. 

Latb-tf-aniae6iMninorfglna)-<  +  f-,-d4(', -it  +1-  (except 
'ier  *iKiMu:  IMiu.  (arhec  *liHid.'Di,  but 
ter  long  voweti  thit  ^si-  became  a  tingle 


"•  ■  atL  _ 


Ac,  but  prc^bly  only  pronounced  them  wiUi  -a.,tince  ihe.^.  came 
to  be  written  tinilc  directly  after  hit  lime). 

16.  Of  (he  Indo-European  vilart  the  braathed  a  ■•(  unally  pre- 
tcTvad  In  Latin  whhalaUal  addition  of -g-  (aain  Ir^cr.  Cr.  f'wn. 
Goth.  uitnH,  Eni.  taigud,  Cr.  nt'(arfi].  Ens.  vAnI);  but  the 
vciccd  i>  icniain^  (aa  -in-)  only  after  •»■  (niiip  betide  Ir.  int. 
"biit(er'^Bnd(aa(}bef«er.(anda(atmfriitu,Cr.  Uihiilamt, 
Cr.  ^AwDii  ItHbiun.  Cr.  >o«f,  ttlMt,).    tUewW  It  beumt  *, 

-    ■ '■  (tee  1 13.  li.].  Ki^  from 'nMnfai  Enjt.  Hbif.    Hincn 

fdu,  Enf.  ub]  muiI  be  it^ided  at  ■  (arnier't  word 
rom  one  a  the  countiy  dialmi  ({.{.  SibineJi  the  pure 
d  be  *Mb  and  lu  oblkiue  caiei,  i.(.  ace.  'mrn,  would  be 


It  of  the  Indo-European  voicid  aii^tatea  (M 


iocoavenlently  done  In  aaiuid  to  the  word  fa 

».  The  tientment  of  the  Indo-Europea..  .. 
A.  Ih  G^Jin  Lalia  ia  on  n(  ika  meat  narked  ch 
tanmagi^  which  leianten  it  fnn  all  the  other  liiiic 
thcliiatlve  nund^  which  npnented  (he  Indo-Eun 
in  pra-eth^  li&lic,  (cinBiiied  Irkaiivia  medially  if  th 
all  in  that  pealtiMi  In  Otcan  and  Unbiian,  whercu  m  u<in  m 
•ere  nearly  alwayi  ditnyd  into  wdced  eiploalvea:    Thua— 
lnd.-Eui.  M:  Jnitiilly  Lat/-  (M:  Cr.  *M. 

aeiuSy  Lat.  -H  tjiii;  Umb.  Ir/'t;  Sana.  faMv-bii 
"  Is  tb«  " ;  the  tame  Hjffii  in  Cr.  ftr*.  ac.l. 
lod^Eur.  «:  initially  Lat. /- [/o-c--   '■--'--  --■    '■— 
of  ■9*'ii),  IKr"). 


jdnr  from  *iMftni);^( 
lami  for  'inA-lH: 
battle"]:  brfon    ' 


p*^;  Cr.  hrti  (Intttad 

>K-    wotr-i   Cr.    i4««i, 
ipt  aftf  ■  (*»Mre  betide 


with  the  tuffii  o(  Cr.  trimfinr,  t 


Umb.  sujit-, 

^.„^-.  JC.lj  before  or 

- Umb.    HB/ofc;    Eng.    twrrf. 

Lat.  tlal0  Iv.  infl.r  C«.  ttlD !  Eng,  iId^, 
Ind.-Eur.il:  InitiaOy  S-  (iknail:  Cr.  ivtlj;  except  before. -u- 
(fii«/si  Cr.  tIfO",  xbi-}- 
medially  -1-  (win:  Cr.  tii^  (»t:  cf.  Eng.  (mtnli 
except  after  -a-  {fiiprit  Ok. /rAo.,  "will'': 
Cr.  *.tt1m<:  Ind.-Cur.   (ffaii*.,    itHaM.);  and 
hefote  i  fflr(i>]Iw,  from  the  tame  roml- 
lad-Eur  (It:  initijjly  /-  CTwiniu  and/nniiu.  "  oven  ",  Cr.  >t„M, 
Mfce.  cf.  Ligiirian  Btrmii,  "  a  place  with  hot 
ipringt."  ^tmuaiu,  "a  god  of  hot  Ipringi": 
fituU-.  Gr.  «■!»,  Mm,  rnk-tarn).       . 
medially  t,  -n-  or  -i-  jus  ai  Ind.-Eur,  E>  (nfiuurt. 
■oflit  besde  Gr.  >(*a.  nl*..:  /ritgrdw  boUt  Cr. 
Mpalfvu  [ir-  lor  fd!(-,  cf,  Lti.  odtr],  a  le- 
duplicated  verb  Irom  a  rooOUlrO-). 
lalwiiiiK  Telan "  (Hnifil.  cncfu.  Gfa><r)  tdtf 

■.— Thia  tummaiy  acconnt  of  the  chief  pcinit  in 
L-atin  pnonoiogy  may  eerveuanlntroauctlonloiii  principlet,  awl 
give  innie  laiigM  into  the  phonetic  character  cf  the  bncuaie.  For 
tyitemaiic  itudy  reference  aiuit  be  made  to  the  iltndard  boolit, 
Karl  Btugmann.  CmvlriH  ia  vntkicknim  GnmmaHk  4tr  Indt- 
GawttHiiAtH  Sfrachn  (vol  U  lenUehr,  3nd  ed.  Stfattburg. 
1897:  Eng  tnnt.  of  cd.  I  by  Joieph  Wright,  Straitbuig.  lUS)  and 
hiiKinmnrlrirtfliACroinauld  (Straiaburi.  IWl):  ihew  contain 
itiU  by  far  the  hat  aiuunta  of  Latin;  Maa  NledeiinaSi,  ^rAii  it 
fiimllifite  Jt  Lnh'ii  (Paiii.  1906).  a  very  convenient  handbook, 
cxcelTentTy  planned;  F.  Stnnner,  LaUimscke  Laul-  and  FUrianiUlvt 

Eleidelbni.  I90>),  cantainina  many  new  coniectumi  W.  M, 
ndiay.  Thi  Lalin  Lmiuhr  (l>i(ard,  1894].  tianitaled  into  German 
(wiIhcorrecti'ani]byNohl(Let(Hig,  IS^).  a  matt  valuable  collHt  ion 
of  material.eipedally  from  the  aocient  grammarians  but  not  alwayt 
accurate  in  (^ni^ogy;  F.  Stair,  vol.  i.  of  a  ioinl  niUorUdit  Cnwt' 
KKlili  i.  laL  Stnulx  by  Bl^te.  LandEraf,  Sroli  and  olhera  (Ltipili. 
>Bm)1  Neue-Wagener.  Fnincnltirt  d.  lal.  SfrvU  (3  voia.,  3rd  edT 


LATIN  LANGUAGE 

Ldudf,  1U8,  MUi  H.  I.  Rc^'a  lali»  Grammar  Ham  Flainqi 
to  Sueuaiui;  Londaii.  ph  cd..  1B96)  coot^iu  1  muuil)'  coUectien 
of  nulenil,  ctpnUlly  m  momholiary,  wbch  ii  mil  d  snu  villi*. 
W.  C.  Hjk  ind  C.  D.  Buck'i  Zifm  Cwnur  (Boun,  ivM.  ibiHiah 


In  morpbology  tbt  fsUowiog  ue  lb 


r«i 


..  .t(C./X.av.i>«l.-Coiimy./W.J>Kiii,  ..  _. 
^.uug, /.  HHoi  tabcaam.duiI)i>i>C/X.u.«r»>. 
\a,  KC  W.  SchulK,  XtU.  EicmuHfli,  p.  1 17. 
Ltrodudionof  DcwfoniuuitiHRiuajiiE.  ofIbe.#-  Atmi 
■    -       ■    --■'--'■ plural  ef  [be 


.. ...  ,     u  rioqsly  ^ 

_,,"  cryiCalliiBd,  is  li  ihoini  apecULly 

by  tlH  iKtthil  (tioatli  in  the  ad  it  Mtachal  ludf  puticiiUily  te 
■aicdivn  cf  the  thini  dfclnuHn  (Kvtfitir),  it  appcwi  alio  ntnn 
•djBctiveial  tbf  lecoBd  dccfcniioB  irbm  nwwiuii  mde  tiKir  tmi- 
Uiwtiaa  wiik  iiirEi|itd*Br  Mtunl  HKb  Mbwilar,  j[nHbr,iii>i>irr 
U.  EncUili  iMintMiiy,  )«BnidJ().  TlH  inly  CbfcOiaiK  Is  thb 
ioiviiioB  vfcick  W  uiy  nil  m^^  (na  P.  SkuUdi,  n  ■»■»>- 
hu  u-  nCfl'  >«i  /oniuiii,  1S90,  pp.  4-7)  Im  .bRO  mwvwl  by 


froni  BdirctivH. 


lit  Gi*4  Cciiiirinr  panicfpla. 


■rjiTW 

painberaf  aouAB  whidi  Ijtin  lOhcnlAi  lomvd  with  tUt  niffix  VRi 
*t(lH  (1)  nu-kcd  u  ilHlraa  by  tbr  ■ddition  rt  tie  lurthw  lufiL 
■<»<■- (M  in  unfa  bcJiiteUieGr.  in).™,  *c.)  oreltt  (JjconSMd  toi 
SW1D  "  pola^  Tnvr  ";  mfir,  pnipsiy  s  '*  rtckomnf.  dev&Df,"  ami 
to  nraii '' ju  CimnwitrdJ  ni  t  (ccmtntt  roM)  ^  f«ffu,  a  "  plftdni,' 
(vi.V  TteonfuIoiiii'tbecoDaofiutilitciiu'wltfi  nma  mGiif  li 
-(■.  tM*  vm  pntably  due  very  Uigely  to  the  fomu  uuinei 
tlirtHfh^hnelic  chAngff  by  the  gm.  mg.  jind  the  Dom.  uid  ux: 
(imt  Tlnii  at  •ay  300  B.C.  Die  inBaioiH  protaMy  1 


lor  tbe  third  pvntHi  ]..  .„ 
noodi  of  Hk  (cttre.  Thi 
period,  fincv  we  ond  in  tlir 


the  per»OMl  mdinp 


,  ...EHithvulara 

noodi  of  Hk  (ctjTe.    Thii  clisn^  wm 

■   ■    ■  "^ ieitliacrip  . 

tBoa.  t,t.  *MJtJ.fead 

ir '\biit<bMFdKtll ")'.  ftao 
the  evidence  irf  Greek  and  Saniluit  ^Gr.  trri.  Suu.  oJ 
rjf>  that  the  prinury  CDduui  In  Latu  have  loit  n  fin 

•ss.ts.fc: 

viviat  anly  la  n  few  fonu  of  very  j 
-  cau":KU,"  Willi,"  fb:. 

(/n.)  Tide  comi^ete  fuHod  of  the  umt  nod  perfect  fomo,  ud  u 
tlie   ume   Iciue   the  fuuan   of   active  and    middle  eodinga;  tliu 


rdpenon  ainfiilaroi 

unit  "J.butdn 

the  pdoury  CDduui  In  Li 
y  toot  pbonetic  unnge. 


b  alouat  vhoDy  lo^  tur 


-vein-r(ls(d)). 


(vil  The  denlopnent  otlhe  Cutun  In  -tgaad  imperfect  ia-b« 

Kcompouodtni  fome  farm  of  the  verb,  pcealbly  the  Prrerot 
niciple  willilatnu  Item  the  toot  o(  JiO,  ^tmtMf/iui  becomiiic 
ojuCd,  *imaMi-pt^m  becomlDE  amSiiam  at  a  very  early  period  at 
Ulioi  KC  F.  Skutacta,  AiU  i.  CtnptHa  Slariu  InUin.  {1^1), 

{nL}  n^havcalrcadynotictdlbeiiKoflhej: 
Otverve,  bovever.  that  levcral  nuddk  forma  ba' 
the  aervKC.  partly  bacauie  the  'f  in  them  whid 
Hemtd  to  give  tben  a  paaaive  colour  Vrve  - 
^wu).  TliaiatetfatinnlarBuiA-iHiidareaconl 

and  tbc  participial  4ua«,  i 
the  verb  '<Ia  be"  in  placa  ol 

31.  i'oif  Fartitifit  Paaim.-^Hta.  ahouU  be  mentioned  the  ereal 
devdopokent  in  ue  uae  of  the  partidple  in  4ot  (/ectoj,  /war.  oc.J. 
Thla  participle  waa  taken  with  turn  to  lonn  the  perfect  tenaea  dI  tbt 

f  a  poit  aorift  aeiue  vaa  olao  evolved.    TQa  nacted  on  th« 

particq4aLtaelf  givingjtapnvailintfy  putCBknK  bat  ita  DctginoDy 
tlmiliai  Ilia  aurvlvaa  Lb  majiy  plani  <^  in  tha  particLpla  nititt 
wbich  haa  oa  a  mlo  m  poat  bubc.  aiMl  mon  dc£nttely  atiu  in  aiH^ 
paMgca  ■■  Vei^  C^etf .  i.  ao6  (laJuy,  An.  vL  1>  tfi>^),  both  al 
which  paangea  Jj^jmwH  «  preaani  aeue-  It  ia  to  ba  noticed  nloo  thM 
131  tbe  earfieat  Latin,  aa  in  Crack  and  Sanakrit»  tb«  pauim  taeaniag, 
thoiigh_tiiecomaaopat,UHicui)lveTaaL  WanytncEactf thiaaurviya 

1.  The  active  manin*  at  deponent  pankMa,  Id  qiite  of  tbe 

fact  Ikal  anine  111  tban  (u.  o^i^tai,  Mann  ai^vM}  kava 

alia  a  pawve  Koie,  and 

2.  The  famOiar  uic  of  thoe  partTcipT^  by  tbe  Auguatan  poeta 

with  an  accuAtive  attached  (co^iwf>tJu^Hj.frEitK(iiiJm>. 

Hen  no  doobt  tbe  nac  <<  tbe  deck  middle  InaueocMl  th* 

Latin  poeta,  but  aD<k»bttb^  thought  alaa  that  they  w«« 

reviving  an  old  Lalln  i^iom. 
^.  FultH  PaHieitU.—fitiiHy  may  be  mentioned  together  (a)  the 
develapment  ol  the  luttire  pirtidple  active  (In  -Una,  aewtr  » freely 
u*d  aa  the  other  paiiiciplea.  Jtetag  ntc  In  tbe  ablative  abtoliite  turn 
m  Tadiua)  fcnm  an  old  infinitive  in  «iiia  r  ido  InEmicDa  neoa 
hoc  dkntma,"  C.  Gnidiui  fandnlhen)  upaiOrlL  t,  7,  and  PilaciaB 
ii.  M4.  (p.  47S  Kail),  which  araa  Imn  eombinlni  (he  dative  or 
locative  ol  tha  VElbal  noun  In  .Jl  with  an  old  intnitive  mam  "  nv  " 
whkh  Kivina  hi  Oxan,  "dklB  am  becoming  di 
ilinoymd  by  J.  P.  FeMnle  (Cfaar    "— — 

the  patt.poBlti«i  •£,  niMBiai  "  to," 

■fHUbde,  and  Enc.  la.  Gets,  an)  wat . 

tvm^  "  tor  dsliv."  "  in  daiH.''  wUcb  waa  laka  lor  a  Cait,  ami 
aoaniiaetocbtlcniaitinandBeBillvtia-diiiiind-A  Thaloia 
■  ■AatimvBinltalianaiaBlndei£nBblepnatnpartk:iphi   Tha 

TheoutlMiriaeajivliyaflillciaeciiiiMofLnllnaioepbiilBgyatetha 

the  aacsnd  wohiB*  ol  BnigBam^  Cnmirim.  whkh  in  the  EhIWi 

tronalMloB  (by  Coany  and  ttowi,  StnaibotK  ■•JD-lSgfi)  Im 
dMded  into  vohnntt  ii,  liL  and  Iv.;  arid  that  NiedHuaan  doea  not 
deal  with  mcephulagy. 


j3.  /■  mnmt. 

(L)  Latin  nattidadtfaavaiia 
than  cither  Creak  ar  hnakrit;  I 
in  Gfcdi  [(^  Moto^^w.  n«*> 

poetiid  baata^M  oi  Utrntf:  a 


"(5.)  -iiai 


be  a»<a]led  ablative  a. 


aitivcJpUi 
ot  Sana.  ctaOifl ;  and  (f  J 
on  the  road,"  Wth  the  ei 


M.  fntiat); 
d,  theendliia 


Ibeae,  aiiice  it  la  r^ularly  attar 
clauve  in  which  it  atanda,  ai 
partldple  most  conpnonly  di 
luhject.  But  the  other  two 
{oria  iote,  "  biaitin^  from  luar 
the  open  plain  "}. 


^EompaniW  by  »  ._ 

iq  an  action  performed  by  that 
rc«  cannot  be  alrogethet  en:tuded 
" ;  toMpB  ftlmli,  "oa,  Injit^.ol; 

re  certainly' and 're^BOTBHiat  probaUy'cipIative;,  theaiibjuoctlve  masd,'ap(dally  (a)  in  indiitcl  quatlsuTbaanl  A 


Lktm  LAJlJGUAGi 

ally  troe  i 
■t  penod  rb 


, id  BM  fldji  ifcwIiMi.'l  by  Uk  time    Ttili  li  (tnnlly  itw  lAutvtt  w 

«i  flaMaa,  who  axHUnrtr  wriftft  mcb  plin>a  u  Ac  fvu  fj  lor  the    which  ttilut  penod  rbeGmkti 


tod  C«IH|tiaia<llBin  ^nint  I 
paury  "  meojuDg  ot  ihp  mooC 


(ill  01 


L  in  dcrivKl  nrtly  Imm  (a)  lul  (t)  and  mnlt 
ll  fiimirc  al  )■■  timr  (iVim  tilt  artniimm  thL 

OnihulnlrrcitinfchAptn' of  Latin  ly 


.)  Thect 


Y.Lt^II.,t 


itrict<diaitttiKbybf^UidEFdiFUihc>ii-allR<invii<ir<«I}>ri}' 
Tbv  uw,  but  probably  not  the  ntrktion.  qpprarf  in  Ok>d  and 

pv.)  The  (avnuritc  m  of  thr  haptnmil  pMiitT  hu  ilrtsdy  ben 
HRItionM  (I  g,  1v.). 

3S-  The  chiel  Buibiintlei  lor  the  ttildy  (<  Latin  irntici  *tr: 
Brufmsnn-m  Xnnc  icrfl.  CrXKiKliit.  vnl.  ii.  (lee  I  »8):  tarmmf. 
FatorUdlt  lal.  Sy^laz  (vol.  U.  of  the  joint  riiil.  Gnu.,  ■*  (ii); 
Hik  and  Bnek'i  ZXin  Gtantmiir  (we  |  aS);  Dnser'a  Hulr^—^ 
111.  JyiXiiI,  1  nh.  (ind  ed.,  Leip^,  ia7B-lWl>,  HarTuI  bL 
almyi  tnatmOyj  the  Ulin  Kctioni  in  Ddbrikfc'.  Yir^rtikmit 
«)INM,  bd^  tte  OU  volume  ol  Bnixnusn'i  Gmfrtu  (I  IS). 

IV.  booKTitnoH  ar  Gieei  WoIm 
51).  It  hcaovrakot,  bcftnc  pnxzcding  10  detciflM  the  develop- 
meDt  of  tbc  T-T*f  is  lt>  vukni  qwchs,  to  DOIice  briefly 
the  debt  of  Ui  vocabulary  to  Gntk,  tiax  it  sSanli  an  Ladicatioa 
of  the  ateidily  lacicaiaf  faMmiM*  of  Gnck  life  and  literatim 
iqioii  the  grainh  o(  Ibe  jouater  Wool..  Conm  (.Ul  Ami- 
tpmlit,  E.  S14)  pobUtd  out  lour  dlffcRiit  Btags  Sn  the  pncen, 
iaA  though  ibey  aie  by  do  douh  iliaiply  divided  in  timo, 
tlwy  do  ranopend  to  diflennt  dcfna  wd  kindi  et  intenouiM. 
(■)  Tht  hit  lapwMtatha  period  c)fait1tyiiifo?amBo(  Home 
-J.U  J..  <- — I ^11 — ^1.  .1 t—t—  ^  ,5^  ttitth    ' 


liBftft  ita*  (bur  kad  con  Inialt  (d.  ti  <f*I  •'t"1-    (*)  1^ 
•teoDditaaB  «aa  pnibabl|r  Iha  reailt  of  the  cloaer  Imtrcpane  re- 

udof  Ih*  coWoipDnry  jitfaoditaiiiii  of  iwhatioM  o(  Cnek  been' 
tan  into  Basie,  vitk  hi  aatmaot  nJenoiB  n  Cieck  life  and 
cohon^  ll  i*  nutod  by  thi  frte  nae  of  hybrid  focna,  whether  p~<- 
by  the  addition  of  Latin  uAxa  to  Creek  - — "  *■-  *-'*-"-^ 
kipaianMi.  isUmilKajiu.  i>ii^>i«(ai»i,  e 
■■£^  to  Ulin  «ein.  a.  iMtrifaMu,  #mM 

a>  iktrmnpeart,  iufpaatuaii;  or  by  compL _... 

Hyrn(i™c,  Jhpilnbai,  unptifattL  Tbe  chatacler  of  many  01 
tko*  wonb  ilMi  that  tt*  coHoe  poata  afn  odofd  dm  DBit  have 
be««  able  ta  '»™,'f_'ii™  *  ^ JT"*^  **  caUognial  G«'     ' 
Roarkabte  inUwc  of  tU>  ii  fsMdied  hy  IIib  IwImmi  En 
Flautiu  (An.  TOieB).).  aiim  la|[iii«iii  i^iiiilinldiiiiiU  a* 

Vaniloqnidoraa,  Vino  '        '    ' ' 

NurfSK]«id«-  ■  — 


Duttn*  tht>  period  CnkirordiBR  (till  fenetaly  btSected  aomdinE 
If)  But  wia!^din(«UDw)begI«atUnliIagi!.  la  which  the 
Cndc  Infleidon  la  frequeatly  preaemd.  (.(.  HteUra,  Oralim,  Ct- 
nurms  (od  (rsn  Ihii  tine  foraard  the  pnclict  wiven.  Clccn- 
feanauy  rrifera  the  Lacbi  cue^ndliifi,  deiendint[.  >.(.,  Pirartim  n 
acaiiMt  Flrata  (ad  AIL  viL  3,  7).  but  not  without  woe  ductua- 
llon.  while  Varra  lalui  tiK  cppnite  aide,  and  pitlen  potmaii*  to  the 
CioxwiiaR  pfflBufu.  BythutimealioyaDdawere  introduced,  and 
the  nnaenlatKHi  of  (he  Ciieli  aapintet  by  I*,  M,  (*.  « that  wotdi 
ainlylniTowocI  tran  the  Creek  could  be  laon  Cut ULlly  reproduced. 


proceia  of  chanee  from  pure  ^uMiat^  1a«  in  Eu.  niti-lrrfl.  dx.)  ta 
Inotim  (Uke  Xn|.  li  in  liti).  IS«  Arnold  and  Cunwiy.  m 
KtiUrrd  ^maaiutan  ^  Gntk  aad  Lctm.  4ih  ed.,  Cambridge, 

(dj  A  (oonh  itaie  Ii  mailted  by  the  pncdce  of  Ae  AonMaii 
poetir  who.  eepeoaily  urbeii  wrilias  in  inulatioii  of  Creek  eneiiiab, 
tieely  uk  Ibe  Cnck  lofleiiDU.  ndi  ai  jlrcadli,  Ta^,  Acff'^ 
EcMi,  Ac  Honce  uiiitablii  alwaya  ned  tiK  Luia  form  ia  hit 
&ifini  aod  £HsI1b.  tb(  Cink  IB  ha  Odea.  Lata  pnte  trrittn  for 
IhenwMpaitfoUoiRdtheenqipfeothiiO&ii.  It  nniK  be  adM, 
liawevcr.  in  renrd  to  tbew  Ittcnry  borrowingt  that  it  b  not  quite 
drar  whether  w  tbti  fourth  dair,  and  even  in  the  unmodiSed  fonu 
in  the  preceding  cLasa.  the  wonla  had  leaQy  any  Uvinc  uk  ia 


ThiaappeAralbeproperplMrforarapidnirvey  of  theptoauaciaT 
tioni  of  (be  Latin  lanriuee»  aa  ipolien  in  iU  best  daya. 

il.  c:oiBC«iAKT>>~(i.r  Saih  fltUI.  Bmihed  ptaain  t.  pcn- 
mmnced  alwaym  aa  k  (eveot  that  in  aome  early  lucriHioor^ 
probably  une  nuich  bur,  if  i(  all  later,  Ihaa  300  a-c — the  chl^ 
acier  ia  uied  alao  (or  f)  until  about  the  ittta  cenlury  after  Chtul.  X 

alwaya  followed  hy  the  onvnaotal  ■,  ouept  ill  a  few  old  inscr^ 
liooik  in  which  it  la  uaed  fv  c  bel«u  ue  vowti  ■,  u.  tamuo.  Xt 
an  abbmnatioo  for  ci;  iU  i^  however,  aomeiiaiea  fouad.  V«ed 
pkwvBi.  pcDBOmced  aa  iniEnfliih  t/mt,  but  never  aa  in  EntUah 

p*ibetareaboutlhe6lh«otuiyj'— '"'■--      *— ^ ■■  •■■ •■ 

Excathiiu  aa  in  Encllab. 

(ii.)  A/oM.—THe  couountal 
in  late  inacriptiona  that  we  hod. 
any  dehnita  indiation  of  a  JV«M 

Latm  Loaf.  ^  ul.capeciuly  aa  we 

ua  merdy  a  dialectic  vanaluin ;  He  Padjckl 

<iii.)  Luttuai.  r  aa  in  Enirbih.  but  pcofaably  pnduoed  mon 
vilh  the  point  of  the  tongne.  I  woilaily  mac*  dental  than  ia 
En^lilh.     i  alwaya  bRBthetTUa  En^  cc  in  t£c).     k  which  it  only  . 

"^  iJaiuJ.— Breathed,   1  aa  in   Enxtiah.     VoicciL  rf  aa  Ea 

Eogliib;  but  by  the  end  of  the  4lh  cfliliuy  di  befen  ■  vowel  wai 

EHElUh:  but  al»  (lilmlhe  EngUifa  ■>  a  EuRuml  imnloS  hefotta 
EuttuTaL    Apparently  it  waa  vby  li^jhtly  pconouBced,  aad  eaMly 

(v.)  Lihnf.— Bmihed,   p  at  In   Cngrrih.     Voiced,   i   aa  ia 
Enliahi  but  oteanonally  ia  iiianipiiona  <d  the  Uicr  enpin  >  ia 
wriltm  lor  j.ihawing  that  in  wme  caaea  i  hid  aliody  acquired  the 
frisiivo  aouod  of  Ibe  contemponcy  0  (aee  1 14.  iii-l.    i  before  ■         1 
■harp  >  waa  oroaaudnd  p,  ti.  in  urn.    Nasal,  aa  aa  in  Eoaliih, 
but  very  alitfaily  pnuoancciral  the  end  of  a  word,     ^iraiit, 
«  Uke  Ihe.M  in  French  tiri.  but  later  anproiimatinc  to  tin  ■  htaid 
in  Huie  parte  ai  GemuAy.  Ed.  Sievan.  GrvtdtKrt  d.  Pkottttik,  ed.  4, 
p.l»,ualabiaIt.B«(liketbc  Endiida a]  ,a  lalwMleBtal  (^ 
W  ZdMHfMiaf^BRuh>dfriEaSWMbEi«iM>- 
]B.  Vowct.1.— d,fl.  i.ailheEagliiha<E,M,ar;  #,  •  aound comiaa 
..=■ .L...,ir..  '-  — -jaif  Italian  A  acarlyai  Iha*  d 


to  En«.  «•  2u  to  Eu, '  1 )  a 
lull,  6<A  Fr.  faiiHrThi  A 


.. id  of  the  vowclt  ww  w. 

long  Bound-    A  waa  proitouncad 
I.  F._  *,j(^  I  n^riy  „  ^  ._■.  . 

which  they  w 


poaed.  aciuedii^  to  tba  ahove  icheme.  Thia  eivea.  aa  locn 
bnHdcrthanMimte«H;fliUkeBDin  the*'  Yanlrefr  pFonunc 
of  tnqii;d«liketbe  virwuinjiallen^ened,  with  perhapa  vm 


'The  gronndi  tor  tUa  pronunciation  win  be  [mind  beat  icaied  ia 
Ftoalnte,  ETiw  fs  prmtBOa  JjOui  (iw),  Arnold  and  Conway,  Tlr 
XiAai  Pnnwiiiimim  ifGitrk  ml  Lalm  f^th  ed. ,  Cambridee,  lya)  j 

iha  ininiDaTaenomeiated  in  t  sB  Eibove,  evpccially  thcpcefaa 
.DtRi^i(^m,">>>r.  The  i±id  point!  about  c  may  be  briefly 

E; 

b^ore  rand  i  oibei 


lavoLtontoby'if^aiiiup.  Tie  i±ief  poinu  about  c  may  t 
elvtaatB  MiectiaeB  ti  thy  Bad  ot  evWePce.    (r)  In  aoniew 


'  boRowed  by  CetMc  and  tttrly 


luncuthm  of  the  e  depended  opon  tbia,  r.|. 
Jfe  from  Pkut.  Act;  (1)  if  c  waa  pniuiiinctil 
K  than  before  a,  a  and  n,  it  is  hara  to  lee  why 

: ■  lyf^g  li„„  „,.  f,-J — 

bye:  (j)  Latin  wndi 
ih  C^eiuan  an  alway* 
t  cr,  cf  in  the  Romanoe 
lodmHfntly  fraiB.i 


a:  (j)  Latin  wcadi  contamlni 
Seiuan  an  alway*  tpeh  with 
d  in  the  Romanoe  lan||ia|vt 


i)IttH  o(  Luis  adwlin,  bu  ncomiiKBdid 

1 9t  the  prDnuncialion  of  En^uh  i  (rcAlly  dO 

-,_ ,  .Dundi  vhich  tiny  undouhMdl]'  bid  lit  Ibc 

le  at  PtaMw  ud  pnbaUy  nmch  later,  and  vliieb  lor  practical 
L.__i —  ■— apiOTedfaf  thabatt. 


VLTnL 


tATIN  LANGUAfi£ 


39.  Pis^nj  DOW  Co  a  survey' of  tbe  amdition  of  Che  laogu&ge 
■E  VBTioiu  epocbi  aod  in  chc  diScicnL  authon,  m  find  cbe 
cariiGt  nwnuuncnc  o(  It  yet  discovered  in  a  donative  iniciiptioD 

at  Praenate.  It  luns  "  Mania  med  fhefhakcd  Xuraasioi," 
Ij."  Manias  mademe  [01  Kumasios."  Tbe  use  of /  CA)  «>  denote 
tbe  sound  of  Latin  /  supplied  the  eiplanation  of  the  change  of 
(lie  symbol/ from  ill  Greek  value  ("Ejig.  v)  ID  iti  Latin  value 
/,  and  sbowa  the  ChalcidJan  Greek  alphabet  in  procesa  of  adapta- 
tion to  the  needs  of  Latin  (see  Whiunc).  The  leduplicaled 
perfect,  iU  jrd  ung.  ending  -td,  the  dalive  masculine  In  ■« 
(this  ii  one  of  the  only  two  lecoidei!  ciamples  in  Latin),  Ibe 
■-»-  between  vowel»  (|  ij,  0,  and  the  -o-  in  what  m  thea  (sec 
II  9,  10)  ccittioly  va  usaccented  lynable  and  Ibc  accuialive 
Med,  are  *1]  intetHiiog  marks  of  aniiquily.' 

40.  The  ueit  oldest  fiatiment  of  continuous  Latin  is  furnished 
by  ■  sotel  dug  up  in  the  valley  between  the  Quiiinal  and  the 
Viminal  early  in  lESo.  Tie  vessel  is  of  a  dark  brown  day,  and 
coDBsta  of  three  uoaJl  round  poll,  the  sides  of  whkh  are  con- 
nected togetbei,  AH  round  this  vessel  nins  an  iiscripiion, 
in  three  clause*,  two  neuly  CDHlinuous.  the  third  written  below; 
the  writing  11  fiDia  right  U>  left,  and  ii  still  clearly  legible;  the 
chuactert  include  one  sign  not  belonging  to  Che  later  Latin 
alpfaabet,Dunelyqfot  R,  while  the  M  haa  five  sliokei  uid  the 
Q  has  the  form  of  a  Kapp*. 

The  insciipliod  is  ai  foUowi: — 

"  iovnaidcivoaqd  Died  inIlat,Dd  ted  (iii)oCD>m!tvii«aileil,aited 

dvBKK  mcd  faced  en  manom  ciaoBi  dBcnol  ae  med  mato  Malod." 

The  general  alyle  <d  the  wcithig  and  the  phsnetic  peculiaiitio 

auJie  it  fairly  oitBln  that  this  votIl  Bmst  have  been  produced 

DM  leter  thu  joo  B.C.    Some  point!  In  iu  iBleipitlulim  air 

tlill  open  to  doubt,'  but  the  probable  inloinetelloa  is-- 


the  gods  [by  h!a  eSer~ 


"  He  Cot  they)  who  dispatch 
ing)  that  ProMiiune  shal!  not  be  una  ro  tnee  nnjes  inou  win 
inake  tenei  wfib  (or  "for")  OpeCM  Thealsa  (?).  Duenos 
Diade  me  againil  Muius.  but  let  no  evil  Ml  10  Ihienoi  on  my 
•ecpunl." 

41.  Between  Ihtse  two  inscriptions  lies  In  point  of  date  Hi* 
fatooai  slete  discovered  In  the  Fonim  in  iSgg  (G.  Boni.  S^it. 
d.  tcari,  Uay  1B99).  The  upper  half  had  been  cot  oS  In  order 
to  nuke  way  for  a  new  paveinent  or  black  itooe  blocki  (known 
to  Bicbuolf^s  as  the  infer  iapis)  on  the  site  of  the  coaiiFom, 
jiat  to  the  □onh.test  of  Ibe  Forum  in  fmnl  of  the  Senate  KoDse. 
The  Inscription, -was  wrltlen  tengihwlse  ajong  the  fpyrOinidil) 
•tele  from  fool  to  apet,  but  »ilh  Ihe  alternate  lines  in  leverae 
direclioni,  and  arte  line  not  on  the  full  face  of  any  one  of  Ihe  four 
'  tides,  but  irp  a  rougldy-flaltened  filtb  ^de  made  by  ^hlly 
hroadenrng  one  til  ttie  angles.  No  (ingle  tcntence  li  complete 
and  the  mu  tllitcd  fragments  have  girea  iEm  ta  1  wbok  lilnatni 
af  conjectunl "  rcttomions." 

>  The  Inscription  mi  tm  published  by  Helbte  and  DOmnitei  1 
lUMtOmtn  *"  itt——  — "-'  ■-■■  "—  '■  -"-  -—  ' 
C.IJ~  liv.  4"!  »><■  I 


onway.  iaiic  Diol.  ato,  w 
u  first  publbW  by  Dirwl^ 
■woftfeii 


Greek  CBniiK-fDnuDla,w4ikh  has  been  eeqefiliy  adopted,  warn  Drat 
pM f«wardEy  R  $. Coaway  ia Ihr  Amtritai  Jnr*tl tf  PkMctj. 
I.  (iSBak  4S}:  see  further  hh  comiiieutiry  Ilalic  DitU^u,  o. 
™,  ui  iln^ihen  C.  Heinpl.  pans.  Am^kiJil.  Auk.  —■'< 

rSfci'fau'&e7b«  adopead.  apd  vba  gin.  Bttei  itlerMBH. 


iTiddiF.SkutKhia 


11  Chat  Ha  la 


:  may  be  laid  to  be  fafd  ^  the  variatKA  ti 

._ ....wdW  (nthalorrleidotlieralphabetlc 

dicaiioBiirbichiaanttbcstticeiituiy B.C.  Ithubnntutgeiicd 
10  ihil  the  naiDD  lor  Ibe  dettTVction  oi  the  Mde  and  the  repave- 
tnl  may  bive  bmi  riiher  (1I  Ike  pollutioa  oT  the  comliium  bj  Ihe 
lUic  iinaava  ti  job  lc..  all  tiKD  e(  wbicb.  on  their  departere. 
uld  be  bm  muDved  by  a  iepaviiia;ort3)  perbapa  MR  pnhahly, 

oj,^.  iMff.).  1R,S,C.) 

43.  01  Ibe  cariier  loif  [lueHptiaia  the  meet  Inportut  would  bt 
'  E^^?  XMMii,  or  ooUmn  o(  GaUs  DnUiin  (f  J.),  enctad  to 

^  tment  la  irtikk  it  haa  KiStied  Irom  the  1uiih1>  of'mtonn. 
The  ihape  of  the  lenen  pblnly  ihowi  that  ibc  iuoipdoD.  ai  ve 
have  h,  waa  cM  la  the  «"■-  "">-  -— "'-     t—  bk-*i  -~< 

lioe,  and  lEa^^hMoh 
were  falae^  iamduevd.ej 
The  ooat  Dolewoithy  leatuKi 
(CisiT -HoMi  iieile  far  di 
retained  fii^  ahlatHw  (»,  i 

aimUy.  «r  these  the  first  ia  pcc^ahl)  _. ,  _ 

havii^  beeft  latrodUccd  aenie  tfeue  before  the  aasuAed  date  of  the 
iaicflplla*.  On  die  e(hn  band,  we  have  fraala  where  we  ihaaM 
have  *'f*^t**'  pfuUai  na  Anal  eeBseaanta  are  tfaopped;  aad  lb* 
loRiu  -11. -tk  aad  ■«  (m  the  Mcniallve  pluBl  are  lateRbaBgcd 
capndouily.  The  doubts  beaca  arlsiflff  pccclude  the  possibility  ol 
iniDg  It  with  eoDBdeoce  aa  evidence  for  the  state  of  the  language  in 
the  ird  century  m£. 

AT^inwai  a«fia.  iBserOied  ■■  BtaaecoOaa.  iBuild  in  theOKHHiiBail 
•(  Ihe  Sdpfca  outdda  tE^Capene  fate  (CJX.>  L  13).  Tbeeariiest 
of  the  fannly  wBoae  epitaph  baa  been  preserved  H  L- Cornelius  Sdpio 

-.J....  .  . .  „.!-->  ...  ^m,  C. Comelhis Sdpio  Htipsims 

aie  good  reasons  for  bclitviiig  with 
itcnpofa^y,  but  w. 


it  ate — C  alwaya  writien  i6 
c  dQuonanta  {daa-4iaaB] 
--'  M*fl.»  for  a  In  iBgea 


(pfaetorla  tja  B.C, 
UlaeUthat^ep 


ior-ibtta:  U)  diwii' far£«e;  and  (3)  Ihedroppingof  a  final  m  in  every 
raae  eaeept  in  I«cim,  a  variation  which  is  a  marked  chaneleristle 
of  the  ladtaaae  of  thb  peiioiL 

4^  The  oldol  specimen  of  the  Latin  language  preserved  to  ua 
in  any  lilciary  VUEev  ii  to  be  fouivd  in  two  f  ragmenla  of  the  Carolina 
Saliarii  (VaiTO.  Di  fng,  La.  vli.  i£,  17).  and  one  in  Tereotlanul 
Seaum.biit  thrr  ai*  ualanonatfly  »  c«ni|it  as  la  give  us  little 
teal  iD[onSBIknl  b"  B-  tdaumbnther,  Caiatiam  Sttarimm 
rduwor.  Laipn.  1)94;  C.  HemDl.  Amtritm  Fkilti.  Aaet. 
riaaHcAnu,  xnl,  igoo,  iSa).  Rather  better  evidence  !•  supplied 
in  the  Cvnat  AtUraA  ,4 rnhain,  vhidi  waa  found  In  1778  engraved 
on  one  of  (he  aumeniui  cablets  ncndiiig  the  mnaetioru  of  the 
coll^  of  the  Arval  brotbaa.  diH  vp  nd  the  aitc  of  their  grove  by 
Ibc  Tiber,  ]  rn.  [loni  the  city  orRgme^  bui  (hiialw  has  been  ao 

tio  meant  dear  (C./J-'  1.  38;  Jordan,  ItriJ.  Btitrap.  pp.  aoj-jii). 

45.  The  ten  ol  the  Twelve  Tables  (4Si'4S»  B  f^Oi  if  presented 
hillsiinegrliy,  wbuld  have  been  Invaluable  ai  ■  rccnd  o[  antique 
l.alin;  but  it  1>  known  to  us  only  in  quotations.  R.  ScbodI; 
whose  editlob  and  commenUiy  (Leipiig,  iSfifi]  li  the  most 
complete,  DDCO  the  following  traces,  among  Dthen,  of  an  archaic 
lyntai:  (1)  both  the  lubject  and  the  objeet  of  the  verb  are  ofteb 
left  to  be  undertlood  fiom  the  context,  i.t.  af  if  anUMmim, 
flUur,  em  afiur,  (i)  the  Impetatfvr  ia  used  even  for  pertnisifon!, 
"  si  volel,  phis  date,"  "  if  he  chooie,  he  may  give  him  more  "; 
^)  the  (ubjunctlve  is  appanntly  Dcver  uwd  In  conditional, 
■  ■  The  n(ait  Important  writiM  npon  it  are  thoae  of  Domeako 
Conpamti.  Iitra.  aitaka  iA  Fm  Ktmana  (Floicnee'RoiiK,  1900); 

liva  a  Cmutm  idh  Siaumm  in  a  series  of  very  uwJul  artlclei  la 
IbeKMilaJrK ""  ' 


DigilizcdbyLjOOylC 


I,  bill  the  fnltiTe  psfcct 
cChrq  seclenca  i>  ol  Ihc  siiaplBl  kind, 
rare.  Then  ue,  ol  c 
m  und  mAuiinf ,  aucta 
aell.  Liter  and  lea  clab«»te  "  ' 
Itirii  gamaHi,  by  BiuD9-Mon 
P.  Qrud,  TBOadiilrMlyimaiiiliagil. 
.  46.  Tumms  DOW  to  thr  ]■ 
Ibe  Latin  inibiin  11  fo11ow9>^ 
'  I.  ^HtfrOuiioif  (140-80  B.C.).— Naeviui  (>  i$t»'io4),  Fbatiu 
(■S4-i^)>Eu>iu*(l}^i^),Catotlic£]dci(iM->49).TenotiDs 
<?  i45-i»),  P«n»Tiua  <iio-i3i],  Awftu  (17S-94),  LnciliiB 
(?  168-101). 

It.  OaitMI-CMtm  Ap  (80  B.C.-4J).  i4).-V»no  C"6-»n, 
Gcero  (106-44),  luattiui  (go-jjl,  Caou  (io»-44),  Catullm 
(87-?  4i),  SaDiut  (Sfr-M).  Viiga  (70-19I.  Honn  (6j-8),  Fn>- 
pmiiB  (?  5*-  ?),  "nbnUui  {t  S4-?  >B).  Oral  (41  n.c,-*.i>.  .8), 
tfvy(S9".C.-**.t8). 

m.  CbuaaiSata  A»  (an.  14-180)  .—Velldui  (?  le  i.c- 
?  AJ>.  31},  M.  Seneca  (d.  c.  kn.  jo),  Fenim  (34^1).  Potiooim 
Id.  M),  Lncui  (3g-6s)>  L.  Seneca  (d.  ui.  As),  Flialtu  major 
(i]-AJi.  lii.  Martial  (40-101),  QuinliUui  (4i-iig>,  PUny  (be 
Yoiuwei  (61-?  113),  Tadtua  (?  60-?  mS),  Juvenal  (?4?-f  138), 
Svelowa  <7i-ifc),  Fionlo  ((.  90-170). 

47.  Vattiyu  and  PlanHt. — In  Naevhu  m  End  anhalimi 
fffoporTiOTlaJ]^  much  more  noraerous  than  fn  FlauTui,  especialiy 
in  the  lelentioD  of  the  original  length  of  vowels,  and  eaily  forna 

HiemimbeTOf  archaic  words  pnKTVfd  is  perhaps  due  t<»  the  fact 
that  ao  brge  a  ppsponion  of  his  fragments  bare  been  preserved 
only  by  tbi 


LATIN  LANGUAGE 

i;(4) 


been  mentioned  (1{  ic 

because  of  the  t*"—*'^  iDftieiua  whicta  he  ewtttd  h  filing  ibe 
Uterary  style.  He  fiiA  eitabliihed  the  rule  that  in  heumeier 
verse  all  vowels  followed  by  two  consooani)  (cicepi  in  (be  case 
ol  a  nnte  and  a  liquid],  or  ■  double  coMOUDt,  must  he  treated 
■s  lengthened  by  porilioa.  The  inaba'  of  varying  qnaotities 
Is  also  much  dimirashed,  and  the  dMon  of  final  -m  becomes  the 
rule,  though  oot  without  eiceptioat.  On  the  other  band  be  very 
conuoooly  retains  the  oiiginal  lengtb  of  veibal  tetminuiooa 

I  before  an  initial  cotBOnant,  In  dcdensiDn  he  nerei  uses  -at 
n  the  genitive,  but  -at  01  -at;  the  older  aad  shorter  form  of  the 
feu.  plur.  is  -w  in  conunon;  obselele  forms  of  pronouns  an 
used,  as  mii,  titi,  rum  (^eun),  iot,  ta,  tapia;  and  in  verbal 
jnfletiontlienaRoldfannilike»urJ>iiiir(j  tsl./Wimud  17,  vi.), 
petalar  (d.  |  5,  Iv.).  Some  operimenta  in  tlie  way  ol  tmesis 
(ia»  can  a>iiBii»iti>(.b[tiai)  and  apocope  l^mat  dcmiu  altuaimm 
eael,  nfM  It  lailifiCMm  gwi)  wse  h^ipily  cegaided  as  f aihirea, 
■nd  oever  came  toto  rod  use.  His  syntax  is  simple  and  stiaighl- 
foiwaid,  with  (he  occaslocal  pleoouma  of  a  rude  style,  and  con- 
junctions art  comparatively  raie,  from  this  time  foiwaid  the 
literary  language  of  Rome  parted  company  inih  the  popular 

•case  a  dead  language.  Its  vocabuUiy  was  not  identical  with 
that  of  oidinaty  life.  Now  and  again  a  imter  would  lend  new 
vigour  to  his  style  by  phiases  and  cooslructions  drawn  from 
homely  speech.  But  on  the  wtiole,  and  in  ever-increasing 
mrasuie,  the  Unguage  of  literature  waa  the  language  of  the 
acboids,  adapted  to  loteign  models.  The  gamine  cuiieDt  of 
Italian  speech  is  atmoat  lost  U>  view  wiib  Flautus  and  Terence, 
and  reappears  clearly  only  la  the  aemi-baibaiDua  pfoduds  of 
the  early  Komance  liteiaturc. 

49.  Faaaiut,  Aitiia  and  Ludliui. — Pacnvitis  !■  Doteworthy 
Opeclally  for  b^  attempt  to  intMdoce  a  free  use  of  coinpaunds 
alter  the  (addon  of  the  Greek,  which  were  fel(  Is  the  cUssicil 


and  Latd  LmaATuai. 


Acdns,  though  probably  (he  gicatat  of  (be  RoBiaB  tragedian*, 
is  only  pnaemd  in  comparatively  unimportant  Iracniciitk 
We  know  (hat  he  paid  much  atlenUon  (o  gnnunai  and  ottbo- 


ifinitlvein 


untedas 


of  the  language  ol  (be  period, 
itiaints  of  tragic  dicUoa  and  the  imitatioD  of 
Unfortunately  the  greater  part  of  his  infotot* 
ate  preserved  only  by  1  gnmnuiisn  whose  teit  ii  exceptionally 
conupi ;  but  they  leave  no  doubt,  as  to  the  jiatice  of  the  critidsm 
passed  by  Horace  on  hii  careless  and  "  muddy  "  diction.  The 
grbuKilci  which  i*  with  one  efoud  conceded  to  him  by  ancient 
critics  seems  to  Indicate  that  his  style  was  free  from  the  taint  of 
provincial  Latinity,  and  it  may  be  regarded  as  reproducing  thf 
language  of  educated  circles  in  ordinary  life;  the  numeroua 

familiarity  of  his  readers  with  the  Creek  language  and  Ltcntuic. 
Varro  ascribes  to  him  the  pacUt  %enui  dicndi,  the  distinguishing 
features  of  which  were  tennitoj  and  nWilu.  Hence  it  appean 
that  his  numerous  archaisms  were  regarded  ai  hi  no  way  in- 
consisteat  witb  grace  and  predsion  of  diction.  But  it  may  be 
remembered  that  Varro  was  hjoaelf  something  of  an  ardiaiieri 
and  also  that  the  gnmmuiani'  quotations  may  bring  (bis  aspect 
too  much  into  prominence.  Lucllius  shares  with  the  comic  poets 
the  use  of  many  plebeian  expriasions,  the  love  for  diminotiveg, 
abstract  terms  and  words  of  abuse;  hut  occasionally  he  borrows 
fotm  the  more  rievated  style  of  Ennius  forms  like  iiiii£fii(-'^inul], 
ukrii  {— non),/dciJ  (-fadle),  and  the  genitive  in  hH.  and  lie 
ridicules  the  contemporary  tragedians  for  their  tettmaiia,  their 
high-flown  diction  and  jesquipedaJia  verba,  which  make  the 
charactcn  talk  "  not  like  men  but  like  portents,  flying  winged 
anakea."  In  his  ninth  book  ho  rti^m****  quotiona  of  grammar, 
and  giva  aome  interesting  facta  as  to  the  tenrlenciea  of  Iht 
laognage.  For  instance,  when  he  ridicules  a  pratSar  ■rboiaait 
'      calling  himself  prtior,  we  see  already  the  intrusion  of  Use 

tic  de^adation  of  ae  into  r,  which  aTterwatds  became  tmivcnal. 

shows  a  great  command  of  technical  language,  and  (partly 
owing  to  tbe  uture  ol  the  fragments)  Iraf  Xeyifara  are  vny 


JO.   Cnfo.— The  treatise  o(  Cato  the  eUer,  Dt  re  naUat, 
rould  have  afforded  invaluable  material,  but  it  has  unlortvoately 

"■ ■ "'-  "  " — ^..greatly  modcnuzed,  whic*"  ' "' 


daU  bubut  bilBil  pKiiiiio,  "  give  all  the  oi 

51.  Graielk  0/  Ijiliii  Prat. — It  is  unlortunntcly  impossible  to 
(race  the  growth  of  Latin  prose  diction  through  Its  several  stages 
with  tbe  same  clearness  as  in  the  case  of  poetry.  Tkc  fragments 
of  tbe  earlier  Latin  prose  writea  are  too  scanty  for  us  to  he 
able  to  lay  with  certainty  when  and  how  a  formed  prose  style 
was  created.  But  the  impulse  to  it  was  undoi^iedly  given  in  ■ 
the  babitiul  piactJce  of  oratory.  The  earliest  ocaton,  like 
Cato,  were  distingui^ied  for  strong  common  aeote,  biting  a'it 
and  vigorous  Unguage,  rather  than  (or  any  graces  of  st^e;  ani 
probably  persotia]  siuUriloi  was  of  fat  more  account  than  rhetoric 
both  in  thu  law  courts  and  in  the  assemblies  of  the  people.  TW 
£rst  public  ^xaker,  according  to  Cicero,  who  aimed  at  a  pAh'thfil 
Ayle  and  elaliorate  periods  waa  U.  Aemilius  I^Idus  PorctD*, 
in  the  middle  of  the  md  century  a.c'  On  his  model  the  Gracchi 
and  Caibo  ^isbhined  themselves,  and.  If  we  may  Judge  Iram  the 
Iragmcnts  of  the  orations  of  C  Glacchti*  whidi  are  preserved, 
then  wen  few  traces  of  archaism  remaiohig.  A  more  pnfed 
exunple  of  tbe  ortiiRlu  at  which  good  speakers  aimed  was 
supplied  by  a  famous  speech  of  C.  Fannius  againit  C,  Gracchui, 
fen  to  certain  scr<pla  AiUniiM  i^  tbe  isa  ol  ScMo 


>1iicli  Ctccro  (bnslitcrat  the  bst  ontloii  of  tfte  time.  No  imall 
part  of  Ite  srJoirilttj  consisted  in  b  rorttti  urbsn  pranunriiiloif; 
and  ifac  standanl  of  this  >nu  tound  in  (he  luigiiage  oF  the  mnncn 
ol  the  upper  classes,  Juch  ■!  LneSl  and  Conirtfm. 

In  the  cprlieir  cODlinuoru  proH  work  which  retnalm  to  ui 
the  fcigr  booki  De  Rkelmai  id  Htmnhim,  we  find  IKe  Itnfiuge 
slrrady  Almost  fndlstinfuiflhBblc  from  that  of  CiceTo.  There  has 
brea  much  dlscussIoB  as  to  ihe  autbonbip  «f  ibis  wtik,  now 
commonly,  without  veiy  eonvftidng  reisans,  ucrfbed  (o  Q.  Coml- 
ficius;  but,  aifionE  the  minKnius  argamrni^  i^iich  pnvt  that 
It  cannot  li>ve  been  the  w«k  of  Cicero,  none  hu  hern  adduced 
of  any  iBtportanee  drawn  front  the  character  tA  the  langua^ 
Tl  ia  worth  while  noticing  that  Dot  oidy  is  the  ilyte  in  itMlf 
perfectly  Enisbcd,  but  the  Irvatmait  of  the-  lubjcct  of  style. 
fiocnlie  (it.  ii.  17).  tbows  the  palas  whicb  had  alfiMly  beta 
given  to  the  question.  The  wtiie*  lay*  dem*  three  ehuC  re- 
quwtes— (0  dtt^mla,  {i)  amptmlia  and  ti^dipiitai.     lindet 

■opri  .  .     .  - 

1;  hiatus,  alllt«r«tfaii|  rtiyme,  the  wpWitiwi  or  daplaiwiieiit 

ot  walls,  and  KM  hms  Mntcnc  ~  ~    '  •     •.      -. 

depends  upon  tlwMlectlaB'iif 
SI.  CkentariUia  ^  Lai' 

lime  ef  Clcem  Laiia  (maa ' 


LATIN  LANGOAGB 

[Mncit  y  of  diphthones  and  tlii 


■  that  by  tlv 

.  iett  ttaga.  Tba  LMid  tmiCB.wae 
e>  tolly  cmadout  «i  the  bmad  dittloatian  in  shaiactcc 
betweta  tbek  own  lansDage  and  tht  Ciatk.  Seneca  dwcUt 
iqtoa  the  naidy  and  digntfirti  DBvemenL  of  Uie  LUin  period, 
and  osa  for  C:icen>  the  happy  q)itbet  ol  fiwlarnu.  He  allows 
U>  the  Creeks  (rotfc,  but  dalitis  fiMWw  for  ha  Own  cDuntiymen. 
QamtiliaB  {■mLto.ri  <eq>)  coaada  to  Citek  moie  euphony  and 
Variety  both  of  vocaliuUen  and  of  accent,  ht  adoula  that 
Latin  wonts  ar<  hanker  in  sound,  Bad  often  less  happily  adapted 
to  the  evroBion  of  varjdng  shadia^f  aeaniog.  But  he  U» 
<'luB>  "  power  "  as  the  distingaishioi  maik  of  his  ofii  ItnsuagtL 
Feeble  thotight  maybecairiedofl  by  theaxquisilt  harmony  and 

and  weigh!  ol  ideas  if  they  uc  not  to  he  .beaten  oB  the  CcUI. 
The  Gnck  sulhora  are  like  lightly  moving  skiSsi  the  Romans 
■piesd  wider  sail*  and  are  wafted  by  sinngec  biecics,  hcnct 
the  d«vti  waters  suit  them.  It  is  not  that  the  l^lin  language 
tails  to  respond  to  the  calls  made  upon  it.  Lucretius  and  l^iro 
concur,  it  is  true,  in  coitiplainta  of  the  poverty  of  their  OAlivc 
language;  but  this  was  ouly  because  they  had  bad  no  prede- 
cessor in  the  ta«k  of  adapting  it  to  philosophic  utterance, 
and  the  long  lilc  ol  fjlin  technical  terms  like  qualilai,  ipaici. 


H-A. 


AJ.Munr 


id  adfnirably  of .   . 

prose  and  vnie.  was  a  far  noMer  tiiifuafc  than 
Duriac  the  boM  jieilod  ol  OiwiaB  pn-enunoiicr  1 
froBReiiiEt  W  Demoatbanes.  all  the  n«>>>Co>'l '« 
re  invented  ope  aftei  the  nihi 


<r  tiving  Cmk. 
ilitmryglwy. 
.s  of  poetry  and 


eiwbkh 
caquulle  peneaion  idst  ui«r  maty  di  lorm  ano  grsce  PI  uiEi^uA^ ' 
wen  never  aflerwardi  rivalled  by  Latin  at  any  otiicr  pmlc.  But 
hardly  had  Dtmeelbcne*  and  Arisiedc  ceased  to  Uva  whn  thai ' 
AOic  which  bad  ben  gnduaUy  lonHd  into  lucb  a  noble  niuiummt 
of  thought  in  the  hand*  of  Arinophaoe*.  Euripides,  rlato  and  the 
watofs.  and  had  apeneded  lor  general  use  all  the  other  dblKIs. 
became  at  thxainetinte  the  lasguanol  ihedviliiedwaMaiuliiai 
uricken  with  ■  monal  dicay. .  .  .  EoicHiue.  who  wu  been  in  the 
aamaysarasMonandcriWritesahanhjaiion  that  docs  not  thietve 
to  be  caUed  a  style;  and  others  of  whose  wriiiiigs  anything  n  led 
eniii*  w  In  frsgments.  historians  and  philD»phen  alike,  f^l1yllIu^ 
ChFyKppus.Ph3alemiis.  an  little  if  any  bcttir.  WhcACircrodeitiis 
to  tiuilsu  any  of  iWr  sotencCh  see  what  irare  and  Ule  he  ■auil'- 
uiio  thdr  clumsDy  expressed  thouahts,  how  saiiiifyii^  10  (hv  ear  and 
URe  are  the  periods  of  Uvy  when  he  is  pulling  Into  Latin  the  heavy 
and  uncouth  daosescf  Folybios  I   This  msy  eiplain  Khal  Cicno 

Plato  be  could  acknowled'^c'iWr  unrivalled  tmlk-nce;  in  tranv 
tatingPanaeiius  or  Phi]iideniu>  he  would  ful  his  own  immcaiunblF 

Hie  grealcT  Dumber  ot  toof  lylltlila,  combined  wHb  tbc 


mOnlony  of  vidSa^- 
weight  and  digitfly  of 

movement  to  the  languigc  which  well  suited  the  naljonal  fronbu. 

The  preciskm  ot  graramatica!  rules  and  the  entire  absence  of 

the  character  id  unity  which  maAed  the  Roman  republic  as  com- 
pared with  the  mnltfplicily  of  Greek  slates.  It  was  remarked  by 
PcancisBacoitthat  artistic  and  imaginative  niLtl«i3  indulge  fredy 
in  verijul  corttpounds,  practical  nations  in  simple  concrete  terms. 
In  IbH  respect,  too.  L«til]  contrasts  with  Greek.  The  atlsmpta 
made  by  some  of  lh«  eariier  poets  to  indu^  ia  novel  compovnds 
was  felt  to  be  out  ol  hamany  with  the  genius  of  the  language. 
C?omposition.  thoagh  necessarily  employed,  -was  kept  within 
nartow  hmlts,  arul  the  words  thus  producsd  have  a  sharply 
defined  raeaning.  wholly  unlike  the  poetical  vagueness  ol  some 
of  the  Greek  compotuids.  The  vocabulaiyof  the  language,  though 
rncenriiig  accaslona  from  time  to  time  in  accordance  with  practical 
needs,  I  was  rarely  enriched  by^the  products  of  a  ^ontaneous 
creallvaicas.  In  hteratnn  Ifah  tasta  of  the  educated  town 
circles  gave  the  law;  and  these,  trained  in  the  study  of  the  Credl 
masters  of  style,  required  something  which  should  reproduce 
lor  then  the  hanoony  of  the  Graek  period.  Bapp3y  ihecnion 
who  gmn  form  la  Latin  prose  wereaUe  10  meet  the  demand 
without  departing  from  the  spirit  of  their  mm  language.^ 

Sy.  Cittra  and  Cofior.— To  Cicero  espeoally  the  Romans 
owed  the  reeliaatlon  of  what  was  possible  to  their  language 
■a  the  ny  of  artisllc  finish  of  slylb  He  represents  a  protest 
at  one  and  the  same  time  against  the  inroads  of  the  tlcMni 
jdTsstf.  vulgarised  by  the  constant  inllux  ot  oor^ltalian  provinciais 
into  Rook,  and  the  "  jargon  of  spurious  aiul  partial  culture  " 
in  vogue  among  the  Roman  pupils  ol  iJie  Asiatic  rhetoricians* 
Kit  essential  seivke  was  to  have  caught  the  toBe  uid  Myle  of 

widely  read  speeches  and  treatises  as  the  inal  model  of  dasucal 
prose.  The  inHuence  of  Caesar  was  wholly  in  tbc  same  direction. 
Uii  cardiiwJ  pnuciplo  was  that  every  new.faogled  and  alTecled 
ciproEsioti,  liom  whatever  quarter  it  might  [omc,  ihoutd  b* 
avoided  by  tbc  writer,  as  lock*  by  the  mariner.  His  own  style 
for  Btraigbilotwaid  simplicity  and  purity  baa  never  been  sur- 
passed; and  it  is  not  without  lull  reason  that  Cicero  and  Caesar 
are  regarded  as  the  models  of  classical  prose.  But.  while  they 
£*cd  the  type  ol  tbc  best  Latin,  Ihey  did  not  and  could  not  attcs 


subllct] 


lotheC 


nany- 


ut  for  dignity  and  force,  foi  cadence  and  rhythm,  for 

id  piccision.  the  best  Latin  prase  remains  unrivalled. 

It  is  needless  to  dwell  upon  the  sismmat  or  vocabulary  o 

iccto.    His  language  is  universally  taken  a  the  normal  type  o 

itin;  and.  as  hitherto  the  history  of  the  hinguage  has  beet 

actd  by  marking  diEcrcncciIrom  his  usage,  so  ih:  same  method 


|.  Va-'B, 


'the  m 


what  re 


:d  of  the  ancients,"  a  friend  and 
IS  10  have  rejected  the  periodic 
lo  have  laUcn  back  upon  a  more 
says  el  one  passage  "  the  clauses 


of  Clcci 
tbylhmicil  style  of  Qc 

dead  thrushes  on  a  siring."    Bui,  in  spile  (tome  ■ 
becausi)  of  his  old-fashioned  tendencies,  bis  language  shows 
great  vigour  and  spirit  In  his  Menippeansaflreshe  intentionally 


Ic  Itee  u; 


o(  plcbi 


real  grace  and  showing  oltcn  Ircsh  humour.  His  treatise  fte  its 
Ruslka.  In  the  form  of  a  dialogue,  Is  the  most  agreeable  ni  his 
works,  and  where  the  nature  of  hb  subject  allow*  it  there  ti 

*  The  study  of  the  rhythm  of  the  Oauufsr,  1&  of  the  last  doien 
(nr  haU-dcucB)  syllabtes  of  a  period  fai  dlftemt  Latin  authon.  hu 
bvea  lemUkably  developed  in  the  last  three  year^  and  Is  of  the 
highest  impo '--  ■'■•  "-■-■-■-  -'  '  --■-  '- '  - 

iSt^Pcteriburg,  im).  r 
190J.P.  16*.  and  10  F  SI 

JaMrihtrieKomifr iu  t — -— --  -  — -,-  ,-,-.„ 

and  Clolla  (L  1^.  C!p,  p.  413I.  aim  to  A.  C.  Clarfs  fontel  Pma* 
NumirBiai  (Oxfurd.  1409).  fit  Curiui  tn  Ualaaal  snl  Vultar 
Lalin  (iM,  IJlo).  and  article  CicEaa 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


»J+ 


tATIN  LANGUAGS 


CTqwngM,  ilibaugh  Ihe 
K  (ad  iibrupt  lonii.    Hii 
1,  with  buc  ttw  cannecEinc 
ttok*;  hli  dklioB  oiBUliu  muy  intiquiled  or  uniqui  ■oidi. 

IS-  SaUutk — Id  SiUiMi  >  yoaogtx  ccntempaniy  o(  Ciccn, 
iM  have  the  etriicM  aHi4>lete  ipecimeii  ol  hiMoncil  ninuivc. 
It  i>  ptobkbly  due  to  bia  lubject-aiuciT,  *t  leut  in  put,  Ihil  bii 
■tyle  ii  outked  by  frequent  uduiinui  but  KNiielhuii  muit 

which  led  Um  to  be  oiled  priuanat  CMMiifM  Krtomii 
a  ODuiM  putty  t>(  wntdi  uid 
■c  hnve  o^y  cuiy  aiithoriliet, 
'  m/kIihi,  (Mnttir, 
...."•  idiB€,  aaif€ri, 
aOibia,mai  the  like,  when  we  may  aoticeopediUy  IbefondneB 
1m  tnqucnlalivci,  which  be  iloM  with  the  a  '  " 
partly  in  InflectkicB  which  were  fnnri 
mM,  amfnai  (dep.),  WffafDn*,  « 


56.  ZiMrM^w  I*  laiscly  aicbiic  ia  hil  atyle.  We  find  ni  for 
ana,  od*  for  «•,  >tf«,  ■&«.  mu  and  sUh  ai  genltim,  o/tit 
In  dtnit,  nitia  u  a  geaitive  by  the  sde  of  genitivci  in  -oi. 
ablalivta  ia  -i  tihe  e^i,  wK,  paiU,  naminatlvca  in  i  loi  r,  like 
ttttt,  MpM,  kumti.  In  verba  ibere  aie  koM,  fulitt,  fuauil, 
uuflatl  •'o^uidisit,  Kcuii— rMCuujt 
"'EC  Higcn,  laart,  aitn. 


ia.  tmeifa  whicfa  KEiindi  ui  tA  Ennlu:  iaquc  ttHri.Htpu 
imfala,  aiiia  frime.  But  Ihii  archaic  tinge  ii  adopted  inily  fM 
poetical  porpoaia,  and  aa  a  proof  of  hii  devotion  to  the  earliei 
raauen  of  hii  art;  It  doei  not  afiect  the  lensal  lubitaoce  of 
}at  ttyle,  whidi  ia  of  the  freshest  and  moet  vigonng  itamp. 
Bin  the  puiity  o[  bii  idioiB  is  dM  gained  by  any  slavish  idheRnts 
to  a  reeofnind  vocabulary;  be  coins  words  Trec^;  Munre 
bat  noted  OMte  than  a  hundied  tnf  irriiiaa,  or  words  which 
be  alone  among  good  wiilen  uses.  Many  at  these  an  {omitd 
On  familiar  tnodds,  such  as  compounds  aod  fTequentatives; 
«tbeia  aie  directly  borrowed  from  (he  Greek  apparently  with  a 
view  to  iweetneas  of  rhythm  (iL  411,  v.  334,  joj);  otben  again 
(tarty  or  more  in  number}  are  compaondi  o(  a  kind  which 
(be  classical  language  refused  to  adopt,  such  as  iMfratui, 
ItttfUqiaa,  fetttrricritui.  He  represents  not  so  much  a  stage 
hi  the  bistory  of  the  languiige  as  a  protest  against  the  tendencies 
(aihkmable  in  hit  own  time.  But  bis  mSuence  was  deep  upon 
VlrgQ,  and  through  bim  upon  all  subsequent  Latin  lilenture. 

57.  CalnBiit  gives  na  the  type  of  the  language  of  the  cultivated 
drclea,  llfled  Into  poeliy  by  the  simple  dirccines  with  which 
It  ii  used  to  Hprtsa  emotion.  In  his  hendc  and  elegiac  poems 
be  did  not  escape  the  Influence  o[  the  AleiandrUn  school,  and 
hb  genius  ii  31  suited  (or  long-continued  flights;  but  in  his 
lyrical  poctns  his  language  is  altogether  pcifect.  As  Micaulay 
Sayi: "  No  Latin  writer  Is  90  Creek.  The  simplicity,  the  pathos, 
the  perfect  grace,  which  I  find  In  the  gnat  Albeaian  nwdels  are 
tU  in  Catullus,  and  in  him  alone  of  the  Roroans."  The  language 
of  these  poems  comes,  nearest  perhaps  to  that  o(  CicFro'i  more 
Intimate  letters.  It  is  (uU  of  tsDoqiual  idioms  and  familiar 
language,  of  the  (Eminu lives  of  sSeclion  or  of  playlulnest. 
Grttk  words  are  rare,  especially  En  the  lyrics,  and  those  which 
are  employed  ate  osty  such  ai  had  come  to  be  current  ciun. 
Archaisms  an  but  iparin^y  introduced;  but  lor  metrical 
reisons  be  ha*  foul  instancCT  of  the  inf.  pass.,  in  -ier,  and  Several 
coatnded  (nuns;  we  find  alsoulu  and  olid,  wU  [gen.j^and  the 
aoliqusted  klali  and  nttftt.  There  an  traces  of  tbt  poputai 
language  in  tbe  ibortened  imperativts  taM  and  manl.  in  the 
analytic  perfect  ^riloM  kaba,  and  in  the  use  of  wiiu  approaching 
thai  of  the  indefinite  article. 

5S.  Staa. — The  porta  of  ibe  Aiiguslia  age  mark  the  opening 
of  a  new  chapter  in  the  history  o(  tbe  Lalin  laniuaK,  The 
influence  of  P- '—  ■^-  -'—     '  '■    ■ -^^ 


nlihou^  Sutius  bniulcd  hli  lyika,  aid.?eniutand  Juvanal, 

especially  the  former,  bis  satires,  on  the  whole  there  are  few 
traces  of  any  deep  mark*  left  by  him  on  the  laogusge  of  later 
writers.  In  his  Satira  and  EfuUa  the  diction  is  that  ol  the 
contemporary  vbaniiai,  differing  hardly  at  all  from  thai  of 
Cicero  in  his  epistle*  and  dialogues.  The  occasional  archaisms, 
such  (s  the  sywspe  in  ncfumai,  aasii,  turran,  the  infinitive* 
in  -iir,  and  the  genilives  dcum,  dimm,  may  be  explained  as  stiU 
cooversstioaally  ailawsble,  (botigb  ceasing  to  be  current  io 
lileralute;  and  a  similar  uplaoitioa  may  iccoubI  for.  plebeian 
terms,  t.t,  ialtb*,  Ualtrt,  giorng,  Mitife,  laffa,  mldm,  taldia, 
turtili,  lor  tbe  numennB  diminullvet,  and  (or  such  ptonouna, 
■dvette,  gmjunction*  and  turns  d  asprcasioa  a*  <rtn  contmoo 
in  ptOM,  but  net  found,  or  (aund  but  laisly,  in  elevated  poetry. 
Greek  word*  an  used  sparingly,  not  with  the  lictflce  which  be 
cenwra  In  Uiciliua,  and  in  his  beiaiaelen  art  (raised  according 
to  Latu  rules.  In  ibeOdei.  on  the  other  hand,  the  laoguagtis 
eauch  mon  predstly  limited.  There  are  practi<aHy  no  iicbaiuna 
(tfUTfiT  In  Cam.  iv.  1 1.  B  is  a  doubtful  eueption).  or  ptebeiaD 
ions;  Greek  Infl— *l^nt  ire  employed,  but  not  with  the 
of  CaluUos;  there  arc  no  dative*  in  I  or  lOi  like  TdM 


or  Dryasia;  Greek  01 


lo-called  Greek  accusslWe,  tbt 
ludari,  datrlart,  the  Cransitivit 
L  the  past  participle,  sarfgiutol, 
,  .  la  a  "prcdative"  use  of  tbe 
laGaltiw  after  vtrix  and  adjective*,  where  ptose  would  have 
cmplqred  other  anstructioaa,  which,  thongh  not  Uniited  u> 
Honcc,  is  moot  ""-— -n  with  him  than  with  other  poets. 
Compoonds  an  ttey  ^xrintfy  cnployed.  and  ippanntly  only 
when  sanctioned  by  authsrity.  [fis  own  iBnovations  In  voce. 
bulary  an  not  nnmerona  About  eighly  JUa{  ijntmi»  haw 
been  noted.  Like  VligU,  be  shows  hi*  eiqaisiie  ikill  n  the  use 
of  language  ntber  in  the  aelectlan  from  already  eiltling  sic 


rOvid. 

sg.  Kirfil.— It)  VlrgQ  the  Lathi  language  reached  hi  full 
maturity.  What  Cteero  was  to  the  period,  VitgH  was  to  the 
hexameter;  Indeed  tbe  changes  that  be  wrought  were  atiU 
more  marked,  inasmuch  ai  the  language  o(  venc  admit*  of 
greater  tabtlety  and  finUi  than  even  the  most  aitistie  piMt. 
For  the  stralghtforwsid  Idiomatic  simplicity  of  Lucretius  and 

with  the  suggestion  of  the  most  varied  sources  of  in^slration. 
Sometimes  it  ii  a  phrase  of  Homer's  "conveyed"  liter^y  with 
happy  boldness,  lometlmes  it  is  a  line  of  Ennius.  or  again  aome 
artistic  Sophoclean  csmbinatloo.  Virgil  was  equsSy  [amlllsr 
with  the  peat  Creek  models  o(  style  and  with  the  urlier  Laliu 
poeta  Thia  laming,  guided  by  a>  unerring  aefisc  of  boai  and 
hummiy,  enaUed  Um  to  ghre  to  bis  diction  a  music  lAich  ncalls 
at  once  the  (ullett  tone*  of  the  Gi«di  lytc  and  the  lofty  atrtins 

in  languagt  has  oftea  been  noticed,  bat  It  nevtf  panes  into 
pedantry.  Hia  vocabulary  and  constmclioB*  an  ofUn  tilA  ■* 
would  have  conveyed  to  bis  conienporaries  a  grateful  Savour  of 
the  past,  but  they  would  never  have  been  uninteUj^blc  Forms 
like  iww,  ttt*  or  adinUKr  can  have  delayed  no  one. 

In  the  detail*  of  syniai  it  isdiKcnli  to  notice  sny  eeodiariy 
Virgilian  points,  (or  tbe  reason  tbat  bis  ttngaige,  like  that  of 
Cicero,  becaoM  tbe  canon,  departures  Inm  which  were  accounted 
Irregularities.  But  we  may  notice  at  favourite  constracliant  ■ 
free  use  ol  oblique  cases  in  the  place  of  the  more  definite  Con- 
struction with  prepositions  usual  in  prose,  eg.  U  daaur  ado, 
ftt  itwliM.  risii  carfotia  siiu,  tjtctalsw  iuptSaxon,  and  many 
similar  phrases:  the  employment  of  soene  suhauntiven  a* 
adjectives,  like  tcnoUr  (inii.  andviceverta,itpAu4aBiifal>faiii; 
a  prolepiic  nte  of  tdjeclives.  at  (rtifia  lm%<Mt;  idioms  invdviiig 
iUf.  al^,  rftii^.  Aniid.fw'ii.Ki,  and  the  frequent  occurreat*  of 
paasivt  verb*  in  tbeii  ctiBei  reSoive  saiK,,*s  Uidii'',  ■■i',  t"""- 


LATW  LAMGUAGfe 


fc.  lAy-^f'  tbc  liBialiHy  v»M  tni-  bniiliful  itylr  of 
livy  wc  find  Litin  prose  in  rich  maturity.  To  a  training  In  the 
rikdorical  Khooli,  and  pcrhapd  proEcBsional  CTpcrienCT  As  ■ 
tacba  of  rbetoric,  he  idded  ■  thorough  fiuilJlirily  with  toa- 
cniFoniT  podiy  ind  with  the  Cmk  lingaaEc;  ind.  these 
ittilomenU  have  it]  deeply  coloured  hi>  hmgugge.  It  ia  proUbk 
that  the  vBrieiy  o(  style  nalurtlly  mggested  by  ''    "  "      


«bjeet. 


1   bill-ai 


e  phraiei  and  conMructhnu  OS  the  diffennt 
bora  be  foJIowed  In  dilTeitni  piii)  d  hi>  work; 
ud  the  imliBtry  of  Oertnin  eritiet  hu  gone  (ir  la  demonstmie 
a  nnclmfon  likely  eoon^  in  itsell.  Hence  pnhip)  eomea  the 
hilly  btDg  liM  of  Mdiaintra,  especially  in  formulae  (ef.  KUhnasi, 
Ut.  5yiif.  pp.  >4-i8).  These  an,  hovevn,  punly  iiolited 
pbRUDienA,  vrhtch  do  not  affect  (he  general  rone.  It  ia  difierent 
with  the  poetical  cfwittuctioDi  and  Craedims,  which  appear  on 
crrry  page.  .Of  the  latter  we  find  nuneroui  instances  in  the  use 
«l  the  cases,  e-r.  in  genitives  like  via  pratdat  ontissat,  ofpidum 
amfi;  In  datives  like  qui^siam  totcniibvs 


especially  frequent 


a  Uke  I 
use  al  tiansilive  vert»  absolutely;  and  the 
ol  the  reflexive  pronoun  as  the  subject  of  an 
ioEiutive  iti  reported  speedi.  To  the  same  source  mull  be 
Buigned  Ihe  very  frcqueat  piEgnant  constructiba  with  preposi- 
tioBa,  an  altractlan  of  nlitives,  jnd  Ihe  gjeaC  eitenslon  ol  the 
employnient  of  lelailve  adverbe  of  phce  instead  of  relative 
Pfonoung,  (.(.  qua— in  quim.  Among  his  poetlad  chararteristics 
we  may  place  the  eatensive  fist  of  words  which  are  found  for  the 
fast  thne  in  hb  works  and  la  those  of  VlrgQ  Di  Oviil.  Ind  peihaps 
his  eorOTnon  use  oF  concrete  wonla  for  collecdve,  r-g.  equet  for 
ffiilUJii],  of  ibittact  tenni  such  as  rtmigium,  lerriiia,  mieta, 
uxl  of  frequenlitlTe  vetbs,  to  ssy  aoIhiBg  ol  poetical  phnses  like 
isB  iiM  Hea  dtdil,  adt/tmrn  nvnaiiim,  (tc.  Indications  of  the 
eitended  use  of  the  jubjonciivt,  which  he  (hares  wHh  con- 
tempomy  wriien,  espedaUy  poets,  an  (oiiod  in  the  construction 
of  oa^  fiuiH,  t*^i  fficdM  with  this  mood,  even  when  there  !s  no 
aaddyiog  notion  of  antftipaiiDn,  of  (fffrtdc^andof  fum  meinlhg 
"wbeaevef."  On  the  other  hind, /srritaR  and  fuiinni,  isin  the 
poets,  aic  naed  with  the  indicative  in  {oigetfulness  of  their 
o-iginal  force,  Ainong  his  individual  peculiarities  may  be 
DOtlced  the  large  Duinbn  of  verbil  nouns  in  -Iw  (for  which 
Dcero  prefers  fornii  In  -(&)  and  In  Jar,  and  the  ejiensive  use 
of  the  paat  pas^ve  participle  to  replace  an  abstract  substantive, 
<-f .  ex  dictctarla  imptrio  ioitcmito.  To  Che  arrangement  ol  words 
Llry  is  much  more  free  than  any  previfTui  prcoe  writer,  itnlng, 
&e  the  poets,  it  the  most  efFectfve  order.  His  periods  are  con- 
ttrneted  with  less  regularity  than  those  of  Cicen,  but  they  gain 
M  least  as  much  in  viriciy  and  energy  as  they  lose  in  uniromiity 
of  rhythm  and  arlbtic  finish.  Mu  Ityte  cannot  be  more  £tly 
described  (han  In  Ihe  language  of  QulntilLan,  who  speiLs  of  bis 
sifro  tUtiitditaiviA  lactea  ubtrtji. 

6i.  /rv^erliai.— The  language  of  Propertlus  is  too dtstbiclly 
his  own  to  call  for  detailed  eiiminBtion  here,  11  cannot  be 
IiVen  as  a  spedmtn  of  Ibe  great  current  ol  Ihe  Latin  bnguage; 
it  is  rather  a  tributary  springing  from  a  source  apati,  tinging 
to  wnie  sHght  alent  Ihe  stream  into  which  it  poors  itself,  bul 
soon  ceasing  W  affect  It  fa  any  pereeptible  fashion.  "His 
etMCnrity,  his  indirectness  and  his  incoherence  "(to  adopt  the 
■wds  of  J,  P.  Postgatt)  were  loo  much  out  of  harmony  with 
the  Latin  listeforhimtobe  regarded  as  in  my  sense  representa- 
tive; somelimet  he  seems  to  be  hardly  wnling  Latin  at  all. 
Pinly  from  his  onn  strikingly  independent  genius,  partly  from 
hii  profound  and  not  always  judicious  study  of  the  Aieiandilan 
"tilers,  his  poems  abound  fo  phrases  and  constructions  which 
a  pitallet  in  Lalhi  poetry.     His  irchaisms  «nd 


Graeci 


n  «hd  in 


but  frequently  there  is 

positions  which  can  only  oe  cue  10  nora  ana  inoepenoi 
tlons.    His  style  well  deserves  a  careful  study  for  it: 
W.  J,  P.  POstgatc's  Inlmdutlian,  pp.  Ivil.-cirv);  l 
coBiparalivelyliLileslgnifJcanceln  the  history  of  the  111  _     _ 
*i.  Owi.-'The  brief  Ind  Tew  poeros  of  Tibuliui  lupp^  BnTy 


what  is  given  much  more  fully  In  the  works  of  Ovid.  In  these 
„  „  recognised  aa  thai  best  £lted  for  poetry 
by  the  fashionable  circle)  in  tbe  later  years  of  Augustus.  The 
Kyle  ol  Ovid  bean  many  traces  of  the  [miurfon  of  Virgil,  Horace 
md  Propertlus,  but  it  Is  not  less  deeply  affected  by  the  iheloric 
if  the  idh»ls.  His  nevcr-lailii^  fertility  of  fancy  and  command 
>I  diction  often  lead  him  into  a  diflusencss  whidi  man  Ihe  effect 
of  hb  b«l  works;  according  to  QuintlGan  it  was  only  in  his 
(lost)  tragedy  of  Utdta  that  be  showed  what  real  eicellencs  he 


nisi 


largely  fo 


;  if  he 


tau^t  them  smooibness  of  veniGcation  and  polish  of  tanguigi, 

hem  to  arm  al  rheloriol  point  and  striking  turn*  of  ea- 
ap,  instead  of  1  Gnc  grtup  of  •  lubjeet  at  a  whole,  and  due 
lination  of  the  severxl  parts  to  tbe  general  imprcssioB. 
I  own  inSuence  on  language  was  not  great;  he  took  Ihe 
n  of  poetry  as  he  found  ft,  formed  by  the  labours  of  his 
predecessors;  the  conflict  between  the  arehiistic  ind  the 
~  'dzing  schools  wis  already  aetlled  in  favour  of  the  latter; 
all  that  he  did  was  to  accept  Ihe  generally  accepted,  jnod  els 
rpplying  the  material  In  moulding  which  his  luiuriani  fancy 
could  hive  free  play  He  has  no  deviations  from  classical 
syntax  but  Iboee  which  were  coming  into  fashion  in  hU  lime 
(e.g  firiilcn  sai  quatmii  wilh  tbe  indie,  the  diiiveDftheageiti 
wilh  passive  verbs,  the  ablative  for  the  accusative  of  lime,  Ihe 
rnSnitive  after  adjectives  Eke  artu,  apiia,  &c.),  and  but  few 
peculiarities  in  his  vocabulary.  Ills  only  in  the  letlen  from  the 
~\mtu3  that  laxities  of  conslraction  are  detected,  which  show 
hat  the  purity  of  his  Latin  was  impaired  by  his  residence  away 
ram  Rome,  and  perhaps  by  rncieisbg  carelessness  of  com- 
osition. 

6j,  T*f  Latin  if  DaSy  «/(.— While  the  leading  writer*  of  the 
Ciceronian  and  Augustan  etas  enable  us  to  [race  the  gradual 
^etopmenl  of  ihe  Latin  language  to  lis  utmost  £nlsb  as  an 
utrument  of  Iherary  expression,  Ihere  are  some  less  Important 
-uthon  who  supply  valuable  evidence  of  Ihe  character  of  the 


/of  Caesar's  o' 


irinlcii 


:olhe 


roirgher  in  style  e 
and  Dt  Bdle  Gallia  Liber  VI It',  which  are  now  with  justice 
ascribed  to  Hittiiis,  There  is  sufficient  difference  betaeen  Ihe 
two  to  justify  us  in  issuming  two  different  authors,  but  both 

qoated  and  vul^.  The  writer  ol  the  BeUua  AltxaiHrlHiiiit 
uses  a  larger  numbej  of  diminutives' wilhin  his  sboit  treatise 
than  Caesar  in  nearly  ten  limes  the  space;  fcstquam  and  uM 
are  used  with  Ihe  pluperfect  subjunctive;  there  are  numerous 
forms  unknown  to  the  best  Latin,  like  (rfj:JiiiMrIo,  apunipri, 
cnitiabniier  and  cmiia/nirii;  ^Dfier  Is  followed  by  theaccuialive, 
■  simple  relative  by  the  subjunctive.  There  is  also  a  very 
common  use  of  the  pluperfect  for  the  imperfect,  which  teems  a 
mark  of  this  pltbcini  urwur  (Nipperdey,  Qrueil.  Cscl.pp.  13- jo}. 


&SV^ 


»  of  Pelroniui.  The  narrative  aad  the  poems  which  u* 
xeo  into  it  are  written  in  a  >i^le  diitinguislied  only  by  rhe 
ry  pecit^rfliet  rA  silver  Latinity;  but  in  the  nunwrous 
HflnUtlit  distiactioaaof  laDtuaR  anmiinan  la  Ihe  viricns 
raanaccnrue^  pnaved.  and  we  tiiY<  lo  th*  talk  of  Iha 
and  provincials  a  perfect  stHthoUBC  t4  irord*  andcnaslAic- 

niBtmctiinu  may  be -noriced  maicuLjne*  Ifte  fams,  ersajj 
r.  (trkiduz  and  latum  (for  lac).  Mhifii  far  una,  (OUAmh^im 

niltioK  \,-u'k-tpiimv  i.'jaautt). ^^Sm 
diminutives        « ^       ^«*to«to.,^. 


IvATIN  LANGUAGE 


■ith  Zinj 

04,  To  lura  to  tbt  laafu^  of  litcnluR.  In  the  dark  day* 
at  libciiui  lod  the  two  >uccctdiii|  empcim  a  pinliaii  lecnwd 
to  have  come  upon  proM  and  pocliy  alike.  Wiih  the  uac  ex- 
ception ol  oraiocy,  Uicnturc  hid  Lon|  been  the  intciaou  of  • 
narrow  circle,  not  Ihc  expresioD  oi  Ibe  CDttgEa  of  nalioul  life; 
aod  DOW,  while  aU  free  speech  in  the  popular  aaembliea  vas 
silenced,  the  noble*  were  living  under  a  suspicious  despotiso), 
■tbich,  Dbatevec  the  idvaoltAe  wbich  ii  brought  to  the  poorer 
cUxes  and  to  ibe  provincials,  was  to  them  a  reign  ol  lerror. 
It  is  00  woiuJer  ibit  the  fifty  ycats  alter  ifae  aaeuioa  oi  Tiberius 
arc  I  bUnk  u  regards  all  hi^er  literature.  Vdlriui  Patecculus, 
Valerius  Maaimus,  Celsus  and  Fhaedrus  give  ipccimeos  of  the 
Lstio  of  the  time,  but  the  style  ol  no  one  of  these,  classkaj  for 
the  most  part  in  vocabulary,  but  occasionally  approaching  the 
[aler  usagej  in  syntii,  calls  for  special  analysis.  The  elder 
Seoeca  in  bi>  colleclioB  of  tuturiat  and  totlimrnet  supplies 
eiamplcs  of  the  banen  quibblingaby  which  Ibe  youuc  Romans 
mere  trained  in  the  rhetorical  schools.  A  coune  0<  iutruction, 
which  may  have  been  ol  service  when  iLs  end  was  efficiency  in 
active  public  life,  Ibougheven  then  not  without  its  serious  draw- 
baclu,  as  is  ihowD  by  Cicera  in  his  treatise  Dc  OnUtn,  became 
scriouily  injiuious  uliea  ill  object  was  merely  idje  display. 
Frose  came  to  be  overloaded  nilb  omanienl,  and  borrowed  too 
alien  the  bncuage,  though  not  the  genius,  of  poclry;  while 
poetry  in  iu  turn,  partly  owing  to  the  fa^iiaD  ol  leciuilon. 


6j.  Seneca,  Periiiu  ami  L 

Kan- 

In  the  write 

s  ol  Nero',  age 

theti  ate  already  pUio  in 

icatio 

J  ol  the  ev 

aBects  of  the 

tbetotical  Khools  upon  b 

guage 

IS  wen  BS 

teialure.     The 

leading  man  of  letters  wss 

undo 

btedly  Sena 

J  the  younger. 

"the  Oiii  of  prose";  and  bis  style  set  the 

model  which  IL 

became  the  fashion  to  imita 

e-    B 

commend  ilielf 

to  the  judgoeat  Of  sounder 

ticsl 

keQuinlilian 

who  held  firmly 

talbcgieaimssteisoUneg 

rliert 

me.    Headm 

IS  iu  brilliance. 

and  the  leniliiy  ol  its  point 

drelle 

lions,  but  ch 

rges  the  author 

and  tawdry  tricks  of  rhetoric.  Seneca  waa  the  wont  ot  models, 
aod  pleased  by  his  very  faults.  In  bis  tragedies  the  rhelorical 
elabonilion  of  the  style  only  serves  to  bring  into  prominence 
the  (rigidity  and  fiiquent  bad  lasts  of  the  mailer.  Bui  bis 
dicliMi  ii  on  the  wbok  fairly  dasaical;  he  is,  in  the  words  ol 
Muretua,  mliuli  htshku  rfjj/fnfto' fUM  faidsss  fne^/oif itfieW 
niifUiBilar.  In  Fervus  there  is  a  constant  [training  after 
ihetorical  efiect,  which  fills  his  verses  wiib  harsh  and  obscure 
ciprcasiona.  The  careful  choice  of  diction  by  nhicb  his  msster 
Horace  makes  every  wold  letl  is  exsggerated  into  an  endeavour 
10  gain  force  and  fre»hn(ss  by  the  moii  contorted  phrues.  The 
sin  of  allusiveness  is  fostered  by  the  fsshion  of  Ibe  day  for 
cpigDUn,  liU  hii  Una  arc  barely  inteUigihIc  aftet  lepeated  read- 
ing. Conlngtan  happily  luggaled  that  Uiis  style  was  ssumed 
only  for  satiric  putpota.  and  pointed  out  that  wben  Dot  writing 
■alice  FeiiliU  wu  u  simple  and  UDiSecttd  as  Horace  himself. 
This  view,  while  it  TeLeva  Fnsius  of  much  of  the  censure 
wbich  has  been  directed  against  his  want  of  judgment,  nuka 
Urn  aH  the  Btore  typical  a  lepresentarive  of  this  stage  of  sOvei 


ol  the  Uulu  of  I  style  espedally  attractive  lo  the  young,  hinrlJeJ 
by  a  youih  of  btilUant  bul  iU-diacipUaed  powers.  Tlw  Pkvialia 
abounds  in  spiriiul  iheloiic,  in  striking  epigram,  in  high  •oundins 
declamation;  but  there  are  lu  flights  of  sustained  inuvnaiioB, 
no  ripe  wisdom,  no  sdl-coiKral  in  avoiding  the  easggerated  er 
the  repulsive,  nn  mature  philoac^hy  ol  hfe  or  human  destiny- 
Of  all  ihe  Latin  poets  he  is  the  least  Virgiliaa.  It  has  been  said 
of  him  that  he  compLed  the  atylc  of  poetiy,  not  leas  than  Seneca 


a,  Frnlimi 


be  elder  Pliny  the  s 


It  the 


M.  Flmy,  i 
teodcDcies  at 

piosatc  and  inartistic  form  in  which  he  gives  out  the  suues  ol 
CUDiblDU)  etuditioD.    Wherever  he  attempts  a  loltier  lone  It) 
that  ol  the  mere  compiler,  be  falls  inla  the  tricks  of  Sene 
The  nature  of  hit  enQ'Cloptedic  subject  matter  natuially  Dial 
hit  vocabulary  very  eileoaive;  bul  in  tyolai  sad  gEoeral  \c 
ol  language  be  does  not  difftLt  materially  Inm  conlenpon 
wriiets.    Quictiliao  it  ol  inierett  especially  lor  Ihe  sound  jui 
menl  which  led  him  lo  a  true  appndaiion  of  the  w.iters 
Rome's  golden  age.     iie  set  hlmsdl  slienuously  to 
tawdry  rhetoric  fashioruble  in  his  own  time,  and  ia 
before  bis  pupils  purer  and  loftier  models.      His  own 
are  marked  by  eiccUeol  tssle,  and  ollen  by  great  haj 
expression,  which  is  pointed  wilhqut  being  unduly  epigi 
Bul  bii  own  style  did  not  escape,  as  indeed  it  hardly  could,  (ht 
inlluencef  of  his  time;  and  in  ouiny  small  poinii  bis  langtuga 
lalls  short  of  duvcal  puiiiy.    There  It  more  approach  to  tlvt 
simplicity  of  ihe  best  modeb  in  Frontinu^  wlu  furnishea  a 
striking  proof  thai  it  was  ralher  the  corruplian  of  literary  Last* 
than  any  serious  change  in. the  language olordinarycuUivsled 
men  lo  which  the  prevalent  style  waa  due.    Writing  on  practical 
nutleis — (he  art  of  war  uid  ihe  waler-supply  of  Rome— be  goes 
tliaigbt  to  the  point  wiiboul  cheioiical  Oiuiitbet,  and  the 
omaioenta  ol  style  which  he  occasionally  introduce*  sarve  to 
embellish  bul  not  to  dislorl  his  thought. 

6j.  Tht  FlniBK  ^(c The  epic  pocti  lA  the  Flaviaii  aga 
present  a  striking  contrajl  to  the  wrilett  of  Ihe  Claudian  pciiod. 
As  a  strained  originality  wss  the  cardinal  fault  of  the  one  school, 
so  a  lame  and  slavish  loUowing  o£  sutbority  is  the  mark  ol 
the  olber.  The  general  canaivit  of  Ihis  period  may  perhaps 
be  ascribed  [with  Merivale)  pinly  to  ihe  polirical  candiiiont, 
partly  lo  the  establishment  ol  profeauioal  schools.  Teadien 
like  Quintilian  must  have  done  much  lo  repress  eatravagance 
nf  thought  and  language;  hut  they  could  not  kindle  the  spark 
of  genius,  Valerius  Flaicus,  S^us  Italicus  and  PapiniusSulina 
are  aU  correct  in  diction  and  in  rhyihn,  and  abound  in  Icaining; 
but  thdr  inspiration  is  drawn  from  books  >nd  not  (iWD  nalure  or 
the  heart;  details  are  eUbomted  to  Ihe  injury  ol  Ihe  ImpnaikiD 
of  Ihe  wholei  every  line  is  laboured,  and  overcharged  with 
epigrammstic  rbeioric.  Statins  shows  by  far  the  greateu 
natural  ahilily  and  fcobae^;  but  he  attempta  to  611  a  broad 
canvas  wiih  drawing  and  cohiuiing  suited  only  lo  a  misialure. 
Juvenal  eiemplifies  the  ttndcnciesol  the  langutgc  of  his  lime, 
as  moulded  by  a  singulariy  powerful  mind.  A  oreful  study  cJ 
the  earlier  poets,  especially  Virgil  and  £jican»  has  kept  hi* 
language  up  to  >  hi^  slandatd  ol  purity.  His  style  Is  eminently 
rbeloriral;  bul  il  is  rbeloric  of  real  power.  Tit  concise  brevity 
by  which  it  is  marked  seems  to  have  been  the  result  ol  a  deUberale 
Biiempt  to  mould  his  natural  diauscneas  inio  Ihe  fqm  recognised 
as  most  appropriate  (or  satire.    In  his  verses  we  nolice  a  few 

age,  especially  the  shortening  oi  Ibe  bnal  -e  in  verbs,  but  as  a 
rule  they  conTorm  to  Ihe  Viigiliaa  standard.  In  Martial  the 
tendency  of  Ihis  period  lo  witiy  eirigtaa  End*  lit  moM  perfect 
embodiment,  combined  wiib  fii^shed  versificBtlon. 

6S.  Pliny  llu  Ytuiita  and  Tiicidu.— The  typical  prase-wiitca 
of  this  lime  are  Pliny  the  younger  and  Tadlua.  Some  feauirea 
ol  ihe  style  ol  Tactlui  are  peculiar  to  himself;  but  on  the  whole 
■he  fdDowing  slaiemeiu  repretenis  the  tendenda  shaitd  in 
greaier  or  leas  degree  by  all  the  wiiien  of  this  period.  The 
g^jju  lie  tnainly  in  the  direction  ol  a  1 


ab,C>OOJ(le 


oTT* 


LATIN  LITERATURE 


^S7 


■OM  cflMthc  trMMtt  <■  BOit  MitttarMtct  <(  ■  luck  oC 
hunuBy  in  tki  pnlodi,  ef  anwignnaBi^  in  wonh,  ol  niidy 
in  panfcSn  Mimat  Innn  tb*  knit  oOBBBtion  of  •euenn*  Tbc 
loabnluy'B  oUddtd,  bul  (htn  an  IwMi  u  mil  u  gains. 
Qautitiaa'S  Rauritt  an  fallr  bona  out  by  ihc  evidence  ol 
ututanll»ritiai  snttii  ODE  hand,  fai^^wrfnfMiirii  prefriiim 
flaal,  dam  ftrum  (ntUnr  daitliim,  furf  tt  aliui  iitiHil  (vilL 
prtttm,  14) ;  a  tmmpiiitima  fnofu  paaMnni^fBru  tn  »siula- 
luni  aniftumi  (nit  d«nM  jHfflriHi  siluit,  ri  ai  iU^iftudM 
■H  *^iu  lO  'Hfniii  (dfr.  15);  uwM  g*HU  fintf  Hfiira  ilidanl 
(A.  •«),•  an  (he  ecbtr  U»t,  muM  aOpit,  cam  katc  txtniUHt 
fnai  a  nrilBte  fiamlt  li^inl  incrtiitili  nr^mm  faUUie,  oc 
n'h'  nufiuii  farfoii  uriMifa  4t>cU(rtl  (vUi.  ],  >j),  muMi  culiVu 
a*  oirttf Bii  Jlita  auninter  «t.  t,  it).  A  vHlct  Ukf  SiKtoniw 
tbcRfon  did  gDOd  Kirlte  in  inlndudng  intsbii  wrliingi  tenia 
and  ptmact  bomwed,  oM  {ram  tbe  ibf  loridato,  but  ftiTra  the 
Dace  at  dally  Hfr. 
6a.  In  IlievaoabiiIarv(i<TaatiiatbaleanlabciKiud: — 
i.W<Hd>  boRimd  (csnKWuilv  or  UBCoflsciDuily}  [i —  -■-- 
cUsikal  poeii,  »pt---"    "■-■'  '—  '"  ■■■ 

S^SSfSSf^™.  __        ..   ... 

1,  Wocda  tECBiiiac  oglyt  or  lot  th*  Bnt  tia 
in  Cot  tha  moat  part  now  lonwUHOi  ot  co 

tinaidy  id  use.  CBpeaalty  verbal  ■ubsuolivn  la 

...  _.  '  •  «i>ia( "i  >m(i 
^iniiii>~;  duMm.  ~lo  behead";  impuan,  •in  bm 
(or  "Ac.;  <<)  RKrictedtoTachoihinielE,  cx^ufl''''' 
CcBeally  ipeBkinc,  lUlua  likaa  to  lue  a  elniitt  Ttfb  la 
1  eoApoHnd  one,  alter  the  laehion  of  Ihc  poete,  emplavi  a  ol 
lu  a  perfect,  a^  (like  Livy  and  wa>clia>e>  Caevr)  1 


n  b«|iiinit.   The  ue  of  iIk  a 

ritin.  thooch  never  lotind  tn  Quintillan. 

-■--  •-'•tnnd  bf  the -'—  -'— 

ed:  and  tbe 

„,.,  aad  paeilva , 

:  aad  tbe  dative  nth  a  eubitanlivt  in  place  ai 
'  h  TucilBi  than  with  any  wiiu 


I  pvd  vithout  a  pr^podtlon.  r 


1^  ablative  oF  fepai 

aamrm  of  couottlct  aad  wiiu  i.wun»i 
it  enpioynl  ilBiilarjy  without  a  pn| 

employed  even  OT  pereoni.  A  lar^  extenuon  u  given  to  the  »H 
of  (be  quantitative  [enilive  after  neutet  tdjectlva  and  ptoiKHini, 
and  even  adveibe.  and  to  the  jnaifive  aiih  active  Batiiapln;  and 
■be  (eaitiva  of  rtlalioa  alter  adlcctivn  i>  (pnliabb'  by  a  Cneeiini) 
very  Ireely  emplojied.    In  leiaJii  10  pcepMitioni,^  there  — -' 

amaotMitf  claiuea.    Ii 

and  hypoihakal  cbL — 
Lilie  IJTry,  tkc  vriteraof  ihit  time  liedy  employ  tbe  tubjunctiva 

nMJunctionL  vhich  he  doea  not.  la  dauae*  of  eomparlwn  and 
ptopaiioq  there  It  fiequently  an  ellipae  of  a  verb  {with  HikU  druf 
faoM,  Hf,  MMOoia) ;  Ignanr,  faoii  and  ailaf  are  ovd  to  intpTy  nor 

cfeuRd  «  pleaire.  (hmMiuai  and  fnaaaii  am  commonly 
^Jloied  by  tCriTbjiiuiivr.  evea  whea  denoting  faclb  Tbe  [ice 
BW  of  the  unltive  and  dative  at  the  gerundive  tndenaie  purpote  ii 
commoa  in  Tadina,  the  former  being  SnwM  limited  IS  him.  Livy'i 
pnoica  in  the  tne  of  particiBlea  ia  tatanM  n«n  beyond  Ibe  limili 
•0  which  br  nwicti  It.  it  lut  btoicakalaml  that  when  CaeHr 
va  SvB  participial  clauioa,  Uvy  baa  uaeen.  Tacilut  twcniy-Cour. 

la  hi)  eomprvHcd  brevity  Tacitui  may  be  Bid  10  be  individual: 
but  in  the  poetical  colouHng  of  hia  dtction,  in  the  rheioricaT  cut  of 


10.  Siattniia. — Tit  languagB  si'SBMonhu  It  et  inlncM  u 
I<viB|  a  ipecimni  of  lilver  Latidty  tioiott  (nltrely  fnc  Inm 
PenontI  IdioaynCTaiiei;  hie  tapnuiimi  tn  regiiLar  and  itralght- 
Ifnntd.  deu  and  batlnat-lik*;  aad.  while  in  ftammai  he 


doet  not  altaia  to  clanksl  parity,  be  k  ounpanflvdy  fete  Inm 

71.  Tin  Afriem  Lahmtr--*  new  era  oHtimaMXt  Mih  tbe 
acccnion  of  Hadrian  (tt?).  Ai  the  pnccdutg  half  centnty  had 
been  marked  by  ibe'  influence  cf  %iani>h  Latlnity  (the  Scnecaa. 
Lncu,  Uatlial,  Quintilian),  lo  in  t)ds  tbc  Altican  tiyle  waa 
paramoont.  This  ii  the  period  of  affected  archaisma  and 
pedantic  leaning,  conbintd  at  timca  with  a  recUea  love  ol 
innovation  and  axpetiobcnt,  Toaaillnf  In  Ibc  creation  of  a  lar^ 
number  of  new  fonnation  and  Is  tbe  adoption  ol  much  ot  the 
pkbdan  dialect.  Ftwito  ami  Apuldus  mark  a  strong  teacrion 
asaiot  the  oiilnre  ol  tbe  pr«ceding  century,  and  lot  evil  lat 
nxHc  ibaB  lor  good  the  chain  of  liienry  Iradillbn  was  broken. 
The  language  which  had  been  unduly  refined  and  elaboraled 
now  Rla[aed  into  a  tastelns  and  conluied  patch-work,  without 
either  harmony  or  brilltancc  of  colouring.  In  the  caie  of  the 
former  the  n^cct  mallei  It  no  tel-oS  agaim  the  itiEeriority  of 
the  ityle.  Re  dellberttely  allempts  to  go  back  to  ibe  obsolete 
diction  of  wtiten  like  Calo  and  Einiui.  We  find  compoundt 
like  Mpmiidia,  miiiaiotiaiaa,  lultillh^uciiia,  dimimjiivei 
tuch  *i  maliralia,  ennUa,  paiiaeiila,  i/siluJini,  lortns  like 
CMTirn'n.diiaiKiinHi,  falHiMttiui.  daidfiMiBima  (pajaivt>, 
naliciaJHii  paldH,  tboeiit  and  frrftiHgor  are  uicd  with  an 
accusative,  mtdaitu  with  a  genitive.  On  the  other  hand  be 
actually  attcmpu  to  levive  tbe  form  »a  lot  ora.    In  Apuldui 


only  01 


n  tbe  q< 


probably  w 

to  give  the  tone  to  the  whole.  Poetical  ud  prosaic  fdireaet, 
Graeciimi,  aoleduns,  jingling  taonanco,  quotations  and 
coinages  apparently  on  the  spnr  ol  the  moment,  all  appear  in 
Ifail  wundeiful  medley.    There  are  fomd  such  exttawdinaty 

fens  lorftrU.  Mmetimci  liMped  one  upon  another  at  j>u«t 
aafiaiH  Arnuiilai  H  /Higm  piafrra  It^aan  d  tdtrvH  dnilti 
Art^t.  Diminutives  are  coined  with  reckleaa  freedon,  t.^ 
iKulnk,  iMftrie,  miuidiift  aMfcM  el  oUiaKiile  nt  i^ni  fapiUoM 
tOctinelula.  He  confesset  himself  that  he  is  wriiing  in  a  language 
not  familiar  tn  hbn:  F*  urbt  LalU  advma  ihidiotHm  Quiritium 


a  style  ful^ 


rcfifar,  and  tbe  gEncral  impression  01 
i>  confescion.  Mdanchthon  is  hardly 
It  Apulelus  brays  like  his  own 


The  la 


.  abounds 


e,  ncaaari,  atnui^er, 


tttrtau 

Aulus  Gdliui 

In  nit  aad  archaic  words 

and  tn  meaningless  Irequcm 

afhniiuble  remarks  an  the  pedantry  of  those  who  delighted  In 

obsolete  eqinuioos  (li.  7)  such  as  tflnJa,  JUkiu  and  bniiulort 

but  hit  practice  falls  fat  short  of  his  theory. 

71.  Tkt  Lawyos.—Tbt  style  ol  the  eminent  tawyen  of  (his 
period,  foremost  among  whom  is  Gains,  deserves  espedal  notice 
asthowhig  well  one  ol  the  characteristic  eacellencet  of  Ibe  Lilin 
language.  It  is  for  the  most  part  dry  and  nnadomed,  and  in 
syntax  departs  occasionally  from  dasalcal  usages,  hut  it  is  clear, 
terse  and  enet.  Technical  term!  may  cause  dilBculty  tb  the 
ordinary  reader,  but  thrit  meaning  la  atw*yt  precisely  defined; 
new  compounds  »ie  employed  whenever  the  snb)ect  requites 
then,  bn  the  capacities  of  the  ttnguagi  ilte  to  the  demands 
made  upon  it:  and  tbe  conceptions  ol  jurUprudence  have  nsver 
beeH  aon  adc(|na(cly  eipToKd  than  by  the  great  RonaniM 
jorJiU.  (A.  S.W.;B.  S.C.J 

For  the  labteqacnt  Mttory  of  the  bnguiige  »  ROmAhci 
LaHGUaaas. 

UTIR  UTKRATURI.  The  genus  of  an  indigenous  Utnalvrt 
had  eiisKd  at  an  early  period  In  Komo  and  in  the  conntty  dls- 
Irkls  ol  Italy,  and  they  have  a*  importancr  as  indicating  nat  isal 
wants  in  tbe  Italian  race,  which  were  ultimately  satisfied  by 
regular  Utetary  forms.  The  art  of  writing  was  first  employed 
ia  Ibe  MTvice  of  the  sute  and  ol  religion  for  books  of  ritual, 
ireattei  with  other  tlatea,  Ihe  laws  of  the  Twelte  Tables  aad  Ibt 
Kke.  An  approach  ta  literature  wis  made  ht  Ibe  jlan^tt 
Maxtmt,  records  of  private  families,  Imeiat  orationa  and  tn> 
scriptions  on  busts  and  (ombi  luch  as  IhoM  of  Ibt  Sdpio*  in 


tATSN  tlTERATURX 


n  Wtf.'  -In  iho'MtiilUCIoa  ihcy  iSMded  to  Ibe 

officK  (fItniiMd*  perfonned  by  ttw  nUiaoi]  epic*  ud  ibt  worki 
«(  ngulu  binotiwtt,  A  tiUI  otuer  ippmch  lo  liurauue  wu 
pinbtbly  aide  IB  otiury,  as  «e  kun  Inwi  Ciccn  Out  iIm 
famou  spncb  dcLiversl  by  App^u  Qaudiiu  Caccu  isiinsL 
condiHliiit  pui^B  with  Fynkui  (>toB.c.)  muutani  iahit  line. 
Appiut  tbo  publblMd  a  coUectioaof  awnl  auiims  and  icIlKiioni 
in  not.  No  olku  Banw  Mudatdd  «ilk  any  (una  ol  liuniure 
bdODging  to  Ibe  pit-liunry  M*  kM  beta  pnaerved  by  tiulliion. 
But  ii  n*  nihct  in  lb*  ch*nU  and  Uiinis  si  ibc  anciui 
rclifiaa,  luch  at  iboM  oS  the  Salii  sad  Ihe  Fniro  Arvilti.  md 

cBiaioa,  that  some  icrmi  of  a  BUive  ptetry  might  have  bgCB 
deiettBd.  aad  inaUy  is  ibc  uKoI  Sutunilaii  vcoe.  a  metre  of 
pure  Dativi  ortfiB,  wliicb  by  ki  npid  apd  lively  oioveBwnt  (ave 
ttpntalM  10  tte  irivadty  aod  qakk  appKknuna  al  the  ItaliaB 
nee.  Tbii  bkUo  in*  eoipl^wl  in  ritnal  tyon^  «kicli  Kem  la 
have  awuKd  defalte  ib^caoM  s(  Ihc  urtunaiiau  c<  a  pfiiw- 
linprieMhoodrsaiaKlbt ndcceronoBiildaaoe.  livaialw 
turd  by  a  clait  el  bards  w  iuBenuil  loolbaaixn  known  by  Ibt 
aaiae  ol  i<iil<i,  ol  whom  Ibe  owal  lanwus  mi  ooc  Maidui,  and 
id  Ibe  "  FeKennine  vefMt,"  at  aung  al  baivetL-bonea  and 
*eddin(i,  Mhich  jave  eipresiDo  lo  itac  caanc  aaieiy  ol  the 
people  and  lolbeirMraasleBdcncy  to  penoiHiJniUtiy  and  laliric 

poena,  (tcoiapanied  with  vutie,  which  were  aunf  at  funeral 
banquet)  in  cdebniion  o[  the  eiploiLt  and  viiiius  of  diuin- 
luiahed  men.  Tboe  bad  ibdr  oriffB  In  ihe.ianw  imputic  which 
ultimately  found  in  full  (niificaiion  in  Konian  hiii^iy.  Roman 
•piclMeuy.BndihaifDm  of  Raman  onlory  known aifswfafiiiiKJ, 
and  in  aamsoi  the  (Mn  of  Horace.  The  laleit  and  piebably  Ihe 
n  of  Iheie  rude  and  incbotle  foimi  wat  that  of 
It  losHhcr  without,  any  legulai 


lusic  (Livy  vli.  >}-  Time  have  a  Ml  bcacin^ on 
he  udMsqueni  devclapmeni  of  Lniin  litentun;  They  prepared 
the  mind  of  the  -people  for  the  receplioB  ol  npilai  comedy. 
They  nuy  have  contnlHiMd  to  Ibc  toraialion  ol  the  ilyle  ol 
coMcdy  which  appears  al  Ihe  very  oiitacl  much  niore  inalun 
than  thai  of  teilDui  podry,  liatic  ot  epic.  They  save  ihe  name 
and  tome  ol  Ihe  cbanciemtio  lo  that  special  lileriiy  product 
el  the  Roman  toil,  the  uiu/a,  addraied  to  retden,  dM  lo 
apeciaton,  inhich  uliimaiely  wh  developed  into  pure  poetic 
aatfre  In  Lucibut.  Horacet  Fenius  and  Juvenaly  into  ibe  profl« 
•nd.  vcrae  mitceUany  of  Vairo,  and  inlo  tonwUuDf  aivnadiins 
the  pioK  navel  in  relieoiut. 

Fini  Fi'iad:  fitm  140  It  about  So  tc. 

The  hnlorical  eveni  which  brou^l  about  ihc  |>eaieH  cbanie 

ia  Ibe  iBleUectualcmdiiieiinl  the komani,  and  thereby  eurciied 

a. decisive  inOuenca  on  Ihe  wbolc  cBune  ol  human 
^^II^ZbI.  ^'^""i  ""i*  ^'  caplare  of  Tarcntum  in  aji.  Allct 
iBK  the  capiuie  many    Creek  ilavo  were   braufbt    Is 

Rome,  and  anonc  tbera  Ibe  y«U)|  Liviua  Andronicut 
((.  ifl4-ta4),  who  wti  employed  in  teaching  Gieek  in  the  fmily 
of  hi*  matter,  a  membei  ol  the  Liviaa  itn*.  From  ibat  lime  la 
learB  Creek  becauu  a  regular  part  el  the  tdiualiOD  of  a  Roman 

Romaniifni  ol  all  uuchem  iialy.    Soon  alui  cama  ibe  Gni 

(omnon  boMiliiy  to  ihc  CanhafiBtti,  Onek  aad'Kianaa  were 
brought  into  friendly  relatiooi,  and  the  Koman  armtei  mmi  have 
bcioOM  Itmiliar  with  ibc  ipeciacle*  ud  pciIeimanciB  of  Ihe 
Creek  IhcalR.  In  the  year  alter  ihe  wu<i4ri,  when  the  armiei 
bad  returned  and  the  people  were  at  leisure  la  enjoy  thefruitaoi 
victaiy,  Liviua  Andronicui  lubitiiuied  at  one  of  Ibe  public 
(aaivais  a  nguiar  dnm*.  tramUtcd  or  adapted  freni  the  Gieek, 
loi  ih*  muBcal  modleyi  (kIvhi)  bitheno  in  we.  From  ihit 
tiaie  dramatic  pcilormance*  became  a  regubr  accoaipaninacni 
■f  the  pubUc  ninu,  and  came  more  and  more  to  WKroub  m 


(he  oldef  kiixli  of  ■otuienMI,  toA  at  tkc  dnrlsl  raite.  Tha 
draiuiie  work  ol  Liviua  wat  mainly  ol  cducaiiw  valve.  Tid 
tane  Buy  be  aaid  of  hia  Iramlation  of  the  OdlUMy,  wblcfa  was 
still  used  atascbool-boakinthedayiolHotace.  and  tbaediiiiaaB 
bymn  which  he  wat  called  apon  to  compose  in  1117  had,  no  hi^ 
literary  preteiuioBa.  He  wai,  however,  Ihe  &nl  to  lamiliariia 
the  Romans  with  the  lorms  of  the  Ctedt  dmu  aod  the  Gntk 
epic,  and  thus  tedeteinine  Ibe  main  line*  whkh  Latin  Uletatata 
lollaiied  lot  Bwre  ihan  a  century  aliervaida, 

UkeLivius,  a  Greek,  but  eiihera  Roman  eitiaen or,  monptobablir, 
a  Campanian  who  enjoyed  the  hmited  diixembip  ol  a  v—rf— . 
Latin  and  who  bad  lerved  in  the  Raam  army  in  the 
first  Funic  war.  His  first  appearance  aa  a  druialic  auihor  wan 
in  1J5.  He  ad^Med  both  tragedies  and  comedies  frai*  lbs 
Greek,  but  Ibe  bent  ol  his  teiiiut,  the  ttaie*  «f  bit  audience, 
and  the  tondilion  ol  the  Unguagc  developed  IhnHigh  Ihe  apClive 

than  to  Irsgedy.  Naevins  triediometbe  theatre,  as  it  had  been 
used  by  the  writers  ol  the  Old  Comedy  ol  Athens,  lor  the  purposes 
al  politics!  warlare.  and  thus  seems  to  have  anlicipaled  by  a 
cenUty  the  part  played  by  Lacilius.  But  hit  allafki  upon  the 
RomanaristoRacy,  ttpecbliy  the  Mctelli,  were  resented  by  Fbeir 
objecii;  and  Naeviui,  after  being  imprisoned,  had  to  retire  in 
bis  old  age  into  banishmetiL  He  was  oat  only  the  £rst  in  point 
of  lime,  and  according  10  ancient  ttslimoiiy  one  al  the  liiK  to 
point  of  nerii,  among  Ihe  camk  poets  of  Rome,  and  in  -filrlc, 
though  001  In  form,  the  earliest  ol  the  line  of  Roman  saliriats. 
but  he  was  alto  the  oldest  ol  the  national  poets.  Besidia  cele- 
brating tbesucccasolM.ClaudiuiMarcellus  in  111  over  the  Ganls 
in  a  play  called  QarliifikM,  be  gave  the  GrsI  specimen  al  iho 
fab^a  p,a,l,ila  in  his  MimoHiun  RomiJi  ,1  Rrm!,  based  on  the 
most  nitional  of  all  Raman  iraditioni.  Slill  more  imiuilant 
•ervice  wu  rendtied  by  him  in  tui  long  Stiumitn  poem  on  the 
first  Punic  war.  in  which  be  not  only  fold  the  story  ol  ttxnem- 
patary  evenls  but  gave  shape  to  the  U^gend  of  the  teltlemenl  of 
Aeneas  in  Lalium.— the  theme  ulUnutely  adopted  for  the  great 
nalnnal  epic  ol  Rome, 
His  younger  contemponiy  T,  Macdui  Ptamut  U.  )]4-iB4) 

only  to  amuse  his  conlemporaries,  and  thus,  although 
more  popular  in  his  lifetime  and  more  foRunate  than 

iltlmate  survival  ol  a  large 


sslhana 


11  wn'lets  of 


Rom 

in  sympathy  with  cither  the  n 

riout  or  the  caustic  spirit  in 

literatur. 

Vet  he  is  the  one  e 

andv 

the  Italian  tempera 

menc  at  a  stage  b«weca  Its 

earir 

ndrigidHyandiusii 

oilarLnl 

nlUeiature.oI-hich 

aredigm 

y.  gravity  and  icrvo 

lu  ol  leeUng,  seemed  likely 

ment  adapted  10  aU  tlanes 

ofih 

people - 

n  their  holiday  mood 

But  a  new  i^iril,  which 

hence 

eared  in  Ihc  lime  of  Pliutus. 

Ulin 

literature 

ceased  10  be  in  close 

sympathy  with  ibe  popular 

ei  politically  or  a  .    _    , 

:  eipreuion  of  Ihe  Ideas,  seniimcnt  and  cnliuic  ti  Ihe  aiisto- 
tic  governing  clasi   It  wis  by  Q.  Ennius  C'JS-lfig)       ^..f, 

en  lo  Latin  Ulerilure.  Deriving  from  hit  birthplace  the 
turt,  hieraiy  and  philosophteat,  nl  Magna  Graecii,  and 
Ang  gained  ibe  ftiendshlpof  ihe  grcitcil  o(  Ihe  Romans  living 
Ihal  great  age,  he  was  of  all  the  early  writcn  most  filled  to  be 

Kccand  ibeierioui  genius  of  Rome.  Alone  among  iheaMct 
ilen  he  was  cndovcd  nilh  Ihe  gifts  of  a  poetical  imagination 
1  animated  with  enlhusiasm  lor  a  great  ideal, 
'int  among  hii  special  services  lo  Latin  literalure  waa  Ihe 
>h  impulse  which  he  give  10  tragedy.  He  lamed  ibc  eyes 
his  raniemponries  from  the  commonplace  social  hamaurt  ot 
K  Cnck  lile  to  ihe  contemplation  ol  the  heroic  age.  Bat  he 
.  not  thereby  denalionaliic  the  Raman  drama.    He  uiDBIcd 


ttrly  Creeca  with  ibr  m 


A-iOot^ie 


lATIN  LITEIUTVRI 


339 


unalon,  and  impiilnl  vdght  uid  die"ity  >»  tix  lii^uci 

tod  vcrK  in  which  tbcirMntLmEnEfcAnd  though!^  were  rxpnascd. 
Although  Home  wanted  creative  focce  lo  add  a  great  icria  Dt 
tragic  liianiai  lo  the  httraiunol  the  mnld,  yet  Ibt  ipiflt  oi 
etevuinn  ami  inofBt  authority  btathed  iDID  traesdy  by  Eiuilut 
paued  Into  the  ctUcal  aad  didactic  vritia^  lad  tbc  tntotf 

Anotber  «nk  wi*  the  Salvat,  wtittoi  in  Kiricma  meins, 
but  chiefly  la  the  trochaic  telmneter.  H*  Ihui  tHcame  ibe 
iavmlor  of  a  dc*  lam  oT  UientUR;  awl,  if  la  hk  handi  ihi 
Eotmra  fraf  rude  aiul  Indetennhuce  Jn  \\\  Mope,  it  became  a 
vcbidr  by  wluch  to  addns  a  reading  public  ott'outten  of  Iha 
day»  or  od  the  matenaU  o<  his  wide  reading,  in  ■  Myle  001  iof 
mnoTcJ  from  the  language  o[  Mtnmon  life.  His  greiieM  work, 
vhich  mode  the  Roman  regard  him  as  the  lathet  ol  thdr  liler*- 

tbe  record  of  Ibe  obole  cuter  of  Rome  *at  tiniolled  with  idealis- 
ing entbmium  and  realistic  detaD.  The  idea  which  Insulred 
EnniiB  was  ■IlimaMjy  reali«d  in  bovh  the  nitienal  epic  ol 
Viixil  and  the  mlional  history  (d  Livy.  And  the  nMrical 
vrhlde  it4uch  he  concd^rd  as  the  only  one  adequate  lo  hii 
grmt  Ibeme  was  a  rude  expcrfment,  which  was  ultimaltly  de- 
veloped into  the  stalely  Virgillan  hexametei,  £tCD  as  a  glxm- 
marian  be  perfiinned  an  biporUnl  lerriceto  Ihetilerary  Unguage 
of  Rome,  by  firing  ill  prosody  and  artesling  ibe  tendency  lo 
&erxf  in  its  £aa1  lyHabln.  Although  <A  hli  wrilinp  only 
iTagmenls  nmaia,  these  fragmenti  are  enough,  along  wllh  what 

him  B  Ihe  most  Important  imDng  the  makers  oi  Latin  liicralute 
beiore  Ihe  age  of  Cicero. 

There  t<  still  one  oibcr  name  belonging  partly  to  this,  partly 
to  the  nut  generation,  to  be  added  lolhoKoI  the  menof  original 

force  of  ndiid  Md  eh»i«clcr  who  treal*d  Latin  liten- 

^^  turt,  that  ol  M,  Potciw  Cite  the  Censor  (J3«-t49), 

the  younger  'contemporary  of  Ennlus,  whom  he  brought  to 
Rome.    More  than  Naeviui  and  Fbutus  he  represented  Ihe  pare 

Lalium,  (he  pMieian  pugnacity,  which  wu  one  of  Ihe  great 
forces  in  the  Reman  state.  His  lack  of  imagination  and  hit 
narrow  ptlriottsin  made  him  the  natural  leader  of  the  reidion 

ancillary  to  politics  and  10  objects  of  praclicid.nlliiy,  and  thus 


ward* 


■s  that  it 
foflowtd.  Through  his  industry  and  vigoious 
he  gave  a  great  impulse  to  the  citalion  of  Roman  oratory, 
history  and  systematic  didactic  writing.  He  was  one  of  the  Gn( 
to  pabllih  his  ipecchn  and  thus  to  bring  them  mto  Ibe  doo»iB 
d  liieraiuTc.  Cicero,  who  speaks  of  rso  of  these  speeches  as 
eEtaul  in  his  day,  praiws  them  for  tfieir  acutenns.  Iherf  wit. 
their  conciseness.  He  speaks  with  emphasis  of  the  Inpres- 
liveness   of  Cilo's  etdogy  and  the  satiric  billemess  of  hit 

Cato  was  Ihe  6rit  historfcal  wrfter  of  Rome  lo  use  his  nalive 
tongue.  His  Orit'^n.  the  work  of  his  old  age,  was  wtitten  with 
thai  thoroughly  Roman  conception  of  history  which  regarded 
actions  and  events  solely  as  Ihey  aflecled  the  conlrouous  and 
progressive  Kle  of  1  state.  Cato  felt  thai  Ihe  te«rd  of  Roman 
glory  could  not  be  isolated  Innn  the  story  of  the  oiber  Italian 
communities,  which,  if tci  fighting  against  Rome  lor  their  own 
independence,  shaicd  with  heribelasfc  of  conquering  the  world. 
To  the  wfdei  national  sympathies  whkh  sllmultled  the  tt- 
learchn  ri  the  old  censor  into  Ibc  hgendary  hlatary  of  the 
lialian  towns  we  owe  some  ol  the  most  truly  nallDtial  parts  ol 
Vittf'l  Ainad. 

In  Naevios,  Plantin,  Ennius  and  . 
contending  lotces  which  strove  for  ascendancy  ii 
what  was  to  be  Ifae  character  of  Ihe  new  lilemture.  The  work, 
begun  by  theiti,  was  c»tried  on  by  ymmgrr  contemporarto  and 
successors;  by  Stalius  Caeiillut  (ciio-iM),  an  Iniubrian  CdvI, 
in  comedy: '"  tragedy  by  M.  P«uvius  (c.»jo-iji),  the  nephew 
«(  Emim,  called  by  Gccro  tbe  peuot  M'  Roman  tngedlaai; 


and,  in  ibg  (aUowbig  Bctaaihn,  by  L,  Aodni  (c^iTO-St),  <M* 

was  more  usually  placed  in  this  positioQ.  The  impviM  given  u 
ontoiy  by  Catot  5eT.  Stdpicius  Galba  and  Dihen,and  along  liiLh 
It  tbe  de^iopmeDI  ol  pnne  cnnptsilian,  wot  on  with  iici(as4d 
momeiitum  till  ike  age  of  Cicero.  But  the  faitarv^  balweek 
Ibe  death  of  Ennlus  (i6^  lad  the  be^uiiif  ol  Ciccco^  cMMr, 
while  one  o<  progreHive  advance  iu  the  appRiiiatioB  (4  Utetaiy 
foni  and  st^e,  vu  much  leia  diuingnisbcd  by  orlginBl  fom 
tbu  the  time  imncdiattly  befwie  and  after  tbe  end  of  th* 
^acoad  PudIc  war.  Tbe  one  omaf^ie  survival  of  Ibo  gc 
afl«  Che  death  ol  BuuBt,  the  eoBiady  a<  r.  TcRMlna 
ACir  sr  Terence  (e.  i8s-js«>,  nmpli&ei  the  gain  In 
Uleeary  accomplishment  and  ibe  lav  in  literary  freedonl.  Ter- 
ence has  ■othingRonm  IT  Italian  eicepthii  pun  and  idiamMli; 
Laiility.  His  AlkcBtan  elegance  aflords  the  strorigBt  esMnil 
10  the  It^ian  rudeness  ol  Calo'i  Dt  S*  Jtulia.  Bylookintrat 
ihcm  logether  w*  underaliuid  bow  much  the  comedy  cl  Tereoca 
was  (Me  to  do  to  refine  and  humaniM  Ilie  manneis  ol  Boirkt^ 
hit  at  tbe  ume  time  what  a  nlvein  It  wu  ot  tls  discipUnc 
and  ideas  of  the  eld  npublic.  What  maka  TenKe  an  Im' 
portftnl  wiLoesft  of  Itic  cidtiar*  of  his  time  is  that  -he  wrote  Imtt 
the  centre  of  the  Sdpoflic  circU.'in  which  What  was  ncaa 
htmline  and  liberal  In  Roman  itaEcsmanablp  was  csmbiDcd 
with  Ihe  appreciiliDn  of  what  was  most  -vllal  in  thr  Cfftii 
thought  and  Kteiatun  of  the  time.  The  «in)e<fies  of  Tetmc* 
may  ibccefoM  be  held  ID  give  some  Indicalioa  of  the  'tasH>  ol 
Scipio,  Llelias  and  their  friends  In  their  youth.  The  jnllueBde 
of  Fenaetiui  and  Polylmis  was  Mort  adapted  to  (hetr  matorily, 
whm  Ihey  led  the  stale  in  war,  MalcsmaDShlp  and  oaatory, 

the  sympathies  of  Roman  juiists.  But  In  Ibe  Ian  yean  dotiof 
which  this  circle  Vepi  together  a  new  spirit  appeared  in  RomM 
politics  and  a  new  power  in  Roman  llleraLuie, — Ihenvolutionnry 
spit^t  evoked  by  the  Giacchi  in  opposition  to  tbe  long-roBtinucd 
ascendancy  of  the  senate,  and  the  new  power  of  RonuA.  salinv 
which  was  -eaercised  impartially  and  unaparihgiy  against  both 
Ihe  excesses  of  Ihe  revolulkinary  ^Hric  and  the  imiganc*  aad 

satire,  though  in  form  a  Itgiiinuti  development  of  iheindiftBiiul 
dramiLic  iiitv.fi  through  the  written  uluri  of  Enniui  uA 
Piciwias,  Is  really  a  birth  of  this  time,  and  its  ambor  was  -Ibe 
youngest  of  those  admitted  Into  the  intimacy  of  the  Stioieidii 
circle,  C.  Lucilhu  of  Suesaa  Aurunca  fc  tto-Hj),  ,,^^ 
Among  the  wtlim  before  tbe  age  of  Cicero  he  bIoim  '"^^ 
deKTVet  10  be  named  with  Nacviu,  Plautus  Ennioa  and  CaM 
iglnaiive  force  b)  hicrature,     Fm  about 


s  the  ir 


n  Roma 


IS  Ihe 


, the  poUtiis.  moralt, 

society  and  letters  irf  the  time  were  uftidwd  with  tbe  umsat 
freedom  and  pungency,  and  he  own  personality  WM  bteught 
immediately  and  familiariy  before  hb  coniempamies.  The 
yean  that  intcrfened  between  his  deuh  and  the  begUlint 
of  the  Clceionian  age  ate  shigulitly  banen  in  works  d  origind 

tra^c  writers  had  occasionally  taken  their  subjects  f ram  Komaa 
life  Ijilndar  pHrlntet),  and  In  comedy  we  find  tbecptmpundliig 
iDitlat  of  Luchu  Alranius  and  others,  in  which  comedy,  while 
assuming  k  Roman  dnsa,  did  notiisame  tbc  virtue  of  ■  Ranaa 


The  general  molts  of  the  last  fifty  years  at  the  first  period 
[rje  to  So)  may  be  thui  summed  vp.    In  ftMiy  ws  hav*  tbe 
satires  of  LucHius,  tbe  Iiagedits  <<  Acdns  and  of  ■  a(M«r 
few  luccesson  amohg  the  Roma'n  aristocfsCy,  who  nm»i 
thus  eiemplified  the  affinity  of  the  Roman  ««ge  I*  ^Tr,  m 

to  serve  ti  con1hiuBik>iu  of  the  great  poem  of  Enniut;  rnlnoe 
poems  ol  an  cfilgrammalfc  and  erotic  character,  nnlrr 
aniictpallons  ot  the  Atemndrian  tendency  operative 
following  period;  worlds  ef  criticbm  In  Irachakt  Irtr 
by  Porcfus  Ucinns  and  others,  (onnfngpart  of  IhE  nttlctt  and 
grammatical  movement  which  ilmosl  from  tbe  fini  itcMmpaaM 
the  creative  movement  In  Latin  (iteratire.  and  wWcb  Mqi  kk 


LATIN  LITERATUJU 

mix  ■<>•'  •pp'opautiy  be  lakm  u 


t  liuniy  ptoduct  ol  tlui  peiiMi  km 
dEitJtpcd  indeed  unib  (he  aid  «t  ibnt  itttock*!  Nndiet,  biii 
f,i,,i.i  itMlftbeiiimtdiaUowiQoiMoitheuBpnuliDUnMi. 
the  kfil  CDsOicw,  ud  >■»  politkil  pamimta  U  ihM 
tia*  gf  »|iHilin«.  Tbt  ifxakm  ud  wriun  of  ■  kaUr  ap 
linked  bMk  wi  Sdpia  ud  UeUiu,  iIk  Cncthi  end  Ihor  com- 
Wmpoariei,  L.  CnMuud  M.  Aninaiui,  M  manen  cf  Ihdnrt. 
!■  kJMory,  K|udtd  a  ■  (Kil  bnack  «<  pnm  littntwc, 
khmat  pnbable  '  


i|  t^  ffcaod 

^tuxe,  u  ft  WH  icuiuy  givca  to  uw  wofiii 
b  the  uliHk  vofk  «f  Uv]p,  mt  eancUd  Item  tbe  aeriy  ennaJi, 

te  meotorieli,  cembiaed  into  a 
cDicd  by  irminktii  end  rtdectioL 
,y  be  iwnliaiKd  L.  Cilpumiui  Tub 
Fni(i  (omul  ijj.  eentot  laS).  C.  ScmpnHUui  TudUanut 
(csHUl  itv).  Cn.  Cdliin,  C.  Fuiuia  (cunul  ui),  U  Cwliia 

1)0,  ud  Senproniui  Aidljo,  wbc  wnMe  a  hiuory  ei  his  awn 
boKs,  bavc  a  bfllLer  clain  t9  be  cOBskivnd  hisi^rius.  There 
wen  alao  ipccia]  woiki  on  ■niiquUia  ind  contcmpwuy 
MeBoin.  lad  uitobiesrephiei  wch  u  tbise  of  U.  Aiailiiu 
Ecuinu,  Iht  elder,  Q.  Luuiiiu  Calului  (codwI  io>  B.C.),  and 
P.  IMiliia  RuliM,  wbkh  Ivmtd  ibe  tMK«t  oE  tutun  hl»- 
loiiaw.  (See  (utlha  Ahmm«*;  and  Bohe:  Buttn.  Ancknt, 
I  "  Autkoritict." 

Altboafli  the  aniuk  product  of  the  Gnt  period  ol  Latin 
IkcmtUK  wlueh  hu  reached  ui  in  a  complete  >>upe  is  limileit 

mult*  ■  Bad  Ufic  d[  (b(  ecu  ol  mere  polecl  accemiiliiliineDi 
whkh  loUoved  i>  unmbiakable.  Wlule  hunevr  and 
ifinciti'  characteriie  the  railiei,  aikd  urhuii)r  of  loiic  the  bici 
devftopmenl  cl  ccmedr.  tl>e  teodeocji  of  lerioui  liieratvre  bad 
been  in  tka  main  practical,  cihical,  commenxiraiive  and  uiiiical. 
TIm  hitba  poetical  imif  ination  had  appeared  anly  in  Enniui, 
nnd  had  been  called  fortb  in  him  bysympaLhy  wilb  the  grandeur 

tcinalive  men.  Some  at  tbc  chief  motivci  of  the  later  pecliy. 
t4.  the  pleaium  and  torrowi  ol  private  lilc.  had  as  jei  louiid 
nrcdy  anyeijHeuWBin  UliDliiciatiue.  The  filicM  meuica] 
nhickforcpic,  dldutk,  •ndtatlric  poetry  bad  been  ducDiend, 


The  inAuencei  ol  Greek  literature  to  wUcb  Latin  liii 
ill  birth  had  not  ai  jrt  ipread  beyond  Rome  and  Lailun.  The 
Sabcllian  nix*  of  central  and  eMiem  Italy  and  ibe  iithi-Crliit 
and  VetKtiao  tacet  ol  the  north,  in  whom  ttN  poHic  (uscrpt  ibilily 
el  Italy  waa  meat  maaileil  imtiMntiona  later,  vett  iwl,  until 
after  the  Sodal  war,  HffidcDlly  fa  ^npalh]'  «ilh  Rone,  and 
<Kn  probably  mt  at  yet  nfidently  ediicated  la  induce  Ihcm 
to  contribute  ihtir  ibare  to  th*  natiooal  litenture.  Hence  Ibe 
(IKI  of  the  Social  war.andol  the  Civil  war,  vhicharoac out  ol  it, 
ii  maM  clewty  a  deieniiiiuiig  [actor  in,  Rwota  literal ure,  ud 


la  .Ibe  Md.«(  a 


Sttani  Ptrifd:  frtm  Sa  te  41  tc. 
The  Ual  ve  of  the  icpublic  cciadtki  aiib  the  bm.  baif  ol  iIk 
Coldea  ace  of  Roman  literature.  It  i>  lenrally  knows  aa  Ike 
Qceionian  ac>  from  the  name  ol  iu  (reaieu  litenry  npieMai- 
■live,  wboK  activity  as  ai  pcakei  and  wiiiei  wa>  uucmitiiag 
lioiiBineeilylbetibgkfcnod.  Itblbcateolpuieslcicellcnce 
in  pioee,  and  of  a  sew  birth  ol  poetry,  cbancleriaed  talker  by 
cmt  otiflul  force  and  ailiuii:  pnnUK  than  by  parlect  accem- 
pliihment.  Tbe  five  cbie[  re^reHOlatlvB  o(  ih>  age  who  Mill 
bold  tbeit  rank  anions  the  great  elitiicnl  writen  an  Oceto, 
Caesu  and  Salluil  in  pi«ie,  Lucntiui  and  Catullui  in  vetie. 
Tke  rnaki  oi  ether  pnw  writen,  Vam  and  Coraelin  llepai, 
hnve  been  partially  prtieivcdi  but  tbeie  milen  hnvc  so  ciuai 


ol  litetaiy  au4e.  Allbou^  litenluio  had  not  ai  yet  bccoDo 
K  trade  Of  peolniion.  an  eduaied  teodiog  public  alnndy  ealiled, 
aad  bmki  and  intcUectiul  intercsme  BUed  a  lat|e  part  of  Ike 
leitiin  of  nen  actively  engaged  in  aflain.  Even  oruoiy  vrat 
intended  quite  aa  much  lor  rcaden  as  far  ibe  audicncet  to  nhich 
it  vu  iflunedialely  addroted;  and  aomcol  tbe  greatcit  jpeechca 
which  have  come  down  from  Ihtl  grFAt  B|e  of  oraton  wen  never 
delivered  at  alt,  but  weic  published  ai  nunifeMea  af  1«  tbc 
evTBi  with  the  vie*  of  inBucntiiii  eductied  (^isiaii,  and  aa 
waiki  o[  art  with  the  view  of  giving  pleasure  10  edMaied  tattc 
Thm  Ihe  tpscchea  of  M.TuUiui  Cicero  (ia»-4j)  belong  to  Ibe 
domain  ol  literature  quiLc  aa  much  as  to  ikai  o(  fnicnsic  or 
politiDal  Draloiy.  And,  although  ^moatbenei  is  a  am^ 
miUer  ol  Uyte  unrivalled  even  by  Cicero,  Ikelitcrary 
inleieil  of  most  of  Ciceio's  ^leeches  is  uiongti  than  tbat  of  the 
great  maw  ai  Crcelt  ontory.  It  ii  urged  wilb  justice  that  the 
gieaier  pan  ol  Cicero's  Dtjaa  1/  ^diiaa  wu  inelevast  to 
'    ■  ......  ..    by ,  (jijjii  Hujn  0* 


ofliten 


ulon 


irlheia 


by  tbe  coniidenlions  there  iubr 
question  of  the  most  umponuy  in 

tbe  noit  impiewve  vindication 
vrillea.  Oratory  u  Rome  aisi 
cullivated  aa  an  art  which  ende. 
h  by  inlellcclual  con 


influenced 


orLante,  bas  produced  one  ol 
ol  bietaiuiE  evei  ipoken  or 
ned  a  new  type  Iiom  being 
rouml  to  produce  per" 
iction  as  by  appeal  10 


rr  fomi  it  only  one  elem 


The  Roman  oniory  ol  tb 


>of  di 


dignily  of  the 

u  had  to  deal  not  with  petty 

ters  a&ecling  the  well-being 
dE  large  provinces  and  Ibe  honour  and  ufcly  of  the  republic; 
tod  no  man  ever  lived  who,  in  these  respects,  was  belter  lilted 
than  Cicera  to  be  the  representative  of  the  type  of  oratory 
demanded  by  the  condilion  ol  Ibc  later  republic  To  his  glcat. 
artistic  accomplish ment,  perfected  by  practice  and  elaborate 
itudy.  Id  tbe  power  of  his  fuliiiitic,  kis  moral,  and  jKiMnal 
sympnthiei,  and  his  p«tiionue  einoiional  nalure,  must  be  added 
his  vivid  iuagiaaiicB  and  the  rich  aad  copious  stream  of  hii 
Unguage,  In  which  be  had  no  rival  among  Roman  writen  or 
spoken.  Il  hat  been  laid  that  Roman  poelry  kai  produced 
"  any,  vni  types  ol  chancier.  But  Ike  Verrei,  CaliUne, 
'  of  Citem  are  living  and  peRnanent  lypci..  Tbc  tlory 
the  Pn  CluiniiB  rnay  be  Itue  or  false,  but  ihepictuttal 
pnvfndal  ctime  whick  k  pnseott  ii  vivid^  dramatic  Had 
'  known  Cicero  in  his  speeches  we  should  have  ranled 
ih  Demeslhencs  ai  one  who  had  naliied  the  bighcat 
ideal  We  should  Ihink  of  him  also  at  tbc  cieatnr  and 
af  Latin  style — and.  Dioreover,  not  only  as  a  great  nnlor 
a  just  and  appreciative  critic  of  onlory.  But  to  ha 
to  Reman  oraloiy  we  have  U 


A-iOot^ie 


■opkjlsaniikjr  b«t  lolbaAtntoieof  pkihnophy.  Tboughooi 
(  phikaopker  be  ■  ■nadnuqitHc  ialapieMr  of  ihoH  Enaclu*  al 
fUkwipliy  whicb  ua  6tua  for  pncUol  ((iptkMioa,  ud  be 
PRKSU  0*  wi  tb  ibe  nmlu  af  Gceefc  ndectiaB  oivificd  by  hi*  own 
biuuc  qnopatliia  uid  fab  \ufB  *T*p'-»'*  of  nKik  In  gEvjiig 
i  Bodd  of  tin  U)4cia  vbicb  fauniuiatnat  on  bat  ba  imputod 
to  obstiact  diicuniontj  fac  used  faU  fieat  ontorical  gift  uid  ut 
to  penuada  the  wMid  to  acccpl  iIk  moat  bcfsful  opiiuDDi  on 
han»  dotitiy  ud  the  ptjndplei  of  cmdiict  anat  coodudvc  la 
dcvilioa  ud  inltgiity  i^  chuacler. 

■  The  IMIat  of  Cinco  are  thonusUy  lutnnl— uUmHta 
riwMiwi  aaBcmiK,  ut  ue  his  own  pbiaie.  CkEn'i  letlen  U> 
Auian.«id  lolbafiicDdi  with  wlninhe  wu  completely  *t  hii 
mte,  tn  Iba  Baat  liiuxn  and  inuocdiite  crpresioD  of  ibe 
Ibn^  Bul  fatlini  ol  tbe  Dwnieat.  Tbey  let  u  into  the  Kent 
of  bii  moat  Mrioua  thoughti  ami  cam,  and  tbey  ^ve  a  natural 
outlet  IS  hit  vivaialy  of  obiennUiln,  hi)  wii  and  humour,  bit 
UodliiKM  of  Dature.  Itabonhow  Seiible  aaiiiiliuioeiil  Latin 
pnae  bad  bcCDtne  in  fail  band,  wbda  it  could  da  justice  al  once 
10  the  ample  uu)  vcfaeneai  vdumeof  hiiontoty,  to  the  calmei 
add  ome  thyibmicil  movenuBt  of  hii  pbilowphkal  modiiaiioni 
ltd  lo  dM  natunl  inierchuig*  of  thought  and  feeling  in  the 
etayday  iniennune  of  Lie. 

AiDQDg  Ibe  many  rival  oiaton  of  the  a^  the  nHel  ccdnent 
■ere  Qkuntiu  Uorlcmius  Ortalui  and  C.  Julha  Caesar.  The 
g^-^.  lormcT  vaa  Ibr  leading  Apnaentative  of  the  Asiatic 
or  florid  style  of  omory,  *jid.  lilw  other  memben  of 
the  aristocncy,  such  w  C.Memmiu  and  I..  Masliu*  Totquiius, 
and  lika  Q.  CUului  in  Iha  pretcdmg  generiiion,  was  a  kind  of 
diletlanle  poet  and  a  piecunor  of  the  poetiy  ol  pleasure,  which 
HUioed  lucb  proniinencs  in  the  elegiac  poets  of  the  Auguslan 
■ge.  OtCJu]iu]Caesar(io>'^)asanBnIoiwecaajudteonly 
1^  bis  lepuLalion  and  by  Ibe  tgalimOD/  ol  his  great  rival  and 
tdvenaiy  Ciccmi  but  we  an  ibic  lo  iivnclaie  the  special 
pnise  of  perfect  taste  in  the  use  of  language  iltttbuted  la  him.' 
Id  bis  C^mmlariti,  by  laying  aside  ihe  anuments  of  oratory. 
he  created  the  most  admitible  style  of  prose  narrative,  the  iiyle 
■bich  pnaents  interesting  evenu  in  tbeii  sequtnce  ol  lime  and 
dependence  en  Ibe  will  of  the  actor,  rapidly  and  vividly,  with 
acaicely  any  coknuing  of  petsonal  or  moral  feeling,  any  oratorical 
pssaion,  any  piclorial  illkistratioiL  While  bethows  the  persuasive 
an  of  an  orMor  by  presenting  the  subjugation  of  Gaul  and  his  own 
Ktioo  in  the  Civil  War  in  the  light  moat  favourable  lo  his  claim 
lo  rule  the  Roman  worid,  be  is  cnlirely  flee  from  ihc  Roman 
fashion  of  idfJaudalion  or  disparagemenl  ol  an  adveiiary. 
The  diataclci  of  the  man  reveals  iUril  especially  in  a  perfect 
siRlfdicity  e(  style,  the  leaull  of  the  dearest  intelligence  and  the 
Mrangesl  tense  of  perianal  dignity,  lie  avoids  rul  only  every 
■mbihI  but  every  superfluous  word;  and,  although 


LATIN  LITERATURE 

nrintmaiE  lot  Ibe  I 
Y«  he  hu  (teat  value . 


inng,yet 


yfren 


lime  lo  time  be  detecled  a  glow  of  sympathy,  like  the  glow  of 

nsciva  with  which  it  betrays  itself  whenever  be  it  called  on  lo 
ncocd  any  act  of  personal  heroism  or  of  dcvoliea  lo  military  duty. 
In  Ibe  simplicity  of  hit  style,  Ibe  direcinas  of  his  narrBlive, 
the  entlra  abtcoce  ol  any  didactic  tendency,  Caesar  presents  a 
--  .  maikcd  contrast  to  aoolher  prose  writer  of  tlial  ngc— 
Ibe  historian  C.  Salluitiut  Ciispusar  Salluu  U.  Sj'iti). 
fjke  Varm,  be  survived  Cicero  by  i 


era.  He  wai  the  flnl  ol  Ihe  purely  aii 
(nm  tha  annalisti  and  Ihe  writers  i 
unitaled  the  Greek  hbtaiians  in  takii 
/■ivdun  War  ud  Ibe  Calilinaritn  C 
0(  artistic  treatment.     Kewrotealsoac 


Dllheei 


Is  ol  the  1 


SuOa,  of  which  only  fragmenis  ate  prcse 
Kxki  an  mon  valuable  as  artistic  studies  oi  ii: 
the  slate  and  of  personal  character  Lhanaslrusti 
tl  facts.  His  Ilyle  aims  at  cHectivcness  by  pre] 
teWentiousneu,  archaism.  He  produces  Ibi 
'  ialim  lajmi  lUinliiiiiiit. 


lotbcre 


rs  following  the  dcalfa  of 


«6i 


-  tl  njJnc  a  lUat  Ihan  tor  iti. . 
painter  of  bitumc^  portraits,  so 

m  author  who  had  ne«a 
part  in  nuking  Ustsiy 
before  urtdertaking  lo  write  il;  and  ha  civet  ua,  from  ibe  populai 
side,  the  views  of  a  contemporary  on  the  politici  of  ibe  time. 
Of  the  other  historians,  or  rather  annaliit*,  aha  bebog  lo  Ihii 
period,  such  as  Q.  Clutdius  Quadrigarius,  Q.  Valerius  Antiat, 
'  C  Lidnius  ilacer,  Ibe  father  of  Calvua,  we  have  sn^  fr*g- 


The  period  was  also  re 


irkahla  for  the  production  of  w«ki 
technical  or  scienliGc  ralhei  than 


efair 


chtticter,  * 


litnraty.    The  » 

gnat  that  be  it 

was  M.  Tireniius  Varro.lhe  most  learned  not  only  of  il 

but  of  the  Greeks,  as  he  has  been  called.    Ibe  list 

writing  indudea  over  tevent; 

hundred  books  dealing  with  ti 

His  Umipt**'  Stiurat, 

unfortnrialely  oidy 

Since  Ibe  Aiaialt  of  Enniua  no  great 
an>eared-  The  powerful  poetical  force  i 
'  lo  be  the  suongett  force  i 
aied  masterpiece*  of  ait  and 
tsclf  in  Ibe  latter  port  of  the 
which  enabled  Ihe  poetic  genius  ol  Italy  lo  come  to 
n  Ibe  person  of  T,  Lucretius  Cams  CsS-j^  were  entire 
from  public  life  and  absorpUon  ia  the  ideal  pleasures 
plation  and  artistic  production.  This  isolatioa  from 
u  ways  of  his  contemporaries,  while  it  was,  according 
\a  and  the  internal  evidence  of  his  poem,  dcilructivt 
(it's  health,  roulted  in  a  work  of  genius,  unique  in 
ch  still  atandt  faith  as  the  greatest  philowphical 
poem  in  any  iyigiiiae.  In  the  form  of  his  poem  he  followed  a 
Citek  originali  and  ihe  stuti  out  of  Mbicb  the  texture  of  his 
philosophical   argument    is  framed   wa*   derived   from  Greek 

Naiura  some  of  Ihe  moal  powerful  poetry  in  any  language  and 
feci  that  few  poets  have  penetrated  withsuch  passionate  sincerity 
and  courage  into  the  secret  of  nature  and  some  of  ibe  dreper 
truths  of  human  life,  we  must  acknowledge  that,  as  compared 
with  the  great  didactic  pcKm  of  Virgil.  U  ia  crude  and  unformed 
in  artistic  design,  and  often  rough  and  unequal  in  artistic  execu- 
tion.   Yet,  apart  attogclbcr  from  its  independent  value,  by  bit 

and  spectacle  of  nalun,  by  the  (rnh  creativcness  of  bis  diction 
and  the  elevated  movement  of  bis  rhythm,  Lucretius  eierdsed 
a  mon  powerful  influence  than  any  other  on  the  art  of  hi*  more 

While  the  imagiiutive  and  emotional  tide  of  Roman  poetry 
was  so  powcrfidly  represcDlcd  by  Lucretius,  aitEotion  was 
directed  lo  lis  artislic  side  by  a  younger  genera-  ^^^^ 
lion,  who  moulded  tbcrasclve)  in  a  great  degree  on 

tinguished  literary  critic,  and  C.  Licinlus  Calvus,  an  eminent 
orator.    Of  this  small  group  of  poets  one  only  has  survived, 

friend  of  Catvus,  C  Valerius  CaluUus  (84-54].  Me  too  was  a 
new  lorce  in  Roman  liicratun.  He  was  a  provincial  by  binb, 
although  early  brought  into  intimate  relations  with  member!  ol 
the  great  Roman  faoiilies.  The  subjecu  of  bis  best  art  an 
taken  immediately  from  hij  own  lite— his  loves,  his  fritndshipt, 
bis  travels,  his  animosities,  personal  and  political.     His  most 

that  he  first  shaped  [nio  poetry  the  enpericnce  of  his  own  heart, 
as  it  had  been  shaped  by  Alcaeus  and  Sappho  in  the  eariy  days 
of  Greek  poetry.  No  poet  has  surpassed  him  in  the  power  of 
vitally  reproducing  Ihe  pleasure  and  pain  of  the  passing  hour,  not 
recalled  by  Idealielng  reflection  as  in  Honce,  nor  overlaid  with 
mytbptogical  ornament  a*  In  PrO^^iH,  but  in  lU  tbe  kcenaeu 


l6] 


LA«N  CITERATORE 


e  iha  [ntivduccd  Into  R 
lilnaliire  thit  ptnonol  u  dittinct  from  polHiuI  or  tocii] 
vhicli  appun  lim  in  ihe  Epoda  ot  Hoiace  ind  the  £/iV 
of  MartU  Hlinlidpitnl  Ovid  in  [Killing  1he«tot[«o[Gr«k 
mythology  lo  t  secDMl  poMicaZ  life.  HiagrfaleatcontribuLi 
poetic  art  conuiled  in  the  peifcctkm  which  he  miiincd  In  the 
phalaedan^  the  pure  iambic,  and  the  mcaEOn  inctrci,  and 
' '  h  he  used  the  language  of  (ai 


of  the  r 


I  of  the  K 


relike  and  ■ 


artistic  eipressibn  to  his  fcelingi.  He  has  the 
the  last  poet  ol  the  Irct  republic.  In  his  life  and  in  htl  att  he 
was  the  pRcntwr  of  (host  poets  who  ustd  theic  genius  as  the 
Inlerpieter  and  minijler  of  pleasure;  hut  he  ri!»  sbosre  them 
In  the  spirit  of  penona]  independence,  fn  his  affection  for  hia 
friends,  in  hit  keen  enjoyment  of  natural  and  limplc  pbaiures, 
atvl  in  Us  power  of  giving  vilal  eiprtasioo  to  thew  leelingt. 

Tkiri  Ftriti:  Aafialan  Ate, 41  tela  ajk  if. 

The  poetic  impulse  and  culture  cemmuniciled  ta  Roman 
literature  in  the  tut  ytin  of  the  republic  passed  on  withoat 
ta^ixm  *"y  braSt  of  continuity  into  the  liltralure  of  the 
aflB^rtitf  succeeding  age.  OneortTooF  Iheeircleof  Catullus 
itmUw       lurvived  into  Ibal  age;  but  an  entirely  new  tjatii 

by  new  men.  educated  indeed  under  the  same  litcraiy  influences, 
but  living  in  an  altered  wotld  and  bctenging  originaUy  to  a 
different  order  ia  the  itate,  that  the  new  spirit  was  eiprcssed. 
The  literalure  of  the  later  republic  reflects  the  aympathies  snd 
ptcjudices  of  an  aristocratic  c3a£s,  sharing  In  the  conduct  of 
lulional  affairs  and  living  on  termsof  equality  vrilh  otic  another; 
that  ol  the  Augustan  age,  fint  in  its  early  serious  enthusiasm, 
and  then  in  the  licence  arul  levity  of  its  later  development, 

•orid,  snd  the  pursuit  of  pleasure 

mes  the  chief  interest  of  a  cliss  cut 

_      of  practical  life,  and  moving  In  the 

Btmosphen;  of  an  imperial  court.    Tlie 


teprcs 
archyw; 


lichbei 


off  from  the  hlghc 
reining  and  enen 
great  inspiring  influence  of  tbe 
produced  GisI  by  Ihe  hope  and  afterwards  by  the  lUfUmtnt 
of  the  resloiatfon  of  peace,  order,  national  gloty,  under  the  rule 
of  Augustus.  All  that  tbe  age  longed  for  seemed  to  be  embodied 
in  a  man  who  had  both  in  his  own  person  and  by  inheritance 
the  natuial  spell  which  sways  tiie  Inuiginatian  of  the  world. 
The  lentimeni  o[  hero-worship  was  at  all  times  strong  In  the 
RomiQt,  and  no  one  wai  ever  Ihe  object  of  more  sincere  as 
well  as  simulated  hero-worship  than  Augustus.  It  was  pot, 
however,  by  bis  equals  in  station  that  the  first  feeling  was  likely 

Virgil;  but  the  spell  wax  soon  acknowledged  by  the  colder 
and  more  worldly-wise  Horace.  The  disgust  aroused  by  the 
antl-natioDal  policy  of  Antony,  and  Ihe  danger  Co  the  empire 
whicb  wu  averted  by  the  tetull  of  the  battle  of  Actfum,  com- 
bined with  (he  confidence  inqiind  by  Ihe  new  ruler  to  twondle 
tbe  great  families  as  well  ai  ibc  great  body  of  the  pei^le  to  tbe 
new  order  ol  things. 

niiDe  the  establishment  of  the  em[nre  produced  a  revival 
of  national  and  imperial  feeling,  it  suppressed  all  independent 
political  thought  and  aaloo.  Hence  die  two  great  fomu  of 
prose  h'lerature  which  drew  Ifaelr  nourisbmmt  from  the  struggles 
of  political  life,  oratory  atid  conlemponty  hisloiy,  wcie  arretted 
In  Ibcir  devdopmenl.  The  main  course  of  liienture  was  (hui 
loi  >  lime  diverted  Into  poetry.  That  poetry  in  hs  most  elevated 
lorm  limed  at  being  the  orgaa  of  the  new  en|:Hre  and  of  rcaliiing 
the  national  Idcils  of  life  and  character  under  its  auspicds; 
andincarryiagoutthlsiltnilsou^t  torecaU  Ihe  great  memories  : 
of  the  past.  It  became  also  the  organ  ol  the  jikasures  and 
Interests  at  private  life,  the  chief  motives  o(  which  were  the 
love  of  nature  and  the  passion  of  bve.  It  sought  also  to  make 
Ihe  an  and  pottiy  of  Greece  live  a  new  artistic  life.  Satire, 
debarred  from  comment  on  potlticat  action,  turned  to  social . 
uid  iodivtdual  Dfe,  ud  corabloed  wtili  tbe  neirijr-devcloped ' 


lAUCUETAt*  AGS 
A  reflection  introduced  by  Clceiu. 


One  great  work  had  still  to  be  dom 
the  put  hisiorrof^he  slate  from  an  idealiiing  and  romantlcitlDg 
prAal  of  view.  For  that'  worii  the  Angssltn  age,  as  the  end  Ht 
one  gtoH  cycle  o(  events  and  the  bejitining  of  another,  ww 
eminently  Bulled,  and  a  writer  who,  by  his  ^fts  ot  imi^naiMK 
and  sympathy,  was  perhaps  better  fitted  than  any  other  matt 
of  antiquity  for  .the  task,  and  who  through  the  whole  of  tbii 
period  lived  a  life  of  literary  leisure,  wu  found  to  do  }ustke  t» 


The  new  influence  of  patronage,  which  in  other  times  has  chilled 
the  genial  current  of  llleratuce,  become.  In  the  persiHi  of  Maecenas, 
the  tftedhim  Ihitngh  which  literature  and  the  imperial  policy 
brought  into  union.    Poetry  thus  acquired  Ihe  lone  of  Iho 


orld,  V 


bthedi 


.  while  it  was  cultivated  to  (he  highest  pilch  of  artbtk  per- 
fection under  the  most  favounble  condltlonj  oE  leisure  and 
freedom  from  Ibc  distractions  snd  aniietliis  of  life. 

Theeariiest  in  the  order  of  llmcof  Ihe  poets  wbo  adoni  rUa 
age— P,  Vergiliuj  Maro  or  Virgil  <70-'9) — 1»  also  tbe  greatest 
in  genius,  the  most  richly  ndtivated,  and  the  moftt  »ML 
pcricclinart.  Kelt  the  idealizing  poet  of  the  hopes 
and  aspirations  and  of  the  purer  and  happier  Qfe  of  which  tha 
age  seemed  to  conliin  the  promise.  He  etevatu  tbe  present 
by  associating  it  with  the  past  and  future  of  the  worid,  and 
sanctifies  it  by  seeing  in  it  the  fulfilment  of  a  divine  purpose. 
Virgrl  is  Ihe  true  representative  poet  oE  Rome  and  Italy,  of 


boeffo 


gioty  and  of  the  bi 

of  tbe  past  were  made  perfect,  and  the  unapproach- 
)  future  times.    While  more  richly 


andard  of  ei 


deeply  imbued  than  any  of  bis  coBiemporarfea  with  the  poetry, 
the  IboUiJit  and  the  learning  o(  Grecf*.  The  earliest  efforU 
of  his  art  (the  £i/i9;iicj)  reproduce  the  eadencei,  the  iSction 
and  the  pastoral  fancies  of  Theocritus;  but  even  In  these  imi- 
tative poems  of  his  youth  Virgil  ihowi  a  perfect  mailery  of  fail 
materials.  The  Latin  heiameter,  which  In  Enm'ia  and  Lucretiua 
was  the  organ  of  Ihe  more  dignified  and  najeslic  «notions> 
became  in  his  hands  the  most  perfect  mcasBre  in  which  Ihe 
softer  and  more  luiurlous  senllmenl  of  naWire  has  been  ei- 
presscd.  The  sentiment  of  Italian  scenery  and  the  tore  whiii 
Ihe  Italian  peasant  has  for  the  familiar  Bights  and  sauadi  of  hit 
home  found  i  voice  which  never  can  pais  away. 

In  the  Crertici  we  ate  sinick  by  Ihe  great  adniKs  In  tbe 
orifrinility  and  self-dependence  of  the  arilst.  In  Ihe  maturt 
perfection  of  hit  workmanship.  In  Ihe  deepening  and  itreogtbeti- 
ing  of  all  his  sympal hies  and  coovictiORS.  Mlsgeniut  allllwi'ttt 
under  forms  prescribed  by  Greek  art,  and  under  Ihe  dimdvantagt 
of  having  a  practical  and  utilitarian  aim  imposed  od  ii.  Bat 
he  has  ever  In  form  so  far  surpaawd  his  originals  that  he  alone 
hns  gained  fot  the  pure  didactic  poem  a  place  among  tbe  hi^iett 
formi  of  serious  poetry,  while  he  has  so  transmuted  his  naterial 
that,  without  i-iolation  of  truth,  he  has  made  the  whole  poenl 
alive  with  poetic  feeling.  The  homeliest  details  of  the  fannci'* 
work  are  trans^gured  through  Ihe  poet^s  love  of  nature;  Ibrovgh 
his  religious  feeling  and  his  pious  sympathy  with  (be  lanciiiiat 
ol  human  affection;  through  his  patriotic  sympathy  wllh  lb* 
'  lal  greatness;  and  through  the  rich  ^uslvenew  of  bit 
I  everything  in  poetry  and  legend  which  can  iDiulTtle  and 
^rily  his  (heme. 

In  the  Bdotia  and  Gnr^  Virgil  Is  tbe  Ideallrinf  pact  of 
the  old  simple  and  hardy  life  of  Italy,  at  tbe  imaginatioo  could 
conceive  of  it  in  an  ahercd  world.  In  Ihe  Atntid  he  is  tbe 
idealiring  poel  of  national  ^ry.  as  manifested  In  the  person  of 
AuguituL  The  epic  of  national  life,  vivitUy  conceived  but 
rudely  eiecuted  by  Enniut,  was  perfected  In  tbe  yean  Ihat 
fonowed  tbe  deduve  victory  at  Aclium.  To  do  Justice  (o  hii 
Idea  ^rgll  enten  into  rivalry  witb  a  greater  poet  than  IbaM 
whom  be  had  equaUtd  or  iui]BiKd  In  hit  previoui  WBiia.    And, 


AUCDSTAK  ACE] 

UH>0|h  b«  auoot  uuiilt  beCon  B)  the  pife  of  heniic  iclion  oith 
the  power  ind  mijnty  of  Hqibct,  yet  by  ihe  lympaihy  wiLh 
■rhiciibemUieilhcideabf  Rome,  uid  by  tkepoweiwithiirhkh 
be  has  uaed  tbe  dctmlls  of  tiaditioD,  ol  loal  iccno,  o[  rdigjout 
m*gt,  to  embody  jl,  be  bu  buUl  up  ld  the  lono  of  u  rpic 

Tbt  lecoDd  put  docI  of  the  time— Q.  Honliiu  FIkcb*  or 
Hoiace  (fiS-S)  a  bolt  Ihe  lealiit  ud  Ihc  idealul  ol  bit  ifc   If 

of  IbinluJiE  of  ibeRomaniof  tbegcaeratJonHiccceding 
the  overthrow  of  the  republic  il  it  in  the  Salira  ud  ptnially  in 
the  Efitiki  of  Horace  lliax  we  ihall  iai  Ihcm.  If  we  uk  what 
that  lime  provided  U  itir  the  fancy  sod  move  the  mood  of 
imacintlive  reBcction,  it  i>  in  the  lyrical  pociu  of  Honcc  that 
wre  iball  find  the  moil  vaiicd  and  tiuslwonby  aiuwer.  His 
literary  Activity  ejileilds  over  about  thirty  yean  and  naturally 
divida  iliclf  into  (brcc  periodi,  each  marked  by  a  diitinct 
chancter-  The  Gi«— eilendipg  from  about  40 10  ip— ii  that  of 
Xhi:  EtadataiSalira.  Inlhcfoimcr  he  imitalctthe  Creek  poet 
ArthiiMhlu,  but  talrxi  his  subjcds  Tram  the  men,  women  and 
incidents  of  the  day.  FtnoiuUiy  is  the  cucnce  of  his  Eftia;  in 
the  Saiint  II  i*  used  merely  as  illuUi^live  of  general  tendencies. 
In  Ibc  Saiita  nc  find  realistic  picinru  of  social  life,  and  the 
conduct  and  opinion*  ol  the  mrld  submitted  to  the  standard  ol 
good  IciUni  and  eommon  sense.  The  style  of  the  Epeda  is 
pointed  and  epifiammalic,  tbu  of  the  Salirtt  aatutal  and 
familiar.  Tbc  heiamctei  no  longer,  as  in  Lucilius,  moves  amk- 
wardly  a*  il  is  fetters,  but,  lil:e  the  lanfuafe  of  Terence,  ol 
Catullus  in  his  lighter  [uccct,  ol  Cicero  in  his  letters  to  Aiiicui, 
adapts  itscli  (o  ihc  everyday  inlemune  of  lile.  Tke  nut  period 
is  Ihe  meiidian  of  his  genius,  the  time  ol  hli  greatest  lyrical 
inspiration,  which  he  binuclf  associates  with  the  pence  and 
leisure  secured  to  him  by  bis  Sabine  farm.  The  life  of  pleasure 
which  he  had  lived  in  bis  youth  comes  back  to  him,  not  as  it  was 
is  its atluat  distractions  and  diuppoint  meats,  but  in  ibe  idealis- 
ing light  ol  meditative  rettotpccl.  lie  liad  not  only  bocomc 
reconciled  to  tlie  new  order  of  thinp,  but  was  moved  by  his 
intimate  friendship  with  Maecenas  to  aid  in  raising  the  world 
la  sympathy  with  tbe  imperial  rule  thnjueh  tbe  medisiD  <^  his 
lyrical  jnxpiiatioa,as  Viii^  bad  through  Ibc  gloiy  of  his  epic  ait. 
With  the  complctwn  of  the  three  books  oiOfu  he  easl  aside  lot 
•  timetheolbceof  ibewJci,  and  resumed  that  o[  Ihe  critical  tpcc- 

soliiisl.  He  Icels  the  increasing  Uaguor  ol  the  lime  as  well  as  Ihe 
lanniar  tA  sdvancinE  vears,  arid  seeks  to  encourage  younger  men 
:^1  poetry,  while  be  devotes  himself  to 
true  art  of  living,  Sclf-culiuie  rather 
iblic  01  social  duly,  as  in  tbe  nonl 
:  aim  of  his  teaching;  and  io  this  we 
the  empire  in  throwing  the  individual 


tATtN  HTSRATURE 


?63 


<le  ol  lyr 


the  coUemplation  of 
than  Ibc  fulfilment 
leaf  hing  of  Cicero, 
Tecogniae  the  irnluen 

bock  on  himself.  As  (.lecio  tones  oown  nis  oraiory  in  tus  moral 
Ucaiiscs,  so  Horace  lone*  down  Ihe  fervour  of  his  lyrical  utlci- 
Biicesinhis  £^ii;;ri,  and  Ihui  produces  a  style  CDmbiningthe  case 
ol  the  best  epiuolory  style  with  the  grace  and  concentlaliea  of 
poetry — iha  style,  as  it  has  been  called,  ol  "  idealiaed  common 
sense,"  that  of  the  iir6duiu  and  cultivated  man  ol  tbe  world  who 
is  also  in  bis  hours  of  inspiration  a  genuine  poet.  In  the  Last 
ten  yean  ol  bis  lilc  Ilonca  resumed  his  lyrical  function  lor  a 
lime,  under  piessuie  ol  the  imperial  command,  and  produced 
some  ol  Ihe  most  eiquisitc  arid  mature  prodvcti  of  his  an. 
But  ba  chief  activity  is  drvDtcd  to  CTiiicisgi.  lie  first  vindicates 
(be  claims  of  bis  own  age  le  litetaiy  pie-eioincncc,  and  then  seeks 
10  slimulatf  the  yDUDger  wrilera  ai  the  day  to  what  he  regarded 
as  the  manlier  forms  ol  poetry,  and  eqieclally  to  lix  tragic 

But  Ihc  poetry  ol  the  latter  half  ol  ibe  Auguilansge  dcMined 
to  survive  did  nM  [ollaw  ihe  line*  either  of  lyrical  or  of  rinnwiic 
art  marked  (Ml  by  Horace.  The  latest  form  ol  poetry  adopted 
fiiHil  Ctee«  and  destined  to  gain  and  permanently  to  hold  the  car 
of  Ibe  world  wo*  tbe  f/cgy.    Ffon  the  lime  d  Uimacniw  th» 


form  seesis  10  bave  pnenled  itsdl  ai  the  nxat  natural  vehicle 
lor  tbe  poetry  ol  pleasiue  in  an  age  ol  luaury,  refirument  and 
incipieat  decay.  Its  Iseile  flow  and  rhythm  seem  to  adapi  it 
to  ijie  capietsioB  and  iUuslratign  of  peisonal  leeling.  Il  goes  to 
tbe  mind  ol  the  leader  thrDUgh  a  medium  ol  aeDttmeni  rather 
than  oC  continuMis  thought  oc  imsginaiive  illusltation.  The 
greatest  masters  ol  this  kiod  ol  poetry  are  the  elegiac  poets  lA 
Ihe  Augustan  age — Tibullus,  Fiopertius  and  Ovid. 

Of  tbe  iUlat^  C.  Cornelius  GaUu*.  Ibtii  predecessor,  we  bave 
but  a  liDgle  peDtamelec  icmaiiuitg-  Of  Ibe  three  Tibulbu 
(<.  14-19)  is  tba  nost  refowd  and  teodti.  As  tbe  pod  nt^t^ 
ol  ioit  be  give*  ullenuKe  to  Ibe  pensive  ■nclancboly 
rather  than  to  tbe  pkuures  associated  with  it.  In  his  lynipalhy 
with  the  lile  and  belief*  ol  tbe  couMty  people  be  shows  an  affinity 
both  ID  the  idyUie  spidl  and  to  tbe  picly  of  Virgil.  There  is 
somethiog.  too,  in  his  fastidious  ic&BeRieat  and  in  bis  shrinking 

poet  Cray. 

A  poet  of  man  strength  and  more  potrerlu]  unagination.  but 
o[  ks*  refinement-  In  bis  life  and  less  eiquitile  taste  in  his  art, 
i*  Sciiu*  Piopertiu*  (e.  S9-<.  15).  His  youth  wa>  a  ^  , , , ,  ^  , 
more  stormy  one  than  Ihat  of  TibuUus,  and  was 
passed,  not  Uke  his,  among  the  "  healthy  woods "  of  his 
country  estate,  but  amid  all  Ihe  Ikenee  of  the  capitaL  Mia 
paSiSon  lot  Cynlhia,  Ihe  Ibeme  of  bis  most  fiaisbcd  poetry,  ia 
second  only  in  interest  10.  thai  of  Catullus  (or  Lcsbia;  and 
Cynthia  in  her  lascination  and  caprice*  scema  a  more  real  and 
iatclligihle  personage  than  the  idealised  objecL  first  ol  tbe 
idolatry  and  afterwards  ol  Ibc  malediction  ol  Catullus.  Pro-' 
pertiua  is  a  less  accomplisbed  artist  and  a  less  equably  pleasing 
writer  than  either  Tibullus  or  Ovid,  but  he  shows  inor*  power 
of  dealing  gravely  with  a  great  or  tragic  situation  tban  citber  of 
tbam,  and  his  diction  and  rhythm  give  frequent  proof  of  a 
eoncenliated  force  of  conception  and  a  coTTesponding  movcmenl 
'  '  na^native  feeling  which  remind  us  of  Luci  '' 


The  D 


aail  intrigue  rather  than   of   ti 
absorbing  passion.    Though  he  tc 


Lo  elegiac  poets  and  I 
iusNasoocOvid(43Bj 


adventure  adapted  to  amuse  tbe  idle  aad  lux 
which  the  elder  Julia  *a*  the  centre.  His  po> 
narrative  is  bestfceo  in  the  UtUmorplatti,  written  in  bciamelcis 
lo  which  be  ha*  imparted  a  rapidity  aad  precision  of  movement 
nmt  suited  10  romantic  and  picturesque  nanative  than  the 
wtighly  self-restrained  verse  td  Virgil.  In  bis  Fasti  be  ueats  a 
subject  ol  national  interest;  it  is  not,  however,  through  the 
strength  of  Roman  sentiment  but  through  the  power  of  vividly 
conceiving  and  narrating  stories  ol  strong  human  interest  that 
Ihe  poem  Uves.  In  his  latest  woiks—lbe  TrrUia  and  Ex  Penit 
— he  imparls  Ibe  iDtcrtsi  of  peisonal  conlesmna  to  the  record  of 
a  uaiquc  expeiienee.  Latin  poetry  is  more  rich  in  the  eiprcssion 
ol  personal  feeling  than  ol  dramatic  realisni.  In  Ovid  we  have 
both.  We  know  him  in  the  inteasc  liveliness  ol  his  [nlingand  the 
human  weakness  ol  bis  nature  m«e  intimately  than  any  other 
writer  ol  antiquity,  cicepl  perhaps  Cicero.  As  Virgil  marks  the 
point  of  malurcst  eiccilence  in  poetic  diction  and  rhythm,  Ovid 
maiks  that  ol  the  greatest  facility. 

The  AuguHM  age  was  one  ol  Ibooe  gnat  eras  in  the  worhl 
like  the  era  succeeding  the  Persian  War  in  Greece,  tbe  Eliia- 
betban  age  in  England,  and  the  beginning  of  the  19th  j^,^ 

century  in  Eurcve,  in  which  what  seems  a  new  qiring 
o!  national  and  individual  lile  calls  out  an  idealising  retrospect 
of  Ihe  past.  As  Ibe  present  seems  lull  of  new  lile,  Ibe  past  seems 
rich  in  glory  and  the  fuluie  in  hope.  The  past  of  Kome  liad 
always  a  pccaliar  fascination  for  Boman  wrilen.  Virgil  in  a 
supreme  degree,  and  Horace,  Propetlios  and  Ovid  in  a  less 
degree,  bad  eipreiscd  In  Ibcir  poetry  tbe  remanct  of  the  past. 
But  It  was  in  the  great  bisUnical  work  ol  T.  Livius  or  Uvy 
(jB  tJOj-KO.  irt  that  the  re      '    '  -' 


364 


LATIN  LlTERATORfi 


in  (aUmrlng  » 


moM  ^^tmitlc  npostlloB.  Tti 
pmlongKi  Ihtough  the  linguor  1 

upon  Ibe  promiM  of  ihe  new  en,  duriog  which  line  111*  p«si 
bKiBK  glorified  by  contrut  with  Ihc  disboriniing  upen  ol 
the  ptoent.  The  value  of  the  work  eoiolst*  not  in  any  pi 
ol  critical  fnvEiIigatian  or  weighing  ol  hblorfcal  evidence  bi 
the  Intoue  lyiiipilhy  of  the  wriirr  with  the  mtionHl  kleal, 
the  vivid  imigiiulion  with  which  under  the  influcsR  of 
fymptthy  he  gin 

(nd  pohlicil  stiuggla,  ol  tima  wmote  irom  his 
utfed  n»ic  thin  uy  one  the  majoty  of  the  Roman  >lMe,  <J  iU 
gnat  magiatiBcfes,  and  of  the  august  coondl  bywbkb  Iti  policy 
wu  guided.  And,  while  he  makes  the  words  mofM  pepvluiqiu 
Kemaimt  tnU  of  lignificince  foi  ill  limes,  no  one  mJim  with 
more  enthusiasm  *U  ihal  Is  imph'ed  in  the  words  (mprriam 
fbrmanuiK,  tnd  the  great  mDilqry  qualities  of  head  and  hevt  by 
which  that  emirfre  was  acijuind  and  maintained.  The  vast  scale 
OD  which  the  woik  was  conceived  and  the  thoroughness  of  arliillc 
execotioR  with  which  the  details  are  Cnisbcd  are  chamcterislically 
Roman.  Theproseslyleof Rome.BsavdiicIeToTtheconihnious 
nuntioii  of  events  cdourtd  by  ■  rich  and  picttircwiue  imagina- 
tion lod  intffnct  with  dtgnified  emotion,  nttuaed  ill  perfeetiOD 
In  Uvy. 

Ptmlk  Paiodi  Tin  Siitir  dtt,  fnm  /iJi.  n  If  ointf  Ijo. 

For  nmre  than  a  century  after  the  dcMh  ol  AngusiiB  Roman 
EtetatuncontbnicsIoDow  En  Ihcoldchtnafls.  Though  dramng 
-,  „i  Irom  the  provinco,  Home  remain*  the  centre  ol  the 
■rwu  lileiaiy  movement.  The  characieristics  of  the  great 
tipm^  writtts  lit  essentially  national,  not  provincial  nor 
J2^**"  «»mi^»lit«n.  !b  pro!*  the  c4d  formi— oratory, 
■  Uslory.  the  epiille.  treatises  or  dialogues  on  elhiral 
dnij  litenry  quejlionj — eontinue  to  he  cullivaied.  Stienlific 
■nd  practiod  subjects,  such  as  natural  bisioiy,  arthiteclDn, 
medicine,  agricuhure,  an  treated  in  more  elaborate  lileraiy  style. 
The  <dd  Roman  Mhtro  Is  developed  into  something  like  the 
modern  prose  noveL  In  the  various  pcuvinces  of  poetry,  white 
0  is  ibundanceol  industry 
love  of  worka  ol  large 
of  long  eirfc  poems,  both 
0!  Iht'hnitative  Alexandrian  type.  The 
imitative  and  rheloricBl  tastes  ol  Rone  showed  tbemsehHs 
in  the  composition  of  nolle  tragedies,  as  remote  in  spirit  and 

extant  spedmefis  are  those  aflributed  to  the  younger  Seneca. 
The  composition  of  didactic,  lyrical  and  elegiac  poetry  also  was 
theaccompIishmRit  and  pastime  of  an  educated  dilclt ante  clau, 
the  only  extant  flwcimens  of  any  iniemt  being  some  of  the 
SBvu  of  Stitiiis,  The  only  voice  with  whirfi  the  poet  ot  this 
age  can  npress  himsdl  with  lotee  and  sincerity  ti  that  of  satire 
andsatiricepigtam,  Wedndnowoniyinutativeetbocsoliheold 
muvc  treated  by  Virgil  and  others,  as  in  Slilius,  or  powerful 
declamation,  as  in  Luean  and  Juvenal.  There  i«  a  deteiioratSsn 
in  the  diction  as  well  as  in  the  music  of  poetry.  The  elabotate 
iiteraiy  cuhure  ol  the  Augustan  age  has  done  tomclhrng  to 
impair  the  native  force  ot  the  Latin  Idiom.  The  language  of 
Kleraturc.  in  the  most  elaborate  TJnd  of  prose  as  well  »s  poelty. 
loses  all  ring  of  popular  speech.  Hie  old  ocatoricn)  toMc*  and 
aptitudes  find  their  outlet  in  public  recitations  and  the  ptaclfce  of 
dcclamailon.  Forced  and  distorted  expression,  exaggerated 
emphasis,  point  and  anliihe^,  an  al!tc1ed  preilineM,  are  studied 
with  the  view  of  gaining  the  applause  ot  audiences  who  thronged 

ment.  Education  Is  more  widely  diffused,  but  is  less  tliorough, 
less  leisurely  in  its  method,  derived  less  than  before  from  the 
purer  sounes  ol  culture.  The  precocious  immatniity  ol  Lucan's 
career  alTonIs  a  marled  contrast  to  the  lung  preparation  ol 
Viritil  and  Horace  ior  their  high  oflict.  Although  (here  arc  soa» 
works  ol  this  so-called  Eilver  Age  of  considerable  and  one  at 
least  of  supreme  intereH,  from  the  msighi  they  afford  into  the 
Mperience  of  a  century  of  organittd  despotisi  '  '  "  ~ 
Iheapfritiulljleolilie 


there  is  little  noveltyor  inspiration,  II 
■nd  unlHtlous  elTorl.  The  nslion 
compsss  slnws  ttieif  in  the  producti 
of  the  Wstori         


'    IStLTERAaC 

the  steady  liieraiy  dedhu  wtU  diancleitoed  the  last  centoriei 
ol  paganism  was  bciianing  before  tha  dtalb  o(  0<rid  and  Uvy- 

Tlie  InSuencei  wfildi  had  Inspired  npuUlcaa  and  Augnstui 
hler^ture  were  the  aitblic  impttlse  derived  from  ■  famaiarily 
with  the  great  works  of  GnA  genlm,  benmliig  inore  btimate 
with  every  new  generation,  the  spell  of  Rome  over  the  bnagiM- 
(ion  of  the  kindred  Italian  races,  the  charm  of  Italy,  and  tin 
vivid  sensibilily  of  tha  Italian  temperament.  These  Inaoencei 
were  certainly  much  less  operative  In  the  first  centttry  of  the 
empitt  The  inutatlve  Impulse,  which  liad  much  of  the  daixMi 
of  a  creative  Impulse,  and  had  resulted  in  the  approptratlon  of 
the  forms  of  poetry  auited  to  the  Roman  and  Iialiaii  character 
and  of  the  metres  suited  to  the  genius  <A  the  Latin  latiguage,  no 
longer  slimalaled  to  artistic  eflort.  The  great  source*  of  Creek 
poetry  were  no  longer  regarded,  as  they  were  by  Lucrttim  and 
Virgil,  as  aacted.  nntasted  springs,  to  be  approadied  In  a  spirit 
ol  enthtoiasa  Ccnpcred  with  reverence  We  have  the  tfitimony 
of  two  men  ol  shrewd  common  sense  and  masculine  uiidnstanding 
— Martial  and  Juvenal — to  the  stale  and  lifeless  character  of  the 
art  ol  the  Silver  Age,  which  sought  to  reproduce  In  the  form  of 
ei^cs,  tragedies  and  €it^Q  the  btlght  fancies  of  the  Greek 
mythology. 

The  idea  of  Rome,  owing  to  the  anlagODlsm  between  the  policy 
of  the  government  and  the  sympathies  of  the  rlasa  by  whidi 
Micratim  was  favoured  and  cultivated,  could  no  longer  be  an 
Inspiring  motive,  as  it  had  been  in  the  Uteratute  of  the  republic 
and  tff  the  Augustan  age.  The  spirit  of  Rome  appears  only  as 
animating  the  protest  ol  Lucan,  the  satire  of  Perstus  and  Juvenal, 
■"  "   ~    ■     .  paints  of  the  aniuil*  if  the 


empire.    Ontoii 
smtiraenil  of  Ro 


in  dignity,  b 


the  »iapon  of  the  "  loioimos" 
advancement  and  the  destruc- 
tion of  that  class  which,  even  in  their  degeneracy,  retained  most 
sympathy  with  the  national  tradilioiB.  Roman  history  was  no 
longer  a  record  o(  national  glory,  stimulating  the  pairfotfam  and 
flattering  the  pride  ol  all  Roman  cilixens,  but  a  personal  eulogy 
«  a  penonal  Invective,  according  as  servility  (o  a  present  or 
hatred  of  a  recent  ruler  was  the  motive  which  animated  It. 

The  charm  of  Iielioft  scenes  stDl  remained  the  same,  but  the 
fresh  and  Inspiring  feeling  of  nature  gave  place  to  the  rnera 
sensuous  graiiGcition  derived  liom  the  luiuriODS  and  artifietal 
beauty  of  the  country  villa.  The  Idealiiint  poetry  of  paoioa. 
Which  found  a  genuine  voite  in  Catullus  and  the  ele^ac  poets, 
eould  not  prolong  itself  through  the  exhausting  licence  o(  suc- 
cessive generations.  The  vlgomos  vitality  which  grn>  (Merest 
to  the  personality  ol  CatuUuf,  Propertius  and  OvU  no  tonser 
charaeteriiea  their  successors.  The  pathos  ol  natural  aflectiiw 
is  occastanally  recognised  in  Siaiius  and  more  rarely  In  Martial, 
but  It  has  not  the  depth  of  tenderness  found  in  Lucretius  and 
Vitgll.  Tlie  wealth  and  huury  <^  ancceaaive  generatioRi,  the 
monotoDouB  routine  ol  life,  the  separation  of  the'  edncaCcd 
class  fnm  the  higher  work  of  the  world,  have  produced  their 
enervating  and  paralysing  effect  on  the  mataspringa  of  poetic 
and  tmaginalive  feeling. 

New  elements,  however,  appear  In  the  IBermtore  tif  this  period. 
As  the  result  of  the  severance  Irom  the  active  iDlnests  of  life, 
a  new  interest  is  awakened  in  the  Inner  life  of  the 
indlvidaal.  The  immorality  ol  Roman  society  not  ?V 
only  affords  abundant  material  to  (he  satirist,  but  StaMt. 
deepens  the  eonsciouaneis  ol  moral  pAi  in  purer  and 
more  ihoughtlul  minds.  To  these  causes  we  attribute  the  patho- 
logical observatioD  of  Seneca  and  Taeitus,  the  new  sense  ot 
purity  in  Persins  called  out  by  omttast  with  the  inpurfly 
around  him,  the  glowing  ii  somewhat  seosalional  exaggeration 
ol  Juvenal,  the  vivid  characteriialion  ol  Martial.  The  liieialurc 
of  no  time  present*  so  powerfully  Ihe  eonlrast  between  moral 
good  and  evil.  la  Ihb  respect  it  is  truly  repnseniatlvc  ol  the 
life  ol  the  agt.  Aoolher  new  dement  is  the  fniluence  tA  ■  aew 
rac*.  In  the  iwoprecedingpetrodstherafAddlffustonirfltteraiy 
culture  lolkiwlng  the  Social  War  and  the  Brat  CIvH  War  was  seen 
10  awaken  into  new  life  Ihe  etcmrnts  of  original  genial  In  Italy 
aad  Clwlpini  CauL  Ib  the  EtK  ctatitv  At  tin  WBpbc  ■  siidu 


SILVE1t«Ce) 

result  ml  pcodond  l)y  the  dlffiDieB  ot  tl«l  cuUun  la  tbc 
Litudiol  <lblrict«  oF  Sfoin.  IIk  fervid  Icmpcnnwirt  qf  i  Emh 
Uft  vigoroiu  nee,  whid)  received  ttw  L*1in  diicipUne  jiut  U 
LiliiB  had  twg  oi  Ibree  cenluria  prcvUnuly  received  tbc 
Cock  diidpliDe,  rtveiled  iuell  in  Ihf  Kiiliogt  ol  the  Scnecai, 
Lucts,  Quinlilwii,  Mariial  Juid  otlieis.  *bo  in  thni  Dwo  lirae 
iddcd  lilfruy  dislioction  to  the  Spsriiih  lonrns  (nun  iibich 
Ibcy  cune.  Tbe  mw  uliancous  eleinent  uitniduced  iota 
Roman  litenture  dram  into  (rater  proDuneius  the  cbanctei- 
Uio  ol  the  last  great  nprescntativa  of  the  gcouiu  Roniaa 

On  the  whole  Ibis  centkiry  shows,  in  form,  language  and 
sulistance,  the  ligu  of  liieruy  decay-  But  it  a  still  catibk 
of  producing  loea  of  anpntl  timx;  it  iiill  nuinmim  the  mdj- 
tiuis  a[  a  happier  time;  it  i>  siiU  alive  lo  the  value  of  literary 


LATW  UTgRATUIU 


nbym 


Ic  atteatioD  loHylelo 


■dliten 


«,  >et  the  centurjr  whidi  pcuduod  Mailia],  Juvtntl 
5  cannot  be  pronounced  barren  La  Irteialy  otigioality, 
bicb  produced  Se&cca  and  Quintiliaa  devoid  oC  cultun 

This  fourth  period  a  itself  subdivided  into  threA  diviaiona: 
{:)  from  the  acccssioa  of  Tiberiui  la  the  death  d  Keio,  68— 
Ihc  most  important  pan  of  U  being  lb*  Ntraoiw)  fae.  S4  to  68; 
(il  the  fUviaii  era,  from  the  death  of  Nero  lo  the  death  of 
l)i>'n>tu»>i  t^i  {s)  the  leigD*  oC  Horn  tod  Tnjia  uid  part  oi 
Ibe  reign  of  Hadrian. 

I.  Fn  A  BenenitiMt  after  tha  death  of  AivMBi  to  new 
■ri^nal  lilciary  forte  appcuid.  The  later  poctiy  of  the  Augda- 
iWM  tan  age  had  ended  in  tiiUaf  dilcttaathm,  foe  the 
»■»  coalinuanee  of  nhich  the  a(iWN|ibcn  of  the  tauit 

^'l^**  *>■  ho  laogn  hvootable.  Tbc  din  try  *4adi  Urn- 
'*"''*'  tun  wu  eieouiagBd  had  becoiK  both  cnenMed  and 
tcrrorind.  The  mat  mnukablapoMkalpioductvftbelnicia 
Ihe  long-neglecltd  aitnlagical  poem  «I  Ua^ui  nthicb  «ai 
nitlca  at  Ihe  beginBlpg  of  '3%eiiiia'>  Jogn.  IM  (ifrat  lad 
DiigiBality  have  b«l  Kaoty  jwUce  4em  lo  them  •*■«  *o  the 
di£ciJty  of  Ibesuhiect-mMM  lod  the  (tylc,  and  the  camiptMaa 
•hich  stiU  diitgUK  iu  lot.  Very  diSereat  hai  beca  the  fate 
o!  Ibe  ^oNet  of  naednn.  Tha  ritfM.  wwh'of  m  MindoniaQ 
heedpiB,  dettktU  of  nitioul  Hgdfiecace  and  ttpftMOUIivi 


DKCi  iu  vqpM  U  ki  eaiy  laliohy  nd  popvlaf  nibjtcMBiAtei 
Of  the  pnae  vdtert  C  Velklai  i>Uetcabii,  th*  Ueteika,  an 
Valeriua  IfudniB,  Ibtf  coBeMw  ei  anocdotea,  an  >tb(  naat 
-    TotndhH  Celna  coBOMKd  ■  isiM  of  lechifaal 


tt»  writvt  «I  tba  Naninln  f)  tUH  powea  conridenhk 
iutralr-L.  AanaaittScMEe,  U.  AnnaeM  LmuOi,  A.  PcnrfiB 
niecna  od  FMraai*  AiMm.  Hie  fint  tbi*»  RptMeot-the 
VM  e(th*  age  braridbKhii!  (hi  POINT  Wtba  SioitplrBgwiihy 
H  a  ami,  tMtttlbd  aad  iJHtom  fotec;  the  laat  ii  the  moA 
CjndottqwMMotthadqtnVfiraftbttlBe.  gaKca<c.T--- 
u.  ^b  l*M  tku  Pcniw  m  puce  SMe,  and  nwn 
■onlittulpitholotfcalotnemrainiui'i Inner Ute.  Hemafcci 
the  cBaahnpliew  of  t '  ooMaopoHaa  pbOoiophy  Iter— '" 
ky  lb  tbiBifaM  nMhUoD  draiita  (Mb  the  piMUa  md 
tte  el  hb  coalemporaiM    He  ht*  hn6iri«dge  of  Ih* 

■  owtkr,  SpnM  vivKlcr,  ud  the  mftim 


aftS 

■tbvit  «f  Bhidib 


Petrooiut — pure  a  . 

puipoee— the  iaceDaialeiicy  irf  one  who  tiin  to  make  Ibe  MM 
ol  im  WDildiv  the  ideal  luiT  IJIa  and  IbB  pwcmfvl  ical  life 
ia  the  atmoipbem  of  a  moat  eotnpt  eowt.  The  MariofM  ol 
Lucan  (3p-6j),  with  CatQ  aa  ita  ben^  i]  ONeatially  a  Stuc  naal- 
'  *to  ol  Ihe  oppeailioB.  It  i»  wiiitca  irilh  the  fono  and  feiwur 
[  ealicme  youth  and  with  the  Utcniy  aoibhjon  ol  a  race  ai 
Et  Dew  ts  Ibe  dwripHae  of  JMtDKlBil  «luac,  end  it  diarie- 
rrized  by  dicloncal  ntber  than  pwlicil  JWiginilinn  Tin 
I  short  StUiu  <d  Feiant  b«-6a)  m  the  pwctt  ptodKt  wt 
Stoiciw)— •  Suidm  that  had  f  onnd  la  m  caoMBianiy,  ThtnM 
>monntiHkalandptaaicalhenthwCala<.  Bm  no  JMpatUM 
niter  ol  antiquity  ha*  ka  liicixy  chum  Ihia  Peiiini.  in 
iToiding  the  lileMy  MxeiU  and  (a>peri«a  mUA  bo  MfiiH* 

Of  hudly  graatet  Ivdh  an  thaaeren  ede«Ni  e(  T.  Calpoeahs 
Sleuhi^  written  at  Ihe  b^hning  of  Ihc.idgn  if  KM,  %hicb 
»  not  wilhvit  gnM  awl  fadlhy  <d  dicthn.  «  Ibe  wwte 
the  tuna  that  nUch  fton  a  hecnan  paiM  ai  Tiav  is  iiiAaf* 
■e  nwt  dcteatabla  in  andeBl  litenlure  hai  the  mot  genniiiA 
lerary  quality,  tlie  Iia_ 
of  reiiooiui  (d.  66).  It  is  mot  veer*  in  iti  rtpiMealati 
" I,  miM  r—Hi-'i-n  in  H*  Mtisi  n 


origmil  gralui. 
■s,oeFUaytheel        ,       , 
AT^Hul.  Hialiry,  an  cneydifntdic  tIBtke,  *t^, 
'     the  meat  impeitaat  proeevilter,  and  CVaMu  HkoM 
itian  Balbo,  ■rtbo'  ol  Ih*  Attfiutwitn  (d.  «.  9a4i_th*  UMMt 
ipattjkntkDoaffthe«ikmaf ineay.  Tbeitipof 


ihe/wMMtn  al(^dBtaiu,'the  i>wi<t  Fdrof  SOiBlttScni, 
the  igilaand  the  5f»M  ot  9UUM,  «ad  the  ^fMMf  of  MntiU. 
lLFaUu>Quintaiaa(Koc(}ain(iKMi((^SS-OS>.l>hMi|htlan>aid 
hf  Javcnal  a*  a  n^qn  taitnn  ef  a  tbara(«Uy  lacewifol 
t  bdaa|li«b)r  bhth  totbe  rick  ord&dal 
wealtfa  aad  hOBoon  tlnnA  HteMluft. 
hli  tiMt  far  Ul  good  leoM  ud  Nbdetr 
oiJndgawM.  K*  eifticiun  k  jiW  and  m  (atlKr  tbka  «abd* 
'«*ai«a,  andlM  thw  atgod  tb*  Mtt  cf  ibeMvxtef 
■thao.  The  pnen  at  11.  CaHua  SOlai  IldtcM^  (i9-t<H> 
_  _  pnol  of  tb*  IbdnKiy  and'Stewr  aidMon  el  Msbea 
d  Ih*  rich  oSdal  den.  Ot  Ih*  cpk  poiuol  the  i  Silver  Age 
P. '  F1^)lnl«■  SlatuM  [e.  45-^)  ihoin  lb*  peattM  lec*tied 
ifca  and  Ihe  ridMit  pietorial  fancy  In  the  encution  of  dMaili 
bM  Ui  epici  bav*  t»  trae  tnulring  tatOnt,  and,  altboagh  tb* 
tedutiea  cf  Ihe  TMatf  ooaU  attract  aid  CheiB  n  andlracs 
te  Ibe  day*  ol  J«venal,  It  rmtly  bdonn  to  the  duo  ef  iNMOB 
•0  •mpaitegl*' cendemMd  hoth  by  hi>  and  Hanlal  h  Ihe 
SOtai,  tbotiik  inaaj  ef  them  have  HttI*  loot  in  the  deeper 
itdhig*  at  human  natOR,  we  ind  octarioa^  nxM  thia  ta 
any  poctiy  alter  the  Augotan  itf  taaiMag  of  the  ]Mk 
cherBandpaAoeofSle.  BiH  h  b  not  In  the  AIw*,  nor  la  the 
*l^  and  ttMeOce  of  the  tlm^  Bor  In  the  cuttlntcd  oitldM 
at  QointfBan  that  the  ege  of  DonfUaB  lIVc*  f or  ua.  It  i>  In  the 
BUlfm  of  H.  VAriul  MarthOi*  or  Menial  (c.  4'-'<h)  l>i>l 
we  have  e  Irae  Image  of  the  •veragc  Knsnil  f  livoldm  life  at 
Home  at  the  end  ol  the  nt  century,  *cen  tbnni^  a  medhiD 
ol  wit  and  baniour,  b<it  undbtorted  by  the  enggciftikm  wMd 
moral  JBiBgiiatlea  and  Ibe  love  of  elbct  add  lo  Ibe  Tcptttentation 


Horace  d«et  U»  In  hli  5Mw  end  Mu,  wilb  ann  valictr  and 
incisive  lotce  In  bh  iketcbc*,  dnagh  *iih  much  kei  poeUc 
diann  and  serlolHi'mcaflbg,  We  know  the  daily  Die,  the  teaiUki 
perwDages,  Oe  outwud  a^KCt  o<  Kane  In  the  age  WDooHtaB 


tATIN  LITERATURE 

nan  UMory,  and  lUt 


(LATER  WRITEAS 


Mmlal. 

But  il  «u  wdK  Nenra  ud  TViJu  (bu  ihc  gmtim  ir>d 
truly  npfftxntrntire  voiks  «f  the  etnpiR  hrr  vritttn. 
.^    Tkti4iMafiuidHBlKviofC<ir»liu)T>dlia(5^Iig), 

vith  the   ■oppLemfolary  Zi/f  ef  Agriata    and  Lhe 
I       Cviuita,  and  tke  Joliru  of  D.  loniut  IuvcdiIb  «t 

Juvenal  (f.  47-130).  aun  up  for  poaterily  Ihc  moral 

barm  to  tto  dcalh  ol  Domltian.     The  gmcniiu   acorn 

■ctinf  OB  nuaonfiiujy  giha  of 

lion,  and  the  6erce  hrdipia- 


D  ol  tkc  cavice  tbc  q>trit  «l  Ibc  Rooun  Kpubttc  K 

Kviye^    Tlit  LdUa  dt  C.  Pliidat  Qtedllat  Secunluxir 

tt  (tit-c  iij),  thoo^  tbey  40  «ot  onuutl 


<<  tlw  political  degndatioa  aol  mdnl  cunpUnn  of  promlDcht 
{iidlvidiala:aDd  dauet,  do  nuck  to  modifjr  tbe  penradtngty 
tfa^  aaj  aonbre  cbanictn  of  ihefe  repwaeiitation. 

With  Uw  dulb  «i  Jonaal.  tfac  must  ImpDMaat  part  el  *koH 
tctlvitv  falb  in  tho  nqp  ol  Tfajan,  Latin  UttialiBe  *t  an 
d  national  eipradoD  «t  the  ttpwtmte,  chancier, 
ant  of  tha-Ranaii  Mat*  and  tatbt,  and  aa  so*  o(  the 


D  ((;  MS),  and  U.  AaidiBB  OtrmpiD 
«  a  ie*  i«d]le  wlagaca  uid(tBt)a  duU 
piece  OB  the  tniidaiddaviorthoehaoe.  Towoda  Iho  nidille 
of  tie  4th  centoiy  «•  baTC  DedDua  MaSDLB  AiBaaiua,  a  pBidta»t 
•(  Bonkaal  nil  aflcnnrda  cdbbI  ()]>g>.  whaae  t^ia  aa 
liukKUthatiildaMCalpoeliiraaiahBpnBdr.  HiaJfairfts, 
a  dataOol  doMlptloa  a(  the  liwl  HoMlk,  la  the  laat  nnattiadilic 
UfUamoA^  A  Utilo  better  bUacontcBiporaiy.JlufiiiaFEiliii 
AvieaiB,  who  aade  mbc  free  tnoabtiov  <f  utniaBiiicd  ud 
SncniiMcal  peem  la  Out.  A  ■cntnliaB  laUr,  in  >hat 
Bdtkt  t«  called  tba  expidaf  dbit  of  IMin  p«eti7,  appeutd 
iwa  wriun  <(  nnA  inaln  meiit.  Ik  fint  ii  OaadiBa 
.Clawliaaua  (1.  4ea),  a  nttii*  af  AltModria  and  the  oniit  poM 
td  Iht  oapenr  fbooriu  and  Ui  nuolaUc  StiUcbo.  OaudiaB 
^^^    narbapcopeilratTlodUHlatotthapMiaaf  Konw 

"""^     He  bieathea  Iht  <U  ualional  ipiiili  an'  "■' 

«1  ckiaical  idi«  and  vanifiatlDB  b  lor  Uaafe 
Sonetbinc  of  the  lame  may  b* 
a  Gud  tv  )H<tbi  *^  *i°>*  1b  .       . . 
lioB  tk  capital  to  hb  nativ*  Usd,  whkb  tMlatat  the 
ghawliis  colosjF  ol  Vxaot  evet  pewied  by  an  ancacM  I 
«l  the  CbnaUan  "poau"      '     ' — "■  "—^ 
((-  M^'o)  need  bt  meationeik     la  via  «k 
andent  liientun;  but  tbe  tttk  ol  aodMdjuc 
epirit  in  ibe  daiakal  (ona  waa sua  (ai  bernd  hL  . .    ... 
lie  vitality  of  theproNlluntiin  wauft  mcb  ff«aw>  tbouib 

itaosnpleleeitiDctuawaalnnitbcnannaillKcaio' "' 

._   .    .     The  BOK  ImpoitaBt  wiiut  in  tbe  aia 

^'^'^'  Juvenal  wt»  the  faiD(raph*tC-  SudoatiB  Ttaaqaiioi 

^fr.  75-iAo},  «boM   woik  b  ,nM)cc  )nl«abla  ior  iu 

ihwIUamaei.    Hia  U)4a  i>  doipla  asd  dinct,  hul  hai 

nj  othet  aaarit.   A  little  later  tl«  nae  of  U.  CanaiiBa  tloaui 

(c.  loD-i  7!) .  a  MUve  (i  CiRa,  Bailn  the  beibDti«  of  i 


«t  tbe  cmpenc  H.  AuieliOB,  hnta  avay  fno 
Latia  el  tbe  Silver  .and  Gdikn  agi^  and  tank  I 
ptt-claiural  autban.  Thi  Raction  wia  ahoi 
aaw  afletiatiap  of  aotivutj  la  tna  In  Ih*  ««iU>W  ol  AfHilcwi^ 


abo  an  AMCan,  who  lived  a  llule  later  Ibu  Fnrato  aod  wia 
a  man  of  much  greater  niluiil  parts.  In  hia  Uttamerpkiiia, 
nhich  were  based  upon  a  Crttk  original,  he  takci  the  .  . . 
nonderluliloryodheadvenlurejofLudulofMadaura,  "^''** 
and  intcmavc]  the  lanxnu  legend  of  Cupid  aod  Psyche.  HI* 
biiam  aod  oiyitical  alyle  hai  a  itranp  laidiutiaa  for  the 
teidni  hut  ihrie  ii  noibing  Romu  or  Italian  about  It.  Two 
epitomiatt  of  previous  hiilorici  may  be  mentioned:  Jaitinua 
(of  unctniin  date)  vho  abridged  the  history  ot  Pompeiui  TrOfiB, 
an  Angustan  wriieri  and  P.  Anniui  Floiui,  nbo  Hrole  in  Ihc 
reign  of  Hadrian  a  rhetorical  iketdi  haied  upon  Uvy.  The 
Halnria  jlifiute,  which  Indudei  tbe  liva  ^  (be  eniperon 
from  Hadrian  to  Numerlanui  (ht-jS*),  b  the  work  of  lii 
wiilers,  four  of  whom  wrote  under  DioclctEln  aod  twti  under 
Cbnstantfne^  It  ia  a  coflection  of  pcnonal  inenioln  of  Utile 
hiatorkal  importance,  and  marked  by  puerility  aod  poverty 
ol  Myle.  Amndanoi  Marcettinus  (c  jjo-^oo)  bad  a  higher 
concepUoB  cf  (be  MMOcfan'i  function.  Hti  namtifi  of  the 
yeaia  jjj-ijS  (aD  that  now  remainsl  Is  honest  and  itrai^tfor- 
ward,  tint  his  dktioa  Is  awkward  and  obscure.  The  laii  pigin 
proee  wrilet  who  need  be  memioncd  is  Ij.  Aurelins  Symmachiis 
(r.  js»-4io>,  tbe  auihot  el  some  speeches  and  a  collectloD  of 
lettm.  All  the  art  of  hit  owate  and  counly  periods  cannot 
disgulMIhe  fact  that  (here  wainothing  now  lor  paganism  to  tay. 
It  ll  In  Chrialian  writers  aloBe  that  we  find  Ibe  vigour  of  life. 
Tbe  aaiUeM  woA  o(  CheiaUaB  apdoietica  i*  the  OUBifn  or 

wrltleainpUKLatiBaDdbstraatlytla^byd^cil  ^V*'" 
itdnencet.  '  Quite  dHeitnt  is  tbe  work  of  "  tbe 
ia>ceTeitaKui,''Q.S«pliadusnaiieniTertifflIainia(c.  iso-ajs), 
a  miut  «l  CaRhaia,  tbe  raoal  vigoraul  of  Ibe  Latin  cbampiona 
o(  tbe  aeiT  faith.  Ui  Myk  tbom  Ibe  Atricui  R«nH  of  wbldi  we 
have  ainady  wokei^  B«d  ia  It*  medley  ol  aidwhait,  Ciaedtraa 
-' ~  atnBfth  ol  the  dbimefiatiiig  font* 


Vdiu*  Lo^Bi^  tMMiat  Di  OMt^afk^,  m 

oaaa  ieaptitaDt  wod^  the  Vocln  Mimtt  AAuOi 


iTjereace  and  VitOil,  Flayliis  GaapMA 
Diaaedeai  and  Scrviaa,  the  autkst  ol  a  vdatU 
oa  VinU.    Ambio^M  UacBbiua  nitodMiiM  te>  «d4' 


pnlcDBiona.    The  laal  « 
Bnt  widely  knawn  at  all,  tbe  cdebnted  PifBdania,  *he  pubi 
liabwl  hb  ten4wok  at  CoBBtiaiiaopU  probaWy  la  Ibe  ralddia 
ol  the  Jib  caatuiy. 
ccsatdedas«HDfthewilylBt 


latahel 


LATINOSi^LATlTUDE 


en  Q.  Uacba  SntMb,  i*>  dM  J>  ■»  ■. 

>  Stt.  Sotpidu  lUlH.  *!■  dird  in  4S 
ha  Jl^wn  H»  M.  AwiaiM  UhM«pd  C  *i 


leflecU  tbc  KWIiDTcnr  beCwccB  t 

Sihriiu  Jiiliuia*  m4  tinuled  tqr  * 


_  K  the  eat 

■tep  towuds  a  mle.    Sol  PomixBiiia,  •  muaiiporaiy, 
-a  imponaot  Icfil  luooil  «f  vbldi  ' "    — 


The  a 

it  Ctha,  «bo  Bnd  ondcr  Anlannn  Tia — ■  taodd  of  what  neb 
InstiMS  ifaoold  be  TIk  m«t  cmiDnit  of  all  tbe  Roi 
WAS  Acmilha  pApInianiu,  tbe  inUmate  fricod  of  BcpLuniuft 
Srvous;  oi  hta  voilu  only  fngmcDti  rcnuin.  Other 
aUe  writeiT  wot  tbe  proUGc  Bomitiqa  UlpUnus  (c. 
JbGik  Psulna.  bit  oinlemponry.  Tbe  lui  juruiicil 
aM  tia  HtnatoM  Mod^Iinut  (c.  140).  But  though  the  lint 
d  (Rat  Inycn  bad  cciied,  tbc  eflccU  of  Ibcii  woik  renuuoed 
ud  UE  deakjr  visible  Iddc  alia  in  the  "  codca  " — the  code  of 
Tbcodoakis  C41I8)  and  tbc  still  more  famous  code  of  JustLniaB 
(fiQ  uid  53j),  irith  which  is  uiodited  the  ume  of  Tribooianus. 
natloCKArHI.— Tig  idcm  fuH  and  lUaluWTji  nndem  «t«i[|| 
M  LaltaKtenldRbM.  Sehaa'iCacticb(ibrr4inKtfiiIiUini(iir. 
TW  bat  in  EhMi  i>  tha  midatiM  by  C.  C  WaiT  af  W.  S.  TemRd 
md  1.  StkmS^JlHlty  If  Jtaua  XnoMmi.  J.  W.  Haekai'a 
AOR  fli^n  ^  lolia  Ulwtlxrr  i*  (14II  of  cioIIedI  litoair  ud 


irHten.     C  Laiqam 


Biitart  it  la 
APhu 


Btttralnrt  lalme  (tool,  widl  aptdirieBri  ailly  dah  wiih  ihEnHimc 
■!>  republic.  W.V.SeUai'aX*aHr^«lf<flWApiU«*ii<fH 
<  itc  AatmU^  Ati,madR.  Y.Tyn^i  LKlmra  <m  Ultm  fg^ 

oriun  and  tlicir  mcki,  toEcdier  with  t^iiwnphin.  it  givni  in 
J. ^B.Maror'iBiWitrspJiwitCCyiaCafiat.ilcnUii'f  (1879). which 

bUbfnpkia  to  (bt  anicle*  ag  inditldaal  writen. 

(W.Y.S.JJ.  P.  P-) 

UTOnn.  ia  ReoiD  ksBod,  kini  of  Ibc  aboTi(ian  in  Laiium, 
aad  cponymoui  boo  of  (he  LMin  nee.  In  Hciiod  (r*»cnj, 
raiilbristbeaoBef  DdVMciu  and  Circe,  utdndet  of  the  Tyr- 
Kiiua;  in  Virpl.  tha  aoD  ■!  Faunas  and  the  nymph  Mariti, 
•  mtional  KeDealonr  boas  sidsiiluted  lor  the  Kisiodic,  which 
pnbablr  originated  fnin  a  Ciedi  aounx.  Lalinus  waa  a 
ifaadawy  -pmonalitr,  invealcd  to  ctptain-tbe  origin  of  Rome 
and  >[i  nlaileaa  *ilb  LathuD,  and  only  Bbtained  irepoiunce 
b  btta  tima  thmUgfa  his  kacubiy  conneicion  with  Acmm 
nd  tht  foBDdaiko  oi  Rome.  Acooding  to  Virjil  {Aemid, 
rn.  ai-),  Acneast  on  Jandiag  at  tha  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  wai 
•cleaned  l^  Lalinui.  the  peaceful  rukr  wboae  teat  o(  govem- 
Bciu   wa*  Lauteolun,  and  slliantely  mamed  bii  dausbtei 

(hberaBeoBnlic4LalInu>.dil[eHii(«MU>rabltia  detail,  are  to 
beluuiidini)ierracmentso(C«o'>Oi(>'>"(''<  Serviuiicoinnicniary 
oaVlijil)  andiiiDionyHuiofHaliam  ---.--■ .- — 1- 


hbyf.t 


bteultha 


-i  (LU.  lalilmia,  Itua,  tnad),  ^  wntd  rnewuni 
JT  iMlfai  beieei  epnatlvc^,  treedoin  from  nalikliaa, 
T  gencntly  tutd  bi  tbe  inpafibical  and  aMrDDonical 
MMbnetnstal,  ThalalkudeofaiwULantheaailb'aaDrlace 
k  hs  utgohrdisUuKSe  (tam  the  •qualor.  nM>«uiHliiB  tbe  carved 
xntaoeaftboeactb.  IIM  dinct  M*ann.(if  Ibii  dittaoce  beini 
hiprteticmbfe,  H.hH  to  bedetensinad  l^.attnnnnkal  obaena- 
lions.  Althnadetciw^Mdh  tolhkaa|lBb(t«e(vlfcedirectioB 
of  the  plumb-line  at  the  place  aad  the  |dai 
nit  Is  identical  with  the  anfls  betwien  tbc 
at  the  place  and  at  the  equator,  and  abo  wilb  tbc  devation  of 
tbe  criejtral  pole  abave  the  horiion  (»ee  ABraoNOm).    latitude 

liefuetitfHeWtlaJeolairiateiatheantfewhlch  ih*  line  bom 
tbe  earth'a  centre  to  tbc  place  makea  with  the  plane  o(  tbe 
cquaiac.  C«va>U^  blilndt,  which  is  used  in  mappint.  la 
Md  en  tbe  wppoaition  that  tbc  aattb  is  as  elliptic  iphnoid 


ebtatcKibiTwdrbiwabiiaabgcieataB^PF.  We  may  coaadci  ihia 
^eiwl  to  be  (bat  oTlht  canh,  the  cmptici(y  bdnoinntly  aatte- 
raled.  If  let  in  ntation  amad  fla  ai^  cf  Inre^P,  it  wS  rtM- 
tinuc  (0  nUM  BOuad  that  ant  fee  an  hdAnltc  rim*.    Bat  it 


-A).     In  the  caaTof  the  tu("'(£l^iaI>o  E> 
y    It  InUon  that  the  poiod  ia  queatiDB  ia  J05 


Up  1. 


..        iblish  the  pafedidtr  of  nidi  a 

(here  was  ilrong  evidence  of  a  vaj' 

S.  C.  Chandler,  from  an  daborate  di ,^--.  _ 

of  obsetvitiDna,  dioved  Ihat  then  was  really  a  variation  o(  tbc 
latitude  of  tbe  polDti  of  observaltoA;  but,  InaUad  et  tbc  period 
being  30s  days,  it  was  about  ^aS  day*.  At  Onl  a^  tUs  pcriad 
leeraed  to  be  faicon^ent  with  dynamical  tbaoey.  Botatitfect 
was  won  found  in  the  latter,  the  comcttoa  ol  wUch  maticikd 
the  diverBBnce.  In  derirtng  a  period  of  joj  dayi  tbe  aaitltft 
ngaided  as  an-abulotely  rigid  body,  and  no  acoawit  ii  takM 
cither  at  iti  elaslicily  or  of  the  mohQity  at  the  aceas.  A  Uu^ 
ol  the  figuTE  wiS  show  that  tbe  cantrifucal  force  roond  the  aiia 
RR  will  act  on  the  aquatotlal  pntuberaace  of  the  n(aliss 
earth  EQ  as  to  make  it  tend  in  tbe  dicecUoa  of  tbc  anowi.  A 
slight  deformation  of  the  earth  *i»lh»a  icauh;  and  the  *a*  of 
figure  ot  Ibc  distorted  ipbeioid  will  no  lonterbePP,  but  a  Int 
FF  between  PP  and  RR.  As  the  latter  moina  roond,  P*?*  wffl 
conlinuiUy  foUon  it  throu^  the  inceaaant  dnn^  <4  tpv*  prv- 
duced  by  the  change  in  the  d!te«ion  of  the  oanlrifagal  feet* 
Now  Ihe  rate  oi  malioa  of  RR  is  deletmined  by  tbe  actual  fignic 
ai  the  moment.  It  ii  therefore  lesi  than  ihe  motion  in  an 
absolutely  rigid  sphere*!  bi  the  proportion  RP  :  RP.  It  li  found 
that,  even  thou^  the  eaith  were  no  more  elastic  than  alee^na 
yielding  combined  with  the  mobiHly  of  Ibe  ocean  wmrid  make  thia 
rat  io  aboot  1 : 1,  rcauking  In  an  incrtaM!  of  (he  period  by  one-hall. 
making  it  about  4ST  days.    Thu  (Ml  Utall  ImUIv  >*-■»> 


268 


LATIUM 


ff««m  dwB  thit  accMujr  (a  dti  rtanMIMlMi  af  ebMnnUos 
wilA  tkeorr,  ud  tbc  MR  h  k  fkoMD  to  b>  moN  rigiil  tlna  t 
■  ooudjolM  hiv  riDca  uumad  br  KtttiB  In  MbB  R 

Chtndkt  Utenraidi  muk  u  impoiUat  idditioB  (•  thcHOiicct 
by  ibttitat  IhM  IW  notiaa  wii  ma  iBnttd  bytht  «upBpt«tlon 
<<  two  bacBNik  tcrai,  tka  fim  kaviof  «  period  of  ^uat  430 
■kn  the  oUwr  ot  om  yeir.  The  laoU  of  tbii  lopaipodtiDii  n 
KHTCo-jreH  poiod,  «Aid  naka  B  period*  of  tb«  4iU>]>  Una 
(4>8'X<*i5t>'«  T  J"*!*!  Ho^).  ud  7'  paiiodi  at  the  uotBl 
.    Near  oao]AaM  e£  lU>  eoaUDed  poiad  the  lno 


■di>-i6';ll 


■e  dbectkn  oimI  ihemigeof  nilUioa 
~  '  M  o(  tbe  4iA-dar  Ion  aecm 
it  of  the  luuMltccin  hetwcen 
lUemkaolboth 
.  id  tooo,  oad  IhcR  ' 
to  nppon  (jthv  to  he  tantiot. 
Hie  pRoneMate  of  the  tlWBy  nay  be  lusuaed  up  I 
t.  Tbe  l«ut«B-iiBDUi  lam  ia  u  imiaeduti  mult  of  the 
(act  (bat  tbe  aiea  of  loUtion  ind  igate  of  the  eaith  do 
Rrictty  coincide,  but  make  witli  each  otber  a  imalt  angli 
which  tbe  mean  value  ii  aboul  0-15*.  If  Ibe  cartb  nmained 
fatvaikble,  without  axiy  motion  of  mattei 
mult  of  thk  nnn^coIiicblaKa  would  be  Ibe  n 
poleniuid  ibe  otber  in  acircteof  ndiuio-ij*.  or  about  ij  (1.. 
is  a  period  of  aboal  419  days.  Thit  rcvolulioc  '  "  '  ' 
Bultrian  meMiHf,  aftn  the  matbeaatidtn  wbo 
Bui  owinj  to  cieuonilogical  cauKi  tbe  motioa 
lubjccl  to'  annual  changn.  TbtM  cbenget  anB  In>m  two 
cauie* — tbe  one  italical,  the  other  dynamical. 

1.  Tbe  itatlcal  cauici  are  depoilU  of  inow  or  ice  ilowly 
ebangtnc  the  poaition  ol  the  pole  of  GguR  of  the  earth.  For 
aample,  a  depoiit  oTuow  in  Siberia  would  bring  tht  equator  oI 
Bgure  of  the  earth  t  ilitle  neaier  lo  Siberia  and  throw  the  pole 
a  little  way  from  it,  while  a  deposit  on  Itii  '  * 
wouid  have  the  opposite  effect.  Owii( 
■ymmetry  at  the  American  and  Aiiilie  c< 
Mem  likely  that  tbe  Inequality  of  uowfall  would  ptoduca  ■ 
appreciabh  effect. 

1.  Tbe  dynamical  cauia  are  atmospheric  and  oceanic  cunent 
Were  tboe  cumnti  invariable  thdr  only  effect  would  be  that  tli 
Euleiian  motion  would  not  take  place  exactly  lound  the  mea 
pote  of  figure,  but  lound  a  point  slightly  Hparaled  from  i 


for. 

Beads  Chandler,  Albicchl  of  Berlin  hit  invatigated  tbe 
nolloa  ol  tbe  pole  P.  Tbe  methodi  of  the  two  atiionomen  are 
In  wme  pointi  different.  Chandlei  bu  conitructed  empirical 
fonunlte  lepneenling  the  motion,  with  tie  lesulti  already  given, 
wbik  Albiecht  hai  determined  (be  molioo  of  the  pole  from 
ebaervatioa  limply,  without  trying  to  npiescnt  it  either  by  a 
foimuk  or  by  theory.  It  i>  noteworthy  that  the  difieicDce 
bet  wean  Albiecht'*  nuinerical  icaultj  ud  Cbudler'a  fonnuUe  Is 
gcDenly  Icm  than  o-oj*. 

Wben  the  fluctuntloD  In  the  poaition  of  tbe  pole  wu  fully 
confirmed.  It*  iiqiortanca  in  ulronomy  and  geodesy  led  the 
Intenational  Ceodelic  Aaiocialion  to  eitabliih  a  leriea  of 
atationi  round  the  globe,  aa  nearly  u  pouible  on  the  tame 
parallel  of  ktiiude,  (or  the  purpose  of  obierving  the  fluctuation 
with  a  greater  degree  ot  pncitioa  thin  could  besitained  by  the 
miKellaneous  obtetvationi  before  available 


onihlc 


in  with 


■enith-lelcKOpn  of  ..  - 

a  double  observation  of  each  component  of  the  poUr  motion, 
from  which  most  ol  tbe  lyitematk  enon  arc  eliminated.  The 
[windpal  station*  are:  Carloforte,  Italy;  Miiusawa,  Japie; 
CiitbersbltTf,  Maryland;  and  Ukiab,  California,  all  nearly 
en  the  same  parallel  ol  latitude,  jo' r. 
Thb  Suctuatwii  derived  From  thi*  biteniatlaail  work  during 


ifeakat  sevtDretndeviMabM  AabdrfrbBaiulei^fMmaM 
iboni^  they  sbo*  a  maitedy  aaulkr  valac  of  the  uobbI  tenkf 
In  MBwqoeue,  tbe  ehanft  k  the  ampbtada  of  the  fluctuation 
thnmh  Uw  levano'aar  period  knot  *D  mil  maiked  a*  bcCoiv  1900. 

k  As  Am-trnfipii^  »k  jd.  to  w.  aid  M^iTtCi-amV, 
BUimuaf  ol  the  ICBCihenuv  <d  the  Eakma  period  ii  fwnd  in  tha 
ifnlUy  Ktlua  t/Ot  Sital  Ailnnimiaii  Saaiy  fur  March  iSaa. 

Later  volume*  el  the  ilMMiHinail /oBnul  conuin  diKatuone  o(  the 


^wdaiioiL  aaJ  In  the  AUnntmiiiU  ffnr lirtrtini  frea  al*o  Ey. 

UTtini,'  k  ancient  geography,  the  name  gfven  lo  the 
portion  ol  central  Italy  which  wu  bounded  on  the  N.W.  b« 
Etrurla,  dn  the  S.W.  by  the  Tynbenian  Sea,  on  the  S.E.  1/ 
Campania,  on  tbe  E.  by  Samnium  and  on  the  K.E.  by  tht 
mouniaioous  district  inhabited  by  tbe  Sablni,  AequI  and  Hani. 
The  name  wis,  however,  appUed  very  dlBerenily  at  dlHerent 
times.  Lttium  originally  means  the  land  0)  the  Latini,  and  in 
this  sense,  wbich  alone  Is  in  use  bislorically,  it  was  a  tract  of 
limited  eiten  t ;  but  after  the  overthrow  of  the  Latin  confederacy, 
'hen  the  neighbouring  tribes  of  the  RntuU,  Hfrnid,  Volsei  and 
.urunci,  a*  well  *i  the  Latini  properly  so  called,  were  reduced 
1  the  coodliioi  of  subjects  aBd  dtiiens  of  Rone,  tbe  nam*  af 
■thimwaseiiended  10  comprise  them  all.  It  thus  denoted  tha 
bolecounlryfrcmtheTibettotbemouthof  IheSavo,  and  jait 
iduded  the  Mont  Hstsicui,  though  the  boundary  wit  not  very 
.  redsely  filed  (tee  bekw}.  Tbe  change  thus  introduced,  though 
already  manifeit  U  the  eotapotitioa  ol  the  Latin  leifae  (sea 
'  '  )  was  not  formally  eSUblUwd  tfll  tbe  nlgn  of  Augnslua, 
ormed  of  this  larger  Lalium  and  Campania  taken  togethei 
tbe  first  region  of  Italy;  but  jt  is  already  tecogniced  by  Strabo 
(v.  I.  1.  p.  iiS),  a*  well  at  by  Fliny,  wbo  tenia  the  addilianal 
irrltory  Ihns  kcorponted  Lalium  Aijatum,  while  he  deiig- 
ites  the  origin^  Lalium,  extending  from  tha  TIba  to  OrccH,  ai 

I.  LATiiTii  ANiTQiTm  contktad  princJpdlyof  an  atteHiva 
.  lain,  now  known  as  tbe  Campagna  di  Soota,  bomdad  towank 
Ihe  Interkic  by  the  Apenninea,  wUch  rite  vety  abnqitly  faonlfaa 
ioahei^lalbet>«4ooaandsaoofL  Stvaraloftha 
Latin  dliet,  Induding  Tibui  and  Pncneale,  wen  dmatc4  oa  Iba 
t-Mkt  undeefallt  of  these  nwutidna,'  wUk  Con,  Moikt 
Ria  werepkeed  to  like  mauer  on  theskpei  ol  the  Vokdaa 
moinitaini  (Monti  Lepini),  ■  rugged  and  lofty  limcatone  tangc. 
which  run*  panlld  to  the  main  mat*  of  the^iciiniBea,  being 
separated  From  tbem,  however,  by  the  vtUq'  of  Ibe  TieriB 
(Saco>),  and  formi  a  caDlinueos  barrier  from  there  lo  Tcmcina. 
'olcuiic  eruptions  are  known  to  have  taken  place  k  Ibcia 
mountains  within  the  historic  period,  though  Llvy  tomcdmca 
speaki  of  it "  raining  stones  in  the  Alban  hail  "  (I.  31 ,  luv.  »— 
on  the  Utter  occasion  it  even  did  to  on  tbe  Aventine).  It  ft 
auertcd,  too,  that  some  ol  Ibe  earliest  tombs  of  the  neoi^ia 
'  "  a  Laoga  if,*.)  wen  loaod  beneath  a  ilraBun  at  pepedno. 
Earthquake*  (not  ei  a  vklant  chatactec  within  recent  ceaturiea, 
'  igb  the  ndn  of  tha  Colomunk  probably  to  baatciibed  to 
cause)  are  not  >u>hD0«o  even  at  tba  ptisut  day  a  iUma 
In  tha  Mban  Hilli,  and  a  Kitiaovaph  hat  baen  ctlahliiked 
at  RbecadlPapa.  The  tuttace  la  by  no  meant  a  unifocm  plain, 
bat  k  a  broad  SBdulatingtiact,  furrowed  ihrou^iout  by  ngmciou* 
deprflon*,  with  pitdpJUKM  banks,  ittvkg  m 
thoDgh  raid/  tsvened  by  any  coasidcnble  stream 
general  levd  of  the  plain  riae*  gradually,  though  al 
perceptibly,  to  the  foot  ot  Iba  Apciuioca.  Lbes*  ch 
a  aatuaui  the  chatactei  of  tavkea 


'laloiM.  from  the  ■* 


rE.aaTreba(Tml! 


5r.r! 


E  boundiiy  of  I^llimi 


in>  ef  Lallui 
IbtaqiKMa  (S 


igcb  my  be  diiihiiuiilMd  in  ilit  roImi'*)  hiHaiy 
!iurT«iiuluiidi.u>cl.  The  hOb  DB^l^  twifc 
Tiber  culmmting  in  Monle  Maris  (45J  fU  belanf 
Ann  of  tin.  being  of  the  PUoeeoe  lonuiicn,  ihcy 
biuuli-9>|F  clair  and  ma  upper  tmip  of  yeHuii  lud* 
vcUvHDce  Ronun  tiaHenattuppliHlEbenalsial 
;.  and  (he  valley*  wbich  now  lepante  tbc  diJtenot 

I     On  ihe  kit  Tank  thb  day  hat  been  n 
>  tcu  ii<  the  Pncv  HiU.  >Wli  m  tilt  Ci 


LATIUM 

■ad  oCtMlkMn  Eldj 


369 


bwr  IckI.  uiIk  Umk  at  the 
Iw  ben  toiM  ts  Eiiend  bel 

hiKrcniy  be  divided  inio  n  .  ,.__, 

lid  ihird  pcrmh.     In  the  acnild  period  vo 

■1  Ok  boitoni  gl  the  PiiaCEiK  w*.  and  ttie  tun,  wheh 

At  Ike  mmTSrm,  bolurinti.  CDnuiniiia  abundant 

la  The  thint.  aFter  ihe  Camf^ni.  by  a  eremi  genen 
bcnnK  a  bnd  Htrface,  t«1carnc  eneiry  Hand  an  ai 
paratunlf  f«r  lar|e  Bfaun»  wUch  anutad  niiaB>a  af 


HllM  /ntHiary 

Ctliaai)  aad  penanni 

■bch  nini  Iroffl  Ibe 

Appia  waa  carried.    Tbe  tm 


■bcii  nni  Tr«irib?A^c^  HUI>  to~vWi1c 
Appia  waa  c     "  "     "" 

AlbuHSila  daibe  •outh,  the  biwr. 


I OBC  si  tin  (onaac, 
or  Roae^lhi  Via 

(Bneaan,  Baliiaa,  tx.)  and  the 


pjqna.  a  pUn  fanowad  by  cuUia  and 

da  lennctf  Ibe  city  ot  Rome  ven  In  a  ipecialtyiavourable  poviiDri. 
Thcie  bUb  (eiiiectany  Ibe  Palatine,  the  lite  c/  Ihc  iniiira}  ictilc- 
iinit)wlth  tbeiTBatiRallyttceptadei.oaTllrwniiundRral  (he  bus 
Iw  nanba  and  aitaatcd  iM  Car  (cm  tie  conHanict  ii<  t  he  A»  wnh 
IBi  Tiber,  yanwicd  natural  advlntacct  aM  ahared  by  Ibe  elhef 
ptinilive  aettlemcnu  et  the  diilricc  and  their  praiimiiy  10  one 
looiher  rendered  it  eanr  to  briMf  them  into  a  larier  whole  Th« 
valtanic  nateriab  avaLlahle  In  Rome  and  in  neiBhbcxiFhood  vera 
'wildiiic.    The  lata,  eptniae  and  pepcrii 


ouU  K  employed  by  thoae  who  poelieued  eo 


•nonnef  Roiaaa  conerHe  ■•  lartily  due  to  the  ma  <rf  poainhaa  (ict 
Puiuii).  which  ilea  b  (auad  in  lAenly  In  Ihe  CamMDa. 

Beinen  thevgkanic  IraclolilieCanipiEaaand  Iluiea  there  I>  a 
bnd  itr^  of  landy  plain,  evidently  lormca  merely  by  the  accumu- 
btion  ut  ^ind  fmn  the  tea,  and  conKitatinv  a  barren  tract,  aiill 
twered  aliBoal  catirely  with  wood  at  it  waa  in  ancient  timee.  cacepc 
be  the  almoat  uidntamipted  line  of  villat  along  the  aaaent  coaal* 
hi>t.>hichbnowmar<ied^alIncc(undhiUt.iomcl  m  or  moR 
iibnd  (lee  LkviNtull^  Ttsia)  Thii  long  belt  of  undy  ihore  elitendi 
■ftheul  a  break  Tor  a  diitance  of  above  Jo  m  (n>m  ihe  rmath  oi  th« 
Tiber  (a  the  proanuory  o(  Aatiam  (Amo  d'Auio).  1  low  ncky 

■idniUea^'To  tlm'iine'alniul  "rtKoce ag^'ii^iw  k 

HoaiiB  tlmeaandiervtlt^for^'bRedintf.cili 

•D  the  foot  ol  the  MonieCbreofCKAin  Jfew.g-  . 

IkePomptinr  Manbca  (f  .1  accuplea  alinott  Ihe  whcdel 

Ike  landy  belt  on  the  m-aha«  and  the  Volecna  mounluiB.  nieno- 

is|  Itwn  Ihe  •authem  foot  o(  Ihe  Alban  HHb  behiw  Vdletn  to  Ibe  « 

aarTeftadna. 

The  dbtricl  itnidilf.  dmni  rran  Vctlelrl  Is  the  dead  level  of  the 
Pnliac  nWetUic)  HarAeahaa  not.  lilit  Ibe  weatemand  northern 
■  ■  alocca  at  the  Alban  KilU.  drabiate  towaidi  Ihe  Tiber 

*■'*•  TlKubaoaioobdlVerentlylomKd.lheHrfacecantiiit 
el  very  abtBrbent  malerlalai  then  eamea  a  Mranini  ct  leie  pemnblc 
tnTi  or  peperlns  (aanietlnea  eky  <•  pfeaent),  and  below  that  again 
■ore  pcTHKable  materlale.  In  anclenl-  anil  probably  pre-Rotnaa. 
timq  thii  dterkt  waa  drained  by  an  elabonte  miem  of  cnaiiiJj. 
■un drainage tunnde, about g It  highandift.wMe.whEliran.Kil 
*<  the  bolioni  of  Ihe  vaneyi.  where  Ihere  werr  aometina  Mreami 
•kBdy.  and  where,  In  any  laae,  atetlon  would  have  bnken  thnwgh 
their  nolt,  bal  alona  iMr  riogB,  Ihrodgh  Ibe  Itia  permeaWr  tula. 
iktit  oUeci  belnt  to  ^Hn  iSTtm  on  each  ilde  ef  the  wHrye. 
They  had  probab^  mach  ta  do  wllh  Ihe  nbtlve  healthlnea  ol  thb 
diilrict  in  cariy  Ihnea.  Soma  ol  Ihem  have  been  obiervtd  10  be 
oriieTlndaletliaaiheVlaApplaUttl.c).  They  were  etudled  In 
deriil  by  R.  de  (a  Bhncbtn  When  they  fell  bin  dewelwle. 
nukib  (lined  the  upper  Imnil,  the  tKk  of  dramagr  prevfclint 
bnsding-pbcei  for  ihe  malarial  oeafulKL     RdulM  of  ilmilu 


hendgUii 

RiaanldBf.  Tbe fbaiaafe dttnada  whish  wan dM  (or  th* 
> oaler  lakai in  the  nelttabauihoad  ef  Ron*  an alioinUraal- 
tha  iTfatd.  That  or  the  iUbaa  Lake  ii  Ihe  most  (amoiu; 
"■" — ''"^  ^^~  *"'~"  m  eiiBilarly  nrowlded-  Ab  the  drainage 
tin  iBtheBuMl.ia  Ihe  damage  of  tEi 


SkaJv  HL, . ,  „ _, 

permeable  itrau  below  the  lufa  Iron  becomijm  impregnaled  viih 
moltlure  Which  ihcy  would  othcrviae  have  derived  from  the  laka  of 
the  AlUn  Hilb.  The  ilopei  beiow  Velletri.  on  Ihe  other  hand, 
derivr  much  of  their  moisrure  (mm  the  tpice  between  the  Inner  and 

and  thn  in  inm  rReivea  much  moluun  from  the  baun  ol  the  enincl 

Numenm  laoblad  pnlneolilhie  olqeeti  gf  Hie  Moexerbn  type 
have  been  buad  hi  chr  nBthhoaihood  o(  Rome  In  ihe  qiuBmary 
cnveb  of  Ihe  Tiber  and  AnB.  but  ao  certain  Iracei  _ 
of  the  neotilhle  period  have  cane  lo  l%hl,  «a  ihc  many  ^  . 
flint  imptemefTta  roural  nondlcally  roainf  Ronie  pro-  ■■"■* 
b^ily  beloiv  ts  the  iieriod  which  laccceiM  neolfl^lc  "•-•ba 
(calU  by  Italian  aickaeoloiiia  the  aaealitble  period)  limadt 
•I  both  atone  and  metal  fttot.  however,  brwiac.  but  copper)  wen 
In  OK  ■    At  SpiTgt^,  in  the  valley  of  the  Sa«.  a  ikelelofl  waa 


jnd  metal  (rv...  „,, 

oie  ■    At  SniTgt^,  in  the  valley  ol  the  Sacu.  a  ikelrlofl 
ind  in  a  rock-cut  tomb  of  thii  petkid  which  Ktll  bean  Ir 

Cling  with  dnnabat  A  Boiilar  nck-cui  ismb  waa  fo..». 
idct.  in  the  Anw  nOcy.  Both  an  outthk  ^  IhniB  dl 
the  Campuina  in  the  narTowcr  eene:  but  iindbr  tombi  wen 
found  Ctnough  Ich  acruraiely  obicrvcdl  In  travertine  qnarriei 
between  Rome  and  Tlvoli.  Ob}ecti  of  ihe  Bronn  an  too  haw  snlf 
been  found  tporadically  Theearlieal  cenielerba  andhut  foundatniU 
o(  the  Alban  Hilli  bebng  10  ihe  Iran  a^e.  ana  ccmeteTici  andobjeeH 
o(  a  ■um'br  character  have  been  fcond  in  Rome  iiaelE  arid  in  aoalbera 
Einiria,  especially  the  cbanctciiilic  hut-unif.    The  objecTa  Found 

tetrtiaan  cd  Emilia,  iheae  laii  being  of  earlier  date,  and  hcnci 

odheinhaUlanli^iheierteman.  On ihe^ih^nd, Ihc oMuarKi 
M  the  Vrlbnova  Ivpe,  wblle  ihcy  ocntr  a>  hr  touth  ai  VeU  and  Caere, 
have  never  10  lar  been  (ound  on  ihe  left  bnnkof  IbcTTber.iaLaiium 
peoper  (fee  L.  Pieoriniin  Andinatj  dk(  Cjjun.  ler.  v  vol.  wir,  1907- 
p.  in.  and  adir..  1401)).   We  ihue  hanat  the  bcginniiig  o(  the  Iron 

attributed,  ihere  h  no!  »i  yet  OHnr^ietr  accord,  e.g  lome  archac' 
alogiiu  aiilin  to  the  iitk,  othen  (and  with  far  better  reaionil  » 
the  bth  century  a  {.,  the  earikil  lomba  oT  the  Alhin  necropolii  and 
tbe  coeval  rombt  of  the  necropolii  reemtly  diKOvered  in  tKc  Forum 
at  Roirrc.  In  Ihia  Ian  necnopolB  ewmition  icemi  ilrghily  to  precede 
Par  ihe  BnhiMone  petmd  lee  SaUmno  di  paliatltlipa  /uAaaa, 
and  t!  E.  ftet,  7<it  SItnt  a*«  flma  Api  la  Iittf  lO^nli 

It  ia  unceruin  to  what  eilenl  reliance  can  be  placed  upon  the 
(radiiional  accounts  of  the  gradual  ipread  a(  the  lup- 
rcmtcy  of  Rome  in  Latium.andtfaequaiiontannQLbe      f"* 
dwiowd  hate  '     The  liil  o(  Ihathiity  coramuniiiei  be- 
lonfing  to  ihe  LaUn  leafuc,  livta  by  Dionysiui  of  KalictniuMia 

>  See  R  de  la  Bhnchtn  in  Darembeti  and  SuSo.  IMiMwIrt 
dn  aaii^iUs.  (.w  ChuiIiu.  Ennaannm.  aad  the  «aae  author** 
CWMrrd'itiileit  fnltmi  (Pana.  iBag] 

'See  C    A.  Colini  la  BnllUlua  di  faJeuafagia,  /ialitao.  nib 

dike  libelee  RoHi  /luMrriihe'chiilbeiaithBtihe'piebeiauol 
Rofiv  pioliab]y  canwiied  at  Uiuni  and  the  PiuidBna  of  Sabinea), 
Licuii*.  SicuLi  and  Aiicit.  For  the  Etnnean  doninion  is  the 
Laiin  pUin  lee  Eiiuiia  Special  mention  may  hen  be  made  oTont 
pr  two  poinli  ol  hnponincc  The  iegeiKh  repreient  the  Latin  of 
IhehiMoricalpenedualuiiaaofdiBtrenliaeei,  LimiM.  VincM  atal 
Sieuh  amonc  them,  ihr  itary  al  the  alliince  ol  t(w  Tiojao  aiibf 
Amcaa  with  the  daughter  of  Latinui.  king  ol  the  abocigiaai,  and  iha 
conieqiienl  enmity  of  the  Rululian  prince  Turnui,  weD  known  10 
reader!  ol  VTrgil,  ii  ihoroiTghly  typval  of  the  renerllon  of  theie 
dbtanl  ethnicaT  phenomena  in  the  ivrvivint  inditloM.     In  viewol 


It'  vRSflTd 


B  ol  i)«  NO- eihmcoa  liee  SaBtm)  it 
Jupptlrr  Laliarii  (■ 


...-  _ oT  tlie  noble  Drancn 

0) — leau  taw  malnt  nftrham 
JTaNfUu  dilai.  BKonm  4t  ftirrjtidtl  Indfcatei  a  very  dlHenni 
lyMtm  ol  faniOy  Ilea  fmm  the  famaaa  (Mna  tmmit  and  watlaa 
ottbePUiiduaadSabloadaaa.  /  \^,^t^J^>  ' 


Mna  MUM  and  Hnatba 


ojo  LATIUM 

(v'Oi).  H,  howncr,  ot'gnu  tmpoMum     t4  b  tonxdered  by  Th 

MommKn  (Xgnm  Hiilmy,  i.  iiS)  that  it  ditn  from  ibout 
Ibc  yc«  J70  »c,,  to  which 


OfiB 


IkIojie  the  doemg  oT  the 

beuig  ulrFrsuilt  ndBiutcd 

ol  Ibe  baundana  ef  Lathi  m 


tbc  lut  u  u  foDoirs.  Ardi 
C«h«iii.  CiiventaBi,  arceiiln,  Cotiolaiu,  Cotblnlti,  Co 
(pralMbly  Comal,  Foniui  m,  Cabiu.  Lumuini,  LivinB 
Lcbuni,  Luiuvud.  NonRDtuii.  Nwb^i,  Frunoiinl,  Pcda 
I,  Siiricuii,  Scaplini,  Setiai,  TcUcdS.  TJbuni 


Qaerquclulanr, 
ToIciulT 

.    Tll~M 


[in  may  be  bficfly  deiciibed  acuDrdin^  la  tbcv 


ECotapliIat  vrannncpc  Laurcniuna  and  Lavimum,  nain»  ta 
cODuicuaui  IB  Ihc  LegtndBry  biuory  of  AcncUv  w«c  ihiif ted  in  thr 
■indy  Hrip  nw  tbe  aca^out— ^he  [omiTr  onty  S  m.  S-L.  of  Oniji. 


t  o(  EionCt  and  ocvcr  flEbifnl 

ancc  beyond  ihac  p^i^utb, 
ocGur  iBIIieUaol^nyHi'- 


^ feafnuk  tiwiiit  manly  iha  DC 

aa  an  LOdepcndcal  ^  v.    Farther  S.&, 

cainial  of  tbo  Kutuu,  aad  mwdi 

BluateS  on  iha  aaa-coait.  which  doca  dc 

■Al  ia,  In  the  cofLir  winala  oT  Bofne.  ^uam  ■  voikhii  i 

akdriMefcitv.  (SiUaaeiitheniuiidniaUaallligAlbuBKiunuinh 

gonunaDdJeK  the  plain  at  the  foot,  atood  Lapu^m  and  Vcbtiac, 

Arida,  mc  oa  a  Dnahbauriiw  hill,  and  Corion  waa  probably  aiiu 

OB  the  town  ■lopn.   The  vBl--    ' -■- -'--^ "    ■'- 

with  the  Cibnacil ' 


and  CarioTi  I 
■  ihe  Caban 


I.U.  Men.! 
D  ivportaiit  cily 


tba  AptnnHm  rur  Praennu.  now  Palcuiini,  Bol 
aicre  ptnbabLy  in  tbC  Bnw  ncighbourhuDd,  Labicj  oi 
auamU  (Menu  CamtBtiil  d  ihc  Atban  Hilli  below  1 
Coibio  (pcobably  u  Boca  Prina)  oh  a  ncky  Hiinn 
aamedty.  Tibur  (Tiv<JI)«copiiid  a  hciEhl  ccmmaad 

oae  a[  ibrce  conical  hilla  Ibat  rite  abropTly  out  oT  tbe  i^Jin  at  il 
di>un  ol  a  fc-  oilei  fmtn  V ■^- ->- -'  ■■ 

Hunt  wasaEcwinilu  farther  non 
.  .  . .  Kr,  and  cloae  to  Ibe  Sabina  f rof 
lheiwonatiouw«i<»'     " 


Apcuiinci,  aod  which  H'cn  ihci 
KomcHurawasaEcwinilcalart 
Ihc  Tiber,  asd  ctsaa  Is  Iba  Sab 
the  two  nationa  was  intieed  in  l..^  p.. 
Ihe  centre  of  tha  plain  ol  tbo  Campai 
aiHi  in  Ihe  plaJn,  but  doBO  to  (he  Ap 
aKcnd  the  Alba  n  HIUi.   SevcmlMlKi 


D,  ihaix 

a>  I  ba  Montca  Cerniculani, 

r.  Tha  beuBduy  bnwern 
cry  fltictuatinr  Nearly  in 
atood  Cabiii^oviHae  wu 

Lica— TellenM.  ScaplH  and 
yucrquctuiun^— mentioneci  m  inc  an  «'  Dionyaiua  wne  probaUy 
•uuated  in  ihe  Cap^afnA,  bu(  the  iile  raomt  be  detennincd- 
Saincum.  on  the  ether  hiod,  wai  cciaipty  anuth  ol  Ihe  Alban  Hilk 
beiwHa  VcUtrae  and  Aaiiunt  while  Con.  Ncuhi  and  Setia  (all  oC 
Hhich  retain  their  andml  nanup  whh  little  widiAcatiop)  crowned 
the  rocky  bciebta  which  Ions  advanced  omu  from  the  Vobixui 

niOTi'iSSi^viilEvWlbe'S^'Ui^ti'^mf; 

A  canjidcnbic  number  of  the  Latin  ciiiei  had  before  %ia  i.c 
either  b«n  ui  trrly,  dmroyHi  or  reduted  lotubjeclion  by  Rome 


i   Ihat 


Aqieifnae  and  Cacnina, 
Milaul  Rome  lo  Ihc  N.,  the  conquBl  of  which  Was  Ucribed  lo 
Romulm,  ndenae,  about  s  lo.  N  of  \ht  dly,  as^l  dose  to  Ihe 
Tiber;  ind 'Cmitumerlum.  (n  ITie  hifly  inct'Rinher  north 
tDwudiibeSabicefrantier.  SiUHaPonKtiiiilaa.on  ihtboidcra 
•1  the.Fo«iiKMarabcH'to-Hhicb  it  waaaaidlo  Ju.ve  ftiven  naae, 
wai  a  city  ol  Inpo^ance,  tbc  dturnctioit  of  whfcb  wai  aioibad 
to  Tarf|u!nfia  Soperbut.  In  any  cau  it  had  dtB^ppeaitd  before 
aa  B.C..  ^  iLdoe&aot  occuriB  the  liu  oi  U^e  Latin  iafat  auHbut- 
Ult  to  thai  date.  It  ia  probably  Id  be  aMight  between  VeUriri 
■nd  CiatHna.  Bat  by  far  Ibe  raoat  InpDitint  of  tbese  uiltict 
(itici  was  Alba,  on  Ihc  lake  to  which  ft' give  tti  name,  which 
was,  according'  to  universally  received  traiUiion^  The  pan^nt  of 
kotne,  M  will  u  of  nimcrovi  other  ciiica  wltlun  lie  Unuia  of 
tailmt,  uvluding  CcbH,  Fidcaae,  Collatja,  Nonwnluin  and  otbef 
fcril-known  loirrrs.  Whether  ot  not  this  timfiiion  deserves  lo 
rank  at  hisiotital.  il  sppean  ccctain  Ibat  si  l|  stilt  earlier  period 
ihcre  eiiiled  a  confederacy  of  thirty  lawns,  of  idikh  Alba  was 
tbe  stipmna  b^d.  A  list  of  those  iriio  wore  wont  to  participate 
in  Ihe  sicrllices  on  the  Alban  Moniil  Is  givtn  us  by  Pliny  (ff.H. 
Ui.  s.  6$)  under  the  name  ol  pcfuli  albciwi,  which  Includes  only 
<  The  MSS.  read  O^DiXatr  «  fhOuAi  |1h  Lalin  ITaitilaiion  has 
Bolsiiorum.  Ti  iidiHEcuii  uiay  which  is  to  be  pielemd.  The  lint 
Bves  OBlr  tw«iiy-«iiia  aanes.  uid  Motomkb  propcaia  lo  invrt 


sii  or  at  RM«  Bgtit  of  tbw  found  In  Ihc  list  of  Dnnysnn, 
and  ihoe  for  ibe  most  part  among  \tf  tnorc  obscure  and  least 
known  nf  tbe  lume*  given  by  him  Many  «f  Ibe  rest  an  ao- 
kaewn,  while  the  mt«  powerful  citica  of  Ancia,  Laouvmn 
and  Tusculum,  though  siiuaied  immediately  on  the  Alban  HSb. 
ate  not  induded,  and  appear  to  hive  Diunlained  a  wbillly 
indepcodenl  position.  This  earlier  league  was  doubticss  brakes 
ap  by  (he  fall  of  Alba,  il  was  probably  the  inciusiog  power 
of  the  Velsd  and  Aeigui  thai  led  to  the  fonntiwii  of  the  later 
league,  Intludlng  all  Ihe  more  powerful  ciiic»  of  liiium.  u  welt 
as  to  the  alliance  concluded  by  ihtm  with  the  Romans  in  the 
csnsulihipof  Spuriu  CassiusUgi  tjc )  Other  ciiiesof  iheLatia 
leogDC  had  already  (according  lo  the  tradilnnal  dam}  received 
Latin  colonics— Vclitrae  (41M  B.C.),  Norba  Uoi),  Ardea  {«!), 
Labid  l,iS),  Circei  (joj),  Sitricuai  ( jSj),  Sella  (j8i). 

Tbe  dties  of  (he  Latin  league  maiinued  la  hold  general 
ineetingi  or  assemblies  from  line  to  time  at  (he  gnvt  of  the 
Aqua  Fereniuia.  a  sanctuary  at  Ihe  foot  of  lite  Allian  Tlilfs, 
perhipala  a  vaUey  bdow  Maiino,  while  ihey  had  also  a  common 
place  of  warship  oo  the  lunuok  of  (he  A^ian  Mount  (Monte 
Cavo),  where  stood  the  celebnied  (enple  of  Jcptter  Latiails. 
The  participation  m  the  annual  sicriScn  u  (his  sanciuary  was 
regarded  as  (ypical  of  a  Lalin  cny  (hence  the  name  "  ptuci 
Ltiiai  "given  to  (he  pixticipatinepFoplnl,  and  ihey  coniinocd 
lobealehraicdlongifierihe  Latins  bad  lost  their  independence' 
and  been  incorpotaled  in  the  Rotnan  stale' 

We  are  on  firmer  ground  m  dealing  with  the  spread  of  the 
supremacy  ol  Riunf  in  LaiiuBi  when  we  take  account  of  the 

fonndalion  of  new  cofontcs  and  of  the  formation  of  ^ 

ibes,  processes  which  as  a  rule  go  (ogciher.    The^ 


<n  that 


o  the  < 


I  which 


kciiled  shows  lU 
,  eirept  along  Ihe  Tiber.  Rome's  daminMB  Blended  hardly 
t  than  s  m.  beyond  (he  city  gales  (Mgnimsm,  Wulwy  ^ 


undary  of  Roman  1 
liom  Rome,  when  ( 
he  S..  lowaids  Uun 


The  identi£cali< 
^erffe,  vi.  j»j) 

Rome,  and  of  tf 


a  p^ce  called  ^irvrot  between  il 


..  _  Pauly-Wis* 
(bit  locaUiy  wiJh  ihc  gn 
mde  of  Ihc  Via  pDrlneni 


celebrated  by 
inis  oroinernooa  in  May  oi  cacn  year,  is  noiv  generally  accepted 
But  Roman  swoy  must  eillier  from  the  firsl.  or  very  soon,  luve 
nlcnded  [0  Osiii,  Ihc  port  of  Rome  at  the  Rwuih  of  Ibe  Tiber 
■nd  i(  was  as  the  emponum  «t  Lalium  that  Rontt  acquired  her 
Gm  imponuce* 

■Albani.  Aetolani  (probably  E.  nf  TibuO,  Accieniea,  AbolanU 
Bubclan,  fiolani,  CuHJctani  (Catvtniani^l.  CorinlaniTFidcuus, 
Fonti  (foR>aci?l,  Hencnics  (near  Corbial.  Laiin>eiun  (nui  Roaie 
■CHlfJ.looiani.  Mf  ula.  Macriln,  Municnsn  ICaunmornicnKa'), 
NuiPinicnHI.  Olhculaiu.  Ociulaiu.  Pcdani,  Polcuurini.  Uiiciaunu., 
lam,  Sicani.  Sisolenscs.  Tokncnics.  TutienH.  In^.  one  w^  Ihink  ' 
coancDBd  with  the  aaull  sinun  called  Taia  at  ibe  6<h  imk  ol  Ihe 
Via  Salaria,  Liv  aivi  11).  Viraitellaii.  VcIkphs,  Vcneinlani; 
Viulbnan  (mt  far  from  Corbia). 
r  'Til  III  la^iliai  mini  nf  il|i  I  iiin  liajim.  imliiniaiii  ■liinii  |ji  an 

plana  by  a  JuiaUr  ioAaiu,  id  the  name  of  the  people  ti  Tiitcuiuni^' 

tat  rh*  ^Mift  from  which  these  tribes  look  tbeir  namei,  «x 
■"    '--  lays,  wfiilo  ih*  oihti  ten  can  biinitd 

f^ulitittn.  i.  lot)  _  For  ihe  inTici; 


vi^'n  (MoininKn.  Xtonliie  fatuiiuttni.  L  I0&) 


.  'S*a)  .; 


Fe«uvp.3IJ.MUll...i." 


^cdbyCiOO^Ie 


Tbe  bounduy  ol  Ifae  A^er  JttHUMiu  fftt/ifulii  towirdi  Ihe 
BDitli-vat  ii  liiriliriy  Aud  by  the  Ituinl  ol  Ihc  RolHEBliB 

M  the  sih  initestone  oi  IhE  Vil  Clodil.  Wilhin  ihu 
rj^,f,,  atn  (nil  the  dutiicu  Inhibited  b;  the  eaHicM  Iribo. 
liii         flD  far  »  (hcu  are  knovn  In  u>.    The  Iriim  Stmilu 

vw  mtted  HI  [he  right  bank  of  the  Tiber  neu  Ihe 
niKtiury  of  (he  Acvklcs,  the  Cobru  perhaps  a  little  faithcr 
west  OD  ibe  locer  roune  oT  the  Mieam  now  fcnowti  u  Gaten. 
and  the  Fatia  perhapion  the  Citmer*  lowanb  Veil.  We  lfni>w 
that  the  ^(u  Lammiut  vat  an  tbe  Via  l^tiiu.  and  thai  the 
frflw  Fvfinia  dwrii  between  Tuwvluni  »nd  the  tiiy,  while 
the  lemtoiy  of  the  Faftria  poaiibly  by  nant  TuHuIum.  as 
it  was  tothbtribethallheRanunciluensin  Tuculun beloDsed 
in  later  day*.  It  is  poinble  that  the  CamSia  wu  ijluated  in 
the  directkio  of  Tibur,  inasmuch  as  this  town  was  afterwards 
enrolled  in  this  tribe.  The  Iritaii  Claudic,  probably  Ihc  last 
of  tbe  16  vMtr  tribustuilicBr,  vasacrordint  10  (radiTton  Eounded 
in  504  B  c  Tt>  terrilory  Lay  beyond  the  Anio,  between  Fittenae 
and  Hculea  (Lnr  0.  16,  Dion.  HaL  v  40).  The  locality  of  the 
pap  runud  which  the  other  tribes  were  gmiped  u  Cut  known 

an  ttrritMT  usiiiridK)  iht 
I.   The  nad  lo  Ouia  may 


irrlhiii  thr 


hrlint  pnnwn  ol 
isUnfwWhupt 


The  fornuiioB  (acoofding  to  the  I 

iifttKf>itiuCIi>iIiiiniMi(thFonl] 

which  bean  ■  locat  nme)  i>  boii-  •  •.^.-^•n-^-^  >~  •••  ».v..n.u<. ... 

lemton  and  of  the  etubliriimcnl  sf  Ihc  aiiiihly  ul  ikr  plcbt  liy 

uibis,  for  wbieh  » iiiniuality  s(  tb*  Inul  aamber  sf  dunuoH  was 

dainble(Mo«miea,H>W/i!fA><M.i.M)l   Thccorrdiiivtrafthi 

Via  SaUrui  was  the  Via  Cainpiu,  u  called  bttauK  il  IH  wi  ihi' 

Swt  oC  the  ATvaia  aW  the  right  tanli  of  the  Tiber  to  Ihc  Campiit 
limrun  RoimaanimT  th*  nh  manhih  '»■  whKh  ihe  Vm 
Salana  look  iu  tuna,  inHOnich  a>  il  «>  the  raaw  tnr  which  Sibuir 
uaden  came  (ran  ihe  kitenor  to  felrh  Ihc  salt  To  tins  ixixi 
would  abo  btkHii  the  Via  Ficulcnis.  Itadiitt  to  Ficulea.  and  alit-r- 
wards  prolonetd  to  Nomniiiini,  and  ihe  va  Colliiina.  which  kil 
M  ColbTa.  Cibii  became  Roman  m  Tairiy  early  tinwi.  thaugh  at 
what  pdwt  it  itneertain^  and  with  its  snbiupiyan  nuita  have  onEin^ 
•ted  i)k  Via  Cabma.  afitrwardi  pnloaiiid  to  PraenfMc  The  Vu 
ipji,  and  tradi" 


loundation  of  ihe  Latin  coiony ' 

«J  B-e     N»t  fcmi  aftr  ••■ 

Wu.  lb*  chief  city  Itti 


wE!" 


it  led) » 


artyn 


5^rS«r 


KlU 


■  wai  aW  nmtaahiy  a  itu 
hcsroflheBwhiJiheV. 


Cactrin  early  timca|in3siBdcfa  as  wc  hear  of  thc6ighioJiheVesiai> 
llliihrr  in  jfa  B.c  TbeoriEin  of  thrmt  of  iheroadiiiaodoubi  10 
be  connected  with  the  Eradual  eHabl»hinenI  of  the  Laiin  tcneiiir 
We  find  thai,  while  Ihe  ttia  ll»n(  dmancf}  nadi  bcu  as  a  nilr  ihe 


..«  Tibet  bear  the  nai 

fcuue — fjomcnl        ""' 
while  Ficulea  a 
kidint  10  1^0  n 


year     InjSj,  ailwlhcdcpani 

wit  cunqueitd,  and  four  new  tribes  i 

tpiobably  derived  f^om  Aid.  rnod   Airor 

Ibe  Mllet  10  the  lahe  of  Biacciino.  anc  Laiui  SabaiiiMi)} 
Sttaliaif  (called  after  tbis  hVt).  ,SUII<Ui*a  (ninwd  from  the 
Ctm^at  Stallatinus.  near  Capeu,  cf  Fcslus  p  34J  Jdull )  and 
'■-         -  ao  tailed  irom  the 


TreaMHfiaa  (wbuh,  Feltus 
'Theai 


1.  Ititlnrf^'P'^.  B  "<4 


(ha  AHUlan'bf  wMch  we  do  not  know). 
Four  yean  later  were  founded  the  Latin  nilgniesof  Suliium  and 
Nepel  In  js^  ^■'^  Roman  preponderance  In  the  Pomptine 
territory  Was  shown  by  the  fcrmitiDn  ol  the  tn'hii  FnifUmi 
and  PublilHh  while  In  33S  and  j-lg  respectively  Auiuni  and 
Tariarina  became  k»lon)a  of  Roman  dliiens,  tlK!  lonncr  bavii^ 
been  fDUDded  U  1  I«t(ti  cohHiy  in  sgt  B.C. 

After  the  disBofaition  of  the  L«iin  league  wUch  teSowed 
upon  tile  defeat  of  the  United  forces  of  the  Samniles  and  nf  those 
Latin  and  Volsdan  cities  which  had  revolted  against  Romt, 
Iwo  new  tribe*,  tiaiaa  and  Seafiia,'  were  craned  in  331  Bt 
in  conneiinn  with  the  disLtibulion  of  the  newly  aeqtiirtd  lands 
(Mommsen,  J/istury,  I,  461)  A  further  advance  in  the  same 
diiectlon  ending  hi  Iht  capture  of  FrWernlim  in  jig  a.c  h 
marked  by  theeatabM^haient  in  jtS  ^.c.  of  the  (riSai  Ol/'iiiliiia 
(irom  the  river  Vttra  which  nini  beMw  Setii,  mod  Srae,  and 
Pnvemum,  mod.  fffRM,  and  the  ''iAur  Faltrfia  (in  Ibe  Ag«r 
Fitemus),  wh3e  tbe  foundaiien  of  the  cotonin  of  Cales  (3J«) 
and  Ffegellae  (3t8)  tenired  the  newly  won  moth  Volsaiui  and 
Campanfan  (enitonea  and  led  ito  doabt  to-  a  prfJongaiioii  of 
the  Via  Latina.  The  moment  bad  now  rone  for  the  pushing 
forward  of  another  Kne  of  commniricalien,  which  had  no  doobt 
inched  Tarradna  in  Jjq  b^c.  but  was  now  dcAnilely  constructed 
imUHila)  as  a  peimAient  military  highway  ai  far  as  Capua  In 
jii  BC  by  Appiiu  Claudius,  after  whom  It  was  nained.  Tb 
him  no  doubt  Is  due  Ihe  ilirect  line  of  road  through  the  I^tfne 
Marshes  from  VetitTU  to  Terradha.  Its  comtivaloB  nvy 
flirty  be  taken  to  mstk  the  period  at  which  the  roads -of  which 
we-  have  tpiAen,  bllherto  probably  mere  tracks,  bt^n  to  be 
iiansfonnCd  into  real  highways.  In  the  same  year  (jii>  iHe 
colbny  ot  Inieramna  LIrenaa  was  (oandcd,  while  Loccrla,  Sueick 
(Aurunca)  and  Salmila  had  bem  'established  a  year  or  two 
previously  Sora  fallowed  niiie  yean  later.  In  194  B.C.  (unhtl 
soccesaesledioIhecslablishirent'oFiwonewlribcj— Ih(r<r«iha 
in  Ihe  upper  valley  of  Ifle  Trcrul  (Saiifl)  and  Ihe  Anmaii, 
in  the  upper  valley  ot  Ihe  Anio^whifc  tS  about-  the  saw*  lime 
wr  nusi  allrjbule  thr  construct  ion  «f  two  new  milltaty  rtiads, 
bMh  itdlied  by  tortmses.  The  soulheni  toad,  the  Via  Valeria 
led  10  Car^oli  and  Alba  Fucens  (loumted  aa  I^tln  ailanin 
tcspeciively  in  H)S  and  joj  BC  ).  and-the  norfhem  fafterwarth 
the  Via  namuiial  to  Nimia  (founded  as  a  LatitI  rateay  id 
loo  Bc)  There  is  lit  lie  doabt  thai  theformalion  oftheiriMfc 
(lairina  (deitring  its  name  possibly  from  (he  town  of  Ciirtt) 
and  Ihe  /nhu  Vriixt  (from  the  river  Vrilnus,  which  form* 
the  well-known  walerfdls  ntar  Timn  Ij  to  be  connetied  wMi 
the  nHislrncti»n  ol  tM  latter  high  toad,  though  Its  dare  k  oat 
(enainly  known  Tht  further  history  ol  Roman  sapremity 
in  Inly  wHI  be  found  in  the  aiticle  Roue.  Haliry.     We  notice. 


e  populaltoi  ol 
ine  empire  of  Romt  tak 
y  which  Immedialel^.  lu;- 


vtA  engaged  h:d  to  Ibe  dctadence  of  the  fi 
Laiinm.  and  that  the  ei 
iaial  to  Ihe' prosperity  of 
ro^inded  Ihetrty  * 

What  had  prtvioBsly.  ft  scons,  been  a  wtfl-peciHed-fagMi. 
with  peaunt  proprtetoni  kept  heahhy  by-  carefd  diainage, 

betame  in  Ihe  4th  and  3rd  Centurfea'Bc.  a  dtttrtct   , ^ 

roMIBing  in  large  miasUrtof  huge  e:tate»  (IbIi/uiiJm)  ^^..^L, 
owned  by  the  Roman  anslocmty-.  cultivated  by  gahgs  Jji,  ' 
of  slaves.    Ttits  led  IB  tbe  disappearance  of  Ihe  agii*  ' ' 

culluril  poputatldn.  to  I  4ediM!  in  puMSc  ■alety.  and  to  tHe 
spind  of  nnlaniin  many  parts,  indeed,  it  A  quite  possible  thdt 
ii  WIS  not  Introduced  into'  Latium  beloie  the  4th  century  a  C 
The  evil  increased  In  Ihe  later  period  of  the  Republic.  anU 
many  of  Hie  ^d  lowm  of  Ijihim  snnli  into  i  very  decayed 
condition,  with  this  Ih^ eontmilal  rampetillon  of  Ihe  provinces 
if  food-supply  DO  doubl  had  a  gooddeal  tb  (to.  Clara 
■nvxf  .»  name 
s  of  tbe  UtAi 


L  Cadani  icdrnl  (A^inrrrcnM  Ct»\'i<r  ani  After,  190A)  altrilniltl 
'econamic  ihadenmil  Ihe  RDman-Campagaa-foibt  owMOe  ol 


Kwaki  af  C>bii,  LtUd  wu)  BavDlu  u  plKct  IhtL  hid  fallen  iBlo 
ibject  pDveny.  wfaile  Hoact  nStn  lo  Gabii  *ad  Fiduui  u  men 
"  iktcrttd  villigts,"  ud  Sinbo  u  "  onu  fcni&td  townc,  bin 
DOW  vLUago,  belonging  Lo  private  iDdividiuli."  Muiy  of  Uie 
wuller  pUca  rDCDUoaed  in  ibc  list  of  Dionyiius,  or  the  caily 
■ui  o(  ihe  Komuit,  hid  ■liogclha  ttattd  lo  oin,  bui  the 
UitemcDl  of  Pliny  llui  Uiy-ihiR  raniDiunKia  {/i>rii(t)  had  ibix 
pakbcd  ttiihin  the  bouDdarin  of  Old  Liiiuin  ii  ptthnpi  ti- 
Mggerttrd,  By  Lhe  end  of  the  Republic  &  good  may  partt'Of 
Lalluoi  wtre  uJectsUud  Rome  iuill  wu  faigUy  malaiious  in  Uie 
wvm  moDths  (hc  W.  H.  S.  Jons  io  Amiuli  tf  Aiilualtn  "^ 
Anlirtpeloty,  11.  97,  Livtn»ol,  19a)).  Tbc  unpenn  Cliudiut. 
id  Tniu  turned  their  itlention  to  the  dlatriclt  and  under 


LATIUM 

monopoly  01 


thdf 


untJeoi 


within  itt  boundanei.  wid  tued  llleiv  »  leut 
lor  Hinmci  rtiideBCn.  Ouling  the  Ind  cinltii)'  the  Cunptini 
ucmt  to  have  enleted  on  1  new  (u  ol  prnpcnty  Tbt  lyctim  ol 
loud)  ndiiting  U)  tlldiiMlioni  Uam  Ranr  (m«  Iulii  HiUtiryt 
f  B)  bdonccd  lo  1  much  (wlier  peiiod,  bM  they  w»^  con- 
Decied  by  (  network  of  trci$(ia*di  (no*  mottly  abandoned, 

■  bile  Ibe  nuin  UaautUill  almoil  alliauM)  leading  to  thevriy 
aumerous  villas  vilh  vhkb  ibe  Ctmpagna  wu  ttrewn  (even 
in  diatricli  which  till  reunlly  were  devaalaled  by  malaiia), 
vid  which  Kern  m  lai^  mea»iie  to  bdoog  to  this  period.  Some 
01  Iheic  are  ol  eneimoui  uteot,  (.g  the  villa  ol  the  Quinlilii 
on  the  Via  ^pia.  thai  known  n  Sett*  B«ui  on  the  Vi*  Latioa, 
fid  thai  of  Hadrian  pear  Tibur.  the  Urgst  of  all 

When  the  land  lax  wu  Inlnxtuced  mto  Italy  iji  igi,  ih«  Gni 
regiao  <rf  AuguMua  obtainHl  the  name  of  troanda  Camf^iua. 
Later  on  the  name  Latium  eniirely  diuppcuwl,  and  the  name 
Campania  citended  at  far  as  Veil  and  the  Via  AureUat  wbeiffC 
the  medieval  aiKl  n»dem  name  Campagna  di  Roma-  The 
donation  made  by  Conitantuie  10  vaiioua  churches  of  Rome 
of  numerous  estates  belonging  lo  Ibe  p^itKtfnum  Caaorii  ia 
the  neigh bourhocxl  of  Rome  was  of  gre^  historical  importsnc^, 
as  bcini  the  ongin  ol  the  teniiDtlal  dominion  of  the  papacy. 
Hia  rJLample  waa  foilAwed  by  others,  so  thai  the  church  property 
ill  1b«  Campagna  soon  became  considerable;  and,  owing  to  the 
inintuiutiea  and  privikga  which  it.  enjoyed,  a  certain  revival 
«f  prottperity  ensued.  The  invasions  of  the  barbarian  hordes 
did  great  harm,  but  the  lomulum  of  centres  ijioma^iiitiit)  m 
tilt  SIh  and  gth  centurka  was  a  fact  of  great  importance,  the 
inhabitants,  indeed,  formed  the  medieval  militia  of  tbc  papacy 

■godenl  villa — Ihn  tvtu  or  cuth,  Ihe  cajtrva,  liw  lataU)  grew 
up  later.  We  aay  note  that,  owinjl  to  the  .growth  of  the 
Itaponl  power  of  Ihe  popes,  Iboc  was  ncvei  a  iia  Rtmat 
dependent  on  Ihe  lurcbalt  ol  Ravenna,  sunilar  to  tbose  estab- 
bihed  by  Nana  in  the  other  districts  of  Italy. 

XhfifApalinQuencewaaalioretainBdby  means  of  the  suburban 
InshopTKit  vhich  Look  th^  rise  as  early  as  the  ^h  and  5th 

■  ^^  ceaLuncs.  The.  rise  of  the  demKratic. commune  ol 
"v"  Rome  '  about  ri4j  and  of  Lhe  various  trade  corpora- 
1,^^^  twos  vhich  we.already  find  in  the  early  iilh  century 

led  to  Xmgglea  with  the  papacy;  Lhe  commune  ol 
Rome  made  various  altempts  to  tiercise  luprenuKy  in  the 

'Camp^i  and  levied  various  laiei  from  tbe  ii(b  cenluiy  iiuiil 
(he  islh.  The  commune  also  tried  to  cestnci.  the  power  o( 
the  bitODS,  who,  in  the  ijih  century  Bpecially,  though  we  find 

-then  Iwdatones  o(  the  holy  sec  fiom  Ihe  loih  century  onwanti, 
Ihrealened  lo  become  masters  el  the  whole  terriinry.  which  11 
(till  dotted  over  with  Ihe  baronial  caitlcs  and  -ofty  Miliary 

>l«wen  of  the  rival  tamilics  of  Rome — Ortini,  Cukmna,  Ssvclli. 

.Conti,  Caetani— who  ruthleMly  disiroyed  Ihf  cemum  ol  carUcr 
(dihtcs  (o  obtain  msLenala  for  ihdr  own.  and  whoto  caslles, 

.often  placed  upon  the  high  loadt,  thus  loUowing  a  Krategic 
lule  10  ■  alronghoU  in  lhe  country,  did  not  contribute  to  the 
undiUuibcd  security  of  traffic  upon  them,  but  ralher  led  to  thei' 
abandanmrnl.  On  1  list  of  the  inhabited  centres  ol  tlv  Cam- 
pagna of  Ihe  141b  ccniDiy  with  ifae  amount  ol  salt  (which  wis 


rhe  conuBua 
na'teast. 


of  the  aoialler  c< 
towns.  Several 
made  unsuccess 


le  commuoe  of  &am«l  couuBied  by  d^ 
in  estimate  of  the  poputatioo.  this  was  iboul, 
r  own  times,  but  dilletcnlly  distributed,  wme 
:m  having  disappeared  at  Ihe  eificnse  of  the 
I  Ibe  pops,  as  Sinus  IV    and  Julius  111 , 


agrJculiurc  as  a^insl  pasture,  while  in  the  laiier  pan  of  the 
i6ih  century  a  line  of  waifh-lowett  was  elected  along  Ihe  toiu 
In  the  Renaissance,  it  it  triM,  falls  the  eteciion  of  many  Sne 
viUai  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Rome — nol  only  in  tbe  hiUt 
round  the  Campagna.  but  even  in  cotain  places  in  the  lower 
ground.  i,t  thosr  of  Julius  11.  at  La  Magliana  and  ol  Cardinal 
TrrvuUio  at  SaloAQ.-^and  these  continued  10  be  Irequented 
uaiil  the  end  of  tbe  iSth  century,  when  the  French  RcvolntHn 
diali  a  fatal  hkiw  le  the  prosperity  ol  the  Roman  nobility 
The  iTih  and  iSih  centuries,  however,  mark  the  worst  period 
of  dipqpulatioa  in  the  more  malatious  paiuof  the  Campagna, 
which  se«ms  to  have  begun  in  lhe  ifih  ceotury,  though  we  hear 
jl   m^aria  throughpui  the  middle  ago-    The  most  health^ 


north  ai 


e  slopes  ol 

he  Ape 

ni.;;;vi;ichL. 

waters]  by  the  Teven 

)«ie 

d  Sa«o,  and  the  n 

osi  petiiltniial 

1  (he  St relch  between 

h. 

onu  Upin 

and  the 

tea.     The  Pen 

ine  Manhn  (4.B.]  included. 

the  latter 

were  drained 

according  10  the  ptan 

il.wi.ni.  by  Piu)  V 

.,  who  lotorei 

the  anc-«ni  Via  Appu 

Sc,     but 

(bough  they  have  rein 

■ulphnreoDser  ferrvginoua.  In  summer,  !tid«d;  the  vaat  eipanse 
is  lilile  belter  than  an  arid  steppe,  but  In  ihewinter  it  fumishn 
abundant  pasture  to  flocks  of  sheep  lioni  the  Apennines  and 
herds  nl  tilvsr-gfey  o«n  and  shaggy  black  bones,  and  sheep 

amount  of  honc-breeding  is  done,  and  Ihe  governnitnt  hu,  as 
eUcwhcie  in  Italy,  a  certain  number  of  itallions  ECerts  have 
been  made  since  j&8i  to  cure  the  waterlogged  condition  of  the 
maj^y  gmnnds.  The  methods  employed  have  been  tbree^ 
(i )  the  cutting  of  drainage  channels  and  clearing  the  manhei 
by  pumping,  tbe  method  principallr  employed,  (ii )  the  sytiem 

■edimenlary  matter  in  the  lower-lying  perls,  thus  levelling  ihcm 
upandcensolidlllng  them,  and  then  leading  iht  water  amy  again 
by  d.^nsge,  {iii.)  lhe  planting  of  hn  and  eucalyptus  trees, 
i.t-  at  Tte  Fonlane  and  elsewhere.  These  cHorts  have  nol  been 
without  luccBts,  (hough  i(  caiu.a(  be  ifhrnwd  that  the  malarial 
Campagna  is  anything  like  healthy  yet  Tbc  regutatlen  ol  ih* 
rivers,  more  eqwailly  of  the  Tiber,  is  probably  the  most  elhrieiH 
method  (or  coping  with  the  problem.  Since  1SS4  the  Iialiln 
(iovernnieni  have  been  systematically  enclosing,  pumping  dry 
and  generally  draming  the  m 


dOaia. 


[sola! 


ocih  ol  Ihe 


bl  lh«  m 


:  of  Ihe  Campagna  len 
lually  under  the  ploufh  In  ill  piclur- 
King  s«  urongly  nllh  its  ptoaperity 
atcly  surioundirrg  a  city  of  Over  hall  a- 
with  lofty  maonlolns  in  view  ftalh'al) 


and  has  a  peculiar  liiilin^elinablc  charm  The  modem  pniv^ncfr 
ol  Rome  (forroipg  the  lantertitntKla  ol  Laiio)  InctudO  ih* 
consideralile  mountain  dlsiricn.  eilcnding  as  far  N.W  as'the- 
Lake  of  Bolscna,  and  being  divided  on  the  N  E.  fiom  UmbrM 
by  the  Tiber,  wiiJe  on  the  E.  11  includes  a  considerable  part  d 
'      ~  "  id   Apennines.     The  ■ncjenf  dWrKI 


of  the  Herr 


which  A 


kind  oi  sandali  («ok)  worn  by  Ihe 
s  a  constderabte  prnporUon-  of  Ih* 
to  the  province.  The  land'i*  torlh* 
etors  to  macayiit  dl  Camfipio,  wh* 
fSt  tatlon  {Jaamit  to  Biaiugc  tbtir 

Digilizcd  by  Google 


tATONA 


Tit  mtnl  diKovciy  Ihit.  llw  ubrit  which  hu  hilbeno 
Rudend  paiu  al  the  Csmpiicnii  almost  uiwihiAilaUe  durini 
H^^^  the  uunmu  ii  piopagiltd  by  Ibe  nofquilo  {Aru<tMa 
davifff)  marls  a  new  qucfa;  the  dhhi  divelM  tfacona 
u  ta  its  orii^a  had  faiihcno  been  propoun<lcd,  buL  it  I*  now 
po9£iUe  la  combat  it  on  a  definite  plan,  by  draiiung  the  manheli 
protcctioc  Ihe  hoiuo  by  fine  motquito-proef  wire  netling  (lot 
AiufMtla  ii  Dot  active  by  day),  impniviiig  the  water  supply,  &c., 
while  lor  1  hose  who  hive  [evei,  quinine  (now  told  cheaply  by  Ibi 
lUle)  is  a  great  •pcci&c.  A  gn^I  improvement  i>  ilirady 
apparent;  and  a  law  carried  in  1903  for  Lhe  Bonifita  dcil*  Apo 
Komame  compeli  the  propricLora  wiLhin  a  radius  of  loue  t  bl. 
of  Rome  to  citltiTHie  ihelt  lands  in  a  more  productive  way  than 
has  often  hitherto  b«n  the  case,  eienipilon  from  mes  for  ten 
yean  and  loans  at  3)%  ftom  the  govemmciit  being  granted 
10  those  who  cairy  on  improvemerits,  and  those  wJbo  refuse 
being  expropriated  compulsorily.  The  government  further 
resolved  to  open  roads  and  schools  and  ptovide  twelve  additional 
doctors.  Much  is  done  in  contending  against  malaria  by  the 
Italian  K(d  Cross  Sodcly,  Id  ifoo  ji%  of  the  iahabilaoli 
of  the  A^m  Koinana  had  been  levet-stricken;  lince  then  the 
figuR  hu  lapidly  decreased  (S''%  '">  )«>>s)- 

The  wheat  cioo  in  1006  in  the  Ajro  Romano  was  fl.ioR.CDa 
30  bushels,  the  w 


galloBi 


1.990.000  g»Ilons,— these 


lehiUdislricti.  'The       ._  , 

had  declined  by  one-half  fiatn  the  pnvieu  year,  eipoctalion 
having  fallen  oS  in  the  whole  couoliy.  1907,  bgwerer,  was  a 
year  of  great  oveipioduclion  all  over  Italy.   .The  wine  oF  the 

as  a  rule  brar  eipoitatiDo.  The  loiesls  of  the  Albaa  hills  and 
seat  the  nut  produce  much  charcoal  and  li^l  timber,  while 
Ibe  Sabin  lod  Volscian  hills  have  bccD  lugcly  dcfarcite4  and 
arerkow  bare  limesiorte  roclts..  Much  of  the  labour  in  the  winter 
•ad  spring  is  furaished  by  peaaanu  who  aune  down  trom  the 
Voiscian  and  Hcmican  mountains,  and  Icviii  Abru^d.  and 
occupy  sometimes  caves,  but  more  often  the  stiaw  or  wicker 
kutA  wluch  an  '10  tiiaracIensUc  a  fealute  of  the  Campogna. 
TIk  filed  population  of  the  Ctqipaffia  in  Ibe  nimmor  Kuse 
Us  disliact  Irom  Ihe  hilb}  it  lew  than  looo.  Emigration  to 
America,  opedally  from  llw  Volscian  and  ffeisicaa  towns,  is 
BOW  coosidataUa. 
I.  IjtTiini  No™«  or  Ab/iciiiii,  Mit  isletintd  ly  Plinr,  eoni- 

B»tilwa.i 

AnainiaTFerenlinum,  Alatriumand  Venila^^  giDnp  oTmoui 
■lancholds  «a  Ibe  north  sde  of  ibe-rallcy  of  llie  Tuerui  (Sai 

and  is  that  ut  tba  liril.  the  whole  of  which,  with  the  exception  1 
eilrenieiipfiereBd.wulacluded  in  Ihe  Volscian  Ictritory.  He 
iiluated  Swnia,  PnuLto,  F^brateria,  Fi«e1lac,5ora.  Arphium. 
Aqaiaura,  Caunum  and  Intcnnnat  Amur  (Teroelna)  w 
oaly  miirirt  Ibai  fnfwly  bclaii^  to  th  yolnan,  the  ce 


.  ,      ^.  ,„.,„..,..-_  , of  Suuictta,  uidicnet  I 

u  name  Ihe  poiitioB  ol  Ihe  old  Caoipaaiao  frontier.  In  the  intcri 
the  bauHaiv  fell  between  Cannum  and  Teanum  Sidichium,  at  abo 
the  loo^mileMoneotlheVilUiiiia— afact  wbichledlncrtot 
juriadiellon  et  fha  Xomah  canrts  tmnt  ettended  on  every  tide 
Ibe  tooth  n4e  feom  the  day,  «ihI  lo.ihia  beinatbe  bmii  bcyoi 


Latiai 


iu  of  Ibe  cealral  a 


zhingihitoCth 


ki!^^_^^:^^^ 


273 

>laTivot. 


oina  (he  Urit  below  Crpnnor  (5)  that  of  the  Lvit  (Cai^KHi^ 
ich  cnlcrt  Ihe  copEncapOlNevLauiB  about  a»  Ik  from  iUaoMroi 
vi  past  the  town  of  Sora,  and  has  a  vov  tortuous  coune  tror 
nee  to  the  sea  at  MinEumae';  it*  lower  vatley  is  for  the  nioii  pai 
nnnderable  width,  and  TDnna  a  fertile  met  of 'conndefable  exienl 
ilered  on  bolk  ekka  by  WUa  eoncd  with  vineh  olivH  awl  Irul 
n,  aod  ihieUy  Hudded  with  uxni  and  villagci. 
I  may  be  obterved  that.  lan|;  after  the  Latiot  bad  ceased  to  e aii 

«ni  fjitinm,  uwt  riot  in  an  ethnical  but  a  purely  ptriitic»1  ^^n^ 
deugMie  Ihe  inhatitailt  tililU  tbcic  ciliet  oa  wVj^"  the 


IT.  which  ha^  been  granted  in  the  first  iiuii 
he  L.atins,  when  ihey  became  tubiccli  of  Rt 
bemwnl  upon  many  other  cities  of  li 


pnvikset  were  extended  topboea  ui  ether  DNUnn  alKH-«t 

iHiancc  Co  Djott  of  the  ciliet  in  Sieilv  am]  Spain-   All  urtoos 
joying  ihew  rights  were  termed  in  kgalphraieokigylarini  or  £0/1 


erm^yii/jSaveiutill  Kiciaily  (ind  ci 
HI  A  Reiu  (]  mis.,  nd  ed*  iliis);  J 


...,  and  the  local  hlatory 
Consilt  Sir  W.  Cefl'i 
ivoL.  London,  !&««); 

KtmtfVH  (Berlin.  tS»):  A.  Bomunn,  Alt-tauinVKk.  Omtf^it 
•Hid  Swdl(.&wtiictk  Oialle.  itsal:  M.  Zaelkr,  X4lmm  xad  Am 
(Leipiic  iSiS):  B.  fivn'i  Jbiw  Biif  lit  dmBaiiia  (Loadoii.  1871); 

k  Ks;u.'cir^  /««•.  laL  V.  riv.  (BcriinrtMjniithlni);  *«: 

Momnnen.  Cer>,  Into.  £at  toI.  i.  pp.  49(47}  (Berlin,  1M3); 
G.  TBiawW.  -TDeUa  CaM«na  Roman  ^n«S»iw."  piiWiiliUi 
in  Ibe  Aitkmt  drUo  Sti<tliKtm*mi  ii Suria  fabit  (Rome.  18m- 
1907),  and  feparaldy  (a  work  dealing  with  the  medieval  huIoiYaiid 
topography  ot  the Campagna  in fieot  dotaif, cofllaildnealK  vafua^ 
notlcR  of  the  elasikalp^ted);^  Ihe  mate  author.^  amtana 
rmuaa  (Rome,  iftofoir):  R.  A.  LandBBl. "  IComtmaiidlFiontW 
iniorwiaiUae<|iiedaiiL"^ilMwiid(i.UKn  (Rome,  itSohanieiiL 
vol,  v-p-iisuq.  (aod  ■cpaniely).  alio  many  anjclea.  and  Wawdif- 
iaii  in  Uu  flhiua  Quafufu  (London,  loool:  E.  Abbile.  CnUa 
iclb  inorhKia  ii  Knn  (Rome.  iSm.  1  votjj:  H.  Kinen.  mitHa 
LonAllxaifi.  ii.  (Bcriiii.  19017,  s57  iqq. :  T.  Athby,  "  The  CUuinI 
Topomphy  ol  the  Roman  Campagni,"  in  Faptrk  d  I*r  BriOlk 
Siiai  ol  Rami.  i.  iii.-v.  (London.  I«gi  loll.].  (T.  As.] 

LATpNA  (LaL  form  of  Cr,  li^,  Lelo),  diughler  of  Coeui 
and  Phoebe,  moLhet  gl  Apollo  and  Arteniis.  The  chief  teals. of  ' 
her  l«en4  aie,IMoa  Uld  Oilphi,  and  the  geaerailr  .4<ctated 
tradiliso  ii  a  yiUon  of  Ihe  legenda  el  Iheie  iwo  placea.  Leto, 
pretnant  try  Zeua,  «ee|ci  fiir  a  place  of  refuge  to  be  delivoeiL 
A£tet  lone  wandriiog  (he  reacbei  the  banen  itie  of  Delos,  wlii^h, 
accDidiag  to  Pindar  (Fiag.  tr,  SS),  wa  a  wuideiing  tack  horne 
Bbout  by  the  waves  till  ii  was  hied  to  (he  Intton  of  the  >e»  far 
the  binh  of  Apollo  and  Anemia.  In  the  oldeM  foimtof.t^ 
kflciKl  Hers  it  not  raerUionedj-  but  allerwantls  the  wanderinp 
of  Wo  aiB  BKiitiFd  to  Ihe  jealousy  «f  that  goddss,  eonced 
■I  hei  auHir  with  Zeus.  The  toundaiioa  of  Delphi  loU-Hf 
immediately  01  the  birch  ,ot  the  god;  and  on  the  vcred  way 
between  l^mpe  and  Delijbi  the  giont  Tltyus  oSers  violence  no 
Leto.  and  iv  inunediaidy  slain  by  the  acrowt  ol  ApoUo  and 
Aitemia  (CMyitcyi  xi.  9I(i-sSil  ApoUodorus.i.  4).  Sucharetfan 
tatiii  facts  of  the  Leto  legend  in  its  common  literarj  foim, 
whic^  is  due  capoeially  to  tbo  two  Hoamic  hymns  Lo  Apollo- 
But  Leho  is  a  itai  goddeia,  not  a  max  mythological  figurf. 
The  haoBU'paid  to  her  in  Delphi  and  Ddoa  might  bo  eipUioed 
as  put  e(  the  indt  «f  her  ton  Apollo;  but  (cmfilea  lo  hci  etisted 
in  Artoa,  in  Muiineia  aod.  in  Xanthai  in  Lycia;  her  <acred 
grave  wai  on  the  coat  of  Crete.  In  Lycia  graves  are  frequently 
plMediUKkrlWtproteciicn,  and  site  it  alto  known  »agoddits  of 
EeniUlra>d»jui|>irr«i4ot.  Ills  lobe  observed  that  she  appeiii 
far  mora  eooapieuawily  in  the  ApoUine  myths  ihin  in  those 
which  grew  iwmd  the  great  centie*  of  Anemii  wonihip,  the 


tl  Uie  id 


»  Of  the  chid  to 


one  of  later  growth  on  Greek  )oik  Lycia.o 
of  Che  mil  of  Apollo,  when  [Bail  fniqv«iit  Ir 
the  wsihip  ot  Leto  a*  tha  gitttioddcu,  »u  probably  Ihe  iuUm 


dbyGoo^le 


LATOUCHE— LA  TOUR  D'AUVERGNE 


•tntHl  with  iWlalnd  Acre 
n  Arp»  vu  w  work  al  Pr 

UTODCRB,  BYACIMTHB  JOSEPH  AUXAIIIIKB  TBA- 
BAUO  PB  [kaavn  tt  HinuI  <>7Ss~»5i).  Fnnch  poM  lad 
Mvtbil.  iiru  bofB  u  Li  CUlrc  (Indtr)  on  Ibe  ind  si  Kcbniuy 
17RS  Among  hu  «iks  may  b«  disiinguiibHl  hli  coiwdin; 
/Vq'c/i  Jt  latau  (iSii),  (ut,  in  colbbonlioa  Hlb  Coulc 
Dmkuiipi,  Sdmtirs  ic  Flmitu  (iSil),  wtaKh  no  fci  1  huiuitEil 
nights,  (bo  Lm  Ram  4'EiHV  I'SjO,  >lwA  proved  loo 
■ndncnt  for  tM  public  lute;  ■  novel,  frsfc/eOa:  Uofla  cl 
Paris  n  1J99  (iS^d),  iihtch  Uliins!  a  tuccss  ot  notariety; 
la  CaUAsu  rw>^  (iSuliO  "tdumc  oTpme  esuj'i  Md  vent; 
and  Iwo  vntunn  of  portni,  In  Adma  (it4j)  and  La  Apairi 
(rtMl.  LalQUchc's  chid  claim  to  itirKmbrance  b  thai  he 
tevcalcd  to  the  oaild  Ibc  gcniu  ol  Andre  Chunicr,  Ihca  only 
known  to  a  Umiicd  Hh.  Tbc  lenulu  of  Ibe  poei't  mtk  had 
paued  Inn  the  hands  oF  DaunoB  to  Luoache,  obo  had  suOicienl 

£nl  Ktcction  of  Chinicr's  poems  (iSio)  he  made  some  tiialng 
tmendalHHU,  but  didnxi  as  Bennfer  aflenrards  aserted,  make 
ndical  and  unnenuary  changei.  Laloucht  ms  luiliy  ol  more 
than  one  HlFian'  fraud.  He  caused  a  [Icentioui  ttocy  oF  hb 
own  to  be  atlrib.itcd  to  the  ducheue  dc  Duus,  the  irrcptiucliahlc 
author  of  Otf/ia.  He  made  maByeriemieaby  malJCHHii  attacks 
90  bis  conletnponries.  The  Cani/iJtilititnd  was  luppreascd  in 
■Sir  by  the  goTemmcni  for  an  obsniie  potiiicil  atlcsion  tu  an 
ariliJe  by  Lalnuihe.  He  then  undcilook  the  muuigenicnt  ol 
the  iioiut  in  XIX-  litilt,  and  bc^  a  bilta  irarfate  acalnM 
the  mofliaTrhy.  Alter  jS^o  he  edited  the  Fifott,  and  spand 
DeitfatrihelibetalpoHildansnocthetoinaniicisii  who  iiiumphtd 
under  Ibe  monatihy  of  July,  In  hi]  turn  he  was  nolcnlly 
attacked  by  CuaUve  Flanehe  in  Ibe  Kant  dtt  tax  matttt 
tor  November  iBjr.  But  it  rnnat  be  lemembefEd  lathe  cndil 
of  lAIDucbe  that  he  did  mudi  tp  encoura^  Ceor(c  Sand  at  the 
beKinning  o(  ber  career.  The  last  twenty  years  ol  hit  lile  were 
■pnU'  in  nlimnnit  at  Aulmty,  where  be  died  on  the  gtb  of 

Saim^Beuve.  ia  the  Cataria  in  luvil.  vol.  j,  ^v«  a  not  too 
■ymaafhelle  porrrait  of  Lainucher    Sc«  alio  Gcotvc  Santt  in  the 
'    AMitDCibe  ikh.  i^aadioihi^iidy  laji. 

LA  TOUB.  HAUHICB  QUBVnH  DE  (tTOt-iiSt),  French 
paslellist,  was  bom  al  St  Quenlin  on  the  }th  of  Septnnber  i;(i4. 
After  leaving  Picardy  for  Paris  in  1T17  he  entered  the  imdioof 
BfoMc — an  upright  man,  but  a  poor  puuter,  rector  of  the 
todcmy  ol  St  Luk#.  who  itlU  continued,  in  the  teeth  of  the 
Boyal  Academy,  the  traditions  of  Ihe  old  gild  of  the  mana 
paintensi  Pari*.  Thb  possiUycontFibulcd  to  the  adoption  by 
LaTtHirotallaeoriiorkfoirigniaihat  imposed  by  an  academical 
training;  for  pastFt».  tboogh  occoaionaUy  used,  were  not  a 
principat  and  distinct  branch  of  work  ItntiJ  i7fD,  f^ien  Rosalba 
Carricra  brought  them  Into  fashion  with  the  Piritlan  mrld. 
In  tin  La  Tvttt  enbiliiled  (he  nm  at  (Hat  splendid  series  of  a 
buBibed  and  eriy  pMtrails  *rfueh  farmed  Ihe  gtory  of  the  Salon 
ftK  the  sucemKBg  thiny-«vHi  ycati.  In  i7<6  he  was  ircei^ed 
into  the  academy;  and  in  17)1,  the  bllouring  ymr  to  thai 
in  which  he  received  the  title  of  piintcT  ta  the  king,  ht  was 
promoted  by  that  body  lo  the  giade  of  councilkir.  Hia  mrk 
had  the  nre  merit  of  slblying  al  once  both  tht  wie  of  his 
fashicmaUc  modefa  and  the  Judgment  of  his  brslher  artbis. 
Hisan.eDnnmnuleorhs'lifnd.  achieved  the  tusk  «f  nattering 
higthten,  whilti  hiding  that  RairmybcMnd  the  just  and  striking 
Ilkeneu  •bich,  uycnm  Jeu  MuiMte,  he  baMty  ner  miacd. 
Hit  pDttmi)  of  Kouncn,  of  Valiaiin.itf  LniiiXV.,«f  kliquten, 
si  Ibe  danphin  and  dariphtnen,  art  at  once  doewnatl  and 
masieipft«>  msurpaaMd  eieepi  by  bit  lilc-die  poctnil  of 
Uadatnede  Pompadour,  irhleb,  ethibiied  at  the  Salon  ol  r^rs, 
beciiM  (he  chief  oraament  of  the  cibinel  of  paiiels  ta  Ibe  Lwivn. 
The  nuseiin  of  St  QwiHln  alw  posstaspi  a  BiagnUeent  catktiiMi 
ofMrlawhMr  M.hb  death  wen  In  his  awn  handi.  La  Toar 
retired  to  St  Quentia  al  the  age  of  So,  and  ihcrt  M  4ied  on  ibe 


court,  Lt  TtHt  ii» 
I  ••fiilt  it  U.C.i 


iRth  of  February  ijgt.  The  riches  amased  during  bli  long  life 
were  freely  bntowed  by  him  in  great  part  before  his  death;  he 
founded  priies  al  the  school  of  hne  ans  in  Parfs  and  fof  the 
town  el  Amiens,  and  endowed  St  Qucntin  with  a  gml  number 
of  useful  and  charitable  inslilolions.  He  never  narrinl.  hut 
lived  on  terms  ol  waml  afleclion  with  his  brother  [who  survived 
him.  and  kfl  to  Ibe  town  the  drawing  now  in  the  museum); 
and  his  telatioiia  to  Mile  Marie  Fcl  (iJij-iySg),  the  celebraled 
singer,  wete  distinguished  by  a  tittngih  and  depth  ol  feeling 
not  common  To  the  fovea  of  the  lAth  century. 
See.  in  addition  to  the  general  works  oo  French  art.  C.  E>efniefe, 

,.  ^  J.  ,.  ^  ._ 1.     --,gi,);Champlleury.l«ilViw,  -"- 

d  ^L*  Tour  "  in  the  CiUilit 
J.  de  CoDcoun,  Lt  Fhi  (1 

JS'"! 

(Earn  A  «.  OwiUi.  . 

<Sl  QucnIiD.  lUiJ. 

U  IWR  VADVERaiTB,  TRflOPBfLB  KALO  (1T41-1S00), 
Trtnrh  t<Min,  was  born  al  Cirhaii  in  Brittany  on  Ihe  >jrd  ot 
December  174J,  the  eon  of  an  advocate  named  G<»Tet.  Hit 
desire  for  a  military  career  being  stmngly  marked,  be  wa}  en- 
abled, by  the  not  uncommon  device  of  producing  a  ccnifinir 
of  nobHIly  signed  by  his  friends,  first  to  be  nominally  cnKsin)  in 
Ihe  Maison  du  Roi,  and  soon  tfien>ar4i  to  receive  a  rommissim 
in  the  line,  under  the  name  el  Ctorret  de 'Kerbaufrri.  Foik 
years  alter  joining,  in  1771,  he  assumed  by  leave  of  Ihe  duke 

descended  from  an  illcgllimaie  hall-brother  ol  ihe  great  Turcmle. 
Many  yean  of  routine  lerviee  wkh  his  reglmcni  were  broliea 
only  by  his  piiticipatian  ai  a  vslunleet  In  Ibc  due  de  Critkui^ 
Franco-Spanish  opcdltion  to  Minmca  In  1781.  Tliii  led  to  as 
offer  ol  promotiiKi  into  the  Spanish  amy,  but  he  refused  10 
change  his  allcsiance.  In  1748  he  was  prornMcd  (aplain,  and  in 
1741  he  received  the  cross  ol  St  Louia.  In  the  early  part  of  ihe 
Revolulion  his  patrnitism  was  slitl  more  consprcboidly  displayeit 
in  bia  resolute  opposition  10 1  he  proposals  of  many  of  his  brmhcr 

swear  to  the  constilullon.  In  1741  bia  lifelong  fnleint  la 
nomlsmatjcs  and  queatlotis  of  language  wts  shown  by  a  work 
whieh  he  published  en  the  Bretons.  A(  this  time  he  ua  servinf 
under  Monlesqulou  in  the  Alfn,  and  allhaugb  than  was  only 
.1  fifihiing  he  distinguished  himself  by  hts'eourage  and 


tuctacity.  qualiliA  which  here  displayed  in 


I  the  Pyteneea  the  m 


dcdined  veU-eamed  in- 

"    health  and  compelled, 

lilk,  be  left  the  army  in 

he  waa  cultured  by  itM 

ra.     When  rtleainl,  ha 


Engibb  and  heM  priuniT  for  two  yea 
settled  at  Pojty  and  published  On'ginei  latdottts,  bu 
OD  the  appeal  of  an  old  Iricnd  whose  son  had  been  I 
volunteered  as  the  yautb*s  subslilvLe.  a: 
t"75?)  »"«1  in  Switarland  (r 798-1 799)  at  1 


recogniti. 


and  modesi 


IngLiToui 

"  first  grenadier  el  Franco  "  (ijlh  el  April  iSoo).  This  led  bira 
ID folunlcTT  a(aln,  and  heHt  killed  in  aetioB  M  ObcihauMn, 
npar  Donauivbrlh,  on  Ihe  7;lh  nf  June  180a. 

La  Tourd'AuvciiBic't  almost  legendary  courage  had  captivated 
lhe*iinacinaiiDa  of  the  French  soldiar,  and  his  mcmoiy  wu  not 
suffered  to  die.  It  was  ciAIomary  tor  the  French  troops  anil 
their  aDies  of  Ibe  Rhine  ConfederaLion  under  Napoleoo  to  mardl 
at  attention  when  pissing  his  burial-place  on  the  ballltfictd.  Tlii 
heart  was  long  carried  by  the  grenadier  cofnpajiy  of  bis  reguncnl^ 
the  46th;  after  being  hi  ihd  potscsaon  ol  Gaiihakli  far  ammy 
yean,  it  was  finally  dcpcniled  in  [he  keeping  of  ihediy  o(  Paris 
in  i8Sj.  BLi  the  most  ftriking  tnbute  to  bia  memory  it  paid 
to-day  as  jl  was  by  order  of  ibe  Arst  consul  in  lioa.  "  Hisnante 
be  kept  on  the  pny  list  and  roll  of  hia  company.     It  will  bt 


LATKEILLE— LATUKA 


UIBBUS,  PtBBRB  UDBt  (irlSi-iajj),  Fnnclr  nitur- 
iliit,  mi  bom  in  bumtoW  circuoisUiKo  at  Bnvi»-li-GuUirdt 
(Contoc),  on  the  lOlh  of  Nowmber  176J,  Id  ijjR  bBcnlered 
tit  cdUsD  LuDDiDc  It  Puii,  ud  oa  hii  adauuiciD  to  pritsll]' 
ofdcn  Di  ijd6  he  retired  to  Briva,  where  he  devoted  lU  the 
IdHUT  .which  ibe  diichAi^  d[  ho  prokeuniAl  daiie  lUowGd 
to  tbe  Atttdy  oJ  eotozH^OKX.  Id  17A&  be  relumed  to  l^ria  And 
feuod  mcBU  of  nuking  himseU  kjwwo  to  the  Icpdinp  luluraJiiti 
there.  Hii "  Mtmoire  tur  Ib  inutHiB  dtaiuvtriM  en  Fiance," 
tontribuledtolbePr««iHiitJ(rf  the  Soddy  of  Nilural  History 
ID  Puii,  ptocuied  (or  him  idmiision  10  that  body.  At  the  Re- 
volutAn  be  wu  umpetlnj  id  quit  Farii,  and  as  a  piicit  ol 
aoartvUivc  lyinpathta  luffered  considerable  hardship,  hctnE 
impriHiaed  for  some  time  at  Bordeaux.  His  Fricii  drs  iatact^es 
ititiritpia  da  iMsaia,  ditfesis  dons  tm  ordre  mtiirti,  appfarcd 
at  Brives  fa  I7g6.  In  17^  he  became  a  (orrEspondrDB  member 
ofibelnititvie,  and  at  ihesame  time  wuenl rusted  with  the  disk 
ofaiTBnglDgiheenloinDlegrulinUeciiaDallheHcaiiJy  oiganizFd 
Mus«iini  d'HItloire  NitureUe  Uardin  de*  PIuiih),  in  1S14  he 
Hcceeded  C.  A.  OJivIer  as  oiHiiber  of  the  Acadinde  ia  Scienen, 
■sd  in  iSil  he  was  maik  a  cbcvaEerof  the  Lejian  of  Honour. 
For  sorne  time  be  acted  as  pitrfcsor  of  lotriogy  m  tfie  veterinary 
idKWl  at  AKon  near  Pans,  end  in  iSjo,  when  Ihe  chair  ot 
Bwkigy  of  Inverlebratex  at  the  Museum  was  divided  aim  (he 
death  of  Lamanrk,  LalreiUe  was  appointed  professor  of  nwloEy 
if  cnnlaceans.  arachnids  and  insects,  the  chitir  ol  molluscs. 
wotmi  and  mopbytct  bein(  auigncd  (0  H.  M.  D.  d(  Btninville. 
"On  iM  donne  du  pain  quand  je  n'll  pha  de  drau."  aid 
Lalreinc.  who  was  then  In  his  oMy-eighth  ytai.  Heditdin 
Puis  on  the  6ih  of  February  iSjj. 

In  aibti<rim  to  ihe  wulo  already  tnentioned,  (he  nuiHioui  worlcs 


jn  BTirt  HMnlytitmi  (1S15I:  Cnn  i'rml^mdM  (c 

only  the  int  velunw  appeand,   iBjl);  the  abult  gt  the 
■■enBIK*.,  A™rhnid™."rn^M."inC    -     ■    ■     - 


"in  C'Cvvici'i  Kipi  tmmal; 
a  du  Mutiai.  the  EtuydtfUlt 


mUkodi^uE,   the    Dia 

LA  TBtWHUA  an  old  Frencb  timny  which  derives  Its  name 
from  a  village  (the  modeln  La  TMnMmlle)  in  Iht  drpaitmenl  of 
Vienne.  The  finily  hu  beEn  known  sfnce  the  middle  of  Ihe 
tub  cenlniy,  and  since  (be  t4(h  cenlury  its  members  have  been 
ctmipkuons  is  Frnich  hbioi)r.  Cuy,  lite  dc  la  Trfmodle, 
itandard-beater  of  France,  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  baiilc  ot 
Hicopo(i«(l396),andCeorgfs,  the  (svourileot  King  Chlrlcs  VII., 
was  captured  »t  Apncouit  (14  ■  s)-  Louii  fi),  called  ihe  chnalia 
vm  rttroeit,  defeated  and  caplored  the  duke  of  Orleans  at  the 
baltle  of  Saint- Aubin.du-Cormicr  (14BS),  ditiinguishnl  himself 
tn  Ibe  wars  in  Italy,  and  was  killed  at  Pavia  (ijij).  In  IJJi 
Fnncoii  (i)  acquired  a  daim  on  the  tingdoni  of  Naples  fay  hii 
marriage  with  Anne  de  Ltvii,  dmightn  of  ChartMtc  of  Aragon: 
Louis  CJ)  became  duke  of  ITiouais  in  'Slij.  and  his  tan  Oauifc 
inmed  Ptolestant,  was  cttaicd  a  pttr  of  France  in  1511;,  »nd 
nacTied  a  daughlrr  of  William  the  Silent  -in  i  j^S.  To  this  family 
belonged  the  linc«  of  ifae  catmis  of  Joigny,  -the  maniai<es  Of 
Koyan  and  nunta  of  <»nme,and  Ihe  man]nati  anddukn  of 
NoinrnuticT. 

LATBOBB,  CHARUE9  JOtEFB  (1(01-1875),  Auslnliiin 
govemor,  WAS  bom  In  London  on  the  10th  of  March  itoi.  The 
Latmbes  wcit  of  Hugoinoi  Mtiatlion,  and  belonged  to  the 
Moravian  community,  of  which  the  iBther  and  grandfather  oE 
C.  J.  Lalrobe  were  mtnistni.  His  father,  Christian  Ignatius 
Latrobe  (rjsB-lSjS),*  musician  of  «ome  note,  dM  good  service 
of  populariihig  duiical  music  in  England  by  his 

i/tt*  «ii.j(  Eminem 

1806-181SI.    C.  J. 

iSji  he  went   to 


I  hi  -Switieifalld  II 


In, 

Ihe  Pott  Philip  dislHct  of  Nex  South  Wales.  Wbai  Poet  Philip 
WIS  creeled  into  a  icparaie  cdony  a*  Victoria  in  1B51,  Lalnb* 
becaiH  ticuieniuit-gDveinoi.  The  discovery  of  gold  in  (bai  yeai 
atiracicd  enonBDOi  nunben  of  immicranu  anoaaUy.  Lalrobe 
discharged  the  diSiciitt  duliea  of  gtverameat  at  thi»  critical 
period  with  tact  and  success.  Henliredin  tSs4,  became  C.B. 
In  1S58  and  died  in  London  on  the  ind  of  Dnxmbct  187^ 
Betide  some  volumes  of  travel  he  pDbliahed  a  mliuiie  ol  poem^ 
Tit  S<daa  ff  Soxt  (1837). 

S«  B'iif  JVMiui  •Jlit  LalTilit  Family  (rS64),  a  privarehr  |>rinwt 
Iraiuliiian  of  an  article  irviied  by  membcn  of  the  family  in  ibe 
Moravian  BrtdaieU  (Navember  1B64). 

LATTM  (from  O  Ft.  laian,  mod.  Ft,  totom.  possibly  coonecled 
with  Span.  Ima,  ltd.  lalla,  a  lath},  a  mitcd  metal  like  brau, 
composed  of  copper  and  Einc,  pneraOy  mAdc  in  Ifain  sheets,  and 
used  especially  for  monufnenta]  brasses  and  eBigles.  A  fine 
riample  is  In  the  screen  of  Heniy  Vlf.'s  tomb  In  Westminster 
Abbey.  There  are  three  forms  of  bitten,  "  black  lalten,"  un- 
polished and  tolled,  "  shaven  btlen,"  of  eitteine  thinness,  atid 
"roll  lattcn."  ot  the  Ihkkncss  eillct  ol  black  or  shaven  btten, 
but  with  both  sides  polisbed. 

UmcS  LBAF  PLANT,     in  botany,  Ihe  common  name  for 

belonging  to  the  small  natural  order  Aponogetonaceae  and  a 
native  of  Madagascar.  It  has  a  singular  appcatance  from  the 
llructure  of  the  leaves,  whkh  are  oblong  In  shape,  from  0  to 
18  In.  long  and  from  ;  to  4  in.  broad;  they  spread  horiionlally 


thani 


The  pUm  is  grown  in  cultivation  K  a  siove-aquaiic. 
LATUOB,  JEAN  HEMRJ,  olita  called  DiNav  or  Vtn^tu  de 
L«TunE  (1713-1305),  pn'wner  of  the  BasiiUe,  was  boin  at 
Monlsgnac  laGaKoayon  the  13rd  of  March  1715.  He  received 
■  military  education  and  went  ID  Parii  In  174S  to  study  mathe- 
matics. Hcledadiuipaledlifeandendcsvoutcd  lo  curry  favoui 
with  the  tiiaiqui»  de  Pompadour  by  secretly  sen^ng  htr  a  boa 
ef  poiiOli  and  then  informing  her  of  the  supposed  plot  igainit  hei 
life.  The  ruse  was  discovered,  and  Mmc  de  Pompadour,  not 
nppreciaiing  the  humour  of  the  situation,  had  Latude  put  in  the 
Hutille  on  the  ist  of  May  1740.  He  was  later  Irsielened  U 
Vincennes,  whence  he  escaped  In  1750.  Retaken  and  tdni- 
piisonedin  the  BasliUc.hc  made  ■  lecood  brief  escape  in  i;5(i. 
He  was  iiansferred  Id  Vincennes  In  1764,  and  the  ncii  yai  made 
a  thiid  escape  and  was  a  third  Iboe  recaptured.  He  was  pul  in 
a  madhouse  by  Alalcsherbcj  in  1775,  and  discluiged  in  1777  on 
condition  that  he  should  icliie  to  his  native  town.  Re  lemained 
ig  Paris  and  was  again  imprisoned-  A  certain  Mme  Legios 
liocame  mtcresled  in  him  through  ch^Ke  reading  pf  one  of  his 
memoiis,  and,  by  a  vigorous  agitation  in  his  behalf ,  secured  bb 
deliniEc  release  In  1784.  He  caploilcd  his  long  captivity  with 
coniidtrabla  abUity,  posing  as  .a  brave  olbcer,  a  son  of  the 
maiquis  dc  la  Tude,  and  a  vicliip  of  Pompidoui's  iDttiguei 
He  was  extolled  and  pensioned  during  the  Revolution,  andja 
1 793  the  convention  compelled  the  hcifs  of  Mme  de  Port^jatfcpur 
to  pay  him  &o,ooo  (lanqs  damaiges.    He  died  ia  obscuiii;/  ai  Para 

""The  principal  >"artE;  ot  Utiidc  is  the  account  ol  UsInlpiIloHiiieiil', 

tWMltOattiitmt  ^it.Hf'jS^tlnrdi  Afil^JKutii  *tU  TUd^ 
WJtaiii  ^ntfoH JmkiiiiWii'H  diuu  <ai  Jnrie  MwM  d'M  (AmtK^ 
'--  ■-"-  --■  FW^iSto).  J^Enj.naiii.oramriioawajpuliiirtcd 


ft;!,'"' 


mrin.s's 


LATOXA,  a  tribe  of  negroid  siodi  hihabtiing  the  motinlalnoui 
ounlry  E.  of  Condokoioon  the  upper  Nile.  They  haveTerefved 
tinge  of  Hamitic  bh»d  from  Ihe-Gdia  people,  and  have  Ingti 


276 


/     LAUBAN-iLAUD 


bnhmh,  iMTtt  tfa,  WnJ^I  noaei  ind  thick  but  not  poulinc 
Upa.  Tbcy  tn  bcHcrnl  by  Sit  H.  H.  Jobnuon  la  be  the  oriKiiul 
ind  puiTtt  type  oi  the  gnat  MUBi  people,  ind  in  usinibled 
to  the  Nilotic  negro  ncei  in  tuHoim.  Like  Iheit  ndgbbOBii 
the  Bati  lad  ShiUuk  tiibei,  Ihey  deipiic  dotlang.  ibough  the 
Imponut  chiell  have  adapted  Ant>  illln.  Tbetr  country  ii 
fertUe,«Bdtlityciiltl»»lelobact»,  dunanDdolheicfopa.  Then 
tikiM  tie  uuKRHu,  and  nine  are  of  nnudoabte  liu.  Tat- 
aogole,  for  iaatonce,  on  the  Khor  Koha,  haa  upwards  dE  Ifartt 
Ihousiod  bnti,  and  ibeit)  for  many  Ibouaindi  of  cuUc,  The 
Latuka  an  induciioua  andeipedally  Doled  tot  tlilil  astmilhi. 
Emin  Puha  Haled  thai  iba  Uoa  «■■  (0  IHlle  dwuled  by  ika 
Latuki  that  on  one  being  caught  in  >  leia|Mtd  Hap  tluy  lunay 
SEI  [l  free. 

UIDBAH.  a  town  of  Ccmuny  in  the  Pnusian  pmvina  of 
Eilciia,  a  liluaitd  in  a  picluraque  valley,  at  the  junction  of 
Iheliaesof  railway  from  C(lTliUaiid5aiau,i6ii|.E.o[  the  foiiDcr. 
Pop.  (i^s)  14,1^14.  Lauban  haa  a  Roman  Catholic  and  two  Evin- 
gcLcal  churcho,  a  town  hall,  dating  [roni  ini,  a  convemuul 
ol  tbt  otdei  of  St  Magdalene,  dating  fnm  tlie  t4lh< 


and  Mveral  icnoou.     it: 
tobacfo,  >ani,  thread.  Hi 


I  industrial 

len  and  woollen  cloth  manufactories. 

^ „       rki,  bieweries  and  oil  and  flour  mills. 

Lauban  vas  founded  in  the  loth  «ru]  torti&td  ia  the  ijlh 
century;  in  1417  and  laji  it  was  devastated  by  the  Hussites, 
and  in  1640  by  the  Swedes.  In  i;ei  it  was  the  beadquarten 
ol  Ftederick  the  Great,  and  in  iSij  it  wai  the  la*l  Saion  (own 

See  Bcrkel,  Cudnikuitr  Sua  Ltntan  (Lauban,  iS9«]. 

LAUBB,  HBIHRttn  (1806-1884},  Gemun  drimaiist,  novelist 
and  t  beat  re-director,  wai  bom  at  Sprotlao  in  Silesia  on  ihe 
iBth  of  September  iSofi.  He  studied  theology  at  Halle  and 
Bteslau  [1816-1819),  and  settled  in  Uipiig  in  1831.    Here  he 

under  the  title  Ooi  new  yaArjhiiKfiTI,  in  two  pans— /"oftii  (igji) 
ami  Ptitlitekt  Britfi  (iSj])— and  with  the  novel  Das  jmiti 
Earafa,  in  Ihtee  parti— Die  Potun,  Dit  Ktiega,  Bit  B*j(r— 
(i!jJ-iBj7).  Theje  writings,  in  which,  alter  the  fashion  ol 
Heintich  Heine  and  Ludwig  BOme,  he  severely  critidied  the 
polilieat  r^me  in  Germany,  lofcther  with  the  part  he  played 
In  the  literary  movement  known  as  Daijmife  Den^iiMmJ.  led 
to  bis  being  subjected  to  police  nirveillancc  and  his  works  con- 
fiscated. On  his  tctum,  in  i8j4.  from  a  journey  to  Italy,  under- 
taken fn  the  company  ol  Karl  Cutikow,  La]ibe  «aj  eipellcd 
fion  Saiony  and  imprisoned  for  nine  monlhi  in  Berlin.  In 
lgj8  he  mlrrled  the  widow  of  Professor  HInel  of  Leiptig, 
almost  Immediiilely  afterwards  he  suHered  a  year'i  imprlion- 
mcnl  for  his  levohilionaiy  sympathies.  In  i8jg  he  again  settled 
In  Leipilg  and  begin  a  lilciaiy  activity  as  a  playwright.  Chief 
among  his  eailici  productions  aie  the  Itagcdies  UsnMiuii 
Cl845}andSffHeiiiet(l847):  Ihe  comedies  Rnkata,  altr  dit  alUa 
Htricn  (lS4fi),  CilUclud  uml  (Mtn  (1847);  and  Die  Xorfi- 
idiair  (1B47),  of  which  the  youihlnl  Schiljtt  is  the  hero.  In 
1848  Laube  was  elected  to  the  national  assembly  at  Frankfort' 
on-Main  lor  the  district  of  Elbogen,  but  resigned  in  (he  spring 
ol  184s,  when  be  was  appdnicd  artistic  director  of  the  Hofburg 
Ihealrt  In  Vienna.  This  oflice  he  held  until  1S67.  and  in  this 
period  fall  his  bjitA  lirmmaiic  productions,  notably  the  tragedies 
QraJElia  [18^61  and  ifiiiifrsu(iSjQ),and  his  historical  romance 
Dcr  dttdicU  Kriii  C186S-1S66,  0  vols.),  which  graphically 
piclu^  «  pariod  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  In  i86q  Ik  became 
director  el  the  Leipiig  Siadtlbeater,  but  relumed  to  Vienna 
fn  1R70,  when  In  187]  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  new 
Sladtlheater;  with  the  nccption  of  a  short  Interval  he  mutlged 
this  theatre  with  brilliant  success  until  his  lettiement  from 
public  life  in  1880.  He  has  kft  a  valuable  record  of  his  work 
in  Vienna  and  Leipiig  in  the  three  volumes  Ihi  Bartlktaltt 
(186S).  Das  naddalscia  Tkiiitr  (iS;])  and  Dai  IVUnrr  Sladl- 
Ikialir  (1S7;).  His  pen  wu  still  active  after  his  tcLirenncnl. 
and  in  the  five  yean  preceding  his  death,  which  took  place  at 
Vienna  oo  the  1st  of  August  18S4,  he  wrsie  the  nmancn  and 


novels  Die  BUminter  (iSSo),  £«&«  (iWi).  BtrScUlm- 
WHidM  <i8lj),  and  published  an  iniereiting  volume  of  reml- 
□iicuiu,  Siin'uTmipn,  iS4i's3li  (iSBi).  Uube's  dramas 
are  not  lenufkaUe  for  aiigiiialily  or  (ot  pontcal  bcaUy;  Ihefr 


$piiU  (vol  ill,  Mh  ed 

L'ADBESPU^  a  French  family  which  iptug  frani  Claude 
de  I'/UibeiikiDe,  a  lawyer  of  Orleans  and  bailiff  of  the  abbey  of 
St  Euverte  ia  the  beginnini  of  the  t6lh  century,  tod  nipidly 
acqulied  distinction  in  ofhces  connected  with  the  lav.  Sebasllen 
de  l'Aube«iinc  <d.  ij8i),  abbot  of  Basaeloataine,  bMop  of 
Vannes  and  aftcrwaids  of  Limoges,  fulfilled  impoctanl  dtpis- 
matic  missions  in  Gennany.  Hungary.  Ungluid,  the  Low  Coun- 

((.  1500-1(67),  baron  of  Chlteauneuf-aur-Cher,  SebaslieB'* 
biDibcr.  wni  a  secretary  of  Gnanie;  he  had  chaige  of  negotiatkHw 
with  England  in  135}  and  ifsg,  and  wu  seven!  times  commii- 
sioncd  to  ttcat  with  the  Huguenots  in  the  kirig*!  name.  His  ion 
GuiUaume  was  a  councKloi  of  slate  and  ambaitadoi  (0  Enf^and. 
Charles  de  I'Aubcspine  (is8ij-t6si)  wasambasudai  to  Germany, 
the  Low  Countries.  Venice  and  Engbnd,  besides  twke  boldias 
the  office  of  keeper  ol  the  seals  of  France,  from  i6jo  to  163J, 
and  from  16501a  1651.  The  family  fell  into  poor  circumstances 
and  bceimr  ciiinciui  the  i«lh  century.  (M.P.*) 

l,A[ICHST)U>T,a  town  of  Germany  in  the  province  of  Prussian 
Saiony.  on  the  Laucha,  6  m.  N.W.  ol  Meiscbuig  by  the  rmlway 
to  Schalslkdt.  Pop.  (1905)  »j4.  It  ronialos  an  Evangelical 
church,  a  theatre,  a  hydropathic  establishment  and  several  educa- 
tional institutions,  among  which  is  an  agricultural  school  affiliated 
to  the  university  ol  Halle.  Its  industries  Indude  tndting, 
vinegar-making  and  brewing.  Lauchstltdt  was  a  popular 
walering -place  in  the  18th  century,  the  duLes  ol  Saxe-Merseburg 
often  making  it    '   " 


e  Wein 

f  tl»  playsol  Schilkrud  Goethe, 
ontiibuicd  10  tbe  Hell-being  of  the 
See  Maak.  Dti  CoKhtlUaltr  u  Lamkiladl  (Lauebtlidt,  igojj: 
nd  Naieminn.  Sad  LotdiiladI  (l{alle.  i88]l. 
LAUD,  VILUAK  (i5;j-t6i.O,  English  atcbbishop,  only  SOS 
am  Laud,  a  clothier,  was  bom  at  Keading  on  the  7tb  of 
157}.  He  was  educated  at  Reading  fiee  Khool,  matticul- 
Si  John's  college,  Oilord,  in  ijgf,  gained  a  scholarship 
■  graduated  B.A.  " 


ilWi 


0  D-D.  ii 


1608.    In  i6at  I 


■  .603 


Charles  Bbunl. 

early  took  up  a  position  of  antagonism  to  the  Calvinistic  party 
in  the  church.  sJid  in  1A04  was  reproved  by  Ihe  authorities  (ot 
maintaining  in  bis  thesis  for  the  degree  ol  B.D.  "that  then 
could  be  no  true  church  without  bishops,"  and  again  in  1&06 
lor  advocating  "  popish  "  opinions  in  a  sermon  at  St  Mary's. 
If  high-church  iloctrines,  however,  lucl  .with  opposition  at 
Oxford,  they  were  relished  elsewhere,  and  Laud  obtained  rapid 
advancement.  In  1607  he  was  made  vicar  ol  Stanford  in  Nonb- 
amptonshirc,  and  in  1608  he  became  chapbin  to  Biabop  Ncile, 
who  in  lAio  presented  him  to  the  living  of  Custon.  when  be 
reigned  his  fellowship.  In  i6ij,  in  spite  of  the  influence  of 
Archbishop  Abbot  and  Lord  Chancellor  Elksmerc,^  Laud  waa 
made  president  <rf  St  John's,  and  In  1614  obtained  in  addition 
the  prebend  of  Buckden,  in  1615  the  archdeaconiy  of  Kuntingr 
don.  and  in  1616  the  deanery  o(  Gloucester.  Here  he  irpaired 
changed  the  position  of  tbe  ccmmunion  table,  a 


d,  by  a  characi 


OtlKdniL  b  161T  hi  «cat  lAh  (W  kta(  ta  Sootlaad,  ud 
uwKd  kMilUy  by  *«ulil|  tbc  urplicc  tn  1611  he  beomc 
Ushop  ol  St  Om*M^  wha  he  loisned  tbc  pmidenubip  of  St 

IaApdlx6]lLsnd,  byUKkiaCsonhn,UakpuIlB  ■  con- 
tmtny  inth  Pacy,  1  Jmit,  knmln  u  Fbher,  the  ilm  of 
■Uch  ms  to  piewtil  iIh  cooniwin  sf  ^e  sounieu  <A  Buddng- 
kui.  tJM  fswnritc'i  toatha,  to  KDmaniiin,  uvt  bii-  opiiuoiu 
opiCMcd  Ott  tbu  MOiiiiB  (bow  coBBdcnblc  bieidih  and 
coapRhemiao.  Wtiilt  nfMiDi  to  nckKmledge  ihc  Roman 
Church  u  Mi  Inw  cborcb,  he  lUowo)  it  to  be  a  tne  chuich 
ud  m  bnncb  of  the  CatboUe  body,  M  the  una  time  ein{diuiiliig 
(he  pcrih  o£'ki»wiii^  UHdat^  vith  eiror^  and  vith  regard 
M  the  En^iah  ChiiA  he  dsiwl  thU  the  aaxplam  of  all  in 
anidd  «■>  ntOBaiy:  The  lanndatioo  of  bdkf  vi*  the  Bible, 
ant  any  00a  bnack  of  tbn  Catbobc  cfaanfa  amgiling  (o  itieLf 
■afallibiUly,  and  what  dnpiu.  on  matltn  o[  bilb  me,  "  a 
liofBl  and  bat  cemdl,  dNttmiainf  accardini  to  Scilptiin 


.         .  of  the 

id  »"  H't'-—  »n>  begao,  aid  pia<ed 
i*  iMkI  InHranuBt  tt  Laud'*  advuKamat.  nc  opponunity 
UK  «ith  tkc  oM  Uni^  dnth  la  1615,  lot  Jtrntt,  vith  all  Ua 
tdaofty,  «iM  toa  wte  aad  cwtioaa  to  tnbuk  In  Laud's  laah 
nn  a  pendent  nodsailon, 
ad,  la  infag  no  Cunher  ia 
ol  the.people.  On  the  ac- 
Hia  actlvltEca  were  allowed 
tite  acspe.  A  Ibt  of  the  clogy  wai.iBDKdialctr  piepartd  by 
him  for  the  kins,  la  whkh  (acta  luma  wai  bbcUtd  viih  an  0 
K  a  P,  diadhsniibini  tba  Oitbodox  10  ba  pnouMed  fRun  ihe 
Furiuna  le  be  wppiftd.  Land  defended  Mdurd  Hontagne, 
irio  had  arauaed  Ihe  nath  o(  tbe  paiUuMBt  by  Ui  pamphlet 
ipiiiat Caivlniam.  HiilnflueiiceKianeitendediBtalliadonuio 
ol  the  iiBle.  Ha  mppoOcd  the  Ung'a  prencalin  thmoghoui 
the  amfikl  with  the  paiUuneBt,  pfoiched  in  bwoor  of  It  befoie 
Qiaika'K.  aeoad  paifaiBCBl  in  liiit,  ■nd'  aaatattd  in  BtKklof- 
bam'i  defence.  In  i«K  he  wa  nombiUed  Uahop  of  Bath  and 
Wella,*BdinJutyid>BbfabapafLiBdoB.  On  the  I  Mh  of  April 
iA>9  he  wna  made  chancellor  of  Oxfoid  (Jilvenily. 

In  the  petnnafe  of  leiniiiig  and  b  the  oerdie  ol  authority 
•vet  the  mmab  and  education  <■(  youth  Land  was  in  hii  pioper 
Qihae.  maw  valuable  reforms  at  OxFord'  being  doe  to  hli 
'  icthrily.  Including  the  codification  of  ihe  statutes,  Ihe  statute 
by  which  public  eaaminationa  were  rendered  obligatory  for  uni' 
m^ty  decrees,  and  the  oidinance  for  the  election  ei  ptoctsn, 
Ihe  levival  tl  the  edlcga  tyitem,  ol  moni  and  reUgiaus  discipline 
■nd  Older,  and  of  academic  dress.  He  founded  or  endowed 
various  pcofesMnhipg,  indndlng  Iboae  of  HebRw  and  Aiabic, 
uid  the  office  of  puUic  erator,  csci>imged  English  and  foidgn 
•diolan,  MKta  aa  Voo,  Sdden  and  Jeremy  Taylor,  tonnded 
the  uaivenlty  printing  picas,  procunng  in  1613  the  royal  patent 
lor  Oxtard,  asd  obtahnd  lor  the  Bodlelao  library  over  ijoo 
)(SS.,Bddlagancwwin(lothebidMInltBcontBinhisg<fts.  His 
nile  at  Odord  was  marked  by  a  great  hiciease  in  ihe  number  of 
stndenta.  In  Us  own  college  he  erected  the  new  buildings,  and 
■u  lis  KeoDd  lousder.  CM  Ui  chanczflonhlp  be  hhns^  wrote 
>  litbiiy,  and  the  T  ■■"''!■"  liaditioa  kug  remained  the  great 
Haadard  ot  oidei  and  good  gommnent  is  the  nnivenlly. 
Ebewbin  he  showed  Us  hlxtalily  and  Us  seal  tor  refom.  He 
WIS  tn  acthn  victor  ol  Eton  and  Wincheata,  and  endowed  the 
CUnnar  acboiil  at  Beading,  where  he  was  himscU  educated, 
In  London  be  procured  Funds  lor  Ihe  restentlon  of  the  dil^dited 
Wbedral  ol  St  Paul's. 

Re  was  lar  leas  grfat  aa  a  nilei  In  the  state,  ahowtng.as  a 
l°dge  a  tytsonical  ipirit  hotb  in  the  star  chamber  and  hi^ 
Oimmbaion  court,  thiealerdng  FiAlon.  tbe  aasasrin  of  BncklDf- 
bro,  with  the  ra(±,  and  showing  apeijal  iCtMiy  in  procotinc  a 
°ul  sentence  In  the  lormcr  court  against  AlenndB  LeightOD 
<n  June  i£]o  and  against  Henry  Shcrtdd  In  iAm-  His  power 
*u  greatly  hicressed  aher  his  relum  from  Scotland,  wtiilher  he 
■•d  accompanied  tbe  Un(,  by  hla  promotion  to  the  aicbUsboprk 


ilSjj.  "As  for  the  slate  fodeed,"he 
this  occasion.  "  I  am  for  T'jhimiiJt.'' 
il  didded  in  hii  favour  his  ctaim  of 
T  both  nniveniliei.  Soon  ■flerwards 
Ti  of  the  treasury  and  on  the 


of  Caateib«ry  in  Angu 

iei6  the  pirfvy  cob 
Jarisdictloa'as  vliflor  ove 
he  was  placed  on  the  coi 
committee  sF  the  privy  a 
powerful  both  in  chutth  and  slalc.  He  proceeded  to  impose 
by  Sulhority  (he  religions  ctnmonies  and  usages  to  whidi  Iw 
■Itached  so  much  importance.  His  vlcar-genenl,  Sir  Natbanid 
Bnnt,  went  through  the  dioceses  of  his  ptnvince,  noting  every 
ditapldalioa  and  every  irregularity.  Tlie  pulpit  was  no  lotiger 
ID  he  Ihe  chief  ttaiute  in  the  church,  but  the  communion  lible. 
Tbe  Purilan  lecturers  were  suppressed.  He  showed  great 
hostility  to  tbe  Putllan  sabbalh  and  supported  the  reissue  o[  the 
Betk  (/  Spcrti,  especially  odious  to  Ihit  party,  and  severely 
tlprimstided  Chid  Justice  Richardson  For  his  Interference  wrtta 
the  Somerset  wakes.  He  insisied  on  the  use  oF  the  prayer-book 
among  tbe  English  soldiers  in  the  service  oF  HoBind,  and  farced 
likl  conformity  on  the  church  of  the  merchant  advenldrers 
i  Dellt,  cudeavouifng  even  to  reach  the  cokmists  in  Hew 
England.  He  tried  to  compd  the  Dutch  and  French  refugees 
n  England  to  unite  with  (he  Church  ol  England,  advi^ng  double 
axation  and  other  Forms  of  persecnilon.  In  1634  the  Justices 
if  (he  peace  were  ordered  to  enter  housed  to  search  for  pefsrais 
holding  conventicles  and  bring  them  before  the  ctmimis^ners. 
'le  took  pleasure  in  displaying  his  power  over  the  great,  and  In 
}unishing  them  in  the  spiritual  courts  for  mnial  ofiencea.  In 
:6j7  he  took  part  Inthesentence  of  the  star  chamber  on  Prynne, 
}astwlck  and  Button,  and  in  the  same  yeu  In  the  prosecution 
iF  Bishop  WHIIams.  He  urged  SlrvSord  In  Ireland  to  cany  out 
Ihe  same  reforms  and  severities. 

was  now  to  eiimd  his  ecCIerfastical  system  to  Scotland, 
during  his  visits  Ihe  appearance  of  Ihe  churches  had 
greilly  displeased  Mm.  The  new  prayer-boiA  and  canons  were 
drawn  up  by  the  Scottish  bishops  with  hb  assiitance  and  enforced 
in  the  country,  and.  though  not  oflicially  connected  Mth  tbe 
work,  he  was  rightly  regarded  as  Its  reel  author.  The  attack 
not  only  on  the  aalional  relifpon,  but  on  the  national  hidrpend- 
eoce  of  Scotland,  proved  to  be  the  polni  at  whicb  (be  sj^em, 
already  strained,  broke  and  collapsed.  Laud  continued  to 
support  Stnflord's  and  the  king'satbilrary  measures  to  (he last, 
and  spoke  ia  Favour  ol  tbe  vigorous  continuation  of  Ihe  war  00 
Stnlford's  side  In  the  memorable  meeting  oF  the  committee  of 
eight  col  the  ;th  ol  May  1640,  and  for  the  employment  ol  any 
means  For  carrying  it  on.  "  Tried  all  ways,"  ao  ran  the  nolo  of 
Us  speech, "  and  refused  all  waya.  By  the  law  of  God  and  man 
you  should  hsve  subsistence  and  lawful  to  take  it,"  Thohgh 
at  first  opposed  (o  the  ^ling  of  convocalion,  after  the  disMhition 
of  parliament,  as  an  independent  body,  on  account  of  the  oppc«i- 
tion  it  would  arouse,  be  yet  caused  to  be  pessed  in  II  the  new 
canons  which  both  enforced  his  ecdesiasticaJ  system  and  asaialed 
the  king's  divine  right,  lesislance  to  his  power  en  talEng  "  damna- 
tion," land's  Infaiusled  p^cy  could  go  no  lunher,  and  the 
tlitUn  oath,  acoordhig  lo  which  whole  classes  of  men  were  to  be 
forced  to  swear  perpetual  alle^ance  to  the  "  govemmeat  of  iMs 
church  by  ardtUsbops,  Udisps,  deans  and  archdeacon,  ftc.," 
was  long  fcmtmbered  and  deridad.  His  powB-  bow  cgulckly 
abandoned  Urn.  He  was  attacked  and  nviled  aa  the  chief 
antbotof  tbe  troMtaanallride).  Ia  October  he  was  ordered 
by  Oiailca  to  nspcad  the  afcetira  oath.  Tbe  same  moUh,  when 
the  hf^  comncWon  court  was  sacked  bf  tbe  mob,  be  was 
unable  lo  perauads  the  star  chamber  to  tninfati  tb«  oModcn. 
On  Iba  igth  sf  Deccrabn  ha  waa  ImpMched'by  tbn  Long  Psifia- 
ment,  and  od  the  tsl  of  Mtrdi  bnprlaoited  in  titt  tower.  On  the 
tiih  ot  Hay,  at  Stnflord's  request,  the  aidtUsbop  appeared 
at  the  irindow  of  h(s  Oetl  to  give  Mm  Us  Mining  on  Us  wqr  to 
eaeoitba,  and  (ainud  aa  he  passed  by.  For  some  time  be  was 
ItA  unnoticed  In  conSnement.  On  (he  irst  of  May  1641,  how- 
ever. Prynna  received  orden  from  tbe  pariiament  to  setrcb  his 
papers,  and  pohUshed  a  mucOaied  edition  of  his  dtny.    The 


*7« 


LAUD— LAUDER,  SIR  f .  D. 


u  but  Us  coadutt  nndiv  •  cluuic  id  t 
hopclcu,  an  sttiuDdix  wu  (ubiUtuLBl  ind 
Wi  the  ^md  U  J^ovcDibcf,  In  ibrsti  pioci 
Kmblvict  ei  ropcct  for  law  or  jmlici.  the  iMtit  yietdint  (4>h  «f 
Jaouary  164J)  lo  Ibc  mcnacn  ol  ibc  Camnoai,  vha  amcalcd 
le  iheoucLvcs  the  ligbl  Is  dKlait  any  cdihi  they  pleaicd  hi^ 
UeajpQxi-  LaudpowieadriedlhALiag'spankm,  which  hud  bcca 
iraatcd  to  luio  ia  Ajvil  i&43.  Thii  waa  nicctcd,  and  it  wu  wiib 
wmedificnliy  (hit  hii  ptiiticn  u>  be  uKulcd  wiib  ibc  ■«, 
inucad  ol  undergoing  iha  udiiuuv  bnilaJ  punithmtal  i?r  higk 
licawD,  vat gnmed.    Hesuifeicd  dcUh  aalhe  lothol  Januaiy 

the  law,  [cpwliating  Ibe  (baigc  al  "  pgpecy,"  and  declaring  Ihai 
1b  bad  alwa^  lived  in  Ihe  PtDt«iau  Chuicb  a<  England.  He 
waa  buried  in  the  chancel  ol  All  Hallows,  Baikiat,  aheiux  bi» 
body  wai  nmoved  00  (be  14th  oE  July  iMj  to  Iht  cbapel  o[ 
£1  Jobn't  C«llcfe,  Oiloid. 

Laud  aevcc  sanied.  He  u  dooibed  by  Fuller  as  "  low  oi 
lUlun,  Utile  ia  bulb,  dmrful  in  countenaiKe  (wherein  grtvily 
aid  quicksesi  wen  aU  campgundtd),  of  a  iharp  and  pieicliic  eye, 
.cleai  iudgmeot  and  (abating  ibeinfluencEof  age)  fiKHKemoty." 
Hia  penomlily,  on  account  ol  Iht  ihaip  tfUgiom 
with  whicb  bii  name  ii  ineviubly  asaociaied,  ha: 
Judged  wiib  Impartiality. 


Mtotily  foe  outward  conlormhy,  md  the  iDtporUluv  Biiaclwd 
to  ritual  and  ceremony,  unity  in  wbkb  must  be  eaiablished  at 
all  ctHla,  in  o»Urul  to  dogma  and  doetrine.  In  wUcb  be  ibawed 
tumicU  Icnienl  and  large-minded,  winning  over  Hales  by  friendly 
dilciusiM,  and  cncouiaging  the  publication  d  CbilUngworlh'i 
Bdit""  *f  PiMiOoals.  -He  vu  Boi  a  bigot,  but  a  manlnet. 
The  citerBal  iorin  was  with  blm  the  euemiat  (eatun'of  nHglaii, 
preceding  the  ipiritual  conception,  and  in  Laud'a  opinion  beint 
the  real  foundation  of  it.  In  hit  laM  ntirds  on  the  (caHidd  he 
alludo  to  the  dangen  ami  ilanden  he  had  endured  labotitlng 
tokeepaotMUformityintheeKtcrnalierviccorGod;  and  Bacon'C 

on  of  a  spiritual  uni<Hi  founded  on  variety  and  hbeily  waa 

iptelely  beyond  his  CDmprrbeosioB. 


hurch  ai 


In 


fatal 


iitagonim 


jt  of  a  vindicl 


e  qiirit,  and  ibeic  numbei 
.  caieei  was  distinguubed  by 
n  to  duty,  by  coungc  and 
that  the  charge  of  partialiiy 


has  certainly  been  eianpiattd. 
iprigbtneaa,  hy  piety,  by  a  di 
consiHcBcj'.    Id  particular  it  ii 

lor  Rome  is  unfounded.  Al  the  same  tune  tne  arcuniKances  o 
the  peiiod,  the  Eaa  thai  various  scbeniea  of  union  with  Bam 
were  abroad,  that  the  missions  of  Panianiand  later  ol  Cooa  wer 
galhtrii^  into  tbe  Church  ol  Rome  numbers  ol  oiemben  of  ih 
Church  ol  England  who,  ULe  Laud  bimsell.weiedinaiiifiedwii: 
Ibe  Puritan  bias  which  then  cbaraclertied  it,  Ibe  lacidcnt  mcD 
tiosed  by  Laud  himielfol  bis  being  twice  olTeied  ibecardioBlatt 
Ibe  nDvemeoi  canied  on  at  tb«  court  in  favour  of  Ronaniani 
and  the  facl  that  Laud'a  changes  hi  ritual,  however  dcail; 
deaned  and  lalricted  in  bis  own  inuntion,  all  tetded  toward 
Roman  practice,  fully  warranted  the  suipkiona  and  fears  of  hi 
CDntimpotaiiea.  ~  laud's  compteto  negloct  «(  the  national  icnti 


cf  that  til 


to  Hppreia  it,  is  a  principal  proof  of  bis  total 
musWiL    The  hutUity  lo  "  intwvallou  in 
geoerally  allowed,  waa  a  far  tlionget  incentive 


lack  of 


the  rebellion 
the  violation 

of  cooatitutiona]  libenies;  and  to  Laud,  iberefoie,  more  than  to 
Stiaaord,  to  BiKkinghaia,  or  even  piihap*  to  Chailes  himself. 
is  a^KciiUy  due  the  re^wotibilily  for  the  cataun^be.  He  held 
faal  to  Ihe  great  idea  of  tbe  cathoUdly  ol  the  Enflish  Church, 
to  that  conception  of  it  which  regards  it  as  a  biuich  of  tbe  whola 
Christian  church,  and  emphasizes  its  bisloilcal  continuity  and 
identiltf  iioiB  the  time  of  tbe  apostles,  but  here  again  his  policy 
was  at  fault;  for  bis  despotic  sdminist ration  not  onlj  eadted 
-■ndeHifieraied  the  teodincies  la  tcpuatiim  and  iadepCBdentiim 
which  tnally  (vevaikd,  but  eicluded  large  bodies  of  faithful 

counuy.  1^  emigration  to  UavachueiU  in  1619,  wbicb 
CDOtiqucd  in  ft  atie^m  till  164s,  ws>  not  canipoiad  ol  i^aiatials 
hM  oi  ipiKiHulians.  Thus  wUt  Lftud  vi^e^.'i'b  "^  ^'*^ 
b>  destroyed  with  the  other. 

Pwing  lo  tbi  man  ipdiiect  ioQuence  of  Laud  on  tdi  lima, 
■n  oa»  obaovt  ■  narmwnew  ol  aund  Wl  *im  fUch  lepaiatca 
hi«i  frsn  K  man  of  such  high  imagini,tia«  aqd  Ide^liim  aa 
StidloTd,  bowtvu  ckaely  idsotifiid  tbiir  pelieiw  hhw  )>*>* 

.been for IbamMntpl.  Thechief leannof Laud'sadniiniatntioii 
ia  atUnlion  to  couuleu  datiils,  l«  the  most  Iiivial  «1  which  be 
atltdud  ^Ktativ*  Ipiportsnci,  and  wbkh  uc  unaufuisd  by 
uty  gnat  usderlyinc  principla..    His  view  waa  always  Bsentlally 

.  aaieriaL    Th*  one  ilemant  ia  the  choich  which  to  turn  waa  all 


Thiti 
1  Nam 


s  Ihe  so 


ctntnt^  Wtlicb  »Bonlet(  no  tangible  or  definit*  lonn.    Hcbeb  tbe 


few  IE 


inLotd 

Oevonshire  and  the  bltei'i  mistress,  the  divorced  irtfe  of  Lord 
Klch.  aa  act  Moi^elely  u  vuiance  with  bis  principles;  his 
ittaaxe  intimacy  with  BucUnghami  his  love  Oi  power  and  place 
[ndiitinguishahle  from  hia  pennrul  ambilioa  was  bis  passion 
'or  the  aggrandisemtnt  of  the  chnreb  and  its  ptedomiaanc^  in 
he  state  He  i^grcstly  delighted  al  tbe  footish  ^>polatD>ertt 
of  Bishop  JuDD  as  lord  treasunr  in  ifijfi.  "  Nochuichnian  had 
,"  he  cries  nultiii(ly,  "  since  Henry  VIL^  tiine,  .  ,  ,  and  now 
the  diBich  will  not  hoU  up  ihcmselves  under  God,  I  cao  do  no 
tut."  Spiritual  inSuence.  in  Land's  opinion,  wu  not  cxoilgh for 
the  church.  The  church  as  the  gnida  of  the  nation  in  dtity  and 
L  extending  its  activity  into  atate  affain  as  & 
modeiaiQi,  waa  not  sufficient.  Its  pows  mast  be 
mitdkl  and  viilUg,  embodied  ia  great  i^aces  of  secular  adminis- 
CntioB  aod  endtoned  in  U^  otlices  of  stale.  Thus  the  church, 
dt*c*ndiR|  M>  the  polllkal  una,  became  ideniihed  with  tbe 
dociriBc*  of  BBC  political  puiy  In  Ihe  state — doctrines  odlou» 
to  the  majofity  of  tbe  nation — and  at  Ibe  aamc  time  became 
anocialcd  with  acts  of  violenoe  and  injuftlce,  losing  at  once  ita 
inSuenci  and  its  leputalion.  Equally  diiaattaiB  to  the  Date  waa 
the  idcnlihcatiML  of  the  kiag'a  adminiilration  with  one  party 
in  the  church,  uid  thai  with  the  party  in  an  ininene  minority 
HOC  iBly  in  ths  nilion  bat  even  aniong  the  deigy  themsetvet 

BmunaArirr. — All  Laud's  mekaare  10  he  fooadia  tbe  LMnryaf 
Anila-CiaitU  Tlittitu  (7  vola.}.  iaehaiiiB  Ins  amMaa  M  no  gtsl 
pieiitl.  Icilcn.  hiiloiy  of  the  cbaaceUDCihip.  kisltn  of  hti  ttoiibles  . 
and  trial,  and  his  remarkable  diary,  the  M&  ol  the  last  two  works 
beino  the  property  of  5t  John's  College-  Var^i  modem  «iinioA> 
oi  Laud's  airer  cu  be  studied  la  T.  LoBmievllle'*  Ufi  ^ lamt, 

vol.  i.  (lM»  i  J.  B.  UaiiTyS  £iiuy  «  Land:  ^riUuUp  Uaii.  by 
A.  C.  Benson  (1M7):  Wm.  La^,  by  W.  H.  huiton  (ifcS);  Ani- 
Utlurif  Ltud  CBomtmualiM.  ed.  by  W.  F.  CotKu  nenom.  bJUio- 
(lapby.  tauloBuc  ofcihiblla,  iBoj):  Hook's  Laud/ltojIacUuteU 
•/  CaWrhvyi  and  H.  Bdl.  AiciMief  LaW  a^iPritaly  £«>ns- 

LUDD  (Lat,  Jot),  a  lenn  (oeoaing  praiv,  now  rarely  imnd 
ia  this  sense  iiccpt  in  poetry  or  hymns.  Lauds  ia  the  namt  for 
tbe  second  of  Ibe  offices  ol  the  canonical  bouia  hi  thi  Rotun. 
breviuy,  so  called  fion  tbe  three  londu  or  pulifs  dl  pniae, 
cidviu..cl.  which  iorta  put  oi  the  nrvice  Ifit  Bvvuav  (ad 
UoDai.  Canonicu,}. 

UUD^HUlf,  ofiglnaljy  tbe  name  given  by  Paracelsus  to  a, 
fatnoua  oicdical  ptepaiatioaof  bitowDc«npc(od«f.|alii|,p«adS, 
te.  lOftra,  iGjg.  L  t^ili),  but  containing  ofduni  aa  it*  chid 
inpadient.  The  term  ii  now  only  used  for  the  akobolic.llB^uft 
of  opium,  (g.n}.  The  nana  was  elthci.  Divi»l<>d  by  PannkW 
from  lai.  laadan  10  pitise,  or  was  a  oqnpttd.lorro  o( 
"  Udaaatn  "  (Gr.  iUtutf,  Iraai  Pfta-iadu^,  k  tptiwut  iuiiz  tt 
fum  obtsined  Snm  various  Idndi  ol  thi  Citha  itoib,  fomnty 
used  medicinally  in  utocnsl  applications  nndaaaalomadiic,  but 
BOW  only  in  peifumeiy  and  in  maUis  fumigaliag  pastilles,  Ik. 

LAUDER.  SIR  IHOMAl  DICK,  Bail.  UlH-'^).  Scottish 
author,  only  son  ol  Sir  Andnw  Lauder.  Ath  baronet,  wtt  bom 
St  Edinburgh  in  1784.  He  auccicdad  to  thtbaroneicy  ia  iSh. 
.......      .      „.    .        ,.    ■'--■-   la  ^|J_«^illed 


LAODER,"W.— LAUDBRDALE,:DUKE  OF 


*  Simon  Kof,  Ginleoer  mt  I>aiip)iBi],"'i«)u  by  Boat  liiitbed 
Sir  Willcc  Scott.  Hii  piper  (iSiS)  on  ".The  Piralld  Roidsof 
Glenwy;"  prinlcd  in  vol.  U.  of  the  TrcinKiiritt  qJ  Uu  Riryai 
SeeittT  'f  EUxbtrg*,  firet  drtw  jtlenlloo  to  (he  phtBomem 
in  qucatioii.  In  i&ij  and  ffti?  he  pnbEbked  (nt>  nnantr 
Ladutidku  and  Ihe  (Co^f  o/  Anjmwt.  He'  became  a  frequei 
coDlribuIoi  to  tUaclntiii  and  ilu  to  Taifs  Matami,  and 
t8jobcpiA£tiiti  An  AHeinilo/llHl^mFleaJt  ffAvgua  iStp  \ 


two,  1837),  Ltteoiiirj  Telei  of  Ikt  RitUvndi  (] 
iRii),  Tdid-  rmmJ  lAt  CmjM  o/  SaOaml  (1S41)  >nd  Utmarii 
wjikt  Keyai  Pnpeii  in  SaUand  {itm).  Vol.i.  of  a  Miicridnty 
*S  NalvrtH  Biit^y,  published  in  «855i  wai  ^Iso  partly  prepared 
1)7  Lauder.  He  na  1  Liberal,  and  took  an  active  ioleresl  in 
politics;  he  fadd  the  o<Ii«  of  Kcreliry  to  tbe  Boaid  of  Scottish 
ManuficIuRs.  He  died  on  (he  iqlb  of  U17  tl4B-  An  anlinlsbed 
Kri«  of  papers,  written  for  Taifi  Uafailit  ihottlr  before  bis 
dntb,  ins  published  under  the  tl(le  JcsNii*  Ximti,  with  ■  prvfi 
by  John  Broini,  M.D,,  in  1S74. 

UVDBB.  WTUJAK  (d.  1771],  ScHtish  Ulenty  fortee.  * 
bom  Id  the  latter  part  of  the  ijih  ceahiry,  tad  waa  educated 
at  Edinburgh  untvetslty,  vbere  he  graduated  In  iAqs-  Ife 
appSed  itnsucressfully  for  the  pest  of  professor  of  huraaDlt; 
tfacT^  in  imcession  to  Adam  Will,  whose  adsSnaot  he  hid  been 
for  ■  tine,  and  also  for  the  keepership  of  the  dnlversilr  libnrr. 
Be  WIS  I  goodscholsr,  and  in  1739,  published  Pirlarim  ScaUnm 
Umsat  SaerOt,  *  coHection  of  poems  by  v<riou»  writen,  mostly 
paraphrased  tiooi  tbe  Bible.  In  1741  Lander  came  to  London. 
In  I74T  he  »TOle  «n  aoiete  for  the  Caillcma,^i  Uatmiiu  to 
prove  that  MUtori's  ParriAiit  Lett  was  larifely  a  plagiarism  from 
tbe  lUamti  £»r  (itSoj)  of  Hugo  Gretius,  the  Sarcalis  Ci6;4)  of 
J.  Masen  (Maienhii,  (606-1681),  and  the  Potnala  Sacra  (1633) 
of  Andrew  Ramsay  (1574-1659).  Lauder  expoimded  his  esse 
in  I  SEtics  of  articles,  and  Id  a  book  (T7S3}incnased  tHcHsl  of 
plundered  auljiors  to  nearly  a  hundred.  Bst  bi>  snecen  was 
diart-lived.  Several  scholars,  who  had  independently  mdied 
the  aJle^  sourca  of  Milton's  inspinlion,  pit)ved  condesiTcly 
that  Liudcr  hid  Uol  only  garbled  most  ol  his  quotation!,  bot 
had  even  Inserted  amongst  Ihem  Mlracti  frorti »  Latin  rendering 
of  FartJiie  Lnl.  This  led  10  bis  eipmure,  and  he  was  obliged 
(o  wrile  a  complete  confeulon  at  tlie  dictation  oF  his  formei 
Wend  Samnel  Johnsoti.  Alter  several  vain  endeavouis  to  cleu 
Ml  cbaracier  he  emigrated 


Edinburgh  by  the  North  British  railway's'  branch  line  from 
FountainhatI,  of  which  ft  is  the  lettninax  The  bnr^  is  said  t» 
date  from  the  rcIgn  of  Ailtiain  the  Lion^ii)S'rii4)i  its  charter 
WIS  granted  in  1501,  In  1481  James  nj.  with  his  court  and 
army  tested  here  en  the  wsy  to  tii»e  (he  siege  o[  Berwick.  Whae 
the  nobles  were  in  the  cbnith  considering  grievinces,  RLbert 
Cochrane.reecnlly  created  earl  ofMir,oneoft  he  kln^a  favourites, 
whose  "  removal "  wa»  at  the  very  moment  imder  iSscusjion, 
demanded  admfttince.  Archibald  Douglas,  earl  ol  Angus, 
opened  the  door  and  leiird  Mir,  who  was  locthwitb  dragged  to 
Lauder  Bridge  and  thercj  along  w^lh'sii  Dlhet  otiiioiiian^ 
favourites,  banged  [n  light  of  his  royal  master.  It  wis  In 
eonneilon  with  thiseiplolt  that  Angusieqvired  the  nickname  of 
"  BeD-the-cat."  TTie  (lublic  building  include  ■  town-hill  and 
a  Hbiary.  The  parish  church  wis  built  In  1B7}  by  the  earl  of 
Lauderdale,  in  eichangc  for  the  older  edilice,  the  site  of  iFhich 
«as  required  for  the  enlargement  ol  Tliiilestue  easile,'  which, 
oiigiiially  a  lortros,  was  thea  renodclied  for  ■  iciideiKe.  Tbe 
Wwn  ii  a  favourite  with  inglet^ 

LAUDB8DAIA  JOHN  HAnuRD,  DUXE  .Or  [;6i^l68>>, 
eldest  surviving  ion  of  Johii  Haltland;  ind  Lord  Miltlind  of 
Thirlesiane  (d.  16^5),  whowas  created  eat!  of  Lauderdale  in  1611, 
and  of  Lady  Iiibel  ^clon,  diughler  of  Alerander,  earf  of 
Dunfermline,  and  great-grandson  of  Sir  Richard  Maiiland  (f.v.). 
the  poet,  a  member  ol  an  aiicleni  family  of  Ser^icksfaire, 
bOcnon  thei4[hoiMay  i6il>,iRbIUD((aD. '**   *    -    - 


JgUBt,  utd  10  ■itCbdlbe  WatntaMa-  uiMthly  ia  Navcmbcr. 

Ungdou,  and  on  tbE  sotkof  N««tnb«t  «■*  OM  of  Ibi  c«- 
misaioBen  appointed  to  treat  with  Ibc  Uag  at  UArfdie,  irim 
he  made  efiorts  topemade  Cbarlea  la  agree  ta  tbe  eatabliihiiient 
of  FrabytetimiiiD.  In  164]  ha  advised  Cbvie*  Xa  reject  t)ie 
proposals  of  the  tDdependents,  and  in  1647  apptoaed  at  the 
king's  aurteader  Vo  tbe  Scola.  At  tbli  period  Laodeodale 
veered  round  eomphtely  lo  tbe  king'scame,  had  aaveeal  intar- 
viewa  with  him,  and  engaged  in  various  pnjecta  lor  bis  ttilora- 
tioB,  oSerlngtheaidof  ibeSeota,  onlbeconditloBaf  Charies's 
consent  to  tbe  establiahmnt  Of  Pmbyitriaaism,  lud  cm  tbe 
J6tb  of  E         —     ■  -       ■ 

Ibbed  tot  thnt  ycui,  icbiiauliea 
tbe  acta  0)  tbe  ScotUth  pattiamanl  nUCed,  the  king  in  ac 
pTOoIsInf  (o  admit  tbe  Scottbd  Mblea  tnto  pdbUc  CBployiMBt 
1b  Engtand  and  to  resMs  taqliendy  in  ScntluA  Retaniic 
to  Ecotlaed,  In  tbe  ■pr6«  el  li*!,  lavtedtlejiJiMd  tbe  party 
of  HaBlltrti  In  allianee  wttb  tb>'  bt^iata  royallna; .  Tbdr 

defeat  at  ~  

but  Lauderdde  had  a^ 

August,  and  fnmlMaperlod'tAlatnediutiremelMlilciae  tmt 
« future  king.  He  penUaded  him  later  to  BCceptIhe  invitation 
Scotland  from  the  Argyll  fadlon,  accompanied  him  thither 
in  1650  and  in  tbe  expedition  Into  England,  and  was  taken 
irisoner  at  Womster  in  Iftsi.  Rmainioi  io  confinement  till 
Uarch  1660.  He  joined  Charie*  in  Hay  166a  at  Breda,  and,  Id 
pile  of  the  opposition  of  Clarendon  and  Monk,  wag  appealed 
KHtary  of  slate..  From  tbis  lime  onwudi  he  kept  bis  hold 
ipon  the  king,  was  lodged  at  Whitehill.  was  "  aevci  Iron  the 
king's  ear  nor  council,"'  and  maiotalned  his  position  agtinit 
lis  numerous  adversaries  by  a  crtlty -denterity  in  dedlaa  With 
men,  a  fearless  unscrupulsusness.  and  a  robust  strength  ol  w<U, 
which  overcame  ill  opposition.  Though  a  man  ol  .conildeiaUe 
leaning  and  intellectual  at  taiomenl,  hisduuctu  was cKeptioB- 
ally  and  grosriy  UceDtlous,  and  bit  base  and  IgnoUe  career  sraa 
henceforward  unrelieved  by  a  single  redeeming  feature.  He 
abandoned  Aigyll  to  Ills  late,  pennitlcd,  il  he  did  not  assist  id, 
tcslontion  of  epfacspaDy  in  Scotland,  and  after  tciumphiag 
r  alt  Us  opponents  In  Scotland  dtcv  into  hit  own-bands  tbe 
whole  adnilDistritjoii  of  that  kingdom,  and  proceeded  iaIni{ioae 


adnilDistritioii  of  that  kingdom,  and  ] 
it  the  absolute  supremacy  of  tbe  en 


lords  of  ibe  at 

res  against '  the  Covinaatfln. 

rutb  that  "  tlie  king  is  n»w 


alKe,  teMoting  Ibc  m 

the  king  and  initiating  m 

In  1669  tie  was  abJe  tab 

master  here  in  all  causes  ana  over  ui  persons." 

His  own  power  was  bob  at  ita  height,  and  hia  position  aa  the 
favooritecif  CbiifleiiConlioHedbynacaniidcnIionsofpatnMlsai 
or  stilesmanshlp,  and  (Mmplelel/  independent  i)f  the  English 
patlis meat,  recalled  the  uaist  scandals  and  abuses  of  the  Siuatt 

cabal  minUtry,  but  took  little  part  in  English  alairs,  and  ms 
ittusted  Wth  the  first  secret  treaty  of  Dover,  bnt  gave 
pettooal  aufqwrt  to  Charles  tn  his  degrading  demands  for  pen- 
tlom  from  Louis  XIV,  OntbaiBdof  Hay  i6;i  he  was  created 
~  l^aderdalr  aoi  cailol  March,  and  dd  tbe  jtd  of  June 
knight  of  the  garter.  In  I67J,  on  Ibe  lesignallon  of  James  in 
consequence  of  the  Test  Act,  be  was  appolnled  a  commissioner 
(or  the  admiralty.  In  October  he  visited  Scotland  to  suppress 
fbr  diasenlen  and  obtain  mMey  for  Ike  Dutch  War,  and  the 
[ntrigtiea  organlEcd  by  Sbaflesbsry  against  bis  power  in  hit 
ibaence,andthcauacks  made  UpOB  him  in  the  ffouseol  Common 
in  Janaaiy  1674  and  April  167J,  wec«  (like  rendered  futile  by 
the  steady  support  of  Charles  and  JanKa.  On  the  951b  of  Joae 
1674  he  was  ciealed  earl  af  Guilford' and  Bann  PtUnban  io 
'  pcenge  of  England.  His  ferodDus  measures  faavlDg  failed 
luppress  tie  conventieies  In  r 

•  Pet^iV  Wiry,  md  of  Maid  T< 


*1^o^le 


I.AUENPURG— lAUPF 


dd  Ittltl)  >  Uod  olHifyuddi,  «lw  iKfc  tent  iota  (1m  THti 
(owiuy.  In  coatequcKC,  >  Itige  puly  of  ScMluh  soblH  cv 
U>  Lsadoo.  mxk  oamaxNi  caiiM  w^  the  English  couni 
f kUdo,  tnd  ompallcd  Cbiiria  tc  onla  (be  diriwiwlnniil  o(  I 
DUinddn.  In  Hay  i67S«aMhtf  dHUDdby  UmChuum 
I^ddmlab'i  icnuvil  m*  ihiown  out  by  shR  inBusiCB  by  < 
«0U.  He  pulimiinnl  Ua  triunvb*  ilmoit  to  Ibc  end. 
BfiHliirt   whick  be  viuloj  inuntdiitdy  miter  tiia  victaiv 

..    w  ovttbon  ill  oppMiliOQ  to  the  kuit'i  demv . 

.  Awlbtt  addrtM  (oc  hit  icmoinl  fnin  the  Cominow 
1b  Eatfud  n*  uppfcued  by  tbe  diMolulioo  e(  peiliMwul  on 
tbn  >6tb  o<  Hiy  1679,  uid  ■  rmmri  altKk  upon  blni,  by  the 
SoMtUi  puty  and  Sholtetbuiy'i  tulion  famhUwd,  tl 
Ob  tbe  itnd  of  June  167$  the  but  iiicmpt  ol  the  un 
CovtsenunmawpprensleiBothweUBrii.  lBi6aa, 
leiUag  health  obliiod  LiudenUle  (0  ixtign  the  jdica  and  paim 
lot  which  he  hail  » lolif  uuxaafiiUy  itnifglcd.  Hii  vole  ipven 
lot  tbe  eaetntion  of  Lord  Stafloid  OB  the  igth  of  N'ovonibet  a 
lud  iliD  to  hXTS  bcvind  the  dapleuure  d  Juno.  Id  i&Si  he 
«u  Kiipped  d[  afi  hk  sfficca,  iBd  he  died  in  AuKtul.  Ltudeiililc 
■mil  il  [i)  Lady  Auw  HooiB,  d^atbterof  tbe  lUeul  of  Home, 
by  whoa  be  bad  one  dandaeriaBd  (i)  Lady  Eliubeth  Mumy, 
datuthtK  ei  tbe  IM  cad  «f  Dxuit  asd  widcni  oI  Sii  Lionel 'bilk- 


ol  vUch,  entitled  Tjfe  LtK^irdali  Ptfai.  •eie  edited  b' 

OMond  Ai^  for  tbe  Camdoi  Society  io  1U4-1US:  JJttHilUr 
/■aevripubltihtdbytlieHiMucicty!  "LemleTdiilt  Cwrnpowtcnr 
«itV  Anhbiilwp  Shu^'  SaOiik  HiU.  Stt.  PnUiimlumj,  nL  1 
Itagi):  Burntl^  Lim  */  At  HamiUKU  ami  HiOtrj  wf  Um  Om 
Timi:  IL  BaiJIie'e  LObii  S.  R.  Cordiaer'i  UiiL  nf  lit  CM  Wa 
anttlllu  CtmimtKaUi;  ClarcndoB'i  HiH.  of  lU  RiUXion;  am 
the  QnvUrlj  Btiitm,  dvii.  1D7.     Srveni  qittcbti  sf  Lisdn 

SWtV/nWtnllirr. 
Chwlti  Miilliad,  yitsAci  Lxidccdilc  (d.  Itfl),  bocaiae  v- 

j: 1 — ij 1 I  — 1  u.i.oniii  1669,  iftenivd>uuuio( 

iKement  <4  public  »^"!-—  s- 


be  beiil^il 


Tf  told  of 

hie  bmher.  the  duke,  la  the 
ScMlind.  n[ieldeMm,IUclia 
A)  Lori  ia«tlatid  he  ■wton^j , . 

Bnrae  be  vaa  aa  «ilt  la  Fnnce  untQ  hi«  dtatlL  .  ^^  ,^-  ^— ^- 
■  vewtfaaduiDaofV!iia(pub1itlHli737}'  He  led  do  ■oni,  >nd 
hli  bnthee  John  (c.  iCu-iTio)  bHsmediesthtafL  John,  e  np- 
pofter  el  WWun  III.  and  ef  tbe  ualon  of  &«ki>d  ud  Scadind. 
W  nco^^d  by  kia  MB  Chaila  <b  i«S»-i  7«4).  "bo  wu  iIe  giud- 
Jathar  of  Ja^a.  Jtba  Stb  eaiL 

JaaeiHaiihiid,  nil  r*i(  at  Leudeidile  (i7S9->8v)).  wu  1  member 
of  euGement  from  17S0  unfl  Auvmi  itbq  fthen  be  mnrttled  hn 
StE^bKhewMoa.;  lalheHo£«o(bM>ao«betoolia«acl>ve 
pan  bi  dibUc,and  in  tbe  KoaB  of  {.aida.  *he»  bt  wu  a  cepn- 
«alali¥al!twforScii(liBd.  be  «•  jnodaenl  aa  aa  dppDoeDI  ol  (he 
policy  of  Piit  and  the  Enjliib  pivernmenl  with  ngard  to  Fnnct, 
aeouatrybebad  viilledin  1792.  In  iSodbevaaDutlcapfet'af  (be 
United  Kbildaai  a>  Bana  Lasdciidale  of  ThlfteitaiM  and  lot  a 
MorttlaKhemhcepH'aftbetmHali'Scatland.  Byihiiiimt 
tb*  Mil,  who  bad  htlpcd  to  Imiwl  the  SocleHr  of  the  PiieHli  of  (be 
tV3^  n  17911  had  aoniewhat  n»dlfied  hit  polKical  viewsi  thi» 
pmeM  aaa  coatioutd,  and  afterictlni  at  the  taaderef  tbe  Whin  ?a 
SralbniJ.  [anderdate  beane  a  Toty  and  4oUd  anlMt  the  itefana 
Mlefilja.  He  died  on' the  lyh  ei  Septainber  ilt»  H*a 
lmmuni'^AiNatm.amiOritiinfPiMtWiaUkQ»a4iivA 

Hukwhicbbaibeea  tnodatedbiloFRncband  I-" 

DToduccd  ■  Mntnivern'  betvtea  the  aucbor  and 
TitDtpttial^tlAtPmi  "~  ■ 


..   ., lW),a 

id  lurian  and  which 

Yaaer-nmcy  ITomttrilai*  Prmtd  ( iSiiti 
a  dtailai  sauu.    He  waa  luconded  by  h)i 


aoaa  Jamia  (i7t4'i«o)  and  Aatboay  ((^S-tMj)  aa  uh  and  idtb 
aril.  Antbeny,  a  oanl  sKeec.  dled.inaiund  ia  Harcli  iMj, 
when  bit  buwiy  of  tbe  United  IGiifdom  became  eitlnct,  but  Int 
Scotlbh  eaTMom  devolved  opoa  a  eoadn,  Tboaiaa  Maltlaad  (iSoj- 
i87S).a(n>diDnc<thaphiad,  •AabccaiMliihnriof  Lauds- 
daJe.  T£miia,«bo  wMwadwialof  tbeflcM.diedHilboui  aona. 
ud  the  title  puied  to  Charie*  BanUy-Mahbnd  (lS"-iSt4).  a 
dncendinl  of  the  Gtb  eail.  When  Chariti  died  onmarried.  another 
of  tbe  6tb  cari'i  cbwendant*.  Fiedeticb  Heaiy  Maitbnd  (b.  1840), 
became  ijth  oiri  (f  UiHiRlale. 
The  eaiti  of  LaadRdale  an  btislitaiy  atudanl  beaien  lor 


duded  In  tba  Pnuaiu  pnvlKa  of  ScUeawtg-HoUtdi.  It  Km 

on  the  liiht  baak  of  tbe  Elbe,  ii  bounded  by  the  tenitoriea  of 
HambuiE,  Llibech,  Mecklenbius-SlrdiU  and  the  pnvizuz  ol 
Haaovei,  and  compriMS  an  aiea  of  4U  >q.  m.    The  luilace  it  a 

lame  placs  aRaaccoui,  ti  gcnenlly  ienae  ami  wdl  cultiviud, 
but  a  gnat  poRion  ii  covered  with  fotoli,  imcDpeaed  with 
likei.  By  meui  of  tbo  Eteckniti  cwtl,  tbe  Ube,  tbe  piindpal 
rivel,  ti  connected  vitb  the  Tiave.  Tbe  chief  agricultuiil 
pcodiuu  aiB  timber,  liuit,  |cain,  hemp,  £ai  and  vcgetabla. 
Catile-bieedii^  aSoidi  empkiymenl.  foi  many  ol  the  inhihiiuli. 
The  nilioad  from  Hinibuig  to  Bcriin  tnvenei  ibc  cauntiy. 
The  capital  ii  Rataebuif,  and  then  an  two  otbo  towni,  Utiila 


inhabiianti  of  I-aueabuif  were  a  Slav  tribe,  ilu 
Folalica,  who  wen  gradually  replaced  by  (olooisti  tron  Saiony. 
About  the  middle  of  the  latb  centiuy  the  country  wai  mbdued 
by  the  dulu  of  Saxony,  Henry  tbe  Hon,  wba  founded  a  biihopiic 
at  Ratiebuig,  and  after  Hcnry'i  fall  Id  itSo  il  lonncd  pait 
of  the  (mailer  ducby  ol  Saxony,  which  waa  governed  hy  Duke 
Bemhard.  In  Ilej  it  wii  conquered  by  Waldeiui  IL,  king  Ot 
DcDmaik,  but  in  1117  it  reverted  to  Albert,  a  ion  of  iu  loimci 
duke.  When  Albeit  died  ID  I  >6o  Saxony  was  divided.  Uuen- 
buij,  01  Saie-Lauenbuig,  ti  it  b  genemUy  called,  becuic  a 
aeparato  ducby  lukd  by  hia  ton  John,  and  had  iia  own  Unca  a( 
duke*  iOE  over  400  yean,  one  ol  them.  Magniu  I.  (d.  154J).  being 
reipontible  for  tbs  intmduction  of  the  reformed  tcadung  into  Ib< 
bnd.  The  reigniBg  family,  howevci,  became  ciiinct  when  Duke 
Juliui  Fcancji  died  in  September  ifiSg,  and  there  were  at  least 
eigbt  rJaimann  for  hit  duihy,  chief  among  them  being  J^ha 
GeortE  IIL,  elector  of  Saaony,  and  Geotge  William,  diikc  of 
Bnuuwick-LUneburg-Celle,  tbe  uaxilait  oE  both  tbeac  princn 
having  nade  treatieg  ol  mutual  lucceuion  with  former  dukci 
of  Saxe-LauCDbiui.  Both  entered  the  country,  .but  Ceoiie 
WDUam  proved  himadf  the  itii.nger  and  occupied  Ratubuig) 
having  paid  a  tubMantlil  lum  of  mnney  to  the  electoi,  he  vai 
recogniied  by  the  inhabilanls  aa  their  duke.  When  he  died 
three  yean  later  Laueobuig  paascd  to  hii  ncj^ew,  Ceeife  Louii, 
elector  of  Hanover,  af  tecwudi  king  at  Great  Britain  at  Ceorge  L, 
whne  tights  were  iccogniaed  by  the  emperor  Cbiulet  VL  in  i7;L 
In  iSej  the  duchy  was  occupiod  by  tbe  French,  and  ia  lEio  it 
was  IncQtponlcd  with  France.  It  reveiled  to  Maoover  alter  the 
battle  of  Leiju^  in  iSij,  and  In  tSiS  was  ceded  to  Fruidt,  Iha 
sreaicr  part  of  it  being  at  once  (rantfeired  by  ber  to  Dcnmaih  in 
exchange  for  Swedish  Pomcrania.  In  1848,  when  Pruitia  made 
war  on  Dennuik,  Laueobuig  waa  occupied  at  bet  own  requol  by 
lome  Hanoverian  iroopi,  and  was  then  adninisieted  for  three 
yeara  under  the  authority  of  tbe  German  confedeiaiioa,  being 
rekiored  to  Denmark  in  1S51,  DcGnileiy  incorporated  with  ibit 
country  in  1853.  il  eaperienced  another  change  ol  fortune 
aflci  the  i^n  war  of  1364  between  I>CDm«ik  on  the  one  tide 
and  Fruaua  and  Austria  on  the  other,  as  by  the  peace  of  Vienna 
C]oth  of  October  itt*)  it  wai  ceded  with  Scblcawig  and  Holneia 
to  the  two  Genhtn  powen.  By  (be  conveniicHi  of  Gattcin  (11th 
of  August  iS6j)  Austria  luirendend  hci  claim  to  Pr,iauR  in 
ntuiD  for  the  payment  of  ncady  £joo,ooo  and  ia  Seplcnibci 
i86s  Kjng  William  I.  took  formal  poaaeiaion.of  the  duchy. 
Laueilburg  culecod  the  North  Cenaah  contedecatioD  in  1S6S 
andlhencwGermaneDiplieiDiSTa.  It  retained  iUconititution 
and  ita  special  privilegea  until  the  lat  of  July  1B76,  when  il 
»u  incorporated  wiih  the  kingdom  of  Ptusaia.  In  1B90  Prince 
Bismarck  received  the  tiilc  of  duke  of  I^Ufuburg. 

See  P,  von  Kobbe,  CutkiiiU  •ml  Lar^ibrithnbuKtiaMi 
LanrMirt  (Ahona,  tS36-ISjr);  Duvf.  Wilfcilmw™  —  " 
SUMtpiSiiiUt  LMn^nrti  ifLuabin.  ilsi-iSsr).  ..u  <«»»■» 
^  Kirriiu /Ar  «(  CwkoUt  del  irini«fiMU  ^aaniwg  <  RalK-bwK 
iM«  to}.). 

LAUPP,  JDgBF  OS;;-  1,  Cermanpoet  anddnmatBt,  wtl 
bom  at  Cologne  on  the  i6lh  of  November  1855,  tbe  ton  of  a 
juriii.  He  waa  edacsied  at  MOaler  in  WstphaEa,  and  enlerii« 
the  army  served  aa  a  lieutenant  of  artDlcty  at  Tbora  and  tub- 
tequenlhr  at  Cologne,  where  be  aiuined  tbe  tank  o(  captabi  \*, 
")a.    Ia  iSsa-  he  .sai  WBMnoped  by;  tbe  Cocbu  caVfraTt 


X^^ 


outfit 


IJVUGHTER— LAUNCH 


iniBniIL,loWMbidM,bA«it  ttitHnnetlnMpfonBttd  lo 
■ijar^  luk,  fa  order  IbU  bi  mlilH  devote  U>  grui  dnmatic 
iiinu  ta^ht  royil  tbotn;  Bit  Utctny  arecr  btsin  with  the 
ipic  poHU  /■■  «■  CiOrr,  <la  MabrHid  ttm  Ititdtrrktiil  (iS8t, 
yd  td..  1891)  ud  Ar  Hdfeiuldiur,  tin  Snt  aui  itm  Bdiuni- 
bvi>  (jid  cd.,  iS^.  TlHe  mrs  fsUowed  t»r  0t(  OMriMtifi 
lilh  cd.,  1900),  Hasdias  (md  H.,  it«8)  ud  tb*  Cti^irin  (^h 
•d,  1901).  He  ^B  wrot*  ihc  novdi  Dir  Hm  (6ih  ei..  1900). 
Xtput  adt  (m  nory  <*  ■>»  f*R  °<  <>»  Ootcb  Republic)  ()l>i  ed., 
1904).  Dk  HauflmiHHii/mi  UM>  td.,  1903)  tod  llaHe  Vowkuen 
UVi),  Bn  he  ii  txst  known  ts  1  dnnuiiu.  Be^rnng  wiifa 
the  Lnpdy  /{OS  de  Caarv  {1S94),  he  proceeded  to  dnmilire 

Itmltny,  bsmd  Drr  Burtp'f  Utvt,  S'^  ed,  1900)  and  Dir 
BiKiaohit  (1900).  te  tie  ralLcwed  tiy  Dtr  ptm  Kiaf^it  (The 
Cmi  Etcoor)  and  FritirUh  dtr  Craiu  (FttAeriA  (he  Gnat}. 

See  A.  Schnwltt.  Jimf  Larf.  £>'•  Omriseha  ItUhOd  Ii«n). 
ud  B.  Sturm,  yu</ Ian/  I1903}. 

UUSHTBR,  iIm  viaible  lad  mdiUe  apRsdon  o(  vJnh, 
plttniR  or  the  kmc  of  the  lidlcnloia  ity  mavemenli  of  ifae 
fadil  miude*  and  Inarticutite  aoandi  (we  Cokedt,  PulI  and 
Htmoua).  Hie  a  Eng,  UtaUai  [1  [ormed  from  UaUan,  to 
luiti,  1  common  TeutMik  word;  cf.  Ger.  hxtm.  Goth.  Ual^n, 
M.  katja,  be  TYnae  are  )■  ori^  echoic  ST  iBiHirlife  words, 
U  be  referred  lo  a  Teat,  bax  Uiik-,  Indo-Eur,  liari;  ta  malia 
I  DoiK;  Sleal  (Elym.  Did.,  iSgt)  cocnecti  giltmatcly  Or. 
■UiRv,  (o  cluck  like  a  hen,  npire",  ><>  cmi^  trt.  A  (niUe 
nd  inaiidible  form  of  taaghter  Mpnaaedby  a  mDvemenl  of 
l*e  Upi  and  br  Ibe  ere*  1>  •  "  "oile-"  This  ii  a  comparatively 
he  vord  in  Engltth,  and  ts  dae  id  Scandinavian  bifluence;  cl. 
Stid.  nmUa;  it  it  nttimaiely  connected  with  Lat.  miriri,  to 
nndtr,  and  probably  with  Cr.  piUn, 

UUMOn,  FltANtOIS  nBRBB  KCROLM  OtUR  M 
(t;4I-i!j4),  French  mlneralogbt,  mi  bom  in  Paria  on  the  >»h 
e(  May  1747.  He  «u  edunled  at  a  mililaiy  Ichool  and  Krved 
in  the  army  from  17;  1-1784,  when  he  waa  appointed  Inapecior 
DfmiMi.  Hia  ainnlKM  Id  hb  leisure  time  wai  wtioU:r,lIven  to 
n  organidng  the  new 


hiuKniite  wi 
oaikeittof  Jun 


He  w 
e  Jfnul  B 


1  after  hi 


183*. 


.„.  a  m«kH  town  dnS  mtnddpal  barough  In 
n  paiDainenury  dividMi  of  Cornwall,  Bngtand, 
HI  n,  n.w.  ol  PlynHiuih,  on  branched  of  the  Gml  Watetn 
■id  Lhe  LfHidoQ  &  South-WutRn  railway*.  FOp.  (1901)  40;]. 
It  Bei  la  a  htUy  dbirict  1^  and  above  the  liver  Kentey,  an 
•nnent  of  the  Tamar,  tbe  houla  llandlnf;  ptctDntquely  en 
lie  Kunhem  rtope  of  the  oarww  valley,  with  the  keep  of  the 
lArient  cittle  crowning  tbe  nimmli.  On  tbe  northern  ilope 
ta  the  parfjh  of  St  Stephen.  Tbe  cutle,  the  rrdni  of  which 
■n  in  pan  of  N«nan  date,  wai  Ibe  ical  ol  the  enrlj  of  ConiwaH, 
■ad  ni  frequently  besieged  during  tlie  civil  wan  of  tbe  iftb 
Mtuiy,  In  1656  George  FoK  the  Quaker  was  Imprisoned  in  the 
north-ean  tower  lor  disturbing  the  peace  at  SI  Ives  by  distribut- 
ing Incti.  Fragment]  of  the  cM  town  walls  and  (he  »ulh 
Plevay,  ei  the  Decoralcd  period,  are  stan<fing.  The  chuich 
tl  5(  Mary  Magdalen,  built  of  granite,  and  richly  ornamented 
■*hrat,  «■)  erected  eaify  in  the  i6lh  eentufy,  but  poasessrs 
>  dnuhed  tower  dated  1380.  A  fine  Norman  doorway,  now 
•KKiring  as  tbe  entrance  in  a  hold,  fa  preserved  from  an 
AumBIinian  priory  founded  in  Ibe  reign  ot  Heniy  I.  Tbe 
P^h  church  ot  St  Stephen  Is  Eariy  EngBsh,  and  liter,  with 
<  Perpendicular  tower.  The  trade  ot  Lcunceiton  h  chiefly 
■Picullunl,  but  there  are  lannctia  and  iron  foun  dries. 
Thi  bonngh  Is  under  a  mayor,  4  aMermen  and  il  couBciHois. 

A  rilvef  penny  o(  Athelrtd  II.  wilneSMi  to  Ibe  fad  that  the 
Pdvilige  of  coining  money  wai  eterdled  by  Ltuncaton  (Dun- 
"■"^  '  '  n,  LaiMtone)  more  Ihan  h«H  a  century  before 

'  «  of  tbe  Domodiy  survey 
id  tbe  ooost  ot 


ihi  htH  T>itnheved.  The  Himber  of  lamllles  settled  on 
the  former  is  not  given,  but  attention  it  called  lo  tbe  mirfcet 
which  had  been  removed  thence  by  the  count  to  the  beighbour- 
utle  ol  Dunbevcd,  which  bad  [wo  miOa,  one  villein  and 
m  borders.  A  spot  more  favoured  by  natare  could  not 
been  choHB  dlher  for  setllement  or  lor  defence  Ihao  Ibe 
■nds  near  the  confluence  of  the  Kensey  and  Tamar,  oM 

utie  is  boih.  It  fa  not  known  when  the  canons  settled 
bete  DOT  whether  tbe  count'!  caille,  then  newly  erected,  replaced 
ame  earlier  lorli&caljon.  Reginald,  carl  of  Cornwall  {1140^ 
■TS),  granted  la  the  canons  tighli  of  ]uitjdlctian  In  all  their 
inds  and  eaeinption  from  lull  of  court  in  Ibe  ihlre  and  hundred  ■ 
nitls.  Richard  (tiij-tiji),  king  of  the  Romans,  constituted 
>nnheved  a  free  borough,  and  granted  to  tbe  burgesses  freedom 
pom  pontage,  slaUage  and  tuillage,  liberty  to  elect  their  own 


n  ftai 


itslde  Ibe  borough  c 


.     -hall.    Tbe  farm  of  Ibe 

l)oiough  was  tied  at  lOOs.  payable  (0  Ibe  call,  tji,  to  tbe  prior 

'  lam.  lod,  lo  the  lepers  ol  St  Leonard's.    In  iioj  the  market 

■h  had  been  held  on  Sunday  WBi  changed  to  Thursday. 

InquWtion  held  in  ijSj  discloses  two  markets,  a  merchant 

gild,  pillory  and  tumbrel.    In  1555  l>tmbeved,  otherwise  Laua- 

itoD,  received  a  charter  of  incorporation,  tbe  common  council 

conalat  of  a  mayor,  B  aldermen  and  a  recolder.    By  its  pra- 

ionstbebotonghwasgovemeduntiliSjs.   The piHiainenlBty 

nchise  irtiich  had  been  conferred  In  i]^  waa  confined  to  the 

rpotationand  a  number  of  free  burgcssca.   In  iS^f  Launcesloa 

s  shorn  of  one  ol  its  memben,  and  in  18B5  merged  tn  tbe 

unty.    Scpariled  from  it  by  a  smaD  bridge  over  tbe  Keuey 

I  the  hamlet  of  Newport  which,  from  IJ4T  until  1831.  ain 

nmed  two  inembets.     ThiK  were  swept  away  when  the 

'form  Bill  became  law,    Launceslnn  was  the  aauie  town  ontS 

.ri  Xicbard,  hiving  bttih  a  pidace  tl  Reslormcl,  removed 

the  ai^ie  to  LostwIthieL     In  13SG  Launccston  r^alned  the 

privilege  by  royal  charter.    From  I7r5  until  1837,  eleven  years 

ily  escepted,  (he  assize  was  held  altematety  iiere  and  al  Bod- 

in.     Since  that  time  Bodmin  hai  enjoyed  the  ^linction- 


early  In 


tmong  those  which  suTvive. 
-  •'-tanUmFaamdPmtm. 
fond  city  of  Tasmania, 


F.  Robbini, 

LAURCISTOH,  the  second  city  of  Tasmania,  in  the  county 
of  Cornwall,  on  tbe  river  T^mar,  40  m.  from  the  V.  coast  of 
he  island^  and  ij]  m.  by  rail  N.  by  W.  of  Rabirt,  The  dty 
ies  amid  surroundings  of  great  natural  beauty  in  1  valley  en- 
'loscd  by  lolly  hills.  Cora  Ltnn,  about  6  m.  distant,  a  Jeep 
gorge  of  the  North  Esk  liver,  the  Punch  Bd*1  and  Cataract 
Gorge,  over  which  the  Sotith  Esk  ftCs  in  ■  magnificent  cascade, 
joining  tbe  North  Esk  10  form  the  Tsmar,  are  spots  famed 
Ihcirughout  the  Australian  ctlmmonwealtb  tor  their  romantic 
beauty.  Tbe  dty  is  the  commercial  capita]  ot  nottbecn  Tas- 
mania, the  river  Tamar  being  navigable  up  to  the  town  for 
vesvts  ri  4000  Ions.  Tht  btgcr  ships  lie  la  niditmm  and 
discharge  Into  lighters,  wbile  vessels  of  looo  tons  can  berth 
alongside  the  wharves  on  to  which  the  railway  tuns.  LauB- 
eestoo  is  a  wdl-planncd,  pleasant  town,  lighted  by  decttfeity, 
with  numerous  parVs  and  square]  and  many  fine  buildings. 
The  post  offia,  the  custom  house,  Ihe  post  office  savings  bank 
and  the  Launceslon  bank  form  an  attractive  group;  the  town 
hill  is  used  eiduilvely  for  civic  purposes,  public  meetings  and 
■odal  functions  being  held  hi  an  elegant  building  called  the 
Albert  hall.  There  are  also  a  good  art  gallery,  I  theatre  and 
t  number  of  fine  churehes,  one  of  whidi,  the  Anglican  church 
ol  Si  John,  dales  from  1B14.  The  dty,  which  attained  that  tank 
In  1M9,  has  two  itlraclive  suburbs,  tnvermay  and  Trevallyn; 
It  has  a  racecourse  at  Mowbray  J  m.  disUnl,  and  is  the  centre 
and  port  of  an  Important  frult-powing  district.  Pop.  ol  the 
rily  proper  (i»oO  iB,o",  of  Ihe  dty  and  suburbs  sI,i»o. 

LADItffl.  (1)  A  verb  meaning  originally  to  huii,  dlschargt 
*  DiMQe  01  other  abject,  also  te  rash  or  iboot  ovt  luddeiily 


»  npidly.   It  b 


frol 


tftUNDRV- 

cubily  Had  of  the  K(lia|  Uoat  i 


idapuliou  ol  0.  Fi.  duicier,  Janw,  to  buiJ,  Ihnnr,  l«l.  ianKOrc, 
[lam  lanat,  &  lance  w  ipur.  (i)  Tbc  Hume  (J  ■  pmicuUr 
typ«  o[  bo^  luually  ippUcd  le  ooc  ol  the  liigot  liu  of  thipt' 
hiiLi,  or  to  ■  Urge  bwt  movnt  by  eteciriciiy.  *lma  or  oihei 
powH.  Tbe  irotd  ii  10  id^tuion  of  the  Spu.  Jdfu^  [unuce, 
■hkh  u  uHuUy  connected  with  taHikaiOt  the  Portuguese  name, 


^LAUREATE 

>biHit4aeii.  LiUDK»<(«itnateda(lb<toMBliUtrvglcu(t 
vacieusly  known  u  Conduciu,  Fimwid  lleantuen,  Mdona 
broad  indentalioa  in  the  walet*  ibme  oi  Fsueca  Bay,  Ila 
hatbour,  tbc  bat  in  the  Rfnibilc,  i>  mcbic  <b  tU  «ealkBt  and 
aSotda  good  aacbMiie  to  Uige  ibipa.  I«  Viwa  b  Ibe  ton  at 
ahipmeat  loi  the  opoili  of  San  Miguel  and  otker  ceMiaof 


I  i6ih  ai 


ijihcc 


Tlideii  loslcad 


lU  vesacL  This  word  ii  ol  Malay  oxigio  and  U  derived  irom 
UmUr,  quiclc.  ipeedy. 

UUHDKY,  a  place  or  aUUubmEDt  wlicre  soiled  linen,  Ik., 
'a  waibed.  The  word  ii  a  contiaciioa  of  aa  earlier  [ona  lincaJry, 
[lem  Lat.  lataiida,  Ihinp  to  be  wuhed,  latait,  la  waih. 
"  Lauodei,"  aiimtlai  coninctioo  of  .laHnibr,  wuone  (oloihei 
tea)  who  wubei  lioenj  Irom  iti  use  ai  a  vicb  came  the  lonn 
"  laundcicr,"  employed  ai  both  masculiDC  and  ieminine  in 
America,  and  the  leminine  form  "  bundreu,"  which  i>  abo 
appUed  to  a  female  cantaktr  ol  cbambcn  in  (be  Inni  oC  Court, 
London. 

Luindry-work  hai  becooie  an  impoitint  iaduttty,  oitaniied 
on  a  Idle  which  requiiei  elaborate  mccT  -  '  • 
different  ffom  the  £mple  appliances  tliat 
domcslLC  needs.  For  the  actual  cleaosing  of 
ol  licing  nibbed  by  ibt  hand  ot  tioddcn  1^  tbe  lool.oi  ine  waicei- 
woman,  or  stitted  and  beaten  with  a  "  dolly  "  in  the  m^tub, 
Ihey  aie  very  comnianly  treated  ia  roiaiy  washing  machines 
driven  by  power.  Thoe  machmes  consist  of  an  outic  cnsiag 
CDDtaining  an  umer  borixontal  cylindrical  cage,  in  which  Ihe 
clothes  are  placed.  By  the  rotalioo  of  this  cage,  which  is  revcned 
by  autiHnatic  gearing  every  lew  tunu,  tbcy  are  rubbed  and 
tumbled  on  each  otber  in  the  iwtp  and  watd  which  ia  contained 
in  the  ouiei  cuing  and  enien  the  inner  cyhndec  threogh  perfora- 
(ionL  The  outer  caaing  is  provided  with  inkt  valves  fiH' hot  and 
cold  water,  and  with  discharge  v^ves;  and  oJten  also  arrange- 
ments are  made  for  the  admission  of  sicatn  undo  preuure,H  thai 

boiling,  riming  and  blueing  (this  Last  being  the  addition  of  a  blue 
colouring  matter  to  mask  the  yellow  tint  and  thus  give  the  linen 
(be  appearance  of  whiteness)  can  be  performed  without  removing 
''     arllclrs  from  the  machine.    For  drying,  ^'       "       -■     ■      ' 


ringing  by  hi 


ra  of  wood 

largely  superseded  by  "  hydroeatracton  "  or  ^*  centrifugals." 
Ia  these  tbe  wet  gaimeuts  are  placed  in  a  perfonted  cage  or 
basket,  luppoiied  on  vertical  bearings,  which  ia  rotated  at  a 
high  speed  (looo  to  i  joo  times  a  minute)  and  in  a  short  time 
a*  much  as  8$%  of  the  moblure  may  thus  be  removed.  Tbe 
drying  is  often  completed  in  an  apartment  (brou^  which  dry 
ail  a  forced  by  (am.  Is  the  process  of  finbhing  linen  the  old- 
fashioned  laundress  made  use  of  the  inangle,  about  (he  only  piece 
of  mechanism  at  her  diiposal.  In  the  box-mangle  the  atticlca 
were  pressed  on  a  flat  surface  by  rollers  which  were  weighted 
with  a  bei  lull  of  sloncs,  moved  lo  and  fro  by  a  rack  and  piaioD- 
la  ■  later  and  less  cumbrous  form  tl  the  machine  they  were 
passed  between  wooden  rollers  or  "  bowls  "  held  close  together 
by  weighted  leveta.  An  Important  advance  was  marked  by 
(be  introduction  of  machiua  which  not  only  smooth  and  press 
(he  linen  like  the  mangle,  hut  also  give  it  (he  glased  finish 
obtained  by  hot  ironing.  Machines  ol  this  kind  are  estenlially 
(he  same  as  the  calenders  used  in  paper  and  teilile  manufaclurt 
They  arc  made  in  a  great  variety  of  forms,  to  eoable  them  to 
deal  with  actlclei  ol  dlfleicnt  ihapcs,  hut  they  may  be  detcrihed 
generally  as  consiiling  cither  of  a  polished  metal  roller,  heated 
by  steam  or  gas,  which  worits  against  a  blanketted  or  feltrd 
lurfscc  IB  the  form  of  another  roller  or  a  flat  table,  or,  as  in  the 
Dccoudui  type,  of  a  felted  metal  roller  rotating  against  a  hcnled 


uricd  t. 


metal.    In  . 


unploymcnt  ol  iroaa 
which  are  coolinuouily  heated  by  gas  or  electricity. 

LA  maOH,  a  seipan  and  the  capital  ol  the  depattatnt  of  ta 
Pnioo.  Salvador,  iM  m.  E.S.E.  of  Sail  Salvadot.    Pop.  (igej) 


LA  UHIOH.  a  town  of  eastern  Spain  in  (he  province  of  Uurcia, 
S  m.  by  rad  £.  of  CsrtagcTia  and  doie  lo  tiie  Meditcmmn  Sea, 
Pop.  C>««>)  Jo.i;5,  ol  whom  Little  more  than  hall. Inhabit  (ba 
town  ilscU.  Tbe  rest  are  scattered  among  tbe  aomcnui  metal 
work*  and  tninei  of  iiwi.  maniaasK,  cilaiaiac,  wlpbat  and  lead; 
which  are  included  within  the  Dunicipal  bouBdaiit*.  La  Unioa 
ia  quite  a  nudem  town,  iiavbg  qiauiig  up  in  (he  lecoBd  bolf 

hall  aul  liigB  lactMica. 

t  Ihe  Aiuaian  ptDvinCB 
.  S.E.  of~Beu(ben,  on  (be  laUway  Taisowils- 
It  hasas  Evangelical  and  a  Ronaa  Cithalic 
cnnrcn,  Dui  u  e^iedally  oMewonhy  loi  its  huge  iron  works, 
which  cmplny  abool  fiooa  handa    Pnp.  (r^oo)  1J,S71. 

LADREATB  (Lat.  lamnalia,  fmm  Janrea,  the  laurd  dec). 
The  laord,  in  ancient  Greece,  was  sacred  to  ApoUo,  and  aa 
such  was  used  to  form  a  crown  «  wreath  el  hoaou  for 
poeta  and  heroes;  and  (hii  usage  bo  been  wideveead.  The 
word  "  laureate  "  or  "  lauicated "  thus  cane  ia  Entfiib  to 
signify  eminent,  or  associated  with  ^ry,  iitceary  or  nuiitaiy, 
^'  Laureate  letters  "  in  cJd  limes  meant  the  despat^ra  anpouac. 
ing  a  victory;  and  the  epithet  was  given,  even  ofbcially  [t.f.  (0 
John  Skelloa)  by  uoivenillcs,  to  dutinguiifaBl  poela.  Thenamo 
of  "  bacca-laureate  "  ft*  the  unireisily  degree  of  bachelor  ibowi 
a  confusion  with  a  supposed  etymology  f  ion  Lat.  tatta  lauti  (ibe 
laatet  berry),  which  thoagh  Dic«cnci  (see  B*mm)  Imnka* 
(he  same  idea.  From  (he  mue  general  use  of  the  tcim  "  poet 
lauieale  "  aloac  it*  restrictioa  in  Engtand  to  (he  office  of.tbg 
poet  attached  to  the  royal  bousebcld.  Grit  held  1^  Ben  Jooson, 
foe  whom  (be  position  was,  in  its  essentials,  created  by  Cha^  L 

lornuUy  made  a*  poel-hlumle,  but  bii  pnjlion  »as  equivalent 
to  that).  The  office  wa*  really  a  development  of  tbe  practice 
of  earlier  Ivaa,  when  minstrels  and  versifiei*  were  part  ol  tbe 
retinue  of  the  King;  it  is  recorded  that  Riehacd  Cour  de  Lioa 
had  a  taiifiatar  ttpt  (Culiebnu*  Feregrinua),  and  Henry  UL 
had  a  veitificalBr  (Master  lieniyti  in  the  ijth  century  Jidm 
Kay,  tlso  a  "  versifier,"  desctibcd  hinuelf  as  £dvatd  IV.'i 
"  humble  poet  laureate."  Moinivet.  the  crown  had  ibown  ill 
patronage  in  various  ways;  Chaucer  had  been  tfvea  a  penstoii 
and  a  perquisite  of  wine  by  Edward  111.,  and  Spettser  a  pensioa 
by  Queen  Eliaabcih.  W.  Hamilton  classes  Chaucer,  Cower, 
Kay,  Andrew  Btniaid,  Skcltoii,  Robert  Whiltlngtoa,  Richard 
Edwards,  Spenser  and  Samuel  Daniel,  at ''  voluUeei  Laureates." 
Sir  Wiiliam  Davenani  succeeded  JonsoD  ia  i6j&,  and  the  title  of 

two  yeaa  after  Davcnajil'B  desib,  coupled  with  a  pension  of 
£]oa  and  a  butt  of  Caniiy  wine.  Tbc  post  tlien  became  a 
regular  iostilution,  though  the  emolumeats  varied,  Qryden't 
successors  being  T.  Shadwell  (who  origioaled  annual  hinbday 
and  Mew  Veai  odes),  Mahum  Tate,  Nichols*  Rowe,  Laureaca 
Eusden,  CoUey  Cihber.  William  Whiidiead,  Thomai  Waitoa, 
H.  J.  Pya,  Soulhey,  Wordiwonh,  Tennyson  and,  four  year* 
after  Tennysoa's  death,  Alfred  Austin.  The  office  took  on  a  new 
luatre  from  tbe  personal  distinction  of  Southey,  Wordsworth 
and  Tennyson;  it  had  fallen  isto  coatempt  before  Sou(bey, 
and  on  Termyson's  death  there  was  a  considerable  feeling  (hat 
no  possible  succssor  was  acceptable  (William  Mociit  and 
Swinburne  being  hardlycourt  poets).  Evcnlually,  however,  the 
undesirability  ol  breaking  with  tradition  for  temporary  reason^ 
and  thus  levering  the  one  official  link  between  literature  and  the 
state,  prevailed  over  the  protests  against  fallowing  Tesmyson  by 
any  one  nf  inferior  genius.  It  may  be  noted  that  abolition  wa* 
*inulatly  advncated  when  Warton  and  Wordawcnh  died. 
Itw  inct  laureate,  bcii 


18S 


re^xnisible  for  pnduc&if  [oniul  tod  appfapriato  nitm  on 
biribibyi  ind  tlitc  ofcisiolu;  but  his  aciivity  in  ihii  lopcct 
has  varied,  icntdiag  lo  (ircuBUUacts,  tad  Ibc  cuitom  («3«d 
ts  be  obE^tory  iTttr  Fye')  dath.  Wonbomtb  MipulMcd, 
bcloie  icctpiiTiK  tbc  bomur,  tint  no  fi>nnd  effwiMi  ln» 
him  sbmld  be  considcnd  &  atasily-,  bnt  Tvnysw  vu 
(nrxaBy  happy  m  his  fiiunemlu  poenu  o[  thb  du,  71w 
emiduniciiu  ol  the  poit  btve  mjed;  B«  Jamon  tint  ncdvid 
■  pcDibiD  of  loo  m>rii3,  aixl  later  in  unnuil  "  tcnc  oI  Cuiafy 
«ine^"  To  I^e  an  ittDwincc  of  f  17  *»  made  initud  ol  Ih 
•inc.  TenByson  drew  £71  a  year  Irom  ide  kiid  clwtnhetWn' 
depznment,  and  £17  from  (he  iDtd  itewuil't  in  ticu  <A  lb 
~  bull  of  udc" 

S«  Walter  Hamilcon'!  Awfi  fanm/t  if  fnffiinf  (1S79I-  and  hto 
canuHniiknii  lo  Mlu  «d  Q—tUi  tFeb.  4.  ilqi). 

LAHHEL.  At  leut  tour  ihniba  or  imall  Ilea  an  called  by 
this  name  In  Great  Britain,  vii.  Ihe  commoa  or  eheny  laur^ 
(PrifiiMi  Lavoaranis),  tbe  Poitngal  talinl  </>.  luiilanua).  Ihe 
bay  oi  tweet  burel  (Launu  wMI'u)  and  the  spurge  laarcl  ( Dafknt 
Lanriila).  The  tat  two  belong  ID  the  rase  family  {Ktiaaori, 
lo  the  KciioD  Ctratat  (to  which  also  beloRga  tbe  dwiry)  al  Ibe 
fen  us  Pranus. 

The  common  laurd  b  a  Bitlve  ef  tbe  woody  and  inb-ali^i 
tegions  of  the  Cauoius,  of  the  moimiains  al  nonbeni  Per^,  of 
notih-westeio  Asia  Minor  and  ot  the  Crimea,    II  was  rete 
inia  Europe  in  157^,  and  flowergd  for  Ihe  f&nt  rime  in  1 
Bay  in  1688  relalei  that  it  was  fint  brought  fnnn  Trebiic 
(0    Constantinople,    thence   ti^   Italy,    Prance,    Germany 
England.    Parkinson  in  his  Paradimi  records  It  as  frowing 
garden  at  Highgale  in  ifii?;  and  !n  Johnson's  edition  ol  Cenid's 
BirlxiHiiji)  it  is  reconled  that  the  plant  "!■  now  got  into  many 
at  OUT  chdce  English  gardens,  when  ii  is  veil  respected  for  the 
beauty  of  the  Uaues  and  thdc  lasting  or  coniniuall  greenncase  " 
(see  Loudon's  Arbtrilum,  ii.'  ;ij).     The  leaves  of  (his  plant 
are  talhet  Urge,  broadly  lance-shaped  and  of  a  leathery  con- 
ilstence,  Ihe  margin  being  somevrhal  serrated.    They  are  te- 
markable  !or  their  poisonous  properties,  giving  oil  (he  odour 
o[  bitter  almonds  when  bruised;  the  vapour  thus  fwulng  is 
■uOicient  to  kill  cm  all  insects  by  the  priusicadd  which  it  coctains. 
The  leavls  when  cut  up  finely  and  distilled  yield  inl  ol  biltu 
almonds  and  hydrocyanic  (prussic)  add.  -  Sweedncati.  cwtanli, 
cream,  &c,  are  often  flavoured  with  laurel-leaf  water,  as  ll 
imparts  the  same  fUvour  as  bitter  almonds;  but  II  should  be 

proved  fatal  The  Bnt  case  occurred  in  17]!,  which  induced  a 
carefuJ  invcstigalioa  to  be  made  of  its  nature;  Schnder  fn 
iSoi  discovered  ll  to  contain  hydrocyanic  acid.  The  effects  of 
the  distilled  liurel-leaf  water  on  living  vegetables  Is  to  destroy 
them  like  ordinary  pnuslc  acid;  while  a  few  draps  act  on  animals 
■s  a  powerful  poison.  It  was  introduced  into  the  British  phai^ 
•ocia  in  iSto,  but  is  gcncraity  superseded  by  (he  use  of 
.  c  acid.  The  aqaa  taunaraii,  or  cherry  laurel  water.  Is 
'  standardised  to  contain  0'i%  of  hydrocyanic  acid.  It 
must  not  be  given  in  doses  larger  than  1  drachms.  It  contains 
bentole  hydrate,  which  is  antiseptic,  and  b  therefore  sDitabk  lor 
hypodermic  injectiOD;  but  the  drug  ii  of  inconnslent  strength, 
owing  to  the  volatility  ot  prussic  add. 

The  fallowing  vuiietfes  of  the  common  laard  an  tn  cidtivMlon : 
Ihe  Caucasian  (frKiiiu  I^u'occtu.i,  var.  cataatiea).  which  is 
hardier  and  bears  veiy  rich  dark-green  glossy  foliage;  the 
Versailles  laurel  [var.  Wzyo/io),  whkh  has  larger  leaves;  the 
Colchicaa  (var.  ciickica),  which  is  a  dwarf-spreading  bush  with 
narrow  sharply  serrated  palegrecn  leave*.  There  is  alio  the 
variety  rclHmllJolia  with  short  broad  leaves,  the  Grecian  with 
paiTow  leaves  and  the  Aleiandriin  with  very  small  leaves. 

The  Portugal  laurel  a  a  naiive  of  Portupl  and  Maddra.  It 
was  introduced  into  Engbnd  about  the  year  1(148.  when  ll  was 
cultivated  in  Ihe  Oiford  Botanic  Gardens.  During  the  fjirt 
half  of  tbe  iBtli  century  this  plant,  the  common  laurel  and  the 
boUy  were  almost  Ihe  only  hardy  evergreen  shrubs  piocnrible  ia 
British  noneriei.  They  an  all  three  tender  about  Paris,  and 
mniequestly  much  ku  kcd  in  the  neighbourhood  of  IbM  dtj 


The  evergreen  glossy  foliage  of  die  tt  .  __ 

kurela  reader  Hum  wdl  adapted  for  «hr«bfaEries,  while  t^ 
racamea  ol  wbiu  Sowtn  arc  not  daniil  of  beauty.  Tb*  former 
often  ripenaiuinipiddnpiittHil  the  nna^ranly  dm  aa. 

saiiclaclorily. 

Hcncelt  ianthtf  BonliafeklObtcMbytkilnai.  liiagiowB 
to  ihaopea  aitiaahaiiiiwhini  IMtadStaiM. 

Tb*  bw  ar  11MM  kiad  (Xorw  mHUi)  bduags  ta  the  family 
Laarace**,  wUcb  eoMaliB  aaiB&a,  bcBaoln,  campliDr  and  otl» 
trtes  ittmcfcibla  foe  Ihtdr  uoiMlk;  pnpcniH.  It  ii  a  bug* 
nachlng  tb*  height  oi  60  ft.,  but 
"k<  cbanntai.  Tin  leave*  an 
«la«els,p<i 


and  coiitfu  «f  a  ilaipit  4-kavai  pedMilb  wUdi  «acbiu  liiM 
slatDcns  h  iha  mala,  the  otlicn  oC  wUch  detajsca  by  vatvii 
which  lilt  apmnll  ai  !■  tbt  cBmBon  harboiy,  asd  eany 
gtaiMldlM  pneoaa  at  tb«  baa*  ol  the  filamBBL    The  Imit  eaii< 
sists  ol  a  succulent  bcny  luiioundcd  by  the  perssttnt  bam  tt 
the  perianth.    1%*  bay  hural  Is  a  native  of  Italy,  Greece  and 
North  Afrie*,  and  Is  abuadantly  poita  in  tb«  Britlah  hh*  a* 
an  evBgreen  shnib,  as  it  siaods  moM  wiaten.    Tlw  dale  of  iU 
bilmductloB  b  unkaown,  but  nuat  have  been  laevloot  la  ijAii 
•s  it  Is  mentioned  In  Tuma's  Utrial  pobUihed  In  .that  yea. 
A  Inn  desctlpllon  aho  occun  in  Gcfaid'a  UtriaaUyn.  P-  iaia)i 
II  ma  nsed  tor  stTCwing  th«  floon  o£  bouSB  ol  dUiagoisbBd 
personi  in  Ihe  rdgn  ot  EHabMh.    Soirttal  va^etia  have  been 
cultivated,  ifiSering  In  tbe  ehaneier  ot  tbeir  foliage,  aa  tb* 
■■dn/oM  «  wave4caled,  t^kiftUa  or  •riUov-Ieafcd,  the  varie- 
gated, the  broad-lealed  and  the  curled;  there  ia  atao  the  donblai 
Rowered  Tariely.    Ilia  hay  laud  waa  carried  ki  Morth  America 
by  the  early  coloidsl*. 
This  laurel  ia  generaly  hdd  to  be  the  De^t  oS  Ihe  udenlii 
lou^  Ijndley,  following  Gerard  (ffepAdIf,'i597,  p.  761), aasertad 
lat  Ihe  Creek  Dafkm  was  JEIucbi  ncaaainu.     Among  tlW 
GreelLsIhe  laanl  waa  laoed  to  Apollo,  (spadally  in  coaDcaion 
with  Tempe,  In  whose  taunj  gravea  the  god  Kmcll  obtaiaed 
ificaiion  from  the  bkud  «l  the  Python.     TUi  IcstDd  va) 
matically  represented  at  Ihe  Pythian  hitinl  once  in  eigU 
years,  a  boy  Seeing  from  I>(4phl  (o  Ttrape,  and  altar  i  lobe  being 
led  back  irith  song,  crowned  and  adorned  with  laweL    StniQai 
teftm  were  known  elsewhere  In  Greece.     ApoUo,  Unudf 
purified,  was  the  aotbor  of  puriflcation  and  atonement  tn  other 
'    nts,  and  (he  lauiH  was  the  symbol  s4  this  power,  which 
10  be  generally  assacfited  wHh  Ms  persoa  and  unduaris. 
The  relation  of  Apollo  la  Ihe  laurel  was  expressed  in  the  legedA 
DifAne (f .v.).  ThevictoralnlhePythlangameswefccnjwiiid 
iththelaunlsof  Apollo,  and  thus  the  laurd  became  the  symbd 
triumph  in  Rome  as  well  aa  in  Greece,    As  ApeBo  was  tbe  god 
of  poets,  the  Lures  .l^ifKiiarti  naturally  belonged  la  jiaetic 
rit  (see  Lmwtxit).    The  various  preiagativH  of  the  laurM 
ong  the  ancfents  are  colleetBd  by  Pttny  IHiii.  Nal.  it.  ,jo)l 
waa  a  sign  of  tmce,  like  the  olive  branch;  iMtcn  announcji^ 
lory  and  Ihe  aim  ol  the  victorious  soldiery  were  gaiBlshcd 
h  it ;  It  was  thought  that  lightning  could  *oi  Btiike  ll,  and  tkc 
peror  Tiberius  always  wore  a  laurd  wreath  dning  thundar- 
rms.    Prom  hs  aMocfatlon  with  Ihe  divine  power  of  purifies- 
1  and  pioteclton,  It  was  olien  Bet  befon  the  daor  et  Gaeek 
ises,  and  among  the  Romans  It  was  the  gi 
the  Cacsan  (Old,  HH.  I. 
Augustus  and  Ms  succenon  ha 

tl  the  imperial  villa  by  the  nMh  mBeatotieon  the  RaminiBa 
piang  frimi  a  Aoot  tent  from  heaven  t»  tivia  DmslUa 
[Sueloo.  Gelia.l.}.  Like  Ihe  olive,  (be  lauid  wal  forhiddn  to 
profane  use.  It  was  emptoyed  is  divination;  lb*  nacUlii  ol  iU 
teaves  in  tbe  lacrcd  fluoe  wti  a  (sod  iMDe«  (TOulL  ■■  ,t  BlX 

Uignzcdby.GoO^lc 


?8+ 


LAURENS^LAURENT 


Mid  tbiir  ihacc  wiIbi:^  <Fnipert  ii.  >i)i  uid  Ik*  leave*  irbeq 
duwed  BidLHt  1  proplKlk  (Saioi  (la^nt^ioi.  cf.  TlbuU.  ii. 
J.  6]).  Then  ii  ■  p«m  eiuiineiuiiig  th«  indait  virtua  ol  tlie 
bunj  by  J.  FuHnliui  (tsw). 

The  lut  ol  the  pliati  noBtioiiBd  ibovc  nadcr  tha  ouiib  of 
Uiirti  'a  Ifae  totalled  bpiuta  luiid  IDapkac  LanraUi.  Thu 
■ad  ens  olhet  •pedes  ID.  Umraim),  Ibc  maeiton,  uc  tbs  aolt 
npfacnUlivc*  ol  tba  luaily  ThjnBcluacete  in  Gcul  BriUua. 
Tk*  ipuiie  Uurd  b  A  nudl  ni*(fKca  thnib,  wilh  alutwte 
*  '  ^  rftft  with  atUn  DurgiDK.  The  green 
Lily  ipriDx,  uul  nun  drooping  duitcn 
.  ThB  at^  ti  loui-cleft,  and  anin 
B  ol  lour  each  wilhin  Ihe  lube.  Ths 
ptatH  [omt '  a  beny.  gnen  al  fait,  but  Gully  black.  71k 
■WHTwin  diffen  in  bloHoming  before  tba  laeita  (R  produud, 
i4ile  tbe  flomn  are  lilai  liutead  ol  greta.  The  bark  lurniihei 
tha  drug  Cartel  If  airci,  kc  which  (hai  of  Ihe  tpufge  laurel  ii 
alien  BibatilDted.  Baih  an  powerfully  uitd.  but  the  latia  ii 
leB  »  Ihan  the  baik  ol  meicnoD.     It  is  Daw  only  lued  ai  an 

qxda  in  cullivalion  IbcR  are  D.  Ftrlma  fiom  China,  vhicb 
hatliUc  flowen;  D.  ^fiiJi»,aBallveaI  Aua  Minoi;  D.  tlfi*», 
IroB  the  Itiliaii  Alps;  O.  ttUiaa,  uuik  Eunpean;  and  D, 
"         H,  tbc  garland  apucr  or  iraUing  diphnt,  ike  baacbomai 


af  Lke  hardy  ipeaci. 
Set  Htniley^  Bam 


th  of  Fdiniary  1 714, 
lecamc  a  clerk  in  a 


UDUKt  HURY  (i;i4-i7«i), 
bom  in  Cbaiiecion,  Soath  Carolina,  oi 
tl  Hi^MdM  ancoliy.    Wba  aiilecn  De  Decac 
cauBliai^oou  in  London,  and  hlH  engaged 

mlitd  fnai  active  bmioeaa.  He  spent  Iho  next  tbite  yean 
tnwlling  in  Europe  and  superinteoding  (he  education  o[  his 
aoas  in  England.  In  spile  ol  itii  strojig  attachment  lo  Englaml, 
and  although  be  had  dsitnded  Ibc  Siunp  Act,  in  1 774.  in  tbc  bope 
«(  avertlBg  wu.  be  united  wiib  ihlrty-KMo  olher  Anwricausin 
a  pditkiB  U)  putiameat  against  tbe  paniog  ol  the  Boston  I^>rt 
BUI.  Becoming  convinced  Ihat  a  pcacelul  lelllement  was 
lapnetkabk,  h«  nlnmed  —     - 


Wbigpaitf.  Uewaiiooi 
couiKil  oi  lalely,  and  it 
tbe  lamc  year  he.  wu  le 


nude  president  ol  llie  South  Carolina 
.  J776  TJCe-presideal  ol  tbe  sUte;  in 
inl  as  a  detc«lte  fiom  South  Carolina 
fj  congress  at  PbiladclpJiiaj  ol  wbkb 
body  be  was  pioidenl  liam  NoTembei  1777  uslil  December 
i;;!.  Id  August  1780  he  (tancd  on  a  mission  to  negoiLitc  on 
bekail  ol  eopgreu  a  loan  of  ten  RiilUon  dollars  in  Holland;  but 
be  was  captured  on  the  3rd  ol  Sepleiuber  oU  the  Banks  of 
HowloundlaDd  by  Ihe  Hritiih  frigau  "  VcMal,"  ukea  la  London 
a>d  doidy  impiiioiied  in  the  Tower.  Hit  papers  wen  (ound  lo 
coBlaii  a  sketch  ol  a  treaty  beiinca  the  Uniied  Sta.ics  ud 
"H''™'  projected  by  WiUisn  Lee.  in  the  lerviu  o{  Caagras, 
asl  Jan  de  Nenlvilk,  acling  on  behaJf  ol  Mynheer  Van  Serckd, 

wai  betwnn  Great  Britain  and  Ihe  United  Provinces.  Quring 
Ut  iDiptiwnineDt  h'a  beallh  became  gicilly  iinpaired.  On 
lliejiUoFDeEeinbcri7Bi  be  was  icleawd  on  parole,  and  he  was 
inally  nchanged  loc  CenivnUlil.    IaJunei7Si  he  wasappoinlcd 

Great  Brltak,  but  be  did  not  reach  Porii  until  Ihe  iSth  ol 
Nonmbtr  17B1,  oaly  two  days  before  Ihe  preliminaries  ol 
peace  were  signed  by  himsell,  JoliR  Adams,  Fnaklin  and  Jay. 
.Ob  Ibe  day  of  signing,  however,  be  procnrod  the  laaertian  ol  a 
daale  pnJiibUbg  Ibe  Bdtish  Imn  "  carrying  away  any  ncftroea 
or  olbet  prepMly  oT  Ameiican  inhahttanis  ";  and  (his  subK- 
qtenlly  led  lo  considefabls  friction  between  the  Britith  and 
AocticaB  fDvemraenU.  On  account  of  [ailing  beallh  be  did 
Mit  remiin  for  the  ligning  of  the  dcliniiivc  treaty,  but 
■etomedto  Charleston,  where  be  died  on  (he  Sib  ol  December 


Octnbef  ITS4.  He  wai  oducaled  in  EncUad,  and  do  bit  letiUD. 
to  America  in  1777,  in  the  btigbl  of  Ihe  levoluiioucy  struggle, 
he  (Dined  Wasbingion'i  >i>B.  He  soon  gained  his  commander's 
confidence,  which  he  redprocaled  with  tbe  most  devoted  attach- 
ment, and  was  entrusted  with  the  delicate  diitiesof  a  confidenlltl 
■ecRlBiy,  which  be  performed  with  much  Ucl  and  skilL  He 
was  preKOt  in  all  Washinglon'i  baltlca,  from  Bramlywine  to 
Yorktown.  and  bis  gaUantiy  on  tvtry  occasion  hu  gajned  him 
Ibe  (iile  ol  "  tbe  Bayard  ol  the  Revolulioo."  Lauiees  displayed 
hrevery  even  10  rasbness  in  the  storming  of  tbe  Cbew  tnantion 
at  Germantown;  at  Monmouth,  where  be  saved  Wasbinglon's 


with  a 


andlul  ol  ir 


lai^  Engli^  force  under  General  Augustine  Frevi&l.  snd  wa4 
again  wmmded.  He  lou^I  a  dud  against  General  Oiailes  Lee, 
and  wounded  bim,  on  account  of  ibit  oScei's  disRspeciiul 
cooduci  lowaidt  Wathinglon.  Launni  distinguithed  hloucU 
further  at  Savannah,  and  at  the  siege  ol  Cbadeston  in  1790. 
Alter  (he  capture  ol  Charleston  by  (he  English,  he  rcjcined 
Washington,  and  was  selected  by  him  as  a  ipccial  envoy  (0 
appeal  (o  the  king  of  France  for  supplies  for  the  reliel  of  the 
American  imiles,  which  bad  been  bniu(^i  by  piDloDged  service 
and  icatity  pay  lo  the  verge  ol  diuolutioo.  Tbe  more  active 
co-operalioD  of  the  French  fleets  with  ibe  land  forces  in  Virginii. 
which  was  one  result  ol  his  mission,  brought  about  the  disaUtr 
ol.  Comwallis  at  Voiktown.  Laurens  kisl  no  lime  in  rejdning 
the  army,  and  at  Yorktown  was  at  the  head  of  an  American 

was  designated  wilh  the  vicomic  dc  Noailles  10  anange  the  'crml 
of  the  suirendet,  which  virtually  ended  the  war,  although 
doullory  jkiimlshing,  especially  in  (he  South,  attended  lie 
monlbs  of  delay  bclore  peace  was  formally  concluded.  In  nne 
ol  these  trilling  aHairs  on  the  I71h  of  August  17S1,  00  the 
CoRibahce  river,  Laurens  eiposed  himself  needlessly  and  wu 
killed.  Wuhinglon  lamented  deeply  the  death  ol  Laurens, 
saying  ol  hin,  "  Uc  bad  not  a  Ilult  lhn(  I  could  discover,  unless 
it  wen  inirepidily  boideting  upon  tashocsi." 

valuable  of  Henry  Laureiu'ijapen  and  pamphlets  is- 


The  most  valuable  of  Henry  LauTenii  papers  and  pamphlets  « 
kEoc  (he  bnponant "  Natrarive  nl  ihe  Capiuirol  Henry  Laurini 
WsConfinement  in  the  Tower  of  London,  ftc,  17*1,  17*1, 17«J. 


of  Ids 


—  -...  .-  , — . i»57)  o(  Ihe  Socleiy's 

puMiihedbylbt South CBrDliIlaHiIlDricJSocicI>^  JaluLaiiiEM> 
privatdypriniedby  (be' Bradford  Dub,  New  York,' In  i«67. 

LADRENT,  FRANCOIS  (1S10-1S8;),  Belgian  hisloiian  and 
jurisconsult,  was  born  at  Luiembutg  on  the  Slh  of  July  iSio. 
He  held  a  high  appoinlment  in  Ihc  minislry  of  juslice  fol  some 
lime  before  he  became  professor  ol  civil  law  in  Ibe  univcisiiy 
of^Ghent  in  iSjC     His  advocacy  ol  liberal  and  anli-ckrical 


lis  chair 


n  the  I 

in  unlil  bis  death  on  Ihe  tub' 
relaiions  ot  church  and  slate 
vols..  185S-1861;   new  an* 


■870),* 


isedcoui 


inifj  (Chcnl 


uels,  i!SS- 


ol  Belgium.     His  Ian. ,,.  .„ 

eipositioo  ol  the  Code  Napolfon  in  his  Pnailpii  it  i"nl '«» 
(Brussels,  jj  vols..  1869-1878),  and  his  Dmit  cicS  Mantlimm 
[Brussels,  S  vols.,  iSSo-iSSi).  He  was  charged  in  1879  ^  'I" 
minister  of  juslice  vriEb  the  preparation  of  a  report  on  the 
proposed  revision  of  the  civil  code.  Besides  his  tnlidericil 
pamphlets  his  minor  writings  include  much  discuuion  of  soci^ 
queilions,  «l  the  organization  of  savings  banks,  asylums,  SCi 
and  he  lounded  (he  StiiHl  Callitr  for  the  encouragcmenl  ol 
thrift  among  the  working  classes.  Wllh  Cutiave  Callier,  whose 
funeral  in  iSfi]  was  made  Ihe  occasion  ol  a  display  ol  dci^ral 
inlelerance,  Laurent  had  much  in  common,  and  the  cBorti 
ol  the  society  were  directed  10  the  continualion  ol  Collier^ 


zcdbyGoo^le 


LAURENTINA,:VIA-i.LAURIA,  ROGER  DE 


«85 


LADBBHTnUa  VU.  ui  wyint  lud  of  Italy,  Itidinf  Muih- 
•■.ida  tma  Rook.  The  quntioa  oi  Lhc  namcucUiurc  oi  the 
■roup  a(  n*dt  belween  Ibe  Via  Acduiiiu  uuJ  (he  ViiOuitDiiia 
somevhAX  diSicuLl,  %nd  much  depends  tta  the  view  taken  u  lo 
the  uw  of  Laiiienlum.  It  iceuis  probable,  hDwcvcc,  iSal  ihi 
Via  LuuentiDA  proper  ia  that  which  led  out  of  tbv  Porta  Ardra- 
tiiu  oi  tk  Auieliaa  wall  and  went  diiecl  to  Tsi  Pitenw.  uhlle 
lhc  mad  biancbini  from  the  Via  Osliouis  at  ibe  third  mile,  aod 
Icadinf  patt  Decima  to  Liviniun)  {Piiiica},  which  crossa  the 
oUki  lOkd  at  tifht  angles  oot  Ur  from  it]  doiinaiion  <ihe 
LauNOtiu  there  nouung  S.W.  and  that  to  Lavinium  S.E.) 
Buy  Ux  dHiveoiepce  be  cilled  Laviruiii,  though  this  naroe 
does  not  oceui  in  ancieiit  lima.  On  Lhii  latter  nud,  beyond 
Dtrijao,  two  mOestonei,  one  ol  Tiberius,  the  other  of  Mamitius, 
each  bcAiing  the  luunber  ii,  have  been  found;  and  f^rlher  ou, 
tX  Capocotta,  traces  of  ancieol  buildings,  and  an  impoflant 
lepulchzal  inscription  of  ■  Jewish  ruler  of  a  synapjguc  have 
conH  to  light.  That  the  Via  Uutcnlina  was  nni  the  Via 
Aidcatina  is  dear  (lom  the  fact  that  Ibe  umc  contricioi  was 
RspoasiUe  lot  both  loads.  Lautcnlum  was  aba  accesible  by 
kbrasch  fiom  the  Via  Ostien&is  at  the  eighth  mile  [at  Malaledc) 
leadinc  past  Caatel  Pouiano.  the  royal  hunting-lodge,  ithiih  i* 
Identical  with  the  ancient  Ager  Sokmius  (in  which,  Festus  tells 

which  later  belonged  to  Marius. 
Sa  K.  Uadani  in  artkles  mmtd  under  Laviniuil       (T.  Ai.) 
UDUXTIDB,    PAOL   (i554-ie>4]-    Laihcna    divine,    was 

bora  on  tbi  30th  of  Match  15M  ■(  Ober  Wieiiu,  where  Us 

Zwickau  he  catered  {iS7j)  the  unlnniiy  of  L.eipiig,  graduating 
in  lilt.  In  157S  be  became  rector  of  the  Martin  school  at 
Halbentwh;  in  1 583.  hi  was  appointed  townli  pnavhci  ai 
PUuen-taa-VogtlaBd,  and  in  ij86  supertnlendenl  it  Orbtili. 
On  the  Kth  of  OOaba  i]«5  b*  look  his  dortonie  in  theology 
at  Jena,  his  thesis  on  the  Symbelant  Allanaiii  (l»7).  g«inin| 
luB  aimilir  banoun  at  Wftunbeig  and  L.elpiig.  He  was 
promotsd  (160 j)  to  be  pastor  and  supcrinteDdent  it  Dresden. 
•nd  transferred  (rtr6)  to  the  (uperinlrndence  at  Meissen,  where 
he  died  on  the  itth  of  Febtmry  1614.  His  works  ccnsist  chiefly 
of  commentaries  and  eiqiositoty  discounes  on  prophetic  hook* 
of  the  OM  TcMunent,  pans  of  the  Pialtcr,  the  Loid's  Prayer 
uid  the  history  of  the  Passion.  In  two  oraiioBt  he  cnmpued 
Luther  to  Elijah.  Besides'  theological  works  be  was  the  author 
of  a  SficiUtitm  Cusunsfef  fCHs  (161  ■}. 

The  mahi  auihurity  is  C,  Sehlegel,  the  Mnariiii  of  the  DnHlee 
BDperineadcMs  (iM),  luminarlied  by  H.  W.  RBtcmuml.  in. ibe 
■dditiooeliSinltojAcher,  CiIc*rln-lci>CR(i7SoJ.        CA  Co.'} 

UDUA  diCiu  or  Loiu)  ROOBB  DB  (d.  iy>i).  adniiial 
of  Ara(an  and  Sidly,  was  the  most  pioninent  figure  in  itw 
naval  war  which  arose  diredly  from  Ibe  Sicilian  Vespen. 
KotUof  ii  Eeally  biDwa  of  his  life  before  he  was  named  admiral 
in  raSj.  Hia  father  was  a  supporter  of  the  Hobenstaulen,  and 
his  nntber  Mme  to  ^in  with  Cotiaaiu,  the  daughter  of  Mao- 
feed  of  Bcnenntuni,  when  the  marritd  Peter,  the  eldest  son  end 
beir  of  Janea  the  CdnqueiDr  of  Aragon.  AccHding  to  one 
account  Bella  of  Lauiu,  the  admiral's  mother,  hod  been  the 
facts  BMhct  ol  Coftaua,  Rofer,  who  accsmpamcd  his  mother, 
wu  brad  It  the  tonn  of  Atagon  and  mdowed  with  lands  in 
the  nnly  oasqiKced  kincdom  of  Valencia.  When  the  misrule 
of  Cfaubaef  Anjav'i  French  foltowen  bad  pnduced  the  famous 
rewiA  known  aa  the  Sicilian  Vtspets  in  i>8i,  Rngei  de  Lauria 
actorapanied  King  Petn  m.  of  Aiaion  on  the  eiprditiai  which 
nnder  Ibe  cover  of  aa  attack  an  the  Moodih  kingdom  of  Tunis 
was  dcttgned  to  ha  an  attsnpt  tP  obtain  possession  of  all  or 
at  leatf  put  of  Ibe  Hoheutaufen  dOniniDDB  in  Naples  and 
Sicfly  which  the  Ung  daimed  by  ri^  of  hi*  wife  as  the  heiiets 
ofUanfied.  In  118].  when  Ibe  Maud  bad  put  itself  under  the 
peotadfoa  of  Peter  m.  and  bad  ertnned  Um  king,  he  pve  the 
cmmandaftaiifleelloKogerdeLaiala.  The comnbaion ^leiks 
of  Um  in  the  laaat  laudatory  tensi,  Iml  mahca  no  Teference  to 

FrOH  tUs  Umc  foiwatd  till  Ibe  peace  ol  CalatabeUoU  i« 


tjBJt  Kosn  de  Iiauria  was  the  ever  vidorJoui  leafier  of  Beeti 
in  the  seivice  of  Aragon,  both  in  the  waien  of  touUiein  Italy 
and  on  (he  coast  of  Catalonia.  In  the  year  of  his  appointment 
he  defeated  a  French  naval  force  in  the  service  of  Chadcs  of 
Anjou,  off  Malta.  The  main  object  belare  bin  was  to  repel 
the  eSorta  of  the  Angcvine  party  to  reconquer  Sicily  a;id  then 

cany  the  uar  into  their  doininions  in  Kaplcs.    AJlhouita 

fer  de  J,autia  did  inddenlsl  fighting  ei 


aadtni 


wop  bygoodmanoiuvringaadbydiHrlpiiDe.    TheCatalas 

dron,  on  which  the  Siciliin  was  moulded,  v-as  in  a  Main. 

ol  high  and  intelligent  elliciency.    lu'chiefs  relied  not  on  merely 

Ing.  and  the  use  of  the  sword,  as  the  French  torcn  of 

a  of  Anjou  did,  but  on  the  use  of  the  ram,  and  of  Ibe 

powecful  cross-bows  used  by  the  Catalans  either  by  hand  or,  tn 

case  of  ibo  larger  enn,  mounted  on  the  bulwarks,  with  great 

skiU.    The  conBici  was  in  fact  the  equivalent  on  the  water  ol 

Ibe  hatllea  between  the  Englidi  bawmeB  and  the  disordeilji 

:hivalry  of  France  in  the  Hundred  Yean'  War.    In  iiB*  IU«et 

defeated  the  Angcvine  fleet  in  the  Bay  of  Naples,  ukingptiuna 

'  eir  to  the  kingdom,  Charles  of  Satemo,  who  recrujncd  A 

ler  in  (he  hands  of  the  Aragoncse  in  Sicily,  and  later  in 

,  tor  years.     In  iiBj  he  [oHght  on  the  coast  of  Catalonia 

(ine  of  the  most  brilliant  campaigas  in  all  naval  histoiy.    Tha 

~    nch  king  Philippe  le  Hardi  bad  invaded  Catalonia  with 

Ltge  amy  to  which  Ibe  pope  gave  the  character  of  crusaden. 

irder  to  support  his  cousin  of  Anjou  in  hii  conflict  with  the 

gonew.    The  king.  Peter  ftt.,  bad  offended  his  nobles  by 

vigorous  exercise  of  the  royal  authority,  and  received  little 

(Mit  from  them,  but  the  auLiage*  perpetrated  by  the  French 

ideii  taised  the  towns  and  couitry  against  then.    The  in- 

vadets  advanced  slowly,  taking  the  obstinately  defended  towns 

one  by  one,  and  relying  on  the  cf>.operation  ol  a  large  number 

of  allies,  who  were  stationed  in  squadtons  along  the  coast,  and 

Morles.  They  relied  in  fact  wholly  on  (heir  Bett  tot  ibell 
eiisience.  A  successful  blow  struck  at  that  would  force  then 
to  retreat.  King  Peter  was  compelled  to  risk  Sicify  for  a  ttise. 
and  he  recalled  Roger  dc  Lauria  from  Paleiau)  to  Ibe  coast  of 
Catalonia.  Tbeadmiulrcached  Barcrlonaan  the  xtihof  August, 
and  was  informed  of  thedispcflitionof  the  French.  He  saw  that 
if  he  could  break  the  centre  of  their  line  of  squadroni^  stretched 
ss  it  was  so  far  that  lis  general  tupctisrity  of  numbeil  was  kit 
b  the  attempt  10  occupy  the  whole  of  the  coast,  he  could  then 
disp««  of  the  eilreaiiiies  in  detail  On  the  ni^t  of  the  glfa  of 
Setilcmber  he  fell  on  the  central  squadron  of  the  French  Beet 
near  Ibe  Homilgat.  The  Catalan  and  Sicilian  squadrons  doubled 
on  the  end  of  the  enemiei'  line,  and  by  a  vigorous  employment 
of  the  'im,  as  well  as  by  the  dotnictive  shower  of  bdit  from 
the  cnHS-boHi,  which  cleared  the  decks  of  the  French,  gained 


™plete> 


usually  in  medieval  naval  wan,  by  a  wholesale  massacre.  Roger 
Ihoa  made  for  Rasas,  and  tempted  out  the  French  squadron 
MatitHKd  them  by  appnachmg  under  French  cokiun      '     '"" 


Ther 


IB  the  I 


tuieof 


the  lawn,  and  of  the  stores  collected  there  by  King  Philippe  foi 
the  support  of  hii  army.    Within  a  tfaoiC  time  he  was  forced  tq 

of  the  Catalan  rDOuntaineers,  by  which  his  army  was  nearly 
annihihilcd.  This  carapaii^,  which  was  followed  up  by  destruc- 
tive atuda  Ml  the  French  coast,  saved  Cslalonia  from  ihe 
invaders,  and  completely  r^oed  the  French  naval  power  for 
Ihe  lime  being.  No  mulieval  admiral  of  any  nation  displayed 
an  equal  combiiution  of  intellect  and  energy,  and  none  of 
modern  times  has  surpassed  it.  Thework  hadbeen  so  effectually 
done  on  the  coast  of  Catalonia  that  Ro^t  dc  Lauria  w>*  able 
ID  return  to  Sicily,  and  resume  hia  coimnand  in  the  struggle  of 
Aragonea  and  ABsrviao  to  gabi,  cc  lo  bold,  the  pooeMloD  at 
Napltb 

He  maintained  fait  tepuutini  and  was  uniformly  luocoslul 
in  Us  battles  SI  sea.  but  they  were  not  always  fought  lor  the 
dcfciKe  ef  Sidly.    The  death  of  Peter  III.  in  11S6  and  of  hia 


sSfr 


LAOKIA-iLAUllIBR 


cMst  Mm  M[AinUo  In  th 

Hie  BiHtibrw  of    ' 
Dvokl  hive  givt 


w  Fo!low§a(  ynr  ckined  i  iBvltlDn  iBOBg 
nouie  of  AAgon,  Hie  Dew  Icinf,  Jamn. 
p  Sidty  lo  ihe  AngeviiK  line  with  which 
and  ilNdnce,  but  hie  youptrr  broiber  Fidiiquc 
anepied  the  (Town  oHercd  him  by  the  SiciUiu,  ind  [ought 
ler  hi<  owD  hind  iKiiiut  bath  the  AnffCViDes  und  hb  tenier. 
King  Jimct  iiied  la  [cxce  him  la  ubfnbaiea  without  (ikohs. 
Rogerde  LatirU  ■dherol  Ini  time  to  Fidriqur,  Ixil  hisungint 
temper  made  him  an  IntoleraMe  supporter,  and  he  appein, 
momver,  lo  have  thou^t  iPiai  he  was  bound  to  obey  the  king 
o(  Anpin,  Hb  lar^  eusta  in  Valencia  gave  him  a  itnng 
lewni  Fw  not  oRendlng'  that  loveTciKn.  He  Ihetelore  Icll 
Padrlque.  who  nntiKalcd  bis  estates  in  Sicily  and  put  one  o( 
■lis  nephem  to  death  as  a  traitor,  tat  this  Roger  dt  Laotia 
nok  a  (erocaKB  revenge  In  two  sucnsslve  vktorics  at  sea  over 
Ihc  Sicilians.  Wiicn  the  war,  iiltitb  bad  beeomc  a  nvcning  oC 
wild  beasts,  was  at  last  ended  by  Ihe  peace  o[  Calaubelloia, 
Roger  dc  Laniia  retired  lo  Valrndi,  wiMte  be  died  on  the  ind 
of  JanuBty  ijos,  and  wat  hurled,  hy  hit  eapfe*  orders,  !n  Ihe 
r4iurch  oC  Sanlaa  Creus,  a  now  deaerted  monastery  ol  the  Cister- 
cians, at  Ihe  feet  of  his  old  maMei  Peter  lU.  In  his  ferecily, 
and  his  eombinaiioa  of  loyalty  to  his  feudal  lord  arith  utter 
want  of  scruple  to  all  other  men,  Roger  belonged  to  Ut  age. 
As  a  captain  he  was  (ar  above  Ms  tontemponria  aikd  bit 


alpiclui 


pJloflhcCaulm  ft^monS  Uuu 


.  a  city  ot  Basnicata.  litiy,  In  the  pmvjnee 
•t  Potenia.  situated  near  the  bordeia  of  Calabria,  t)  m.  hy  road 
3.  of  Lagoncgro.  Pop.  (iQoi)  10,470.  It  ii  a  waUed  lawn  on 
Ihe  steep  side  of  a  hill  with  anotbcc  pottion  in  the  plain  bctow. 
iSti  ft,  abwe  seuleveL  The  cattle  Has  the  tnithplsce  of 
Rubers  d!  Loiia,  (hr  gtat  Italian  admiral  of  Ihe  litb  cenluiy. 
It  was  desLrayed  by  the  French  under  tfaasfna  in  1S06, 

LAURISR.  SIR  WILFRID  (i8ti-  ),  Canadian  stalesmun, 
was  born  on  the  lothof  November  i8ti,ai  St  Un  in  the  province 
of  Quebec.  The  child  of  French  Roman  Catholic  parents,  he 
attended  the  elementary  school  ol  his  native  parish  and  lot  eight 
or  nine  months  was  >  pufnl  ol  the  Protalant  elemenlaiy  ■chool 
at  New  Clugow  in  order  lo  leani  Enjlbli;  his  asaodatlon  with 
the  Prtahylerian  family  with  whont  he  lived  during  ibis  period 


nt  inRuei 


he  entered  L'Assonplit 
Tlie  college,  like  all  the  secondary  schools  in  Quebec  then  avail- 
able for  Roman  Catholics,  was  under  direct  eorlesiastltst  control. 
On  tearing  it  lie  entered  a  law  ofHct  at  Montreal  and  took  the 
law  course  at  McGUI  Univeiiiiy.  At  graduation  he  delivered 
the  valedictory  address  foe  his  cIib,  This,  like  so  many  ol  hit 
later  Ullerancea,  closed  with  an  appeal  lor  sympathy  and  union 
between  Ihe  French  and  English  races  as  the  secret  ot  the  future 
of  Canada.  He  began  to  practise  law  In  Montreal,  but  oaring  to 
fli-hnlth  soon  removed  to  AlJtabaska,  where  he  opened  a  law 
office  and  undertook  also  to  edit  In  W/ricknr,  a  newspaper  then 
on  the  evt  of  collapse.  At  Alhahaika.  the  seat  ol  one  of  the 
soperior  courts  of  Quebec,  the  popnlallon  of  the  district  wat  (airly 
divided  between  French-  and  Englislt^Kaking  people,  and 
Laurfer^s  careee  was  undoubtedly  Gilluenced  by  his  comtaat 
aasoelallDn  with  Engllsli-speakint  people  and  his  intimate 
acquaintance  with  (heir  views  and  aspintlona. 

While  al  Montreal  he  had  joined  Ihe  Institut  Canadien,  a 
literary  and  scienliSc  society  which,  owing  lo  its  liberal  dts- 
cuisions  and  the  latt  that  cettiln  baoki  upon  its  thdvei  were 
on  the /nif  a  er^vtaCvjHi,  was  firudly  condemned  by  the  Roman 
Catholic  aulborilies.  Lt  DIjritkHu  waa  an  organ  el  extreme 
French  mitimenl,  opposefl  to  confederation,  and  aha  nodei 
ecclEslaailctI  censure.  One  of  its  lew  surviving  copies  contains 
an  article  by  Laurier  opposing  oontederalion  at  a  scheme 
designed  In  the  Interesi  of  ihe  EngtMi  inlanla  in  North  Amoica, 
■nd  certatn  u  pnnre  Ihe  lonb  sf  the  French  race  \bA  tlia  nii« 


o(  Lower  Canida.  the  Elbert  ol  QiM«>ce  inafar  tWfcldcnUp 
of  Sir  Antoine  Dorian  were  hostile  to  canfedeTaUoD.  or  at  least  (a 
Ihe  lerms  of  nnion  agreed  upon  al  Ihc  Quebec  confemicc,  aod 
Laurier  in  editorials  and  spieodio  maintained  the  poaltloii  of 
Dorion  and  his  allies.  He  was  elerted  to  the  Qaebec  hfUuura 
in  iSji,  and  his  liisl  speech  in  the  provinaal  asaemb^  (idled 
great  interest,  on  accouni  of  its  Irtcraiy  ttualiiiea  and  the  attrac- 
tive manner  and  logical  method  oi  IhespciiieT.  HewaswH  IcM 
tuccesitulin  the  Dominion  House  of  Commons,  to  which  be  wai 
elected  in  Ji^^.  Daring  his  first  two  yean  in  ibe  federal  parlia- 
ment hb  chief  apeechts  were  made  in  defence  oT  Rid  and  lb« 
French  halfbreeds  who  srere  concerned  in  the  Red  River  rebelliofl, 
aiHl  on  fiscal  questions.  Sir  John  Macdooald,  then  In  oppeaillon, 
had  commilled  his  party  10  a  protectlojdil  policy,  aad  Kdoriert 

avowed  himSell  10  be  "  a  moderaie  proiecikmist."  He  declared 
tbat  il  he  were  in  Great  Britain  he  woald  be  a  free  trader,  but 
ihat  Irce  trade  or  pnileclion  must  be  applied  according  14  Iha 
aecrssiiies  ot  a  country,  and  ihat  which  protection  nectsaarilr 
involved  latalion  il  w;.*  the  price  a  young  and  vigoroaa  naiioa 
musi  pay  for  its  development.  But  the  Liberal  government,  I* 
which  Laurier  was  admllled  11  minisleT  ol  Inland  renaac  in 
187J,  made  only  a  slighi  increase  in  duties,  raising  Ihe  general 
tariH  (roffr  15X  to  iTi7>;  and  against  the  political  judsmeat 
of  Aleunder  Mackeniie,  Sir  Richard  Carlwri^l.  Oeotge  Bnwn, 
Ljurler  and  other  tA  the  more  influeniia)  ieadeia  o(  ike  paalr, 
it  adhered  to  a  low  luill  plaifMni.  la  tlK  byeictontif  lAich 
fotiowed  l^uriee'i  adioission  Lo  the  cabb^r  he  wu  defckied— • 
tlK  only  personal  dcliot  lie  ever  sustained^  but.  a  few  veeka 
later  he  was  relumed  foe  Quebec  ^st,  a  coDsliLaeBcy  vUcb  h* 
held  Ihencefbnli  by  cnonaoiis  najorittca.  la  iSjS  his  uarty  «eiu 
out  of  oSke  BSd  Sir  Jnha  Macdooatd  cotottL  upOn  a  kMg  lerM 
of  power,  with  pnucUan  at  itM  chief  leaiurs  of  hit  policy,  to 
wiiich  Hat  afterwards  added  the  coBstnaciiofi  of  the  Caxadtaii 
Padbc  railway 

After  the  dcJeol  of  ihe  Uackenlle  govcfBmeat.  LaiiEier  tal 
in  Parliament  as  the  leader  of  the  QuelKc  Libelalt  and  biM 
lieutenant  la  the  Hon  Edward  £lake,  wbo  tuoceeded  Mackeaiia 

his  sustained  opposition  10  high  tariH.  and  to  Ihe  Cooiervaliva 
plan  for  Ihe  toBtruction  of  the  Canadiaa  Pacific  nilway,  and 
cat  a  conspKuaiB  figure  in  the  hmg  ttmg^  U 
Uacdonald  and  the  Icadns  ot  Ihe  liberal  party  U 
lemioiial  liniLis  ol  Ihe  province  of  Ontario  and  the  ictitiaiiva 
righia  ol  the  provinces  under  the  constltutiad.  ,  He  •*«  forced 
also  to  maintain  a  long  conBict  with  the  nltramoMant  danieiil 
ol  the  Roman  Catholic  church  hi  Quebec,  whldl  lot  many  ytu* 
had  a  ck«  working  alliance  with  the  CooservMive  pnilbiant 
of  Ihe  province  and  even  employed  spiriiual  coercion  In 
to  detach  votes  from  the  Ijbinl  party.  "  '  '  ■  -  "- 
Quebec  waa  almoet  «li  ".  ~  -    -   - 

resisted  clerical  prestute;  they  appealed  U 
certain  election  voided  on  iht  ground  ol  on 
and  at  length  perauaded  the  pope  lo  Knd  out  ■ 
Canada,  throvgb  whooe  inquiry  im 
wne  checked  and  the  leal  of  Ihe 

In  1U7,  npon  Ihe  resigiialioci  of  Blake  on  Hm  grOMid  of  HI* 
health,  Laurier  became  leader  of  the  Liberal  party,  although  b* 
and  mony  of  the  more  Influeniial  Ben  in  the  paRy  doabted 
thewisdom  of  the  proceeding.  He  was  the  iiat  Ftemfa  Caoa  dim 
10  lead  a  laderal  party  b  Canada  liDCe  csnicdnlioa.  Afiait 
from  the  nalnnl  fear  that  ho  would  uouae  pitjudko  in  Iha 
EngKslhspeaUnc  preiriMtt,  Iho  k  '  ' '  ' 
itill  fresh  In  the  public    '  ' 

wMch  RieTs  eieeMioa . 

tided,  Lamfer  ttiM  budly  have 
more  inoppoittne  monent,  and  pnkaUy  be  mold  BM  kavt 
accepted  Ihc  office  at  an  H  he  had  iwi  believed  Ihat  UakccMrid 
be  peiluaded  lo  rcnme  (be  leadenUp  when  hit  hnltb  *«• 
restored.  But  frmn  Ihe  till  he  woo  great  popidtrily  even  in  tb* 
EngUsh^peaking  piovincca,  and  ahowed  tnoMial  capacity  bff 
hadeitUp.    Hit  party  wat  btalia  lo  tiso  Gnt  taKm\  aUctfw) 


I«a«lle  Ibt 


IAURI3T0N— LAURIUM 


&S7 


!r  (1391),  bul  evm  -with  ill  policy  ol 
.      iU  tbc  Uutcd  ElaU*,  ind  wiLh  Sic 

■u  boten  bf  only  >  imll  mijonly.  Five  yon  later,  Kilh 
uutstiictcd  ccdprodly  nk^ilal  to  Ihi  bukgnjund,  ud  wilb 
■  i^tfonn  which  dcnutulnl  tuiO  revinon  >o  adjoited  u  dM  It) 
tBdaoga  esUibUdied  intecsts,  imd  nhkb  oppMcd  Ik  federal 
ncuuiE  diaifliicd  to  laton  ia  Manilalu  Ibc  Kpanle  «  Ronun 
Catholic  kIhoIi  uliidi  the  pnivinaal  govetninnil  had  aboliahcd, 
Iduui  cuTied  Ibc  caunuy,  md  in  July  iHofr  b*  wi*  oOed  by 
LokI  Abodeen,  then  g»veino(-tencial,  Id  Iptid  >  gnvEmiiKat. 

~'«  fint  Freocb-Ciuiiuilao  to  occupy  the  oSxr  ot 


aatinuuKe  in  power.    During  tbc  yean  ,     . 

came  to  hold  a  poaiiion  within  the  Briiiah  Emprc  which  vaa 
D  iti  way  unique,  and  in  this  pedod  be  had  teen  Canuhan 
pnsperity  ailniuis  pngraiivdy  by  leapt  and  boundi.  The 
chief  festtires  id  Ui  adoiinittntiaB  wee  ihe  fiKsl  piefetence  ol 
uWt  in  favour  of  gaodi  Inipontd  into  Canada  fcDiii  deal 
Britain,  the  dopctch  oi  '•■■"pd-ii"  oontingenu  10  South  Africa 
duiins  tlie  Bncr  war,  the  ""'"--^  with  the  Grind  Tlunk  railway 

iartTEscn  nt  Ualllai  and  E<quiouull,  the  appointment  ol  a 
loleial  nilway  coniniiHin  wiita  power  to  ttgukte  freight  chactes. 
apcHa  nUea  and  Icleplune  rata,  and  the  relation!  between 

Bcitain  Imm  5  ccbU  to  i  tenia  and  ol  the  domniie  nie  from 
icalato  1  tenia,  a lubMantial cmtribuIioB  lathe  Pacilic  cable, 
a  pEaclieal  and  coutageoua  policy  of  laLltemenl  and  development 
B  the  Weilera  tenitoriei,  Ihe  divinon  ol  the  Nonh-Wol 
iBritoriea  into  the  piovliKia  of  Albena  and  Saakaichewin  and 
Ihccnacunent  of  tbc  leglllaliDn  necenary  to  ^vc  tbem  provincial 
italiB.  and  finally  <ioio),  a  tariff  amngcment  with  the  United 
SlalB.  which,  if  not  all  (hat  Canada  night  claim  In  Iht  way  ol 
ndinciiv,  ahowed  howen<'iely  ihc  coune  ol  even  la  had  dianged 
the  balance  bI  comneniat  intereati  in  North  Ameiica. 

Lanriei  nude  hii  fint  nijc  10  Gnat  Britain  on  Ihe  ocnaion 
if  Queen  Vkunls'i  diamond  jubilee  (igg?),  whci 
the  gnnd  enm  ot  ibe  Balb;  be  then  KCaced  the  dt 
Ibe  BdgiaB  and  German  tnatia  and  ibui  obtained  for  the 
ofenin  the  ri|^  to  maka  pulaieuilal  trade  Brmngnneiiia  with 
thensdarccRiDtcy.  Hiapenotialiiy  made  a  powerlul  Impresaion 
b  Gieal  Britain  and  alio  hi  France,  "hich  he  visited  before  hii 
Tttnm  to  Canada.  Hi»  alrong  facial  (nemblance  both  10  Lord 
BcacoDificld  aod  to  Sir  John  Macdonatd  marked  him  oat  In  the 
public  eye.  and  he  captured  attention  by  hit  charm  ol  manner, 
fine  command  ai  acholarly  Engliah  and  gtnulne  eloquence. 
Some  of  his  speechca  in  Great  Btitain,  eomlng  as  they  did  from 
a  Frencb-Canadian,  and  revealing  delicate  appreciation  of 
BiitBh  tentiment  and  thomogh  comprehension  cd  the  genius  of 

whUe  one  01  two  impaBloned  speeches  in  the  Canadian  patlla. 
bent  iluring  the  Boer  war  profoundly  hnuenced  opinion  in 
Canada  and  had  a  pronounced  eRect  thioughout  Ihe  empire. 

A  skilful  party-leader,  Lauiier  kept  trom  the  fint  not  only 
the  aBectian  of  hia  political  friends  but  the  tespecf  ol  hi) 
opponenu;  while  enfocdng  the  orderly  conduct  ol  public 
buaineu,  lie  was  cardul  as  fint  minister  to  maintain  the  dignity 
of  parilament.  In  oRke  he  proved  more  oi  an  opportunist  Iban 
bs  career  In  (q>po>>tioB  would  have  indicated,  but  his  political 
coinage  and  pctaonal  inie^ty  remained  beyond  suspicion. 
His  jeakniiy  tor  th«  political  autonomy  ol  Canada  was  notireahle 
fa  bis  attitude  al  the  Colonial  conference  held  at  the  lime  ol 
King  EdwBtd'icoronalioa.andrnarkedall  bit dlptoinnllc  dealings 
with  the  mot  her  cooBtty.  Bul  heiltove  lor  sympathetic  relations 
Imweni  Canadian  and  Imperial  authorities,  and  lavoured 
ttneral  legislative  and  fiical  cooperation  between  the  two 
«whiries.  He  stmve  alio  lor  good  tdaiions  between  ihe  two 
laca  in  Canada,  and  between  Canada  and  the  United  Siiiei, 
Allhongh  he  was  daawd  In  Canada  as  a  Liberal,  his  tendcncln 
*>iitd  in  Ea^and  have  been  ooniidned  wrongly  conservative; 


an  iadividualist  lalber  than  a  coUectiviat,  he  oppaHd  the 
intrusion  of  (ha  stale  into  the  iphere  of  pri»ate  eniefpriM,  and 
showed  DO  sympathy  ariih  the  movement  for  state  opcratioa 
ol  railways,  telqpaphs  and  tdepbooa.  or  with  any  kindred 
propcaal  looking  to  the  eKcoaon  «{  the  obligationa  of  (^ 

I.  David, 

(Paris.  1901):  and  Iht 
itoo.coineilFdby  Ulric 
^S.W.) 
UUStSTOX,     JACaOD    ALBZUfDHB    BBSHAU)    UW, 

Maiquis  de  (i;6S-[g]S),  French  soldier  and  diplomuisl,  was 


t  Lauris 


->J«S),  ' 


geoeial  office  ia  ibe  Frendi  army,  and  was  bom  at  Pondicbeny 
on  Ihe  isl  ol  February  i;6S.  He  obtained  his  £tit  commiaatDn 
about  17%,  MTved  with  the  artllleiy  and  on  the  staff  in  the 
earlier  RevislulioDary  campaigDa,  and  became  brigadier  of 
aililleiy  in  1745.  Roigolag  in  1796,  he  wasbiought.backinta 
the  service  in  iSoo  la  aide-d»famp  to  Napoleon,  with  whom 
as  a  cadet  Laurislon  had  been  on  frietuDy  terma.  In  the  yeatl 
immediately  preceding  Ihe  first  empita  Lanjistoa  was  aucceS' 
siveiy  director  ol  the  Le  F^fe  artillery  school  and  spedal  envoy 
to  Denmark,  and  he  was  steeled  10  convey  lo  En^nd  Ihe  rati^ 
Acalion  ol  the  peace  oi  Amiens  (iSoi).  In  iSo;,  having  risen  10 
Ihc  luk  of  general  ol  division,  he  took  part  in  the  war  againat 
Auslria.1  He'Occupied  Venice  and  Ragusa  in  iflod,  was  made 
gwemor-geaetal  ol  Venice  in  1B07.  took  part  in  the  Erlort 
negoilaiiont  oT  iSoR,  was  made  a  tmrnt,  served  with  the  cmpeior 
in  Spain  In  iSoft-iaof  and  held  conunands  uadentbe  viceroy 
Eugene  Beiuhamaia  in  Iha  lulian  carapalgn  ind  Ihe  advanca 
to  Vienna  In  Ihe  same  year.  At  Ihe  battle  ol  Wagnn  he  com- 
manded the  guard  artillery  in  the  lamous  '*  artillery  preparation  " 
which  decided  Ihe  battle.    In  181 1  he  was  made  ambastadot  10 

■on  diillncllon  by  hit  lirmnaa  in  coveting  the  relieal  fnm 
Moscow.  He  commanded  the  V.  army  corps  at  Lutien  and 
Bauticn  and  the  V.  and  XI.  in  the  autumn  campaign,  falling 
into  the  hands  ol  the  enemy  in  the  disutmua  tetreat  from 
Leipiig.  He  vaa  held  a  prisoaer  ol  war  unld  the  fall  el  Ibt 
empire,  and  (ben  johied  Louis  XVIIL,  10  whom  he  remained 
faithful  in  Ihe  Hundred  Days.  His  reward  was  a  seat  in  Iha 
house  of  peen  and  a  command  fn  the  royal  guard.  In  iSi;  h* 
wascmtcd  mantuliaadin  iSij  marshal  ol  France.  During  the 
Spanish  War  he  colnmaiided  the  coipt  which  besieged  and  look 
Pamplona.    He  died  at  Paris  on  the  1  ilh  of  June  iStS. 

'    Eacasnail,  a  mining  (own   in 


Allien, 


e.  lam 


(hich  w 


the  chief  tourcei  of  tevenue  of  the  Athenian 
empkiyed  lot  coinage.  After  Ihe  battle  of  Marathon,  Them^ 
slodeg  penusded  the  Atheidana  to  devote  the  revenue  derived 
from  the  cnnics  to  shipbuilding,  and  thus  laid  the  foundation  of 
the  Athenian  naval  power,  and  made  possible  the  vlcloiy  ol 
Salimla.  The  mines,  whith  were  the  property  of  ihe  stale, 
were  usually  larmedoQt  foraceitaln  filed  sum  and  a  percentage 
Ml  (he  woililng;  stave  tebour  wis  eidunvdy  employed.  To- 
wards Ihe  end  ol  the  jth  century  the  output  was  diminished,^ 
pnrtly  owing  to  the  Spartan  occupation  of  Decelea,  Bul  the 
mines  continued  to  be  woiked,  Ihongh  Slnbo  records  (hat  In 
his  lime  the  tailhigs  were  being  worked  over,  and  Paountaa 
ipealsoflheminesisathingofthepast.  The  andenl  wotkingj, 
consisting  ol  shalts  and  gallertes  (or  e«3vating  the  ore,  and  pans 
and  other  arrangements  lor  ealracting  the  metal,  may  silll  be  seen. 
The  mines  are  still  worked  at  the  present  day  by  French  and 
Creek  companies,  but  malniy  tor  lead,  manganese  and  eadmiom. 
The  population  ol  the  modem  town  was  10,00;  in  i^nj. 

See  E.  ArdallloB,  "  Les  Minn  du  Lsnrion  dam  rantlqult*."  No. 
liaviL  of  the  SiWiMUiu  <(u  ^ilrr /rexauu  d'illUaH  •!  Jt  Kmw 

UinUDK.  a  village  of  Houghton  county,  Michigan,  U.S.A., 
near  the  centre  of  Keweenaw  peninsula,  the  northern  ealremliy 
of  the  atate.  Pop.  (iSoo)  itsg;  (r^oo)  564J,  of  whom  siM 
wen  foeeiiB-bomi  [iw)  l^a;  <ipio^  8s^7-^^If^l^fsrf^  by 


LAORTKTINUS— LAUSANNE 


th*  HtaMd  tU^a  ud  Uh  MohiDk  udCttplIci  RujtB  nfhnri. 
It  ii  JB  OBC  of  tha  mMt  pradaulre  copper  dittfkti  io  tlw  United 
Siuo,  and  coppa  niiUni  la  fu  chid  <>diuRy.  InuMdUidr 
W.  of  L*iulua  i>  Ibr  lUMa  Ctlomit  ud  Heda  BiBC.  The 
vQUga  n«  lonurir  nmtd  CalanMl,  «>d  «h  IneorpontH) 
under  Ihit  DBme  in  1M9,  but  in  iSgs  iUDinH  wuchustd  by 
ihe  lEgliUCUrc  to  XjuriucQ,  in  illiBion  to  the  mizicnl  w«altb  of 
Uurium  in  Cltcce.  The  name  Cilumct  ii  noT  ipplied  lo  Ihc 
poll  office  ia  th«  vilUge  ot  Red  Jidut  (iocorpociled  1S7S; 
pop.  1900,4*68;  i»iH,i78*;i9io,4i<0.  W.oli!itC»]iiiBetmnd 
Hecia  DHDc;  Ind  Liurium,  Ihc  mining  property  ind  Red 
Jacket  an  «n  in  tba  tondiip  at  CaloBit  {pop.  1904,  Mate 
CCDSU*.  »«.!■?).       - 

UOBUnUIUI,  In  botasy,  (be  popolat  nant  ot  a  coiraium 
hardy  evergieen  garden  dinib  known  botankally  ai  Vibimaim 
Timia,  witb  ntbcr  daik-sreen  ovate  leave*  In  pain  and  flat- 
lopped  ehialen  (at  cetynibg)  of  while  floiren,  *bich  ere  »u- 
colanted  beloR  apascloa,  uti  appear  very  early  in  llie  year. 
It  i>  anative  of  Ibe  MedittiiaBeaD  re^ioB,  and  was  ia  cultivation 
in  Britain  at  the  end  ol  the  i6ih  ccnlnry.     Viiurniim  bclongj 

wayfaring  tree  ( y.  LaHlana)  and  the  EDClder  Me  ( V.  Opmhu). 

UDRVIX,  Larvik  or  Lauxvic,  a  seapon  oi  Norway,  in 
Jarbbcrg  and  Ijiorvik  onf  (cotmty),  at  the  bead  tt  a  short 
IJordncar  Ihe  mouth  ol  the  Laageo  river,  »i  n.  S.S.W.  ol  Chria- 
tlaaiabytbeSkienmUway.  Pop.(tooD)  io,6«4.  Ithuvaiioo) 
lodiBltic*,  induding  law  and  pbniog  milb,  ihipbuildiag.  gla»- 


Hifanori 


Dr  wood-pulp,  barteb  ic 
imponiiig  fioi 


chiefly  to  Great  Briuia,  and  i 

coal  and  *ali.    The  port  has. 

quays.    Four  miles  south  is  f  rcdriksvacm,  formerly  a  Ualion  oi 

the  Norwegian  fleet  and  Ihesealof  anavalaeadeny.    Lautvika 

Bad  is  a  favsurile  tpa,  with  mineral  and  tulpbur  qningi  and 


ifVaud.    Hi 


-.,...  ,  .11  Biieg 

IheSJmploo.IromFiibourg  and  Bern,  and  from  Valkirfae  (tot 
Paris).  A  fvniculsr  railway  connects  Ihe  vppei  town  with  the 
tmml  railway  ttstioa  and  with  Ouchy.  the  port  of  Lauunne 
on  the  lalLC  of  Geneva.  Lausanne  Lake*  ill  name  Iron  the  Flon 
It  ream  flowing  through  it,  which  was  lonncrly  called  Laus 
(water).  The  older  or  upper  portion  of  Ihe  town  is  built  on  the 
crest  and  slopes  of  five  hiliocks  and  in  Ihe  hollows  belween  Ibem. 
all  f  orming  pari  oi  the  Jorat  range.  It  hai  a  pictureique  appear- 
Irom  the  surface  of  the  like,  above  which  the  cailwdral 


f  I.,  white 


rathe  to 


Ihe  lake  lewatds  Ihi 
The  quaint  chaiaclerislics  of  the  hilly  >>Ie  of  the  old  l<7Kn  have 
largely  been  dnlioyetl  by  modem  improvetncntl,  which  begaA 
In  I  Sii  and  were  not  quUe  completed  in  ifio.  The  Grand  Font, 
designed  by  Ihe  cmlonal  engineer,  Adiien  Fichud  (i7(>o-iS4i), 
was  built  iij9-ig44,  while  the  Barte  (uiuel  wai  pierced  iSji- 
iSjj  and  the  bridge  of  Chauderon  was  built  in  1905.  The 
valleyi  and  lower  porliona  of  the  town  were  gradually  filled  up 
10  as  ID  form  a  series  oi  squares,  of  which  those  oi  Riponne  and 
of  Si  Fraji^is  are  the  hnesL,  the  lalter  now  being  the  real  centre 

while  the  opening  of  the  Simplon  tunnel  (ipc^J  greatly  increased 
the  commercial  Importince  ol  Lai  ..■    ■ 


H  highw. 


iiSgfi 


onwards  a  well-planned  lel  of  liamwaya  wiihi 
constructed.  The  town  is  still  rapidly  eitending,  eqKcisUy 
towards  the  south  and  wot.  Since  tbe  days  of  Gibbon  (resident 
here  lot  three  periods,  I7il-ijs8.  i;Sj-i!64  and  wSi-'JW). 
wboK  praiiei  of  the  town  have  been  often  repeated,  Lausanne 
has  benunea  favourite  place  of  residence  for  foreigners  (including 
many  Engliih],  who  are  especially  Xincted  by  the  excellent 
estaUtshmeDli  for  seconduy  and  higher  education.  Hence  in 
1000  there  were  q^oi  foreign  rciidenti  (ol  whom  CiS  were  British 
lubjecu)  out  of  a  total  population  of  46,731  inhabitanU,  in 
IfD]  It  was  reckoned  tbat  these  numbcn  bad  liacn  tespectively 


to  to,6tj.Si3ands],J7T.  In  170911  fiHidthalllwhibtbhMti 
nambered  but  74J1  and  9965  In  1803,  while  tbe  numbers  were 
to,5i5  In  iSAo  and  JJ,340  In  iftU.  Of  tbe  population  fa  1900 
the  great  majoiily  was  French-qwaking  (only  MiT  Gennin- 
■peaklng  and  ]t46  Italtaii'speakiiig)  aad  Protestant  {9364 
Komanisls  and  473  Jews). 

ThepKndpal  building  ii  the  oltbedral  diurch  (now  Piolestant) 
of  Notre  Dame,  which  with  Ihe  castle  Bcoipla  the  highest 
position.  It  is  tbe  finest  medieval  eccleaiasiicai  building  in 
SwitierlatKl.  Eariier  buildings  were  raon  01  less  completely 
destn^ed  bjr  file,  but  the  prcttnt  edifice  was  conseatied  in 
1 17s  tv  Fope  Gregory  X.  in  the  pnacntc  of  tbe  emperor  Rudoll  of 
Habsbutg.  It  waxukcd  after  Ibe  BetneM  amqoeit  (ij]6)  and 
tbe  Inlraduction  ci  PtoteMaMlia,  but  manyandent  tapestrie* 
and  other  predoiu  obJecU  ai«  itiU  preserved  in  the  Hlsiorical 
Museum  11  Bern.  The  dnirch  wai  well  restored  at  great  com 
from  iS73anwaida.asitl9thegTeatprideof  UKCitizcm.  CloM 
by  is  the  castle,  built  In  tbe  early  I5tb  cenlniy  by  tbe  bishops, 

the  varfoug  branches  of  tbe  adminiiliBlion  of  the  canton  of 
Vaud.  Near  both  Is  t  be  tplendid  Pslali  de  Rumine  (on  the  Place 
de  la  Riponne),  opened  in  i^  and  now  housing  the  imlvenltr 
as  wdl  ss  the  cantonal  library,  the  cantonal  picture  gallery 
(or  Music  Ariaud.  founded  1B41)  and  the  cantonal  collection!  at 
archaeology,  ruttunl  hisCoiy,  kc  Tbe  onJveriity  was  nked 
to  (hat  rank  in  1S90,  but,  as  an  andcn)',  dates  fnm  1537. 
Among  it)  farmer  teachen  may  be  mentlmed  Theodore  Beia, 
Conrad  Gesnn,  J.  P.  de  Crauaaa,  Charlai  ICoMitrd,  Aleundn 
Vinet,  Eugjne  Rimbert,  Juste  Olivier  and  Kvenl  memben  ol 
Ihe  Sectotan  family.  On  the  MoBtboDon  heights  ts  tbe  soutb> 
weal  of  tbe  calbedra)  group  is  tbe  ledeial  palace  of  justice,  Iba 
seat  (liace  1SS6)  of  the  fodcnJ  court  of  iiatice,  which,  eiected 
by  the  federal  coutltntion  of  lolh  May  1874,  waa  find  at 
Lausanne  bya  federal  reaoloiion  of  i6ib  June  1B74.  Tbtbonae, 
La  Grol  te,  which  Gibbon  inhabiied  I7g3-r  793,  and  an  the  terrace 
of  which  he  coinpleled(i7S7)hii  famous  hiatoiy.  waa  demaHihed 
in  1896  to  make  room  for  tbe  new  poll  office  thai  tUDdi  on  tb« 
Place  Si  Fnn(ois.  Tbe  asyhjn  for  the  blind  was  mainly  founded 
(184;)  by  (he  geneiosity  of  W.  Haldimand,  an  E^iibnao  tt 
SwissdesccnL  TheCntbDokfainledbLaiiUnniwaslhemisial 
of  the  caibcdral  church  (1493),  lAIle  Ihe  Cueiti  dr  £«iam 
(founded  1798)  took  that  namein  1804.  Laiisannr  hu  been  tbo 
birth[^ce  of  many  distinguished  men,  luch  as  fieojanln  Con- 
itint,  the  Secretins,  Vinet  and  Kanbeit.  ]t  ia  the  aeat  ofmaay 
benevolent,  identific  and  literary  societiei  and  establishmenta. 

Tbe  original  town  (mentioned  lo  tbe  Anionine  Iiineiary)  waa 
on  the  slure  of  the  lake,  near  Vidy,  toulh-west  of  Ibc  pieMal 
city.  It  was  burnt  in  the  4th  century  by  Ihe  Alimannu  Soma 
of  ibe  inbsbitants  took  refuge  in  the  hills  above  and  Ihete 
founded  a  new  town,  which  acquired  more  importavc  whcft 
Biihop  Mariui  about  STocluHe  it  ashtisce  city  (perhaps  mns- 
ferring  it  from  Avendte*).  Heie  io»  the  cittaedral  cburcb,  tbe 
biihop'i  palice,  lie.  Acton  Ibe  Flon  was  a  Furgundian  settle- 
mcnl.  Isier  known  aa  the  Boutg,  while  to  Ibe  weal  was  a  Ibint 
colony  around  Ihechuicb  of  StLauienL  These  three  elsnola 
joined  logcihcr  to  lorm  the  pmeni  city.  Tbe  bishops  obtained 
little  by  little  great  temporal  powers  (the  diococeitoidcd  to  llm 
left  bank  of  the  Aar)  and  riches,  beuuniilgin  iilj  princes  of  the 
empire,  while  theic  chlpler  was  recruited  only  from  Ibc  Dobkst 
families.  But  in  1368  the  bishop  was  forced  id  retognlae  vatiou* 
liberties  and  cuiioms  that  had  lieen  gradually  won  by  the 
citiscna,  the  Plaid  Giniral  of  Lhal  year  showing  th«t  there  was 
already  umc  kind  of  municipal  government,  save  for  Ibe  (Ut, 
which  was  not  united  with  Ibe  tilli  ix/triaBc  ot  Ihe  other  four 
^•uirlitri  (Bourg,  St  Laurent,  La  Palud  and  Le  Pont)  In  1481, 
In  ijij  the  dty  made  an  alliance  with  Bern  and  FribMug.  BiU 
m  1336  the  teniiory  of  the  hfittop  (as  well  as  Ihe  Savoyard 
barony  of  Vaud)  was  forcibly  conquered  by  tbe  Benieic,  wb« 
at  once  introduced  Proiestaniism.  Tbe  Bernese  occivMloB 
lasted  till  179S.  though  in  1713  an  attempt  was  made  lo  put  an 
end  to  it  by  Major  Davel,  who  k«l  hit  life  in  comequemx.  !■ 
119B  Lausajwe  became  a  simple  prtfecUue  of  Iheufitu  Ltnw 


LMJTREC— LAVA 


tl  Ht  HtbatiB  fqpuUtc.    Bvl  la  tloj,  «■  tte  «M«ka  «t  the 

anUn  of  Vaud  by  ilw  Act  ol  MtdiMion.  it  btctOM  ill  opild. 
Tbc  biibop  of  Lauunoe  leudxl  (lltr  i66j  -U  Fribouri,  while 
from  iSai  onwiidi  he  ulclc4  "  ud  oC  Centra  "  to  Ut  tlilc 

Bnidn  the  gnml  woclu  dsilini  inih  Ilw  cuHon  of  Viwl  («.■.), 
ibc  foUowing  bookt  rrfcr  tpHully  to  Lauupoe:  A.  Bvnu*, 
L'lmprimtrU  A  LaMiamtt  a  A  Uorgii  httait'A  ta  fin  du  16'^'  naU 
(Uuaime.  1904):  M.BeM0i>,Jtatml«nr  ill iticAih^MeMi 
*  CtmJH.  Utmiatt.  Sam  (Fribairg.  idd6J:  A.Beiiiiiitl."LaBiiaD> 
•u  iS>^  Bttlt."  in  Ibr  wBiii  cntillHl  Cka  ■*•  ■inu  ILauiuK. 

iwi):  E.  Dupni,  la  CalUdnU  it  ZduawH  .  .  . 

(Liunnnc,   tVHi);  E.  Gibbon,  AuUbiot'l'pi'J  on'  '^Uc'i  il  1 

il«6|:  F.  Cinflnt  (nd  F.  FonI,'  0*<iim>rf]  unHriuirl  Yoi 

MM  <(•  idwuoK  >  put!  (Uuiuuu,  iB46-ia47)  I  J'  H-  L*^  »d 
F.  Gribblc.  £«i«H  (1909);  E.  fin  Miit>d.a  ind  oibm.  /««■■. 
d  bmc7i ;»  dt>i  (LMiunne.  191161 ;  MerEdKh  Rud,  AuUru  5»>(i» 
I*  find,  Aim  tM  Smo}  {1  voti..  1997):  M.  ScKoiiii,  Uimtirti 
t<tt.Hrki{wtKA£«HiiiK(iTnli..  Frlbinirt,  18^):].  Siammlcr 
(I'tennnia  faUiop  t(  Luhiik).  Li  rr<»r  it  (n  iiuMifnli  ^ 
l«iuHa>(Lav*uae.  1903;  mao-oiliCemu  book  of  i^l. 

(W.A:b.  C.) 

UDTREC  CSBT  DB  POIX,  Vicomi  Di  (uSa-isiB). 
Frendi  wIditT.  The  bcudi  d  tlia  viKOunU  of  Lwitnc  oirgi- 
uicd  with  Ficm,  the  (rudiea  of  Aichandiwd  de  CniUyi 
liipul  de  Bucii,  aba  cune  into  pMHwieii  al  the  einuMy  of  Foil 
in  1401.  Odet  de  Foil  and  Ui  Lwo  ixathera,  tite  lejgnevi  dc 
m  and  the  leigneut  de  I'Eipaiic  or  Ananas  icrvcd  Frandl 


Uuicnuu.  Ini5i4lMr«ElKdIbaStFveniBnitofi 
uid  bjr  hit  Mvcrily  madt  the  Fitnch  dominalioo  I*iu|)(iort^)le. 
la  1  ])  I  be  HKcaodcd  in  dcEeodiiii  ite  diK^  apiau  Iba  Spalbh 
UBy,  bul  in  ijii  Iw  wu  compkldir  ddemd  U  the  biUte  of 

the  Bicsccs,  and  hu  laii;ed  to  waciula  the  Hikneie.  Tbe 
Biutiay  of  bit  Shiu  tniaps  had  compeikd  him.  ijaiait  hii  wiili, 
loenjaieia  the  baiile.  Created  naohal  of  Fnnoa.  be  ncchwd 
•gain,  in  iii],  the  command  oI  tbetmiy.  oI  luly,  occupied  tlM 
Miluieae,  and  irai  tben  jcnl  Is  mdcililu  the  conquat  ol  the 
luogdom  ol  Nairiea.  The  dflection  of  Andrea  Dcria  and  the 
plipie  which  biokc  out  in  the  Frendi  camp  bnnitht  on  a  (itah 
diutter.  LaulRC  himell  caught  the  inleclion,  aod  died  on 
the  ijih  ai  Ausiut  ijiS.  He  had  the  reputation  of  a  (ahant 
ud  able  wldki,  but  tUi  reputation  MurcelyiRiBi  la  be  juitified 
by  the  boa;  Ihouh  he  ma  alwty*  badly  uted  byfottune. 

Thm  b  nbuDdanl  US.  umnpoodenct  ia  the  BIblioihCiuit 
NxiDnik.Puii.  S«ihcWi>rkii>(BraniSi«(Con.S«i^(d'I!iilguv 
■    -      ;i  of  Mitlin  du  Bellay  (CoIL 


..  iBjI). 


I  of  ibe  due  de  La  Force.  He  wu  brought 
m  of  hb  tinatnan,  tlw  nuHchal  da  Gnmonl, 
»  de  Guichr  bcumc  the  low  of  Henrietta 
tm  d  (MauK,  whik  Citheiine  Chariolle. 
__    .  B  ol  HooaeOf  vu'  the  object  of   the  one 

M  <tf  LuBonVlile.  Hcenlend  the  army,  and  •emd  ondtr 
luiem^  riio  hb  UiWdk,  and  in  its)  nictoeded  hit  fatber  oi 
coaraandcr  ai  tki  wd  f  oUifijkmHKi  i4  la  maiuM  du  ml  Puy- 
Palhem  (a-  FituUin.  u  caatoniioniks  timpEilM  hii  name) 
npidly  roae  in  Louis  XIV.'i  favour,  became  colonel  of  tbe  tnyal 
"limeBi  of  dncBona,  and  wat  gaaetttd  marHM  di  tamp.  He 
■od  HniB  de  Ucmaco  hdongcd  to  tbe  coterie  of  the  young 
ducbeM  of  Orlevw.  Hli  nqth  wit  and  ikiH  in  practical  joha 
pleued  botds  XIV.,  bitt  bb  ftolooiy  and  violence  wen  the 
noMi  of  lit  nodolag.  He  pwented  a  necUng  between  Louii 
XlV.  and  Hned*  Heoaoa,  and  it  *u  Jealouqt  in  thii  matter, 
ntherthan  hoaiiUtr  to  LoidK  dt  la  VaUWre,  which  led  Km  to 
linmotc  U Dte  da  Monteapao'i  intriria  with  the  king.  He  Bsked 
tUi  lady  to  Kcnn  toe  Ub  the  peat  of  fnod-masler  of  Ibe 
•nUloyi^and  on  Lonli'a  icfual  10  |ive  Km  the  appotntmeni 
be  Imad  hii  back  on  tb  king,  bmke  hit  tmid,  and  iwere 
tliat  Bevel  again  mild  he  lerve  a  monarch  4ho  had  bnlren 

' '     ~  ill  wuaahoellojoiuntn  theBaalllle,  but  h* 

'     nirl  buffoon.     Menttbiir, 


w  Bauillg  to  PigamI,  where  aiaarivn  pieciulkmh 
0  eatnn  ht«  nlMy.  He  w*i  ovtMtally  allomd 
w  with  Fooqaet,  bM  before  tbit  lime  he  nanagad 

■  ■' "-  ■'--  -^-'-iney  inia  Fooquct'a  non,  and 

In  nwdilBg  tbe  anrtyard  In 

■afety.  AoMbar  kOoV-priioocr,  frocn  conumutaitloa'  wJlk 
whom  be  wii  luppaied  10  be  rigomiaiy  eictuded,  wu  Eutache 
Daugei  bee  UoK  Ma»). 

IL  waa  sew  ialiiMted  M  MadecnficBe  that  Lauam'i  rtltota- 
lion  to  Ubeflj  depended  an  bet  fnunediala  letileiBent  of  tbe 
pilDdpalily  Of  Dombci,  the  county  of  Eu  and  Hie  dudiy  of 
Auauje— three  piopcnici  airigued  by  ber  to  LauiuD— on  the 
Utile  due  de  Ualoe,  cideil  aon  tf  Low»  XIV.  and  Itoicde  MoBlB- 
>pa».  She  pwa  iny,  but  Lmmin,  nan  •fto' taByeaiaoflm- 
ietaad  to  tign  tba  docmolt,  when  be  wii  bmigbt 
for  Ibe  purpoM  A  ihoit  ton  of  inpriaMmtM 
hbn  chaage  Ua  mind,  hot  wbca  be 
waa  let  tree  Look  XIV.  wis  Mffl  aet  agalatt  lb 
h  suppoMd  to  have  taken  |dace  aecretly  face 


■d  saea  a  PlgaeroL  Ho  ww  u 
place  H  court,  and  to  many  UHe  Fouqi 
became  Hmed'Uiis  in  itSj.  In  i6ts  Lavian  wsnt  to 
la  aoak  hii  foitUM  under  Jaraei  U.,  whom  bo  bad  >en«d  aa 
duke  of  York  in  Ftaoden.  He  rapidJy  gained  great  tnflneaca 
-  the  Eagiiih  eoun.  IB  ISB>  ha  waa  d«ain  In  Bnghnd,  sod 
fight  of  Maty  of  Ifodena.  and  the  inhnt  pHnca, 
'  B  he  recdvad  sttict  io- 
"  00  any  pretett  "  to 
of  1689  he  wis  pu  In  ooetnund 
of  Ibe  expedilioo  fitted  out  at  Brest  for  leevke  bi  lidind,  and 
he  sailed  in  the  fallowing  year.  I^uma  was  boaast,  a  quality 
not  too  oommon  in  Junes  II.'s  atSdab  In  tiriind,  bul  had  no 
expoleBDe  of  Ibe  Add,  and  be  Uiadly  foBowod  Udmid  Talbot, 
eail  ol  TVrconneL  Ailei  the  batik  of  the  Bojrus  they  Bed 
10  Llmerkk,  and  Ibence  to  the  weal,  leaving  VmMc  Siniold 
la  dww  1  tnnve  IiobI.  In  Seplamber  they  saikd  for  France, 
and  00  Ibeii  anival  at  VenaiUei  LaoEn  loiud  thst  bis  filhire 
bad  destioyed  any  pioipact  of  a  ntura  of  Louis  XIV.'s  Javoor. 
Madeaoiiaile  dltd  in  169s,  and  nra  yian  bier  Lanson  Mantcd 
Genivitn  de  Duifoit  a. .child  of  toanctn,  dau^itr  of  the 
marfchal  de  Lorges.  Uary  of  Hodena,  tfaroagh  whoae  tatenn 
Lausuo  aecwad  his  dukedam,  nsalncd  ber  fahh  In  Urn,'  and 
it  wat  he  who  in  i;is,  mace  than  a  quarter  of  n  centny  aftoc 
tbe  Sight  Inmi  WhiteiuU,  brought  her  Ibe  BCM  of  tbe  diiasUe 
□f  EhBiSmuir.  I.aiiiuD  died  on  the  iglh  of  NovcBbei  171]. 
The  diKby  fell  to  Ui  neptiew,  '— — '  de  GoMiut,  comic  de 

Sec  the  lettsi  of  Mnw  de  Sfviint,  the  mefnoin  of  Saint-Stnori. 

who  wai  Laiuun'i  wile't  bro(hcr-in-bw^  alto  J.  Lair,  l/iioias 
fo.o»«.  vor.rii«90);M)nrnHiiln,  iTaryof  «iJ~^  '.~.cl  ..A 
M.  F.  SmdK*.  lanM.  Cnrtur  and  Adtxnhirr 
hkVk,  in  Italian  word  (Inm  Ltt.  fonrc 
to  the  liquid  prodadt  of  votcanic  acllrfty. 
waiR,  formed  by  condeiaation  of  nhiled  9t 
with  volcanic  uha  k>  Bi  to  pioduce  mud,  are  anown  u  una 
d'ae^aa,  whilst  the  ilRami  of  molten  mslter  are  called  Air  di 
fuaa.  The  Una  tan  li  applied  by  geologiiti  to  all  mallei  of 
volcanic  origin,  which  ia,  or  hu  been,  In  i  mdten  itale.  The 
migmi,  or  matien  liva  in  the  Interior  of  the  earth,  may  be 
regarded  u  1  mniuil  lolutidn  of  viriOTa  mitierel  rfRcaln,  charged 
vlih  highly-heated  vaponr,  ■ometima  to  the  eilenl  of  taper- 
saturation.  According  lo  the  proportloo  of  liEca,  the  kva 
b  dbtlnguiihed  as  "  acid  "  01  "  bialc."    The  bUc  Icras  are 


waih)  ai)pltcd 
often  niln^e4 


LAVABO— LA  VALU6RE 


VMully  dubr  and  fetr  tkra  Imi  ol  uid  trpi,  and  when 
AiMd  llxjr  Und  to  flow  ta  (rsM  ililtiiicti.  ind  may  llna  form 
toi-ipce(din|  •bceti,  whlltt  Ibe  add  lana,  boag  Bon  viKoui, 
npulbr  ramsUibU  after  cumiioa.  The  la«a  it  cmillKl  Inm 
titt  vokaoic  vent  at  a  Ugh  tcDpsatim,  but  m  oipcnm  to  the 
4ir  It  npUiy  cauolidila  ■upcrficiall]'.  lonning  ■  cHt  which 
in  raay  sua  h  looo  bnkeii  i^  bjr  the  (ontnued  Bo*  tl  the 
luhjaorat  Uquid  Ian,  »  that  lb*  untaca  beeomta  nigged  wilb 
diaten.  J.  D.  Dana  iotiwliiCBd  (he  tmo  "  ai "  idr  Ihb  nugh 
kind  «<  lava^tnaiii,  whilit  ho  applied  the  tem  "  pihoriwe  " 
ta  thoie  ftim  which  haveatinoa(hHrittt,wtitBiiDply*tinkled 
and  topy;  (hoc  tcmu  bcbs  locd  in  Ibb  Hnw  (a  Hawaii,  in 
idatlOD  to  Ibe  local  lavu.  The  diflcreot  kjndt  of  lata  aie  more 
full/  dtacribed  in  ibr  aiiide  Voictm. 

UVABO  (LaL  "  1  will  wash  "^  the  Ft.  eqidvalnt  It  Uteir). 
ia  ecdalatiiod  HMOt,  the  lenn  [or  Ibe  waihlng  c(  the  prisia' 
hand),  at  the  celebrtiion  ol  the  Mau,  al  [he  otferloiy.  The 
void*  el  FMlm'  mi.  6,  Latait  imitt  lamcniAi  mmiau  mna, 
an  laid  dnini  ibe  rile.  The  word  ii  abo  uaed  lot  the  buin 
cnployed  in  the  lilual  waihing,  and  abs  for  tile  lavat«let, 
fCiietall]r  oected  in  th*  cloiiun  of  moDailerici.  TboM  at 
QouctalBr,  Norwicli  and  Llncola  «r<  bat  kiunni.  A  vciy 
cnrfaMU  eia»ple  at  Fonteuj',  uinoundlng  a  lullar,  ii  gives  by 
VioUet-le-Suc.  In  gentni  ihe  lantio  ia  a  aort  ti  bwigfa;  is 
Bome  placei  it  has  an  aimeiy  for  tawcU.  Bol. 

UVAflHA,  a  Mapon  ol  Ligniia.  Italy,  b)  the  pntriiice  ol 
Gc^,  ban  which  ii  ia  ij)  m.  S.E.  by  nL  Pep,  (ipai)  700;. 
It  baa  a  email  ihipbuildiag  trade,  and  ciporti  great  quaniilici 
•1  ilaie  llnaftK,  taking  ila  name  tram  lite  Lown).  Ii  ado  hai 
•  lBi««  coUon-miU.  It  wax  the  icat  of  the  FinchI  iimlly, 
huliiiendeat  oouttu,  who,  at  (he  ml  of  Ihe  11th  ccatwy,  wen 
obUicd  to  ncegnin  the  luprtmacy  ol  Crnoa.  Slnlhaldo  Flticbi 
became  Pope  lanomt  IV.  (ii4j-i(j4l.  and  Hadrian  V.  (ii7<>) 
wt*  abo  a  Fiochi. 

UVAb  AHDRB  DL  CBGlFEUll  01  UMlttC  (c.  I40B<T4Sj), 
Fnnch  aoldier.  In  1413  be  icivcd  In  Ihe  Fleodi  aimy  agaliut 
Englud,  and  in  1498  waa  liken  piiiontr  by  John  Talbot,  lU 
carl  of  Sheewibury,  after  the  capitulaiian  of  Laval,  which  he 
vaa  dcfendit^.  After  paying  hii  laiaoin  he  wia  pmeni  with 
Joan  of  Ai<  ^  Ibe.iii«e  of  CMcam,  at  the  hatite  at  Fatay,  and 
«l  the  ColDDalion  ol  Chailo  Vli.  He  wai  made  adniha]  ol 
Fnnce  in  143;  and  manhal  hi  mjo.  He  lerved  Cbaris  VII. 
UtUaUy  b  all  hit  wan,  even  aplul  the  dluphin  ius6), 
and  when  the  lallec  beeune  king  al  Loul*  XI,,  LaN«l  wu 
ditmiMedlnuB  the  mtnhil'i  effin.  After  tlw  War  ol  the  rubUc 
Weal  be  nth  toland  10  favoiiT.  aad  rctavcied  the  marAal' 
bltoa,  the  king  atogmtina  hha  tiie  oSca  el  lleui(nani.genei>l 
(o  Ihe  BWcnnntBt  d  Paiii  and  gnvenmr  ol  Fkaidy,  and  tsnftr- 
itag  ivm  bim  the  coUai  ol  the  otds  «(  St  Midiael.  In  11 
Laval  WW  ncccaifnl  b  Misting  the  alladu  ol  Chitlei  the  Be 
dijte  of  Burgundr.  on  Bfwnaii, 

UVAIt  a  town  of  nonb-wcMetn  Fhuce,  ca[rftal  of  the 
depanmont  of  Majeitoe,  on  the  Haytnne  ttver,  i8t  m.  W.S,W. 
of  Parii  by  nil-    Fop.  (ifod)  14^4.    On  the  Hghl 
the  river  aanda  the  <dd  feudal  oity,  with  ill  ancient  caiile  >ad 
it*  irrcfolariy  hufll  liouaea  idin&e  date  roola  and  pointed  gnbles 
peep  from  Ihe  grove*  of  trees  which  clothe  Ihe  hill.    On  the  left 
bank  the  ngularly  buDt  new  town  OtCn^  far  !nlo  Ihe  ptiin. 
The  river,  here  Bo  ydj,  broad,  if  ciosMd  by  the  handsome 
tiilway  viaduct,  a  beautiful  lUine  bridge  called  Pool  Ncuf,  and 
the  Pont  Vicui  with  three  pauled  ardKi,  bulk  in  the  lith 
ccntuiy.    There  is  communicaiioa  by  aieamtr  a*  fat  a*  / 
Laval  may  justly  claim  to  be  cue  of  the  loveliet  of  French 
lis  most  curious  and  inieruting  D»nunieiit  ia  the  aombre  old 
castle  of  the  counts  (now  1  priuo)  with  a  donjon  ol  the 
century,  Ihe  roof  of  which  pieunis  a  ^e  evunple  af  the  tin 
work  superseded  afierwards  by  ilone  machicolation.    The  " 
casllc,*'  dating  pajrtly  from  Ihc  Renaiuance,  serve*  as  court-b 
Laval  possesses  several  diuTcbe*  of  difierent  periods:  in 
,of  the  Tl'  ■         •  ■  '  ■■         -■     ■    ■     ■ 


del  Oirddiert.  lAIcb  data  rtam  tbe  end  oT  the  t4f1l  cnrtinr 

~  '"-!  beginning  vl  the  ijlh,  has  tome  hne  marble  altar*. 
innile  below  the  Pont  Vieui  h  the  beautiful  nth- 
■y  chuid)  «l  AvenKre*,  with  an  oraamental  ipire 
_)4.  The  hneat  remaining  tdic  of  il»e  anoent  foitifica- 
tian  is  the  Beucheteue  gale  near  Ihe  calhcdraL  TbeDano* 
ett  around  the  caMie  areliotdcred  by  many  old  hoiuc*  ol 
Ijth  aud  rfith  century,  chief  among  which  is  that  hnowa 
al  the  "  Maisin  dn  Grand  Veneur."  There  are  an  ait-museun, 
Kum  oE  natural  hisloty  and  ■rch*eology  and  a  Lliraiy. 


nth  a 


I  i6Lh; 


St  Vin^tand  lnth  centui>)  bns  swd  uained  (batj  Moire-Dame 


cdfbrated  sargton  AmbRHse  Parf  <!$ 


hopric  I 


'isoo).    Laval  it  tbe 


chamber  of  commerce,  a  board  ol  trade^rbit^tora,  tialidBg 
colleges,  an  Kclesiastlcal  Mminaiy  and  a  lycte  lor  bnya.  the 
principal  [ndosiry  of  Ihe  lown  is  Oic  clolh  manulsctuie,  intio- 
Srtxn  Flanden  in  Ihe  ■4lh  eenluty.  The  prodnttfon  ol 
of  lioBi,  ol  cotton  or  ol  miilmw  of  both,  occupie*  tome 

Indsttrls  are  metal-fnunding,  OOur-milling,  tanning, 
dyeing,  the  Making  of  booli  and  dioes,  and  Ihe  itwing  of  the 
■tbie  qatltied  In  the  vidnily.  There  Is  trade  in  grua. 
Laval  i*  not  known  to  have  etisted  before  the  9th  centuy. 
Wat  taken  by  John  Talbot,  earl  (4  Shtcwsbury,  bi  1418, 
chanfled  hand*  tevttal  tiaiet  daring  the  watt  of  the  League,  and 
played  an  important  pan  at  the  ^  tA  the  iSth  tentnry  te  tbe 
ar  of  U  Veadie. 

SuoHatm  am  Conna  w  Lavai;  The  tank  e(  Laval  vaa 
lunded  at  Ibe  beymnlng  of  the  tttb  century  by  a  lord  «f  (he 
ime  ol  Guy,  and  remained  In  the  pinsaum  of  Mt  male  deacend- 
itsunlQ  the  ijth  tenlnry.  In  iiifl  iTii  hiiillhl|i  [Miaiil  to  tbt 
honae  ol  Montmorency  by  (be  manbge  ol  Emma,  daagfato' 
e<  Guy  VI.  of  Laval,  to  Milhleo  de  Hontmnrescy,  Ibe  bera 
of  the  battte  of  Bouvioet.  01  this  unbm  wu  bora  Ony  VIL 
sKgneur  of  Lava!,  tbe  ancestor  i4  tbe  lecond  house  of  LavaL 
Anne  of  Laval  (d.  14M),  Ihe  heircs  of  ihe  tecend  family,  married 
JohndcMonifort,  who  look  the  ntraeof  CoyOCIII.)  ol  LavaL 
At  Charles  VH.'t  coronitien  (i4)«)  Gay  XIV.,  who  *■*  altcf 
waidi  ton-in-Iaw  of  John  v.,  duke  ol  Billtany,  and  father-ln4a« 
ol  King  Rent  of  Anjoo,  was  created  coimt  of  Laval,  and  the 
coanlship  remained  in  the  possession  of  Guy's  m&le  dcscendanta 
until  IJ4I,  After  the  Uonlfoiti,  the  cDuntihip  of  Laval  patted 
by  inheiilance  to  Ihe  families  ol  Kiaui  and  Sainte  Mwue,  u 
Ihe  Cotignyi,  andGtaUyOi  tbe  La  nf  maUkt,  who  beld  it  ulil 
the  RevolulBn, 

S«  Beniand  de  Bioiitiilloa,  U  Mmmho  d(  Lmcd  (3  vola.  llM* 
'900). 

U  VALUbtZ.  LQVISI  PUXCOIU  Dl  (id^fiyro), 
miitretol  Louis  XIV.,  wai  bcaaat  T^uneDtbe  Alhol  Aucmt 
1644,  the  daughter  ol  ta  officu,  Latueal  de  la  Baume  Ic  Bkne, 
of  La  ViUiirabtKn  a  amall-propaty  dcbi 
'-  ■-    VaUibe  died  ii   i6}i;  hk  widow. 


AmbpJK.    Laurent  de  U 


ai  Biois.  Louiic  wat  brought  up  wiUi.tbe  ynnger.piincaBa, 
[be  ilcp«slcn  el  La  Grande  Madeaieiitlle.  Alia  QaMoal* 
death  hit  widow  moved  with  bar  danghlctt  to  the  palace  (d  the 
Luiembovig  in  Petit,  and  with  iben  went  Laaiie,  wbo  waa  mir 
agiilolaiieen.  Through  tbeioflunccafadiitantkintaaDUn, 
Mme  de  Choicy,  rile  was  named  mtid  «f  honour  to  Houktia 
of  fn^and,  wlio  wti  abont  ber  owa  ago  and  bad  juac  nanied 
Philip  si  OricaitfilhaUng^bnitlter,  .  JBenoetta  jwacd  lb*  eouet 
at  FontsiBcbleiu,  and  wat  toon  on  tbefriabdlicM  tenni  witbhet 
brathK.in-Uw,  to  frieadty  indeed  that  then  wat  tome  acn^ 
to  avoid  whicta  it  wai  dctendnad  that JjiA rindU pqrnBilwd 
altentiont  eliewhaa.  Tbe  pcnwn  iddCCtd  waa  Uadaiat^  maid 
ol  boBour,  Louite.  She  bad  been  ealy  two  ntoalhl  ia  PoMain- 
bleau  bclare  aba  beome  tba  Ung't  dIWi***.  Ttt  affair,  bagoo 
f>a  Louis'*  part  at  a  blind,  imiDedittdy  devdoped  iMo  ml 
(Hstion  on  bc*li  Mti.  Il  was  Louia'i  trst  tmoo*  tiHiliiaiiil. 
aad  Luuue  waa  aa  imi»unt,  nligioUMfadcri  tKl.  wte,bcoi^ 


LAVA-TER— I^VELEYE 


■Hhilouitrnncnlcil.    Nia 
rhf  n  Lgui«  re 


In  Fcbi 


u  a  storm  whf  n  Lgui» 
■Lwcen  Madicne  (Hut 


ctUJ  and  the  comLe  dc  Guk 
mt  (t  Cbullot,  iibm  Louit 
Iijlovcd  ber.     Her  encmfn,  chid  a<  nhom  <*u  (^ympe 
:oiE[c»c  de  Soissoni,  Maiarin's  niece,  lought  her  donntall  by 
brlagiDg  btr  llajun  lo  the  eano£  Queen  Jtlxiria  Thereu.     Sh« 


ripidiy 


enUyn 


Hlfral 

niUbuMngrnib 


n  Pifaii  Roy»l,whtitinDet*nibcr 

Utwel>it~MulieivuIiD<  Colbert.  CooceiliDeiilnupcactJciilly 
ibmdaned  aliti  hn  leluni  (o  court,  and  wijiin  ■  wed:  oi  Anne 
ol  Autili'i  (kith  in  Juntixiy  1A66,  La  VjHitrc  appnred  at 
HUB  tide  by  lide  with  Maria  Thema.  But  hn  favour  vit 
Uready  wdLDing.  She  had  given  birth  to  a  lecond  child  in 
Jinuaty  1M5,  but  both  children  wtic  dead  beloic  the  aulunin 
■■■  inOttobCT    ---      ■ 


d  the  w 


1  MtlF-t: 


1  publicly  recognized  by  Lav 
IMIcrs-pat«nt  making  the  mothti  a  ductam  in  May  iMj  and 
confeiring  on  her  the  estate  of  Vaujoun.  In  October  o[  that 
j(ar  she  bote  a  son,  b»t  by  Ihij  time  het  place  in  Louh'i  affect  ioiH 
vudefinitely  usurped  by  AlbtoaiadeMonieipan  (;.(.}.  who  had 
long  been  plotting  sgiinst  her.  She  was  compelkd  10  lemain  al 
cDun  as  the  king's  olSciat  tniaiieis,  and  even  to  tha/e  Mme  de 
Irlontcqun's  apatlintnta  It  the  TiiiJeiics.  She  made  an  attempt 
It  escape  in  1611.  when  tk  fled  to  the  convent  ot  SiD  Marie  de 
DuiDoi.  only  to  be  compelled  to  return.  In  1^74  she  was  finally 
permitted  to  enter  the  Carmelite  cmivnil  in  (he  Rue  d'Enfei. 
Sbe  looii  the  final  yowi  a  year  later,  when  Bonnet  prenounced 
tbe  lUocutioD. 

Kei  daughter  married  Anund  de  Bourbon,  prince  of  Conii, 
In  1680.  The  count  of  Vermacdois,  htr  youngut  boin,  died 
on  hit  fint  campaign  at  Courlrai  in  16S3. 

U  ValKtre'a  kipaliiti  jm  fa  miiWiwii  ir  Om.  wnltea  atlct 

fttitni^Ura^a  Htmcni.  by  M.   P.  Clement  'j*  voli.).     Seme 
■ftttyptiml  IHmoi'ii  ipptiTcd  In  1819,  and  the  Lnirtt  tit  Hi 
iuitjiiitlaViUliin-     ■•        ■  .        ■     ... 


--.t  will.  lb*  itiarichi. 


'J%  Brild" 


c.MIlt  it  la  Vdliir€  H 


UVATEB,J0HAHN)USPAH(i7. 

physiognomi 


Ho 


wherej.  J.  Bodmerand  J.J.  Btcllinjer  were  among  hineachera. 
When  barely  one-and-fweuty  he  greatly  distinguished  himsetf 
by  dFoouncing,  In  conjunction  with  his  friend,  the  paiolci 
H.  Fuieli,  an  [niciuitoTis  migitirate,  wb«  was  contpcUed  to  maka 
reslkotion  of  hit  ill-gotten  gains.  In  ir«Q  LavMer  took  orders, 
and  of&ci4tcd  till  his  death  as  deacon  or  pastor  in  various  dmrchea 
in  his  native  city.  Hit  oraiorical  fervour  and  genuine  depth 
el  conviction  gava  Uin  srtat  penooal  itSluencti  he  vat  eilCD- 
dvtly  consulted  as  1  casultl,  and  wal  welcomed  .with  tiemoii' 
Krative  enthusiasm  in  his  numerous  journeys  through  Cmnany. 
Rlimystical  wiiiingi  were  also  widely  popular,  Scarcely  a  trace 
<il  Ihii  influence  hat  remained,  and  Lavatct's  name  would  be 
loTgotltn  but  for  his  work  on  phytiognony,  Ftytiatntmiicil 
^"ptewte  ivr  BrfMeraxt  itr  Utrillitnlicniilnii  und  Mtmchtn- 
"W*  ti77S-i77B).  The  fame  tven  of  this  boo]i,  which  found 
enthuiiaitic  admircn  in  France  and  England,  at  well  as  in  Ger^ 
■nany,  restt  to  a  great  titenl  upon  the  handsome  style  of  pubh- 
caliDiiBndlheaccorapjnylng  illustrations.  It  Wl, however,  the 
study  of  physiognomy  C7.1.),  at  desultory  and  tinscientitic  ai  it 
'ound  it.  Aa  >  poet,  Lavater  published  Cluiillicit  Litdti  ( i}  16- 
'19a)  DTid  two  epics,  Jata  Uiniai  (<;&>}  and  /nepk  (M 
t'imalliia  Utm).  <n  'he  ityle  of  Klopstock.  More  impo  -  ' 
aiid  characterittic  of  the  religious  lempetamenl  of  Ljvi 
te  are  hit  inlrotpective  Autsiiiltn  in  ifi*  Ewlgleil  U  ' 
1JW-1J78);  Cthtinul   r>|(*«ek  aMfi 


he  becan 


uitit  (i  vols.,  in'-'Vi)*odPtiiliiaPiUliu,tiirdtrUtni€i 

■^fiUvola.,  1782-1785).  Fwm  17M  00,  Goethe 
I  acquainted  with  Lavater,  but  al  a  later  period 
ranged  from  him,  tomewhal  abruptly  accueioc 
titioa  and  hypocrisy.  Lavater  had  a  oiyttic't 
historical  Quistianity,  and,  although  eu«eni*d 
by  himsetl  and  oUen  a  champian  al  otthoikiiy,  was  in  [act  only 
_  '  '  '  raalism.  During  the  Uter  yean  of  his  life 
hitiofluieace  oaoed,  aod  bt  incurred  ridicule  by  some  eahibii loot 
He  redeeined  bioaelf  by  his  patriotic  condKt  during 
the  Fceacb  occupatioa  of  SwitxeiUnd,  which  brought  about  his 
'agical  death.  On  the  tikijig  ol  ZUiicb  by  the  French  in  i;m, 
Lavater,  while  endeavouting  to  appear  the  aoldiery,  wat  shot 
through  the  body  by  ao  infutiated  gnoadieii  he  died  alter  long 
~  ings  borne  wiib  great  loitiiude.ou  tbe  lod  of  lanuiiy  iSoi. 
'atcr    himHlt    publiihed    two   collccliani   of    hit   wrilinn. 

saiu  Stknfltii  (1  volt.,  1774-17B1I,  and  KlrtHtn  presaiickt 

Scknpn  (3  voli..  rrt4-i7a5).     Hit  NaeiHlaiient  Stimfltn  weic 
■-   ■  -   %.  Gc_ner  (s  valt..  iSoi-itoi):  Samikit  Waki  (but 
ni)  M  voU^  iSjb-iSiSli  Aiupiulilu  SUintum  a  volt.. 
i).    See  C  Ccuner,  Lavaltri  Libeni^KkteibuHi  (3  volt., 

... jh  V.  H«ner,  BnlrSii  tui  Kennltiii  LaMUn  Tl8i6); 

F.  W.  Bodemann.  Icvaitf  Mft  u(%m  Ldm.  Lelitn  nJ  Wirktn 
Uast:  and  ed..  iSn):  F.  Muncker.  J.  K.  LnUf  (ISSj)i  H. 
'VaKT.  J.  K.  L-nalcr  nack  Hcpitn  AuJaUkiltnfU  (1894)!  .J.  K. 
jotiir,  Dinliiikrifi  un  ia>.  TaitOai  [1901). 
LAVAOB,  a  town  of  south-western  France,  capital  of  IB 
rrondissemenl  in  the  depattmenl  of  Tarn,  37  ra.  S£,  of  Moot- 
,uban  by  oil.  Pi^  (1906),  town  4o6g;  commune  B38S. 
Liv^ur  stands  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Agonl.  which  It  here 
Mied  by  a  railway-bridge  and  a  fine  atone  bridge  of  the 


!  iSih  a 


.    Pram 


17  till  ti 


if  a  bishopric,  and  there  is  a  cathedral  dating  from  the 
Jib,  14th  and  ijlh  centuries,  with  an  octagonal  bell-tower. 
:  second  smaller  square  tower  contains  ajaTscnan  [a  statue 
rhich  striked  the  boun  with  a  hammer)  of  the  i6th  cenluiy. 
n  the  bishop's  garden  is  the  statue  of  Emmanuel  Augustin, 
marquis  de  Las  Casts,  one  of  the  companions  of  Napoleon  al 
St  Helena.  The  town  carries  on  distilling  and  flour-mininf  and 
the  Dianufaclnre  of  brushes,  plaster  and  wooden  (hoes.  There 
ire  a  tubprefecEurc  and  tribunal  of  first  instance.  Lavigr  was 
laken  in  mi  by  Simon  de  Montfort  during  the  waa  of  the 
Albigensn,  and  sereral  timea  during  the  celi^ous  wars  of  the 

LAVEDAH,     HEHRI     iJOR    tMILB    (iSjQ-        ),     French 

Inmalist  and  man  of  letters,  was  bom  at  Orieans,  the  son  of 

Hubert   Uoa    Lavedan,  a  well-known    Catholic     and     liberal 

lalist.     He  contributed  to  various  Parisian  pipers  *  series 

itty  tales  and  dialogues-  of  Parisian  life,  many  of  which 

collected  ih  volume  form.     In  iRgi  he  produced  at  the 

ThUtre  Frank's  Vne  PamilU,  followed  at  the  Vaudeville  in 

1894  by  Lt  Prince  i'Auttc,  a  satire  on  the  nobilfly.  afterwards 

le-named  La  Dticeitdanli.    Later  brilliant  and  witty  piece* 

were  La  Dtla^^lNc^a^1t^),CallltTilH^Ii^^j,  Le  f/rwrranjin 

(iggS),  U  Vieat  mar/ktur  (if^t)g),  Lt  Uarjaii  dc  Prida  Ugoi), 

and  fsmnei  (1904),  written  in  collaboration  with  0^  LenAtre. 

He  bad  a'  gmt  success  with  Za  Dud  <Catnfdle  Frtntade, 

1905),  a  powerful  psyciiological  atody  ot  the  (riallont  of  two 

blolbeis.    Lavedaa  mu  admitted  to  the  French  Academy  in 

iSsiS-  

UVnSn.  telLBUVIS  TICtm  is  (tSia-lSot),  Belgian 
rconomJs!, -wa*  bora  at  Bniget  on  the  ph  of  April  i8»*,-ami 
edtinted  there  and  at  the-  Collige  Stanislai  In  Paris,  a  eelehrated 
estibtishniFnl  in  the  hands  of  Ihe  Oraloriant.  He  ewHnned 
his  Studies  at  the  Cathottc  univertiiy  ol  Lonvain-tnd^fterwards 
at  Ghent,  where  lie  came  under  the  Influence  of  Francoit  Huel, 
IhephiloBopher  and  Christian  Socialist.  In  1844  he  won  a  priK 
wKh  an  essay  on  the  language  and  Hlerature  of  Provence.  In 
r847  hepuhlished  fHiilsiredarirhfrmci.  and  in  1881  a  French 
version  of  the  KiMm^yi,  hut  though  he  never  lost  his  interest 
in  literature  and  hrslory,  his  most  important  work  was  in  the 
domain  of  economies.  He  was  one  of  a  group  of  young  lawyers, 
doetors«Bdriilics,all  old  puplb  of  Hurt,  who  met  once  a  week 
la  diiotts  social  and  tconomie  qneiliinn,  and  was  tbm  kd  10 


J9» 


n  on  tbew  lotjem.  In  lijg  mm  uticin . 
ttfut  la  ixm  mtiitt  bid  the  (mndalioil  of  hii ' 
eeoDDmin.  In  \V^  hi  *»  tinted  Ic  Ibe  dair 
01  pMitKU  Kxnomy  u  the  lUIc  univmiiy  of  LI(gf.  Hm  he 
wrote  ha  looit  inpoTUBt  worki:  La  R^tU  rt  fAntrifke  4fpttia 
Stttma  (ilTs),  Esisi  nr  la  Jnma  it  pnormrmrU  dan,  la 
iteUUt  BHitnet  (ig;i).  Da  Cnia  ailMllii  it  fMrtr  n  B*ri,fe 
tt  4t  faiK&ait  irtd  De  la  pnprUU  a  it  itt  firrmtt  fn'miTiKi 
(iiJ4),dedicmt«llo  the  memory  ol  John  SiDMt  Mm  and  Fmnprii 
Huet.  He  died  at  Doyon,  dhc  Vtgc,  on  the  jnt  of  Jinusry 
1B91.  LiTdeye'i  niine  b  panicDliHy  connected  with  bi- 
mikillSiin  ind  piim[live  property,  and  he  took  a  special  inleres) 
in  the  Rvival  and  pmervation  ol  mull  nsticnidities.  But 
bii  activity  included  the  whole  realm  of  polJIiail  science,  poiilical 
econony,  monetaiy  question!,  huernaliona]  law,  IbtdEn  and 
Bel^an  poiltki,  queitiani  of  educatitKi,  tdisian  and  morality, 
travel  tai  litetMiue.  He  h*d  the  art  of  populaiiiing  even  the 
Boit  technical  subjecu,  mring  to  the  cleamtM  of  bi>  view  and 
hii  firm  gasp  of  the  matter  in  hand.  He  wu  apedaOy  iltneted 
to  En^and,  where  he  thought  he  u«  many  of  hii  ideals  ol  udal, 
political  and  icUgJoui  proftieu  realiud.  He  waa  a  irequenl 
contiibutor  to  the  English  Dewqiapctt  and  leading  review*. 
The  meat  widely  circulated  of  his  worki  waa  •  pamphlet  on 
Lt  Farii  lUrital  en  Bil[lqin,  of  which  j,ooo,ooo  coplta  were 
drculalcd  in  ~     * 


lipped  cocoUa,  of  which  Lhe  upper  lip  kiai  two  and  the  lover 


Tlie  plant  to  whic! 
l^tamliila  Kra,  a  a 
countriea  bordering 
eilendinf  [rom  the 
nonht      ■ - ■ 


e  the  >ca-ievel,  and  piefFning  at 
lunny  lilualiont.    It  ia  cultivated  in  t) 

ihiub  about  i  ft.  high,  wit 
:oUed  under  at  the  cdgs  1 
uid  give  a  busby  appeaia. 


be  name  o[  Lavender  a  conuunly  applied, 
itive  ol  the  mountiinoui  dititictt  el  the 
.  the  wBtem  half  ol  the  Mcditenaneio, 
aitccn  coait  of  Spain  to  CaUhiia  and 
'leighL  of  4iOo  ft. 


:yish-green  hoary  hnear  leaves, 
young;  the  liraachet  an  erect 

lo  the  plant.  The  flowen  are 
DOTne  on  a  Lciminu  spiae  at  me  summit  of  a  long  naked  stalk, 
the  ^ke  being  composed  of  i-io  deose  dustai  in  Itw  aails  of 
small,  brownish,  rbomboidal,  upcmig,  oppoaile  bracts,  the 
clusters  being  more  widely  separated  towards  the  base  of  the 
apike.  The  calyx  ii  tubular,  cautiacted  towardt  Ibe  mouth, 
marked  with  ij  ribs  and  j-toothed,  Lhe  posterior  tooUi  being  the 
Urged.  The  corolla  is  of  a  pale  violet  coloui,  but  darker  on 
its  iiuer  surlacci  tubular,  two-hpped,  the  upper  lip  with  two  and 
the  lower  with  three  lobes.  Rotb  coiolla  and  calyi  are  covered 
with  stellate  hain,  ainongii  which  ue  imbedded  shining  oil 
gland*  to  which  the  fragrance  of  the  plant  ia  due.  The  leavei 
and  Howeoof  Uvender  are  said  to  luve  bees  uicd  by  the  aitdcnts 
lo  p«f HUM  tlieir  balhai  houx  (be  Ued.  Lat.  name  Lmaidiilt  or 
Ln€MdiiU  i*  luppoaed  to  havo  tKcn  derived  from  Imv,  to 
wasiL  Tbia  deiivatloa  ii  cnuideRd  doubtful  and  a  connexion 
bat  been  au(ge«l«<l  arith  Lai.  Jiatra,  10  be  of  a  hluith,  pale  01 
livid  colour. 

Allhoogh  £.  Aaaob)  wh  «<dl  knswo  to.  Ibe  aadania,  no 
allusion  unqu^Lionably  referring  to  L.  arm  baa  been  found  in 
the  writinp  of  classical  autliora,  the  earliest  mention  of  the 
latter  plant  being  in  the  nth  century  by  the  abbess  Hililcgard, 
who  lived  Dtai  Bingcn  on  the  Rhinb  Under  the  name  of 
Ua/ml  or  Uajtnay  it  waa  known  to  tho  Welsh  physicians  as  a 
medicine  in  the  131b  century.  The  dried  flowcre  have  long 
been  used  in  England,  the  United  Siiit*  and  oihet  countries  lor 
perfuming  linen,  and  the  characteristic  cry  of  "Lavender! 
sweet  lavenderl"  was  still  to  be  beard  in  London  streets  at 
the  beginning  of  the  lolh  century.  In  Enltfand  lavender  is 
culiivaiad  cliieBy  for  the  distillation  of  its  casenlial  oil,  of  which 
jl  yields  «a  an  average  i|%  when  Iieed  from  the  stalks,  hut  in 
Ihi  KUth  of  Europe  the  Howir*  form  an  object  of  trade,  being 
tiportad  to  tbc  Barbary  states,  Turkey  and  America. 


[n  CreU  Biftahi  lavtnder  b 


CaribaJun  aiid  BoMii^oa  iuSnry,  aad  ir 
paiidi  of  Hiichiii.    The  noal  suitable  aoil  leca 

plant  ii  not  hi  dawer  of  early  iruat  and  is  frti^y 
1568,  but  as  a  commercial  speculation  lit 


ly  ^^nrd  to  air  and 

A23.    The  plants  at  present  in  cuitivaljoq  60  not  produce 
I  the  propaHtion  Is  aliiQys  made  by  slips  or  by  dividing  the 
lie  laiicr  plan  has  only  tieen  (ollowtd  liKc  1R60,  wlien  • 
<~ac  niunbcr  of  lavender  planu  were  killed  by  a  aevwi  Int.  Sikk 
that  dale  Ibe  ^lanu  have  been  •ubjecc  10  (he  attack  of  a : 

The  flowen  ar 


colltcied  in  the  begfnntRf  of  Autuit.  and  taken 

AllerewuandduUIuDesadJul^^yiekliBaDsie. 

only  half  u  much  as  whe*  the  weather  hu  been  brighl  sod 
hlay-    Tram  ii  to  jo  lb  of  oH  per  acre  is  the  avenge  amount 

imd.  llieoanjiiuiiKdlntheateinhasanonnnkodiiurandia 

lev  volatile  than  that  of  the  •owen;  comaqDently  tbr  n~<I«  ihia 
distils  over  after  tbc  bst  hour  aid  a  haUiacolleetedH 


— Sritiih  phamaacDpeia  co , ., ...... 

IK  s-io  minimi:  and  a  compound  tincture,  dose  l-i 
This  is  contained  in  Bquor  arsenicalij,  and  Its  eharacter- 
JM^.  vwvwf  may  thus  be  of  gnat  practical  impoftaace.  aiadfcfr-hgally 
iiid  otberwia.  Thephaniiwx4ofr  elsilof  lavrnderisHiply  it»t 
if  an  emcfaionally  pfcaiant  and  mild  volatile  oiL    It  is  largely  used 

Inn  with  akobcJ  may  be  delccied  by  chloride  of  calcium 
f  in  llj^ad  laming  a  sefarate  layer  of  liquid  at  lhe  bolion 


adutteratioc 

ofihcveiatl.  f^lyttriae: 
line  It  will  nal  disBlve  in  mm  • 
perfectly  soluble. 


Lavender  flowers  w 


n  of  the  volatile  lA  tn  b|) 


LAVfeRDY— LAVIGBRIE 


ZoM'So&'jpiH.  ■  ucdci  ohkh  difr<i>  fraiD  L.  xn  chkOy 
il>  •mlttcc  min,  more  cio»d«]  l/-3v<.  md  liiKir  bnni.  i>  al»  luea 
Isr  ihe  dlitUIttion  of  u  eHcniul  oil.  vhich  ii  known  in  EniUnd  ai 
«1  oT  ^k*  ud  in  Fnaa  iinder  [he  nmc  of  iimoyai^S,    It  ii 

ic  •hole  plain  ii  cIi^IkI.  foi  Ibe  6ovrn  oT  (lie 
cvly  dltdnEdiiluble  In  fr^rant*.  L.  Spita  doo 
QRh,  not  ucMd  the  nouiluini  btriind  3«b  fl. 

re  of  ^PUD<  "lb  bTfl«d« 


■  the  CDinpoflitr  order. 
UVXBDT,  GLtMBRT  CHULEI  nUH^U  DS  (l7>]~ITg]), 
nench  lUtBinin,  mi  i  nembtr  of  the  pariemcnl  of  piii) 
■hen  the  cue  igilnit  (fae  J«uit>  ume  bcfort  tbat  body  in 
Aufuit  1761.  He  demindtd  the  ■upproslon  of  tbe  otdti  «nd 
■bin  acquiml  poptlirilr'  Louii  XV,  saRird  him  conininer- 
fauxii  ol  Ibe  finincci  in  Dccemlm  176J,  bul  \ia  burden  •»ii 
treat  xrA  Laverdy  kieH  nothing  of  finance.  Three  monthi 
•fltr  his  nomfnalbn  be  toibsde  uiylhing  of  any  kind  whilevir 
to  be  printed  cmcerning  bii  *dmini>iniion,  ibui  nfuting 
advice  u  well  u  ctninre.  He  lued  all  tons  oI  ctpedifots, 
■ometimea  dbboneil,  10  teploiish  the  Ireaiuiy,  and  wai  even 
accused  of  liavlng  himsdf  pmfitcd  from  the  commerce  in  wheaL 
Acouft  Intrigue  led  lo  hii  auddcn  dismissal  on  the  ist  of  October 
17U.  Henccfomnl  he  lived  in  retirement  until,  during  the 
RCvolDtim,  be  was  involved  in  Ibe  chaiges  igalnst  Che  financicri 
of  the  old  i^me.  The  Revolutionary  tribunal  candemned 
him  to  death,  and  he  *ai  guillotined  on  the  141b  of  November 

''^  A.  Jobc*.  £a 'ravt  i»i  £«ni  7 V  (iBeg). 

UTKBM,  an  old  Italian  divinity,  originally  one  of  the 
spirits  of  the  nndemorld.  A  cup  Found  in  an  Etruacui  tomb 
bean  the  inscription  "  Livemai  Pocotom,"  and  in  a  [ngmeni 
«(  Septimius  Setenus  Lavema  fs  eiprenly  mentioned  in  con- 
nniai  irillt  the  ii  inftri.  By  an  easy  transition,  she  came  to 
be  regarded  as  the  protectress  of  thieve*,  whose  operations  were 
undated  vith  darkness.  She  had  an  •Itai  on  the  Aventine 
hlU,  nar  the  gate  called  after  her  Lavetnalis,  and  a  grove  on 
tHe  Via  SaMria.  Her  aid  was  invoked  by  thieves  to  enable  then 
to  carry  out  their  plant  succcitfully  withaot  forfeiting  their 
in  forpiety  and  bonesIy(HDrace,  Ef.l  >t.6o).    Many 

..-, Ions  have  been  glvea  o(  the  lune :    U)  from  hitn 

(Schul.  on  Horace,  who  clvei  laUrnie  as  another  fOnn  of  Intrnh 
or  Tohbcr);  (7]  from  Unar*  (Acnn  on  Horace,  according  to 
*bosi  thieve*  were  called  iofalerts,  perhaps  referring  to  bath 
thievtt);  (3)  from  laart  (tf,  shop-Uftets).  Modem  etymolog^ts 
«)nnect  tl  *)th  lu-tnm.  and  ei^n  It  as  mea>lin|  the  goddess 
•fgaln. 

UVBRT,  JOHK  (iSsr-  >.  British  pthtler,  wai  bom  in 
Velfaai,  md  received  his  art  tianung  in  Ctatgow,  London  and 
I'iris.  He-waa  elected  associate  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy 
In  iBoi  and  actdemidan  hi  i8q6,  having  won  a  tofttiderable 
nputiiiHi  ••  a  painter  of  pottnits  and  fignre  nibjecu,  tod  aa 


a  fadle  and  vigorous  encutant.  He  became  also  vice-pK^dedt 
of  the  Internationa]  Sodety  of  icuiptors,  painters  and  graven. 
Many  of  his  paintinp  have  been  acquired  Tor  public  collections, 
and  he  is  represented  m  the  National  Galleries  at  Brussets, 
Berlin  and  Edinburgh,  in  the  Came^  Institute  at  Fitliburg, 
the  Phlladctphia  CaUeTy,  the  New  South  Waiei  Gallery,  the 
Modem  Oalleiy,  Venice,  the  Pinakolhek,  Munich,  the  Glasgow 
Caiporatkm  Gallery,  and  the  Luiembogrg. 

UViaBKIB.  CHARLES  KUtnAL  ALUDUHS  <iSis- 
ilqi],  FreDcb  divine,  cardinsl  archbishop  of  Carthage  and 
Algiers  and  prftnale  of  Africa,  was  bom  at  Bayonne  on  the 
31st  of  October  1845,  and  was  educated  at  St  Sulpice,  Fans.  He 
was  ordained  priest  In  1849,  and  was  professor  of  ecdesiaslical 
history  St  the  Saihonne  from  1854  to  1856.  In  rSsfi  be  accepted 
Ihe  direction  of  the  Ichooli  of  the  East,  and  was  thus  lor  the 
iit^l  time  brought  Into  contact  with  the  Mabommedan  world, 
"  C'est  U,"  he  wrote,  *'  tjue  J^ai  connu  enfin  ma  vocation." 
Activity  in  missionaTy  work,  especially  In  alleviating  the  dia- 
treses  of  the  victims  of  the  Druses,  soon  brought  him  prominently 
into  notice;  Ik  was  made  a  chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
and  In  October  iMr,  sbortly  alter  his  return  to  Europe,  was 
appointed  French  auditor  at  Rome.  Two  years  liter  he  wai 
raised  to  the  see  of  Nancy,  where  he  remaned  for  four  years, 
daring  whidi  the  diocese  became  one  of  the  beat  administered 
in  France.  While  bishop  of  Nancy  he  met  Marshal  MicMabon, 
then  govemor-gencral  of  Algeria,  who  in  1&66  offered  him  the 
see  of  Algiers,  just  raivd  to  an  archbishopric  Lavigerie  landed 
In  Africa  on  the  nth  of  May  t863,  when  the  great  finUnc  was 
already  making  itself  feh,  and  he  began  in  November  to  collect 
the  orphans  into  villages.  This  action,  however,  did  not  meet 
with  the  approval  of  MacMahon,  who  feared  that  Ihe  Arabs 
would  resent  it  as  an  infraction  ol  the  reUgious  peace,  and  thought 
that  the  Mahommedan  church,  being  a  state  institution  In  Algeria, 
ought  to  be  proleeted  from  prosclyliim;  so  it  wa«  intimated 
to  the  prelate  that  his  sole  duty  was  to  minister  to  the  colonists, 
Lavigerie,  however,  continued  his  sell.impoied  task,  refused 
the  »rehhishopric  of  Lyons,  which  was  oHered  to  him  by  the 
emperor,  and  won  his  point.  Contact  with  the  nativea  during 
the  famine  caused  Lavigerie  to  entertain  ewkggerated  hopes 
for  their  general  conversion,  and  his  enthusiasm  was  such  that 
he  offered  to  resign  his  archbishopric  in  order  to  devote  himself 
entirdy  to  the  mlaiona.  Pius  IX.  refused  this,  but  granted 
him  a  coadjutor,  and  placed  the  whole  of  equatorial  Africa  under 
his  charge.  In  1S70  Lavigerie  warmly  atipported  papal  Infalll- 
biltly.  In  1S71  he  was  twice  a  candidate  for  the  National 
Assembly,  but  was  defeated.  In  1874  he  founded  the  Sahara 
and  Sudan  mission,  and  sent  missionaries  lo  Tunis,  Tripoli, 
East  Africa  and  the  Congo.  The  order  ol  Afn'can  Biiuionarie* 
thus  founded,  for  which  Lavigerie  himcelf  drew  up  the  rule, 
has  since  become  famous  aa  the  Pim  Blanci.  From  iSSi 
to  iSa*  his  activity  in  Tunisia  so  raised  Ihe  pieslige  of  France 
that  it  drew  from  Cambetta  the  celebrated  declaration,  L-Anli- 
diricaHime  n'al  fia  kn  arUflc  d'lipirUUion,  and  led  to  the 
enmpiion  of  Algeria  fnm  the  application  ol  the  decrees  concem- 
fng  the  relii^ous  orders.  On  the  17th  of  March  igSi  the  dignity 
of  cardinal  was  conferred  upon  Lavigerie,  hut  the  great  object 
of  his  ambition  was  lo  restore  the  see  of  St  Cyprian;  and  in 
that  also  he  was  successful,  for  by  a  bull  of  lOth  November  1S84 
Ihe  metropolitan  see  of  Carthage  was  re-erected,  and  Lavigeiie 
recdved  the  pallium  on  Ihe  i^lh  ol  January  iMj.  The  later 
years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  ardent  anti-slavery  propaganda, 
and  his  elotiucnce  moved  large  andlencei  In  London,  aa  well 
as  in  Paris,  Brussels  and  other  parts  of  Ihe  continent.  He  hoped. 
by  organising  a  fraternity  n  armed  laymen  as  pioneers,  to 
restore  fertility  to  the  Sahara;  but  this  community  did  not 
succeed,  and  wu  ditsolved  before  his  death.  In  1S90  Lavigerie 
appeared  in  Ihe  new  character  of  a  politician,  and  arranged 
with  Pope  Leo  XIII.  lo  make  an  attempt  to  reconcile  the  church 
with  the  repubUc  He  mvited  the  officers  ol  Ihe  Mediterranean 
squadron  10  lunch  at  Algiers,  and,  practically  renouncing  his 
monarchical  sympathies,  to  which  he  clung  as  long  as  the  comte 
I  de  Chambord  was  alive,  c^msaed  bis  support  of  the  republic 


LA  VILLEMARQUB— lAVISSE 


and  enphtiiuil  it  by  hiving  tbt  MmkUIiJm  pUyed  by  ■  buid 
of  his  Plrei  Sdiui.  The[urtb«>lep>ioltii>evolutuiDuianaIctl 
Irom  Ibe  pope,  ind  Ltvigerie,  whoie  taiih  dow  bc^ji  lo  tail, 
leccded  companilivcly  inlo  lbs  buIl.gRniiuL  Ut  died  II  Algien 
OD  the   ifilh  of  Novembei   1&91.  IG,  F.  B.) 

U  VILLEIUHaul  THfiDDOU  CUODX  HBHRI,  Vicouis 
Ke>&»t    pe    (iSi]-iS95J.    TreDch    philoloeiit    ud 


lL  Kenoiker, 


D  Ihe  6Ib 


of  July  1S15.  He  ku  dscended  inini  u  aid  Bieten  tmnily, 
which  counted  unon(  its  mcuiben  ■  Heisut  vbo  hul  lollBiitd 
Saint  Louii  to  the  Cruude,  md  noolhei  ittie  «u  »  compaiiiuii 
in  unu  oi  Du  Cuesdin.  La  VillemuquE  devoted  bitiiMU  u> 
the  elncidiilioii  of  the  tnoaumenu  of  Bretoif  liieniure.  Intio- 
ducedip  jSji  by  JacolfGriomnicorte^iondint  to  the  Academy 
of  Berlin*  he  btcamc  ia  i^sS  a  inember  of  the  Academy  of 
InKriptioni.  Hii  work*  include:  CokIu  ftpuliura  da  aniiou 
Brttons  (1^43),  to  which  wai  prefiud  an  casay  on  the  origin  of 
the  romances  at  the  Round  Table;  Eisai  or  tkisUrin  di  h 
tanfiu  brrlcnne  (iSj?);  Fotma  da  barda  brtlont  Jh  driinu 
tiidt  (iSjc);  La  Ugrnde  aUiqut  en  Irdaiidc,  en  Cambrit  cf  a 
BrOatm  (iSsg).  The  popular  Bielon  lonEi  publiibed  by  turn 
in  lAjo  as  Ba/na  Bnit  were  coa&ideiahly  niouched-  La 
VQlemarquf's  vork  hoi  been  lupcneded  by  the  work  of  later 
Kholan,  but  he  has  the  merit  of  having  done  much  to  arouse 
popubr  iolercst  in  fail  subject.    He  dini 


8th  of  Deci 


r.395. 


On  Ebe  lubjed  of  (he  doublful  lulhcmicky  of  BanaM  Brra,  Ke 
LukI'b  Preface  lo  hil  Clamsnl  pafultiirrs  it  Is  Baist-Brelafmt,  and. 
fb(  ■  En  of  wDiki  on  the  subject,  ibe  Jtcrm  Cillipu  (vol.  v.). 

UVIItnni,  an  ancient  tonn  <tf  Latium,  on  the  lo-caUcd  Via 
Lavinatb  (tee  LauazHTiN*,  Vu),  19  nv  S.  of  Rose,  the  modem 
Pkatica,  litualed  300  ft,  above  sea-level  and  3)  m.  H.E.  Crom 
the  sea'coasl.    Its  foundation  is  attributed  to  Aeneai  (wbeieai 

it  aflet  his  viFe  Lavioia.  It  is  rarely  mentioned  in  Roman  hiit<ny 


ivilh  1 


and  of  ii 


liura  in  the  tt 
torn  by  which  the 
the  Alban  Mount 
Vesia,  before  tbey  entered 


and  It  Lavuiium  to  the  Ft 

mia  impciial  timet,  but  the  cults  of  Lavinium  were  kept  1 

citiieni  to  bold  the  printboods.  The  citizens  ol  Laviniunl  w< 
known  under  the  eoipite  as  L,auieale«  Laviaites,  and  the  ph 
itself  at  a  late  period  is  Lauiolivinium.  It  ua  dejtried 
forgotten  not  long  aficr  the  lime  of  Theodosius. 

the  dly  of  Utinui  (Verf.  Aen.  viii.);  of  this  the  site  is  1 
rcnain,  but  it  isprohably  to  be  taught  at  the  modern  Tor  Faieri 
close  to  the  sea-coaii  and  s  m,  N.  by  W.  of  Lavinium.  H. 
■    n  is  preserved  by  the  Diode 


li  Liuro. 


utani 


IS  for 


igrov. 


of  bay-trees  (laiu'u) 

for  lalubrily,  so  that  both  Vitellius  and  Commodus  resorted 
iheie.  The  exact  date  of  the  abandonment  of  the  town  iIkU 
4tid  tbe  incorpontiofi  of  its  terriutry  wiLb  that  of  Lavimmu 
b  ubceitiin,  but  U  may  be  placed  in  the  latter  pait  of  tbe  republic 
Vnder  Itie  empire  a  portion  of  it  must  have  been  impeiial  domain 
ind  forest.  We  hear  of  in  imperial  procurator  in  chiige  of 
the  elephants  It  Laurentum;  and  Ihe  imperial  villa  may  perhaps 
be  Identified  with  tbe  utcnsive  ruins  at  Tor  Patemo  iudf. 
The  remains  of  numerous  other  villas  Ue  along  the  ancieni 
cosM-line  (which  was  half  i  mile  inland  of  the  modem,  being 
BOW  milked  by  i  row  of  und-hills,  and  wis  followed  by  ihi 
Via  Scvetiana),  bolb  north-west  and  south-east  of  Tor  Patemo 
tbey  eitended  as  I  fact  In  an  almost  unbroken  Ene  aking  the  tow 
Hndy  coast— now  entirely  dDiecIed  and  largely  occupied  by 
thelowKrrubwhichiervcsascovet  forlhewildboanof  '  '* 
of  ltaly"i  prtserves— from  the  mouth  of  the  "Hber  10 
ud  Ibeoce  again  to  Astiua;  but  there  are  no  tricci 


bwildinp  previiMH  t«  tba  imperial  period.  Ia  eoe  «f  tboe 
villu,eKav*tedby  the  king  ef  Italy  in  r«ofi,  ni  found  ■  fine 
"  ol  the  famous  diKobolut  of  Myron.  The  plan  ol  the  buiU- 
kleretting,  u  it  diverge*  enliiely  from  tbe  normal  lypi 
ludadapuiltelf tolbeuM.  SoauwaytotboN.W.wuBloalcd 
the  village  of  Virus  Augustanus  Launnliun,  taking  lu  name 
probably  from  Aoguiiui  himself,  ind  probably  ideotiul  wiib 
Ibe  viDage  mentioned  by  Pliny  tbe  younger  ai  sepanted  by 
villa  from  his  own.  Thia  viUige  wa*  brought  le  light 
atiofl  in  r874,  and  ii*  forum  and  curia  are  still  visible, 
■ina  of  the  villa  o{  PEny,  too.  were  eicavaied  in  17IJ 
'Worthy  that  the  place  beira 


10  (lie)  on 


Id  tbe  HI 


entile  the  remiins— mainly  of  subslruelions— Mth  the 
elaborate  description  of  his  villa  fivcn  by  PliAy  (cf .  H.  Wtnocfcld 
'    Jttrlnti  ia  Imlilali,  iSgr,  loe  Mq,). 

The  lite  of  the  ancient  LaTinium.  no  len  ibm  30s  ft.  abon 
Mi-level  and  ij  m.  inland,  is  lt,i  healthier  Ibin  tbe  ba-lying 
LauientuRi,  where,  ciccpt  in  the  tnunediitt  vlclolly  of  tbe  coast. 
malaria  muat  have  been  -  dreadful  icoutge.  It  pouesH*  coi- 
tiderablc  natural  Micagtb,  asd  oaniiits  of  a  wmll  hill.  tiM 

'  '  al  acropolis,  occupied  by  tbe  modem  castle  and  Ibe  viOage 
surrounding  it,  and  a  larger  one,  now  given  over  to  cultivation, 
where  tbe  dly  stood.  On  the  former  there  are  now  no  traces 
«t  antiquity,  but  ob  tbe  latter  arc  scanty  remains  of  the  city 
walls,  in  small  blocks  of  Ihe  srcy-green  tufa  {tafftUtait) 
wbich  li  used  in  the  earliest  buildlnii  ol  Rome,  and  traces  o(  the 
streets.  The  necropolis,  100,  has  been  discovered,  but  not  sys- 
tematically eicavalfdi  but  objccis  of  the  first  Inn  age,  indud- 
ing  a  iword  of  A<gi«n  type  (thus  csafirming  Ibf  tradilin), 
have  been  found;  also  remains  of  a  building  with  I>oric  coiumni 
0/  an  archaislic  type,  remains  of  later  buildiivgs  in  brick,  and 


Sec  R.  UncUni  in  Uonmi 
;vi.  (1,06),  )4.  ^. 
UVI5SE.  ERHEIT  (1B41- 


i  da  Liaai,  uL  (i»oj),  r 


],  French  historian,  was  bora 
at  Nouvion-cn-Ihieraciu!,  Aline,  nn  the  i lib  of  December  i»41- 
In  1865  he  obtained  a  fellowship  in  hiitoiy,  and  in  it;i  became 
a  doctor  of  leliera,  he  wai  appointed  mallrt  it  cjnjeraia  (1876] 
It  the  tcole  norm^  sup^rieure,  succeeding  Fustcl  dc  Coulangc^ 
and  then  professor  of  modem  history  at  the  Sorbonne  (iS^I, 
in  the  place  of  Henri  Wallon.  He  was  an  eloquent  prafeacc 
and  very  fond  of  young  people,  and  played  an  important  part 
in  ihercvivaloIhighcriiudicsinFrance  after  1871.  Hit  know- 
ledge of  pedagogy  wai  dispbycd  in  bis  public  leUutes  and  his 
addresses,  in  his  private  Icisoni.  where  be  taught  a  small  numhei 
of  pupils  Ihe  historical  method,  and  In  hii  books,  where  he  wrole 
aJ  probanduM  at  least  aa  nrach  ai  ad  mantaidnM!  diis-books. 
collections  of  irtidcs,  intermingled  with  personal  uialnbcccKs 
IQutiOtns  d'oiieifiuMnJ  natiamd,  rSSj;  £(Mtu  tt  tludtailll, 
1S90;  A  prepos  it  wi  luUi,  iSesl.  rough  kialoriol  skeicba 
(.VueilnlraititPhiiiairtpiilili^aidet'Eiirapt,  itgo},fa.  Eves 
bis  works  of  leaming,  ^written  without  a  trace  ol  pedantry,  are 
remarluble  (01  Ihdr  lucidity  and  vividpeia. 

After  Ihe  Franco-PniKian  War  Laviita  studied  tfat  dtvdop- 
meni  at  Fnissii  and  wrote  £liidt  iu>  ^utt  itt  Bifiim  di  I* 
mttarciU  pnuiiiiuu,  w  la  Uvdu  it    Brtniittimt    tff  " 

\a  i^i,  tai  iinitt  IV  tkuloirt  it  ta  Prtiui  iitvik  In  <or 
Dction  with  lus  study  of  the  Holy  Rnnin  Empire,  lod  Ibe  cauM 
ol  ill  drcLioc  he  wrota  a  numbw  of  articles  .which  wet*  publiibed 
in  Ihe  Ratu  itt  Dai  Uoniui  and  be  wrote  Trtii  tmpmnm 
tAUtmaiiu  (itH).  i^  Je»WM  iu  pnd  Frtitrit  (ilgO  *h 
FrtHric  II.  atnl  sm  a^iamtt  (iSul  when  studying  the 
modem  German  empire  and  Ihe  grouads  for  iunreagtO'  ^"^ 
bis  friend  Alfred  Rimbaud  be  conceived  the  plan  ot  LHiiHr* 
tM"iUdiHV  tiltUjiaf-t  nti  jam,  to  wliSch,  bowtvs.he 
contributed  nothing.  Ke  edited  ihe  Bislein  it  Fraitu  iiM 
ici  angi'dtr  juf a'd  la  Rtttiu^*  (iqor-  ■  ],  in  which  he  nie- 
fully  reviled  the  wnrk  of  his  numeiDU*  uaitUiitt,  luerrini  iM 
(reatctl  part  el  the  niga  1^  Louis  XIV.  for  hiiwril.    IM 


LAVOISIER 


«9il 


•edicB  Buapltt  Ihe  ortiolt  of  oriunu  v3.    It  [■  k  tcnuiiiabk 

pim  of  irork,  ud  tbe  ikclch  ol  ibiolule  Eovcmncnt  b  Fnntc 
dtirinE  this  pcnod  his  never  bcFote  been  Inced  irith  nn  eqwl 
■niount  ot  insist  and  btitliance,  Ltviut  »u  *diniltei]  (o  Ihe 
Aadfmie  Francaise  on  (he  death  of  Admiral  Jurien  de  la 
Gnviire  in  iSgi,  and  after  tbe  death  of  Janet  Dirmesieter 
became  editor  ol  the  Xnw  Ji  Ptrii.  He  «,  hmrever,  chiefly 
a  master  of  pedagogy.  When  iSe  tcole  noimile  wu  joined  lo 
the  utiiversity  of  Ptrii,  Laviue  was  appolnt«l  dinftor  of  the 
Dew  organiution,  nhidi  he  had  helped  more  than  aay  one  to 


in  Paris  on 


college  Maiarin,  and  encourage 
and  he  stndied  miihemaiia  and  astronomy  with  N.  L.  de 
Laeaille,  chemistry  with  Ihe  erder  Rouelte  and  botany  with 
Betnard  de  Jussieu.  In  ij44  he  received  a  pid  medaJ  from  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  for  an  osay  on  the  best  means  of  lightiTig 

analysi!  of  gypsum,  on  thunder,  on  the  ainora  and  on  congt- 
btlon,  and  a  refutation  ot  the  pnvalcnt  belief  that  water  hy 
repeated  dlstOlatiOD  is  converted  into  earth.  He  abo  a»l)trd 
J.  E.  Gueltsrd  (171S-17S6)  in  preparing  his  mineralogical  atlas 
of  Fnnce.  In  i;B9.  lecogniied  as  a  man  who  had  both  the 
ability  and  tbe  means  for  a  scientific  career,  he  was  nominated 
eJjiinl  ckimiili  10  the  Academy,  and  in  that  capacity  made 
:  subjects,  tromthe  theory 


■supply  ai 


)  chaira  is 


he  obtained  Ihe  position 
member  of  the  body. 


■nd  tbe  divining  rod.  The  same 
«f  a4]tiitr  10  Baodoii,  one  of  the  farmcrs-gencn 
■ubsequenLly  becoming  a  fuU  titular  membi 
Thia  >a*  the  first  of  a  wiia  of  poiis  in  which  h 
abiljtk*  found  full  scope.  Appointed  rftiiitu 
1775'  he  not  only  abolished  the  vexatious  sea 
Id  Ibc  cellara  of  private  bouiet.  but  increasec 
ol  the  salt  and  impioved  the  namificturs  ol 
ijBs  he  was  nominated  to  the  (ommillee  on  agiiculii 
its  secretary  drew  up  repoi 


ol  eiperimental  agric 
cultoial  implemenis  a 
Seven  yean  before  hi 


isIortheestablishmeDt 
ullural  stations,  ibe  dbttibution  ol  agri- 
nd  the  adjustment  of  ri£hls  of  pasturage. 
t  had  started  a  model  farm  at  Frhhlne. 
d  the  advantages  ol  scientific  methods  of 
cultivation  indot  ihe  inlniductlon  of  good  breeds  of  cattle  and 
iheep.  Chosen  a  member  ol  the  provincial  assembly  of  Ottcans 
in  17S7.  he  busied  himtell  wilh  plans  for  the  improvement  ol 
(he  social  and  econofflic  conditions  of  (he  community  by  means 
Of  savinp  banks,  insurance  societies,  canals,  woikbouset,  &c.: 
and  hf  shoued  the  sincerity  ol  his  philanth  topical  work  by 


thel< 


of  his 
IS  ol  Blois  and  Romoi 
he  [amine  ol  17S9.  A 
nam  fit,  be  present  ei 


n  pocket. 


or  (he  purchase  ol 


ached  in  this  u 


:  ita  t 


I  the  report  of  Its  operatic 
the  national  assemoiym  i  isg,  and  as  commissary  ot  tbe  treasury 
In  1791  he  established  a  system  ol  accounts  of  uneiamplcd 
punctualiiy.  He  was  also  asked  by  (he  national  assembly  to 
draw  up  a  new  scheme  ol  (aiatioo  in  connexion  with  which  he 
produced  a  report  De  la  richciic  lerritoriatt  it  lo  Frsna,  and 
lie  was  further  associated  «Hth  committees  oa  hygiene,  coinage, 
the  casting  ol  cannon,  &c.,  ind.was  secretary  and  treasurer  ol 
the  commission  appointed  in  1790(0  secure  uniformity  o(  weights 

la  t7gf,  when  Lavoisier  was  in.  the  middle  of  iB  this  official 
lElivIly.  the  suppreasion  of  (he  farmers-ffncrat  marlied  the 
fcejinning  ol  (roubles  which  btough(  aliout  his  death.  His 
membership  of  that  body  was  alone  suRicitnt  to  make  him  ap 
object  of  suspicion;  his  administration  at  (he  ^Itit  in  ftuidra 
was  attacked;  and  Marat  accused  him  in  the  Ami  di  Ptufle 
of  putting  Faris  in  prison  and  ol  stopping  the  circulation  of  ait 
In  (he  city  by  the  mBrd"m(rrii  erected  a(.hi«  suggestion  ini78j. 
Tbe  Atadcmy,  ol  which  as  treasurer  al1be  time  be**as  k  con- 


ipiciious  tnembar,  *ti  regarded  by  the  cotivmlloB  with-  no 
friendly  eyes  as  being  tainted  with  "indvisBi,"  and  in  Ihl 
spring  of  1791  A.  F.  FourcToy  endeavoured  to  persuade  it  (0 
purge  itself  of  inspected  raembcra.  Tbe  attempt  wis  unsuccess- 
ful, but  in  August  ol  the  same  year  Lavoisier  had  (0  leave  hi! 
house  and  laboratory. at  the  Anenal,  and  m  November  (he 
AcademywaslorfriddenunliHurtbetordersW  fill  up  the  vacancies 
in  Its  numbers.  Not  yeat,  on  the  i>t  ol  August,  the  convention 
passed  a  decree  for  the  uniforrnity  of  wei^ts  and  measures,  and 
requested  the  Aeademy  to  take  meaaurts  for  caitying  it  out, 
but  a  week  later  Foutcioy  persuaded  the  same  convention  to 
suppress  the  Atademy  logeihei  with  other  literary  sodetiea 
ftltnlta  tt  itita  by  the  nation.  In  November  it  ordered  lh« 
anest  of  (he  ei-fannera-general,  and  on  the  advice  of  the  com- 
mittee ot  public  instruction,  of  which  Gtij^on  de  Motveau  and 
Fourcroy  were  members,  the  names  of  Lavoisier  and  others 
weiT  stfu^  off  from  the  cornraiBion  of  weights  and  measures, 
TTie  fate  of  the  «- farmers-general  was  sealed  on  the  j»d  of 
May  1704,  when,  on  the  proposal  of  Anloine  Thipln,  one  of  (heir 
former  officials,  the  convention  sent  them  for  trial  by  the  Re- 
volutionary tribunal.  Wthin  «  week  Lavoisier  and  17  orhers 
were  condemned  to  death.  A  petition  in  his  fav^r  addressed 
to  Coffinha),  the  president  of  the  tribunal,  Is  said  to  have  been 
met  with  th:  reply  La  lUpvblipit  n's  fat  hioi'n  di  loniiili, 
and  on  the  Stb  of  the  toonth  Lavoblet  and  his  eompaniona 
WeiT  gulllolhied  at  the  Place  de  la  Rfvofiilion.  He  died  fourth, 
and  WIS  preceded  by  his  eoTleague  Jkcques  Paulae,  whose 
daughter  he  had  married  In  ijTr.  "  II  lulmrafallii,'  Lagrange 
rrmaiied.  "fn'wil  memeirl  pmr  fain  Imter  ctllt  Ittt,  it  cent 
annfis  ftnl-ilre  ne  sufiranl  pal  pour  m  repmdiiin  me 
ItmUattt." 

Lavoisier^  name  is  tndisaolubty  associated  with  Ihe  overthnw 
of  the  phlogistic  doctrine  tha(  had  dominated  (he  development 
of  ehpmtstry  for  over  ■  eentoij,  and  with  the  estaWl^ment 
of  the  fouiidaiTons  npon  which  the  modem  idenct  reposei.  "H« 
discovered,"  says  Justus  von  Llebig  (£^f(M  tn  Cietnfifry,  No.  1), 
"  no  new  body,  no  new  property,  no  natural  phenomenon 
previously  unknown;  but  all  the  facts  established  by  him  were 
the  necessary  conseciuetico  0/  (be  labours  of  those  who  preceded 
him.  His  merit,  his  Imntortal  glory,  consiits  in  this— that  he 
infused  into  Ihe  body  of  the  science  a  new  spirit;  but  all  the 
members  of  that  body  were  already  In  eiistcnce,  and  rightly 
joined  together."  ReaUiing  (hat  the  total  weight  of  all  the 
products  ol  a  chemical  reaction  must  be  exactly  equal  lo  the 
total  weight  of  the  reacting  substances,  he  made  the  balance 
the  Bllina  ralle  ol  (he  laboratory,  and  be  ■       " 


m  his  weighinf 


any 'of  the 


he  locked  upon  heal  as  Imponi 
weigning  mat  in  1770  he  proved  (hat  water  is  not  convened  into, 
earth. by  dlslillatlon,  lor  he  showed  ihal  (he  toial  velghl  oi  a 
sealed  glass  vessel  and  the  water  it  contained  remained  constant. 
hoKevet  long  the  water  was  boiled,  bu(  that  the  Elais  vessel 
lost  weight  to  an  entent  equal  (0  the  weight  of  earth  produced, 
his  inference  being  (hat  the  earth  came  from  the  gla^s,  not  from 
the  water.  On  the  ist  of  November  1771  he  deported  with  ihe 
Academy  a  sealed  note  which  stated  that  sulphur  and  phos'- 
phoiiis  when  burnt  increased  In  weight  because  they  ibsorbtd 
"  air,"  while  the  metallic  lead  formed  from  litharge  by  teducliOB 
with  charcoal  weighed  lifss  than  ihe  original  litharge  because  It 

processes  he  did  not  explain  (iDlll  after  the  preparation  of 
"  dcphlogisticaied  air  "  (oiygen)  by  Prfestley  in  t77«.  Then, 
perceiving  Ihat  in  combustion  and  (he  calcination  of  metals  oi)!)' 
a  porlion  of  a  given  volume  ot  common  alr'was  used  up,  he 
concluded  that  Priestley's  new  air.  BiV  ImintmnuM  pur,  vm  what 
was  absorbed  by  burning  phosphorus.  &c.,  "non-viial  air." 
aiote,  or  nitrogen  remaining  behind.  The  gas  given  oil  in  the 
reduction  ol  metallic  calces  by  charcoal  he  at  first  supposed  to 
bemerely  thai  contained  in  the  call,  but  he  soon  came  to  unde^ 
stand  ihal  i(  was  a  product  formed  by  Ihe  union  oLlhe  charcoal 
with  the  " dejihlogisiicaied  air"  in  the  call.  In  a  memoir 
presented  lo  rbe  Academy  Id  1777,  but  ttOI  pubGkhed  (HI  rrSl. 


296 


be  Miipied  W  detdda(iMlau«l  lit  tlK  nunc  oiyien,  or  "  uid- 
produccr,"  on  ihc  »ii{>pouiioi]  thai  oil  acidi  wtn  Iciaitd  by  iu 
UDioD  vilh  1  Bimplti  usully  nou-mclallic^  bot1y»  and  luvuig 
vcrifici!  Ihii  ncilJsn  for  phcephoiut.  lulphur,  diaicotl,  tic.,  and 
evea  eiluiiltd  it  to  tbc  vegeubk  acids,  he  Dilurilly  uked 
bimielE  abat  «u  fomied  by  the  cDmhuuion  of  "  inOAininable 
air  "  (hydrDgtu).    This  problem  he  had  attacked  in  1774.  and 

acid  which,  under  the  induence  of  his  oxygcji  tiieory.  he  expected 
would  be  lonned.  It  was  not  till  the  ailh  ei  June  178^  that  in 
conjunction  with  Lapiice  be  announced  to  the  Aiademy  thai 
watei  *u  tlie  product  foimed  by  the  rombination  of  hydiogtn 
and  oiyitj).  but  by  that  lime  he  had  been  anticipated  by 
Cavendish,  to  whose  prior  work,  however,  as  to  that  of  ^verai 
other  Investigators  in  other  matters,  it  is  to  be  regretted  that 
he  did  not  render  due  acknowledgment.  But  aknowinlgeof  Lbe 
composition  of  water  enabled  him  to  stprm  the  lasL  defences  of 
the  phlogistonisla.  Hydrogen  they  held  to  be  the,  phlogiston  of 
mctak,  and  they  supported  this  view  by  pointing  out  that  it  was 
liberated  when  metals  weie  dissolved  In  acidi.  ConudetalioiK 
of  weight  had  long  prevented  Lavotskr  from  accepting  ibis 
doctrine,  but  he  wai  now  able  to  etplain  the  pnxcss  fully, 
■hawing  thatlbe  hydrogen  evolved  did  not  come  from  ibe  melal 
ilaclf,  but  was  one  product  of  the  decomposition  of  the  water  of 
the  dilute  acid,  the  other  product,  oiygen,  combining  with  the 
metal  lo  form  an  oiidc  which  in  turn  united  with  ihc  acid.  A 
little  later  thii  same  knowledge  led  him  to  the  beginnings  of 

by  the  combustion  of  alcohol  was  not  prc-ciislent  in  tlial  sul^ 
tURce  but  was  lorincd  by  ihe  coisbinalion  of  its  hydrogen  with 
ihe  oiygen  of  the  alt.  he  burnt  alcohol  and  oiher  combuiiiblc 
organic  subslanctt,  tucb  as  »a>  and  oil,  in  a  known  volume  of 
oiygen,  and,  from  the  weigbi  of  Ihe  water  and  carbon  dioxide 
produced  and  his  knowfedgc  of  their  composition,  was  able  to 
n.  hydtDgcn  and  oxygen  plesent 

St  sirontly  to  phyuciilc,  bui  It 
n  chemists  also.  C.  L.  Berthollcl, 
A.  F.  Fourcroy,  his  collaboraior* 
icol  leminology  set  forth  in  1787 
t  mtmtncuiiac  diiniqM,  were  among  the  earliest 
,  and  they  were  foUowcd  by  M.  H,  Klaprolh  and 

Civeodiih,  who  lalhei  suspended  his  judgmcntn  and  ^csllcy, 
who  stubbornly  clung  to  the  opposite  vicW'  Indeed,  though  the 
partisans  of  phlogision  did  not  suirendec  without  a  struggle, 
the  hijIDiy  of  science  scarcely  presents  a  second  instance  ol  a 
change  so  fundamental  accomplished  with  such  ease.  The 
spread  of  Lavoisier's  doclrincs  was  gically  facililalcd  by  the 
and  logical  form  in  which  he  presented  thera  in  hi 


Up  to  aboDt  ih 
In  charatier,  had 
now  began  to  win  I 
L.  B.  Cuyton  de  : 
in  the  reformed  sy 
inIheif<M<>fedei 
FrcTKb  c 


II  lltmc 


■t  ic  Mm 


(triifiU  Jo« 


nci)  (i;t9).  The  h'lt  of  simpls 
substances  coniaincd  In  (be  firtt  volunt  of  this  work  includes 
light  and  caloric  with  oiygen,  aiote  and  bydrogcn.  Undci  the 
head  of  "  oiidablc  or  addiBable  "  subtlincei,  the  comblnatioD 
of  which  with  oiygen  yielded  acids,  wen  placed  lulphnr,  phos- 
phorus, carbon,  and  the  muriatic,  fluoric  and  boracic  radicles. 
The  melab,  which  by  combinalion  with  oiygen  became  oiidcs, 
were  antimony,  silvtr,  ar«nic,  hijmulh.cobolt,  topper,  tin.  iron, 
manganese,  mercury,  molybdenum,  nickel,  gold,  platinum,  lead, 
lungsien  and  linci  and  the  "simple  canhy  lalifiabli:  »ib- 
slances "  were  time,  baryta,  tnagneda,  alumina  and  silica. 
The  simple  nature  of  ihe  alkalies  Ijvoi^r  considered  so  doubifu) 
ihit  be  did  not  class  ibcm  as  riemenls.  which  be  concgivcd  a> 
tubtliDCfs  which  could  not  be  further  decompowd  by  any 
known  process  o(  analyas— fci  mtUcnla  limpln  ti  indmiiHn 
(111  csmfunl  lis  corpi.  The,unioii  ol  any  two  ol  Ihe  elemenij 
gave  riM  10  binary  compounds,  stKh  as  oiidcs,  acida.  sulphides, 
Sc.  A  substance  containing  three  elements  was  a  binary  com- 
pound of  the  second  order;  thus  sails,  (he  most  important 
compounds  of  this  cta^  vert  formed  Iqr  Ihe  union  cf  acids  and 


oiwha,  ii«n  lujphaie,  for  iuunce,  bd 

oiidc  with  mtphutic  acid. 

In  addition  to  his  purely  chemical  work,  Lavoisier,  mouly  in 
conjunction  with  Laplace,  devoted  con^dtrable  aitention  10 
physical  problems,  especially  those  connected  with  heal.    Tbr 


le  of  ll 


s  for  measuring  linear  and  1 
expansions,  and  employed  a  modification  oi  Joseph  filu 
calorimeter  in  a  series  of  determinations  of  ^ieci£c 
Regarding  heat  {nnliinr  dc/ea  m  fxiit  iinti  >s  a  peculii 
of  imponderable  mallet,  Lavoisier  held  ihai  Ihe  ibiee  si 
'id,  liquid  and  gas— were  modes  of  matte 
e  amount  ol  malihi  dtfta  wilb  which  ll 
'  rrpcnelraled  anc 


ouidh 


reclly  tc 
olids  1^  Ih 


alter  his  death  showed  tbal  he  had  anticipated  later  thinkeia 
in  tiplaining  the  cyclical  process  of  animal  and  vegetaUe  life, 
for  he  pointed  out  that  plants  derive  their  food  ftom  the  air, 
from  water,  and  io  general  ftoin  the  mineral  kingdom,  and 
animals  in  turn  feed  on  planisoc  on  other  animals  fed  by  piano, 
whil«  the  maieriuls  thus  tak(n  up  by  plants  and  aninials  are 
ccsiored  id  the  miBcral  kingdom  by  the  breaking -down  proctne* 
ol  termenlau'oo,  nulrefadion  and  combuilion. 

A  complnc edition  of  (be  wrilinoi  o(  Lavoiilcr,  {EimrtitLeiirinrr, 
pMUri  tar  tn  uixi  iu  mimiln  3t  nnuriulioti  putllanr.  vai  i»i>rd 
at  Park  in  ^nvolunm  from  1864-^693.  ThiipubUcatiDncamprne* 
his  OnK'Iti  HiyiitmiaMmit<it;  <17H).  maBjr  memoin  from  Ibe 

hii  dcalh  he  wis  preparing  an  edition  of  his  colfnried  norki.  and  the 
•—  —•■■  ^  the  pi™  wcR  pubBiiKd  irr —■■■ —  " 


See  E.'Crimaui.  lUriii 
Ben)uk!^i£%t^i 


[KM).  whKb.Ki' 


a  list 


P.E.M. 


inalyHsofandeiiiactifinin  hit  laliofalory  nolcbooki. 
Ik  VOISIH.  C*IK£RINE  MoNVOJEiN,  known  as  "La  Voisin  " 
(d.  i«8e),  French  sorceress,  whose  maiden  name  was  Catherine 
Deshaycs,  was  one  of  the  chief  personages  in  ihc  famous  aScitt 
dtt  ftistnt,  vhicb'  disgraced  the  reign  ol  Louis  XIV.  Her 
husband.  Monvoisin.  was  an  unsuccessful  jeweller,  and  she 
practised  chiromancy  and  face-reading  to  retrieve  their  foctunei. 
She  gradually  added  the  practice  of  wiichcnli,  in  which  she  had 
the  help  ol  k  tcne^de  prieM,  fiiicnne  Cuibourg,  whose  pari 
WIS  the  celebtjtion  of  Ihe  "  bladi  mass,"  an  abominable  parody 
in  which  Ihe  host  was  compounded  ot  the  blood  of  a  Utile  child 
ipiicd  with  bonlble  ingmfienti.  She  practised  medicine, 
especially  midwifery,  procured  abortion  and  provided  love 
powders  and  poisons.  Her  chief  accomplice  was  one  of  her  lovers, 
ibc  magician  Lesage,  whose  real  name  was  Adam  Ctcurei.  The 
great  ladies  of  Paris  docked  to  La  Voisin,  who  accuoiulaied 
enormous  wealth.  Among  her  clients  were  Olympe  Hanciiii^ 
comtcsscdeSoissons,  whosought  thedcath  of  the  king's  misirns, 
Louise  de  la  Vallifre:  Mmc  de  Monlespan,  Mme  de  Gramont 
(/«  teffi  Hamilton)  and  olhets.  The  bones  of  loads,  the  leeih  of 
moles,  can^haridts.  iron  filings,  human  blood  and  human  dust 
were  among  the  Ingredients  ol  the  love  powders  concocted  by 
La  Voisin,  Her  knowledge  of  poisons  was  nol  apparently  so 
thorough  as  Ihtt  of  less  viell-known  sorcerers,  or  i1  would  be 
difficult  lo  account  lor  La  Valliire's  immunity.  The  art  of 
poisoning  had  become  a  regular  science.  The  death  of  HenricKs. 
duchess  of  Oilcans,  was  aiiribulcd,  falsely  it  is  true,  to  poison, 
and  the  crimes  of  Marie  Madeleine  de  Brinvillirp  [e«cuted  in 
1636)  and  her  accompLces  were  still  fresh  In  Ihe  public  mind. 
In  April  t6;9  a  commission  appointed  lo  inquire  into  the  subject 
and  to  prosecute  the  offenders  met  for  the  Arsi  linie.  Its  pn> 
teedings.  including  some  suppressed  in  the  official  records,  are 
preserved  In  Ifie  notes  of  one  of  the  Official  tapporiaizt.  Cabrid 
Nicolas  de  la  Reynic.  .7lMieveIali9noflhcireacherouiin(enlioa 


(ftftK  de  Mm^Vu  ta  pcJMio  Loob  TdV.  and  et  other  crimes, 
pluml  by  petmucc*  vlw  could  not  be  iiuckcd  ntlhont 
nndil  iriikb  touched  the  thnne,  auxd  Imii  XIV.  lo  doM 
the  ciamlrt  orrfniAi,  a  the  court  wis  ciD«t,  dd  the  in  of  October 
i(S8o.  It  wu  reopened  od  the  iQth  of  Hay  tASi  and  at  until 
the  till  o(  July  i6S>.  Misy  of  the  culptiu  onped  through 
private  inJTuence.  Aitkkis  these  were  Alane  Anne  MHDdoi, 
duchne  de  Bouillon,  vbo  had  sougbt  to  get  rid  of  her  husband 
in  Older  lo  oumy  the  dufce  o(  VeodAme,  Ibou^  Louis  XIV. 
banished  her  (o  N^c  Mme  de  Montcspaa  was  doi  openly 
diignod,  bceaute  the  proervatioa  of  Louis's  own  dignity  was 
eBeniial,  and  some  huBdrcdpifiotirn,  unoag  them  the  inianxiu* 
GuibaurgiDd  Laage,  escaped  the  scafioid  throogh  the  suppres- 
sion of  endenee  inusted  on  by  Looia  XIV.  and  Loovolj.  Some  of 
these  were  imprisoned  In  various  fortiBso,  with  injltuctioni 
from  Louvois  lo  the  respective  commandanmo  Bog  them  if  they 
■Ri^t  to  impart  what  ihey  knew.  Soom  innocent  perHua  were 
Imprisoned  for  hfe  iKCOuse  they  hart  hruwledge  of  Ibe  factt. 
La  Vi^n  betself  was  eieculed  at  sn  eariy  stage  ol  ihe  proceed- 
ing!, on  the  loth  of  Febniary  l6So,  after  a  perfunclory  applio- 
tbn  of  (orlUTC,  The  amhorilics  had  every  reason  to  avoid 
fimber  ie»elatlon».  Thirty-five  other  prisoners  were  eiecuted; 
ire  were  lent  lo  the  gall^  and  tvenly-three  were  baziished. 
Their  crimes  had  furnished  one  of  Ihe  moit  eitmaidiiiaiy  trills 
bowB  to  hlslory. 
"-"  " — 'Km.XrctteiJilii»uliEb,vals.l<,-*a.(ISn>-i874}; 
ii  Rcynis.  pnsgved  ia  the  BiMimMaue  NarioBale: 
lUno,  Lt  Dnant  ifiiMumi  (l«9tl)  1  A.  Mikdd,  Zd 


LAW,  }.  297 

Iflllmatety  aeqotlnted  wilb  Ihe  dnho  of  Meins.  and  when  Id 


I  Aani  ifiiMumi  (l«9»)l  X.  M. 
1  Bouciu  111  TV/PrnWr  (1004).  Sar 
for  hb  Again  Ats  pviwiu  (1907).  ' 


SiBF.Ravii 
■teoM 

T.  FuiiL 

SartdUTUillaui 

Iheagairabulii. 

urait  it  La  VoiitBliy  Anloiat  Coypd, 

LIW,  JOB>  (i£;i-iiiq),  Scou  ecoDOiniU,  best  known  as  the 
odgiuiar  of  tho  "  Uissiaslppi  tdenM,"  wu  bora  it  Ediidiiitgh 
B  April  i6;i.  His  father,  a  foldsoiith  and  basker.  bonght 
riunly  hafore  ha  daaih,  which  look  place  in  hit  aoa'i  yoalh. 
tba  lands  ot  l^uriston  near  EdinlHugL  John  lived  at  hoBW 
im  be  WM  iwenly,  and  then  want  to  London.  Hchad  drtady 
studied  mathemaiiciiand  Ihe  Ihaory  of  csnuDeroe  and  political 
economy,  with  much  inleical;  but  ha  was  known  rather  ts  fop 
thu  si^olat.  In  London  be  vmbled,  dnnk  and  flirted  till  In 
Apiil  i6p4  a.  bve  iMtigue  teMlfed  in  a  duel  with  Beau  Wilseo 
In  Bloooubury  Sqstare.  Law  lulled  bit  antagoiiit,  and  was 
roixirnined  to  death.  His  life  was  spared,  but  he  waa  detained 
in  prison.  He  found  means  to  escape  to  Hoiiarkd,  Iben  the 
peateat  coounerdal  couniiy  in  Europe.  Here  he  observed 
with  close  attention  the  practical  working  of  banking  and 
fjuadal  busioessi  and  conceived  the  hist  ideas 


-systec 


■   After 


c1,here1 


lo  ScDtLand,  then  ohaiisted  aisd  enraged  by  ihi 
I>atlen  ox[)ediiioo  (i6Qj-t7oiJ.  He  propounded  plans  (or  the 
relief  of  his  counliy  in  a  work '.en  III  led  Mciir>  and  Trnde 
Cmidtrid,  talk  a  Pnptuljer  mpfl^at  li'  f/miat  viik  Umiy 
Iijoj).  Ihls  alliacted  some  notice,  but  bad  no  practical  effect, 
and  i.aw  again  betook  himself  lo  travel.  He  visited  Brussels, 
Parrs,  Vienna,  Genoa,  Rome,  making  lai^  sums  by  gambUng 
ifld  speculation,  and  spending  I  hem  ktviibly.  He  was  in  Paris  in 
II08,  and  made  some  proposals  to  the  government  as  to  thcic 
financial  diSiculiics,  but  Louis  XIV.  declined  to  treat  with  a 
"  Huguenot,"  and  d'Argenson,  chief  of  the  police,  had  Law 
npelled  as  a  suspicious  iJuiacler.  He  had,  however,  become 
'  Awnrk  nlilLid  Frnfattli  anJ  iiujaai  In  Mitfjtmiat  a  CammcU 
•f  3~nd>  in  SaOawt  was  aubliA«l  anonymoiuly  at  Eilinburih  In 
■  701.  It  ana  npyUUied  at  Glasgow  in  1731  whh  Law's  narre 
attached;  thil  swRial  eelessneea  hi  tba  stale  papara  ef  the  time 
■ealiea  WiUwi  Fatersoa  11651-1714).  fouof  at  the  Bsf^  '^ 
England,  as  the  aulher  of  the  plan  therein  propounded.    Ev 


Law  bad  Bathing  to  do  with  the  coapoaltiaa  al  Ihe  work,  he  muR 
have  itnd  it  and  been  iaimaad  br  ft.    This  msy  caplain  how  It 
'  nany  of  Ihe  davelQpmenta of  the  "system." 
n  if  r ■ ' ^ ' 


!en  iaimaad  br  ^    This  msy 
of  namr  of  the  davdopmenta  of 

jcupMloo  for  the  poor,  to  e« 


See  BaoBiNar'i  Mi  tf  WiUmm  P<Uarm  (ed.  >« 
Waiam  PtiBaliUvk  ed..  1  >ol>.  ■■»). 


_   Jt.Uwit 

The  extravagant  eipendilure  o(  tbe  late  monaicb  had  plunged 
the  kingdom  into  apparently  Inextricable  financial  confusion. 
'"'  '  trt  was  jooo  miilion  livres,  the  estimated  annual  eipendl. 
icJusIve  of  interest  payments,  14S  imtltoa  livies,  andthe 
bicone  about  the  same.  The  advisabiU  ty  ol  dedaring  a  nation)! 
bankruptcy  wu  lerinusly  discussed,  and  though  this  plan  wss 
rejected,  meajuies  hardly  less  violent  were  earned.    By  a  eiia, 

full  powerj  erf  ejuadiing  claims,  the  debt  was  reduced  nearly 
'    "  "'  Lrculailon  was  ordered  to  be  called  in  and 

by  which  f  otdgn 
ce  was  established 
punish  speculators,  to  whom  the  dllficulticsof  Ihe  state  were 
ascribed.  These  measures  had  so  little  success  that  the  tiUiU 
fan*  tMdi  were  Issued  as  port  security  for  Ihe  new  debt  at 
sank  75%  below  thefr  Donioal  value.  At  this  ciisis  taw 
Ided  a  vast  scheme  to  the  petpleied  regent.  A  royal  bank 
to  managethe  trade  and  currency  of  tbe  kingdom,  W  collect 
axes,  and  to  free  the  otnjncry  from  debt.  TTie  ceurKU  of 
,C0j  then  under  the  due  de  Noaillea,  opposed  the  plan,  but 
Ihe  regent  atbwed  Law  to  take  some  tentative  steps.  By  an 
edict  of  nd  May  lyii,  a  private  insiitulTon  called  La  BatvpK 
itnlrah.  and  managed  by  Law,  was  founded.  The  capital  wu 
'  TniWoa  (ivrea,  divided  into  rsoo  shares  of  50DO  livres,  payable 
I  four  Instalments,  one-fourth  in  ci^,  thrce-founhs  In  MUrtr 
^UbI.  It  was  to  pcrionn  tbe  ordinary  functions  of  a  bank, 
and  had  power  lo  issue  notes  payable  at  sight  In  the  weight  and 
value  of  the  money  mentioned  at  day  of  isane.  The  bank  was 
a  great  and  irrunediate  success.  By  providing  for  the  absorption 
of  pan  of  the  state  paper  it  raised  the  credit  of  the  government. 
~he  notes  were  a  most  desirable  medium  of  exchange,  forlhcy 
ad  the  clement  of  liJty  of  vihie,  which,  owing  to  ihe  atUtniy 
lint  deoees  of  the  govemmenl,  was  wanting  in  the  coin  of  the 
:alm.  They  proved  the  most  convenient  instruments  of  te- 
litiancB  bctWTcR  Ihe  capital  and  the  provinces,  and  they  Ihui 
devchiped  tbe  Industries  of  the  latter.  The  rale  of  inteteet. 
previotnly  enormous  and  uncertain,  fell  first  lo  6  and  then  to 
4%;  and  when  another  decree  (loth  April  1717)  ordered 
collectors  of  taxes  to  receive  notes  as  payments,  and  to  dtangv 
them  for  oiIo  at  rei]o«l,  the  bink  so  row  !o  favour  that  II soon 
had  ■  note-issue  of  <te  million  livres.  Law  now  gained  the  fuQ 
conMence  of  the  r«eni,  and  was  allowed  to  proceed  with  Ilw 
development  of  the     system." 

The  trade  of  iberepon  about  the  Mbvssippi  had  been  granted 
10  a  speculator  named  Croat.  He  found  the  unikrtilting  too 
large,  and  was  dad  10  give  it  up.  By  a  decree  of  August  1717 
Law  was  allowed  to  eilablidi  Ihe  Cmtfatiat  it  U  Lculiiinie  «« 
fOaUnl,  and  loendowil  with  privileges  pracUcaUyamounlinf 
to  sovereignty  over  the  most  fertile  region  of  Konb  Ameiica. 
The  capital  was  100  miDlon  livres  divided  into  foo.000  thsrea 

tbree-Eounhs  in  liiltiit  J'Hid.  On  these  last  the  government 
was  to  pay  3  oiilltan  livres  interest  yearly  to  Ihe  company. 
As  the  state  paper  was  depreciated  the  shires  fell  much  below 
par.  The  rapid  rise  ot  Law  bad  made  him  many  enemies,  and 
they  took  advanlageotlhls  10  attack  the  system.  D'Aigeuon, 
now  head  of  the  council  of  finance,  with  the  brolhen  Paris  of 
Grenoble,  fanwus  lix  farmers  of  the  day,  formed  what  was  called 


i-syslem."    The  f 


10,10148)  million  lines  yearly.  Acompany 


The  capital  was  ihe  same, 
payntesils  were  to  be  enliiely  in  money.  The  returns  from  Ihe 
public  revenue  were  sure;  those  from  the  MIssissippf  scheme 
were  not.  Hence  Ihe  shares  of  the  latter  were  for  some  time  out 
of  favour.  Law  precteded  OBDKned  i^th  the  devdopment  of 
his  plans.  On  Ihe  4th  ot  December  1718  the  bank  became  a 
(uvemmeM  ItMlilulion  under  Ihe  name  of  La  Btnpu  rtjaU. 
Law  wu  director,  and  the  king  guannteed  the  nolft.  The 
•harefaohkn  siere  i^iid  fn  or'       "'        -'■--■-  •-'- 


^"«fw?^t'" 


'9? 


tAw.  y 


ei  t)»  DBv  iutitutiwi.  tbc  UvuqiDit  a(  money  betwtto  towiu 
■hcK  it  had  brancha  vu  ioibWcn.  'Hie  papei-Iuue 
racbcd  1 10  mOHoiu.  Law  hid  luch  canGdepce  in  tbf  si 
of  Tiii  plans  Out  he  Bcrecd  to  take  over  ihare^  in  the  MiiaL 
rompuiy  at  par  it  b  near  date  The  sham  began  rapidly  ii 
The  oeit  niovc  was  to  unite  the  companiei  Dti  Inda  OrienUdu 
and  Dt  CjluHe,  tounded  [n  1664  and  lyij  rapectivdy,  but  now 
dwindled  away  to  a  ihadDW,  10  hii  company.  The  united  auocla- 
tlon,  La  Compainie  ties  Indes,  had  a  practical  monopoly  of  tbe 
fortifD  trade  of  Fnacc     These  proceeding  oeceasitaied  the 


The  paymo 
original  ahj 
{fJla)  at  ■ 


prenu 


20  months.  Evecy  holder  of  four 
purchase  one  oE  the  new  shares 
irres.     All  these  500-livre  shares 


ItLcntion  to  obtaining  additional  powers  vithia  France  itself. 
On  thfl  sjth  of  July  1719  an  cdfcl  was  issued  gnnliug  the 
company  for  nine  years  the  management  of  Ibe  mint  and  the 
COLn-isauc.  For  iJus  privilege  the  company  paid  £  miUJOD  livres, 
and  the  money  vu  taisHl  by  a  nev  issue  of  shira  of  the  nomisal 
value  ol  joa  Uvies,  but  Hiib  a  premium  of  othet  joo.  The  list 
waionJy  open  for  twenty  daya,  and  it  was  necessary  io.preMni 
fouE  mira  and  onejU't  in  older  to  obtain  one  of  tike  new  shares 
{pttiia  fiJUs).  At  the  same  time  Ivo  dividends  per  annum  of 
6  %  each  wen  promised. .  Again  there  was  an  atten^t 

^_  ■ k  by  the  commonplace  emedient  of  1     ' ' 

a  (or  a 


kbytl 
wilbfei 


d  skilL  An  edict  appeared  reducing, 
at  a  given  Hate,  tDe  vaJUC  of  money,  and  those  who  had  with- 
drawn coin  Irom  the  bftoL  hutened  again  to  excbanffe  it  for  the 
more  stable  Dotes.  Public  coofideoce  in  Law  was  increased, 
and  lie  was  eotbled  rapidly  to  proceed  with  tlie  completion  of 
the  sytlem.  A  decite  of  ijih  August  ijig  deprived  the  rival 
company  ol  the  farming  of  tbe  revenue,  and  gave  ii  to  ibi 
Ctmfatmt  das  Inda  for  nine  yeacs  in  retuoi  foi  an  annual 
payment  of  ^2  m^ninn  Uvres.  Thus  at  one  blow  Lhe  "  anli- 
lytlem  "  was  crushed.  One  thing  yet  remained;  Lawproposed 
to  take  over  the  national  debt,  and  manage  it  on  terms  advan- 
tageoua  to  the  state.  The  mode  of  transfer  was  this.  Tbe  debt 
vsi  over  ijoo  million  livies.    Holes  were  to  be  issued  10  that 

ctrtainorder.  Shares  were  to  beissued  at  intervals  corresponding 
to  the  payments,  and  it  waB  eipKled  that  the  notes  would  be 
used  in  buying  them.  Tlie  govemmeai  was  to  pay  j%  for  the 
k»n.  It  had  formeily  been  bound  to  pay  ia  auUioBs,  it  would 
now  pay  luida  jo,  a  clear  gain  of  over  30.  As  tbe  chares  ol 
the  company  were  almost  (fee  only  nHidiutB  for  inveslment, 
the  tnosfer  would  be  surely  ejected.  Tbe  credilon  would 
BOW  look  10  tbe  govemment  payments  and  tbe  rsmmerciol 
gains  of  the  company  for  theii  annual  retunu.     Indeed  tbe 


Mcctcding  ia 


d  upon,  tbough  the  5c 
'       o  Lvrea      ■  ■ 


Alte 


the  Ifiird  issue,  on  tbe  and  of  October,  the  shares  irruaediately 
resold  at  8000  livrealn  Ihe  Rae  Quincampobt,  then  used  aa  a 
bourse.  They  went  OD  npidly  rising  as  new  piivlkgea  were 
Mill  gnuued  to  tbe  rampany.  -  L«w  had  now  more  Ihai  regal 
power.  The  exiled  Stuarts  paid  him  court;  the  proudest 
aristocracy  in  Europe  humbled  tfaemseh^ca  before  him;  and  his 
liberality  made  him  the  idol  of  Lhe  pt^wlace.  After,  as  a  neces- 
sary preliminary,  becoming  a  Catholic,  he  waa  made  controller. 
gciicral  of  the  ^nances  in  place  of  d'Argcnioo-  Finally,  in 
February  1790,  the  bank  wu  in  name  as  well  M  in  reality  united 

Tba  system  was  now  complew;  but  it  had  already  begun  to 
decay.  In  December  1319  it  wu  at  ils  height.  Tha  sliarcs 
had  then  amounted  to  10,000  livtes,  forty  times  their  nomiul 
price.  A  sort  ol  madaoa  poetesHd  the  nation.  Men  sold  their 
all  snd  hasteoed  to  Paris  to  speculate.  The  popubiion  of  tha 
capital  was  iocrMKd  by  an  enormoua  influx  of  provincials  and 
fordgnen.  Trade  received  a  vast  though  unnatural  impulse. 
Everybody  Memed  to  be  getting  ticbei,  no  sne  poorer.    TboM 


revenue  to  gives  j%  dividend  on  this.  Now,  the  whole  income 
of  the  company  as  yet  was  baldly  aufideni  (0  pay  j%  on  (be 
origina]  capital  oi  16])  miUioa  livrea.  The  reteipu  froin  the 
LUes.  tx,,  could  be  precisely  calculated,  and  it  would  be  many 
years  bcloie  the  conuneiciai  underlalriac*  ol  ibe  onnpany — 
with  which  only  some  [rifling  bqpDoisg  had  been  laade — 
would  yield  any  considenUe  retum.  People  becan  to  sell  theii 
■hares,  and  to  buy  coin,  houses,  land— aayttoDg  that  had  a  stable 
element  of  value  in  it.  There  waa  a  lapid  [all  in  tbe  sharei, 
a  rapid  rise  In  all  kinds  of  property,  and  consequently  a  tvpid 
depnciaiinn  ol  the  paper  money.  Law  met  these  new  tendeodci 
by  a  succession  of  the  most  violent  edicts.  The  noiea  were  to 
bear  a  ptemium  ovei  specie.  Ciun  was  only  tc  be  used  in  inuU 
payments,  and  only  a  small  amount  waa  10  be  kept  iathe  posMa- 
sion  of  private  parties.  The  use  of  diamonds,  die  bbricatioa  of 
gold  and  silver  plate,  waa  forbidden.  A  dividend  ol  40  %  on  tbe 
original  capital  wa*  promised.  By  several  ingmiou*  but  fallft- 
ciously  reasoned  pamphlets  Law  cadeavound  10  rcatore  public 
confidence.  Tbe  shares  still  fell  At  luC,  on  the  jth  of  Uaick 
IT"!,  an  edict  appeared  hiing  tbeir  pilce  at  0000  Uvrs,  aad 
otdering  the  bank  to  buy  and  sell  tb«m  at  that  price.  Thflatl 
now  wu  liansfeired  to  the  notes,  of  which  then  were  soon  over 
asoomillioalivnaiaciiculatioa.  A  laige  proportion  of  the  ceioed 
money  wuronaved  from  Ibe  kingdom.   Prices  loKcnoi 

There  wis  evtrywheie  distress  and  complete  financial  M 

Law  became  an  object  o!  papular  hatred.  He  lost  his  court  in- 
fluence, and  was  obliged  to  consent  to  a  d«»i  (iiit  May  17s*) 
by  which  the  nota  and  consequently  the  sham  wen  reduced 
lo  hall  thrir  BoDiniJ  value.  This  c»(led  such  a  commotion  that 
iU  pntBoteiB  were  forced  to  recall  it,  but  the  mischief  wis  doH. 
Wluit  confidence  could  there  be  in  the  depreciated  paper  afta 
itu^  ■  measure!'  Law  waa  removed  fntm  bis  o£oe.  and  hit 
(Denut*  proceeded  lo  demoUsfa  the  "  ayMen."  A  vast  mimbrr 
of  shares  had  been  dcpoaiiHl  In  the  bank.  Thew  were  den  rayed. 
The  Botes  «;re  reconvened  into  governineot  debl,  but  there 
was  firit  a  siia  wbich  reduced  that  debt  to  the  same  inse  as  before 
it  lia  taken  over  by  (be  compmy.  Tlie  rate  o(  interest  wu 
lowered,  and  (he  govenuoent  iww  only  pledged  ittdl  to  p«jF 
n  instead  of  So  ralllians  annually.  Finally  (be  bank  was 
abolished,  and  tha  company  reduce  to  a  mere  trading  asndi- 
tion.  By  November  the  "  lynem  "  had  disappeaied.  With 
these  last  mtasum  Law,  it  may  wall  be  believed,  had  nothing  to 
do.  He  left  France  secretly  in  December  171a,  renmed  hit 
wuMkting  IHe,  and  died  at  Veidce,  poor  and  forgotten,  on  tb« 
—  ol  March  1710. 

'  ^  '  ''ings  the  most  important  for  the  ov 

I  hu  Uowy  tKd  Tnii  CtMiUmi.  1 
—,.  .,m,  „....„,al  power  srd  wealth  coniisi  is  Dununniii  poDpK 
and  nugannea  of  home  and  loreign  goods.  These  depend  on  (ride, 
and  (hat  on  nxHiey.  s(  which  a  eieater  qunth*  emplays  mm 
peof^:  but  cndii,  if  the  cndit  have  ■  circubtleci,  bu  all  the 

credU  is  the  funcuon  ot  a  bank,  let  sucVbe  cnaled  then,  and  In 
.,.__i 1...J — .._ — , for  lanflKld  or  pledged.    Such  a 


OIUw'i 


Mpfiiy  the  nation  with  A 

.nasty  advaMactajWhleh  Law  peinta  oDt  ia 


\a  be  applied  in 


it'twdShi 

liver.    

ind  its  profits  1 

lecture  ol  the  i .,, ..„  .„. 

"system."  MoneyisnoithrresallbcrtthecHMeiweakh.be 

— ^hl.  ToiacnaseilthenawalbebeiieAcisLtiidlhebestinyis 

by  a  properly  sicund  paper  euneaey.  Thlils  tlneaetlvcl(«ec:bal 

..  ;.  —  k.  — i:_i  i_  .  innlcular  way.    La*  had  ■  praCound  bdM 

fovcmmeot.     Ue  saw  tbt  evils  of  niaar 

!■•  (•F«i«  a  luea.   He  prapoHd  ts  etam 

one  huge  manoiialy  maiisfed 

rryhia  en  buslniH  Ihnogh  a 

.,  -  ^^  .le  did  net  see  ihu  rndTaad 

beet  leti  to  private  enterpnae.  and  that  mdiasclieni 
u  •Hnptr  nsuli  in  the  proCn  of  spcculuin  and  lavouitieai 
"  tysHm  ^'  was  never  so  lar  dewiiinajd  as  to 
It  bulls.    The  — ' -J ' '— ■ 

•ivtd.    The  bank  w 


cnluin  rained  t) 


•Xi.t 


LAW,  W.— LAW 


^    the  dun  nnvnttbh    imp    ■otnt    ruiiBrf    tbr   ki 

.   Thohin 
^"'  Ptihifi'Ltw'iSi  T' 

II  aUi  to  Lair,  ■  laabiBr  is  ibc  cm.  liilad  ind  bu  nwyibuit- 
«ithM*ndIni  tin  laulli  of  the  "lyHf""  ■■•  •..ihn.  w>.  . 
_. ,.._. .__    -hii^iih 

L   Tb*a_ 

diiphyfd  in  uSflpUni  (be  tHory  dl  cba  "  ^^t. 
difion  of  thinci  la  FnitfCi  ind  in  carryLni  wil  the  vuioui  fiunciA] 
"--—'--jf  rmdend  Mnaary  by  in  dnrtDpr^iii,  li  abioluirly 
inlM.     Hit  fnToiind  irir-cen&JMa;  ami  bt*rt  m  Ihc 

DCVR  biHUUd  to  miJay  iba  vkslc  <i>m  a!  a  4npMk 
illorllitdelinilceiKUwii'KlihcBwMoreUin.    He  Mi 


na  bikatal  TlikT*.  Law 


<t»>ioMM.l«  ;(>»..»  (.816.  Aawiaa  mat.  >IS»).  S_alB 
Hryminn,  lav  Hid  kii  Sjulna  (iSu):  nina  BoimuMui.  La 
CrtuJn  Ctmfa^frii!icnmtrc4  (tBgi):&  Atnd,  Jtkm  Law  miJ  hi- 
^yMMi  (iUs>:E.  Lnr»nir,  RKlhmtatiiWr^woiiir|r(]>iitiiHd( 


(i^n  in  Wood'i  lift^ 


jtUnatma4t 

S.  FaU  biepaahlcal  Jtuik  ai» 
vnli.  iuSTaII  Uw-«  bur 

.     CMtclim  ia  priacitaia  tcnu- 

vsLl.rtftii).  Olhn-mrlLiflnLioan:  A.W.Whnn-arnn. 
■jLmgfl^iuIn  (iai>B):P.  A.CH:hM,  Tta  AawKlirZanUi 
I  aa^Tiwi  (11361 1  ^Macf  .Davli.  ^a  HiMniat  Slmii  ^La^t 
"■  -....".■  .      -  ■  -^^i^  „^  '. 


9*7)!  i 


Thn  ■  a  poniait  ol  Lav  by  A. 


,  La  Praviaa^ou  au  aam  da 
B  E.  A.  BcKiani  in  drnK  Uii. 
tfK  Poole't  /lid™  la  PmoHcaU. 
Banc  la  Ike  Nitl*«l  Pottnli 
(F.  Wa.) 

U«,  WILUAK  {ieS6-t76i),  Engliih  divine,  wu  bora  it 
Kinf'i  ClUc,  Naftb*B9(aiiakiR.  In  i/oj  heenlnad  i>  ■  tiui 
at  Enmanue)  Collect,  Cambridge;  In  1711  he  wu  elected  fellow 
of  his  cnkfe  and  wai  ordiincd.  He  icslded  at  Cambridge, 
leachini  and  taking  octaiioaal  duty  imtU  Iht  acccntRi  ol 
Gconc  I.,  whoi  bit  conaciaDce  lotbade  him  to  Idle  the  OUlw 
oC  aUefiance  (e  the  new  iDvemnaiit  aad  ai  abjulatlon  of  tbt 
SiDint.  Hit  Jacobitisn  had  alna^bcaibMniiredinaU^W* 
vetch  olilch  bnwghl  bini  Into  tioublat  aad  bt  vai  now 
deprived  of  hit  fellanhlp  and  becuu  ■  Doa-Junr.  Foe  tbt 
Mit  few  year*  he  b  uii  lo  have  beta  ■  ointc  ia  Loadon.  By 
ijil  kc  wu  domiciled  witb  Edward  Gibton  (iH»-i7]«)  at 
(NiLaay  a>  tutor  to  bii  hd  Edwiid,  fMbar  of  tb(  hUloriaa. 
who  laya  thai  Law  bcciDie  "  l}w  mucb  hsDound  friend  ind 
•pirilual  director  of  the  wbote  faailly."  IB  ihi  tiae  year  he 
■noaipanied  his  pupil  Is  Cambridge,  uid  mlded  with  hlm  as 
(avcnior,  is  terni  time,  lor  iho  seat  foar  yean.  Hit  pupil  then 
went  abroad,  bat  Law  wu  left  ic  Putney,  where  be  lenaiDed 
in  abbon's  houe  lot  more  ttiaa  ten  years,  acting  »  a  nligious 
fuida  Dot  only  loibe  laijiily  but  loa  number  el  eanmt-niBded 
(oik  wlio  cane  10  consult  him.  The  Diosl  enbitnl  of  Ihewwerc 
llie  tm  broihen  John  and  Charles  Wesley,  Jobn'Byiani  the 
potl.  Ceor(t  Cheync  tlie  phyiidin  and  Ardilbild  Hutchnon, 
K.P.  for  Hasting  The  heDsahoU  was  diiptised  in  i;j7. 
Law  was  parted  fnw  hii  Innida.  ind  in  1740  retired  to  King's 
Cliffe.  where  be  hsd  inherited  from  his  (ilher  a  house  and  a  small 
property.  There  be  wis  pmenlly  joined  by  twa  ladies^  Mis 
Hatd]esQn,  [hcrich  widow  ni  iiis  old  Eriend,  who  recommended 
ber  OD  his  dtsih-htd  10  plict  herteK  under  Law's  splriiusl 
loiduKe,  and  Miu  Htsltr  Cibboi,  riiicr  le  his  Ute  pupil. 
This  eurioni  r  rio  h'ftd  for  twenty-one  y«»r»  1  lile  wholly  given 
10  dtvotioB.  study  and  charity,  umil  Iht  doiih  of  Law  on  the 
fill   of   Apia    i;Ai. 

Law  wail  baiy  wriirr  nnder  tlinehtedi:-^ 

I.  OnUr«sr>]y.— I  n  ihis  KtM  he  bad  na  contnnperiTy  peer  htc 
pcrhipt  Richin)  Beniley.  Tbt  lint  ti  hi>  caniravmiil  worki  wai 
nr»  IfUrti  l<  flH  Siiikop  e/ Suit*' (1 7  ■  7^  whirl 


ImwI  aad  fat  aniie  ■■  ow  of  the  m 


Bfu  (r7fj).fn  which  he  vlf>dic4i 
for  pure  atyle.  (auMlc  wil  ind 
oirfciUa:  it  wai  oihuiiuiioal 
RpuUUrf  by  F.  D.  Uuuia. 
■luirei  to  Tirtdir*  CtriUiojiify  , 

Aa^aty-  In  thbivorlf  Law  «ho' 
lUeBckimekiaafDeUBi.    »<■ 

CImrck  4  Am  nie  uw" 
Aii^licin  lowlidi  Rom 


9  high  chuich-rfdF.  Thomas  SheihKk 
1  vritB  la  rimiilb  iible  tkli  ba  knew 
lordfthip  did  noi  answer  hitn."  L4w's 
-injmlfc'j  faWt  0/ J*, 
n  Ihe  higheil  (rrouiKls; 

y  John  Stirlinf.  and 


II  At  CraH 

1,K  i'l'taJn'...- ., 

aX<J>iail»tfM«Mrd 


'{^'oSm^v , 

JAillon,  plftly  becduie  ihey  weir  appcned  la  the 

drift  of  hia  tlmei,  partly  becaaie  st  hii  nieme  in  other  AeUi. 
a.  ttmtMtat  PiiMily.— Tbi  Stnaat  Calif  a  Damnd  aad  Half  Uft 
ttt},  tnfMhrr  vilk  i»  MdteiMgr,  A   TmMir  ^  CkriUiaa  ftr- 

ilin  (1736).  dccpiv  uiSuenced  the  chief  ictoii  In  tbe  freal 
vmgeUul  rtvint.  The  Weiltyi,  CcarEe  Whilelield,  Henry  Venn, 
homss  Scott  and  Thoioaa  Ailiin  all  ei  ..    •     .  .V     ., 

I  the  ssthor.    TV  jMMu  Caa  aflen< 
Samuel  Johuon.  Gibban,  Lord  Lyiiel 


I,  MenrvVe 


[oanicm,  uiooon,  t*MB  i^yiieiiDn  ana  menop  Horrt  a^i 
,  .  _  ibusiaalcany  ol  iti  merin;  and  it  is  Jtill  tbe  only  woi*  by 
which  its  lulhor  la  populariy  known.  Is  hia  high  oierifs  ni  tljk, 
being  lucid  ind  pointed  to  a  degree.  In  a  tract  eatllled  Tin  Aiiiinlt 
^Ir^fani  ^Jtogi  falrriaiiillinli  ( 1736)  Law  was  templed  by  the 

and  incuntdsonceflectiveciitidimlroD  John  Dennis  In  TUSlap 
DtfndH. 

j.  JVyirtcini.— Though  the 
'•■■"■  ofigiml  ind  sutgettive 
in  his  iasea  yearsi  alter  I 


east  popuhir,  by  far  tbe  most 
ifaU  Law's  »or£s  are  those  wl 


IXad^fiTr 


(n«  a  <Uiclple)  of  Jacob  Boehoie.  the  Teutoaic  tbcotophitt.  Fr 
his  earliest  yean  he  hid  been  deeply  impressed  wilb  (be  pif 
baity  and  thoughlluhess  of  the  wniinis  <rf  the  Chriitian  myx 
but  li  was  Bot  tUI  after  Ua  aecldeaial  maetinf  with  the  woriii 
Boehiac,  abetit  lyj^  that  pe^aoanctd  tiystietsn  appsared  *" 


iliTehilBf^  Bcaalso 


minded  We^ey,  but  In  sfntc  of  occasionil  wild  fancw  the  booki  are 
worth  reading.  They  are  A  DtmaaHralita  el  Oa  Oran  and  Faada- 
mnlalBrraniJalalaBaakiallada"  nHnAmaal.ffc.afAtlmra 
Suptar  "  (l73T)i  Tlia  SJnaait  ant  Maatami  <  On  CiFulin  KatOHit- 
Haa  (i7w)l  3a  Atftal  U  aU  Oial  Dtatl  aad  DiibtlkH  Uu  TraOu  tf 
Rmiatiaa  (1740};  A%  Etrntil  and  Stritui  AnitKi  la  Dr  Tra^fi 
SmMH  en  B«>(  AiiUnu  Osiriiiaill  (174a) :  Tike  Spiiit  at  Prayir 
{nn.nS'y.fbWaylciMaimaK*aaladMUjsa)iTiiSftiinlLa» 
(I7».  iIM]]^  SiaH  iai  StJkitnt  Caa/uaiSi  1/ Dr  HtetaMs's 

a/UtiZ''  (l7S7);  A  S^k,D/Ullol  (1760)1  1 
ilniadiH  <ual  a  Chaiiliman  (sjtci:  aad  An  Hi 
AgacUaaaH  Adima  la  Ilia  Oataa  (iMil. 
^iehnd  T«bi  mu  a  d 
ChriitDpher  HUlo^  Aalu 

n>ifw7,  and  la  the  i>iU. 
Uiiisry  al  EmjiaHt  As  Jke 
CIsnl  >•  UM  iAk  Cmary 
;i.rw«WJf)Ulu(lUl). 

LAW  (0.  £ng.  (ofa,  H.  Eng.  lawe;  from  in  old  Teutonic  root 
fag,  "to.."  whit  lies  fixed  or  evenly;  cf.  Lit.  In,  Fr.  loi),  1  word 
used  in  En^h  in  two  miin  icnMj— (1)  u  1  rule  prescribed  by 
authority  for  humin  action,  and  (1)  in  idenllfic  ind  philotopMc 
phnieology,  ns  1  unilonn  order  of  serjuence  (t.|.  "  U*»  "  ol 
motion).  In  the  first  sense  the  word  (luwdeilhertn  Iht  ibstllct. 
lor  Jurisprudence  generally  or  (or  a  slue  oi  things  in  which  the 
laws  of  a  country  are  duly  observed  (''Iiw  ind  order  ").otln  iht 
concrete  for  some  pirliculir  rule  or  body  of  rules.  It  b  uuil 
to  distinguish  further  between  "law"  and  "equity"  (f.».). 
The  scieniiftc  end  philosophic  usage  has  grown  on  of  in  tstly 
coorepiion  of  Jurisprudence,  and  is  reilly  meiaphorical,  derived 
from  Ihe  phrase  "naiunl  [aw  "  or  "  law  ot  niiure."  which 
presumed  ihsl  mmminds  were  lild  on  millet  by  Cod  (see 
T.  E.  Holland,  £/niim(i  of  Juriipruinii.  ch.  li,).   The  idjecf 


then 


only  used  In  the  ( 
the"  moral  li     " 


In  the! 


Ip 


,  t  Ethics)  the  letm  istrnployed 
nsly  beciujt  of  Its  conneiion  with   both 
s.     There  Is  also  in  Old  English  use  ol  the  word  "  taw  " 
■e  ttt  Ins  sporting  sense  t"  10  give  law  "  ot  "  alkiw  (0 


Presumibly  this  origlr 
respect  (or  proper  tegi 
of  lyi*DiiDiu  force  he 


;  insieau  01  ine  oruie  esercix 
"UK"-or  1  fgli  opportunity 


JOO 


LAWE9; .  H.— LAWhI-TENNIS 


"  loM  "  >likfa  f>  found  in 


■nd  Iriil.  Il«t  it  ni 
oi  "  rifht,"  oral  Ihe 
-ina  ol  Itie  7inicb  »t. 

In  Ihii  woti  the  lam  or  unlfaimitic*  o(  ihe  pSyilcal  univtne 
uedolL  withinlheirtidaWLlhevaimuitcieiKei.  Tlugennd 
principlaci  Uw  in  the  legal  miim  im  docuwrd  under  Jvta- 
nancNCE.  WhM  mty  be  deicrllMil  u  "luiional  gyitemi " 
of  t»r  are  dolt  *ilh  hislDrloIiy  ind  genenUy  undei  Encusk 

I^W,  AUEUCAN  Law,    RoKAH  L*W.  CbIUCLiw.  MAKOUUClUtI 

Law,  tuDUM  Law.  &c.  Certain  btotd  divitiou  of  itv  in 
tRnt*d  under  CoNSTininuH  and  ConitItctidnie.  Ltw,  CtHOn 
Liii*.  Civil  Liw,  CohhohLaw.Cidiikii  Law,  EccLEUAsncAi. 
Law.  £Q(/m,  ImEtNAnotiAL  Law,  Uiuiaev  Law.  Ac.  And 
ih*  puticiilu  la«i  o(  diSeteat  OMinttiei  oa  veciil  (ub>cu 
tn  lUMd  under  Iht  headinfi  lor  doK  uibjecu  (Bimuuncv, 
kc).  ForcDuru(i.t.)<illi«.uidpnicedun, weJuuirxuDEircK, 
ArtLtt,  TuAL,  Kino's  Bntn,  && 

AutHOeiiiu.— Tba  vuioue  Icfil  anidii  luvt  bibUognphiH 

inxkt  on  law.  luirt  {rom  die  icience  of  jnrifprudence.  At  (/«  Enillih 
bv)  Lord  Hibburye  Uw  tf  SnihiJ  (>XL,  1901),  Ht  E-Kjda- 
fmlU  if  lit  Lmii  tf  B*^^.  nLV/ooi  RenUn  (1901),  Siephen'i 
Cemmnlsria  m  Iki  Immi  at  Eniftmd  (Ifoa),  Bml'i  luimmniUitii 
n  Ikt  prani  Lm  <4  E*ga<U  (1896},  Bnon'A  Cmmuliirui  « 
A<  Cimnum  Law  (lS«e}  *nd  Brodio-lnna'i  CBmpiraliK  Primiifkl 
l(»tUmt^B*Aiidii%iScallani  (vol.  i..  1903):  Anl,  fMAnicna. 
Bouner'i  £•»  DkUtmarr,  toi  Knl's  CnMMMrJu  at  j<wr>(» 

UVK,  HnmT  (i»5-iMi),  En|liih  Boildu,  wu  born 
■t  Dinun  In  WUubite  in  December  1595,  ud  leccived  hH 
muiicil  cducBtinn  from  Jnbn  Cooper,  bclLer  known  under  hi> 
IlalUn  paeudoajFoi  Ciovuni  Coperario  (d.  iA>;),  a  fitnoui 
compooer  of  Ibt  day.  la  t«>«  be  wai  reteCved  n  one  Of  ihe 
(eolleokea  of  the  chipd  royal,  which  place  he  held  till  ihe 
CoamMnwetlili  put  a  nop  id  church  nuiic  Bui  e*en  duiing 
Ihal  eoatfew  tii»e  L«we«  cooiiwied  hiiwark  wi  campoeer,  and 
iho  faflBoae  coUecrion  of  hia  vocal  pieces,  Aymand  Dialopusjtr 
Omti,  DHimJ  Tkra  Vstch,  WB9publli)icdIni6;j,beingfonD>icd 
by  two  other  booki  under  the  ume  liUe  in  16s;  and  i6jS 
rapcclivtly.  When  in  iMo  lbs  Lint  relumed,  Lawes  once 
nun  entered  the  royal  cbipel,  and  cnnpoaKl  an  antken  lor 
tbe  corontllon  of  Charles  II.  He  died  on  Ihe  till  of  October 
iMi,  and  wu  "buried  in  Wciiinuisicr  Abbey.  Lawn'manK 
«  by  Ilia  friendihip 


mcniof  Laiw$.  Hieanlul  ■ttcMioi  loine 
he  manner  in  whkh  hn  muaic  aHms  to  frow 
Iromthoie  wnds,  tbe  peifecl  coincidence  of  the  muAisal  wHb  <he 
meliicil  icceni,  all  put  Lawn's  songi  on  a  level  with  iboie  of 
SchumAnn  01  Uai  or  any  modern  compoter.  At  ihe  aame  lime 
he  ie  by  no  meani  wanting  in  genuine  melodic  invention,  and 
hii  concerted  music  ihowi  the  iearoed  comrapuniiit. 

UWBS.  Ul  JOBH  BEKXET.  Bait.  (1814-1900),  English 
Agriculiuriit,  waa  bom  at  RothAmtted  on  ibe  iSth  of  December 
tSu-  Even  before  leaving  Oaford,  where  he  maLriculatcd 
in  iSji,  he  hid  begun  to  Inlernt  himielF  in  growing  various 
medicinal  plants  on  the  Rotbanisled  esiaics,  which  he  inherjied 
00  hit  fAlber's  death  in  iSii.  About  tSj;  he  began  to  eapert- 
menl  on  the  elTecIs  of  various  manures  on  plaaii  growing  in 

crops  in  ih«  Geld.  One  immediate  consequence  was  that  in 
1S4)  he  patenlcd  a  manure  formed  by  ircaling  phosphates  with 
•vlphotk  add,  and  thus  iniilalcd  ihc  artificial  manure  indutliy. 
in  [he  succeeding  year  he  enlitied  the  services  of  %a  J.  II. 
Gilbert,  with  whom  be  cinicd  on  (or  moic  than  hall  a  century 
those  etpctfments  Id  raising  ctope  and  (ceding  animals  which 
have  tendered  Raihamtted  famous  in  the  eyn  al  sclcniiftc 
atricultotiiti  all  over  the  wotld  [see  Aoicultuii).  la  iSj^ 
be  wii  elected  a  Fellow  of  (he  Royal  Society,  which  in  1S6) 
bellowed  a  Royal  medal  on  Lawes  and  Cilb«t  joinlly,  and  in 
lt8>  be  waa  ctcatnl  a  baronet.    lo  tbe  yasr  bclan  hi*  death. 


:b  ktffitati  an  ih*  jia>  «f  Aawut  « 


I  of  the  Rotbamilcd  npetl- 

;  Bsiae  [loo.ooo  for  tbat  puipoie  and 
Agricultural  Trust,  compoacd  of  fow 
il  Society,  two  from  Ihe  Royal  Agri- 
icli  frosi  the  Cbenlol  and  Unnaeui 
'  of  Rolhuuted  mandon-faouM  for  the 


■  body 


LAV  MB&CHiKT  or  Lex  KEacAioiiA,  (dually  a 
of  rules  and  pifncipie*  lelaliog  to  meRbanli  and  uen  .  .._ 
iraiuicllom,  laid  down  by  metchanls  themselves  for  the  purpose 
of  regulating  their  dealings.  Il  was  compcsed  at  such  usage* 
and  custoon  as  were  comnioa  lo  merchaau  and  liadera  in  aU 
pant  of  EuiDpe,  varied  sligbily  ia  diflctent  localiiiei  by  qMcia] 
peculiiriiies.  The  law  merthani  owed  iis  orl^  la  tbe  fact  that 
the  civil  bw  was  not  suHlciently  reipoiuive  to  the  groidlis 
demandi  of  cunimeice,  as  well  At  to  the  fact  that  liade  ia  pre- 
raedieval  lime*  was  ptAciieally  in  the  hands  of  Ihoae  who  might 
be  tetmrd  cosmofxriiian  nwrchania,  who  wanted  a  pninipt  and 
elTcctlve  jurisdiilion.  It  was  idminiiicred  for  the  most  part  in 
special  courts,  such  as  those  a(  the  gildi  Id  Italy,  or  the  fail 
couru  of  Germany  ud  France,  or  as  in  Eagtand,  in  courts  ol 
(he  staple  or  piepowdcf  (see  also  Ska  Laws).  Tbe  history  of  lb* 
law  merchant  In  England  Is  ditddcd  into  three  alagei:  tbe  £nt 
prior  to  the  time  of  Coke,  when  11  was  a  special  liti^  ol  law — 
ai  distinct  Iron  the  common  law — administered  in  special  ccmtta 
lor  a  ipecial  daia  of  the  community  (fc  the  mercantfle)j  tbe 

adnitniitered  inlhtconimonltwcoutu,bulaaB  body  ol  custonM, 
(0  be  proved  a*  a  fan  in  each  individual  case  ol  doubt;  ih* 
third  stage,  whidi  has  continued  to  the  present  day,  dalti  frain 
Ihe  pretidencr  over  the  king's  bench  of  Lord  Manafield  (r->-], 
under  whom  it  was  moulded  inlo  Ibe  oicrcanlil*  law  of  lo-ilay. 
To  Ibe  law  mercbADl  modem  English  bw  owes  the  fnndamoiial 
prioeiplei  in  tlie  law  ol  partnerahip,  negotiable  '"■«"■'""'«  and 
trade  Buki. 

Ste  G.  MalvBes.  CiamamU  ml  is  mmalaia  <Londen.  !»»)•, 
W.  Miichell.  Tin  Early  Hiiirj  <•/ 1^  Lfw  MmUot  (CambiMg*. 
1904);  J.  W.  Smith,  Um»^  law  led.  Han  and  Sioey.  ipogjT^ 

L4mi,  a  very  tin  fabtic  made  Inn  Wd  linea  oi  (ottoa 
yuna.  It  la  used  for  li^l  droaei  aad  Irimsdisct,  (to  for 
bandkeicUefa.  The  lenna  lawn  and  cambitc  (fa)  an  ofle* 
tutended  !•  IwUcnlc  the  lalae  fabric.  Tha  word  "  laws  "  wai 
fomeelr  derived  fram' tbe  Ftench  name  foe  the  fabric  Hmk, 
{ranW*,  flu,  UtMm  but  Skcat  {Etjm.  Diet.,  189B,  Addeadi)  and 
A;  Tbomaa  (itHHtna,  uji.  181,  1900)  have  aluim  that  lb* 
realamirccciitbe.WMdhtobrfeundEn  thcamccf  tbe  rrcMH 
LOWS  Lwa.  Sknt  vnte*  fnm  Fabgnve.  La  dtbtiatmtM 
it  la  lamtrn  FnaftUt  dsjo],  showing  Ihatlhe  cariy  name 
of  Ibe  fabBc  waa  Latiu  lywe.  An  ally  form  ol  the  wUd  wai 
"lantad,"  pcobably  due  to  an  adaputien  lo  "laBnd,"  lawn, 
glade  or  deaAig  hi  a  forett,  now  used  of  a  dosely-mown  eipana 
of  gnaa  in  a  garden,  park,  &c.  (see  G>«n  and  HomcoLniat), 
this  word  comes  from  O.  Ft.  lama^r.  mod.  fewir,  wild,  healhy 
or  sandy  (round,  covered  wiih  scrub  ji  brnshwood,  a  word  ei 
Cdtic  origin:  cf.  Iriah  and  Breton  lann,  healhy  grnund,  alaa 
endoauic,  land;  Welsh  Han,  encloaute.  Il  la  cognate  with 
"  land,"  common  10  Teutonic  language*.  In  the  origiiwl  seiut 
(oreii,  glade.  Lu.  ttHui,  "  tawn."  aiill  aoivlvc* 
ia  died  of  the  feediarpiace*  ot 

LAWK-nnU,  a  laiM  played  wiib  nH|uet  and  ball  on  ■ 

aingwallB.   Itba 

■■e  of  lennii  (f^),  wlib 

i  acoring  of  tbe  game  ami 

a  summer  game,  played 
(4  inv  vpKu  All,  ciincr  on  niuna  marjud  with  wbitevaah  OH 
ctote-cvl  gian  like  a  cricket  pilch,  or  on  asphalt,  cinder*,  giavel, 
wood,  earth  or  oiher  subiuncc  Which  can  be  so  prepated  as  to 
aBord  a  Gm.  level  and  inHMIh  surface.  In  winter,  however, 
the  game  is  often  played  on  the  floor  of  gymnasiums,  drill  ihedt 
o  othet  buUdinn  when  It  il  called  "  coveied<ourt  Cawa-imii"} 


tf  tku  h  ■■•  dUtram  fa  tba  • 


•  UmU 


lepliyu 


t  lor  the  HD^e-huuIed  sune, 
ipinit  SDB  C  iiii(lM  "),  B  ihowii  in  £(•  i,  ind  tbu  IM  IBs 
faur-hftBckd  pma  C"  doublH  '^  in  fif .  l  TIh  act  itnUkcd 
■IBB  t!u  mlddji  of  Ub  court  k  attubed  to  the  topt  ol  liM 
poMi  wUeh  ilud  J  (t.  cwliidc  the  cout  Ob  t*ch  tlds.  The 
ki(ht  ofthenctiijtt.  fiiiuitllia  p«U  ud  j  (L  M  the  anu*. 
— »»J— .*        -OA* .  The     HHin    u 


LAWN-TENNIS 


RACiWEn.)    The  h 


oCthea 


1 

\ 

1    1 

.Uybyil 


It  of  the  hiU- 
urt-Une  u« 
Ued    reepeo 


iliviBCB*  betmtB  the  xn 

t   end   left- 


d  the  D> 


Te^iectivcky. 
rbick  mn  mule  ct  Boumr  inau-rabbei.  lightly  covered 
BaiBit,  ire  li  IB.  in  diunelcr.  ead  (nn  i{  la  i  ol. 
The  iux)iieli  (fig.  j),  Em  which  there  ue  no  reguLi- 
iou,  are  btoidci  nod  lighter  ibin  ihoie  used  in  tennit. 
Bcftn  pUy  befin,  ■  ncqint  it  ipua  i*  in  tcuii,  ind  the 
vbncf  «1  (be  ipu  decti  ellhcr  to  taho 
fint  wrvice  01  to  take  choice  oi  csnitL 
!f  he  ukct  choice  o(  courti,  he  end  hia 
pcrtaer  lif  the  game  be  doubia)  lalu 
theit  poaitkin  on  the  iclectid  lide  s(  the 
oet.  DM  autioning  hiniKil  In  the  li^l- 
hud  cooit  and  Us  other  in  (he  left, 
irhich  poutioDi  are  letaincd  throushout 
the  let.    If  the  winaet  dE  Ibeipin.taka 
duHce  of  courta.  Mi  ^rpcnent  haa  fint 
■eraco;  and  vise  vena.     The  playen 
chanp  lide*  «l  the  net  at  the  end  of  the 
finti  third  and  every  subiequeBt  alter- 
DBtv  gatac^  and  at  the  end  o£  eaeh  aetf 
hot  they  may  agree  not  to  change  durlrv 
any  lel  aitept  the  lait.     Service  I)  de- 
livered by  cAch  player  in  tun,  ivho  ntaiu 

Ding  or  loiiat  oi  poiDta-  In  double  the 
partner  of  the  aener  in  the  fint  game 
■em  ill  the  third,  and  the  partner  of 
the  Wfver  fa  tl«tec«id  game  •ervei  ia 

thn  founh;  the  aame  «dct  bebic  pi»- 
■erved  till  the  end  of  the  let;  but  each 
pair  of  paitnea  decide  f«  themtlva 
brfon  their  fint  luin  of  Ktvioe  which 
of  tlw  two  ahall  lerve  £nt.  The  atrvcr 
ddivBi  Ilie  lervke  from  the  right-  and 
Mt-haod     courti      iJleiaately,     begin- 

■iot  in  wd  at  hli  aarioa  pmet  fmn  tiw  right-hand  court, 

fwa  thou^  odd*  be  given  ae  awed;  be  mutt  itand  behind 

ih.  laithcr  from  Eha  net  thna)  the  Imw-liDc, 

the  ball  w  that  it  dn^  ik  the 

tUy  cnmite  to  the  court  lervB 

ndsting  thM  *ervice-caurl.    If  fa 

haH  touchea  tbe  Kt,  It  ii  a  "  let "  wbetbee  I 

B  nat  by 


30I 

»ma  eaad  fa  Vbc  game,  ne  Teknu  mi 
n  la  a  fault  (■)  if  it  be  not  delivered  by 
oper  court,  and  from  behind  the  bax-line; 
to  the  net  or  out-of-court,  or  into  any  part 
■B  the  proper  lernce-court.  The  SiUm- 
cqnets,  "  talie,"  and  thertiiy  condane,  ■ 
dull.  When  I  fatdt  hai  been  served,  the  server  must  terve 
an  from  the  lame  court,  unleu  it  waa  a  fault  beiauie  aetved 
a  the  wrong  court,  in  vhich  cue  the  server  croaie*  to  the 
ips-  court  before  serving  igwn.  Two  consecutive  faidta 
>re  a  point  agiinit  the  side  of  the  lervtr.  Lawn-tennis  dilTen 
m  tennis  and  racquets  in  that  the  aervice  i^iay  not  be  talten 
the  volley  by  itriker-«uL  Afui  the  lerve  has  been  returned 
1Mb  ptay  pmceedi  until  the  "  r«il  "  (or  "  rally  ")  endi  by  one 


In  lawD-li 


luis  meajiing  a  stroke  by  which  the 
racquet  before  ita  seccnd  bound,  is  sent  ov 
touchei  the  net,  le  as  to  fall  within  the  limi 

'  opposite  side.   A  point  is  scored  by  the  playc 


_  1  tetum  in  the  Ktt,  A  player  elso  loaci  a  point  IE  the  ball 
when  in  play  touchea  hin  or  til  ptitiMr,  en  thdi  chuhei;  or 
if  he  or  his  racquet  touches  the  net  or  any  of  Us  supports  while 
the  ball  ia  in  play;  or  if  he  leapt  over  the  net  to  Kvud  touchii;| 
if  he  volley  tlie  ball  before  it  h«  passed  the  oeL 


I  pUyer.  Kitrh  g^ 
y  great  pace  can  be  obtained,  « 
uiiKii  Renthiw  between  IBSo  and  iS 
en  among  players  far  t;*low  t>ie  inc  ra 
wag  the  best  playen  in  Amerka,  an 
iDwa  as  the_"  Anierican  lervif^"  has  Ji 

[  the  ground,  the 


I  pace  than  the  EnglLih 


virtage  bdng  til 


return  frera  a  poaidaD  within  a  yard  ch 
■iagka  and  doobles  Che  beat  playcri  ofif 


L^^^'lile  1^! 


le  Uh  base-Uoe!  the  rt 


up  conparallvcly  near  the  net  u  aoon  ai  pnHble,  whether  they 
•ervini  ot  reaivSng  the  eem,  the  oblcct  being  to  valley  the  I 
•heiMvcr  poidik  beFon  it  bsgln*  to  laH. ,  The  •ervir'a  panw, 

-Ullet_,__ 

M  luu  hiyvpd  t  sttob  or  two,  am  generally  found  nianr  to  the 
rt  than  ih;  Kfvice-liiKai  and  ok  puna,  aauniag  the  plwers  to 
;  at  the  chainpionihip  clasit  cousin  chiefly  of  rapid  low  ToncyiDg, 
■rinl  by  aKenpts  on  one  nd*  or  the  other  to  place  the  ball  oM  of 
^  appoHBt^  reach  by  "  loblvv*' k  over  thcsf  haada  into  the  back 
partellheeourt.  Cood"lobbiiit"deii««adsgreat skBltoevoiiloa 
the  one  hand  aeklii*  die  hall  out  of  court  bnond  the  bue-hoe,  and 
on  the  other  allowlDg  h  to  drop  ibort  enoinh  lor  the  adversary  to 
fcilULwIIh'a-BiiMSini"  volley.  Ot  "loftilng  "  It  has  beaaUd 
dowB  by  the  brotlin  Dbheny  duE  "  the  higher  it  is  the  better,  a> 
kmg  aa  the  leagth  is  good  ";  aad  ai  rnrdi  reiurnlin  bbi  the  eune 
aulhonliei  My,  "  you  muit  get  theiu  if  voa  caa  Mote  they  dfop, 
Cor  it  ii  uiuilly  laul  to  let  then  drop  ohea  puying  agaimt  a  good 
pir."  Then«siilar(lniisIhnnRelobbeaIlawItodrDpbe(a|t 

pniSo'^ai  hi  k  alBoat  !^in  l^lT^tt  to  ldu'th?reti^"'u£ia 
the  lob  be  rvturned  by  an  equally _gaod  and  very  high  lob,  dropping 

The  game  is  the  hands  ol  fiiXKlui  playn  niiiBIa  kigdy  El 
mancFuvring  for  Cavourahle  poiilion  la  the  cowR  while  dnviig  the 
DppoBeni  into  a  l«s  hvQunble  poaitkin  on  his  ride  of  the  net;  the 
plavo' who  tains  the  advantage  of  poiition  in  this  way  being  gener- 
ally aMe  to  lliiish  the  mt  by  a  amashing  volley  InpHdiie  to  naom. 
AbSity  tajilay  this  "  sma^  "  atioke  n  essential  te  stnaf  lawa- 
tennia  "TobcgoodoveilMd,"BytheDohenys,"isthBaigB^B 
fint-ciass  plays,  even  i[  a  lew  have  manaied  lo  get  on  without  it. 
The  aniasliMiolce  is  played  very  nuich  in  the  same  way  aa  theover- 
hand  service,  enspt  that  h  is  not  fnjn  a  defined  poriSon  of  kam 
distance  tnm  the  net:  and  dwirfn  when  makigg  u  the  i^yir 
■iHtnaiiicelBOtlinaUnctively  what  his  precise  pnlllon  is  in  re- 


tbe  haJf-court-lioe;  the  ■ecehra'  of  the 
M  .n1l«.  ihe  serve,  must  lain  his  stand 
which,  if  vtfjr  fist,  will  lequite 


he  ihould  not  take  %l 


_ Hof  iheiasllmpsnani 

.  the  ball  "even  for  Che  hundirdi 


art  01  a  sceond.      By  drawing  the  racquet  aen 

loaian  ef  tanpact  tpfa  am  beimgatad  to  h ^ — ^ 

^de"  ••  impaRad  to  ■  billiard  balk  aad  the  d^(c[i«B  of  thM 


3oa 


LAWN-TENNI3 


mJ  tl»  mafcmoeat  h^Ttnamt  aMUaM  mg  a  be 

B«MlyvuS*il&r**kiUiil|il>vcr'  Fv<u|ii(biiM  [ul 

(ana  of  wia,  tMI^  hy  no  mani  the  oily  one  a  > 

tun  In  AcoiM dEncciiiB u in BlEht. >Ud> i>  imp  u 

upward  dnv  at  ibe  ncqaM  u  tM  rnDtBow  el  m  a, 

tad  ^  iflact  <<  ulikk  u  n  owke  it  drop  men  i  il 

■DuU  ordinuily  do.  and  in  an  unoipated  curve  da 

^th  plenty  of     top  "  cao  Ix  hit  much  harder  than  ue 

be  ponible  without  lendiiv  t)w  ball  out  of  court,  a  « 

aUMlvtly  tnplDiml  bv  the  ben  ptiytn.     Whi  n* 

HIM  II  BliBoat  inmaallii  tha  pnctia  of  fint-^lu  iV. 

CoK.  M.  1.  C  Kildiie  and  S.  H.  Smith  bcinf  aln  n( 

tlune  o(  eSacnpioniliio  tank  in  modern  (Uy>  to  uk  m- 

parattvdy  litile— iti  tKfficdtlr  plicn  it  bfyond  the  9a 

■kUFid.    In  laim-leuli  aa  glaMd  at  Um  erdinary  I  or 

beat  dub  tliereal-MBaili^d Bt(oulia*«aDaL~., -—.id 
be  HOI.  and  tika  high  lob  iaalnuicaqiiillyn'V-  Flayn  of  mwierale 
cah'biT  an  conttnt  to  uIr  the  ball  on  the  bound  and  10  return  It  villi 
tome  pioe  alanti  the  Bde-Iina  or  acna  the  court,  with  the  aim  ol 
placinc  It  H  artfully  aa  poadbk  berond  the  nach  of  tha 
and  iTnov  aad  ajain  Uity  nalun  to  iniuu 
with  killing  (fka  at  Winbledoii.  tbay  think  the 

Brfofe  1B90  tha  method  oS  ■—- '- 


Hiittri 
lolheyeai  1874,    ll  is,  indeed,  I] 
OD  Icanis  weft  from  time  to  time  imptovised  by  lo 
(ame  who  found  thcmKlvd  an      '        '     ' 
Atthuc  Hervty,  •ometirru  biihop  ol  Bath  and  Well^  hi 
devliad  a  game  which  ha  and  hit  friends  played  01 

JfafdRW  aa  a  game  that  rivalled  the  popularity  of  ctickeL 
Bui,  bmRVH  much  or  liltlo  thia  game  may  have  Rieiflbtcd 
lawn-tennii,  it  hid  long  ceased  10  exist;  and  even  10  be  tem^n- 
bered,  when  in  iS7«  Majpt  VVinflield  took  out  a  patent  lot  1 
(ime  called  Sphairislike,  which  the  ipcdficgluin  deKiibcd  ai 
"a  new  and  improved  portri>le  csutt  for  playing  the  andent 
game  of  tennis."  The  court  for  this  game  was  Wider  at  tha  base- 
lines  than  at  the  net,  giving  the  whole  court  the  shape  ol  aa 
bou-glasi;  ona  side  of  the  net  only  wai  divided  into  service- 
court*,  service  beli^  always  delivered  from  a  liacd  mark  b  the 
centre  of  the  opposite  court;  and  from  the  net-posts  lii^neta 
were  Gicd  which  tapeted  down  to  the  ground  at  about  the  middle 
ol  the  >ide-bncs,  Ihua  enclosing  nearly  half  the  courU  on  each 
tide  of  the  net.  The  poisibiliUcs  of  Spbairiitike  w«c  quickly 
perceived^  and  undet  the  new  name  ol  lawn-tennis  iu  popularity 
grew  ID  quickly  thai  In  itji  a  meeting  o[  those  interested  In 
the  game  washdd  at  Lord'icricke(-ErauQd,Hheiia  committee 
of  the  Uarylcbona  Chih  (H.C.C.)  wu  appeinttd  lo  dnw  up  a 
code  of  rules.  The  hour-glass  shape  of  the  court  was  nlained 
by  this  code  (issued  in  May  1875},  and  the  scoring  ol  the  game 
followed  in  the  main  the  racquets  inilcad  ol  the  tennis  model 
It  waa  Bl  the  n^geatioo  of  J.  U.  Heathmta,  the  amnleur  tennil 

d  balli  usedit  firet.    In  1S7],  thiDugh 


*of  Hen 


3  ("  Cl 


h  "),  1. 


:t  Club, 


iBdodtd  in  Ibc  pngtanune  ol  Ibe  All  England  Croqi 
which  in  18);  becuie  the  AH  England  Croquet  and  uwn- 
■"  ■  'loje  ground  at  Wimbledon  the  AD  England 

c  been  tonually  played  aiDCe  that 


Ttnois  CIi 


6rat  ^ampionahip 
meeting,  the  club  appobited  a  commilte*  coiuistlBg  t*  Heaiy 
Jones,  Julian  ManhaUaDd  C.  C.  Heiihcote  to  revise  the  M.C.C. 
CAdt  o[  ivlui  the  relull  ol  thdr  laboun  being  the  inlroduction 
placa  of  tha 


oCtkemadmnlannguAtkCftirit."  Tbe  balgkt  •!  *• 
nel,  which  under  the  M.C.C.  rules  had  beat  4  ft.  In  dM  OEntn, 
was  Tcduttd  lo  ]  ft.  J  fa.;  and  neirtttletn  ai  ta  tte  tin  nod 
weight  of  tha  ball  weK  alio  taade.  Somi  eanlmeof  had 
already  taliiA  place  In  the  oatuma*  ol  the  FUU  as  to  wiicCba 
vMeyiBf  Ibe  ball,  at  all  event*  witkin  ■  cetUlK  dUano*  al  tka 
(.•[,  (bould  BM  bapt^UutoL  Spencrt  Gmt,  ibe  Ant  lo  wta 
the  champidBslilp  h  187},  tued  the  volley  with  gnu.  ikil  and 
judgment,  aad  in  {itindpla  antidpaltd.  the  tactka  aHcrwaida 
bm^llo  perfection  by  the  Senihiiis.  which  aimed  alIUdl« 
the  advenwy  back  to  the  bate-Une  and  killii^  his  return  with 
a  volley  Imia  a  pisition  near  ihe  nel.  P.  F.  Hsdow,  charnpion 
in  i8)R.  showed  boH  tbe  vijley  mi^t  be  deiealcd  by  iCIlul 
use  ol  the  lob;  bijt  die  question  of  plaoing  s*me  check  on  itie 
volley  coflihiued  If  be  a^tad  amon|  Idven  dl  the  gfOM.  Ttw 
ipirUy  glowlRg  pbpilulty  ci  lawn-Vnait  wis  provsi  in  i8j« 

.....  . -"-  -'    '*he^ur-hane(edehai«piMi«hfci. 

ilBoothlp,  and  by  tha  fact  ibat 
l«  tie  AD  Engltnd  iin|fe 
by  i-  T.  ^iitleyi  a  playa 
i[  lis  telunt  wilhoii  frequent 


I  ol  ih«  Iriih 
Ity.lvJ  comr 
It  Kikbledi 


H^ofl 

clami 


wlw  ckidly  rdM  *d  Ucjcct 

rmit  10  tba  KoU^y.    It  was  in  the  autumn  01  me  same  y 

ta  >  (ounMineiit  it  Cheltenham,  that  W.  )tenibaw,made 

Am  lucttMfBl  ajveanDR  in  OUblit..  IThe  yeai  1880  ■«.• 

tlWDdMlMi  o(  tfae  Northern  Lawn-Tennis  Aasodation.  w! 

EourliuseHti  have  long  been  reganled  aa  infetior  in  impoiti 

only  to  the  diunptMulilp  neetlngi  at  Winbkdbn  and  Du) 

and  a  rerlstan  ot  th>  nilsa  whkh  subctMitiaUy. 

they  have  ever  <ina  TcmtinoL    Tins  ysr  h 

for  the  first  champiOBihip  donblet  won  by  II 

Wiltian  and  Ernest  Kenihaw.  a  sotcan  whkji  tb 

up  by  winning  the  Irish  chunpiouhip.  betting  among  olbera 

H.  F.  Lawford  foF  Ihe  first  liae. 

The  Renriiawi  had  ilicady  devehiped  the  vcdlayiitg  gamo  at  Ihe 
net,  and  had  shown  w^at  cquld  bo  done  with  the  "  smash  *' 
stroke  (which  became  known  by  their  name  u  the  "  Keufaaw 
smash  "),  but  their  lervioe  had  MM  ai  yet  become  very  tevcre. 
In  1S81  the  disthiciive  features  ol  ibalr  style  were  more  marked, 
and  Ihi  brother*  flnl  eKtbliihed  firmly  the  supremacy  whfdi 
they  maintained  almast  wiilMat  fateiRiptkin  for  tfae  next  d^t 
yots.  In  tha  douhk*  tluy  discnrded  Ihe  older  liciits  of  one 
yafUMt  uandiig  bade  and  tba  otkir  near  the  net;  the  two 
Xeiulim  (Mod  abmtt  th*  tame  kvet,  just  huide  the  lervics- 
loe.  ud  tnm  thtn  iWlcyed  wttb  Tdemlesi  severity  aad  with 
an  MOmcy  never  bclan  ttfwUed,  sod  seldom  if  evei  aince; 
while  ihel*  MfVke  dso  aoqiiiied  *m  imBiease  increase  of  pace: 
Their  drirf  ilval,  aid  the  leKtini  e^qmicol  of  Ihe  nu-voUeyhg 
gamg  loraevaralynn,  wuH.  P.  Lawfond.  Alter  a  year  or  two 
It  batanw  «Ad**t  IhM  ndtlivtbe  volkyiag  tactica  ol  Renshaw 
nor  the  strong  back  pUiy  Of  Lurfocd  nuM  be  adopted  to  Ibe 
eKckskn  of  Ihe  other,  and  both  playo*  began  to  combine  IhC 
two  styles.  Thus  Iha  pcrBaaent  fealunB  ol  lawn-tennis  a»y  be 
said  to  have  been  fbaly  caUtdiAed  bf  about  the  year  1885; 
and  the  phiyers  who  have  since  Iba  cone  to  the  Erant  have  for 
the  most  paRfolkmd  the  prineipln  laid  dawn  by  the  Kenshaws 
and  Uiwfaid.  One  o(  the  ptausi  pciformaaca  at  Uwn-ienius 
waiiaihe  chuniHaaiUp  coopetttioD  ta  1886  when  W.  Beoihaw 
beat  Lawfoed  a  htve  Mt  Id  4(  nUnutes.  The  kongesl  re«  in  firsl. 
clasa  lawB-tenait  MCOmd  ta  ■  natch  between  Lawford  and 
E.  lAibbock  in  itto,  when  eighly-oiw  strokes  irer*  played 
Among  players  fa  the  first  claa  ndu  were  contemporaries  ol 
Ihe  Rcsahawa,  mcation  ahouU  b«  Bade  of  £.  de  S,  Browne,  a 
powerful  ibiltalot  ol  the  Rcnshnr  style;  C.  W.  Grinilesd, 
R.  T.  Richardnn,  V.  GsBld  (wbo  played  nndet  the  oia  A  plMM 
"  St  Leger ").  J-  T.  Rattley,  E.  W.  Lewis,  E  U  Williamsk 
H.  Orove  and  W.  J.  Kanillonj  while  laBnf  Ibe  o»st  ptDarincnt 
lady  players  of  the  period  wen  If  1m  IL  Laopidw,  Mt>  Bradley, 
Mlu  Maud  Watson,  Miss  L.  Dod,  UiB  Uutfa  and  Uk*  BiMgley 
(afterwairisHnBillyard).  lnttSStbeLa«»-TcaBiiA»ocialian 
was  HtablWiedi  and  the  All  England  Mixed  Doubles  Champka- 
fhip  |tour4aaded  naldMS  lot  ladies  and  tflfe"—  in  putner- 
ship)  wit  added  wtlweiiilinganmMlcnsyWitln—.  SiiKciMi 


LA,WN.TfNNI8 


393 


bwo-teonk  suUdiei  betvecn  Oxtord  ud  Cunbridee  nnlvcniiia 
hJLve  b«a  played  umuilly;  and  almost  every  coun^  in 
Eo^uid,  besides  Scolbnd,  Walo  and  diUrtcU  such  ai  "  MidUod 
Counties"  "  Soutli  ol  FngLanfV"  ta,,  iav%  Ibeir  own  champien- 
ahip  mcetingL  Toumaeieoti  are  alio  played  in  winter  at  Nke, 
Uootc  Cu4o  and  Dtbo  Medhemncan  reaona  vhen  meat  ot  the 

etUore  are  Eiujliih  viillors. 

I    RuLti  of  ibt  An  EoiUad  cbampionthlpa  haw  beea  u 


H.  F.  Uwfocd 

E.  Rinihaw 
W.  Rtnihaw 
W.  J.  Hamillon 
W.  Baildiley 
W.  Baddelay 


r.  CcDtkmi 


LF,  Doherty 


CenTlceua's  Doitbleb 


gs 


Voir.    LvlWSinBlM 
tM4    MatM.  Waiwa 
Us    M>»M.  WalKn 
m    Mil.  Binilcy 
-'      MiH  Dod 

MluDdd 

Mn  Killyaid 

'Bgl  Mi»  Dod 
«9i  MruDod 
l«93    MiiaDsd 

i8oe    MiuC.  Cnjpcr 
l«97    MnHii\yit6 

Yar.       Ladin'  and 


189}    W.  Baddeley 


i9*(    MhiC.Coaeer 

l«M     MnHUlyinT 


HiUyj 


{MiH 


1901    MuBl^'ltolib 

1903  Mia  D,  K.  Douflua 

1904  UiaD.  K.DouibH 

1905  UiB  M.  SUIIDII 

1906  MisD.  K.  Douilan 

SMiM  M,  Sullon 
MnSlon 
■-  iD.  Boolt 


:hby 
(Mm  Dmiflus} 
len'i  DaublcL 

Mix  K.  Hin 

MiH  Dad 
Mr>  HiUyard 
Mw  C.  CwpB 


1)9S    I 


t>'  and  Callemn'i  Double*. 


1901  S.H.  Sr 

1903  F.  L.  Ri 

190*  S.H.SE 

I90J  S.H.  5k 

I90I  F.URi 

19M  a.'f.w  !|  (MiH 

1909    H.  Roper  Barrett        „ 

191a    S.  N.  DsuK  „  I 

In  Ihe  Dniled  SUt««  liwn-Ieniiii  vu  pbytd  at  NahuU, 
near  BoiLon^  wit  bin  a  year  of  iia  invcncioci  io  Eiigtand,  Dr 
Jam«  Dwigbt  and  the  brathen  F.  R.  and  R.  D,  Sear*  beinj 

In  i8ji  at  a  mecling  la  New  Voii  of  repreMnlatlva  ol  thlity- 
lliree  dubi  the  United  State*  National  Uwn-Tennii  Ajudatlon 
wai  formed^  and  the  adoption  of  the  Eliglisb  rules  put  an  end 
to  tbe  ibaence  of  uniformity  in  the  lat  of  (he  ball  and  beigbt 
of  the  net  which  had  binderrd  the  progrcn  of  tbe  gime.  The 
aoociation  decided  to  hold  mitcbei  for  cbampiouhip  of  tbe 
United  States  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island;  and.  by  *  curioiu 
coincfdmce,  in  the  tune  year  in  which  W.  Renihaw  Artt  mn 
the  English  championship,  R.  D.  Sears  woii  the  Ent  American 
championship  by  playing  a  volleying  game  a]  "'         -    -  ■  ^  ■ 


ydisc 


ssfully  defended 


_  the  doubles  Uirougbout 
period  <n  pirlnenhip  with  Dwighl.  In  1SS7,  San 
bcini  unable  to  play  through  lll-heallb,  the  chimpionthip  wtni 
10  H.  W.  Slocum,  Other  ptominenl  pUyen  of  the  period  were 
(he  btothcra  C,  M.  and  J.  S.  CliA,  who  in  iMj  came  to  England 
and  were  dcdsvely  beaten  it  Wimbledon  by  tbe  two  Rensbawa. 
To  a  later  generalioo  behjng  the  ittongest  ibigte  playtts,  M.  D. 
Whitman,  Holeombe  Ward,  W.  A,  Utned  and  Karl  Behr. 
Hokombe  Ward  and  Dwight  Davis,  who  have  the  ctedii  ol  intro- 
ducing ihi  ptmliar  "  American  iwiii  letvice,"  were  an  ei- 
ceedinglyairoogpair  in  doubles;  but  after  winning  tbe  American 
doubles  champiohship  fn  three  years  In  succession,  they  were 
defeated  in  1901  by  the  English  btoihers  R.  P.  and  H.  L. 
Doheriy.  The  championship  sin^fs  in  1904  and  1905  was  won 
by  H.  Ward  and  B.  C.  Wright,  tbe  laltel  being  one  of  the  hnett 
players  America  has  produced;  and  these  two  in  pBttcecship 
won  ihe  doubles  foe  three  years  In  succession,  unlil  they  were 
displaced  by  F.  B.  Ateiandec  and  H,  H.  Hackett,  who  in 
tb^r  turn  held  the  doubles  championship  for  a  like  period. 
In  1909  Iwn  young  CaKlocniins.  Long  ind  McLi>ughlin,  un- 
eipectedly  came  la  the  fnmt.  and,  although  beaten  in  the  final 
round  for  the  champloDAIp  doubles,  they  represented  Ihe 
United  Stsles  in  the  etmlat  tor  the  Dsvis  cup  {see  below) 
in  Australia  In  that  yekr;  McLoughhn  hivmg  acquired  a 
service  of  eitr»ordinary  power  and  a  amnhing  stroke  with 
a  iTVers^  spin  which  waa  fuffidem  by  itself  to  place  him  In 
the  higtol  nok  of  lawiHennls  playcn. 
WamBi  if  Unilii  i 
-     ■         ■  Sinjlea.. 


l«ei  R.  O.  Sears 

l8Sj  R^  D.  Sears 

idl,  X.  □.  Seira 

iMj  R.  D.  Sear. 

IMS  R.  D,  Sean 

1887  R.  D.  Sena 

laM  H.W.  SlMinr 

1U9  H.W.  Slocum 

1890  0,5.  Cimpbell 

IS91  O,  S.  Campbell 

l««  O.  S,  Campbell 

lS9j  R.D.  Wrtnn 

l«9t  R.D.  Wtenn 

iBfS  F.  H.  Hovey 


r.  Gentlemen'.  Snaler. 

,  R.D.W™nn 

'  R.D.  Wrcu 

1  M.  D.  WbitmaB 

I  M.  D.  Wluiman 

1  M.  D.  Whitman 

W.  A-LaroRl 

r  W.  A.UrD.d 

I  HlWard 

i  B.  C.  Wiigbt 

;  W.  I.  CotMer 

'  W.  A.Unad 

...I  W.  A.  Lamed 

1909  W.A-LsriKd 

1910  W.A-I*n«)i 


LAWRENCE,  ST— LAWRENCE,  A. 


iNJ    Mi 
Ml 

a    Mi 
Mi 


>.'CiinpMl 


.Dwi^t 

MS  llS-C^rk 

iHi  I.  Daighl 

[Uk  V.  C.flaU 

lUa  RW.  StGCua 

1I90  V.G.  Hill 

iSgi  O.  S.  Cinpbcll 

1S92  O,  S-Campbdl 

iSqi  C.  Hobart 

■agt  C.  Kobut 


1901    K.  F.  Dohcny         „    H,  U  Dohcrty 


SH.  Wud 
H.  Wuil 
[OOT    F.  B.  Akund 
ijoi    F-B-Alcunc 
[909    F.  B.  Alcmu 
gio    F.  B.  Aluut 
:^in'  Singla. 
E.C.  Rooaevclt 


tlii^liH.  IV 
1,  P.  AlUnnn 
1,  P.  Alkin»>. 


„     Wri,ht 

.,    B.  C.Wridt 

„    H.  H.  HKkcIt 

..    H.  H.  Hulut 

.,    H.  H  Hackttt 

M    H .  H.  Hickitt 
19M    MinMvrtltMcAtcH' 
1901    MsiEluabelliK.MiDcc 
1901    MinMirioB  [ona 
■903    MiHEliubnh  H.  Uocn 
1904    MiHMaySuHDn 
19M    MiaEUabcihH.  Moon 
1906    Mi«HtlenH.Harun> 
1901    MiMEvdvn  Sean 
t9oi    Mn  Baiiii  Willuh 
1909    Mi_  Huel  Hoichkis 
191a    Mis  Huel  HoIdildB 


In  190a  ID  iattnulion*]  challtnte  cup  wu  puMottd  by  the 
AmcricuD.  F.  Diivii,iobe  competed  foe  in  llic  couoltysi  Ihc 
boldcn.  la  Ihc  ummer  ol  thii  yeu  ■  Briiiih  tewB,  contiMing 
of  A.  W.  Gore,  £.  D.  BUck  ud  H.  K.  Gunll,  duUcnfcd  f«  Ihe 
cup  but  were  deCeiicd  by  Ibe  Amciicini,  Whiirun,  laincd, 
D>vii  ud  Ward.  In  1901  a  more  npieiFntitive  Britlih  team, 
the  two  Dohertyi  iind  Pirn,  wen  tgaia  dcleuid  by  lb*  tame 
RpmenlKivcs  el  Ibe  IJmled  Statu;  but  in  the  [oUowini 
ynt  the  Dohotyi  brouglit  the  Divia  cup  to  Eoglaod  by  beating 
Luned  and  Ihe  brothers  Wrenn  at  Longwood.  In  1904  the  cup 
wai  pUyed  lor  ai  Wimhkdon,  when  reprexntativct  of  Belgium, 
AustrijL  arid  France  cntesd,  but  failed  to  defeat  the  Dohenyi 
and  F.  h.  Risdey,  who  nprcsenled  Great  Britain.  In  190J  the 
enlilej  [Deluded  Frann,  Austria,  Auilralasia,  Bcl^m  and  the 
Unlltd  Slates;  in  1906  the  tame  countries,  eicept  Belgium, 
competed;  but  in  both  years  the  British  playcn  witbilaad  the 
attack.  In  1907,  however,  when  the  antes!  was  confined  to 
Enjhaad,  the  I)  ruled  SutS  and  Auslralnia,  the  latter  wis  tuc- 
cesslul  in  winsini  the  cup,  which  was  then  for  the  first  time  taken 
to  the  tslooies.  vben  it  was  retained  in  the  folkiwiiig  year 
when  the  Aultralians  N.  E.  Brookes  and  A.  F.Wilding  defeated 
the  reprMentathn  of  the  United  Slates,  who  had  previously 
beatta  Um  En^iafc  chalkn|en  in  Anwrka.     Id  1909  En(laBd 


both  ie  tin^  and  doubles, 

'^'    '*  The  Badmlatoa  Library,*'  Timma:  ttmt-T 

BewaBdRnalediDiiD(l90l)l  H- F.  and  U.  I.  Dttenr.  Ow 

loMt-rnwii  (igcgj;  L.H.Uiiu,UHminUmk-Tmmt(itmi 
E.  de  KanieuaTtg  Puw  X  Tiawo-kaiHi  (■•««;  ].  Dwwbt. 
"  Fofm  in  Uwn-Ttnaia,"  In  Scribut'l  UtMiiiu,  wl.  vi. ;  A.  WtlSt 
Hytn.  Til  QmtitU  tan-Ttmnii  PUj,rJi9oS).  (ft.].  Ml 

L4WRBIICB  (LAtTXEHTiDS,  Loaum)),  tt.  Christian  maTtyr, 
wboK  name  appean  in  the  canon  of  tke  miM,  and  whose  lealival 
ia  on  the  lelb  of  August.  The  badlica  ttattd  over  his  tomb  at 
Some  b  Mill  visited  by  pQfiimt.  Hts  legend  is  very  popolat. 
Deacon  of  the  pope  (St)  Siilus  (Xyttus)  U.,  be  waa  called  npon 
by  the  judge  to  bring  forth  Ihe  Ireaaure*  of  the  church  whidi 
bad  been  committed  to.  hia  keeping.  He  thereupon  produced 
the  church's  poor  people.  Seeing  hii  biibop,  Sittiu,  being  led 
to  puniihraenl,  he  cried:  "  Fathtrl  wbilhcr  gaest  thou  without 
thy  (Dn?  Holy  priesll  whither  goeit  thou  wilhoul  tby  deacon?" 
Siitus  prophesied  that  Lawrence  would  follow  him  In  three  days. 
The  prophecy  was  fulfilled,  and  Lawierkce  waa  sentenced  to  be 
burnt  alive  on  a  gridiron.  In  the  midK  o(  hi*  tonnenii  he 
addiesaed  the  ju^  innically  with  the  words:  .lrn«i  eil, 
tens  If  mtadaea  ("  I  am  naJed  enough  on  Ihis  side;  turn  mc 
roond,  and  eat").  All  Ibese  dctaik  of  the  well-known  legend 
are  already  tttated  by  St  Ambnae  (Dt  Ofic.  I.  tj.  if.  18).  Tbc 
punishment  of  tbe  gridiron  and  the  speedi  of  the  martyr  an 
probably  a  reminiscence  of  the  Fhryi^an  martyrs,  as  related 
by  Socnlea  (iii.  is)  and  Soionien  (v,  ii).  But  the  fact  o<  tbe 
martyrdom  ii  vnquettionable.  The  date  it  uauitty  put  at  Ibe 
pcTscculion  of  Valerian  in  ijS. 

The  cult  ol  St  Lawrence  has  qiiead  thraighout  Chrblendon, 
and  Ihen  are  numcrm)  churchca  dedicated  to  him,  especially  in 
England,  where  iiB  have  been  couoled.  The  Eseuilal  wa«  built 
in  honour  of  St  Lawrence  by  Philip  11.  of  Spain.  In  memory  of 
the  battle  of  Si  f^cniin.  which  was  won  In  iss;  on  ibe  day 
ol  tbe  martyr's  festival.  The  meleoritca  which  tppeu  annually 
on  or  (bout  the  rolh  of  August  are  pi^Hilarly  ktwwn  as  "  the 

Six  Acia  umdarum,  AggoKi  iS.  4ts-su:  P.  Franchi  dc'  Cavaneii. 
5.  i#n»  (  a  •Mft^kir  itIU  poSala  (Rome.  1900);  Aumlau 
BMatiiiim.  ili.  4JI  and  4M:  Fr.  Amokf-Fonlcr.-  Simdia  M 
Clnulk  Didiraluml  or  AifIsbTi  Pelrn  SsiUI,  i.  ]o9.SIS.  iii.  IB, 
3»9^j9o(iS«l-  (H.  Dt) 

LAWXnCX,  UM  (17W-1B51),  American  merchant  and 
philanthropist,  vas  bom  in  Groton  Maisachusctts,  U.S.A.,  on 
the  iind  ol  April  i;S4,  a  descendant  of  John  Uwrence  of  Wissct, 
Suffolk,  England,  who  was  one  cJ  the  finl  lettleTi  of  Groton. 
Leaving  Crolon  academy  (founded  by  hb  father.  Samuel 
Lawrence,  and  otben)  in  1799,  he  became  a  derk  in  a  country 
store  in  Groton,  i^nce  after  hia  apprenticeship  be  went,  with 
tio  in  hia  pocket,  to  Boston  and  tbeic  set  op  in  busines  for 
hinscll  in  December  iSej.  In  tbe  next  year  he  took  into  his 
employ  hit  brother,  Abbott  (see  below),  whom  be  made  hit 
partner  in  1II14,  Ihe  film  Dame  being  at  inl  A.  fr  A,  LawRnce, 
and  afterwards  A.  ft  A,  Lawitace  ft  Co,  In  iBji  when  his 
health  failed,  Amos  Lawrence  reliied  from  active  business, 
and  Abbott  Lawrence  waa  tbeitirier  the  bead  of  Ihe  £rm. 
The  firm  became  the  greatest  American  mercantile  bouse  el  Ihe 
day,  was  succeufut  even  in  the  hard  Iin]eB,af  iSif-iRi5,  iftei^ 
wards  engaged  parliculaiiy  in  setling  woollen  snd  cotton  gooda 

cotton  (eililc  industry  in  New  England:  in  rljo  by  coming 
to  the  aid  ol  the  financiaHy  distressed  mDb  of  Lowel!,  Massa- 
chusetts, where  in  that  year  Ihe  Suffolk,  Tremont  and  Lawrence 
Luther  r 


1847  by  « 


en  led  tl 


I  184s- 


'ho  was  a  director  of  tbe 
Esses  company,  which  controlled  the  nter  ptmer  of  Lawrence, 
and  slterwitdi  was  pieadent  of  the  Atlantic  Cotton  HiDs  and 
Pacific  Mills  there.  In  i&«i  Amos  Lawrence  decided  not  to 
allow  Ml  properly  10  increase  any  further,  and  in  the  laal  (levea 
yeus  of  bis  IHe  he  qienl  In  charity  at  leaal  1511,000,  a  luge  nri 


LAWRENCE,  A.  A^LAWRENCE,  SIR  H.  M 


iBttaedun.  Bt*«etoWilliBicolkKl«B«idoiBcali|i, 
to  tte  Buflot  (teokglail  Kiiinxyi  to  W*lwik'  iiilkp.  M 
Kcnjrga  colkcc  ud  to  Gntan  wadav,  which  m*  ramioed 
LftvTOKE  acadeny  in  beiMrar  ol  th«  (•mlljr,  uid  cvsdalljr  in 
ncwiUn  «{  th>  sifu  of  Widlun  Lawnon,  Ann'i  tntbcrt 

10  (b*  BcMaa  thf  '     '   '  '  

(Si(Soeo>  w  (Iw 

jiU  d  Dtcemba  1851. 

S<a  Bxuaai  fnm  ifc  D>i>9  ontf  Carmtatima  tl  At  bill  Amu 
rilBiaiil.  aiTI  II  ffiiif  linimf  iif  Tiii^  faiiifmfl  tm  kit  [ffl  (HomiB. 
tSj6},  Ediud  by  hii  ■m  WiDlam  R.  Umncc 

His  hiotlier,  Abbott  I^wuhcb  (iT9>~iSij),  vu  boai  ia 
Ciotou,  MuiufauKlts,  OQ  the  i6Lh  ol  Deccmba  i79i.    BaidM 

itl  had,  be  pnmoted  vaiioui  New  En^od  latlmx*,  twublf 
the  BoiUQ  &Albuiy-  He  wu  1  Whig  npiBotUlive  in  Convets 
In  iSji-iSj;  lod  in  iiirii¥>  (nugiuDS  u 
bcaiK  el  Ili-bealth};  ud  in  1S4]  wu  oih  oI 
foi  MuucluiMii3,  who  Willi  comuicuQDcTs  from  Maine  and  witli 
Daniel  Webitci,  eecictaiy  of  tuit  and  p)enij»tenLiaiy  oi  Uia 
UniLed  Stalei,  leltled  nilli  Lonl  Aihbuiton,  tlia  Britiah  pleoi- 
potcnLiaiy,  the  queation  of  the  nanh-caateni  boundary,  la 
1S41  be  wai  pnsiding  officer  in  the  Masachiuclii  Wbig  coo- 
reatioD;  be  broke  with  fnadeat  Tyler,  laiziLly  rebuked  Uaniel 
Wehalci  lor  remaining  in  Tyler'icabinet  alter  bis  calleaguabad 
IcaigBed,  and  iKODiBcaded  Heniy  Clay  and  Juho  Davii  as  [he 
Bomioeca  of  Che  Whis'  party-  i*  iBm—^o  action  iliai  aroued 
Webelec  to  make  liii  [amoiu  Fjuieuil  lUIl  address.  In  i^i 
candidaLe  for  the  Whif  nomiaatienlor 
It  wa*  defeated  by  Webstet't  loUowers. 
He  refused  the  ponl^ios  oi  ihe  navy  and  of  the  iatElior  in 
Fiesideal  Taylor's  cabinet,  and  in  li^^-iSji  wac  UnilEd  Slates 
minister  to  Great  Britain,  where  he  was  greatly  aided  by  hia 
weaJch^and  hia  fcacrous  hospitality.  He  was  aa  aidujL  pro- 
tecLioniat,  and  re|>rescnled  Maasachuaetls  at  the  Ifon^urg 
CODvention  in  iSi;.  He  lUed  in  Bntoo  do  Ihc  iSlh  si  August 
iSjj,  leaving  ai  hii  greatest  menuuial  the  Lawrence  scicotiGc 
•diwl  ol  Huvaid  univcraity,  nrfuch  he  had  established  by  a 
ffll  of  tio,ooo  in  1E47.  and  to  which  he  bequmthed  aDMher 
S^DOo;  in  igoT-i^oS  {his  school  was  practically  abolished  as 
■  distinct  d^artmest  ol  the  univeiaiiy.  He  made  large  gilts 
to  the  Boflon  public  library,  and  he  left  (50,000  for  the  ercctioa 
of  model  lodging-bousea,  tbus  carrying  on  the  work  of  an  Asocia- 
lion  for  building  model  lodging-bousea  lor  the  poor,  or^nized 

"'see  mnmK^  %'  HilL  Uniair  d  A\Aaa  Lumaa  (BoHon, 
il84>.  Randolp)!  AndCTi'  D<r  Wci  nn  Cldcl.  nfir  iit  Karul 
ItdiviMr  HI  vtriKt  (Berlin,  iSjS)  a  a  prRendnl  tnailstion  of 
■onl  ■■■ii(ii  from  ■  mppiilittiatB  mamncript  bei)uaBlied  u 
Abboii  l.awnan  by  a  lidi  unde. 

-UWUHn.  AMOt  AlUUil  (iSir-iS86),  Ataoicui  phtlaD- 
Ifaropbl,  son  of  Anas  Lawrtnce,  was  bora  in  Gmton,  Maai 
cbvKtU,  IL&A,  (m  the  )(R  of  Jidy  1814.    He  graduated 
Bamrd  m  iSss,  went  into  badnos  In.  Lnwelt,  and  in  iG 
^fh>i*lf'  in  BoatoB  hit  owb  fmallag-hiirtfi  iriiich  fioin  i  i 
to  ifljS  waa  tha  iim  01  Lawttoce  k  Uaam,  and  which 
Klling  Bgant  lor  the  Coeheos  mllla  of  Dma,  Nei 
udlorvditf  totile  iacloiieai    Lawteace  eauUiihed 
■id  kdiltluf  mill  it  Ipswkb— the  £rN  of  impoctaacc  in  the 

*M  tfseadf  iiihiMMil  ia  the  daina ol  F-lfsatr  WUiiams of  Green 
Bar,  Wiacoida,  and  thioitfi  loans  to  tMs  "  lost  dauphin  " 
■■■■—■      -iin;iii  i8«9  he 

.  .  «  LtMttaa  collet).  He  also 
10  tudi  be  the  eolcnlMliop  d  tat  BCfnaiKl 
in  tSH  be  bacama  ucMiDct  ol  Iba  HuaidiiBatl*  Emi^anl  Aid 
Coemiujl  (moicnind  in  xHt  —  the  New  Bofiand  £mi(nnt 
■'"  "  ■     "  h.  isnt'ijoo  aettlen '    "      ---■-— -'^- 


tha  WUc  CasdidatB  for  govefnor  of  UaaiaefatiaBtts.  THI  ibe 
vtty  oulbicak  ol  4ho  Dvil  War  he  was  a  "law  and  order"  man, 
and  be  did  hk  bol  lo-  aeeuie  the  adaption  ol  the  Crttlendea 
EoaipiOBi^  bat  he  toiA  an  active  pan  la  dtilling  troops, 
aod  is  iWi  be  nhed  a  batldiea  of  cavalry  wUch  beone  the 
tDdUM>adateluRB^maiiloiavaliT,olwhkhChatleiKusBeB 
Lawdl  wi(  ooiOfuL  Lamcaca  kraa  ■  aeaber  of  the  PiMauant 
Episcopal  Chotcb  aod  built  (igyj-igSB)  Lawnci  halt,  Cam- 
badge,  foe  Ibe  EpiMapal  iholbgical  aduiol,  of  wtakh  be  waa 
tmrnrar.  Ib  iSjT-'Ma  he  WM-tteiaiitCT  of  Harvanl  coUej^ 
hud  in  igra-iSSs  was  an  otcnecr.  He  died  fa  Nabant,  Has., 
on  (ha  3z*d  of  August  iSS& 

Eee  WUBam  Liwmn.  U/i  if  Amu  A.  L—mna,  itiA  BumH 
Jrmt  Ml  Ditmani  Comifudaa  ^BaUaa,  latS). 

Hiison,  WiujiuiLAwaaiiCE(rg;a-  >,  graduated  ia  iSft 
M  Harvard,  and  in  187s  at  the  Episcopal  tbcolofkll  icbod, 
where,  slier  b<fng  rector  ol  Graa:  Church,  Lawimce,  Hut., 
in  iS;6-iSa4,  he  was  ptofaeor  of  homiletica  and  UlUral 
theology  in'  iBA^-tS^i  and  dean  in  lUg-rgoj,  In  iK«]  ho 
succeeded  Phiiiipa  Brooks  as  Protctrant  Episcopal  bfahop  of 
"A  U)tiif  gitf  Wacott,Gtmtrii 


B0K6B  ALFRED  Utrj-t^jSi.  EngUib  novel- 
ial,  was  born  at  Brailed.  Esstr,  on  (he  isth  of  March  igiy, 
and  WIS  educated  u  Kugby  and  at  Balllol  college,  Oifttd.  Ht 
wu  cafied  to  the  tnc  at  th*  Inter  Temple  in  1S51,  but  looa 
ahandooed  (be  Uw  tot  Uietature.  In  1BJ7  he  publlihed,  anoey- 
leausly.  hia  Snt  ooyvI,  Cwy  Licingsltni,  or  Ticrtiitli.  Tha  hook 
achieved  a  very  large  sik.  ind  bad  line  or  lea  auccesaon  of  a 
similar  type,  Ihe.bnC  periupj  being  Swiril  aiuf  Conn  (1S50). 
Lawrence  may  bo  reganled  aa  the  oii|ina(ar  ia  Enj^b  tctioa 
of  the  btaa  m^tar  type  of  hero,  (icat  in  iporlaBd  lave  and  war. 
He  died  al  Edhiborgb  on  the  ijid  of  September  1B7A. 

L4WHSIH«.  OB  RnWY  NOVrOOMEBT'  (iSBe~rgs7>, 
British  soldier  and  itattsnan  in  IkSb,  bntber  of  (he  iit  Lord 
Lawrence  (f.i.),  was  bom  al  Mstara,  Ceylon,  on  IbeiSlhof  June 
iBcid.  He  iaherlltd  hia  father's  stern  devotion  (a  duty  and 
Celtic  impuliiviDeB,  tempted  by  bis  malhcr's  gendeness  and 
power  of  organtaitlDd,  Early  fn  igj]  he  joined  the  Bengal 
Artillery  at  the  Calcutta  suburb  ol  Dum  Dum,  wliete  also 
Henry  Hivebck  waa  sutioned  about  the  same  lime.  The 
two  offiocR  pursued  1  very  similar  career,  and  devvleped  tlic 
same  Puiitan  character  apto  the  thne  that  both  died  at  Luckaow 
in  iSst-  lo  1^°  bnl  Butmeu  War  Henry  LawrSKc  and  his 
battery  lormed  pan  of  the  Chlttagong  column  Mhich  Ceneial 
Morriscm  led  over  (bo  jungle^nvered  hills  of  Arakan,  tilt  fever 
dectBnlcd  tha  officers  and  men,  and  Lawrence  lound  himscll 
at  home  again,  wastod  by  a  disease  which  never  left  fiim.  On 
his  return  to  India  with  hb  yniogef  bisther  John  in  iSiq  be 
was  appointed  revenue  surveyor  by  Lord  William  Bentinck. 
At  Cmkhpu)-  the  wonderful  person^  hiHuence  which  radiated 
tlBm  the  young  officer  foraed  a  Kboel  ol  atlacEed  friends  and 
t  under  bin.  After 
he  had  married  bis 

Maishall,  and  had  surveyed  every  village  ih 
iDor  aistnccs,  each  larger  than  Yorkshire,  be  was  recalled  10  a 
brigade  by  the  outbreak  of  the  first  Afghan  Wat  towards  the 
dose  ol  iSjg.  As  assistant  to  Sir  George  Cictk,  he  bow  added 
10  bis  knowledge  of  (he  people  poliikaleiEpenenreih  the  manage 
ownt  of  Ihe  dictrkt  of  Perosepore;  and  what  disaster  cunc 
be  waa  Bent  to  Fasbawir  in  order  (0  push  up  supports  for  the 
ielielol5alaand(l»sainiaaof  Jriahhid,    The  war  had  beea 


306 


LAWRENCE,  BARON 


«HppUed  to  FsUb^'i  nvBsms  umy  in  1B41.  He  bdped  to 
fom  tkc  XhylMr  Fmi  •»-  tbe  stk  of  April,  pbyini  hto  giua 
ftMn  the  hcVit*,  its  8  ml  »  DL  In  ncognlt^a  oC  bli  xnicci 
I.enl  ElUabOrau^  appoinUd  him  to  ths  dmie  of  Ibi  nllgjr 
ol  D^n  Dim  uid  lu  liiO  italiou,  MuhuuiIe  ukI  Ludour, 
vbeK  he  bit  bnned  the  idea  ol  i^liuni  for  the  chil^m  of 
Europcin  loldiiB.  Aller  ■  Bimlh'i  eqjcricnce  thoe  h  vai 
diacvvend  that  the  appcHDlmeDt  vaa  the  kgit  ligbt  of  the 
civil  service,  and  he  was  tmulened,  as  tsicOant  10  the  envoy 
11  Lahore,  10  UmbaUa,  wben  be  teducnl  lo  onler  the  Upied 
tenitoty  of  Kaithnl.  Soon  he  rarivcd  the  office  c(  resiJenl  at 
the  pntected  court  of  Nepal,  wbete,  usbted  by  his  wife,  he  begun 
a  Krtu  of  CDUIribvtiooi  to  ihe  CotmUa  gaiat,  a  tdected 
voluma  cf  which  ibtira  an  Anglfvlodiari  dasic-  There,  too, 
be  elabcrHted  hia  plans  which  rciulled  in  the  erectioD  and 
endowment  of  the  noblest  phiianthropic  establiahmenti  in  the 
Eut — ihe  lawiencf  mililniy  asylums  at  Sanawii  (on  the  FMid 
to  Simla],  St  Hunee  in  Ihe  Punjab,  at  Mount  Abu  ia  Raj[aitana, 
and  St  llovcdale  00  the  Madias  Nitgiiii.  From  i&u  to  bis 
death  he  devoted  all  his  income,  above  1  modest  pittance  for 

Tin  IMta  aitida  kd  the  new  gevemop^eotnt,  loni 
Huding^  to  wmmaa  Limcnca  to  hia  ride  dmlng  the  fint 
Gikta  Wir;  wid  not  thoe  articla  only.  He  had  publuhed  the 
TCiulU  ol  hfa  eipeiicBce  of  Sikb  nle  and  nldieting  in  a  vivid 

(1345),  in  which  he  vainly  attempted  todi&guiu  his  01m  pcnon- 
■lily  and  ciploits.  Alter  the  doubtlul  Iilumphs  of  Uoodkee 
and  Faotshah  Lawience  was  •umicoBcd  from  Nepal  to  like 
tliE  place  of  M'jor  Cewgc  Bniadleot,  win  bad  fallen.  Aliwal 
came;  lltea  tbe  guia  ol  Sabnioa  chased  Ihe  dcnwnliied  Sikhs 
icrosi  the  Suilej.  Ail  ihrouih  (he  srnoke  Lawtence  im  at  the 
aide  of  the  gov«noi.gcDenl.  He  gave  hit  voice,  not  foi  the 
rescue  of  the  people  froni  anacdiy  by  anDniLian.  but  (or  the 
reoonst  ruction  ol  the  £iLb  fovcmnusi ,  and  waa  himself  appointed 
Icsident  at  l«ahore,  wiLh  power  ^  over  every  department  and 
to  (my  extern  "  as  piesidcit  of  the  council  ol  regency  till  the 
Bahanjk  Dhnkcp  Sinsh  should  com  d  age.  Soon  disgusted 
by  the  "  Tcral and idSsh  durbar  "  who  fanned  his  SiUi  colleagui^ 
be  ivmaaned  toUl  side  auifunu  like  Kicbolua,  Jamo  AbUiit 
■ltd  Edwarde*.  till  thqr  all  did  100  much  for  the  people,  aa  be 
regietfiilly  confeieed.  But  "  my  chief  confidence  was  in  my 
brothcc  John, . . .  who  gave  izie  alwayi  such  iKip  as  cnly  a  brother 
could."  Wearied  out  he  went  home  with  L«d  Haiilinge,  and 
«u  made  K.C.B.,  when  the  aeomd  Sikh  War  niminoncd  hiib 
backattbcend  of  1S4S  toiee  tbtwbnlcMli&eU  Sikh"i«coB- 
(tmctiOB  "  coUapie.  It  tcU  to  Lord  DallwiHie  to  pcodoin  the 
Punjab  up  to  the  Khybar  British  tenilory  on  the  aglhof  Uorch 
lit^  But  ttSl  uurthel  cdBpnanise  waa  tried.  Aa  the  best 
maalOKOMdle  theSiUichkfeto  the  bevitablc,  Henry  Lawtcnc* 
vat  made  ptcsideot  of  lb«  Mir  baud  of  admmistiatton  with 
chuge  of  tb>  political  duUo,  ud  hit  brathir  }oha  «u  cMtuMd 
with  th*  Anaiicci.  John  could  not  find  the  kvhim  niccMaiy 
lor  Iba  npid.dvilintini  of  tbe  new  pnrincc  ao  hag  ai  Heniy 
would,  lor  poliijcal  rtoHM,  insitt  on  gnMing  lik  penilaia  nid 
aiicnalins  Urge  otaUt  to  tbe  ntcdy  nmnisl*  ol  Rujit  Sin^'i 
eourt.  Lard  Dalhouile  ddioilely  bul  fimly  ttmoved  Sli  Uray 
LawrtBoa  to  tbo  charieaf  the  gnM  aohlea  of  RatpatMa,  and 

Ib  Henry'i  heart,  it  wai  not  a^iiat  1 

would  fain  have  letittd.  To  hhn  be  Mid,  "  II  you  . 

peace  oC  the  oountiy  and  make  the  peB{ile  hi^  and  low  bapiijri 

1  ihill  hurc  no  R(nla  that  I  vacated  the  fidd  te  jioii." 

In  the  taofntin  lat  of  Rajputaan  be  once  mow  toofc  ^ 
tbe  pea  ai  aa  »imy  nfomwr.  In  Haidt  and  Scplmbcr  iSjA 
he  pubUrixd  two  irtklaa,  called  loMh  by  OBvenBicna  with 
Lord  Dalhoiaie  at  CUoutU,  wUtha  be  lad  goie  a*  ibe  hero 
«( a  public  bwKpet,   Tla  |ir ^lainl" 


imfmn  tht  podtiDn  d  tin  Ufoym.  lAarctaoa  pqintad  eui  Un 
laUnt  caoaa  ct  mutiny,  and  Mtcred  wunii^  •»  be  too  aood 
juti&d.  In  Maich  185;  be  yielded  10  Lotd  Canaing't  le^ue* 
that  be  ifaiMild  then  take  the  bebn  at  Ladinow,  bat  it  waa  (00 
late.  In  tai  daji  Us  magic  tul^  pot  doMi  "'■"'■MTtHr 
difkokiei  Indeed,  a*  be  bad  done  tit  Labota^  Bat  what  couU 
even'be  effect  with  only  70a  European  Midiara,  vluB  the  epidaidc 
^nad  aher  tbe  Ueemt  outbreak  of  pattbiy  oa  tbt  lolh  of  Uayf 
In  one  ^eek  he  bad  completed  thoec  prepantloDi  wbid  made 
Ibe  defence  of  tbe  Lucknow  itaideocy  16c  ever  BMUonUe. 
Amid  the  *epening  gloom  Lord  Canning  ever  wtole  borne  ol 
him  as  "  a  tower  of  sire ngth,"  and  he  was  appirinled  provirfooal 
govenHir.genet»L  On  the  jolh  of  May  mutiny  bunt  6wtl  in 
Oudb,  and  he  wa»  ready.  On  the  j^th  rf  June,  prtwed  by 
Irrtf^  coUeigiiea,  and  wasted  by  uncea^g  toil,  he  led  jjS 
Bluish  Kddieis  wiih  IT  gun)  and  i»  sithns  out  of  Chinhat 
to  recoimoitre  the  insurgents,  when  the  natives  Joined  the 
enemy  and  tbe  residency  was  besieged.  On  the  snd  of  July,  aa 
he  by  eihausled  by  Ihe  day's  work  and  the  lenilic  heat  hi  id 
etposed  mom,  a  ihcll  struck  him,  and  in  forty-eight  houn  be 
was  no  more.  A  baionetcy  wai  confetred  on  hia  ion.  A  marble 
itotH  wai  placed  in  St  Paul's  aa  Ibe  national  meniorial  ol  one 
who  has  been  dcdared  to  be  the  mble^t  man  that  has  lived  and 
died  for  the  good  of  India, 
Hk  thogrtphy  was  begun  by  Sir  Herbert  Edvmrdcs,  and  compteced 
--■-  -*--^  by  Heraan  Mi!ri_v»le,_  See^  J.  J.  McLcod  fnoes. 


uvrbkb;  jokh  luhd  mub  lamtHCS,  r 

(iSn-iS79),  viceioy  and  governor-general  of  India,  was  bom 
alRichmoftd,  Vorkshire,  onlhei4(hofMBrTh  rlir.  Hlhtber, 
Cidonel  Alenndei  Lawrence,  voluMeered  for  the  toHom  hope 
at  Serinjapaiam  In  presence  of  Boird  and  of  WdHiigton,  wbiWB 
friend  he  became.  His  mother,  Leiiiia  Koox,  wit  a  cdUletal 
descendant  of  John  Knoi.  To  this  couple  wete  bom  twelve 
children,  of  whom  three  became  famoud  in  Dxdla,  Sir  George 
St  Patrick,  Sh  Henry  (j.f.)  and  Lord  Lawrence.  Irish  Pio- 
tfslants,  the  boys  wm  trained  at  Foi'le  college,  Deny,  and  at 
Clifton,  and  received  Indian  apmintmenta  from  their  molhcr'a 
couiin,  John  HudlistoB,  who  had  been  the  friend  o(  Schwarti 
hi  Tanjore.  In  1819,  wbea  only  seventeen,  John  LawnncB 
landed  at  Calcutta  as  a  ci'rilian;  he  maiiered  tbe  Feniaa 
language  at  the  college  of  Pott  William,  and  was  sent  to  IMhi, 
onhbain)apptic*liDn,a)a«iManttotbecollecter.  Tbepodiion 
wu  the  most  dangerous  and  difficult  to  which  a  Bengal  civflian 
could  be  appolnied  at  that  tbne.  The  titular  court  of  the  pen- 
Eioner  who  represented  the  Great  Mogul  was  Ov  centre  of  thai 
disaffection  and  KnauaTity  which  fbund  tbeit  opportunity  in 
iSj7.  A  Mussulman  rabble  filled  the  city.  The  ditlrict  anwnd. 
tcretcbiag  from  Ihe  deiat  ti  RnipUau  to  the  Jonua,  n* 
■lowly  recovering  from  the  aaarchy  to  which  I.aM  Itke  lad 
giveiithefiiahUw.  When  net  admilAlett«  jkstfa  in  ibe  cty 
cooct*  oruulet  the  viUag*  ttt*,  Jola  LMrnmce  wa*  iCoarin( 
maiMdinf  Meoa  aad  Uahommedaa  fic*- 


■bM  father  bad  bees  abed  to  th*  peiacipallty  by  LAe,  ta* 
Lbe  aaaah  «ai  cnecnted.    Uw  £M  tMDty  ytait,  &i 
ID  iSm,  du^  which  John  Lawnaee  aci«d  M  th>  m 


■tnclkaM  JeiMi  Ibr  wly  Ave  ye 

In  cBjj  Ucetiiiii  Bird  n 
'tbUyyt     '■ 


LAWRENCE,  BARON 


307 


B  U  higc  H  thai  of  Gnat 
■1  pBpahiiad  «f  Maitr^We  miUions.  Of 
tlal  icbiKd  JabB  lA^maee  piovEd  tlw  im(  udcnt  ud  ilw  imt 
iBuwimL  '■^**^***ft>y  lui  vock  tt  Ddhi,  h*  ht*»*^  i«iui 
nvBBC  ♦r'^'f— M  dfior  is  tk«  dUrict  of  Eusah,  ■nd  Ihsv 
bigu,  lif  btqidg  OM  ar  (atthig  rid  «(  thi  tifaikdui,  to  R*liH 

...g  jj,^^  to  create  thnogboot  the  net  o( 

"  thkkljr  cakhntBl  by  ■  fat  contcated 
idin)  fate  ami  bone,  lilting  uBdn- Uiawa 
if-tne,  ud  Bijorfng  lb  ruda  family  toalant,"  TMi  and  ■ 
(niiel  pmfef»  boitiUty  t»  lbs  of^trmioD  of  iIm  people  by  their 
chicb  tmDBd  the  Mo  tetittet  ol  Ui  admlnlslmllve  policy 
tbranghBat  lifAi 

It  na  fanmate  for  the  Briliili  power  ihil,  when  the  Gnt 
Sikh  War  bnka  oat,  John  Lawrence  «ai  nill  cDHenor  of  Delhi. 
The  oftkal  osagentnta  at  Fenaeshah,  following  Hocdkn, 
and  haidty  ledeemtd  by  AKwal,  left  th«  Bittkh  aimy  lOBcwhat 
"fc""*-*  at  the  aate  al  Ihi  Pnojab,  in  Iront  of  the  Sikh  cn- 
tiencfeBeala  <■  the  Snk).  For  the  fiiM  (even  wecki  of  1S4G 
Ihere  poand  iaio  camp,  <b)'  by  day,  the  nqiptiei  and  nuniliom 
of  war  which  tUi  one  man  rtiMd  and  poifacd  forward,  «ilh 
aU  Ibe  lifcaa  aoiaind  doting  Ulees  yean  ol  an  inn  yet 
^mpathMlc  rvie  la  the  land  bMween  Ibe  Jnmna  and  the  Sullrf . 
The  ao— Im  vlcloiy  of  Sobnon  wu  Ibe  roult,  and  al  Uiiity- 
Sn  LawRooa  bMane  vomnlulonn  M  the  JtUlundur  Doab,  ibs 
tettOc  btil  d  Wn  and  dtla  ftrMdiing  froin  the  Suilrj  iwnh  to 
tbelDdm.  Tbe  Mill  yoBlUnl  dvIUan  did  for  the  ntvly  ann«i«I 
(oiitory  whai  he  had  long  before  inomplBhcd  in  and  around 
DelU.  He  rotored  it  to  order,  wlthool  one  regular  soldier. 
By  the  tudnaliaa  of  lui  personal  influrnce  be  organized  levies 
of  the  Sfkbi  who  bad  jut  been  defeated,  led  itaem 


to  stoTrn  the  fort  of  a 


ya  o(  the  Punjal 


the  lower,  till  he  10  wdded  the  people 
he  wu  ready  to  repeal  the  wrvice  of  1846 
after,  the  ncood  Skfa  War  ended  in  the  convei 
■p  to  Pethami'  into  a  Biitiih  provfaee. 

Laid  DaUworie  had  to  de*fsc  a  gorenuneiit  for  a  waHike 
popoIalhM  oow  nuntbeifng  twenty-three  nDliom,  aod  oivojng 
an  area  GtUe  Im  than  that  of  the  United  Ktaigdom.  The  Gnt 
»d1u  ifcra  fiol  hopeful;  and  it  was  not  till  Jiriin  Lawrenee 
be^me  dlirf  conunUoner,  and  stood  alone  facv  to  face  wiih 
the  cbiefa  and  people  and  ring  fence  of  still  untanitd  border 
tribes,  Ihat  there  Iwcame  possible  the  most  lucmslul  eipcri- 
aient  (a  the  art  of  dviliifng  torbulent  mniions  which  bi^«y 
piennl*.  The  province  was  mapped  oul  Into  districts,  now 
numbering  thirty-two,  in  addition  lo  thitty-six  tributary  sinter, 
small  aod  great.  To  each  the  thirty  years'  leases  ol  the  parlh- 
weat  settleDul  were  applied,  after  a  patient  survey  and  aawss- 
mmi  by  akiDed  olEdab  ever  in  the  udtBe  or  the  tenl.  The 
revenise  was  raised  on  prindi^c*  so  fair  la  the  pnwniry  that 
Kanjit  Singh's  biactioDi  wen  reduced  by  a  fourth,  while  agri- 
cultural impiovesnenta  were  encouraged.  For  the  Gist  lime 
in  its  history  since  the  eeirllat  Aryan  Hitlers  had  been  over- 
whelmed by  succenire  wave*  of  fniiders,  the  soD  of  the  Punjab 
came  lo  have  a  marketable  value,  which  every  year  of  British 
rule  has  Incrraaed.  A  Malwait  police  waa  organiied;  roads 
were  (HI  Ibmugh  every  dislricl,  and  canal*  were  constructed. 
Commerce  Tollowed  on  Increasing  cultivation  »ai  cotnnunica- 
tions,  court*  brought  Justice  to  eveiy  man's  door,  and  crime  hid 
its  head.  The  adventimws  and  tvattUie  spirits,  Sikh  and  Mahem- 
mtdan,  fotind  a  career  In  the  new  force  of  hrregtttaa  directed 
by  the  chief  commisioner  himself,  while  the  Afghan,  Dost 
Mabommed.  kept  within  his  own  lastnesses,  and  (be  bug  extent 
o(  frontio-  at  the  foot  of  the  passes  was  patroDed. 

Seven  ^eara  of  mch  work  prepared  the  lately  hostile  and 
■hraya  anar^c  Psnlab  onder  luch  a  pilot  as  John  Lawrence 
not  only  lo  weather  the  storm  of  185}  but  to  lead  the  oMrr 
provinces  tnto  port.  On  the  iiih  of  May  the  news  of  the 
tiagetSc*  at  Ulcntt  aitd  Delhi  itadud  him  at  Rawalpladl.  The 


poritloo  waa  oilkal  ia  tha  htt  dcvae,  tot  of  jD,aaa  natha 
soldien  3t,ooo  wse  Hindoslanit  «(  the  very  dasa  that  had 
nolbded  chewbete,  and  the  Biiiisb  troop*  arere  few  and  scattered. 
Fi«  Sve  day*  tbo  fate  of  the  Punjab  hung  upon  a  thread,  (or 
the  qstKioD  wa>,  "  Could  the  11,000  PunJaWs  be  trusted  and 
the  jSjOOO  IDiidtMBnl*  be  diannedr"  Not  u  botir  was  lost 
Lahorr;  and,  u 


iSig,  a 


untiful 


harveat,  de  old  love  of  battle,  the  ^er  of  good  pay,  but,  above 
all,  the  personality  of  Lawrena  and  his  officers,  raised  the 
FunjatH  force  into  a  new  army  of  S9,ooo  men,  and  induced  the 
non-combalant  dassei  to  lubsciibe  to  a  6%  loan.  Ddhi  was 
lnvisled,but  (or  three  nigiith*tbe  rebel  dty  did  not  fall.  Under 
John  Nidwison,  Lawrence  lent  on  slill  more  men  to  the  siege, 
till  evay  available  European  and  faithful  nativa  aoidfer  waa 
there,  while  a  movable  cdumn  swept  Ibe  ounlty,  and  the 
bordix  was  kept  by  an  Improvi^  mihtia.  At  hngth,  when 
even  in  the  Punjab  cooBdence  became  doubt,  and  doubt  diuiutt, 
and  that  was  paisinK  Into  diaaSection,  J^in  Lawrenct  wa*  ready 
•hotdd  not  give  up  the  Peshawar  valley 

(be  force  around  DelliL  Another  week  and  that  allemaiiva 
mutt  have  been  faced.  But  on  the  »(fa  of  Sqilember  the  aty 
•id  palace  of  Dclbi  were  again  in  British  hands,  and  the  chid 
conunissianer  and  hli  offitm  united  in  ascribing  "  (o  the  Lord 
our  God  all  the  praise  due  [or  nerving  the  bean*  ti  our  slates- 
men  and  ihe  arms  of  our  anldiers."  As  Sir  Jobn  Lawrence, 
Bart.,  (kC-B.,  with  the  .(hanks  of  parfiimeot,  (be  grttitade 
of  his  country,  and  a  liie  pension  of  £1000  a  year  in  addition  . 
to  his  ordinary  pension  of  £1000,  the  "  saviour  of  India  "  r^ 
turned  home  In  11159.  After  guarding  the  intereala  of  India 
and  its  people  as  a  member  of  the  secretary  of  state's  ooundl, 
be  was  sent  out  again  in  1864  as  viCDioy  and  gOTcmoI^general 
on  the  death  of  Lord  Elf^n.  If  no  great  crisis  enabled  Lawrence 
to  Increase  his  reputation,  his  five  yean'  adminisCratian  td  the 
whole  Indian  empin  was  wottliy  of  the  ruler  of  the  Punjab. 
His  foreign  policy  has  become  a  subject  of  imperial  interest, 
his  name  being  astodated  with  the  "  dose  border  "  as  opposed 
to  the  "  larward  "  policy;  while  hi*  icicmal  adiBiabtntion 
was  rcmaikaWe  lor  financial  prudence,  a  jtolous  regard  lor  the 
good  si  the  masse*  ol  the  people  and  of  the  Briiisb  soldiers, 
and  a  geoeiou)  inierot  In  education,  especialiy  in  Its  ChriHian 

When  in  iSf4  D«*t  Malmmmed.  weakened  by  the  antagmism 
ol  hi*  bmhen  In  Kandahar,  and  by  the  interiercncc  r£  Peiua, 
sent  hi*  son  lo  Ptabawar  to  make  a  (rr3(y,  Sir  John  Lawrence 
was  «(>posed  to  any  EntaDgliog  rcbtion  with  the  Afghans  after 
'the  eipericnce  ol  1838-1041,  but  he  obeyed  Lord  Dalhouiie 
so  far  as  to  sign  a  treaty  of  perpetual  peace  and  friendship. 
His  ruling  idea,  the  fruit  of  long  and  sad  expencnce.  wis  that 
tfe  facio  powcn  only  should  be  lentgnlied  beyood  the  fTootier. 
When  in  rS6]  Dost  ilihommcd'g  death  let  looee  the  factions  el 
Afghanistan  he  acted  on  (bis  policy  <□  such  an  extent  (hat  he 
iccognixed  both  the  sons,  Afiul  Khan  and  Shcrc  Ali,atdiScrent 
times,  and  Ihe  latter  lullyoidy  when  be  bad  made  himself  master 
of  all  his  father's  Lingdom.  The  steady  advance  0!  Ruui*  (rom 
the  north,  notwithstanding  the  Cotlchakev  dicular  o(  1M4,  led 
to  severe  criticism  of  this  cnutlntB  "  buHer  "  policy  which  be 
justified  nnder  the  term  of  "  masterly  fnacltvlty."  Bui  he  wa* 
ready  to  recdve  Shere  All  in  conference,  and  to  aid  him  In  con- 
solidating his  power  after  it  had  been  fSlaUlshcd  and  maintained 
for  ■  time,  when  his  term  of  office  came  10  an  end  and  it  felt  to 
Lard  Mayo,  U*  auccessor,  to  bold  the  Dmballa.  conlerence  In 
iS6ti.  When,  nine  yean  after,  Ihe  BMond  Afglian  War  wu 
predc^tatcd,  the  retired  viceroy  gave  the  last  days  of  his  life  to  an 
unsparing  exposure,  in  Ihe  Honse  of  Lords  and  in  (he  prcsi,  of 
a  policy  which  he  had  striven  (o  prevent  in  its  inception,  and 
which  he  did  not  cease  to  denoonce  in  ft*  coane  and  consequintrs. 

Ob  ha  final  tttum  to  EogUiid  eaify  in  1869,  afta  forty  yeait' 


LAWRENCE,  S.— LAWRENCE 


nrrke  u  ud  (ei  India,  "  the  vcM  proctuuul  of  our  Eotfiib 
Chrutian  empire  "  «u  crnted  Buon  Liwnnce  ol  Ibe  Punjab, 
ud  of  Graulx,  Hauu.  He  auumed  ihesameutuwid  cittt  ** 
llioK  of  bb  brotbtt  Heniy,  with  i  Fathaa  and  a  Silih  Ireopec  at 
auppoitcrft,  and  took  aa  bis  motto  "  Ec  ready,'*  his  bfOther** 
bcipg  "  Never  give  in."  For  ten  yeaii  he  gave  himself  to  the 
work  of  the  Tendon  acbooL  board,  of  which  he  waa  the  £rat 
diairman,  ud  ol  the  Church  raissonary  aecicly.  Towards  Clw 
end  hi<  eyfsi^u  failed,  and  on  the  17th  ol  June  16713  he  died  at 
the  age  ol  sixty-eight.  He  was  buried  io  the  oave  of  Wcalmiiutet 
Abbey,  beside  Clyde,  Oulram  and  Livingstone.  He  had  mtiiied 
the  daughter  of  iheKcv.  Richard  Hamilton,  UanieVle-KathetiiM^ 
who  survived  him,  and  be  iras  nicieided  ai  >iid  benn  by  bis 
eldest  son,  John  Hamilton  Lai 


id  F.  M.  HdIibcs.  Fimr  Una 

ins),  Englisb  wldkt,  wb* 
bom  at  Heiebrd  on  the  6th  of  Marcb  t6i)T,  He  tceiiit  to  have 
tntcnd  the  ininy  in  1 117  and  served  in  Cibnilit  and  Fbndera, 
ubsequeotly  taking  put  in  the  battle  of  CuUodeo.  In  174S, 
with  the  rank  of  majoe  and  11^  rcpulatfon  of  an  experieDccd 
soldier,  he  went  out  to  India  10  command  the  EaK  India  Com- 
pany's tnoopa.  Dupdeix'a  scherae  for  the  French  RHiqueat  of 
aouthem  India  were  on  the  punt  of  taking  effect,  and  not  long 
after  his  aniual  at  Fort  Si  David,  Sliingei  Lawrence  was  actively 
engaged.  Ht  succes^ulfy  felled  an  allera^ted  French  surprise 
at  Ciddalore,  but  subsequently  was  captmcd  by  a  French  cavalry 
patrol  at  Ariancopang  near  Pondichcny  and  kept  prisoner  till 
the  peacf  of  Ai:tla-Chapclle.  In  1740  he  was  in  command  at  the 
culture  of  Devicota.  On  Ihla  occa^on  Oive  served  nnder  him 
,  and  a  life-long  friendship  bc^n.  On  ooe  occasion,  when  Cllve 
had  become  famous,  he  lionoured  the  creator  of  the  IndLin  army 
by  rcfuatngto  accept  a  sword  of  honour  unless  one  wasvo4ed  to 
Lawmce  alto.  In  i7jd  Lairrcnce  returned  to  En^and,  but 
In  ITSI  he  wsi  back  ti  India.  Hen  he  found  Clivc  in  command 
of  a  fane  hitcnded  tor  the  rrtief  of  Trichinopoly.  As  senior 
officer  Laimnce  took  over  the  command,  boi  was  caief  ul  U>  allow 
Clive  every  credit  for  his  shue  in  Ihe  subsequent  illations, 
which  tncluded  iberelief  of  Trfchintqioly  and  the  sunvnder  of 
the  entire  French  btsieghig  force.  In  i7jt  with  an  inferior  foRe 
he  defeated  the 'French  at  Bahur  (Behoor)  and  in  1751  tgtia 
nfeved  Tiich!DO]wly.  For  (he  ncit  sevealeen  moDlh*  he 
fon^t  a  soics  of  actions  bi  dd eact  of  this  place,  finally  amnginf 
a  three  moniha'  amnnice,  wiuch  was  aflerwairfa  eoovetied  into 
1  conditiona]  treaty.  He  had  commanded  in  chid  up  to  the 
»rival  of  IliB  first  diliihnienl  of  regular  forca  of  the  crown. 
la  17s)  be  served  in  the  operations  against  Wandiwash,  and  in 
1758-1750  was  in  command  ol  Fort  Si  Gmrge  during  the  sitgr 
by  the  French  under  Laity.  In  1750  failing  hcalih  compelled 
him  to  return  to  England.  He  resumed  bis  ootnmand  in  i7Af 
aa  maTor-gcneral  and  commandDr-ln-chief.  Clivc  supplejuvnled 
has  old  friend's  inconfiidi-rable  Income  by  settling  on  him  an 
annuity  of  £500  a  year.  In  1765  he  presided  over  Ihc  board 
diarged  with  arranging  the  leorganlzation  of  Ihe  Madr:is  army, 
and  he  finally  rctirol  the  following  year.  He  died  In  London  on 
the  lolh  of  January  1775.  The  East  India  Company  erected  a 
■DonuBcnl  10  his  mcmoiy  In  Westminsler  Abbey. 
See  Biddulph,  Slringfr  UvmtKt  (190TJ. 

UWKEHCE.  SIR  THOMAS  (i76»'iajo),  English  painlor, 
was  bom  at  Bristol  on  the  4>ki  of  May  i]6«.  His  father  was  an 
innkeeper,  first  at  Bristol  ahd  afterwards  at  Devjio,  and  at 
the  age  oi  lii  Thomaa  wu  already  shown  oS  to  the  guests  of 
the  Slack  Boar  aa  tn  infant  prodigy  who  could  sketch  their 
likenesses  and  declaini  ipcochcs  from  Milton.  In  1779  Ihc  elder 
Lawrence  bad  to  IcaTe  Dcvl«s,  having  failed  in  b<AiReu, 
and  the  precocima  laleol  of  the  son,  who  had  gainvd  a  tort 
of  npotation  along  the  Bath  lOad,  became  the  support  el 
tbe  family.  His  debut  u  a  uayon  ponmit  painter  was  made 
U  Oifotd,  where  he  m>  wcU  patronieed,  and  in  1781  the  lamily 
letUed  in  Balh,  where  the  young  artisl  soon  found  himself  fully 
(Bipkiyed  in  ukiog  crayon  Utocssta  o(  Ihc  faahioublei  o<  the 


._ or  *  Dtea  aal  a  btf  >  hnd,    la  tT84  1> 

gained  iha  priaa  and  sUvtr'gLli  poletM  of  the  Society  of  ^t*  fota 
crayon  drawiagafterRaphael's"'ft»nsfitiBaiion,"  and  riiwMly 

ladoa  in  ijSj,  waa  kindly  received  by  RaytuUt,  and  eniercd 
htudent  ti  the  Royal  Acaiicmy,   He  began  la  eiibibst  almoM 


1;  in  iSiS 
id  diplomatisla  gathand  there,  and 


te  of  Ihe  Academy  in  1791.  The. death  of  Sir 
.KKd  Ibo  way  to  iurtha  aucceiaca.  He  waa 
at  once  appointed  painter  to  the  DUettautisodeQi,  Hid  prindptl 
painter  to  the  king  in  room  of  RivaoMa.  faniMbavaBaRoyal 

of  England,  and  uliisaldy  moat  of  Uw  aowMd  betdt  of  Euiope. 

In  iBis  hewai "  "  ■  ...    -       .. 

lo  palat  Ilw  H 
visited  Vienna  1 

of  distinciioa  from  priBcnSi  due  aa  auch  to  bb  oauitly  manneia 
as  to  his  merits  as  an  aniat.  After  eighteea  months  he  ictiD-ne4 
to  England,  and  oo  the  very  day  of  hla  arrival  was  chosen  pre^ 
ideal  of  the  Academy  in  room  of  Welt,  who  had  died  a  Sam  day* 
before.  IbboS(«be  heldfcom  tSaotohiidealhoo  the  7th  of 
January  1830.    He  was  never  nuiried. 

Sir  Thomaa  Lawrence  had  all  the  qualities  of  pmonal  mannn 
and  utistle  style  necciaary  lo  make  a  faabionable  paixer,  and 

not  as  high  aa  that  given  to  him  in  his  lifetime.      Hu  mort 
^mluiious  works,  in  the  classical  style,  amd)  aa  hla  once  celebnied 
"  Satan,"  are  practically  laitott«n. 
The  best  diifilsy  of  Uwr«'i  wnHi  is  !a  the  WaictlBo  Golkfy 


a  coUcci 


taiouina  tf  Sir  T.  L 


vanUjte.    The 


LAVHENCll  t  dty  and  the  county-seat  lA  DoDClu  County, 
KaoBM,  U.S.A.,  iiturucd  On  both  baidi*  ot  the  KaMM  river, 
about  40  m.  W.  of  Kaau*  Cily.  FWp.  (il«<4  9MI,  (1900) 
ia,U>,  ol  whom  mji  wise  ncgtoci,  (1910  seonis)  Tijr*. 
It  is  served  by  the  Atchlsoa,  Xopdia  ti  SajUa  Fe  tad  (he  Uniaa 
Pacific  railways,  both  having  tiibuuty  lioa  extoidinf  N.  and  S. 
Ltwresci  is  sunounded  hy  t  good  EanniDg  ngiaa,  aod  Is  iladi 
a  thriving  cdacaiiooal  and  eomoierdBl  cenlm  Its  site  sbqici 
up  from  the  plateau  that  bordan  Ihre  rivci  to  the  heicUi  above, 
from  which  there  is  a  view  of  rare  beauty.  Among  the  diy'i 
prindpal  public  buildingsam  the  court  boose  and  the  Y.U.C.A. 
building.  The  university  of  Kansas,  situated  on  Mount  Oread. 
overlooking  the  dty,  was  fint  iqieoedia  iSM.and  in  igert-^goi 
had  a  faculty  of  loj  and  K1A3  students,  indudiog  701  women 
[seeKAKUS).  Just  S,  of  tbedtyelLaneDCsisHaikelliaslitutt 
[1884),  one  of  the  largest  Indian  icboals  bi  the  countiy,  maio- 
lained  for  childiew  of  the  tribal  Indians  by  Ihe  naiiontl  govtra- 
meni.  In  1907  the  schod  had  iii  siudeat*.  of  whom  313  wei* 
girls;  it  has  an  academic  dcpanmcnt,  a  business  ichool  and 
councs  in  dooidic  science,  in  funilBg,  dairying  and  gaitlcnin^ 
and  in  niasonQ',  catpcnlry,  paioliilg,  bUckimilhing,  vagRW- 
making,  Bhacni4uog,  steam -fitting,  pcinlJBg  and  other  indcs. 
AmODg  the  city's  manufaauies  are  flour  and  grial  mill  pioducts. 
pitBoa  and  cement  pLuIcT.  Lawrence,  named  la  honour  of 
Amos  A.  Lawieoco,  wai  founded  by  agents  of  ibe  UastachusetU 
Emigrant  Aid  Company  in  July  ift}4,  and  daiiag  the  Territorial 
period  was  the  pohlical  ccnlie  of  the  free-state  cause  and  the 
principal  poiot  against  which  the  ainulu  of  the  pn>-alavcry 
patiy  were  directed.  It  was  £rtt  known  as  Wakaruaa,  from  the 
creek  by  which  II  lie*.  A  town  assodaiioo  was  atgaoiied  ia 
September  iSj*  before  tsy  Territorial  govtountnc  had  bees 
established;  In  the  not  month  wnno  jMftaUvety  »en  pieacDied 
claiou  to  a  pan  of  the  land,  projccied  a  rivaj  town  lo  be  allol 
Einliior  on  Iha  same  site,  aod  Ihrotcaed  vialenceibut  «hen 
Lawrence  had  oiganiaed  its  "  reguhion  "  tbs  pra-sbiKq'  nen 
nticed  a*d  Itw  afi«d  W  ■  ci(«pi«m«K  by  which  Ihe  Ma> 


LAWRENCE— LA WSON,  Cj  G. 


3*9 


llaS4aicNi.  InDcoabtt  ■•siMclrref  Iha 
LI."  A  frcfrMH*  OHU  iMviac  b«a  munhnd 
lor  hk  apiDiou,  i  fricDd  who  Unalencd  nuUttloa  ms  amncd 
by  lb*  pn^Ianry  ihaill.  S,  J.  Josa;  be  ni  rocwd  and  likMi 

'    '  '      'ty  dKUimed  ompUdty,  but  Joon  pcnoiuM 

.v_. ..._.     ..  „(,j]j(,5^  ind  Shinnoo 

ind  *  pro-ilavcty  tarn 

le  lovko  ol  im'ti;  by 
i«  ludcn  he  tbcnloK 
lU  and  avcncd  billlo. 


HI  thii  ihtn 
The( 


bid  DM  tHlUcd  iDd  mnild  not  reilst 
■  written  "  ngTRiMnt  "  with  lh(  rrec-s 
■fthdicw  hb  unction  rmn  the  Miuon 
The  retmtine  MliMuriini  caRimiiled 
durmg  Ihft  "  wii "  ihal  John  Brown  irat  took  up  imi  with  the 
Iree-Male  men.  Prepuuioni  lor  inoib«  iiiuk  conliMed, 
pirlicaliily  after  SbeilH  Jaws,  while  serving  writs  in  Lawrtnce, 
wH  wounded.  Os  Ihe  iist  ol  Hay  iS)6,  at  Ibe  held  of  (vwnl 
hundred  MiiBOurians,  be  occupial  ilw  city  without  mitttiice, 
destroyed  in  prinlinfi  offica  and  the  tne-atate  hadqnirtm 
and  pUttged  privtit  bouses.  In  iS;5  ind  again  >n  i8^  the 
pr»-sUvnyTetTiI(rriiIle^slatuct  putedan  Aci^vlng  Lawrtnce 
I  dwiier,  but  the  prapk  of  Lawience  would  not  rtcogiuic  that 
"  bogus  '  government,  and  on  the  ijth  ol  July  i8jj.  afiet  an 
apptlcailoD  lo  the  Top^a  tiee^Ule  legUatuie  lor  a  chuter 
had  been  dtmed,  adapted  a  dty  cblrtei  of  their  own.  Gavemor 
Wilkn  proclaimed  llua  [ebeUlon  igaiiut  the  United  SLit^ 
appcarnJ  before  the  (own  in  command  of  400  United  Stales 
diagoons  and  declared  it  under  mirlial  liw;  as  perfect  order 
prevailed,  and  there  was  no  overt  resisllneelo  Territorial  law, 
the  troops  were  withdrawn  after  1  few  weeks  by  order  of  President 
Buchanan,  and  in  February  iSjS  the  IcgfilalurE  paued  m  Act 
legaliilng  the  city  charier  of  July  1857.  On  tbc  tiat  of  August 
iBC]  WiUian  C.  Qnanlitll  and  some  400  mounled  Ulssouii 
bushrangers  surxHiied  the  sleeping  town  and  murdered   150 

possible.  This  was  the  most  distressing  ^jisode  In  all  the 
lurbukncc  of  lerrftotial  days  and  border  warfare  in  Kansas. 
A  monument  erected  la  189  s  commemorates  the  dead.  After 
llie  free^state  men  gained  control  of  the  Tctrilotial  legislature  in 
i957  the  iFgEsfature  regularly  adjourned  from  Lecoorpton,  the 
■'"''■■■'  i,  which  was  prurlinlly  the  capital 

:e  ol  Topeltl  under  the  Wyandotte  '      ' 


le|^  capital,  ' 
DUtO  the  choit 
The  fint  rutway  t 
1864- 


lifch  Ltwtcnee  was  It 


UbIod  PadGc  In 


,1  iVuodatian  [or   1893 

LAWRBIKK  a  rily,  and  one  of  the  Ihree  cmmly-seals  (Salem 
and  Newburyport  are  (he  others)  of  Essn  county,  klassachuiettl, 
U.S.A.,  on  both  ^es  of  the  Merrimac  river,  about  30  m.  front 
its  mo^th  and  about  16  m,  N.N'.W.  ot  Boston.  Pop.  ([89a) 
44,fiS4,  (1000)  6j,S!9,  of  whom  >8.S7?  "wre  torri(?i-bom  {7038 
bring  Irish,  4999  French  Canadians,  s'Ji  Eirglish,  1^65 
Germin,  rSRj  Enf^iih  Canadian),  and  (1910  censns)  H^'- 
II  It  served  by"  the  Boston  &  Miine  railmid  ind  by 
electric  railways  to  Andover,  Boston,  Lowell,  Haverhill  and 
Silem,  Massachusetti,  and  lo  Nashua  and  Salem,  New  Hamp- 
shire. The  city's  area  of  6-  ;4  sq.  ui.  h  about  e<iaa1ly  drvidcd 
by  the  Metrimae,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  great  stone  dam 
900  ft.  long,  and,  with  a  fall  of  18  fl.,9npplics  about  11,000  horse- 
power. Water  from  the  river  is  carried  to  factories  by  a  canal 
on  each  sdc  of  the  river  and  parallel  to  ft:  the  first  canal  wai 
buflt  cm  the-  north  side  in  tS4S-i847  and  Is  i  m.  long;  the 

yean  later.  There  are  large  and  weU-kept  publicpaiks.  a  common 
(17  acres)  with  a  soldiers'  monument,  a  fire  public  library, 
■fth  tnaie  than  so,ooo  volumes  In  1907,  a  dty  hall,  county  and 
mtnddpal  court-houses,  a  county  gaol  and  house  of  cotrectlon, 
a  cotlniy  !nd)islrial  school  and  a  state  armourr. 
Tie  value  of  the  city's  faeiorr  product  was  S4S,0]6,S4]  fn 
'  1005,  141,741,980  ia  >99D,  Thn  manufacture  of  tiatile*  is 
tbcBMMt  imponau  indiUryiia  1905  the  dty  ptodnced  wonueda 
valued  at  I jo,9 16,944  and  cotton  goods  worth  %i,nsi"i 


city.  TbaWoodwotiUdMdHberalinldlobethalaitataliigIt 
odU  ia  tb(  worid.  Tlia  hktoiy  of  Lawmca  ii  larfldy  the  hbtoc? 
ol  ita  teiUle  moil.  The  ton  wa»  foracd  in  1S4S  Iroa  puta  of 
AMtovar  (S.  of  the  Uetrimac)  tad  of  Methucp  (N.  of  (he  liver), 
and  it  wai  incorporated  a*  1  towa  in  itti,  baiag  oamed  in  boHui 
of  Abbott  LawreBi.e,  ■  director  of  the  Eiiea  company,  orgaidzed 
In  1845  (on  the  same  day  ai  the  fannatlon  of  the  lowti)  for  tha 
conirol  ol  ihe  water  power  and  for  Iba  caDstrtictloB  of  the  great 
dam  acroBs  the  Merrimac  The  Bay  Stale  srooUu  milli, 
which  fn  185S  becan*  the  Washington  niilto,  and  tha  AtlaaiJe 
cotton  mills  were  both  dianered  in  1846.  The  Padflc  niUa 
(1853)  Introduced  from  En^andin  1854  Lister  combs  for  wonted 
manufacture^  and  the  Wiuhington  mitli  soon  afiettrard  began 
to  make  wonted  drcH  goods.  Wonted  dodis  for  mea'a  n-eat 
seem  to  hive  beta  made  finl  about  iSio  u  nearly  the  tame  dma 
in  the  Wuhington  milla  here,  in  the  Uodunum  milli  of  Rock- 
ville,  Connecticut,  and  in  Wanskuck  milli,  Fiovidence,  Shade 
Island.  The  PcmbertoD  nulls,  built  in  iSij,  collapsed  and  aftcr- 
n^irds  took  £ie  on  the  loth  of  January  i8£o;  90  were  kiUisd 
and  bundredi  severely  injured.  Lawtena  was  cfaaitcred  as  1 
dly  Id  1853,  and  annexed  a  small  pan  of  Hethueo  in  1S54  and 
parts  of  Andover  and  Korth  Andover  in  18;^ 
See   H.   A.,  Wadannh,   Siatery   )/  IJimtMU.  UtmitkmuM 


lUwrcn 


,189a). 


LAVBBHCBSURG,  a  dly  and  the  county-seat  of  Dearborn 
county,  Indiana,  U.SX.  on  the  Ohio  river,  in  the  S.E-  pail 
oftheiute,aisi.(byiaai  W.ofCindnnali.  Pop.  (1 801)  4184, 
(1900)  4316  Uu  loioign-boinl;  (iS'ol  M30.  Liwicncebuig  is 
served  by  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  South- Western  and  the  Cleveland, 
tZincinnatl,  Chica^  k.  St  Louis  railways,  by  Che  Clndnoali, 
Lawrenccburs  &  Auiota  eleciiic  ilrcct  railroad,  and  by  rivu 
packets  to  Louisville  and  Oniinnaji.  The  dty  lies  along  the  river 
and  on  liighcr  land  tising  loa  fl.above  rivci-tevcL  It  lormcrly 
had  an  impoiticl  river  trade  with  New  Orleans,  beginning  about 
iSio  and  grouing  in  volume  afler  the  city  became  the  terminus 
of  the  Whitewater  caual,  begun  in  1S36..  The  pbce  was  laid  ouL 
is  iSoi.  In  iStA  an  "  old  "  and  a  "  new  "  settlement  were 
united,  and  Lawreocehulg  was  chartered  aa  a  dty.  Lawrcnce- 
buig  waa  the  birthplace  of  JiUius  B.  Eada,  the  famous  engineer, 
--'  oljohn  Cait  ^looner  [b.  1843),  a  ■-  -'  "       ' '■ 


e  Irom  Wisf 


n  iGSj- 


1S91  and  In  1897-1907  j  and  tha  Presbyterian  Church  of  Law- 
rtncebari  was  tlw  Gift  charge  (1837^1839)  ol  Ucwy  Ward 

UWMII,  CBQL  aOBDaH  (iSsi-iSSi).  Entflsh  tadaca|M 
painter,  was  the  youngest  »n  of  WUIIam  Lawson  of  Ediabur^, 
eslMraed  as  a  portrait  painter.  His  mother  alto  was  knoam 
for  bcr  Boner  pieces.  He  «a*  bom  near  Shrcwsbtny  on  the 
jnl  of  December  iSji.  Two  of  his  brothen  (one  al  them, 
Halcohn,  a  devn  muMciln  and  song-writer)  were  trained  la 
ajtliii,  and  Cedl  was  from  childhood  devoted  to  art  with  tha 
Intennly  of  a  tirioui  nature.  Soon  after  his  birth  the  Lawsona 
moved  lo  London.  Lawsan's  linl  works  were  studies  of  fruit, 
fkiwen,  &c.,  in  the  manner  of  W.  Hunt;  followed  by  riverside 
Chelsea  subjects.  His  Erst  eihlbit  at  the  Royal  Academy 
(1870)  was  "Cheyna  Walk,"  and  in  1871  he  sent  two  other 
Chelsea  subjects.     Tbtae  gained  full  mDognliion  from  fcUow' 

numb^  Fnd  Walker,  G.  J.  PlnweU  and  thdr  assodates. 
Following  then,  he  made  a  curtain  Dumber  of  drawlngi  lor 
wood-mgravftrg.  Lawsan's  Chelsea  pictures  had  been  p**"**^  in- 
somewhat  low  and  sombre  tones;  In  the  "  Hymn  to  Spring  " 
of  1B71  (rejected  by  the  Academy)  he  turned  to  a  more  joyous 
play  of  colour,  helped  by  work  in  more  romantic  scena  bi  North 
Wales  and  Ireland.  Early  In  1874  ha  made  a  ahoct  torn  ia 
Holland,  Belgium  ind  Piris;  and  In  the  nimmer  he  painltd 
his  briv  "  Hop  Cirdens  sf  En^ind."  This  was  mitdi  piaiied 
at  the  Acadeny  of  t87«.  But  Lawson'i  triumph  was  with  the 
great  luiuiiani  canvas  "The  Minister's  Garden,"  ohibited 
in  1878  It  Ihe  Grosvenor  Gillcry,  and  now  in  the  Uandieatei 
An  Giliay,    This  wa*  foOawed  by  several  ararki  nuncdned 


LAW80N,  SIR  J.— LAYA 


m  ■  oat  ud  tn(Ic  nood.  Hw  boJik  begui  to  ftil,  but  ha 
worked  on.  He  mUTWd  Id  1819  tit  dau(ht«  oi  Biraie  Philip, 
■Dd  tettltd  M  Uultaen,  Hi*  htn  uibjccU  u*  [ram  Uii* 
bcichbourbiMd  (Ihe  mott  fuDoiB  base  "  The  Auguil  Moon," 
now  in  Um  NuiooU  C*UEiy  of  BiiLuh  An)  «  from  Yotluhin. 
Towudi  the  «nd  (if  iSSi  he  mot  10  the  Rivia*,  reluned  in  ihe 
Vrincuid  died  MHulemeicaa  the  lolhof  June  itBi.  L^wion 
nay  be  nU  to  ham  imani  ta  Entfiih  Undiapc  the  tndition 
oi  CunlMcai«h.  Cnau  4Bd  CoNUbie,  infiued  witb  u  inugi- 
nalivc  inMuily  el  hb  on.  Anao(  EogUth  ludtctpe  painlen 
af  the  iaitB-  put  of  the  igtk  seotuiy  bii  i>  in  nujr  napccts 
the  nKBl  intsreitinc  Dlmb 

Sec  E.  W.  CoH.  CanI  Lnaim.  a  Mnuv  (iSSll;  Ho 
Owen,  ■■  I^  Memoium:  Cecil  Cotdon  Umoo."  UapBiu  . 
(tBmI.  (L. 

UWSOir,  BIB  JORH  (d.  iMj),  Britiah  aulor,  wu  bo 
Scarboimigta.  JdninE  llie  parUinmiurr  uvy  In  164  . 
anompenird  Penn  to  tbe  Mediicmneaji  in  1650,  where  he 
served  lar  lome  lime.  In  1851  he  served  undo  Bttke  in  the 
Dutch  Vfit  and  was  present  mt  (he  fint  lO,™  in  the  Downs  and 
the  Iwtde  o[  the  Kentish  Kmci.  At  Portland,  early  in  ifiJJ, 
he  waa  vice-admfTal  ot  Ihe  red,  and  his  ship  wis  severely  handled, 
Lawson  took  pin  in  Ihe  ballla  of  June  and  Jolr  in  the  following 
summer.  In  1G54-1O;;  be  conmiiided  in  the  North  Sea  and 
tbe  Channel.  Appointed  In  Jamiary  Ifi5j--ifi56  as  Blake's 
second-in-command,  Llwion  wu  a  few  weeks  tairt  summaril)' 
dBmined  from  hii  command,  probably  for  poliikai  reasons. 
He  wai  a  Republican  and  Anabapliit,  and  therefore  an  axmy 
to  Oomwell.  It  it  not  improbable  (hat  like  Penn  and  others 
he  wu  detected  in  corre^wndence  with  the  exited  Charlca  If., 
who  certainty  hoped  for  his  support.  In  16:7,  along  with 
Harrison  and  others,  he  waa  arrested  and.  for  a  short  lime, 
imprisoned  for  conspiring  against  CromweO.  Aflerwardt  he 
lived  at  Scaiboroo^  until  the  faD  of  Richard  Cromwell's  govern- 
ment. During  the  troubled  mgnthl  which  succeeded  that  event 
Lawaon,  Bying  his  Sag  as  admiral  of  the  Channel  Heel,  played  a 
maiked  political  rAIe.  Hi)  (hips  escorted  Charles  to  England, 
and  he  was  soon  aftervaids  knighted.  Sent  out  in  1661  with 
Montagu,  earl  of  Sandwich,  to  the  Mediterranean,  Lawson 
conducted  a  aeries  of  campaJ^Q  against  the  piratical  statea  of 
tbe  Algerian  coast.  Thence  summoned  to  a  commatid  m  Ihe 
Dutch  War,  he  was  mortally  wounded  at  LowesCofL  He  died 
on  the  10th  of  Tune  1H5. 

See  Ournock,  BiopatU"  inalil.  i.  ao;  C*ni(ib<11,  Uw  e/  On 
Aiimriil,.  m.  til -.Pmin.  Lift  bJ  Sir  William  rBUi?tnsD»^ 

LAWSOH,  SIR  WILFRID,  Sait.  (1S19-1906I,  EncUth 
politidan  and  tenperura  Icadet,  son  of  (be  isl  baroDCt  (d.  |36;), 
was  bora  oa  Ibe  alh  of  Scptemhei  i3i«.  He  was  always  an 
cnthudaat  In  the  catoe  of  total  abstinence,  and  in  parliament. 
to  which  he  was  fint  elected  is  iSjg  for  Carlisle,  he  became 
iu  leadiag  spokcamaa.  In  ilfi«  he  first  introduced  bit  tamiuive 
Bill,  (iving  to  a  Iwo-lUi^  majorit)'  in  any  dialtia  a  veto  upon 
thn  fraattau  ol  licenca  lot  Ihe  sals  of  intaiicatlDg  liquoiii 
and  tbaligh  ihia  priadple  failed  10  be  embodied  in  any  act,  be 
hid  liw  tatitlaction  ol  aecing  a  reaoJuiion  on  iia  lines  acceplc4 
by  a  Piajcrily  ID  the  HODSB  of  Commons  in  iSlo,  iSiiandiSSj. 
lb  lost  bis  wat  for  Carlisle  in  iE6s,  but  In  iSttS  was  a(ain  ritumcd 
as  ■  snpponer  ol  Mr  Cladrtone,  and  was  manber  till  iSSy, 
Ihougb  defeat  ed  lot  tbe  new  Cockcimou  th  dhPisioo  of  Cumberland 
In  iMj,  he  won  UmI  seat  in  i3S6,  asd  he  held  It  till  Ihe  ehxlioo 
of  190D,  wboi  hit  violent  op^osillon  to  the  Boer  War  caused  hia 
defeat,  but  in  tto]  be  waa  nlumcid  fai  the  Canbotne  divisioa 
of  ConiwaQ  and  at  the  genesal  eleetion  of  igot  was  once  more 
elected  for  bit  old  coottituency  in  Ciw^dand.  During  all 
diase  yean  he  waa  ih*  chanpiod  □!  Ihe  United  Kingdom  Alliance 
(founded  i&u),  of  which  he  became  pieiident.  An  eilreme 
Radical,  he  alio  iUfiiHCted  ditcsUhlishmcnt,  aboUUoa  of  the 
House  of  Locda,  and  ditannuncnl.  .  Though  violent  in  Ihe 
aiqiresBoD  of  his  optcjons.  Sit  WUfdd  Lawaoa  lemained  very 
pcpulat  for  hii  owt  sake  both  in  and  out  ol  ttie  House  i^ 
CenRiNCB;  ha  became  well  known  for  bis  humotout  vein,  hia 
ftcnlty  inr  coq^iaaiic  tolacal  doffeiel  bdng  oftea  eactdicd  qb 
qncMiaBS  ol  the  diy.    He  diedoo  the  ittof  July  iRoii. 


LAY,  a  word  oC  tevetal  neaiiiita.  Aput  tisn  obMlm  wad 
dialeclical  usages,  tudi  as  the  East  An^ian  word  DManlng 
"  pond,"  poatibly  cognate  with  Lat.  Utiu,  pool  01  lahc,  or  ita 


d  by  n 


lb  could  be 


byminstRla.  Suchaiieiprasioaaslhe"LayD(tbeNibeluncen  " 
is  due  to  mistaken  asaocialios  of  Ihe  word  with  Ger.  Litd,  song, 
which  appears  in  Anglo-Saion  as  Ute.  "Lay"  comes  fnmi 
O.Fc.fai,  of  which  the  derivation  is  doubtfuL  The  JVni  facial 
Diitinary  rejects  Celtic  origins  sometiatet  put  forward,  auch  ai 
Ii.  faniU,  Welsh  Uaii.  and  lakes  O.  Uid.  and  High  Ger.  kiik 
sa  the  probable  tource.  (i)  "  Non^clerical  "  or  "  unlearned." 
In  Ibb  tenac  "  lay  "  comes  directly  from  Ft.  fat  (Idlfx.  the 
leiRied  fonn  neaitr  to  the  Latin,  is  now  used)  front  I>at.  Uiau, 
Gt.  XoiUt,  of  or  belonging  to  the  people  (Xa^.  Altic  Xawi). 
The  word  it  aow  specially  ifip^tA  (0  penona  who  an  not  in 
erdett,  and  more  widely  to  Ihote  who  do  not  behmg  10  oihci 
learaed  profeatkuu,  particulaiiy  the  law  and  mcdidae.  The 
Nai  Ett/iiA  Ditlioiary  quolet  two  euaplea  from  versions  ol 
the  Bible.  In  tbe  Douai  veniaa  of  1  Sam.  aid.  4,  Ahimclcch 
tells  David  ihat  he  has  "  no  lay  bread  at  liand  but  only  holy 
bread";  here  Ihe  Auihoriaed  Veiaion  has  "comnwa  bread." 
the  Vulgate  laiat  faiui.  In  Covstdale't  wettion  of  Acts  iv.  ij, 
the  high  priest  and  his  kindred  marvel  ai  Peter  and  John  aa 
being  "  unlearned  and  lay  people  ";  tbe  Auihoriaed  Version 


haa  " 


d  and  if 


Church  of  Eottand  "  lay  clerks  "  and  "  lay  vicars  "  ting  auch 
portions  of  the  aervice  as  may.  be  perlonned  by  taymea  and 
dergy  in  minor  oiders.  "  Lay  ttaden  "  arc  pcnoni  who  at* 
granted  a  commiaiion  by  the  bishop  10  perfom  certaia  ceiigiaua 
duties  in  a  particular  parish.  The  committion  remains  la  force 
until  it  Is  revoked  by  the  bishop  or  his  successors,  or  till  there 
is  a  new  incumbent  In  the  parish,  when  it  lias  to  be  renewed. 
In  a  religiaut  order  a  "  lay  brother  "  Is  freed  from  duties  at 
religious  servicca  performed  by  the  other  merabera,  and  fioia 
their  studies,  bat  ia  bound  by  vows  of  obedience  and  chaatilj 
and  serves  Ihe  order  by  manual  taboar.  For  "  lay  impropriator  " 
see  APFBorauTioK,  and  for  "  lay  rector "  sa  Racioa  and 
TnBESi  aee  further  Lavueh,  Hovsza  or.  is)  "Lay"  at  a 
verb  means  "  to  make  10  lie  down."  "  loidaa  upon  thcgtonnd," 
Jkc  The  past  tense  is  "  Uid  ";  it  i)  vulgarly  confused  with  the 
verb  "  to  lie,"  of  which  tbe  pail  it  "  lay."  The  eonman  tool 
ol  both  "lie"  and  "lay"  It  repreienled  by  O.  Teut.  In; 
cf.  Dutch  Uutn.  Ger.  fe^ea,  and  Eng.  "ledg*."^  (4)  "Lay- 
figure  "  it  the  name  commonly  ^ven  to  articulated  hgiw  of 
human  beings  or  animals,  made  of  wood,  papicr-machf  or  other 
materials;  draped  and  posed,  such  figures  serve  as  models  for 
aniita(se(MoDEU,  AinsTs).  The  word  has  no  mnneaion  with 
"  to  lay,"  to  place  in  potilion,  but  la  an  adaptation  of  Ihe  kord 
"  layman."  comnunly  used  with  Ibll  neaaing  in  the  tSIh 
century.  This  was  adapted  from  Dutch  liouii  (the  oldet  lorn 
is  laUjamaiti  and  meant  an  "  articulated  o<  jointed  man  '*  from 
U.  now  iid.  a  joinii  cf.  Ger.  Ciiidamam. 

UVA,  JBAX  LOOIS  (1761-183)'],  French  dramatist,  was 
bom  In  Paris  on  (he  4lhof  December  1761  and  died  in  August 
iSjJ.  He  wrote  bis  feat  comedy  In  colUborallon  with  Gaioiel 
U.  J.  B.  Legouvi  in  1785,  but  the  piece,  though  accepted  by 
Ibe  Com£dIe  Francaise,  waa  neva  repieacnted.  In  1789  be 
ptodoced  a  plea  for  religious  toleration  In  the  form  of  a  five-aU 
itagcdy  in  venc,  /ma  Caita,  the  Injustice  ol  the  disgrace  cut 
on  a  Unily  by  the  ctime  of  one  ol  Ila  memben  letmed  Ihe  tbeme 
of  Let  Dani/ri  it  Vapitan  (r70B};  but  It  Is  by  hit  Ami  ia 
loit  (1793)  that  Laya  it  remeinbaod.  This  energetic  ptoiesi 
against  mob-tule.  with  itt  scarcely  veiled  charaOcriialions  of 
pierre  as  Nomopbige  and  of  Marat  as  Durialne,  was 
1  of  Ibe  highest  courage,  for  the  play  was  produced  at 
the  TUttn  Fnncais  (lempoutily  ThUue  dt  la  Nation)  oaly 


The  wb  "  to  IJe,"  to  apnk  (altety 


i.»i, 


i^iooi^ie 


LAYAM<*I 


3" 


BtDHcaidtyibeAnvllieawaMlMiaf LovliXVI.  Ttn doyi titer 
iti  fint  pnidiKliiHi  the  pittc  wu  problbiln)  by  tbe  tonunuar, 
bat  the  public  dtmindcd  lu  HpuMumien;  tbe  nuyer  of 
Pu-B  wu  cpinpcDn)  ta  ippal  to  tbc  coDmiJoo,  ud  ibc  pftn 
wu  ^diyrd  wldlE  some  so.boo  Piriiiani  guinlcd  the  hiU.  Ltyi 
went  into  hiding,  and  KvenI  pnvKB  convicted  oi  htving  i  copy 
of  the  obnoiious  play  in  their  poisesslon  wen  guilloliiKd.  At 
tbe  ad  of  ihe  l^m)!  Layi  relumed  to  Farii.  In  1B13  he  le- 
pbced  Dellllt  in  tlie  Puis  chair  oi  titcnrjr  history  and  Frfuch 
poeliyi  he  was  admitted  to  the  Audersy  in  181T.  Lay*  pro- 
duced Ip  1797  Lti  Dtta  Shiarb,  and  in  1799  FalUawi,  tbe  l)tle- 
rAie  of  which  provided  Talma  with  one  of  his  finest  oppot- 
tuirities  Laya's  works,  wliich  chiefly  owe  (heir  Inleresl  10  the 
ciTTuBHianHs  attending  their  ptoduction,  were  crikcted  In 
1 836-1 'JT- 

LATAMM,  early  English  poet,  was  (he  anlhor  of  a  chronicle 
of  Britain  entitled  Bnl,  1  paraphrase  of  the  BnU  J'AniMtm 
by  Wtet,  ■  native  of  Jersey,  who  is  also  known  as  the  anther 
of  the  Femon  de  Rim.  The  excellent  edition  of  Layamon  by  Sir 
F.  Madden  (Society  of  Antiquaries,  London,  1847]  should  be 
consulted.  All  that  is  known  concerning  Layamon  is  derived 
from  two  eiiant  MSS.,  which  pnseni  texts  (hat  often  vary 
conuderaUy,  and  it  is  necessary  to  undeisltnd  (heir  comparative 
valne  belort  any  concluiioni  can  be  drawn.  The  tAler  text 
{here  called  Ibe  A-teii)  lies  very  near  Ihe  original  text,  which 
is  unfortontidy  losi,  though  ii  now  and  then  omits  lines  which 
are  absolniely  Becesary  to  Ihe  sense.  The  later  tent  (hereralled 
the  B-te«t)  represnMs  a  later  recension  of  the  original  version 
by  another  writer  who  [requently  omitt  coupktj,  and  alters 
the  Ungtufe  by  the  lubsthuiion  of  be(t«-knowD  words  lor 
■ncti  aa  aetmed  to  be  obsolescenl:  e.(.  kamc  (him)  In  place 
o(  hibiw  (bale),  and  deoJ  in  pliceof /n'e  (fated  to  die,  or  drad). 
Hence  little  reliance  can  be  placid  on  the  B-text,  Its  chief  merit 
being  that  it  sornetimes  prescrres  eooplets  which  seem  to  have 

valuable  commeoljiry  on  tbe  original  version. 

We  learn  from  the  brief  prologue  that  Layamon  was  a  priest 
among  the  people,  and  was  the  ion  of  Leovenath  (a  late  speBing 
oC  A.  S.  Leofnolh);  »ho,  that  he  lived  at  Etnley,  at  «  noble 
church  on  Severn  bant,  dose  by  ttadsione.  Thb  is  certainly 
Areley  Regli,  or  Anlty  Kings,  dose  by  Kedslone  rodi  and 
ferry,  r  m,  to  the  S,  of  Stourport  In  Worcestershire.  TTm  B-telt 
turns  Layainon  into  the  later  form  Lswcmin,  i.e.  Liw-mait, 
contctly  answering  10  Chaucer^  "  Man  of  Lawe,"  ihou^  here 
appURiily  used  as  a  mere  name.  It  also  (urm  Leovenath  into 
Lcuca,  i.t.  Lcofcca,  a  diminutive  of  Leola.  which  is  Itself  a  pet- 
name  for  Lmfnoth;  so  that  there  is  no  real  contradiction.  But 
it  absurdly  (ubsiiiutes  "with  the  good  knight, "which  Is  practi- 
cally meaningle^j  for  "  at  a  noUe  church." 

We  know  no  more  about  Layamon  eiccpt  (hat  he  was  a 
gnat  lover  of  books;  and  thai  fae  piocttred  three  booki  in 
particnlu  which  bepTiied  above  other*,  "turning  over  the 
leavn.  and  beholding  ■  them  lovingly."  These  were;  the 
English  book  that.  St  Beda  made;  another  in  Latin  that 
"     "'"■[!  and  Si  Austin  ma'         '  -  '     ■       "  " 


by  a  Fre. 


USS)  » 


dT  the  hi^  king  Henry  (i.e. 
Henry  II.). 

The  first  Of  Iheie  really  means  the  Anglo-Saion  trSnJalfon 
of  Bedl's  BalesiaslUBl  Hlslsry,  which  begins  with  the  words: 
"  Ic  Beds,  Criites  iheow,"  i.e.  "  I,  Bed»,  Christ')  servant." 
The  Kcond  is  a  strange  description  of  Ihe  original  of  Ihe  tran^la 
tton,  i.e.  AlUnui  Betla'i  own  Latin  book,  the  second  paragraph 
of  which  begins  with  (he  wordst  "Auctor  ante  omnes  alque 
adiulor  opuicnii  huius  Albinus  Abba  rrverentlssimus  vJr  per 
omnia  doctissimui  extitit ";  which  Layamon  evidently  mis- 
undcntood.  As  to  the  share  ol  S(  AugUstine  In  (his  work, 
see  Book  I.,  chapten  13-34.  and  Book  tl,.  chapters  1  and  3, 
which  are  pnctlcllly  all  micemed  with  him  and  occupy  more 


(han  a  (enth  of  Ibe  whole  work. '  The  third  boiA  was  Wkce's 
poen,  Bml  fAn^tttrri.  But  we  Giid  that  although  Layamoli 
luid  ready  access  to  all  three  of  these  wo^,  be  soee  settled 
down  to  (he  ttanslatioa  of  tbe  third,  withAnt  (roaUing  much 
■bout  the  ethers.  Ra  Chief  ofaEgaiion  to  Beda  Is  for  tbe  well- 
known  1I017  about  Pope  Gregory  and  Ihe  Engliih  ciptivn  it 
Kome;  see  Liyamoa,  vol.  111.  180. 

I(  is  impossible  to  enter  here  upon  a  dlscus^onof  the  numerom 
points  of  interest  which  a  proper  examination  of  tKa  vast  and 
important  w<*k  would  present  to  any  carelul  inquirer.  Only 
a  few  bare  results  can  be  here  enumerated.  Tbe  A-tcit  may 
be  dated  about  i»5,  and  tbe  B-teit  (practiciily  by  another 
writer)  about  iiij.  Both  texts,  Ihe  fornier  especially,  are 
remarkably  free  from  adnktare  «41h  words  of  French  origin; 
the  Itsia  that  have  been  given  hitbeno  lie  inexact,  but  it  may 
be  said  that  Ibe  Iramber  ef  Fimdi  mtds  In  the  A-Iex(  can  hardly 
exceed  too,  or  In  tbe  B-(nt  rtio.  Layinon's  work  is  largely 
original;  Wale's  Brut  contains  ti,yio  line),  and  Layamon's 
31,140  lines  of  a  similar  length;  and  many  of  Layamon's 
additions  to  Wace  are  notable,  such  u  his  iiory  °  rejaiding  the 
faiiy  elves  at  Arthur's  birth,  and  his  liantportation  by  them  after 
death  in  a  boat  to  Ava]on,  the  abode  of  Arganie,  tbeir  queen  "; 
«ee5irF.Madden'ap*eI.  p.  XV.  Ware's  Br.(  b  aloiosl  wholly 
a  translation'  of  the  Latin  chronieie  conceroiBg  the  eatty  history 
of  Britain  by  Geoffrey  ef  Monmouth,  who  said  thai  be  obtained 
his  materials  from  a  mamacript  written  in  Welsh.  The  Darnel 
Bfol  IslheFiench-formof  Brutus,  who  was  tbe  fabulous  grand- 
son of  Ascanius,  and  greal-gnndson  of  Aeneas  of  Troy,  the  here 
of  Virgil's  AtnrU.  After  rnany  adventures,  (bd  Brutus  arrived 
in  England,  founded  Troynovanl  or  New  Troy  (belter  known 
as  London),  and  Wai  Ibe  progeniior  of  a  hmg  Sne  of  British 
kings,  among  whom  weit  Locrine,  Bladuil,  Lefr,  Corboduc, 
Ferrei  and  Porrei,  Lud,  Cymbeline,  Constantine,  Voriigcrn,' 
Uthet  and  Arthur;  ind  from  this  mythical  Brutus  tbe  name 
Brut  was  transferred  so  as  to  denote  Ihe  entire  chronide  of  ibi) 
British  history-  Layamon  gives  the  whdc  story,  from  Ibe  time 
of  Brutns  to  that  of  Cadwdader,  Who  may  be  ideniiAed  with  the 
Cacdwalla  of  the  Anile-Sasim  Chrevidt,  baptiicd  by  Pope 
Scrgius  In  Ibe  year  688.  Both  telts  of  Layamon  are  in  a  south- 
western dialed;  the  A-tcxt  in  particular  shows  the  W^ssei 
dialect  of  earlier  limes  (commonly  called  Anglo-Saxon)  In  a 
much  later  form,  and  we  can  hardly  doubt  that  the  author, 
as  be  intimates,  could  read  the  old  version  n(  Beda  intelligently. 
The  remarks  upon  the  B-icii  in  Sir  F.  Madilen's  preface  are  not 
10  the  point;  the  pecuU'ar  spellings  to  which  h*  reIeT5(sucli  bs' 
isne  for  iJisne)  are  by  no  means  due  toanycoRfu^onwithlhe 
Northumbrian  dialect,  but  rather  to  the  nsuat  vagxries  of  a  scribe 
who  knew  French  belter  than  English;  and  had  some  difficulty 
in  acquiring  the  Englidi  pronuncialion  and  In  ipprfsenting; 
it  accurately.  At  the  same  time,  be  was  not  strong  In  English 
grammar,  and  was  ap(  to  confuse  Ihe  plural  form  with  the 
singoUrinthelenseiotverbsi  and  this  is  the  dmple  explanalioil' 
or  most  of  the  examples  of  so-called  "  nunnatlon  "  In  Ihia  poem 
(st«h  aj  Ihe  use  of  nwMni  for  mififf),  which  only  eiistcd  ift 
wriling  and  mint  not  be  seriously  considered  as  representing  real 
spoken  sounds.  The  lull  proof  o(  this  imuld  occupy  too  much 
space;  but  it  ihonldbe  noticed  that, in  many  Instances,  "this 
pleonastic  n  has  been  itruck  out  or  erased  by  a  second  harHt." 
In  olher  initances  it  has  escaped  notice,  and  tlrat  Is  all  that  need 
t  said.  The  peculiar  metre  of  the  poem  has  been  suffidently 
eated  by  J.  Schlppcr.  An  abstract  of  (he  poem  has  been 
iven  by  Hrniy  Morley;  and  good  general  icitii;bms  of  It  by 
,  ten  Brink  and  oiheis. 

See  tojjWM'i  Br»*.   w  i,- Ckmltk  of  Brflfli":  4   ftwlire/ 

Stmi-Stm  PtnH-nu  </  Me  BHu  <rf  Wtm.  ..by  Sir  F.  Maddcrt 

'  )47)^B.tenBrink,&irfy£i{fu*fjiinfue.tians.b«H.MJ:eDiwdV' 

Bqhn-a  Sianlatd  Llbwy.  iM*):  H   Hoilry,  £<fl>i<k  Wriun. 

I.  iu.  {188S};  1.  Schipper,  fwft^te  Uilrik,  1.  (Bonn.  itSl),  E, 

«l.4HiUiwTsreng/fantfi<Ki(n»ed.byW.W.Skeat.iN>}. 

tide' "  Layamon."    In  Ihe  Diet.   JVof    8«>t ;  Sir  OU  EflM 

CkmulFi.  iiHodng  Oldas.  Nennias  and  Cnllrey  bl  Monniouth  (iff 


Mr  Wiui 


MUBiB.  AlUnfiiiilH  SpracipTiilxn  ViiiMtt.  I«b7)    (W.  V 


3" 


LAYARDi-LAZAR 


UTASD,nS*Omi  BnnT(>BI^-Il»4>.BI<tl>k  >Mbor 
•ud  diploDuUM,  Lhc  nqantoi  ol  Nineveb,  «u  bom  is  Pirii 
on  the  jtb  o[  Much  1817.  TU  LayMib  wen  of  HusdcboI 
deucat.  Hi*  fitker,  Umiy  P.  J.  Layud.  of  tlw  CcyloD  Gvil 
Suvice,  m>  ibe  nD  of  Chulc*  PcMi  Liyard,  deia  of  BriMol. 
ud  gnadm  of  Duud  Fata  Liyud,  llw  ph)ni<l»-  Tbrougb 
Ui  notlicr,  ■  digshier  of  Natbanlcl  AuMm,  buikn,  of  Ranuiitf^ 
lie  inhcdlid  SpuUi  Uaad.  TU*  itnia  ol  oonkopolJUiiisni 
niut  hivE  boEBtieatly  urengthawd  by  ihadrcumstuKcs  i>I  hii 
cduciliOD.  Much  of  hii  boybood  «u  (pent  Ib  luJy,  wheie  he 
noiired  put  of  hii  •cbooUnf,  nod  tcquited  a  lul*  foe  Ihe  fine 
*tu  and  a  love  ol  tiavet;  bnt  be  au  tl  ubool  lUo  In  Engluid, 
Fiance  and  SwiUeiUnd.  Allei  ^ptDding  neuLy  iti  yeui  in 
tbe  olEce  of  hia  unck,  Beojimii]  Auuen,  a  uliciuw.  be  wu 
templed  to  leave  £ii(laid  foi  Cejloa  by  tbepnnpect  of  oblainiog 
la  appointoient  In  the  dvil  lerrict,  and  beKutedin  iSjq  wiLh 
the  inUDtioaofDiakingaitovetUDdiotink^  una  Alia.  Altei 
■uiltriot  (o[  many  mantha,  cbieSy  ia  Penia,  and  hiving 
abuidoned  hit  iounlioo  ol  proccedini  to  Ceylon,  be  returned 
ia  ■S41  to  ConstaDiiaople,  when  he  made  the  acquainUnc*  of 
Sir  Stialfard  Canning,  the  BiJlieh  ambaaudor,  vho  employed 

In  1845,  encouraged  and  auiitcd  by  Canning,  L«yud  left  CoD- 
elantinople  to  maite  tboH  cxplontJona  among  Ihe  mina  ol 
Auyria  Hilb  whicb  hii  name  ii  chieSy  aiaociated.  Thii  eipedj- 
tioa  «a>  in  fulhlmcnt  of  ■  design  whicb  be  had  foimed,  when, 
duiing  bia  former  Iravcla  in  the  Eait,  hit  cvii(»ity  had  been 
greatly  eidled  by  the  ruin  of  Ninuud  on  Ihe  Tigris,  and  hy  the 
great  mnuod  of  Kuyunjik,  near  Mgsut,  already  panly  eicavaled 
by  Botta.  Layud  temaioed  in  the  neighbeurhood  ol  Moiul, 
Canyuig  on  eacavaibna  U  Kuyimjik  lod  Nimrud,  and  in- 
vcitigating  the  cmditimi  of  varioui  tribei,  until  1S47;  and, 
returning  to  England  in  i&4&,p^tiliihtdXiHarkaiiditi  Ktmaiast 
wiUmAcamnli^a  VilUlolluaialdaanClKiauaueS Kiadiilan, 
and  Uu  Yaidis,  or  DnU-matkipptri;  and  a*  Inquiry  Mo  tkt 
Jfiiiuun«idjlr(ji>/Uej4iiii«iJ.4iiynaiu(ival[.,iS4a-iBw).TD 
iUtutrale  th«  antiquitiei  deicribcd  in  this  worh  hr  published  a 
krge  folia  volume  of  tlluUnUms  sf  Iki  Uoiumnls  of  Ninaik 
(1S49).  After  (pending  a  few  monthi  in  England,  and  icceivini 
Ibe  decree  of  D.C.L.  from  the  universty  of  Oxford,  Layard 
lelumed  to  Constantinople  u  attachi  lo  Ihe  British  embamy. 
and,  in  Auguit  1S49,  lUrted  on  a  ucond  eipedillon,  in  the  course 
ol  arhicb  be  cilended  his  inveitigilions  lo  the  ruins  of  Babylon 
and  Ibe  mounds  ol  soulhen  Mesopotamia.  Uii  record  ol  this 
etpedilion,  DiKvnr:ei  in  Iht  Ruint  oj  tliaexk  ii*d  Babjl^, 
which  was  illualrated  by  another  fotio  volume,  called  A  Saond 
Stria  of  lie  ifoiiiiiiKiUi  of  f/iamk,  wai  puhlitbed  in  tSu. 
During  these  cipedllians,  ollen  in  drcumatances  of  gnat 
difficulty,  Layard  deipatchcd  lo  England  the  splendid  tpecimeu 
which  now  form  the  greater  pact  ol  the  collKlion  of  Auyrinn 
aniiquitiei  !a  the  Briliib  Museum.  Apart  fiotn  tbe  archaeo- 
logical  value  ol  hii  vork  in  identifying  Kuyunjik  u  the  liie  of 
Nineveh,  and  In  providing  a  great  mus  of  cuteriili  loc  scbolnn 
to  nock  upon,  iliew  two  booki  dI  Layird'i  tie  amoBi  tbe  best- 
writlcD  books  d{  travel  in  the  language. 

Layard  now  turned  to  politics.  Elected  u  a  Liberal  member 
tot  Ayletbuty  In  iSji,  he  was  for  a  Few  weeks  under.secreiary 
(or  foreign  aSiin.  but  afterwards  tieely  criticized  the  govitn- 

was  present  In  the  Crimea  during  Ihe  war,  and  wu  a  member  of 
Ibe  committee  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  conduct  of  Ihe 
expedition.  In  iSjj  he  refuted  from  Lord  Palmerston  an  office 
not  connected  vilh  foreign  affaiti,  was  dcctcd  lord  rector  of 
Aberdeen  university,  and  on  ijth  June  moved  a  resolution  in  the 
House  of  Cammons  (defeated  bya  large  majority)  declaring  ibal 
In  pabUc  appoiDlmenti  merit  bad  been  aacriliced  to  private 
inAvence  and  an  adherence  to  routine.  After  being  defeated 
it  Aylesbitry  in  1857,  he  visited  India  to  invesrigite  the  causes 
el  the  Mutiny.  He  unsuccessfully  contested  York  in  1859,  but 
was  elected  for  Soutbwark  in  iS6<>,  and  from  iMt  lo  1SA6  was 
undtr.*eCRtiry  for  forriga  affairs  tn  the  wcceasive  administra- 
tkmi  of  Lord  Palmerston  and  Lord  John  Russell.    In  tS66  be 


«ai  afipaialed  a  tnulM  of  llu  BiitlA  MoMMi,  and  In  iXt 
:bief  commistiooec  of  works  in  W.  £.  Claduone'i  govenment 
Lnd  a  member  of  Ibe  Privy  CouidL  He  retired  from  parliament 
n  iSAg,  on  being  kbI  as  envoy  extraordinaiy  to  Madrid.  In 
ig;;  be  wu  appointed  b;  Lord  Beaconifietd  ambaaudor  at 
CcHUtaotiDople,  where  he  remained  until  Gladitone'a  return  to 
powet  in  iSSo,  when  he  Eturil]'  retired  from  public  life.  In  1178^ 
on  tbe  oecnsion  ol  the  Bnlin  conference,  be  received  the  grand 
crouoftheBilh.  Layard'*  poUticat  life  wai  lomevhal  stormy. 
His  manner  wu  biusque.  and  his  advocacy  of  the  cause*  wbidi 
he  had  at  heart,  thougb  always  perfectly  siaceie,  was  vehement 
to  tbe  point  sometime*  of  recklessuesa.  Layaid  lellied  to 
Venice,  where  he  devoted  much  of  hi*  time  to  collecting  jNitlure* 
ol  the  Venetian  Khool,  and  to  writing  on  Italian  art.  On  this 
subject  he  wu  a  disciple  of  his  friend  G.  Morelli,  whose  vicn 
be  embodied  in  hi*  revision  of  F.  Kugler**  Bimilieok  tf  Paialiiti, 
lUtiam  SiMaol]  (iSt;).  He  wrole  also  an  InuodiKtioti  lo  Min 
Ffouike*'*  Innilation  of  Morelli's  lUlioH  PaMtri  (igg^'iStj), 
and  edited  that  part  of  Murray's  Han^tak  of  Bamt  <i8p4) 
which  deals  with  pictuni.  In  tii^  he  poblished,  from  nolei 
taken  at  the  time,  a  record  of  bis  first  journey  to  the  Eut, 
entitled  £ar(y  j4ilwiilHru  in  Perns,  Sasiana  end  £i6y«tl. 
An  abbreviation  of  Ihli  wuk,  which  u  a  booli  ol  travel  is  evea 
mora  delightful  than  Its  predccesion,  wis  published  in  1894, 
ahonly  after  the  author's  death,  with  a  brief  introductory  notice 
by  Lord  Aberdaie.  Layud  bI»  from  time  to  lime  contributed 
paper*  lo  various  learned  ladeliei,  including  the  Huguenot 
Sodety,  of  which  be  was  fiiM  president.  Hi  died  in  London  on 
thejlhofjuly  i&M.  (A.Ct.} 

LATHDI,  HOUSa  OT,  deUberalive  aiumblies  of  tbe  laity  of 
tlie  Church  ol  England,  ooe  for  the  province  of  Canterbury, 
and  the  other  lor  the  province  of  York.  That  of  fanterhury 
wai  formed  in  ig86,  and  that  of  York  shortly  iflnvaitli.  Tbey 
an  merely  consultative  bodies,  and  tbe  prinuy  Intenlioa  ol 

of  convocation.  Tbey  have  no  legal ,  itatus.  The  mcmbeis 
are  elected  by  the  vaiioiu  diocesan  conferences,  nbich  ace 
in  turn  elected  by  the  laity  of  their  respective  paiiihcs  or  rural 
deaneries.  Tenmemberetrtappwiledforthediocescof London, 
sii  for eachof  tbediocesea  of  WJBcbeiter,  Rochester,  Lichfield  and 
Worcesier;  and  four  for  earh  of  the  remaining  dioceses.  The 
pr«idenioI  each  house  has  the  discrelionaiypowerof  appointing 
additional  laymen^  not  eiceediog  ten  in  number. 

UVHEZ  (or  UiNu),  DIEOO  (isiz-isej),  the  second  general 
of  ibe  Society  of  Jesus,  was  boio  in  Castile,  and  after  studying 
at  Alcala  joined  Ignatius  ol  Loyola  in  Puis,  being  ooe  of  the 
six  who  with  Loyola  in  August  1^4  took  the  vow  of  mIsNonary 
work  in  Palestine  in  the  Montmartie  churcL  This  plan  feU 
through,  and  Laynez  became  ptoTcsur  of  scholastic  theology  at 
Sajricnza.  Afterthc  order  had  been  dcfioitclyestabUshed  (1.540) 
Laynez  wu  sent  to  Ccimany,  He  was  one  of  the  pope's  theo- 
logians Bl  the  council  of  Trent  (4.1.)^  wbeie  be  played  a  weighty 
and  decisive  part.  When  Loyola  died  in  i5sG  Lsynci  acted  as 
vicu  of  [be  sodeiy,  and  two  yeats  Jaier  became  general.  Bdora 
biadeath  at  Kome,  00  the  igtbof  January  1565,  hebadimnenicly 
slrengibencd  the  despotic  constituiioa  of  the  order  and  developed 
its  educational  activities  (see  j£SI7IIs). 

Hli  ViipiOaliatui  TriJtHtitutt  wcfe  pubii«hed  in  i  volumn  la 
18U.  Livei  by  Micbd  d'Eine  (Dooai,  IW7)  and  Pet.  RibidenFin 
(Madrid,  isgi;l.at.  Inns,  by  A.  Seketi.  Aniwrip,  isoai.  Seealn 
H.  MiOkr.lM  Origan di It  ComtfpiuiUJtiiu:  JpHU»Uima 
(i«9S)- 

LAZAB,  one  affilded  with  the  disease  of  l^rov  (g-'-'i-  The 
term  is  an  adaptation  in  medieval  Latin  of  the  name  of  Luarv* 
ll.t.),  in  Luke  ivi.  lo,  who  wu  supposed  to  be  a  leper.  The 
word  was  not  confined  to  person*  aufiering  from  lepioiy;  Ibus 
Caiton  (TktLife  ofOiaTlu  Ihe  CreOI,  37),  "  there  aUelastc  were 
guaryssbed  and  beled  vijj  lazars  of  Ihe  palnsey.'' 

LuiUiEiia  or  Laux-House  is  a  b<^tal  for  Ibe  reception  of 
poor  persons  suffering  from  the  plague,  IepK»y  ot  other  inlectiou* 
or  contagious  diseases.  A  peculiar  use  ol  "  laiarelto  "  is  found 
In  Ihe  application  of  Ihe  teim,  now  obsolete,  lo  a  plice  [a  the 
alter-part  of  a  merchant  vessel  for  ibc  Uongc  at  provi^ons,  Ac 


LAZARITES— LAZAROS;  H. 


UZlRtTBS  (Ljiuilsn  or  Luaiuhs).  tbe  populir  nuns  of 
Ibc  "  CUDiTTKitioB  of  Pnau  of  ibe  MinioB  "  to  [he  Kotuo 
CalbtiKc  Church.  It  hid  ils  ori^a  in  the  nnxBTu]  niiui«i  to 
the  conrAGij  people  omifbctcd  by  3t  Vincent  de  Piui  Iff.r.)  uh] 
bvt  Dlher  priesi.oD  the  eatitci  ol  tlic  Gondi  Funily  More 
immnliaiely  it  dita  frem  JA14,  vben  the  little  community 
ifqtdred  t  permanent  settlement  in  Ibe  ctdl^  da  Ikins  Enfuo 
in  Puis.  Ardbepixofal  recognition  wu  obtuned  in  1676, 
by  I  papal  bull  of  the  i  itfa  of  Janluiy  i6ji,  Ibe  society  wu 
constituted  a  congregation,  witb  St  Vineenl  de  Pnul  at  ili  head 
About  the  same  time  the  canoiBtTgularoI  Si  Victor  handed  over 
to  the  congregation  the  priory  o(  St  Laxiiui  ([onnetly  a  laiu- 
bouic)  in  Puis,  whence  the  nuse  of  LazaiiU*  Dt  LaauisU 
WithiD  ■  lewyeus  Ibey  had  aoguiitd  another  house  m  Fans  and 
Kt  up  other  establubmentl  thioughonl  France,  mtsnons 
were  also  lent  10  ll»ly  (iSja),  Tunis  [164]).  Algiers  and  Irebnd 
(1646),  MidigaKtT  (164B)  and  Poland  (1G51)  A  fredi  buh  of 
Aleisndet  VII  in  Aptil  i6js  htrther  confirmed  the  society; 
this  irts  FoUowed  by  a  brief  in  September  of  the  same  year, 
rFEuTitinf  Its  constitotion.  The  rules  then  adopted^  which  were 
(lamed  on  ihe  model  of  those  of  the  Jesuits,  wen  pnblisbed 
at  Paris  in  iMS  under  the  title  Re(<dat  m  omliliiliMa  cam- 
KMiiacenpTtaliBnamiainiii.  The  tpedal  objects  contempbited 
were  the  religious  inslractlm  at  the  lower  classed  the  tnlnlnEof 
Ibe  clergy  and  foreign  missions.  Durina  the  French  Revolution 
(he  congregation  wis  suppressed  and  St  Laiare  plundered  by 
(he  mob;  it  WIS  reltared  by  Napoleon  in  iSoj  at  the  desire  of 
Pius  VII.,  tboLfShed  by  him  in  jBog  in  consequence  of  a  qulrrel 
with  Ihe'pqpe,  and  igain  restored  in  1816.  The  Laiaiites  were 
opeDed  from  Iltly  in  iSji  and  from  Germany  in  1873.  The 
Liiarile  pmvinet  of  Poland  was  singularly  prospetoui,  tt  the 
dale  of  hs  sqpptession  in  1796  it  possessed  Ihirly-fivt  establish- 
ments. Tie  order  was  permitted  to  return  in  1816,  but  is  now 
eninct  Iheie,  !n  Madagascar  it  had  a  missjon  fram  1648  till 
1674.  In  17*3  Liiaritfs  wen  appoinled  to  take  Ihe  place  ot  the 
Jesuits  inthe  Levantine  and  Chinese  missions,  they  still  ■" 
some  fooling  In  China,  and  in  1874  their  estsblishmpnii  thi 
oul  (be  IVrldab  empire  numbered  aiteen.  In  addition, 
eilabliahed  branches  in  Persia,  Abyssinia,  Mexico,  the 
American  republics,  Porlugall'  Spain  and  Russia,  some  of 
bavt  been  luppreued.  In  (he  ume  yeu  they  had  foi 
establidiments  in  the  United  States  of  America.  The  total 
nnmba  of  Laiutles  thmughdnt  the  world  Is  computed  at  about 
jooo.  Amonpt  dislingufihed  membeiS  of  the  congregati 
may  be  mentioned:  P.  Collel  (i69]-i77o), writer  on  Iheolo 
and  ethics;  ]  de  b  Crive  (1689-1757),  geographer;  E,  B' 
(d.  iSt*).  orientalist;  P.  Bertholon  (1689-1757),  phyild: 
■nd  Armand  David,  Chinese  missionaiy  and  traveller. 


ffarii,^6M);  . 
hMtffroMitUs  n 
lAiwMiHmt,  }^»] 
M.  Heimbrecber, 


IKW,      Rfprriovt  ttulori^e 

Ht\yot,  Dill,  in  eriru  nlij 
Ordn  kwf  Kinltrttolifintii 
JLork  in  Wtlar  anaWtlle 
gaud,  IfiiUry  cf  SI  Vixanl 


"  (kal  has  helped,".  Ct.  Aifvn).  >  na 
New  Teslament  in. (wo  connuioBB. 

(.  Lmarv*  01  Bzi;hahv,  brother  of  i 
story  that  he  died  and  after  four  day 
dead  ia  (old  iy  John  [li..  >fii.]  only,  and 
SyooptiMi.  By  many  this  Is  regarded  ai 
mira(lE>.  It  produced  a  great  effect 
Jitia  FilaH  aays  thai  Pilate  trembled  w 
according  to  Baylc's  Dictionary,  Spi 


tn«,  viU.  &«-7; 
It  ^id  (19^)° 


I  of  its 


declared  that  U   1 
luld  become  a  Chcistian.    Tl 
'igccouily  than  any  other  paitii 


qiEle  of  its  stifting  character,  tt  ii  anitted  by  th«  SynoptiiU, 
and  (n.)  its  unique  signiBcanct.  The  penonality  of  Lanius  in 
John'!  account,  his  rclatKin  to  Manha  and  Mary,  and  the 
possibility  that  John  reconstructed  the  sloiy  by  the  aid  of 
mferencea  from  the  story  of  the  supper  In  Luke  x  40,  and 
that  ai  tbe  anobiiing  of  Christ  in  Bethany  given  by  Mark  and 
Matthew,  an  among  the  chief  problems.  'Die  controvcny  has 
It  mass  ol  literature,  discussions  of  which  aill 
be  lound  in  Ibe  lives  of  Chrnt,  the  biblical  encyclopaedias  and 


(ben 


LuABUS  is  also  the  name  given  by  Luke  (ivi.  aO  to  the 

ar  in  tbe  parable  known  as  that  of  "  Laaarus  and  DiVes,"* 

iDustntiiig  tbe  misuse  of  wealth.    There  is  btlle  doubl  that  the 

b  mtinduced  simply  as  patt  of  the  parable,  and  nbt  wilh 

any  idea  of  identifying  (he  beggu  with  Lazarus  ot  Belhany.    It 

,  nol  only  that  Luke's  story  does  not  ^^leat  in  the  other 

ml  also  that  in  no  other  of  Christ's  parables  Is  a  name 

given  to  the  central  duncter.    Hence  It  was  hi  early  times 

'lought  that  the  story  was  hisloilcal,  nol  allegorical  (see  LaiuJ. 

LAZABUS,  E>MA   (1849-1S87),   American  Jewish   poetess, 

aa  bom  In  New  YoA.    When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  she  was 

nn  in^nd  to  lyric  expression.    Her  first  book  (1867)  included 

>enis  and  translations  which  she  wrote  between  (he  ages  of 

olteen  and  seventeen.    As  yel  her  models  mere  classic  and 

imantic.    At  the  age  of  twenty^one  she  published  Admftiti  ani 

cOia  Petmi  (1S71I.     Admdia  Is  inscribed  to  Emerson,  who 

greatly  tnfluraccd  her,  and  with  whom  she  maintained  a  regular 

'     several  years.    She  led  a  retired  life,  and  had 

n  of  her  own  powers.    Munh  of  her  next  work 

appeared  In  Lip^nccWz  Ua^niiu,  but  in  1874  she  published   a 

{AlOi]  based  on  Goethe's  autobiography,  end 

-ous  letter  ol  admiration  from  Turgeniev.    Ta-o 

years  later  ^e  visited  Concord  and  madetheaniualntanceaf  the 

nttsDO  dtde,  and  while  there  read  the  prool-sheela  ot  her 

Lgedy  TIa  Spagaalrlla     In  1K81  she  published  her  excellent 

inslalions  of  Heine's  poems.  Meanwhile  events  were  occurring 

ilch  appealed  to  her  Jewish  sympalhiei  and  gave  a  new  turn 

her  feeling.    The  Russian  ousaacres  of  1B80-1881   were  a 

impet-ul!  to  her.    So  far  her  Judaism  badbeen  latent.    She 

belonged  to  tbe  oldot  Jewish  congregation  of  New  York,  but  she 

had  not  for  some  years  taken  a  petsonal  part  in  the  observances 

ol  Ihe  synagogue.    But  Irom  this  time  she  took  up  the  cauM  of 

her  race,  and  "  her  verse  rang  out  as  it  had  never  rung  before,  a 

clarion  note,  caUing  a  people  (0  heroic  action  and  unity;  to  the 

consciousness  and  fulfilment  ol  a  grand  destiny."    Her  poems, 

"  The  Crowing  of  the  Red  Cock."  and  "  The  Banner  of  (he  Jew  " 

(i£8i]  stirred  the  Jewish  consciousness  and  helped  to  produce 

the  new  Zionism  (;.«.}.  She  now  wrote  another  drama, the  Dancl 

le  Dialh,  the  scene  of  which  is  laid  in  Notdhausen  in  Ihe  lalh 

ight  against  tbe  Jew 


d  tfaus  ca 


.    The 


flojicf  to  Dcni*  was  included  (with  some  Iran. .  .     

Hebrew  poems)  bi  Soup  o/a5e«ite(iS8j),  which  she  dedicated 
to  Ceoige  Eliot.  Ia  1SS5  she  visited  Europe.  She  devoled 
mncb  of  Uie  short  renuinder  of  her  life  to  the  cause  of  Jewish 
national  ism.  In  1887  appeared  By  Uk  waltri  ej  Baiylim, 
which  consists  of  a  seifes  ol  "  prose  poems,"  fall  of  ptnphctic 
6a.  She  died  in  New  York  on  the  lolbol  November  1B8;.  A 
Lazarus  Is  engrsvcd'on  a  'memorial   lablet 


hthec 


of  Libert 


.  New  York. 


Welles, 


■  Utmiir  n  the  eolleeud' 


vElIm 


B.  «B>).  afterward!  piefbvl  n 
r*c  fonw  Kf  Emma  LoMnu  ( 

LAlUDt.  BDniT  (iSis-1395),  Billtdl  dailDeKist,  wu 
bom  iB'London  m  Ikt  nt  «f  JwiuTy  1815,  aMd  wi>  a  pupfl 
of  BllBid,  bandmnter  •!  the  Koyal  HIHtaty  Aiylimi,  ChclM*, 
■nd  labaequonly  of  Charles  Godfray,  senior,  baitdmaKer  Of  th< 
CoUttnara  Guards.  He  made  lus  first  apfieaimnct  u  a  aoloiM 
■t  ■  concctl  of  Mine  Diddea'a,  In  April  iS}8,  aad  Is  (hit  ya* 

•  The  EngHih  Btble  does  not  use  Lat.  0iWt  (iMi]  tia  proper  name, 
■ying  nimly  "  a  rertatn  rich  man."  The  Idai  tkat  DivH  was  ■ 
pnpcrKainesrow  Irom  the  Vulgate  )iHdai*diM^.wbnceitbn*«i 
.ronv«,.lonal».m,f«ariLh»«..  ,  .  .  1^ -, (.  H  )»' IC 


3H 


LAZARUS,  M.— LEAD 


o  the  Sicnd  Kinunk 

I  1S40  Launii  vat  priodpal 
,      .  11  the  rkict  Islivali  ud  occtusuil 

toncriti.  His  buutlfuj  tone,  excellent  phrasing  uid  arcunle 
cftcutioD  verc  greatly  idmimL  He  wu  prolesior  of  the  cUiiDel 
al  Ihe  Rayil  Academy  f>f  Tklusic  liom  iSs4  uiull  vilhin  a  abort 
lime  qI  his  dealb,  tnd  was  appouUd  to  teach  bis  instnimcnt 
U  the  Militaiy  S[lK^Bl  o[  tlusic,  Kocllec  Hall,  in  iSjS.  His 
last  public  appeaiaace  «**  at  1  cooml  fat  bit  benefit  in  St 
James's  HaO,  in  June  iSfii,  and  be  died  on  the  Mh  of  Uaicfa 

UZABOI,  MOHin  (igi4-i(>aj),  Ccnnao  pbilawpbec,  wu 
boro  on  the  ijih  ol  Septimbei  1S14  at  Filehne.  Foien.  Tit 
son  of  a  rabbinical  scholar,  he  waseducatcdin  Hebrew  literature 
and  hislory,  and  subsequently  In  law  and  phlkaopby  at  the 
university  of  Berlin.  From  1S60  to  ii66  he  was  ptofessoi  in 
the  university  of  Berne,  ajul  subsequently  returned  to  Berlin 
as  professor  of  philosophy  ia  the  kjiegsjkademie  (iE60)  and 
lalet  in  tbe  univenily  of  Berlin  [iSjj].  On  tbe  otcuion  of  hit 
»cvenlietbbinbdayhewashonouied»iiblhelitloofC(ii3Jiijo(A. 
The  fundimcnl^  principle  of  his  i^losophy  was  that  truth 
IDUtt  be  sought  not  in  metaphysical  or  a  priori  abstractions  but 
Id  psycholoficaE  investigation,  and  further  that  this  investigation 


nariiy  I. 


psychologisl  muit  ttudy  tnuikind  from  Ihr  hisuiiic*!  or 
tive  ilandpoini,  analysing  the  elcmtnu  which  cnnsiituie  the 
fabric  of  society,  with  its  customs,  its  conventions  and  the 
main  tendencies  of  its  evolution.  This  VHtcrtsycUttie  [folk- 
or  comparative  psychology)  is  one  ol  the  chief  developments  of 
(he  Herbarlian  theory  of  philosophy;  it  is  a  protest  not  only 
■gainst  tbcM-callcd  KieniiSciiajidpDintol  natural  philosopheia, 
but  also  ajaiost  the  individualism  of  the  poaltivists.  In  support 
of  bis  theory  he  founded,  in  combination  with  H.  Stcinlhal, 
the  Ziiliihriji  l»r  VXitrpiydulagie  und  SfracksHiiautlm/l 
(i3s«).  His  own  contrlbutinns  to  this  periodical  were  numerous 
and  impoilant.  His  chief  work  was  Dm  Uhtn  dar  Side  (Berlin, 
iBSi-iSST,  ird  edition,  iBSj).  Other  philosophical  works 
wat:—Utber  den  Uriprunt  if  Sillm  (1S60  and  186;],  Uticr 
dii  Idan  in der  CuchUhU  (1E65  and  iSjiJ;  Zur  Uhrt  hh  din 
SKUtaHaukuK^n  ti86;);  Ualc  Fratn  {iSjs  and  1885), 
EniikuHi  und  Ceuliidilt  (1S81];  Uiutr  Slandpvnla  Ui&\)\ 
Urbtr  Jit  Rtiu  des  Spid)  (iSSj).  Apart  from  the  gnat  inlertit 
of  bis  philosopbical  vork,  Laiarua  wu  pre-eminent  among  the 
Jews  of  the  so-called  Semitic  domination  In  Germany.  Like 
Heine,  Auerbach  and  Stcinlhal,  he  rose  superior  to  tlie  narrowei 
Ideals  of  the  German  Jews,  and  look  a  leading  place  in  German 
Ulcruure  and  thought.  He  protatcd  against  tbe  violent 
anti-Semlllsm  of  the  time.  and.  bi  aplte  of  the  moderate  tone 
of  bis  pubUcailoni,  drew  upon  himself  unq^ialiGcd  censure.  He 
wiate  Id  this  connexion  a  number  of  articles  collected  in  1SS7 
under  the  title  Triu  Mud  Frci,  Ridn  and  Verudic  liitr  Judcn 
uml  JudtiMuni.  In  1869  and  iSji  he  was  president  of  the 
first  and  second  Jewish  Synods  at  I.ejpzig  and  Augsburg. 
_  See  R.,  Flini.  Tin  Ft^iupliy  cf  Hiimj  h,  E<ir«fr:  tf  Brwrli. 


1994V 

LAZAKOf ,  ST,  ORDER  OP,  a  religious  and  mUilaTy  order 
Founded  in  Jerusalem  about  the  middle  of  the  12th  century. 
Its  prjnaty  object  was  the  tendiog  of  ibc  siek,  especially  lepers. 
of  whom  Laaarua  (see  I-Aua)  wa*  refaidcd  as  Ihe  pttroib 
Fiem  the  ijtb  century,  the  order  made  Its  war  bilD  vnrfous 
coantifea  of  £un)|i*-^idly,  Lowti  luly  and  GunCny 
(Tburingia);  bW  [t>  chief  ceatre  of  Mtlvjty  wu  Fnnco,  where 
Loiria  IX.  (i>u)  gave  tbe  meabcn  tbo  Unda  ol  Boigny  near 
DHttns  aod  a  batdini  M  tbe  gaut  of  Pails,  which  tb^  lunicd 
a  laiar-toan  lor  Lhe  Use  of  tbe  iepoi  ol  tbe  city.   A  papal 


IV.  i 


Tlie 


knighta  were  one  bundted  In  numbcc,  and  poieeued  the  right 
b!  marrytof  and  ntelving  peuioai  charged  on  (cdesiailical 
'~"'"~     '" ni  tb«  Inilfala  ol  both  the 


French  and   1 


Tha  gndoal  d 


appea 


r'lteif  in  ilittdtStr 


■ad    WetRT  a>d   Welu'i 


iLariu  tbe  order  mora 
aiHl  Dwre.  In  Savoy  in  1^73  it  was  nerpd  by  Gregory  XllL 
(at  lhe  iiiiun<e  ol  Emanuel  Pbilibnl,  duke  of  Savoy)  in  ih* 
order  ol  St  Maurice  (>«  KHicHTiuigD  aim  CaiVAUi:  Ordtrt 

0/  KaiciiitBd,  lUiiy).  The  chief  task  ol  this  biuitb  wM  ibe 
defence  ol  the  Catholic  faith,  especially  againai  tlK  Prgteslaatisn 
ofCcoeva.  it  continued  In  exist  till  the  second  hail  ol  the  iQtb 
century.  In  idoS  it  was  in  France  united  by  Henry  IV,  with 
tbe  order  of  Nolrc-DanuduMoni-CacmeL  It  wa>  UeaLed  with 
especial  favour  by  Louis  XIV.,  and  the  most  brilliaot  period 
of  its  existence  was  from  ifi7j  to  1691,  under  tbe  marqui*  de 
Louvoia.  From  that  time  it  began  to  decay,  ll  waa  aboUabed 
at  tbe  RevoluLkm,  reintroduced  during  the  ILcstontioB,  aod 
fotmally  abolished  byaslate  decree  ol  iSjs. 

See  L.  Mainbourc^  mu.  dit  foiitdii  ti6Si;  Eng.  tiiiu.  ■ 

Nalwn,  16M):  P,  HSyoi.  Hut.  da  ordra  mor— ■ '"•-' 

^Sr.  JWi }'  <>•  Uhltntn.  Dit  ckriaicii  LutuUt 
(StoUfart,  iSMi  anidei  ia  Hinwt-Hauck's  . 
proUiUMiiic^  TInltiir.  iL  (looil  '  " 
fCaliiDbc}  KutttHUiHtH,  vii.  [1S41]. 

UA.  HEHKT  CHARLES  (1815-1909),  Atoeiican  bistoriM, 
waa  bom  at  Philadelphia , on  the  19th  of  Septembel  iSif. 
His  father  waa  a  publisher,  whom  in  1843  he  joined  in  businaiar 
and  he  retained  his  connexion  with  tbe  hrm  lill  1S80.  Weak 
health,  bowevet.  caused  him  from  early  days  to  devote  t*™«^l^ 

and  hii  literary  n^iuiatioD  rats  00  tbe  important  books  ha 
produced  on  this  subject.  Theae  an:  Sxpmiiiim  and  Fmct 
(Philadelphia,  1866,  neved.  i&^i);HiaaiciilSlaUkol SOiodiiUl 
Cclliaiy  (Philadelphia,  1S67);  Hitlpry  of  lie  ImquitUian  e}  th» 
UiddU  Atti  (New  York,  1SS8};  CitpUri  frtm  lit  rdipni 
iiiiary  of  Speit  laiJuiird  Milk  tit  ImjtiitiUn  (Philadelphia, 
1890);  Riilory  ^  amtMlBz  Cmfcuunt  CMd  IndaliBut]  in  lit 
Latin  Cka<tk\i  vola.,  London,  1896);  Tit  ItariKOt  ^  Sfif 
[Philadelphia,  1901},  and  Bistoiy  o/  Oa  Inqaiiiliui  of  Spain 
(«  vols..  New  York  and  London,  1006-1907).  He  also  edited 
a  Formtdary  of  lit  Fapd  PmiUnlioo  in  lAe  ijj*  oMioy  (Phila- 
delphia, 1892).  and  in  1908  was  published  his  InqMisiiicn  in  tk4 
Spaniik  Deptndniiia.  As  an  aulhoHly  on  tbi  Inquisition  he 
stood  in  the  highest  rank  of  modem  bisiorians,  and  disiindiont 
•icie  coafened  on  bin  by  the  univecsilin  of  Harvard,  Princeton, 
Pennsylvania,  Oieuen  and  UoKOW.  Re  died  at  PUUdelpfaia 
on  the  14th  ol  October  1909, 

LEAD  {pronounced  Iced],  a  dty  ol  Lawrence  county,  Soutb 
Dakota,  U.S.A.,  situated  in  the  Black  HIQs,  at  ao  altitude  o( 
about  sjoert.ijm.S.W.  of  DeadwDod.  Pop.  (189a)  isBi,  (1900) 
6iro,  of  whom  ]i4i  were  loreign-bom,  (1905)  B117,  figio)  Ijoi. 
In  190J  it  wai  second  in  papulallon  among  tbe  alies  of  the 
state.  It  is  served  by  the  Chicago,  Burlington  ft  Quincy,  iht 
Chicago  &  North-Wcslem,  and  the  Chicago,  Mitwaukn  & 
St  Paul  railways.  Lead  has  a  hospital,  tbe  Hearst  Free  Library 
and  the  Hearst  Free  Kindergarten.  Mid  Is  the  see  of  a  Roman 
Catholic  bishopric.  It  is  the  centre  of  the  mining  interests  of  the 
Black  Hills,  and  the  Homestake  Gold  Mine  here  contiim  perhaps 
the  largest  and  most  easily  worked  mass  of  low-grade  ore  and 
OH  of  the  largest  mining  plants  (1000  stamps)  in  the  world;  it 
hiiabo  three  cyanide  mills.  Fniffl  1S7S  lo  i9oeibcvahKof  Ibe 
gold  taken  from  this  nine  amounted  Ed  about  858,000,000,  and 
the  net  value  ol  the  product  of  1906  alone  was  approxilnalety 
l5.J(i,}i6-  For  two  months  in  the  spring  ol  1907  the  Dune 
was  rendered  Idle  by  a  Ere  (Mareb  )i),Miicbw*t«o  Severe  thai 
i(  was  necessary  10  fiood  the  entire  mine.  Mining  toob  and  gold 
jewelry  are  manufactured.  The  first  letilement  waa  made  beie 
by  tnintng  prospectors  In  July  i8j6.  Lead  was  dartered  as  a 
city  in  1890  and  became  a  city  of  the  fim  dasa  jn  rjot- 

LEilD,  a  melatllc  chemical  element ;  !la  symbol  Is  Pb  (from 


rifi).     Tliii 


I  in  the  CM 

re*tamenl.  The  Romans  used  it  largely,  as  it  is  aliH  used,  for 
he  making  of  water  pipea,  aod  soldered  these  iriih  aa  tliay  «l 
cad  and  tin.  PHny  treats  of  these  two  metals  as  fltmhlim 
lipwH  and  fl»minm  aJtam  ibpectlvely,  which  leesD  to  ihoB 


that  at  his  lime  tbey  vnt  Ie6kt4  npon  ubriog  anly  (na  variclin 
of  ihe  HHK  spKi».  Id  tcgird  lo  the  ■ndenli'  knowlcdgr  of 
lead  compauBds,  ue  may  tiate  ihal  the  subflsnce  dociibrd 
by  Dkacotida  t»  tsXutiJalra  wai  uodoubiedly  Ulbacgt,  Iha( 
FUny  uwt  the  ooid  minium  in  iti  pmcnl  ttatr  of  led  l»d.  aoQ 
thai  white  lead  vas  weQ  kiwwa  lo  Ctbet  In  Ihe  Sth  ccntiuy. 
Tlie  alcbcmitu  deilgnated  it  by  Ihe  tign  of  Saturn  It. 

OKiinTB«.— Metallic  leid  occun  io  naiute  but  very  rarely 
and  then  only  in  mlnuie  atnount.  The  chief  lead  ore*  art  galena 
and  ccnuaitEi  nt  mlDai  impoitaoce  are  atifletilc.  pyronorphite 
and  mimcusile  (;;.>,},  Calena  ().>.),  tbe  piinci)^  lead  on, 
hu  a  woiUl-widc  dkliibulioa,  and  i>  tdwayi  contaoiinaLcd  with 
ie  proponion  ol  noble  mKal  vaiyiag  Iram  about 


CEAD 

Mokd.  Cauda.  Japan  and  Q*a!*  in 


>rleu 


0.3%.  . 


uloi 


grained-     Galena 

accDfnpanifll  by  copper  and  iron  pyrilcfl.  xinc'blende,  quart  £)  cak- 
jpar^  iron-spar,  Jtc;  also  In  beds  or  nnts  wilhin  sandstones  and 
riidinientaiy  limetlones,  and  in  a  gieai  many  other  geological 
fofmalioEia.  It  is  pretty  widely  difluud  thioughout  ihc  cnrtb's 
criBt.  The  principal  English  lead  minn  are  In  Derbyshire;  but 
e  aba  Diion  at  Allindale  and  othi 


Nart 


m  Moot  a 


-tsolCumbcrla 


ta  ol  Durham,  in  Swakdale  and  Arkendale 
and  olh«  parts  of  Yotfc^hin,  in  Salop.  In  Cornwall,  in  the 
Uenilip  Rills  In  Somenetshiie.  and  in  the  Iile  of  Man.  The 
Welab  mines  are  chiclly  in  Fliul,  Caidigoo  and  Montgomery 
■Urea;  the  Scotltih  in  Dumfries,  Lanark  and  Argyll;  and  tU 
Irish  in  Wcklow,  Wateiford  and  Down.  Of  cDniinenial  mines 
we  may  mention  thou  In  Saiony  and  in  the  Han,  Germany; 
Ihose  of  Caiinlhia,  Auslriai  and  «pt(ialty  those  of  Ibe  soulhcra 
pmvinca  of  Spain,  ll  is  widely  dlslribuled  in  the  United  Slals. 
and  occuis  in  Mexico  and  Brazil;  it  is  found  in  Tunisa  and 
Algeria,  in  the  Altai  Mountains  and  India,  and  in  New  South 
Wales,  Queeniland.  and  in  Tasmania. 

llic  native  carbonate  or  cenusile  (f.r.)  occaiionally  occura 
in  the  pun  torn;,  but  man  frequently  in  a  stale  of  intimale 
inlermiiiuic  wilh  day  ["  lead  canh,"  Bltitric),  limnlane,  iron 
oiidet,  &c.  (as  in  tbe  am  of  Nevada  and  Colorado),  and  umc 
tinea  alsii  wilh  coal  ("black  lead  ore"].  All  native  caibonaie  d( 
lead  seems  lo  be  derived  from  what  was  origin  ally  galena,  which 
is  always  present  io  It  11  an  admiiture.  This  ore,  mtiallufgically, 
was  noi  rcikoned  of  much  value,  until  immense  quinliiies  of  it 
were  diKoveiedIn  Nevada  and  in  Colorado  (U.S.).  The  Nevada 
mines  arc  mostly  grouped  around  the  city  of  Eureka,  where  the 
on  occurs  in  "  pockets  "  diascminaied  at  random  Ihrough  time- 
slone.  Thecrudeoreconlainsubout  30%leadanio-i  too.jy, 
ulver.  The  Colorado  lead  dfitrict  il  in  Ihc  RoekyUouBlains,  a 
few  miles  from  Ihc  source  of  ihe  Arkansas  river.  It  forms  giganlic 
depoiLu  of  almost  conslanl  thickness,  embedded  between  a  floor 
c<  UmsloDc  and  a  roof  of  porphyry.  Stephens's  discovery  of 
the  ore  in  itit  wu  the  making  of  Ihe  city  of  Leadville,  which, 
in  1S78,  within  a  year  of  its  foundation,  had  over  10,000  in- 
tilrilanla.  The  Leadville  ore  contains  from  I4  lo  41%  lead 
ando-i  10  >%  silver.  In  Nevada  and  Cotondo  the  ore  is  worked 
chiefly  tor  the  lake  Ol  Ihc  silver.  DepoilU  an  also  worked  at 
Btoken  Hill.  New  South  Wales. 

Anglcsite.  or  lead  sulpbate,  FbSOi,  Is  poor  in  silver,  and  is  only 
nceptionally  mined  by  itself;  it  oouia  ia  quantity  in  France, 
Spain.  Sardinia  and  Australia.  Of  other  lead  minerals  we  may 
mention  the  basic  sulphate  lanirkite,  PbOPbSO.i  leadhlHitc, 
PbS0i-3Pbcai  the  basic  chlorides  matlocklte,  PbO-FbClj, 
and  mendiiriie,  FbCli-lFbO;  the  chloro.pbsapliate  pym- 
morphite,  PbCV3Pbi(P0.),.  the  ehloro-aisenati  mimelesife, 
Ptia,-3Pbi(AsO,),;  the  motybdale  wulfcnitr,  PbMoO,;  the 
chromata  oocoite  or  cmcoBite.  FbCiO.;  tfie  tungstale  stoliite. 
PbWO. 

PrmhicKtm.  —At  the_beflnnin||  of  the  iwh^emniry  the  bolk  of  tbe 


romwr  eaniributii^  ib 

Jnriully.     Germany.  Amtria.  Hungary. 

third -dtcadei;  B^CRim  enterrd  in  abniE  iS4oi  Italy 


during  (he  ! 


d  Ihe 


atibthitth  il  lud  coniritHjied  Hiiall  and  varying  aoHHUiu  for  naay 
prrced'og  decade*.  Id  iS^  England  headed  the  liM  of  prodnon 
with  aboui  M.DOO  loni;  ihx  amount  haddedintd  in  igja  1061  MM 
lana.  bim  ihii  dale,  il  hai.  on  the  whole,  dinimilied.  allbeugh 
bite  outpjti  dixuim]  in  inliied  yean,  for  iutance,  ■  producliM 
of  40.000  tone  in  lin  wufothiwKl  by  (cooo  una  in  iB«6-a;id 

rs.ooo  loiiL  5|3ain  ranked  ■ecORdin  li^  with  atHwl  47;ooo  tons; 
iha  was  iscraKd  In  1M3.  i87«  and  in  1S88  is  StMO,  117.000  and 
1S7.000  ian>  nmectivdy;  bui  ihe  maiimuBi  output*  aentionnl 
vnrr  pceeedcd  and  lurecedrd  by  pcrnli  of  depmuoo-    In  1900  Ihe 

.,._.: ... ._J    !_    ,^^,jj,ao^u—       -"- 


Uniled  Slate* 
ItOD  Ihe  oulput  was  1S3J»> 
many  ha*  bkcwiie  made  4w 
1  Bjo  bciiK  incr 
TiSt  couniiy  : 


rt;' 


and  in  '«ns.  31 0.7* 

'I  an  output  o<  la. 

B  imsoo  and  IO  isi.Ma  ■■  iwj. 

BViBf  paoed  EnglaM  id  II7J. 

B  iIaoo  too*  in  iW]  to  B3.000 

s  in  190s.    Tlw  AustnUaB  pni- 

.— iiKieaiad  to  jgiooo  Ions  ia  i«9i. 

■Ill  1(103.  when  a  depmwOnHtK  only  (i.ooo 
in  tin:  pniirrily  than  retwaed.  and  ia 

'  iSqj  wlih  a  pndiiction  of  la^aoo  toas:  ibis 
incmaed  lo  »B.«4  ion*  in  1400;  aid  in  1905  tlw  yield  was  »S.J9l 
tons,    laly  ha*  been  a  lalrly  Heady  pnidiKeri  lbs  output  ia  1896 

JfOd/arfy. 
The  extraction  of  the  metal  from  purs  (or  neatly  purO  galena 
is  the  sln^lcst  of  all  metallurgical  operations.  The  ore  is  roasted 
(s.e.  heated  in  the  presence  ol  atmo^hcfic  oxygen)  untii  all 
the  sulphur  is  burned  away  and  (be  lead  left.  This  simple  state- 
ment, however,  correctly  iDnnulata  only  the  final  result.  The 
^t  effect  of  the  roasting  Is  Ihe  eliminalion  of  sulphur  as  sulphur^ 
dioxide,  with  formation  of  oiide  and  sulphate  ol  lead.  In 
practice  this  oxidation  process  is  continued  until  Ilie  whole  of  Ihe 
oiygcu  is  as  nearly  as  poasible  equal  in  weight  to  Ihc  sulphiu 
present  at  sulphide  or  as  sulphate,  i.e.  in  Ihc  ratio  S  :  Oi.  Tbt 
heat  is  tben  raised  in  (relative)  absence  of  ta,  when  tlM  two 
dcmenU  named  unite  into  sulphur-dioxide,  while  a  rcgulut 
of  molten  lead  remains.  Lead  ores  are  smelted  in  the  tevei- 
beraloiy  furnace,  the  ore-hearth,  and  the  bW-fumace.  The 
use  of  the  first  two  is  restricted,  as  they  are  snited  only  for 
galena  ores  or  mixtures  of  galena  and  carbonate,  which  contun 
not  less  than  jB"/,  lead  and  not  more  than  4%  silica;  funher, 
treated  in  the  oee-heatth  should  n      '       ' 


m  Hlver,  a*  the  k 


n  the  fun 


nihe 


Three  typea  of  reverbcnlory  HOetlee  an  In  vecuf — the  Enatlsh. 
Carlnihiin  and  Siltdin.  to  Wales  and  Ibe  laulh  of  Eniiand  tbe 
proccs*  1*  eondncted  la  £  leveiberafry  furnace,  ihe  lole  of  which  1* 
paved  witb  ilan  from  pfevloui  operailon*.  and  ' 
-"  --•'-" — •■ —  ■•-  -ie«t  (ormed  eotleeit  10  br  1 


quanliHr  of  quieklhnc  l>  incorpDraled.  the  chici  object  « 

is  10  diminish  the  Ruldity  of  the  mai*  in  the  next  stage. 

which  eondfls  In  fhli.  thai,  wilh  rieaed  air-hnte*.  the  hnt  is 
raised  ■>  as  to  cause  the  oxide  and  sulphate  on  the  one  hand  and 
the  sulphide  on  the  olher  la  redun  each  other  to  metal.  The  lead 
produced  runs  into  Ihe  hallow  and  ii  upped  olT.    The  roaMiw 

A  ^ilar  pmeeia  Is  used  In  Carinthii;  onty  llie  furnaces  art 
smaller  and  of  a  Mmewhat  dlHcreu  form.  They  are  long  and 
narrow:  the  -nle  ;•  ptane.  but  slope*  from  the  liiT-bliitee  towatds 
Ihc  Rue,  K>  thai  the  mflal  runs  lo  tbr'tBlter  end  to  collect  in  pott 
daced  nliidt  the  fi'mace.  In  Cirimhts  the  oaldlting  process  IroiM 
the  nrst  il  piiihed  on  » fgr  (hit  meUHic  lead  befins  to  show,  and  thf 
oiyjen  imroducrd  pmdomlnateiwerihCHilphiifWl.    The  maa^ 

Charcoal  ii  now  added,  and  Ihe  hest  nrged  on  10  obtain  fVellMe/. 
an  inferior  metal  forwied  partly  by  the  aeiion  of  the  rfiatooal  on  the 
oadeofkad.  The  (ud  used  is  Sf-wood.   ■     -        --  .  ■ -j 


3t6  U 

Tk*  SOniui  f  «nMtt  hw  >■  ililMif  k«rth  riMlnf  rmn  Ik*  In- 
bddK  w  lis  liR-bridM.  TU>  ewH  Ike  kwr  IB  anm  il  th> 
axrfvt  [VI  nf  iha  taMTvhcDn  k  ta  UDBHl.  At,  u  ia  tin  Enfliit 
hjnan.  WMIe  by  iIm  EaclUi  ud  Cunlliiu  iinicmli  »  much 
bad  »  pOHlble  li  taitraetHlli  (he  fomuc,  wiA  (Iw  •jilohn  ucihad 
■  vcn  Id*  huhhhur  I*  ucd,  ihw  ulmii  out  mboat  Mw-tuU  si 
4bt  lead  ind  teviH  vbv  rick  itaa  Cia%lai»  m  b*  UHtacd  ki 


Tndnrd  poHihlr,  whenu  tcmer&  opentioos  Ind  id  be  Mopped 
•very  nclvc  sr  Bfueo  haon  ta  allinr  the  mw-kemted  bkieki  mud 
funiKi  ta  coal  down.  A  kn  ImpwHtaeM  (which  lOBewhit 
dwifEi  (ke  mgde  of  woridBg)  il  tku  by  MsOeU.  While  be  ilea 
prevcnlt  ImnruptiaD  of  tke  opention  fay  meuu  of  mrtT'Jacketi, 
be  nee  bM-Mut.  end  p<wlBcet»  beiidea  netallle  had,  liiie  VDhims 
af  lead  fumee  vhfch  an  dnvn  off  by  Ins  tkniick  knff  ODoliiv 
tubth  and  Ibea  loiced  IhiDOfh  nnpcaded  bi|>  wluEk  tits'  oS  Iha 
diut.  called  "  bhie  pawdn-/^  Tliin,  a  aaum  of  had  ndphate 
(4S%)  and  (udde  («%)  witk  gome  wWide  (8 W, linciqd cirbBii- 
aceoui  matter,  li  aciloiKnilnl  by  ■  bcap-nut  and  then  melMd 
la  a  dai-eyc  funaoe  with  any  ifas  Inm  the  SR-hearth.  The 
furaac*  aat.  in  addition  to  the  iwul  uiyfaD  mar  iha  batton,  a 
■ecofld  Ht  ftear  Ike  throat  in  order  to  effect  t  complele  ojddadon  of 
lU  oongbuuible  matter.  Much  Eame  Li  ihm  pnidiKiil.  Thli  ii 
drawn  off,  cooled  aad  filtend,  and  iormi  ■  while  paint  at  guoi  body, 
ccBilitlat  of  aboat  6s%  levl  mlnhiie,  3fi%  lead  oaldc,  t%  sue 
Biddt  a^  1%  olhir  iubitajna.    Thiu  '      ■•■■•■ 


dta^i%alhirii 
Doalcfiarwhether  tB 


ne  i«  produced,  ai 


la  HBtltlaf  at  once  ia  Ike  nmc  bUat-Eunuc*  om  of  difiemt 
ckaraCter.  the  oU  me  of  jrparata  pEocmei  of  pndpitatiori,  roaatipf 
and  reductkia,  and  feneial  redvction  prevailing  in  the  Harz  Moun- 
taiiu.  Frelben  and  other  pLacea,  10  euit  local  conditians,  hai  been 
abandoned.  Om  ait  nached  n«  If  ibe  Eall  of  mitie  (meullic 
ulphidt)  doea  not  ociad  s%;  otherwia  they  are  lubjaird  n  a 
pclimhiBry  -""""f  naec  to  eipel  tka  eolphur.  unlov  they  rtio  loo 
Ufh  in  lilvcr,  h*  ids  oa.  Is  tka  toa,  when  tkey  V*  (OMIed  taw. 
Tbe  kadfaw  lareAeratary  funaca  lot  laaathu  laad-t«UJn(  Mlphtde 
one  kaa  a  Iwel  hiank  M-it  (c  wide  aod  6a4a  It.  kaia.  It  put* 
thni  ■ .    .-   ^.  -         . 


lu^  n<l>  iDBa  of  on  ta  taanty-foui 
„.oradpbwia»4%.aiidiii|iii(a_.  ~  ~ -rr  —  3--^  i 
tool  of  caaL  la  oaoy  inatahcae  it  ka>  bCBt  rtplaced  by  aechiaKal 
lumacea,  wkick  are  now  cooiiB*  in  naniac  wiphide  cofipe  one 
(KE  SULmuaic  Acio).  A  Bodein  blMI-IaraaoBli  (ddeaa  in  hon- 
nnial  Kction  and  about  14  It.  kiah  Iidb  tamaoa  nosr  to  lied  laor 
Tbe  Ahali,  naiing  upon  afchea  at^ported  by;  unir  oaat  uon  column 
about  9  It'  high,  h  uaually  of  bnn,  rod  bnck  on  the  outitde,  iin- 

cau  iron,  aometiaiee  niUI  enL   Tke  hcutk  alwayi  bu  an  Arcnta 
aiphon  up.    Thia  b  an  inclined  channel  ninnij^  thnu^  the  aide. 


II.  beitnnin 
.of  thekn 


a  baalo.    The«nidble 


had.  an  Iha  k»d  raducad  to 


niiBi  m  tht  dvnael.  ovaraoi  into  1 
I,    The  aat  ud  matt*  lormed  Ooit 

— aad  ait  tapped,  uaially  tofcther,  at 

bua  •lac-pota,  when  ike  heavy  matter  aeiiler  ~  ■■■-  ■- 
Ike  light  ilag  on  the  top.   ^Hien  cold  tkey  an 
a  blow  Irom  a  hammer    The  roUowifii  takle 


the  botUHK  and 


Locadty. 

Yc^. 

S£. 

'S'^S!'" 

Letd«ine.C<Jondo    .'    . 

lUo 
lUo 
■  Ml 

IK 

1«9S 

31X«4 

4»X1« 

4SXM0 

!*■« 

to  the  matallic^  or  iu1|Alde  alata,  typical  ih 
been  found  to  do  nuxcnful  work).  Such  ilui  conUiu  SiOi-to- 
3S%,  Fe(MnK)-»7-30%,  CaCMg.  B.)0-iJ-JSY>  and  main  le« 
thuii'/,  iBklaadloa-ShartoIketaa.  Tke  hsdiM  praduca  i^ 
Ike  blau-lumace  aR  aiicatifcrow  lead  Qiaie  bullionr  ^Ule,  ilac 

__j  d.._  J e .■_, — *  _!. ^^j  volatiliied  metal  carried 

icntnnt).   The baiebuHloB 
iad  (m  bek>w):  the  matte 


il  of  the  fu 


id  reauielted,  when  part  of  the 


(line  particla  of 

(aii^yiili'joo^oi.  pa  Ion)  ii  dSlSriad  ( 
(Pb-g-ii^i  Cu-1-4%.  Af-l-l  ol  tke  ai 
bunion,  tat  ft  and  S)  »  maHnl  and  naaieiiEu,  wim  p 
aiveniifecoua  lead  ii  recovered  aa  baie  bullion,  while  the  rekt  icuhim> 
with  the  capper,  which  becDmea  concentrated  In  a  coppeiHDattv 
Cte%  copper)  to  be  vorlted  op  by  Kparate  pmcejeea.  lilic  itaff  ia 
a  waate  pniducf,  and  ike  due^uit,  collectea  by  apacial  dfevicea  ia 
duat-chambera.  u  briquctlcd  by  machinery,  wrth  line  aa  a  bond, 
and  ikeu  mmelad  with  Ikc  orc-charie.  The  yidd  in  lead  n  over 
90%.  ki  iilver  over  w%  aad  in  gold  iaa%  The  ctsl  of  wneliint 
a  ton  of  ore  ia  Cokndo  in  a  nntle  fuman,  «3  by  Iio  in.  at  tht 

ne  lead  produccil  in  the  reveibcratory  furnace  and  ibc  ore-hcartk 
Il  of  I  klgker  (rade  than  Ikat  poxluced  in  Ibc  blail-fiimace,  ai  tbe 
om  treated  are  purer  and  richer,  and  the  led^icbw  action  _..  ^ 
aieapowerfuL  The  loUowin*  aaalyHt  of  UaH-fumacc  *""» 
lead  oTFnlbeii.  SaKmy.  ii  Tihb  an  tmptionally  impaK  lead: 
Pb  -95481,  Af  -o-47a,  Bi  -(Wi9,Cu  -o^ij,  Aa  - 1  -ti«,sb  -owB. 
Sa-l'|S^  Fe-<Kio7,  Zn-o«ai,  S^tHQi,  Of  the  impuriliei, 
nott  oftke  copper,  nickel  and  onptr,  comMerablt  anemc,  lome 
antimoiw  and  itnaU  amounti  of  dmr  an  naiovtd  by  liquatioii. 
Thehadfaiadttddoamdawly^wlieBtheimpurtlieiitparBleia  the 
form  of  a  acum  (dm^  which  n  coiily  rcnuved.  The  putiAcation 
by  liqnatioa  liamutctl  oy  poling  Ibe  bod  when  it  [1  bdow  redncn. 
A  illch  of  gran  wood  b  forced  Into  it,  and  the  vapoura  ahd  Earn 
aet  free  expoae  new  aarfacei  to  tke  aw,  wkkb  al  thia  teMpentara 
haa  only  a  mildly  oxkkainf  effect.  Tbe  poK.tke  me  of  whicb  it 
'     -  Kplaccd  by  dnr  atrcam,  which  hat  a  ainilar 


brou^t  up  to  a  bright-red  heat,  wb 
e^ect.    Tin  i%  reniqwad  mainly  h 

of  anaaalf  andantiiBoaateof  leadandkadoxide.  Tkey  arc  readQy 
withdrawn  from  the  nirface  of  the  lead,  and  arc  worked  up  into 
andmony  (anemc)— tin-lead  and  antlmony-kad  alloyi.  Liquaticai, 
if  ntt  folhvwtd  by  poCnf.  ■  carried  oa  ai  a  nile  ia  a  merbaaiary 
luraaee  vHh  an  diloac,  4i(h^  tiVHkHkaped  indbied  hiarthi 
if  Iha  bad  It  to  be  pobd  it  b  uwalqr  nkcd  down  in  a  caitMran  ktt  lie. 
If  tke  bad  ii  to  be  Bquaced  and  Ikea  bioufht  to  a  brigbt-rcd  heat, 
botk  opomtloni  an  carried  on  tn  the  mine  leveibciaiory  fumaca, 
tUt  hat  aa  oUooi.  dWnkipcd  hwth  of  acM  or  base  Brchrfak 
buk  lato  a  wim^-inn  pan,  which  nati  on  tnnivcae  laili  aap> 
ported  by  hMfitwImtl  wub.  Tke  lead  ii  mdlcd  dowa  «I  a  low 
tenpentuR  and  droaied.  The  tempcralurc  li  then  raiied.  and  the 
■nmi  whhA  fbmn  on  the  inface  Ii  wlthdiawn  rnilil  pun  lilhtrie 
loeiat,  whkfa  only  tahet  plaoc  after  all  the  tin,  anenic  and  antimony 
han  beta  alBBinated. 

Silver  b  extracted  Inaa  lead  W  mcanaof  tke  prof^B  of  cupellaiiofl. 
^         '     "  axnntiferoui  lead  had  lo  be  cupelled,  and  the  ieaulling 
I  icdund  ro  metallic  bad-   In  iij)PalliiwoB     -,,  ^  ,„ 
■  y  Bcaia  of  which  pcaciloilly  ail  tbu     JEl^*^ 
ia  ijK  of  the  oriiiaa]  had  In  be    ""'' 
wniH  \a€  icit  becomea  akarket  lead-    In  1843  Kamea 
that  lead  could  he  dailvcriad  by  meana  o(  ^nc.    Hb 
howaver,  only  took  mactkal  form  in  llso-IISi  (hlou|h 
chn  of  Parkn,  who  Miowed  Iktw  the  linc-iilver-Teid  alloy 
Hid  be  worked  and  tka  donlveiiied  bad  Ind  Iron  the  line 
>nup-    IntkeParketprocatoolyiKaIthe«i«Iiullead 
lupelbd.    Tbua,  whib  cupdhlion  itill  lumiakei  die  only 
■  tbe  final  leparalion  of  lead  and  wlvcr,  it  haa  become  aa 
procev  to  the  two  method!  of  canfTruiiaticm  aivea.    Of 
1-aumioB  proceH  kat  become  aubwJiaua  ta  iha  Paitea 


317 


IHHMi.  M  k  ii  niu*  tupiMw  ■■d  Imi*  man  mbnt  ind  in- 
paritH*  in  Ike  biHem  kad.  It  IhU>  Lu  mn,  luwivir,  wk«  bui 
ballioB  csuaiu  luiiilk  ia  aiwndaUi  ■BBUMi.  u  n  lb*  httinBn 

Ml^iiiidiliiiimhiiMiiiiiiiiMnniii  Tiiiiiiiiiiiii  riiin 

nncas  k  ciiiihh  iritk  Ik*  JuMwiMJ  fiad  whkk  aoH  lo  —ki.i. 
ud  lad  of  CDBKin  ihouU  ouiia  ilUi  Nniub.  At  Ficibcti. 
Suny,  tbi  m  bbiceum  hiin  ban  contiiHd.  TlM  km  buUn 
<•  iuHfnlv  FutiumiHd,  iMh  lad  rid  in  •ihw  utd  UBmh. 
■kUb  f»dM,  ud  taul  kw  In  dw.  and  cndally  B  La  biniik. 

iHitiiiriiiikii  iliiniiiiHJiij  itiriitiii m 

liaiOtct  tl  Ibi  two  !■  Ill  I  nil  iia  Ibi  parity  g(  the  Backet  had 
u  cliafly  ihowa  bv  iha  twa  folla*iafl  aaalTaa  by  Hanoa,  whkb 

npnatu  kad  [tea  Lautnidial  '-  ■■-  ""  "-.— ; •■—  -v. 

pKke.  - 


CM  el  ifia  i>«kt 

aly  a  laiaU  amin 
re  be  of  a  Bind 


It  UalHilald*  H^ary  IdtH 
thai  the  Bnc  aod  kad  ibould  cob 

patk.  aad  Ike  kad  ii  uwaDy  Ei_ ____. 

Eeiataiy  fiinace  (Ike  •oltenief  liKHce).  The  capacily  •'"  "' 
sf  tba  iafaacc  mat  be  lo  %  tnalcr  than  Ibat  dF  [be  bntk  bila 
wbkk  tke  Hhcoed  kad  ii  tapfied,  aa  the  dnaa  aad  ildaiBunn 
[otnKd  aoMuoi  to  absui  id  %  of  the  *ei|ht  ol  ihe  lad  durgtd. 
Tbe  beltk  k  apherical.  and  It  ainpeaded  over  a  fife-ptace  by  a  bread 
riB  tearint  on  a  nlii  k  ii  awally  o(  cut  ina.  MoU  (mk.  al 
praaal  bdd  30  laai'  ol  kadi  aoac.  bowew.  ba*e  d«iUe  Ikat 
apaeUy.  W&a  dac  la  placed  on  the  lead  (beatol  (o  abo»  tfce 
Diettina-poiiit  ol  tinr).  liqueBed  and  brouthi  lalo  Iminuie  contact 
»iib  Ihe  kad  by  Hirtinf,  |otd.  copper,  ailver  and  kad  will  combine 


Procea 

Pb. 

Ca. 

Sb. 

fit. 

Bi. 

At. 

Fe. 

Zn. 

Ni. 

FallLnKW    ,       . 

t^r::n 

o-oosM 

t^^ 

o™i)834 

;:sss 

^ 

K  of  Ihe  EniUlb  cupcllini  flinucc.  ll  ii  oblTnf,  and  hai  a 
li«d  roof  and  >  movibl*  iron  Wnh  (iMi).  Fonntrfv 
^  Ibe  t«t  wat  Uncd  with  bonr-aah;  at  pmenl  the  hearth 
1  iia  mlalurc  of  ccusbed  limtHoat  >ndcb)i  (];>)  or  Ponlanil 
.  ekbet  aloiw  or  miied  'with  cnitkad  kit-brich;  in  a  lew 
■    -  ■      ■      "  ■     •  ■       ■  '  r.    tn  the  bc- 


the  eudued  kad.   Thut  Ihe  kvel  ol  Iht  lead  it  kcpi 
coBsual»  and  Ihe  silver  becomci  conccntnted  in  thf 
worka  the  ijlver-lead  alloy  »  removed  whi 
slver.  and  the  cupeUalioB  at  the  tick  hulli 


mum  lunacea  u  Dnuneo  ja  a  lecoati  mnucc    Al  Ihe  unte  lime 
the  lilver  ii  brotiebl  to  the  inuired  decree  ol  fincneu,  uuially  by  the 

UK  aC aitte.    In  uiaU  vocki  Ike cupeilatinn  u  6^■t^~■  ' '" 

uce,  and  Ike  mutliBg  lov-gradc  rifver  fined  in  a  pluD 
cilber  ky  overkeatiDg  ip  the  pteaence  ol  air.  oe  by  I 
filver  Hilphale  lolkemelltd  iilverwbniir  scwlphi 


:a 


■{K 


Jf^m  a  Paltioun 


"fhe  knd  cha^eS  a 


cad  are  ciipclkd  id  twealy^our  hoiira.  Al 
Dy  uiree  meat  vorldng  in  eiKhtbour  thiTm  aitd  requirct  amui 
I  Idna  of  coaL  arhicb  catre^wndi  to  abcAit  tio  Eailona  reduced  «1» 
aif  beint  uHd  aa  atoAiau.  Tbe  Ica*  in  kad  a  about  5  %.  "Hie 
lateit  cupellint  IkinucB  have  tbe  gencnl  locm  ol  a  jeverberaloiy 
cuppcr-uncltinf  furnace.  Tbe  wofkiite  door  thrush  which  the 
Ullut(e  i>  luu  nO  liea  under  the  flue  wlTicli  carrka  ufl  the  pmlucli 
d  comburtign  and  Ike  lead  [unlet,  the  lead  it  charted  aiuj  the  bhs 
iiadnillednear  tbe  EiE-brid|e, 

tn  thei'iiUuun  prucen  IM  tixtnlifetoui  kad  ii  iDclttd  down  is 
ike  central  cait  inu  ketik  ol  a  atiiet  8-ix,  placed  on  am  In  the 
jhffhMg  DIhD,  each  having  a  capacity  cf  fhlSEontandaicpauaie 
■inMi  ^rv-place.  The  cr^ialt  td  impovanihed  lead  which  fall 
'  to  the  botlon,  upon  coaUaa  Ike  ckarie.  are  lajren  qui 

a<itb  a  lUrnmar  aad  diicharged  into  tlie  oelfliboutini  kettle  day 
to  iha  ruht)  until  akout  mro-lklrda  ol  tbe  ononai  charae  hat  been 
iTiaovedT  then  tbe  Uquid  enricbed  tad  it  bdlid  into  tlie  kettle  on 
Ike  lauiiitiii  sde.  To  the  kettle,  tw»ibinlt  IvU  ol  cryitali  ol  lead. 
"  1  kad  of  Ihe  tame  tenor  i>  diver,  the  whole  it  lique&ed, 
laa.  crytlaliiiingi  tkimnunv  and  ladling  arv  repeated- 
due  wkh  Ike  ketlk  onc^Aird  filled  aTth  liquUkad. 
jl  tke  km  keitk  coniaint  nuibn  Iwj.  the  lait  capdling 
aterveainc  keiika  contain  kadt  with  eUvn  comcntt 
i  above  oarket  to  btknr  cupcUins  kad*    The  orviHl 

tUoaa  procnt  (1B70},  which  doea  avay  whW  aidaoua  labour  and 
auaina  a  more  Blidactory  ayttalUiatioB.  Tbe  plant  coniiiU  of 
two  liltini  oval  mclal  pane  (capadty  7  lant),  onccyliiidrical  crytul- 
Uuii  pot  (capachy  31  loou.  wllk  Iwa  ditcbaroac  apoutt  and  one 
tteam  lalet  openiuE,  two  lad  nwiilde  (apaeity  jl  loiu),  and  a  nram 
mot.  haeandixitanhaMdfiniiKpanlekrbiilaeea.  Suppoiinf 
the  pot  to  k*  kned  with  mktd  lead  w  be  irattd.  tke  ire  je  vith- 
diawa  benatk  Bud  MiBn  iatrodoctd.  TUa  conla  and  (tin  ihe 
had  when  crynali  beoB  ts  Isib.  Ai  ibon  M  twv-Ililrdi  ol  the  kad 
haaaepaiBUdinlheloiBalanlala.  lb*  iiaaB  it  ibnl  off  and  the 
tiqaidladdiainedeaihsiiidtbatwDipoBtaiatatbcmoulda  The 
n  aaderaeaih  the  pot  la ^bIb  oaniA  incryiuk  an  HqucAed.  and 
OH  el  the  tan  paaa.  BIkd  iritk  meliad  had,  ia  lihed  by  man  ol  t  be 
crane aadiucowenlapsandlntatk* pot,  iBIheraeantiBeiheiead 
ia  Iht  nrnkb.  wUck  baa  *idU6Kl.  i>  maoved  with  tbe  crane  and 

ose  c<  the  paoa.  iM  ciyalaWalloa  proper  kni  oae  hour,  the  work- 
....  ...._! L. 1  bi  tueBiy-ioar  hoBf* 


and  ihc  c 
ThiianK 
aadiDoni 
bad.     Til 


of  Ihe  lead  Ihit  GrA  cmil  and  woituaf  11  up  icparBlaly  (hquatiPE, 
rclortini  and  cupelLing).  datt  tilnr  ic  obtained.     By  ibc  tecood 


lolikcail 
\,  wkick.  1 


tr  will  ke  coUecled  in 


dwUlBHyvilyo-iobdverperton.    AttUicn 
iiatlon  It  only  pouibk  t^  tbe  uie  ol  an  nceit  of  li 

ted  ilac'iilvec-lad  alloy  it  put  aiide  la  lam  p. 
I  iJBcbpg  of  tbe  net  foUowlnif  charee.    In  tlcimmii 


p1iji«i  hj   .    .       _  .    ,  .       _. _. 

the  plumha^  cruribk.  The  retort  it  pear-thapcd.  and  holdl 
1010-1500  Ri  of  charge,  cnniitlirtif  of  liquated  cruit  imied  with  I'tTi 
of  chanoai.  The  cowkBieT  ^coMonly  ued  it  an  old  latort.  The 
dittiUalion  ol  1000  lb  charge  laala  yb  baura.  re^uirei  sao-6oa  )h 
coke  or  30*  aallona  reduced  oA,  and  wide  abcnit  10%  Deullic 
line  and  i  V*  Uite  powtlcr— a  mixture  ol  aaely,diyided  metallic  line 
aad  tine  oaide.     Abuk  fio%  of  tke  ainc  iMed  ia  dailwriung  ia 


harried  unia 

. ..^lincBBdiSi^Cli 

are  oaldiied  l  pan  of  the  nnc  paitea  1^  witk  Ike  fnmet.  jiart  ia  die- 
idvcd  by  Ike  litbtTR,  forming  a  malted  miaEnre  whkh  it  tkinaned 
oA  and  reduced  in  a  Diail 'furnace  or  ■  reverljenlory  tmching  furnace. 


Frbeiatory  furnaca  or 

ir  to  the  on*  wed  in  k-^hmiq,  i 

red  bal  and  air  aDowed  10  have  In*  1 


Si^iHiJk^ 

From  the 


wilha 


xl  theii 


it  ovidind  hj 


luded.   . 


- _.-  .. .  .-  .-  tkimnied  off  and  told  ai 

'crberatory  fuman  or  Ihe  ketIk  Ih 
aloaaUfa^  (marfcel)  kellk  after  it  imuwrnj  auinp 
B  Ihit  it  it  iipboaed  oA  iato  BouUa  phod  in  a  leal- 
circic  on  (nc  floor.  1b  the  procesa  the  ykld  ia  Belal.  baant  npo* 
the  charge  in  Ihekettk.  iikad99%.  lilver  100+%.  gold  }S-loo%. 
The  plui.i<lver  it  due  to  the  fact  that  in  atayiBg  the  bate  bullion 
by  cupelhlion.  thetilver  loKbyvolatilitalionandcupei-abiorpIian 
it  negWted,  In  tk*  Uahed  Siata  ikccoit  ol  dnilvniiing  a  ion 
but  bolliaa  it  about  U. 

fVa^lfaf  ef  Lft.~rim  lead  b  a  lably  latraui  blukb- 
wUU  matal,  mdowad  with  a  charactetiitically  U^  degia  tt 
ullBiM  mi  plaikldty,  utd  atowti  entinly  devoid  of  elaitlclty. 
Ita  bittkitig  itraiB  ii  very  unall:  a  wire  ■fflb  la.  thkk  it 
niplured  by  a  charge  of  aboni  30  lb.  The  specific  gravity  il 
ii-3iJ  (ot  ingot,  and  Itom  ttjM  10  11-365  for  ihetl  lead  (wilM 
U*°C.'i).  The  upanaien  of  Boil-kngth  Iram  0°  C  (0  loe' C. 
b  -00144S  (FiHao).  The  tondtKiiviiy  for  heal  (Wiedemann  and 
Fraiu)  or  dertrielly  it  Ss,  that  of  silver  being  taken  ai  too. 
It  melti  at  Jijl'  C.  !H.  L^  Callendir);  tt  a  bt!ghi-red  heal 
it  peicEplibly  vapouriiei,  and  boila  at  a  timpciadiic  between 
1450°  ud  lAoiy.  The  (pidfic  hot  b  -cb|i4  (Sepauli).  Lead 
eipoicd  to  oidinary  ait  i*  rajrfdly  tamithed,  b«  the  tMn  dark 
film  lonnid  it  very  ilovr  in  increaung.  When  kept  Iiued  in  the 
preKoc*  of  lur  kad  fiadily  ukc*  Dp  BiyieD,  with  Um  (oMuciaB 


3'8 


ISAD 


tbc  nu  of  oijduion 

WMcr  wbeo  abululcly  pun  hu  no  iction  on  lad,  buL  in  the 
pracMx  o(  tir  Ibe  tod  ii  quickly  uiacliaf.  wilh  fannalioa 
ol  iIm  lirdntE,  Fb(OH>^  nhich  ii  ipprcdably  iclubk  in  nter 
forming  sn  dkatinc  liquid-  When  cirbcmk  acid  b  present  the 
itisBlvrdoudeiswonprccipitilcdubuiccarboutt,  &<»lhxt  the 
mmwuiaCtbeladtxtonieicootinuouL  Sinn  lU  tojutde  IewI 
CDnpoundi  w  Ktrong  cumulittive  poiuu,  danger  ii  involved 
HI  using  lead  dstenu  or  pipes  in  the  diiiribution  of  ^c  witen. 

btcarbooiile  or  lulphate  prcventj  its  iction  on  lead.     AU  im- 


pure waten,  however,  tuch  u  thai  ol  Locb  Katiioe  (whicli 
{OTRU  Ibe  Glugow  lu^^ly),  act  lo  ilowly,  at  least  on  such  lead 
pipes  at  have  already  been  in  use  (or  Mme  time,  that  there  ii  no 
danger  in  using  short  le*d  service  pipes  even  [or  Ibem,  il  the  taps 
'yratd.   Lead  cislems  mux  be  unhesilatin^y 

carbonic  acid  in  a  water  does  not  iBect  iu 
\queous  non-oiidiaing  acid*  getmally  have 
n  lead  in  the  absence  of  air.  DUuir  tulphuric 
if  >cl%  HiSOi  or  less}  has  no  action  on  lead 
*   ongaciddoesactplhe 


more  so  the  greater  ill  concentration  and  the  li  _ 
lure.  Pure  lead  is  far  more  ivadily  corroded  than  a  me 
tanlnited  with  i%  or  even  less  of  antimony  or  copper. 
concentrued  sulphuric  acid  conveils  lead  into  lulphai 
evolution  of  sulphur  dioiide.  Dilute  nil  ric  acid  readily  d 
the  metal,  wilh  formation  ol  nitiale  Pb{NO>)>. 
isnf  ABeyi.—l  


.  oFil 


rd  Fort 


Of  the  alloys  ibe  following  may  be  naned: — 

Wall  Aniim&nj.—Lad  contaminated  with  small  proponions  of 
antimony  i*  TnarehiEhry  proof  auinst  sulphuric  acid  than  the  putt 

Anrwic  lenders  lead  hanler.    An  alloy  made  by  addition  of  about 
Alh  fjS  anenic  has  been  used  tew  fniking  shot, 

tUnmmlk  and  Atttimow^f. — An  alloy  coniifllng  of  5  parls  of  lead, 
>  of  antimonv  and  1  o[  bisniu1>i  is  used  for  stetTOtypr  pbrn. 

«e  triple  alloys  are  noted  fw  their  low 

Tnuth.  lof  ^d,  1  of  tin  and  3  of  odmium 

.  70*  C. 

any  propenion  with  tllghl  npansIon,tbe 


fi»es>t94-4*C..i 
<wi)?ia11^)'me 


'M  the  femialion  of  ilte  mi 


iiontallicladuidladaK 


albwedtooolioUdiGi 


and  "  litharge.' 
rrb^'lLluid  liiharge  shn 
into  a  heap  of  retplendnu 


•narinfly  soluble  la  water.  bM  rcaillly  diaolve __... 

atkmtit.    A  ydlow  and  led  nndificaim  have  been  deKlOird  lltiL. 
TheninnpandhitM'«M.Ph(OH)n 


oclahcdra.  lis  snrWc 
la  water.  bM  readily  di 
.  and  .  ■        ■ '     ' 

riaiivd  as  a  whin  eryBiatline 

Ikali  10  form  phimtila  al  the  ainicnl  lomsla  Pb(OUh. 
J 1—  j:„.^  I ..-  .:.  _.^  moin,    AhjJraMd  and 

pu«Dude,"q 


3PbO'H/),  is  obtained  ■ 


Itty  prcpaled 
lifinal  piwiniute  hlackcin.   Thcsolutun  isfihered.  the 


poerally,  is  put  up  in  the  fotni  ol  a 
I  ti  also  ofauiBcd  by  pasting  chlorine 

tiealing  ihc  tesgoioiidc  or  nd  ndiia 
on  of  lead  dioiidc  by  |he  electrolyiis 

_. being  a  kad  plaic  coaiid  with  Ind 

oxide  V  sulphate  and  tbe  cathode  a  lead  plate,  b  Ibd  fundamental 
principle  ol  the  unnee  cell  (ice  AccuwULaioa).  Hcallni  or  ea- 
pDHire  10  iunll|hl  Trdiices  it  to  the  red  oaidc;  it  fires  when  ground 


e  in  wrilekwd  ve 

su1|Aate,  in  water ;  or  by  tiealing  ihc  tnaoioiidc  oind  b 
niirieacid.   The  Jormation  of  lead  dioiidc  by  Iheelectrolyiis 
the  ,inode  being  a  had  plate  coainl  with  Ind 


n  chhHioe)  in  the  prcicnci 


riSjlSaU.  =li" 
H^tLT^aleiTm 


Dsrle  acid  u 
n  bydiaiti,  1 


rming  salts  named  ptumbatrs-  Tlie 
iFacture  nf  osygen  depends  upon  iho 
le.  CaiPbOi.  by  heating  a  miKure  J 


eompoundi  wirh  the- 
ising  the  temperature. 
Muish-black.  tuilTDDi 

•dy  of  elcetrolyslng  an  alkaline  solullim  of  kad  lodiDn  unnle. 

Trlmafnil  limi.~ll  s  •uiprnuon  of  Ind  dichkirkle  in  hydro- 
chloric acid  be  iimted  with  rhlorine  gas,  a  loliition  of  Tead  tetra- 
chloride it  trijtained:  by  adding  ammonhim  chloride  ammonium 
plumbichloride,  (NH.)iniCL  is  nneipltatrd.  which  on  treatment 
with  nrongtulpliurieacid  yitUt  Intd  trtnEiUsrMc,  niClbBta  Inns- 
lurent,  yenow,  highly  refractive  liquid.  It  fivnes  at  —ts*  to  a 
yellowish  crygulhnc  maa;  on  hcalliH  il  Vises  rblorine  and  loimt 
lead  dichkindF.  With  water  it  forms  a  hydmie.  and  gllimalely  de- 
composes into  lead  dioiitle  and  hydrochtorir  arid.  It  rombines  witli 
alkaline  chkiridc*-ixKassidm,  nibidivm  and  eacshim — to  form 
rryiuHnle  Miun6iciUeri4r] ;  it  aha  forms  a  eiyililline  eompraind 
with  quinolmei  B^jKlKilving  led  le«l.  PbiO,.  m  glaekil  IcelKVid 
leiiKetM,  IPbitiHA).,  BR  obial^  TTi^sX'gSS'rte eorte- 
sponding  ehlende  and  fluoride  with  hydrochlofie  and  hydiDBuoiie 
aeids,  and  the  phosphate.  Ph(HPO,)n  with  phoiphoric  ac^. 

These  laltiaie  like  thote  ol  tin ;  and  the  rtsenblanBe  to  this  mrial 
is  elearlv  enhsnnd  by  the  study  of  the  sikyi  nmpounds.  Here 
compoondt  uf  divalent  lead  have  not  yet  been  obtalwd;  by  acting 
wilh  fine. rthide  on  lead  chhxide.  I«;/lrtrtMkUr.  Pb(C,Hi)i,  is  ob- 

Liai  Hitmiaidr.  Pt»0,,  is  obtained  as  ■  rtddidi-yeflow  a niafpliuut 

■olution  of  red  lead  in  acetic  acid.  It  is  decompowt  by  acids  into 
a  minure  of  kad  monoaide  and  dioskir,  and  may  thus  be  fiMrdcd 
as  lead  meUplumbate,  PbPbOi.  JM  Ind  or  triflamhe  IHnaUr, 
^lOt,  it  a  scailct  erystailine  po«4er  of  speeiKc  gravity  S-4-9't, 
obtaiitcd  by  roatllag  very  finely  divided  pun  matsir^  or  lead  car- 
it^  routing.  Ftiny  tnentioos  it  undrr  the  name  nf  iwiaiiiH,  bat 
wat  coniuifd  vWn  dnaabar  and  tbe  nd  arsenic  sulphide;  Din- 
1  front  white  lead  at  ksd  ratbosaiF. 
cohwr,  but  then  tunn  vkilce  and 


adaltBanta  Bi*  volt  ttudes,  powdned  barv 
Acids  dBonpoM  it  into  k*d  dSmido  and  nun 
■ST  or  wan  ttn  diiaolvc  to  forin  a  salt ;  ml 
be  Kgiricd  Bi  UaifA         '       -    -  > 

*"¥«!  (Usr^,  PbCh!° 
which  cryixaK~~   '----■ 


PbiPlj6b    It  bchif^y  uaedata 


^S&. 


nsiMv  nlul 


LEAD 

M  tyXMhlorie  add,  laon    ■  wkit 
?  ID  hof  watrr,  fnm  whkh    tnaii 


l«L  A  buic  chlpHdE.  Pb(01l}G.  nt  ininduccd  in  illg  bv 
PiliIniDO  u  ■  lubitilulc  (or  whilF  Isd.  Powdcird  (ifeu  udu- 
ftalv«<f  hi  bot  faydnchlDrieadd,  theioliitJDnaUoHrft  tocoolird  tbc 

naudcappv.  TIk  nudoe  b  ilwi  dHnhrnl  ia  hst  ntrr,  Utocd, 
IBiJ  tb«  dw  lofDlioD  ii  nuud  with  wry  tbia  laiLk  of  lime  toadiuiCcd 
thit  jl  atoout  oiu^lull  o(  the  chlorinf  of  Ibc  PbCV.     Tte  0>y- 

oiydUiiride.  PbCW-TnO?  knm  ■I'^'^CtHl  yttlw."  hi  pRpuvd 
bv  VutqKliti  by  (uting  pun  mide.  PbO»  viihone-triMhDf  inwwJiE 
Of  si  aninaaiBC.  "  Tunicr'tyrtlow  "or"  patfnt  ytlkrw"itaiioavr 
>rtiGd«1t)r  prvpvrd  ovychlqndq,  0^  u  ■  picniciiL    Mondipice  uid 

UaJ  JhmrUi.  FbFr.  u  >  white  powder  obuliwd  by  pnrlniniSflg 
1  but  ah  «itb  ■  mhibk  loofubi  it  n  iwMy  hIbUc  in  mui 
but  ifloddv  diwlva  in  hydrodilocic  uu  nimc  acidL  A  cMorh 
fluande,  nCIP,  a  obulned  by  iddiiicKKliiinn  Suarida  to  ■  toluliaii 
ot  lead  chLoridc.  Lad  bnoiidc.  FGBn,  i  while  Hlid,  lod  lad 
iodide.  Fbd.  ■  yeBew  •oHd,  tie  pwpeied  W  pneialll^nC  ■  ItBd 
Hit  with  a  eahd^  brawli  or  BdSc  i  ■!»  «eal^  ite  cOii^  in 
talubility. 

(f-f.).  It  if  produced  (^  IHe  iddilion  of  t  »Iution  of  T^  sit  lo  an 
txtem  of  ammoniin*  carbonattt  u  an'alinotr  iiuolubic  vhile  pfe- 
riptiaUi  Of  fneter  _pnetia]  -  bnpoftaace  ia  a  base  eaitaodale, 
nilwaniiallvaPKOrPblOllh.liuitelYiMdaaawhiLtpiKmint  under 
the  name  of  "while  lead."  Thia  pigment  i>  of  %aat  antiquity < 
Theophimita  called  It  fiiMttr.  ana  pfcpawd  it  by  aftinc  on  lead 
with  *iiw|*r,  and  Pihiy,  whs  alM  It  anna,  sbafncd  H  by  dii' 
•olviiic  lead  IB  vinoar  and  evapontlug  la  drytiiH.  ll  ikm  appai* 
(hat  wfalu  lead  ana  i«var  of  lead  went  luidUEaieaiiaiHi.  G^tet-^n 
the  prrtanlion  in  a  correct  form,  and  T-  O-  Berpnan  proved  iu 
compasitiaiL  Tliii  pifnient  t<  manuractvred  by  Kvcral  mcihodi. 
In  OW  old  Dalch  method,  pwcn  at  (ken  Intl  are  lunendcd  ia 
■foBawBia  pnta  »  aa  to  accupy  cIh  upprr  ivo-thirdaof  the  vcihIl 
A  liiule  vineear  it  ooimd  into  each  pot;  they  are  then  covered  with 

tabfc^nK^  'it-"tl.eMtionof  t'h^ 


byelutrii 

■BimalU 


After  1  month  or  u  the  plain  are  nrnvFTied 

nable  depth  into  cnHU  ol  wlutE  lead.   The» 


Id  the 


pane  at  white  had  k  BlhKRd  to 
The  Cemfaii  laelhod  dUIen  f  toi 
~  tmpcnded  in  a  large  chanbei 


L»'!^^G 


iniitf^aui  poadcr.     The  inlciit) 


LOd  there  eapoicd  to  tbe  umi 

._,..„.  „  .^-— I  acetic  acid  and  of  carbon  dioxne.   nnmner  pn>- 

ceai  dcpeadi  upon  ibc  fannaiion  of  tend  chloride  by  Brinding  logether 
Utliatte  with  lali  arid  water,  and  then  treating  llx  aUulinc  Huid 
..:.i.  ,.,K-«  rfln.TA.  until  ll  ,1  DcutraL  While  Irad  ii  aa  earthy, 
The  inlciiar  miclici  of  commercial  "  while 
'  '       -  '        ticle  with  more  or  len 

illy  iiac-«Ule  <ZaO). 

LeUnll*iie.nS.  omin  in  natntt  ai  Iht  mineral  talen*(f*l, 

prMwcd  by  kadiac  luljiur  vapaur  over  had.  bv  fiuini  litkani* 
wiib  lulfihui.  or.  ai  •  llaik  precipitate,  by  ^asini  nilpbuRtltO 

aeid  with  the  formallon  of  the  nitiate  and  ulphate.  and  aho 
ami  hydiocklarie  acid. 
I,  PbSOi,  asnra  in  nature  u  Ihe  miaeial  antkike 


la  bat. 


id"iwji'i&'iDal 


le«  leluble  it  ill  In  di 


«1S 


nbk  ia  aBlinion  «f  aiamoaiua  acetit*,  wfckh  dhiinfuiab 
riun  aulpliaia.  Smna  ulphuric  acid  diinDlvn  ii.  fm 
id  "It.  .Rii"^',^-  7*it^^  bjdrcJyW  by  adding  w 

•aluUf  in  .t 


cold  water,  reidily  in  hot  wnler  and  afmr 
nitric  acid-     t(  vni  mentioned  by  Lil 
^nHidaMi.   It  hdecompoiedbylieat 

and  oiyien;  and  ii  med  tot  the  nuau 

deSftraliagconipound>.andaliiifiiipKurinKniordBntiinihedyFuii 
and  calico-piiniini  induilrin.     Batie  nilraln.  r.i.  Pb(N0,)OH 
ttnOlOH),(l*>,h,Pbfi,(0H)N0i,ac.ha.     ■"  -  '---"■ 
tmt  f>W*s<M.— Tha  maial  onbo^ 


:„'JJ 


3<9 

., . 23E!^uHefa 

ition  viiyinf  with  the  preponisiia  of  tbi  wuituj*  arc  ob- 
■inie  of  tbeK  are  uied  in  tbe  niaufaclun  of  glau.  Tha 
Pb,1V3i.'1HO,b  obtained  ai  a  white  piecipllate  by,  adding 

"" ""'" ""■^lis 


nomal  aah.  n  pncipltaicd  a>  a  base  carbonate  chemically  limilar, 
bu>  aoe  qaita  sinivaleBt »  a  pignal,  to  white  lead. 

.Inafyii).— When  mixed  with  todkini  carbonate  asd  heated 
oti  dialcoal  in  the  ndudng  Sane  lead  ulii  yield  mancabtc 
globulci  of  metal  and  1  yellow  oade-riDg,  Solution)  of  lead 
aalu  (colourlcu  in  the  abtfncc  of  coloured  acidi)  arecbaracICTilcd 
by  their  behaviour  to  hydrochloric  acid,  lulphuric  acid  and 
potasdum  chramate.  Buc  the  mod  dellctfe  precipitant  for  lead 
ii  luIphuretlEd  hydrogen,  which  producn  a  black  prccipiiaic 
tM*  lead  mlpKide,  inwluble  in  cold  dilute  nitric  acid,  leu  to  in 
cpU  hydrochloik,  aod  cuily  decomposed  by  hot  bydtochloric 
add  with  (ormaiion  of  Ihe  cbaraneiisiic  chloride.  The  atomic 
weight,  determined  by  G.  P.  Baxter  and}.  H.WilunC/.  .4  n/r. 
Ciiria.  Sft;  190S,  10,  p-  iSj)  by  anaJyuBgibe  chloride,  iii7a-i$a 
(O-16). 

PlarKucoloiy  and  Tieraftntki. 

Tlie  metal  iiscll  is  noi  uKd  in  medicine.  The  chief  phanna' 
copoeial  ulli  ait;  [0  Plumbi  oaidan  (lead  oiidcl.  lilhaitc. 

{diachylon  pLulei].  which  iaao  olealc  of  lead  and  bcuntaincd  in 
emplattnim  hydiargcii.  cnpUitium  plumb!  iodidi,  emplaslium 
iniaae,  emploUium  uponii.  (1)  Plvmbi  Aaiai  (sugar  of  lead), 
dose  1  to  5  gralaa.  From  this  sail  are  nude  the  loUowiag  picparn- 
lions:  (d]  Pilala  PhnU  cum  OpU,  the  ! 


n  S,  d< 


igleada< 


•iCi)* 


_  _         o(  opium  in  each  aoppodiory;  W  Un- 

gMnlBH  iViaiM  Aizbiiii-.  (if)  Liqi^  Ptamii  SubaetBiit  fiwlut, 
Coulaid'i  exltail,  ilrraglh  Ja%  of  ihe  subicelile;  Ihii  again  ■ 
has  a  nib-piepamtion.  Ihe  Lif*ir  Plumbi  Subiututii  DdUii, 
called  Gauttud'i  wiln  or  Owtard'!  lotton,  containing  1  part  in 
So  of  IbF  strong  extiacl ;  (<l  Ctytainmn  Plumbi  SahaatUii.  fnmi 
which  b  made  the  UmttewiMw,  Glycaitii  PluiMbi  SubealaHs. 
ii)  Pli.mbi  CiriHiHi;  whin  lead,  a  bhuur  oi  ihe  carbonate 
■>d  ihe  bydrMe,  a  heavy  white  povder  iBaohibli  in  water; 
it  ii  not  uivd  inienallT,  but  fmn  it  v  made  l/itgiKii(«  Plxmhi 
Carivatlii,  xrenglh  1  in  w  paOi  of  paraffin  oiaiaiesl.  (4) 
Ptwmlii  lodidium,  a  hn*y  biiglit  yellow  powdei  not  uied  in- 
teiaally.  From  it  an  made  (a)  £ai^<aifri>iii  PhniM  ledUi, 
and.  iV)  l/niaralnB  PJamU  IMdL    Vit  MRBat>l  of  f^  ■■ 

Applied  extemaH]'  lead  aaltt  have  pnclically  bo  acthm  upon 
the  unbroken  ik&i.  hut  applied  Id  lorB.  uken  or  any  tipowd 

ihniuelvei  and  tqnlract  the  inaU  maeb.     TfaiEy  ate  veiy 


LEADER— LfiAD !  POISONING 

nrdy  u»d  ondihited. 


id  umhn.  (he; 


Lud  uLls  ue  tt^tied  as  lotioiu  Ld  cooditi 
■itrincQit  tBtci  u  dcurcd,  as  in  wecpiDf 
mtetid  oi  tbmuc  ukeraiion;  ind  as  hi  ia 
jnOatPOMorf  dbchargn  fmm  Ihr  vigina,  tt 
Liqxior  Plmnbi  Subkcctatis  DiLutum  being  Idd  one  cmpioyn, 
Tbe  scditive  efiecl  oF  lad  blioB  is  pnuitui  il  mil  known. 
lalcomUjr  lead  hu  an  utringgnl  aclioa  oa  the  mucnn  mela- 
bnnn,  auung  (  lenlUion  of  drjrncs;  the  ditute  KJolloB 
of  ihe  lulwntile  [orms  m  effective  E^'slc  in  LoniUliiU.  Tbe 
chicr  iBC  or  Ifafi  pn?pu21iDDS  of  lead,  hovcvrr^i^  ai  an  MUiofent 
ui  uoift- dtATThDCA;  pafUcolul)'  if  ulceniidd  be  pnaeni,  whtn 
it  it  ■•cCiiliy  (ivm  in  comb<iutf(n'  with  Cipitun  Id  the  fom  ol 
the  Pilula  Plumbi  cum  Ofno.  It  ti  useful  in  haemoirhagc  Itom 
a  gaittlc  uker  or  ia  haemorrha^lntoi  the  intatinc.  Lead  uha 
iwiaUy  pnduce  ainui)aliaii.  and  kad  ii  an  active  ecbolic. 
Lead  ii  Hid  to  enter  tiM  Mood  ai  an  albuminate  in  whicli  form 
it  i> depOBted in  thethsuei.  Ala  nllr  theiolubieialli  il  lakcii 
la  sufQdent  quantUies  pioducc  acute  pouoning,  and  tiie  in- 
toiubie  Hklta  diRiiuc  phiDTbiuL,  The  symptona  ol  acute  peuon- 
!□!  an  pain  and  dtlrriwet,  owing  lo  Ihe  Kiting  up  ol  an  airtive 
gaitTo-mtFriiit,  the  faeces  being  black  (due  to  the  fomUiDn 
of  a  sulphide  of  leul),  ihirjl,  ciampa  in  the  lep  ai 
iwitcbinft.  with  imper,  coUapae,  (snimkieB*  and 
treatment  ia  the  prompt  uu  of  emetia,  or  the  tior 
be  washed  out,  and  large  dmes  of  sndiun  or  magneii 
given  in  order  to  Icffm  an  insoluble  (ulphata. 


n..    The 

il  should 


pUmbisaiecI 

Auraouifts.— For  the  Utieev  of  ind  at  W.  H.  pubiCet.  Nmi 
ftr  a  HiHit)  if  L«^  liW«l;  B.  Neuaiana,  Dit  itiUlU  (1904]:. 
A.  Ronlng.  Criciicili  iit  tfftotbjl^oi).  For  the  chemiiliy  >ee 
H.  V.arrir  and  C.  Schorleinnicr,  TVnftie  «r  bart/nii  Clitmiilry. 
vol.  ii.  |ito7):  H.  Uoiuan.  rnilt4itUmlti1iaiA;0.  Damner, 
ffaiuUiutdiriuuMgiiucIn  CtflUK.  FarlheiiictalhiiwaRi. P*fcy, 
s/^jLondon.  itjoy^H.F.Ci^ia^htUtitUvrtf 


nii'l^  (L 


■:  H.  0,  H 

It):  w  H. 


nc  HtUKrrn  nt  Lrat  («h  ttf.,  Kcw  YoiV.  10D1):  V/. 

Uai  Smdiimt  suf  Ajinag  <ioot):  A.  C.  Bent.  Uii  KqlHiij- 

£lKfr^/iu(iwitJ;M.EiWcr.  TlHUtlaUnt^^Artnuilr«i<aSJi 

Tin  ifli«Tal/ir^iu/r)f.,begu'iin  Ifi9i,  annually  rccordi  tbeprqpi 

LUDZR,  BHUAHnr  WtUIkm  (iBji-  ),  Eoglidi 
painter,  tbe  ion  of  E.  Leader  Williams,  an  engineer,  received  his 
an  education  fint  at  the  Wotccster  School  ol  Design  and  laijet 
io  the  scboob  ol  the  Royal  Acodcti'}'.  Me  began  tocihibitit  the 
Acadcniy  in  tin,  nis  elected  A.R.A.  in  iSSj  and  R.A.  in  iSgS, 
and  became  eicccdingly  popular  as  a  palmer  ol  tindscapc. 
Hb  lubjecls  ate  atttaciive  and  ikilfuUy  composed.  He  was 
awarded  a  gold  medil  at  the  Paiis  Eihibltlcin  In  ilit).  and  ww 
made  a  knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  One  o(  hh  pictures, 
"  The  Valley  of  the  L!u jwy,"  is  in  the  National  Callety  o(  British 
Art. 

See  Tin  Lift  mi  W^  ef  B.  W.  Later.  RA..  by  Lnli  Luik. 
Alt  JturatLOfba  (I9«). 

LSADHOUTB.  a  tart  nineE) 
CBbonale,  Ph,  SQi  (CO0.(OH), 
o(  til-sided  piates  (fig.  i)  or  id 
tboBibabMin  (tg.  >);  they  hai 
ckanat  (pualle)  la  P  in  Eg, 
Innn  it  MIHigly  peaily:  Ihey  are  ocually  white 
and  tmnhceM.    Tbe  hardness  is  i-j  and  the    ( 
ip.(r.«-iM-M-  The cryitallagnphicand optical  / 
chaiacten  point  te  "'  '    ' 

tinet  kinds  of  h 

jdenliial  in  nlenial  ap-  t 


Ciyo  alsliavc  uioaUy  tbe  Icrm 


(fi«.    i)    and   opdeally         *■"=■'■ 

;.  1}  with  an  optic  axial  angle  ol 


second  has  long  been  known  under  tbe  nine  nnannlte.  1V 
fact  that  the  published  inalyies  of  Itadhillite  vary  tamewbat 
from  the  (onnuia  given  above  lucgctu  titat  Ibcw  thiee  kindi 
may  ain  be  dienucally  distinct. 

Leadhiilite  is  a  mineral  o(  leconduy  orl^,  omirting  with 
cerusste,  an^esile.  &c,.  io  the  oiidkcd  ponians  ol  leadr-bcaiing 
lodsi  it  hai  alw  been  louod  in  weaibered  lead  lUgi  left  by  the 
Ronaal.  Il  hat  been  found  most  abundantly  in  the  Sutanw 
mine  at  Ladhilb  in  Scotland  (hence  the  names  Icadhillite  and 
uuanmle).  Cud  crystals  have  also  been  found  at  Red  Gift  in 
Granlqr  in  Uisooujv  Ciyttalt  from  Sardinia 
(L.J.S.) 


. oiled 

ILU.    _      . 

W,S.W.  of  tlvanfoot 


I   Lanarkshire,    Scotland,    $,\   n 


m  ClaigDW  Id  the  south. 
It  villaae  in  Scslland,  lying  i  jo> 
:e  of  Clengonner  Water,  an  affi 
■      a  light  r^ 


lined  he^  and  at  WaalocI 

»  authoritit 
dgnofjarr 


n  Railway. Corn- 
Pop.  (1901)  SjJ. 

uent  of  the  Clyde. 


itm.SvW.,forin 
ren  in  Roniao  days.  Gold  wa* 
IV,,  but  though  it  is  said  then 
have  pro^^ded  em^oyment  foe  ]0e  penont.  its  mining  has  long 
cetted  to  be  profliabie.  Tbe  village  is  ntat  and  well  bvilt,  and 
contains  a  mawidc  ball  and  library,  die  ialtet  founded  fay  Ibt 
miners  about  Ihe  middle  of  the  illh  century.  Allan  Ramsay, 
the  poet,  and  Witliun  Symington  [i763-igji),aneof  theearSeil 
adipiors  of  the  iteara  en^ne  to  tbe  puipoM*  ol  navigatioa,  wet* 
born  at  LeadhiDs. 

LEAD  POISOHIHB,  or  PLtmnu,  a  "  disease  of  occupations," 
which  is  ilitlf  Ihe  cause  of  organic  disease,  particularly  of  the 
nervous  and  urinary  systema.  Tbe  workpeople  affected  are  : 
principally  those  engaged  in  potteries  where  kad'^aje  it  ttted; 
but  other  industries  in  which  health  is  Bmilarty  affected  are  Me- 
making,  house-piiDting  and  glazing,  glass-making,  copper- 
working,  cauh- malting,  plumbing  and  gislitting,  printing,  cutlery, 
and  genemily  Ibnc  occupalions  in  which  lead  is  amctmed. 

The  symptoms  of  chronic  lead  poisoning  vary  wftliin  very 
wide  limits,  fn>m  colic  and  constipation  up  to  total  l>]indncss, 
paralysis,  convulsions  and  death.  Tbcy  are  thus  described  by 
Dr  J.  T.  Atlidp  (Ditaia  ef  Oaapalim):— 

The  pomHi  6Mh  Iti  w«y  fradpiHy  iniij  tbe  wlmte  maw  of  the 
rimilaiiBg  Wood,  and  eicrtt  lu  effecti  miii^y  on  ibc  nervous 
lyHcra,  pimlyiing  nerve-fom  and  with  il  miHtular  power.     Iti 


h  genetally  •! 


Iheshoulde 


first  in  the  fingers,  ham 
*■  writt-drop "'  anon  folU 
The  palsy  wM  eatend  t 
(he  kgi  also.    Other  m 


Dt  M'Aldowie.  lenicii  phywian  to  the  Nortb  SlafFordihire 
Infirmary,  has  itated  that  "  in  the  poiwiy  trade  lea4  ia  very 
slow  in  produeing  serious  effecta  r^mpared  with  certain  other 
indoslrits."  In  his  eiperjence  the  average  period  ol  working  jn 
lead  beiore  serious  lesions  maj^cst  ihemselvcs  is  t&  years  for 
'       '         '     lycaniormalet.   But  tone  individuals  faUvii  ' 


Dthewt 


nsofplun 


i  altera 


onths'w 


thedinger.  Young  peraons  are  more  readily  alTtcted  ' 
than  those  ol  mature  age,  and  women  more  than  men.  Iiv 
additiiin,  there  seem*  to  be  an  element  lA  petaontl  susceptibility. . 
Ihe  nature  c4  which  is  mt  understood.  Some  penont "  work  in ' 
the  lead  "  for  twenty,  forty  or  fifty  years  without  tbe  ilightest  - 
ill  cBeclti  otheci  have  attacks  whenever  lliey  arc  broughl  into 
contact  wiihil.  Possibly  the  difleieBceisduelo  the  general  state 
of  beakh;  robutt  penont  rt^st  Ihe  p«son  lucceisfully.  Ihoae 
with  impoverished  bbod  and  feeble  constitniion  are  masteted 
by  it.  Lead  enters  the  body  chieSy  through  the  nose  and  moulb, 
Wag  inspired. in  tbe  Earn  of  dwt  or  iwallawed  with  food  catca 
with  uawBshed  hands.  It  is  very  apt  to  gel  under  the  n^k. 
and  is  possibly  abwrl»d  in  this  way  through  the  skin.  Personal 
tare  and  cleanliness  are  therefore  of  tbe  greatest  importaiKC. 
A  factnty  angeea  tt  ptat  uperitiKe  in  Iba  Epghsk  Potteiiti 


leadVIlle 


{Tkt  Ttrnt,  8lh  October  iS«8>. 

The  HsBw  Office  in  Eagluid  hu  tmis  time  to  titae  made 
■podit  nJarfor  worksliopa  tni  workpeople,  witb  Ux  object  of 
■niniwilriig  Or  pceTentutg  tbe  MiURucc  of  [e«d'poln>DiDc; 
ud  ta  i8qi  ooUAcatiuD  of  Bsa  wu  ukdc  nunpuliory.  The 
healili  o(  workpeople  in  ilie  Potieria  wm  ihe  tubject  of  ■  ipedil 
bquiry  by  *.  »6i:atific  conunitt«  in  iSoj.  llie  conimitiee 
tilted  Ilut  "Ibe  gtoenl  truth  thit  tbe- poltetis  occDpalion 
■  oDcfrwigbt  wiib  iajuiy  to  bealib  uid  life  isbcrosddiqiute," 
ud  tUi  "  the  ill  eBccU  «t  Uie  tnutc  (Te  referible  lo  Iwo  chief 
«iiiei~fuiMl},  diet  >ad  the  poison  of  lead,"  Of  ihoe  tbe 
inhilatlon  of  day  uid  flint  diut  wu  the  mon  imponint.  It 
led  lo  biondlilii,  polmoouy  luberculoali  and  poeumobu,  which 
were  the  n^ost  prevalent  dEurdera  ainailg  potten,  aod  Tnponalhle 

ELOt  allempt  to  stimatc,  but  they  found  that  plumbisin  wu  less 
prevalcni  ihaa  in  past  timet,  and  eipnaed  the  opinion  "  that 
a  laijc  put  of  tbe  mon^ty  [rem  lead  poiaoning  is  avohUbte; 
mttbtnigh  it  must  always  be  bome  in  mind  Ihal  no  airaDge meats 
or  lilies,  with  regaid  to  tbe  work  itself,  can  entirely  obviate 
the  cflects  of  tbe  poison  to  which  worken  ore  npooed,  because 
w  much  dqieods  upon  tbe  individul  Mid  tbe  observance  of 
penoBalcareandd^nlineis."  They  tecomnended  the  adoption 
of  cntain  ^ledal  rule*  fn  the  woriubopa,  with  the  objecis  of 
pmlectiiig  young  petions  from  th«  lead,  of  minlmiiing  tbe  evils 
of  dual,  uvd  of  promoting  cliantiiKts,  particularly  In  regard  to 
oieals.  SMMofibaenEoameadatioBi  were  adopted  and  applied 
with  good  naults.  With  regard  lo  tbe  suggestioR  that  "  only 
kaiMeis  glam-iImM  be  toed  on  canhenware,"  they  did  not 
"^ee-anjr  tuM«Uite  pnapact  of  web  Ilaus  becoming  univenally 
applicable  to  pottery  nanuTicture,"  and  therefore  turned  Ibeii 
■ttentiontotlieiiiiestionof  "  fritting  "the  lead. 

It  maybe  eiplalned  that  lead  ii  uied  In  china  and  Eanbenwate  to 
^ve  the  external  gUze  which  renders  the  naturaify  pDrous  ware 
watertight    Both  "  rfiite"  and  "  r»d  "  laid  ire  uKd.   The  lead  ii 

tegetber  arid  then  ground  tery  Ane  lo  water,  makiiu  a  thick  creamy 
liquid  into  which  the  anidei  are  dipped.  After  dipping  the  lUie 
dncfl  quickly,  and  on  kaiag  "  fired  "  m  the  kiln  It  becomes  Tutea  by 
the  hai  into  the  familiar  fUssy  turfaee.    In  the  manulactun  of 

a  dry  powd*.  "  Fritting  "  the  lead  means  mlilng  II  with  tbe  other 
ingndieoli  of  the  gisie  befoiehand  aadfusiogthemalltogeiherunijcr 
gitat  heat  into  a  kind  of  rough  fiss.  which  Is  then  ground  to  m^ac 
ibe  gtaia.  Treated  ia  this  way  tha  kad  combioei  with  ihe  other 
lagMicBla  and  baconei  leas  aeluble.  and  therefore  less  dingeraus. 
Ihaa  wbnsddedafteirwaids  in  the  raw  stale.  TtiecommiitrcdB^s) 
tbouchi  it  "  reaaDoable  to  aocHnse  that  Ihe  fhttiis  of  lead  migbt 
Bltbialely  be  foand  unlveisalVlKaMicable,"  bui  declared  that 
tbotitk  fnttjag  "  Ds  Joabt  dMaisha  the  danger  of  lead.pauoaiag," 
tb«^  CDuU  not  leganl  all  Iritts  as  equally  iDnncuous." 

U  Ika  annual  report  ol  Ibe  chief  in^Kctor  of  f«cu«ies  ta 
iSg;,  It  was  staled  that  Ihete  had  been  "  ''' 


c  potting  indnatiy,  b 
'iDoib  - 
larly  c 


d,  Ihe  ni 
.  B  laMa  nponed,  and  partic 
having  omiAOUsly  increased  of  latCr''  This  appears  to  have 
largely  due  lo  the  erroneous  inclusion  amang  polling  pro 
of  "  litbo-transfer  nuking,"  a  colour  industry  in  which  gii 
cBplaynL  Nra  special  rulea  wot  Imposed  in  t^  prohi 
the  employment  o(  periou  tmder  Gliceo 
proceuei,  ordering  a  monthly  eaaminailoa 


providing  for  the  more  effectual  mnoval  ol 
cniorcetnentdrdcanlinas.  Al  Ihe  same  lint  a  adeinific  failBlry 
was  onbred  into  tfa*  pncticabUity  at  dispensing  with  lead  i 
glues  Of  oI  suhstituiing  Ititted  omqioiUKblM  tbe  caw  carbooaK 
Tbe  Kicniific  eaperla  reported  in  iSgg.  Keommending  that  th 
tiM  of  raw  lead  abodd  be  afe«ohtleIy  pmblMtBd,  and  exproalng 
tbe  oplidon  that  Ibe  gnaler  anwaiit  o(  earthenware  cc  "  ' 
tucctsifuOr  glued  wiibout  any  lead.  These  yiewi  t 
aiUaiice  of  Ih*  opinions  held  by  piKlkalpaUat^  W>da 


good  deal  of  ^podtiML  By  certain  muufactunta  toarider- 
ahle  progress  bad  been  made  in  diminishing  the  use  of  raw  lead 
~     rards  tbe  discovery  of  satisfactory  leadlesa  glaaesi  but 


is  a  long 


pfioi 


o  the  w 


ipulsory  revohjlion  of  tbe  pnx 

je  and  varied  as  industry,  and  in  the  face  o(  foreign  com- 

petliors  hampered  by  no  such  regulations.    Tbe  materials  used 

^y  each  manufacturer  have  been  arrived  at  by  a  long  process 

if  experience,  and  they  are  such  as  to  suit  tbe  particular  goods 

ic  supplies  for  bis  particular  market.     It  is  therefore  di&cult 

a  apply  a  uniform  rule  without  jeopirdliing  the  prosperity 

if  the  indusliy,  which  supports  a  population  of  150,000  in 

the  Potteries  alone.     However,  tbe  bulk  ol  tbe  manuficturen 

agreed  id  give  up  the  use  of  raw  lead,  aod  to  frill  all  their  glajtc* 

'  lure,  lihie  being  allowed  to  effect  the  change  o(  process; 

hey  declined  to  be  bound  to  any  puiicular  composilioa  of 

for  the  reasons  Indicated. 

11)01  the  Home  Office  brought  forward  a  hew  set  of  ipedtl 
rules.    Most  of  these  were  framed  to  strengthen  the  provisions 

^w  modifications.  But  the  question  of  "aling  even 
ngcnt  regulations,  even  to  the  extent  of  making  the 
ad-glaze  iltcgai  altogether,  sru  still  agitated;  and  in 

;ate  tbe  subject.  They  irported  in  igio,  and  made 
recommendations  In  detail  for  strengtheniiig  tbe 
tgulstions;  but  while  encouraging  tbe  use  td  leadleia 


I  that,  witboul  the  u 


e  of  lead,  certain  olfaei^rts  could 
all    or    only  at  a  cost  or  **^^'^T 
uality  which  would  entail  the  loaa  ol  important  marjteta.' 


US,  a  diy  and  the  county 
I.S.A.,  ooe  of  the  highest  (mi 
St  celebrated  mining  "  camps 


"  of  the  world 
ii-bom;'fT9iB 


ti  Souiben 


tbe  bead  of  Ihe  valley  o(  the  Arkansas  river, 
where  the  river  cuts  the  valley  between  the  Mosquito  and  the 
Sawalch  (Saguache)  ranges-  Among  the  peaks  in  tbe  immediate 
environs  ate  Mt.  Massive  (•4,4>4  ft.,  the  highcsl  in  the  state) 
and  ESiert  Peak  <i4>4>>  ft).  There  b  a  United  SlHa  6A 
hatcbery  at  (be  foot  of  Kt,  Hasaivi.  Ia  Ibe  spring  of  lUa 
plKcr  gold  wu  diacoTvrad  in  CabfOnla  GukA,  awl  by  July 
iSto  Ora  Chy  kad  prabaUr  10,000  liAabituU.  In'five  yeati 
Iha  soul  yidd  iru  nMct  ihn  ($,000,000;  Uien  It  diminidted, 
andOtoCltythcanklBafewhandrediBbabitaiiti.  Tfalasettle- 
BMBi  wu  wiiUw  ihc  pfiaeiK  btfu  oT  Leadvllle.  In  1876  tbe 
output  of  tbe  nlnei  was  kboot  (90,000.  During  sikteen  yeati 
"  heavy  sands  "  and  gnU  boalden  that  obsttncted  (he  placer 
belds  had  been  moved  tboofhllcMly  10  one  aide.  These  bonldtn 
were  from  swrmout  lead  tarbonata  depoails  extremely  rich  in 
silver.  Tie  disonwaiy  of  theae  dipoaits  wal  made  on  the  hilli 
at  Ibe  cdga'oi  LudvtDt.  TIm  fint  btaOdiAg  was  erected  m  June 
tin;  la  DaCM&bcT  there  **•  levatal  litinttred  miners,  in 
January  Ibe  t«wa  wnorganiicd  and  Bamed;  at  the«do>  1819 
tbet>««n.'itl>idd,35,eDoinbriHl*nls.  LeadviPowu  already 
a  chartered  dly,  with  Ibe  uHaloiganiaatloa  and  all  pubhe 
fariUiia.  In  iSSa  H  Wiu  i«Mb«l  by  tbe  Denver  ft  Rio  Grande 
railway.  Ineafly  yon LtadvOlewuoneof  the  most  turbulent, 
pklnicsqiM  and  In  all  ways  eMndnHnary,  of  tbe  mining  camps 
ottbeWal.  TbtviliKofIba«Mpairiaai87g(oi889tMalkd 
Imt^M.iM.  indudkig  oM^tih  oi  (Iw  rtver  piwhKtIoB  aad  a 
iWrd  of  the  had  cmsuaptiba  tt  ibe  tMuxtf.  Tte  dMliae  U 
Ihepttoi  »(*n*w,  (shnlnad^wMi  tbe  itaftarfl^  fc«a  niatt 


LEAF 


■Dd  Ihe  Kp«il  of  the  SbEnmn  Law  In  iSgj,  (hRatawd  Lod- 
Til]e*i'Iuiuie.  Bui  tbe  source  of  Ibc  gold  oF  the  old  ptaccn  HU 
found  in  it?).  From  that  yur  to  iSgg  ibt  gold  pradiut  me 
from  »i5i^»  lo  »j,i8],]ji.  From  1879  to  ifoo  Uui  amp 
yielded  |)so,ooa,ooo  (11  eompiwd  with  l+S,ooo,ooo  ol  (old 
and  illvci  la  five  yaa  Icom  ibe  Cornitock,  Nevadi,  lode;  ind 
t6s,i»o,DOO  and  lij.ooo  tons  ol  lead,  in  linineen  yan,  Icom 
the  EonLa,  Nevada,  miaa).  Belore  iSgS  Ibe  production  of  line 
was  Unimportant,  but  in  igo6  it  wai  more  valuable  tban  that  of 
lilver  and  gold  combined.  Ttui  increued  output  ii  a  result  el 
the  esublisbmeat  oT  conceolrating  miUi,  in  which  the  aioc 
contenl  b  laiicd  [ram  iS  or  ie%  in  the  nw  ores  lo  i;  or  4j% 
b  the  mnnntrUes.  In  1004,  per  ton  ol  Lake  county  ore,  linc 
was  valued  at  K.g],  ^vec  at  t^.ii,  lead  al  l].8s,  gold  at  ti.77 
and  copper  al  $.66.  The  copper  rruned  at  LadviUe  amounled 
10  about  ODE-third  Ibe  total  mined  in  the  state  in  i^.  Imn 
and  nunganese  have  been  produced  here,  and  In  Ii)a6  Leadville 
was  the  only  plan  in  tlie  United  Stales  known  la  have  i 

"digglnp"  in  1874  and  1846.    The  latter  altiacled 
■Itentian;  It  lasted  from  the  19th  si  June  18^  10  tbe  9tb  of 
Usn^b  1897,  when  the  mincn,  being  practicilly  starved 
declared  the  strike  olf.    There  hid  been  a  liot  on  the  an 
September   tSq6  and  mDitia  guarded  the  minci  for  months 
afterwards,     tn  January  1S97  the  mines 
irere  Bdbdcd  after  (he  reminil  el  their  pumps.     This  strike 
dosed  Tnany  nuijes,  which  were  not  opened  For  several  years. 
LeidvUle  stacks  are  never  on  the  eicbange,  and  "  Botation  " 
and  "  pronation  "  have  been  almost  unkBonra. 
Tlie  ores  ol  (lie  Leadville  District  occur  in  a  blue  limestone  lor- 
'  ■ '  ■     porphyry,  and  air  in  the  form  ol  heavy  ulphtdes , 
«h,_rtvcr    ■--■  — ■ -■ - 


nes  sppsienl — i>  the  an  uil  chaneter  of  ImMES  aad  pump!: 
iB  devriepmeiiE  ri  leal  tuello  luppliBs;  Ihe  laH  In  the  eaM  of 
nl,  of  cxfhHiivq  aad  ellier  abe  lopplc*;  (he  devtlaf  laeot  a( 
railways  and  dtnidutinn  ol  freight  eapebsea^  and  Uie  ftferal  im- 


la,  aid  ownr  ana  once  (ar  too  law  iicndi  for  wofliiBC  naw  yield 
V  pnfils.  The  Laadvill*  aoidtsn  in  190a  had  a  capacity  tt 
000  unsioDUhly  J  about  as  much  OHKC  local  OR  bctDe  mated  at 

nw,  Pocbloaiidol'^—'-— 


IfMu  imulrj  4  lodpiUf. 
a  Gdjaglwl  Biirray,-  vsl.   11 

„  .  -  Dtmusmm  OiMit  r}  LhMU. 

a  UQ,  United  Stan  (iaiiWcal  Survey  (1907), 

he  oiKuiuQaorihe  origin  ol  the  ores  of  the  [egi9a. 


[other  places, 
one  9,  r.'  cminDnS,  Ctmtty  " 
a/unit,  MiBivBpk  Uoitd^l 
llM«),,a«l.wJlli  J.  D.  Iryiag., 

Ctlanda,  BuUetio  UQ,  United 

particularly 

LEAF  (O.  Eng,  U»{,  d.  Dutch  Utj,  Gci.  Uub,  Swed.  UJ.  tic; 
pfasibly  to  be  reteiied  t9  the  reet 
lUip),  (he  name  given  in  peimUt  luiuice  to  all  Ibc  green 

pbjecl«,>uchasalhin  abaci  of  BCtal.aUnatdbipafa  Ubl«,lhD 
paie  (d  a  book,  tgn.  InveMigUina  haa  sJmwb  tbu  na>y  Mber 
puts  of  ■  plant  whidi  eatmaUy  appear  veiy  difleMil  ftom 
oidiiuiy  Icavea  an,  in  Iheii  ewrnllsl  paiticuUa,  vaf  unOaf 
talbensaiidaMiatact  IhekaiaivbgloiicaleqalvakmU.  Such 
an  ibeacaka  «f  a  lHilb,'4nd  the  niinu  pam  tt  tbe  flowtt, 
and  assaailaa  that  the  itiuctan  oifliaaiily  tamed  a  leal  is  ttaa 
typical  [am,  these  othac  stracuna  were  detignaled  changed  or 
netamoqihnMd  k>«<i,  a  somawbat  mbleadini  iDleipcBtatian. 
All  stn^uita  BoipbstatfcaUy  equivalent  with  the  leal  an 
DOW  iacliHled  iiadai  tbo  geneial  leim  tkjUim»  Oeal^tiuctuie). 
Lava  larc  pivdacod  as  lalsal  oulgiawtha  al  Uw  etam  in 
definiM  iiMcealoti  balow  tlH  apa.  This  cbanctcr,  oanuDoa 
la  all  Invca,  dlstingtdshca  (bcm.  fran  albei  orfana.  In  the 
higbai  |4uti  va  can  aaaOy  ncagBiae  iLe  distinOion  helwnn 
stem  and  leaL  Aidm>|M  (be  lower  pUnta,  bewavei,  ft  is  fetnwi 
thai  a  deittMf'tieo  inlo  Main  and  leaf  is  Impcsiblo,  but  that 
thoc  ia  a  suuctar*  nKbkh  panakia  el  the  chaneten  of  botb-^ 
■uthisa/Mte).  The  leaves  ilwaysanc  (ram  tbe  outer  ponion 
«llb<piteuu7mni*t(Dt«f  Ilie-plaDt,andtktiMM*al  tbelaaf 
an«M(iH«uwiUlh«tcaltkea(t«.   Srmr  lmltiUmtm» 


a  tim{ds  cillallr  pa|dlU  (tf  i),«UA<B 
from  the  cortical  l^ran  cavcttd  by  qiiacimB;  u 
proceeds,  the  fibro-vaKulac  huDdlca  of  tba  (ten  ai 
eutwud),  and  Saally  expand  and  lenninate.in  Iba  kaf.  Tbe 
increase  in  length  of  tbe  leai  by  grvwtb  at  tba  ^lat  ia  UMaBy 
of  t  Umilad  nature.  In  tome  fcrna,  however,  tbcte  (nmi  lo  be 
a  provision  for  indcGnile  terminal  growtta,  while  in  oUxn  lUi 
growth  is  periodically  ia-. 
terrupted.  t1  not  unfre- 
qucnlly  happens,  especially 
aowotst  Mooooilyledona, 
that  after  growth  at  tba 
apex  has  ctsscd,  it  is  con- 
ical, and  in  this  way  Ibe 


tyledons  thi)  is  very  rare. 
In  all  cases  the  iH>wrf*lrtM 
of  the  lesf  arc  ejdarged  by 
ioteraliliai  growth  of  its 

The  airnplest  leaf  Is  found 


single    layer  of   "f 
cells.  The  typical 
foliage    leaf    conus 
levenl  layen,  aod  an 


tissue  iparatliyma)    wit 
Lbreugh  jL 

The  rpiitnmi  (fig.  i,  ei, 

trfacei  of  the  Iraf.    The 


.w  whkh  Suae  apo.  .     OiL^^Sw'^ 

>  thuae  sf  Ibe  water-lDv,  Ibe  upper  epid^piis  akme  pdikhe* 

The  fwtnelyvia  ct  tbe  leaf  It  the  nllulic  tinue  endimt  wlthia 
isepuinalaaiidntfinMdiiiftbevetaeklfitf.  >,  At.  f>n.  It  iskeowa 
L-iiiie»*yi.  aad  ia  i«wd3  n.  iMna  •>»<  ofeeUs.  cmcb  on- 
'  ■  I  diSeiiiw  in  looa  and 
upper  Kle  ol  the  leaf 


Below  Ihe  lender 


hi  tfieotli 


IT  loa  bonaofitiny  ifif.  ; 

ucLwccn  UKUi,  f.  Whicll  GOmmitDlate  with  kuiiuib  i 

the  tlmie  bu  Rcrind  the  mme  fl£  apoaav.  In 
very  Gnn  CextuRg  u  tboK  of  Conlfne  UKTCyisda 
tbc  pamdiyBa  muiKdiitriy  beDcatk  the  ntdmnu 

thickcKd  aad  clonnud  la  ■  dinecloii  pwsflel  te  tL „  .. 

ln[.  ID  H  to  be  Ote-UkB,  That  conMltiiU  i  hypodmnil  byrr. 
bcHBIh  wkMi  the  cUoniityll  cdllsllbc  puendiynu  ur  dnud 
pocked  toBBther.  and  uc  etonfited  in  ■  diRcljOD  vertical  to  th 
Hrbce  of  the  leiF.  [ormiiig  tile  flimle  tiiue.  The  lonn  an 
vrruueiiKnt  of  the  ce1b»  bowever.  depeHl  much  on  the  uiure  < 
Ibe  plul.  ind  ki  expoure  to  liibi  aad  lit.  Sometiiiiea  the  iirur 
(Dent  d  the  oU*  on  both  iidH  of  the  leet.ii  Hmilu.  u-wrun  i 
lata  whkb  have  (beir  ed(ea  prteinted  to  the  iky.  la  yrry  lu 
cnleiit  plaau  the  tclb  fan  a  (Mnpact  oiaai,  iDdthoeeiii  (beienti 
»rt  a<t*n  cotourleae.  In  loaie  caiBa  the  ccllnlar  timie  b  de&ier 
SI  cenatn  pninti.  Dvini  riie  to  diMlwx  hohi  in  the  kal,  ai  f 
ai«  jUauasH.    The  Ibm-vaacaUr  •    ..    .    i 

the  •■hMh.    The  Gbm-vaiailar  * 


lar  lytMrn  la 
bna&rim 


rfks; 


la  the  la/ ce 


iWdw  lami.  or  leavea  la  whkk 
tbii  arrafigemeat  la  well  eeea.  In  k 
the  vein  are  hardened,  producEnf  m 


.11^  of  Id 


Ulhe> 


The  form  azid  airarigemeat  of  the  parta  of  a  typical  f 
leaf  are  intimately  auodated  with  the  part  played  by  the  leaf 
in  the  life  ol  the  plant.  Tit  flat  aurface  is  ^iread  to  allow  thi 
TnBwimiiwi  amount  ot  ninlight  to  fall  upon  tt.Ba  it  ii  by  tbi 
aboorplion  of  eDer£r  fmni  tbcKun'i  nyaby  meanaof  the  chtoro 
fhyH  contained  in  the  celli  ol  lie  leaf  that  Ibe  building  u| 
tt  plaat  food  li  readcied  poaaible;  this  ptocet)  It  known  ij 
plnlo-iyiithaiai  the  fint  ila(e  is  the  combinaliDD  of  caibno 
dteiide.  absoibcd  from  the  air  uIlcb  ia  through  thi 
itOBiata  Into  the  Bvinj  «lb  of  the  leaf,  with  walei  which 
b  brou^t  Into  the  Teaf  by  tbe  wood-veaseli.  Tbt  wood-vcasefa 
(om  part  of  the  Gbro-vasculai  bundles  or  veins  of  the  leaf 
tai  m  coolbnioiii  IhiTOghoal  tbe  leaf-Walk  and  stem  with 
the  nxrt  by  wbidi  water  b  abmrbed  from  the  toil.  The 
palisade  layers  of  Ibe  moapbyll  contain  the  tarjer  number  of 
chlsraphyll  (rains  (or  nrpusdet)  while  llie  aburplIoD  ot 
<BibaD  dknide  b  oinied  on  cbieBy  thnnigh  the  lower 
cpidctmls  which  ii  leoenUy  mucb  ricber  In  iloaiaia.  The 
Nlei  taken  up  by  tbe  root  from  tbe  soil  contain)  nltnr- 
lenoui  and  mineral  lalu  which  combine  with  the  fint  pro- 
duct of  pholo-synthesis — a  caibohydnle—IO  form  more 
eoDipliailed  nltrogen-toniaining  food  aubslaaca  of  a  pnldd 
Diturei  Iheie  ire  then  distributed  by  otbn  elemecit  of  the 
vascular  bundles  (the  filotm)  through  the  leaf  to  the  stem  and 
ao  thtoughout  the  plant  to  whercnT  growth  or  devekipment  is 
foinf  on.  A  large  proportion  of  the  water  which  ascends  to 
the  leaf  acts  merely  as  a  carrier  for  the  other  raw  food  materials 
andisgot  tidof  fromibe  leaf  in  the  form  of  water  vapour  through 
■be  tlomata— Ihk  process  is  known  as  (rawfu'rirfMni.  Hence  the 
cnended  lurfaca  oi  Ibt  leaf  aponng  a  large  area  to  light  and 
air  b  eminenlly  adapted  for  the  carrying  out  of  the  process  of 
jjboto-synlhesis  and  ttan^iration.  The  anaBgemenl  of  the 
leaves  on  the  stem  and  branches  (sec  FhyllMcxy,  below)  b  such 
as  to  prevent  the  upper  leavis  shading  the  lower,  and  the  shape 
«f  tfce  leaf  servd  towards  the  same  end— the  disposition  of 

each  leaf  fitting  into  tbe  ^lace  between  netghboaiing  leaves  and 
the  branch  on  which  they  are  bome  without  ovetUpping. 
.    Submerged  leaves,  or  leaves  which  a>e  devdnped  under  water, 
diaei  fa  sinscture  from  aerial  leaves.    They  have  usually  In 
Sbn>TaaailBr  ayitem,  but  consat  oi  a  congeries  of  c^ls.  which 


veins.    Tfaey  have  a  hyer  oi 

DO  true  epidemus,  and  no  sromaia.     jacir  i 

oonabla  of  ceUs^  disposed  irrr^ulajly,  and  n 


1>  on^  a  network  of  £tameBt-Iik«  cells,  the  ^>ae«>  betwccs 
which  are  not  filled  with  paienchyms,  givfng  a  skeleton  appear^ 
ance  to  the  leal,  u  in  Omuandia  Jcicslralii  (L^iUce  plant). 
A  leaf,  whethn  aerial  or  submerged,  geoerally  coosisU  oi  ■ 
flat  eipanded  portion,  called  theW9if<,or  <jinisii,of  a  nart«»er 
portion  called  the  pclisit  or  ilolt,  and  sometimes  of  a  ponton 
at  tbe  h*se  of  (he  petiole,  which  forms  a  rjlc^  ot  vapna 
(Sg.  s,  i),  or  i«  dcvekfwl  in  the  form  of  outgrowths,  called 
ililmla  (Ag.  14, 1).  All  theae  portions  are  not  always  present. 
The  sheathing  ot  stlptiUry  ponioD  b  ftcqueatly  wanting. 
When  a  leaf  baa  a  distmcl  stalk  it  b  puialalc;  wboi  it  hu  none, 
it  a  staUt,  and  if  in  thk  case  it  emhtaca  the  item  it  b  said  to  be 
tinfltilcnl.  The  part  of  the  leaf  nest  the  petiole  or  the  axis 
is  the  base,  while  the  opposite  extremity  b  the  a^a.  The  leaf 
ia  usually  Battened  and  cq>andedhor{zoataUy,  i.t.  at  right  angles 
to  tbe  longiludinal  ana  of  the  shoot,  so  that  the  upper  face  b 
directed  towards  the  tkeavens,  snd  the  lower  towards  the  earth. 
In  some  coses  leaves, as  inlru, or  leaf -Lke  petioles,  as  in  Australian 
acacias  and  eucalypti,  have  their  plane  of  expansion  parallel 
toibeaiborthesliool,  there  b  then  nodblhiclioDinia  an  upper 
and  a  tower  face,  but  the  two  sides  an  developed  alike;  or  the 
leaf  may  have  a  cylindtjcal  or  polybcdtal  form,  a)  in  mesembry- 
anthemum.  The  upper  angle  lomicd  between  the  leaf  and  the 
stem  b  called  ita  cuif;  it  is  thei«  that  leaf-buda  are  normally 
developed.  The  leaf  Is  som^imes  articulated '  with  the  stem, 
and  when  it  falls  off  a  scar  remains;  at  other  times  ft  b  too- 
tinoous  with  it,  and  then  decays,  while  still  attached  to  tbe  aiis. 
In  their  early  state  all  leaves  are  continuous  with  the  tifm,  and 
it  is  only  In  Ihctr  after  growth  thai  artkniUtioDt  ue  formed. 
When  leaves  tall  oCf  arraulUy  tfaey  arc  called  JicidutMi;  when 


.  .  .  oertretH,  The  laminar  portion  of  a  leaf  fs  occasfonally 
ailtculatcd  with  the  petiole,  as  In  tbe  orange,  and  a  joint  at  times 
oatM  between  the  vaginal  or  stipuluy  portion  and  the  petiole. 
trmnHient  of  tbe  fibio-vaicular  lyMFfn  In  the  lamina 
3  the  ■raitioii  or  ntrraHiim.  In  an  onMnary  leaf,  ai  that 
ti.  tliere  is  Ghvrved  a  brffe  ccdtnl  vein  runjii4  „  , .,.. . 
base  tatheapnolthilial.ihisia  tbe, MUrd    >'"'^ 


17—    .     i„i  J  ri_  F10.4. — MuliKOitale  leaf  of  Castor- 

Flo.  J. — l-eai   ot  Elm  ^  otam  [Riiinits  itmmunii)     It  is 

W««)JReticutottdvtna-  -i^Kiy^w,.   ,nd  „hibiu  .^n 

OBi  pni«tyrti«goln£  J^  „',hj  ^^„,    ^he  petiol.  b 

lied.  Laaf lumualu  the      |„n„[beia,|i,calledpelaleorrtiield. 
ue.  ^i^. 

ily  a  dflgk  niidflb  »  aid  to  be  ntUiMi  and  the  veaatioa  is 

'Shdli 
faod'cbe  wnaikin~DalaBl& 


in  piaee flf  there bdng -,  - — -„ --- 

H  (r^>)  of  nearly  equal  ««,  whlrh  dlverce  from 
blade  joiu  the  petiole  or  turn,  giving  off  lateral 


, , je  vaios  usually  jmriict  on  the  under  Hirfaee  e* 

^  leaf.  To  a  dinibiition  c'  veins  ■ucli  as  this  the  name  <rf  Mini- 
■tor •Oa^vnaiipiihaa been appW.  rmheleavesof sonwekBts 
rre  edits  a  nidiib  with  large  veins  ninnlng  nearfy  [niallel  le  It 
«  theba«  to  the  apii  of  Ibe  knalna.  as  in  erases  (Eg.  S):  or 
±  voaa  divergfilE  fmaa  the  base  of  the  lamma  in  mon  or  leia 


Bsnllol  IU>r%  ••  la  lA  nla*  (%.  £), 
IncB  h  LlUDflgluHU  ita  whole  coune,  an 
cOier  JnA  itmEht  or  curved  i " 

u  Kind  <*  vEDUion,  while  retkuk 

1  niDontn  Dicnylnlnu.    Same  iduu. 


LEAF 

J^UMe^^hlWinyl^el)^Mill^^^lllple/M^faf^^Jl^»ll^^^|^bteo^M 
Bther  >tiiin(jjK  (■(.  ; ),  when  the  KgmeBU  tncni  to  aboai  (Iw 
middle,  ecMaotturfUt.  when  the  divuiou  exlciid  aeiriy  te  the 
Dudrib.  Tleee  ftmtry  divwou  may  be  uiiq  mbdivue^  ifl  * 
■inilu^IluBer,  udllui*  m  fealher-vtliiedlaf  will  become  bt- 
I  rive  orWiD 
tfdlvUom 


□uilly  isdy  mrecl,  bul  i>  the  cue  of  BcniltBt  pUnu,  u  Btya, 
■nve.  •loaecnip  Bod  meeembcTMLlieniuiB,  tbe  vddi  ire  DbKure. 

Jonn  e  rigid  fnioeworii  for  the  }af  and  tn  ccMiduct  liquUi. 

In  tS  pUsti.  eicept  Tlillaphyia,  Invet  uc  prcKnt  (t  tome 
period  of  their  ciistescc.  In  Ciucula  (Dodder)  (<it.),  boweutr, 
we  hive  u.eiceplion,  Tbe  [onni  aisaraed  by  letvH  -nry  aaneb, 
lisl  only  in  different  pliou,  but  io  tbe  utne  pliot.  It  it  only 
unongjt  tbe  loira  cliua  of  pbnti— Moua,  Chitame.  ftc. — 
that  all  tbe  le*va  op  h  plant  tre  limiUr,  At  we  pu»  up  tbe 
■cile  of  plant  life  we  find  them  beccmiDg  nun  and  more  variable. 
Tbe  structurTs  in  ordioaiy  language  doipiated  aA  leaves  are 
tonsidered  >a  far  cadlaict,  and  ibey  are  frequently  ipoken  of 
ttfatiagtkattt'  Tn  relation  to  their  productioD  on  the  stem  we 
may  otuene  that  when  they  are  imall  tbey  are  always  produced 
In  great  nomber,  and  as  they  incnaie  in  ^le  their  number 
diminiiha  (sneapondingly.  The  cellular  ptocesi  from  the 
«ii)  which  devriops  into  ■  leaf  is  simple  and  undivided;  it 
rarely  remains  so,  but  In  pnigress  of  grawlh  becomes  segmented 
in  varioui  ways,  eitber  longitudinaliy  or  tatciatly,  or  in  bolh 
ways.  By  longltiidjnal  segmentation  ire  have  a  leaf  formed 
consisting  of  abeath,  stalk  an4  blade;  or  one  or  other  of  these 
may  be  abseot,  and  thus  stalked,  sessile,  ■beftlhing,  &c.,  leaves 
are  produced.  Lileral  segmentation  aSecIs  the  lamina,  ptO' 
dudng  indentations,  lobings  or  Assuring  of  its  margins-  In 
this  way  two  marked  forms  of  leaf  are  produced— (i)  5iiwfl( 
form,  in  which  the  segmenution,boWEVer  deeply  it  extends  bito 
the  lamina,  does  not  separate  portions  of  the  bmlna  which 
,e  articulated  with  tbe  midrib  or  petiole;  and  (3)  Cpm- 


d  fori 


if  the  lami: 


detached  Itaft",  *birb  btcowc  atiicalated  with  the  midrib  or 
petiole.  In  both  aimple  and  con^nund  leavts,  ac»Kfing  10  the 
amount  of  segmentation  and  (he  mode  ol  development  of  the 
parenchyTEia  end  direction  of  the  fibto-vaseulai  bundles,  mtoy 
forms  are  produced. 

SimpULnru. — When  the  parenchyma  a  oeTetotJea  syiBiarfncally 
on  oidi  lide  of  the  midrib  or  lulk.  the  leal  is  mat;  if  olbawiic. 

^       the  leaf  is  MMimi  or  sUinx  (fig.  £.  If  the  marpns  ans 

S**  even  and  preacM  no  dlvfflona.  the  Wf  la  Mirt  (fig.  J) ; 
if  there  are  slight  pnjjectSoM  which  are  fmiR  or  nsa 
poinieit  the  leal  <s  itnlaU  or. toothed:  when  the  (iro>scIiiMa  lie 
tegulaily  over  ach  other,  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw,  the  lialis  mrtu 
(4-  si;  *ben  tbey  are  minded  the  leaf  ii  m«la.  If  the  divluau 
uiend  mm  deeply  Into  the  lamina  than  the  margin,  the  leal  rteeivta 


If  iown  (fig.  K 


;ii?&; 


'?:?Si.^*¥?lrji!a2*i  ."^L'-"^  5*!?'cf*5-.^ 


InMl 


i.  ;.— Ovate  acute  haf  ol  Coriarn  myrtjfeKa.   Beddes  tbe  nuld- 
lere  are  two  iniTm-nurrina]  rilM  wmch  coavttge  to  Ibe  ap^ 

.  81— Kiindnate  km]  oT  Dandelion.   It  isapinuti£d  leaf,  with 
iviiioiiB  pninring  towards  the  petiolt  and  a  large  triangular 
,  9.~PinnatIEd  leaf  of  Vate^HS  Heica. 
I  idace  ia  a  rimple  leal  wUi  fKlnan  or  rafiuliigmaijoa.  ghw 
iMcAiir/laiulritrMtlam.  TbtDagieMbultarpaJBaltM 

..  .1. ... ... 1..J  ._  ■- ves  with  ladiating  venation, 

d  by  a  broad 
asiolbesycB 


rjea 


.Five-paitite  koE    leal  hanj 


deeiily  divided.    When  iIk 
>l  hup  down  it  MmMea  the  foot 

tuces  abady  attadcd 

-  r Sh'SrSilk.    In  K.™ 

nght  angles  10  tbe  stalk,  form- 

'  grr*t  varWty  raaelng  fna  the 
s,  asin  gnnnor  ibc  needle-like 

H  ronn£d  or  srUi  aJsi — deKrlp- 

worki  vn  (kicriptive  boianyT*  few 


ltd  (6t  li),  4c    Snuliri) 


iidue.   Inimuticpluixl)*  !«(' 
I  >ir.  ■•  is  fmMwia  *nd  Tivf^ 


Fic.  I].— Lannnfan 
kal  of   ■    ipeciei    ol 

It  (ii(.  IS)  V  ban  Mal■I^ 

, _„.  ,„. ^_.., jgcnwnl  o(  leaKeti."  Wlien 

1  pjnrBU  kat  cndi  iivi  ixir  ai  pinnu  it  1>  ijmllfatbruttir  ptmale 
(iwriputnatc) :  vrhcn  tun  katlncletermUul  leaflet  (Af,  19),  ibeteaF 
It  ■■Mua]'  fluwui  (lauriidniun)  \  wlica  the  kiflela  «  plniiK  in 
pbcnf  iTlerntdy  on  cSnicr  vd«  ofthcmidribiaiidnot  dinclfyoppoiite 
toachnber,  thet^iteittnuiidypinnnU-.tni  when  the  pinnH  are 
ctdiflaniriiEt.Uulealiiiiuemi/wdl^'ruiiuk:,   Wbin ibc divUiia 


,  ., [•  o(  Smiu.    The  1ei(  In  hi 

CDntour  ii  ionicirliil  obovalF.  or  invcnely  (o-ihapnl.  ind  iu  but 
UobKqui.' 

Fid.  16.— Renifonn  ItaT  of  NipOa  aainma,  mutin  cidute. 

F>c.  17— Sai<alel«ra(ConvDlvului.  , 

la  mriHl  inn  (Iw  (Kond  degree  and  (he  jrinsae  ol  a  rnnpaund 

Wr  are  thcAielveapinnately  compound,  a  bipimiaie  leaf  iilonnH 

Tfae  «rfiii<i  or  ■eoMCalk  it  tlie  panwhich,  unitH  Ihe  liiobor  bbdi 


dtht 


I  (baenl  m  HUili  leavea.  an 


rrtquenlly  Ibe  eobc  wqpi  ■  amin  ■■  lancni 

(■e.  J).    Il  coniliU  of  Ibe  Gbn>-vaKu[ar  bi 

anounl  of  cellular  tiuue.   When  ihe  vaKular  1 


Fio.    I»— L-.— , 

(iiiwqually^piniutc)  leal  ot 

Kobima.  TbereaRiiiiwiiaii* 
nf  thanly-tulkid  leaflni 
{folioU.  pinnae),  and  an  odd 

baK  of  iKe  leaf  Ihe  apiny 

uvn  with  ibe  peiiole  and  lamina 
ilighlii'  eipanded  or  winged,  and 


Jie  punt  where  1 
eliJrfSt  5.(1. 

11  prodiKed  we  aal  inlrequcnily 
II  the  baae  d  the  pttiale  (%  >4.  iV 

ml'oidaa.    Itat  JSHf  itou 


an  is  dicotyfcilaiu  vilh  DHBwe 
m  aUrd  ibpalolf;  Ihod  uvui^ 
bctBrrroTm  " 

., not  UflaUyof  incMrp^ii^iii— LiK 

plant,  fno  vliichthvyUTduBinculKfaBd 

the  bu>  «(  Ihc  pElkilK    Id  (Ik  pauy 

(fit-    14)   tht   Ituf 


LEAF 

lind«l! 


win|f«J  lofy  pttiotr  ^ 


thcuipitlnilDnciK 
thrvtdopcd^  perform- 

Fic.  ii.^Pitchcr   licKullv       'happeni 
j^ftrnvmid  furfiurta).    wbolly  «  partltjiy. 


dI  baitcRT  ttid  of  nr 


led  it  fttfaliau.  ... 

.1 J .1 — ,  i,^n,n„  lommaU  (Eia    tj}. 

Ihvei  idtim  CO  <Lt  lui 


r.  ThccMl 

:iiiMlhe  union       "o»4--y»'         "=■  » 


of  Poly 


In  Sirrurxw  (Kg.  Il)  laid  IMitmfkam  the 

B'ichcr  iirompiHixl  o[  ilic  pel  kilf  o(  the  leaf. 
I  Ihc  piidiH  plant.  Nrbhtlhct.  the  piidio- 
is  X  mnfiAcaitvn  of  ilie  Lamina,  thr  ptliole 
often  playa  eTi«  part  of  a  t«ulnL  while  the 
leal  baieU  llii  and  leaMilic  (!>(.  a). 

In  flrKnIg'fabUddcr.lIbruoanfaniKd 
by  a   modilieatioii  of  laBeli  on  the  nib- 

TPfTt   teoitl—tolapiijiUTj  kavn:    they    arr 

and  in  pbnft  irmwing  on  deeayins  VftriabFe 
ituttCT  {itftpiylti),  in  vhieh  «  ttilofp. 
ptiYd  It  (ormpd,  thnt  nici  afe  the  only 
irnvrt  pfwtuml.     In  niiri  ihi  only  Jent;  _, 

Icam.    In    many    planti.  ai  tlmify  nolieRl.  phylbidia  or  iclpiika 
pafocm  the  fOactloii  of  tiatr*.    Tha  productioo  of  loif-buila  iiws 


VcnFlf  plonil  w«rT  oblAinRl.     bornr  Bpccln  flf  Mxifj 

LnvH  octupy  various  poiilion]  on  ibc  item  ud  bniKb««, 
•nd  IiAvc  iKcivcd  diScnnl  aiunci  according  lo  their  iliuiiion. 
^  __       Thai  lavec  anuni  from  tbe  oown  oi  tbe  root,  u  ' 
2^       the  prinroM,  an  oJlcd  mJual;  ihcK  on  ibe  Man 
aulinr;  on  Sovrrsults,  Jleriil  Invn  (kc  Fievt 
TbeGnt  IdvsdevelopcdaicLDDwn  as  lad  leavs  at  myidi 
Tbe  unngsncat  of  the  leaves  on  the  aiis  and  its 
balMjiktUeliaii 

In  llmr  arran^menl  leaves  ftJIvr  a  detinile  order. 

c(  the  eiJm'bctiKtt.  The  JSdJl  i'lC^^HMSr.    \Vhc-i  i«o 


K.nlt'jrdt'hfw' 
Hund     pair    Ibe   Thr 
l«eTau"\ii<l   so   o(°i 


IcailJd   Qurncu'i.ci°l"nian-  ihc'k"vCTi"'rr  Xnwl/'lTl!: 

le   liiih  3*0-   AplaMnajsiijiihrou^ 

le   trJ.  leaf  Tn"  tTic   nodr,   divkTmi 

.    .-.nmencts  iht^  tear  ims  dniilat  hoTvn. 

locond  rycle.  is  the  medijo  plane  ol  ihe 


a.h"'  ti'-o'wlii^wiliasiichin.    In 


■idiobediihilnii.    IVhMiihefoi 
'h^"h'o«'X'brJ  nc'h ' "  " 'h^ 
tah  ibovr  Ihe  ird  and  »  oi 

larmed  slcaiehl  branch  cove 
[ton  OK  loilw  other,  tnrnin 
is  descrihcd.  and  a  certain  n 
BtKHt  bel9n  nrathing  the  Ic^ 


IS  al  the  cfiTDni- 


smwati^e leave^on  the a"Pi!*l^iif,  In'fa  ji. a.  fc'i'S't>c£ can- 
sisiiof  &ve  leaves.  the6ih  leal  bc1n|fJacn)  vnlKalty  overjhe  lit, 

eal  expn 
■  n  fig.  31, 


9I  bciu  tilaccd  vtrlK , 

Dit;  whtlelhennmlwr  of  turns  bet  ve 
ti  bih  lea^  IS  iwD^  kence  (his  arrangement  a  indka 
m  |.    ta  other  words,  (he  distance  or  diverynee  bi 


indlell.  vhichtaactiiain  Fis.  )!,— Pan  ol  ■  branch  ol  ■ 
neni  cDTural  iha  genetic  s^nal.  Cherry  vilh  sia  leaves.  Ihe  sinh 
The  ipinJ  Is  not  always  con-  being  placed  vertically  over  the 

..ant    Ihmmihcui    tbe    Khule  6rs(,  after  iwo  luma  ol  the  iplnt. 

length  ii(  an  axis.    Theasi^of  This  is  eapiHied  by  two-lifths. 

iruptiy  or  nadually,  and  the  numbered  in  order;  b,  a  masnilied 

mplmted.    This  change  raay  showii^  the  pobits  ol  inscnkm  o( 
brought  about  by  ancii  al  the  leavesand  ihelcspinl  amnge- 


■pinetA  . 
'byionion  (hedevtlcud  leaves  betoma 


with  the  phyllf 

tiono(annppoH(eorvfTtlollateomingrmen((oananef»a«iai>ov* 
versa;  thos  the tdrct  of  (nterruplinn  of  gnjwih.  In  raUBi^ahema' 
■       -    ippoiSwandvetiiciNaie.tanbedisiiBtWyshown. 


ffiMsdciNfns  paMicB 


Tlie  primitive  or  generacinf  qilnl  n*; 


EBAP 

dMcnu  pbnu.  bnl  Id  och  ipifiei.  [hey  (gllov  a  npiUr  1».    TW 

^vint  roE  IQ  dmtrtnt  kinili  of  wrnaoon.  it  ddiiKatnJ  id  figi-  a6 
Id  45.  whsr  Ibe  loldrd  ov  curved  Lnn  reptiKnt  the  IcLvn,  thq 
Lhidcentd  pan  bcinc  tb«  midrib.  The  leAi  uken  individually  is 
cithcf  foldM  loochikdiwlly  tnm  apex  to  bate,  u  in  the  tulip-tnc, 

from  apH  CD  haae.  It  in  ftrnatfig  i^i.and  called  firditatt.  or  folded 
liieratfy,  initplHcU  (lig.  17).  n  in  oak:  ot  ii  hu  acvetal  (old* 
nkr  a  hn.pluait  or  pl«M  (^.  jS).  u  in  viae  »d  tycanwre,  and  ip 
iHvn  whb  ndiaiinc  vctnaiioa,  where  the  dba  mark  the  EoUfinp; 
orjt  ia  railed  upon  lLielf.UJn«fiilf<£g.  59).  aa  in  banana  and  apncDt; 
or  in  edfca  are  roUcd  inwarda,  tmaitiU  (Gg.  40),  at  m  violate  or 


Fio.  J4— Cycle  or  thirteen  leave* 
placed  ckaily  jptclhcr  no  a  ig  (orm        Fro.  3S  —Cone  o(  Pun 

a  rosellc,  ai  id  S^mpfrtm^^    A  i*  with   rhe  vbIt9  or   mod 

the  vety  ilon  aiii  10  which  the  leaves  numbered  in  the  o 

leavetanlttached.   The leavei ate  ol  Ihcrr  ananEimcnl  on 

numbered  in  iheir  urdcr,  from  below  aria  of  Ibe  cone.     The  I 

upwarda.    The  circlet  in  ihe  centre  indrcaie  a  rectilinear  Kfk 

and^ow  theiniciliDiioreachorihc  ar?  ipirali.  one  turning  f 
Icavct.  Thedivcricnccxeipreiaed  leli  lo  riEht.  ihe  other  f 
by  the  traclion  i',Wii.  righi  lo  Ith. 

rainae  or  of  the  enlaced  pctiobiy  sheith.  or  of  slipi 

etpand«L    They  ap 


he  6s  and 
TheaiTa»e^ 


•M  when  the  leaf  It 


n  balBn'pDnlar  and  h. 


sf  Ihe  leave*  in  relatun  1 


/  ^ 


outward*.  rentuU  [hg.  at),  aa  in  roaemary-  The  different  divfakma 
of  a  cut  kal  may  be  loMed  or  roHcd  up  aeparalely,  at  in  feni, 
while  ihe  enlire  leaf  may  have  Mlh«  Ihe  Mme  or  a  different  kind  of 
veioalion  The  bavc*  have  a  definite  relation  10  each  other  in  the 
bud.  bi-inE  either  oppotile,  alternulc  or  venicinate;  and  Ihut  dfffercdt 
kindi  of.  vernation  are  producc^r    Sometime*  they  arc  nearly  in  a 

memally.  and  staeed  »  ■•  to  louch  ea^h  other  by  Ihclr  ewi.  Ihui 

CuiuK  nv  In  woalf  vernation     At  other  time*  they  are  at  dilTeient 
vela,  and  are  applied  over  each  other,  10  a*  to  be  tmbntoM.  aa  in 

'riapprdby  a  third,  to  ai  to  be /iput 


_.j*i»«if 
nd  become 


....>u  ..^r,,^.,,,,,.,^  itpnuii.   When  the  Ira'. ..— 

pkicly  foUH  iher  either  tooch  at  their  ciirmitiei  and  are  act 
or  gfifniilr  iig.  4il.  or  are  folded  Inwaidi  by  theh-  marcin  and  1 
imikflkau:  or  a  nmdupnrair  leaf  enven  another  i&ilariy 

whicti  in  turn  cover*  a  third,  and  Ihui  the  vernation  i>  <, 

(111  4*1.  a*  in  privii ;  or  condupliriie  kavn  ait  placed  »  that  th« 
hall  of  the  me  covrn  the  half  of  another,  an_d  Vhut  they  becom* 
lulf-ten'W  or  oJkJuk  [Sj  44).  >■  in  fflge. 
ttlnu  l!n  4s)     The  .... 


._.;dlhek_... 

ocnir  in  the  fluwer-budi. 

■  nd  die.    In  dnipn  vo  they  Irequentl 
the  bMiIif  WL  and  varied  linu  of  th 


the  «)|«-^'\,i;;f^ 

'then'me msdei  rf arnntemem 


e.  wlihec 
e  colour,  and  hence  ariH 


Ibv«s.  And  fhr  higher  dcgnc  of  DucUl 


LEAF-INSECT— LEAMINGTON  329 

tawe.  ud  tlwsnhr  of  ni(T(t  it  diddtd  by  tin  pofaili  (ifntd  during 


'.Uchd^mik 
I  they  hw  kM 


kil.  TherBlll>d'ITcI^c;IU' 
icma  (he  buc  o(  ihr  bar- 


iHiL   Tiwpviodof dcfoliaUDd VHricaindiffeRAI 

'  of  Ihvh  It  inwmb,  Kfffieirnt  benw  Wri,  how- 
Hir  jna  (ppcusnce.  The  aue  oTihc  fall  of 
uia  mmi  (0  be  de6cicacy  o(  h|^i  and  beat  iq 
<<  a  muiion  in  tht  (unclioni  of  Ihe  niU  of  ibt 
ciibylhcfonniibiiola  liytrol  Iissut 
lUlk;  (he  celh  of  tliit  layer  teparale 

if  niaiina  aliadKd  only  by  ihe  Rbfea 

■I  bKons  finally  dcUfbtd  by  ihc  nind  «  (rDti. 

DlopCam  and  Eotxl  tubirancn  10  Ihc  Hem  for  utc 
red  and  ydlov  colDurinf  maim  are  pndijcu 
of  Ibe  cbloBphylL     lniH|[Bnic  and  oihev  Mtfa 


The  leaf  K 


(A.  D.  R.) 


LUF-UUBCT.  the  niDU  , 

faioiljr  PbaamidaCi  referred 
duRcteriied  k^  the  preacn 


n  In  onhoptcrau  iiiMcU  of  the 
Ibe  lin^e  geovK  fiyUium  tad 
of  latent  laminae  upon  the  Ictl 
xiatioD  with  an  ahondtncie  cf 
pccn  colourinc-mMtter*  impart  a  broad  and  leaf-Kk 
to  Ibe  whole  inaect.  In  the  femiW  Ihit  dccefXlvi 
ia  enhuHSd  by  the  large  lize  and  lolianaui  form  of  tbe  ftoM 
wiaga  which,  when  at  rent  edife  to  ed^ontbc  abdonen,  fordUy 
aug^eat  in  their  neuTation  the  midrib  and  coatae  of  an  ordJDary 

leaf.    In  Ihil  H  the  poali  '        '  

eo  far  as  ftighl  ti  cone 


leaf,  and  the  tpectniin  of  the  grtrn 

difTei  from  that  e(  the  ehtorophyll 

-iiuecli  ire  partly  vegetable  fcedcra 

>1B  like  mantids,  it  ii  ptrJiable  that  their  rc- 

ii  aoldy  fiir  purpows  nf  cwitialnienl  fram 

"    *'    '  tsdliy  iheii" 


;e  from  Indi 


o  [he 


s  iklc,  and  to  the  Fiji   Idimb  otv'Ihe 
(B  I   Pf 

II  cnined  into  by  two  or  mora  puiitti  for 

mint  atfuk.  DrfOTlbEfunhcnnceotaitm* 

o  ohjetl,  alao  Ibe  bod|»  this  joined  or  "  leagued  "  10. 


le  confederation  of  tl 


getbei.   The  I 


n  League  Ui-). 
ancient  cilics  of  Achais.  and  apttiaiiy  to  ine  vamua  IHHy 
hacun  (lipia  lotHfa),  nl  wbidi  Che  bnui  known  are  iheae 
{otiiiBtb]!  Pope  Jntiua  II,  iga^t  Venice  in  1508.  oftm  known 
u  iba  Leagne  of  Csmbni,  and  agaimi  Fnnce  in  ijit.  "The 
League,"  in  Fftnch  bicioty,  It  thai  of  ibeCatholinheadidbythe 
CBim  10  pceauve  the  Catholic  rrtigkn  againit  the  Hnguenoii 
and  piwait  the  acceHian  of  Hem?  of  Navarre  10  the  throne 
bee  FuHcz;  Huto^).  "The  Solemn  League  and  Covenuil  " 
wai  tbe  agreemcnC  for  ihc  esidjlishmeni  of  Piesbytefianiain  in 
bolb  Goanlrfei  entered  fnlo  by  England  and  ScotUnd  in  i«4] 
(lee  CovENaNTEkB).  01  ccmmertla]  hagns  the  noM  tamou* 
■  that  of  the  Kantc  towni,  known  at  ibe  Hansaik  League 
(f.i.).  The  word  baa  been  adopted  by  polliieat  aiaodaiioni, 
luch  as  tbe  Anti-Corn  Law  League,  the  Irich  Land  League,  ihn 
Primtose  League  and  the  Uniled  In'ih  Leagu«,>aild  by  nometouB 
tocial  organiaailona.  "League"  baa  olfo  been  ipplied'io  a 
■pecial  loim  of  competition  in  alhlelics,  etpecialty  ' 
football.  In  ihia  ■yslem  duba  "  leagiM  "  togRhet 
[Ktltkui,  each  ptaying  tvery  otbcr  aeibba  of  the 


Callinwd. 
O  Fr  line;  Ibe  Gaelic  liai, 

of  dittiilice.  pR>b- 

lb*  Cillic  aa  oppoiMI  to  the 
Stain,  PortagilaiHl  Italy. 
In  *■  (be  (OUDItita  h  varfea  with  different  hxalhies,  and  the 
andnl  dlitwicB  boa  never  bam  fixed.  The  kSaoietrfc  league 
of  Fnnc*  It  tbarf  at  four  kilorMtrea.  Th«  ti*utkd  league  it 
equ^  to  three  nauliol  milea. 
LUIU.    VlLLUfl    MUniH     (r77T-ia6a),     Bcftiab    tnli- 

?uamn  and  lgpogni|din',  was  bam  in  London  on  the  i4ih  o( 
inuary  t;;T  After  completing  hli  education  al  tbe  Roy^ 
MjLiiry  Academy,  Woolwich,  and  ipcnding  four  yean  in  the 
Wen  Indin  aa  lieUoiant  of  marine  irtillery.  be  waa  lent  by  the 
government  to  ConuanLinople  to  instruct  IheTiirkj  in  thu  branch 
oliktienrice  A  journey  ibtaui|h  Aala  Minor )n<8afrls)i>Ui4he 
BiUiah  tint  at  Cypma  biipiied  bun  with  «a  imerot  ta  antt- 
quirka  topogni^  la  i8*i,  afcs  tmnUng  acrenthe  dtaart 
•rilh  ih*  Tutkiib  amy  to  £gy^,  he  wai,  on  tbe  erpuldM 
ol  the  Fretich,  empto^  Ed  aumylng  the  valley  at  ib<  NM 
*a  (U  u  Ibe  calatacU.  but  having  tailed  with  the  tlnpcdiaged  to 
coavey  the  Elgbi  maibka  Iiom  Atfaant  10  EngluMl.  be  loM  all  hit 
nipi  a»d  ohaervatloii*  when  the  vtaiel  fauidend  aff  Cetlgo. 
SboRly  ahet  Ua  atttni  ia  Si^aod  he  via  aent  out  -lo  turvey 
r  of  alaiiting 
the  French  from  Italy,  and  of  thit 
to  toem  a  v^uabfe  oollectlon  ai  dint  and 
eiplore  andenl  ailea.  In  iBo?.  war  having 
broken  out  between  Turkey  and  England,  he  was  mde  priaoner 
al  Salonio;  but,  obliining  bia  rrlcatc  the  lame  year,  h(  waa 
•CM  oD  a  diptomiik  DiiBiOD  to  All  Puha  tt  tanniHa,  «h«ac 
confidence  be  compliidy  won.  aod  with  wbon  he  retnilned 
tor  mon  than  a  year  •>  Britiih  rtpreKOttliTe.  In  iSio  be  wu 
granted  ■  yearly  luaiol  £600  for  hit  lervkM  In  Tuiley.  IdiSij 
be  relitvd  (ran  (he  anny.  in  wblcb  be  held  the  rank  of  cotogel, 
devoting  tbe  remaitHkr  of  \m  life  10  topographical  and  anti- 
quarian Uudiei,  the  nsulla  of  which  were  given  la  the  world  in 
Ihv  folkiwlng  vohimt*:  Toptpafliy  af  Allma  (iSii)^  JcitnuJ  of 
I  Tnr  It  Alia  M'fw  Uiu):  Tlmli  It  Hit  Ifow  (iSjo),  and 
a  HipplcnKnl,  FtlBftniKiiaco  (1846)1  TVnrfi  Ai  NtrllwrK 
Gntrt  U»K);  and  NtiMiimala /{tUnicH  USit).  followed  by  a 
tuitpkiuent  in  iHjii.  A  characiecfslir  of  ibe  rnenicht*  o[  Leake 
wu  theft  comptehcniin  minaieneu.  which  was  grenily  tided 
by  hli  Riaalery  of  Icchnical  deliili.  Hs  Teptfraflrj  of  Alkini, 
the  n>af  attenipt  at  atcientiActiealmenlof  the  aihjKt,  la  ttill 
anlhorftative  in  regard  to  many  Imponanl  polnta  (lee  ATHINl). 
Brii;hlon  on  the  6Ih  ol  Januaiy  1B60     The  marUei 


edhyhim 


lish  Km. 


gcma  and  coina  were  purchaaed  by  Kbt  uni- 
tenity  ol  CamhrMge  after  hii  drath,  and  are  now  In  the  Flla- 
wiltbm  Museam  He  was  etccied  F  R  S  and  F  R  G.S..  received 
llie  honoiiry  D  C  L.  at  Oifoid  (1S16),  and  was  3  member  ol  tbe 
Berlin  Acaifcmy  ol  Scienoa  and  correspondent  of  lh4  Innkute 


olFrai 


See  l/n»fF  by  J.  H  IK 
)otoberiS}&^E  t!un<» 


itf  :<r<lil««  tor  the  Ttli' of 

k.yn*rt«tiir(Sept,l876>! 

J.  £.  SaKlyi,  Hul.  ^  Otuiul  Scli^ariktp,  iii.  {1908).  p.  M^. 

UtUranTtW,  ■  municipal  b«rough  and  health  reurt  o( 
Wnwidthire.  Entfand.  on  the  river  Lettn  near  Iia  junction 
with  the  Avon,  «■  "-  N.W.  from  London.  Hrved  by  the 
Gnai  Warem  and  London  ft  North  Weeieni  railwayt,  Pop 
(loeil  tfi.iSa.  Tbe  -paHlamenliry  borought  of  Leamhiglon 
and  Warlrick  wire  joined  nHo  one  constituency  in  i3Sf ,  'T*> 
turning  one  mnnber.  The  centrei  of  the  lowm  ue  e  n. 
apart.  Warwick  lying  to  the  west,  but  they  are  united  by  Ibe 
intermediate  parish  of  New  MiMrton.  There  are  Ibic*  Milne 
tprii^,  and  tbe  principal  purngvTaomt,  bath)  and  ptea)tant 
gtrdciu  lie  on  tbe  n'^t  buk  of  the  ifiv.    Tbe  iMtl  paVBt 


XEANDRE— EEArrHER 


MldfaiK  ut  tht  tmn  ball  (itt4l. 
ucl  ubool  of  ut.  uid  l}«  Thatn  Rord 
The  punb  diuKk  si  All  SudU  b  madcnitcd,  ud 
iluinlu*  an  snirdy  nodmt;  Ttr  S.  Wuwickihi 
and  MjiUud  CouDtio  Hemefoi  locunbla 
HilbSchgolliaaiBimRaalKbaalliirtirii.  Tbociti 
Menial  aclunL  IndiuUki  indaik  kaa  isMidrici  ua  uiiu- 
mslu.  ThatsmlusinainU-iiraMtiduidpktUKiriiaeoODiidy, 
•llhla  a  («w  mila  of  tadi  (aMRStiw  Uma  «■  W>nndi,  Kgnl- 
wonh,  CnvtBUT  uid  SiratfiMd-ni-Ann.  IL  ■•  a  lavouaw  huni- 
iat  coilr^  and.  u  1  hnlUl  nwn,  altncu  not  onlji  nkon 
bui  natdaiu.  The  tavn  if  gmntd  by  a  miyor,  I  aldcnwn, 
and  14  couudllorv.   Ana.  1817  tcn%. 

Leanriacua  wai  ■  vitlan  of  no  UtpenaMo  kiiHB  ibBot  iiM. 
when  balJu  wen  bric  mctRl,  tbcmgli  (he  npnagi  were  notim  by 
Cimden,  wnrinf  »bouE  15A6.   The  population  ia  ilil  wugaly  54^ 

villan  on  the  D^per  Leam.    By  ivyal  Iksice  ittniHl  id  it^B  lE  waa 
alleS  Rofel  LeamiaiioD  Sfs. 
liUTDU;  CBABUI  UlCOB  (tUf        },  Fnodi  cario- 

tutot  ud  painttr.  au  born  at  Chunpeecret  (Ome),  and  itudied 
pftintLnj  under  Bin  and  Cabaad.    From  tS&7  he  figured  among 

end  genie  piclurci,  but  bii  popular  lame  a  due  to  hb  i:<Hnlc 
ilrawi|i|»  and  (atiCituiek  The  ttria  ol  ibg  "  Goihi  dc« 
aouveiaini,"  puUithed  in  Lt  Sire,  pUccd  him  la  the  rmu  rank 
of  modem  caricaluiiti*.  Besides  hii  coalributioni  to  Ij  Rirt, 
Le  Fiittio  and  other  comdc  Jouroalik  he  publiibed  a  senea  of 
albunu^  Kethtna.  U  Uiutc  its  ummmt.  and  Parii  cf  la 
tmina.  Uaadrc  produced  admnablc  work  in  luhognphy, 
uid  detigncd  many  memoeable  poalcn,  lutli  u  the  "Yveiie 
Cuilbert."  ■' l««  nouveaui  mv\H."  "Jeieph  Pradhonane," 
"  Lea  Lutteun."  and  "  Li  Femne  ut  chiea,"  Kg  wu  cicated 
a  knight  •(  the  Lesion  of  Honour. 

LBAP-VUB  (mote  ptopctly  known  aa  UaatiUi.  the  nllKc 
liven  I»  Ibe  year  conluniiig  j66  dayi.  The  aUtonomera  dI 
JutiiuCHUr,46i.c,ie(lledlhciolaryeaTatj4sdayi  6  boon. 
These  houra  were  let  aaidt  and  at  tbe  end  el  four  yean  nvide  » 
day  whkh  waa  added  to  the  fourth  yeu.  The  EBgli&h  oime 
lot  (he  biueuik  yeu  is  an  allution  to  the  rciult  of  ib«  inter' 
poiiiioik  of  the  eatra  day;  for  after  (he  foib  of  February  a  date 
"  Itapa  mrcr  "  tbe  day  of  ihe  week  on  which  it  would  fall  iti 
ordinary  yean.  Thuiabinhday  on  tba  loth  of  June,  a  MeodHy, 
wilt  in  Ihe  neit  year,  ii  a  leap-ytai.  be  on  the  loth  o(  June,  a 
Wedneklay.  0(  Ihe  origin  oJ  ihe  oilom  foe  women  la  woo, 
Bol  be  wooed,  during  iemp-yeat  no  miilactoiy  (iplanalioa  hai 
ever  been  oBered.    In  iiSS  a  law  waainacled  in  Seotland  (hsi 

Uegette,  far  ilk  yeire  knowne  *i  lepe  ycve,  ilk  nuyden  iadye  of 
bothe  highe  and  kiwe  esiaii  Bhall  hae  Uih^c  to  bespekc  ye  man 
tbe  likti,  atbeil  he  rtlueei  to  Ulk  hil  to  be  his  lawful  wyfe,  he 

eicept  and  awit  gif  he  can  make  it  appesn  ihit  he  i>  beirothii 
aneiiher  woman  he  then  shall  be  fite."  A  few  years  faieralikt 
Uw  was  pascd  in  France,  and  in  the  ijth  tentury  ^  custom 
■as  iegallied  in  Genoa  and  Florence, 

LUR.  EDWARD  (i8it-i8SS).  English  anistand  hutnoriit.waa 
born  in  London  on  Ihe  nth  at  May  iSu.  Hi)  earliest  drawings 
«tn omiihoIagicaL  When  htvaitvenly  yest^oM  hcpubliibed 
a  briUiantly  coloBied  sdeclnn  of  the  rais  PnltacMie.  Ill 
power  attracted  the  altenlion  of  the  ijlh  car)  of  Drrhy,  who 
empkiyed  Lear  (0  draw  hia  Knowijey  menagerie.  He  baonne 
a  pennanenl  favourite  with  the  Slanlry  faniiiy;  and  Edward, 
ISlh  eail,  wai  the  child  for  whose  annisemmt  Ihe  first  Boek  */ 
Konttntt  was  composed.  From  birds  Lui  turned  to  landscape, 
his  eartiei  eSon*  in  which  recall  ihe  manui  of  J.  D.  Harding; 
but  bt  quidJy  acquired  a  more  individual  tlyle.  About  iSjI 
tw  let  up  a  Itudio  at  Rome,  wberc  be  lived  for  Icn  yeua,  with 
tun^mtr  touts  in  Italy  led  Sicily,  and  occasional  viuu  to  England. 
During  Una  period  he  began  to  publish  hii  lUiulnMd  JbihuIi 
9/  «.  Laniittpt  PmnUr;  charmingly  wrilleA  leminisceiKei  of 
vuMtertngi  which  ullimaiely  embraced  Calabria,  the  Abruiai, 


He  R 


LondH,  but  tbe  dimaie  did  vol  su 
wintered  on  (he  Nt1e,  ana  mipalcd  successively  to  Corfu,  Malla 
and  Rome,  finally  building  hinueU  a  v^a  at  Sao  Remo.  From 
Corfu  Lear  visited  Mount  Aihco.  Syria.  PakiliDc.  and  Petia; 
and  when  over  siay.  by  the  aasistance  of  Lanl  Nonbbrook, 
then  Govenor-General,  he  saw  th      '  ' 


:r  be  went 


.  first  ID  last  he  was. 
ir  ill-heallh.  an  ia- 
ids  be  studitd  Ihrir 
raight  for  the  maifc: 
.dcfalisably  and  ir 


re  finished 


an  eahuislive  record  in  themielvea.  hooie  iletect 
IB  or  cyetight  oceaiionaliy  left  hii  larger  oil  painting, 
bty  conceived,  crude  or  deficient  in  humony;  hut 
'  pictures  and  mote  elaborate  sketches  abound  in 
licAcy,  and  truth.  Leai  oiadeslly  aDed  himself  a 
cal  artist ;  but  br  included  in  the  lem  the  perfect 
•A  all  characteristic  gram  of  form,  colour,  and  atmo- 
be  last  task  he  set  himself  was  In  prepare  for  popular 
aMlpfsomcroodrawings,  illustrating  from  his  travels 
toe  scenu  ioud»<  of  TenoyMti's  poetry;  but  he  did  not  Uvb 
to  complete  tbe  icheme.  dying  at  San  Reoto  <a  the  goih  ol 
Jsnuaiy  iSSS.  Until  stdiered  by  age,  his  eonvtrsatHB  waa 
brimful  of  homoroua  fun.  The  paradoaical  originality  and 
ostealatiouily  imeduciled  dnughlsmanshlp  of  his  nnmeroaa 
nomense  books  wen  him  a  more  universal  (aine  Ihan  his  serioia 
wotk.  Hehadainxattist'siynipailiy withutuadeTsUfoiaa, 
and  might  have  became  a  skilled  musician  had  he  not  beea  i 
painter.  &wainsnn,  llu  naturaltit.  praised  young  L^r'a  great 
red  and  yellow  macaw  as  "  cquailuig  any  figure  ever  painted 
by  Audubon  in  grace  of  design,  penpcclive,  and  anatomical 
accuracy  "  Murchisen,  euminiDg  hi)  skelchn.  complimented 
them  as  rigonjusly  embodying  gDOlogical  truth.  TeonysoD'a 
Un«  "  To  E.L.  an  his  Travels  in  Greece."  mark  the  poet's  genuine 
admiratioR  of  a  cognate  spirit  in  dasaicai  an.  Rutkin  placed 
Ihe  Botk  el  Hnistnie  first  in  the  list  of  a  hundred  ddeclaUe 
volutncs  of  cqnlemporary  literature,  a  judgment  cndoned  by 
EngllttMpcaking  children  aU  over  the  world. 
lavrdl^at u Chuitutt  Fti 
11  IVMnnm  (im;).  & 

;dlhtaugb  LheFi.fromthaLat.I 


bouKS.  to.,  see  L.wii.OH> 

*«•  Tewant. 

"»     , 

LUTHBR  (a  word  which  appears 

n  all  Teals 

nicknguagra; 

cl.  Get.  Lidtr.  Dutch  f«r  or 

^^,Swtd.UiUr.moA 

uiiudiCeltk: 

orms  as  Welsh  lialtr).  a 

impulre* 

dbie  substance  prepaivl 

rom  Ihe  hides  or  skins  of 

vingcreat 

res.  both  e 

bknded,  by  cbeinkal  and 

nechanical 

treatment. 

Skinaintfat 

dily  put™. 

ibie.  and  ue 

cH  J  0.  the 

,  and  i(  dried 

n  Ibis  condition  become  harsh,  hainy 

and  intractable.    The  art 

ispriBcipjUy  directed 

the  tetalncy  to  puirsf  actio 

.securing 

uppleness  ia  the  material, 

inaUorablel.  .    . 

ingtbesltenglhof  theskinand  its  power  to  tcsiM  wear  and  (tar. 
Leathct  Is  made  by  three  procaws  or  with  Ibree  classes  of 
suhstaiKts.  Thus  we  have  (it  lanaed  lather,  in  which  Ihe 
hidei  and  skins  ir*  combined  with  tannin  «  tannic  add;  (i) 
lawedleather,  in  which  the  okini  are  prepared  with  miiural  salts; 
0)chun«sed  (sbamoyed)  Inaiher,  in  which  the  skin! 
impuuescibte  by  treslmcnt  with  oils  bjkI  fa 

SfuKH  tnd  QtulUia  if  Hiiu  amd  SIriiu.—'nt  hides  ncd 
in  heavy  leaiber  ninufaciuie  mey  be  divided  int* 
IhrMcLuM:  (iloiudheiler.dJaiw.OlbufLOien     SSn. 
and  heifec  hides  produce  tbe  beii  rouln,  (orning  ■ 
tough,  li^i,  uUd  IcallMr-   Cow  hide*  are  ibid,  the  Uda  ItMiF 


■Tea  n  uvd  chiefly  far  drasFnf  purposn  id  Iht  bng  iind  port- 
nuTLlfau  BiaDuIicturc  tad  work  o[  m  Hnii]«r  daciiplioa.  Bull 
hides  ue  UinHUi  ibrjr  uc  Uriel/  lutd  t«r  btd  UJit,  •■>!  lot 
tkap  bdunf,  (he  Ihickiw  Udes  Mag  uMd  in  ihg  Ina  aod  «mI 
(iMhislry. 

A  utoDd  dusificillaB  oa*  praenlt  llsdt,  vli.  iht  Bntlih 
bonw  aipply,  ooDliMOUiI  (Europe),  Briiiih  cotwwl,  Souih 
Anakwi.  Eut  lodiu,  Ounac,  Ire. 

In  (he  Briiish  home  supply  then  in  three  chief  hreeds, 
(i)  Shorthoini  (Scolch  birrd),  ID  Uenlonb  (IfkUiwl  hcnd], 
(j}  LowUnd,  01  Dutch  clau.  From  t  unnti'i  luodpoint,  the 
re  the  bat  hidn  pncunUc.    TbenttlearenqKBcd 


¥iri«ble  1 


Ji  Ihe  ] 
herwlr  10 


A  ud  inull  hadi,     The  1^ 


probabi]'  the  b«I  Engl! 

and  horos,  and  produce  p»d  uLid  solt  Icaihci-    The  Lowlar 

bido  come  chiefly  Irom  Suffolk,  Kent  and  Sur 

have  kmi  legs,  loninccki  and  big  headi,    Thel 

thin  and  spceady.     Tlic  hides  of  the  Ininiil! 

Christmas  season  are  poor.    The  aniinals  bdng 

beeF,  Ihe  hides  become  diilcnded,  Ihia  and  lun 

which  rcodrn  ihem 


The  c 


{■)   I 


lentil  supply  m 
■■■■y  tegioni 


e  divided  ii 


ong  winds  and  a  wid< 


I  lowlindt.     All 


and  mountainoBl  Atlricls  arc  besl.  Tlic  hides  comint  under 
beading  No.  i  are  of  this  class,  and  include  those  liom  the 
Swiss  and  Italian  Alps,  BavaiiiD  H^iandi  wtd  Pyteneet,  also 
Flonmcc,  OpoMD  and  Lisbon  hidea.  They  are  inagnifireni  hides, 
thick,  tijbtly- built,  and  of  tmoolh  grain.  The  butt  is  long  and 
[he  legs  short.  A  leriou*  deled  in  some  ol  these  hides  is  a 
thick  place  en  (he  nuA  caused  by  the  yoke,  ihii  pin  ol  Ihe 
hide  it  absolute  wule.  Anuibet  delect,  specially  noticeable  in 
Lisbon  uid  Oporto  hides,  if  goad  marks  on  the  rump,  baibed 
scratched  and  *arblrs,  cau^  by  the  gadf^-  '    ' 


igNo. 


1.  Rhine 


ey,  Danis' 


for  bag  and  portmantc 


Oayed,  a 

NenZ: 

English. 
these  an 

Chines 


aland.  Australian  and  IJuecnslaiul  hides  n 
A  small  quoolity  of  Caaadiaa  stem  a 
tfenenlly  hisnded. 
hides  are  exported  dry,  i    '    ' 


A  be  delected  ui 


n  the 


e  generally 
:  pits,  when 


1  are  killed  m'lbln  (orty- 
liikenhead.  Avoamautb 
ports,  and  usually  give 
lecal  quality  depending 


drying;  this 
tbey  laU  lopwce*. 

Anglos  are  imported  aa  live-slock 
eight  houis.  They  come  to  Hu 
and  Dcpliord  [rom  varioua  Ameri 
a  flatter  result  than  Enghsh,  Iht 
largely  on  whether  Ihe  ship  has  hid  a  goOQ  voyage  or  not. 

Among  South  American  hides,  Liebig'a  slaughter  supply  the 
best;  they  are  thoroughly  dean  aod  carefully  trimmed  »nd 
Aayed.  They  come  (a  London,  Antwerp  and  Havre,  and  except 
for  being  branded  sre  of  Grst-class  qiuiUty.  Second  to  Ihe 
Lifbig  ilaughler  come  the  Uruguay  hides. 

East  Indian  bides  are  kno«n  as  kipa.  and  are  supposed  to  be, 
and  should  be.  the  hides  of  yearling  cai  lie.  Tbey  are  ntrw  dlessed 
to  a  large  extent  in  imlLatlon  of  boi  calf,  being  much  cheaper. 
They  come  from  a  small  breed  of  oi,  and  have  an  eiirunely 
light   grain;  tbelealhci  is  not  losolt  as  calf 

Call-skins  are  largely  supplied  by  the  continent  They  are  soft 
■■d  pliant,  and  have  s  eharacierisiically  fine  grain,  are  tight  in 
leituTC  and  quile  apart  Irom  my  other  kind  of  ikioi 


HES.  331 

The  tnoM  valoabh  pari  <(  a  tkltp^Sn  H  th*  wool,  and  Ih* 

value  o(  the  pell  a  invetsrfy  is  the  value  of  the  Tool.  Pure 
Leiccaler  and  Norfolk  wools  are  very  valuable,  and  next 
it  (he  Noeth  and  South  Downs,  bal  tfaeik^u.th*  SStn. 
petti,  ol  iheie  aainials  are  ennoidy  poor.  Devon 
and  Cbevioi  cross-bted  sheep  supply  a  fair  pdt,  and  lomelimo 
Ihoe  iheep  are  so  tuny  linies  ooiaed  that  it  la  quite  Inpossibtc 
(«  teU  what  theikikis.  Wtith  tUns  aba  supply  a  good  (o^ 
pdi,  thou^  anulL  Indian  and  Persian  tbeep^lns  are  very 
gciiiy,  the  herds  being  allowed  to  roam  about  logettacr  so  much. 
The  iheep-ikin  is  the  auM  ponju*  and  opcn-leituted  skin  ia 
eiisienc*^  u  akn  the  Bum  greMy  one;  it  Is  Oabby  irtd  mil, 
with  a  tight,  compact  grata,  but  an  extremely  hnae  Beih.  Still- 
bora  lambs  and  lambs  not  over  i  month  old  ate  worth  much 
more  than  when  they  have  lived  for  three  monthsj  they  are 
iised  lu  the  manufactuit  ol  heat  kid  glovd,  and  must  be  milk 
skins.  Once  the  laabi  have  taken  te  giais  the  >Unt  Mppl)'  a 
harsher  leather. 

The  best  goat-iklni  come  Irom  the  Saxtm  and  Bavarian 
Hltftlanda,  Swiss  Alpa,  Fytaioc*,  Turkey,  Bosnia,  Soulbem 
Hungary  and  (he  Vnh.  The  gostt  being  exposed  to  all  winds 
yield  fine  skins.  A  good  number  cone  Irom  Atgcniina  and  from 
Abyssinia,  Ihe  Cape  and  other  paiu  of  Afrio.  Of  all  li^l 
leathers  the  goat  has  the  toughest  and  tiehtesi  grain ;  it  is, then- 
fore,  especially  Liked  for  fancy  work.  The  grain  is  ntbet  too 
bold  lor  gtict  work,  lor  which  the  sheep  is  largely  used. 

The  sol-skin,  used  Largely  (or  levant  mrk,  is  the  skin  of  (he 
yeUow-hair  aeat,  found  in  the  Northern  seas,  the  Baltic,  Norway 
and  Sweden,  Ac.  The  skis  has  a  brge.  bold,  brilliant  grwn,  and 
being  a  large  skin  is  much  uMd  for  upholstery  and  coach  work, 
like  the  Cape  goat.  It  is  quite  distinct  from  Ihe  fut  seaL 
Porpoise  bide  is  really  the  hide  of  the  white  wh^e,  it  1* 
'  hing  and  hunting  InotL  Horse  hide  ia 
id  upper  work;  being  so  much  staltfad 
,  spnsdy  leather.  The  skins  ol  other 
I,  lebra,  quagga,  ftc.  are  also  dressed  (o 
ire  not  important  souicei. 


id  for 
dressed  for  light  split  , 


1,  the  hides  and 


_-  . — . ^.  -, -.  -  _-.— -  _,,-..  .j)  the  epidermis 

riaa  skill.   Thae  m  hyen  are  net  only  different  in  structure. 
.1..  _. — -_i..j-_: — origin.   The  epidirwll  USUI  divIdH 


■□It,  nudiaud  ccUh  whi 


e  re's  idatbi^i  is  eontpoacd  ol  tivi 

__ jBuliiply  by  divisioB,  and,  as  tl 

jncrcaie,  an  eradual^  pushed  to  the  suriaec  of  tbs  sUa,  beeom 
ffaller  and  drier  11  Ikey  near  it,  until  tbey  reiah  the  surface 
dried  scales.  The  epklenus  ia  thns  of  cilukr  strHMR,  wid  m 
at  leu  homy  or  waterproof.  It  mast  muaqacntly  be  nnv 
togilher  wiih  the  hair,  wool  or  btiMlas  befon  ttmage  betl 


ihfisth  of  epidennic 
Lke  cpidemu  h  ■( 
^ompascd  of  lon^ 


ckarn  into  ibr  etitcc  of  <hi  bail  ibi 
the  hair  thai  naiural  ekHsy  appeann 
good  bnllh.    The  haw  bdb  (£!('  ■: 

oelU.  whKh  Diuhiply  .~pidly,  aid.  »i 
upward  ntwiw.  getuni  haadce  at  (he 


and  this  colour  does 
I  oy  •coddiiK.  Each  hair 
■ceous  glanA  whsh  dis- 
i;  these  flandi  iraoart  m 
which  b  diaraelcflaiie  o4 
■WMS  of  liviiH  nackued 
■•  Mr  MttpSi,  (Hie  » 
m  Ihae,  |bei*y  leaphen. 


^  J2  JLCn  J 

Tin  hilr  papilh  U.  fif-  ')  "Mi«>  •<  »  !'»*»•«  «<  i^  o™»  « 

itu  (Ub  tmMdcd  inllK  bur  bulb,  which  by  mnnj  of  Mood- 
veucll  («(d«  iik!  nouiilhn  Iht  luir  ConnrclB)  w.lh  ihc  lo»ef 
pin  ol  w*  ii»i'  i»  "  oMiqiK  >iii7.tle  l™«n  ii  ihi  »'™°[^" 
roninclcd  by  uddcn  caH.  heu  or  •bock.  wLik  in  utcnpinyltf 

«  "SSS  sill."  T'l.^"ih^oiiicf™"T^h^  wninclfd  muKle 
pullim  on  Iht  but  ol  Ihf  h.ir.  Ihtitbv  r^nf  il  i  tt>K!ni<T  i' 
^pnach  the  ratkal.  and  producui  Ibc  dnidnKow  tBnl  ol 

°"Th?wdorH*rou.  or  iwtM  gUndi  (R,  fi«-  0  woiiil  oJ  loi>(  ipinl- 
Kke  capUUri™.  (ormed  from  Ihc  6bia  of  ilie  coniicctivt  iwuc  oT 
the  retium.  TliMe  tfandi  diichiTH  tomrtimM  dinclly  throgjb 
llw  cpidrmiii.  bal  mm  often  lau  die  ori&ceal  Iht  hav-ibtuh. 

The  tpidrriaii  ii  eifiuMnl  Iiwm  the  nnuB  Inr  ■  my  imammt 
and  vfryfiiie  ntenbtine.  icrmcd  ihe  "  tlyanne  ''^«  ib»y  byer." 
ahich  constituIM  Ihe  >cl>u1  inin  lurlicc  of  i  hide  or  ikin.  Tbu 
layer  n  chrmlany  dMercnllrem  Ihe  corium.  ai  if  il  li  1.^  « 
■niched  durinf  ihe  pncw  of  umlnt  'he  cokwr  of  tlic  undclriat 
font  it  much  l^hlei  ihia  IhM  o*  ihe  miinoriace. 
^he  corium.  mILke  Iht  epidctmL.,  !•  gf  Sbrou.,  not  t«UiiUr  .. 
luie;  moirovef.  Ihe  fibre,  do  M  inulliply  aiKMijlhcmicI™,  but 


ffi'au>1ea(he^.whieh 

.  ^bfttnce  be  Imv- 


^Iher.'Anok 


^o'lr;hc*'hT^toc^. 


H  loncly-wovTB  HR  ii  Iiril  of  btty  mdiikft  mad  t> 

leuliy  tplit  «t  tiiii  pan,  ibe  fleth  going  lor  chanv 
i  the  gnin  [or  tViven.  The  other  noub)e  eiccpliDn  !• 
k.  vhkb  hai  •  Mri  ilcin  over  the  loini  gun  ibove  ihi 


inthcbn 
lie  lod  ia  abundantly  formed 


hydride*  d  the  unnini).  mpcclivijy  depe 

Ihey  all  have  the  eommun  ptDpmy  bI  being  powerfully  ulnnienl 
of  formng  inHfyble  campDUnd.  njih  geliiTne  or  geUilnodi  li;ni 


ing  bbida  (irecnuh  at  Uuiih)  siih  iron.    Pyngallol  ubbIm  ^vc  a 
bluc-bbck  oJontion  sr  pieeipiuie  with  ferric  lalli.  and  catechol 


pyrogillol  I 

hm«!'«id 

hydrUeh  wMch 


:h  darker  in  colour  than  ibw  clawM  wiih  tbi 
■ver  Ihey  yield  red*.  phlobapher>eB  or  lannia  an- 

iBie  oi  the  lighHM  cvlound  and  bed  mueiiata  kaDm. 

and,  tpeahiM  ieaeraQy.  the  lealhcf  produced  by  them  ia  ■«  to 
hanbochanTaalhat  produced wiihealechol  tannini.  Theydacom- 
peer.  yieMini  ellagic  add  (known  technically  am  "  bloom  "j  and 
nlllc  acid!  ihe  former  hu  vainpmKnE  quiliiiea.  becauK  tt  filla 
the  leather,  at  the  aane  time  ^visff  weight. 

It  baa  been  Haled,  and  peihapa  wiih  tana  Inuh.  thai  leather 
cannot  be  uccetilully  made  wiih  catechol  iinnina  atone  i  pynfalla] 
lannlnH.  however,  yield  an  eKceflcni  leather,  bur  the  fineil  reiulla 
obuintd  by  btendingthe  two. 


The  clatiiBcalioa 


h  b  aa  [oUow«>- 


-,  been  tapped  up  by 

«=■  '■  thebody.  TheMnw 

a.   Kairpaona.  J,   ScbacMtit llandt.  •■».'[>»7'"^*ef'- 

».    Hair  bulb.  V    Enclorpili.  atcd  by  Inlcifbnllar 


'■°ss.- 

oat  ol  hair*:   Horny  lay. 

'■  L"r/ ™ 

1  riieaih.    S.  Openini   a 

which  the  ikhi  iifuU  lo  overflowing. 


poduki  of  lyiaph 

fanmiadrnt  idiftna. 
pcDpcr.  it  quite  (idl  i 


int  itt  food  litnn  the  body  by  meana  ol  lympl 
il  if  ivIJ  aupplied.  ft  ii  alto  provided  wnl 
1  noutiih  the  blr.  and  nodukt  of  ■««,  whlcl 


n  bI  Iht  thin  when  Ihe  Ahreti 
ile  toniKCIJve  timue.  and  whkh 
ibtet,  are 

ladki  ef  librea 


■fdt  the  fkth  tide  Ihe*  become 
much  more  tigfally  imi 


£ct.  and  aa  the  hyaline  layer  it  mred  the  buadlea  ef  librea  eei 
er  and  Gnn.  and  an  much  more  tightly  (nicrwciven.  until  hnafly. 

atu  Ihe  pain  ilteUi  the  hbrea  eo  longer  eiiit  fii  bundka.  t 

indlviduaTfibtill  lying  paralld  with  the  nain.    TUa  layer  ii  \ 
aa  Ihe  fail  ptpmtru.    The  bundlet  of  Chre  interweave  one  ai 


■  Il  (Mdn  WMlk  UtmOt  ^icHNill. 


s^'.r7(U)      ^^<'-' 


Mynibalaai  tre  the  (ruii  of  an  Indian 

^ccd  tint  Bhimley.  jubbatpore,  Rajpc 
■  nd  Viworlai  They  are  a  very  liehi^uloi 
.ion.  J7l^lojS-AD(,unnin,,iheydepotil .„_— 

Cheiirui  comtion  Ihe  markei  in  ihe  form  ol  crude  and  decohjiiied 


■lightly  hoivier  and  darhc 


40%  to  «X 

Btol 
— r-Jbilla  _ 


it  aied  al 


of  the  acedt  it  ai 

. ...  Ihc  bett  and  moat  uielul  materia]  kaown. 

dlcawofa  Sicilian  plant.  coMainii«  about  ilXof 
ickling  a  nearly  white  and  very  beauidul  leather.  It 
lor  tanning  the  ben  moroccot  and  finer  leather,  and 

„.... lUe  la  much  adulterated,  the  chief  adulterant   beina 

Fiuaria  baliHai  (Stinko  or  Lentiics).  aa  inleriorand  lighl-coloiired 
catrchol  (annin.  Otbei  but  Inferioe  umacha  are  alao  iiaed.  There 
la  Venetian  tuinach  (JUu  atimut)  and  Spaniih  umach  {Cilf^n 
ctmpniu) ;  then  an  uted  to  wHne  rneni  in  the  cDuniriea  bordenng 
—  '^  Meditefranaan.  R.  Glalnt  vri  ft.  CtfoUima  an  ilao  uird  in 
"able  quantilkt  in  America,  where  they  arc  cultivated. 
....  am  abnormal  i^wlht  found  upon  oakt,  and  cautrtl  bv  the 

En  watp  faying  eegt  in  the  plant.    They  are  best  harvened  juat 
fore  ihe  iniect  eicant.     They  contain  from  sa%  to  oo^  of 
lannin,  and  are  generally  used  for  the  commercial  lappiy  of  lanalc 


lian  tnc,  coDtainiiq 
n  it  linular  to  divE 


/..Klta™. tl 

iluylMiuilllwtit<»ly(niiitfac  kait 

Htjhcli  gtunlly  nyr*—  dH  aiubct  n  mnitt,  iwpiuil  Inn 

Ui  ■  piacJiteadwt.  but  Titkba  ntbcr  j"^   -' "  -"  ■ " 

Quabndu  b  hnaaiuil  ■■inh'  iiKiliil 

DoUaw  uuor^  but  ■■  nUHT  i 


■  b  the  bark  a  Ibe  AuAnlUn  nidcn  wattle  Uftfcu 
r^niniu),  and  ecmliliu  from  16%  to  so%  ol  lannin.  It  U  » 
latbef  banh  linnnn.  yieUinc  a  Rah4oleuRd  Itathrr,  iDd  n  dkIuI 
lor  iliuraui  Emn.  Thia  totk  ii  bdw  iiKinaluDy  cnklntrd  in 
N>ul.  Thotuueaucuttf  ihbNaallwkbnanliMuifcriBi, 
but  thQ  colouf  b  wpcrior  to  tbc  Auitnliui  produci- 
Larch  bark  anMiiiB  9%  to  ia%_  <f  Efhl-oilcHiml  laanin.  and 


bui,  lbs  coIdui 
Larrti  bark  ohk 
mad  flipecblly  t-  .-..     .. 
Canaicra  La  tlia  air^nnl 


>  nuta  al  a  Mmkai  MUt, 
^  _  „  „ an*  abBiti  •%  ■(  nuih.    li 

knft-coloiirHl  bather  ot  coiuidciabic  ««|ftbt  and  hrtO' 
iltivaiioa  did  sot  ply  wflL  enough,  ao  tut  it  b  little 


sa 


«  IS% 


<d  ih*  white  Iwrh  baika  ceaii 

to  14%  and  a%  to  i\<d  tunla.    la  combi 

to  produca  the  Uniiua  Kuab  balbet.  vboH 

b  due  to  tlie  birch  baric    In  America  Ihia  icaiivr  w  uuiaiea  viin 

the  Amcrkia  bluk  biich  bark  (Seluli  Inta),  tnd  aba  viih  ibe  ul 

obtained  tnta  ita  dry  diatiilatiaiL 

In  the  liu  d(  ""»"•'•  two  have  been  fiiiri  in  a  BibMllary  cba> 
boiauie  they  an  a  nliituR  ol  calcrhol  and  |i)niialkil  tannio.  Oak 
bilk  pcoducn  the  bat  Iralher  known,  pmnaa  ihai  a  bbnd  ol  the 
two  eudo  ct  tannitia  Eivn  the  beit  faults.  Xi  b  tbc  bark  of  the 
coppice  call. and  (ootiuia  11%  <a  il%nl  a  rcddiib-velkrw  unoiEC. 
WloSialbcacoincupoftbeTarkbbaadCKckoaC  TbcSnyraa 
or  Tutkbh  vakHW  b  bnl.  and  caiiiaiu  ji  %  to  j6%  «l  an  almou 
white  tannin.  Creek  valoniau  peycr  incolaur.snd  conuina  10% 
to  u%  of  lannJn.  It  ykkb  a  towh,  firm  kathpr  el  mat  w^ht. 
■      ioV«I*''       * '"  - 


Ibe  niDdTng  of  taniuDi  malcriab,  and  ytt  even  bctT,  (be '' montihc 
■mastdnc  of  lannlnf  materiah  may  mean  the  diUcrrnce  befrin 
pnfit  and  Ina  to  ih*  aane.  la  moat  natcriab  (he  Unnin  rxmt 
imprtioiKd  in  cdb,  and  b  abo  to  asme  extent  fiee.  but  with  ttiu 
bttercoodilnntbeicicAcccifErlndint  baa  nothing  10  do.  If  lanoinji 
malcriab  aie  nmply  broken  by  a  (erica  of  ckan  euli.  oahr  ihoae  alb 
dinnly  on  thaitubcei  of  the  cuta  will  be  nady  to  yWd  ibcir  tannin; 
thtrcfom  if  nuienab  aro  ground  by  oitlLn«,  a  proponioa  ol  the 
total  tannhi  b  thrown  away.  Hence  it  la  nemaary  10  bniifc.  brmh 
a^  oihcrwiie  levct  the  walla  of  all  the  cdb  cotiiaininf  the  tanidni 
ao  that  the  machine  wanted  b  one  whicb  cnubta,  Iwiui  and  cult 
the  malarial  at  [be  Hcie  line,  inning  it  out  of  loifonn  liae  ami  wub 
linbduit.  ■    -  1- 

aa  tbc  eo&  mill,  which  consUti  of  ■  aeiio  ot  icsiDerial  cuii"«; 

twilled  and  mt  in  enry  diticiun.  Thb  i>  a  very  lood  form  i^  mill, 
bgt  it  raqulrea  a  coniiderable  amount  ef  power  and  woikt  ibwly. 
The  tc*ifi  lequin  comianl  renewal,  and  thoukl.  iherclore,  be 
npbsvUe  ■>■«•»,  not.  ai  in  ■»  bnu  caM  on  the  bcU.  The 
dirintacaue  b  aiuibci  form  of  nill,  which  produce!  lU  effect  by 
violent  ODncuilaai  obtained  by  Ibe  refebition  in  oppoule  dirc<tiona 
o(  from  four  to  •«  large  meul  ama  Glied  with  proteciing  Hiikn 
'--"-  a  dnnL  the  face*  of  which  are  alio  itud  with  protruding 

p  At  lid  lo  graiino  in  the 
ciroi^^^i  '  "     '        "'  ■---*------'- 


minuta.  Tbe  chief  objection  1 
wKb  diit,  wluch  b  caaghi  in 
dram.    Tbe  myrobalana  ciushi 


iihedi 


■e  and  >  pair  of  fluted  rollera 

sdtlieioothedrDllcnlirtt.whereiiuDToiEEnB ._. 

u^b^  b  ft»i*h*'*  and  any  abarp  conHci  rounded  «  in 

net  be  thought  that  now  the  oiaterlal  it  grmnd 
tody  lor  leaching.  Thi<  may  or  may  not  tx  to, 
Ml  whether  Ihe  lanner  h  maUng  light  or  bjvy  leat 


■trout  liqaora  eenetnta  and  depnwt  in  tbe  hidei.  Wbn  bom  of 
tkb  inenf  to  depoA  hu  bcea  uarfuUy  wtiSMd  in  Ike  byen,  then 
the  satarial  (wiS^b  bdw,  Mm|»  halt  noil  b  hwSed.  The 
Jigbt-laatlm  mahee  dosM  miatabard,  famjculw  bin  •  lafi 


Wbelher  f  tnfc  oe  panialy  vent  u 


Kit  1  10  4  ton.  o(  mateeiad. 
u  wiien  a  weak  liquor  b  tfci 


KBetMdi 


i  atrongce  Uqaor  b  foeced  upwarib  thtmgli  thb 
It  alKMgei  pit.    Then  tbe  imceH  b  Meatid.  u 


itained  b  fin  id 
mlil  hully  'th. 


very  uioiig  jnlutian.    j 
iu  AowB  n  the  KlUra. 


No-  ti  b  Ibe  bit  vat,  and  Ibe  bquoe,  which  ia  very  itronf, 
10  be  ran  olf.  No.  I  n  trnH  maierial.  over  whuh  all  k 
have  paaied.  tbe  piwni  Ihjuiii  baviog  been  punped 

water     The  liquor  firnn  No.  e  b  ran  cA  into  a 

liquor  No.  I  b  iKimpcd  wet  No.  i,  tbua  forei 
forward  and  iMving  pit  No.  i  emeiy:  thb  pli  b 

then  pumprd™  Wo.  1,  which  b  am  the  weako^piti  ar 


'.lis; 

wmp  well,  and 
•U  Tkiuon  one 


iknt  pii.  the  better  will  Ihe  miteibl 
'  water  b  10  bollinc-polnt  the  better: 
tTQKt?d  lanyard  ihould  have  Ihc  qxnt  tan  down 
tnd  1%  61  lannin,  allhough  thU  material  b  Ire- 
Lway  containing  up  10  io%  and  umeilmea  even 
I  great  saving  ol  lime  and  bbour  In  this  method. 


iSodt  by  which  the  I 


7nli»  n*  Lifiari 

capableotBraple  application  and  minule  accuracy.  An  M  method 
of  aecertnining  the  mmph  of  a  Ian  liquor  b  by  mtani  of  a  hydro- 
meter atandaTdiJed  againii  water,  and  called  a  barkometer.  It 
consiUotalonggradualed  ttemlixed  toahoHowbulb,  theoppotile 
end  of  which  b  weiihlcd.  It  i>  pbced  in  Ihe  liquor,  lb*  weqhied 
end  ilnki  to  I  certain  drptli,  and  the  mdlng  U  taken  on  ihe  nem 
ai  ihai  point  which  lOucMa  "  waler  mark.'  Tbe  giadnalioni  ai* 
Hieb  Ibal  H  Ihe  ipetttc  gravity  b  muhlplbd  by  loDo  and  then  1000 
b  lubtraetcd  Iron  Ibe  nHdt.  the  barkometer  Hrength  of  Ihe  liqiiDr 
It  obtained,  Tbii>  iim  ipeellie  gravity  eqaab  »»"  barhomeler. 
Thii  method  aSonli  no  indtcatkin  of  Ihe  amonnl  of  lannhi  prcHnt, 
but  n  uieful  to  Ihe  man  who  knowt  hb  li^uon  by  f nqueiii  analysn 

A  (actor  which  _(ov«ma  ihe  quality  el  ih«  lather  quite  aa  much 
■•Ihc  unnin  kHU  b  tbe  acidiiy  el  ibe  Kaoan.  Ii  b  known  that 
falHc  and  tannic  acida  form  iniohiUe  ealcinm  lalta,  and  all  tha 
other  acidi  piewm  aa  acetic,  eropisaie,  buiytlc,  lactic,  lorwiie.  oc., 
torm  comtianiively  lolable  aaHa.  as  that  an  caqi  netbod  of  deter- 
mining thiB  iaHBrtaiH  faeter  b  aa  lolowii — 

Take  a  qoaniliy.  lay  mo  cc  of  >an  nqusr,  Blier  liH  cleat  thnngb 
papor,  than  phMIe  to  c«.  into  a  hbII  beaker  (abnil  i)  In.  dio- 
meierj,  place  It  on  aome  priolad  paper  and  nele  how  clear  th« 
print  appcaitthnHigb  tbe  Wqasri  now  (ndoidh  add  tnn  a  b««le 
Telw'^^lgn  of  aannia  Ume  wiMr  iMif  Ik*  bmw  becmM* 
lunchHdy.  that  bantu  it  |«Hkiaea ha  briUbncy.  Now  iMd  of 
Ihe  number  of  cuWc  oenHmetm  m|ulRd  la  ibe  gnduated  Rem  ol 
itu>  hiineie.  and  either  read  aa  degree*  (coontlng  each  t-t.  a>  one 
10  *hbh  pnctiee  at  one*  gi*«a  a  uedul  elgnllitnlion.  or 
Ml  ia (erou el  oa^cncid per  100 cA. of  Uqier, Ttckewnt 

Btboda'Sdtk  dal  wltb  tbe  actMj  Mnlnt  (W  taoah  ItMB 


mttiialiy  ud  vglumciriciJI*,  biH  witkaM  m 
«(  piadfiut-'  ■■ — • ="  *-~-  ~™-'  *- 

tnor  ibiTc  ddfMaC  oaiduTba  tkn . 

of  iDcovpkte  prvurfutJDii  and  Ibc  pncipttiHiaii 


baids  wcijiiini 

•ud  «miiluir  ■  Ki 

reflctioA  vIeK  nuch  smM  not  be 
h*d  t|iin  to  be  olii        ■     -■     - 


iiut^n  al  them ..._  _.  _. 

{1S77I  ilinicd  (Ikilnt  umhi  siknlon 

*--  nitxlure  wu  h  dark  thai  the  tnd 

in  addition  Ih*  fillic  acid 


l^addii 


whkli  uninilkd 


[  the  jjiUic  acid  pmcdt,  the  lauuH 
im  KtlutioB  hy  mora  <A  |cUtui  and 

hide>po*der  metliod  fine  took  ivm 
cd  in  3ir  Cabrr  Iw  Slmuid  ind  Warn, 


iUinipachcr  did_io 
Ihli  mnhaibji  pa 
Ini  Ihc  un  iiquDr  up  thinugh  I 


evoporaTcd   and   krdghr 

ltd  tannins  fiivcB  [he  wtifbt  of 
to  percentaee  on  oficina]  loluliona.  Th 
oflicLiI  by  lEe  liucrailioiiil  AaacLitiDn  t 
until  Scplciabcr  I40&  nrlien  ili  (aulu  • 
them  by  Cordon  ["itkcr  o(  London  and 
■o  colbboniion,  ahboi>(h  olbcr  but  not 
previoiuly  done  to  the  aanic  end.  Tbe 
irere  tlul  the  hidf-povJa  ab3Dif>cd 
fcfinend  Ihcrn  u  lannini,  and  ibc 
„Tuf      -■■-■■ 


.l!%i>a 


Hnptcic  worli  lud  been 
,  lanEB  atept 


:  pcHcnt  officiai  riKIhod  o(  the  IJV.L.T.C 
anwhilc.  Pulfcr  and  Manra  FaynenupcHd 

K  lelutLDn  ji  addrd  [o  a  dvAnhc  quantilj;  of  tinmn  loluIiDrt 
he  tKctA*  at  Wax  atimatcd;  the  l^n  tolkilion  it  now  dopnvcd 
nnin  by  meani  ol  a  nlnhle  modiAcatioo  d  celatini  called 

<  prixxu  ii  iipeiled.    Tbu*  we  pt  two  aeli  ol 

I  abuTpiioa  and  acid  abaorpcion  i^  acida  ocJier 


. jial  iSh3"bi  iXLr.' 

he  Amtricaq  ofBaial  method*  which  ia  in  tin 
»eibod  propowd  by  W-  Ei 
nation.    The  bid '- 


fnodificali 

•T^ii'v  cbi 


Leather  Retearcb 
latter  beinv 


iHcd  pa  100  fncnmca  of  hid 

rciify   lor    UK.     Thu   pnlii ,,    „ , 

diKcuJIy.af.  Ib>  PCtwder  bofK  mliiAt,  by  tnderini  it  quite  .In- 
iduble:  It  abo  kaiena  tne  tendency  to  abflDrti  DOD'tunin&    Such 


qnuiinar  tUi iM  fovdo' aa oaoalm *>5 r*iunN <l dqrUk 

1  paamca  B<  Bwiatim.  u.  M-J  franiMa  h  al;  ll  ti  Ihea  BtiUMd 
T  IS  niucBi  with  lOo  u.  ol  thcimnHd  Bank  nkifaa,  vUcb 
gnuia  tuain  witUa  MRaia  daislte  U^ia,  in  a 

w.anrifilund.  a  A- •-~«— :-->-•<»-' - 

enpontid  to  dryoai.   The  «. 

la  ihu*  4tutiniaed  bvd'iiniuK! 

""  'lat  pieiiin.   Thendeafoc 

vBy  KifcL   Tbesbjao  li 

~i*  aarii  dne  by  Wagd,  Tntnan,  Pnxtar,  hriier  and  ot 
1  iha  alkatoidal  pncipiiation  i<  tanidn  dcMvei  neoioa. 
Hcn>  LtadU/i.^Tbe  htdea  ofoien  at«  Ttttjvnl  In  the  tanyinl 
In  tour  dUTcnnt  Mcdllioiu:  (i)  mvket  at  ilau^tei  ludo, 
- 'ich,  comiog  direa  Iroio  the  local  abatloin,  are  aofi,  nuiu  and 
lerod  with  iliit  ud  blood;  (i)  wet  aaltnl  bids;  (3)  dly  lalltd 
hidei;  (4)  sun-dried  or  "  flint "  hidei — tbe  la»t  thrcv  fottu 
being  the  condition  In  which  the  Imponi  of  lotd^iL  hide*  are 
made.  The  £r«  opentloa  in  the  taiioeiY  ii  to  cteaa  the  bitle* 
ud  brine  I'x"'  l^dt  ••  neariy  11  poaaible  to  the  Buxjd 
midiCiMi  Id  vhidi  tbcr  left  ibe  inimtJ'a  back.  He  Mood  and 
other  mitts'  on  inukel  hides  miui  be  temoved  as  quickly  la 
powible,  the  bkiod  bdn(  id  itaelf  a  cause  ol  dark  itains  and  bad 
— '-  -'-"witkthtotfacrielniesBanrceofpumfMiio*.  When 
m  tiNnd  tbnr  ue  |Iven  peibipi  two  chun  ol  water. 
Idea  need  a  bnfer  eaikinc  than  mirkel  hrtca,  a*  !•  •• 
icadal  to  remove  the  salt  fiom  the  hide,  but  alu  ne 
'■       ■     "        "'  h»«  been  partially  ddi) 

wihn  hide  lubeUDn.  thereby  raminc  an 
U.  and  a  weak  aDhiiioD  prti — ""  ~'  — 
10  the  ]intea»  and  may  aln  cai 


ID%  Bhiiian  o(  (alt 
undediable  loai  of  wi 


n  ahrayi  uncertain,  ai  they  n 


rb  brcaiiae  ol  the  Rivet 


'soJEinS 

in  brine  may  be  advintafeoui,  ai  It  prevenn  putrefaction  to  aom* 
eneni.  Caunic  ioda.  lo^m  Hilpbide  and  aulphunius  acid  aay 
abo  be  advantageously  employed  on  account  of  rheir  soflenine  ana 
antheptic  actior  '-  ' — •'--  -'— '  — -■-  -•■-  '-■  -— ■■  — — 
thouU  always  I 


Pic  ).— DoiAlt^eting  Stocka. 

illelt  innfiaedliythellBeln  tbeprocaa«ide|>Oation,aDdt«aM* 

AftR  being  thus  brou^i  o  nearly  u  ponible  into  luiiirans 
condition,  ill  hides  are  treated  aliko.  The  first  opeialJua  ta 
which  they  an  lubjectcd  i>  itpiMif.  wbicfa  rcnowea  not  only 
thehair  but  also thescarfiklnorepidennia.  When  Ibe geods an 
sent  10  the  limes  for  depilllion  lliey  ire.  filtl  ol  (11,  placed  In  u 
old  Kme,  hifhly  charged  wiih  organic  malts  and  bacletl*. 
It  h  the  Luiniiiuii  btlitl  that  Ihe  Hme  cmei  tha  hair  to  in  aim  awl 
Itll  cut,  but  thiaii  Mt  wllB  tict,  tnu*  lin*  hutbecfipsdu 


lAact  of  ll|^(aiing  tbc  hi 


n  in  (be  old 


LEATHER 

:  o[  [At  loOMmnJE 


71  tbc 


lU  U<dpit9,i 

oh  ccUulsi-  sinicturt  of  Ihe  sbulb  tnd  bulb, 
ibo  ikcrinf  Ihe  compo^tion  ol  tbe  rctt  Uiilfighi  by  means  of 
>Ucb  the  lOtrf  lUn  adheres  Id  tbe  true  tUa.  Tbese  producli 
of  the  bicleHal  iclioa  are  soluble  In  Gme,  >nd  immediately 
dinolve.  leaving  Ibe  scarf  skin  and  hale  unbound  ind  in  a  n>n- 
ditkm  to  leave  theslcin  upon  scraping.  In  this  first "  peen  "  lime 
tbe  artkm  is  mainly  (his  deslruclive  one,  but  the  goods  have  yet 
(a  be  ttude  teady  to  ttceiye  tbe  (an  liquor,  which  (hey  musi  mier 
in  ■  phiaip,  open  and  porous  condidon.  Consequently,  the 
"  gmn  "  lime  is  followed  with  two  more,  tbe  second  being  less 
chuged  with  btitteria,  and  tbe  third  beings  11  not  actually  a  new 
one,  ■  veiy  Mat  approach  to  it;  in  these  (wo  limes  the  bundles 
of  fibre  are  gradually  iol(encd,  split  up  and  distended,  causing  Ihi 
bide  to  swell,  (be  in(erfibrilla[  subs(Bnce  Is  rendered  soluble. 
»ad  Ihe  whole  generally  nude  suitable  For  tnnsleience  to  the 
tan  liqnort.  The  hide  itself  Is  only  very  slightly  soluble;  it  care 
ii  taken,  (he  grease  is  (lansformed  in(D  an  insoluble  calcium 
•sap.  and  the  hair  is  hardly  acted  upon  at  alL 

The  time  the  goods  are  In  (be  Umesind  ihe  method  of  making 
new  limei  depends  upon  (he  quality  o(  the  leather  to  be  turned 
Du(.'  The  harder  and  (ougher  (he  leather  required  (he  shcrrler 
and  (TMher  the  liming.  For  Instance,  for  sole  leather  where  a 
hard  mult  ii  required,  the  time  in  Ihe  limes  would  be  Irom 
t  to  lo  days,  and  a  perfectly  tresh  lop  Ume  would  be  used, 
with  the  addition  o[  sodium  mlphide  lo  hasten  (he  process. 
%vay  tanner  uses  a  ditTcrent  quan(i(y  of  [imc  and  sulphide, 
bn(  a  good  average  quantity  is  7  lb  line  per  hide  and  10-15  lb 
lodhim  sulphide  per  pit  el  100  hides.  The  lime  is  slaked  with 
water  and  (he  sulphide  mixed  In  during  (he  slalung;  il  it  i>  added 
to  the  iHt  when  the  staking  Is  finished  the  greater  part  of  its 

combinations  with  (he  lime,  lorming  polysulphides,  as  when  it  is 
added  during  (he  process  al  slaking. 

For  iot(er  and  more  pliable  lea(ben,  luch  a*  are  required 
lor  harness  and  beldng.  a  "  lower  "  or  mellawer  liming  Is  even, 
and  the  itme  in  the  limes  is  increased  from  4  to  i>  days.  Some 
of  tbe  old  meDow  liquor  is  added  (0  (he  fresh  lime  in  (he  making, 
BO  at  just  (0  take  00  the  sharpness.  It  would  be  made  up  as 
for  sole  lealher,  but  with  less  sulphide  or  none  at  all,  and  then 
a  doien  buckets  ^  an  old  lime  would  be  added.  For  lighter 
leathers  from  3  to  S  weeks'  liming  is  given,  and  a  fresh  lime  is 


it  Eer  shequkim  whtie  the  wool  is  Ihe  maia  coasi^kration.  the 
Knot  being  that  while  time  cntiraly  destroys  wddI.  Ibis  p 

AiHi(h*r  matbod  of  leltaiangeTing  (de^rooling)  iheepilrins 
piiat  Iheftish  Miewithacreainof  lineinade  with  a  10%  to 
"l  sodium  sulphide  and  ■a>  the  goods  in  pihi  deih  (o  fkah,  takin 

bready  (orpnlKiieln  from  i  to  S  hours.   Although  this  prccei 

ha  used  for  any  kind  of  skin.  !<  is  pncllcally  only  used  (or „ 

as  if  aoy  other  skn  b  depilated  in  this  nuauia  aO  plumping  effect 
ulosi.  Since  this  murt  be  obuiced  in  snsis  way.  it  ><  an  ecDBony 
of  time  and  material  toplaix  the  goods  in.  lime  in  the  fiin  Innapce. 

Sometimes,  in  the  cemnwMr  classes  of  sole  kather.  the  hair  is 
Rnoved  br  painting  the  hair  itde  with  cream  oT  lime  and  lulphMe. 
01  the  same  effect  i>  produced  by  drawing  the  hides  thmigh  a  stnmg 
solution  of  ditohide:  this  coaipletely  dotioys  the  hair,  actually 
taking  it  into  telutian.  But  Ihe  hair  roots  mnain  embedded  in  (he 
tUn,  and  lor  this  iraisn  Hch  leather  always  showi  a  iliny  buR. 

AncnK  sulfide  (realiarl  b  ilaked  with  Ihe  lime  tor  Ihe  pro- 
duclion  of  Ibe  Bnei  light  lathers,  such  at  riace  kid  and  ilave  kid. 
This  metbod  voduces  a  very  smooth  g^ain  (the  tAdcney  of  t 
■uljAide  being  to  make  the  grain  harih  and  bold),  awl  u  thi 
"piuitableTDr  the  purpose,  but  it  it  very  esoenaivn. 

SuKcicnt  proof  of  the-faci  that  il  is  noe  the  liaie  which  _.. — 
skint  to  unhaii  is  loiuid  in  Ihe  ptect*  oi  chemical  KmintE  pauated 
tV  ^yna  and  Pullman.    In  this  procesa  the  goods  are  first  t  ~  ^  "* 


foriTied  in  the  t 


the  gooda  must  be  first 


wove  this  theory.    A 


335 


ilhfcal 


H  waa  introduoed,  and  the  skin  vnhaired  in  as  nuay  days.- 
r  hming  It  a  necessaty  lo  unhair  lie  goods.  ^Thia  is  iloBe 
Itching  a  hide  over  a  tanner's  beajn  [fig,  3),  wben  with  an 
ing  knife  (a,  fig.  4)  tbe  beamsnian  partially  scrapes  and 
partially  shaves  oB  the  hair  and  epidermis.  Another  workman, 
■  *    ■  he   flesh  or  "net  skin"  (fainimht 

tnni  tbe  flesh  side  o[  lh*skiii,wi(2  (h« 
fl^hing  knife  ((wo. 
edged),  seen  ln(,(ig, 


ral 

adapted,  miriiing 
mostly  with  tevelv- 
119  apiril  blades  oi 
vibraiins     cuKen, 


which  I 


be   tnei 


>hich 


"givta"  wiih   (he 

irRmlarities  of  the  Flo.  3,— lanncr  t  ueam. 

hide,  and  Ihe  Wilton  Aether,  consitting  of  a  seriet  of  knives 

attached  10  a  revolving  bell,  and  which  aba  "  give  "  in  coniacl 
wilh  incguUiitie*. 

A(  Ihistlage  (he  hide  is  divided  iataievetal  puts,  thepcocm 
beii«k»wnas  "  rounding."  The  objecl  of  theiiiidsianistbis: 
certain  pant  of  (be  bide  (ermtd  tbe  "  oSal  "  are  of  Isa  value 
tliiD  the  "  bull,"  which  consista  el  tbe  piiaic  part.  The  grain 
of  the  butt  is  fine  and  close  in  teiture,  whereas  the  offal  grain  ia 
oeae,  eearse  and  open,  and  it  the  bffai  ia  placed  is  the  same 
.uptfJor  liquon  as  the  butt,  being  opes  and  portuis,  it  will 
ihtorh  the  best  ol  Ihe  lannin  Arst;  consequently  Ihcoflal  goes 
0  a  s«t  of  ipferigt  liquors,  often  contlsiing  ol  Ihceelhinngh 
vhlch  the  Inuis  tift  passed.  The  hides  are  "  rounded  "  with" 
A  tbaiy  curved  butcher's  kaJfe;  the  diviskms  in  seen  lo  fig.  j. 


deiarlled  Inm  tbe  butt  until 
tbe  end  of  the  "  auspeiidars," 
being  of  slightly  better  t^aliiy 
than  the  bellies.  The  bull  is 
divided    into    two    "bends." 

until  the  tanning  oE  the  bi 
b  finbhed,  si^ien  it  is  cot  la 
(wo,  and  the  component)  sold  as  "  bends,"  altbough  as  often  as 
not  ths  tlud  is  not  dividi^d.  In  America  (be  hides  arc  only 
split  doan  (he  ridge  of  the  back,  from  bead  (o  tail,  and  lamied 
at  hides.  Dietsing  hides  are  more  Ircquently  rounded  alte^ 
tanning,  the  Biode  depending  on  (he  puipose  for  which  the 
lealher  is  required, 

Tbe  neit  slcp  is  10  remove  as  much  "scud"  and  lime  aa 
paiuble,.  Ilie  degree  of  removal  of  ibelallcr  dependiag  upon  the 


inner's  Knives  and  PIb. 


r  the 


of 

beam  with  aa 

•r  cott^unda  ol 
ically  brings  the 


336 


Ijmi  out  with  it,  but  invdvo  ■  frckt  ind  undcsinble  lost 
of  hide  lubilaiuc.  heavy  kalber  being  lold  by  weighl.  Tbia 
difficulty  is  now  got  over  by  (ivinf  the  (oodi  u  acid  bitb  tnt, 
to  ddimc  the  airlicc:  the  idd  Gict  thit  lotubk  hide  *ubttUK« 
(wbich  ii  only  toluble  in  ilkilia)  and  harden)  ii.  thus  preventln( 
iu  bu,  and  the  goodi  nuy  tben  be  icudded  doui  uilh  stftly. 
The  (uifuc  o(  all  heavy  latbcn  nuat  be  delimed  to  obtain  ■ 
good  coloiired  leather,  the  dnnaod  of  the  pRKnt  day  boot 
maoulactunt;  H  b  alM  neeaury  to  cany  thii  lurlher  iritb 
mildnlealhenthia 
■ole,  tucb  u  hamtu 


form  ot  cubsoile,  and  lb*  mall  b  nmewhat  daaUi 

Altei  deliniiig,  tbe  bulta  sit  tcuddnt,  tinied  throng  iralei 
IB  weak  add,  ud  go  oB  lo  (he  Ian  pit*  for  tanning  proper.  Any 
lime  which  lenaigu  ii  aufficieMly  lemovcd  by  the  addily  ot  the 
(uht  tan  Uquon. 

The  actual  tanniBg  now  betiiu,  and  tbe  tqitratlani  Invohrd 
■Bay  ha  divided  into  a  acilea  al  thiee:  (i)  colouring,  ()}  handling, 
(j)  laying  away. 

Tbe  celoBiiBg  pit*  St "  niqienden,"  peiba|»  a  Ktiti  a(  dght 
pita.  coMBt  d1  liqoon  nngiiiB  from  ifi*  to  *<f  baikomtttr,  which 
were  onee  tlie  itrongcit  liqu<iri  in  the  yard,  but  bave  gradually 
■otiLcd  down,  having  hwl  Kme  bundtedi  ol  hidct  thtoiiBh  Ihen; 
they  now  contain  very  hltle  UnniD,  and  coiuitt  mainly  of 
developed  acidi  which  neutralize  ihc  lime,  plump  the  hide, 
ciAout  it  off,  and  generally  prepare  it  to  receive  itrenger  hqoora. 
The  goods  are  tuipendcd  in  these  pita  on  poles,  which  are  lifted 
up  and  down  aereral  times  a  day  to  enanre  the  goods  taking  an 
even  colour;  they  are  moved  one  pit  forward  each  day  Into 
lightly  EtnmgerliqT  ■'  "' 

Ihroug-    ■ 


TbetB 


ft  innead  of 


Kcenblc  to  the  caa  liquor,  wauld  nol  cttoir,  and  uneven  colourini 
would  thui  rewlt;   in  additioa  the  weight  ol  the  lop  hidn  would 

lyticin  woiM  be  eseedinfly  difficult  to  reined)'  ta  the  after  lioDOTL 
Another  qoolien  which  a^ht  «cbt  to  the  Bon-techaical  reader  a. 
why  ihould  not  the  procna  be  haiteiied  by  placlof  tbe  E^cdi  In 
n  ia  Binple.     Slnni  tanning  wlulioni 


have  the  effect  of  "  drawing 


EHihi,  i-M.  (he  cniiiUe  ooly  ccta  unned,  leaviac  the 
raw  hide,  and  once  the  outiidc  i>  caae-hinkncir^  it 

rini  alimt  inemediable,  the  leathw  ' 


™rd"fhHi 


ol  "  handten  "  or  "  fioalers."  caotisling  ot,  perlifu,  ■  doNa 
pita  containing  liquois  ranging  from  jo'  lo  jj'  barksmetcT. 
ThcM  liquon  contain  an  appreci^le  quaolity  of  both  tannin 
and  acid,  once  lomied  the  "liy-awayi,"  and  an  destined  to 
conaiiLuie  tbe  *' tu^pendeia."  In  these  pita  the  goods,  having 
been  evenly  coloured  off,  are  laid  Dat,  handled  everyday  inUM 
"  binder  "  (weaker)  liquors  and  ahiflcd  forward,  perhaps  every 
two  daya,  at  Ibe  tanner's  convenienee.  The  "handling" 
couiitsol  lifting  tbe  bulls  out  ol  the  pit  by  means  of  a  tanner's 
hook  tfig.ti)jpilin|  them  on  the  side  of  the  pit  to  diain,and  return- 
ing ihcm  to  the  pit,  tbe  top  butt  in 
handler  being  te 


..  ,w........,;d  Ihiougbout  ll.c  uiu..u=^      p^  ^  _^^^  ^ 

.  '',     ,  .    va  ce,  ne  iiecev  (mil tour  handle). 

siLy  for  frequent  handhng  decreases, 

"  duiiers,"  I'.i.  when  the  hides  have  advanced  la  Ibrte  pill, 
as  each  buit  Is  lowered,  a  small  quantity  of  tS4iaing  material  it 
sprinkled  on  it. 

Some  tannen,  now  that  the  hides  are  set  Oat,  put  them  in 
suqiension  ag^iii  before  hying  awayi  the  Biethod  has  iU 
advantages,  but  is  aal  general,  Tbe  e""^  are  generally  bid 
away  immediately.  The  layer  Fiquars  convst  of  leached  Hquon 
from  the  fisbinp,  strengthened  with  either  chestnul  or  oakn-ood 


re  of  tl 


,    The  1 


t  layer 


to,  say,  60*  barkomcler  in  this  a'ay,  and  Bi 
dawn  they  are  sprinkled  wilb  fresh  tanning  tnatcrial,  and  fcmaiit 
undtslucbed  lor  about  one  week.  Tbe  second  layer  la  a  ;o* 
barliomctn  liquor,  the  hides  are  again  ipiinlled  and  alloncd 
to  lie  for  peihaps  two  weeks.  The  third  may  be  So°  Urkomcier 
and  the  fourth  «o*,  the  goods  being  "  dusted  "  as  bekire,  and 
lying  undisiuibed  (or  perhaps  ihite  ot  four  weeks  respeciively, , 

less  time,  ot  grenleioilettcritiengUlsDlUqiior,  but  ibis  tannage 

As  regards  "duititig"  maleriat.  foi  mellow  lealbei,  inellaw 
materials  are  required,  tucb  ai  myiobalaris  being  (be  meDowcst 
and  mimosa  bark  (he  most  astringent  of  those  used  id  thji 
connexion.  For  harder  leather,  a*  sole  leather,  a  much  smaller 
quantity  of  myrobalans  is  used,  if  any  at  aQ,  a  fair  quantity  of 
mimosa  bark  as  a  medium,  and  much  valonia,  which  deposits  a 
large  amount  of  bloom,  and  is  of  grcal  aslringcncy.  About  j  10 
4  cwt.  of  a  judicious  mixture  is  used  for  each  pit,  (be  meUowct 
material  piedominaiing  In  the  eariier  liquoti  and  (be  mos( 
astringent  in  tbe  later  liquors 

The  tanning  is  now  Aniahed,  and  (he  goods  m  handled  cot 
of  Ike  pits,  brushed  free  fnam  duning  matiriil,  wtsbtd  up  In 
weak  liquor,  piled  and  aDewed  (o  drip  lor  i  or  1  days  10  that  the 

FiBiiiini.—riam  this  augt  the  treatnscnt  of  sole  Inths 
diSen  Imm  Ihaa  of  harness,  belling  and  mellowei  lealhen. 
As  regards  the  first,  it  will  be  found  on  looking  at  the  dripping 
pile  of  leather  that  each  butt  Is  covered  wiLb  a  lawn-colauied 
deposit,  known  Lcchnicallyas  "bloom  "i  this  disguises  tha  undar 
colouiol  the  leather,  juuhhe  a  cou  of  paint.  The  theory  o(  (be 
lonnatlon  at  this  tdoom  is  this.  Strong  solulioni  of  tannin,  tucb 
as  are  formed  between  the  hides  from  dusting  materials,  are  not 

tbe  tannin  begini  lo  auidensc,  and  foroit.  other  adds  and  IB' 
soloMe  anhydrides;  (Us  insoluUe  iflalter  separates  in  and  on  (he 
lealher,  giving  weight,  firmness,  and  rendering  [he  leather  walec- 
prool.  It  is  known  tedmicatly  as  bloom  and  dieniically  a* 
ellagicacid. 

Auer  dripfMBg,  the  goods  an  scoured  free  fm 

WU«n  •couAag  ■     " 


Then 
being  Ihe" 


C  the  sanie,  vii.  the  iwds  are  "  vatted  " 

rs  in  tt>e  WtaeMng  nlinm  at  a  temperMi. . 

lura  (nay  eainlat  of  elilHr  umaeh  aai  a  Kahi- 

acr  made  lo  110*  baikoneter.  and  no*  P.,  < 


'ftS 


After  the  "  suspenders  "  the  pods  an  Iraufened  to 


MmcUh 

._    ._.   ,.jnioae,   coniiaing  ot  tuHt|Mtcd   HqM 

avebrwho.  aU^  bleaches  by  leaiois  of  the  free  sulpharou  wM  It 


I^STlffiH 


It  iratm  lea  w^t,  awl  AilMit  JSiSTSl  cnlaiifftiiKii*  ptr- 
Bunit  iku  ilwt  stttiiieil  by  ibIh  Ui^pMud  mneu. 

Mimr  tkr  Am  oaltiit  tiK  fOddi  an  liid  up  ii  pik  (d  ditp: 
■mawldk  Ibc  Uaiior  it  ifiiB  bcalcd,  and  IlKy  in  Urn  ntuntd  (or 
wtbrt  twedly-lour  hogr*,  jipui  removed  ancl  fELowvd  to  dnp  Eoc 
1 10  3  dift.  alter  vliidi  tbey  an  oUed  «ltli  cod  oil  on  ttM  fiain  and 
bua  up  la  thi  (kE^  la  dry  ia  tha  Aik.  Wbaa  (kar  lav*  dried  to 
an  uidiiniblin-likE  candiuiin,  tliey  are  piM  and  allomd  to  btal 
•UaliLy  unta  a  pnkh  "  bloom  "  riiaa  to  th*  aarCioa,  (bay  an  than 
Ki  Dui  and  itmuliad  {a  a  Wilna  •tsuriof  o«Mbin»i  <mtm  bam 
•Ikkei*  iaiwad  of  lit  Kana  omb  ntd  lor  awriat.  "  ainnoJ"  ovtr 
>■"  >-"d  (wilh  Ihc  thiEc^dcid  iaMumau  aMa  ia  c,  fit  4.  wKl 
—  --■-■" "  xn  Mt  ramovM  '     "' 


W 


As  reganii  the  Sniihii 
aller  tliORnigh  dripping 
Bcout«d,  waahfd  up 

colour,  and  ire  again  laid  np  in  pile  tot  two  days,  Ibcy  are  toni 
gtven  a  jood  roai  of  rod  oil,  arat  to  ihr  ihtdi,  and  drfcd  ngbt 
ont.  Only  sufBdent  jcouring  fi  gfytn  lo  cltan  Ihf  foodi,  th» 
ob^t  ollhetanncrbdnglo  leave  asmuchvtigfal  Id  aipoaaible, 
ahlioiigh  an  Ihri  superfluous  un  faai  lo  be  wubed  oul  by  Ibe 
carrier  before  he  can  proceed. 

Carryfai.— When  the  goodi  are  dried  Iron  tit  ahrdi  they  arc 
poichasad  by  Ihe  oinfer.    If,  ai  i)  olleo  the  case,  (he  (anner  ti 

abont  adding  luperfluous  irelght,  but  olkerwise  the  after  pro- 

Currying  coniiiU  of  woiling  oil  and  greaie  [Dta  the  leather 
to  ttnderil  piiabla  and  inciease  in  itrenglh.  It  wai  oncelhoaghl 
that  thia  vu  a  IDCTC  physical  effect  produced  bythetril,  but  such 
ia  not  the  case.  Cunyjug  with  animal  oils  is  a  second  tannage 
In  ItteU;  the  oCis  odditc  In  the  fibrei  and  produce  aldehydes, 
which  are  well-known  tanidng  agents;  and  this  double  tannage 
tenders  Ihe  leather  very  atmng.  Then  there  ia  the  lubricating 
effect,  a  very  important  physical  action  so  far  is  Ihe  itrenglh 
of  the  leather  Is  concerned.  Mineral  c^ii  are  much  used,  but 
they  di>  not  oildiie  lo  aldehydes,  or,  For  tbe  matler  of  thai, 
10  anythiog  e1>e,  as  they  are  not  lubjecl  lo  deeomposilion. 
They,  therefore,  produce  no  lecond  taonage,  and  their  aclion 
is  merely  Ilie  pbyucal  one  of  lubrication,  and  ihit  [>  oaly  more 

they  slowly  evaporate.  Where  animal  fats  and  oils  are  ued. 
the  longer  the  goods  are  left  In  contact  with  Ihegmu  the  better 
and  ilrooger  will  be  Ihe  lealhei. 

In  tht  "  EinhreoDeD  "  pmccsa  (German  for  "  botning  ia  "). 
the  bides  ate  thoroughly  scoured,  and  when  dry  an  tapped  into 
hot  grease,  which  is  then  allowed  to  cool;  when  it  Is  nearly  lel 
the  gooda  are  removed  and  set  out.    This  proccaa  la  not  much 


In 


iDd-iiufiing  belfing  bulls  the  gaodi 
Lca  in  water  lo  which  hat  been  added  1 
iredandstrelchcdbymacbine.  Theyaii 


?d  by  acooiing,  lo  m 


mechanically  deposited  tani 

room  for  the  grease,  and  Ibey  are  men  put  mio  a  aumacn  vai 

andietoDl.  If  any1oading,topR>ducefictittaus  weighuulobe 
d«te,  l!  is  done  now,  by  hnishing  the  sohiflon  ol  either  epsom 
■alts,  barium  chloride  or  ghicoie,  or  a  mixture,  into  the  flesh, 
and  laying  avay  in  pile  for  some  days  to  allow  ol  abaoiptian, 
when,  perhaps,  another  coat  la  given.  Whether  Ihis  i>  done  or 
not,  the  goods  are  hang  up  unlil  "  tempered  "  (drnoting  a 
certain  degree  of  dryness),  and  then  treated  wllh  dubbiD.  Thit 
:d  by  melting,-  "      "  "    "       " 


aad  adding  cod  01 


liilura  being  Hi  [red  conCouJdlyi  when 
qnttt  clear,  it  a  CDOied  as  taphHy  aa  poaiible  by  running  cold 
water  through  Ihe  steam  pen,  the  stllrins  being  continued  unlil 
U  ha*  Mt.     The  lempend  leather  having  been  set  oul  on  a  glau 


Itnck  coal  ol  dubbin.  Then  it 
the  moisture  dries  oul  the  gre 
days  Ihe  goods  ai 


3  daya  Ibc  bntuare 


applied  than  al 
tliclied  oB  whe: 

laid  away  in  greaie  for  a  DunUi;  tliajr  v 
tighu  Beth  nd  grain,  ud  bock  tailowed.  HudUUowiaim 
rubbed  on  ibe  grBln,  wbea  a  alight  pdiib  ia  loduodiltf  rabU^ 
■itb  tbe  moolbed  roiuded  edge  •!  a  thick  alab  of  lilMa;  tiny  ul 
then  hunt  up  in  Ike  iMrt  «r  MnMbed  la  innt*  Ui  diji  VI 
gR*t  deal  at  aiu&ng  ti  tutu  catiled  oul  by  dniaminc  the  sooda 
in  bol  bard  (all.  is  previouely  healed  dncBii  and  ia  MdelB 
timea  Ihe  tedious  process  of  laying  away  In  gKUC  lot  a  otoath  la 
cMhe  left  undone  alUcDther  or  veiy  conniriftsMy  Aontud.  . 

Jb  the  tanning  and  dnuing  of  the  comDooer  vaiictin  <i  Up* 
and  dried  hides,  the  maieciali  lued  are  eta  poona  quality,  nBd 
the  lime  taken  lor  all  proceaHsit  cut  down,  10  tbab  wbticM  tb* 
line  taken  lo  dreaa  the  bttier  das*  of  Icatbet  i*  Inn  ;  to  is 
niontht,>ndinatewcasesmare,lbcscchaip*i  goadtaic  Mimed 
out  b  from  3)  to  s  mantha. 

A  conilderaMe  quanltty  of  Ihe  leather  which  reaches  England, 
such  u  Esit  India  tanned  kipi.  Ausinilian  sidia.  &.C.,  a  bought  up 
and  rctanned,  being  sold  then  a*  a  much  beller-dafla  kathcr. 
The  Gtal  opcratioB  with  aucfa  goods  is  to  "  aliip  "  tfacm.of  tat 
groat  they  may  contain,  and  put  of  Iheii  original  tannage. 
This  la  effactnally  carried  out  by  firai  snaking  them  thonagUy, 
laying  tbem  up  to  drip,  and  drumming  for  half  an  hour  in  a  weak 
sololion  of  Boda;  they  are  then  mashed  by  dramming  in  p]Uily«i 
water,  the  water  ia  run  off  and  rcptaced  by  very  waok  sidphuric 
acldlapegtnliieany  remaining  H>da;  this  is  in  turn  run  oB  aad 
replaced  by  weak  Ian  liquor,  and  the  goods  an  so  tinned  by 
drumming  (or  gome  days  In  a  Hqttor  of  gradually  increasing 
ilrenglh.  The  Uquor  b  made  up  u  cheaply  aa  possible  with 
plenty  of  i^kl  tToebracbo  and  tMher  cheap  e^ract,  which  ia 
^  dried  in  with,  perbapa,  glucose^  cpsoat  sails,  &c  to  produce 
vdght.  Sometimes  a  belter  Unnage  Is  given  to  goods  of  fair 
quality,  in  vrUch  they  are,  periiaps,  started  in  the  drum  and 
finished  iBlayen,slighlTybclteT(Da»rittltc!nguscd  all  through, 
and  a  longtr  lime  laEsa  to  completa  tb>  Maaagc. 

Tbe  tannage  of  dreising  bides  (or  \ig  and  portmanteau 
work  is  rather  different  .from  the  oihar  varietin  described, 
in  that  the  gtoSt,  tJm  having  had  a  latlifr  longer  liming, 
are  "bated"  or"  pnered." 

BatJDf  eonilits  of  placing  the  paids  h  a  wheel  or  mddlc  with  ben 

-I ^jjj  pnyiuig  for  irom  a  few  houn  to  s  or  ~ 

pUfnog,  Al 

carrteJoi.  .. . 

FiDm  a  practical  point  of  view  tbe  action  is  the  removal  of 
aodtba  solatioa  of  :tlu  hair  sac*  and  a  ccrtaia  aoouat  of  Int 
fibiular  eobataim^  In  thla  wav  tibie  good*  are  palled  down  to 
»(t  SaccM  condltUiB.  which  aUawi  of  the  ceDOvml  of  short  hair. 
hair  laa  and  other  Mih  by  (Cuddina  with  an  unhalrioi  knit* 
upon  Ihe  bam.  The  lima  ii  parfiilh'  ukcn  into  lelHiiaa  aAl 
jaitially  leneoed  «ecbaBK*]ly  diriag  tbe  KwUiaa,  A  lai|* 
quaniiiyofhideaubriaace  semtiolublBaBd soluble, Isfcat by hcin; 
p(ci«d  ml,  but  thit  Dial  ten  lillle.  aa  lor  drnsini  weak,  ana.  and 
rut  weithl.  Is  Ihe  main  considitalion.  Thearetically  ike  action  i* 
due  to  Dacteria  and  bacttfial  products  (oinidxfa  femenla  aad 
eafyoies),  ujurganired  fenrienla  Hvfge^l^  Jermeots  like  Ike  yeast 
Eenneat^,  aucb  a*  paDcraadlne.  pepsin,  dc  and  chenCrittls.  <uch  aa 
■mmomuQ  and  calcium  mlta  and  pboiphate*,  all  oi  which  aiv 
praeni  in  the  nunuif.    The  evatvRl  paei  alw  pUy  their  part  in 

There  are  arveral  hain  upon  the  market  ni  Hibitlluin  foe  dung 
bale.  A  man  popoUr  one  was  the  American  "  Tiffany  "  hue, 
made  by  keeping  a  waalc-ghie  lokiiien  «taEm  for  some  hbun  and 
tkcp  IpDoducuig  a  piaca  oTbliie  chccK  to  iiBn  ftmRntadoa ;  wbn 
firmenling.  ghioiK  wu  addedi  and  the  bale  wu  then  ready  (or, 
work.  TbU  and  all  other  bales  have  bscn  more  or  le>.i  supplaTiIrd  by 
"  erodin."  discovered  after  years  of  research  by  MrWood  (Notting. 
ban>)a>idDnPoppaodBecker(VlenDa).  This  is  an  anlllclal  bate, 
■       '.■a«La>a«i>a*i<ta«f  tkidiaif^it^J^lifgppltai- 


'I'TTTms'lt'"'^ 


Afts  pDUiBg  down  tbe  loodt  u  a  »tl,  lilky  coiidil<o«  by 
bating  or  piuriai,  it  It  DKOsUy,  ilia  icudding,  Id  plump  Ibem 
ap  tgiia  uul  bring  ibem  Into  ■  cku  ud  Bl  «iBilitioii  for  ic- 
cdvtng  ihe  tu.  Tba '»  dime  by  "  dnucUng  "  in  a  bnn  dnncb. 
A  qauuiiy  ol  bna  b  lOtJHl  wtd  *llo#vd  U  Itrmeni 


ID  hu  itadKd  ibe  ptvpcr  Uigi  tbc  gnodi  an  placed, 
tagetbor  wltli  Itac  brai  liquor,  la  a  nltaUc  pll  «  val,  and  are 
aflomd  »  miiaiii  «nl3  ihey  have  rlicB  thm  lisMs)  ihb  tidng 
M  dw  iorlace  i*  cuMcd  by  ibc  gaimiu  predacuof  ib*  fsrtenla- 
lioa  bdli  ouflil  by  tba  ikiiL  The  plumping  acUira  ef  the  bno 
b  As  Id  tbt  iddi  prsdncad  during  ftnrcnuflan  and  ako  in 
part  to  ilw  gaao,  and  tbe  dcandng  action  Is  d  IK  (D  iha  mcchanka} ' 
aoioB  ol  tbo  putidct  o(  bran  nibbing  iga^nit  the  gnin  of  the 
ikina.  After  dtcDcfaing,  llir  goodi  an  waabed  Ine  Item  bnB, 
and  an  nody  lor  the  tantung  oroeeu. 

IDUcb  lunl  Tot  bavy  Udn  ai  for  light  ikini,  it  bung  IouihL  mach 
■non  amnnLcnt  and  cbeipfr  la  ii«  aridi.  In  (act.  bating  and 
xine  ETadually  itrplatxd  by  acid  balha  in  the  case  of 
n,  the  procett  beioi  carried  out  at  deUmins  lor  nie 
,  much  Bftorr  thoniuBhly  in  ttw  case  of  djmiiif  lather. 
The  Unning  ol  dnaiing  bides,  which  an  nni  rounded  iato  bulls 
andofial.u  briefly  as  follows  They  first  enter  a  uties  of  coIdut- 
Ing  pits  er  suapoidcn,  and  ibea  a  seria  of  handlen,  by  which 
time  they  iboutd  be  plump  and  adoined  ibrough)  in  Ibis  colt- 
lUtion  they  an  ^t  (itbcr  by  means  ol  a  nnkm  or  balid-knife 
iplitling  machlDC  (fig.  j). 


t^'i^ 


capabh  of  JFtaUing  »  ai 


.nd  Knife  Splitting  Machine. 

popular  machine,  and  coinBta  etoenlially 
'  fl.  tthkhrevolvH  a(  cfluidenbk  tpeed 

ind  prneed  apunsl  the  VnKe-    The  lower 

, ^ (to  lagoinwdlle  itJlf  to  the  unequil 

gl  Tariom  pim  of  a  hide.  The  lhicline»<>f  the  kathn 
k>  be  eat  is  kumI  n  the  ulmocl  miautencsg  by  means  at  the  hand 
icrewt  t »  whidi  raiie  or  lower  the  upper  lullet.  The  linife  edK  o( 
■be  cotter  la  kept  keen  by  nibblni  againn  tevolvini  craerv  wheeh 
I  aa  it  naim  nntid.  So  delicate!^  can  (hii  machim  efled  its  work 
that  lUcta  tt  bather  uniloTin  ihtrHghout  and  as  thin  as  paper  can 
be  easily  prepared  by  il.  and  by  its  aid  it  ii  quite,  cammon  to  iplil 
hides  into  Ol  niiiy  as  three  asetul  iplhi. 

TbedraMngbidcsareudiaUy  split  in  two.  Here  we  irlU  leave 
the  split  (flesh)  Iota  time  and  continue  with  the  iRatmeni  of  the 
intn.  After  splilling,  ihey  cnler  (sothei  series  of  handlers,  tie 
Ibcs  piled  up  for  a  day  or  (*«,  and  thrown  into  a  large  dium 
with  sumach  miied  (o  a  paste  with  hot  water  and  a  light -oilooicd 
eilracl.  Tley  an  diummed  in  this  for  one  lour  to  brighten  and 
tnellow  the  grain,  washed  up  in  tepid  liqtn-,  piled  tor  two  days, 
■ad  diuinmid  wUb  csdoilorsomeatbosuhableoilarnilitiirei 


piled  Iota  day  or  two  to  absorb,  diied  out,  "■'■"f* 
on  toe  grain,  aad  flrah  folded. 

The  splits  arc  rinsed  up  in  old  sunuicb<  liquor  and  drummtd 
with  cheap  eitratlsandadullcninis,  such  assize,  glucou, barium 
chloride,  epjom  silts,  (tc.  after  which  Ihcy  an  piled  up  to  drajo, 
dried  to  a  "  uminied  "  condition,  rolled  to  make  film,  and  diicd 
right  o»t. 

In  iha  drrsvrg  hide  tannage  vciy  mellosr  matcriars  are  used. 
Gambitr  and  myrabalans  'arm  the  main  body  of  tltc  tannage, 
CDgcihcr  with  a  little  quebtacko  extract,  mlmoia  back,  iunach 

Vpfir  laiker.—Voicc  the  head  of  upper  leather  are  included 
the  thin,  soft  and  pliable  leathers,  which  find  their  prindpal, 
but  by  DO  nKans  adiuivc,  appttcatloo  hi  TnmVin^  the  Bppcn 
of  boots  and  shoes,  which  may  be  taken  as  a  type  of  a  class  ol 
leslbcn.  "Hey  are  made  fnra  such  skins  as  Eul  Indian  kips, 
light  cow  and  hone  hides,  tbin  split  hides,  such  as  Iboae  dcsoibed 
under  dcoting  leather,  liut  ^lil  latbec  thinner,  and  call,  llil 
pieparatoiy  dressing  of  (uch  (kins  and  tbc  taaning  opentioni 
da  not  difier  csacDiially  iiom  those  already  described.  In  pto- 
portion  to  the  thinness  of  the  skin  treated,  the  proceuea  are 
more  capidly  finished  and  less  complex,  the  tannage  ia  a  little 
lighter,  heavy  malBriuIs  such  as  valonia  being  used  ipaisely 
if  at  alL  (}enaally  speaking,  the  goods  have  a  longer  and 
mellower  liming  and  bating,  the  lime  being  mon  thonughly 
removed  than  for  the  leathers  previously  described,  lo  produca 
greater  pliabilily,  and  everything  must  tend  in  Ihjs  direction. 
The  heavier  hides  and  kips  are  split  as  described  under  drcsaii^ 
leather,  and  then  tanned  right  ouL 

Curryiin  if  Hit  Li(k(er  Liailitri.^Thi  duty  of  the  cucriet  ia 
not  solely  diiccled  towards  heavier  teathets;  he  is  also  entrusled 
with  the  dressing  and  fitting  of  the  lighter  lesthen  lot  tbo 
shoemaker,  coachbuilder,  saddler,  lie  He  has  to  pate  the  leather 
down  and  itduce  inequalities  in  thickness,  to  impregnate  it  with 
latty  matter  in  order  to  rentier  it  lolt  and  pliable,  and  to  give  it 
such  a  surface  dresung,  colour  and  finish  as  will  please  the  eye 
and  suit  the  puiposei  ol  iu  toniuiocis.  The  fact  that  machioeiy 
is  used  by  some  currieis  for  nearly  eveiy  mechanical  operation, 
while  others  adhere  to  the  maniiil  system,  renden  it  almeot 
impossible  lo  give  in  brief  an  outline  ol  operations  wfaicb  wlU  bo 
consistent  with  any  considtjabic  number  of  curriers. 

The  lolhisdnl  may  be  Uken  ai  a  typical  niodem  dieoing  of 
waied  lall  or  waxed  kips.    The  [Opdi  are  first  of  all  aoaked  down 

cbaa  leathers' hand^havini  is  still  , 
[hat  the  dial  of  the  shaving  mact 


.  u>in  blodi,  >ii<l  the  bUdF  ii  bal/  rubbed  and  hall  Kiand  over 
te  nrfuc  ol  the  Ze:irher  in  lucxenjvp  aimkei.  fhe  aape  ti  the 


»  49*.  nth  ilH 
.    TbenpiDd 


for  tbc  RBUivml  of  Ibe  bloom  with  the  ■( 
lanied,  ind  the  fnlit  li  n 
■MP  ud  boMi  HluIiaB,  It 


Flo  9. — Curtylnf  Appuu 


hJteiiH."  UD  opfr 


board ;  Sr  alidttr. 

The  (mdi  UT  dMRiped  doWn  ud  sot  (a  the 


tunwd  «dn  ^w^^.-.    >,j  ^_.. 

Xo  «1ikIi  to  fiiiiib  by  wvuoe;    afHr  thii  they 
lan  ArmboimJ  (Rp%'9)  toDnnTupthefraiTi,oi 


Kri; 


□  plUnt.     Al  ihil  *Ew  tbc 
,"  and  an  Kond  uatiT ready 


...  .  K  opmtlon  b  to  Muk  tbr  fosdt.  In  England 
thia  la  renonJly  done  bv  hand,  but  rtirhiinry  ■  aiich  tBDre  uKpd 
in  the  Cnited  Sutei.  The  procca  convnaoi  Hell  bnithing  iuio  i)w 
fleth  aide  of  tha  ikiiv  a  black  preparation  made  in  one  rA  two  wai 
The  older  ndpc  ia  a  mbiluR  of  lampblack,  dl  anil  1 


^1  isd  periian 
1,  bnip^ek.  k 


rh  rounded  edge*  buDf  uied  with 

.  are  huDK  up  to  dry.    Wbcii  dry  i...,  ... 

in  irady  for  njinff.    Coodi  Mucd  with 


DaolaihickiUb.ilCila_.tl 


'diyr*WheB  dry  they  areoBedwiii  eod  oU, 

_uw.    Good!  Uackcd  with  aoap  btackl^  an 

pRpand  with  oQ  btaaloa  an  wed  twice.    Tb* 

liae  uaed  for  loap  Wck  akini  may  corwH  Ok  a  nuxlun  of  beetwaa, 

Eitch.  linteed  oil.  tallow,  aoap,  gfue  and  bcwood  extract-  For  oil 
lacked  tkini  the  "  bottom  liilBE  "  may  be  glue.  WBp.  locwaod 
oaraci  and  water,  after  the  application  of  which  the  pjoda  aw 
dried  and  the  "  top  nring  "  apwlcd^  cbii  comivu  of  [lue.  cod  oil. 
beeawax.  talknv»  vcnict  lurpa,  Mack  dve  aod  water  The  tuina 
havina  been  applied  wiih  a  tponee  or  loit  brufh.  ihorouchly  rubbed 
in  with  a  Eh»  illclfer.  crush  marki  m  removed  by  padding  with  a 
'   "     '  'ttt  \3tna%  dried  odl,  are  ready 


!r  pad,  and  tbe  goods,  alier  beii^ 
bdi  of  warned  iraia  lealhert» 


and  liniiiied  by  the  applkaTion  of  hard  buck  tallow  To 
of  lucwood  and  in 


oll^cki 


PiHiikifit  driinHg  Hidii  Sir  Bat  i"^  Partmanlua  R 
The  bida  ai  received  from  [he  tapner  are  uaked  down 
il  shaved,  generally  by  machiiie,   a 


oured,  I 


lUHfcT  wand  leather,  a 


lachedtT 


■ud  dried  right  out.  Tlie  train  ii  upw  ElJed  by  applying  a  lelu- 
Ihm  al  aither  Irtah  mots,  linseed  mucilage  or  my  oifaer  nmciUgio- 
DU3  filllDg  maierial,  and  the  Besh  11  lizcd  wHh  a  raiiture  of 
mudUge  and  Fitnch  chalk,  after  which  the  goodt  arc  bmih- 
lUked  with  an  anLiimt  dye.  to  which  has  been  added  linteed 
mucDagcto  ^wlt  bnd^Mm  coat*  aeBapplkdio  lAamaBM 


dritd,  ud  bnohcd  by  mufaiBS.    Tb«  hide*  are  a 

br  (hit  applitttien  diber  of  pun  buck  uHow  ot  of  a  mliture  of 

canauba  wai  aad  aoap;  thia  ii  nibbed  up  tuo  a  ilifht  ifom 


1m  taaiiiiii  K^  katbca  cvoytUsf  dim  toid  towardt 
nqirlaiaa  aod  pHabOUy  la  tkt  fobbed  kalber,  JD  «BUaM  10  ibe 
bvDO*  and  adidky  icqvbtd  In  beavy  kalhcn.  CoDHquoilI]', 
the  llndni  b  kiogtr  aad  nwUoveri  puoipc,  baliac  «r  mne 
bactnla)  aubatilnw  ahnyi  Iblloin;  the  lanuge  b  inuch  tborteri 
ud  BullDw  mfrriala  an  naed.  A  deposillon  of  bloom  In  ilie 
goodi  i»  not  often  nqulnd,  »  thai  very  loeo  ifier  tbcy  ar« 
amch  ihiBU^  tbcy  an  HmBwd  u  unoCd.  The  malsiala 
hiply  naid  an  nmadi,  oak  bark,  lambiB',  mytobalaiB,  mimoai 
'  ark,  willDW,  biKh  and  lanli  barta.  . 
Aa  wiih  bwy  taathera,  ao  ako  wilb  lishi  leaihcn,  tbeit  ara 
arinu)  wayi  of  taaniag;  and  qoalily  haa  much  lo  do  with  the 
ebboratlan  or  Dodilkatioa  of  ifaa  mnhodt  employed.  Tbt  laa- 
nln|  of  aU  leaibea  will  be  dealt  witb  &cN,  dj^i^  aod  foiaUBg 
optiationi  bdRf  tttaled  later. 
Tbe  vtceiable-iuined  leaiber  it  luxt  [i  a  botlk-tanned  akin. 
!  j)  tuperiw  to  every  oLher  daaa  of  vegeiable-ianned  leaiber 
I  every  way,  but  owing  to  rorapelitioa  nol  a  great  deal  b  now 
produced,  as  it  b  perhaps  the  moat  eipensive  leaiber  ever  pur 
i  market-  The  method  qI  preparation  is  as  follows. 
'  akini  are  usually  bard  and  dry  when  received.  10  they  art 
'e  soaked  dowD,  and  when  tufidently  soft  an  eiths*  milled 
in  tbe  slocks,  drurrrased  in  a  lattice  drum  (American  dash  wbed, 
tg.  ro),  or  *'  broken  down  "  over  the  beam  by  working  on  the 
flesh  with  a  blunt  uchairisg  knife.  They  are  next  mellow  limed 
(about  3  weeks),  sulphide  being  used  if  convenient,  unbaircd  and 
Scsbed  as  described  under  heavy  leathers,  and  ar*  then  ready 
pueting.  This  pmcess  a  carried  thiDugh  at  about  8c^  F,, 
m  the  goods  are  worked  ou  the  beam,  rinsed,  drenched  In  a 
bran  drench,  scudded,  and  an  ready  for 


if  the  I 


cklni 


id  the  edges  IR  tightly  Hitched  tS 


[nil  end),  flesh  outwards,  a 
round  to  form  bap,  Iciv- 

the  shaska  for  fiBingi  ihey 
ate  now  turned  grain  oul- 
wttii  andhlledwiihsltont 
nimacb  Hqiior  and  aame 
quantity  &I  aeM  nDadi 
LO  hn  up  the  inlcniica 
ud  prevent  teakigc,  after 
wliich  the  open  abuik  li 
np,    and    they    att 


le  surface  with  a 

ak  they  an  piled  on  a  tbcl; 

Ibroktgb 
Gnidied 

!  Mitehing  b  ripped  up.  the  sIuds  are  slicked  out,  "  strained  " 
icama  and  dried  "  iiraining  "  conaiM*  of  nailing  ihe  skJu 
I  on  board*  In  a  stretched  condition,  or  Ihe  stretching  in 
IMS  by  mean*  of  airings  laced  in  the  edge  of  Ihe  ftaoe  and 
attached  to  the  edge  of  the  (kin- 

•Ditet  wmacb'tanned  skini  (but  still  of  veiy  good 
gBality)Ma.taaiad,la|iaddk  obtck  AaoNi  ol  three  bcin(  00^ 


cmvcidentlr  uitd  fii  Ike  luw  nmier  h  Ibe  Ibc^fni  qMctn 
of  Vminy,  each  wheel  hivinf  three  packi  of  tLizu  thrfni^  k 
befon  bdDg  [hrown  iniy.  lUi  p-iming  uub  U  make  ■ 
bolda  gnia,  u  tlie  ikini  m  kept  ia  (SDIunuI  notioD,  and  >ocl 
QTcr  on  UMlber,    Some  iDuidiclunn :'  ' '    ' 

poroDs  product.     Othen,  when  the 

■cni-diT  condition,  apply  neiutMl  or  otber  oil. 

tji  gtftffiat  mini  qH,  to  Ibe  gnln  to  hibrloM  it  apd  nuke  it  more 

vuppje;  tiK  glynriiK  mixture  b  geoenUy  used  for  "  chiDm  " 

Icalher,  aod  wili  be  di&cuscd  later  uoder  that  head. 

The  lUtu  tanned  as  above  art  laiBely  dieiied  ■*  xHrgeeo. 
OrisiDall]'  "  onfecco  "  **:  prodoced  by  Ibe  Moon  Id  loDibcm 
Spain  and  Maiocco,  Kheon  the  indmtiy  qtiead  to  tbe  Levtmt, 
"nuiey  and  the  Mediienanean  oust  of  Africa  jtncnlly,  *beie 
the  lestber  **>  made  trsn  «  (pedes  of  imaach.  Pecufiady 
eootuth,  Ibe  dyeing  vai  canled  out  hefore  the  tannina,  wjib 
Roman  alom  ai  "  mordant  ^  and  itenns,  which  with  the  aiam 
prodorcd  a  tat  nd  colour.  Such  leather  waa  peculiady  dear 
in  colour,  elaatic  and  loft,  yti  finn  and  £ne  in  pain  and  texture, 
and  hu  bug  been  uudi  prfied  for  biadinp,  beinj  the  material 
is  vUeh  DioM  of  Ibt  mittic  wotk  el  tbi  iMb-cenluiy  binden 
•u  MKnted.  Now,  In  addition  to  tbe  itatdne  morocco  made 
bom  |0*t  iUm,  we  have  imitation  or  Fiencb  monccot,  lor 
whidi  aplii  calf  and  opedally  iheep  ikini  an  employed,  and  a> 
the  ippeaiance  of  moncco  ii  the  result  of  the  style  of  fiililni 
1  now  be  Imitated  by  piintinf  or  embominc 
in  be  nude  bom  all  varieties  of  lUo  lewber. 


roccotjnd  loi  uuiumeTable  oiKh  | 
xioB  ai  lollawi:  Tiv  gooda  arr  tanned     ' 
sia  bark,  tieu{h?i  bnnr  iniKeflaaled  wit 
II  of. 30%.     The  firu  opciuipn  ii 


wuhina  the  igodh  when  tht 

tulphuiicieidtabTighien  tK< 

vtnch  Ibey  are  «Mbed  up  and  rclanaed  by  drnr 

dried  and  ara  ndy  fu  dyeing. 

The  tonnlnft  oT  theep  and  lamb 
frotn  the  tanning  of  goat  and  other  ^r 


ss;; 


ed  by  drnnunirw  in  «iv 
TVy  are  then  Jickcd  out 

'  euentiall) 
prrparfToo 


Sir;: 


SttiJ^l^iet  it.^'Tbi'd^m^iTS 
Dufiog   ihe    praceu   Ur^e  quanlirie 


ably  rained.  The  «imTi  now  " puUcd  '  by  pulfe™,  •)»  Ihron 
into  bioi  ananttd  lo  neelve  [he  diKenu  qsalitieii  for  ooe  ] 
may  ba¥e  three  didertnl  fiades  of  vool  on  it. 

Other  method)  of  devDolint  an  to  poioi  theSeih  with  a  Htut 
of  sodiom  sulphide,  or  cteam  of  bme  made  with  a  ulation  <il  ssd! 
nilphidc!  ja  either  eaie  the  iDodi  are  piled  flcik  IS  Btih  lor  an  b 
or  BO.  and  are  la  taken  thei  ibe  drwoolinc  ataot  does  not  louch 
WOOL  The  pelt  la  then  pulled  and  inpidlir  swiUed  ia  •  nraiii 
runnlag  water.  The  Eoodi  en  nov.  in  nme  yirdt.  liehlly  liii 
to  pluBip  them  luperlinany.  by  paddling  in  a  niiEIc  of  lime,  and 
this  Hag*,  or  when  the  gindi  hive  b«n  "  iirwrk  tbmigh  "  ■ 
tan  liquor,  tlwy  are  "  dmesKd  "  eiiber  by  bytkaabc  prneurt 
by  bennne  drgrsAilf,  This  is  >o  expel  tbe  oledginoui  or  la 
mstlrr  with  wSi[:h  ihccp  akins  arc  richly  impre^narpd;  the  aver 
yield  i>  atioHl  *oi.  per  ikin.    *" 


wnath  and  bsik. 
ways.  Engiisfa  basils 


ate  tanned  with  oak  balk,  althbiifb, 

fnfernr  tannages  tn  now  corunm,  Scotch  basils 

■ilb  larrh  bark,  Ainiralian  and  New  Zealand  basils  vriib  mimosa 

barit  and  Turkish  bsiils  with  galls.     The  last  an  tbe  commonest 

kind  of  skins  impotled  into  Great  Briiain,  and  ire  usoally  only 

■cmi-lanned.     Xhu  are  sumich-tanntd  ilwcp  skins. 

5ilrwri  an  the  itiain  ifiKti  of  sheep  iklDs,  tbe  fleshes  ol  which 
ate  inished  for  chamois  iestbtr.    The  goods  are  splil  in  Ibebnud 

.  ,_. ..„ J  I      ■     ■ 

•equenily  ttuled  IDU(±  «  n 


a  large  quality  of  lime 


aba  Convenient  wtyi  the  fteabes.  01 
into  tbe  limes,  at  il  is  ncceuaiy  to  gi 

ffuna  [^aiitr  wu  origiDally  s  tpeciabiy  of  Rui^  where  it 
was  made  from  the  hidti  of  young  cattle,  aud  deemed  citber  a 
brownish  red  or  hlack  coknir  (or  upper  lather,  bookbinding, 
dressing-cases,  purses,  &c.  tt  b  now  made  Ihioughaui  Europe 
and  America,  tbe  best  quahtiee  being  obuined  from  Austria. 
Hie  cmpyreumatic  cKlour  of  the  old  genuine  "  ftuuia  "  leatber 
was  derived  from  a  hmg-continued  contact  with  wiUow  and  ihe 
baik  of  the  viili  Urcb,  which  contsins  the  odorous  beiulu  oH. 
Horse  hides,  calf,  goat,  sheep  skins  and  even  splits  are  now 
drened  as  "  Raaat  leather,"  but  mosi  ol  these  an  of  a  decidedly 
inferior  quality,  and  as  thi^  are  merely  treated  with  birch  bark 
oil  to  give  Iham  somelhiDg  of  Ihe  odour  by  which  Kuala  leather 
il  oRtinarily  recsgnUed,  ihey  scarcely  doerve  tbe  name  under 
which  they  pais.  The  present^lay  genuine  Rumia  leather  is 
tanned  like  other  ti^t  leathers,  but  picficrly  in  willow  bark^ 
although  pofdar  and  spruce  fir  barks  are  used.  After  *'npiag 
and  setLing  out  the  goods  at  treated  with  the  empyreumatlc  oil 
oUainrd  by  ibe  dry  diiiilUtion  ol  biidi  bark.  The  red  colour 
comraoaly  seen  in  RuHia  lealhei  is  now  ptoduced  by  aniline 
coloiin,  hut  was  originally  gained  by  the  applicuioo  of  an  in- 
luaioa  of  Bruil  wood,  which  was  rubbed  over  ibe  grain  with  a 
bmsh  ox  sponge.  Some  time  ago  Russialcather  got  into  diutpuu 
because  otlutapid  decay,  this  was  owing  to  its  being  dyed  with 
aveiy  acid  lohillonol  tin  salts  and  cochinei],  the  acid  completely 
destroying  the  leather  in  a  year  or  two.  The  black  leather  is 
obtained  by  sulning  with  logwood  infusion  and  iron  acetate. 
Tbe  Icalher,  If  genuine  quality,  ii  very  watenigbt  Bod  strong, 
and  owing  Lo  its  impregnation  with  the  cmpyreumatic  oil.  il 
wards  oS  the  attacks  of  inseCIa. 

Stal  Lalktrs,  fr<.— Tim  tanna^  of  tea]  skins  it  dow  an 
important  department  of  the  leather  industry  of  the  Uiuied 
Kingdom.  Tbe  skins  form  one  of  ibe  items  of  the  wbaUng 
industry  which  principally  centres  in  Qundeff,  and  at  ibai  port, 
as  well  as  at  Hull  and  Peterbcad,  they  are  rccdved  in  large 
quaniiiies  from  tbe  Arctic  regioaa.  This  skin  isthaL  of  Ibe  while 
bail  seal,  and  mugt  not  be  cnofused  with  tbe  eipeoiive  sed 
fur  obtained  from  Ruuian  and  Japanoe  waters.  These  white 
hair  seal  skins  are  light  hut  eueediDgly  dose  in  leUurc,  yielding 
a  very  strong  tough  leather  of  largo  area  and  fine  bold  grain, 
known  as  Lmti)  motouf.  Tbe  area  of  the  ikuu  renders  then 
suitable  for  upholstery  work,  and  thr  fiesh  spbts  are  dreesed  lo 
considerable  quaatiLy  lor  "  japanned  "  ("  patent  ")  leather  and 
"  bolsters,"  which  arc  used  to  grain  olbcr  skins  on,  the  raised 
bus  aflotding  a  pip  on  tbe  skin  being  gnined  and  thus  prevent- 
ing slipping.  When  tbe  ikini  strive  in  the  lanyard  (generally 
lighilyiaJiod)  ibey  arednuomed  m 


lipped  In 


tr  and  ■■  blub 


witb  a 


as  they  i«  still  very  grea^', 

are  heavily  puercd  for  tbe  sa 

a  motiib,  end  ia  much  ihe  same  as 

being  split  when  "  struck  through." 

Alligalor  leather  is  now  produced..-   — 

United  Suiei  tnd  India.    The  billy  and  Hanks 


ter  which  they  are  heavily  hmed, 
dafTcrunhuriagaBd  Seihingihey 
reason.  TbetanDigeukcsabout 
oe  as  for  other  leaiheta,  ibe  skins 


U»er. 


^"fhe  tSl 

Th-  leather  ii  uie 
>n  iberp>kin 


extent  both  ia  ibe 
tbe  ikins. 


goods,  and  is  much  imiia 

Snake  and  Irog  skins  Air  miv  ornKo  10  vrntr  enmi.  rnt  Biter 
ba^qag  fonned  a  comidcrvble  item  in  the  enpani  ol  Japan,  ihey 
are  dressed  inoitfy  for  cigar  eases  and  pocVn  books.  The  general 
procedure  is  nnt  To  hmc  the  gcodt  and  Ihen  10  remove  any  ntes 
(in  tiR  case  of  snake  skias)  by  scnpnw  with  an  unhsiring  knile  on 
a  small  beam,  af  ler  which  the  skins  arelated  aod  tanned  in  sumich 
by  paddCinfl. 

A  rcTiildcrable  anionnl  of  lather  b  now  produced  in  Australia 
from  the  ik^iu  oi  kangaroo,  wallahy  and  other  mantifoalL  Tlwsa 
•kiu  are  both  unind  and  "  tawed.'  Ihe  priadpal  tinajng  ageMs 
being  minKH  bark,  aiallct  bark  and  eu^i  buih.  which  abound  in 


LEATHER 


J^mi  and  AMMrf  XmH  ... 

flcih  qiliti,  wbcRU  nmpdHng  ii  doK  on  the  gnio,  ud  il 
qilits  m  used  tbey  kre  ptiBttd  uid  boudcd.  Tlx  leather 
■bould  be  meUow,  toll.  fi«  iiom  (reue.  with  ■  fiim  pun 
■nd  DO  IndiDtlKHI  to  KMtcb.  It  b  fint  duvid  my  imeoth, 
tboroo^y  Koured  with  a  gtane»  lumacbed.  wubed,  dcked 
out  tl|til  and  dried;  vhcn  "  umminl,"  Ibe  grain  i>  buffed  to . 
nauvc  acratihca  aod  oiled,  t)K  gtwdi  an  tlwD  whilencd  «  fluffed, : 
aDd  ii  log  hard.  bnilMd  by  boaiding;  cnaml  goods  an  sow 
grained.  The  iklna  ue  now  Ughily  nailed  on  boardi  and  any  bola 
patched  up  vilb  brown  paper,  to  iliat  the  japan  ihall  DOi  touch 
the  fleih  vheD  the  fitn  thick  coat  of  j^iu  or  the  "  dauh  "  u 
put  on.  Thii  Ii  applied  ao  thickly  that  it  cwmot  leak  ra.  with 
fioc-loothed  aMcher,  and  then  placed  in  a  hot  ttoyt  lor  twenty- 
foul  houis  iintn  quite  dry,  the  coating  ii  then  pumiced  iniooth 
■Dd  the  lecond  thinKi  coat,  termed  "  blaoback,"  a  apphed, 
TUi  it  dried  and  pmnlced,  and  a  fine  coaling  of  Japan  or  copal 
vaniah  h  finally  givetL  Thti  ii  dried  and  coded,  and  il  the 
goodi  are  for  enamel  they  are  boarded. 

Engliih  jagaiia  ■anyiimei  contain  liih  I  petroleum,  but  no  turpa, 

the  oktv  the  UaHnl  oil  k  ibe  beau  the  ttwlt  To  pnpu*  thi 
gragndcQAt.btHl  lo  taltoiu  linieed  oil  for  one  hour  with  j  IbLihara^ 
II  6ao°F.  to  ietllf y  Iht  on.  and  ihenidd  3  Ibpruiaian  blue  and  binl 

ihinaed'aiih  id  aaHoH  light  peaoieum  Fv  (he  HiniHl  eeat.  bed 
10  lolkxu  liinniT  cat  [or  1  boun  with  3  lb  pnuaao  blue  Mid  >  0> 
lampblack;  when  of  a  Ihbi  ieUy  cnuiMcncy  thin  with  J  gallona  ol 
beniine  or  liiht  petroleum.  For  the  finiihuif  coat,  bsll  s  nllMM  of 
biKoloil  for  I  hew,  tbcB  add  I  ft  prwan  blue,  aodboil  for 
anotbir  koir:  thin  with  lo  lalloin  pctnleiun  and  fflj  iriib  a 
biuih  in  a  wann  room.    After  diyiai.  (he  (Mdi  ■■*  aeUoHl  by 

Tamm. — Wool  lu^  aie,  alter  the  pnliniDary  pracenei, 
•onetinea  tanned  hi  oak  bark  Iktoon  by  paddling,  but  are 
generaOy  "  tawed,'  thai  is,  dieued  with  alum  and  lalt,  and  aie 
theieforc  more  suitably  dealt  with  under  that  bead.  Tawing 
impbea  that  tJ»  coawnioii  o[  iluna  into  leather  ia  carried  out 

are  mineral  salts,  such  u  ahjm,  chrome  and  iron,  which  may  ot 
may  not  be  suppLcmentcd  wilb  lauy  and  albumijious  matter, 
bocb  inimal  and  vegeuble. 

A*  an  eaarai^  ol  alum  tawing,  calf  kid  ouy  be  taken  aa 
cfaanderistic  of  the  process;  gtove  kid  is  also  treated  on  similar 
lisea.  The  goods  are  prepared  for  tawing  in  a  manner  similu 
to  the  picpaiadoB  of  tauied  leathets,  arsenical  Umea  belii«  used 
to  enaure  a  fine  grain.  Alter  being  well  drenched  and  wished 
the  gooA  arc  ready  for  the  tawing  process.  On  the  continent 
of  Europe  It  is  usual  for  the  goods  to  be  tbrowo  into  a  tub  with 
the  tawii^  paste  and  trodden  with  tba  bate  (eel,  altboH^  thteoU- 
faahioaed  Dethod  ia  gradually  beiag  drives  out,  Ud  tbe  dnim 
or  tnmtiler  i>  bdcg  used. 

Tbe  tawing  pane  mnnils  of  a  mbrtorc  of  alum,  sal 
yolk  and  water;  the  quiniiiiM  al  each  caoitiluent  div  , 

every  dmer  having  hii  own  recipe,    Tbe  lollDwiiit  hai 
bat  cwmot  well  be  claned  as  trpical:  For  100  lb  >^  i 

freois  to  I J  IbSonr.  uringi  la  6  egg  yolks  (or  every  po 

med.  OUve  oil  is  alio  niiied  in  BOKtiBicL  Thcslunsai  I 

or  trodden,  ii  Inieivala.  in  the  warm  paste  for  some  houi  , 

allowed  to  drain,  and  dried  raj^ly,  damped  down  or  ' 


hi  the  top  of  I  cnaK,  and  known  ai  a  knee  stake;  t1 
them  vny  aniBderably.  After  tlakinc,  the  gnodi 
diaved  smooth,  ejlher  with  a  moon  Knife,  I.*,  a 
'    "     '  re  of  which  has  bcei 


IfinTlhhS" 


briiMng  the  eaiHty  fponing  the  gria  ( 
siiavliif  knife;  Ibe  akliia  are  iww  ready 

ITsol  Suf  DrM)bt.--Woal  rugs  ate 
wdl  washed  «Dd  deait.Babed,  lOurcd  weU  by  cubUng  bto  tbe 
wool  ■  BOhitloil  of  aofl  soap  and  soda,  and  then  leathered  by 
nbbiDt  hito  the  Seih  of  the  wet  ahlns  a  miilure  eonibtlng  of 
tluec  paiti  of  alum  and  two  parts  of  salt  Dnlll  they  u«  practically 
dry;  tbey  ale  lunr  [fled  up  o«i-ni^l,  and  the  miitore  h  again 
•{^liied.  After  the  accond  or  third  apj^catlon  tbe  goods  ahoald 
be  qnlte  leathered.  Other  metbods  consist  ot  itretchini  " 
ifclna  In  Iramei  and  painting  the  flesb  with  a  solution  of 
bmI  lalt,  or,  betlo,  with  ft  wlulioB  ol  faulc.iham  ud  ttll,  tbe 


3+J 

Ida  tuitil 


ba  briag  -maita  biric  by  the  gruhal  tddftMi  ot  loda  tutil 

peminent  pted[dti1e  h  produced. 

The  goods  an  now  bleadwd.  for  even  the 
..ill  not  remove  the  yellow  tint  of  the  wool 
There  are  several  methods  of  bleachuu,  vu 

foUoving  up  with  a  weakvunolbaih.by  pa , .^-.-..^ 

fallowing  dp  snth  a  baih  of  sulphuroua  and.  ot  by  [lumntiDg  ia 
an  air-ilghi  chanbce  wub  bumii^  sulphur  The  lan-Bamed  method 
la  the  more  geiberal.  tbesrct  skmsate  hung  in  the  cbainbcr.  an  iroo 
pot  eonaiDrng  buming  sulphur  is  introduced,  and  tbe  eapoaure  la 

If  the  goods  are  to  be  firmed  white,  tbey  are  aow  ^vtn  a  vitriol 
ur.  scoured,  washed,  retanoed,  dried,  and  when  dry  uftened  by 
^Jtkiof  with  a  moon  knife.  If  Iticy  arc  to  be  dyed,  they  must  be 
prepared  for  the  dye  solalioa  by  "  chlonng."  which  ronuts  of 
immemon  in  a  cold  solotioa  of  bleadung  powder  for  lonie  boun, 

■tenia  dr^g'    ^f  ha^  dyes  are  to  he  used.  It  is  nH-»- 
■(raliie  the  acidily  of  the  skin*  by  careful  additi* 

TTie  tendency 

ebncho,  &c.   in   fact,   some   of   the   darka-^alaured   materiala 
ly  be  used  as  a  ^und  colour,  ihiii  economuing  dyeKuS  nnd 

a  two  purposea.     if  acid  cotouTS  arc  uirI.  it  is  neceuary  to 
phuric  acid  10  the  dye  bath,  and  in  either  case  coloun  whkJi 
11  strike  below  y>'  C.  must  be  used,  aa  at  thai  cetapcvture  alum 

After  oeing  dyed,  the  goods  are  washed  up.  drained,  and  if  nece*- 
lanned,  tne  gloviing  Emsh  is  thea  produced  by  paiiing  them 


prevent  (he  tipa  from  being  dycda  darker  coiourtl 

;&iibei  silts, and  acetic  aci^Tare  added  to  the  dye-bath. 


'ler  which  ibry  are  dried,  so 
id  beating,  wncn  they  arc 


?iX 


t  working  with  a 


ready  for  the 


Blacks  are  dyed  by  immersbu  (he  goodi  alternaiely  In  solutio 
lactic  acid  and  aucudi,  copper  salts,  potajiium  bickronute 


le  of  tmnierslod  vL 

a-jds  arc  evposed  lo  ihc  a 
a  good  black;  they  are  i 


, ,  ...  .„ ,  waJiH!,  "d^cd, 

retanned,  dried,  softened  and  combed. 

CkraiM  raaniiii.— The  Gnl  chrome  tumiig  ptoceu  «u 
deKiibedby  Profetaor  Knapp  in  1S5S  in  aptperon  "Die  Naiur 
and  Wesen  der  Gerberie,"  but  was  first  broii^  into  eommerclal 
prominence  by  Dr  Heinzerliiig  about  [B7S,  sJid  was  worked 
in  a  most  persevering  way  by  tbe  Eglinton  Chemiol  Company, 
who  owned  the  En^isb  paileDts.  Ibough  nil  tbeir  eflort*  failed 
to  produce  any  lasting  eiects.  Now  chrome  tanning  la  almost 
the  most  important  method  of  light  kalher  dressing,  and  has 
also  taken  a  prominent  place  In  the  heavy  department,  more 
especially  En  curried  leatben  and  cases  where  gitater  tensile 
itnngih  it  uteded.  Tbe  leather  produced  it  nnicb  ttrouger 
than  any  DIbcr  leather,  and  will  also  stand  boObg  water,  wbeieai 
vegetahk-tanned  leather  is  completely  datrayed  it  jo'  C.  and 
alum  Ituber  at  w*  C. 

Tbe  ibeory  of  chrome  tanniDg  is  not  perfcelly  d 


re  and  (he  chrome  a 


.    Tbe  wet  work,  or 


"KSrJ 


i*^^-« 


ilh  a  bichromate  in  which  Ihe 
cnromimn  is  in  Ihe  aciOE  state,  and  afterwards  reducing  it  to  the 
basic  state  by  soma  reducing  afcot.  The  enact  process  Is  as 
follows:  To  pretfcflt  wnnkled  or  "  drawn  "  frain  the  goods  are 
first  paddled  lor  hnlf  an  hour  in  a  solution  of  Vitiiel  and  salt,  when 
ihey  are  piled  or  "honed  "up  over  night,  aod  then,  vithout  washing, 
placed  In  a  solulion  contistmg  of  7  li  of  notassiura  bichromate, 
3)  lb  of  hydrochloric  add  to  each  too  ft  of  pelts,  vdth  eufiicient 

salt  be  added  to  (his  minunT  The  goods  are  ran  In  this  f«i  about 

iboura.  or  untH  struck  through,  when  tbey  are  horsed  up  for  some 
ours,  care  bdni  taken  lo  cover  them  up,  Ind  are  then  ready  for 
the  rcduclni  bath.  This  consists  of  a  isKsolution  of  plain  "hypo." 
or  hyposol^ite  of  soda,  to  which,  during  the  pmcest  of  nducuon, 
frequent  addttloaB  of  bydrochkirlc  add  are  made  to  free  the  sul- 
phurous and  ihiosidphuiic  acids,  which  are  the  active  reducing 
aiFnta.  After  about  i  houn'  Immerdmi,  during  irhich  tine  Ihe 
(Dods  wm  have  changed  in  cohxr  from  bright  yellow  to  bright 
tteeo,  one  or  two  skhis  an  cut  In  the  thickcH  part,  and  if  the  rrcca 
has  Mmck  right  throu^.  the  pack  la  itmoved  u  luncdt  anrfin  up> 


.  in  9jpnaiu  o(  u 

I  nUon  of  wits'  arc  irvduiUy  tdi 
aTrd  of  the  »(utioD  H  added  lo 
iddcd  7  K  (if  nil,  and  ItK  tUi 

iHjaor.  uvdin  the  lainF  way.  U  made  bvdi»»Lvj;iC^ r~-^ 

bichroiiute  in  hot  nter,  addina  t  plLoo  itrDnE  bydjodilaiic  „., 
■nd  ifaob  cradtiaUy.  about  1^ lb  of  fttvcoae  or  snpe  suBai,  thia 
leduca  the  icicBc  cluone  tth.  vIeotoui  •fleniVKnce  enwing.  tlie 
•rtuk  !■  Rude  up  la  i  f^llant  lad  $%  la  is%  of  all  ii  added. 
tn  yet  u»thef  metbod  >  cbroMD  alum  eolutida  [a  rendered  baiie 
by  bsilini  with  "  hyps."  and  after  Ibe  reactioa  bu  ctaaed  Ibe 
wlution  {■  aUowed  to  eeme  and  tbe  ckar  potlion  uied. 
After  tuHung,  Tfaidi  tiltei  froB  t  taotjn  to  at  oudv,  and  even 

bdiiE  diMd.  tbe  lUu  tund  by  both  nethoda  an  treated  ia  ■ 
dmilai  niDDer,  and  *n  ncutnliitd  by  dnunmiiK  in  bonx  nlutioo, 
wben  tbey  an  nahed  im  fiom  boru  by  dnimnilng  in  warm 
water,  ud  are  reaily  (oc  dyriag.  a  pnceM  WUch  wUl  be  dealt  wiih 
fitnheraa.  TbenadaueieiaeuaieitaiuiedbyBgapeniian,  butthii 
method  h  leneraUy  revrved  Tor  the  LaniuEtf  at  the  beavier  leattaen. 
whicbaretRAtediD  jDuch  tbeajnemy.tbeKveralpniceaicataUiig 

trtn  TsuftHe. — Before  leavbie  mlfienl  taaninf,  menllon  roay  be 
made  (tf  iroa  tuiu[e.  alihouib  Ibia  bai     -      '    ^     ■ 


iSf'ISaS 


id  natn  cffen 
!d  iolirtlaB  b 


!    Ferric , 

r.-.~, e  ihoroucbly  Innci^ied     , 

iriio  took  out  ieveisl  patenti,  but  the  tendency  to  produce  a  brillle 
leather  bu  never  been  entirety  avercDoe.  dtboufh  It  baa  been 
rnatly  iHxBfied  by  tbe  Incorporation  of  oriank;  matter,  auch  u 
bkiod.  mM.  parann,  urine,  Ac.  Knapp'i  buac  taanint  llmior  ii 
made  aa  [oAowa:  A  ■tms  Kilutnn  o<  (errou  Hlphat*  )>  baled 
and  ibea  oidfied  ta  tbe  rtrric  itau  by  the  canlul  addition  of 
nitric  actd.  Next,  ts  dtattuy  enea  of  utile  acid,  lenmN  wlph*» 
>•  added  natD  efferyeicence  ctaaea  and  the  rewltlii|  clear  onnf*- 

■  ■ '-t-like  cenJalW*.    It 

-, trmlioB.    Tbe  hidet  or 

II  fai  the  uiual  way.  and  then  handled 
' -'  '  HI  (alt.  the  Kilutlont, 

■    Kd. 

fed  in  a  watUated  drum  widi  treaaea  oc  loap.  II  the  laser  ia 
iiKd,  an  Ensombie  iron.aoap  ia  oredpitaCEd  on  tbe  fihiea  of  the 
leather,  which  may  then  be  finany  impregnated  with  ileaiin  and 

Kiibn.  ud  Gniifced  in  the  Dwal  manner  a>  detcribed  under  Coirinl 
Ibrn.    A  wv  fair  leather  may  atao  be  manafactLred  by  uiljifl 

Cambiiiilua  romufc— Leitben  tatuied  by  minnrB  or 
Kparatc  hatha  of  both  mineral  and  vegetable  taomng  ogcnta 
have  BOir  tajtcn  an  important  pcaition  in  coDunercii.  Such 
Icalhnn  an  Ihn  Swidiih  and  Duutb  glove  lea^ihen,  the  Uniicd 
Stala  "  donsolt  leather,"  and  French  gliad  kid.  The  umIuI- 
nea  of  >uch  a  comlnnation  will  be  evident,  for  while  veBciable 
tannine  pndaai  fuUno,  pluopsaa  tad  roiilana  lo  water, 
the  ni&nl  dRaJng  pndnca  a  MfUHW  tuuatural  to  vegetable 
tannages  wHboul  the  lue  of  Uigt  qnaniiiiej  of  oils  acd  (ats. 
It  may  also  6e  noted  thai  acu  a  leilhci  hal  been  thoroughly 
tanned  with  either  mineral  or  v^etablc  nutcriala.  although  it 
will-absorb  large  quaotitiei  of  tbe  material  whidi  haa  not  been 
fint  used,  it  wlU  retain  In  tbe  Riain  tbe  dunctnistiis  of  the 
UDDagi  Cnt  apFJied.  Tbe  principle  had  long  been  nied  in  the 
manufactuic  of  luch  Cough  and  Gexiblc  Icatben  ,u  "  greep 
leather,"  "  cnmbing  leather  "  and  "  picker  bandt,"  bat  wa»  fint 
appUed  to  the  manufacture  of  imilatioD  gEaied  kM  by  Kent  in 
Ainerlca,  who,  about  iS7£,div:oveTedthepjiDdpleof  "  fatliquor- 
ing,"  and  named  his  product "  dongola  leather."    The  discorcty 


The  Swedish  and  Qaniab  riove  lealben  were  Bret  given  >  dmdni 
of  alum  aad  salt,  irith  or  wiuiout  tbe  addition  of  Hour  and  etc.  sad 
were  then  finiibed  and  coloured  with  vegetable  auterlal^  generally 
iriih  willow  bailb  aHbovgb,  In  cases  of  acarcity,  sumach,  oak  bark, 
madder  and  larch  were  reaorud  to.  The  "  green  leathers  "  mano- 
ladnied  in  England  fenenNy  receive  about  a  week's  tannage  tn 
lamUer  UqDora,  and  an  Bnli}>ed  off  hi  hot  ahiB  and  salt  nquan, 
after  whkfi  they  are  dried,  btve  the  crystalEud  salts  iDcked  off, 
an  dsDped  ba^,  and  heavily  Ruffed  with  nodlon,  degns  or  sod 
00.    Klenl,  In  tbe  msnubcnrt  of  Us  dongola  leather,  uecd  miicd 


aamn.  and  (alEquoied.  In  making  alum  combmaii 
borne  fa  mind  thai  alum  leather  will  not  glaie.  $ 
Gaiih  it  teqidred.  a  fairly  heavy  vegetable  lannare 
applied.  For  duU  fadsha  the  mkieni  aaHge  nay 
precede  the  vesauble. 

Very  exedlent  chrome  combination  leathei  ii  also  m 
by  tlie  application  of  tbe  above  principlea,  gamt^  alwi 
gnat  bvour  aa  llie  vegetable  agent.    The  use  of  «b> 
deprives  the  leather  of  ita  atretcb.  althou^  they  may  tw  adrantJ^fr- 
ously  used  when  tbe  latter  properly  is  obiediiniablc. 

Oil  ranniiig.— Under  the  head  of  oil  UumiDg  ii  Included 
"  bufi  leather,"  "buck  leather,"  "[^ano  leather,"  " rhimnh 
leather,"  and  to  a  greater  or  leaser  ealent,  "  Pieilec'i  cmwn  oi 
leather."    The  process  of  oil  tuning  date*  back  (o 


J.,  bang  in 


ing."  ChamcHiiogyiddi  an  ciceeding^tonsh.  strong  and  durable 
leather,  and  fontu  an  impomut  biancb  of  the  leather  ioduuir- 
The  theory  of  the  procea  is  tbe  lame  as  the  theory  of  currying^ 

tiou  ol  tbe  £brea  by  tbe  oil  itself  and  the  aldehyde  tanning  wUch 


of  the  fatly  adds  coolained  in  the  oU.  The  fact  that  an  aldehyde 
taiuuige  takes  pUn  seerai  to  have  been  fint  discovered  by  T>yne 
and  Pullman^  who  look  out  a  patent  in  iS^.  covering  fgnnald^ 
hyde  and  other  aldehydes  used  In  BlkaliDe  ■olutiona.  Tbdl 
product,  "  Ka^>ine  "  leather,  found  contiderable  appikation 
in  the  wiy  of  nulitary  accoutremenu.  Chainoli,  buS,  buck  and 
piano  leathers  are  all  manufactured  by  the  ssjnc  procen  sHghlly 
modified  to  suit  tbe  dus.of  hide  used,  the  last  three  being  Wavy 
leaders,  the  fint  tiglic. 
As  regards  the  procea  used  for  chamois  tatber,  the  reader  iriB 


back  into  the  pitsyb 


om  the  Ume 

« three  wed _^ 

as  chamois  leather. 


hainaa) 


Unie  the  gaeds  fur  al  ditainc  very  tborougbly,  and  If  tbe  pain 
haa  not  been  remnved  by  ipl&tlBg.  ai  in  tbe  case  of  afatFp  diias, 
it  it "  Iriud  "  off  *4tb  •  shaip  knit*  over  the  beam.   Tbenodtar* 

BOW  rinsed,  tcodded  and  drenched,  dried  out  until  stiff,  and -~-*-^ 
in  the  Isller  stocks  with  plenty  of  cod  oil  for  )  to  A  hours  up 
■how  signt  of  beating,  when  they  are  hung  up  in  a  cool  sbed 


Thli 


ih^beatiUnnatbeMiieroBt  of  the  skint  and  Ae'oil  b^scI^'^ 
At  the  end  U  tbu  time  the  goods,  wlhich  will  have  dunged  to  a 

when  they  are  hung  in  a  warm  Rove  for  some  houn,  after  which 
tiiey  are  piled  id  hnt  off.  thnnvp  into  tepid  water  and  pvc  thnwrb 
a    wriiurifui    rairhiu.       Ti.    mnu.    wklrh    i.    raonred    tm    iS 

-  r — '  -^  -■ — xi Tor  lalKqiMHijig  sad 

such  a>  ituSiog.  producing  a  very  soft  pinoct 
>»>r  ,.«  laicma  warm  aoda  lye  bath,  and  an  again  (miBf,  Ibis 
""^^^  more  grcMfc  which  lonpa  tew  with  the  lye,  and  It  if 
covered  by  irraimeDt  with  vitriol,  whidi  deconposea  the  snap, 
The  greaa  which  Snu  on  top  of  the  liquor  it  toM  under  the  ^nt 
c4  "  iod  al."  This  alio  it  a  valuable  material  for  latUquofiu.  Ac 
Init  not  to  good  as  drgraa. 
After  bang  wrung  out,  tbe  goods  are  bleached  by  one  if  Iht 

"*  '  '  bdng  in  general  use  in  EngisaL     In  conolrics 


where  a  fine  dlmal 
adopted;  this  conii 
eipofling  them  to  1 
or  mon  timet  as  ne 

dried  out'Soi>ly,'s 


a  revolving  w 


a  bdng  repraCrd  thrie 
le  Boftnesa.  after  which  they 


^Ih  a 


h'^cbilk.°ulleT's»rth 


orchinaclBy.afidfinsTly finii  ,         .  .    ^  . 

FrtOir's  HdMia  ar  Crnm  LoAer.—'mt  process  of  lestbs 
manufacture  was  discovered  in  1850  by  Theodor  KleDiD,  a 
abineUnaker  of  Wilrtlembcig,  who  being  Iben  is  pool  diciiB- 
itanm.  sold  his  patent  to  an  Englishman  nuncd  Frelki, 
who  nunutactured  it  in  Sonthwark,  and  adopted  a  crowa  as 
bit  trade  mark.  Hence  the  name  "  sown "  leatber.  Th* 
manufacture  then  iptead  Chroush  Switzeriand  and  Gcrtnaoy, 
the  pcodud  bcjog  used  in  Ibe  main  for  picker  aliaps,  fcekiag 
and  purposes  when  wateiptoof  goods  IRie  lequiied,  XKh  t* 
bow  pipes  and  miUtary  w         ' 


/cdByCOOJ^IC 


LEATHER 


3+a 


:faaiiicd  by  KudduH  aod  wuhiiiE,  ificr  iSchlbcr  an  ODbund 
in  buk  Hmwn,  vuBol  up  (trao^  dan  mlrr,  (od  hunf  up  (o 
diy  pvtuuLy.  Wbrq  in  ■  luiiniecl  OHidiikin  Ibe  fooda  arr  pttccd 
oi  •  abtaMd  m  Ihkfc  hyM  of  tt*  tunlnf  sut*  ipietd  on  the 
flah  wIk  Tbc  tunfcii  futc  wna  viik  mia  rraTTtfT-TTTr.  bat 
tbt  loUowiiia  b  tbe  Butnic  ati(iwlty  aad  by  PrBb:  um  pnu 
fleur.  loo  puU  nft  bt  or  hone  uUsw.  35  gua  tmncr,  n  puta 
CB  bfvlaf,  w  ptrt*  millc  TS  parts  Hk  or  lartpRK. 

Ite hida Mt  Dv> nM CbiBiaH. Bkccd  ia > sun dnn 
wwtwl  for  •  K)  10  bem  atto  iiUch  ibayan  iwonl  and  k 
up  udeD  bqU  dry,  vbm  tba  pipma  It  rrpeated.    Tbua  Ibey 
tumbM  J  (a  4  tin»,  itt  (Kit  Hah  ud  fnin,  riunl  tbrcH^h  t(,-. 
mTrr.  tet  dcit,  tuninird,  »nd  rurriHt  by  CHCiBf  with  cNcKJn.  ofl, 

miiia  1  ib|wi     TlH  labk  r<*H  >•  au"^^!!!!!  ol,  ud  ihB 

(•odt  wa  lel  oirt  ia  bcmt,  (ntoid  and  drinL 

TVaaj^anat  ZiUfibr. — Tnuurcnt  ImEber  b  a  niho-  boray 
Dnduct,  •DBMwfcil  nkc  ra*  Ude,  aad  hu  bna  a«d  (or  •tTtcbiac 
Ul>  and  pldnr  ban^  Tbc  nedi  10  be  Aracd  ■■•  RiBed,  an- 
balrvL  WY  tkar««Uy  dciiBHl  wlih  acMi,  M^Hd  ia  mat.  uddad 
aad^u-lMhtdJUn  u  the  odw;  tWy  »<  aow  tumAni  la 
CraniarStaii-hibtdwitb  a  meoa  kaife.  and  brudial  widi  nrm 
walcTt  wbcB  Kvoal  coaa  at  ibwiB.  le  wlikk  hat  been  added 
•one  aiMhntfe  wch  ai  BlicyBc  sr  picrii:  arid,  arc  applM:  the 
loodi  ar*  then  dried  oM.  and  aaalbv  coat  ii  a»^.  and  vhm 
■enri-dry  Uin  ar«  drnasd  in  a  ■uctan  of  riycem,  banctc  add, 
■him  and  lali.  with  the  additjea  el  a  lillk  bfcbramali  o{  poUuh  la 
Riig  then  a  yrUdv  coleiir.  iUtcr  drnnnlaa  lor  3  n  3  honn 
They  air  mwved.  mibed  op.  Hfbtfy  ae«  out,  and  etntehed  In 

ImMtmkxum. 
Paitkm4Mi.-—A  certain  cleet  of  jiheep  akin  knowq  ga  Hampehirn 

aa  iwpiwed  are  ttnt  vary  carrtutly  waabed  Id  renwvT  all  din»  de- 
milcd.  Sraed  ror  j  Id  4  wka.  ihey  an  Ihca  cleanly  Ocibid.  un- 
bailed, tinacd  Up  in  ■•«,  aial  tfaicUy  ipiil,  the  pDBier  hide*  being 
iJiiliKd  (or  ehamala:  thty  an  aow  it^ilil  at  tbc  laity  ucata  b 
tbai  alt  tat  may  be  taiDy  removed,  and  while  the  inini  are  dmaed 
ai  ikiTen.  the  Ikibea  an  lied  bWlnca,  waliRd  with  hot  water, 
■craped  and  aaalad  at  bodi  Mm  wU  a  cream  l—iilhia  of  wUiiii«, 
■oda  and  watct.  af  lei  wfekk  ther  ai*  diM  ou  in  a  hot  eOnTTa 
the  dryina  Ibe  wbidiv  miatun  abaona  the  bcAc  from  Ibv  tkina; 
in  fact,  tide  aetbod  oTdeEitaiint  >i  olttn  employed  bi  the  manuFae- 
lan  el  wool  nifi.  When  dry,  both  ildei  of  tbc  (Una  art  taait6  n 
iBWn  the  wddv,  and  ai«  dwa  weS  nMKd  oner  with  a  lai  pkxK 
ctf  paraki&atDnB,  awPkd,  drbd,  r^pniniBd.  apm  awilled.  and 

•mmtrt^Tammt^lu  tnaaiac  wu  diamed  bra  Fmh 
et  aaaad  Fh^ppC  whe  aOutad  wJA  the  Ub  that,  U  coal  WU 


dodnfa-tantarfega  woDdandeaaiiaratiilMilV'dMipnte,  the 
pndaet  baiaf  rf  aiceUui  tanan  and  Mnnith,  bn  ntbci  belaw 
the  av«a^&  ih*  bUt,  wUeb  waa  iacHnad  (o  be  |iUdiy  ikMli* 
ditf  ipata.  Hit  aanhod  tpiilitiil  of  iapnpatiBC  die  tonda  wni 
iMned  tar  and  anna  oiisnle  Mid:,  but  tba  nndBCI  doee  not  lecm  la 
ban  taken  any  bold  apoa  tin  Kanwt.  and  la  aat  aincfa  bianl  dT  aow: 
1^1  tandBf  WM  daErnnd  by  PayMv  an  EaaiiA  ebemiit,  who 
■BtalB  tbS^^fliacvfaar  of  lb.  Knw-Pailn^^loiaiaUebvde  tan- 
alnt  prmeei.  Hit  pMt  or  huade  atid  laiuaga  waa  paMiMed  by  him 
abeat  1409.  and  ii  oo*  mrlkd  oa  a  cwdflweia]  uie-  The  buma; 
aeU  it  irn  entncttd  fion  the  peat  by  neant  of  alicalii,  and  tba 
bidet  an  tnaiod  with  tbit  inlulion,  the  bunic  acid  bcv^  aini- 
■aidt  pnE^tnlad  In  Aa  bidee  by  tnalment  with  naic  ain)i«er 

tMiit,  SlaMnt  and  KnoAdij— Thtjc  opettlions  »« 
pnctiHd  almott  eululivcly  an  Ibe  lighlcr  leithen.  Ilravy 
IcBibcni  eicepi  coioured  aiid  Mack  lurana  and  aplit  bides  for 
bag  work,  arc  not  oflen  dyed,  and  IbeJr  finishing:  it  gEDenlly 
cOHldcted  to  be  part  of  the  Uiuuge.  In  light  lenthm  a  greii 
buiincM  it  done  in  buying  up  "  tnu<  "  tlock,  t.«.  rough  tanned 
ilock.  and  then  dyeing  and  Goiibini  to  mU  the  need*  and 
dentandi  of  the  variooi  miriiett.  The  cartylnf  ool  of  tkeae 
operalians  i>  a  diittnct  and  Kparate  bntiness  froni  Unrnng, 
allboujh  where  i)o«»iHa  the  -..  —  ._. i.- 


b*  taaiSiar  with  tb*  wby  and  wlmriore  af  ail  >atoaqnaM  pncewa 
ttnwdi  wbfcb  the  lettber  BiBt  go,  M  Bi  10  )ud(c  of  tbt  Mhability 
at  Ibe  vt^HB  qiulltiea  of  lealbet  tor  (hcK  procesei.  and  to 
kM>  «lw«  UJ  flt>*  tbal  aty  oUt  nil  be  luffidcalty  lup- 


prencd  er  Udden  ro  prodoct  a  takaUe  prodnct ,  or  wffl  be  nndenil 
■ntiitty  unntiiictahlis  The  pointi  to  be  cooEidered  m  the  •oiting 
an  ooaiteBoi  01  fiaenaaef  tenun,  boldnea  or  fiooicaa  of  (nin, 
Bokxir,  llawi  iachidin|  ttain)  and  icratcbea,  lubataacc,  Ac 
lj(bl-calDiind  and  flawUs  good)  ue  parcdled  out  tor  fine  and 
d^cate  ihadea,  tboae  of  darker  hue  aad  lew  flawi  are  parcelled 
ooL  lor  the  darker  ibades,  uuk  aa  maraoat,  ^etna  (iifB  and 
•■)•}, ilufcbluis,  Ac,  and  (hcae  which  an  10  badly  aiained  a*  W 
be  naniitahle  for  ciik»n  go  for  blacka.  Alter  loitsic,  the  goodi 
an  •naked  back  to  1  Hmp  condilioa  by  inunenlon  in  warn 
IbcD  boned  up  to  drip,  hudBt  been  (ivsi,  pobap^ 


Ac,  nquln  apedal  pea- 
puMion  loc  dytixfi  bcinc  Em  ra-laancd.  Ai  received,  they  are 
•■>nedudM>^td>talK>vt,^lcdtOHmm,aodihavtd.  Shaving 
sanitiaof  nndnina  ihc  Seib  tide  o(  the  lUaa  UDODlh  by  ihaving 
<S  Imnlaifliaa,  Iha  lUn,  which  It  wpponed  on  a  tub  ber  roller 
acttutcd  Vf  a  foot  lever,  bong  pressed  tgainit  a  leriea  of  iplral 
Uadet  tet  OD  a  iteel  roDer,  which  it  cauied  to  revtdve  rapidly. 
""  "     ■        ■     ■'  aldpped,  waabed  np,  aound, 


aad  are  then  ready  for  dyrjng. 

There  ate  ibrn  diitisct  nu^bodi  oi  dyeing,  with  leveral  idlnor 
Bodificatiau.  Tray  dyeing  cnniiiu  of  immening  the  goedi, 
from  >  to  4  doeen  at  1  tine.  In  tm  lepante  pikt,  in  tb«  dye 
lolntioli  at  fc>*  C,  contained  in  a  flat  woodea  tray  about 
5  lt.X4  tt.Xi  tt,.  and  keeping  them  constantly  moving  by 
coatinuaUy  ttotang  tbem  liixn  one  pile  to  the  otlier.  Tbe 
iHwdvwWigw  of  thit  method  an  that  tbc  bath  npidly  coolt, 
tbiiidyetntrapl^Mt)ieb(8imitn|andilow)yal  tbe  ttntiinatlon 
of  the  operatisni  bencc  •  Uise  exeat  of  dye  it  wasted,  mudi 
laboir  it  required,  and  tbe  thadn  obtained  are  not  to  levd  at 
thoae  abtained  by  ihe  other  iBMhodt.  Bbt  the  goodi  its  uudei 
obMTvitian  the  whole  time,  a  my  diitiact  ■dnottfe  wbea 
matching  duda.  and  t  white  flab  may  be  pntoved.  The 
paddle  method  of  dyeing  contiiti  of  paddlbig  tbc  gooA  lo  a  largo 
^mne  of  liquor  contained  In  a  aant-drnlar  moden  paddle 
for  fitm  half  to  tbm-quarten  ol  an  bom-.  The  dludvanlata 
an  that  Ihe  liqim  axis  fairly  rapidly,  more  dye  U  wasted  tbui 
in  the  tray  metlwd,  and  a  white  fleah  cannot  be  preterved- 
Bnl  Isiger  packt  can  be  dyed  at  the  one  opention,  the  goodt  an 
under  obKTvnti<n]  tbe  whde  time,  and  Utile  laboMt  it  rRfulrcd. 

The  dram  method  oi  dyeing  is  perbapi  best,  a  drum  tomewhat 
limiiar  to  that  uted  by  curli«a  being  preferable.  Tbe  goods 
are  placed  on  Ihe  AAmt  inside  tbe  dry  dnim,  tbe  Ud  of  which 
it  then  fastened  on,  and  the  madiineiy  b  itirted;  wbea  the 
drain  Is  revolving  Bl  full  speed,  which  tliotild  be  about  11  to 
IS  revnlutiou  per  minute,  tbe  dye  tDluiioo  is  added  throu^ 
tbe  boUow  aale,  and  Ihe  dyeing  ooniinued  for  ball  an  hour, 
whnl,  wiihoni  stopping  the  dnmi,  if  desired,  the  goodj  may  be 
fatliquored  by  mnncng  in  the  fatliquor  through  (he  hollow  aile. 
Thediiadvantagcaarethat Ibe fleahitdyedandtbe goods  cannot 
l>e  aeeo.  The  advantaget  are  tbat  little  labour  is  required,  a 
bise  pack  of  skins  may  be  treated,  level  dnda  are  inoduced, 
heal  b  tttained,  alnHst  complela  eihaualkia  ti  the  dye-baib 
it  effected,  and  aubsequcnf  pracaaet,  aucb  w.  latUqiwiing, 
may  be  cirried  out  without  tlopping  Ibe  drum. 

Ot  the  (Teat  number  of  coai-lj 
few  taa  be  uaed  In  IMiber  mam 
(I)  add  dyei;  ())  bttic  or  tan 
(4)  mordaDt  lalLanne)  dyet. 

the  rame  timply  derolea  Ihat  for  Ibe  development  of  the  foil  tbade 
of  eolnr  It  b  nerenry  lo  add  acid  ta  the  dycbaih.  Tbcaa  dvw 
B«  ^anally  tedium  ailli  of  iulniieaic  addi.  and  iHtd  Ibe  ad^don 
oI  an  acid  la  frac  Ibe  dye,  which  s  the  aulphonic  acid  Ahhougfc 
ihnnetically  any  acid  (iliiinger  Iban  Ibe  tiilphonic  add  preienf) 
■fin  do  for  ihii  puipme,  it  it  found  in  practice  that  only  nlpburfc 
and  formic  acMa  may  be  emaioyed.  becauR  other*,  mcri  aa  acetle, 
lactic,  ftc.  do  ant  dewftDp  iha  full  abade  o(  caloar.    JMd  aedkaa 


aerunT'TbeToiicchli 
a  dint  (])  diiM  or 


XSS 


ney  in  iIid  rnddcntd)'  b 


lenttbaMbi 

ha.uichiu. 


'■ss; 


tetnlly  apflM  to  leUbB  u  &  MaiimtBN  b(tM«  JO*  ud  to*  Cl, 
■ilth  ■■  ««m1  KbtlX  vf  >ul|ilwnc  Hid.  Tlw  qwatity  ol  dye  iml 
vuis.  but  (Utfuly,  for  goat,  |9«iv4iUi  flt,  ITvm  J5  (□  yi  ol  an 
UKd  ps  tea  dona  iklm.  and  l«  oU  uU  u  biucIi  fin,  ctiiHilrMt 
in  aicli  u  iniaaAl  of  wmter  u  it  nnt  coorcflienr  ■ecnnUBg  la  the 
■HAodbcbicaad   IfirfimiMniliJiMiiBiMtaiMdliir  tiilphurie 

Bin  Sya  uc  idti  ot  onauc  calour  b«H  ■Mi  bydroclilaiic  er 
ontt  olW  nlable  icid.  E&iac  nloun  pRdpicuc  Ibr  unniiu,  and 
tkiu.  iMame  ol  tkiir  iJbity  for  Ibui,  a)>c  vtiy  npMly.  (eadlo(  to 
pmdua  inevBi  ihidH,  ofiecHny  il  ^  Unnln  on  Ihs  lUa  b  do- 
cvenly  diBiilHittd.  TW  an  much  num  Inuiue  In  coloiir  than 
lt»  Kid  dyo,  Ihv«  ft  ((m(  tendency  to  bronie.  ud  uxintwic 
■nk  ud  difcelln  n^Iu  Tbcr  in  abo  pndpiated  br  hard 
ntcn,  m  tbil  ibe  baidneai  •bould  ba  fiiM  lUutnliHd  by  tb> 
adciitida  of  aollodd,  tht  Iha  ptcdpitated  cdmu  Ma  nay  ptodacc 
■tiaJdhr  dyed  kUbcr.  To  pRvoit  lapid  dyemi ,  acctK  add  or 
iodlOBi1)iMl[Aate  duuld  alwiyi  be  added  u  imali  guantJty  Is  ibr 
i>ye-batb,  prefcnUy  the  lalter,  ■•  It  ptgwnte  bnliiilii(.  Tbf  nrat 
iiapanut  peiai  about  tbe  tjVlimiKm  at  bwfc  dyt*  to  Iniber  b 
tbe  pmrioaa  Eiuioa  of-tba  twutia  on  the  aBiiMc  ef  tbe  kathtr  to 
pnnBI  ita  blndiiH  iala  the  dye-botb  and  pRcipit*Iui(  tha  dye. 
All  BoliAk  Bite  oTtbe  bavy.  ineab  tritl  Ex  Ibe  u^udn.  but  lew 
an  ippUcable,  M  tbcy  bm  colour  bltei.  irida  aie  nnenlh  un- 
dailnble.    AntiaioajF  aod  ttoaliiiii  aaha  are  |HienU|r  aetd.  tbe 

(antiiDooy  lactate).  pataiiiiiBi  tuanium  oialata.  and  titaiiiuo 
bctate.  ^Ite  tltaDlum  lalti  ar*  camomicany  ued  wfiea  dyciiic 
bmnu,  ai  toey  produce  a  jdlnWi-bRm  •bade;  h  b  ttenfen 
mil  niri— ijtn  iiin  in  miirh  iliT   _Aba1iI><tf.a(  taRarenttisand 

baih  i>  lued  at  30*  to  40*  C,  aod  tbe  soedi  an  Innened  for  about 
15  miauu.  ba^dng  been  ilWDiicbly  varied  be/on  bcena  dyed- 
Iron  nitt  an  loiactiiBea  uwd  6t  leatbeHtiioen  (or  laadeaiiii 

<di>llin(t  the  (hade  o(  oilov ' — '  — •■'"'■  — 

bcinf  ronned.    It  il  often 


^W  lake,  and    ""--*' 
Direct  eottoo  dyu  produce  il^dv  ef  [rvat  delicacy,  and 


th 

colour  labem  are  at*ayM  laater 


I  for  tbe  dyciDr  of  wle  add  "  an  "  lAaika.  T^rjr  an  aopUed 
leutn]  or  very  ^bOy  add  batta,  fonnk  and  aaiK  adda  ociac 
moat  uiitabb  with  the  addition  of  a  quandn  o(  ndiun  cbkiride  or 
luTphate-  After  dyeing,  tbe  gooda  an  weA  wa^ud  to  free  fitica 
ema  of  aaH.  Tbe  eoiuie  coloun.  bidudiaf  etylbmliie,  phkatuv. 
nee  SafiJ,  Ac,  an  appUcd  ia  a  liaular  awiaer,  aad  ani^eciaUy 
uaed  in  tbe  beautiful  auoceiccat  rinli  abada  tbejr  pradim;  add 
and  bvic  c«loun  aod  nioeral  adda  wcffdtat^  then, 

Tbe  nordant  orJoun»  ivbich  hidiide  the  aUatiae  and  anthiacene 
eahwra.  an  eaii  audi'  lait  la  Ufbt.  and  navira  a  nwrdaat  to  deMrtop 
tecBlODT.  TlMV  an  IficcI^  applied  to  dia.Kia4cubat.at 
Lbougb  a  few  may  be  uied  for  cbrone  aad  alom  IcAihsa.  an  ' 
_ r..n i:-j  jg  i«(Ma!)le.taBBed  hatber  wl 


l!&'appli3to 


SalphHT  or  nlpbldls  rokain.  tbe  Hm  of  i^ldi  Co  appof  ven 
the  fanKmi  ^^dal  coloen.  are  api^ied  in  lodium  lulphide  iglation. 
'-- '  — -  "-" '■■*'■■  "-"■ ^ — w  IcaTber.  ai  they  produce 


!  a»  paimdig 


to  light  and  nibbbig.    A  very  aeriout  diudvamase  in'cL 

-with  fhem  il  that  Ihnr  muM  nrcniirtly  be  ap^^Led  In  nlkalioe 
uluiiSD.  and  the  illoli  baa  a  dmntcgritiag  efiecl  upon  the  Gbct 
of  the  leather,  which  cannot  be  aativactotuy  overcome,  alLhough 
JormaMchydc  and  glycerin  mijiturta  bave  been  paleoted  [or  tbe. 

The  iaena  colaure  are  perfupa  worth  mentlonhic 
both  aod  and  b«ic  characterteica ;  tbey  pradpit — 
an  beat  nfardcd  at  botic  dye*  Uotn  a  tcatbci-dyEf' 

The  loadi  aRer  dyeing  an  waahed  up,  alicked  oul  00  an 
uK^aed  ibua  table,  Bailnl  on  board*,  cr  tasBg  up  by  tbe  hind 

'Cail4ai  dyei  an  Dot  much  uied  for  the  pmduftioa  of  bUdu, 
ai  they  do  nol  give  lucb  a  aatHfaci«y  itsuh  ai  loewoed  with 
an  Iron  mordanc.  In  Iha  dyetag  of  blacki  tbe  prebniiiiaFy 
operation  of  uuiing  is  alwayi  omJltcd  and  Ibaf  ol  lumafhlng 
umeliniea,  but  if  miich  tan  ba*  been  removed  It  will  be  fouQd 
neceuary  lo  uae  aumach,  alibougb  culch  may  be  advamageouily 
and  cfaea)dy  vibstituted.  After  ahaving,  the  goodi,  if  lo  ba 
dnned  for  "  blue  backa  "  (bhie-aloured  Beib),  an  dyed  ai 
already  deanibed,  with  melhyl  v»Ict  or  some  otlier  auitable 
dyci  tbcy  an  then  folded  doim  Iba  back  and  diawD  tknwgh 
■  hot  (ohiliDa  of  logwood  and  hulk  extncta;  and  then  rapidly 
tbnai^  a  weak,  cold  iron  niphale  aad 


iBBadiatdy  atttrwAda  Ihqr  ueiiaad  ip  aad  diba  Aemacd 
in  a  Hltla  Bcitafool  «a  «r  oOad  over  with  a  pad,  fliA  and  giaia, 
and  dried.  Wbea  dfy  tbe  (oodi  ate  rtamptw^  back  and  naked, 
dried  onl  and  le-itaked. 

After  dty-atakiag;  the  fooda  are  "  Muentd,"  ij.  ■■»  ndubte 
rniitnre  i>  applied  to  the  grain  to  enable  it  lo'  lake  tin  ^an. 
I^e  following  h  typical:  1  quana  logwood  Uqnor,  |  pint 
buDodc^  blood,  i  pint  milk,  )  gill  ammonia,  {  gill  ncha 
and  jqnuUwBler.  Tlik  aaaaon  i>  braked  weU  into  iha  gnio, 
and  the  gooda  an  drlad  ia  a  warm  Atm  anl  (lued  Iff  maddae. 
Tbe  aldu  an  ^asd  under  oaktidetable  ptcump,  a  p^Mf^ 

in  a  •ans  ol  lapid  ittokca,  after  wbich  Ibe  gooda  an  le-atanoed,  - 
n^taked,  Buffed,  le-^aied,  okd  over  wftt  a  pad,  d^fMd  b 
liueed  od  and  dried.  Tliey  are  now  ready  lot  mattet.  U  tbe 
goodi  are  U  be  finitbed  ihill  tliey  are  Kaaoaed  witli  Bmeed 
nudlage,  caaeio  (x  mUk  (nauy  otba  materiala  are  aho  OMd), 
and  i«lkd,^aMed  wltb  ■  polidud  riab  by  b*nd,  w  Itoaad  whh 


Cdmued  ^acCi  an  Enlihed  In  a  dnular  a 


-  W  to  iha 
•eason.  wbkb  anaUy  eoaakli  ol  a  Aipla  mlitan  <d  dye, 
ajbumen  and  ntflk. 

Moncooaand  gnin  leatboi  an  boarded  en  tbe  fleak  aide  before 
and  afiB  tfadng,  oflen  Ixnnc  "  looth  rolled  "  between  tba 
■evtial  opoationa.  Tooth  foiling  caosiMi  of  fordng,  ■mdeT 
prfaanre,  1  toothed  rcjlcr  owr  tbe  gain;  Out  cult  into  tbe  leather 
and  bdpa  to  produce  many  gtaine,  wbich  couhl »    ' 

Utoy  artifidal  gniaa  and  paitema  an  ab 
by  ptintlDg  and  emboiaing,  IhiBe  p[ 
paaaing  tbe  kather  between  two  rdlen.  (he  top  oi 
tbe  pctiem  ia  angmval  bdng  geneealy  ittam  hiatad.    TUi 
impreoei  tbe  pattern  upOD  the  ^in  of  the  kalbir. 

Tbe  above  methodi  will  ^ve  a  very  general  idea  ot  tbe  pieteMci 
in  vogue  ier  the  dtcadng  of  (oodi  lor  fancy  work.  Tbe  dieaiiog 
d  drame  Icuben  loruptian  ia  tCflertni  in  Imporuni  paiticulara. 

Gbwr  Bt*  aU  VOtrn  CUf.— WOlow  calf  <m  coloiind  eaU,  boa 
calf  bdnwd  black  and  pSvlwilh  a  ~ boa"  (iwa.  A  lane 
qiBBelly  of  Upa  b  now  drmtJ  aa  box  ealf:  tbeie  ^ndi  an  tEa 
bidea  of  ycariin  Indlaa  eanie.  and  an  dnmed  In  ar 

addhy  of  Ibe  chnoie  Uqaor,^  ■■■da  a 
abaweo,  and  an  ready  for  aiofiUDtiq  pi_. 
few  dyaa  wil  dy^  ebnm  laatbir  tEnct.  u 
SalnUile  mkian ' ■" 


„.___.    iqaarlaaddDdtethednimatu'C 

>kI  Ibe  goocta  an  driBDiad  for  1^  an  hopr.  whn  al  tbe  bSniwr 
'bedj  they  an  then  alidnd  out  and  dried.  After 
damped  back,  naked,  dried,  re-iuked  and  n 


If  maehiiie.  Kalifaed  ofl  by  band. 


b  tb«an 


.^....H,  w-«  KL.  .^xJn  "  coBtiila  of  laying  the  grvnutand 
amoolh  by  iiriUng  out  vith  a  ateel  or  iharp  bran  Jicber.  Ttey 
an  tbea  AM  out,  topped  wM  hnnd  aaiian  ud  again  «ii 


LEATHER— LEAVE^rWORTH 


Tih  hniAhig  vw  iilth  liiMil  mioticT  pnnmi  Ike  dy«  [mni 

Bnlung  too  ill  into  iIk  kuber;  irUliiic.  liwb  DOB.  lUidl  and 

■ddrd  Id  ilic  luinini  lOlutLaa  u>  ibtkcn  it  and  fuclhcr  prcvcni  i<> 

U/hen  djy.  the  fOixiH  ur  iteliHil  by  usplyiBff  t  |%  (uiaillv) 

' '-(bicbuicdyn  thicktmil lUi liiund.  urichibruik. 

employed  on  thii  work;  oat  ilutfl  «t  (bp 

L._  ..  jjij  le(I-hjnd  diuik.  and  Ihry 

liwuj  muefc  iW 

iib  u  uU  dye  or  1  dyfrwood 


Er  boiJcd  to^ 

llidc^Dn 
V  Leadun. — At  tbcK  pQoda  ■ 

ITnpJoynt  on  itc  umc  tkiir.     The  ikini  air^nc  t 


yt  «s  yollcf  and  5 


jS%  ef  mnlij-lalS 


the  «g,yolk;  thty  » 

uupc,  nuqcd  ana  bi . 

manEcd  on,  may  nnsiit  oJ  1  part  dye, 

rfemum!  and  i  pert  glycerine,  made  up 

— '---  '1  hu  b«fl  an>iiedt  [he  fiooOK  a 


a  uaivenaHy  iijed  an 
■XTamkH!,  p'lSfdd'in 


ilh  water: 
uhed  ana 
itk. 

1^  tl^'^n'filty''y^ 
d.     Thi.  commillet  ugagcd  in  r™a;cb   work   Ejuending   over 
■veraj  yean,  and  the  report  Ln  which  Tta  reaulta  wnc  nvc 
ilttd  for  the  SKietl'  of  Aru  and  the  LeadiBKlkfi'/Cpr 


thv  mbjert  by  Ihe  i 


(which  alw  did  much  1 
Wcud.  wTTtaiy  of  the  • 


liatbeci 


■.    Ther 


naked  and  limed  In  fi^  Liquon,  and  bating  and  piaerinc  ahoukl 
t>e  avoided,  weak  omnic  acida  of  erodine  bein^  usca;  Ihey  thudd 
abo  be  tanned  whb  p^rogaJlot  taoning  natenala,  and  ^qeferablv 
with  nmacJu  In  ihavii^.  they  thould  only  be  necked  aiu  backed, 
•■*■  ..i'!'f«''  .  "?  "_"  oo*Tfi'bte!*^'jHrikine^.hould 
the  Abre.    [n  dyeing,  ackidycf  and  a 


not  be  heavy  a 


few 


a  Ihei 


W4S 


Hlutcly  diiinlegiatEi  Iho  ibi 

addi i*  ncrmiltedi  The  UKOi  A^tBOJ  mLiwrai  acriu  la  w  oe  avoaoK], 
and  is  iniihiiii.  Ii(ht  aettint  out  and  damp  glaiiiis  it  mt  lo  be 
lecoameihied;  oil  nay  be  advaniageoady  uied, 

BiiLloournv-— H.  C  Bennett,  T)n  Usm^aOm  qT  Laliir 
(1909)1  S.  9.  TntDian,  Zaoi*'  Tiadti  Clumiiir-j  l.iv>S)\  M.  C, 
La^  LkUIv  Dnimt  (■9i>7>;  A.  Watt,  Lauirt  ifuHfacmi 
dV^:  H.  R.  Praclcr,  Ptinnpla  if  Lauitr  Utt^-ntUJt  hspA 
and  Ltattur  Ittiutlries  tabontery  Book  (rooB):  L^  A. , FkniiniDg, 
PntUal  Tiamnl  (isioll  A.  M.  Villmi,  Praibal  Tnalia  «  at 
liallur  jKfiulr>  (twi);  C.  T.  Davi^  Manujecitut  cj  LbuIib  liBm). 
Ceman  worka  iiidiide  I,  Bonman,  Dii  SmUitrfiiirilxltm  (Berlin, 
1904-1905).  aod  FtimlArfatnlraiitii  (19011:  J.  Jettmar,  ifax^hic* 
irr  Ckrommbunt  (Lcipaw,  1900);  J.  voo  SchnedB-,  Gerbrvn' 
citmil  (Berlin,  |S9«).  (].  C  e.-i 

LBATHEH.  ABTIFICIAL  tinder  Ibe  Dtnw  of  ulifidal 
lealher.or  o[  Amtrican  leather  clotft,  large  quanlilies  oi  1 

priBcIpally  ior  uphalitety  puipoaea,  auch  aa  the  coveting  of 
cbain,  Bnldg  Uw  l«p>  t>(  wtiiiog  deika  tnd  Ubki,  tie.    ntn 


ick  or  other  pigment. 
iJy  ^read,  snoothed 
y  pauing  it  beliKen 


fa  cotuidenblo  diveiaity  In  the  prepanuhuol 

liOMei)  oil  miied  wilb  dtyen  and  lamp-black  a 
Several  coali  of  thii  miit 
aod  compteued  cw  lb*  ct 

metal  TOllen,  and  when  tbe  anrfan  ii  requited  to  p 
gloMjr  enam^-tike  Bppeamnce,  It  itceivn  a  Gntihing  coal  of 
cDpal  varniflh-  A  grvlDed  tnorocco  surface  iagiven  to  tbe  naloial 
by  pasting  it  between  tuilably  emboiied  rellen.  Prepantioiu 
of  ihi)  kind  have  ■  cloie  affinity  lo  cloth  waterproofed  vlifa 
indiarubber,  and  lo  such  manufaclures  aa  ordinary  mujolh. 
An  ani&dal  leatbet  whldi  has  been  patented  and  piopoasd 
for  Dae  aa  sole^  for  boots,  tiC,,  ii  compoaed  of  powdered  icrap» 
andCDtlinjiof  katbermfied  wllh  Bolulion  of  gullapercha  dried 
and  cofnprqased.    In  p]ac«  of  the  guttapercha  adlution,  oiidiacd 

for  the  [ealher  powder- 

LEATHniK  EAD.anurbandialTictiathe  Epwin  pniiiuncniary 
division  of  Surrey,  England,  18  n.  S.S.W.  of  London,  on  tbe 
London,  Brighton  &  South  Coast  and  the  London  S  South- 
WHtem  railway).  Fop.  (1901)  4694.  II  Hesat  Ihe  fool  (rf  the 
North  Dnwns  in  tbe  plelsuit  valley  of  the  liver  Mole.  The 
church  of  Si  Mai7  and  St  Nicbolai  dales  Inm  the  14th  century. 
St  John'i  Ponndatlon  Scbool,  opened  in  LiHidDti  in  iSji,  la 
devoted  to  the  education  of  una  of  poor  clergymen.  Lefllheibciid 
hai  brick-nuking  and  brewing  industries,  and  tbe  disldcl  is 
largely  residential. 

LBATRES,  STANLBT  (rB3o-t9oo),  English  dMne  and 
Orientalisl,  was  bom  at  Etiesborough,  Bucks,  on  the  aist  of 
March  jSja,  and  was  educated  at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he~  graduated  B.A.  In  iB;9,  U.A.  itM-  In  iSt!  he  was 
Ibe  first  Tyiwhitl's  Hebi 


1 1857," 


curacies' 


1  appoint- 


King's  College,  London,  in  1663.  In  tUS-tSjo  he 
was  60)^  lecturer  (I'te  WOnta  ej  flic  OU  Talamail  U  Ckriil), 
in  iS;;  Hohean  lecturer  (Tkt  daitd  ils  Om  K'ifiiei]),  In  tSi4 
Bampton  Lecturer  {The  Kdifim  9/  Oa  CkrisI)  and  horn  1R76 
to  iSSs  Warburtonian  lecturer.  He  was  a  membef  of  (he  Old 
Testament  revision  commltlee  from  1870  10  1885.  In  1876  be 
was  elected  prebendary  of  St  Pxul's  Cathedral,  and  he  whs  rector 
of  ClIfle-al-Heo  near  Gtavewnd  (iSSo-iKSq)  and  of  Much 
Hadham,  Hertfordshire  (1889-1900).  The  university  of  Edin- 
burgh gave  him  the  honorary  degree  of  D-D,  in  1878,  and  Ms 
own  college  made  him  an  honoraty  fellow  in  iSSj.  Besida  the 
lectures  acted  he  published  Simdia  in  Gtntns  (1880),  Tkt 
Ftaadalinns  of  UcralUy  (1881)  and  some  volumes  of  aermon). 
He  died  in  Hay  1900. 

hia  son,  Stanley  Uordaunl  Leatbes  (b.  iMi),  becune  a 
fellow  of  Trinity,  Cambridge,  and  lecturer  on  history,  and  wai 
one  of  the  editors  of  the  Camirldt'  Ualetn  HUlery;  he  was 

-     Civil  Servi      "         -    ■       - 


1  appolnli 


a  CivQ  Si 


LEAVEK  (in  Mid.  Eng.  /ciai«,  adapted  from  Fr.  (nam,  in 

of  alifviatian,  conforl,  Inare,  to  lift  up),  a  substance  which 
pmfnces  lemienialion,  particularly  In  tbe  making  of  bread, 
property  a  portion  of  already  fcrmentcil  dough  added  to  other 
dough  for  tiu»  purpose  (see  BaEan).  The  nurd  ii  used  figura- 
tively of  any  elentent.  influence  or  agcsey  which  efiecls  a  subtle 
Jt  secret'  change.  These  figurative  usages  are  mainly  due  10 
thecomparlsonof  Ibe  kingdom  of  Heaven  to  leaven  inMait.  ilii- 
ii,  and  to  the  warning  against  the  lejiven  of  the  Pharisees  in 
MatL  avi.  6.  In  the  fint  eaample  the  word  ia  used  of  a  good 
ilsignlficanceisthat  of  anevit  agency. 


imong  the  Kebrei 
iandc<  - 


on,  which  m 
of  kav. 


oflerings.   For  tbe  usage  ol  udI) 

Passover  and  of  Massflth,  and  the  conneilon  of  the  two,  set 

LEAVEHVORni,  *  city  and  (be  county-selt  of  Leavenworth 
coutr.  K»au,(I.&A.,ontfaeW.banka(ili    "" 


R  HiHourl  rivo. 


346 

Fop.  {190a)  » 


tEBANON  ' 


»o,Tj5.  01.  ■*•■  S*>«  ««  fardn-boto  and  iws 
were  Degroa:  (irjio  cfiuiB)  111J63-  It  ij  one  ol  Ihe  ramt 
iopDiUot  nilway  aniie*  veit  ol  the  Miuouri  rivei,  bring 
iccvnl  by  Um  Alcluica,  Topeka  &  Sanlji  Ft,  Ihe  Cbicaco,  Uui- 
UsfMn  ft  QuliKr,  [fa*  Cliiago,  Rack  lilud  &  Pacific,  tbc 
Chkw*  Gnat  WcMcra,  Iht  Uitaooii  PuiifiC,  ll»  UnioD  PadSc 
•ndtliaL««ni>otth*TopeUi«Uwiy».  The  diy  i«  Uid  oui 
nsvluly  IB  tte  battamjuds  ol  the  hver,  ^  ili  ttmu  ta 
dudhI  tfnr  Indiaa  Iribci.  KoUiiig  hilk  umnnl  il  an  IhiK 
lids.  Tkeci(]fbuiiuiyh*iidiiiiiBpubUtbuiidinp,ajida>nlaini 
IbeCalkcdnddClbelnuDKulaieCopctpliaD,  l,»veii»onli  bciiv 
Ih  ic*  d  K  RoBUQ  CuboUc  biihsp.  Tb«  public  ionkiiitiMU 
indwle  the  Kuiu  Sute  PrMcoiye  Hoom  (1SS9)  ior  ncsraa, 
uOld  Udio'  Reu  (i89>).  Si  Vincent'i  Oipbuu'  A>ylun(iS8», 
open  10  ail  kcU)  niid  »  Cuudian  Anfck'  Uoine  (1^},  for 
HfiDo— «U  private  charitlt*  aided  by  tbc  lUte;  *1m  Si  Jehu') 
Hnpiial  (iSjg),  Cuibing  Hoapiiil  (iSgj}  ud  Leavmronli 
HopiUl  (1900),  which  *n  tnining  ichoob  (or  dwm*.  Tkerc 
b  alu  a  bnnch  Ot  tbe  Nitianil  Hotoe  Ux  Disabled  VoluDttej 
SsUieif;  In  Uu  uibuibt  there  an  lUie  and  United  Sum 
pcniteptiari^  LcavcnworthtaatndinKcentreaDd  iLaavaxiotu 
manuiactureB,  tbe  mou  Empo^lant  being  loundry  uid'nwiiine 
ihop  asd  BouitDg  and  gitU-inill  produet*,  and  lumitiue.  The 
dty'a  (actoiy  pigducti  iocnued  in  value  fioia  ti),isi,aAii  in 
IVCB  U>  tt.iSl.jA?  in  190J,  or  17')%-  There  an  valuable  coal 
tnima  In  Leaveawonh  and  the  immediate  vkinity.  About 
jra.  N,  ol  Ibc  city,  on  a  tcaervation  ol  about  £«»  acrea,  ■>  Fan 
LcavcBwonh,  a  impoitaBC  United  State*  miliuiTy  post, 
modated  with  which  an  a  National  Cemeleiy  and  Sccvia 
SchoDh  oi  the  U.S.  Amy  (founded  in  iSSt  aa  the  U.S.  Infaniry 
and  Cavaby  School  and  in  1901  developed  into  a  Gencnl  Service 
and  Staff  CoUefa).  In  igoi  there  were  three  genenl  diviaiora 
of  these  f^^'^^f  tlH  Amy  SclHxd  ol  liie  Line,  Iw  o^ca  (not 
beta*  the  gzade  ol  captain)  of  tJv  tcgubc  amty  and  for  militia 
oBcen  reoraunended  by  Ibe  governon  of  their  oHpicEivc  Mateg 
01  lenilodea,  ollenaa  counea  in  miiiiaiy  ait,  ensiaiering,  law 
and  langiaaw;  th(  Anny  Sivial  School,  alu  sfMo  to  ceguhu 
and  ndilia  o&nn,  and  faavli^  depanmeau  ol  £c]d  licnailing, 
lignal  oigineeibig,  lapg(iapby  and  la^ua^ci;  and  the  Anny 
SlaB  College,  in  •hkb  the  Mudenti  aie  tbe  hifben  giaduatei 
Inn  Iht  Anny  School  of  the  Line,  and  the  ooonei  of  bstuction 
an  included  to  Ihe  depwtiBtala  of  militaiy  an,  eaciiteciina;  law, 
bnfiuget  and  care  et  UoofM.  The  raune  la  one  yeu  in  each 
•chooL  At  Fort  Leavenwotth  then  It  ■  cokanl  bcoiue  itatue 
of  Geocnl  U.  S.  Cnut  ertctod  in  i&S«.  A  naiUtaiy  proeii  was 
cttabliahed  al  Fan  Leavcnminb  hi  1875;  It  wu  uul  ai  a  civil 
prison  from  1&95I0  i^od,  when  it  waa  re-eatabLiahed  aa  a  tailiury 
prison.  Iia  inntata  were  [oimedy  taught  variaiu  tiadea,  but 
owing  to  the  onwaiiion  oi  labour  organiiaiiona  thii  lyitem  waa 
diacontinued,  aad  the  prisuKii  ant  now  enqdoycd  in  work  on 
Ihe  military  leservaiioo. 

Tbe  forti  from  whWi  the  ijily  took  ila  name,  waa  built  in  1S17. 
ia  the  IndUn  rounuy,  by  Cjonel  Henry  Leavmirarth  Ujii-i&M'l 
of  the  4rd  IJiflntfy,  for  the  protection  of  IradEn  plvmff  brtU'ivn 
Ihe  MiuiMri  ttver  and  Sante  Ft.    The  town  aiie  ui  ebhned 
B  Whiso  in  J.         -       •  ... 


lheL«>_ 
lion,  which  was  aa  radicaOy 

^  _  _._  _ ,....  tutlon  waa  pro^ilavtry,  ^~' 

tpnoved  by  popular  rote  EH  May  1B5S.  and  wai 
toCoiiBreii,  hulBeTcreafalMoefleeL  Dutinf  ~^-' 
awonh  enioyed  anal  pnwrnty,  at  iha  eii 


IS  the  Lecomptofl 


.jbvltud 
Wac  Lea< 
■  'ai 

Il _._ 

lUo,  (he  larfot  and  laea  thriviu  c«i 
od  rivalled  Kanui  Cily,  Miuouri.  whkh. 


more  iolaod  towns,  partly  owuif  10  [he  prounii^  of  the  forE,  which 

Bvc   [t   Immunity  Imia  border  raids  (n>tn  MfaH«rt  and  wai  an 
1»rtanc  defA  id  suppKa  and  a  i^ace  fw  nusierinB  tirwfv  iaro 


LUUI 
prabably  n 


in  the  anilgle  fi 


>,  but  te  ih*  bait  whit*  walk  e( 


Syria,  ■ 


range),  in  its  widest  se 


undcd  W.  by  t) 


10  S.S.W.    It  fs 


N.  by  the  plain  Jun  Alikar,  beyond 
of  the  Aniarieh.  and  £.  by  the  irdand 
plateau  of  Syria,  toainiy  Keppe-land.  To  Uie  aouih  Lebanon 
ends  about  the  pfdnt  wheie  the  tivei  Litany  bends  westward, 
and  at  Biniai.  A  vaSey  narrowing  towards  its  uuthera  end, 
and  now  caUed  tbe  Buka'a,  divides  the  mountainous  masa  into 
lw»  gteat  perti.  That  lying  to  tbe  weM  a  still  called  Jebtl 
Llbnan;  the  greater  part  ol  the  eastern  mass  now  bears  the  name 
ol  tbe  Eastern  Ateuntain  (Jebel  el.Sharlfi).  In  Creek  the  wesleni 
t*n(ewaacaiiedUbenaa,iheeast«nAolilibaDga.  Ilicioutliem 
enensfani  of  ihe  latter,  Mount  Hertnoa  {;.>.),  nay  In  manjr 
respects  be  treated  as  a  separate  mountain. 

Lebanon  and  Anti-Lebanon  have  many  features  in  comnoa; 
in  both  the  toutbem  portion  is  lett  arid  and  barlen  than  the 
nonbcm,  tbe  wenern  valleys  iMttei  wooded  and  nwri  lenle 
than  the  eastern.  In  general  the  rnain  elevations  of  the  lHt> 
ranges  form  pairi  tying  opposite  one  another;  Ihe  forms  of  bclh 
raogca  are  mtaHtoBoui,  but  the  eolDuting  is  s{dendid,  espcdhUy 
wfaen  viewed  from  a  distance;  when  seen  cloie  at  band  only  ■ 
fc«  valleys  wWi  perennial,  streams  offer  pictons  of  lindwape 
beauty,  li^eit  rich  green  contrasting  pleasintly  wiUi  the  bue 
hnnin  and  yellaw  mounuin  sides.  Tbc  &nes(  scenery  is  lauod 
in  N.  LefcoiMn,  in  the  Maronite  distiicu  of  Kcsrawan  and 
Biherreb,  where  the  gorges  are  veritablecanyoM,  and  the *fllagei 
are  often  very  picturesquely  situated.  The  aoulb  of  the  chain 
is  more  open  and  undulating.  Anii-Lebanon  is  the  barest  and 
most  inhospitable  part  td  tbe  system. 

T>ie  dlnrici  vest  el  liebanon.  avera^g  abon  ao  n.  in  btcadih. 


es  of  plaiea 


]o  the  MedN 


leavin?  n»m  fM*  on^  a  rorrow  path  along  the  ihorr,  and  when 
viewed  froni  tfie  tea  ir  does  not  wgseM  the  eatcnt  <4  country  lyint 
bciweeniuelifTiandlhelDftywnHnitabehind.  MDMolthemoun- 
tain  spurs  run  from  eatt  lowest,  but  in  northern  Lebanoo  thepr^ 
vailing  direction  Ot  the  valleys  is  north,  westerly,  and  in  the  south 
■ome  ridges  nui  parslld  with  the  principal  chairL  The  vrdl^  have 
for  the  most  pan  been  deepfy  Gicavaled  by  mountain  streams: 
I  he  apparently  maeeessibleh^hts  trv  crownedVynunerDus  vitligesL 

ureami.  breinning  from  the  north,  m  (he  Nahr  Alllar,  N.  Arta, 
N,  e|.BarW.  N.  ftadisha,  "  the  holy  river  "  (the  valley  at  which 

ani  in  the  immediate  neighbourtxiod  of  (he  highrst  fununii^ 
raindly  dewmds  in  ■  series  ot  anal  bends  tin  the  river  reaches 


It  Adnirs.  having  its  s 

in  amphhhealre  where  the  la 
llla,lay(.  h---^-  -"-•^-■ 
lent  hfa« 


ij,  (lEsfir  Deinn  (the  aneiait  hfagons,  entering  the  •«  at 
1 ),  Nahr  DamUr  (Bncimt  TamyrasK  Nahrel--A  uwaR  (Iheanefeot 
-mH.  srhidi  in  the  upper  part  eif  its  course  b  Joined  by  the 
H.Bimk).  Tlie  -Auwati  and  (he  Nahr  el-Zahetani,  the  only 
*5  befoR  we  nnch  the  Litany,  Mow  north- 
msequence  et  the  iBtetnosiiiMi  el  a  rkrn 
a  (he  central  chain.  On  thenoirth,  srhottfie 
:ia1  name  of  jebd  Akkar,  the  main  ridge 
ly  from  Ac  pbin.  AnumbecofvaReysniB 
lai,  amoBg  then  that  ol  the  Nahr  d-Kebir, 
aents,  which  rise*  h  the  Jebd  e|.Abla4  na 
e  al  Lehnson,  and  afterssaids,  tkinlag  the  district, 
to  Oe  sea.    Soylh  cf  Jebct  ei-Abtsd;  beneath  the 


tn»ngtheseaRlbeWUien-Nusiirr*aleo(eHlea-T  sad  the  basin 
of  Ihe  lake  YamBunia,  with  its  intennl((ent  ■xintNcb^  <J.Arba-ia, 
Of  the  sdeansirMdi  descend  Into  (he  Huka V  the  Berdsni  rises  M 


of  very  gentle ; 


^  £iTe< 


in  by  a  deep  and 
ts  occur  h  the  north,  but 


3uth,  with  a  ifcvUtlnn  e(  about  AS*.    Those  lo  Ihe  cast  are  ■Uyuil 

rush,  Makmal,  MnAirya  for  Naba-  esb-Shemaila)  and  Rat 
e).Kaiib:  fnnting  the  sea  are  Kam  Sands  01  Thnaiuil, 

tad  Z9|r el-Kaada   TbeMght  tf  ZahrH-Kasb, 

easuremenl,  is  lo,DiS  It.;  that  of  tbe  DthcTS  does 
It.  Sooth  from  theoi  is  the  pats  (S3SI  It)  which 
Kk  to  Tripoli!  the  great  moirrtlin  amphithettr* 

—  — . of  its  tufflinlt  is  remarkaUe.    Farther  sctith  is  a 

ttonvl  gnmp  t£  laity  (ummits — fht  toiw<afped  SunaiA  visiUB 


LEBANON 


Iran  BdralllMUIriit  bl4U  ft.  Betnn  Ok  e«h»  ud  tin 
nion  iMIlwriy  JcbelVeiriieb  Ubout  Stm 't'lUs  <^  P»  UTOO  't.) 
tnvencd  by  tlw  Fiendi  po*I  nod  bccweea  Beirut  and  DainaKUL 
Aboiw  Un  but  miiiniti  «tiU  hnber  nutll  uc  the  Vnw  ridec  of 

tcfod^Buuk  (iboin  Teoa  ii.l.  tlw  Jibd  NihL  nitb  (hcTi 

Nihk  ^bout  6100  CU.  BMi    '■■■  ^^■■ 

Rlhu  (about  S4D0  (t  J. 

'  TIk  Buka^i.^  the  bnsd  nUey  wtili 


3+7 


*.  Tlial  flowii 


aratet  Letarvn  from 

I  their  waf erilied  near 

ind  vepuaied  only  hy 

lug  northwaed*,  El-'Aai,  u 

:XiIany.   IntheJonn»it 


name  at  ^^h?H° 
hu  any  knponani 


«».r 

..         ;.p,l;lheQl 
\e  lattFT  hu  K4 

u  the  point 

we  the  mmanlic  >4lky,  at  *n  EKmv 

u  a(  the  old  cuik  Kal-at  nh-ShakJI. 
atoon.    la  ilt  lover  jhiI  the  Lllaoy  be 
Kaeimlya-    Neither  the  Oioniq  nor  the 
■fBucnl. 
The  Buka-amHl  to  be  knowa  u  Coclnym  (Stobo.  xvi.  i.ai); 

B*'albck  (Ibc  pliia  i^  Bulbrk).    Tlv  viUey  k  liom  4  to  6  m, 
biwU  wiih  an  undubiLBg  wrEacv- 

The  Anti-Lebanon  rhain  hu  been  lesi  fuUy  tailored  Ihait  iliat 
oF  LebanoA-  Aoart  from  [ta  louihcm  oSthooit  It  ii  67  m.  lona, 
while  it>  width  vari»  from  i«  to  ijl  m.  It  risn  from  the  pkiin  of 
Haaya-Koma,  and  in  ila  noRhern  poirion  fa  very  and.    The  raoffc 

under  iia  pcFcipitouB  iImh  atntch  lat^lands  and  bnad  plaipaui. 


he  nnu.  nclHiiifaii  Iram  the  north,  are  Halimal 
.).  whkV haa  a  ipfcndid  liev:  the  Faili  Uocb 
'luvi  (Stii  ft.)  *<id  the  adioiiiiiia Jcbd  Nebi  Banih 
■■■ -'  — ""-idairiB  which  (he  moit  trani- 


HeLbiin.The  iiMieiit  ChaiyhDn.  the  " 
hifheft  poiiiti  of  th( ' — '■ 

fnoo  f i!) :  and  a  ihini  erbiip  near  diihuii.  h  —ui 

{km  nim  an  Sharif.  Akhyar  and  Abnl-Hi 

Utt  vaUc)*  dcKIndbit  wttrnud  the  fiat  to  dbi.  i—>m>  i>  im 

Wadi  Yahifa:  a  liiik;  lanher  acnth,  lyiK  itonh  and  •ouih,  it  the 

rich  upland  vaHry  of  Zebedanl,  where  the  Banida  hu  ilt  faiihot 

bBRtaoot  by  a  melcy  lUraay  iqwi  thejriainol  I^mueua,  in  the 
itiJgalkinaf  which  it  u  the chMateat.  It  uttw  Abanaol  >  Kinp 
V.  t2i  the  portion  of  Anti-Lebanon  tiavencd  by  it  wa<  bIb  eaiTed 
by  the  kame  tiame  (Canticln  iv,  8).  From  the  point  when  Ihv 
eoulheily  conlinuatian  i'  Anii-Lcbanoo  begint  I0  lake  a  nwR 
woierly  diiectioiv  a  low  lii^  thooiB  out  towatdi  the  touib-wnt, 
Inndiiu  farihei  and  [anhcr  away  fconi  the  eastern  ctiain  and 
■umwmc  the  Buka'a:  upon  tlir  e»tcni  aide  of  ihii  ridae  liea  the 
dmleil  valley  or  hiUy  MivKh  known  ai  Wadi  M-Tdin.    Ir    >-- 

rh.  beiidt  'Ma  Faluj.  it  ia  connected  by  a  km  awenhed 
Buka'a:  fnai  ihr '  ■'--  ' ' '■  ' — '  ■" 

ridEc  ol  Jebel  ed-Dal' 
into  the  pUi-  -'  "■ 


Wadi  M-Teim.    In  the 

y  a  km  awenhed  with 

of  the  Utanv  it  it  lepaiatnl  by  the 

,„ 1^   M™nt'H™dn  on'^l! 


the  Ionian  li»  the  laitirrr  In-j  Meij  'lyun,  tha  ancient  Ijon 
(■  Klfsiav.io)- 

Vittfalum^The _infrm  A>^  sf  Lttanon  has  the  common 

'  tporultcall) 


chaiacterial ....  ^  ..—  .-. —  —  —  ,--^-_-  , 

Anti-Lebanon  txJoRgi  to  the  poorrr  iTE»n  of  the  DC 
MeditemncaB  H«m  are  met  with  only  tporadia 

waler-courKb     ForcH  and  panurt  Um  do  nol  proptr.^ 

■be  place  li  ihelirFt  11  (oi  ihtmou  pan  taken  by  a  tain  bruthwood ; 
■raH  i>  no)  plentiful,  and  the  hi^irr  ridget  mainiAin  alpioc  plant! 
only  n  king  ai  patchea  oT  tnow  coniiniH  to  lit.  The  -  '  -" 
bjifcaur  aome  mek  J '  


oek  pUnti,  but  nany  ai 
(ifOn  the  weuem  •! 
ii  the  COBM  ncion.  limilar  to  f—  -' 
aouth  o(  Asa  Minor.    Characli 
the  Honeinae;  in  Udia   ' 
U  ao  admbilure  o(  lomin 

amaia  al  the  vc«Ia1 
ij  gr  inmcHe  of  the 
avn.  and  iieiiiicntly  •mm 
ilea  (OH-mi  IM..!'rB).  5-iJiH. 
(1)  l!lr>t  cornea,  from  1600  to  6; 
wmy  alio  be  tallcil  the  fomi  n 


alope,^  to  a  beisht  of  jC 


nr-^rowina  typ 


davftanMiand  saEt,  •nongfC  liUch  occui^lhe  Orieatal  fo.._ 
Famnaia  fUBrntMi,  AtB  tmam  aad  the  benulUuI  ml- 
itemined  ^»aAu  Aajfoclaf.  Higher  ap,  between  3700  and  4100  ft., 
ataDplDc/'iniBnilig.behaiBciniitk.  Between 4100 and 6Ma(i. 
ia  the  legioa  of  the  two  iD»t  Inicnninc  loteit  mea  of  UbanoB.  the 
cypns  and  thg  tidar.  The  iortaar  itill  mn  thicUy,  (qxcially, 
in  the  valley  of  the  Kadiiha;  tht  hortaontal  la  the  picvaiUpi 
variity-  In  the  unicT  KadiiM  va]ln>  thete  la  a  cedar  (rove  ol 
aboot  three  hvndrao  trae*.  anoncat  which  five  am  of  «faatie  file. 
Sco  alto  Csiua.)  The  cypm  and  cedar  aone  obibiu  a  variety 
of  other  ka(.btiirtnc  and  conifaRHi  treca:  of  the  fint  nay  be 
laeatkiBcd  aeveial  caka— CaBrnx  niUf^H  (Kowchy).  Q.  Crrrii 
and  the  hDpJBrnbaani  (OUrjia):  ol  tha  tccond  daa  the  ran  CiUdaa 
aihrer  fir  HUa  rNewi)  may  be  mthsL  Hm  cnne  the  iuaipera. 
aametimea  anaioiac  the  aie  of  ticea  (JwiMnu  (Hdia,  J,  nihimt 
■ad.  ■ittlnwBbneaiplinia.J.^WfiiaB).  But  the  ddel  ona- 
am  of  Lebanon  ii  the  XMa^adnn  pMMniin,  with  It*  brOkal 
punde  Bower  eioHen;  a  peenlac  evefgncn.  Vina  HtampUn,  aln 
add!  beauty  to  thla  acme.  (3)  Into  tbc  alpine  nfiea  (6M0  to 
to.4(>ii  It.)  penetnle  a  fet/voy  aluBIed  eaka  (OKnw  laisMx)- 
the  iunlpera  aliendy  menlioaea  and  ■  baibsry  (BmHriTmlkm), 
wbiil  •ometfoH  iiiRnda  into  diwe  thickele.  tlien  foNov  the  knr. 
deue,  jHHic,  n'"-^"'--  -■ '  •-— ■■—  ■■-— ■ ; 

They  are  foand  to  wMdn  300  ibof 
Upan  the  ■^i**^^  matinBain  lie—.—  -  — .v^ 

JtOaJliaatinble.andBlBavctchd'ida „^ 

aheep.  Theipcingvegctatiai,  which  laMi  until  July,  ■ppcun  to  be 
rich.  einBcial&  as  rrsard*  tbowy  ekkata,  anch  a>  Csvy^ij.  <(Brd, 
Ctliliiaim,  J>iatUnS7Cnmiiim,  Om^teto/u,  Ac  The  <oia  of 
the  h^hett  tidaea,  along  ibc  edgea  of  the  if»w  puchee.  eihlbita 
■D  forma  related  to  the  nqrihccn  alpine  f\»a,  but  lUEaealiDni  d  It 
ate  found  in  a  £}ra&B,  an  ^Htfreuau,  an^/ji'uanda  viDlet,occurrin|, 
liowever.  only  in  knl  apocipa.  Upon  the  highcti  tummiti  an  (anid 
Saptmiria  Pwimliii  [narmliMng  our  Silnu  oraafif}  — •  ~—i—'— 
of  Caltum,  BiMii'lim,  Aitntolui,  Vtmia,  Jut 
Stiepkl^Bi la.  Crruaiim,  Aiphndriiit,  Am*m,  Alfo 
theoiBrcintorthcanowbeld\.a  7"  '  " 

The  alpine  " '  "  ■ 


BO  iiieani  tare:  iaciiaii  and  eaaeOn  are  very  common.  The  pal 
and  bedfefaoi  ako  occur.  Aa  a'nik  three  are  not  ntai7  binfa, 
the  eatfe  and  the  vulture  oiay  ocSHonally  be  acen;  of  eat 
kindi  partridgu  and  wild  |hfcou  are  the  diobJ  abundant* 


iwing  lectlont  the  Lebanon  pnpct 
.  litboul  (cfercDce  to  Aoti-Lebanon, 
because  iJie  peculiar  political  ilalui  «[  the  (onncr  range  aiixa 
1S64  bu  eCtcclualty  diSeientialed  it)  whetcai  the  Ami-Lebanon 
uill  fontu  ui  iniesral  part  □(  tbc  Oiisoun  province  ol  Syria 
(f.T.),  and  neither  iu  papulalim  not  ita  hiMoiy  ia  nadily  dia- 
tingujihable  from  those  tri  Lbeaurroundiligdistiicta. 

The  loml  population  in  tho  Lebanon  proper  la  about  400,000, 
and  ia  inctcuing  iutei  than  the  developnienl  of  lb*  pnvinca 
wiiladinii.  Thi^B  isconsequen tly  much emignil ion,  the  ChrlM ian 
nuplua  going  mainly  to  Egypt,  aad  to  Amciica,  the  DtVMi  10  tht 
taller  coumry  and  to  tbc  Haunn.  TV  eint(rant«  to  AnKcJca. 
hi>wfvcr,  uaually  return  after  making  money,  build  new  botuea 
and  scttk  down.  The  aingulaily  complex  population  la  com- 
poitd  ol  Chriiliaii,  Muroniiis,  and  Or\bodoi  Eatiem  and 
Uniaie;  of  Moilema,  both  Siumi  and  Sbiah  [Uelawab);  and 

(a)  UamlUt  Ita.)  fonn  about  three-fiftha  of  the  whdk  aad  kaiv 
the  north  of  ihr  Moontain  almou  10  thenurlvra.  while  even  in  tha 
>DUth.IheoldDnuraironghald.lbeyaieBowniiBieroui.  Feudaliin 
it  practirally  exlinrt  among  them  and  tnih  the  dcelincof  the  Drutct, 
and  Ihr  great  tialv  theyliavr  acgoircd  in  agricultun.  they  have 
laid  aiide  iMich  of  their  warlike  habit  raceiher  with  ibeb  armb 
'  '    '     '       sf  nalioo^ly  ia  beiiia  mi   " 


heir  gradual  aiBmilatioa  to  the  I^pal  Chinh. 

romOeiiul  an  in- -—  '-" '"'-  - 

(»)  OrlMHEulrn 


cledattlcal  tiecli 


etihUofIhe 


fMat  oi  the  Syrian  tiliat- 

.^ Eatirm  forai  a  link  moir  than  ofwetihth 

^nd  aRMroiueil  in  S.  Lrbaneo  (Meio  and  Kurahdi 

Synint  by  rare  andArab-niealiine,  they  ere  descendant!  of  tboac 
..  n-iii_  ■■  _!..  ._,!,  the  tide  of  The  Byantlnr  churth  in  the  time 
'      landrvenlually  IhrHannitce. 
oftheLeUiBnckacnta. 
Du|,  foriaing  little  oor  tbaa 


of  Juatinfan  II.  Bcainti 


3*8 


HOnkedw  Euun,  u 


_.t_^  -t^..  t-i^'-  __ — _j.^i___.  rY_._J!*  ^t_. L-y.  ..-..'     imniigniuon  oi  Monotacliic  KCtvics,  flying  ironi  pcrscculioo 

ID  IbcAaiiachdiiiiictindOnnln  valley.  At  ail  litnd  LcbuoD 
h*i  betn  a  plau  of  nlii|«  lot  unpofiidar  cncdi.  Large  put 
ot  iht  tnountunccn  look  up  Monotbeiiui  and  initialed  ibe 
natioDil  diianction  ol  the  Maiomies,  which  btpat  lo  emerge 
in  the  hiitsry  of  Iht  jlb  ctotuiy.  The  KcLuicB,  afiei  bclping 
Jutiinian  11.  agaiul  the  taiipb  Alidalinalik,  luiMd  oo  the 
emperor  and  his  Onbodoi  allies,  and  Tr*pe  named  Marfliiles 
(lebel)).  lilim  now  began  to  penetrate  S.  Lflbanon,  chiefly 
by  the  inunigratioa  of  variom  more  or  Itu  heieiical  demeon, 
Kuid,  Turkoman,  PeniaD  aod  eqiedaUy  Anb,  the  laiier 
largely  afler  the  break-up  of  the  Ungdom  of  Hln;  *nd  early 
in  the  nth  centuiy  tbew  coBleiced  Into  a  natiooilily  (tee 
Dausi^   under  the  congenial  influence  ol  the  locamalionill 


tmuy-Ulli  of  tin  wbolE.  They  mtalkd  Mrtamali  and  aieMrocn 
h  Notih  Lehaoon  (Kenwao  and  Bunin),  but  bwad  alioi  in 
■autb,iiiBulii>aiMlnl>wcout-Mwatroo  BdnttoAcR.  Tl 
an  teid  to  be  dncendiuiu  oi  Prniu  Iribai  but  the  fart  i>  t 
doubtful,  and  they  my  beMlcutaiaboriciiiilaitbc  Mannii 

accept  ChriKiaoity,  and  kat  in  haretkal  tilaB  fna  (mm  th 
iaauciiae  which  nodi&ed  Onu  creed.  They  ewB  a  ebief  lAfi 
mideBt  at  Jcba'a,  aad  bam  the  repntatiaB.  like  mnsl  bereti 
loamimitica  b  the  Suani  pan  ol  the  Moatn  wofld,  el  beinf 
ctediuly  laaalickl  and  lAboipilabla.  It  ii  uadoublEdLy  tbnc 
thai  Ib^  are  BiiaidoUB  ol  jmnsen  aad  defiant  ol  interTetvr 
AnMher  uaU  body  of  Shiiles.  the  limaMit  (A^^ins  (u.)  ol  Ibe 
crutadLng  chjoniclet),  also  lald  te  '      '  "     ■         ■  -     i- 


-  Jbjyat 


i^ig&: 


infenority  ai  eorapared  with  tl; 
iiini  abv  Iheir  old  hatiiiiinddi 


Mian*.     Tbrir  inid  i 
lb*  niddk  el  Iht  191I 

..,. .oiolIhoruliniBhehal 

.,  ..  dy»  away    ■—  "■ '- 


r".."™?-""! 


(fcling  and  feuoalor 

The  miied  population,  u  a  whole,  displayi  the  usual  cbanc- 

pvciDBient  action  lince  the  middle  isith  century,  and  the 
grcit  increiM  of  agricultural  punulti,  to  which  the  purely 
^te  secoodary.    The  culture  of  the  mulberry 


of  Ll 


ill,  has  expanded  enormously,  and  the  Lebanon 
is  now  probably  the  most  productive  region  In  Asstit  Turkey 
In  proponinn  to  its  area.     It  eipoiu  largely  through  Beirut 

Lebanon  on  its  way  to  DaiAascus,  and  the  eacellcnl  lolds  and 
mule-paths  made  since  18S3.     Lebanon  has  thick  deposits  ol 


in  pyrlio.    Tlie  1 


is  Utile  worked.     Man 


at  fan 


ny  quantity,  as  it  frill  not  bear 
10  keep.     Bec-kec(HDg  Is  general, 
and  tnare  is  an  expon  oL  eggs  lo  Egypt. 

Hlhtry.—Tbe  inhabitants  of  Lebanon  have  at  no  time  ptsycd 
a  consiricnous  put  in  hislory.    Tlierelrc  remaini  ol  prehislorie 

in  the  hhtoneal  peried  of  antiquity.     Probably  ^ht^  belonged 


lieflytolhe/ 


polna 


a  (Judges  iii,  ]>  and  Giblites  (J'"^™  aUi.  s).  Lehaoon 
•as  Included  within  the  ideal  boundaries  of  the  land  o(  Israel, 
and  the  whole  region  was  well  known  to  the  Hebrew),  by  whow 
poets  ill  many  eicellences  ue  ofltn  praised.  Row  I31  the 
Phoenicians  had  any  cBective  control  ovef  it  is  unknown;  Iha 
absmreolihcirmomimentidDesnatateuemDchreal  jurisdiction. 
Nor  apparently  did  the  Greek  Seleucid  kingdom  have  much 
to  do  uiih  the  Mountain.  In  the  Ronuo  period  the  district 
ol  Phacniie  eilendcd  to  Lebanon.  La  the  ind  centuiy,  with 
the  inland  distikti,  II  conHltultd  a  tubdivision  of  the  pinuinec 
of  Syria,  having  Emrbi  (Hmns]far  its  capital.  From  the  lime 
ol  piocletian  there  was  a  Pkoaiiu  at  Lihaaam.  with  Emeu 
■I  capital,  aa  well  u  a  Pktnia  Mnitima  of  which  Tyn.  was 
the  chief  eliy.  Rnniins  of  the  Reman  period  ocnsi  through- 
Cut  Lebanon.    By  Ibe  Atb  ccntun'  it  *u  evidrntly  virtually 


ught  fr 


robyU 


.    The  tvbiequei 


of  the  caliph  Hak 
history  oi  Lebanon  to  the  middle  ol 
toundunderDjiuSES»ndM«omiES,andit  need  only  be  itattd 
hero  that  Latin  influence  began  to  be  fell  in  N.  Lebanon  during 
the  Frank  period  of  Antioch  and  Palestine,  the  Maronitei  being 
Inclined  to  take  the  part  of  the  cnugding  princes  against  tt^ 
Druin  and  Moslems;  but  they  were  stiU  regarded  as  helttic 
MonoLhelila  by  Abulfaragiui  (Bar-Ucbneus)  at  the  esd  <■(  the 
ijili  century;  nor  is  Ihdr  efleciuai  reconciliation  to  Rome 
much  older  than  1736,  the  dale  of  the  mission  sent  by  the  pope 
Cicment  XII.,  whicb  fixed  the  actual  suius  ol  iheii  chuich. 
An  Informal  French  protection  had,  hoanvtr,  -  been  eierdacd 
over  them  for  same  lime  pteviooaly.  and  with  it  began  the  leud 
of  Maronitei  and  Druses,  the  latter  incited  and  spasmodically 
supported  by  Ottoman  pashas.  The  feudal  organization  of 
both,  the  one  under  the  bouse  ol  Khaain,  the  other  under  lh«e 
ol  Maan  and  Shehab  luecesaivdy,  was  In  full  force  during  the 
17th  and  i8ih  centuries;  and  it  was  the  break-up  of  this  in  the 
fint  part  of  the  iqih  century  which  [voduced  the  anarchy  thai 
culminated  atior  ta4o  in  the  tivil  war.  The  Druaes  raounced 
their  Shehab  amin  when  Beahir  al-Kauim  openly  joined  the 
Maronilfs  m  1141,  and  the  Maronitcs  definitely  revolted  from 
the  Khaiin  in  i3j8.  The  events  of  tS6b  led  to  the  formation 
of  the  privileged  Lebanon  province,  finally  constituted  in  1S64. 
It  should  be  added,  however,  that  among  Ibe  Druses  of  Ehuf, 
feudalism  has  tended  to  re-establish  itself,  and  the  power  la 
now  divided  between  the  Jumblst  and  yeibekiiamilits.aleadinf 
icfa  ia  almosl  always  Oltomin  kamatam 
allvcaHedanir. 

noa  hai  iKiwbcFii  cansifiuIcdaimii>erMiicnian/tt. 

iiTCIty  on  the  Porte,  which  acii  in  thii  cue  in  contulia- 

[he  boimdary  ol  the  »fija>  of  Tripoli  10  that  of 
Ind  has  B  mean  breadth  of  about  7B  m-  Irani 
in  'o  the  olher.  beginning  at  Ihe  edge  d(  the 
Beirut  and  emiiiij  ai  ihe  «.  edge  of  Ihe  Snkal : 
are  ilUdclined,  dpHTially  on  llie  E.  where  Ihe 
long  thrciett  of  iW  lidge  haa  no<  been  adhered 
incen  have  entroteh^  on  the  Boka'a.  Tbe 
ilitaiygovimDr  (iwuKrjwIiomBit  bea  Chriniu 
ir  Mittan.  approved  by  the  powers,  and  Jus. 
Iron  Ihe  Roiiun  CathoMcs  owin  to  Ibe  sreai 
■  in  ChH>ii>iii  in  Ihe  proviaa^  ^e  n-d^  al 
"  ""'^     '"  ftrsT  appolmed 


B  of  Soids). 


ristians  eiLcept  a  Dnise  in 
depend  cm  the  kalmakant 
il-Kannr.    AcrnlnlntHiu 

- - - ,-)ed  of  foor  MarenileL  three 

.Tum.  one  TuA,  two  Greeks  fOnhodox).  ant  Cieek  Uniate  and 
ne  Metawali.  This  was  Ihe  original  prnpenkm,  and  H  has  not 
een  ahend  hi  ante  of  Ihe  decline  el  the  Druses  and  incrcuc  o( 
lie  Maroidtes.  The  memben  are  elected  tw  Ihe  aevtn  eiiaa.  In 
ich  MixfirMI  then  la  alia  a  loral  nqfin.  The  oM  leudal  and 
iBibla^  <iee  Daum)  juriidictions  an  aboHihed,  l.r.  they  «(trn 
ernB  ander  Orioman  fonni.  and  three  eocifti  of  Tint  tnsianre; 
nfter  The  mcffin,  and  aoperior  10  Ihe  petty  courtt  of  the  inaifin 
nd  the  village  Arikki,  adnlnlittr iunice.  ludgesareappoininl 
V  Ihe  governor,  but  ilriitt  by  (he  viSlaiem.  Commercial  caiei.  and 
ligalioa  in  which  stnngen  are  concemed,  are  carried  Is  Beirut. 
Tbe  police  la  nendied  kcally,  and  no  nsular  tnup*  appear  b  ibt 


tEBANON— EBBEL 


Df^VlBCe    «JlECpt 


ijiECpt  on  special  KqiualSoiL 


r«MLiibyaui«.««Mli 


_. __^ -_-,, -   .--w   rrnnied  by   £uuni 

Ciiholiu  siih  diHruU  ai  an  tiKsiy  o(  the  Haly  Fukor. 

5«  Oausii.  Also  V.  Culnel.  ^yfW,  Uban  It  PaltUi-a  (1S96): 
N.  Vcrnqy  and  G.  Dambmiiiit.  PklrHKUi  Ormfim  n  Strw.  ftc 
(igoftti.C.  y«uM.  Carbi  U  init  Mtmaii,  vol.  I.  (iMjIi  C.  E. 
?aa,  Ftart  tl  Syria,  ic  (iM)  1  M.  «oa  DpoRitwliB.  Vhi  JTtlU- 
■w.&c  (iByf).  (A.Sa.1  D.C.IIJ 

UIANOH,  •  dlr  of  Saint  Clair  caamty,  lltioois,  U.S.A., 
on  Silver  Cnek.  about  nm.E.ol  Saint  Loud,  Miwuii-  Pop- 
<l«lo)i9aT.  ItincrvcdbythcBalliinon&OliiaSoulli-Wellein 
rtiilnHd  iBd  by  tbc  Eail  Saint  Louii  &  Suburban  Ekctiic  line. 
It  it  slttutcd  on  t.  hlgb  lablciinii.  I.rbaooB  ii  the  leai  o( 
HcKcodiM  CaUf(C,  louoded  by  Melbodiua  in  iSiS  and  one  of 
the  oldctL  coUeiei  ia  the  Miuiuippi  vaUey.  It  wai  called 
Lebanon  Seminary  until  183a,  wben  tbc  pnatnt  name  waa' 
adiqitn]  in  hoiuur  ol  William  McKendns  (1757-1S3J).  known 
a>  Uic  "  Falha  ■>(  WaltiTi  Metbodiun,"  a  freat  preafhcr.  and 
a  bisbop  si  ibe  Methodist  Chuich  in  itoftriSjs,  wbs  bad  en- 
dowed the  college  with  4S0  acrei  of  land.  In  ilj;  tbe  colle(e 
was  chartered  as  Ibe  "  McKendnUD  College,"  but  in  1S39  the 
prcient  name  was  again  adopted.  Tbeie  aie  coil  mines  and 
eaceUaU  farming  lands  in  the  vidnily  of  Libuun.  Among  the 
city^  mamiiacture*  are  Aour,  planing-raill  prodocti.  malt 
liquors,  wda  and  (arming  implements.  The  munldpolily  Dwnt 
•Dd  opentei  lu  decuicligbiins  plant.     Lebanon  wu  diiirtired 

LBBUIOH,  a  dly  and  Ihe  counly-snt  of  Lebanon  county, 
Pennsylvanis,  U.S.A.,  in  the  (eitUe  lebaMW  Valley,  about  i;  m. 
E.  by  N.  ol  HairisbiBi.  Pop.  (1900)  17,618,  or  whom  61I 
were  lonigD-boRi,  (1910  census)  19,140.  It  ia  letved  by  tLa 
Pbiladelpbia  ft  Beading,  the  Cornwall  and  tbo  Ci>TtiwaU  & 
Lebanon  railways.  About  s  m.  S.  ot  the  cily  are  the  Cnnwall 
(magnetite)  inw  mines,  fiom  which  abwt  il,ao<),aoo  ton*  of 

in  1906.    Tbe  orcyields  about  46%  ol  iron,  and  ccntoina  abaut 
i.j%  of  lulphut,  the  roasting  oi   the 


-elyu. 


olhtr  place  in  tbe  country.  The  arcA  of  ore  enpoud  ia  about 
4Coe  It.  long  and  400  to  Sao  ft.  wide,  and  iacludet  three  hills; 
it  baa  b«D  ons  of  the  most  productive  magnetite  deposits  in 
the  world.  Limestone,  brownstone  and  brick-clay  also  abound 
ia  Ihe  vidnity;  and  besides  mioei  and  quariin,  the  city  has 
eiteuslve  nuuufictoriei  of  iron,  steel,  chains,  and  nutt  and  boils. 
In  1905  its  factory  producli  were  valued  at  Sd,9;S^j3.  The 
icipality  owns  and  opeiales  fl 


The  El 


irKDrporaiediaabomuBbtn  rSii  and  chartered  as  >  cily  in  iSfi^ 

IX  BABOy.  CHARUa  QUtTAVI  AUQUSTB  (iSjS-  ) 
French  actor,  wu  born  at  La  ChapeUe  (Seine).  His  Ulcnt  boll 
at  ■  comediao  and  a  serious  actor  was  soon  made  evident,  anc 
he  became  a  member  ot  ihe  Comtdie  Francaise,  his  chief  uccesse 
beins  in  tuch  plays  as  Li  Duti,  L'£nii<ite,  Li  Idaiquii  di  Prida 
UAnln  Danv  and  Li  Dtdalt.  His  wife,  Simone  le  Bargy  lA 
Benda,  an  aisomplishcd  actress,  Diade  bet  dibut  at  the  Gymnaw 
in  19D1,  and  in  later  years  bid  a  great  success  in  La  Rajali  inc 
other  plays.  In  1419  he  had  diSerences  with  the  avlhoritie 
«{  the  Comfdie  Frutaise  and  ceased  to  be  a  M(i<tai». 


UlUn.  CBAKLBt  (ito>-i7I»,  French  h^oiial  uniw, 
*u  b«n  at  Paris  wi  the  151b  of  October  ijai ,  and  was  educated 

11  tbe  Coll^  de  SaiatfrBarbe  mi  tbe  College  du  Flessis;  at 
Ibe  lanet  be  tentained  as  a  teachei  until  he  obiaioed  the  chair 
afthetoritiatheColU(ede*Gnssini.  In  i^aSkawaa  idniitted 
sf  tbe  Academy  ol  Insciiptions,  and  in  1753  he  was 
professor  of  chiquence  In  the  CoIUge  de  France. 
from  I7S$  be  held  the  oBvx  of  perpetual  secrctaiy  to  the 
Academy  of  Inscriptions,  iri  which  tmpacity  be  edited  fifteen 
volumei  (fram  tbt  ajib  to  ihe  J9lh  inclusive)  ol  the  HiiUiil 
of  that  iDBtitHtioD.  Uediedat  PariiMitheijIbof  Uarchi7  ' 
Theonl^Korkviib  which    '  " 


—.ciatedis 
rCm^ml 


inislaiTiAlB 


,o(Par 


t  Pariiouthe  islbof  Uarchi 

le  nunc  ol  Le  Sciu  contiDuei  .„  „ 

Ex^'x.nrmmnianld  CsfTSUnlin 
is;  lIS6-t779).  hcin^  1  comfnuarion 

aiid  ).  B.  L.  CnvSr-s  MaUtn  ia 


See  b 


-eioite" 


:  vnt.  dH.  o(  the  HisiDirt  it 


LSBBAS,  JOgsni  (i79('tS«;},  Beli^aBstaleiinin,  was  bom 
at  Huy  on  the  jrd  of  Jaauaiy  1704.  He  received  bis  early 
education  from  an  uncle  who  was  parish  priest  of  Haovut,  and 
became  a  eletk.  By  dint  of  «no»niy.to  nlsadiicnt^tauudy 
law  It  Liige,  and  was  called  (a  the  bar  in  1S19.  At  Liige  be 
fanned  >  fast  liiendship  with  Charles  Rogier  and  Paul  Devui, 
in  conjunction  with  whom  be  founded  at  Liige  iJ>  i8t4  the 
Matkitit  Loflu&arci,' afterwards  Lt  faiiiiqut,  a  journal  which 
helped  to  urnte  the  Catholic  party  with  tbe  Liberals  in  thnr 
•plNBitioa  to  the  miniiiiy,  without  manifesting  any  open 
disoflection  to  tiie  Dutch  gavenuceni-  Lcbcau  Jud  oat  con- 
temphitcd  tbe  separaiioB  of  HoUsud  and  Belgium,  hut  hia  h*ad 
was  forced  by  the  revolution.  He  was  sent  by  his  native  district 
to  the  National  Congread^and  became  minister  of  loreign-afioirm 
in  March  1811  dunng  lh»  interim  regency  ol  Swlct  de  Cbokier. 
Byproposinc  the  daction  of  Leopold  ol  Saze-Cohurg  a(  kipg 
of  the  Bdgiuu  he  Bceurcd  a  bcMVolent  altitude  on  tb«. part  of 
Great  B  titain,  but  tb*  RStotatioa  t»  Holland  of  part  of  the  duchie* 
of  Limbuig  and  Liuembuig  piovoked  a  heated  oppoaitioD  to 
the  treaty  ot  London,  and  Lebeau  was  accused  of  treacbsfy 
to  Belgian  intoati.  He  tesigiied  tbe  dinctioa  of  tonign  affain 
on  the  tcccMion  of  Xing  Leopold,  but  in  tlie  next  ycai  becwM 
alniattr  of  justice.  He  waa  elected  deputy  for  Brussels  In  iBjj, 
*Bd  retained  his  Kit  mtil  1&4S.  Diaerences  with  tbe  king  led 
to  his  retirement  in  iSm.  He  was  aabsequeBtly  govenor  of 
tbe  province  of  Namur  i.\tiSi,  uibauador  to  the  Fniitkfort 
diet(iSig},Bndin  1840  be  (oDMd  •  abofVlived  Libenl  niiustor. 
From  this  tiuebebcld  no  office  ol  itate,  ^boiwli  be  omliBUtd 
his  eJKigctie  lupput  of  liberal  OKt  anti-ilBical  mmatn.  H« 
died  U  Huy  on  the  igtbof  Mbk^  iMj, 

Lebeau  published  i-i  Acfiigiw  dipaii '^47  (BniHli,4v<>li.,  tiu). 

-       ■ ■''*"  (8    vol...    Brnaeli.    l8M-ias6>.    Ks 

.  vrnrmimt  wl  corrfjptmaofue  diu^mefrgn  fSaJ-rSnt 
,  iMj)    « ■■-■  ■■-■  '     "-■ —      ""  -'   — ' 


Jmfli  UtBm  (BtukU,  1U5I1 

LEBII.  JEAH  (d.  iijo),  Belgian  dmnicler,  wu.boro  near 
tbe  end  of  the  'Jlb  ceotuty.  ,  His  father,  CiUes  le  Seal  des 
Changes,  was  na  aldflrnun  o£  Li^.  Jean  entered  the  church 
and  became  a  canon  of  the  catb^dtal  church,  but  lie  and  his 
brother  Henri  followed  Jean  de  Beaumont  |o  England  In  iji7i 
and  look  part  in  the  border  warfare  against  Ihe  Scnls.  'Kis  will 
is  dated  i^69,andhiiciiitap1igiveslhedileaf  hisdcatbaa  ij;ii- 
Nolhiog  more  is  known  of  his  life,  but  Jacques  de  Heraricoun, 
author  of  the  Uirairdii  luUcfdeHtihayc.hti  Icit  a  eulogyof 


Lebel  (t.  ._  .    ., 

rclerence  by  Froisaart,  who  quote: 

Gnt  book  M  one  of  his  ajilbotilic 


35° 


LBBBR— LE  BLANC 


b  tbe  US.  of  Jcui  d'OutnnwiiK'i  Jfibwp  ia  blent,  wu  di>- 
covcnd  in  iB<t;  lod  Ibe  whole  ol  bit  chrDDicle.  pmervcd  In 
the  librvr  oI  CliUDiis«iT-Man»,  «>>  edited  In  iMj  by  L. 
Poliin.  Jeu  Lebd  (ives  u  bi>  reuoD  for  vriling  >  iaiit  to 
replace  •  cerUiD  iniiieadiait  rtiymed  ehnnide  ef  Ibe  «an  ef 
Edvard  III.  by  ■  Inie  rdatkm  of  hd  enteipiCia  down  la  Ihe 
beginning  ol  Ibc  Hundred  YewV  War.  In  the  tniller  ol  Myk 
Lebel  hu  been  placed  by  tone  critka  on  ibe  levd  ol  f  roinart. 
nil  chief  merit  ia  his  rduial  to  nairate  evcnta  inleaa  dttwr  be 
kimatU  or  bla  infortiuni  had  witnoaed  diem.  Tbli  tcnipuloiis- 
neaa  [n  the  acctpunce  of  evidence  mutt  be  ict  againat  hia  lintta- 
liona.  He  takeaon  the  wholes  simitarpoint  of  vJevtoFroimK'a; 
he  baa  do  concern  with  oaLLonal  movcmenta  or  politica;  and, 
irtiliDCforthepublicaf  cbivalijr,  he  pitKiva  BO  feneial  notbo 
ol  a  ampalin.  whieb  TeaoS-a  itaeU  in  hit  nuntjve  Into  a  atriea 
ol  eiploiuon  the  part  of  hia  haoa.  Froisurt  wu  cDoaidfrably 
indEbttd  to  him,  and  aecma  to  have  bommed  from  him  lome 
ol  hia  beat-known  epiaodca,  luch  ai  tbe  daub  of  Robert  the  Bnitr, 
Edward  111.  and  th«  CDOOIas  of  Salisbuty,  and  the  devotion 
of  tbe  buishet*  of  Cilaia.  The  aonga  and  virelaia,  En  the  ait  ol 
wriliBi  which  be  wu,  Kcwdii^  to  Hcmiicouit,  an  eipert, 


I  UUK,  JIU  MtCHBL  COmTUTT  <i7So-i8]g),  Freneh 
hiatoiian  and  bibliopbile,  wa>  bom  at  OrliSuu  on  Ihe  tih  of 
Kty  ij8&  Hia  Bnt  wDik  ma  a  pacm  on  Joao  ot  Arc  {1S04); 
but  be  wrote  at  tbe  aaoe  time  >  Crammiiin  tfalrtl  ryallMqiit, 
which  attracted  the  attentioB  of  J.  IT.  da  GArando,  (ben 
KcreUTy-feneral  to  the  minlitty  of  the  Interior.  Tbe  latter 
lound  him  a  minor  poal  in  hEi  department,  which  Mt  him  Mtnre 
for  hia  hiatnical  work.  HeevenlookUmto  IiAlywhai  Napideon 
wu  trying  to  oiianiic,  alter  French  medela,.ihe  Roman  ilalB 
which  be  had  taken  fiam  the  pope  In  iSop.  Leber  howenr  did 
BM  tuy  thrre  long,  for  he  considered  the  attacka  on  the  tempotal 
property  of  the  lioly  See  to  be  aacrHegioua.  On  hia  return  to 
Faria  he  reaumed  his  adminislretive  work,  literary  Rcreations 
and  hlatorkal  Rsearchco.  While  spending  a  part  of  hia  lime 
writing  vaudevillea  and  comic  operas,  be  began  to  coUect  old 
eBa]Fa  and  an  pamphlet*  by  old  French  hiatoriana.  Hia  oBIn 
wu  presemd  to  hkn  by  Ihe  Raloiation,  and  Leber  pit  hi> 
UteratygiflaatthtKrviccalthegDiFBnment.  Whenthaquealnn 
of  Ihe  coronation  ol  Louia  XVni.  aroae,  be  wrote,  at  an  intwcr 
to  Vdruj,  a  minute  Ireitiie  on  the  Ctrtmmla  in  tarn,  which 
wu  pnbliibed  at  the  time  of  tbe  connation  of  Chaile*  X.  To- 
warda  Iha  end  ol  VitUle't  miniBtry,  iriun  there  waa  ■  movement 
ol  poblic  oplniofl  la  favour  ol  extending  municipal  Ubertla. 
he  BDdcrtook  the  delencv  ol  the  thrieateocd  ayitem  of  cntraliia- 
tion,  and  compeaed,  in  anawer  to  Raynooard,  an  Eiiltirt  critique 
itt  ftmar  matiidfal  ttftiSl  ron'ttiH  U  la  maarMt  fiaq»'i 
tet  jturi  (181B).  He  alao  wrote  a  Ireathe  enhtlod  A  I'Oal 
rU  ii  la  frcai  a  ia  pamfUot  itptat  Franfaii  1"  jmqit'i 
Ltmii  XIV  (i8j4),  in  which  he  refuted  an  empty  piradoi 
of  Chotlea  Nodiet,  who  had  liied  to  prove  that  the  preu  had 
ae*Er  been,  and  Boold  never  be,  as  free  u  under  the  Grand 
Hanaich.  A  few  years  later,  Leber  n\\rei  Utyi),  and  sold  to 
the  library  of  Rouen  the  rich  coUectlm  of  booln  which  he  had 
amataed  during  thirty  years  ol  research.  Tbe  catalogue  he  mads 
himielt  (fvols.,  iSjgto  18;!).  In  iBwherradaithe  AcBdfnile 
de)  Inaoiptions  et  Bcilet-Lettnt  two  diBenatioRt,  an  "  Emi 
sur  I'al^rfciation  de  la  fortune  ptivfe  au  moyen  tgc,"  followed  by 
an  "  Eiamen  critique  dca  lablei  de  prix  du  marc  d'aigcnt  depuit 
I'fpoqne  de  Saint  Louis";  these  essays  were  included  by  the 
Academy  in  it*  Biati  it  nOmoInt  trttnMi  far  ihtri  smaiOi 
(voL  I.,  ii*4),  and  were  also  rE%iud  and  publithcd  by  Leber 
(184;).  Tbey  form  Ui  most  eouiderable  wotk,  and  assure  him 
a  pnitka  of  emtacnct  lo  Ibe  economic  biitoiy  of  France,  He 
tbo  rendered  good  aervkc  to  hbtoriani  by  tbe  pnbUcatkm  of 
hi*  CeOtdlai  ia  mtOtant  iinvUthni.  tutiai  it  litiUi  rilall/i 
t  ruimire  ii  Fnnu  {»  voh.,  rirf-iJao):  in  the  ahaence  of 
U  bda.  rinca  Leber  did  not  give  one,  an  analytical  table  of 


cenlenta  Is  to  be  fotnd  in  Allied  Franklln'a  ^Mircei.  te  nUleh* 
de  Ftioa  (iS;6,  pp.  341  iqq.].  In  cnoMqutoce  of  tht  revolutJOD 
of  1S4S,  Leber  decided  to  leave  Paris.  He  retired  to  bit  native 
town,  and  spent  his  last  yean  in  collecting  old  engnvingi. 
He  died  at  Orlfans  on  the  land  of  December  1851). 

In  i8ij  hp  had  been  elected  as  1  member  ol  Itie  SacUU  ill  AaH- 
amarts  it  rranu.  and  in  the  SriUm  al  Ihii  sodtty  (vol.  L,  I860} 
u  to  be  found  (be  most  correct  and  delailtd  account  et  hli  life's 

UBBUP,  JBU  (i6S7-i7ee},  French  historian,  wu  bom  on 
tbe  )tb  of  March  1M7  at  Auseirt,  wbece  hia  father,  a  counciilot 
in  the  partenent,  wu  neow  iti  cBmitnatimi.  He  began  hia 
■tudiei  in  his  native  town,  and  continued  them  in  Paris  at 
the  COU^e  Ste  Bubt  He  soon  became  known  u  one  of  the 
nHU  cultivticd  mindt  ol  bis  time.  He  made  bimtelf  maatci 
of  practically  every  branch  of  medieval  learning,  and  bad  a 
thorough  knowiedge  of  the  loutces  and  the  hibliogiaphy  ol  hit 
subject.  His  learning  wu  not  drawn  from  books  only;  he  wu 
also  on  orchuotogist,  and  frequently  went  on  opedliioti*  in 
France,  always  on  foot,  in  the  cBone  of  whidi  he  examined  the 
monuments  ot  architecture  and  sculpture,  as  well  u  the  libraries, 
and  coUicted  a  namber  of  notes  and  skeLcbcs.  He  was  in 
cotnspondence  with  all  the  most  learned  mea  of  the  day.  RIa 
correspondence  with  Pifendent  Boubier  wu  published  In  rUj 
by  Ernest  Feiil;  his  other  letlen  have  been  edited  by  the 
SwUU  ia  Kiaua  liiaoiiqiuta  iwliiriUa  ie  I'tmn  (1  vols., 
i866'iSfi7).  He  also  wrote  numeroni  tclida,  and,  alter  fai* 
election  u  a  member  of  (he  AcadAnieclctlBaaiptionaeC  BcUes- 
Lettrt*  (174'rii  a  number  of  Ulmtirit  which  ai^vartd  In  tbe 
ffBHtil  of  this  society.  He  died  at  Paris  on  the  lalh  of  Aprfl 
1760.    His  noit  important  reaearcha  had  Paila  u  Ihar  subject. 

He  puMuhed  lint  a  colbnlon  ol  Diamateiu  nr  CUiHirt  emit 
tt  mUtiattitK  it  Pvit  fi  voIl,  173^1743^  then  on  HiUfite  it  Im 
wUlt  rt  it  loti  It  iitttte  de  Fatii  Us  vela.  1745-1760).  which  ia  ■ 
mine  ^  infwfiulion,  mo«t^  taken  from  tiie  original  Kuma.  In  view 
of  the  advance  made  by  •choiarskip  in  Ihe  iglh  century,  it  wu 
foaddnecemATVI^EiutriishliicGondedition.  Hke  work  of  nprinting 
it  wai  undciulcen  by  H.  CochnikbutwHiotemipIed  (tWi)  bdorc 
the  cotnplctian  of  vol.  iv.  Adrien  Augicr  rcsanud  the  wi>rk,  giving 
LflKuf'a  vcvt.  iTiDiLeh  cDrrccting  the  numerous  typographical  wnvm 
of  the  oriiiiul  edition  (s  vols.,  lUjl.and  added  a  ^nh  volui 

eooiiiletal  the  wo-k  by  ■  mlum  sf  Kittifaliti 
C18V1},  wMlby  to  appear  side  by  ude  with  the  oripn 
'nKbibi:DiinphyarI.ebcur>wiiliatiii.pan1y,in  . 
of  the  SiNiMUfiK  in  braaini  it  Bttrtspie  (171 
IrroGTaphy  iieiven  tTV  Lebcauin  theff^^tflircdf  r,4ai..  ... 
' ■■"'—  '— '-     37,'.  pubUshed  17*4),  and  by  K.  < 


iBtheF 

LE  BtAirC  mCOLM  (i74i-iSe«),  French  chenAt,  *u 
born  at  Issoudvn,  Indre,  in  174a,  He  made  medicine  hit  profefr- 
sion  and  in  r78o  became  surgeon  to  the  duke  of  OrleanOi  but 
be  also  paid  much  attention  to  chemistry.  About  1787  be  wai 
atlnctcd  to  the  urgent  problem  of  minufarturfng  carbonate 
of  Md«  from  ordinsry  aca-talt.  The  suggestion  made  h  178^ 
by  Jean  Claude  de  la  Mflhcrie  (1741-1817),  the  editor  of  the 
Jnmat  ie  physvjue,  that  this  might  be  done  by  caldning  with 
charcoal  the  BcT[ri)ate  of  aoda  foimed  from  soil  by  the  action  el 
oil  of  vitriol,  did  not  soccctd  in  practice  because  tbe  product 
was  almotl  entirely  sulphide  of  snila,  but  it  gave  Lc  Blanc,  ai 
he  himtdf  acknowledged,  a  basis  upon  which  to  work.  He  toon 
made  the  crucial  discovetT—whlch  proved  the  foundatloii  of  the 
huge  industry  ef  artificial  alkali  manufacture— that  Ihc  StainA 
end  vu  to  be  attained  by  adding  a  pioportion  ol  chalk  to  the 
nitture  ol  cbarcOAl  and  sulphate  of  soda.  Having  had  Ihe 
•QitBdneaa  of  Ihis  method  tested  by  Jean  Dirret  (T7ij-lBa>^ 
the  professor  ef  dicmittry  at  the  CoU^  dc  Frinn,  the  dute  of 
Orleans  in  June  170'  agreed  to  furnish  a  sum  of  200,000  franca  for 
the  puipooe  ot  exploiting  It.  In  tbe  following  Seplenber  la 
Blanc  was  grunted  a  potent  for  filtooi  yean;  add  tbortly  •flcrwanh 
a  factory  wu  sUrted  at  Saint-Defds,  near  Paria.  But  II  had  sol 
long  been  fai  operatioa  Mien  the  Revotutlon  led  10  tfceoeii&ntiaB 
of  the  duke's  property,  bcluding  the  bctoiy,  asd  abovl  tlM  tarn* 
time  the  Commiltet  ol  PnUie  Safety  uDcd  npm  all  ehlMM 

who  iwtieraed  toda-thcloiia  to '  '      "  ""' 

capacity  and  the  narsre  ol  Ibe  n 


"~W1tWi>R-" 


tE  BLANC— tB  BRUN- 


SS" 


k*dBodudcebiittOKn*ldeucnt>of  hupToccBiUul  hefaul 

Ibe  Diisfonune  to  KC  hii  (acTory  dismantled  aad  bit  tlocki  i ' 
law  and  GoUhcd  nutedali  uld.  By  way  of  compcuition  k 
lheIoiaaIhiaii|hu,lhe  vdiJu  were  handed  bade  lo  Urn  in  iS«. 
but  all  tui  eSaiU  to  obtiJo  mnaey  enaugb  to  ntton  ibna  ud 
naum*  suDufacturin^  on  i  proiitable  icaje  wfic  vain,  ud, 
■toll  oai  wiib  diuppoinlmui,  he  ditd  by  hit  oira  bajid  M 
Silnt-Deiiii  oil  Ibe  i6th  of  Unaaiy  i£s6. 

Fduf  vcansltcr  hii  death,  Mlchtl  Jon  Jacqun  DiiC  (1^-1851) 
#ho  had  b«[i  frfporauuf  to  DarccI  al  the  time  he  eiammed  (hi 
procna  and  who  wai  luhiffiriefTilr  asviopted  wilh  Lc  Bhiic  in  iti 
aqjlottatkiD,  publiilied  in  tbr  Jo^nwi  4e  pMytuv  a  T*PCF  dairnjof 
that  tt.au  be  biaitU  mho  bad  bm  Higfttud  [headditKoelchalk 
bfll  1  coqiniituc  o{  [be  Frencb  Acadmy.  which  reported  iully  on  Ih< 

Lc  Blanc')  (Cm.  «"*.  I8j6,  p.  SJ3). 

LB  BUHC  ■  town  oC  central  Frann,  capital  ol  an  ammdiuc 
nent,  in  Ibe  department  of  Indre,  44  m.  W-S. W.  of  Cbftl<;auroui 

(1906)  4719.  The  Cnase  divldn  U  hits  s  lown  and  an  uppel 
town.  Tbecbi^hofStCeDltonrdatcsrromlheiith.ijth  and 
Ijlh  cenluriea,  and  there  la  an  old  caille  mlored  in  modem 
tlmcj.  It  la  tbe  seal  of  a  lubprefect,  and  has  a  Iribniial  of  6ra 
Initana  and  a  communal  cDllege.  WiwI-spiTining,  and  Ibe 
mmulacture  of  lineti  goods  and  edet-tooh  lie  among  the 
Industrlei.  There  is  trade  in  hgrws  and  <ii  the  npicuttuiaJ  and 
other  product!  of  the  surrounding  rfgion. 

Le  Blanc,  wbidi  la  idenllRed  with  iheltDman  OHinaam.  was  <n  the 
BMdle  a«et  a  tonlabip  bekMglnB  10  the  howo  ol  N^iUac  1 
fraoliK  hitnm  ol  tbe  laavincB  of  Beny. 

bom  M  Pkiii  OD  tlw  sib  ol  November  iKso,  paaud  cbisiii 
ficole  Potytccbniqne  ud  tbe  acbeol  of  Mela,  and  dfatinguislied 
UniMtf  ai  an  utilleiy  o&cei  in  Algeilin  mrfait,  becoaing 
C^BoIia  llji.  He  csBHanded  tbe  aitUleiy  of  the  itt  Fnncb 
coqn  at  the  dege  Df  Sebaatopol,  and  «u  pmmoled  in  iB;4  to 
tbe  rank  af  general  of  brigade,  and  in  iSsT  to  tliat  of  jeneral  of 
dividon.  la  tbe  Italian  V/troliSs^  he  commaaded  the  aniiloy, 
■ltd  by  hi*  Ktlon  at  SoUerino  ntttiiaUy  aKiated  hi  af  hi 
the  victory.  In  Septesbtr  iSM,  having  in  the  nMai 
becotni  ahle.de-canip  to  NapdRin  III.,  be  wai  dopaicbcd 
to  Vtnelta  id  hand  over  that  province  to  Victor  Emmanuel. 
In  1S60.  OD  the  death  of  Manhal  NM.  OeiKial  Leboul  became 
minister  of  var.and  earned  public  approbatioB  by  bit  vigoKnit 
ivarganlzaiionof  tbe  War  Olbd  and  ih(  civil  departmenti  of  the 
aervlce.  In  the  tpring  at  1S70  be  received  the  minhni'a  baton. 
On  the  dechratiOD  of  war  with  Germany  Hanbal  Lebouf 
delivered  hiaoelf  in  the  Corps  LtgieladI  hi  the  bisleric  saying, 
"  So  leady  ue  m,  that  il  the  var  laiia  two  yeats,  not  a  ^iter 
bnttoB  would  be  f^und  vsnting."  It  may  be  tbat  lie  intended 
Ihii  to  mcin  thai,  given  time,  the  reorganiialloD  of  the  War 
OKice  woidd  be  perfectecMhrougfa  experience,  but  Ibe  ntnlt 
inevitably  caused  h  to  be  regarded  as  a  men  boast,  Ihoagh  it 
la  no*  known  that  the  admlnimative  csnfuiioii  m  the  Irantiet 
in  July  1870  was  Car  lets  seilous  than  wa«  tnppDHid  M  tb*  time, 
lebtluf  took  pan  in  the  Lotriilne  cunpoien,  at  fitsl  as  chief  of 
staff  (major-general)  of  the  Army  ol  the  Rhine,  and  nfieriiards, 
irhen  Bazaine  became  coDunaodci-lD-chiti,  «  (hici  of  ihe  III. 
corps,  which  he  led  in  the  bittleiuoundUFtx.  'lie  distinfpuihed 
himaelf,  whenever  engaged,  by  personal  braveiy  and  good 
leadenhip.  Shut  up  wilh  Bazaine  in  Meti,.on  its  fall  he  was 
confined  as  a  prisoner  in  Ccnasny.  On  the  conclusion  pi  peace 
he  relumed  10  France  and  gave  evidence  bclate  the  eommitiion 
ofinquiry  into  theiucrendcrollhatstrongholjl,  when  he  ttmngly 
denounced  Bazaine.  After  this  be  retired  mto  pdvate  Ufe  to 
Ihe  Chtleau  du  Moocel  near  Algentan,  where  he  died  on  Ihl 
jih  of  June  1888. 

LB  BOH,  JMBPB  (1761-1705),  French  politician,  was  bon 
at  Arraa  on  tbe  igth  of  September  17G5.  He  became  ■  prielt  in 
the  order  of  the  Oratory,  and  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Bcaune. 
He  adopted  rcvolationAry  ideas,  artd  became  a  curf  of  the 
Const! iBlional  Church  in  the  department  ol  Pas.d(- Calais, 
where  he  wulitcr  elected  aaadf^liu^^taM  to  Ihe  CoDveniion. 
He  became  atairf  of  Arras  aiad  admiaiilniltiu  of  P**Mb.C«laii, 


and  on  the  and  of  July  17a]  took  hia  leat  bi  tbe  CsnveotioD. 
He  was  sent  as  a  represent  alive  on  missions  in  to  the  dcpartmenta 
of  the  Somme  and  Pa^^e-Cdab,  where  he  showed  greU  severity 
in  dealing  with  offenect  agajnst  tevolutionariea  (8ih  Brumaire, 
year  U.  to  imd  Mcasdor,  year  II-i  u.  i«th  October  ijgj  to 
loth  July  1794}.'  In  consequence,  during  the  reaction  which 
followed  the  qib  Thetmidor  (271b  July  1794)  be  wat  uruttd 
ontbeiindUessidor.yearlll.  (loih  July  i;9j).  Hcwaatiied 
before  the  criminal  tribunal  of  the  Somme,  condeluiad  todcalfa 
for  abuse  ol  his  power  during  his  mission,  sod  eiecutal  at 
Amiena  on  the  I4tli  Vendimiaire  in  tbe  year  IV.  (lOth  October 
179s).  Whatever  Le  Bon's  oSencea,  his  condemnation  wu  to  k 
great  ellent  due  to  Ibe  violent  kllacks  of  caie  of  U*  pobllcal 
enemies,  Armand  Cuffroy;  and  il  i)  only  just  to  remember  that 
il  wai  owing  10  his  courage  that  Cambiai  waa  saved  from  falliof 
into  the  hands  of  iJw  Auilriuu. 

Hit  son,  £aile  le  Boa,  published  a  HiiloBt  d(  Jtufk  UBatlia 
IrHmnaai  r/ttluinnaim  i'Airai  (I  dt  Ctmbni  (and  ed.,  >  wb.. 
Arras.  IB64). 

LBBHIJA,  BT  LuuxA,  a  town  oT  (Bulheni  Spain,  fo  the 
province  t>f  Seville,  near  Ihe  tefl  bank  of  Ihe  Guadalquivir, 
and  on  Ibeeastem  edge  of  the  marshes  known  aa  Las  hi arismaa. 
Pop,  (ioo(4  ia,991.  Lebrija  is  44  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Seville,  on  tbe 
Scville-Cadii railway,  lischicf  buUdingsarea  ruined  Uoor^ 
caitle  and  the  parish  church,  an  imposlog  structure  in  a  variety 
of  slylca— Moonth,  Gothic,  Romanesque— dating  from  the  I4tb 
century  to  Ibe  lAth,  aod  coniaining  some  early  specimens  of  the 
cuvUEo(AloiHoCano(i6or-r667).  There  are  Dunufaclnm  of 
bricks,  (ilea  and  earthenware,  for  which  clay  ia  found  in  Ibe 
neighbourhood^  and  some  trade  in  grain,  wine  and  oil. 

Lebrija  is  Ihe  NaMtta  or  ffebritta,  sumamol  Vtneria,  ol  tbe 
Roiniuls;  by  Silius  llalicui  (iii.  joj),  who  connects  it  wilh  the 
worship  of  Dionysu,  the  name  is  derived  froio  Ihe  Creek  nfipli 
(a  "  fawn-akin,"  asuciaied  wilh  Siooyiiac  riiualj.  Ntbtiiitk 
was  a  atEoog  and  populous  place  during  tbe  period  of  Ui»rich 
domination  (from  711);  it  waa  taken  by  St  Fertiinand  in  1349, 
but  aiMn  loU,  and  bcainie  hnally  subject  to  the  Caitilian  crovn 
only  under  Alphonao  the  Wise  in  1164.  It  waa  the  birthplace 
of  Elio  Antonio  de  Lebiija  or  Nebrija  (1444-1 5"),  belterkoown 
as  Nebriaaensis^  one  of  the  most  important  teadera  in  the  revival 
of  learning  in  Spain,  tbe  tutor  of  Queen  Isabella,  and  a  colla' 
borator.  with  Cardinal  Jimenea  in  the  preparation  of  Ibe  Com- 
pluteuiao  Polyglot  (see  Alcala  Da  Hehakes). 

LB  »BDH,  CHABUB  (1619-1690).  Frencb  painter,  waa  bom 
at  Paris  on  tbe  14th  of  February  1619,  and  allnKIed  the  notice 
of  Chaocellor  Siguier,  who  pkced  him  at  the  age  of  eleven  In 
the  studio  ol  Vouct.  At  fifteen  ht  received  comniiitiDni  ftnoi 
Cardinnl  Richelieu,  in  the  eiecutioo  of  which  be  displayed  H 
ability  which  obtained  the  ECnerous  commendaiions  of  Pousln, 
in  whose  company  Lo  Brun  started  lor  Rome  in  [641.  In  Some 
ha  remained  tour  years  in  Ihe  receipt  ol  a  pension  due  to  Ihe 
Ubeialilyiof'lbe  (hancelloc.    On  hia  return  to  Paris  Lo  Brun 

waa  the  duhi  important.  Employed  at  Vauz  to  Vicomte,  ht 
Orun 'ingratijled  himself  with  Maaarin,  then  secretly  pilttng 
Colbert  against  FouqQct.  Colbert  also  promptly  recogniacd 
L*  Bram'a  pawen  of  otganiution,  and  aiiacbed  him  lo  hia 
Its,  Together  they  founded  Ihe  Academy  of  Painting  and 
Scu^ure  (164S),  ud  tbe  Academy  ol  France  at  Some  (1666), 
and  gave  ■  pew  devdopmenl  to  tbe  iudutttial  aits.  In  1660 
they  cMablislMd. tbe  GobcliBa,  which  at  Eitlwai  a  great  schod 
for  tbe  lunBfacture,  not  of  lapeitiies  only,  but  of  evetycliN 
ol  funtittiro  required  in  the  roypl  palatea.  Commanding  the 
idustrlal  arts  Ilusugh  the  Gobelina — ol  which  be  waa  director — 
«iid<he  (riwk  artht  world  throogb  Ibe  Academy— in  which  he 
tuccoaively  beM  every  post~Le  Brno  imprinted  fait  ow* 
:hii«cter  on  all  that  wai  produced  In  France  during  his  liletlme. 
ind  gave  ■  direction  to  the  national  tendencies  which  endured 
if(er  his  death.  The  nature,  «f  his  eiifibctie  and  ponpoua 
alent'wa*  in  harmony  with  the  lasleof  the  lunb  who^  full  <i 
idmiiitiDn  at  Ihe  diKorationi  dcaigned  by  L<  BruB  for  hit 
Inumphaleolry  into  I^ari*  (ifite),  mvniBiiDDed  fcim  to  ciecnte 


»ia 


LEfeRUN,  C:  ^--LE'  CARON 


■  Mlin  ol  iubjKl)  tram  Ihe  bistory  ol  AlcxandFr.  The  Stst 
et  tbew,  "  Aleandtr  »nd  the  Fimily  of  Dsriui,"  to  delighitd 
iQUil  XIV.  that  be  It' once  FDiKibled  Le  Bnia  (Dcambcr,  1661), 
who  was  Dbo  created  finl  pa[nter  to  hia  majeat)r  with  a  pcDiion 
of  il.soo  b'vrn,  [fac  ume  amount  as  he  had  ycaHj  received 
In  the  SCTVJce  of  Ihs  mapiificint  Foaquct.  Fnm  -thii  date  all 
(hat  was  done  in  the  royal  palaces  iras  diiecled  by  Le  Bnin. 
The  wocki  ol  the  giQctyel  Apollo  in  the  Louvre  were  inlemipled 
In  ie;T  ulien  he  accompanied  the  ling  to  Flanders  (on  hljiTluni 
■from  Line  be  painted  several  eoraposittons  in  Ihe  Ch*t«u  of 
St  GertoaiiH),  and  Bnal]]>— let  they  lenaiaed  unfinished  at 
hti  death— by  the  vast  labours  of  Venailles,  where  he  leacrvcd 
for  himsetf  the  HaDs  of  War  and  Peace,  the  Ambassadoia' 
Statrcue,  and  the  Crest  Callcry,  other  ailisls  being  forced 
to  accept  the  posjllon  of  his  assistants.  At  the  death  of  Cribert, 
Louvois,  who  succeeded  him  in  the  department  of  public  votts, 
thomd  no  favour  to  Le  Brun.  and  in  spilt  of  the  ling's  con- 
tinued luppoit  be  felt  a  bitter  change  in  his  position.  This 
contributed  to  the  illnut  which  on  the  iind  of  Febiuary  iAqo 
ended  in  his  death  in  the  Gobelins.  Besides  his  gigB»<''  labours 
at  Versailles  and  the  Louvre,  the  number  of  his  works  for  religious 
corporations  and  private  patrons  is  enormous.  He  modelled 
■nd  engraved  with  mucb  [■ciUly,  and,  In  spile  of  the  heaviness 
'and  poverty  ot  drawing  and  colour,  his  niraordinary  activity 
«nd  the  vigoor  of  hia  concrptiobs  justly  his  claim  to  fame. 
Kear];  all  hrs-eorapositio0S  have  been  repnKluced  by  celebrated 
enpawrs. 

(MancheVon  the  19th  of 
appearance  aa  a  lawyer  at  Paris,  Hefilled  the  posts  lucresslvely 
of  cfHituf  royate  [i  tM)  and  of  inapeetor  genenil  of  the  domains 
«i  the  cnwD  (176S);  he  was  also  one  of  the  ohiel  tdviiera  ol 
the  chancellor  Maupeou,  took  pan  In  his  struggle  against  Ihe 
paTlenicnls,andsharedinhisdown[a11inT774.  He  then  devoted 
himteir  to  lilenlure,  translating  Tasso's  CtmaUnaiH  llitnint 
(1)74),  and  the  Iliad  (1776).  At  the  ouIRl  of  the  ItvMlutiOn 
be  farcuw  its  impotlaDce,  and  in  the  Kn'i  in  citoyan,  <^ich 
be  pubUahed  in  17S9.  predicted  the  coune  nhkli  evenu  would 
take.  In  Ihe  Conatiluenl  Assembly,  where  he  Mt  at  deputy 
for  Dourdan,  he  ptofegsed  liberal  views,  and  was  the  pTioposer 
of  valfous  financi*)  laws.  He  then  tiecame  pmldeni  of  the 
diiectory  of  5eifle-rt.Oise,  and  in  1795  was  elected  as  ■  de;iutT 
to  the  Godnctl  of  Ancients.  After  the  tt*f  d'tlat  of  the  lEth 
Sninulre  In  the  year  VIII.  (gth  November  T7go),  Lebnin  wk> 
tnade  tUrd  consul.  In  this  capacity  he  took  an  active  part  in 
the  mrganiiatim  of  finance  and  of  the  administration  ol  the 
dcptttmenls  of  France.  In  r8o4  he  was  appointed  atcb- 
treasurer  of  the  empire,  and  in  Soj-iSWl  as  governor-general 
of  Injuria  effected  lis  anneiaiion  to  France.  He  opposed 
Napdeon's  resloratfon  cf  the  noblesse,  and  in  iFkig  only  re- 
tuctantly  accepted  the  title  of  due  de  Plalsniee  tPfacenia). 
He  wu  netl  employ  in  organising  (he  depCHments  which 
■were  formed  in  ffofland,  of  which  he  ms  gor^rnor^general  from 
'(Sii  to  igfj.  Although  lA  a  certain  Client  oppaecat  to  Ihe 
despotism  o(  the  cmpemr,  he  was  not  ih  favour  of  his  deposit  ion. 
though  he  BCreTted  the/^ildcim^taf  tbe  Reitontion  in  Aptil 
1S14.  Louis  XVIH.  made  bim  a  peer  of  France;  biH  during 
(he  Hundi^  Dayi  he  accepted  from  Napoleon  the  poM  of 
Grand  Master  of  the  Dnivenity.  On  the  return  of  Ibc  Bourbons 
In  rSij  he  was  consequently  suspended  from  the)  Housc'of  Pen*, 
but  WU  recalled  In  rgi9.  Hediedat  »  Mc(ntet'(SelIW-e|.OiBe) 
on  the  Ttith  of  June  iSii.  He  had  been  made  a  member  of 
the  Acadf mie  des  In<criptlont  et  Belles- Lettm  in  ttoj. 

'  9h  M ;  d>  CauffHM  la  Fotte.  l-'jt  rdiMHrlrr  Mra  (Pirii.  nor) ; 
U.M-k*lUa-^mmH'-  —  "- '-=—  '--■•-"-'—■ 


Ji  It  Bnii,  diujt  PItiiaiHi 


Lr^'*'  (iti^i  edited,  with  a  blagrai^kal  noiia.  by  hi 
Oiiiles  Lebnin. 

U»nni,  PIBRRB  AlrfOIHE  (>7S5-iSr3).  Flvnch  poet, 
*>!  bom  tn  Paris  on  the  iqth  of  November  17S5.  An  Ode  I  It 
'[rnndr  otmA',  niiitaten  atTlie  time  for  the  work  of  Gcosfthard 
Lebran,  Utracted  Napalean*a'i(ientiofi,'  mil  lecwfcd  (brtM 


anthot  a  pension  of  iisa  Irants.  tebrun'i  plays,  once  famoni, 
an  now  forgoiten-  They  are:  Ulym  (1B14),  Uerii  Slaan 
(iSio),  which  obtained  a  great  success,  and  ti  CiJ  if /nrfofmrie 
(1S15).  Lebrun  Visjted  Greece  in  1810,  and  on  his  relnin  to 
Paris  he  published  in  1811  an  ode  on  (he  death  of  Napoleon 
which  cost  him  his  pension.  In  iSij  he  was  the  guest  ol  Sir 
Walter  Scott  at  Abbotifoid.  The  coronation  of  Charles  X.  in 
(hat  ycv  Inspired  the  venes  entitled  La  VnUb  it  Champimy, 
which  have,  perhaps,  done  more  to  secure  his  fame  than  his  more 
amhiiiousattempu.  In  181S  appeared  his  molt  Important  poem,' 
£a  Gttu,  and  in  the  aame  year  he  was  elected  to  tho  Academy. 
Tlie  rerofotion  of  1S30  opened  up  lor  him  a  public  eveeri  fn 

frequently  £l]ed  with  distinction  other  public  offices,  becoming 
•enatoi  in  iS^.  H*  died  on  the  i7lh  of  May  1S7J. 
See  ^nie-Beiiver  Portraitt  toxltmlioraias,  vol.  IL 
LEBBUH,  FOHCE  DEHIS  fiCOUCHAaO  (1710-1307),  Fiench 
lyric  poet,  was  bom  in  Paris  on  the  nth  of  August  1729,  jp 
ifae  bouse  of  the  prince  de  Conli,  to  whom  hia  father  was  valet. 
Youos  Lebrun  had  among  his  schoolfellows  a  son  of  Louis  Radne 
whoK  disciple  be  betatne.  In  1753  he  published  an  Ode  iv 
111  dlsail-a  dt  Lisbc*.  In  ijjg  he  msnied  Marie  Anne  de 
Surcourt,  addressed  in  bis  £JliUt  as  Fanny.  To  the  eatly  yean 
of  bis  marriage  belongs  his  poem  Nature.  His  wife  suffered 
ought 


by  Lebnin'*. 


I  to  obtain  a  separation,  she  was  su^Hrted 
ithei  and  sistar.  He  had  been  ittrtlairt 
0  the  prince  de  Conti,  and  on  hit  pation'i 
doalb  wu  deprived  of  his  occupation.  He  mSercd  *  fnnfcei 
mbfortuse  in  the  lass  of  hia  capt[a!  by  the  ba^tipE<y  of  (be 
prince  dc  Gutmcnt.  To  (Ua  period  belonga  a  long  poem,  the 
VaUia  dti  Umi,  which  remained  un£nished,  and  Us  ode 
to  Buflon,  which  ranks  among  his  best  wodis.  Dependenl  on 
government  penaioBS  he  changed  hi*  polltia  with  the  timet. 
Colonne  he  compared  to  the  great  SuUy,  and  Loins  XVl.  19 
Hcniy  IV.,  but  the  Terror  neverthdeB  found  in  him  iu  official 
-poet.  '  Ueoccupicd  rooms  in  the  Louvre,  and  [uUUed  his  obliga- 
tiooa  by  shameless  attacks  on  the  unfonunite  king  aw)  queen. 
Hi*  eiccUent  ode  on  the  Vntew  and  the  (Me  HalimsCi  tailri 
Antklare  on  the  occason  of  the  projected  invasioD  of  England 
are  in  honour  of  the  p*wer  ol  Napoleon.  This  "  veisilility  " 
has  so  much  injured  Lebiun'i  rrpulatioa  that  It  h  difficult 
to  appreciaia  hia  real  merit.  He  had  a  (eniw  (or  epigram, 
and  (he  i^iatraiBS  and  diaaives  directed  aflainit  his  many 
enemia  have  a  verve  generally  licking  in  his  odes.  Tha  ooa 
directed  agtiBSt  La  Haipe  ia  called,  by  Siinte-Bcuve  the  "  queea 
of  epigrama."  La  Harpe  has  said  that  the  poet,  called  by  bli 
fiiendi,  [perhaps  with  a  ipice  of  irony,  Lebrun-Pindaie,  had 
wrlitea  many  fine  itropbcs  bnt  not  one  good  ode.  The  ailic 
eipMed  mordlesaly  the  obscurities  and  unlucky  imses  which 
occur  even  in  the  ode  to  BuHod,  and  advised  the  tuijioi  10 
imitate  the  limf^ity  and  eoetgy  that  adorned  BuBon^  prise. 
Lebnin  diid  in  Paris  on  the  jist  of  Aufusi  1S07. 
The  boil  ol  Ihcm  arc  included  in  Pmtpcr  Pailcrvin't  "  PtIiU  ftcla 

LS  CAIIOII,  BBNm  (whose  real  name  was  Thomas  Mkiei 
BEtca)  (1S4T-1E94),  British  iccrcl  service  agrnl.  was  bom  at 
Colchester,  on  the  ifilh  of  September  1S41.  He  was  of  an 
adventurous  character,  and  when  nineteen  yean  old  went  to 
Paris,  whete  he  found  employment  In  butincss  connected  with 
America.  Infected  with  the  eicitemml  ol  the  American  Civil 
War,  he  crossed  the  Atlantic  In  1S61  and  enlisted  in  iheNonhira 
anny,  taking  the  name  of  Henri  Le  Caron.  In  i8«(  he  married 
a  young  lady  whobad  helped  hlmtoescapefrom  some  Confederite 
marauders;  and  by  the  end  of  the  war  he  iwe  to  be  major. 
In  tEAj,  [bnnigh  a  companion  In  arms  named  O'Neill,  he  was 
brought  Into  contact  with  FenianIsm,  and  having  learnt  of  the 
Fenian  plot  against  Canada,  he  mentioned  the  designs  when 
wtlihig  borne  lo  hrs  father.  Mr  Be»cb  told  hb  local  M.P.,  who 
in  lam  told  IheHomeSetretary,  and  Ibelaiier  asked  Mr  Beath 
to  arrange  for  (utther  information.  Le  Taron,  inspired  (n  all 
(be  eTIdenee  abbws)  by  genuinely  patriotic  tteKng,  ft«m  that 


LE  CATEAUi^I^CHAPELIER 


tioif  for  ihu  p«M,  ual  be  TtnMuied 

iQ  iu 

to  tab  nurmnw  wbicb  led  to  ihe&nca  of  ihe  CuuuSao  iamlim 
of  1B70  ud  Kiel'i  luiRoda  in  1871,  and  be  (applied  fattdcuib 
coocciucg  iIr  tuiou  liisb-Amaiaat  usouiloiii,  m  *indl 
he  hiiBBelf  «■■  a  prvsiizicst  miaaheL.  He  tru  in  tta  HVets  of 
the  "  new  dqxiRun) "  in  1B7V1BB1,  and  m  the  luut  )rur  had 
•n  taiemcw  with  hntU  U  Ibe  House  ol  CommBn,  when  tbe 
Iijeh  lewkr  ipoke  qivfWlieiieiU;  oC  an  uniRl  Tcvahiikm  la 
IidiBd.  tm  maty-five  yian  be  bved  ai  Deuoii  and  other 
placca  in  America,  payioi  onaahiDil  vlsiu  10  Eur^k,  and  all 
the  time  canTing  hia  hie  in  hu  haad.  Tbe  Pimdl  CobudbiUid 
oI  18S9  pal  an  aid  lo  thia,    Le  Ciron  waa  tubpoBiBed  by  TI14 


eCorts  a<  Sii  Chaila  Ruudl 
fail  letriwoay.  ot  10  Impaii  the  imprcsuon  oi  Iron  icnaaly  and 
afaulute  tnuhluleeat  wbkh  bis  htannt  coBwyed.  Hb  carter, 
hDvever.  for  good  or  evil,  kbi  at  an  end  He  publijiwd  the 
s  life,  Ttoatiy-fite  Yean  in  Uk  Secret  Stmtt.  and 
Bnl  he  bod       ' 


U  UTKU. 

Fiance,  in  Ibe  difiutnunt  of  Noid,  on  the  SeUe,  ij  n  E.S.E. 
of  Cambiai  by  load.  Pop  (i^)  to,«»  A  church  of  the  eariy 
iTtk  ccatuty  and  a  town-hall  in  the  Retuuaance  ttyk  are  11* 
dM  bnOdbiBS.  Ii>  initltutjoiia  iBdudE  a  boud  of  trade- 
■rbitratioD  and  a  <;ommunaI  college,  and  111  most  imponanl 

of  the  two  lillagei  ol  Pttenne  and  Vcndelgia,  nnder  the  pro- 
tection of  1  castle  boitt  by  Ibe  bishop  ol  Cnitibnu,  Le  Caleaa 
became  the  leat  of  an  abbey  in  the  111b  oencuiy  In  the  i51h 
it  waa  fnqnently  Ukea  and  HI  all  en,  and  in  ijje  It  Was  bumed 
bylhafMidi,  wboin  1534  signed  a  celebrated  tnacymib  Spam 
in  lb  town.  Itwu  findly  ceded  to  Fiance  by  the  peace  of 
ffljmweceo  b>  1678. 

'  UCCS  (inc.  Ijifue),  a  town  and  srddepiicDpal  neof  ApuH*, 
Italy,  capital  oi  tfae  pnnucs  ol  Lcete,  )<  m,  S.E.  of  BriDdtil 
1^  no.  Pep.  (i9dC)  JS.tTq.  '  The  town  Is  rHiiarkaUe  for  the 
nDBUxr  ei  biddjngt  of  tha  17th  cenluty,  In  the  rococo  il^t, 
obidi  k  oODIalui  among  these  are  tbe  cathedral  of  S  OnUM, 
tai  the  chorehea  oi  5.  Chian,  S.  Cioce,  S.  Domenko,  Ac,  the 
"1  will  will,  and  the  Prafettnia  (the  Utter  contalna  a  miUEuni 

"      ■  vuej,  Ik.).    Bniidnigs  of  an  taiUer 

It  the  &be  portal  of  the  Romanesque 
e  Cataldo,  built  by  Tancrcd  in  iiSo,  may 
' '  huicb  Is  S.  Maria  dl  Ceiraiv,  neai  the 
town.  L«cce  contams  a  large  gcnenunent  totncco  ticiWy, 
and  1*  tbe  oenlie  of  a  fertile  igricnkaral  dktrict.  To  tbe  E. 
7|  tn.  Is  Che  small  harbour  of  S.  Cataldo,  reached  by  ileclric 
trsBway.  LeccB'  is  quite  doee  to  tfae  aile  of  the  andenl 
hnclat,  equIdisUnI  (i;  m.)  Iron  Biundwlum  and  Hydtunluni, 
nmalnsof  which  are  mentioned  as  existing  up  to  the  istb  century. 
A  colony  vis  Eoonded  Lben  in  Roman  times,  and  Hadrtaa  made 
a  haib(na~-t»  doobi  at  S.  Cataldo.  Mudly  a  mfle  oat  waa 
RadUe.  tbe  birthplace  dilhe  poet  Eonhis,  qnten  ol  bySHhis 
luUeo*  m  worthy  at  mentioB  for  (bM  mton  aloDe.  Its  site 
wu  narked  by  the  now  dsierted  vUlige  of  Rone.  The  name 
Lysen,  or  l^rda,  be^n  to  fpax  In  tbe  Otb  ceeniiy,  Ihe 
dty  «u  for  seme  timi  held  by  touBtt  of  NotBBn  bload,  among 
wbna  Ibe  noM  notewonhy  li  Bohemow),  ion  of  Robert  GuiscaRl. 
It  aflKwanb  paaed  to  the  OninL  lb  rank  of  provtodsl 
capital  wubeetowed  by  Feidfaand  of  Angoala  ickDOwMgiMnt 
of  tin  fidelity  of  Letci  to  hb  aw.  (T.Ai.) 

See  U.&  Britt«  l»  li*  UilfliahUvia). 
IMCtO,  s  town  of  Limiiariy,  In  the  province  of  Coma,  ji  n. 
by  Id  H.  by  E.el  UQw,  and  readied  by  «ieiD»  bom  Camo, 


67J  ft.  tlwm  *e*-levtL  Pop.  (■««}  io,]<t  h  H  tkUMtt 
near  the  vxitben  extmniiy  of  Ibecasten)  branch  of  ibe  Laheol 
Como,  which  it  frequently  disimguisbed  as  ibe  Lake  of  Lecco. 
At  Letco  begiBB  ibe  line  (mn  by  ekctnciiyjia  Colica,  iriience 
■■"■■'  '  Sondno.  and  untbcr 


.    To  tt 


fine  btidas  ongbully  constructed  m  ijjj,  and  rebuilt  in  iteQ 
by  FuenteL    Icdcd.  in  spite  of  Its  antiquliy,  presents  a  1 
^HX^rvB™,  ■Inwet  the  odyoMbuiMlDgbeingtts  castle,  0 
a  pan  remaina     lu  Khools  an  paniculariy  good 

3,  biass-foiuddei,  ( 
ondles,  and  slk-qi 
cotion-spiiuuflg  and  wood.carviBg.  Tn  ihe  1 
Is  Ihe  villa  of  Csleouo,  the  residence  of  Alesaadro  Mansint, 
whom  biiPrmaiiSfnihaslrftirvdIdeacnptionofthediilnn. 
A  iiiint  hia  bee*  encied  to  hbn. 

In  the  iithceniuryLeccD.  previously  the  scat  of  a  mai^Dbate, 
wss  praenied  to  ibe  biihops  of  Como  by  Olio  H.,  bat  in  the 
ijth  century  itpasfcd  to  the  aichbishopi  of  Milui,andin  11  ij 
it  assisted  the  Milanese  in  the  dcstpuction  of  Coau.    During  the 

politu  cfty;  ud  iia  tata  sniiiiinl  to  fat  aeded  when  the  Viscsali 
f^rytrltaiftinMtBP**-***'^**'*^''''"*'^'^*^"'*****,  *"^  *iwhfcii> 
Ibea  U  i«iM  thdi  town  booa  ha  atbcs.  Bat  in  a  lew  yewi 
the  people  iHanadi  Amoa  VisDOBii  made  l^rat  a  itroDg 

Ibe  diadd  oi  Lecte  ww  aa  objed  of  eodltaa  oDnieDlioa.  .In 
1647  the  town  with  111  territory  wss  madea  oountship.  Uamoe, 
Cbarka  V.'l  Italian  chancellor,  was  bora  in  Lecco. 
See  A  I- ApoRulutZ'UiiaJi/jiwIvnlgiu  (LeecD,  iSss).  - 
UCH  (Lkiu),  a  rivn  ol  Cetmaoy  in  the  kingdom  of  Banria, 
117  m  king,  with  a  ihainige  baBin  of  ij^  sq  m.  It  risei  ia 
the  Voiailberg  Alpt,  at  an  akilade  ol  &i »  ft.  IL  winds  out  o( 
the  ^oomy  Hmcstone  ouuntains,  £ows  In  a  oorth-noith^astciiy 
dlRctioo.  and  eoiers  the  plains  at  Fdssen  (isBo  Et.),  wheic  it 
fonns  rspids  and  a  fall,  then  puisacs  a  northcdy  course  past 
Aaff  bail,  where  it  rsceins  the  Weitacb,  and  joins  the  Danube 
fmt)  tha  light  just  tiebw  DoBauwOcth.  (ijjo  ft)  It  I>  not 
nangahle,  owing  le  iii  torresiial  fbamiter  ud  the  gravel  bcda 

waue  some  miks  long,  bcrween  the  Ledi  and  the  Weruuh,  the 
emperac  OitD  I.defeated  tbe Hiia^rians  in  Auggat  «;5.'  Tilly, 
in  attempting  to  ddend  the  p^saga  of  the  itRaffl  at  Rain  against 
the  forces  of  Gnstavu*  Adolphus,  wsa  fstaHy  wounded,  en  the 
SIfaol  April  ifiji.  Theriver)rufonneriy  ibeboundarybetwceD 


town  of 


LB  CHAHBOH.  or  La   CuubOh-Feu 
east-central  France  in  tbe  department  .  , . 

of  St  £tienne  by  nit,  on  tbe  Ondalne,  (  trlbutsiy  <)f  the  Loire. 
Pop.  <iv*)  lown,  7S1S;  tommune,  13,011.  Cod  b  mined  in 
the  nelglibourbood,  and  there  are  forges,  sled  woths,  manu^ 
factores  of  tools  and  olbcr  Iron  gooib,  a^  silk  millB.  Tbe  leudd 
OBile  of  FCugei^es  on  a  hill  to  the  aoutfa-eatl  datl*  In  pari 
from  the  iiih  century. 

BetwcCD  Le  Cbambon  and  Si  £tlenne  k  La  Ricamarie  (pop. 
of  loWd  5>8o)  also  el  iioportaece  for  In  coal^ninta.  Many 
of  the  gsllertael  a  number  aTIbiae  mines  aie  on  6it,  probably 
from  sponUBFoua  combustion.  AEcardbi|iO  popular  tiadllisD 
these  Hns  dale  tmn  the  liirie  of  the  Sanceu;  moR  mbcntt< 
eally  fiom  the  15th  centdry.  ^ 

LE  CHAPILIKR,  HAAC  RBHt  OUT  (1754-17941.  French 
pollildan.  was  bom  at  RemMa  on  the  isih  of  June  1754,  Ua 
father  being  MfMnier  of  Ihe  corporation  of  lawyen  In  that  town. 
He  enieiM  hb  father's  piefaalan,  and  had  laiM  wosa  as  an 
oiuar.  InijSahewsselecledasadepntytaibeSuicaGenend 
hy  Ihe  T!cn-Ctet  of  tbe  itateiaiissti  ol  Rennea,  Be  adaptai 
advanced  opinions,  and  w«  one  of  iht  foundeta  of  Iba  Bntn 
Qnb  (see  J«tinnN  Cim)^  bis  iollucnce  b  the  Coaalltuent 
Aaembly  wsa  nn^deiable,  and  on  the  jid  ot  AngiMt  17*4  ■» 
was  dected  lis  prcddiat.   ThnbepiMldedtrMl  AeAaanbtr 


ik  an  aolvt  ptn  In  ihe  di 


g  the  4U1  «i  A 


190s) :  a  Kervllcr,  lUdiirdui  (t 


of  tie  coounlluc  ahkh  dm 
fiutber  prcaentcd  1  repoit  oq  [he  bbcny  of  iheiim  and  co 
lueiuy  copjriighi.  Ut  wu  alu  coupiciicui  u  oppcaiii(  Rabo- 
picTfB  wben  he  prapcved  ihtt  membcn  oE  ihc  Coumuent 
Aaemhly  ihcmid  nol  be  eligibLe  Eor  ekctjon  to  the  propoicd  ocw 
Aucmbl]'.  Alter  the  dight  of  the  hint  to  Vucsne*  (isth  vl  JuM 
1791),  hit  oplnkwi  became  iBon  modenlc,  ud  on  Ihc  >9ih  of 
September  he  biought  forward  a  oiDtiaii  to  rouia  the  ttlioa 
ollhcdubi.  Thit,  together  with  a  viutahich  be  paid  laEDftaiad 
Id  1791  made  him  nupect,  and  Ik  ma  dcoouiKed  00  lu)  tetum 

WU  diKoveied  in  cDDMquenpe  of  a  pimfAIet  trhkb  be  publiihed 

KevolBtiaiury  TribuoiL  He  wu  ancutcd  u  Puit  on  ihc 
iind  of  April  1744. 

.?.-  .  •'--!,  £u  Oralam  ii  U  avUliiamli  (ind  ed.,  Pirii, 
"  '  "   ttvrUt  dlpuiit  iila  anlafv 

—   .- J,   1888-1899);  P.  J.  Levnt, 

-    -  .i»SJ-rt5T)- 

UCHUn.  OOTTHARD  VICIOB  (iBii'iSSS),  GctmaD 
Uubenn  theologltB,  ma  bom  on  the  ilth  dt  April  iSii  at 
Kloitet  Reidtesliuli  Ifl  WUittengbeig.  He  nndied  at  TDUnieD 
tinder  F,  Q  Baur,  and  ''■^^w  in  iftsS  paitor  of  the  ehuidi  of 
St  Thomu,  pitJeaor  otdinaiiiu  of  >'**T^*^"'  theokigy  and 
(uperintendBDC  of  the  Lnthenn  chmdi  of  Leipiig  He  died 
on  the  slth  ol  Dcacmbei  1SS8.  K  dudple  of  Neandet,  he 
belooftd  to  the  extitme  tight  of  the  idncd  of  tnediailng  ibto- 
lofiut.  He  I*  Inqmrtant  u  the  Uatorbn  of  rv\y  Cbiinianiiy 
tad  ftf  the  picRefannatioD  period.  Although  F.  C.  Baur  hu 
hi*  teacheTj  lu  dU  tut  attach  himielf  Co -the  Tubingen  school, 
in  leply  to  the  oonteotioo  that  there  aie  lr>cea  of  a  ihaip  am- 
£ict  between  two  partiei.  Faulicku  and  Fettiniita,  he  uyi  that 
**  we  £iui  variety  coupled  with  agnetncntt  and  Hnlty  with  differ- 
ence. bctvtCD  Paul  aod  the  eariier  epottle*.  we  recogniic  the 
Me  IpiriL  in  (he  sombj  gllta."  Hia  Dt  afmOdiukt  and  ici 
Itaciafmlcliidn  ZtHatlir  (iB5')>  iriath  dmelopol  out  of  a  pcne 
■■ay.  (1B49},  puacd  thrau^  thite  •dhlm  in  Censuiy  ijri 
■d.,ieSj},(iMlwulninlU(dtaoEiflbb{)*>li.,tSM]  The 
vock  wUcb  Id  hia  own  «p(nwa  wu  Mi  gnatM.  Jatami  (m 
Wulif  lai  at  YKtudiiddt  iv  g^trmeHim  (1  vok.,  iStj), 
■ppeared'iB  Englith  with  the  Cille  Jala  Wiitif  tint  Mil  EntUtM 
Prtcanan  (1S7S,  sew  cd.,  1U4).  An  outiei  work,  CucihUW 
iamif.    iMrmu  (rS4i),  ~ 

"Ltthlw-a  othef  wor^ , 

Attirt-iajltm,  todlnFi^iei  al  Thocnu  Br«t«idine  (iSGI) 
and  Robst  Gi»euu  (M,fi.  He  wrote  pan  of  the  (mnintm:try 
m  llie  Acta  <J  the  ApaetW  In  J.  P.  LanttiBailmrk  Fren  I88> 
it  idited  with  F.  W.  DihcUai  the  Ailnlfe  mr  mtiftfWii  XircW*- 
y«iht*lt.   Jgl«Kiirw(t«9a)  wuptfUalied  after  hk  death. 

LBCKT.  WILUAM  SDWABD  BABTPOU  (iS^igqU, 
Irtth  hittofian  kod  puWdit,  waa  bom  at  Newurwo  Park,  Dear 
DiOiUn,  on  the  s6th  of  Match  iS}S,  bciag  the  eldeu  ion  of 
John  Haitpnle  Lccky,  wbaac  family  had  foe  Duny  genetuioBa 
been  bsdowaen  Lb  Intand.  He  wu  educated  at  KisslawB, 
Araughi  and  CiMJieihui  College,  ind  MTrinity  Colkge,  DubUo, 
'  n  be  ydaatoj  iA.  la  1859  eod  M.A.  in  iMj,  and  wbcti, 

.     J  _  ..  . . ji^  1^  ^^  jjji^  Ploloitant 

■e  ol  divinity.  In  itAo  be 
■niB  book  (otitlKl  Tit  Mditi*^ 
•a  lotviag  caUefa  he  ahasdoiKd  bit 
>  IMaiol  wotk.  In  1S61  hi  pub- 
bahed  iMdert  (If  PnWt  Ofniiw  » /rdkn^  ■  bikf  aketch  of  the 
Uvea  and  wotk  ol  SwUt,  Flood,  Gnttatt  and  O'Coaaell,  tMsb 
gave  decided  prauEte  of  bit  later  adnirabk  veik  ia  the  una 
Geld.  Ihk  book,  originally  pabliAed  UMoyiMudy,  TU  Tcpub- 
Kahed  la  tft7i;  and  Aeeuay  on  Swifl,  nwiliten  ud  aopUfied. 
appcucd  a^Sa  ia  ittj  u  la  inutidimioa  10  ■  aew  edition  of 
Swift'ewortj.  Twsltamcdnneyaef  oertaiDupecuolhlUDty 
followed:  A  Bi$ttj  tf  gu  Jtiar  wid  Infitit  a/  Xaikmalum 
ia  Em*tt  (t  vik,  itAi),  Md  A  MitWy  rf  Surtptn  Uixalt 


but  both  have  beea  tcoenlly  ai 
onuKotane)  upon  a  wide  range  gf  facta.  Lecky  then  dcvoud 
bimieU  to  the  chief  wutk  of  hii  life,  A  Hatarj  ^En^aaddiaimg 
Ikt  fiifiUttM*  Cnunry,  Tgb.  L  and  li.  of  wfaidt  appealed  in 
lSj8.  and  volt.  ini.  and  viii.  (completing  the  work)  in  IggOL 
Hiiobiecl  waa"  to  disengage  I«m  the  great  mueol  {ictatbOM 
which  relate  to  the  pcroafieot  forcea  of  the  oalko.  or  wbidt 
indicate  mne  ol  the  more  eaduring  baiurei  ol  naiioral  We," 
acd  u  the  carrying  out  of  this  task  Lecky  diiplayi  taaoy  of  ths 
qualities  of  a  paat  hiuotian.  Tbt  work  ii  daaingniAed  by  >h* 
lucidity  of  it*  style,  but  Ihe  f  uloeci  and  cntat  of  the  autbiBiliea 
referred  to,  and.  above  all.  by  the  juiliciti  ItDpankbty  mainlaloed 
by  the  amhor  throughout.  ThcK  quibliet  a»  peih^ia  nna 
eon^iicuoiB  and  auai  valuable  in  tbe  cbaptcn  whkh  deal 
with  the  faiaoiy  of  Ireland,  and  in  the  cabinet  fditlaa  of  iSf  1, 
In  11  vols,  (f  ie(|iMntly  repcinied)  this  part  of  the  work  ksepaiatcd 
f roa  Ihe  leM.  and  occupie*  bre  volumes  mder  tbe  (itia  of  A 
Hialtty  af  Ijdviii  w  Oit  Eiiiutmi  Cenfury.  A  vohune  of 
foBu.publiahedfoiggi,  wu  characterised  by  a  ccrtam  bigidMT 
and  by  occaauoal  l^isa  into  commonplace,  obfectioiis  whkb 
may  aisa  be  fairly  urged  agvnst  much  of  Lecky'i  pnae-wrltiBg. 
In  1S96  be  published  tm  vulumea  entitled  Dtmiaacy  tnd 
litoif,  in  wUdi  he  considered,  with  spedal  teference  to  Grot 

deanctadea.  The  somewhat  gkumy  coocluiioDt  kt  wMcb  he 
arriTed  provoked  much  criticism  both  ui  Great  Britain  and 
Amerioi,  which  was  renewed  vheo  be  published  in  a  new  edition 
( iSoo)  sn  elaborate  and  wry  depredatofy  estimate  of  Gladstone, 
then  recently  dead.  This  mrk.  tbougb  essentially  diHerent 
from  tbe  author's  purely  hinoricii  writiDgi,  bu  many  of  their 
merits,  though  it  was  itievitable  that  other  miods  should  laka 
1  dilfereni  view  ol  the  evidence.  In  TU  Map  a}  Ujt  (190^ 
he  discussed  b  a  popuUr  style  some  of  the  ethical  probiemi 
whitb  arise  in  evetydiy  life.  In  1903  he  pobllsbcd  a  teviud 
and  gmtly  enluged  abtioR  of  Ladtri  s/  PiMii  OHmtt  ia 
Iriiani,  a  two  volumes,  Itoni  which  the  essay  on  Swift  waa 
OmHted  juid  that  on  CConnell  wu  espaodod  into  a  ""*pt*'* 
hwgnphyaf  the  gieat  advocate  of  repeal  of  tbe  Union.  Tim^ 
always  ■  keen  sympstbiser  with  the  Irish  people  in  Ibelr  Inb- 
loKuoc)  end  aipiralioDi,  and  though  he  had  ctitklnd  severely 
tbe  methods  by  which  the  Act  of  Uaion  wu  fiasaed,  Lecky,  who 
grew  up  u  a  moderate  Liberal,  wai  bom  the  first  stnnnaUsly 
oppooed  to  Glsdaiooe's  pobcy  of  Hime  Rule,  and  ia  tCoi  ha 
wu  Rtuined  to  psrliarnent  u  Umonist  member  fat  DSibKa 
Uuveniiy.  In  1807  be  wu  made  a  privy  councUhiT.  and  aneag 
the  coraoation  bonoun  in  igoi  he  wu  tMioinated  aa  origiial 
member  ai  the  new  Older  of  MeriC.  His  univeisily  bosoota 
induded  tbe  dtgrce  of  LL.D.  from  Diiblin.  Si  Andreira  and 
CItscaw,  the  ilegrsc  ol  D.CX.  from  Oifbrd  and  the  dcvae  of 
U«.D  from  CtmlMidcB  In  tSMhe  wu  elected  canai|xiodiBg 
DWmbei  of  the  InsiiiuiB  of  France.  He  coBtributed  oceaalonally 
to  periodical  literature,  and  two  of  bis  addreSKs,  Tlit  Paliliial 
Valtu^lliimryUS^'^fdTiiElBpirt.ili  Valmc  ami  <U  Grwmdi 
(iSojl.  were  published.  He  died  ia  London  on  the  iind  of 
October  looj.  He  mairied  in  1871  Eliubeth,  baronesa  de 
Oedem,  daughter  ol  baron  de  Dedem.  a  gencnl  in  thi,  Daich 
service,  hut  bad  no  children.  Un  Lccky  contributed  to  varioas 
reviews  a  number  of  articles,  chleSy  on  historical  and  poliUcsl 
lubjccu.  A  volume  of  Lccky'a  Qufsrtcaf  and  Felilial  Butyl 
wu  published  pcslbunwuily  (LondMi,  190!). 

U  CUBC  [CtUBCmJ.  JUM  (Itsr-lljfi).  FrcMl  PnHesUst 
theologian,  wu  bom  on  the  tv^  Ot  Hatdi  i6jt  at  Gcnem, 
where  bis  laths,  Stephen  Le  OeiG,  wu  pfcliuoc  of  Greeb. 
The  family  atipnaUy  belong  to  Iheaei^lmuboad  of  Beaavaii 
in  Fraace,  and  aevtral  of  its  BKmtni  acqtdied  some  mtw  ia 
bieiatuTt.  Jean  Le  Oerc  appbed  hinsell  to  the  study  ol  pUI- 
oaophy  under  J  K.  Cbeuet  (i64i-i7]i]  the  Canetfan,  and 
attended  the  theological  Icanres  of  F,  Mcsunat,  Frau  Tnmfb 
and  Louis  Traodiia  (ifii^^ttej).  la  iti&-i*n  ha  ^mi  mb* 


LBCOCQ— LE  CONTE 


355 


tlnc  It  Crenoble  u  tutor  tn  ■  pTfvtte  tinOr;  on  tb  ntnm  to 
GcncVA  fae  paved  tii*  eumuuUoiu  uul  rereived  ordiiutioD. 
Soon  iluiwuib  he  wall  to  Siumur,  viat  id  1679  wen  pub- 
liibed  Uiaii  it  Sandt  Amare  EtMMat  Tlmltptat  (Innsinli: 
Tyflt  nOilRhitiiit),  unufiy  atUibBted  to  hini  tkcy  rfMl  wiUi 
tlw  doculiit  ot  th»  Tiiaitf,  tht  bypMtuie  unloa  ol  tht  l«a 
utnns  hi  Jmiu  CtailK.  ori^ittl  da,  and  tba  like,  b  •  mumcr 
■aSdantly  lac  reMOiwd  ftem  that  o(  th*  ""—'-"'  •utlmdiHqr 
of  Ibi  ptrtod.   In  ttSt  be  '     ' 


id  In  the  Savoy  cbapeL    Puaiiii 

iDtrndiHwl  to  Jolin  L«cke  and  to  Phil^  v  _._ 

at  (ke  RBmBtmit  college,  the  acqiuinluice  with  UnbBcck 


IB  <d.  1645)  an 


lat  utempt 


1W4  he  fiaal^  Mttkd  at  Amterdam,  finl 

fram  ilut  ana,  and  aflHwaidi  aa  pcotoBor  c<  pbiloaophy, 
bdlea-leltn*  and  Bcfcnw  In  the  RtmcoMnot  temmary.  TUa 
•lipointiiieiit,  wUdi  be  owed  to  Umbofdi,  be  held  Inn  1684, 
aBd  in  1711  od  the  death  of  hii  friend  lie  wu  called  to  occupy 

wu  the  caDse,  it  ii  laid,  of  his  udiokui  from  the  chaic  of  dog- 
matic tbcotogy.  Apart  (iota  bii  liloaiy  liboun.  Lc  acre's 
life  at  AnuunUm  ina  tmcvcntfaL  Id  1691  be  minicd  a 
daugbui  d  CngDiio  Letl.  Fnun  1718  onward  be  vaa  lubjcct 
U>  icpeatnt  itiotei  of  paialytli,  tsd  Iw  died  on  the  Sih  of  Janmiy 


"ft,, 


|11  ealalotue  of  the  puUicatioo 


reniy-three  worlv  are  enumerated 

..  Mugfft.    Only  Ibe  bum  inpo — 

tioaed  hen.   In  tUj  be  pubbbcd  Saa 


la  which  be  ind)  01 
panladarly  ai 
Canllda.    Rii 

JUmihi  <16t7l.    In  1691  apptiivlhiii  £ 

and  aleo  Ouwogn  tt  PmvivieioBt; 
(ItaS),  ue  [ncorpotnlcd  inth  [be  Optn 
puaed  through  leveia]  vdiliona*     In  \.,^    . 


Ijm'  Le  Cterc'i  i>fw  rdilion  of  Ihc  ^poitol 

the  critical  Rudy  of  ihnf  doainicnlt     Bui 
iafluence  nC  Lt  CIcrc  wu  probably  llul  wh: 


It  vot,  J703-i7i3)i  aod 


7anruxy  rf  Uu  CaiptU  <n  170I,  ■ 
L<  Cltr^i  Cnwii  in  1(196. 


muhirFi  it  zntiqtlt, 
!uii>.>.    'iiicio^UH 

I    ID  hlmiell     The 
;«■  into  Engllih  in 

BBUUmu  tut  if  a 


iB«9,  btbiialnady 
plaiaiM.  Ho  atodied  under  Baain.  Haltvy  and 
Benoiit,  whinmg  the  firK  pritc  for  hanncoy  in  iSjo,  and  Iha 
BtcondpiiieiDifngue  in  1851.  He  Snt  (aincd  ddCIcc  by  dividing 
with  Biiei  the  £ni  priae  for  *B  operetta  ia  a  compeiitMa  in-- 
Hitaied  bf  Oflcabach.  Hia  opentta,  I*  DeOmt  miradi,  was 
pcrfatmed  at  the  BonffiB  faitaiDU  la  iSjy.  After  that  be  wrote 
coaataall;^  ior  Bx^f^  bi*  pndnod  MtUl(«nilly  «( BCDlioB 
uota  FItar  d»  M  {iWSt,  whkk  rah  lor  moic  ihui  a  hundnd 
aWitt.  La  CtM  timtft  (tSyi)  wai  faTOUrabty  icieived  alao, 
■        ■      ■    ■    by  io 

Bi^n*  coBMCwivtiy,  aid  hat  aiaoe  gained  and 
retained  >— Tniai  populjuity.  Alter  1S7J  Lecocq  produced  a 
targe  iiiimberofcDgnicaperaa,tliotigh  be  never  equalled  hia  early 
iiiiunpb  la  ta  FHIt  it  Maitmt  Aufot^  Among  ihe  beat  of  bit 
ptecea  an  GirtJU€infa  (Faiii  and  London,  iSi^li  Lit  Prb 
S*M-C<rHU  (Faiil  and  Loadon,  1874);  la  PeliU  Uariti 
(Paiii,  18TI1  LMidaa,  1876,  revived  aar*i5<arMFH(ler,iS97); 
U  Fttk  Due  (Pads,  1678;  Lovloo,  a*  TU  IduU  Didt,  1878); 
La  Pttilt  Madaiahillt  (Paiia,  iSn;  Loadon.  ifite],  Lt  Jmb 
ala  NuU  (Far!*,  iMi,  London,  ai  Uantlo,  iSSili  UCma it 
la  wuim  {Paiii,  i8Sj,  London,  aa  ImtepiHa,  1893);  La  Frimttu 
ill  CaKoria  (Ptiia,  1K3;  Lcodon,  aa  Fiftia,  iSSS).  In  1899 
a  ballel  by  Lecocq,  enlillcd  Le  CyfiK,  waa  itaged  at  the  Opfra 
COauque,  Paris;  and  in  1903  Kaoa  wai  produced  at  SruHclt. 

tMOiim-mVBAVBAn,  MICHEL  HAnUBD  (i7«4-i8,7), 
Fieoch  politician,  was  bon  at  Saini-Maiuot  (Deui-Sjvies) 
on  the  ijlh  0/  December  1764.  Deputy  for  ' ' 
the  Legialative  AasemUy  in  1791,  and  to  the  Conve 
same  year,  he  voted  for  "  the  death  of  the  tyrant/'  Kis  aiaocisp 
tion  with  the  Giimdins  nearly  Involved  him  in  tlicir  fall,  in 
spite  (rf  hii  viforoua  reptiblicadira.  He  took  patt  in  the  revolu- 
tion of  Themidor,  but  proleMed  against  the  ettablishiDent  ol 
the  Diiecloty,  and  conlinuaily  pretwd  lor  Mvetei  meauvca 
against  the  tmitrtt.  and  even  tbeit  idationa  who  had  nmained 
in  Fiance.  He  waa  tectetaiy  and  then  prcaidesl  of  Ike  CoudoI 
of  Five  Hundred,  aod  under  the  Coaulate  a  member  of  the 
Tribunate.  H«  took  no  part  in  public  adairs  under  the  Empire, 
but  waa  Itemcfiaat.genenl  of  police  for  south-east  France 
daring  Ihe  flundred  Days.  After  Wateikw  be  took  ship  from 
Toulon,  but  the  ship  was  driven  back  by  a  storm  and  he  osnowly 
escaped  masucte  at  Maneilles.  After  tli  weeks'  impti»ticient 
in  Ike  Cb;teau  d'll  he  returned  to  Paris,  escapmg,  after  the 
pmciiplion  of  tl«  legkJdea,  W  Bnuaels,  where  he  died  on  the 
I  Sth  of  Jaoiuty  1817. 

LB  COHTB.  MUPB  (igij-igoi).  American  geologtil,  of 
Huguenot  descent,  was  born  in  Liberty  county,  Georgia,  on  the 
iSth  of  February  i8]j.  He  waa  educ&led  at  Franklin  CoUcgc. 
Georgia,  where  he  graduated  (1841),  he  afltrvarda  studied 
■  '■  -  ■  College  of 
Physicians  azid  Surgeons  m  1845.  After  practising  for  three 
or  fourycarsat  Macon,  Georgia,  he  entered  Harvard,  and  studied 
natural  history  under  L.  Agsult.  An  cacuison  made  with 
Frofessors  J  Hall  and  Agasiii  to  Ibe  Helderbeig  mountains  ol 
New  Voik  developed  a  keen  uileiBll  in  geology  After  graduatulg 
u  Harvard,  Le  Conte  in  lEji  accompanied  Agassil  on  an 
eipedition  to  study  the  Florida  reels.  On  bis  letum  he  became 
proicssor  ol  nstuinl  science  in  Oglelhoipe  University,  Georgia, 
and  from  iSji  to  iSjA  professor  of  natural  history  and  geoloQI 
in  Franklin  College.  From  i8s7  to  1S&9  be  was  professor  d 
chemutry  and  geology  in  South  Carolina  College,  and  be  waa 
then  appointed  professor  ol  geology  and  natural  history  in  the 
university  of  California,  a  post  which  be  held  until  hu  death 
He  published  a  series  ol  papers  on  moDOCulai  and  binocular 
vision,  and  also  on  psycbobgy  His  chief  contribution),  bow- 
ever,  related  to  geology,  and  in  all  be  wrote  he  was  ludd  and 
phihJsopbKal.  He  described  the  hssure-etuptions  in  wetten 
America,  discoursed  on  earth^crust  movcmenis  and  their  cause* 
and  on  the  rreal  fealurcs  of  the  earth's  surface.  As  separate 
h  ed    1SS9). 


3  s6  LECONTE  DB  LISLE— I^COUVREUR 

^mcilcui  AiBCBtkn  [or  tbe  Mti  '    ' 

lisc  Otaiotjal  Sockty  of 


pctsdcnt  of  tlw 
Selena  in  1841. 
iSgt.    He  died  in  ihe  Yc 
of  Ji»  i<x». 
S«  Obitatry  by  J^J.  BMvtiiioo,  Ailvli  aj  Stm  tark 


•je  Vilkj,  Caiilotiik,  on  tbe  «k 


up  wilb  gi 


t,  irtA.  uv.  (1901),  p. 
MTB  SB  mu,  CHABLB8  MABU  UMi  <(SiB-i8m>. 
B«i.  wu  bom  In  ibe  bUodef  lUosion  «a  Uk  nod  of 
itbcr,  u  usi]'  funitoB,  vho  bnughl  Uin 


il  bits  to  tnvd  ti 


.    Ailerthij 
.,  _„.  .  .  o  Rcnncs  ta  CMt^lete  bh  (ducaiion,  itDdjriiig 

apFciaH)'  Greek,  luliiii  ud  bbtwy.  He  Rtunied  once  01 
(vice  to  RiuBiDii,  but  in  1S46  Mttled  defiohcly  In  Pus.  Hu 
Em  Tohimt,  La  Vttmi  it  UUc,  aiuscted  (D  him  ■  number 
nt  friends  rainy  of  wboni  vera  ptwlamlely  devoted  to  dudcil 
Utentuie.  In  1B73  be  wu  madt  iwiiunt  libraiiui  nt  the 
Luiembourg;  in  1B86  he  wnt  elected  to  the  Acndcay  in  lucce*- 
■ion  10  ^dor  Hago.  Hit  Ptima  anli^iia  nppaied  in  iSji; 
Poimei  et  fttiia  In  iS]4:  Le  CAniiH  dt  la  cr^x  in  1850;  tbe 
Fstma  bvhara.  in  their  fini  form,  in  1861;  La  Brhutrei, 
■  intttl]'  titer  the  Greek  model,  b  iSt>;  Im  wUefa  occuiaul 
mn^  wu  provided  by  Jnlci  HuRnct;  tbe  Polma  trnpfna 
b  Mf.  VAfMrnidt,  inother  duiknl  tncedy,  in  iSSBi 
kad  two  pcHthunwiB  volumeg.  Dmitri  folmei  in  1899,  m>d 
Praitlira  faliia  cl  lellra  ■nlima  In  1901.  In  adiBden  to.Ui 
ori^nal  irork  in  venc,  be  publithed  »  lerien  ol  admlmbki  pne 
inubtkHB  of  Theocrllui,  Homet,  Henod,  AcKhyha,  Sopbodcs, 
Earipidtt,  Horan.  He  died  u  Voisni,  neu  Loovedeane* 
(Seine-et-Oiie),  00  the  tgih  of  July  18M. 

.  Id  LecoDte  de  Uile  tbe  Punudan  movement  eeeou  to 
oyitiHite.  His  vene  a  deir,  •ooorou,  dSgnifiad,  delibente 
in  movement,  (liwcaDy  conecl  in  rhythm,  lull  of  eiolic  local 
eobnr,  of  uvige  nnmn,  of  reathlic  rhetoric.  It  hu  Its  own 
kind  tt  romtnce,  b  it>  "  legend  of  the  t(Hi"  •<>  diflemit  from 
Hugo's, »  much  fuDet  of  tcbdtnbip  ind  ihe  hitioiic  Kme, 
yet  <Rth  ta  ks  ol  bumtta  piiy.  Coldnes  cultivited  u  m  kind 
of  irlisiic  diilbction  Kens  to  lua  sU  bii  poetiy  to  muble, 
Id  spile  of  tbe  £re  it  it>  heart.  MoM  of  Leamie  dc  Liilc's  pocmi 
■re  Ii[tle  chiO  e)ria,  b  ofalch  legend  H  foKliied.  Tlicy  bin 
the  lofty  monotony  of  1  ^ngle  coDception  ol  life  Ind  of  tbe 
ttniveT».  He  sea  tbe  worM  aa  what  Byron  called  it, "  1  ghjrioiD 
blunder,"  ind  dcsitcg  only  to  Hand  a  Eille  aput  fnm  tbe 
tbiong,  medilillnK  KDmfully,  Rope,  with  bim,  besBmei  bo 
more  this  Ibia  dopente  cettainty:~ 

"  Tu  te  txirai.  fi  mix  ilnirtic  dn  Tlvaati!  ' ' 
Bis  only  ptayei  is  10  Death, "  dlvfne  Death,"  that  it  may  gatbo 
Its  children  to  its  brcait:~ 

"  AffnnchiHtDuidfl  (empa,  do 


Tbe  mterval  which  is  bli  he  accept 
dcEance  of  his  own  Cab,  lefiubg  to 
of  happiness,  wailing  even  upon  be»u[ 


latrouUCI" 

■rilb  ■omethbg  of  Ibe 

1  it  with  the  iriTialiir 


He  L'stens  and  watches,  thron^ioul  Ibe  wiirid,  for 
ccbod  Hud  gUmpKs  ol  gteu  tni^c  panians,  lanpdd  with  fin 
b  Ibe  East,  a  tumultuous  conflicrmlion  m  tbe  middle  tftt, 
aiombredarkncBb  the  hemic  ages  of  tbe  Nonb.  Tbetmndng 
emptincs  of  tbe  desert  inricts  him,  tbe  beqiUcBble  meUndiely 
ol  the  dogs  that  bark  at  tbe  moon;  be  WDdd  tDleiptet  lb* 
faguar'e  dreams,  tbe  sleep  of  tbe  condor.  He  MCi  ailaie  whb 
the  tame  wrathful  Impatience  u  man,  pniibc  k  fsr  jti  deftrac- 
live  enetgiea,  its  haste  to  crmb  out  honiiu  Ela  before  tbe  Han 
tall  blD  cbasa,  and  tbe  worid  wfib  tbem,  ai  aoe  of  tbe  leut 
ol  Stan.  He  dngt  tbe  "  Die*  Ine  "  eiilltb|ly;  only  MemiBjt 
to  desire  an  end  of  God  aa  well  u  ol  man,  nniveml  mitl 
He  conceives  that  be  docs  well  to  be  angry,  and  tbd 
Indeed  the  personal  note  erf  bit  peMbikm;  but  it  ka 
Bomevbal  apart  from  (be  phiksopUal  poets,  too  i 
wisdom  and  not  rapturom  enough  for  poetry.  (> 

See  I,  Domie,  LtrmtU  il  Uslt  itHmi  (iSu) 
DtmiiiiiUUiinuit,Uum*iiUiUit4Hamklt 


*'-  irlci  Sproock.  La  Anitta  IMraiti  (1IS9):  I.  Lem 


U  COO.  BOBBBT  (d.  13T3),  French  Uabop,  wu  bom  U 
Houldiditf,  akbongb  be  bilanged  to  a  booiipoi*  family  of 
OtltaiM,  when  be  bit  attended  acbool  belete  coning  to  Paiia. 
._,._,..,.  ■      ,te  to  the  paikBiDl  (i J4J>;  Ibea 


a  year  during  wbicti  be  leceind  many  otbei  boDoars,  he  beouM 
biihiip  of  Laon.  At  the  opening  of  135.1  be  wu  lent  with  the 
cHidinal  oi  Boulogne,  Piore  1.,  duke  oi  Bourbon,  and  Jean  VI, 
muBt  of  Vendome,  to  Mantes  to  Iieat  with  Cbarlei  (he  Bad, 
kingof  Navane,iihDfaadau>od(beaHiitaM(,  Cbarlca  ol  Spai^ 
to  be  aiaaiainaled,  aod  fmm  tloa  time  dates  fab  ce 
this  kbg.  At  the  meeting  of  the  ei 
in  Oclaber  1356  Le  Coq  [Jiytid  a  I 
the  moat  outspoken  of  the  oratoii,  < 
were  presented  to  the  dau[diia  Dnrln,  denoandng  the  bad 
govenment  of  the  realm  and  deanndiDg  the  baaUunant  of 
Ibe  royal  coundlion.  Soon,  howevff ,  tfie  eredlt  of  (he  exatea 
having  fone  dawn,  be  withdtew  m  hi*  diocese,  btu  at  the  request 
of  tbe  bourseoiB  of  I^rii  he  speedity  rctofned.  The  king  of 
Navam  had  succeeded  b  escaping  from  prison  and  had  ^ered 
Paris,  where  hil  party  wu  m  Che  isccndanti  and  Rdiert.  le  Coq 
becane  the  moat  powerful  peiBoo  in  his  coundL    No  one  dared 


He  did  not  Kiu[dB  to  RTeal  to  the  king  ol  Navarre  secnt  deliberar 
tbna,  but  bis  Icntime  saon  turned.  He  ran  great  dinger  at  Ibt 
eatalia  of  Caapiitne  in  May  1358,  where  his  dismiad.  mi 
demanded,  and  he  had  to  flee  to  St  Denis,  n^ra  Chadei  Ihe 
Bad  and  Elicnne  MacctI  amt  to  find  him.  After  Ihe  death 
of  Marcel,  he  tried,  unsuccessfully,  to  deliver  Laon,  hkeF^copal 
town,  to  (be  king  of  Navarre,  ind  be  wu  deluded  from  tbe 
amnesty  promised  in  the  treaty  of  {Calais  (1360}  by  King  John 
to  (be  parliiana  of  .Diaries  (he  Bad.  His  temporalities  bad 
been  seiied,  and  be  wu  obliged  Is  Oee  from  France.    In  1363, 

bishopric  of  CalaborTa  m  the  kingdom  of  Aragon,  which  be 
admniislered  untilL  bis  death  b  1373. 

See  L.  C.  Doad  d'Arcq. "  Acle  d  aecuiillaa  coKie  BobcR  le  Coil 
tvtuuedeLaoB  " hi gil>ii«>|»i dtf Bafcdei  OmtB,  utmiifc tK 
pp-  U»**r:  and  IL  Dilichenil.  "  La  BibboihiaiB  dim  ancat  da 
XlV^alcle.  invntain  eitimalif  dc*  liviBi  da  Rgbeit  1*  1^"  ia 
Hattrilt  fwf  tJKertgn  iiiniljmftii  U  Itmntf  f  1U7),  PP-  5>4-S37- 

LBCOmntBOB.  ADBimn  (1691-1730),  Fnch  actfCM, 
wu  bom  on  tbe  jth  of  April  r69i,  at  Dameiy,  Uame,  the 
daughter  of  a  hatter,  Robert  CWivreur.  She  bad  an  unba[f>y 
childhood  in  Paris.  She  showed  a  natural  talent  foe  declamation 
and  «a*  loMncted  by  La  Grand,  tocUMrt  of  tbe  ComUie 
Francaise,  and  •ritb  hh  bdp  >be  obt^ned  «  provinda]  engage- 
ment. It  wu  not  until  1717,  after  a  hiog  ippieDticesbfe,  Ihiu 
she  made  ha  Pari*  d^but  *a  Electie,  to  CiChUloa's  tragedy 
«f  that  name,  and  AogSique  m  Midiire'i  C«r|i  DaaiiK.  Ea 
succoa  wu  so  great  that  she  wu  Immedialely  received  b(o 
(be  Com&lic  Francaisc,  and  for  thirteen  years  she  wu  the 
qaeoi  of  tragedy  there,  altaining  a  popuLuily  never  before 
accorded  an  aaresL  She  is  said  to  have  played  no  fcwa  (baa 
1 1B4  times  Id  1  hundred  rflles,  of  which  ihe  cresled  (wcnty-two. 
She  owed  her  success  largely  to  her  counge  in  abandonhif  the 
stULed  style  of  elocution  of  her  predeccaioia  f«  a  naluralneai 
of  ddiray  and  a  tooddng  imipUcity  of  pMbos  thai  ddigbud 
and  mured  ber  public.  Id  Banm,  who  returned  (0  (be  stage  at 
(1m  a^  at  BUy-aevtn,  >bc  had  an  aUe  and  powettol  coadjn(ar 
in  ■•►'vuHl  the  stage  tiaditioea  of  (eneiatioDi.  The  Jealousy 
dw  anoaad  wu  partly  doe  to  ba  *odsl  tiKtmn,  which  wen 
many,  b  spite  Of  Ibe  ootoriou*  freedom  of  her  manner  of  life. 
She  wu  on  visiting  and  dining  tennt  with  half  tbe  court,  and  bu 
Ulan  *u  fiequeoteil  by  Voluiic  and  all  Ihe  other  nolahlc* 
and  men  of  letten.  She  wu  the  misires  of  Maurice  de  Saia 
from  T711,  and  mid  her  plate  and  jewda  lo  iu|^ily  Um  with 
ftrada  lor  bis  ill-itaRod  Ktvcatures  at  dulu  of  Cbudaad.  By 
bin  aha  had  «  dui^Mt,  her  (Urd.  iriw  «i«  paadoathH^ 


LE  CMDSnr— t-ECTISTEltNIUM 


35? 


Ilia  Bthtf  UaKk.i7ja.   Shea 

Chwcb,  ind  ba  iciuiBi  irae  rafiocd  h 

inwad.    V«IUiK.  in  •  fiot  poem  oa  btr  dnth,  i  i|iiimiiI  h 


by  Eoftn  Scribt  ud  EntH  Upwirf. 

U  GBSnOTi  >  (own  of  eut-^BUtnl  Fnmx  m  tlw  dipiRmtM 
of  Sitee-et-Ldn.  ss  m.  S.W.  of  IMjon  on  the  PuB-Lyon 

aiinj.  Pop.  (i9o«),tdiro,»i,S3j;  commune.  3J4jr-  Siluiilut 
■t  the  fool  qI  lofty  Ulb  in  I  dittrkt  rkli  U  caul  aad  iron,  il  hu 
Ibc  must  Htemive  iion  mull  in  Fniwt  The  cod  bed  al 
Lc  CceuDC  mi  diicDverKl  in  ibe  ijth  ancuijtj  buc  It  wa  not 
till  1  ri4  tbu  the  Sal  wotkibops  were  founded  then.  The  nyil 
ciystil  works  weie  tmafenal  ban  Sintt  to  L«  Croitot  in 

lafacmnofmM 
it  ■■•  onlr  i>  iS]6  that  tba  (iMnKUlioa 
.ib«  (ad  EvglM  Schnddcr  definkdj'  inani. 
ibe-iBdoMtklpraperilyof theplKa.  The iraiki RvplU bigc 
■  ■        •     "  ■  ,  durtig  tbt 

ontlDBoabr  uilarfcd  tbc  Kope  ol  tbdr  (        ''  ■•-' 

a;  decttkal  Bucblneiy  ud  cb 

•k  of  zulwmyi  mboul  J7  dl  bi 
of  Ibe  werlu  wHh  euh 
Cuul  du  CenlR.  ^ied*l 
tbe  wotten  whn,  no)  including 
&,  ukI  good  •cbook  have  be»i 
MUUkhod.  In  1S47  the  onlnuce-iniBuruluR  of  the  SoaM 
dcBFoT|B«Chuitiende)i&HdliemBiBit  Kivre  wai  acquired 
by  the  Company,  vhich  alw  hu  imporUuit  bnocbet  at  Chiloii- 
iur-SsAiR,  irhcic  ship-building  and  bridce-conitniclioo  b  oninl 
on,  atidit  Ceile  (Hjrault). 

LBCTBRll  (throusb  O,  Fr.  Icflrwi,  fnun  Late  Ltl-hitnim,  or 
iecfrimri,  icxm,  (o  read;  the  Fnnch  «iULvalent  ii  tutrin; 
Ital.  (euJD;  Get.  ItttfiJI},  in  the  furniture  of  certain  Chmlian 
churcbn)  a  readJng-dc^,  used  more  specially  for  the  reading 
of  the  lessons  and  in  the  Anglican  Church  praclicaOy  confined 
lo  that  puipoaa,  la  the  tiily  Chndian  Cbuidi  thit  wai  done 
Iran  the  ambo  (f.r.),  but  in  the  i5tb  ceniuy,  when  the  boc^ 
Here  often  o<  grtai  liu,  H  becune  neeeasary  to  previde  a  lectern 
to  bold  Ihem.    These  were  either  in  wood  or  metal,  and  many 

are  ahdvea  on  all  [our  aides  to  bold  bwki,  b  perhaps  Ibe  moal 
elabonlb  Snias  lecterns  a*  in  Ibt  colltgei  eC  Oifoid  and 
CUnbridge,  are  comnwo ;  in  iht  usual  type  the  book  ia  aupported 
on  the  outipread  vines  of  an  eagk  w  pelican,  which  is  ntied 

with  lioa  on  tbem.  In  Ibe  enunpte  ia  Nonrlch  oitbedral. 
the  pdican  supportl^  the  book  stands  on  a  rocE  enclosed  with 
a  rich  tifslii^  of  Gothic  tabunacle  work;  the  cemral  stem  or 
pillat,  on  which  this  reiti,  is  aunnned  by  miniature  piujeOiag 
buttresses,  atanding  do  a  nHiuJded  base  with  lions  on  it- 

UCnOH,  LBCnOIURT.  Tb»  cotMn  ol  reading  the  book* 
•(Moaaa  in  the  qnwgDgna  on  tba  Sabbath  day  was  a  very  ancient 
OBetnibeJcwIihCbaTtk  Tbt  additioD  ri  kctiong  (i^.  reading) 
lion  tba  prapbctk  book*  bad  been  mwle  afierwarda  and  was  in 
ndMeoce  in  oar  Loid's  time,  aa  may  ba  gathered  From  snch 
paoage*  aiSt  Luke  iv.  it-m,  ivi.  sf.  This  element  in 
tynagogae  wonbip  via  taken  over  *ilh  othni  into  the  Christian 
dhina  sendee,  addiliona  being  made  to  it  bom  the  writinga 
Ol  the  apostles  and  cTsngelists.  We  find  truxa  of  such  addidona 
wilhin  (be  Mew  Totamoit  ilielf  lo  tnth  ditecUooi  a*  an  con- 
tained in  Cd.  IT.  16;  t  Then.  *.  17. 

From  Ibe  and  anluiy  raiwards  leleieDces  multiply,  Ibou^ 
the  culler  rtferenca  do  not  pnnre  the  exiiCence  ol  a  find 
leclionaty  or  Order  of  Ituons,  but  rather  pobt  (he  otha  *t]r. 
JuMln  Martyr,  describing  divine  wonhip  in  (he  middk  of  the 
and  ccntni/  aayai  "  On  Iht  day  ciBad  Sundv  «B  wbo  Uva  in 


or  In  the  country  gather  togRher  to  oM-  plact,  iai  tba 

■in  of  the  Apostles,  at  the  writing  of  (he  Prophfts  are 

■»  long  as  time  permits"  (Ap,J.  i.  cap.  6j).    Tennllian 

about  hiU  a  ceniury  later  makes  (t«qu«il(eference  lo  the  reading 

of  Holy  Scrlplore  in  pubGc  wonhip  lAftl,  39;  ft  fraeutitt. 

j6:  ft  ■Miiw.  «). 

In  the  canons  of  HIppolynB  in  (he  first  h^oT  Ibe  jrd  century 
IK  find  thta  direction;  "  Let  pmbyters,  subdeacons  tiid  readeis, 
aad  aH  (h<  pn^  aiaenible  daily  In  the  diurch  at  time  of  cock- 
crow, atid  betake  (henuelvfa  to  pnyers,  to  psoltna  and  10  (ho 
readlne  of  (he  Scriptures^  accatding  to  the  comnarij  of  (he 
Apeado,  until  1  come  attend  to  mding  "  (canon  ni.}. 

"  '  there  aie  traces  of  fixed  lasons  coming  Into  existence  in 
HUM  o(  this  cenluiy;  Origen  refers  10  the  book  of  Job 
befngleadinHely  Week  (CiimnenlapJum/gA.lib.l,).  Alliuiom 
of  a  similar  kind  hi  (he  tlh  century  are  Frequent.  John  Catsian 
(<.  j>o)  tels  us  that  ifamnghout  Egypt  the  Ftialms  were  divided 
into  gioapt  of  Iwdn,  and  (hal  after  each  group  there  foUowed 
two  tesnns,  one  from  the  Old,  one  fnim  tba  New  TVsiamcnt 
(ft  (ontot.  (ari,  ii.  4).  imptybig  bm  not  ihioluteiy  slating  that 
(here  was  a  fited  order  of  such  lessons  juil  aa  there  was  of  the 
Pialma.  St  Bka!  tbe  Cmt  menliona  fixed  lessons  on  certain 
oocaslana  Uken  from  tuiah;  Proverbs,  St  Malihew  and  Acts 
[Hob.  liit.  ft  bapl.).  From  Cfary«Hlom  (Hom.  lliii.  ta  Aa. 
ke.),  and  Augustine  (Tract,  vi.  in  Jmh*.  Jkc.]  we  lenni  that 
Genesis  was  read  in  Lent,  Job  and  Jonah  in  Passion  Week,  the 
E>f  tbe  Apoatles  In  Eastertide,  lessons  on  the  Passion  on 
Good  Friday  and  on  the  Remrrection  m  E«ler  Day.  In  the 
AfmkUai  CmtHumm  (n.  jj)  the  fonowing  service  is  described 
and  enjolnad.  F^nt  come  (wo  lessons  from  the  Old  Testament 
by  a  reader,  the 'whole  of  the  Old  Tesliment  being  made  use  of 
eiicept  the  books  of  the  Apoery^a.  Tbt  i-salms  of  David  are 
then  to  be  sung.  Next  the  Acts  of  the  AposlicJ  and  tbe  £|HUles 
ol  Paul  are  10  lie  md,  and  finally  the  four  Gospels  by  a  deacon 
priest.'  Whether  the  selections  were  ad  libiium  or  according 
fixed  table  of  lessons  we  are  not  Informed.  Nothing  In  (he 
shape  of  ■  lectkwniy  is  eilani  older  than  lie  8th  century, 
ihougta  there  is  evidence  that  aauifiamis  Mamcrcug  made  one 
[or  the  dmrch  at  Vienne  in  45°.  and  that  Mosacus  made  one  lor 
the  diurch  Bt  Marseilles  g.  45S.  The  Liter  inrmHi  formerly 
attributed  to  St  Jemme  must  be  Ihree,  or  nearly  three,  centuries 
later  than  that  saint,  and  Ibe  l^ieuil  lectionary,  or  Ltctienarium 
GaUianrnm.  which  MabiUon  attributed  10  the  71b,  cannot  be 
earlier  than  the  Slh  tTDluiy;  yet  the  oldest  MSS.  of  the  Compels 
have  marginal  marks,  and  sometlmet  actual  interpolations, 
which  can  only  be  acrounted  for  as  indicating  the  beginnings 
and  endings  of  lllurgital  lessons.  Tbe  third  eonacil  of  Carthage 
in  ifj  hrbade  anything  but  Floly  Serf  plure  (0  be  reed  In  church; 
this  r^e  has  been  adhered  10  so  far  as  (he  lilutgfcal  epistle  and 
gospel,  and  occasional  additional  letsona  In  the  Roman  missal 
are  rortcemed,  but  in  the  divine  office,  00  feasts  when  nine 
ieasons  are  read  at  matins,  only  the  first  thrve  leieons  are  taken 
from  HolyScTiplure,  the  next  Lhreebdng  taken  from  IfaeseTmolu 
of  ecdciiaitlcaj  *ri(era,  and  (be  last  three  from  eiposiioni  of 
the  day's  gospel;  but  soraeilBia  the  lives  or  Paiiiaif  of  the 
saints,  or  ol  some  particular  saiota,  were  snbstitntcd  fiir  any  or 
all  of  (heae  breviary  kaaooa.  (F.  E.  W.) 

IBCIBTBMnni  (Irom  Lat.  Uctum  lUnUre,  "to  sptead  a 
couch ";  arpHfiral  in  Dion.  Halic  xii,  9).  in  ancient  Rome. 
a  propitiatory  ceremony,  coaaiscing  of  a  meal  ofiercd  to  gods 
and  goddesBcs.  npresenitd  by  their  busts  or  s(atues,  or  by 
portiMe  Gg<Hi*  at  wood,  wAb  heads  of  bmnte,  wai  or  marble, 
and  cowend  with  drapery.  Anoths  auggaiion  la  (hat  Ihe 
Symbob  of  th«  goda  consisted  oF  bundles  of  sacred  herbs,  lied 
together  in  the  form  tit  a  bead,  covered  by  a  waxes  mask  10  a* 
to  nsemUe  a  kind  of  butt  (cf.  tbe  straw  puppets  called  Argei). 
Tbeie  aymbols  were  laid  upon  a  couch  (lalia),  (be  left  iiin 
resting  on  a  ciBhlon  (fiMina,  'whence  the  conch  iuelf  wai  often 
called  fahiaar)  In  the  attitude  of  recliolDJ.  In  front  Ol  the 
couch,  which  was  placed  in  the  open  xreet,  a  meal  was  set  out 
on  i  uUe.  It  is  definilely  Mated  by  Llvy  (v.  tj)  that  tba 
GefcoMHiy  look  placft  "liv  tbe  fitM  tlao"  In  Burn  in  tbe  ycat 


3S8 


LECTOR— LB  DAM 


kcepcn  aod  inluprelen  (<iiiiwii"fi  JMrif  JatitMib),  on  tbc 
Dccuioa  of  1  patilcoce.  Time  nwdM*  wen  pt^pand  foe 
three  puirt  of  godi— Apollo  ud  Luou,  Herada  aDd  DIuM, 
Hscuiy  and  NepiuDC  Tbe  fnM,  iiftklt  eo  tbM  ooadmi  luled 
foT  cl|bt  (oi  leveii)  diy*,  mn  iIid  ctMmWd  by  pijvUc  In- 
dividiub;  the  dtim*  k^  opca  booM^  quifreli  iKfc  latgoUtii, 
debion  uid  priuocn  wen  nlcMcd,  and  «cf]nhli|  dant  to 

is  MibiciiucnL  Umd — FiMuu,  Suumut,  Jum  Refln*  of  tha 
AveiUuic,  tha  ihiee  CipitoUnc  dtitjea  (Jupilci,  Juno.  MiDem), 
udio  117,  tflet  tbcddcMof  la]is~ 
u  hdd  fai  ibne  diyi  to  1 


ordcnd  to  letcb  Ibe  Crul  Mother  of  i1h  lodt  from  Podnitt  in 
Phiygiki  ID  ibe  tallaxliig  yciit  the  Ibim*  wai  hnxifht  10  Rome, 
ud  >  Itctiuemium  held.     In  buer  llnei,  the  leetnteniuBi 

m  he  dittiBfunhfd 


the  Sibylline  books  in  ip 
douhtutly  oSeiinga  of  food  weie  made  to  the  fod*  in  Veiy  eatly 
Komu  tinH^  on  such  occuiont  w  the  cennooy  of  anfanatia, 
and  the  ipylamJmt  (olien  oanfiHUided  wtth  ihalecliiLeniiiun)! 
it  it  Ecaenllr  ii^nd  ifaii  the  lectuIenU  vera  of  Gfwk  oHgio. 
In  fivour  of  this  mr  be  mentiooad;  the  tinilaiily  ol  the  Gitek 
"    ' f,  the  goda  played  the  pan  of  bcMi: 


aited  with  it 


Romu  leligwn,  though  often  con 
or  were  provided  irith  k  new  cult  (thiu  Herculn  wu  t»l  wol- 
•hipped  u  at  the  An  Muima,  where,  accoRliag  10  Serniu  on 
Atntid,  viii.  i;6  and  Comeliua  Bolbus,  ap.  Macnbjus,  Sat.  ViL  6, 
a  lecliitemium  was  forbidden);  the  Sibylline  bookl,  whilh 
decided  whrtfaei  a  lectiUerdum  wu  to  be  held  oriiol,«et(  of 
Greek  origin;  the  custom  of  redining  at  meali  was  Creek- 
Some,  bowevei,  assign  an  Etruscan  otigui  to  the  ceretaony,  Ibe 
Sibylline  hoo^  thenaselves  being  huhed  upon  as  old  iLilian 
"  black,  books."  A  probable  eiplanation  of  the  «uifu5»n 
between  the  lectLitemia  and  genuine  <dd  Italian  ceremonin  is 
that,  as  the  lectislemia  bctanie  an  alnHst  everyday  occuireoce 
in  RoDie,  people  foigot  tbcir  foreign  origin  aird  the  drcuinslances 
in  which  they  were  first  introduced,  and  then  the  word  ptd^nar 
with  its  asaocistiDDS  was  tianslcrrcd  to  limn  in  which  it  had  no 
esislence.  In  imperial  time^  according  to  Tacitus  iAHimls,  av. 
44),  chain  were  substituted  fai  coucha  in  the  ca»  ol  goddeaea, 
and  the  lectiitcinium  in  their  cue  became  a  sellislcrsiiitn  (lbs 
reading,  however,  is  not  ccnairO.    This  was  in  accordance  with 

family  sat  at  meals,  ami  in  later  times  at  least  the  woniea  and 
children.  Tbis  is  a  prant  of  distinclioa  betwcEo  the  origiDal 
practice  at  the  leclistEmium  and  the  cpulvin  Jovis,  the  goddesses 
at  the  latter  being  providerl  with  chairs,  whenss  in  the  lecli. 

a  least  in  meswry  of  the  dead  (Sidonius  ApoUiuuis,  Efislulm, 

See  article  by  A.  Boudrf-Lecleroq  io  Darmbnf  «nd  Satlio. 
Diiluntmiiri  flu  vOimmi;  Marquardt.  Rimiiclit  Slaatmruallioii, 
lii.  11.  iAt  f>M5);  C.  WiiHwa,  IbJi'iin  n^  JCalAu  do  Ki<mr, 
u^iaph  by  Wackmaaao  (Hanau.  |SB»)]  C  Fanal, 


%S,l 


.  I  RxADia,  a  Dinar  oSice-beam  in  the  Chnttiao 
Qiureb.  From  an  early  period  men  have  been  set  span,  uodei 
the  title  of  anatnciiat,  Utiatat  or  readers,  for  the  purpose  ol 
reading  Holy  Scripture  in  church.    We  tk>  rut  know  what  the 

reference  to  readers,  as  an  order,  occurring  in  the  writing)  d 
Tertullian  (Dt  fraacrifl.  kaaiL  cap.  41);  (here  are  frequent 

"  ■■ '        ■      ■         ■■     I  of  St  Cyprian  and  aittrwaida. 

iji-aSJ,  inawell.knoi 


-nclius.  bishop  of  Romi 


ia  mailh  ol  iIm  ^BaUHcalkci  and  duties  et  ■  reads',  bol  bb 
RJercnoeiaBBdeuitbeiiRWtbadafordinailoD.  iBiiaAfntMt 
DidantHa  there  b  recognition  of  throe  minor  orders  of  Ben; 
■ubdeaoont,  ttadeta  and  dngen,  in  addition  to  (wo  ordeta  at 

Mic  CtmtiOiliaiu,  we  find  mt  only  a  ncognitlen  of  reader*,  bM 
■bg  a  form  of  adaiwisa  pniTided  for  them,  coBssIing  of  the 
1 -..•__  -"ndiuuipniyjrOfb.  Yiii.cap.  »i).   InAIrkatbe 


(be  newly  appointed  leader  with  wa  

followed  by  ■  pmyer  and  a  benedictioii  (Fourth  Council  of 
Cankage,  can.  S).  TUs  it  the  ritual  ^  the  Koman  Chorch  of 
lo4ay.    With  regard  to  ase,  the  aovelt  1^  Juttiinan  (No.  iij) 


afe  •felghlfeit.  (F.  £,  W.J 

ISCTODR&  a  (own  of  Mnth^maleni  Fraaci^  cvJlal  of  an 
aneadiamnent  in  tka  depattnient  of  Ceo,  ti  m.  N.  ol  Ancb  on 
(Ik  SoMbcm  railway  faetman  that  dty  and  AcBS.  Pop.  (ige6}, 
■own,  1416;  comninK,  41ta  Uitandtoo  tbaii^bankof  lbs 
Ceia,  overlooking  ibe  river  ftom  Ifce  tomtut  of  a  Mcep  plateau. 
The  church  of  St  Gervais  and  St  Frouis  waa  once  a  calhedial. 
The  Dtasalve  tower  which  Hanks  it  on  ibe  north  behxip  to  the 
■Jib  ceniuiy;  ifae  rest  ol  the  cburch  datet  frOB  the  uth,  ijth, 
■6ih  and  i7ih  centuries.  The  bMel  de  ville,  the  tom-^tfecliire 
and  the  musevrn  occupy  the  palace  of  the  former  bishops 
which  was  once  the  property  of  Martial  Jean.  Lannes,  a  nativa 

Fontaine  de  Houndtiie,  a  spring  sheltered  by  a  doubk  archway 
of  the  ijth  oenlury.  At  Ibe  batlam  of  the  hill  a  church  of  tlie 
l6lh  century  marks  the  sits  of  the  moBaslery  of  St  Giny, 
LectouiE  has  a  tribunal  of  first  instance  and  a  communal  college. 
lis  industries' include  distilling,  the  manufacture  of  wooden  thoea 


wine  and  bi 
UaoiTrci 


indy. 


.  ^^~ — »  »..  ..r.™.  ■"  *'"  .»».J  of  fliilMUBI        U  1471 

>l  Jeaa  de  Jooifroy  boiegcd  the  Iowa  on  behalf  of  Loua  XI. 

and  after  its  Fill  put  ihe  whole  DupulatiDn  to  the  iwotd.  In  isfil 
ii  Bgiin  nifTcred  aewdy  ai  the  hands  of  (he  Calhalics  imdtt'Blite 

LBDA,  in  Cnek  mythotogr,  daoghlat  of  Tbttthu,  Vug  tt 

Aelolla,  and  Eurythemis  (her  parentage  it  vaitomly  ^«en). 
Sbe  was  (he  wile  of  IVodaiTVt  and  Diotber  of  Castor  and  FoBui, 
Ctytaenuieitraand  Helen(see  CASTonamPoLttnc).  Inanotbar 
account  Nemesis  was  the  mother  of  Helen  (f.i.)  whom  Lcds 
adopted  as  her  daughter.  This  led  to  the  IdecliGmioB  of  Leda 
and  Nemesis.  In  the  usual  bter  form  of  the  story,  Leda  henelf, 
having  been  visited  by  Zeut  in  the  form  of  a  twan,  produod 
two  i^gs,  frcm  one  ol  which  came  Helen,  from  Ibe  oiber  Catlor 
and  Pallui. 

See  AnDtlodann  lu-  tQi  HjviniB,  Fab,  79;  Homer,  /fHnl, 
ill  416.  04.  ii.-9»S;  Euiipidn.  Bdma,  17:  liocrates,  HtlBu,  mi 
Ovid.  UetiJil,  ivii.  JJ;  Honce,  ,tri  flivfiia.  t47:  Stuinus  In 
Alhenaeuf  viii.  3Me.:  for  the  TepcrsentiikiTu  at  Leda  and  the 
swan  in  an,  I.  ATOverbecli.  Kmalmylialaiu,  i..  and  Ailas.ta  the 
ume;  alio  ailicle  In  RaKbir's  Lecikn  in  Ujlliitpi. 

U  DAm  (or  Lb  Duk),  OUVIERKd.  I4S4).  bvoorltt  of 
Louii  XI.  of  France,  was  bom  of  hunUe  parentage  at  TUdt 
Ttear  Courtrai  in  Flanden.  Seeking  hit  lOrtune  at  Ftrit,  he 
became  oHjn  barber  and  valet  10  Levis  XL,  and  so  ingratiated 
taimsell  with  the  king  that  in  1474  he  was  ennoUad  under  the  title 
Le  Daimandin  i477ssdecomtedaMeulant.  In  the  latter  year 
be  was  eent  to  Burgundy  to  influence  the  young  botcaa  id  Charies 
the  Bold,  but  he  was  ridiculed  and  compelled  to  leave  Ghent. 
He  thereupon  seised  and  held  Toumat  for  the  Fnnch.  I4  Daiu 
badconsiderable  talent  for  inlrigue,and,accortBng  to  his  enemict, 
could  always  be  depended  upon  to  eiccute  the  baser  dttigns  oi 
the  king.  He  amaased  a  Urge  lortune,  iaigely  by  oppreaaion 
and  violence,  and  was  named  gentlcman.in-irsitmg,  captain  of 
Lochea,  and  governor  of  Saint  .(Juent  in.  He  remained  in 
favour  until  the  death  of  Louis  XJ.,  when  the  rebcUknit  lord* 
^re  able  Is  avenge  the  sU^^  ud  iiuu|u  th»  bad  iji^tcd  U 


LEDBPRY— LBKRU^ROtLIN 


Ih*  haid>  €i  Urn  n^il  Urtier.  Be  vu  ■noted  as  thxltit, 
tbe  natnn  of  oUch  b  muwUia,  toed  bdan  the  padcmeDl  <( 
Faiiii  lad  oa  ilv  1  m  (tf  Mq' 14S4  W^ad  tt  lioklbuciH  vithdut 
the  bB«kd(B  <il  Chirie*  VIU.,  wbn  might  hm  htciUd  Ul 
htlB%  nqnol  ud  (p«ed  the  tnovk*^  Le  Diim^  pnpxty 
«M  #■(■  M  the  dnha  el  OrtMM. 

"iiiTi-  Trriir- -'■'■- -'-r  --f-^-"j-^ ■"-  -■■  " — ■--- 

M.  Huadnt,  'ijBi-im,  Ei(,  tnoL  ik  Bulu  Lito*iy)i  Robe 
Ciguin.  CfHM^iiii  &  (rtctH  (t  futu  AiuianiM  (Pui*,  ijM>- 
iC  wu  Geniin  who  nude  the  cekhmed  ep^ian  coneernEu  u 
Deia:  -St  iaia,  leelor.  et  t^Oam ":  De  Rdflenbei*.  OUAr  Ir 
Daia  Vnaali,  1^:  IMukh,  U-Brntitt  it  Ltmt  XL  (Fuk 
iBu)i  C  Fic«^  "  f^octi  d'OUvis  ke  Dain."  ia  the  Chibmu  mAu 
ittAcaiimA ia  kwwu  nwiibi « piiitiaiia,  viiL  (1B77).  441137' 
The  memobi  of  the  line  >R  mufofml*  hoMik  to  Le  Oalm. 

UOnreT.  ■  mnfcet  tovs  In  the  Km  parinmcatiry  divtslou 
e[  Henlordihire,  England.  14!  n.  E.  ol  Hnclord  by  the  Grot 
Wmeni  nihray,  [Hasuitly  iltuited  on  the  Kniih-wcstcm  slope 
ol  the  HalvcTU  Hills.  Fop.  of  urbin  distlict  OfOl)  i'%9- 
CidcT  and  igncultunl  produce  iic  the  chief  utidct  ol  Hade, 
and  there  arc  BmBtDDC  qoUTiej  iB  the  neighbouting  hilh.  The 
town  eoataiia  nuny  [nctunsiiue  eumpLci  ol  liaibcred  houses, 
ehanitterittfc  of  the  distrfci,  the  pnodpil  being  the  Muhct 
Hotue  (tA]3)  elevited  on  massive  piUin  d[  oak.  Tbe  fine 
chiurb  o(  St  Michael  eihibits  all  ibe  Gothic  styles,  the  most 
noteworthy  FdaluTTi  being  Ibe  Nonnan  chancel  and  west  dOor, 
and  the  lemnrkable  Eeiies  oJ  omalc  Decorated  windows  on  the 
Donh  aide.  Among  several  chaiitiei  ii'  Ibe  hospital  of  Si 
Catherine,  foonded  by  FoUot,  bishop  of  H^rerord.lndji.  Hope 
End,  3  m.  N.E.  of  Ledbury,  wai  the  residence  o(  Elliibetb 
Baitttt  Browning  during  bet  eariy  life.     A  dodi-Iawer  b  the 


Wall  Hills  Camp,  supposed  to  be  of  Biitiih  oikin,  !■ 
ctideaee  of  ■  settkracot  near  Ledtwry  (Ltn!e6ur^H 
Tlv  ■nArtnr  wBfl  oiwnt  EA  <he  see  of  Herelotl  in  thi^  II' 

inTelbSry.  *Tbr  town  ™ 


bury). 


I  the  cky  <:< 


but  ia  T3ei-iS£>  bccac 

an  epiiccukt  castle  exis 

poratcd,  bnt  was  c«r1y 

IU5  Eecuraed  two  nenbon  to 

tbc  (keaUalloa  of  John  the  Bap 

1240.  Of  fairs  which  survived 

PhiTip  and  St  Tames  and  St  Bamabis  were  crantod  in  1581-1! 

those  held  on  the  Monday  bclon  Caser  and  &t  ihonaf,  day  1 

refuted  UKieM,  hot  HM  thos*  of  th«  Iilh  ol  May.  tlie  siitu  « 

June,  the  and  «<  October  ndliM  tin  ol  DecEmbH.    Eainiivfam 

anonthesscDodTiKsdayinevciyaaukanduiOciiibir.  Aweekly 

market,  innled  to  the  (nsbop  l^  Stephen,  John  and  Henry  lit., 

was  otwlete  in  tsg4-IS*5,  when  the  pmenl  market  o(  Tuesday  was 

aulhoriied.    The  wool  niidr  was  coniidenble  In  the  14th  ceMuryi 

later  Ledbwv  wu  inhabMid  bv  (ktnn  and  elHhieis.    Tiie  town 

was  (teph  wvDhnd  in  the  opcniiou  e(  the  Clva  Wars,  being 

ocoipkdhoth  \h  the  rnyaliH  leader  Prince  Rupen  aad  by  the 

f-utfiRieUsriail  Celmel  Birch. 

LBDBIB  (timn  Ibe  EngUsb  Aalect  foims  litp»  tn  tcaa, 
to  lie  or  by;  In  kdk  adapted  from  the  Dutch  substantive 
liUtr),  properly  >baolE  remaining  regularly  inoneplsce.  andso 
used  of  the  copies  ol  the  Scriptures  and  service  books  kept  in 
■  church.  Tlie  JVrd  En^isk  Diiliensry  quotes  from  Charles 
WriolhetJey's  CT/MiWe.  jsjS  [ed.  ComJcn  Sue..  iBJj,  by  W.  D. 
fbmUion),  "  the  curates  should  provide  a  boole  ol  the  tu'ble 
in  EngUtbe,  of  the  largest  volume,  (0  be  a  Udgcr  in  the  same 
church  (or  the  parishionen  Id  read  on,"  It  is  an  appEcaiion  0! 
tbis  original  meaning  ihat  is  found  in  the  commereiil  usage 
of  the  (erm  for  the  principal  book  of  accoURi  tn  s  business  house 
<tee  BooiI.Keefinc).  Apart  irem  the^  applications  to  vaiioOs 
lofna  of  books,  the  wotd  ts  used  of  the  faoiiionial  timbch  in  a 
•ckffold  If.t.]  lying  parallel  10  Ibe  fueoC  a  bqildinc.  which  support 


ibe  "put  top  "; 


a  flat  )( 


and  ol 


^_      _. rm  was  formerfy  frequently  applied  to  a  "  rtai 

dent,"  ax  distinguished  from  an  "eiiraordinary"  ambassador. 

LIIK»HOWBXI,  lIEOSLAnS  JOHAHN.  Count  (iSii-i9°>: 
FoH(ta«ritinl,.wBsbaEHaB  iheaglhol  Octpbei  lin  in  Geri 
(RusNaa.  Palaod],  and  received  his  early  eduiaiion  at  lb 
grmnBiuandaeminaiyal  Wanaw.  All/cr  fiiUsbii«  hi*  sludie 
■t  Ibe  Jesuit  Accadcmia  dci  Nobili  Eccleuastid  in  Rome,  whic 
atiangfy  influesiced  his  nligiDus  development  and  his  atiitud 
t«inKl*cbunb*flaiiSib«<'w<>cdained»a|S4S.    F1401  iSs6  I 


th*  Banan  Set  in 


hadtc 


359 

but.  on  tki 


11  Bnmdt,  tad  is 


oWboak 

In  lUi  Pop*  Piua  IX.  made  him  his 

1S65  h«  vna  oude  atrbbishop  of  Gnessn-txiaeiL    sua  r*y?niaa- 

tioa  followed  on  Ibe  Stb  of  Jaouaiy  1S66.    This  date  maiha  lb* 

be^BOing  of  the  MOOBd  poind  in  LtthKbawtki'a  lite;  foe  dniiai 

Ibe  Pfuutu  aad  Gcnnaa  KiUmkamU  be  *i*  OB  ol  tha  duM 

detlowJ  enemie*  of  Iha  Hale.    Il  waa  only  duiiag  tls  earliot 

jcan  ef  tna  affnntnieni  h  Hchbiabop  ibu  he  couiuiDcd  a 

difienot  view,  invoking^  lot  jnatsiirr,  aa  inteevoUioB  «(  Fiunia 

ta  favour  of  the  Raman  Chitn^  whaa  it  wna  oppiTned  by  tba 

hooaeolSBn^.    Ok  the  iilk  of  Decembar  iSio  ha  presented 


Istt^i.oa  thli  nibiccl  to 

td>«ioB«i  W  whether  they  iatended  to  obey  it  or  Ihe  aie hhtsboi^ 
aad  oattcJrfadart^loe  the  «arhhirfw|»,dtasia>ed  them.  Tta 
owiK  h)Ba«U*aa  called  Bpon  at  the  end  of  18)3  tsJay  aside  hi* 
office.  OBUinhiiii(Udaie,h*«>canBtedhclveeD3>Bd 
4  o'dodl  In  Iha  aunriBg  OB  Ihe  jrd  of  Mmaiy  iS}4  by  Stald^ 
the  dbaiurol  poBcc,  and  taken  to  the  ailiUry  ptisoa  ol  Oatiowo. 
The  pofM  loade  Um  a  esidioal  «D  Ibe  iilb  ol  Uaich,  but  It  ml 

u)tDUthajrdoiFriirauyiS7»ihMhewr '" 

Ibvii4  Uactt  etpdlcd  fsom  Ihe  eaitera 


I  decreed  on  Ibe  ijth 
idwTi  ol  his  dioctt^ 

n  187?  to  itji,  a 


4  (ijoi 


was  aho  eipclled  fiom  Aivtria,  and  wci 

in sratcolhkreanovilfnm  office,  which  w 
of  April  >St4.  he  eonlinaied  to  direct  the 
for  winch  be  was  on  several  occasions  fn 
deznned  u  aksntia  by  the  Prussian  fovemment  fiH  "  usorpation 
of  efnscopai  rights."  It  was  not  till  1885  that  Ledoduwski  re- 
sdnd  to  leaign  bit  archUilmpiic,  in  which  be  was  succeeded  by 
Dindei  at  the  end  of  the  year.  Ledochowaki's  return  in  1884 
was  foebtddsn  by  the  Pmiaian  govcnuDent  (although  the 
.KuUHtewff  had  nnw  abated),  OB  (ccoant  cd  hia  having  atiired 
up  aoow  the  Poliih  nalionaliw  agitaiion.  He  passed  tlie  doaing 
yeao  of  Ul  life  in  Rome.  In  1891  he  tfccame  prefect  of  the 
C«llgicgatioB  of  the  Fiopagaitda,  and  he  died  in  Home  on  the 
iind  of  July  1901. 

See  Ogi^iiewiki,  StuUManii  Elnslofat  t'a  LcbmaiUirm 
(1975  and  rollowing  year.);  HollimaTii».i5^el.  tui'*«  Jir 
TkHlotH  "i  Kmhnwwim  (jnd  ed.,  1  BSg] :  VapmaU,  Dkluntmin 
— ^~^->  -•—  oMlampiimiMi  Iblh  ed.,   I^fi);  Blb:k.  GuiUtUi  ia 

_.  ,  ,., _  isoi);  Laudieit,  Sicpafkiiilui  Jakibiuli.  vd. 

.   !l!»!l).  UH».) 

LEDRD-BOLUH,  ALEUNDRB  AUOUSTB  (1807-1974). 
French  politician,  was  the  grandum  of  Nicolas  Philippe  Ledni, 
the  celebrated  quack  doctor  known  u  "  Comus"  under  Louit 
XIV.,  and  »ss  born  in  a  house  that  wii  once  Scatron'i,  at 
Fontcoay-»m-Roscs  (Seine),  on  the  md  of  February  iSoj.  He 
had  iiat  begun  to  practise  al  the  Parisian  bar  belore  the  revolu- 
tion of  July,  and  was  retained  fol  Ibe  Republican  defence  in 
mo&t  of  Ihe  great  political  Iiials  of  Ibe  neil  ten  years.  In  1E38 
he  luught  loE  ^^,000  francs  l>esirl  Dalloa's  place  in  tbc  Court 
of  Caution.  He  was  erected  deputy  for  Le  Mana  in  1B41  with 
h^dly  a  dissentient  voice;  but  for  the  violence  of  his  electoral 
speeches  be  was  tried  at  Angers  and  sentenced  to  [our  moDth»' 
imprisonment  and  a  £ne,  against  which  he  appealed  succeafully 
on  a  technical  point.  He  rnade  a  rich  and  romantic  marriage  in 
t8tj,  andin  1B46  disposed  of  his  charge  al  the  Court  of  Cassation 
10  give  his  time  entirely  to  politio.  He  was  now  the  recognised 
Icader'ol  the  working-men  of  France.  Be  had  more  authority 
in  the  country  than  in  Ihe  Chamber,  when  ihe  violence  of  his 
oialoiy  diminished  iU  eEcct.  Kc  asserted  that  the  tortificitiou 
of  Paris  were  di reeled  against  libctty,  not  against  fOTeigo  invuian, 
and  he  siigmalizul  ihe  law  of  Ttgency  (1B41}  at  an  audadauj 
usurpation.  Neither  from  gSdal  Liberalism  nor  from  llie  prtM 
did  Ift  receive  Rapport;  even  the  KepuUicao  Jfotieaaj  wu 


3'o 


LEl>YAMl-:-LEE,  P.  '  ' 


«pposnl  to  Idid  beouie  of  hli  dufnpkmibip  ot  labour.  He 
Ihercbire  foondcd  La  JUftrmt  in  •rhidi  lo  idvuce  hii  pnrpa. 
gudiu  Bf  tween  Ltdra-Rolfin  aw)  Odnon  Butot  with  ibc  other 
chiefa  t^  the  "  dyniitlc  Left "  there  were  Amte  differencei, 
hudly  diulmolated  even  during  the  tempcniy  iIUbocs  whicb 
pcwjuced  the  campaign  of  the  ban^ueit.  R  ins  the  speechn 
a(  Ledni-Rolliii  uid  Loidt  Blanc  at  vDtUag-mai'i  binqueli  in 
liUt,  Dij(Hi  toi  CMknig  that  teany  heralded  the  revotntioB. 
Lediu-KslUn  pievenled  the  appoinLnienI  cS  the  dnchr«  at 
Orleans  as  irgent  hi  iStS.  He  and  Lamarline  held  the  tribune 
In  the  Chamber  of  Depolis  until  Ibe  Paiislia  populace  slopped 
•crioue  dbcBslos  by  invading  the  dianber.  He  was  Enininer 
dI  the  inlerioi  hi  the  provisiouil  govemmefit,  and  was  also  a 
member  d  the  enetuUvi  committee'  appointed  by  the  Con- 
stituent Asaenbly,  from  uhlch  Louis  Blanc  ind  the  Htfemltts 
were  excluded.  At  the  cthii  of  the  ijih  of  May  he  debiiiely 
sidtd  with  Linnrtlne  and  the  party  of  order  acaiul  the  pio- 
ktariat.  Bcnccfnvrard  hii  position  WM  a  diflicult  one.  He 
never  regauied  his  lnSncnce  with  the  watkini  datteS,  iH» 
nmsidered  ihey  had  beefi  belTAyed;  bat  to  his  uon  mlhislry 
belongs  I  he  credit  of  the  esiablishment  of  a  working  ■ystem  o( 
voiveni]  suarage.  At  Ibe  prcsideatial  electioB  in  OCccmbcr 
he  was  put  fotrard  as  the  SocUllsl  omdidite,  but  Kcund  only 
370,000  votes.  His  oppostion  to  the  policy  of  Presidect  Leu^ 
Napoleon,  especially  his  Romas  policy,  ted  to  his  moving  the 
'is  presUeot  and  his  ninisteis.  The  motion 
It  day  CJuBC  15,  tt^g)  be  headed  nhal  he 
uatruios,  and  hit  ensiiin  uawd  Insoircc- 
le  UinseU  empcd  tol.ondo«  wbeie  be  Jotaed  the  eaeco- 
live  of  Ibe  i»olutI«uuy  connittee  el  Eonp*,  trilfa  Kossuth  and 
Uauiiii  among  his  colleagues.  He  was  'accused  cf  comfriicrty 
in  an  obscare  attempt  (1857)  sgainsl  the  life  ol  Napdean  III,. 
and  amdeniDed  in  his  absence  to  dqwrtation.  £auis  OUivier 
removed  the  eicepUons  Irom  Ibe  general  uaneMy  In  1870.  and 
Ledm-RoJIin  retunied  to  France  alter  twenty  yars  of  eiile. 
Though  elected  in  ig?!  iii  three  dcpartmeats  tie  pefnscd  toait  ia 
the  National  Assemtdy,  and  (oolc  ixo  scrioiB  part  in  pohtics 
Dutil  I$7i  vboi  he  was  returned  lolbc  Assembly  as  member  lor 
Vuicluie.    He  dhd  on  Ibe  jisl  at  Doxmber  of  that  yax. 

.<niit  Phinppe  he  msde  large  contiibutioha  10  Frvndi 


juriumdence,  editing  dte  Jtmnal  i»  rilais.  lyfi-iSjy  [17  voU.. 
l*maadrJV-lf4707wb.).*iiha«iBunentBI)'Mf«F(nnrMniJ 
iiltjimilnfltiutjranaiiii  IS  voli..  1843-18481.  the  inlniiliictiiin  id 
•rtiich  was  <rrlllen  by  Kinidf.    His  latir  vniingi  oere  piliilkat  in 


.._..     _  ...Iten  liy  h. _.._ _ .,.     .._  ^ 

chancier.     See  ledni-JMIj*.  ss  daanri  d  ta  toili  feliHquti 
[i  vols..  Palis,  1879),  edtied  by  his  widow. 

r-i7a«),  American  tfaveUer,  was  bom 
After  vainly  trying  law  and 


LEDTARD,  MHH 

hi  GnjiDn,  Connectlcui,  u.: 

theology,  Lcdyard  adopted 

LoodoD,  was  engaged  as  corporal  ot  madncs  by  Captain  Cnok 

(or  his  [bird  voyage  ((7jfi).     On  his  rctam  (ij;8)  ledyatd  h»d 

published,  from  memory,  a  meagre  narrative  o(  his  eiperienres— 
herein  giving  the  only  account  of  Cook's  death  by  an  eye-witness 
(IHanford,  U.S.A.,  1783}.  He  continued  m  ihc  British  service 
till  1781,  when  he  escaped,  oH  Long  Island.  In  1784  he  revisited 
Europe,  to  organiic  an  cipcdltion  to  the  American  North-West.' 
Having  (ailed  in  his  attempts,  he  decided  to  rcadi  his  goal  by 
travelling  across  Europe  and  Asa,  BatOcd  m  hci  hopes  of 
Crossing  the  Baltk  on  the  ice  (Siockhohn  to  Abo),  he  walked 
right  round  from  Stockholm  to  St  Petersburg,  where  he  arrived 
barefoot  and  pennilesi  (March  1787).  Here  hemide  friends  with 
Pallas  and  others,  ind  accompanied  Dr  brawn,  a  Scotch  physician 
in  ihe  Russian  service,  to  Siberia.  Ledyatd  left  Di  Brown  at 
Barnaul,  went  on  to  Tomsk  and  Irtutst,  visited  Lake  Baikal, 
and  descended  the  Lena  to  Yakutsk  (iKth  ol  September  1787). 
With  Captain  Joseph  Billings,  whoin  he  had  known  on  Cook's 
"  Resolution,"  be  returned  to  Irkutsk,  where  he  was  arrested, 
deported  lo  the  Polish  frontier,  and  banished  from  Russia  for 
ever.  Reaching  London,  he  wis  engaged  by  Sir  Joseph  Banks 
and  Ihe  Allican  Association  to  eiplore  oveiland  motes  Irom 
Aleiandrii  to  the  Niger,  but  in  Cairo  he  succumbed  to  a  dose 
>  Amgo,  Camier-Pagb.  Marie.  Liiwitine,  md  Udru-Kollnt 


ot  Vhik,:  (iflh  rf  JaBu»iTi7gfl).    Thonih  a  bom  eipbier. 
Httle  resulted  from  his  immense  but  lU-direcied  aciivjtfet. 
S^*««  <!^  «*•  iV-  «-*  TroHli  c/  J*ta  Utyart.  by  Jared 

LBB,  AHK  C>71i^i  784),  English  religioui  visioDBiy,  was  bom  Id 

Manchester,  where  she  was  £nt  ■  lactory  band  and  aftemcdi  a 
cook.  SbeisTememberedbyherooBDeiionwithlt^iettkiiownas 
ShakeutT-s),  Shedied  ai  Witen*s,  ueM  Alhlny,  NewYork. 
LH,  ABTBOR  (i74o-i7i!i),  American  diplomaliat,  btothei 
of  Richard  Henry  Lee,  was  bom  at  Slrsltud,  WeMvoieland 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  aoth  of  Deceioba  174B,  He  was 
educated  at  Eton,  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh,  practised  as 
a  phydcian  in  WilHarasburg.  Virginia,  read  law  at  the  Temple, 
London,  in  17M-I770,icd  practised  law  in  London  in  I77sr-il76. 
Hi  was  an  intimate  ol  John  Wilkes,  whom  he  aided  lo  one  of  hi* 
London  campaigns.  In  1770-1775  he  served  a*  London  agent 
lor  Massachusetts,  second  to  Benjamin  Franklm,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1775.  At  that  time  he  had  shown  great  ability  as, 
a  pamphleteer,  having  published  In  Lmdon  Tin  UnUtr  (17M), 
■even  essays  previously  printed  in  Vir^niai  Til  PUilUal 
Diltdinn:  gr  lit  Tnackay  and  7>s>iny  if  AdminiOrBlim,  beU 
al  Burnt  a^  Aktad  (1770),  signed  "Junius  Ameiicanus";  and 
Afi  Appeal  It  Ue  jHslitt  and  laUtaU  tj  tit  feafjc  ^  Crtal 
Briiain  in  Ot  Pratnl  DiipMti  axlh  AmtrUa  (1174),  signed 
"  An  Old  Member  of  Parliainenl."  In  December  1775  the 
Commitlee  of  Secret  Correspondence  ol  t^ngresi  chose  him  its 
European  agent  principally  for  the  purpose  ol  ascertaining  Ihc 
views  ol  France,  Spain,  and  other  European  couoltiea  regarding 
the  war  between  Ihe  colonics  and  Creal  Biitaui.  In  Oaobcc 
I??'!  he  was  appointed,  upon  the  refusal  ol  JeSerson,  on  the 
commlssiOD  with  Franklin  and  Sil*s  Dcane  to  negotiate  a  treaty 

legotiate  with  other  European  government*.  His  tetten  10 
-angiess,  in  which  he  cipceucd  his  suspicion  of  Deanc's  business 
niegrity  and  criticised  his  accounts,  icsulted  in  Deane's  recall; 
md  other  Icttert  impaired  the  conBdinct  of  Congress  in  Franklin, 
ol  whom  he  was  ospecially  jcaioua.     Early  in  1777  he  went  to 

lition,  was  not  penuiited  to  proceed  farther  than  Burgas, 


B  with  the  Spanish  s 


little  to  'do  with  the 
d  Deane  in  February 


'hl<ji  (some  i; 
1  Berlin,  wheie,  as  in 
officially  recognized.    Ahhon^  hi    '     '  ' 
negolialions,  he  dgned  with  Fran: 
"  "  ■     between  the  Uniiei 

ind  Spain,  Lee  was., 
....  and  relumed  10  the  United  States  in  Setilenlbcr 
.7B0.  He  was  a  member  ol  the  Viiginia  House  of  Dlrkgales  in 
781  and  a  delegate  to  the  Ijnlinenlai  Congress  in  1785-1785. 
Vith  Ohver  Wolcott  and  Richard  Butler  he  n>-£Oiialed  a  treaty 
rith  the  Sii  Nations,  signed  al  Fon  Slanwii  on  the  iind  of 
October  17S4.  and  with  George  Ckrk  and  Richard  Butler  a. 
treaty  with  the  Wyandot.  Delaware,  Chippewa  and  Otuwa 
Indians,  signed  at  Ft.  Mcintosh  on  the  list  ol  January  1785. 
He  was  a  member  ol  the  treasury  board  in  17S4-1789.  He 
strongly  apposed  the  constitution,  and  alter  its  adoption  retired 
lo  hu  estate  at  Urbaaa,  Virginia,  where  he  died  on  tht  nth  ot 
DeccmbcE  17QI. 

See  R.  H.  L«.  Lift  ••JArliia  Ut  la  voU,  Boston,  T8ig),  and  C,  H. 
Lee,  A  Vvidialmi  tf  AnHnr  La  (RiehnHRid,  Virginia.  iSoil.  both 
Hni»n.  Much  of  Leo'seairapiiiHleMc  ii  10  be  found  in  Wkuton's 
llatliaiman  DitltmtHc  Crrrr^trndma  (WaihlHioa.  1BB9). 
^Lihi  yoiumciof  C^'s  MSS.  in  ihe  Harvard  Univeniiv  Library  ate 
Incribed  and  Hired  In  Library  of  Hana'A  Vmhtiilly,  BiHiiimitaai 
CtxtrilmliBn,.  Ho.  8  (Cambtidie.  tBili). 

LEE.  PItZRUOR  (iSjj-tQc;),  American  cavalry  general, 
VIS  bom  at  Germonl,  in  Fairiai  county,  Virginia,  on  the  iqtb 
if  Novembw  1835.  He  was  the  grandson  of  "  Li^t  Hoes* 
Harry"  Let,  and  the  nephew  of  Robert  E.  L«.  His  lather, 
Sydney  Smith  Lee,  was  a  fleet  captain  under  Conwnodore  Peny 
JapwwM  w 


LBE,-!G.:A,-!^LSE,'N.* 


^i 


Wat  Poifit  in  iSs6,  be  mt  ippoinud  to  (b«  ind  Caviky, 
whkk  was  tompuodcd  br  Coli»d  Alb«tt  Sidney  Jahntae, 
and  Id  wbicb  liii  lude,  KobtrtK.  Lw,  wuBsnleouMalancL 
Ai  >  nnliy  tabalieai  he  ^Jwiafwlwd  Uaatii  by  Ui  nHut 
ooDduct  ia  actkoa  tritbtlia  CoMBiAeainlcsu,  and  ma  Kvaidy 
*«ii»d«d  ia  iiS5«.  In  MajF  iSfa  Jw^n*  appointed  imuiKtor 
el  ca*alq>  at  Wtic  Point,  bat  iMigiMd  on  the  aeoMloo  a( 
Viifi^a.  laeiaaatonceaDfdaindiaiheoisa^iationof  the 
fanca  <if  the  South,  and  aovad  at  fiat  ai  ■  lUS  Sfim  10  Gnwral 
K.  &  Ewell,  aBdnfttnnidi,  bDB  Scptsmhar  jWi,  aa  lieaienant- 
<c4oiiel,.tnd  bom  Afcil  Ma  ai  aakod  «(  Um  Fim  Vinlak 
CavaHyintboAnvolManlMmVir^au.  Hebccanebrisadiet- 
eennal  «  Gooal  Ji  E.  B.  Sluan'i  nMnaMntelaa  on  the 
ijih  at  J«l]r'f86),  and  lovod  oadet  tlul  ^dbbI  thnnigbaiii 
the  VJi^BlaB'tampaiatt  ol  i86>  and  iMj;  beconing  majoi- 
anendontbcjriUScptairiWT.iSas.  SacoadiKtcdlhecBvalry 
actioB  of  Beverly  Fold  <i;th  UanhiMjt  '^Ib  ikiU  ud  nciai. 
1b  lb*  Wildwiwa  and  tatfriiarc  caitt)lijgBi  he  wat  cowuntLy 
employed  aa  «  dMriaiul'conraiandit  Hndct  Sluait,  and,  alter 
G(Biit'«  dBUh,  ander  GuKcal  Wade  Uamplon.  He  took  part 
in  Early!!  tua|Hl|B  aguiM.  Sheridan  ia  the  ^enandoah  ViUey, 
and  U  WimbeNei  (iQth  Sivt- iMe)  three  honca  vara  ahot  luder, 
him  and  he  ma  •evenly '  wmodod.  On  Gencnl  Hanpnn's 
bdoK  lent  I*  aaitt  Genent  loecpb  E~  JdhnttOD  is  Nulh 
Canliu,  the  (unmiaud  ol  the  wbole  of  Genenl  Lee's  cavaliy 
dcvdlvtd  iqion  rudn(b  Lie  aeily  in  1865,  but  iHe  iiirmder 
d£  AKOmattoI  (alhnind  quickly  nfXai  tbe  Dpening  ot  the 
ompaign..  niahafh  Ice  bimidl  led  the  Un  charge  of  the 
Confedatatci  an  the  olh  ol  Apeil  that  year  at  Firmville. 
'  Aftei  llw  rar  he  devoted,  himtclE  In  [arming  in  StaSmt 
foiuuy,  VirgiBU,  and  wsa  coupieuaus  In  hii  efforts  to  moncile 
'theSonlherafwDplelalbeitautotilie  war,  wfaidi  hettfiudcd  ra 
a  final  leitleaeat  ol  Ibe  queitioai  at  iAut  In  187;  bectieadot 
the  Bnaktn  HiU  ceoieiary  at  Boatan,  Man.,  and  delivmd  a 
itmaikabla  addren.  -b  1S&5  be  mi  a  member  oi  the  board  ol 
^vidtoi*  ol  Wnt  Poba,  *iid  Ctan  1M6  to  1B00  waa  govetn  ol. 
Vrtghui.  .JnAptiliSgjfrheaudppirintedByPteMcnlClenluid 
couul-silera]  at  Havana,  with  dutiea  oC  a  diploauitic  aad 

poet  (in  ahich  term  KtaiDKl  by  President  McKinley)  hevaa 
ttsm  the  firU  called  npon  to  deal  with  « lituition  oi  gnat  diffi- 
culty, whkh  euibiaaltd  MththcdaRiKtiaa  of  the  "  Maine"  (lee 
SriMUB-AmncaH Wan).'  Upon thrdetlaration nl um beWeen, 
5ptin«|d  the  United  Suiea  be  »cnUitd  the  Bay,  fie  was. 
SBB  of  the  three  ex-Conbdeeale  lEnetBl  officen  who  weic  made 
mafetcttienk  ol  United  Statea  Vokinteda.  Filihagh  Ue 
caumanded  Uia  VTL  anhy  ooifa.  hot  Mdt  no  part  la  the  actKd 
enietalioM  In  Cuba.  He  ma  OMlftaty  sovetnor  d(  Hsrana  and 
PiaatdctRlotB  iSm,  MrtMeqneally  conmaoded  tbed^Unment 
ol  the  HiMBiUi,  and^ietired  ■*<■.  brigadier^nenl  U.S.  Atmy 
In  1901^  Be  died  in  iWahingun  on  the  iBtb  of  April  i^|. 
He  wrote  Rabat  E.  Lee  (1S94)  in  the  "  CreaE  ComnaDden." 
■erlo.  and  Cniii'i  .Smu^  A|S'h1  S^BM  (jS9^ 
.  LBB,  OSOROB  ALBXAHDBK  (iSoi-rS^),  £ngli>b  niuician, 
vaa  bocn  iu  Loidon,  the  son  of  Henry  Lcc.  a  .pugitial  ^and  idu- 
keeper.  He  became  "  cigar '*  to  Lud  Banyraore,  and  btaaln^ng 
ltd  10  hit  bdag  educatird  for  Ihc  nuiicaj  profoBioit  Afler 
appeariuf  .as  a  teoor  at  tfie  tbealtn  in  DuUin  and  London, 
he  Joined  In  produdng  opera  at  the  ToUenhnm  Street  Ihcatic 
iri  1SJ9,  and  aftemrarda-wai  connected  with  niiuicnl  productions 
M  Dnny  Lane  and  Covent  Garcba.  He  married  Mn  Waylctt, 
■  papular  dnce'-  l-f  (Dnpand  mwic  for  a  Bnmber  ot  pliyi, 
awt  Blao  Dunyaongi,  inchiding  tha  popolar  "Coma  where  ibe 


Id  the  Qaadtml.    He  died  on  the  Ith  d  Oelebet  1851 

U&  lUHItT  {17J6-1S1S),  American  geneial,  cnUcn  -  ugni 
HonE  HajTy,"  waa  bom  near  DumfriD,  Vii^nia,  on  the  20th 
of  JaODaiy  i;56.  Hia  father  wax  £nl  csuiin  10  Ricfaasl  Henry 
Lec  Witb  ■  Tiew  to  a  legal  circei  he  gradrnted  <i7Tl)  at 
irdi,  on  the  outbreak  o(  iIk  War  si 
IB  adku  ia  the  piUiot  lonaa.    He 


■ened  with  great  dktinctfan  uadtr  Wiahii^ton,  and  In  1778 
waa  promoted  eMJaraad  given  ibetOmmand  ofaiiujlimgular 
corpa,  with  which  he  won  a  great  rvpuution  ai  a  leader  of  light 
.ttoopt.  Hit  (erviect  aa  ibe  outpoiL  line  ol  the  army  earned  for 
Utn  Ih*  loubdquet  of  "Light  Uoru  Uany,"  Hti  grcatat 
cipkit  was  the  briUiant  aurpriie  of  Faujia  Hook,  N.J.,  on  the 
igtb  of  Auiuai  ijio;  (or  this  leal  he  received  a  gold  medil, 
a  reward  given  t4  no  oihct  oihecr  below  gencral'i  rank  in  the 
whole  war.  He  wai  promoted  licuteftanl-ccjoncl  lySo.  and  lent 
with. a  picked  eorpa  of  dragoooi  la  the  ■ouibem  theatn  of 
war,-  HerehercnderedinvaluahlBsarvjcoin viooiyanddahjat, 
notaUy  al  Cuilfard  Qniit  Home,  Camdca  and  Eutaw  Sptingt. 
He  wBiinsenl  at  ConWaUis'i  surrender  at  Yorktown,  and  aflcr- 
walda  left  the  army  owkg  to  ill-heallh.  From  1786  10  T73S  he 
waiadelegatetolheContedcialion  Congicu,  and  in  the  bsl- 
named  year  in  the  Virginia  convcndon  he  lavoured  the  adoption 
of  the  Federal  foraiitution.  From  1784  10  r79i  he  served  in 
the.  CeDcal  Aurmbly,  aod  fiom  i7«i  toi7g4WM  governor  of 
Vir^nia.  In  i7ot  WashiDgton  icnt  him  to  hdp  in  (he  suppm- 
^on  of  Iba  "Whisky  InsmreClion"  in  vcucin  FEmuylvasia, 
A  new  couaty  of  Virginia  wu  n.imcd  after  him  during  hii 
govemonblp.  Ho  was  a  oiajar-g>:iic[3l  in  170S-1S00.  Fhhd 
1700  to  i9oi  he  served  in  Congnss.  He  dclivetol  the  address 
dcnth  of  Washingtob  witlch  comrLincd  the  famous  phrase, 


r  the 


nnb  on  ha  lliend,  A.  C. 
oJ  JUmUican.  which  had 


while  helping  va 
Haoson,  editor  1 

cccDvered.  He  died  at  the  bouse  d  General  Nalhanael  Greene 
on  CuAiberbnd  Island,  Georgia,  on  the  95th  o£  Afarcb  iStS. 

L™  wtom  valuable  Sirmiin  al  li*  Jfar  in  At  SoMltm  Ditalmttt 
(iSii ;  jrd  cil.,  Willi  njcmoit  by  Robert  E.  Lm,  i860). 

LEK.  JAKES  PBIHCE  (1804-1863),  Engiiih  divine,  was  bom 
in  London  on  the  iSlh  oi  July  sScn,  and  was  educated  at  St 
Paul's  school  and  »t  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  dis- 
played eiccptional  ability  as  a  clasuu!  schoUr,  AlLcr  taking 
aiders  iix  i8johe  served  under  Thomas  AmoEd  at  Rugby  schooj, 
and  in  iSj3  was  appointed  head-master  of  King  Edward's 
school,  Biiiningham,  where  he  had  among  his  pupils  E.  W. 
Senson,  J.  B.  Li^hifooi  and  B.  F.  Wcstcoil.  In  1848  Lord 
John  Russell  nominated  him  as  first  bishop  ol  the  newty<an- 
slituted  see  of  Manchester.  His  pedagogic  manner  bore  some- 
what trksomcly  on  his  clergy.  He  Is  best  temcmbcted  for 
his  splendid  wotk  In  chuKh  extension;  during  his  Iwcniy-one 
years'  tenure  of  the  see  ho  consecrated  130  chuichcs.  He  look 
a  (orernost  part  in  founding  the  Manchester  free  library,  and 
bcqucalbed  his  owo  valuable  coIlccJon  of  books  la  Oncas 
College.     He  died  on  the  ijlh  of  Dccembci  1860. 

A  mtraori^l  Krimon  was  preached  hy  Afchbish™  E.  W.  Bcnion, 
and  was  published  with  biographical  (letoilsby  J.F.Wictendcnand 

LE&  HAniANISIi  <c.  i65J-ifc)i)<  EngBsh  dntniatisl,aon  of 
Dr  Richard  Lee,  a.  Presbyterian  drvine,  waa  bom  probably  In 
i6S»  Hi*  'atl^i  «•  ™tor  ot  Hatfield,  and  held  many  prelcr- 
zncnts  under  the  ComDionwcaliii.  He  was  chaplain  to  General 
hionk,  afterwards. duke  of  Albemarle,  aitd  after  the  Restoration 
he  conformed  to  the  Cfaujcii  ol.£ngla.nd.  abjuring  hio  former 
iqiinititi,  opo^iaJly  his  approval  of  Chailo  L'l  execution. 
Nathaniit  Lee  was  educated  at  Westmiustcr  achoot,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  taking  hia  B.A.  degree  hi  166I, 
Conang  lo  London  under  ihe  patronage,  it  is  aaid,  of  the  duke 
of  Beckingiiam.  he  IriedtOBamhistivil^asanactor,  but.thod^ 
he  IKK  on  admiiBblt  reader,  his  acute  stage  fright  ma*  acliilg 
'  impossible.  His  earlieM  play.  Serf,  Emperor  ef  ^Bme,  was  acted 
'in  1673  at  Hiury  Lone.  Two  tmgnilieA  wrklcn  In  rhymed 
henic  coupleti.  in  imitiUian  of  Drydcrl,  followed  in  ateji — 
Stphmlsba,  tr  Hanmiari  OKtlinm  aral  Cicridiu,  or  lAe  CmvI 
ef  Amtxiimi  CaanT.  Both  are  exuavagant  In  deiign  and  licnt- 
ment.  La  niule  his  rcpoUtiDn  in  11)77  with  a  blank  vene 
tragedy,  Tin  Shof  l^ii«iij,  or  da  Dealk  bJ  AlamOer  Ike  Creal. 
Tha.play,  which  toais  ol  (he  Jealotisy  of  Alnuder'i  fin!  wife. 
Koaona,  (M,  his  locsnd  wife,  Statin,  ma,  ia-  qjiita  .ol  aiinli 


3*2 


lee,t«.;h.. 


bombast,  a.  (nvonriM  on  tin  EnglUl  tUge  down  to  the  diT*  sf 

Edioancl  Keu.  liUkrUata,  Kmi  •!  Ptnlwi  (aned  1678), 
Tiu^iiMi,  nr  du  Fara  n/  Lnt  (iclcd  iSSe),  Caatr  Bttgia 
(Bfted  i68e)— u  imiutioD  td  the  wont  blood  ibd  tfanodfr 
Eliiatxttmi  tnicdio— Zjubil  yui'ui  Srslw,  FtllKr  if  Sim 
CotaUi)  (actad  16S1},  uid  CniMiUiiic  Ut  CrMi  (ictcd  1U4) 
followed.  r*<  /V(ru(ii</an((i63i)  ii  a  «ni«  idtpiuian  oi 
Msdemc  de  La  FayetU'i  cxipjiiili  novel  o<  that  Dane.  Tkt 
Matsaire  tf  Paris  (publiibcd  1690)  wu  wrilten  about  Ibia  line. 
Let  h*d  givcD  ofieiin  at  court  by  hit  Zw^w  JuBltH  Biuimi, 
which  bad  hceauippnttedBlla-iUlMtdnprtsonUtionlorioiiie 
lioea  on  Tarquia'i  cboractcr  tbat  wei*  talLCn  tobeareflcctuQon 
Charles  IL  He  therefore  joined  with  Diyden.  who  bad  already 
■dmilled  him  as  a  collaborator  Id  an  adapuiion  of  (Mipiu, 
in  The  Dalle  ef  Guite  (i6Sj),  a  play  which  directly  advociud 
the  Toiy  point  oi  view.  Id  it  part  of  ihc  Uaaaerr  ef  Farii 
wai  incoipoiutcd.    L«  waa  now  thirty  yean  of  afe,  and  bad 


hi)  palrgns  neglected  him,  am 
unhinged.  He  iprnl  live  yt 
rccoveiBd  hli  he alib.  He  dire 
buried  in  St  Clement  Danes.  1 

aEravatadcCi  they  cuntain 

LEa  BJCHARD  HENKY  {173:      

and  orator,  waa  boio  at  Sttalford,  in  Wotmorriand  eonmy, 
Virginia,  on  the  »th  of  January  t;ji,  and  nai  one  ol  ali  dto- 
tingnlsbed  aona  of  Tboaui  Lee  (d.  I7ja),  a  descendant  of 


re  puUiihcd  In  i/Sf.    In  ip 


BTfaa 
u  Richard  L«, 


a  little  I 


±  in  I 
>ho  was  a  member  of  the  privy  couiHit,  and 
if  Charles  I.  emigrated  lo  Virginia.    Sichard 

n  travel,  relumed  lo  Viiginh  in  1751,  having 
come  into  possession  of  a  Gnt  property  left  him  by  his  lather, 
and  for  teviral  yean  applied  hImiCIf  lo  varied  studies.  When 
twcnty.&ve  he  was  appointed  Justice  of  the  peace  ol  Westmort- 
bnd  county,  and  in  the  same  year  was  chose 0  a  member  of  the 
Virginia  House  ol  Burgesses,  is  which  he  terved  froin  ijsS  to 
I77S-  He  lept  a  diffident  silence  during  two  sessions,  his  first 
speech  being  in  strong  opposition  to  slavery,  which  he  proposed 
to  discourage  and  eventually  to  aholi^,  by  Imposing  a  heavy 
tai  on  all  further  importations.  He  early  allied  himself  with 
the  Patriot  or  Whig  clement  in  Virginia,  and  ig  the  yeaislmmedi- 

opponent  ol  the  arbitrary  measures  of  the  British  ;ninL5tiy. 
In  1763,  in  a  Ictlec  la  John  Dickinson  of  Pennsylvania,  he  sug- 
gested a  private  correspondence  among  the  friends  of  Lbcriy 

Virginia  Committee  of  Correspondence. 

Lee  was  one  of  tltc  delegates  fiora  VirginiB  to  tbe  Cral  Con- 
tinental Conpcu  at  Philadelphia  in  1774,  Did  prepared  the 
address  to  the  people  of  British  Amerlcs,  iiid  the  lecood  addreu 
Id  tba  pesfile  of  Great  Britain,  which  ua  among  Ihc  moat 
eSective  papers  of  the  time.  In  accordane*  with  insiniciiMis 
Civea  by  the  Virtpnia  House  of  Burgcsse*,  L«c  introduced  in 
Congma,  on  the  7th  irf  June  1776,  tbeloUowing  famoio  nsola- 
tioDs:  (1)  "  thai  Iheic  united  calaaia  are,  and  of  ri^  ought 
In  be.  free  and  independent  states,  thai  ibcy  are  absolved  fmra 
all  allegiaDcB  to  tbe  Bhti^  crown,  and  (bat  all  poUlkal  con- 
neiiaB  bclwcea  then  and  the  state  «I  Oicat  Britain  il,  and  ought 
to  be,  totally  dEstolved  ")  (i)  "  that  it  la  eapedieat  lo  take  the 
moat  effectaol  meaiutca  for  faming  fbniga  alUaDcet":  and 
(j)  "  that  a  plaa  of  amfederatlaa  be  prepared  and  trammjiloi^ 
to  the  respective  coloDies  far  ibeir  coinideraiiaB  and  aii^inibt-' 
lioa."  Alter  debating  tlie  Ant  ol  tbeac  laoliitiiwa  loi  tbnd 
day*,  CoDficia  resolwJ  that  the  fuRbet  coaddeialioB  of  it 
'  "h  pootponed  Uta  tbe  ut  «1  July,  but  thai 


'- "   "i«tafiainin4loi7Sa,aDd*aa<ap«aa]l)r  pnwiaeM 
ID  wkb  (OrritB  aSaln.    He  wai  •  ueiabeT  af  tbe 
Usia  1777,  i7B»->TS4atidi7W'i7l7; 
ai7S«totTST,b<iac|inrid«MtBirat> 
a  en*  ri  tbe  fim  U>tud  Statei  imiHi  chMcn 
a  Vkibiia  aftet  the  adoptloa  «f  UM  Federal  cowdtMieo. 
'  lolteadopUaaoldiMeooMllMlaB. 


In  hope  of  bringiiis  ah  ... 

the  Tenth  Amendnient  ta  ■ubaUnllaAy  the  farm  fa  whicb  it 
•as  adcfittd.     He  becanie  a  warn  Hpptirtet  sf  Wobngioa^ 

■dminltfnlion,  aadhii  pn)iidictB>(  "      - 
largely  mnoved  by  Its  working  in  ' 
public  Hie  in  ngi,  tad  died  at  t^ulilly,  in  H 
county,  on  the  iglbirf  Juno  179^ 

See  the  L(|:>  (Philadelphia.  rUs),  by  Ms  crandea^  R.  H.  L«e;adl 
iXICTS  (New  York.  1910).  edludfay  J.C  BaUagb. 

His  brotbct,  Wluuii  Lee  (i73^t7gs),  «b  a  di[damaliit 
during  ifae  War  ef  ladepeadence;  He  Koavupti  hb  brotbci, 
AithiiTl«*'(f.«.),  to  Enghmd  In  1766  to  nw|c  la  mtrcOBllfe 
pumhi,  'Jofaed  tbe  Wilkea  faction,  asd  ia  1775  waa  elected 
na  alderman  of  Ltindon,  then  a  life.potitlo&.  la  Apcil  1777, 
however,  be  recnved  notice  of  Us  appointnieDt  by  tbe  CoDnlttee 
of  Setret  Correapondence  in  AnviicatoKtwiaiThDnaaMonli 
as  cnniBerclal  agent  at  Naniea.  He  ■ 
involved  ia  his  Isotber's  oppaaitloa  lo  I 
May  1777  ConglctsduiBC  WIliiaiBLeeca 
of  Vienna  and  Berlin,  but  be  gained 
In  September  1778,  bowevsr,  while  at  lUs^Chapelk,  he 
negolialed  a  plui  of  a  treaty  with  Jan  de  NeuMDe,  who 
represented  Van  Berckd,  pemioiiaiy  ol  AmlterdaaL  It  waa  a 
.copy  of  tlHspropawd  treaty  Which,  on  facing  Into  tba  band)  of 
the  British  oa  the  taptuicirf  Henry  Laarcns,  Ibe  dnl)' appnntcd 
minbler  to  the  Netbsrtaodt,  M  toOreat  Brfiain'i  dedctatjoa 
of  war  apiost  tbe  Htthertaada  ia  December  r78e.  Lee  was 
recalled  from  hit  nnsiaii  to  Vieana  and  Berlin  in  JmK  1774, 
without  being  required  to  return  to  America.  He  resigned  bla 
post  as  an  alderman  cd  London  in  Jamucy  tfAo,  and  zetumcd 
to  Virginia  about  1784. 

See  ^iAtti'i  0/ IKUiaat  L«,  Bfindby  W.  C  Ford  (SmoklrD.  1 191]. 

Another  brother,  FkanCis  I^HTTtnr  Ixt  (i7S4'>79t)i 
was  I  incnbei  of  tbe  ViqiiBia  House  of  Baittssci  Id  1770-1775. 
In  I7n-i779  he  wu  a  detente  to  tbe  OoBtiatnUl  Congrm, 
'   ignol  thi  DedaratioB  ot  lod^eiuleB       " 


GreA  BiltaiD  wiaA  did  DOl  (tut  to  tbt  Uidted  St 
the  right  to  the  HewfonndUDd  Aiberiea  and  thi  free  nivtcDlhiB 
o(  Bhe  Uls^ttippL  After  retiring  from  Congrtaa  be  lerwd  in 
i7S»-i;8iti  the  VlrtlDia  Senate. 

LBE,  ROBEBT  BWABO  C>So7-ig7o),  Aoeilcla  aolditr, 
general  in  tbe  Gotfederate  Suica  imy,  waa  the  ytaugealaon 
of  ma jor-geaeral  Iteary  Lee,  called  "  Ught  HoneUany."  He 
wt)  bota  at  Slnilud,  WestnweliBd  cotinty,  Vir|^ia,  so  tbe 
tgA  ol  Jaanaiy  ito},  andcnteted  West  Point  in  iSij.  Gndual- 
ing  loB  yean  iMtT  accDod  in  U*  dais,  be  una  given  a  amuniiaion 
in  tbe  U.S.  '^t'****  COcps.  Ia  ilji  he  nanied  llaiy,  daugbta 
of  G.  W.  P-.  CnstD,  the  adopted  B>  of  WaibkcuB  tiui  the  pud- 
■oa.of  Mm  Warfiinglaii.  In  iSjt  bo  beoma  £iM  licnteaut, 
aiidiiiiSjKeaptaini'  Iniliitiankhe  took  (lattia  the  Uuina 
War,  iBpeaMdly  winaing  diMiictioa  far  tondnct  aitd  biavcqi. 
He  nnned  tba  bi*Mi  «f  major  for  Ceno  Gordo,  Keat,* 
colonel  (or  CantniU>Cfcuubntco  aad  oidatid  iat  Chapultepcc 
After  the  1^  be  wtt  employed  in  migbieec  work  it  Wiilitiigliiii 
nnd  fitltiaxue,  during  wbli^  time,  a*  bcfin  tbe  war,  be  n^ikd 
on  Ike  ^xat  ArtingteB  ciUU,  near  WaaUngtan,  wht^  had  cone 
to  bin  ttarough  hn  wSf*.  la  i8s>  ha  waa  appointed  Bu|ieT~ 
Jntendent.  of  Weal  Point,  and  daring  his  time  yi  ■  ■  - 
ttrrMdoatmi 


LEE.  R^— LBE.  S. 


M  cidM>  wtn  Ui  MB  a  W.  Cutk  Lm,  bb  Bi^nw,  nuhmb 
Im  mkI  J.  K  B.  Stout,  111  of  wiiMii  btcams  gratnl  oSccn  to 
the  Ovi)  Wu.  b  iSj!  Ib  wu  q>|MiBtcd  u  lieatv<olsoil 
to  the  ind  Canlrr,  ammUukd  bf  CohMtl  Sidaejr  Jcfcntoa, 
vitli  vlum  be  lerved  agmiiat  the  IndJaM  gl  the  T(u*  bordct. 
in  1^5^  wMk  It  AzUnfCon  on  InvCj  he  wms  BUnmoBCd  to  oota- 
muid  tbe  United  Sutv  uddib  lent  to  duel  with  tbe  John 
Atnra  nid  on  Huper^  Feny.  In  Umirta  1B61  bo  im  nude 
eokodollbeiHU&Cevilir;  but  lia  career  in  tbe  otd  uny 
eaded  iritb  lb*  iHTwtn  of  VlrglnU  in  tbe  follawiue  Bontb. 
Lee  wu  Rnoaly  vnac  to  ecceiilaD,  but  till  obliged  to  coofmn 
la  tbe  Mtka  of  Mi  om  state.  Tbe  Fednal  uitboritln  oflsnd 
Lee  lb*  camaud  oflbe  field  inny  about  (0  invade  the 
Soutb,  aUcb  be  nfuaed.  Roigoing  bit  coounision,  Iw  made 
bla  war  10  MduiMiad  and  wat  at  once  nude  a  mifor-gercrol  in 
Ibg  Vligbiiu  (oras.  A  (tw  meki  iMtr  be  beane  a  bri^dlet- 
gmtnl  (tbem  tbe  bighett  rani)  hi  ths  CoDtedcnte  aervlce. 

The  BiUtuy  opnatioia  wllb  nhtcb  tbe  gital  Civil  War  opened 
In  iSdi  wtra  dhetttd  by  PRsidenl  Davis  and  Gncial  Lee. 
Lea  mt  pcnoflelly  hi  cb*^  of  the  uoiuccoiful  Wnt  Virf^an 
operatioiia  in  At  autumn,  and,  having  been  made  a  Full  general 
on  the  Jilt  oi  August,  during  the  Tinier  be  devoted  ih  ti- 
pnieKe  ai  an  engineer  to  (he  loitificstion  and  general  delencc 
of  the  Atlantic  coast.  'ThiBce,  ohcn  tbe  (tell-drillcd  Array  of 
tbe  Potomac  mi  about  to  descend  upon  RlchmoiTd,  he  ms 
hmriedlir  leolled  to  SlehmeDd.  General  Johnston  wu  woonded 
at  the  hatlkof  Fah  Oaks  (Seven  Ptnci)  on  ihejist  o<  Ma?  1S61, 
end  General  Robert  E.  Lee  vaa  assigned  to  the  command  of  The 
famoui  Army  ol  Konhem  Virginia  which  lor  the  neit  IfaiH 
years"  carried  the  rebellion  on  its  bayonets."  Litllecan  be  Hid 
<tf  Lee's  career  aa  a  nimDiander.in.chicf  that  (t  not  an  Integral 
put  o(  the  bistoiv  of  Ibe  Civil  War.  His  fital  lucccii  was  Ihc 
■■  Seven  Days'  Batile  "  (f.i.)  in  which  be  stopped  McClclIiD'; 
advance]  this  was  quickly  followed  up  by  the  crushing  defeat 
Of  the  Federal  army  under  Pope,  the  invasion  of  Maryland  and 
the  nngtriniiy  and  indecisive  battle  oi  the  Ar 
The  year  ended  whh  anolber  gint  victory  at  I 
(l>.).  (Thancenotiville  (see  Wiiderness),  won  ^ 
ol  two  to  one,  and  the  gfeat  three  days'  battle  of  Gcilysburg 
(j.r,).  where  tor  the  first  time  lortune  tumcd  decisively  against 
the  Confedetatei,  were  the  chief  events  of  186).  In  the  aumran 
Lte  fought  a  war  of  mincnvrc  against  General  Kfeade.  The 
trcmendoos  str^igElc  of  1S64  Ixtwccn  Lee  and  Grant  included 
the  battles  of  flie  Wildemas  (».t.).  Spoiisylvania,  North  Anna, 
Cold  Harbor  and  Ibe  long  siege  ol  Petctsburg  (f.t,),  in  wbich, 
almost  invariably,  Lee  wu  locally  successful.  But  Ihc  steady 
pressure  of  his  unrelenting  opponent  slowly  woie  iovn  his 
Rrength.  At  hut  with  not  more  than  one  man  to  oppos«  to 
Grant's  three  he  was  compelled  to  break  out  o!  his  Pelenburg 
Imei  (April  TM5).  A  Kries  of  heavy  combats  revealed  his 
purpose,  and  Grant  pursued  the  dwindling  remnants  of  Lee's 
army  10  the  westward.  Headed  oS  by  ihe  Federal  cavalry, 
and  pressed  closely  in  tear  by  Grant's  main  body.  General  Lee 
had  DO  allemalive  tat  to  junendcr.  Al  Appomaltoi  Court 
House,  on  the  9th  of  April,  the  career  of  the  Army  of  Northern 
Virginia  came  to  an  end,  Lee's  farewell  order  was  issued  on  tbe 
lonowinj  day,  and  within  a  few  weeks  the  Confederacy  was  al 
an  end.  ForafewmonthsLccUvcdquietlyinPowhatin  county, 
aafcins  bis  format  submission  to  the  Federal  authorilles  and 
urging  on  his  own  people  acceptance  of  the  new  condilions-  In 
August  he  was  oRcml,  and  accepted,  the  presidency  of  Washing- 
ton College,  Lexington  (now  Washington  and  Lee  DnivetsUy),  > 
post  which  be  occupied  until  bis  death  on  the  nth  ol  Octi^i 
iB;o     He  wai  buried  in  tbe  college  grounds. 

For  the  events  of  Lee's  roiliury  career  briefly  indicated 
in  this  notice  tbe  reader  is  lefencd  la  ih;  anicles  Aueucah 
Civil.  W*l,  ftc.  By  his  achievements  he  won  a  high  plact 
amongst  the  great  generals  of  huuny.  l^ugh  hampered  by 
bck  of  msierials  and  by  political  necesuties,  his  strategy  wu 
daring  always,  and  he  never  hesitated  to  take  the  gravest  tists. 
On  tbe  Geld  of  battle  be  was  as  energetic  in  attack  a^  he  was 
mutant  in  ddcDce,  and  hi*  penonal  InBueiKe  aver  tbe  meo 


:kslnirg 


iriuB  be  led  Ma  dtfandtany.  Ko  ModcM  ol  tb*  Abi^u 
OvQ  Wu  eaa  fail  to  notice  bow  tbe  iaflaencc  ol  Lee  dot^riaatMl 
the  comsB  <4  the  alnggle,  and  hia  surpaMus  ability  wu  Beta 
Doic  coBB^BDiuly  sbmn  than  in  the  last  hopdlm  nt^t*  ol 
the  contest.  Tbe  personal  histoiy  of  Lee  i*  loet  in  tbe  UMaty 
cd  Ibe  gacot  ciisia  of  Aneika^  nMioaal  lifcj  (ritads  and  Iocs 
alike  ukwwtcdged  tbe  parity  ol  Ui  mott¥Cs,  tbe  (irtiMi  of  his 
piivatc  Ufe,  Ua  cancM  CbrlitlaBily  aid  tbe  tmieplDiiig  loyalty 
with  wbieh  be  accnted  tbe  rubi  of  bis  party. 

See  A.  1.  Loag,  JI«M<»VJi(t<MS.i4(  (NcwYnHi,  lUfrJ  ;Fittfaii«h 
Leo,  Cnval  Ut  (New  Y«k.  ite*.  "  Cnul  Cauiaiukn  "  serin); 
R.  A.  BnxrL.  CtAi'ol  R<iblrtE.Ya  (WaMi^zlaa,  jy^);  R.  E.  Lee, 
~  "  \iid  LHItri  ef  Cttrral  S.  E.  Ltc  ILaaAm.  igrn):  H.  K 
*"- .  J-.T..._^.^  (te»7)r  P.A.Bniw,Ael»r(B. 


:e.CM("Hcnina(thcNiti 


LEE  (or  Li^B)  ROVUHD  (d.  iS4l),  EngUib  bishop,  belonged 
to  a  Northumberland  family  aad  was  educated  at  Cambiii^ 
Having  entered  the  Church  be  obtained  several  livings  owing 
to  the  favour  of  Cudinal  Wolscy;  after  Wdscy't  fall  he  rose 
high  in  the  esteem  of  Henry  VIII,  and  of  Thomas  Cromwell, 
serving  both  king  and  miabtcr  in  tbe  busineas  ol  tuppresang 
the  monasteries,  and  he  is  laid  lo  have  celebrated  If  eiuy's  secret 
Duiriagc  with  Anne  Bolcyn  ia  January  I5u-  Whether  this 
be  10  or  not,  Lee  took  part  ia  pttpaiiog  fat  the  divorce  pro- 
ceedings against  Catherine  ot  Aiagon,  and  in  January  IS34 
he  was  elected  bishop  of  Coventry  and  LIcblicId,  or  Chester 
ts  the  see  was  often  called,  taking  »t  his  consecistion  tbe  new 
oaih  to  tbe  king  as  head  ai  Ibc  English  Chuidi  and  not  seeking 
conEmation  frem  thepf^.  As  bisbop  he  remained  iii  Hcuys 
perianal  service,  endeavouring  to  establish  thelegalily  of  his 
maniagc  uiih  Anne,  uaiil  May  ■]]«,  when  be  Was  anxinted 
lord  president  ol  the  counciJ  in  the  matches  of  W^ea.  At  this 
time  the  Welsh  marches  were  in  a  very  disorderly  condition. 
Let  acted  in  a  stera  and  energetic  lashian,  holding  courts, 
scDItncingmanyoflcnderatadeailiaBdovcicamtng  (he  hostility 
ol  (he  Englisli  border  lords.  After  some  years  of  hard  and 
Bucctsiful  work  in  this  capacity.  "  the  last  survivor  of  tbe  old 
martial  piclaiea.  filter  for  hamoi  than  lor  bishops'  robes.  Sot 
■  couct  ol  jtatici  than  a  court  ol  theology,"  died  at  Shrewsbury 
in  June  IJU.  Many  letters  from  Lee  to  Cromwell  art  preserved 
in  the  Record  OflicerLiiBdan;  these  throw  much  light  nn  the 
bishop 'sctrcET  and  on  the  lawless  eonditiooof  the  Welahnierches 
in  bis  time. 

One  D<  hit  acatemconrioi  wai  Enwaao  Les  (c  tttt-IS4t)  arch- 
biihop  i£  York,  r^mout  lor  hii  attack  on  Erasmus,  who  r.  plied  to 
him  in  his  Cfisi^lat  aihuol  nuiilfu-t  nrcfum.  Like  Rowbnd, 
Edward  was  inefut  to  Henry  Vlf  I.  In  the  miller  of  the- divorce  al 
Calhttlne  of  Anenn,  aad  «•  seiit  by  the  king  an  embanies  (a  the 
emperor  Cbark*  V.  and  to  ["ope  Gcnvnt  VII.  In  tut  be  becane 
anhbiihop  of  York,  but  he  came  under  sutiiicion  as  one  who  dis- 
liked Ihc  king's  new  po'^Iion  as  head  of  the  English  Church.  At 
Pontefi^ct  in  1SJ6.  during  the  PUgrimige  of  Grace,  (he  aTrhbishop 
wu  eoiflpdltd  to  jelil  Ihe  Rbde,  but  he  did  not  lympathiie  with 
the  rinng  and  hi  IU4  he  spoke  in  parBament  hi  favour  of  (he  >ii 
ailidcs  at  rEUgHHL  Lee,  who  was  the  tiu  archhikhop  of  York  ta 
coin  money,  died  on  ihe  ijth  of  September  1^44. 

LEE.  SIDim  (1B59-  ),  English  man  of  Iclteia,  wu  bom 
in  London  on  the  $lh  of  December  1830.  He  was  educated 
at  the  City  ol  London  school,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oiford, 
where  he  graduated  in  modem  hlsloiy  in  lEBi.  In  tbe  nest 
year  ha  becanie  assistanl-edilor  of  the  Diilioiwry  ef  Nalienat 
Biepafiy.  In  iSqo  be  was  made  joint-editor,  and  on  the 
retirement  ol  Sir  Leslie  Stephen  in  1S41  succeeded  him  af  editor. 
He  was  himself  a  volumiaous  contributor  to  tbe  work,  writing 
tome  Soo  articles,  mainly  on  Elizabethan  auihon  or  statesmen. 
While  he  was  stUI  at  Balliol  he  wrote  two  articlea  on  Shake- 
spearian questions,  which  were  printed  in  the  CeaJ'eiR'ta'i 
Uagoiiwi.  and  in  iHa.  ht  published  a  book  on  Stratford-on-Avon. 
His  article  on  Shakespeare  in  tbe  Bfty-Grsl  volume  (189;)  oi  [he 
Oic'ifnary  ^  Ifaliixat  Buipiifliy  formed  liic  basis  of  bis  Lift 
tf  Wiiliam  Skatattai  dM).  which  reached  ils  fifih  edition 
in  iQo;,  Mr  Lee  edited  ip  1902  the  Oxford  facsimile  edition  of 
the  first  lolio  of  5Aaiiofsirc'i  Camtdus.HiilariaaaJTiaitiUi, 
followed  in  190]  and  1904  by  luppleioentacy,  volumes  givinf 
details  of  ealant  coi^ei,  tad  ia  i(«6  by  a  complete  cdilioD  a{ 


36+ 


LEE,  SOPHIA— LEECF^  JOHN 


SbakMpewe'i  Wirii.    BtASct  eSOeaa  ol  Eoglub  dmicx 
workj  iDdade  >  Li/i  g/  Qwn  f  ictoru  {igoi),  (nwl  EnffiiJiii 
<f  U(  JiitaJdjt  CntKry  (tgai,),  bued  on  hu  Londl  lutil 
ItcUuiB  11  Boston,  MuL,  in  igoj,  ind  SJiaJiapam  and  lb 
J/f^n  51<i(t  ([914). 

LBB,  SOraU  (i7je-iSu).  En^uli  sorUu  ind  dnnutiit, 
diugblct  of  John  Lcc  (d.  ijSi],  ictai  and  theitiicil  nuDMCc, 
wu  bocD  in  LoDdon.  H«  fint  pieoi,  riit  Ciapfs' r^  Jeaifaidi, 
*  DDC-Kt-open  baiRL  on  Diderot'i  Pire  dc/iniUc,  «u  prodDced 
br  Otoigt  ColDun  It  Ihc  Haynurkct  Tbeiirt  on  Ibe  5th  oI 
AufiuL  1780.  The  pTscccds  were  ipftit  in  eiubluhLng  t,  icboo\ 
tt  Baih,  where  Misi  Lee  made  a  home  £01  hci  sisten.  Her 
lubtequcnt  pniductkias  included  Tin  Satis,  a  a  Tail  of  aliir 
Tima  (i7»i),  k  bUlatiol  nmaiKc;  ud  AlmeyJa,  Qutin  (/ 
Crtnada  (t79l<),  a  tra(edy  is  bhnk  vene;  ibc  alio  contribuied 
to  her  Jijiei'i  CanWJiirjr  Taiu  (175;).  She  died  »t  her  houi* 
Dent  ClifloD  on  Ibe  ijtb  of  Much  1S14. 

Her  tiWef,  Hmuet  Lee  (i7]7-i8ji),  publiibed  b  ijS*  ■ 
novel  wrlllen  in  kllen,  Tki  Erreri  ef  Inntcinct.  Clara  Ltxjux 
fa!Iai>ediniTg7.  Her  chief  work  ii  the  Csxfcrtiirj  rabt  (rT«7- 
iBos),  ■  icnes  of  twelve  slociei  iihlch  becune  very  poptilu. 
Lonl  Byron  drnmnliied  one  of  tbe  Ule», "  Kmuner,"  as  Wmtr, 
er  Ikt  lnlunLiiHt,   Shediedu  CLifiDDontlie  ifiof  Augiut  iSsi. 

LIB,  ITBPHEM  DILL  (iS^j-igoS).  Confedenle  iCDenl  in 
the  AiDcricw  Ovil  War,  came  of  a  family  distinpilibid  b  Ibe 
biitory  ol  South  Cuolina,  and  wu  botn  at  ChalleMoa,  S.C, 
on  the  iind  of  Septembs  iSjj,  Graduating  liom  W(*I  Point 
In  i8s4.  he  Krved  for  icvEn  yean  m  the  Uniled  Stales  army 
and  raigned  In  1861  on  Ilie  setcsiioa  el  SouLb  Cuobnk.  He 
waa  aide  de  camp  to  General  Beauregard  in  ibe  atuck  on  Fan 
Sunts,  and  captain  comratndiitg  a  Ugbt  batitry  In  General 
JohdMnB'i  »nny  later  to  tbe  year  1861.  Thereaftar,  by  Biccea- 
aive  Mepi,  each  gained  by  dittinguiahad  cotiduct  on  the  field 
of  bailie,  he  me  to  Ibe  rank  of  brigadiei-geoeial  in  Novembct 
lS6a,  being  onltred  to  take  command  of  tkfcncei  at  Vieka- 
burg.  Hcicrvcdat  tbiiplaa  with  great  credit  ustilluiurretidet 
to  General  Grant  to  July  iB6j,  and  on  becoming  a  priaoner  of 
war,  he  was  Immediately  exchanged  and  promoted  major-gcaetaL 
Hit  regimental  lervke  had  been  cbiefiy  vilh  artllleiy,  but  be 
bad  gcnerellj  wmked  with  and  at  ttoies  conmaDdcd  oi'nlfy, 
and  be  ws>  now  aaigned  to  comnuDd  the  troops  of  tliM  arm 
to  the  Rnith-weMem  Ibeaire  of  waf.  Alter  hiretring,  u  fax 
ai  bii  limited  numben  pemiillcd,  the  advance  of  Sbeimas'i 
column  on  Meridian,  be  took  Geotnl  Polk'i  plan  as  commander 
of  the  depattment  ol  Mississipiri.  In  June  liii,  on  Hood'i 
piomDtion  to  cooiiaand  the  Arniy  of  Tenncuce,  S,  D.  Lee  wal 
omde  a  lieutenaDt-geneial  and  aiugned  10  command  Hood't 
old  carp*  in  that  army.  He  iDn^l  at  Atlanta  and  Joneiboni 
and  [n  ihe  skirmiibing  and  minceuvilng  along  middle 
Tenneuee  which  ended  in  the  great  crisii  of  Nasbvitle  and  the 
"  Maicb  to  Ihe  Sea."  Lee's  cotpl  acom^anied  Hood  in  the 
bold  idvuce  to  NaahviUe.and  lought  to  the  bulls  of  Fraaklto 
and  NishvlUe,  after  Kbich,  in  the  tout  of  the  Confedeiate  army 
Lee  kept  his  irocps  closed  up  and  well  to  hand,  and  for  three 
consecutive  days  formed  the  fighttog  rearguard  of  Ihe  otherwise 
tfisfntcgrated  army.  Lee  was  himself  vounded,  but  did  not 
give  up  the  command  until  an  organized  rearguard  look  over 
Ihe  post  o(  danger.  On  recovery  he  joined  General  J.  E.'Jobnslon 
to  North  Carolina,  and  he  lumndered  with  Johnllon  in  April 
iBfij.  After  the  war  he  aeltled  to  Missisuppi,  which  wu  his 
wife's  state  and  during  the  greater  part  of  ihe  war  his  awn 
territorial  command,  and  devoted  himuU  to  planting.  He 
if  the  Agricultural  and  Alechinical  Coltep  of 


Isiippi  froi 


:e  poliii. 


to-chief— of  the  "  United  Confederate  Veterans  "  society.    He 
died  at  Vicksburg  on  Ihe  iltlh  ol  May  >^. 

IXS,  a  lownsMp  ol  Beikihire  county,  to  western  Uwsa- 
ehnsettj,  U.S.A.  Pop,  (iijool  3596;  ligoj)  3571:  (1910)  4106. 
Tit  township  I]  itavcFstd  by  tbe  Hew  Vork,  Mew  Haven  & 
Hartlord  railway,  covrrs  an  area  of  ii|  iq.  in.,  and  indudei  the 
■Tillage  ol  Lee,  10  m.  S.  oi  Kllsteld,  Eiit  Lee,  idjoinin|lto)) 


theSX.,  aiidSoUhLee,(bnUjmtalbcS.W.  LecaWSoMh 
Lee  an  on,  and  Eaat  Lee  ia  near,  Ihe  Hoimiooic  dvee.  The 
eaatem  part  of  Ibe  townahip  ii  goieraily.hiU^,  reacUnf  a  malt- 
mum  altitude  ol  about  sno  II,  and  then  art  Iwo  ODDsidefaWe 
bodiei  of  wttar-Lamd  Lake  to  tbe  N.W.  (imtly  in  Lewi) 
and  Goose  Pood,  in  the  &£.  {pactly  to  Tytiw^an).  TW 
regbn is  healthy Mwefi at bcaatiful,t>d ism    *' 


■oUien  Iron  Let  who  died  dnrial  tbe  Qirtl  War.  The  dUel 
nianulaciun*  are  paps  and  trire,  udlraatbcqaatfiUBartlK 
village  of  Lee  ii  obtained  an  cudltBl  qoality  of  BiaiUi;  tbeiC 
quaities  (umished  the  marble  lor  llm  iTniiSn  of  tbt  CapiBl 
at  Washtoglen,  for  St  Fatticfc'a  calkeditl  la  New  Yoifc  City 
and  for  the  Lee  High  School  and  the  Lm  PwUic  Ubiwy  (IfoB). 
Uate  it  quarried  to  tbe  tomohip.  Lae.vu  fonoeriy  ■  papei' 
muuitcturing  plicc  ol  fittt  imponafice.  Tbe  fint  papct  hU 
Id  Ibe  towub^  wat  built  to  South  Lea  io  I*a6,  and  for  a  tine 
more  pwe  wtt  mtde  to  Lw  than  to  aay  other  pkce  in  the 
United  States;  the  Hounli^cMaitoLee  waapnbtbly  the£iM 
( 1 S67)  to  Ibi  United  Suict  to  nanuftauN  ptpei  ffoiB  wood  palp. 

The  Grit  tetUemeni  withto  tbt  pntcst  lownMiip  of  Let  waa 
made  to  i/te.  The  townahip  mi  foimed  from  paMt  ol  CieM 
BirringtoB  and  WaiJiingwa,  was  tocnqKiraled  to  IJ77  tad  vat 
named  to  honour  of  General  Charles  Lee  (i7ii-i7(>).  Id  Iht 
autumn  d  1786  there  was  an  encounter  near  Iht  viUage  of  East 
Lee  betseen  about  i5cadherataof  Daniel  Shayi  (many  of  tbeci 
from  Lee  township)  and  a  body  of  state  troofit  under  General 
John  PalenOB,  wheicto  the  Sbaya  (ontingeBt  paiaded  a  bogui 
cannon  (made  ol  >  yam  beam)  with  such  effect  that  ihe  aiau 
troopafled. 

SeeAmsiyCak,  ffij«tT7tf  tti  T^wa  ^  Let  (Lti,  1854),  aad  I^ 
Tht  Cnlauaf  QMnUiea  aiid  CMnaiW  HuUn  «[  lie  TimJ 
£«  (SpringUd,  Mao.,  1878},  awipilcd  by  Cbaiba^.  Hyde  and 
AleuuderHyde. 

LEB.  (i)  an  0.  Eng.  iUa;  d.  ihe  pronundalian  Jwwnl  p( 
"  leeward  ";  tbe  word  appears  to  Kveral  Teutonic  laoguageti 
cf.  Dutch  til,  Dan.  Lu),  properly  a  shelter  01  protectioB,  chiedy 
used  as  a  nautical  term  tor  that  tide  of  a  ship,  land,  ^,,  which 
is  farthest  from  the  wind,  hence  a  "  lee  thon,"  land  under  the 
lee  of  a  ship,  ix.  one  on  which  the  wind  blows  directly  and  which 
Ii  UDtbeltered.  A  ship  is  said  to  make  "  leeway  "  when  she 
drifts  IttctaHy  away  from  her  course.  (1)  A  word  now  aiwayi 
u«d  to  the  [Jural  "  lea,"  meaning  dregs,  icdiment,  particuUd^r 
of  wtoe.  It  comes  through  the  O.  Ft.  lit  fcam  ■  Gaulish  LaL  lii, 
and  is  probably  of  Celtic  origto. 

lBECH.JOHH(iai]~i8fi4),  English  catfcaturist,  was  bom  to 
London  on  Ihe  iQlh  of  August  1S17,  His  father,  a  native  ol 
Ireland,  was  the  Euidlord  ol  tbe  London  CoSee  HouBa  on  Ludgale 
Hill,  "  a  man,"  on  the  testimony  ol  those  who  knew  him.  "ol 
fine  culture,  a  profound  Shakespearian,  and  a  thorough  gealle- 
man."  His  mother  was  descended  frotn  the  family  of  tbe 
fsmoui  Ricbird  Beutley.  It  was  from  hit  faifwr  ibat  Leech 
Inbetited  bis  skill  with  the  pencil,  which  be  began  to  use  at  « 
very  early  age.  When  be  was  only  three,  he  was  disoovucd  by 
Flaiman,  who  had  called  on  his  parents,  seated  on  his  nwtber't 
knee,  drawing  with  much  gravity.  The  sculptor  pionatmcdl 
hli  sketch  Io  be  wonderful,  adding,  "  Do  not  kl  him  be  crunpcd 
with  teswnt  in  dnaingi  Id  his  genius  foltow  ila  own  beDl;  he 
Will  astonish  the  world  "—an  advice  which  was  strictly  followed. 
A  inail«uch,  done  when  he  was  ^a  years  old,  is  already  luD 
ol  suipristog  vigour  and  variety  In  ill  gallo[nng  horset.  Leech 
vras  cducaied  at  Charterhouse,  where  Tbackcray,  his  lUelong 
filcnd.  was  his  KhooIfcUow,  and  al  siilcen  he  began  to  study  lot 
tbe  medical  profcttlon  al  St  Bailhalemew's  Moepilil,  where  be 
won  praise  for  the  accuracy  and  beauty  ol  his  anatomical  dnw- 
tngt.  He  was  then  placed  under  a  Mr  Whittle,  an  eccCDlrie 
precllttoner.  the  original  of  "  Rawklns "  in  Albert  Smith'! 
.liftni/iiKI  d/  Ur  lidtury,  and  afterwards  under  Dr  John 
Cockle;  but  gradually  ihe  true  bent  of  Ihe  youth's  mind  asserted 
Itself,  and  he  drifted  Into  the  artistic  prolttilon.  He  waa  eighteen 
when  hia  Ani  desimt  were  publiabed,  a  quarto  of  foUt  luges, 
entiltcdBdluglalid  Jblcli«|f>JI'(-^<l(li  £N«f<W>f  p^n'>*' 


LEECH 


S«S 


puody  on  Mulmdjr'B  poMAl  cnwlopi^  and. 


wben  a 
SlufKird  and  O/i 
udly  [eebls  fuh 
dcsfMil  loi  Ilu  Iii/Mih  Uttrdi  and  ^iBufej'  7Awii,  Uld  till 
\i^-l  pmdund  hub)'  iadepeadenl  isio  ol  ttcbin^  Tbcw 
cauDot  be  laoLid  with  hit  bst  oaiki  tbeii  tcchaiquc  it  ctceed- 
inj^y  imperfect-,  they  ue  rudely  biitco,  uich  lite  t«fai  aad  thtde 
out  ol  RlatioDi  and  k  uvei  leei  Uiat  iliey  cipnat  the  utiu's 
lodividuaiitj,  libc  Suha/d  Sata^  [^ala,  f(H  iiutaiKX,  bcmg 
urDS(ly  REuniictDi  of  Cniikthani.and  "  The  Dance  *i  Stamford 
IIaU"oIHihWl  Browne  In  iS^s  Leech  iUiutratedSCileion^ 
5(  Jama  in  Uou^u  JenoM'i  oewl;  uaited  SiiOimt  MsfniH, 
vitli  plain  moic  vigoroui  andacaiinpliibed  liian  UHxeio  BtnOtf, 
but  it  it  in  sub^u  of  a  KHnrwhat  later  date,  and  opecially  In 
tboM  li^uly  cubed  and  incaDt  to  bi  printed  Kith  colouf,  Uul 
>c  m  tlw  ailiu'i  bat  povcn  Hilb  the  needk  ind  tic  add. 
AiBOOi  melt  at  hit  detifM  itc  lour  cbirmint  pbta  to  Dickeu'i 
CMilai*!  Carol  (1844),  tlw  broadly  buatorou)  tt«luag>  >■  U" 
Chw  Haterj  t{  En^ati  (1S47-1&48),  aod  the  aiiU  fiiH  iUoitn- 
tioDi  to  the  Cemk  HiOtry  c/  Rrniit  (iSji>— iibich  lail,  panicu- 
£ari>'  in  iu  nkifioi  woodcutt,  thows  aorae  exquitilciy  gnccfut 
toucho,  a3  wJIneAt  the  fur  facca  that  riae  from  the  Burfinc  water 
in  "  Qoeiia  and  her  Compaoioiia  £BCflpii>a  frool  Ibe  Etru&tan 
Caap-"  Amonc  the  other  etcbioat  which  dtserve  very  ipecial 
leieiBnc*  an  tboae  in  Foul  Uailtr  TimMaimi  or  iliultr 
Jtctyi  HeliUyi,  ud  the  (matiapiece  to  HlnU  en  Lilt,  ar  How 
te  Rill  in  SKitly  (i&tj)— a  Krics  of  minute  lubjecU  linked 
gracefully  tosethcr  by  coik  of  unoke,  iElutlnliji^  Ihe  vanotu. 
ranka  and  tiuiditiou  of  men,  one  oi  Ihcm— the  doctor  by  his 
patkot^a  bedudo— almoit  equalling  in  vivadty  and  preciiion 
Ihc  bat  ol  Cmikihank'i  aimJai  Bccoes.  Then  in  Ibe  'fiftiei 
we  havQ  Ibc  aumerout  elchinv  °l  tporting  KBDet,  conuibuted, 
tofelher  wilh  woodcutt.  to  the  HamdU^  Crus  oovela. 

Tuming  lo  Leccb'i  lilhognptiic  work,  we  have,  in  1B41.  the 
PtrlmiU  t/lki  CInUm  >/  lie  UMlilr.  an  iaporlant  Ktia  deaLng 
with  tbe  hiunonu*  and  pathetic  aapecliof  Londo*  itnct  Arab*, 
which  wen  allcrwardi  to  olten  and  M  eSectivtly  to  amploy  the 
Bittat'a  peneiL  Amid  all  the  (qualoc  wbkb  tbey  depict,  they  art 
full  of  indindual  bcaudei  in  the  debate  or  louchiiig  eiprrsaion 
of  a  face,  in  Ibe  gno^  turn  of  *  limb.  The  book  ii  team  m  lis 
original  lenn,  but  in  1S7S  two  cepndiictiona  of  the  outline 
iketchca  for  ilie  doigni  weie  publiabed— a  lithognpliic  iitue 
of  the  whale  aeriea,  and  a.  finer  pbolograi^c  laucHpi  of  lii 
ol  ilM  (ubjects,  which  it  raora  valuable  than  even  tbc  bushed 
Olivtiationi  ol  1&41,  in  wiikh  the  added  tight  and  ihade  it 
IreiiiKntlT  apntly  and  mefieclive,  sod  ihe  lining  ilieU  has  not  the 
freedom  which  we  bul  in  loiiie  d  Leocb'a  other  Uibographi, 
notaUy  in  the  Ry  Lcski.  puUU«l  at  Ibe  Pfxci  office,  and  in 
I^  iBjmiuble  lubject  of  the  nuptial  ceucb  of  Ihe  Caudlei,  which 
alH  uppcaitd,  in  woodcut  lorai.  ai  a  pobtical  cartoon. 
Caudle,  pcrwnated  by  Breughim,  daturbing  by  untimely 
loquadiy  Ihe  alBmben  of  tbe  loid  cbaneeUor,  vliae  haggud 
cheek  itili  on  the  woollKk  for  pUlow. 

But  it  WB  in  work  foi  the  wood-engraven  that  Leech  waa 
mote  prcpJihc  and  individual.  Ainong  the  earlitf  of  ujch  detignt 
are  tbe  illuilmtioiu  to  the  Cemil  Englitli  and  Lalin  Crimmari 
(ia*o),  10  WrilUH  Ctricoliaa  (1841),  to  Uood'i  Comic  Armaat, 
[1S41),  and  to  Albert  Smllh'i  Waimii  Boul  (iSu),  tubfccu 
mahily  nl  a  amaH  vignette  liie,  transcribed  with  the  hisl  skill 
of  nch  waoteutten  aa  Onin  Smith,  and  nm.  like  the  luger  and 
later  Fmek  Ohwintions,  cut  at  tpeed  by  levenl  engravers 
wBrking  at  once  on  tbe  subdivided  Mock.  It  was  in  ia«i  that 
LmI'b  conneiica  with  Fmoh  begui,  a  connenon  which 
lilted  till  hii  death  on  Ibe  i^th  of  October  iS6t,  and  resulted 
in  the  pipduclion  of  tbe  best-known  and  mod  adniiable  of  h^ 
designs.  'HEi  GnC  c<r 


m  tpptaiid  in  the  ianie  of  tb 


oi  Augut,  k  Ml  ptga  DlwMtlut— MDtM  "  nniff  JU 


tough  and  inpcflect  lo  a 

gains  in  power  vkI  likdc  nbjecU  be 

awl  by  iSm  the  utiU  it 


Ctule  u  k  TO  iiahd, 
u  RuaklB  has  aaid, "  aiUtWdly  tbe  iHtl  MWliea 
i  hittory  oi  Ihc  diaet  of  oui  tadttr.  the  Uadett 
A  anal>«i  of  tu  f oihja,  Ihe  UndcfcM  flkltoy  of  11a 
pcetiyandwell-biedirayt."wfaichhtiyetappeand.  Inadditisat 
to  his  work  for  the  weekly  iwK  of  Pnei,  Leech  coatriboled 
ItTBely  lo  Ibe  Annb  ilBMiBickt  mi  pocfcM-baokt,  lo  Once  • 
HTitk  bam  iSjv  tS  iWi,  to  tb*  /OuntM  Ltui**  A'ns,  wbci* 
'  his  latgcH  and  betl  ipaeling  k 


pieteti -like  that  of  tbc  wimtUowa  gJri,  standing  on  tbe  muniil 
pedestal,  with  tbe  swifts  dai«ing  wound  her  tad  tl«  bieadth 

I  lUir  Leech  appealed  to  the  public  with  s  very  (oec^ul 
bittH  of  some  of  the  most  rcmajkable  oi  his  FimcA  drawingB. 
le  were  enluged  by  a  mechanical  pmceaa,  and  coloured  in 
by  Ibe  aitisi  binoclf.  with  the  atiiiuncc  and  undc*  tbe 
clion  of  his  friend  }.  £.  Miliaia. 

nJi  wu  a  lii^ularly  rapid  and  iodelslitable  worker.  Daaa 
!  Iclla  gt,  when  be  WW  ha  guest, "  I  luve  known  hint  vad  oft 
I  my  houie  Ihree  finidkcd  djawlrtn  on  the  wood,  designed, 
sd.  and  rectified,  without  much  unDrt  as  it  ieemed,  between 
kfait  and  dbmec."  The  beK  technical  qualHin  el  Letck'i 
ha  unerring  prodiian,  hit  unfailing  vivacity  in  the  use  of  Ihe 
„  arc  Kcn  nokt  clearly  in  the  first  ilulches  for  his  wowtcutt.  nnd 
Ihe  more  finlnbed  drtwingsmade  on  tnelng-papcr  f 
ij._.i.-i, ^  was  added  anitSede 


9,  before  tbecbiaroieura  vs 


as; 


iramcribed  by  the  engraver.    Tarnlag  to  the  mental  qualitica  <A 
hi.  an.  it  would  be  ■  nitu^  qWobM  ii«iid>  UBliad  hin  aa  ■ 

comic draughtHnan.  UkcHcGannhewasatiuenunianic.amMcde 
of  hunuui  VJc,  though  he  obtenwl  humanity  mainly  in  its  whimsical 


W?ih«n 
Thitlir 

e  wor^of^o 


ichet  ol  palhdo  and  of 
UK*  dnigniH  Ihe  "  Poor  Man'i  Friend  "  (iBu).  at 
^tlunuaf Trailor  "  (lajj). and  In  "The  guecacJ 


Le^wKAdnjgHj 

.  the  Gnl  volume  of  On; 

y  dornnt  Intiw 


■ai  puTpoie  which  IS  n 
indt^  far  less  charac 
'Hw  and  of  tragedy  i 
Friend"  [184^,  and 


.  for  which  his  daity  ivtirk  afforded  no  tcr 
The  suriryand  nunliiKie  of  Lee- 
OB  his  art.  We  find  ia  il  hak  of 


-_ ,  de^n*  of  Giilray  arc  * 

great  conternporary  Ceor^  Cnij 
b  restricied  both  in  oDApne  of  tubjcctand  in  aFtinic  drvlerily. 

Biniaphin  ai  Letch  have  bwi  written  by  John  Bnnm  (iBgi). 
aodTrilhTlSsO:  H  ahm  "John  Leech's  pKtHW  ol  Lite  and 
Chaiuctci,"  by  Th;ii:kci;iy.  Qmailrrh  Rnriem  [December  iSsiV; 
lexer  by  John  ttuikin,  Arrowi  olAt  Oate,  voLl.  p;  ifiir^Un 
Humoiietc  Anteii,"  by  Cmeit  Chraniau,  CuHW  ia  Bnua  Aril 
(WTSl.  U.  M.G.) 

a  division  of  Chacu>p«l  worms.  It  is  doubllul  vheiher  iha 
medieUul  leech,  Hiruds  lUdicHalu,  .which  is  mtr  In  England 
than  on  the  conlincnl  of  Enrope,  or  Ibe  bone  leech,  AnUiUm* 
f nig,  of leo  confuted  with  il,  bus  Ibe  best  tight  10  tbe orignd  pos- 
session of  Ihii  name.  ButttpRteiiltbewocd  "leech  "iseniied 
to  evny  member  of  Ihc  gmip  Minidlnea,  lot  the  general  structure 
and  clBBsificUkn  of  whicksn  CBAZifBVU.  Then  an  many 
gesen  and  species  of  leechcB.thaaact  definllica  cf  wUchue. 
tlill  m  need  of  a  more  complete  survey,  They  ocoir  in  all  furu' 
of  Ihe  world  and  ire  moitly  aquallc,  Iboo^  lomethnK  terKttifal, 
in  habit.  The  aquatic  idnu  Ireqoent  Bmamt,  ponds  and 
marshes,  and  the  ica.    The  mcmbcn  of  Ihit  (roup  are  aluftr. 


j6» 


LEEDS,  DUKE  OP 


J«««  wUch  prodm  a  CruQgiriiT  biu,  tbough  iht  Action  bas  been 
deanibad  at  like  thAt  of  ■  drcokr  nv.  Lttdw*  •riltnuC  bitlag 
Jun  piMm  A  pmlrusible  prabucit,  lad  gneraUy  engull  tlicir 
pny,  AS  dun  Ibe  faoBC  letdi  oAca  U  (lUda  arthvonnA.  Bui 
■em  of  then  Are  (bo  ectapamitai  Hk  k«h  hai  txer  uHd 
in  medidDe  fran  nnme  niUqulijr  n  ■  muknli  bbBd-lcltiri 
and  il  It  Hill  m  ocd,  though  man  nrdy  than  (onnnlr'    Ai 

can  be  cnoounHred  In  a  inptol 
tan^.  A  vedaa  of  Hatmtdlh'  of  CfyioB  MUchc*  (udf  to 
tbe  pust^br  >ad  dmm  blood  with  m  link  brUMloii  (lul  the 
ttSexti  13  Mid  to  b«  tmre  of  lit  pttwnct  «dy  tqr  the  tricUing 
lion  Ihe  wauvto  praditced.  Soill  leedie*  tiken  hito  the  moinb 
vitli  drtnkiogrmut  nay^n  ike  taia^ia  ayftipttinii  by  At  I  Ach- 
ing ibeiiBclvcs  lo  Ihe  fiucB  Asd  ncigfabouriog  partt  uid  Ibcnce 
■udung  blood.  Tbc  tSecti  ol  t  hcM  pirulin  have  been  mistaken 
for  those  at  dibeue  All  Incfaa  tn  very  cMemlle  and  can 
Gontraet  the  body  to  a  plump,  pcar-Ahaped  form,  or  eitend 
k  to  A  long  And  Tomi-lilur  ihape.  They  ftequenLly  progress 
aflcr  the  fashion  of  A  "  loopcr  "  caterpilLir,  attaching  themselves 
altenatdy  by  the  anterior  and  Ihe  poalRioc  aucker.  Otbcn 
twin  with  ed-like  curves  throu^  the  irater,  irhile  one  land-leech, 
ai  any  nie,  movn  in  a  f^idiog  way  like  a  land  Plinaiian,  and 
leATca.  olio  like  the  Pianaiian,  a  itbny  trail  behind  It.  Loeehes 
are  usually  olive  green  to  brown  iij  colour,  darker  patches  and 
Vals  being  icattaied  over  A  paler  ground.  The  marine  pa raskic 
leech  PtalMcHa  is  of  a  bright  green,  as  is  also  the  land-leech 
Trvcida. 

Hie  tenn  "  leech,"  ai  an  cdd  English  «ynonym  for  physician, 
i>  from  A  Teutonic  root  meaning  "  heal,"  and  is  etymologically 
distinct  from  the  name  (0,  Eng.  lya)  of  the  H!mii>.  though 
the  use  of  the  one  by  the  olhei  has  helped  Lo  assimilale  the  two 

IfBDC  THOVAI  OBBOtHfK  isl  Duee  or  (i6ji-itii). 
English  statesman,  commonly  known  also  by  his  earlier  Ullc  of 
URT,  orDuiBy.  son  of  Sir  Edward  Osborne.  Ban.,  of  Kivelon, 
Yoikahire,  was  bora  la  i4jt^  Ha  was  grcAt-grandsoo  of  Sir 
Edwatd  Cbborae  (d.  ij^i},  lord  laayorof  Ix>itdan,  who,  according 
--  -'nccepledaccount,  whUcappttnliceloSir  Wi"'  --  " 


dothworker  and  lo 


<SS9,  n 


family  by  leaping  from  London  Bj  ^ 
Aimefd.  1585).  the  daughter  of  his  employer,  whom  healtcrwaidt 
married,'  Thomas  Osborne,  tbs  future  Inrd  ireisun:r,  succeeded  . 
[0  Ihe  baronetcy  and  cslales  In  Yorkshire  on  his  falhci's  death 
in  1647,  and  alter  unsuccessfully  courting  his  coiein  Dorothy 
Osborne,  nanied  Lady  Bridget  Benie.  daughter  of  ibe  eari  of 
Lrodsey,  He  was  inttodueed  to  public  life  and  10  court  by  his 
neighbour  In  Yorkshire,  George,  ind  duke  of  Buckingham, 
was  elected  U.P.  far  York  in  iMs.  and  gained  the  "  first  step 
in  hli  future  rise  "  by  joining  Buckinghjun  in  hit  atlai^  on 
Clarendon  in  iW?.  In  1668  he  was  appointed  joint  ir«surer 
of  the  navy  with  Sir  Thomaa  Lytichon,  and  subsequently 
sole  treaawcr.  He  succeeded  Sir  William  Coventry  as  com' 
miffiionerlorlhestitetitaiuryin  1669,  and  in  167J  was  Appointed 
A  DaamdaaioDa  for  the  Adminlly.  He  wu  cmted  ^%(oUfil 
Osborne  in  the  Scollkh  peerage  oa  Ihe  ind  of  February  167}. 
ABdaprfvyoouKiUoroalheiRlaf  May.  On  Ihe  19th  of  June, 
ea  tbciolgnalioa  of  l.otd  CliSord,  he  was  appcdnted  hird  tieasuicr 
and  omit  BaiOB  Osbone  of  Klvetan  and  Viaaouat  Latimer  in 
Ibe  peerage  o(  Fjiglind,  while  on  the  17th  of  June  1674  he  was 
crealed  earl  of  Datif,  when  be  aurreadcnd  his  ScDttisfa  peerage 
ot  Oabome  to  Us  aecoad  son  Fmsrina  Osbonie.  He  was 
appointed  the  iabk  you  bcdJieStciiaut  <f  Ihe  Wot  Riding  of 
YotkahiTe,  and  in  tiji  nceivcd  the  Carlet. 
Dnby  waa  a  ataleaaaa  of  very  diSettnt  cabine  fmoi  the 
■  CkrtwMti  tl LuUtH  trUtr.  by  R-ThoinsatlBiT),  113.  quoting 
Stow. 


principal  aimi  wa 


doubt  the  nuinlenance  aad  Inataae  of  hb 
arty,  but  bii  aiBbitii»  cormponded  with 
deBniie  political  views.  A  nwnber  of  the  old  oaeilier  pany, 
a  confidential  friend  uid  correspondent  of  the  dcapotfc  Laudef- 
dole,  he  desired  to  strengthen  the  executrvi!  and  the  royal  ' 
authority.  At  the  Ume  time  be  was  a  keen  partisan  of  ihe 
tauMiibed  eburdi,aii  enemy  of  both  Roman  Calholici  and  dis- 
scnten.  and  an  opponent  of  all  toleration.  In  i6tj  he  oppeaed 
tbe  Indulgence,  lupponed  the  Tai  Act,  and  ipoke  igaiasi  Ihe  ' 
proposal  ba  giving  relief  to  the  dissentera.  In  Jime  t^TS  he 
signed  the  paper  ol  advice  drawn  up  by  tbe  biafaopa  for  the  Ung, 
urging  tba  li^d  tuforccmcnl  of  the  laws  against  Ihe  Roman 
Catbdlcs.  Ibdr  complcle  banishment  from  the  coun,  and  Ihe 
>uppRt>IoDoloonvcotidn,'anda  bill  introduced  byhiin  fanpoa- 
ing  apeelal  tara  on  recusants  and  nhtecling  Rotnan  Catholic 
priests  to  impriaonmeni  for  IKe  was  only  thrown  out  as  too 
Itnieot  because  it  secured  oHenden  from  the  charge  of  treiaon. 
The  same  year  he  introduced  a  Test  Oath  by  which  ill  holding 
olliee  or  scats  In  dlhei  House  ot  Pariiament  were  to  dedire 
te^tann  to  Ihe  royal  power  a  crime,  and  promiie  to  abstain 
Irom  all  altempla  to  aher  the  goveromenl  of  eithet  church  ot 
stale;  hot  ihia  eiireme  measure-  of  tetragrade  toryiim  was 
succosfully  apposed  by  wiser  statesmen.  The  king  Umadf 
as  a  l^oman  CathoHc  secretly  opposed  and  also  doubted  the 
wisdom  and  practicability  of  this"  thorough  "policy  of  repreMion. 
Danby  therefore  otdeted  a  return  (iom  every  dloceae  of  the 
namben  of  dbsenteia,  both  Romanist  and  Protraiant,  in  order 
by  a  proof  of  their  inilgniiicnnce  to  remove  Ihe  loyal  acruplei.' 
In  December  iBr6  he  iianed  a  proclenulion  for  Ihe  suppreldon 
ol  cofloe-bouBeB  because  ot  the  "  defamation  of  His  Idafealy^ 
GovcTTUncnt  "  which  took  place  In  tham,  bui  thb  was  aoon 
wlthdnnn.  In  (677.  to  secure  PmleatantisminfaseofaRoman 
Catholic  succession,  be  introduced  a  bill  by  which  ecdesiastica] 
patronage  and  the  care  of  tbe  royal  children  were  enlrutled  10 
the  bishops;  but  this  measure,  like  the  other,  was  thrown  oat. 

la  foreign  affaln  Djuiby  shoiaed  a  Xronger  grasp  of  easentiilt. 
He  desired  to  increase  Engliih  trade,  eredil  and  power  abroad. 
He  was  a  determined  enemy  both  to  l^nun  InJTueAca  and  to 
French  ascendancy.  He  lennlnaied  the  war  with  Hollaod  in 
1&74,  and  from  that  time  maintained  a  friendly  correspraidcace 
wilh  WiUlani;  white  in  1677,  alter  Iwo  yean  of  lediaus  negotia- 
tions, he  overrame  all  obitnclM.  and  in  ^ite«I  Jamet's  opposi- 
tion, and  without  the  kiuwledge  of  Louis  XIV.,  eSected  Ihe 
nuTTiage  between  WiUiom  and  Mary  that  was  the  germ  of  the 
Revoluticai  and  tba  Act  ol  Scitlemenl.  This  national  policy, 
however,  eould  only  b*  punued,  and  Ihe  minister  oould  only 
maintain  himself  In  power,  by  acqukaceooe  in  the  king's  personal 
reUti«i9  with  the  king  of  fialMS  settled  by  tbe  disgraceful 
Treaty  of  Dover  in  1670,  which  loduded  Charles's  acceptance 
of  a  pension,  and  boimd  him  to  a  policy  eiaclly  opposite  to 
Danby's,  one  furthering  French  and  Roman  aaccadancy. 
Though  not  a  number  of  tbe  Cabal  ministry,  and  in  spite  of  his 
own  denial,  Danby  most,  it  would  seem,  haee  known  ol  these 
rtlaliant  after  becoming  lord  treasurer.  In  any  case,  in  1676, 
together  with  Loodsdale  ahuM,  he  consented  to  a  treaty  between 
CharietaadLoubaecnrdiBgiowhichthe  foreign  policy  of  both 
kings  teas  to  be  condncied  in  unjm.  and  Chiles  received  an 
annual  sobudy  of  £100,000.  In  ]A7BCharies,  taking  advanlagr 
ot  the  graving  bostlUty  to  Fraaca  io  Ihe  nation  and  pariiameni, 
raised  his  price,  and  Danby  by  bit  dinectioni  demanded  throng 
Ralph  Uoniagu  (aitanrards  duke  of  Montagu)  six  million  livrea 
a  year '  (£joa.oao)  for  three  years.  Simultaneously  Danby 
guided  through  parliament  a  bill  for  raising  money  for  a  war 
against  France;  a  league  ma  concluded  with  HoUalul,  and 
troops  were  actual^  scat  there.  That  Conby,  in  spite  of  Iheae 
compromiaing  transaelion»  remained  in  iatentioa  faithful 
to  Ihe  national  inteiHti,  appean  deariy  ftom  the  baacility  iritb 
which  he  was  still  regarded  by  Fraacc.    In  1674  be  it  described 

'  Cal,  ot  Si  Pip,  DeM.  [1673-TS75).  p.  440. 

'  Letter  of  Morlcy.  Biihop  of  Whichaicr,  10  Danby  (lona  ro, 
ie7&).   fjtiiL  IISS.  Cam.  at.  Itep.  pt.vii.14j 


LEEDS,  DUKE  OP 


367 


br  Itwrifqr  to  L«ata  XIV.  •>  ditWMh'  taUenUOc  is  Pruct 
aid  Fnbch  faiteniti,  umI  u  dtus^  his  iiUBOct  to  ptw 
tRaty  nf  that  ;«.'  I>  1678,  oa  the  lupMm.oi  1 
betmca  Cluiln  and  Louii,  ■  ipleodid  of^rtuiuly  wu 
L«ui  d  pvIdi  oB  old  Kan*  br  diitlotiag  J>iBb)''i  ppnicipalioD 
is  tbe  klBc't  dcBudi  for  FroKh  gold. 

Evoy  ctmmiiuce  nirw  csiHpind  (o  (Awl  Mi  £itL  Allbou^ 
bolb  abiDtd  uid  at  bome  ha  policy  bid  gaitnUy  embodied 
the  vblu*  ol  ibc  uccndui  pany  io  the  lUle,  Daoby  had  hvci 

DO  mpact,  aod  be  amid  not  nckon  during'  the  whole  of  t '~ 
k>a(aK*ron  tbe  support  of  a  un^  individuiL  Cbaria 
•aid  10  have  told  him  when  be  nuide  him  Imiiuec  Ibal  be  had 
oDiy  im  (iietid>  ia  UiB  w<»ld,  biniKU  and  hi)  own  attit.'  F 
waa  dacribcd  to  Pepyi  on  hii  atquiring  office  aa  "one  of  abmht 
■on  of  people  that  have  net  much  10  Idk  and  tboefore  *< 
rentun  all,"  and  u  "  a  beggai  having  £1100  01  £i><»  a  yea 
hot  owes  above  £10,000,"  Hia  officx  bioasbt  hint  in  £30,oc 
a  year,'  and  he  waa  known  to  be  malting  targe  profits  by  the  la 
of  oScn;  he  maintained  his  power  by  corruption  and  by 
}cilonsly  eicluding  from  office  men  of  high  itanding  and  abllily, 

Burnet  docribed  faim  aa  "  the  moat  haled      '    ' 

ever  been  about  tbe  king."  Wone  men  bad 
batDartybadnoMoftb 
an  tbt  Bdiun  iaoried  by  (erlooi  bulla.  Evdyn,  <^  ksew 
him  iatfanaUiy  bom  In*  youth,  deiafbei  him  *i  "  a  man  ol 
"  '  ~  d  pain  but  nothing  of  genenui  or  grateful." 
'  '  "  '  s,  speoka  of  him  as 
Lgeful,  false,  prodiffai 

«  tynni  wiit.  hi*  greed,  his  pale  fai 


Danby  In  appolntfaig  a  new  leotlaiy  of  i .  .    .  . 

Sic  W.  Temple,  a  Uronii  adherent  of  the  aoii-Frendi  policy, 
la  Montagu.    Tbe  latter,  after  a  qsanel  with  the  ducbi 
Clevclud,  was  disntined  fnua  tbe  king^  emtJoyment. 


»the 


Louis  XIV.  and  Barillee^  tba  Pi 
he  waa  auppbed  with  a  hrge  son 
for  effecting  Danby's  rain.    He  ofal 

and  m  spite  of  Danby's  mdeanoi  to  Icue  ma  papen  Dy  an  oraer 
in  cDoncQ,  on  tbe  nth  et  December  itrS  caused  two  o(  the 
Incriminating  lettoaTiittcn  by  Danby  to  him  to  be  Itad  aloud 
to  the  House  of  Cnnmona  1^  the  Speaker.  The  Howe  im. 
mediately  toolvcd  en  Danlq^  impcarhmnt.  At  ihe  foot 
of  eacb  ol  the  Ictlen  ap(Kit«l  Ihe  king's  postscripls,  "  I  approve 
o(  tbii  letiei.  C.R.,"  in  his  own  bandwriiing;  but  Ibcy  were 
not  lead  I9  the  Speaker,  and  were  entirely  nej^ecled  in  the 
proceediDgs  agaian  the  rainiiier.  thu>  emphasizing  the  con- 
Mltutfonal  prJDdple  thit  obedienrf  to  the  orders  of  Ihe  sovereign 
can  ho  no  bar  to  an  impeachmeDL  He  was  charged  with  having 
encroached  to  himsdf  royal  powers  by  treating  matien  ol  peace 
and  war  whhonC  the  koowledge  of  the  council,  with  having 
promoted  ihe  raising  of  a  standing  army  on  pretence  of  a  war 
with  France,  with  teving  obstructed  ibe  asaemblJEg  of  parlia- 

>  Utmtiri  tf  GrmI  Sfitatn  «J  lltiaiti.  by  Sir  J.  Dalrynple 
1771),  i.  app.  104. 
'1^1  U  Sir  Jenpi  WaiuoKiai,  (CnKka  Soe..  i»74l.  1.  M. 
n  Devonahire  Houie  colleiti 


DKroft'iUfrsf  ^o'ifU.  ii.  6a.  aiuti. 

•  LUi  af3u^atiify.  by  W.  D.  Chnax  (1S71}.  G-  1I>. 
■  Mieky'i  llrmrin,  16;  Fepyi'e  Diary,  nil.  143.  - 

•  Sea  tbe  de»iption  rf  hiipoBtioii  ai  Ihk  dme  hy  Sir  W.  Tcm 


i'lrwH  (i7«4l. «» 


I.   wilb  afnq)d 

by,  while  communlcsting  tbe  "  Popish  Plot "  to  tbe  parllir 

L,  had  fisB  tbe  tot  eiptaaed  Us  disbeliel  in  tbe  iiycall«l 

of  Tim*  Onlet,  and  hit  backwaidnesi  in  the  matter 

aaw  funiisbed  an  additional  cbacge  of  having  "iraitoniuly 

ancealed  the  plM."  He  was  votod  guHiy  by  Ihe  C 

but  while  tbe  Lotda  w 


and  ^anlved  three  wtAl  later,  h  Uarti  1679 
"  Danby  was  returned,  and  he  wu 
toned  to  rcsgn  tne  ircasursihip;  but  he  tectivid  a  pirdoD 
ina  tbe  king  under  the  Great  Seal,  and  a  varraot  for  a  nat> 
CIuatalE.'  Uis  pnqnsed  advancement  in  tank  was  aevotly 
reBccted  upon  in  the  Lcnb,  Halilai  dedating  it  In  the  king'a 
"  not  to  be  home  ";  and 


Ihe  1^  of  Maith  iCIn 

ibatement  of  an  ia- 

ittal  by  the 

Lords,  wfao,  aa  in  Clarendon's  case,  voted  his  baniahinenl. 
TUt  ma,  bowcver,  rejected  by  the  Commons,  who  now  passed 
aa  vxtl  atlaiader.  Danby  bad  ntcaved  to  tbe  country,  bul 
rMoriud  on  the  iiU  of  Apcii  to  avoid  tbe  Ibrealencd  passing 
by  the  Lords  of  the  attainder,  and  was  sent  to  Ike  Tbner.  In 
his  written  defence  he  now  [beaded  Ibe  king'*  pardon,  but  on 
the  ;th  of  May  1679  it  was  pronounced  iUcgal  by  Ibe  CocuDona. 
This  declaration  was  again  ntpeated  by  tbe  Commons  in  i68q 
on  the  onssioB  of  another  attack  made  upca  Danby  in  thai 
year,  and  WBs  finally  embodied  in  the  Act  of  Setlkmcst  in  i7ot. 
Tbe  Common*  now  demanded  Judgnient  against  the  prisoaei 
slopped 


of  pamphlets 


:e  Lords.    Funber 


n  of  parlian 
emaineda 
ning  the  a 


•>  July;  i 


iplicily  oE  the  fallen  mioiElet 

n  riot,  ana  even  accusing  bim  of  the.  murder  of  Sir 

!ny  Gadliey,  wen  published  in  lAig  and  iMs; 

.aswered  by  Dnnby's  secretary,  Edward  Chlistian, 

b  RtjUiliim;  and  in  May  i6£i  Danby  was  actually  indicted 

-       '     Grand  Jury  of  bliddlESei  for  Codfrey'i  murder  on  the 

ion  of  Edward  JilzHarris.    His  pelilion  to  Ibe  king 

ial  by  bis  peers  on  Ihb  indicEment  was  refused,  and  an 

attempt  to  prencule  the  publi^en  ol  the  false  evidence  in 

kiiig'a  bench  ws)  unsucmsfvL    Fot  tone  lime  all  ej^Kals 

:be  liing,  to  parliacDent,  and  to  Ihe  courti  of  Justice  were 

vailing;  but  on  the  iiih  of  Febrmry  16S4  bis  ipplictitioa 

Cbief  Justice  Jcflreys  was  at  Ust  succiuful,  and  he  waa  set 

libtny  on  finding  bail  lo  ihe  amount  of  £40,0001  to  appear 

the  House  of  L«ds  in  the  following  seuion.    He  visited  the 

ig  It  conn  tbe  same  day;  but  look  no  part  in  public  aSairs 

for  Ibe  rest  of  Ihe  reign. 

After  Jiiaa'i  aecesnin  Danby  was  disdiaiged  fromhis  bail 
by  tbe  Loid*  im  ibe  19th  o(  May  1685,  and  the  order  dedaring 
ion  of  parliament  to  be  no  abiliDient  of  an  impcacb- 
reversed.  He  again  look  his  sdt  in  the  Lords  as  a 
leader  of  Ihe  modemte  Tory  party.  Though  a  siKog  Toiy 
and  supporter  of  tbe  htredilaiy  principle,  James's  attacks  on 
Proti^tantitm  soon  drove  him  into  opposiiion.  He  was  visited 
by  Dyknil,  William  of  Orange's  ageol;  and  in  June  1A87  be 
to  WiBiam  auuring  him  of  his  support.  ^  the  ^oth  of 
t  ASS  he  was  one  cJ  the  seven  leaden  of  lbs  Revolntioa  who 
ligocd  the  mviiatim  to  WilUam.  In  NuaeniLei  he  occupied 
"  ':  in  the  ptince'*  ioiercst.  returning  to  London  to  meet 
iam  on  the  iCih  of  Decamber.  He  appears  to  have  tboughl 
William  wotdd  mi  claim  the  crowD,'  and  at  fiisl  ai4)pone4 
Ibe  theory  that  the  throne  having  been  vacated  by  Jama'* 
"  '  '  "  as  of  light  to  Mary;  but  is  this  nel 

wa>  te)ected  both  by  William  and  by 
Uary  hencu;  he  voted  against  the  regency  and  ioined  wilb 
Add.  MSS.  aSoM.  f.  47. 
Boyer-a  A<malz  In^,^ 


''•■W)0' 


i^lc 


S6I 


VtbciN 


WWblgi, 


Dauby  btd  Radcnd  nUcnMly  imponaol  lervi 
ouH.  On  Ihe  iMb  d[  Aixil  |6S«  be  vu  cnn 
CutunhcB  u>d  wu  mads  lotd-UcweiMni  ol  thi 
YockiUn.  He  wu,  bowevs,  slU  gKiUy  dblikid  by 
md  Williani,  nfllcad  oE  idnsuning  him  in  liie  lORl  Ue 
only  ippoinuit  him  pnnidem  ol  ibc  cDaadi  in  FEhniuy  1689. 
He  did  DM  censnl  Ui  veittion  uid  diuppa' 
wue  Incnucd  by  the  appouiiiDrat  ol  UmISix 
Ion)  privy  unl.  The  aauutanisit  bct^nn  tbe  "  black  "  ted 
tiM  "  kUic  nirquai "  (the  IMW  bdof  Ibc  nickjuune  given  id 
CuDurthen  in  ilkuioo  to  hb  (icUy  appcuuucl^  Hrhich  1^ 
been  forgoltea  in  Ihcir  comnHni  haired  xo  the  Ffench  pi^cy 

*  ~     "  '  in  all  in  bitterness.    He  letiied 


LEEDS"    "' 

priDooi    1694/  lad  la  ri 


July. 


e  node  in  pulitn] 


I  f« 


L  Injun 


but  DMwlibniDdiag  hi*  ETcil  unpopuliriiy, 
al  Hnlilu  in  169a  be  sgiin  acquiied  the  c 
uaxcy  which  lu!  retained  1JU  1645  by  bribery  id . 
ibi  luppon  at  the  lung  and  queoi.  In  i&^a,  dutiog  Wi 
abseDtt  in  Irdandt  he  -waa  appc^ted  Mary'a  chief  adviur. 
In  Itgt,  dtaliisl  to  compionuac  Halilai,  he  ditcieditcd  hinaelT 
by  l)«  pMIDDige  of  in  inlonner  named  FuUer,  soon  proved 
■n  iBpoaior.  He  wa 
Ihrown  out-  In  i&qj 
Mevatd  at  the  trial  of  Lord  Mohua;  and  on  IbcttboiMay  iAm 
be  wBi  created  dulce  of  Lcedt'  The  lane  year  fat  suKwrted  tl 
Triennial  Billr  but  opposed  tlx  new  treafioa  hill  at  wcakeaii  _ 
Ihe  hiBdi  <4  the  oeciiUve.  Uelnwliile  fnsh  atlacki  had  been 
made  opon  him.  He  wB  acciBcd  unjuitly  o<  Jacobitki 
Apeil  1*4!  )»  "ai  impeached  cnce  mon  by  the  Commb 
having  received  a  bribe  of  fcaa  guineas  l«  pracurt  tl 
chanci  lot  ibe  Eait  India  Campaiiy.  In  bii  delence, 
denying  thai  he  had  icceived  the  money  and  UMxaliDg 
pui  lervicei.  be  did  not  aiicmpt  to  conceal  the  tad  ihu  acratding 
to  hit  experience  bribery  vaa  an  acknowledgod  and 
nuiom  in  public  business,  and  that  he  funoelf  had  bci 
menial  in  obtaining  nrnity  foi  othen,  tleannhilD  hi 
•ho  wai  laid  to  have  been  the  inteimidiaiy  between 
and  Ihe  Company  in  the 
evidcnct  being  obuinabiE 
ground.  In  May.  TC9J  ho 
iiiendanct  at  the  counciL  Ke  tetutncd  in  October,  but  vai 
Dot  Included  (Mong  Ihe  lordi  jotlictt  appointed  iTgtnU  during 
WilHaRi's  absence  in  this  year.  In  November  be  was  created 
D.C.L.  by  Ihe  unNenity  of  Oiford;  In  December  be  became 
a  commiuioDer  of  tnde,  and  in  December  1696  gnverncr  of  the 
Royal  Fiahny  Compsny.  -  He  oppceed  the  proaccDiton  of  Sir 
John  Fenwick,  bni  tupportcd  tbc  aciion  taken  by  memben  U 
boih  Floum  ta  diitoet  of  WiUiam'i  ri^ti  in  the  lani  year. 
On  [be  lyi  of  April  164S  be  cnteniincd  the  tur,  Pelcr  tke  Creat, 
at_ Wimbledon.  He  had  lor  tome  time  bu  the  rial  diiectioa  of 
11  compelled  to  retire  from  office 


ivici,  the  ptoceedinp  [ell  tc 


InQ^i. 


nancy 


jf  VoTl 


Anne's  reign,  in  hii  old  age^  be  la  deicribed  as  "  A 
n  of  admirable  nolural  porli,  great  knowledge  And 
ein  ibealainof  hi!  own  country,  but  of  no  repuiilhn 
party.    He  hath  not  been  regarded,  aillvHigh  be  took 


continued  10  take  an 

chnrchmaa  and 

he  (upported  a  moiii 

ijiD  in  Sachevtrell'*  caK  spoke  in  dctebci 

In  Novenber  of  ibi>  year  be  obuinid  a  n 

oi  iiito  a  ycni  fiom  the  poit  dffite  whii 


siill powsied a (oUowing.  Inijoj 

the  cbnth  wu  in  danger,  and  in 

of  heiediury  nl^.* 

ne*il  of  liii  pm^Dii 


'Th.  t> 


■  Boyer'a  ^HMfi.  aig. « 


im  Maidiunc,  Kbiea  >b 
Hijraity  (Roxbu^  Qi 


Voifctkire,  bat  fra 
.the  J  7th  century  wk 


itjt.U 


I*  ap  oi  dpqr  VM  »  MiaiMiur  for 
•ed.*    Hia  long  tat  cvanlliil  cveei, 
1*  by  hk  dMtb  SB  tbt  i6di  «f 


rMtihed  OMii  «rl  fimxi  ^  Mm 
EoH  i(  DtMty  .  . .  im  On  ym  l6rt^ 
re  of  hit  cooduct,  udihii  na  acconunied 


"tne  original  leiierm,  liowever,  of 
puMiilied  (by  ihe  Hiiiarical  M 
1.  EUoc  Hodgtin),  and  ai 

by  Oanby  (of  tin  putpcn , „ 

oplitecain  and  othen  alieied  by  bij  ov., 

See  tbe  live],  by  Sidney  bee  in  ihe  Dia.  /fa.  Binpapky  ittggi ; 
by  T.  P.  Courtcnay  in  ZdiWwr'i  Emydefaalia,  "  Eminent  Briiub 
Sutewnen,"  vof.  v.  (iSso)^  In  Lodge'i  Pa/tmilM,  vii:  and  IJim 
«4  CjhoroKn'i  (f  .  .  .  IBialriKa  Faumi,  by  J.  la  Neva  (i;i4}. 
Funhar  muerial  for  hia  biography  esKa  in  Aid.  liSS.,  anno- 
95  (S6  vdIl,  containing  hit  pipert):  in  the  Dukt  of  Ijtdi  ltS5.  ai 
Hnntj  Conk,  calendered  In  Hla.  USS.  Comm.  nth  Rep.  «.  vii. 

pp.  t-«i  USS.  tf  EvI  cf  Utiiay  and   •    '•'-  ■'-"-■ " 

<Mniart  tt  SUk  Patin  Dtm.    See  alio 

■     ■  •*•       ■         '^ -  hROB.Dl-    

'(K  C.  Y.) 
Lata  DulaoJlJtdi. 

Tte  duke^  only  lonHvlitg  Km,  fsq^iine  (i6s9-i7if),  «l» 
became  and  duke  of  l^eda  on  his  faChcr's  dcnth,  kttd  Wen  n 
member  •(  Ihe  Home  of  Lords  at  Barai  OibHiB  BDCa  iCgo,  bni 
he  b  better  known  as  ■  naval  o&eeri  i>  tkit  aenia  k*  "">— * 
Ibe  rank  of  a  vioe-adminL  He  died  o>  tta*  >itk  ol  Jaoa  iit«, 
when  bis  ton  PeRgrine  Hyde  (ifiqi-)?]!}  became  jnl  Ma. 
The  4th  duke  wii  ike  lattcr'a  sm  TlraBW  {iTtj-i7tt),  1A0  Via 
lucceeded  by  bis  (on  Fmnds. 

Fraadi  Otbome,  5ih  doke  of  Loda  (i7]i-i794),  «M  been 
on  tbe  >qtb  of  jiaueiy  1751  and  was  aaBEUaf 
school ind It Chrin Church, OxIonL   Howisai 
ment  in  1774  and  177;;  to  1776  be  became  a  peer  an  Baion 
Osborne,  and  in  1 777  lord  chacabttUa  ol  tbt  qoMo'i  bauaebold. 


of  the  prime  mlnltter,  Lord  Nonb,  who,  after  fte  had  ntgaad  hit 
position  at  chambsliln,  depifved.Mm  ol  Ibe  oOca  of  lord- 
UcuiniantaftheEistlUdIngofYaAtUalai78a.  Uengaiaid 
Ihis,  however,  two  yean  later.  Early  in  1783  tbe  numaiB  of 
Caimanhen,  at  he  was  tilled,  was  tdecied  aa  irabatMdor  to 
FttBtt,  but  be  did  DOI  take  up  this  appointment,  becoming 
instead  lecntary  for  fonjgn  aflain  ander  William  Flit  in 
December  d  the  tame  year.  Aa  itcretary  hn  wnt  iitila  nnc 
than  a  dpher.  Bod  he  left  ofta  ia  April  1791.  Sobacqaenily 
he  took  Mine  dight  part  ia  podilci,  and  be  died  in  London  on  tlia 
Jilt  of  Jauiaiy  n-n-  Hi*  IVOicat  Mtmtn-ea  wen  edited  by 
Ovar  Biownhig  for  Ibe  Cuadn  Society  in  i8Bg,  and  then  an 
cigluvolunKtol  bit  official  cofiapsodenctbi  the  BritiihMateuin. 
Hii  first  wife  wat  Amelia  (1754-1784),  daugbiet  of  Robot  Daity, 
4th  earl  of  Holdcmate,  who  became  Bimnes  Conyen  in  ber 
own  right  in  1778.  Their  elder  »n,  George  WiUian  Fredojrk' 
(i77S-iS]3),  succeeded  liis  (aiher  u  duke  of  Leeds  and  hia 
moihnasBaroa  f^nyera.  Thewtitles  v(n,however.9eparated 
when  Ui  son,  Francu  Godolphin  DCnry,  the  7th  Quka  (i7»S- 
iKj<});diedwltbautaantiaU*y  [Sso,  The barany patted  10  Wi 
nephew,  SaekviUe  Onige  Lan-Foi  (1817-1W.  I^l>i«  into 
Aeyanceon  hit  death  in  Augmt  1888,  and  the  dukedom  pned 
to  fait  cousin,  George  Godolpbin  Osbotne  (1801-1871),  a  ■>•  of 
Francit  GodolphIaOilianie(i777-iSjo),wbowiaiicalcd  Bano 
GodolphlniaiSji,  In  ig^sGeotge'tgnildsaaGeoistCadDlphin 
Otbome  lb.  186]]  became  lOtb  dvke  ol  Leeik.  Tltf  name  of 
Gad<dphln,'wtich  tabonvby  many  of  ibe  Otbona,  wailnlro- 
duccd  into  Ihe  iimily  ibioggli  the  marrisge  of  Ibe  4lh  duke  with 
Miiy  (d.  i7«4),  daughter  and  co-heiirsj  of  F^ncU  Godolpbin, 
ind  call  of  Codidphin,  and  graiutdau^iter  ol  the  great  duke  of 


dly 


municipal  county  and  parlianientaTy 
Wnt  Biding  of  Yorkshire.  England,  i8s  a. 


00^  le-- 


3*9 


tiM.W.  boat  Loodoo.'  Pop.  (iSti)  l6t,9>s;  (1901)  418,96!. 
It  it  KTVcd  b;  ikc  Gnu  Nattbuo  nihny  (Ccntnl  tution), 
ttaa  MkUand  (Wdlivon  ouioii),  Noctb-Eulsn  ud  LAKlao 
t  Nonb-WcueRi  (N«r  itatioo),  ud  CrU  C«ln]  Ind  Lua- 
■1dm  &  YofUun  rulwsyi  (Contnl  lUlionK  It  ija  aemdy  in 
Uw  centn  o<  the  Riding,  in  Ibt  viUcx  of  Uic  liva  Ain. 

Tin  plin  of  Ibc  diy  ii  in  no  way  rcgulu,  and  ihe  numCRHu 
h»ad»o»t  pvUic  buiidingi  in  diiuibuted  uungHven)  tutrts, 
prindiadly  on  ibe  oonta  side  of  the  nimw  river.  The  town 
Wl  b  ■  fine  boiidinc  in  GcedSD  xyle,  wdl  pUced  in  1  iquin 
betmeB  Park  LiK  and  Cmt  Cnrge  Siictl.  It  ii  of  oblong 
ihipe,  with  I  hindtone  facade  over  vhich  riic*  a  domed  clock- 
tomer.  TIm  principal  apulment  ii  the  Victoria  Kill,  a  ikUy 
araaraeated  chuber  meuuring  161  ft.  in  length,  ;i  in  bi«adth 
and  75  la  height.  It  waa  opened  in  li^i  by  Queen  Victoria. 
ImnediaMly  adjacent  10  it  uc  the  municipal  offices  (18S4)  in 
Italian  atyla.  The  Royal  Eichange  (1871)  is  Boar  Lane  i>  an 
eicdient  I'efpeDdiculai  hoildins.  In  kc 
LeediiaMrtridi.  The ctuich d1  5i John, t 
inf  OBDipIc  of  the  junction  of  Gothic  tiadi 
teadcnciea  in  architecture.  It  datei  from  1634  and  containa 
uoe  fine  contemponry  woodwork.  St  Peter's  parilb  church 
occupiea  an  ancient  ntc.  and  pnarrvo  a  very  eaiJy  atm  fnm 
the  lormtr  Ixillding.  The  church  waa  rebuill  in  1840  at  the 
-    '      liar,  Dr  Walter  FaniuhaiH«)k(i7(iS-ia7j), 


ill^dticated  parish  brought  him  lame.    The  church  of 
'""  '        y  be  DOWd  that  the  vkaiige 

imonly  formed  a  step  to  the 
rous  other  modem  churches 
1  Unitarian  chapel  in  Park  Row  ii  note- 
worthy. Leeib  is  Ibe  seal  of  a  Roman  C.ilhotic  biihop,  with 
a  peo^^albedral  dcdkaltd  to  St  Anne.  There  is  a  luge  free 
lilnary  is  the  munkipal  offices,  and  numerous  branch  librstics 
ar*  BiahHilntd.  The  Leeds  old  tibrary  is  a  private  institution 
fooukd  in  176*  by  Dr  Priestley,  who  waa  then  minister  of  the 
Unltarlati  chapd.  It  occupies  a  building  in  Commercial  Street. 
The  Plulasophical  and  Literary  Sodeiy,  esiabli^cd  la  iSio, 
.      .  ,.:.,  _  -^  p^^  ^^^_  known  la  the 

Jaboritory,  scientific  library, 
,  with  eicellent  natural  Ultary, 
coUeclioBt  The  City  Art  Gallery 
iDtalns  a  fine  permanent  collection, 

.    The  University,  incorporated  lo 

11  el  Yoekdiin  Ddlege.  estiblisbed  in  1875  l°i  the 
pBTpoat  ol  supplying  instiuctioa  bi  the  arts  and  Kieaus  which 


(iSM). 

, .      The 

a'  Inatilnia  (18^}  occB[na  abaadnHoe  Italian  bmldiDg 
in  Cookridgt  Street  neat  llie  town  biH.  It  conpriwi  a  lecture 
s,  Uhniy,  reaiUng  and  daa  ivonai  and  day  and  evciung 
1  an  ait  school  an  maintaEaed.  The  granmar  ntaool, 
_,..  _  a  GolJik  buildtag  (iSsS)  at  Woodbousi  Moor,  datca 
._  fDoadalion  Iroin  iss>-  It  ii  largely  endowed,  and  posseasei 
edribitloBs  (cnabl*  at  Oifnrd,  Cambridge  and  Durfaaia  uni- 
versities. There  Is  a  laige  Iraioiog  coUcge  for  the  Wealeyan 
Methodist  mlnlBtry  In  the  suburb  of  Headingley,  The  Yorkshire 
Ladtd*  Council  of  Education  has  aa  iu  object  the  promotion  of 
IcBtk  tdueatiaa,  and  Ihe  Inatrwnlon  ol  girU  and  women  cd  the 
attiira  elBBs  in  IhnMIc  acoDomy.  Ac  The  general  infirmary 
in  Orcat  Gtorga  Stiett  Is  a  Gothic  building  of  brick  with  stone 
dre^np  with  a  highly  snumcntal  eiiarlor  by  Sir  Gilbert  Scoti, 
of  whose  work  this  b  by  no  means  the  only  good  example  in 
Leeds.  Thecttypoaaessesfnither  notable  build^tii  it!  market- 
Uls,  Ibcalrcs,  dubs,  fee 


Among  open  spaces  devoted  by  the  corporation  to  public  toe 
that  of  Woodhouse  Moor  is  the  principal  one  within  Ihe  city, 
but  1  m.  N.E.  ol  Ihe  centre  is  Roundhiy  Parli,  a  tricl  of  700 
acres,  beautifully  laid  out  and  containing  a  pictuitsque  lake. 
In  iggg  then  cane  Into  the  pouession  of  the  corpotilian  the 
ground,  lying  j  m.  up  the  river  itom  the  centre  of  the  city, 
conlainingthecclcbiitEdcuiniDf KirkjIallAbbey,  Tberemains 
of  this  great  foundation,  of  the  middle  of  the  nth  century,  are 
eatemive,  and  so  far  tyjncal  of  the  usual  arrangement  of  Cistercian 
houses  Be  to  be  described  under  the  heading  Aasrv.    The  ruins 

surrounding  induatiial  disiiict.  Apart  from  Kirkstall  then  are 
few  antiquarian  remains  in  the  kcality.  In  Guildford  Street, 
Dear  the  town  halt,  is  the  Red  Hall,  where  Charles  I.  lay  during 
his  eniotced  journey  under  the  thaige  of  the  army  in  1647. 

For  manufacturing  and  commercial  purpoiei  the  situatitm  of 
Leeds  I)  highly  advantageous.  It  occupiea  a  central  posllioa 
in  the  railway  system  of  England.  It  has  communication  with 
Liverpool  by  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal,  and  with  Goole 
and  the  Mumbcr  by  the  Aire  aod  Calder  Navigation.    It  is 

Though  regarded  aa  the  capital  of  the  great  manufacturing 
district  of  the  West  Riding,  Leeds  b  not  in  its  centre  but  on 
its  border.  Eastward  and  northward  the  country  is  agricultural, 
hut  Kestmrd  and  southward  lies  a  mass  of  manufactuiing  towna. 
The  chaiacteiistic  industry  is  the  woollen  manufacture.  The 
industry  is  carried  on  in  a  gieatnumbel  of  neighbouring  town- 

itseU,  this  procedure  differing  from  that  ol  the  wool  manulactuien 
in  Gloucestenhire  and  the  wot  of  England,  who  carry  out  ttw 
entire  process  in  one  factory.  Formerly  much  of  Ibe  business 
between  manulicturer  and  merchant  was  transacted  in  the  cloth- 
falUi,  which  formed  a  kind  of  market,  but  merchants  now  order 
goods  dirrclly  liom  the  nianulacluren.  Artificial  silk  is  inqiort- 
ant  among  the  lenile  products.  Subsidiary  to  tbesc  leading 
industries  is  the  production  of  nuchine-oiade  dothing,  hats  and 
caps.  TheleathertiadealLeediiithelargaIioEngland,Ihough 
no  sole  leather  is  tanned.  -  The  supply  comes  chieHy  from  Britvb 
India.    Boots  and  shoes  are  eitensivcly  manufactured.     The 


including  1 

.stean 

ploughs,  m. 

.chiocry,  tooU, 

nails,  i 

'T"l^ 

etlyfa 

medfor  Ihe 

pottery,  at 

«t  specimens  of 

old  Leeds  * 

ue  an  highly 

prised. 

TheindusL 

ylapsed 

about 

iieendof  the  iSlhcentuiy. 

id  less  specislized 

The  parliamentary  borou^  is  divided  into  five  divisioni 
(North,  Central,  South,  East  and  West),  eacb  returning  one 
member.  The  county  borough  was  created  in  iS&S.  Leeds  waa 
raised  to  ibe  rank  of  a  city  in  iSgj.  The  municipal  borough  is 
under  a  lord  mayor  (the  title  was  conlerrcd  in  iSp;  on  Ibe 
occasion  of  Queea  Victoria's  Diamond  Jubilee)',  16  aldermen 
and  48  couDCiUora.     Area,  31,^71  acres. 

Leeds  (Luidis.  Ledei)  i>  meatioaed  by  Bede  as  the  diKrict  when 
the  Nortliumbiun  kings  had  a  royal  vill  in  6rT,  and  where  Oswy, 
king  of  Nonhumbria,  defeated  Pendi.  UHs  of  the  Mercisna,  In  6&. 
Bcioce  (he  Normaa  Conquert  seven  thanes  held  it  of  Edward  the 
Confesmr  as  sens  aiaaaca,  but  WUliaa  the  Conusor  giutcd  the 
wbok  to  IlbeR  de  Lacy,  aad  at  the  tlms  of  the  Doaiesday  Survey 
ii  was  held  of  Um  by  Ralph  Ps^nel,  who  is  said  to  have  raised 
Leedi  canle.  posalbly  on  the  die  of  an  earlier  fortification.  In 
t^  Maurice  Paganel  conslIIMed  Ibe  inhabitants  of  Leeds  free 
buriiases.  iraiBlag  than  the  saoM  libeities  as  Rebat  de  i^ey  had 
iraated  toPDnltf  raet.  Including  Ihe  right  of  selling  bwgher  land  to 
whom  they  pleased  eacept  to  rttUoiB  houses,  and  fncdoo  Irom 
loll.  He  alio  appouited  as  the  ehw  olRcer  of  the  town  a  neve  who 
was  ta  be  ehsien  by  the  lord  of  the  manoi,  iheburgMHi  beiag  "  nun 
eligible  if  only  Ihiy  weuU  fay  as  much  as  otbcn  ter  Ihe  afBce." 
The  town  waa  hKorpanlcd  by  Charles  I.  in  iMt  undK  the  title 
of  aa  alderman.  7  miacipal  burgeaaea  sad  14  aniiaalL  A  second 
chatter  eianied  by  Charlei  II.  in  iMl  atqnlnted  a  oiayor,  11  alder- 
men and  14  laslstann,  end  is  still  the  coveiniag  charier  of  the 
bomu^.  llie  voollen  nanbictin  la  Bad  ID  have  been ' — -^— ' 
into  LMds  la  the  141I1  osntary,  and  owiag  le  ika  faciUti> 
alorded  by  iu  position  on  the  ilvei  Aire  aocn  became  ai 


LEEK— LEEUWARDEN 


iadiMiy.    CuKdra.  vritidi 

=ym,"LBd.i, 

■hy    by 

■    .Dd    tht    in«. 

d^ 

iir  a!  i« 

'  IhE  inhlbi 

ciKdHw 

ul  of  making 

ckxll.-'     TbF  rURh  HI  Ihn 

ng-KltagH 

ad  only  fiRiitHl 

il» 

I?^^^^ 

ury  by  Mr  WilUai^  Him 

:li  *ren  made  iDd  Aniihvd  Ln 

An  only  uKd  Eor  ilie  finiihidf  proccf*.    Tlie  wonud  Ir 
WAi  f«iD«riy  cuned  oo  id  uru  cxteat  bai  now  tLracM  dii 


anlKry  byT<r  Jo 
o<K  oT  Ihc  fan 

IB  Minhill,  aHoUiKl:  man 

hi'i  «t(r  fnnx!. 

invcBUd  for  oat 

«t  of  U«n  ym. 

one  member  durisf 

(eform  Acl  ol  iSji 

ihcy  wnmUowHl 

n   1867   Ihey  wen, 

(niDlcd  u  additioi 

iqI  member. 

S_  tamn  Wirddl,  Tki  tliaiUipml  Hiiltrj  i]  Oa  BoTHf*  <>r  Lndi 

(ia«S);I.  D.  Wb 

Ubr,  i-oMti  DKf  C/iuU:  or 

■  AlUmH  In  ifjui- 

(rJiri*,  DLHriaj 

iutHUi  M  Utjt  uenli  ij  I 

Atkinson.  RoiOt 
ri.«i  (lS8s-I»8; 

iorulj,  M(  ropopopjUr;  »u 

umt.  .  m>rk 

I  lo<n  in  (he  L«k  parUan 

ntary  divijion  of 

SliSordshin,  En 

gland,  isi  m,  N.W.  ffom 

London,  on  the 

dramet  ViKty 

brunch  of  the  North  Sia 

ordshire  rail«y. 

Pop.  of  iiri»n  d 

strict  (looi)  15,^84.    The 

o-B  lies  blgb  Id 

>  pfctutaque  si 

ualion  near  the  bead  of  1 

e  river  Clnimet. 

The  diuich  of  St  Edwiid  the  ConfeKor  i>  miinly  Dworiiirf, 

an  elevation  of  tome  640  fl-    Therv  ii  hen  ■  curio 
Duil^  work  ornately  carved.  ABimtilutecoBtiinia 
Ifctnre  hall,  Mt  gallery  and  school  of  art.    A  gian 
wu  ealabiiihcd  In  17)3.    In  the  vicinity  an  niins 
lercian  abbey  De  ta  Croii,  or  Dieulacrene,  erect 
by  Ralph  de  Blundevill,  earl  of  Chester.   The  digbt 
principally  embodied  in  a  farm-hoUK.    The  ailt  mannfactnre 
iodudel  tewing  ailk,  braids,  tUk  buttons,  &c    Cloud  Hill,  riii: 
ID  iioofl.  W.  otthe  town,  causes  a  curioiu  phenomenon  In  t 
height  of  suirnner,  the  son  sinking  behind  one  Aank  Id  reappc 
beyond  the  other,  and  thus  appealing  to  set  twice. 

Leek  [Lee,  Leike,  Le*ke!  formed  part  of  the  peat  estates 
^eifgar.  caH  of  Merda;  It  ocheated  Id  William  the  Conquer 
who  held  it  at  the  time  of  the  Domesday  Survey.     Later 


Btundevill,  eari  of  Chest 
,  which  continued  10  holi 
in  a  charter  which  he  g 

a  Itor 


I  until  tU  dissohtlion. 
e  10  the  town  (ump, 

II  Ihroughoul  Cheshire. 

id  failed  to  establish' 


Uchard.lh 


Edward  tb 


but  the  town  received 
It)  burghal  position.  The  Wednesday  market  which  is  still 
held  dates  from  a  grant  of  John  to  the  earl  of  Chester:  in  the 
ryth  century  II  was  very  coniiderable.  A  fair,  also  gnnled  by 
John,  bejrinning  on  the  third  day  before  the  TmnsJatioo  of 
mfessor  is  tllU  held.  The  silk  manuiaclure  which 
le  the  latter  part  of  the  ijlh  nntury  is  thought 
to  nave  nten  aided  by  the  setllement  in  Leek  of  some  Huguenoli 
after  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  In  Ibe  I71h  and 
18th  centuries  the  town  waa  famous  for  its  ate.  Prince  Charle) 
Edward  passed  thiTKigfa  Leek  oa  bla  march  to  Derby  (1745) 
and  again  on  Ms  return  jouraey  to  Seoljand.  A  slory  in  eon- 
neiion  with  the  Civil  Wan  is  told  to  eiplain  Ihe  eipreuion 
'       m  the  tombatoac  of       ' ' 


ininglesi 


:a  aUqi 


ought B 


LBBK,  Ihe  ABian  Pamm  of  botantiU,  a  plant  now  coi 
sidcced  aa  a  mere  variely  of  Aliium  Ampdoptasuni,  wild  Itel 
produced  by  cuHivalioo.  The  plant  is  probably  of  Easier 
origin,  rince  it  was  commonly  cullivaied  In  Egypt  in  the  tin- 
of  ihe  Pharaohs,  and  is  so  to  the  present  day;  while  as  ri^gart 
Its  hrat  appearance  in  England  both  Tusser  and  Gerard — tw 

whom  flourished  In  the  early  part  and  Ihe  latter  in  the  later  pai 
of  the  leth  cttitiuy— apeak  of  it  as  being  then  commonly  cult 


nfond  to  by  CtUlu.  Henec 
it  is  more  than  pr^ahle  that  ii  waa  bnwghl  to  En^aad  by  Iho 
Romana.  Italy  was  celebrated  for  leika  in  llia  tiiK  of  FUny 
[H./f.  lii.  c  6),  accotdinf  to  whom  Ihey  weia  brought  inlo 
great  esteem  through  the  emperor  Neto,  derislvdy  amamed 
"Forrcvhagus,"  wbo  used  to  eat  Ibem  for  several  daya  in  every 
month  10  clear  hij  voice.  The  leek  la  very  genenlly  cultrvaled 
in  Great  Britain  a*  an  esculent,  but  more  especially  in  Sootland 
and  in  Waka,  being  talccsied  a*  an  eiceUeml  and  rtc^easme 
vegetable,  with  properties  very  similar  to  those  of  theonioB. 

eicept  by  market  gardcnen  in  the  neighbourhood  of  large  cities. 
The  whole  plant,  with  the  exception  of  Ihe  fibioui  moti,  ii 
usedinaoupsandstewa.  The  shealhing  stiihs  of  the  kavea  lap 
over  each  other,  and  form  a  Ihickish  atem-Iike  base,  which  ia 
blanched,  and  ia  Ibe  pan  chii^y  preferred.  These  blanched 
atema  are  much  employed  tn  French  cookery.  They  form  an 
Impoitaol  ingiedient  in  Scotch  winter  broth,  and  partlcnlatty 
in  Ihe  national  dish  coci-a-lidU,  and  are  also  largely  used  haihd, 
and  served  with  toasted  bread  and  while  aaocc,  as  in  the  caae 
of  asparagui.  Leeka  are  aown  in  the  spring,  earlier  «  later 
according  to  Ihe  loil  tod  the  season,  and  an  plamed  out  for 
Ihe  summer,  being  dropped  into  boles  made  with  a  steel  dibble 
andleflunfiHedinordertoaUDWIlieitemsspueloswelL  When 
they  are  thus  pUnled  deeply  the  bcde*  gradually  £11  up,  and 
the  base  of  ibe  item  becomes  blanched  and  pitpand  for  loe, 
a  process  aided  by  drawing  op  the  earth  Tound  about  the  BUms 
as  they  riongale.  The  leek  ii  one  of  the  most  useful  vegetablei 
Ihe  colugercan  grow,  as  it  will  lupply  him  with  a  large  amounl 
0/ produce  during  Ihe  winter  aadapiing.  It  it  ejtrrmoly  hatdy, 
and  preienta  no  difficulty  in  ita  cultivation,  Ihe  cbitd  pout. 
as  with  all  succulent  escuknta,  being  thai  it  ahould  be  grown 
quickly  upon  well-enriched  s^  The  plant  is  of  biennial  dura- 
tion,  Bowering  the  second  year,  and  peiishinc  atlet  paifeciing 
iu  seeds.  Tbe  leek  U  the  national  symbol  or  bad^e  of  the  Wetah, 
who  wear  itin  their  hation  Si  David^Day.  The  oiigto  of  this 
custom  haa  received  various  eqilanatioB^  lU  of  which  >R 

LSEB,  a  town  and  liver  part  in  the  Prussian  pnviDce  of 
Hanover,  lying  In  a  fertile  plain  im  the  right,  bank  of  the 
Led*  near  its  cooHuence  with  the  Enu,  and  at  the  junction  of 
railways  10  Bremeo.  Emden  and  MUnster.  Pop.  (1905)  1>,J47- 
The  streets  arc  broad,  well  pavnd,  and  adorned  with  many  el^ant 
buildings,  among  which  are  Roman  Catholic,  Lutheran  and 
Calviniit  churches,  and  a  new  town  hall  with  a  lower  161  ft. 
high.     Among  iu  educational  establishmeols  are  a  daaatoJ 

hoaieiy.  paper,  cieais,  soap,  vinegar  and  earthenware  are  menu, 
factiued,  and  there  are  iron'foimdfica.  ditlilEerica,  tanneries 
aad  ahipbuilding  yaids.  Many  maiieU  for  honea  and  (lUle 
an  held.  The  tratuil.lrade  irom  the  regions  traversed  by  the 
West^dialiaa  and  Oldenburg  tailwaya  is  couidctahle.  The 
principal  eiporU  are  caltle,  horses,  chme,  butter,  honey,  wax. 
Soot,  paper,  hardware  and  Weslphalian  coal.  Leer  is  one  of 
the  principal  potta  for  iieanboat  communicatioi]  with  the 
North  Se>  watering-placet  of  Bofkum  and  Norderney.  Leer 
is  a  very  old  place,  although  it  only  obtained  municipal  privUeges 
in  tS>].  Near  Ihe  town  ia  the  Flitcabetg,  formaly  a  htaibeB 
place  of  sacrifice. 

LmiVABDBir,  the  capital  of  the  pravinn  of  Friealtod, 
Holland,  on  the  canal  between  Harlingen  and  CtoiilDgen,  }]  n. 
by  rail  W.  of  Crohingen.    Pop  (ifoij  ji.aoj.    It  it  one  of  the 


osian  Hague,  it  is  entitled  as  well  by  aitnilarily  of  history  ai 
r  sinularily  of  appeaiince.     At  the  Hague  grew  up  rounl 
iC  (Burt  of  Ihe  counts  of  UolUnd,  to  Leniwatden  tousd  the 
^Toflarr,  in  hi«  vrne  for  flie  month  of  MarcK  writes  >^ 
"  Now  l«kii  aie  in  icaaaa.  foe  poltage  [ul  good. 

-And  tpareth  (be  mikli  cow,  and  puisnn  the  blood. 
Thev  hauviriK  wiih  pcason.  for  pottage  in  Lent, 
Thou  tpainh  both  oteoiel  and  bnad  to  be  qiiM-" 


LEEUWENHOEK— LE.  FANU 


.  Uks  tbe  Hi«K,  II  fi 

exceptionally  Gleaa  mnd  Ulnctive  (a»D,  «ilh  parkl,  pins 
KTouiull,  ud  drivo.    The  old  gales  have  bccD  icmsHhat  nil 
leuly  cleared  a-ity,  Ind  the  lile  of  the  Imn  xalli  ob  the  noi 
•ml  KOI  compekra  Hilh  tbc  puk  islled  tbe  Piime^  Card 
uipubUdpJetAtjre  ground.   Tbe  Prince'i  Garden  vaaori^na 
laid  DU[  by  William  Frederick  of  Nassau  in  164S,  and  ■ 
presented  to  the  toirn  by  Kinf  Willloni  L  in  1819.    Tbe  loj 
palace,  whicb  wai  the  seal  ol  tbe  Fiiiian  court  rrom  lAoj 
1 747,  is  now  ibc  reildenceol  the  royal  cnnaiiuiDntr  toi  Fiiedai 
It  waj  resloied  in  iSiS  and  comaim  a  portrait  Eallety  of  t 
Friiiio  itadlhoTden.  Tbe  fine  mamion  called  the  Kansetary 
*ai  begun  in  t^oi  as  a  residence  for  tbe  chancellor  of  George 
olSaiony  (i  jjg),  governor  of  Fricsland,  but  oas  only  completed 
In  IS7  land  served  as  a  court  bouse  until  lEii.     It  nas  restortd 


Ibe  end  o[  tbe  ig 

hcect 

the  in 

cial  libraiy  and  r 

ll 

s  aie  the  picturesque  Beigh-house  (isiisJ 

Ihrloi 

t  tbe  cburcb  of  II 

JicobI 

1,  and  the  largest  mi 

asKc  church 

in 

the  Nelhtrianda. 

Thesp 

cndid  tombs 

of  the  Frisian  sladl- 

ouis  ol  Nassau,  Anne  of  Orange,  and 
in  Ibe  revolution  179;.  The  untnished 
tower  01  uiaebove  aaies  from  ijso-isji.  The  nmseum  of  ihe 
Frisian  SociFly  is  of  modem  foundation  and  contains  a  coUenion 
of  provincial  anilquilles.  Including  two  rooms  from  Hindeloopcn, 
an  ancient  village  of  Friesland,  some  i6th-and  17th-century 
portraits,  some  Frisian  works  in  silver  ol  the  i7ifa  and  iSth 
centuries,  and  a  collection  o(  porcelain  and  faience. 
LeeuwBcden  is  the  centre  of  a  flourishing  trade,  bdng  easQy 


mallpt 


jofth 


ahy«> 


,  rail  and  ca 


y  hind,  dai , 

CulLural  produce  and  frcsb-watcr  tish,  a  large  quantity  of  whicb 
is  exported  to  France.  The  Industries  include  boatbuilding  and 
limber  yards,  Iron-foundries,  copper  and  lead  works,  fninltutc. 
organ,  tobacco  and  othet  tactoriei,  and  the  maBuIaduic  of  gold 
and  silver  wares.    Hie  town  Is  first  mentioned  in  documents 

LBBDWKKHOEK,  oc  LzciTenhoek,  AKTHOVT  TAR  (iKji- 
I71]),  Dutch  microscQpist,  was  bom  at  Dtlfi  on  the  i^th  of 
October  ifiji.  For  a  >boit  time  be  was  in  a  merchant's  office 
In  Amsterdam,  but  early  devoted  himself  to  the  manufacture 


J  froi 


I*  be  auuje  with  these  that  they 
very  euiUent  qiiltty.  His  dlscovetiea  were  for  tbe  most  pari 
made  public  in  the  PliileiBfUiel  TramacOtiu  ol  tb*  Royal 
Society,  lo  the  notice  of  which  body  he  was  introduced  tq-  R. 
de  Graaf  in  167J,  and  of  which  ha  was  elected  a  fellow  in  lASo. 
He  was  chosen  ■  corresponding  member  of  the  Paris  Academy 
of  Sciences  Id  i6g7.  He  died  at  bit  native  plaa  on  the  96th  of 
Augnsl  1713.  Though  bia  teseatchea  were  not  tonducted  on 
any  definite  acientilic  plan,  bis  powejs  of  careful  observation 
enabled  him  (o  make  many  interesting  discoveries  hi  the  minute 
anatomy  of  man,  (he  higher  animals  and  insects.    Ke  confinned 

■rfM.Malpigbi'    ■  ' '    ' 


ini 


rethelir 


Hi  blood  coipusclcs,  which  he  found  (0  be  ctKuIar : 

I  in  frogs  and  fishes.     In  1677  hedesciibedandilluHnled 

rmaloioa  In  dogs  and  other  animals,  though  In  this 

lamm  had  anticipated  him  by  a  few  months ; 

the  structure  of  tbe  teeth,  crystalline  tens. 

muscle,  lie.    In  1680  be  noticed  that  yeast  consists  of  minute 

globular  particles,  and  he  described  the  different  sinicture  ol 

Ibe  stem  in  monocolyledonous  and  dicotyledonous  pUni). 

His  Rseuches  in  Ihe  Kfe-hlilory  sF  various  a  the  lower  Fonns  oF 

"prodDCed  qnntaneoo^.  or  bnd  Irmn  corruption."  Thu*  he 
ahownl  IKU  the  weevils  of  fianarro,  in  his  (line  commonly  sup- 
pDied  10  be  Iwed  /rpm  wheal,  as  well  as  in  U,  at  grubs  harchml 
fna  (■(■  dqoAed  by  winged  iuccia.    Hia  chapter  w  the  Ilea. 


dune  of 
obeW 


'tdX™^"^ 


known  Unet  of  Swift.  Hi.  _.. 
bliKhiin;  of  tliB  young  shoots  of  fr. 
attribiilHl  to  (he  anrs  [OUBd  upon  tfaeiB,  he  ta, 
ApliUa  that  leaUy  do  tlK  mwhici;  and,  up 
hutoiy  of  their  KDenition,  he  obvrved  the  ye 
of  IhBt  parenti,  He  caiefully  studied  also  I 
and  was  the  fint  to  show  (hat  what  Ind  bei 

and  e(b«  ihell.fish,  he  arvued  fin  reply  (o  a  then  ncent  defence  of 
Aiistolle-a  docttlH  by  F.  Buonanni,  ■  learned  Jewit  of  Rome) 
that  they  an  ant  gEnented  out  e(  the  mod  or  sand  loimd  is  the 
seashore  or  Ihe  bcA  of  rivBi  at  low  oaier,  but  from  apawn,  by  Ihe 
eegislar  course  d  geaenliDn;  ud  be  nuiatalned  the  sasae  la  be 
true  of  Che  freih-waler  muiiel  f  Cfa^).  whose  ova  be  eaamlaed  so 
caieful^  llut  be  saw  In  them  the  rolatkH  of  the  embryo,  apbeiKH 

the  SUM  spi^  heEnvflsdgBtfld  the  genenlioa  of  eels,  w4dcb  wenat 
(hat  ^me  supoHed,  not  ooty  Iw  the  lefioraBt  vulgar,  but  by  "  re- 
spectable and  learned  men.  to  be  produced  From  dew  wiihout  the 
oidinarypnicenof  jeneratiML  Not  only  was  he  the  first  discoveitr 
of  the  rtPIers.  bu(  he  showed  "  Iww  wtnideifully  nainrt  has  pnnndBd 
For  tbe  pneerratiin  of  Ibeir  ipedB."  by  (heir  nilaaiKa  nf  Ibe 
drylni-up  of  the  wate  they  inhtbO.  and  the  lesiltance  alfocdid  to 
(he  evaporalioa  of  the  fluids  ol  their  bodiei  by  (he  ImpeniieabiljCy 
of  the  cadng  in  which  they  then  became  enclosed.  "  We  can  sow 
easily  conenvc,"  be  say^  ^  Ifaat  an  all  rain.valer  i^kh  is  codecsed 
(rofa  guuen  In  cteorns^  aad  la  all  waters  ejEpoeed  to  (he  air,  animal- 
cules nay  be  iMBilt  for  they  may  be  carried  Ihitbtf  by  Che  particle* 
of  dust  nowa  about  1^  the^winds." 

Lecuwenhoek's  contribolionB  (a  tbe  PSSaufUal  Ttsnutlwiu 
amounied  to  one  hundred  and  tsrelve;  he  also  published  twency-Kx 
papers  In  tbe  Utmairt  1/  Ills  Farii  Aitdtmy  •/  Saimti.  Two 
endectkna  of  his  works  appeutd  during  his  life,  one  in  Dutch 
[Leiden  and  Delft,  Ifi«]'I7ie),andIhea(herinLatia  fCyn  Mno 

J71S-1711I:  and  a  selection  from  (hem  was  Icanslatei  by  S.  Hoole 
WKfpublUKd  in  Enghsh  (London,  iTgt-nti). 

LBBWABD  ULAMM,  a  group  lo  the  West  Indlea.     Tbey 


derive  their 


nefni 


igN.E. 


than  Ibe  adjacent  Windward  IslandL  Tbey  arc  the 
most  Borlheriy  of  the  Lcaaer  Antilles,  and  form  a  curved  chain 
stietching  S.W.  from  Puerto  Rico  to  meet  St  Lmcia,  the  most 
northerly  of  the  Windward  Islands.  They  consist  of  the  Virgin 
Islands,  with  St  Kjtts,  Antigua,  Monlserrat,  Guadeloupe, 
DomlBlca,  hfartinlquc  and  their  vsitioUB  dependenciei.  The 
Virgin  Islands  are  owned  by  Great  Britain  and  Denmark, 
Holland  having  St  Enslaiins,  with  Saba,  and  pan  of  SI  Hartin. 
France  possesses  Guadehiupc,  Martinique,  St  BarthdODicw 
and  the  rrinainder  of  St  Martin,  The  rest  of  tbe  islands  an 
British,  and  (with  tbe  eiception  of  Sombrero,  a  smell  island  used 
only  la  a  lighthouse-station)  form,  under  one  governor,  a  colony 
divided  Into  five  presidencies,  namely:  Antigua  (with  Barbuda 
and  Redonde).  SI  KJtts  (with  Nevfs  apd  Angullla),  Dominica, 
Monlserrst  «r>d  tbe  Virgin  Itlanda.  Total  pi^.  (iijoi)  ia7,S34- 
There  is  one  federal  eiecmlve  council  nomlnaled  by  tbe  crown. 


e  chosen  by  the  unofficial 


e  federal  legfUati 
elected  memben.   Of  the  latter,  four  a 

mcmbcn  of  the  local  legislative  coancil  of  Antigua,  two  by 
those  of  DominI(a.  and  four  by  the  non-oHtcIal  tncmbcn  of  the 
local  legislative  council  of  St  Kilts-Nevis.  Tbe  federal  legis- 
lative council  meets  once  annually,  osnatly  al  Si  John,  Antigua. 
LB  FAHV,  JOSEPH  BHSBIDAH  (1814-iSti).  Irish  journalist 
and  BUIhor,  was  bom  of  an  old  Hugvcnot  famfly  at  DuhKn 
on  the  sSthot  August  1814.  Heentcred  Trinity  College,  Dnhlln, 
In  iBj],  Al  Ml  early  age  he  had  ^en  proof  of  literary  laleM, 
and  in  iIjt  he  joined  the  siaf!  of  Ihe  Dublin  UnittnU)  Utfiahu, 
of  which  he  became  later  editor  and  proprietor.  In  iljy  hi 
produed   tbe   Irish    baUad  J>Aan<Mg  CmktH.  wUck  M* 


LEFEBVRE,  P.  F.  J.— LEGACY 


rinttl7  (fMiwinb  teOMRd  by  i  tetaod,  Skamia  O'Sfmh, 
nicUMlully  rcdUd  In  the  Umlcd  Sutca  by  Samuel  Lovei. 
In  1I39  Ik  becmmt  prapcieloi  ol  the  IFordcr,  ■  Dublin  newipiper, 
ind,  lita  piudiuint  Uk  Eitnimf  Pacini  and  a  lufe  inleml 
Id  the  DiiUiit  Buniiii  Itail.  be  combined  ibe  tbrae  papen  uada 
Ibe  title  tbe  £Hinif  ifail,  a  neeUy  lepiint  inm  vblcb  wu 
iwied  *I  Ibe  Waritr.  Afta  Ihe  dealb  ol  bit  wiJe  in  1S5B  be 
Kved  in  Rtimnent,  tod  bn  best  mrk  wu  pniduced  U  thii 
period  of  bii  lilt.  H*  wiote  tome  devet  aoveli,  of  i  KnHIional 
ordtr,  in  which  hit  vigorout  imigiiuiiDD  ud  bli  liiih  love  of 
the  lupcRittual  luive  fuJJ  pUy.  He  died  in  DubUn  on  tbe  ;(b 
al  Fttmiuy  iSt3-  !!■*  beH-known  navels  ue  Tlit  Htuii  &y 
Ifc  Ckmrd^ari  (iStj)  ind  t/iidf  Siiiu,  a  Tale  if  Bartram  Havfli 
(1U4}.  rjkc  dirndl  i-a^j,  Iillh  Kotia  dstlng  (nm  his  college 
day),  wen  edited  with  ■  menioli  ol  tbe  lulboi  by  A.  F.  Guva 
IjiiUo. 

LZPnVBB,  PIERBI  FKAllCOll  JMEFH,  doke  of  Duuig 
(175^-18*0),  mutbAl  of  Fnnce,  wu  bom  et  Rouffoch  En  Aluce 
ODlbcmtbat  October  175;.  At  the  autbieak  of  the  Kevolulion 
he  mi  a  lergeant  in  the  Gudct  frucaiict,  uid  with  many  of 
hii  comndei  of  thi>  reEtmeot  took  the  populu  aide.  He  iia- 
linsuilhed  himieU  by  bnveiy  and  humanity  in  many  of  the  Mieel 
fi^ts  in  Paiii,  and  becoming  an  officer  and  again  diallnguifibing 
himieU — thii  time  agaicU  lorago  invaden — be  wu  made  a 
general  of  diviiton  in  1794.  He  look  put  in  tbe  Revolutionaiy 
Wan  from  Fteuno  to  Slokach,  always  roolule,  Mrielly  obedient 
and  calm.  Al  Stokacb  (1790)  he  received  a  aevere  wound  and 
had  to  letnrn  to  France,  where  he  aauued  Napnlcon  during 
■he  c»f  d'UU  ol  iS  Brumaire.  He  wu  one  ol  tbe  &nt  generals 
ol  divisiaD  to  be  made  muihal  at  the  befianlBi  o(  tbe  Bnt 
Empire.  He  commanded  the  guard  infantry  at  Jena,  conducted 
the  liege  ol  Daniig  i9a6-i8o7  (from  which  town  be  received  hii 
titk  in  iSog),  (ocimanded  a  coipi  In  tbe  empemr'i  campaign 
o<  iSoB-i^  in  Spain,  and  in  iSog  «u  vvCD  the  difficult  laik 
of  commanding  the  Bavarian  conllngent,  wbleh  he  led  In  the 
conuining  eogagementi  of  Abeuberg  ind  Rohr.  and  at  the 
iialtle  ol  EckrallhL  He  commanded  the  Imperial  Guard  in 
RuHji,  tgi?,  fought  through  the  last  campaign  of  tbe  Empire, 
and  won  f reih  ^ory  al  Monlmiriil,  Areli.fur-AubeindCbampau- 
bett.  He  wu  made  a  peer  of  France  by  Louli  XVIII.  but  joined 
Ntpdeon  during  tbe  Himditd  Days,  and  wu  only  amnestied 
■ad  peimitied  to  nsumt  bit  teat  in  the  upper  chamber  in  1S19. 
Hi  died  at  Puis  on  the  I41h  of  September  1810.  Muibal 
LefebvR  ni  \  titsple  Mtdicr,  wbote  qualific«i 


it-fn>i 


meat,  but  be  wu 
I  brave  u  be  wu 


incapable  of 
mand,  even  ol  leading  an  impotlant  del 
■haoluiely  tmUwotl-hy  u  a  uiboidiaate, 
experienced,  and  inteuely  loyal  to  bii  duel.  H< 
to  the  end  (rf  bii  life  ■  ruUic  Boqiticily  ol  ipgecb  ant 
01  bh  wile  (fonBeriy  a  MawkiitniM  is  the  Gmdei  Fian(>iie>) 
naay  Maries  have  bccD  lold,  but  in  ki  fai  as  tliey  uc  10  her 
diicndlt  thv  Men  to  bi  falte,  she  being,  Hke  the  manbal, 
■  [J-'-  "  child  ef  tb«  people." 

UFnVKK  TAmtOVY  (TANAQUiuin  Fuu}  (1615- 
ieTi}.Fienchclaufcalsdiolai,wubaiBUCacD.  After CDm[de(- 
Ing  iit  sliidis  in  Pam,  be  wu  appointed  by  Cardinal  Richdieu 
fmpeclor  ol  the  printing-prew  at  the  Louvre.  Alter  Ricbebeu's 
death  be  left  Paris,  joined  the  Reiotmcd  Church,  and  in  1651 
obtaiiwd  a  profeBKUthip  al  the  academy  of  Saumur,  which  he 
lUled  with  gteat  lucceu  lor  neaiiy  twenty  years.  His  iocreiuinK 
ill-healtb  and  a  certain  moral  laxity  (u  shown  in  bu  judgment 
OP  Sappho)  led  la  a  quarrel  with  the  coniittaiy.  u  a  result  of 
■4ikk  be  lesigDed  bii  pniesionhip.  Several  univenitiei  were 
eagB  to  obtain  hia  servicei,  and  be  had  accqited  a  pcet  offered 
bin  by  tbt  decUH  palatine  at  Heiddberg,  when  he  died  suddenly 
pn  Ibe  illh  of  September,  167I.  One  of  his  children  wu  the 
famoitt  Madame  Daciec.  Lefebvie,  who  wu  by  no  meini  a 
typical  student  In  dreia  or  manners,  wu  a  hi^y  cullivaied 
Baa  aad  a  tbonmgb  daiilcal  scholar.  He  brought  out  editiooi 
of  vaiiotti  Gieek  and  Latin  authors — Long^ui,  Anacreon  and 
Seppfaai   Viigil,   Usnce,   Lucndus  and   many   otbeit.     Hit 


.      .'.UiViuitt  fUn  Ona 

(iMj);   imkait  fBV   c  " 

LaliMa  (ind  ed..  1731), 

have  appeared;  BpuUltt  Criltaa  (1659). 

In  additioa  to  Ibe  innuvn  p*mt  .  .  .  U  lii  ii  r«aw»»» 
Cf^rin,  by  F.  Giavcral  (ifiUj.  hc  tbe  ankle  ia  ilm  HmmdU 
HtpttUi  ttairalt.  baied  paitly  on  Che  US.  legi^ii  ol  the  Seuaur 

IXPKBTHB-DHlMll  1 B,  CHABLB,  Conn  C1773-1S11), 
French  cavalry  general,  joined  the  army  in  1743  and  served  with 
the  aimiet  of  the  North,  of  the  Sambre-and-Ueuse  add  Rhine- 
and-Moielle  in  tbe  varioul  campaigns  of  the  Revolution.  Si 
yean  later  he  had  become  c^Uio  and  aide-de-camp  to  General 
Borupaite.  At  Marengo  be  won  further  pramotian,  and  at 
Auiteilitx  liecame  colonel,  serving  also  in  the  Frusiian  campaigns 
of  1SC16-1S07.  In  iSoS  be  wu  made  general  of  brigade  and 
created  a  count  of  the  Empire.  Sent  with  the  army  into  Spain, 
he  conducted  the  first  and  unsuccesslul  siege  of  Saragoasa. 
The  balilefidd  of  Tudelt  showed  bis  talents  to  better  advantage, 
but  towardi  the  end  of  180S  he  wss  taken  prisoner  in  tbe  action 
of  Benavente  by  Ibe  British  cavalry  imdet  Paget  (later  Lord 
Uxbridge,  and  subsequently  Marquis  of  Anglesey).  For  over  two 
years  he  remained  a  prisoner  in  En^and,  living  on  parole  at 
Cbdtenham.  In  1811  be  escaped,  ud  in  the  invasion  of  Russia 
in  iSii  wu  Igain  at  the  held  ol  bis  cavalry.  In  iSr3  and  1S14 
his  men  diatinguisbed  Ihemielvet  in  motl  of  the  great  battles, 
especially  La  Rotbi^rc  and  MontmiralL  He  joined  Napoleon  in 
tbe  Hundred  Days  and  ........  „      . . 


raped 


United  Suta,  and  spent  the  neil  fei 
Louislaoa.     Hit  frequent  appeals  to  Louis  XVIII.  eveniually 
obtained  bis  permiiaion  to  return,  but  the  "  Albion,"  the  vessel 

U  PtVRZ,  JBAH  (c.  1343-1468),  Burgundian  chronicler  and 
seigneur  of  Saint  Remy,  is  also  fctiowD  as  Taisim  Sm  from  his 
bng  coaoetion  wilh  t)ie  otdcr  of  Ihe  Gddcn  Fleece.  Of  noble 
birth,  he  adopted  Ihe  profession  ol  arou  and  wiib  other  Bur- 

on  tbe  foundation  of  (he  order  of  the  Golden  Fleece  by  Philip  III. 
the  Good,  duke  of  Burgundy,  Le  F^vre  wu  appointed  its  kii^ 
of  artns  and  be  soon  became  a  very  influential  person  at  tbe 
Burgundian  court-  He  frequently  assisted  Philip  in  conducting 
negotiations  with  foreign  powers,  and  he  was  an  arbiter  In 
toumsmenli  aad  on  all  qimtioni  of  chivalry,  where  hii  wide 
knowledge  of  heraldry  wu  hi^y  useful.  He  died  at  Bnigs 
on  the  16th  of  June  ul». 

\jt  Ftvre  wrote  a  CWafne,  of  Hiiiein  Je  Clarifr  VI-,  m  it 
Fma.  The  grater  [wn  of  tW  dronidc  is  merely  a  copy  of  the 
wqek  dI  Enguaiaad  de  Mootfielet.  but  L«  F^vre  is  an  ceiginal 

nluable  a<M>lIou'»our  k^^^f^.  especiil^about  ™  chi^^ 
of  tbe  Burguodan  court.  He  ii  more  concise  than  Monstnlet,  tiul 
ii.eqaalty  partial  to  the  dukea  ol  Burgundy.  Tbe  Ommimmt  hiB 
been  editoirby  F.  Moiud  lor  tbe  SaoM  de  lldKc^e  de  Tiam 
(Parii,  I^).  Le  Flvii  li  niaUy  (ipnled  aa  Ihe  auiboi  J  the 
Lmn  du  JuAei  ds  Jtt^jta  it  ZdlaMf . 

UB  (a  wotd  ol  Scandiiuviin  orl^,  from  the  Old  Kanre^an 
hfCi  cf.  Swed.  Utt,  Dan.  tati;  the  O.  Eng.  word  wu  utsiiui, 

lunnrl  and  owe  the  body,  and  in  man  for  the  lower  limbs  of 
the  body  (see  ANinunr,  SuftrfiiaS  ami  Arliilici  Skslitoh, 
Apfndiadai-,  Muscdlu  Sveteh].  The  word  il  in  common 
use  for  many  objects  which  resemble  tbe  leg  in  shape  or  functiorL 
diorteiked  form  ol  *'  blackleg,"  bu 


gambling.     The  term 


been  in  use  since  tbe  a 

espedaily  in  coimexlon  with  racing 

"  blackleg  "  is  now  also  appbod  by  In 

who,  during  a  strike  01  lockout,  (onli 

to  take  the  place  of  tbe  withdrawn  woikerv 

LSOACY  (Lat.  JiialiHi),  In  EogUsb  law  aoH  particular  tUi« 
or  thing!  given  or  left  1^  a  teatator  in  Us  will,  to  be  paid  or 
performed  by  hIa  enottcr  or  admadttralor.  Tlte  wcvd  b 
primarily  applicable  to  ^ts  ol  personally  or  (ills  chacged 


LE  GALLIENNE— LEGARE 


Upon  ml  ««laui  but  if  then  it  BMblni  tke  10  wUch  li  on 
nhf  it  Biy  rdtr  U)  mliy,  ibe  proptt  word,  hotnver,  for  gifu 
of  iMhy  brfaiH 

Ltftcia  Buy  be  f)iIwt  ipMific,  (nuiit  or  dcrmmtniive. 
A  iptciju  ttgaey  a  "  somMbing  which  ■  leflitof,  tdflilifying  jt 
by  inffidHit  dcKriptwn  ind  DunllcMing  ui  inlinlkm  tb*t  li 
ihould  be  cnjoyEd  in  Ihc  Utir  uid  condiiion  indKitn]  liy  Ihii 
docriptimi.  Kpuitrt  in  livoiir  oi  1  piiticutit  hrgiltt  Inin  ihc 
genml  man  dI  bit  pmonil  esuie,"  t.f.  a  gill  o<  "  my  ponnii 
by  X,**  naiaing  Ibe  irtiii.  A  itntral  Iffc^y  it  a  fifl  not  so 
divllAffuiihed  Irom  the  gcKnJ  imu  oi  Ibe  pmonAt  ettate,  f-f 
■  fift  of  f  100  or  ol  ■  gold  nag.  A  iHKnulralhi  klmy  pulike 
of  iIk  BiioR  ol  boib  Ibc  (Rtnding  kinifa  ol  kguin,  r.f.  1  gifi 
of  jCioo  piyabk  oul  of  1  nKovd  hud  i>  1  ipHific  legacy  *"  '■' 
*•  (be  fund  named  i>  aviilabk  10  pay  the  legacy:  >'">'  'bo  fund 
I>  uhatBled  the  balance  of  Ibe  l^cy  b  a  general  legacy  and 
recount  miBt  be  bad  to  Ibe  general  ellite  to  HlUy  auch 
balance.  Sonetimei  >  lealaKv  bequeath!  two  or  man  legacies 
to  the  UDie  pcnon;  in  luch  a  caic  11  ll  a  qutMion  wKcIIm  Ibc 
lalet  fcgacia  ate  in  nibnltmion  for.  m  In  addliion  to,  the  twlier 
ooo.  tn  the  Uiier  caie  ibey  ate  known  aa  nmafaiin  In  eadi 
(aie  the  Intenlton  ol  ibe  lestaloi  ii  the  mie  ol  coiulnicllon ; 
thia  can  often  be  gathered  Inni  Ibe  tenni  of  the  wiU  or  rodidi, 
hut  Id  Ibe  absence  of  Eoch  evidence  the  following  nilet  are 
lollowed  by  the  courti.  Where  the  Mme  spedfic  ihiBg  Is  be- 
quealhed  twice  to  Ihesamelegatee  or  where  two  legacieari  equal 
t  frequeaibed  by  Ibe  same  inslmmeni  the  second 


heqoei 


BH  or  of  unequal  imounn 
LSidered  to  be  cnmulative. 
illsly  an  Ibe 


si  by  dlflertnl 
by  tbc  Mne  liuinimenta  the 

I)  the  eHale  of  the  teuaiot  b  loiumcie. 
fegada  tbete  must  abate,  i.e.  be  reduced 
it  ibouU  be  DoUced  thai  ipcitSc  and  dcnmnslnilve  Icgida  have 
a  prior  cUla  to  be  paid  in  fuO  out  o[  the  ip«ific  fund  bdore 
general  legads,  and  that  geoenl  legaciei  abate  rateaUy  I'Mer  it 
)ti  the  abaeoce  of  any  provision  to  the  contrary  by  ike  teaiator 

're  UaUe  to  ademption  where  the  specific  thing 

le  portrait  the  legale*  will  get 
Aa  a  general  nde^  legacies 

be  lesUtn  do  not  take  eHecl;. 
10  lapse.  Tbiilssoevfoif  Ibegiflbcio  AandUs 
czecnon,  adrateiitialora  aod  utlgni,  bui  thii  1[  not  w  it  the 
Icnalor  hu  tbown  a  tmtrary  inuncion,  thin,  ■  gift  to  A  or  his 
pcnontl  lepeeientalive  wfH  be  eflactive  even  though  A  predecease 
tbc  lotator.  further,  by  the  Willi  AR  iEj7,  devlKi  of  estates 
tail  and  gffta  lo  a  child  or  otber  iKue  of  Ibe  testator  will  nol 
lapse  if  any  enue  of  Ibe  legatee  nrvive  the  lotalor.  Lapied 
kgaciet  faU  Inio  and  form  part  of  the  lesiduary  estate.  In  the 
ttbtence  of  any  Indication  to  the  conliary  a  legacy  becomes  due 

of  the  executor  it  it  DOI  payable  tiff  1  year  tftet  Ihtl  dale;  this 
delay  iloei  not  prevent  Ibe  legacy  vesting  on  the  testator's 
death.  It  frequently  happens,  however,  Ibit  a  legacy  it  given 
payable  at  a  falon  date;  in  such  a  UK.  if  the  l^llee  diet  liter 
the  tesulor  but  prfor  m  the  dale  when  the  legacy  'a  payable 
It  Is  necessary  10  discover  whether  tb<  legacy  was  vetted  or 
contingent,  u  in  the  fcnner  case  it  becEmet  payable  to  the 
legatee's  rtpteaenlalivei  in  the  latter,  K  laptct.  In  tbii,  at  in 
01  her  casa,  the  last  Is  the  inieniloii  Dl  Ihe  IBtalot  u  eiprttted 
in  Ihe  wiH;  generally  It  may  be  uid  that  ■  gift  "  payable  " 
or  *'  to  be  paid  '^  at  a  cenafn  fried  time  conlen  a  vestul  fnierest 
on  the  legatee,  while  a  gifi  to  A  "at  "a  il»d  time,  r.{,  twenty-one 
years  ol  age,  only  conlen  on  A  an  intrreH  coniin(cnl  on  bis 
attaining  the  age  of  iwenty-me. 

'Ltt"y  dfy  iaa  duty  charged  \iy  the  Hal*  tjpon  perunil  pro- 
pnly  devoMng  upon  the  legittetornnTafkte  of  a  dead  person, 
cilber  hy  virtue  of  hli  will  01  upon  his  inttsiicy.  Tbe  duly  was 
first  impoaed  iit  England  in  i;Sa,  bui  the  principal  act  dealing  with 
ibenibjtct  b  the  Legacy  Duty  Act  i;«6.  The  principal  points  at 
to  the  duty  arc  tbete.  Tbe  duty  it  charged  on  personally  only. 
It  it  payable  only  ■ban  tbe  penaa  eo  whose  iailh  ifae  pi^icrty 


paae*  wu  doniiciled  in  the  United  Kiagdoo.  The  rate  ol  daty 
variet  liom  i  to  10%  according  lo  Ibe  relaiiaaship  between  the 
testator  and  legatee.  At  bctwveB  husband  and  wife  i»  duty 
it  payable.  Tbc  duty  It  payable  t^  tbc  axenitim  and  deducted 
frain  the  legacy  onksi  the  lettaloi  dtfects  otherwise.  Special 
pnvisioaa  as  to  valuation  are  in  fonn  where  the  gift  is  of  an 


legacy  isgivei 


1  otber  ca 


It  in  joint  lecuncy  an 

ible  by  intt^menu  which  carry  inletral  a 
In  various  cases  legacxs  are  exempt  from  duty— the  more  im- 
portant are  gifts  to  a  member  of  tbe  royal  family.  spedAc 
legaciet  under  £w  (pecooiaiy  kcacia  tioder  £»  pay  duty), 
iFgaeis  al  books,  prloii.  ftc,  given  to  a  body  corpoiale  for 
pmervstion.  not  for  sale,  and  legacia  given  oul  ol  an  eslalc 
tbe  princlpat  value  of  which  it  lot  ihin  {roe.  Furthct.  by  the 
Finance  Act  iS^e.  payment  of  the  eslalt  duty  Ihnahy  cicaled 
abaorba  the  1  %  duty  paid  by  lineal  asceslon  or  descendants  ol 
Ibc  deceased'  and  the  duly  on  a  tetiled  legacy,  and,  lastly,  in 
the  event  of  estate  duty  being  paid  on  an  cslale  Ibe  total  value 
of  which  i«  under  I  locxi,  no  legacy  duly  is  piyable.  The  legacy 
duly  payable  in  Ireland  is  now  for  alt  practical  puipotes  usimi- 

country  is  an  act  ol  1S14. 

LB  iDALliaiKe,  KICHAHD  (iSfi6-  ),  English  poet  and 
critic,  was  born  in  Liverpool  on  Ibe  rath  of  January  1U6.  He 
started  life  in  a  business  office  in  Liverpool,  but  abandoocd  this 
to  turn  aulbor.  My  Lad^i  Sonnttt  appeared  at  Liverpool  in 
1887.  and  lo  iSBo  he  bnanif  lor  a  short  lime  literary  secretary 
to  Wilson  Biireti  In  ibe  tame  year  be  published  Vilwiui  >■ 
FMa.  Tit  Awt  SiUi  el  Nvtiiiut  and  Cunt  MmHUi:  itmt 
Charadirislia  (new  ed.,  i«oo).    He  foined  tlie  sufl  of  the  Sur 

"Logroilcr."  EmlUlk  Fikwu  liSqi),  S.  L.  Sletenmrn  tnd  Mur 
/■eenu  (1S05).  a  paraphrase  (189;)  of  the  RuUiyti  of  Omar 
Kbayylm.  and  Orfci  frsm  ate  Daan  if  U^  Uvi).  contained 
some  light,  gracefnl  vene,  but  be  it  bnt  known  by  tbe  {anlattlc 
pnte  eiuy*  and  sketches  oi  Friut  Famda  <■  aeijtt,  iSM-iBofl, 
Slafint  Stanly  surf  MAir  Prest  faacia  (ipoo),  T)u  KtH/iai 
cf  a  Litaary  ttm  (iSoj),  TIk  QMttl  •/  Uu  CMtn  Cvi  {.ittii. 
Tin  Lijt  Sima*iH  dv").  lie.  His  fiitt  wife.  Mildred  lee,  died 
in  ilM,  and  in  iSgj  he  married  Julie  Norregard,  nbtequmlty 
taking  up  hb  residence  in  the  United  Slaiei.  In  1936  he  iranf- 
lated.  from  Ihe  Danitb.  Peter  NinieB'i  Itfnr'i  Tnl*iy. 

imnt,  MDCH  IWIHTOII  (rr9;-ig4j),  Anwtiun  lawyer 
and  staietman,  wat  born  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  on  the 
md  of  January  170;,  d  Uugueaot  and  Scotch  tlock.  Fanly 
on  account  of  hb  inability  lo  share  in  tbe  amusements  of  Us 
fellows  by  reason  of  a  defonnily  due  to  vaccine  pobooing  before 
be  was  five  (ibe  poison  permaDenify  arrcNing  Ibe  growth  and 
deVFlopment  of  his  legs),  he  was  an  eager  ttudeol.  and  in  1814 
be  graduated  at  tbe  Coitcge  of  Soolb  Caralina  rfib  Ibe  higbc4C 
rank  ia  hit  das*  and  with  a  reputaiion  tbiouthmit  the  sute  for 
icbolitsbip  and  eloquence.  He  ttsdied  law  lor  thiee  yean  in 
Soulh  Carolina,  and  then  spent  two  yean  abroad,  ttudying 
French  and  Ilaliu.in  Paris  and  juri^ndcnce  it  Sdinburgh. 
In  iSio-iBii  and  in  iai4-i8]o  be  was  a  member  of  the  South 
Carolina  legislature.  In  1857,  wfih  Stephen  Ellioit  (i77)-t8jo), 
the  naturalist,  be  founded  Ibe  Stullitrit  Xiriac,  of  which  be  was 
the  se<c  edilor  after  ElliMI't  death  oatll  iRja,  when  it  was 
drscondnutd,  and  lo  which  be  (ontiibuled  articles  en  law, 
travel,  and  modem  and  datticat  Hieriture,  In  iSjo-iSjs  be 
was  atumey-genenl  of  SoUlb  Car^ioa,  and,  altbmii^  a  Sitie's 
Rj^ti  man.  be  atnmgly  oppeaed  anlUficaiion.  During  his 
tern  of  office  he  ippanid  tn  a  cast  hetoR  Ibe  United  Statet 
Supremo  Coun,  where  hb  knowledge  of  cMl  Itw  so  itrongly 
inpresied  Edward  LivtngMOB.  the  scctetary  of  stale,  afio  wta 
himielf  an  admirer  of  Reman  Law,  that  he  orgad  Legarf  to 
devote  Umsell  to  the  study  of  thb  nibfect  wiih  the  hope  that  he 
might  Influence  American  law  toward  the  tpiiit  and  phibsophy 
and  even  tbe  forms  and  plocesses  of  Roman  jmlspnidtticc. 

'  The  Finance  Bill  TW4-TOIO  le-impoied  tW-  ''■•"  •■-*  -t^.t.Mi»l 
blekntbaaAaiidwi 


LEGAS— LEGATE 


Tbnnigli  UvbiptiQ,  Lcgvi  «u  *pp>i''t*<l  Atnericui  e:birc< 
ftSmva  U  BniBcK  vben  (nm  iSjl  to  igj6  be  peifHWd 
lUDUelf  in  dvil  la*  Bad  in  tbc  Gcmun  commeniuks  on  ciinl 
Uw.  In  [8jT--i83q.  u  *  UuDn  Dcmocial.  be  m  a  member  el 
tha  uUoDiil  HouK  o!  KepiscnlBtivcs,  and  Ibgn  ably  oppotnl 
Vin  Burd's  StBUfial  policy  in  >p>te  ^  the  eiitiimuia  in  Sovili 
CitbIuu  Cot  Ibc  ub-tieuuiy  praject.  He  suppimed  Huiiwn 
ii  tbe  pmidential  caoipaign  si  iS^a,  and  vben  ibecabinei  vu 
Rcontivcted  by  Tykr  In  IS41,  Liguf  wu  ■ppoinicil  aitoiney- 
■enenl  ol  the  VaitA  Suus.    On  the  gib  oi  May  1S43  be  wu 

DaiddWebeUt.  Oa  the  »tb  o!  June  isij  be  died  wddeiay  11 
BmlOB.  Hit  ficat  veik.  the  locdDg  intg  coaunon  Ikw  of  the 
principia  oC  civil  Ian.  wu  un4Fcoaipli>bed;  bui  Story  uys  "  be 
leeiBed  abnii  (0  accoiDplisb  [iti;  iw  his  arguments  before  tlie 
Svpccme  Coun  were  crowded  witb  liie  principle!  irf  ibe  Roman 
Law,  wKHigbt  into  Iba  texture  ol  the  Conunoa  Law  with  great 
lucres."  A*  MlOTiMy-gcaeial  be  uxucd  the  (amoui  caso,  the 
UnUei  SiaUi  v.  U»a«ia,  Weed  v. -lit  UinUd  SUla,  and 
JtiBtil  V.  yeiKU 
See  Tin  W,il<na  e{  Hutk  SuiUm  Letv*  <3  wlb,  Ourlewon. 

s.c,  ia4«),ni'"Ji>"'-- "- •■ — °-" 


:„  ia4«),  editedbv  hit  »uer.  Mn  Mary  Bullen,  >ho  comri 
Ko^^iut  ikeichi  add  r»o  inmla  by  B-  J-  Ranuge  u 


Ilu 

ne  d(  t  he  ShangaUa  fTOup  c^ribs,  regaidecf  1 
Ibe  purest  types  oi  tbe  Galla  race-  They  occi^iy  tbe  upper 
YabiB  valley,  S.W.  Abyuliu,  near  tbe  Sodan  frontier.  The 
Legas  are  phy^ully  disiinci  Imin  Ibe  Kegro  Sbtngijla.  Tbey 
are  o[  very  light  comptciion,  lalt  and  Ihin,  with  nuiow  hullow- 
dittlied  laces,  small  beads  and  high  (orihtads.  Tbe  chiefs' 
families  are  of  rnorc  mued  blood,  wiih  perceptible  Negro  straitL 
The  Legas  tie  Htimaied  to  number  upwards  of  a  hundred 
IbouiaBd.olwhomsiMneJo^oooarewirriorj.  They ue, howivtr, 
A  peaceful  race,  kind  to  their  women  and  slaves,  and  energetic 
agrifuburists.  Formerly  independent,  they  came  abour  igoo 
imderihenaytfl  Abyt&inii.  The  Icgas  are  pagans,  but  Mabom- 
Biedaninn  has  ipined  rainy  coDvens  among  Ibcm. 

LWATK  ■MtTIiOLONEW  (e.  iS7S'i«ii>,  English  fanatic, 
•11  bom  in  Etsei  and  became  a  dealer  in  doth.  Abont  tbe 
begfajkiog  of  tbe  iTlhcsHlnybe  became  apreacher  among  a  sect 
ciJIed  the  "  Sceken."  and  appean  to  have  held  unoitbodox 
opinions  about  ibe  divinity  ol  Jnis  Chris.  Together  witb  his 
biniherThoDiasbewaapui  inpiisoniorheresyiniSii.  Tbomaj 
died  in  Newgate  gaol,  London,  buL^artboIomFw'shiLprisanmEJiI 
was  not -a  rigorous  one,  James  f.  argued  wnh  hbn,  and  on 
teveni  occasions  be  was  brought  before  tbe  Consutory  Court  of 
London.  buL  wilhoat  any  definite  result.  Eventually,  after 
having  tbrealened  to  bring  an  action  for  wrongful  imprisonment, 
Legit«  was  tried  before  a  full  Consistory  Court  in  Febniacy  tSli, 
mti  found  guilty  of  heresy,  and  was  delivered  to  the  secular 
authorities  lor  punisbmejil.  Hdusing  lo  refract  his  opinions 
he  wu  burned  10  death  ai  SmiihGctd  on  tbe  iSth  of  Slarch  r6ii. 
Legate  was  Ibc  last  person  bujTKd  ia  LandoB  for  hit  religious 
opinions,  and  Edward  Wigbtnun,  who  wu  burped  at  LkhBeld 
in  April  ifiri,  was  Ibe  lut  to  sufler  In  this  way  in  England. 

See  T.  Fuller.  C*i.-i* /futory  »/ eriUn  (i«S5)  [and  S.  R.  Gardiaer, 
HiJ^y  of  EJiiland.  vol.  ij.  (London,  1904.)- 
.  UOATB  (Lat.  [(fiilin,  put  part,  of  Itffi'e,  to  Knd  as  deputy), 
a  title  now  generally  confijKd  to  the  bigbeit  diss  d  diplomatic 
Kpreeeiitativei  of  the  pope,  though  sIUl  occssion*lly  u*ed,  in 
hi  original  Latin  seose.  of  any  ambassulor  or  diplonulic  agent. 
According  to  Ibe  Neta  Com^ilelin  DiiiUlium  of  G««oiy  JX., 
OBdei  tbe  title"  De officio  legati  "  tbe  uoon  law recognties  two 
soils  4l  legale,  the  fcfiUu  ufui  and  Ibc  lefofHi  ^(lu  er  ni'ini. 
Tbe  /(j^u  iaiia  [muiu)  may  be  either  (i)  itUpilts,  or  (i) 
mnciHi  ttMl^icai.  or  (j)  '(ga/iu  a  him  (lelfroiii.  cellaitraiii). 
Tbe  [igbu  of  tbe  tipjlvi  nalui,  which  ipduded  concuncat  juiis- 
diclion  with  Ibat  of  all  the  bitbops  wiibin  his  provina,  have 
been  raucb  cuiuiled  since  ibt  lAib  century;  Ibey  wett  alio- 
gribcr  lupeaded  in  presence  of  the  hisbtt  claims  of  a  /fjofai 
■a  Mm,  tMd  the  title  is  now  almoll.  Quiie  bonoiaiy.  It  was 
utathtd  lo  the  sec  of  Canterbury  till  the  Reformation  and  U 
niD  alMte  l»  the  leci  of  SeviUe,  Toledo,  Ailcs,  Keims,  LyoBS, 


Gran,  Prague,  Gncsen-FoKB,  Cologne,  Salcburg,  among  otben. 
The  commiisioo  of  the  Ifgohu  iclitaliit  (generaLy  a  member 
of  the  local  clergy]  Is  of  a  limited  nature,  and  relales  only  to 
some  defioile  piece  of  work.  The  lumiiu  afufWicvi  (wbe  has 
Ibe  privilege  of  red  a[^rd,  a  white  horse  and  golden  tpual 
ponetics  ordinary  jurisdiction  wiibin  the  province  to  which  he 
has  been  sent,  but  his  powers  oiberwise  are  restricted  by  tbe  lema 
of  his  mandate.  Theie^fudfdUre  (almost  invariably  a  cardinal, 
though  the  power  can  be  conferred  on  other  prelates)  is  in  the 
fullest  aense  tbe  pleupolentiary  represenlative  of  tbe  pope,  and 
poeseaei  tbe  higb  pKiDgativc  inplied  m  tlie  words  of  Crcgoiy 
Vll.,  "  WHUa  vice  quae  corrigenda  sunt  conigai.  quae  itiluend 
cociiiluat."  He  has  the  power  of  suspending  all  tbc  bisbops-jn 
his  province,  and  no  judicial  cases  are  reserved  from  bisjudf- 
ment.  Without  special  mandate.  bowevcTi  be  cannot  depoie 
bishops  or  unite  or  separate  bishoprics.  At  present  /QOfi  0 
fotere  are  not  sent  by  the  boly  see,  but  d^matic  idatioo*, 
when  tbey  eiiu,  are  maJBlatned  by  muu  of  ausdoa,  inicr- 
Dsaciot  and  other  agenti. 

The  luslory  of  the  nfice  ot  papa]  leple  is  closely  involved  witb 
Itiat  of  the  papacy  itself.  If  it  were  pcoved  that  papal  legaUl 
eaerdsed  the  [^FOgatives  of  the  primacy  in  tbe  early  ojuncils, 
ii  would  be  one  ol  ibe  sinngesi  poiolt  lot  the  Soman  Catholic 
view  oi  Ibe  papal  history.  Thus  it  is  claimed  thai  Hotiui  of 
Cordova  presided  over  the  coundl  of  Nicaeafjjj)  in  tbe  name  of 
'^ul  tbe  claim  rests  on  slender  evidence,  since  the  £nt 


which  Hon 


I  the 


Pr^MDtia,  wbo  wroie  toward 
5tn  ceniury  it  a  even  open  to  di4>ute  whether 
:sidenl  al  Nicaea,  and  though  be  certainly  pee- 
council  of  Saidica  in  34J,  it  wu  probably  aa 
ol  tbe  empeion  Cotuuiu  and  Constutiui,  who 
tbe  cDuncil.  Pope  Juliui  I.  wa*  rEpicMoied  at 
Sardica  by  two  presbyters.  Yet  the  bfth  canon,  whidi  providea 
lor  appeal  by  a  bishop  to  Rome,  sanctions  the  use  ol  embasaies 
a  Isltrt.  If  Ibe  appeUant  wishes  tbe  pope  to  Knd  piksis  from 
bis  own  household,  tbe  pope  shall  be  free  to  do  so,  arid  to  lunusb 
tbem  witb  fuU  authority  fioto  himwlf  ("  at  de  latere  suo  pi«tby- 
teroi  milial  .  .  .  babenies  ejus  aucioritaLeni  a  quo  detlinaii 
sunt  ").  The  decrees  of.£ardica,  an  obscure  ceuitcil,  were  later 
confused  witb  those  of  Nicaea  and  thus  gained  wnght.  In  the 
synod  of  Ephesus  in  431,  Pope  Ctlesline  L  insiructed  his  repre- 
sentatives to  conduct  ihEmxIves  not  as  diipuuntt  bui  as  judge*, 
and  Cyril  of  Aleiandiia  preuded  not  only  in  his  own  name  but 
in  ihac  of  Ihe  pope  (and  oi  Itie  bishop  of  Jerusalem).  Inuances 
of  delegatjoD  of  the  papal  aulborily  in  various  jlegrees  bfcooic 
numerous  in  the  jth  cealury,  opedsHy  during  the  poiMibcate 
of  Leo  I.  Thus  Leo  wrius  in  444  i£p-  6)  te  Aaastasiua  of 
TbessaloDica,  appointing  bim  his  vicar  for  the  province  o( 
Ulyria;  tbe  same  artaBgnnent,  he  informs  ut,  bad  been  made 
by  Pope  Siridm  in  lavout  ol  Aoytins,  tbe  piedecessot  ot  Ana»- 
Usiua.  Similar  vicarial  or  legaiine  powers  had  been  conferred 
in  4rfl  by  ZosIbus  upon  Facrodus,  bishop  of  Aries.  In  449  Leo 
was  cepieeented  al  tbe  "  Bobber  Synod,"  liom  which  his  l^tts 
hardly  neaped  witb  lile;  al  Chakedon.  in  4Si,  they  were 
tteited  with  singular  honour,  though  the  imperial  commissionets 
pitaided.  Again,  in  453  tfie  same  pope  writes  lo  the  empreas 
Pulcheria.  naming  Jubanus  of  Cos  as  his  repiesentalivo  in  the 
defence  of  the  intereitsofonbodoiy  and  ecdaitslKel  discipline 
at- Constantinople  (£p,  in);    '     '  '  " 


s'%    The  I* 


apoatob. 


over  Ulyiia  may  be  said  10  .        _ 

coaferring,  «  ^cis,  the  -title  <A  Jrjifiir  opon  ibe  boldett  of 
important  sees,  who  ultimately  came  10  be  known  as  feiafi  noli, 
with  the  rank  of  ptimite;  tbc  appcutDieU  ol  JuUanui  at 
Constantbople  gradually  developed  into  the  long  permanest 
office  of  a^rijiariw  ot  rafienitJii.  Another  son  of  delegation 
IS  exemplified  in  l4o's  letter  to  the  African  biabop»  iEp-  la), 
in  which  be  sends  Potentius,  with  iostnictiroiis  to  Inqipre  in  bos 
name,  ud  to  report  ("  vicem  curae  ootttat  Iialri  tt  coosiceidoti 


f-tTif^i 


LEGATION— LEGENDKE,  A.  M. 


incbiinr  etoc^,  tfM  mflat  tahtrtt  isqalrerM,  ixMkiui 
MnnUSdeliUTiodlanl "].  PunDgoDtaLbctimcofCRjDryihe 
Gieat,  m  fad  .him  Mndiac  two  icpcBcouiJva  to  Gaul  is  ssWi 
lo  luppms  sbMoy,  ind  one  to  Spain  in  6i>j.  AttguniDt  of 
Cuttiiniy  ii  ■omttism  ^lokai  of  u  legate,  but  It  doea  dm 
■ppBT  that  ]□  hii  case  this  title  wax  atri  in  any  Btiictly  inhnic  ~ 
seax,  aldiough  the  archbishop  of  CaBtabuiy  altenvards  altaiDC 
Ihc  pcnsanoit  dignily  of  a  li[atMi  koImi.  BaDifacr,  Ibt  apotil 
ot  GcnuBy,  wu  in  like  ntrnicr  canilltutAl,  accsrdint  to  Hioc- 
mar  (Ep.  ys),  t  legale  of  IhcJiposloKc  i«  by  Fopa  Gregory  II.' 
and  Girgoiy  HI.  Aeconfing  lo  Beftk  (Cimt.  Iv.  J39I,  RodoaU 
of  Porto  lod  Zecharias  of  Anagnl,  who  wm  sent  by  Pope  Nicofai 
to  ConsHntinople  io  Mo,  were  the  first  acluaHy  odied  feiift 
hurt.  The  policy  o(  Girgoiy  Vn.  niimaUy  led  lo  a  pti 
developTQeni  of  Ihe  legatioe  aa  distingniihFd  from  the  ordinary 
epiKopa]  function.  From  the  creation  of  the  medieval  papil 
monaicby  until  the  cloM  of  the.  middle  ages,  the  papal  Ifsiie 
played  a  most  Impoitant  r6le  in  national  al  well  aa  church 
hstory.  Thelonher  iJefinitlonofMipowmproceeded  [hrough- 
out  the  nth  and  13th  eentBriei.  From  the  i6Ih  century  lepies 
a  laSrre  give  way  almost  entirely  to  nundos  ijj.t-). 

See  P.  Himchiui.  jrintamlU,  L  49*  H-:  C,  FhiUipi.  Kirilin- 
rtclU.  vol.  vl.  6S0  fl. 

UaiTIW  (Ut.  Utuie.  a  andhig  or  miiBOB),  a  diplomatic 
mUdonoflbeMCDDdrank.  Tfae  Urm  it  alio  applied  to  the  boild- 
log  In  which  ChemjitiMCTRildcsaitdtolhearcannmdll  covered 
by  hit  dtpbraatic  immunities  See  Din«iucT. 

UMRD  (thiOBgh  tha  Fmch  Iron  ttit  mod.  Lm.  Ufiia, 
thingt  to  tw  nad,  frma  tt|m,  (a  nad).  In  It*  prirauy  meaning 
the  tuMoiy  or  Iil»«toiy  of  a  taint,  and  to  appbcd  to  ponioiia  ol 
Soipture  alid  leleciioiit  from  Ihe  hvn  of  the  salnlt  ti  read  tl 
divine  service.  The  tianttcol  3«i>d  4  Edward  VI.  dEatiiig  with 
the  ifelilfHi  of  certain  hooka  and  iraaget  (i$49),  cap.  to,  eeci. 
I,  aays  that  "  aU  bsokca  .  .  .  called  pmceuiiMiaUei,  toanuellea, 
kfnidi  .  .  .  shall  be  .  .  .  aboGshcd."  The  "  GcMen  Legend," 
oriliirea£<;eiiib,  waslhcnamenveo  lo  »  book  containing  lives 
ti  the  saints  and  dcsciiptions  of  festivals,  wriuea  by  Jacobus 
da  Von^ijic,  aiclibishap  of  Genoa,  in  the  ijth  century.  From 
the  oiigiul  applicjlion  ol  the  word  to  stories  ol  the  saints  con- 
taiaiDg  wonders  and  mjndcs,  Ibe  word  came  lo  be  applied  lo 
a  Mory  handed  down  wiifaout  any  faundaiion  in  biitory.  but 
popularly  believed  to  be  Hue.  "  legend  "  it  alio  used  of  a 
writing,  inacriptioc.  or  moito  on  coins  or  medals,  and  incocneiion 
with  coals  of  aims,  ihieldi,  monuments,  la. 

XEQENDBL  ADBIEH  MABIE  (i7Si'i833),  French  mathe- 
matidui,  ml  bora  al  Paris  (or,  according  lo  some  accounls. 
at  TduIouu)  Id  i  751.  He  was  brought  up  at  Paris,  when  he 
cnmiiletcd  his  studies  at  the  CuSBf  Uniarin.  His  Eist  puUi^ed 
wrilingt  constat  of  articles  forming  part  of  the  TraM  di  mtioniqut 
11774)  of  tlie  Abbi  Marie,  who  was  his  professor;  Legendit's 
oame.  luwever,  is  nol  mentioned.  Soon  afterwards  he  was 
tf^Ktinted  profosor  of  mathematica  in  Ihe  &0U  iiiiUaxrt  al 
Paris,  and  he  was  afterwards  proietior  in  the.&cJe  JVornulr. 
In  i;3i  be  leceived  Ihe  pii»  fiom  the  Berlin  Acadeiny  for  hit 
"  Disieililian  (ui  la  question  de  balistique,"  a  mttDoii  relating 
lo  Ibe  palhi  of  ptojettUes  in  Ksisiing  media.  He  a!u,  about 
ikis  time,  wiou  hit  "  Becberches  sur  la  fiftite  do  planiles," 
published  in  the  Ulnuira  of  the  Frenth  Acadeiny,  of  which  he 
was  elected  a  member  in  succeasion  to  J.  le  Road  d'Alemberl 
in  i7£j.  lie  was  also  appointed  a  commi&siooec  for  connecting 
geedclrcally  Paris  and  Greenwich,  his  colleagues  being  P  F.  A. 
Micbaia  and  C.  F.  Cassini  de  Tburyi  General  William  Roy 
conducted  ihe  opnationi  on  behalf  of  England.  The  French 
ob«rvatjoni  were  published  in   ijgj   lExfosS  ia  opirationi 

Parii  a  it  Graioiiick).  During  the  Revolution,  he  was  one  of 
the  ihte*  members  of  the  council  esublished  lo  introduce  the 
dedmal  system,  and  he  was  also  a  member  ol  the  commissjoa 
appointed  to  determine  the  length  of  tbe  metre,  for  which  purpose 
llie  calcutationa,  lie.,  oinnecied  with  the  arc  of  the  meridian 
from  Barcelona  to  Dunkirk  were  revised.  He  was  also  associated 
wilhC-C  F.U.  rronyii7JS-iSjf)  in  the  I^rmalionol  the  great 


French  tallies  M  loglriiljmg  of  nomben,  lines,  and  langeitii, 
and  natuial  sines,  called  Ihe  TaUa  iu  Cadastre,  in  which  tbe 
quadrant  was  divided  cenletimallyi  these  table*  have  nevei 
been  published  (sec  Locjumocs).  He  was  eiaainer  'in  the 
feolt  Pelyircinltur,  but  heU  few  important  iiite  oKces.  He 
died  at  Paris  cB  Ihe  tolh  of  January  i8jj,  and  Ihe  discouise 
at  bis  grave  was  pronounted  by  S.  D.  Poiison.  The  lail  of  the 
three  aupplement*  to  his  TraiU  da  Jmilimi  lUfti^uii  was 
putiliibed  in  itjt,  and  Poiaian  inJibfoorrtl  orxion  mnaikcd; 
"  M.  Legendie  a  eu  cela  de  comtmm  avec  hi  plopart  des 
g(omjites  qui  I'aal  pifcfdi,  que  ses  Iravaui  u'onl  Eni  qu'avec 
aa  vie,  Le  demiei  volume  de  not  mtmoires  reoierme  encore 
un  mfanoire  de  lui,  tor  UM  qnetlion  difficile  de  la  IMorle  da 
nombm;  el  pen  de  lemps  avant  ta  nuthidie  iiui  I'a  conduit 
au  tombeau,  il  se  procnra  les  observations  let  plus  Ticentcs  de* 
(•metes  i  counes  piriodes.  dont  iiallaitae  tcrvirpour  appUquei 
et  perfeclioimet  tea  mttbodes." 

nibjecta  wlUch  are  especially 


Faxrlianj.—Thh  is  the  subjtct  wiih  which  Legendrr's 
always  be  nrostdosely  connecipd.andhiflrpHarrlieAupon 

:_ij v._i "■-'ntpubbslirf 

_ ,_, UimBi'nil 

TTStf'upoD  elUpIic  arfs.  In  1791  he  prf 
.„.<.T.  .V,  .„c  .».uc.,.,  ■  iremair  on  dJiptic  trantcendenu.  The 
iments  of  these  meraoire  are  ineluded  in  the  nm  volume  of  his 
3trc<a-  it  calaj  iaUml  (iSti).  The  third  volume  (iSiB)  con- 
lina  Ihe  very  elabofate  and  now  weU'liAawn  table*  of  the  dhptic 
rtrgnlft  which  were  calculated  by  Le^endR  hlnBcIf,  with  an  ao 
iLiDl  of  the  mode  of  their  constmction.  In  TSn  appeared  .the 
'taiU  ill  Imchmi  dtiptiput  t>  volt,  the  first  dal«f  itit.  Ihe 
part  of  the  first  vohune  agrees  very  closely 


...MtonV   Tht 

re)"  le.  tli'lh^S*™.!! 


highen  honour  to  him  (see  FdiktionV 

EaJtruM  /Mfpali  tmi  tmrptl  CUnfiu.— The  Exercfrii'  de 
ulnJ  iMUtnd  CDfubt  of  three  velun 
ind  the  whole  of  the  tlurd  bdng  ity 
remauidef  of  the  first  voluDie  eelau 
ro  quadraiureL  The  second  volumi 
inl^rals.  and  10  various  integrals  ant 

lontains  also  a  nemerieal  laUeof  the  taloes  of  the  gamma  funelion. 
The  bller  portioa  ol  the  second  volume  of  the  TraM  4a  Jmlnn 
•lliplina  11826)  b  alto  devoted  (o  tbe  Eulerlan  Intecrals,  the 
Lable  beipE  reproduced.    Legendrv's  researches  CDT>nected  with  the 

ml^«tWi."j1»'i™i™by  k'.T&Ttih  in'hlj  1^?™^  Dl^ilfftonn 

^hT^ulM  gi-^'^n'SeKMnd  ™h.iTrc'if  thV2wT«'7i"a^"™ 

:;SS  Lexendie  published  a  memoir  on  doub^inrettrals.  and  in  iSot 

rtnry  ^  A'awtrri— Lcgendre's  Tliftrit  its  nmitti  and  Cauu's 

be  rille  £rni  lur  It  Mtrii  in  ntnbrit:  tbeiv  w»  a  lecond 
!dit>sn  in  1609)  a  first  suppbinenl  wai  piibl>>bed  in  1S16.  and  a 
«ond  in  rtoj.  The  ihird  edition,  under  the  liilc  ntaii  iei 
umbra,  appearrd  in  1S30  in  fvo  volunin.  The  fourth  edition 
ippeared  In  1900,    To  Legendre  a  due  the  theorem  known  at  the 

netic,"  It  was  6isl  given  by  Le^ndre  in  ihe  mmairc!  o(  Ihe 
Vcademy  for  iiSj,  hul  iheden»on«rarion  that  accomiiaiiied  it  was 
nromplete.    The  lyirbal  (a/W  which  is  knownaaLajendre's  lym. 

vhen  ai*^~^' is  lUvid^  by  a  prime  number  p.  does  rwt  appear  in  this 
nemolr.  but  was  first  used  in  the  £[.11  lur  le  Uiforir  iti  aim^ri. 
Leacndre'i  formula  11  JiDg  i~i  0B3U)  ior  the  approximate  nurnhn 

ihisworkUr>ded.,  p.  J94)1«tNuii»e^).  ^tOO'MC 


LEGENDRE,  L.— LEGGE,  H. 


'     ISrrTaiUmntrr-tlliabry  ol 


.no//**£orrt(l87Jl.tl 


CnJiii,— Bwdti  Ihc  i 


Air— B 


Iktubji 


11  it(  rAuMmii 
imftnca]  opentiona  dwaduis  upoa  tb 
lins  many  thcortnu  i¥Utin|  to  (fai*  ml 


■'Srt"3 

i  a  fundaiDCDia]  ddf  ui  xeodoy.  uidhu  CDnldbutioiu  to 

:1  lie  of  Ihr  gnalHl  iiDpinlADCe. 

d/  .Lfdr/  Squatti, — Id  iBo6  dppaivd  Legendiv'c  Ktuotlla 
n'fiuu*»  pour  Iq  oHtrmmatita  det  arMa  da  itmHu.  wlikb  ia 
nuflDcnble  u  contiialu  ibc  fint  publbbed  tu^ntioo  of  the  method 
ol  teaii  mum  (m  PioBAUUTTj.  In  the  pnface  Ltteodie  ir- 
nuiis:  "C«  D(ihode(|iun|iini)llipliuiimpletl  li  plui  gCorrile 

tt  que  j'lppeUc  ii4tbodedeafnoijidnflqiurTC«";«nd  in  dn  appendix 
I&  which  Ihc  aiiplicBtkn  ol  tbt  pvilioq  U  explained  hia  vorda  arc. 


plua  luile  qi 


B  fait  UH^  dans  Ici  ic* 


uitninl.dfp^iu 

opt  Dou  woB  ^t  UH^  dans  k 

iclhod  vn  propcMcd  by  LntndrF  only  ai 
natiiu  oDBcrvittioiu.  wirhoul  rFftrencc 

_-j'    It  Md»  however,  betn  applifd  by  Gau 

,  end  ibe  ffletbod  wu  FuUy  etplaiiwd,  aod  the  U 


prfcMentei,  et  quj  c 

Ik  iheofy  5  probabUity' 

"d  LeiiiSrr  to''repuG^  7bi' 
rtla--^- 

■cd  bi^nS^aitc.  ibe  theory  ud*  aI)onihni 

Sf  in^otl 

Tkt   El€mmt   oj  Gromrlry. — LfrtDdrr'i    naiTW   i 
kiuvB  on  actouni  of  hia  EUmnli  dt  ibmHrit,  the 
ol  the  numemna  alUmpU  that  han  been  made  to  tupeneoc  tiici 
aa  I  leii-baak  ao  teomeuy.    Il  lint  appiand  is  1704.  and  ve 
through  very  IWIiy  editioni.  tnd  bia  been  tianilalB!  into  ilm! 
all  bncuarn.     Ao  EngUah  tT»n  '  -,*-,.  ^ 

Inn  Ihc  dewHih  French  tditioi 


rornially   propoicd  b 


videly 


iD^tion.  bv  Sir  Oa 
ion,  wu  publisbad  hi 
Earlkr  cffilkMii  did  oi 


ID  Englind.    Tbe 

[n  one  of  (he  doih  Leindre  alvea  a  pro 
el  a.    Tbii  bid  ben  Bnt  prcnvd  by  I.  H. 

Vnw'ri  lor  IT68.    ■    -     -    ■ -*  '"     ■ 

icn'i,  but  nucB  amj 


,    LcfeiMln'a  proof  u  timilar  in 


ollheob 
It  at  paralJeLt  m  this  wtKlt  Lege 
■oi  hU  WmncUf  TVgrit  da  Mrol. 
^ngund  alao  to  ■  lenethcncd  oiicur 
!k  licatmeni  ol  ibe  tbcory  ol  panll 


It  iriD  Ihu  be  «B  llBt  LMBdieV  wrkatavi  phud  Ub  il  dw 
vefy  foniiuaL.ivik  ta  the  wideljr  h^mjim^  aubiecia  td  eJlipbe  fuifr 
tiont,  theory  ol  iLumben»  attnctiitUi  ud  geodesy,  and  have  riven 
bim  a  couuciioui  pofllioo  In  coooexloii  wuh  the  Intecnl  caKuhH 
nd  othvbauchs  ol  HMtheMtka.  He  pablUed  a  meBob  oa 
the  uugntiaB  ol.  puliu  diSemtkl  cqiialioBa  and  a  (nr  oiben 
wbkh  have  not  beea  DotBcd  above,  but  iLey  relate  to  lubjecta  wdth 
which  biB  name  ia  not  etpcdaUy  aaaodalcd.  A  food  accouot  ol  the 
piindp*)  worla  ol  Legoidic  <•  given  In  the  nSwiUfiw  snatridli 
dt  CiMi*  loc  Itu,  pp.  4S^- 

Sb  EUa  de  ItBiiaaat,  "  Hoaoir  de  LefendR,"  trualatcil  bv 
C  A.  Aleunder,  SmUloemiaM  Riperl  (1874)-  U-  W.  L.  G.) 

UVU  (1753-1751;),  French  revolutkinilt,  wai 
VauiUsoDtbeiindalMay  I7J1.  When  the  Revolii- 
tion  broke  out,  he  kept  a  buicber'i  ahop  in  Paiii,  in  the  rat 
da  Boucbeiia  Si  Ccmuin.  He  via  an  ardent  nipporut  ol 
Ibe  ideal  o<  tlie  RcvdIuuod,  »  mCDibcr  of  .Ibe  Jacolids  Club, 
and  one  of  Ibe  (ounden  ot  the  dub  ol  the  Cordelieri.  Is  ^«U 
al  the  iumrecUieH  of  hit  diction,  be  «**  giiied  wiili  a  gemiiiw 
ekiquence,  and  wcU  knew  haw  to  cairy  ihc  p^mlace  with  binu 
He  vaa  a  prominent  actor  io  the  taking  of  the  Bastille  (14th 
of  July  i;3g),inthc  mauacieoIIbcChaiEpdc  Man  (July  1791), 
and  in  Ibe  attack  on  tbe  Tiiileiiei(ioibolAuiuU  i7Bi).  I>eputy 
Irom  Paris  to  the  CcDveDtion,  he  voted  loi  the  death  ot  Louit 
XVI.,  and  nai  tent  on  mision  10  Lyoiu  (i;ih  <rf  February 
■701)  before  ibe  revolt  of  thai  (own,  and -was  ni  mlwion  Irom 
August  to  October  1 70^  in  SeiDe-lnl^rkure.  ile  wu  ■  mcaiber 
ol  iIk  CfliatU  ^  Jdr^U  C«>iMife,  and  contribuled  10  tbe  domlall 
of  tbe  Cirondista.  When  Danlon  was  arretted,  Legndre  al 
£nt  defeoded  him,  but  wassooa  ceiHtl  and  withdrew  his  ddence. 
AlUit  the  fall  (d  Robtqiieire,  Ltgendre  took  part  in  tbereaaioDuy 
movezDi^lt,  lukderlook  the  doaing  of  the  Jacobin  Qub,  vu 
elected  presideal  of  tbe  Conveotioa,  and  helped  to  bring  about 
the  inqieachinelil  ol  J.  B.  Carrier,  tbe  perpetrator  of  the  atyadca 
of  .Kantes.  He  was  aubsequeoily  dected  a  membct  ot  ihe 
Council  oi  Aadrnti.  and  died  on  the  luh  of  Drcembtr  1747. 

See  F.  A.  AuUid,  III  Oraituri  dr  la  UiiiLuia  Bit  la  C«ih«i« 
(2nd  ed.,  Paha,  1906.  3  voU-);  "  Corropoodance  dt  Legendre"  in 
the  RhA^iiKi  jreiiniv  (vol.  al.,  1901). 

UamnOUDI  (Ft.  Utp-di-^in,  U.  Ui^  or  ileigbt  of 
band),  the  name  given  speci&cally  lo  that  iorm  ol  conjuring  in 
which  the  performer  relies  on  dexterity  of  mampjlation  rather 
than  on  mechanical  appantus.    See  CONinlKC. 

LEDOE.  altirwards  filLSOK-LEIMlt.  RENltT  li7oS-T7ft4>, 
Englisb  statesman,  fourth  ion  ot  WiUiam  Leggr,  1st  ear]  id 
Dartmouth  (T6;r'i73o),  ku  bora  on  the  r^Ih  of  May  1708. 
Educated  al  Christ  Chtirib,  Oiford,  be  becttne  {nivite  tecniary 
to  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  and  in  r7j(i  was  appouiled  aeirelary  of 
Irettnd  by  the  lotd-lieutcnant,  the  yd  duke  of  Devonshire; 
being  chosen  member  ol  pariiamcnt  for  tbe  borough  of  £aBt 
Looe  in  1740,  and  for  Orford,  SuSolk.  It  the  gentnl  eltflion 
in  tbe  succeeding  yetu'.  Legge  only  ihaied  (reiporarily  In  the 
downfall  ol  Walpole,  and  became  in  quick  tnccesiion  surveyor- 
gencr^  of  woods  ind  forests,  1  lord  of  the  admiralty,  and  1  lord 
of  the  treasury.  In  174S  he  wis  sent  as  envoy  eitraordiniry  to 
Frederick  the  Great,  and  although  his  conduct  in  Berlin  was 
sharply  censured  by  George  IL.  he  became  treasurer  of  the  navy 
soon  after  his  return  to  England.  In  April  1754  be  joined  tbe 
ministry  of  the  duke  of  Newcastle  as  chancellor  of  tbe  eir^eqner, 
the  king  consenting  to  this  appotntmenl  allfaough  refu^ng  to 
hbid  any  intercourse  with  tbe  minister;  but  Le^  shared  the 
ddei  Pitt's  disL'ke  of  the  policy  of  paying  subsidies  to  Ibe  land- 
firaveot  Hesse,  and  was  dismised  from  office  In  November  17S5. 
Twleve  months  later  he  returned  to  bii  post  at  the  ncbeqacr 
in  the  adminislralkw  ol  PitI  and  Ibe  i<h  duke  ol  DevonshlTe, 
retaining  office  until  April  1 757  when  he  shared  both  the  <Ksm!isal 
and  tbe  ensuing  popularity  ol  Pllt.  When  In  coojunciion  with 
Ibc  duke  of  Newcastle  Prl(  returned  to  pomr  in  the  fdkiwini 
July,  Legge  became  cbancellot  of  the  eichtquer  for  Ihc  third 


.    Hell 


m  houses  and  w: 
Pt  the  frie 


the  king  refused  to  make  him  a  peer.    In  i; 


Titih'Ttt'" 


HunpiliiR.  1  procndtni  wMdi  pttOr  iDRUEd  the  oil  of  Bute, 
who  dwireil  thij  scat  for  one  o(  his  fritndi.  Hiving  Ihus  incurred 
Bule'tdiipIeuuH  Lcgf  ""  tf^ls  diuniutd  [rom  ihe  cirhtguei 
in  Much  1761,  but  he  ctmtinued  10  ukc  put  in  puLiunentuy 
debate*  unliJ  his  d«lh  at  Tunbridgc  Wells  on  the  t3rd  of  August 
11*4-    Lcggc  ippeaia  to  hive  been  a  cipablc  financier,  but  ihe 


LEGGE,  J.— LEGHORN 

d>ti]iglRimi7l 


e,  Thomas  Brllersinirth  Biiion, 
in  1754.  FitI  called  Ug|>,  "Ihe  child,  and  dewfvedly  the 
lavoUTTlt  chUd,  o(  the  Whigs."  Horace  Wilpole  aid  he  was 
"  of  a  cre^dg,  underhand  fialiire,  and  aspired  10  Lhe  lion's 
place  by  the  manccuvie  a[  Ihe  mole,"  but  aitennrds  he  spoke 
in  hi^  tenu  of  his  lalenls,  I'Cgga  married  kfory,  daughter 
and  heiriB  of  Edwud.  4Ih  and  last  Barsn  Stawcl  (d,  ijisi- 
This  lady,  who  Jn  1 760  ns  created  Baians  Sunl  of  SomcTton, 
borehimanonlyc^ild.  Henry  SlswdBilK)n-Lenc(i7S7--iSM), 
who  became  BanmStawel  on  his  nuiher'i  death  in  1780.  When 
Stawd  died  •Ithout  son*  bis  title  became  extinct.  His  only 
daughter,  Mary  (d.  1U4),  mauled  Jolia  Dntton,  ind  Banu 

See  John  Butler,  bi>liopa[  Hereford,  &>wi<iai«iil  if  On  OamcUr 
aSlluSiURt.Him.h.  Bifam-Uat  (ijts) ;  Horace  WaTpole.  Afnuiri 
•fttf&ipKtfCmrp//.  (Lomfcn.  1&47);  and  J/nMirio/ Ht  Rnjn 
^Cww///..  edited  by  C.  F.  R.  Barker  (London,  1894);  W.  E.H. 
Lecky.Jfrtfo'yff  £■('<»"'■  vol.  iL  (LuHkHi,  18«al ;  anTche  neulin 

LEOGE,  JAMSS  (iSis-iSg;),  Biitiih  Cbinoe  tcholsi,  wu 
bom  at  Hunily,  Aberdeenshire,  in  1S15,  and  educated  at  King's 
College,  Aberdeen.  Alter  studying  at  the  Highbury  Theotogicsl 
College,  London,  he  mem  in  i8j9  as  a  missionary 

Malacca  three  years, 

there.  The  College  was  motequeniiy  raoveu  10  tiong-Rong, 
where  tegge  lived  hi  thirty  years.  Impressed  with  the  necessity 
of  missionaries  being  able  to  comprehend  Ihe  ideas  and  culture 
of  the  Chinese,  he  began  in  1S41  a  tianilaiion  in  many  volumes 
of  the  Chinese  clai$k3,  a  monumental  task  admirably  eiecutcd 
■nd  completed  a  few  yean  before  his  death.  In  i8)o  he  was 
oiide  an  LL.D.  of  Aberdeen  and  in  1884  oT  Edinburgh  University. 
In  1875  several  gentlemen'  connected  with  the  China  trade 
■uggcslcd  totheuniversilyofOxrord  a  Chair  of  Chinese  Language 
and  Literature  la  be  occupied  by  Dr  Legge.  The  luiiversity 
responded  libeially,  Corpus  Chrisli  College  contributed  tbe 
emoluments  ol  a  fellowship,  and  the  chair  was  constituted  in 
1S7G.  In  addition  to  hi)  other  K-otk  Legge  wrote  Tlu  Lijt  and 
Tnrki^t  <^  Con/uiiu,  (.867) ;  Tii  Lifi  and  TaMn  »f  M«uiu, 
(iBts);  TIu  RtHiioM  »/  dins  (1880):  and  other  books  on 
Chinese  literalDre  and  religion.  He  died  at  Oifoid  on  the 
19th  of  November  1807, 

LEGHOBH  (Ital.  Littm,  Fr.  Litounc),  t,  city  of  TuKUiy, 
llaJy,  chief  town  of  the  pmvincc  of  the  seme  name,  which  OOQ- 
sisis  of  Ihe  cammuoe  of  Leghorn  and  the  islands  of  Elba  and 
Gorgoni.  The  town  is  the  sen!  oi  a  bishopric  and  of  a  large 
naval  academy— the  only  one  in  Iisly— and  tbe  third  largest 


n.  S.W.  of  Pisa  by  ra 


re  ft.  above 


■n).  Sfiti'^  (commune).  It  is  bulU  along  the  sei 
ihore  upon  ■  healthy  and  fertile  tract  of  land,  which  form 
as  it  were,  an  oasis  in  a  mne  of  Maremma.  Behind  is  a  ran) 
df  hills,  the  most  can^jicuou*  of  which,  the  Monte  Nero, 
crowned  1^  a  frequented  pilgrimage  church  and  alio  by  villi 
and  bMela,  [0  which  a  funicular  railway  runs.  Tbe  town  itsi 
il  almoM  entirely  Diodern.  The  iGlh-cenlury  Foctena  Vecchi 
guarding  the  harbour,  is  picturesque,  and  there  is  a  good  bnmj 
ilalue  of  the  grand  duke  Ferdinand  1.  by  Pieiro  Tacca  (157; 
1640],  a  pupil  of  Giovanni  da  Bologna.  The  lofty  Tottc  d 
Manocco,  erected  in  1413  by  Ihe  FlorentiiKs.  is  fine.  Tl 
facade  of  the  cathedral  was  designed  by  Inigo  Jones.    The  0 


Prolesl 

(d.   .77 


I  Honwr  (d.  18.7),  There  is  alio  1  large 
n  1581.  The  enchange.  tbe  chofflbet  of 
:)euing-hoiiK  (one  of  the  oldal  In  tbe 


iUd  Bndei  one  roof  in  the  lUano 
del  commerdo,  opened  in  igo?.  Several  impravemmts  have 
been  carried  out  in  tbe  city  and  port,  and  the  pkcc  ii  developing 
rapidly  as  an  induittia]  centre.  The  naval  academy,  fonncrly 
established  partly  at  Naples  and  partly  at  Genoa,  has  been 
transferred  to  Leghorn.  Some  of  the  navigable  canals  which 
connected  the  harbour  with  the  Inltiior  ol  the  city  have  been 
ejtbet  modified  or  filled  up.  Several  street*  Ittvc  been  widened, 
and  a  mad  along  Che  shore  has  been  imaslormed  into  a  fine 
and  shady  pionienade,  Leghorn  is  the  principal  sea-bathing 
reaort  in  this  part  ot  Italy,  the  seas>n  lasting. from  the  end  of 
June  to  the  end  of  AugvM.  A  spa  foe  the  use  of  the  Aniue  della 
Salute  ha*  been  conatructciL  Leghorn  b  on  the  main  line  fram 
Pisa  to  Rome:  another  line  ruoi  to  CoUe  SalwUL  A  con- 
sidenble  number  ol  tmponant  steanuUp  line*  call  here,  Tbe 
new  rcctilirtear  mole,  sanctioned  in  rft8(,  has  been  built  cnI 
into  Ihe  aea  (or  a  distance  of  60a  yd*,  from  the  old  Vegliaia 
lighthouse,  and  the  docking  basin  has  been  lengthened  to  490  ft. 
Inude  the  breakwater  the  depth  varies  from  is  to  16  ft.  The 
total  trade  of  the  port  Incrnued  from  iiMi.in  in  1897  to 
l5.'7S,>85  in  i«a5  and  £7Ae4.75>  in  1906  (the  lacge  Inaeaae 
being  mainly  due  to  a  rise  of  over  ^1,000,000  in  impotli— 
midnly  of  coal.  buHdLng  material*  and  uachincry),  the  average 
ntio  of  imports  to  ej^wct*  being  a*  three  to  two-  Tlw  imports 
constat  piiodpally  of  machinery,  coal,  grain,  dried  fish,  tobacca 
and  hidea,  and  the  eaports  ol  hemp,  hides,  olive  oil,  soap,  coral, 
candied  fruit,  wine,  atrav  hats,  boracic  acid,  mercury,  and 
msrblc  and  alabaster.  In  188;  the  total  number  of  vesseb  that 
entered  the  port  was  4381  of  1,434,000  tons;  of  these,  ii;! 
ol  7So,ooa  Ions  were  foreign;  688,00a  tons  of  merchaadise 
were  loaded  and  unlosded.  In  i^oS,  after  eonaiderabie  fluctua- 
tions during  the  interval,  the  total  number  thai  entered  was 
4623  vessels  of  »,37i,S5t  toni;  ol  these,  935  of  i,ooi,it9  tons 
were  foreign;  British  ships  representing  about  half  Ibis  toooagc. 

Ion*  including  coasting  trade.  A  great  obstacle  to  the  devekfi- 
ment  of  Ihe  port  is  the  absence  of  roodem  mechanical  sppliancct 
tor  loading  and  unloading  vesseb,  aod  of  quay  space  and  dock 
accommodation.  The  older  shipyards  have  been  conu'derably 
Fitended,  and  sbipbLiilding  is  actively  carried  on,  e^recially 
by  the  Orlando  yard  which  builds  hirge  ships  for  the  Italian 
itnely,  glass-making  «nd  o 


ss.foundin{ 


.t  tad 


porcelain  factories,  fltnjr-mills.  oil-mills,  a  cotton  , 
factory,  electric  plant  works,  a  ship-breaking  yard,  a  motor- 
boat  yard.  Ate.— have  been  established.    Other  important  firms, 

tadurers,  &c.,  have  their  head  offices  and  stora  at  Legbom,  with 
1  view  to  eipon.  The  former  British  "  factory  "  here  was  of 
great  importance  for  Ihe  trade  with  the  Levant,  but  was  dosed 
in  l8ij.  The  two  villages  of  Ardcnza  and  Antjgnano,  which 
form  part  ol  the  corrunune,  have  acqnircd  considerable  im- 
portance, the  former  in  part  lor  sco-batWng. 
The  eaclicst  mention  of  Leghorn  o  '  ' 


J  Uth  ce 


(  called 


Ihe  spot,  but  It  wa»  not  till  the  ulh  that  Leghorn  became  a 
rival  of  Potto  Pisano  at  the  mouth  of  the  Atno,  which  it  was 
destined  ullimatplytOBupplant.  It  wasal  Leghorn  that  Urban  V. 
and  Gregory  XI.  landed  on  their  lelum  from  Avignon.  When 
in  1405  the  king  of  France  sold  Piia  to  the  Florentines  he  kept 
possession  of  Leghorn;  but  he  afterwards  (.407)  sold  it  tot 
le.ooo  ducats  to  the  Genoese,  and  from  the  Genoese  Ihe  Fhircn- 
tines  purchased  it  in  1411.  In  1496  the  city  showed  llsdevotion 
lo  its  new  masters  by  1  Buccessful  defence  against  Maiinllian 
and  his  allies,  but  il  was  itiir  a  small  place:  in  1551  there  were 
only  749  inhablunt).  With  ihe  rise  of  the  Medici  came  a  rapid 
increase  ol  pToqierity:  Cosmo,  FraiKia  and  Ferdinand  erected 
fortifications  and  harbour  worki,  wariAouKS  and  churches, 
with  equal  liberality,  and  the  last  especially  gave  a  stimulus 
lo  trade  by  inviting  "  men  ol  the  East  and  the  West,  Spanish 
and  PonugueK,  Greeks,  Germans,  Italians,  Uebrewi,  Turks, 


37.8 


LEGION— LEGITIMACY  AND  LEGITIMATION 


Uoan,  AmxniBra.  Pcnteu  and  otben,"  IQ  Kith  and  I 
JD  th>  dly,  u  il  bMBim  En  itoti.  Declarrd  free  and  ni 
ID  1691.  Lcghem  waa  pcRnannllr  invnlHi  wittitboe  priv 
by  iheQuadniplf  Alliance  in  iiiS;  bul  in  1796  Napoteon  i 
aU  the  hotiile  vesiels  in  itt  pan.  It  ceased  let  be  a  free 
by  l)ie  law  oT  1^67.  (T.  / 

LEQWH  (Ul,  J<i»).  in  early  Rome.  Ibe  IC17  of  cil 


Lof4C 


u  Rome  c 


iQiplta.  l€ii„ 


cavalry) 

whci  were  by  political  italua  Roman  dtiaena  and  were  distinct 
from  the  "  allies."  aKiiYm,  and  niher  iroopi  al  the  uxond  clau. 
The  legiDnatics  wen  ngardcd  ti  Ihe  best  and  nwu  charaelerisllc 
Roman  soldien.  (he  matt  Iruttnoithy  and  truly  Roman; 
they  enjoyed  better  pay  and  ctindiiioaa  of  service  than  the 
"auxiliaries."  Ifl  *.■>,  14  Ideatk  of  Augustus)  there  were  ij 
such  [egloas:  later,  the  number  waa  slightly  iBcreased;  finally 
about  t.o.  19a  Diocletian  reduced  llie  siss  and  greally  incieated 
tbe  number  of  the  legions.  Thraugbout,  Ibe  domimiit  features 
of  the  legions  were  b«avy  infantiy  and  RnmAD  ciLiaanahip. 
They  lost  their  impanance  when  the  Barbarian  invasions  altered 
the  chancter  ol  ancient  waiian  and  made  cavalry  a  more 
important  arm  than  infantry,  in  the  late  jrd  and  4th  centuries 
A.O.  In  the  middle  a^ea  ihe  word  "  legion  "  Becitis  not  10  have 
been  used  as  a  technical  term.  In  D»dern  lima  ii  has  been 
empldyediororganiialiMBOfaiiunuiualoreiceptJanal  character, 
auch  as  a  corps  ol  foniga  v<dualeen  or  mercenaries.  Sec 
lurthetRoxAKAuti.  (F.  J.  H.j 

■ate  regiments  or  corps 

lace  by  Fianci'  1.    <He 
this  precedent,  employed 

talncd  in  France  and  which  supplied  thcGnnde  Aimfe  wiihdiafii. 
The  term  "  Foveiga  Ltgioa  "  a  often  used  lor  irregnbr  vDlLinieer 
corpt  of  foniga  tympathisars  raised  by  states  at  war,  often  by 
amaUer  atalei  AghtiDg  for  independence.  Unlike  moft  foreign 
fegioni  the  "  BriTuh  Ce^  "  which,  nised  in  GVeac  Briiain  and 
eommanded  by  Sir  de  Lacy  EniB  (q.t.).  («igb(  in  the  Curlin  wan, 
wu  a  regularly  enlisted  and  paid  force-  The  tern  "  foreign  le^ioa  " 
ia  cDlloquially  but  incofrectly  applied  (&<Uy  10  the  KiiuiaaiJ 
itramirrs  in  the  French  lervice,  wFiich  are  composed  of  adi^nturoiiB 
ipiiiii  of  all  nationalities  and  have  been  em;doyed  in  many  arduoui 

The  nusi  ^wnis  ol  the  torpa  that  have  borne  the  name  of  lif  ion 

hiiiory  of  Ihe  corps}.    The  electorate  ol  Hanover  being  in  1S05 

■idered  possible,  tbe  BiiliA  giivtminent  wished  la  take  Hie  greatEr 

by  the  Hanoverian  gnvemDIcnl  of  this  offer  was  dolayrd  unlil  too 

'--,  and  iiwaaool^  alter  the  Fi — ■■  ■— ' -■  ■■■ ■• 

— ...  __  ^  ..-T.  1.-J  I -'"oanoeo  tnai  ine 

ildiers.  but  other 


ol  all  arm  in  noden  tuna,  perhaps  ih 
bciJig  the  Fnjvincial  LegioM  faipta  ia  I 
iKFAHtBv},  Napoleon,  in  accordance  wit 


.  „  . . .  .    The  eipViit  ol  Ihe 

Legion  al  Gareia  Herr— '-  -'—  ■ 
Ihey  charged  and  hnAt 


IbeUiU 
ichinfanlryquar 

Sh'  E.  Wood's  AMiiimtiili  1 


hialofy  of  the  cavalry  .....   ^—  —   — 

CaKlrj).    A  tmal  oOcv  ol  Ihe  Lc^n,  Chaita  Alien  (q.' 
commanded  the  British  Ughl  Division  In  Ihe  laiue  part  of  the  w 
ll  should  be  said  thai  the  Legion  was  rardy  engaged 
ll  WIS  considered  railier  as  a  small  army  ol  the  Briluh  lyj 
which  served  abroad  by  regimcnlt  and  batlali 


f.v,-r: 


arms  being  about  11,000.  In  iBls  the  periodof  aervl(*a(ri«<oni 
had  aiiQotl  eapired  when  NapoHon  retunwd  from  Elba,  buc  ils 
member!  voluniarfljf  oflered   To  prolong  their  service.     It  lost 

diuinguiibed  ItiEll  by  iu  gallant  defence  oi  La  Hsye  Sainic   The 

War.  Cenain  Hanoverian  regimenii  ol  ihe  Cennan  army  10-day 
.  .L-  .._:..  -f  [(«  Legion  and  cany  Peninwbr  talile- 

FaiT,  in  Scats  law,  the  legal  share  of  ihe 
movanie  property  01  a  fatha  diu  on  his  dcMh  to  his  cbiUlren. 
If  a  lather  dies  leaving  a  widow  and  children,  Ihe  movable 
property  is  divitled  into  three  equal  parts;  one-thitd  pari  is 
divided  equally  among  all  the  children^wbo  survive,  although 
Ihey  may  be  of  diOcicni  marriages  (Ihe  isaUe  ol  predeceased 
children  do  not  share);  another  third  goes  10  the  widow  ai  her 
jus  rdicUu.  and  Ihe  remaining  third,  called  "  dead's  pan," 
may  be  ditpoied  of  by  the  laiber  by  will  as  he  pleases.  II  tbe 
father  die  inieiute  Ihe  dead's  part  goes  to  the  children  u 
the  father  leave  no  widow,  one-hall  ol 
1  legilim  and  one-half  dead's  part.     Is 


the  I 


LEOrnilAGT,  and  LEQITIIUTIOII,  tlw  W 


Iheparenlswasma 
rhis  method  of  le 


if  Scolland  and  of  si 


by  ibt  dergy  of  En^ind, 

banms  at  Ihe  paHiamenl  c 

Nel«maaltta  Au^iamUi 

English  law  tahes  accoi 


he  Angio-Sajions  h3< 
snce,  or  possibly  an, 
when  acknowledge 


'  legilimale  by  their  subsequent 
ilmation  was  accepted  by  ihe 
9  of  the  conlinenl  ol  Europe. 
:  Eiatca  of  the  United  Slates. 


Luial-hc 


if  Men 


right  other  than  Ihat 
.  by  its  father.  The 
It  one  lime  advocated 
narily  lejecled  by  (be 
'!fi,  when  they  nplied 


solely  of  Ihe  Fact  (hat  maniaie 
preceoes  tne  Dirtn  ol  me  cnild;  at  whatever  period  the  hiith 
happens  after  the  marriage,  the  offspring  is  prima  fscielesitimale- 
Tbe  presumption  of  law  is  always  in  favour  of  the  legitimacy  of 

ihai  Sir  Edward  Coke  held  that  •'  if  the  husband  be  wtlhin  Ihe 
lour  seu,  i.i.  wiihln  the  jurisdiction  of  Ihe  king  of  England, 
and  the  wife  hath  issue,  no  pmof  shall  be  admilted  to  prove 
ihe  chad  a  bastard  unless  the  husband  halh  an  apparent  im- 
possibility of  proCTeatlon."  Il  Is  now  Bellied,  bowever,  that  the 
presumpiionof  legitimacy  may  be  rebutted  by  evidence  showing 
noi;-ac«uenlhepariaf  The  htisband.  or  any  other  circUDBtince 
showing  thai  Ihe  husband  could  nol  in  the  count  of  naluic  hate 
been  the  father  of  his  wile's  child-  If  Ihe  hutband  had  Kt(M, 
or  Ihe  accHS  be  nol  clearly  negatived,  even  though  Dlhers  at  th« 
same  time  were  carrying  on  an  illicit  interconrse  with  the  wife, 
a  child  bom  under  such  circnmstancea  it  legitonatt.    II  the 

contrary.    Neither  husband  or  wile 


will  be  permilied  lo  pi 
Children  bom  altera' 

so  long  after  Iht  deitl 

The  period  of  geaisilc 


a  mma  tl  liere  will,  however,  be 
1  access  be  proved.  A  cUM  bom 
uiband  that  he  could  not  In  the 


t  Bsiw  afler  the  dealb  ol   eilbet   of  lbs  pucat*.    Lonl 


LEGrrlMISTS— LEGNANO 


379 


Lyodhursi's  ul  (iSis)  dedared  iH  ncli  noting  maniita 
wHd.  bill  aU  tubsniuint  muiinga  beiiiRn  penou  vllhin  i' 
problbilfd  degi«<«  of  conunfuiniiy  or  iffiniiy  woe  nude  ni 
■nd  void  tod  ihr  luue  Ulcgiiinwt  (kc  Muuace).  By  t 
LegiCmuy  DecJiniion  Act  iSjS,  ipplicWiDD  amf  be  maile 
Lhe  Piobilc,  Divorce  md  Adminky  Court  (in  Scotluid,  id  t 
Coun  ol  Set^on  by  •ciiDn  of  dediiuor)  lot  a.  dedmlion 
leciiiniicy  snd  of  the  v&lidiiy  ol  ■  nuiViige.  Tbe  itiitui 
Itgilimicy  in  my  couniry  dejiending  upon  the  fact  al  ilie  child 
having  ban  born  in  w«j[<xit,  it  suy  be  concliided  thu 
qiKilton  u  to  the  IcsitimiiT-  of  k  cMd  turn)  either  <■ 
vilidiLy  ol  lhe  nitrriiee  or  on  whether  the  chDd  hu  been 
iDvedJock. 

LifitiiHJinellectedby  tbewhsequail  nunuceoftliepuenu 
of  the  iScKiiimate  tbiM  ii  technlolly  kMnm  u  le^timation 
fa  mbiipitiu  nHlnmeniuM.  Thii  ■dsption  of  the  Soman 
Uw  priDc^ilc  is  followed  by  nwst  of  the  aJatrs  c^  the  coniiDrnt 
el  Eurcfx  (wiUi  dijiinclioiB,  of  cdwk,  u  la  arUa  illrgiiiaiiie 
cblldreo.  or  u  Id  ihc  fomu  ol  ncknowlcdgoient  by  the  psrenl  or 
pitcnti}.  in  the  We  ol  Man,  Cucmwy,  Jersey,  Lower  Canada, 
Si  Lu(ia,  Trinidad,  Demetai*,  Berbice,  Cpe  Cohrny,  Ceylon, 
Maurlliui;  it  has  been  adoplcd  in  New  ZeaUcKl  (L^timatioa 
Act  i8«4),  South  Auslnlia  (Legitimalion  An  il^  aaiended 
igu),  Queenlland  (Lcgilimation  Act  igqg).  New  Snulh  Wale* 
(Lrfiiiimatlon  Act  190:),  and  ^cloria  [RtgjstfatioB  at  Birthi, 
Death*  and  Maniigs  Act  190]).  It  it  to  be  notnl,  however, 
Ibit  in  that  Una  the  mere  fact  of  ihe  parents  marrying  dot* 
not  Itcilimate  ibe  cbitd;  indeed,  the  parents  may  marry,  yet 
Ibe  child  nmajn  iHegilimate,  In  order  to  legiLimate  the  cliild 
it  fc  necoaary  for  Ihe  taiher  to  make  application  foriti  ngiitia- 
lion;  in  South  Augtralia.  Ihe  application  muil  be  made  by  both 
pueutiito  abo  in  Victoiia.  il  the  mother  ii  living,  if  not, 
application  by  lhe  filher  will  lUflke.  In  New  Zealand,  (^iceni- 
i^andKewSouifa  Wales,  Rgbtntion  may  be  made  It  any  lime 
after  the  marriage;  in  Virtoiia,  within  tii  montha  from  the  dale 
of  the  nurrlige;  in  Souih  Australia,  by  Ibe  act  of  1S9B,  lee^tn- 
lion  wai  perminible  only  within  Ihirly  days  before  or  afier  ibe 
marriage,  bul  by  ibe  amending  act  of  19111  It  Is  allowed  il  any 
'   n  thiny  days  altet  the  marriage,  provided  Ihe 


applica 


ofihcchiM.  Inallcaseslhe  legitbnitioo  is  retrospective,  taking 
el«l  frOm  Ibe  birth  of  Ihe  child.  Les'limlum  by  lubeequent 
marriage  eiists  ilso  In  the  following  statei  rf  ihe  Ameritm 
Union:  Mai  ne.  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Michigan.  Iowa.  MInnesDl  a, 
Califoniia,  Olegon,  Nevada.  Washington,  N.  and  S.  Dakota, 
Idaho,  Montana  and  N(w  Medco.  In  Massachusetla,  Vermonl, 
IlBnols,  Indiana,  Wisconsin,  Nebraska,  Maryland,  Virginia, 
West  Virginia,  Kentucky.  Missouri,  Ackansas,  Teias,  Colorado, 
Idaho,  Wyoming.  Georgia,  Alabwna,  Missisippi  and  Aiiiona, 
in  addition  Is  the  marriage  Ihe  iiihet  must  recogniiE  or  acknow. 
ledge  lhe  illegiiimale  chUd  as  his.  In  New  Hampdiire,  Con- 
neciicul  and  Louhlana  both  partnls  must  acknowlaLge  the  child, 
eilher  by  an  aulhfnlic  act  belore  maniage  or  by  Ihe  conltaci  of 
marriage.  In  some  slates  (Califoniia,  Nevada,  N.  and  S. 
Dakota  and  Idaho)  if  the  father  of  an  iUegilimale  child  tecaves 
il  inio  ha  house  (wllh  lhe  consent  of  his  wife,  if  Butried),  and 
treats  II  as  if  it  were  legilimale,  it  becomes  lestinule  for  all 
puiposta.  In  olher  Slates  (N.  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Ceorfia  and 
New  Meiico)  lhe  pulitive  father  can  le^tinuie  the  child  by 
pivress  in  court.  Those  sIVes  of  the  United  States  which  have 
nM  been  mcniioncd  follow  the  Engliib  common  law.  which  also 
prevails  in  Ireland,  some  of  the  Wesl  Indies  and  pan  of  Canada. 
In  Scotland,  on  the  other  hand,  the  principle  of  the  civil  law  is 
followed.  In  Scotland,  bostardscouldbete^limiiedinlwo  ways: 
either  by  the  subsequeni  intermarriage  ol  the  mother  of  the  child 
with  the  lather,  or  by  lelten  of  lcgilimation  Inun  the  sovereign. 
With  mpect  10  the  last,  however.  It  is  10  be  observed  that 
letters  of  lep'limslion,  be  their  daises  ever  so  strong,  could  not 


any  prerogative,  cu 
lul  by  a  ipedal  claus 
3gn  could  renounce 


opriva 


baslaiiA  nucMfan,  UUng  lnJllnww  deaondani*,  h  frranr  el 
hin  who  maildkave  been  the  blitud's  hdr  had  be  been  bom  In 
LawAil  wedlock,  nch  mmciaiuB  etwnarhing  upon  no  right 
competent  to  ai^  third  ptnoa. 

Tlie  quotlao  noialn.  bow  fu^  H  al  aU,  En^ish  law  recogniies 
lhe  legilunacy  of  a  person  bom  out  of  wedlock.  Strictly  speak- 
ing, English  law  does  not  recogntie  any  such  person  as  legiti' 
mate  (ibotig^  Ibe  Hpreme  powa  of  an  act  of  parliament  on, 
of  course,  confer  lhe  tights  o(  legitimacy),  but  under  certain 
circaaulaiicia  It  will  recognize,  for  purposes  of  successiDn  10 
properly,  a  legitimated  person  as  legitimate.  The  general 
maxim  of  law  is  that  the  status  of  legitimacy  mUst  be  tried  by 
the  bw  of  the  country  where  It  iHlglnates,  and  where  the  law 
of  the  father's  domicile  at  the  time  of  (he  child's  birth,  and  of 
the  fuhet^  domicne  at  the  time  of  the  subsequent  marriage, 
taken  logetber,  legilimbe  the  child,  En^ish  hiw  will  rtcognite 
Ihe  kgiiin»cy.  For  purposes  of  suecsiioa  to  real  pr^ieny, 
however,  legitimacy  must  be  determined  by  Ihe  f«  fan'  rri 
ifCie;  so  that,  for  eiunpte,  a  legillnlaed  SMtsman  would  be 
r«ogBl»d  a*  legitinate  in  Enf^nd,  but  not  legiiimstc  so  far 
as  to  take  lands  as  heb  (BirlKklstlt  v.  VardOI,  1R40).  The  con- 
flict ollawawi  ihesub}ecl  yields  aome  curious  resiilts.  Thus,  a 
domiciled  SmsDiuk  had  awn  bom  in  Scotland  and  then  married 
iho  mother  In  Scotland.  The  son  died  possessed  at  land  in 
England,  and  it  was  held  that  the  father  could  nol  inherit  tmm 
the  son.  On  (he  other  hand,  where  an  unmaiTled  woman,  domi- 
ciled in  England  died  Intestate  ibeie,  it  was  held  that  her 
brother's  daughter,  bora  before  marriage,  bul  whilst  tlie  father 
was  domiciled  in  HcJland,  and  legitimized  by  lhe  patents' 
marriage  while  they  were  stilt  domiciled  in  HbDond,  was  entitled 
to  succeed  to  the  personal  properly  of  her  auni  (/n  rt  Gecdman'i 
TnuU,  1880).  In  n  Grey's  Tnufi  (1891)  derided  that,  where 
prof  estate  waa  befjueaihed  to  the  children  of  a  person  domi- 
ciled In  a-  foreign  country  and  these  children  were  legilimized 
by  the  subsequent  marriage  In  that  couniry  ol  their  father 
with  their  mother,  that  they  were  entitled  to  share  as  legiti- 
mate children  in  a  devise  of  English  really.  Il  is  to  be  noted 
that  Ibis  decision  does  not  clash  with  that  of  flufvAutfe  v. 
VardiB. 

See  J.  A.  Foote,  Prnale  rafrmKuu/  Low;  A.  V.  Dicey,  Conllia 
0/  Lmti:  L.  von  Bar.  ft*ol.  IwUrvUinal  Ltm:  Story.  CnMO 
bSLou:  J.  Watlakc,  /nUnu/uul  Urn. 

LESmmn  (Fr.  Iltilmisla.  from  UpHme,  lawful,  legitl- 
niale] .  the  name  of  Ihe  party  in  France  which  after  the  revolulion 
of  iSjo  continued  to  support  the  claims  of  the  dder  Hne  of  the 
house  of  BotirboD  as  (he  legitimate  sovereigns  "  bv  divine 
ith  of  the  comte  da  Chambord  in 


he  Blana  d'Espagn. 


)j  dissolved 

repudiating  the  act  Of  nnundalion  of 
1  upholding  the  lights  of  lhe  6our1»ns 
of  the  line  ol  Anjou.  The  word  UplinusU  was  not  admitted 
by  the  Fiencb  Academy  until  i8;S;  hut  meanwhile  it  had 
spread  beyond  Fiance,  and  the  English  word  legitimist  is  now 
applied  to  any  supporter  of  monarchy  by  hereditary  right  as 
against  a  parliamentary  or  other  title. 

LEONAGD,  a  fortified  town  of  Vcnetia,  Italy,  in  Ibe  province 
of  Verona,  on  the  Adige.  19  m.  by  nil  E.  of  Mantua,  si  ft. 
above  sea-levd.  Pop.  (1906)  1731  (town),  ij^oo  (commune). 
Legnago  is  one  of  the  famous  Quadrilateral  fortresses.  The 
present  fortiRcations  were  planned  and  made  in  1815.  the  older  . 
defences  having  been  destroyed  by  Napoleon  I.  in  1801.  The 
situation  is  low  and  unhealthy,  but  the  tciritory  b  fertile,  rice, 
cereals  and  sttgar  b^rg  grown.  Legnago  Is  the  birthplace  of 
G.  B.  CavalcBseDe.  the  art  histoiian  (iSiT-itp;).  A  branch 
line  runs  hence  10  Rovlgo. 

of  Lombardy.  Italy,  in  the  prnvince  ot 
17  m.  n.vr.  01  that  city  by  rail,  £81  ft.  above  sea-level. 
Ml)  71S3,  (1901I  18.18J.  The  church  ot  S.  Magno, 
the  style  of  Bramanle  by  G.  Lampugnano  (1504-1519), 
\  an  aliar-piece  considered  one  of  Luini's  beat  works, 
re  abo  remains  of  a  castle  of  (he  Visconti.  Legnano 
scat  of  Important  cation  and  sUk  bdustifa,  with 


38o 


LEGOUVE— LEGROS 


mKluDe-ihaps,  beOer-mtki.  and  dyeinc  end  printini  of 
woven  loodi,  uh)  Ihnad.  Clou  by,  ihe  Lombinl  Lofue 
detcaled  FrcdcHck  BwbUDSW  in  iir6;  ■  sxHiunKDt  in  com- 
QKmontian  of  the  baitlc  »u  cncted  on  thg  hM  in  1876. 
while  Ihcie  ia  uiollier  by  BuiLi  erected  is  igoo  in  Ihe  Piuu 
Fedciico  Birbstosu. 

ISaoOVi,  QABRIEL  JSUI  BAPHSTB  ERMBBT  WILTRID 
(l£o7-it»j).  Fitnch  drainiLiil,  lOD  of  tbe  pod  Gabriel  Lcgouvt 
(1764-iSil),  who  wrote  a  pauonl  La  Utrt  i'Abd  [iT«j)  and  t 
tngedy  ol  BticJatii  ti  lUrm,  wu  bom  in  Pars  on  the  jth  oi 
Febiuiry  iSo;.  Hii  mothtr  died  in  iSio.  and  alnwil  im- 
medlalcly  afierwanla  bit  Uiber  waA  removed  to  a  lunatic 
uyltiai-  Hie  child,  however,  inherited  a  conaiderablc  fortune^ 
and  wu  carefully  educated.  Jean  Nicolas  BoulUy  (1T6J-1841) 
waa  bis  tutor,  and  early  inililled  inla  the  young  Legouvj  a 
puiion  for  literature,  to  which  the  eunifJe  of  h)i  father  and 
of  bzi  grandfalber,  J.  B.  Legouvd  (173^178^),  prediapoaed  bim. 
As  early  as  iSig  he  carried  away  a  priie  ol  [be  French  Academy 
for  a  poem  on  the  diacovetyol  printing;  and  in  1833  he  published 
a  curiotu  little  volume  of  venca,  entitled  La  IfnrU  Biiarra. 
In  thrae  early  days  Legouvi  bnutbl  out  >  tucctMion  ol  novels, 
of  which  EiiA  it  Fallot  enjoyed  a  coniidenble  succeu.  In 
1&47  be  begin  Ihe  work  by  which  be  it  best  remembered,  hia 
contiibutions  to  the  development  and  ediKation  ol  the  female 
mind,  by  lecturing  at  the  College  of  France  on  the  moral  history 


1848,  and  enjoyed  a  great  tuccesa.  Ltgouvf  wnxe  considerably 
for  Ihe  ittge,  and  In  1S49  he  collaborated  with  A.  K  Scribe  is 
AdriniiH  Ltteiarar.  In  1855  he  brought  out  his  tragedy  o( 
llidli,  the  aucceia  ol  which  had  much  to  do  with  hia  eleclloa 
10  the  French  Academy.  He  succeeded  to  the  fauteuil  of  J.A. 
Ancclol,  and  wai  received  by  Floureni,  arho  dwelt  oa  the  plays 
of  Legouvi  u  hia  princlTAl  daim  10  coniidentioii.  As  time 
palled  an,  however,  he  became  less  promineDI  *1  a  playwright, 
and  more  ao  as  a  lecturer  and  propagandist  on  woman's  rights 
and  the  advanced  education  of  children,  in  both  of  which  dircc- 
tioDS  he  was  a  pifHieei  in  French  aodety.  Hia  La  FtmmeaiFrtiui 
SB  XIX-  liiclt  {<i6*],  reissued,  much  enlarged,  in  187S;  his 
IfisncKri  la  ntfanls  (1S68],  his  Conflrtnies  Farintnna  (1871), 
hii  NoijUUi  a  nnfit  (iSjl),  and  hia  C/w  idiiatUm  drjium: 
fdU  (i88«)  were  wotis  of  wide-reaching  influence  in  the  moral 
order.  In  18S6-1SS7  he  published,  in  two  volumes,  his  Soiianit 
ttnt  de  jontnirj,  an  excellent  specimen  of  autobtoii^hy.  He 
JUS  raised  in  i8£;  to  ihe  highest  grade  of  the  Legion  of  Hooaur, 
and  held  for  many  years  Ihe  post  ol  iospeclor-general  of  Ictqale 

advocate  ol  physical  training.  Ue  was  long  accounted  one 
ol  the  best  diots  in  France,  aod  although,  from  a  cooicienlioua 
objection,  he  never  fought  a  duel,  he  made  the  art  ot  fencing 
his  liletong  bobby.  Alter  the  death  of  DisirC  Miurd  in  iSSS, 
Lcgouvi  became  the  "lather"  of  the  French  Academy.  He 
died  on  Ihe  ulh  of  March  1903. 

LBOROS.  ALPUDHSE  UHj-        )•  l»ii»"  and  cicher,  waa 
bom  11  Dijon  on  the  8th  of  May  i8j7'     Hia  father  was  an 
account  int.  and  came  from  the  nei^bouring  vilkgr  ol  Vetonnci. 
Young  Legrea  frequently  visited  ibe  fatmt  of  hit  lelaiives,  and 
the  peasants  and  lindicapea  of  thai  part  ol  France  are  llie 
subjects  ol  many  ol  his  pictures  and  etchings.     He  was  sent  to 
the  srt  school  at  Dijon  with  a  view  10  quahfyiag  for  a  trade, 
and  was  apprenticed  to  Mattre  Nicolardo,  house  decorator  and 
painter  of  images.     In  1811  L^ros  left  loc  Paris  to  lake  ans 
situation;  but  passing  through  Lyons  he  worked  tor  six  mo 
u  journeyman  wall-painter  under  Ihe  decorator  Beuchol, 
was  painting  the  chapel  ol  Cardinal  Bonald  in  the  calhri 
In  Paris  he  gludied  with  Cambon,  scene-painter  aiu!  dccoi 
of  Ibealccs.  an  eiperience  which  devcbped  a  breadth  of  touch 
such  at  Slanfield  and  Coi  picked  up  in  similai  drcumsunce 
Al  ihis  time  he  ailended  the  drawing-school  of  Lecoq  de  Boi 
baudran.     In  iBjs  Legroa  attended  the  evening  daises  of  tl 
Ccole  de»  Beaua  Atli,  and  perhaps  gained  there  his  love  . 
drawing  from  ihe  antique,  some  of  the  results  of  which  may  be 
seen  Id  the  Prim  Room  al  ibe  Btilisli  iduKum.     He  m'  ' 


portnia  to  Ihe  Salon  of  1I57:  one  was  rejected,  and  lortMd 

part  of  the  exhibition  of  protest  oiganlsed  by  fionvin  to  Ma 

udio;  the  other,  which  waa  accepted,  was  a  profile  portrait 

his  bther.    This  work  was  piesenied  to  the  museum  at  Toun 

r  the  artisl  when  his  (ticad  Caxin  was  curator.     ChimpBeuty 

w  the  work  in  the  Salon,  and  sou^t  out  the  irtiK  10  cdUm 

m  in  the  small  army  oi  Hxailed  "  Realnta,"  comprinng  (round 

e  noisy  glory  of  Courbel)  all  thoae  who  raned  prolest  against 

Q  academical  trifles  of  Ihe  degenerate  Romantira.    In  1859 

Legros's  "  Angelus  "  waa  exhibited,  ibe  first  of  Ifnae  quiet 

church  intcfioTS,  with  kneeling  figuiea  of  patient  women,  by 

'hich  he  is  best  known  as  a  painter.     "  £x  Voto,"  a  work  ot 


only  obtaJan 


dbyhi 


fdeufa  with  enthuai 


the  Salon.  I.cgros  came  to  England 
in  iwj,  ana  in  iS6<  married  Miss  FVances  Rosetta  HotlgBon. 
At  Arst  he  lived  by  his  etching  and  leaching.  He  then  became 
teacher  ol  elsbing  it  the  South  Kensington  School  of  Art,  and 
is  iS7t  Sbide  Pnjfeuor  11  Usivcisity  Cdlege,  Loudon.  Ha 
was  aattTiBliied  Di  an  Englishmin  in  i83i,  and  renabied  al 
Uoivcrsily  College  acvcuteen  yean.  Hi*  Influence  there  was 
eierled  to  encourage  a  ctrtaia  dblinction,  seveHly  and  Iralh 
ot  character  in  the  work  of  his  pupils,  with  a  umpic  technique 
ndirespectfoiihe  liaditionsofihe  old  masters,  unlillhentODic- 
rhat  foreign  to  English  art.  He  would  draw  or  paint  a  I0110 
r  a  head  before  the  siudcnia  in  an  hour  or  even  leu.  so  IhM  the 
ttention  of  ihe  pupili  might  not  he  dulled.  As  students  had 
ecn  known  to  lake  weeks  and  even  raontha  over  a  single  drawing. 
Legros  ordered  Ihe  positioDa  of  the  casts  in  tbe  Antique  Sdiod 
be  changed  once  eveiy  week.  In  Ihe  painlin^  school  bt 
isted  upon  a  good  outline,  preserved  by  a  Ihin  rub  in  o( 
umber,  and  then  the  work  was  to  be  finished  in  a  single  painting. 
Experiments  In  all  varieties  oF  art  work  an 


n  the 


in  a  workshop,  he 
rested  until  he  had  mistered  the  lechiuque  and  his  iiudenii 
trying  their  'prentice  hinda  al  it.  Am  he  had  casually 
picked  up  the  art  of  etching  by  watching  a  comrade  in  Pari* 
working  at  a  commeidal  engraving,  so  be  began  the  making 
of  medals  after  a  walk  in  the  British  Museum,  studying  the 
masterpieces  o!  Pisanello,  and  a  visit  10  the  CaUnet  des  UblaiUes 
in  Paris.  Legros  considered  the  traditional  journey  to  Italy 
a  very  important  part  of  artistic  training,  and  in  order  that 
his  students  should  have  the  benefit  of  such  study  he  devoted 
a  part  of  his  salary  to  augment  the  income  available  for 


isorahip 


ardent  m 
ciailH  in  Spain, 
sof'TheTiiumph 
the  gaideos  of  the 


I    by    Legros,    besidea    tfaosi 


nmeroe    nonoraDie,         irtaa   ^nnti,      orontes.    medals  ana 

■■"stuJy  "erf  a^Hcall/'  and  pon™^  of'lirown'ini,  au"lM3'D£^ 
CasKl.  Huxley  and  Marshall,  at  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Muacum, 
Ken>inilDii4  ''FemiTiH  en  pri«re,"  National  Gallery  of  British 


Arti-'llKTinl..  ,   

bequeathed  10  Souib  Kcnrir 

■TSie  Poor  ai  Meai."  Iwo  , 

eiebinM,  colluiioii  of  Lmd  Carlisle;^  -  Ti 

■■  M«d"5". 


erworksj 


1  the  tonides  CoBotion. 


-  Priests  at  the  O^n." 
Rev,  Stopford  Brooke; 


r'si 


MrCuyKnowlest   "..,—. 
'  Scene."  colliction  of  Mr 


t  Vereker  Ham. , 

-  large  collecliai  of  etchings 
tyilier  caUeeliM  of  Mr  U  W. 


Liverpool  Walker  Art  Gallery: 


liny-five  dnwinn  and  etchings,  the  Print  Room.  Britiih  Mineum; 
Jacob's  Dmin  "  and  twelve  dnwliwa  of  Ihe  antique,  C*nbiid|e; 
Saiil  Jennie."  iwa  aiudiei  o(  heads  and  Kinie  drawinga.  Man- 

L Tu.  f,,.^ .-J  -.  c.^    ^^  |^j„  ^  Class," 

ludy  of  Heads."  Pad  Park 

~—  ,  h^ir    L™. 


The  l^lgrir 
Walter  •■ 
SalFord. 

.■  Hani  '...  _... 

Ktmiu  (iSgSJ:  Ltonc* 
'    -    "^-•-       jood    C 

(isaj). 


LEGUMINOSAE 


3«I 


i  }tifftt  baAr  cf  Mtd-plinlt, 
"ith  7000  sprdt*.    Ii  bdtmci 

9  Rosata  of  Uie  DicotylHlou,  ui)  CDoUini  tlinx  wi 
tuArd  lubordHi,  PipilioutM,  Waacad^at 
tjidta£.  Ths  pUnIs  ue  Ims^  ilmiba  or  beita  o(  vny  \ 
hibit.  Tbe  Britiih  TepnHntittva.  iH  of  whkh  belosi 
■ubordei  PapQionmtu,  tndudc  t  lew  ihiubo,  ntch  u 
C/^  (gone,  func),  Cy*ijmi  Cbnnm)  and  Cnufd,  bat 
the  majorily,  and  this  applia  10  the  Biborder  as  a 
whcAc.  are  berto,  Ricb  as  Ibe  dovm,  Uedieago,  ifd^ 
IHiB,  &c..iDniftiiiK>diinbiDcb)-udo(lcD<tHb  which 
art  ntfHjiGed  leaf-&tnictuies»  ai  Id  LtlMynti  utd  Ihe 
v«dia(r>c>d}.  Scaikel  lunner  ( J>*(UuIm  MJUjItnu) 
h«a  a  bcTbanoui  twiomg  item.  Woody  climbeia 
(Hanca)  arc  represented  by  speda  of  BauAuno  (Caeul- 
pukddeae),  whkh  with  thdr  cuiiouAly  Ant lened  Iwisfed 
■tenia  aic  chanctemtk  fraturca  of  in^dcal  forrsls,  ■ 
and  EalaJa  samjnu  (MinKnoidFar)  al»  contnan  in  ' 
tbe  trepks;  Ukb  two  lubudeia,  which  are  csbEdhI  to 
the  wanncc  puu  of  tht  eaiih,  omaiit  chiefly  o(  trefs 
and  ihnb*  luch  m  Aiaiia  aod  if  lauia  belongiDg  to  t  he 
Himoaadeae,  ami  the  Judaa  tree  of  aoutbern  Zumpo 
(CiTni)aiid  taaaiind  bdongiDg  tii4be  Catsalpinioideae. 
lie  aD-caBed  acada  of  Emofieui  fankaa  ISMnia  /,  Leaf 
Pmiacada)  and  labimiam  an  cxampha  of  the  '- 
habit  in  the  PapDionaUe.  Water  pbsla  are  1 
but  arc  retwaented  by  Aesckynomene  and  Nepin 
(Topical  geooa.  The  toota  of  maoy  spede  ' 
ftobtida),  tlM  cdli  of  whidi  cootain 
which  have  the  power  oE  fixing  the  nitroferi  oE  tbe  atmosphere 
in  nich  a  form  ai  to  make  It  available  tor  pJant  food.  Hence 
Ibe  value  of  these  plants  u  a  crap  on  poor  toil  or  aa  a  member 
of  a  series  of  lotation  of  crops,  since  they  enrich  the  aoQ  by  the 
Bitnten  liberated  by  the  decay  of  their  nMti  01  of  the  wbole 
plant  it  iriougbed  in  aa  gieen  nunuR. 

The  leans  lie  titeinale  in  amngement  and  generally  com- 
pOQud  and  Blipulate.  A  common  form  b  illinlnled  E>y  the 
ttefin!  or  clovers,  which 
have  three  kifleti  qirineiiig 
fnun  a  common  point  (digi- 
lately     trifoliate);     plnnale 


an  tembb;  in  JUhh  the  n^nka  are  ^liny  and  pcnM-iflcr 
leaf-fall  In  aome  acaciaa  (f.a.)  tbe  thena  are  bolkw,  and 
inhabited  by  ants  aa  in  it.  sfkaaaaHala,  a  cmtral  American 
pUal  (Gg.  i)  and  othen.  In  some  speda  of  Aatnialui,  Oat- 
irycUt  and  Mhera,  the  leaf-ilalk  penim  atis  tbe  fall  si  tha 
leal  and  bwwat»  bid  and  ^liny. 


are      gene 

raUy 

b[[dnnate 

(Egl.  I.  2 

])■ 

Rarely  are 

the    leaves 

aiir 

pie    a.    in 

BoMnit. 

Vaiioiis  deparl- 

oiea    ffom 

the 

Btual  leaf- 

type    occui 

in 

assodaiion 

with  adaputions 

to  di^eient 

functions 

In  leaf-dimbeia 

audi  as  pea 

or  vFich,  Che  end  oi  the  nchis 

duced  to  a  slender  spine- 
tike  structure,  though  the 
leave*  o(  Ibe  seedUaj  have 
one  to  three  leaSets.  In 
many  Austrab'an  acaciaa  the 
leaf  surface  in  the  adult  plant 
ii  much  reduced,  the  petiohi 
being  at  the  lame  time  flat- 
,  tened  and  enlarged  (Eg.  i), 
*^;»X)'^!^°«(  tot'i^lir:  frequently  the  leaf  isreduced 
like  petwle  (phyUode),  p,  and  Upin-  to  a  petiole  Battened  m  the 
nale  blade.  vertical     plane;     by     this 

il  cipoaed  to  tbe  iatenie  sunUght.     In  the  garden  pea  the 
mipBlea  an  large  and  Itdiaceoua,  leptadnf  the  kaSeta.  which 


uuu.  where  Iht  InBdi  anunie  a  venicil  pmiiioii  at  niihllall. 
(Pfm^iifX  tyvxi).  native  of  Irmncal  A^.  where  the  tiiiaM  lateral 
■  ptidica)  La  an  ea^mple  ol  movemeDt  in  rnponsa  ro  coniact. 

The  Beni  of  the  lianea  shows  iim  lemaihable  deviatiiHia  from 
form  and  Hniciure.     lo  PapiUo 

rin^  Df  inuuvcTse  or  bm^r  Aiaiidj;   wberei  a«  in  Rky 


;   oTlheirn'ofe'"' 

y  iDDc.     Tlic  climbing  MimoaCHdeie  show  do  anomalous 

piih  and  niediillary  ra)^  ouur.  eipca-' 
AiinioiitJi   EuiQ-anbtc  is  an  exuda- 

_^„_  ,-  .  ..,-.   -.id  other  species.     Logwood  ii  the  mlouird 

hcaitwood  of  HatmaUiyliiit  camt^Hanm;     nd  sandalwood  ol 
Plaocarpiu  ukJoIushj. 

Ihe  flowos  ar«  arranged  b  racemOM  Icfloreacencea,  Dch  a* 
the  simple  lacerae  l,Ldmnnm.  RcUtiia),  which  is  ondenaed 
to  a  head  in  Trt/sftun;  b  Arixia  and  Mimosa  the  Soweia  are 
densely  crowded  (Gg.  4).  The  flowu  b  characterized  by  a 
hypogynous  Of  slightly  perigynous  arrsngtment  of  paita.  tha 
anterior  podtloo  of  the  odd  sepal,  the  fite  petals,  and  the  single 
medial  cariKl  wMi  a  temloal  ityle,  rimple  stigma  and  two 


}»2 


If  nwi  of  omit*  m  tlu  vsolnl  wtu 
which  Ucci  the  b(ck  ol  Uie  Bower. 

the  B.S^JS'^'Ln  I'hr  lw'.libordc?J"'Tii  ► 
iBBiHMt  o(  the  three,  the  llowet  ii  fcgutai  tBj.  t  b 
nd  petiU  havea  vilvueuttlntkm,  and  ve  geoen 
bijr  i^nwnnit  floiven  iho  oocuf.  The  ktaIi  j 
uoittd  into  1  cup  (Sf.  4  III).  ■Ml  the  peuli  bsi 
Ibc  bam.  The  lUmeH  viry  widely  in  number  . 
Aauia  (If.  4l  ihev  ire  indefinite  and  free,  ia  the  d 
finiie  and  nwaadelphauif  in  other  triljee  u  mr  ~  ' 
di  the  petali.  Frequefluv,  u  ia  MmeOt  thi 
arelbe  mutt  coo^nointeatuKol  the  fknrer. 
(if-  S)  the  flower*  are  fygoaiorphic  in  a  media 

KnUmerouB.   The  eefxua  are  freei  or  the  two 
tamarind,  and  imbricate  in  aeitivation,  rv 
tree  (fix.  ;  [i]}.  valmc.    The  corolki  Aim  i 

In  Cadi  (fig.  i)  it  clslrly  rwmbln  the  pap 
odd  petal  Kan^  erect,  the  median  pair  are  n 


LEGUMINOSAE 


'  In  CailJ^  'in 


linHc.   The  lirjeB  Bit    _...._, 

....   ..  .  •cintheiBcdiinpluwlfici.fi,  7).   Tbe  I 

n  leneraLly  united  (fife.  7.  9).  nnd  iiava  an  ucendiag  imbricate 
■mngemeot  (fig.  6);  the  olyi  ia  olten  tvoiipfied  (lift.  9  [iD-  The 
eorDlla  hai  five  unequal  petals  with  a  dcacendiiu  imbncate  arrange- 
mrnt ;  the  i/ppv  and  lar^m.  the  standard  (xiiufrrH),  ttamla  erect. 
the  lateral  pair,  the  winp  or  oLu,  aie  long-da vcd,  while  tbe  anterior 

or  broom  (fie.  9),  or  diaddphousaa  in  iwixi  pea  ((«.  8)  (ihc  poiteriDf 
one  bdni  free),  cr  almost  or  quite  lice;  thcK  diaermco  are  aunci- 
aied  with  diBercnco  in  the  methoJi  ol  paliinalian.  Tbe  ten  atamena 
here,  aa  in  tbe  lait  Aibonlcr,  though  arranged  in  a  ringle  whorl, 
atwfl  in  two  aerien,  the  five  oppoeite  tbe  tcpak  ariiinc  lirat. 

The  cupel  ia  nnetitnet  Ralked  and  often  Hrmundoi  at  the  baie 
by  a  haney.«ecreling  diikj  the  Myle  ia  termiaaJ  and  in  tbe  rygomar. 
phic  floven  it  often  curved  end  ■Hnephat  natlcnnl  with  a  definite 
bacli  and  front.  Sometiniee  u  b  (pedeiol  Tn/iJiiiiii  and  VcdicaiD 
Kha  orulca  are  reduced  to  one.   Tbe  pod  or  Irvurrie  tpliia  alor^  bath 

■ohy  valvea,  biu^  tbewds  <ki  tbe  vcatol  auture.    ttehiiceBcc 


The  pod*  ihow  a  very  gp 


Fic.  J.— ^Towering  branch  of  Ji 
cloven  they  an 


'-'^'.■Xl°u^6\i^ 


1  tbe  CuJUat^   The  i.- — _.,  ..^ 
Dtykdont  with  a  ihort  radicle. 
Ibsetta  play  an  important  part  ij 


the  poUinition  of   tbe 


flowcTL    la  tile  twD  unaller  iuborden  t^  i1t*n"  and  V 


■n  fr«tr  oiMMd'  *nd  Uw  r—piciiaui  aa 


Uimn 
badt«   . 

en  ctnfaiiy  ■tudied  in 
What  hm^ 


LEEYA 


ily  to  iniKtl 
bng  probnca,  such  u  bea.    In 
these  CISC*  Ihc  posterior 
is  tne,  lUaivIng  icceu 
r       n     c'  J  n:   -1  boiey.    The  floum  sun 

■Unitii>aRdiadelpliou>.riinci>l  erect  wbte  ot  colound  9Uindird 
them  being  uniledtrji  iheir  fila-  [endet»  Ihun  tonkin 
"""/'  ('■  */'''  "*  "'if*'™'"'  •ringj  (oiBi  K  plitfonn 
M*  (.)  u  l«i  u.  »ignui.  e,  ^  i,^,^  „j^  Md  the  keel 
endout  the  tumens  uul  piuil, 
ptoteoJnj  thtia  fntn  nin  and  ibe  miuki  ol  unbiddea  iwUen- 
eatingibseqii.  lDhisbook<wthefeitili£aix>Dorflo«erS|HHiQBnn 
UaliB  disliotuiiba  Khd-  types  of  papilionuKHa  flc 
iugto  the  way  in  which  the  pollen  issppUed  tothet 

ti)  ThoM  in  whith  the  «»ineia  nnd  Hi^nia  retui 

eanu  and  thiu  adail  of  Raeued  Tiiitt,  such  are  Ihe  ckiven. 
JfiJiMw  ud  Umnum.     (iVExpliMve  Oowcn  when  umeu 


9—' 


Fic. «.— Btoan  (CyHnu  lufviiu). 
1.  CaTrt  J.  Wing,       J.  Mora 


■7  •'ithdy  lediKcd.) 
^ou.  stamens    ^.^M,, 


BB  their  sudden  release  at 
I  ol  ihe  p^kn.    (j)  The  pi 


it.  Omii  snd  Zv^flJ 


bn,i(;otK.ir.-wM,:hV;;;".^l'q,^n'r.Jes'*^ 

tip  ol  the  orin*.  u  is  Lal^Hi.  PiiH,  Vuw  uid  ^iww 


3»3 

t  tanad  on  Ub  ksdi 
(S^'  «yle  bLr." 


regions,  tree- 
fonns  ire  tmlc— 
thns  UlBUkildnu 


b  Eiuope;    Cac*- 


XoHm 


BiRia  d[  ■  ipfldrs  of 
okuAn.  ,      EKh 

foSi^i'inwar/s  of  the 
by  Fic.io.— Diydehi^  Willi  ot  the  lepime  m 
hut  nni  Fruit.  The  pod  equal  iatervds;  tki 
•^P":  rlTCXnalMiu,^,  ran™;'ii>"SSV'*i?w 
ihevpnlral  ;f.  calyx  ^1,  ^OELc-tHded   portions 


and  penetnle  to     

tbe  Unit  of  growth 

afseed-pluilsinsrctk  and  high  ilpioe  regions.  Shnibsind  mtder- 
shrubs,  [iKh  as  Ulix.  Cenisla,  Cyliiai  ate  a  chiiictetlslic  feature 
EuTDptandlheMcdilcttaneanarca,  Acadaiareinimponanl 
mponent  of  the  evergreen  bush -vegetation  ol  Australia, 
logMber  with  genen  of  the  tribe  /■afslynme  of  Piptlionatae 
iCiartuma,  Oiyllbium,  ftc.}.  Ailmtalui,  Orylripii,  Hdyumm, 
OnabryMi,  and  others  are  characlerislic  of  the  iicppe-fonnalioni 


id  protcklt,  i 


eoKiomkally.    The- seed*, 
m  valusble  foods,  as  id  pea, 

MtAri  ■    •       •     ■ 

seof  f. 


uef  uf  fodder-plaat*.  as  lta^amin^ium^\t^)!Mtdk»m^. 
U.  HJin,  lucenx  (f.s.),  or  alfalfa);  UMMn,  Vina,  oiSiyMt 
(0.  ulM  is  lainfoin,  (.>.)i  epoics  at  TMiiiiim,  lupine  and  othcn 
are  used  as  grrrn  msnun.  Many  of  Ihc  froidcil  trees  aflocd  uicful 
..-.1 — /-—J.-',  -..i— -.  '-THywiiwn  and  others  yield  Rbie; 
yield  gum!  Cifaifm,  Bynmum 


l-hnown 
lioHy- 


{ycllow),  iHdiM/ot  (blue)  and  othen;  Hecmolacylini  lamp 
IS  logwood ;  of  foediciiial  value  are  «p(?c[e«  of  Cania  (scnn 
and  itifraeifaji  n>«rf>>dii  ladiai  ii  iimniiod,  Clyrtrrh 
yields  liguork*  met.  WeU-kmnmomainefnil  trees  and  ■! 
Cmit  IC  liUtnailnim  is  the  Judaa^ree).  CUiimtta.  Cnut 
(broom),  ^i^  (C.  vtarmtni  is  bLuMcr^iuu),  Rtt 

nla  inHuIiHiu  is  Ihe  scarlet  ninne 
Ming  peas),  Ltpimi,  Caltp  (goat't 

gardtn  plants.    CrraMiib  jilifaa  is  t 

TK  «  IV  fnauicn-iiaean^  the  pods  of  which  fslEanba  or  5t  John's 
Trad)  contain  a  sveet  juicy  pulp  and  an  largely  used  lor  feeding 

Tho  order  !•  well  TepiTocmed  In  Brltdn,  Thus  Geiilin  Imtfona 
.dyen'  green ireed,  yielding  a  yellow  dye;  C  oaetoa  is  tfccdlefursci 
thci  shruhi  ur  Vltx  lU.  (wofo'xi,  goiK.  luiu  or  whin,  (/.  hiuu. 
.  d«irf  iperici)  and  CyliJ-l  KDMOiu,  btoom.  HtrbaceoLU  plants 
are  Oium.i  i/inoio  (nw-harrow),  ifrfitota  (mcdicit),  UdMut 
(iiKliloI).7>iydlii«ii(lheclaveri)-4nfMiil'iJ>uriuu(ldilnev-velc1>). 
L*lu  ceniciilaiu  (biid's-Foot  mfoil).  itdro^oJu  (milk-VEtch). 
"kia  (vetch,  tare)  and  LaUiyriit. 
LtOVA,  called  by  the  Shans  Lube*,  a  sUt*  in  the  central 
vision  of  the  southern  ^lan  Slates  of  Buima,  bing  approii- 
DUtely  between  io°  ij'  and  ii"  30'  N.  and  97°  iof  and  t)S°  30' 
rea  of  143J  iq.  n.  The  population  was  eslimiled 
■Ml.    Oa  the  downfall  ot  King  Tbibaw  civil  war 


38+ 


LEH— LEHRS 


■  fewti 
■ffoi  it  htd  tiaai  afalD  lo  J5.i1 
lud  DDder  cnhivttioD  consiiU  of  wet  lux  culiivalion.  A  aitim 
anwunl  of  Hiriud  ikc  i)  ilso  cultivUcd,  ud  cottonl  nigu-cane 
tad  fudta  pnduce  oufce  up  the  nti;  lecently  lute  onnitc 
invc*  bkve  beoi  pUatcd  in  ilie  wot  ot  the  sute.  Liihlu, 
the  ai^util,  ii  Dotid  (oc  Iti  inai-waik.  both  the  iron  and  th« 
implemcDta  Diade  being  produced  at  Puig  LOng  in  tlie  west 
of  the  state.  Tliii  and  Ucquei-ware  lie  the  chief  oports,  ai 
■Ibo  ■  coDiidenble  amount  of  pottery.  The  import)  art  chiefly 
collon  iMce-goods  and  uh.  The  (eneial  chancut  of  the  >»ii 
ii  that  of  an  undulaiiag  pliieao,  niih  a  broad  plain  wu  tbc 
capital  and  alon^  the  Nam  TEng,  which  ii  tba  chief  zlver,  witli 
a  genenl  altitude  oi  a  Ullle  under  3000  fl. 

lifhl  bimli  of  the  uppei  Indut  ii.joo  ft  above  the  Ka,  lu  m. 
fiom  Srinagai  and  4S1  m.  fnm  Yarkand.  It  a  the  great  empoiiura 
of  lilt  iiadc  which  pnaa  beiw»*n  India,  Chinese  Turliewan 
and  Tibet.  Here  meet  the  nuta  leading  from  the  cential 
Allan  kbanatcj,  Kaihgai,  Yarkand,  Kholan  and  Lhaia.  The 
two  chief  ituds  from  Lcb  to  India  pas  via  Srinagai  and  thiougfa 
the  Kulu  valley  respectively,  Uiider  a  commeidal  tieaty  with 
the  maharaja  of  Kaahmir,  a  Biitlah  officer  ia  deputed  to  Leh 
to  lejfulale  and  coolioJ  the  tiaderi  and  the  traffic,  conjointly 
with  the  governor  appointed  by  the  Kaahmii  state.  Lying 
upon  the  wetem  bordei  of  Tibet,  Leh  has  formed  the  ilaiting- 

bettJ^aowa  route  being  that  caUrd  the  Janglam,  the  grot 
trade  route  to  Lhau  and  China,  paaing  by  the  Uanuarowar 
tahei  and  the  Mariam  La  pasi  into  the  valley  ot  the  Tianpo. 
Pop.  (1901)  - 


e,  with  an  eSdeni 


logical  ohictvitoiy,  the  moil  elevated  in  Asia,  where  the  average 
mean  lempoaiuie  ranges  from  igj'  in  January  to  644°  In 
July.     Tlu  annual  rainfall  is  only  3  in. 

LEHMAMH,  JOHAHH  OOTTLOB  (P-176;),  German  mmer- 
ah>giit  and  geologist,  was  educaled  at  fieilin  when  be  took  his 
deflreeol  doctor  of  medicine.  He  became  a  teacher  olminetalogy 
and  miuDi  in  that  city,  and  was  afterwards  (i;6i)  appointed 
profesMT  of  cbcmiilry  and  direcloi  of  the  imperial  museum  at 
St  Petersburg.  While  distinguished  for  bit  chemical  and  mioei' 
■logical  reievdH*,  be  may  ^  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  pioneers 
in  genlo^cal  hivestigaiion.  Although  be  accepted  the  view  of  i 
univenai  deluge,  he  gave  in  1756  careful  description!  of  the 
rocks  and  stratihed  formations  in  Pruuia,  and  introduced  the 
now  iamiliai  terms  Zechstein  and  Rothes  Todlhegendes  (Roth- 
licsmde)  for  nibdlviHoni  of  tbc  itnia  since  grouped  as  Penrnan. 
Hi)  chief  otaenttions  were  published  in  Vnnuli  titur  Gaekklitc 
■n  PUIt<UblUim,  Mrcjcf^  iaai  Enliltliunt,  Lan,  •tarinmt 
it/inJIidk  UaaUai.  nivalin,  ,ij,4  Ftanlim  U756).  He  died 
at  St  PetenbsTg  on  the  iind  of  January  1767. 

UHHAim.  rami  HAHTIH  ORLA  (iSio-iSto),  Danish 
■laleunan,  was  bom  at  Copenhagen  on  the  ijth  of  May  iSio. 
Although  of  German  eilraction  hii  sympathies  were  with  the 
Danish  national  party  and  he  cmliibuted  to  the  liberal  journal 
the  Kjsindiavnipmini  while  he  was  a  student  ot  law  st  the 
uoivenily  of  Copenhagen,  and  from  iSj9  to  1841  edited,  with 
Christian  N.  David,  the  FiUrilandii.  In  i8«i  he  was  condemned 
to  three  montbl'  Inipriionmcnt  for  a  ndkal  (pndl.  He  took 
a  considerable  pitt  in  the  demonstrniions  of  1B4S,  and  was 
regarded  as  the  leader  of  the  "  Eiderdlncn,"  that  is,  of  (be  party 
which  regarded  the  Eider  as  the  bouixUiy  of  Denniaik,  and  the 
duchy  of  Sddeswig  as  an  integral  part  of  the  kingdom.  He 
entered  the  cabinet  of  Count  A.  W.  Molike  in  March  rB4g,  and 
Kas  employed  on  diplomatic  missions  to  London  and  Berlin  in 
couneiion  with  the  Schlcswig-Holsteio  question.     He  was  for 

Goltorp.  A  member  of  the  Fotkething  [torn  iSji  10  1853,  of 
the  Laiidslhing  from  1854  to  1870,  and  from  1856  lo  ig66  of  the 
Keichirai,  he  became  minbler  of  the  interior  in  iSSi  in  the 
otnnet  of  K.  C.  Hail,  retiring  with  bim  in  i86j.  He  died  at 
in  the  rjih  o(  Septembn  rgTa    His  book  On  tte 


editions,  and  Us  poNhunuus  woikt  were  puMlibed  in 

See  Rrinhvdl,  Oria  Itimam  tf  tur  lamUd  (Copenbagei 

UHHIH,  a  village  and  healtb  resort  of  Germany, 
Prutlitio  province  of  firaiujenburg,  situated  between  tw 
which  are  connected  by  the  navigahte  Kmttrr  with  the 
11  m.  S.W.  from  Potsdam,  and  with  a  lUtion  on  the  m 
Beriin.Magdeburg.  and  a  branch  line  to  Grosskicua.  Pop 
a]70.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  a  Cisterdao  monaster] 
Himmelptort  am  Sec,  founded  in  118a  and  diaaotrcd  I 
\  handiotne  parish  diurch,  formerly  the 
restored  in  i87]-i877i  and  a  fine  statue  of  the 
Frederick  in.    Boat-building  and 


in  ibe 
ilakei, 
Havel, 


le  monaslerial  chapd. 


■  (Braodei 


the  pen  lA  a  monk,  Hetmann  ot  Lehnln,  who  Uved  abont  (he 
year  ijoo,  made  its  appearance  about  1(90  and  caused  much 
controversy.  This  so-called  prt^ihecy  bewails  tike  eitin'fllon  of 
the  Ascanian  rulen  of  firandenburg  and  Ihe  rise  of  tba  HcJicrb. 
zollera  dynasty  to  power;  each  succeMive  rulo  ci  the  latter 
hotue  down  (0  Ihe  eleventh  generation  is  described,  the  dale  of 
the  citinclion  of  Ihe  nee  £ied,and  the  restoration  of  the  Soman 
Catholic  Churdi  foretdd.  But  as  the  narrative  is  only  exact  in 
details  down  to  Ihe  death  of  Frederick  WilUam,  the  great 
elector,  in  i6fIS,  and  uallpropledet  of  the  period  tubsequenl  to 
that  time  were  falsified  by  events,  Ihe  poem  csjne  to  be  tegaided 
as  a  compilation  and  the  date  of  its  auEliorship  placed  about 
the  year  1684.  Andreas  Fromm  (d.  iMj),  reclor  of  St  Peter's 
cbunh  b  Berlin,  an  ardent  Lutbeiao,  is  commonly  bdieved  to 
have  been  Ibe  forget.  This  cleric,  resisting  certain  measure! 
Uken  by  the  great  elector  against  Ihe  Lutheran  ptMan,  fled  Ihe 
country  In  16M  to  avoid  prosecutioa.  and  having  been  received 
at  Prague  into  the  Roman  CilhoUc  Church  wis  appointed  canon 
of  Lciunetiii  in  Bohemia,  wbut  be  died.  During  Ibt  eariier 
part  of  the  19th  century  the  poem  was  eagerly  "^mH  by  Ihe 
enemies  of  the  Hobenaollems,  some  of  whom  believed  that  tite 
race  wouhl  end  with  King  Frederick  William  HI.,  the  repre- 
Mnlalive  of  Ihe  eleventh  geneiallon  ot  Ihe  family. 

The  "Vaticinium"  wai  firH  publiihcd  in  LUicnthil's  OUMa 
PrtnsstH  (KOninberr.  1711).  and  hu  been  many  times  reprinted. 
See  Boost.  Dii  JVitaap^nitn  ia  ifjvkr  Hcrwim  n  /<»■«'■ 
(Augsburg,  ISat):  Kilgenletd.  Dit  Ldmiiiuelu  Wtiaat**!  (Lciprig, 
i«7i;:  sihetU  ialernC  <ler  iivmnMn  LiMnsdA  it'tuHfirag 
(HBlbroan.  1179)  and  Kampera,  Dii  Ltktumlu  Vtuapmi  aba 
ill  Hiv  HiktnfOem  (MOnits,  1897). 

LEHRS,  KARL  (1801-1878],  German  classical  scholar,  was  bom 
at  KOnigibcrg  cm  tbe  ind  of  June  1S01.  He  waa  of  Jewish 
eitractitm,  but  in  iS»  be  embraced  Chiislianity.  In  1S4J  be 
was  appointed  profeiaor  of  ancient  Greek  philology  in  KOnigsberf 
Univcniiy,  which  post  he  field  till  his  death  on  Ihe  9th  of  June 
1873.  His  moat  important  work*  are;  Di  AHilanU  SiHtiit 
/fnwid>(i8]],  inded.by  A.  Ludwich,  i8gi),  which  laid  anew, 
toundalton  lot  Homeric  eiegetis  (on  the  Attelatchcan  line)  of 
eiplainlng  Homei  from  the  ten  itself)  and  leitual  criliciami 
QtaiBina  Eficat  (rSjj);  Di  Aickfiadt  Myrltan*  (1845I1 
HtradiaMl  Scripla  Tria  tmnidatiert  (1848);  Ftptian  ^a/iOBt 
ata  Jtm  AUtrtmm  (1856,  md  much  enlarged  ed.,  187  j),  bis  best- 
kmwn  work;  Henliia  Flacaa  (1869),  m  which,  on  aesthetic 
grounds,  he  rejected  many  of  Ibe  odea  as  spurious;  DU  Pludv* 
sdciiat  (1873).  Lehn  was  a  man  of  very  dedded  ojunkins, "  on* 
of  Ihe  molt  masculine  of  Gerntfn  scholars  ";  bis  enthusiasm  for 
everything  Creek  kd  bim  to  adhere  fitmly  to  tbe  undivided 
authonblp  of  Ihe  Iliad;  comparative  mylbology  and  Ihe  sym- 
bolical tnteipntttion  of  myths  be  regarded  aa  a  tpecies  of  laciikss. 

See  thieihaiinive  artide  by  L.  FriedUndtr  In  ^IlfnutH  Anutto 
BiepmpUM,  nin.;  E.  Kammer  in  C  Bvrwan'i  JotrutirtcU  (ir~>- 
A.  lung.  Z«r  £niiHni(  an  Korl  Likn  (pngr.  Meaerin.  It 
A.  Li^dwh  idittd  Lefars'  idcct  GBnaindeBce  (tiM)  r*^ 


db,Ci00^le 


3«5 


vith  the  blip  oi  an  1mm  book*— the  Ttttoirws  Ch*ml»tiau 
ef  CihriBB  iBd  <■  OhBCatted  adiliiia  «(  Livy — he  leanod  Lktls 
Ulhoaieold^    Hafuha'   '" 


Bdbn  bo  wu  twdva  h>  maid  nod  Lotin  a^  ud  hi 


the  Hodjr  oi  lo^  utcnpUnt  ■Imdy  i 
ns  llw  KttoloMlra  u 

irfnnitr  of  tdpds  1 


b  Gnuor.  It.  ms  U 


cttooo  ot  ■  nMtbnMticUB  at 
er  fltudy  oi  m^Lliomiticm 


It  thnt  j«ui  bo  dinUd  to  k^  NodiM,  owl  In  16A6 
I  (be  digiw  (i<  ductiK  of  Isir,  niib  ■  vkv  to  obulmnf 

. .li  MM  ■01.   Scmf  itfond  oa  the  cnMind  of  fail  jpouth 

boMtbiiDUive  torn  for  ova.  llwdoctu'idesRenfusHthii 
a  5>  iMS)  confemd  on  bun  i 
rn  of  tlH  fRe  dty  of  Numnbcrt — 
lUoD  pncuitd  him  the  iDuDCdliie 
o&t  (d  ■  prafoBoc'i  chaii.  Thk,  bovcve,  he  dedioed,  hivins, 
■1  be  nid,  "  yaj  diSetest  thbv  In  'riew." 
',    Lflbniti,  not  jfcI  tvaUy-oae  jtmx%  of  ogB,  mi  ilmdj  tbi; 


fcS«ri' "  t»7 1 


liUoU 


td  method  «d  thought;  kimL  boii 

t  Jntidiul   oHjs,   indudiBg   the  Ntta 

Utauitfat  jvit,  wriueB  In  the  Intennli  of  hii  journey  [mm 

Leiiail  to  Altdoif.    Ilia  lut  lanr  i>  remuknbte,  not  only  lor 

-   '     t  ths  Csr/M  /nfii,  but 

in  of  the  bnpataoce  of  Ibe 

,    Namnboi  «is  •  ontre  of  the 

the  ■irhjt-lm,  non  fLoed  iocb  ■  knovledse  tt  tb^  leneta 
tbtl  be  wu  Hippoaed  to  he  oae  ot  tba  Moot  bretheriiood,  ud 
«n  eves  elected  tbcfr  Mcntuy.  A  boi«  bnpoiUuil  lesult  of 
Ui  *Wt  to  Nnnadierg  ni  fail  uqubitun  iritb  Johun 
CktiMion  von  Boymbuig  (idn-itfi),  fonaorix  fint  mkbter 
to  the  dcctoc  of  M ■****,  ud  one  of  the  moot  diBtrngoisbed 
QKmui  Matenun  of  the  day.  By  bli  idvke  LcJbniti  printed 
Ui  ffMtt  mtOuita  la  1M7,  dedietlcd  tt  to  the  elector,  and, 


an  intatut  In  the  leviiiiai  of 
DDK  bapiMant  wocfc. 
Tbe  policy  of  tbe  dector,  ahi 


le  MMutc-book,  aflcrwudi  oi 


I  dccted  to  fin  tbe  VI 


thi  KCBihy  at  tbe 
by  the  acirtauve  powet 
by  TUAey  and  RiiKk.  Tim  wbcB  la 
ind  beoiBe  vuani,  it  leS  to  LdbldU  to 
mpport  the  lUiiilof  tbe  German  oaididale,  wbidi  liedidinbil 
bra  pobikal  writii«,  Sfitima  dwwiufratiMinn  fiittianm  fn 
Nft  PihmumilitinU,  attca^iting.  unda  tbe  gubeol  a  CatboHe 
Poliih  noUeBiD,  to  allow  by  mathematical  demotislralloB  that 
it  ma  neceaary  bi  tbe  intemt  of  PoUud  ibat  it  should  have  the 
count  palatine  of  Neaburg  m  ita  liiDg.  But  neilber  tbe  di|dfr 
malic  akill  ot  Boynebui^,  who  bad  been  aent  aa  plenipotenciary 

to  the  dcttion  at  Wanav,  nor  tbe  

•ucctafo],  and  a  Fii&fa  prince  « 

A  greatet  dancB  tbreatened  Germany  In  the  agpoaiana  of 

Lord!  XIV.  (ace  Fiuica:  Biilvrr).    Tiongb  Holland  waa  in 

moat  fnmedlate  danger,  the  aeifure  of  Lorraine  in  167a  ahowed 

that  Gsmany  too  ma  Ibrealeiied.    It  wis  in  this  year  that 

Lejlmiti  wrote  bis  rinfUi  m  PMit  Safety^  in  whicfc  be  vtged 

the  lonnatlon  ot  a  new  "  RheinbBiid  "  (W  tbe  piotenion  d 

Cennany,  and  contended  that  the  ilatei  oi   Enrape  ihoold 

ipk^  tbeir  power,  not  against  one  anathcr,  but  in  tbe  conqucat 

tbe  noo^Chiiatlan  wotM,  in  wldch  Egypt,  "nie  of  tbe  best 

oatad  lands  in  tbe  wviM,"  wooM  taB  to  Fnnce.    Hw  plan 

u  ptopooed  of  an>tluc  the  ibreattoed  attadi  on  Cennany 

'  a  FrcBcb  eipeAtioo  to  Egypt  wia  diacuaied  with  Boynefanrg, 

d  obtained  the  appcoTal  of  tbe  elector.    Fnncb  rdaliOB)  aiith 

Taiiey  wan  al  the  time  a>  atiaiBed  *i  to  make  a  breach  Im- 

mineat,  and  at  the  doee  at  1671,  aboot  the  ttane  wbai  tbe  war 

with  Holland  bnke  ont,  Ladt  binnell  wia  appioadied  by  a 

letter  from  Boynebnzs  and  a  abort  memorial  from  tbe  pen  of 

Leibniu,  vbo  attempted  to  ihoir  tl^  HoDand  IlKlf,  a*  a 

mermntae  power  tia^nf  with  tbe  East,  Bight  be  beA  attacked 

tbiouili  Egypt,  vbDe  notUng  would  be  eader  fn  Prance  or 

would  mote  birgdy  iocnaie  ber  power  than  the  conqueM  ot 

Egypt.    On  February  11, 1671,  a  reqaeit  came  from  tbe  Frendi 

secretary  of  ttate,  Siiooa  Amaold  de  Pomponne  (>6iS-i*«),  that 

Lelbniti  abould  go  to  Paiia.    Louts  tcena  still  to  have  kept  the 

malter  fai  view,  but  never  granted  Ltibtiitt  the  personal  inter- 

Bgainsi  the  plan  of  a  holy  war,  but  such  plans,  you  know,  smce 
the  days  of  St  Louis,  have  ceased  to  be  tbe  ftihioD."  Not  yet 
diaa>uraged,  Leibaitx  wrote  a  full  account  of  his  project  for  the 
king,'  and  a  tommary  of  tbe  same'  evidently  intended  for 
Borncbuig.  But  Bcyneburg  died  m  Decenber  itT'i  before 
tbe  laltet  could  be  salt  to  bim.  Nor  did  tbe  foraier  ever  reach  Ita 
destination.  The  French  quand  wilb  the  Porte  was  made  up, 
mill  tbe  plan  of  a  French  opedtign  to  Egypt  disappeared  from 
practical  politica  till  the  time  of  Napoleon.  The  history  of  thii 
scheme,  and  the  reason  of  Ldbniti'i  journey  to  Puis,  long 
remained  hidden  in  tbe  archives  of  the  Hanoverian  library. 
It  wu  OD  bis  taking  pceaesnon  of  Hanover  in  tSsj  that  Napoleon 
learned,  through  the  CpvUiltm  AtgypHaetim,  that  the  idea  ot  a 
French  conquest  of  Egypt  had  beni  first  put  forward  by  a 
German  phTlosopher,  In  tbe  same  year  thcTe  was  published  in 
London  an  account  of  tbe  Jusla  diiarlaUa'  of  which  tbe  British 
Gavemmcat  had  procured  a -xipy  in  1799.  But  it  was  only  with 
the  appearance  of  the  edition  of  Ldbnltz't  works  begun  by  Onno 
Klopp  in  i8d4  that  the  full  history  of  the  scheme  was  made  known, 
Lobnita  had  other  than  politica]  ends  hi  Tiew  in  hia  vUt  to 
France.  It  was  as  the  centre  of  Etentuie  and  sdence  that  Pari* 
chiefly  attracted  him.  PaUtkal  duties  never  made  bira  bse 
dght  of  his  pbili»c^hical  and  ideatffic  biteicsls.  At  Miini 
be  was  still  bulled  with  tbe  qnestlon  of  tbe  rdatfon  between 
the  old  and  new  methods  hi  phOosophy.    In  a  letter  to  Jakob 


^My^^^M^ LMuMi  Itmtlr  tilnml  It  Limit  »k 

•k,  &c,  [edited  by  Craoville  Penn|,'(LaDdDn,  lloi). 


S86 


LEIBNITZ 


L  1668  (i 


a  »h>ch  he 
.  Yet  Hum 
y  published 


withoot  bi*  koowlcilg'  undu  thi 
tlktiiltn),  icquiR  m  incorpoml  pciadple,  «  God,  [01  ibtiz 
ullimftteeiiibaiiuD,  HcAlsowrotcHt  ihisiiineadelaiceollbt 
doctriiH  of  llm  Trinity  tfuiut  WiBOwnliuI  (i66g),  ind  an  euijr 
on  philosophic  uyte,  ioinxluctory  >u  >n  edilion  at  the  AiUi- 
haritriu  ol  Nizoliu)  {167a).  Ckuness  ud  diuinctnas  alone, 
be  uyi,  ue  whM  nukci  a  philcatqihic  style,  uid  no  languige  is 
bettei  suited  for  this  popular  cxpoution  (hui  the  German. 
in  167 1  be  issued  a  HyfoilietU  fkysiia  nma,  In  nhich,  agrMtng 
vitb  Dcicaiies  that  co^H»Eal  pheooioeiui  thould  be  uplaincd 
fnim  motion,  be  canted  out  ibe  mectumical  ecpUoiliDii  of  luuute 
by  Goiitendint  tbat  Ibe  orifinil  of  ihi>  Daiion  b  ■  fine  aether, 
•imiUr  to  li|hl,  or  ntba  coutiiutinc  it,  which,  pcDeinting  all 
baditi  In  the  dinctloo  of  the  outh's  aiis,  producea  Ibe  pbeno- 
nena  oi  pivity,  elaatldly,  be  The  fine  put  of  the  essay,  on 
coBCRte  iDotion,  maa  dttUolttl  to  the  Royal  Sodely  of  Lo^iaa, 
the  second,  on  abttract  mothNi,  to  the  French  Acadeny, 

At  Paris  LeOwiu  met  iritb  Aintuld,  Hakbiandie  and,  bom 
fsipoitaiit  aiiU,  with  GuBtian  Huyfens.  ThiUfaBpn-eminently 
the  period  ol  bii  malhematkal  and  pbyikal  aoivily.  Belon 
leaving  UaJaa  he  «a*  »Ue  to  aoiKHUca  ■  u  inpodiii  lilt  o(  ilit- 
'  1,  and  plau  (or  diKoveries,  urived  at  by  neam  of  fail 


m  ideas  In  law,  tbcolacr  and  polltio.  Cbkf  among 
trie*  mt  tbat  of  1  caktdating  madune  lor  perfotming 
DOR  eo«plit«ltd  opnmlions  than  thsit  ol  Pascal — iDult^>lying, 
diWding  and  eitractiag  iiiot%  aa  well  as  adding  and  subtracting 
Thia  r"">'"  waa  cahibhod  to  the  Academy  of  Paris  and  to  the 
Royal  Sodety  ol  London,  and  Leibniu  «*t  elected  a  Idlaw  of  the 
latter  aociety  in  April  167}.'    In  January  of  this  year  he  had  gone 

bad  become  penooally  acquainted  wiih  Oldenburg,  the  lecnUiy 
dI  the  Royal  Socieiy,  with  wboiD  he  hjid  already  corresponded, 
with  Boyle  the  dienuit  and  Fell  the  "■'►^■""■"•i'  It  is  from 
this  period  that  we  must  date  the  impulse  tbat  diieacd  bun 
anew  to  tm^^^"*'"  By  Pell  be  had  been  referred  to  Mercaloi't 
Logaritkmattskmita    al    already    containing    some    numerical 

part;  and,  on  bii  reiura  to  Part*,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
of  higbei  geometry  under  Huygens,  entering  slmoat  at  once  upon 
tbe  teiiet  of  inveati^tions  which  cubninated  in  his  discovety 
at  the  diBerential  and  ioIesiaL  calculus  (fee  iKriNiiuuuL 

CaLCtJLUS). 

Shortly  after  bis  retimi  to  Pan*  In  167J,  Laboiti  ceued  to 
be  is  the  Maiu  Mrrice  any  oon  than  in  name,  but  in  the  same 
year  entered  the  employment  of  Duke  John  Frederick  of  Biuna- 
wick-LUnehun,  with  wboa  be  had  cormponded  fo>  Mme  lime. 
la  1676  be  lemoved  at  the  duke's  request  to  Hanover,  travelhng 
tbjtbcf  by  way  of  London  and  Amsterdam.  At  Am&icnUm 
be  aaw  and  convened  with  Spioou.  and  carried  away  with  him 
extract*  from  the  latter'*  unpublished  EJhica, 

For  the  neit  forty  yean,  and  under  three  succoiivc  princes, 
Lcibnita  was  in  the  •eniice  of  the  Sruoswidc  family,  and  hii 
beadquarte;*  were  at  Hanovs,  where  he  bad  diarge  of  the 
ducal  library.  LeibniEx  thus  passed  into  a  political  atmosphere 
formed  by  the  dynastic  aims  of  the  typical  German  state  fsee 
EaHOVU;  Bbueuwice).  He  supported  the  claim  of  Hanover 
to  appoint  an  ambassador  at  the  mogieu  of  Nioeguen  (i6;6)' 
to  defend  the  establishment  of  primogeniture  in  the  LUnrbuig 
blanch  of  the  Bnuswlck  family^  and,  when  the  ptoposal  wa* 

■  In  a  letter  to  the  duke  tl  BruHwick-Lllnriiiiii  (autumn  1671}. 
Wtrthed.Kiew.iU.nsat-     ^      ,        ^       ^.     .        . 

■  He  waa  made  a  loMpi  member  of  the  Pre neh  Academy  in  1700. 

■  CoiisrM  Airtliwirw  tmkttu  A  mr*  npHMOMi  u  Innluni 
MwriMai  Cnaal*)  (Am«tdnh  t%):  eMRfJiiu  A  i'Uiftto  K 
tEaJau  im  U  dr>^  j-ambaiitii  (Diwb..  1*71). 


made  to  lalM  Ibe  duke  of  Haaovtr'lo  ibt  dMtantE,ka  bad'W 
tbow  that  tU*  did  not  inleifen  with  the  right*  al  tbt  duka 
of  Wimiemhetg.  In  1691  the  duke  gf  Hanmer  n*  mad* 
elector.  Before,  and  with  a  view  to  thf^  Leibnitx  had  been 
employed  by  him  towritetbehialoryof  IheBnmawick-Laneburg 
lamily.  and,  to  collect  material  for  hia  history,  had  nndertakeft 
a  journey  through  Germany  and  Italy  in  [6g7~i6oo,  visiting  and 
eiamining  the  records  in  Marburg,  Frankfort -On^the-Main, 
Wunich,  Vienna  (where  be  itmaincd  nine  month*),  Venice, 
Uodcna  and  Rotne,  Al  Rome  be  wa*  offered  the  custodianaMp 
of  the  Vatican  library  on  condition  ol  hi*  joining  theCMMlc 
Church. 

About  thi*  time,  too,  hi*  thougfat*  aiid  (itergia  wen  partljr 
taken  up  with  the  Kheme  Ine  the  reuraan  of  the  Calbolic  and 
Fto(e*iant  Chuitbta.  Al  Maiiu  he  had  joined  b  an  altenipt 
made  by  the  ekctor  and  Boyoebuig  to  bring  about  a  lecoiKlfo- 
tion.  and  bow,  chiefly  through  tbe  ener)cy  and  (kin  of  the 
Catholic  Royaa  de  Spinda,  and  from  the  B[nrit  of  moderation 
which  prcvaUed  among  tbe  theologians  be  met  with  at  Hanover 
in  16S],  it  atmosl  seemed  as  if  lome  agitemeni  might  be  arrtved 
at.  In  1SB6  LefbDiU  wnne  his  Syilema  litMttiaii*,'  hi  winch 
he  strove  to  find  commoa  gnnitd  for  Protasianu  and  Catboln 
bi  the  detaili  of  their  need*.  But  the  En^ish  revolution  of 
16BS  Intofeted  with  tlie  achene  in  Hanover,  and  it  wni  BDon 
found  tbat  tbe  rilliious  difficulties  were  greater  than  bad  at  on* 
time  ippeand.  In  Ibc  letter*  to  Ldbniti  titai  Baasnet,  the 
landgrave  of  Keuen-Rheinfeli,  and  Madame  de  Brinoa,  the 
aim  is  obvioi^y  to  nuke  convert*  to  Catholidam.  not  to  arrive 
at  a  compromise  with  Pratcslantisni.  and  when  it  was  found  tliat 


Reiiuning  from  Italy  in  ifigcs  Lcibaita  waa  appointed  Kbiarian 
at  WcIfcnbUItel  by  Duke  Anton  of  B  runs  wick- WolfenbDlteL 
Some  yean  aftswarda  began  his  cnanetfiui  with  BerUn  through 
his  f ncntlsbip  with  the  eleclreas  Scfihie  Charlotte  of  Brandenburg 
atid  her  iqptiieT  the  princes*  Sophie  of  Hanovn.  He  was  inyited 
to  Bcilin  in  1700,  and  on  the  Itth  July  ol  that  year  the  acsdemy 
(Akidemie  der  Wisieucbaften)  1b  bad  planned  was  foonded, 
with  himself  aa  its  prcndeni  for  life.  In  Ibc  anine  year  he  waa 
made  a  privy  ceundllcc  of  juatice  by  the  ekcloc  of  BtaDdenbtnx. 
Four  year*  bden  be  had  riEdved  a  like  hoaaur  fiooi  the  eleciw 
of  Hanover,  and  twelvo  yean  afielwards  tha  aaoie  diMsnclsoB 
waa  conferred  upon  kim  1^  Pcler  the  Great,  to  whem  ba  gave  a 
plan  for  an  aca^of  at  St  FettnlMrt,uiiitd  nit  altet  the  oar^ 
death.  After  the  death  of  bi>  lojvl  piqiil  in  ijoj  hi*  vista 
10  Berlin  became  leaa  Iiaqvent  and  less  wdcome,  ami  m  itii 
hewaiibenlorthelaatlima.  IntbcloBewiagyeaiheu 
his  bfth  and  lait  JounMy  to  Vlesna,  whse  be  Maiitd  tiU  i] 
An  alticmpt  to  found  as  acadeny  ol  ifiiBir  Ihtn  waa  dela 
by  the  opposition  of  tbe  Jeauita;  but  be  bc 
he  bad  coveted  of  an  impenl  privy  raui 
either  at  thi*  tine  or  on  a  pceviooa  occarien  (iToid,  was  bihIb 
a  bamn  of  the  empire  (fawtjfrtitiw).  Leibniti  letumtd  to* 
Hanover  in  September  i]i4,  but  fouod  tbe  elector  Oeoige  Loaik 
had  alieady  gone  to  aaiume  the  crowi  of  Bn^aaiL  Labmu 
would  ^adly  have  fbUowed  him  to  Landon,  but  wa*  hiddeo 
to  reuaia  ai  Uanovtcasd  hnish  UahiMaly  sIB 

O  urii«  the  lait  thirty  yan  Ldbnita  lud  be 


histeiy  jutispmdence,  politic*  (panicaiarly  the  French  wan 
with  Gennany,  and  tbe  quedlan  «(  tbe  6palib  a»cenwca). 
ecooomici  and  phOolocy,  all  gained  a  ahue  of  hi*  atlcatlM; 
almost  all  of  them  be  enriched  wilk  neigiBal  obsemiiMih 

Hia  geneatoginil  iweatchri  In  Ital)-~llnnicb  which  he 
eilabtiihed  the  omimon  origin  of  the  famiUesef  Bninawicfc  and 

•  Not  publidicd  liU  igt«.  Ii  ia  00  Ihli  woilt  that  the  asntion 
has  been  iounded  that  Leibniu  *u  al  hsul  a  Catbolk:— ■  HipfiasitioB 


:learly  disnroved  by  hia  corcopondence. 

•  In  hit  rreutaa  (1691)  he  deve[<m>^  |h 
jeoetis  ol  the  prnenl  condition,  of  the  1 


hie  historical 


bgk 


LEIBNITZ 


387 


«oIr  pnctded  by  an  ImawB*  cBOactiaB  of 

UltDikil  loumt,  tnt  oubled  Urn  (0  poUfafa  mitsiili  for  t 
code  of  inMnutioiul  liv.'  Hie  Uitocy  of  Biuniwick  itidf  mi 
Ibe  UM  VDit  of  ha  tilt,  ud  htd  coveied  IIh  p«iiad  from  }6S 
W  loos  wfaen  dnlli  ended  hit  laboun.  But  the  gmnamit. 
In  wbou  tervlce  aad  «t  arbose  orda  the  work  hid  been  tmrricd 
OQl,  left  it  in  the  uddvca  of  the  HiDova  libniy  liU  It  wu 
poMitbed  by  Peru  ia  iKu. 

It  «■>  in  the  yean  between  i4qo  uid  1716  that  Ubnlts'i 
cbicf  pU)o(B|)hicil  nofki  were  Fompond,  and  daring  the  Snt 
ten  of  these  yean  the  accounia  of  hla  ayiLcm  were,  for  the  moat 
part,  pr*tpmtnmiy  ■^#*rk*K     Indeed,  ha  never  gave  a  full  and 

gitbcnd  from  letlcti  to  Friends,  From  occaikmal  artldo  in  the 
AM  EnHlnmm,  the  Jeiriwi  its  Sanali.  aod  otliei  }aurnals, 
and  From  one  or  two  mors  eitnuive  mrka.  It  b  evidenl, 
faoweva.  thai  idukaopliy  had  not  been  enlirdy  neglected  la 
tbe  yean  in  which  his  pen  »»>  altwac  soldy  occupftd  with  other 
matlen.  A  leltei  10  (be  dule  of  Bmnjnick,  and  auDihec  lo 
Arnauld,  ia  1671,  ibow  that  be  tiad  already  retched  lii>  sew 
notion  of  lubataiice;  but  it  is  in  File  mi  lapumJeace  with  Am 


i6Se  ai 


I,  that 


ilal  it 


andthereaioi 

appcaoaea  si  Locks'a  Eaay  ia  1690  indaccd  him  (iio&)  to  nole 
tktwnUaobjectioniioil,  iitd  Us  own  idsu  on  the  loae  lubjecta. 
Id  170J-1704  these  were  worked  out  in  detail  and  ready  for 
publication,  when  the  death  of  the  aulhoi  wbomlhey  ciilidicd 
prevented  their  appeaiaitce  (£iai  published  by  Raspg,  1765). 
In  i7[oappearTd  the  only  cnmptele  and  lyftematicphikiaaphical 
work  of  bis  fiFe-time,  £i»ii  ii  TUeditie  m  la  bnU  it  Din, 
I*  tiiaU  ill  rimmiiu,  II  roriiine  du  HHii,  originally  undeitaken 
at  the  requett  of  the  late  queen  ol  Pnisda,  who  had  wiihed  a 
reply  to  Bayle'i  oppoiiti«i  el  faith  and  reaioii.     In  1714  hi 


e,  Foi 


:e  Eugtne  oF  Si 


fly,  a 


iisyslHC 


the  title  oF  La  MonadolaiU,  and  in  the  umc  year  appeared  his 

Fife  were  perhaps  more  occupied  with  cormpondencc  than  any 
othtrs,  and,  in  a  philosophical  re^rd,  were  chiefly  notable  For 
Ihelellecs,  which,  through  the  desire  ol  the  new  qucenol  England, 
be  interchanged  Hilb Clarke, iw  Ditil.l'tiitt,eapaii.h duU. 

Leibnitz  died  on  (he  [4rh  of  November  171b,  hk  rlodng  years 
enfeebled  by  disease,  harassed  by  conlroversy,  embittered  by 
■eslect;  but  to  the  last  he  preserved  the  indoiniiible  energy 
and  power  ol  work  to  which  ia  Largely  due  tbe  poaitioo  he  holds  as, 
more  peih^is  than  any  one  In  modetn  limca,  a  man  ot  almoat 
anivcnal  attainments  and  almost  oniveml  genius,  NeilFier 
at  Berlin,  in  the  academy  which  he  had  Founded,  nor  in  Loodoa. 
whither  his  sovereign  had  gone  to  rule,  was  any  notice  taken  of 
his  death,  Al  Hanover,  Eckhart,  Ms  iccntary,  tnu  bis  only 
■unimer;  "he  was  buried,"  says  an  eyewftness,  "more  like 
a  robber  than  what  he  really  was.  the  ornament  of  his  country  "  ■ 
Only  in  the  French  Academy  wis  the  l»i  recognUcd,  and  a 
■wlhy  eubigium  devoted  10  hh  memory  (November  ij,  1717). 
The  Kxnh  anniversary  of  his  bfnh  was  celebrated  In  1846  and 
in  tlie  same  year  were  opened  the  Kuniglicbsilchsische  Coell' 
Khali  der  WissenschalLen  and  the  KaiseiUche  Akademie  der 
Wi»enschafien  in  Leipdg  and  Vienna  re^>ectivdy.  In  iSBj, 
a  stalne  was  erected  to  h(m  al  Leiplig. 

Leibniti  potscued  a  nonderfut  pooer  of  rapid  and  conlinuous 
vork.  Even  in  travelling  his  lime  was  em[dayed  in  ailvlng 
"Is  described  as  moderate  In  his 
haritable  In  Ms 


opialoaa.    TUt  peat  ia  hit  ttm 

and  It  is  throufb  U  that  unity  is  v 

Mart  liiiftani  to  a^iaa  uwa  loomtr  wjin  wnai  nereaa  (P.4S3), 
and  banowiac  from  almet  every  pUlotDDhical  mceia.  Eia  on 
Haadpolat  ia  yet  qiim  ckwly  related  to  that  <4  fJeseattee,  partly 
asoDaaqiKnc^pactlybywayafanniiioD.  Cartwii  nism,  Lntaita 
oftea  iMWIiil.  u  the  uu-mn  01  trmh.  but  tha  am^vm  oaly. 
QeButM'*  aivantiga  li  lUafs  into  two  hewnfeDeow  igbMuett 
«lywKMby  ite^niiBmn  ol  Cod,,  and  ibe  moie  lo^ 

SaUuia,  tb*  ullimau  naliiy,  can  only  be  ooDceiiied  aa  tiaee. 
Hean  Leftmin'a  metapbyjcal  view  ei  Iba  raoaada  ai  limiik,  per- 
eipnt.  ■sU'tttiva  bai^  tbe  ceaitituait  ejemenra  of  all  tUdga,  hw 
■Aywcal  ihicniBat  ei  Iba  nalitv  aad  cooiUaeir  e<  krie  at  ths  same 

tm  anebslwai  ujawutiua  ei  Iba  ooBtinDlty  and  dnndDfnnit  of 
CD~iiou>Hi«!la  Iha^aM  eoaaewn  with  tbi  lawM^  hk 
lexical  priadplaa  if  caaaiBBcy  and  nilBiient  naaea.  aad  tbe 
BKthod  ha  devahvad  Inn  tbtn.  his  uhical  ead  of  petficlkia.  aad 
kia  nowBiac  thaobfical  cnacaptioa  of  lbs  inivemc  as  tb*  baM 
DMibIg  wold,  and  o<  God  both  as  ha  (Aciaai  canti  and  it*  ^ 

The  ultimate  elements  of  the  unlvene  are.  tccotdiai  to  LcHndti. 
Inrihridwl  eentna  of  fcne  or  monads.  Wby  (hcyitnuld  be  in- 
dlndoai.  and  aoc  mtaifiauiioas  e(  oae  worid-tora,  be  new 
daariy  ;nivi*.<  Hit  dsctrnH  of  bHttvidnaDty  ttemt  to  have  beca 
arrived  at,  not  by  ttrict  dtdacikm  fm  the  mture  of  force,  but 
rather  Fmm  (be  einpiiical  oUenalkM  that  it  It  bv  the  manirena- 
linn  of  ill  activity  that  ibg  Hpaiata  eafttenee  of  the  iadivldual 
beiDBea  evidtat)  for  hit  Main  faadMduaUty  t>  aa  tuadaaienlal 
at  activity.   "  Tlie  monadak   bt  ta^  "  are  the  veiy  aleni  of  oatnrt 

have  aelther  paiti.  eiteMiea  aor  figure'tp.  7DJ).  Heace'lbeii 
distJBeEioa  from  tb*  atona  of  Dcmoerltus  and  the  matertaHita. 
They  are  melaphviieat  peiau  or  nlher  soiritual  bdnat  whote  very 
nataio  h  It  »  an.  As  Ibe  beat  bow  tpSaci  back  of  iltclf.  *o  the 
monads  aaturalty  pass  and  are  always  paswii  into  aetien  witliout 
any  aid  but  the  abteace  of  eppoaltioB  (o,  111),    Nor  do  they,  like 

elDdes  that  of  ewry  other.'  Tbe  actlvily  0/  each  it  tbe  result  of  its 
own  past  state,  tbe  detetminator  of  <tt  own  lutaie  (pp.  jab,  7S1). 
"  The  monads  have  no  windows  by  which  aaythinf  nay  go  id  or 

™FiirtLr^r^  all  (ubatanees  an  of  the  natan  of  force,  it  follswa 
that — "  Id  irniratJOB  of  The  notion  which  we  have  of  Btlls  "'-they 
miTBt  contain  tarnethlng  analogous  to  feeling  and  sppetiCe.  It  Is  tha 
nature  of  the  monad  to  TTprrsenI  the  many  in  one,  and  (kb  Is  pST' 
rnriion,  bv  which  eatemaj  events  are  mitroeed  intematly  (p.  4^). 
ThrDueh  tTieit  own  aelivily  the  monads  mirror  the  unlvene  (j>,  775), 

■ "  _i..,;^"^jc ^'"' 

the  Ariilaieliai 


habits,  quick 

oFter 

per  bnl  easily 

iudgmenls  0 

01  he 

,  and  tolerant 

also  said  to  hi 

hewascertai 

ydn 

it>us  of  honour, 

la  which  bis  1 

111  yea 

ra -ere  passed. 

?Ul^<,fky.- 

The 

■™iral  point  in 

[,  and  fell  keenly  the  netf ect 
e  philoiophy  of  Leibnili 


fcn/iBjH  Uftomatiiiu  (I693>:  Uanhiu  cadieit  juri 
Fnka  JCn^^nf  iCcrilsaJ.  by  hinacll  (ira«>.  >' <  ■•■ 


iniemauy  ip.  4J01. 
K  unlvene  (p.  77si, 

n  a  more  or  less  perlecc  perception  Ip.  1371;  for  tbe  CatteBaiii 
t  wToni  In  ignoring  the  infinite  giadei  a(  penxplina.  aod  identl- 
1e  it  with  the  reflex  cogidnnce  of  ir  which  may  be  called  apper- 
lion,  ■  Every  monad  ■■  thui  a  mictoeDnn,  the  onivene  hi  Klllc,' 
I  according  10  the  degree  c(  lit  aciivicyjt  tbe  dittinclaeti  of  ha 

'--  -'  -■■-  univcnc  (p,  709).    Thus  Lejbniti.  borrowinf 

,  caHs  the  onnadi  ndJickiei,  because  they 
nion  (li  IniXli)  and  luAieieiicr  <atr«f>««) 
cet  of  their  internal  actiont  and.  ao  10  speak, 
incorporeal  automata  (p.  706).  That  the  monadi  am  not  pure 
entelechies  It  ihown  by  the  diHetencIs  aroonpl  ihem.  Eaeludini 
all  catemal  1inn'ralh»,  they  are  yet  limited  by  their  own  nature. 
All  created  monads  coolaln  a  paiwve  element  or  auliriB  prima 
(pp.  440.  «7-7as).  I"  ""If  o"  ''*'>  Ibeir  pHeeoiioni  an  mwe  or 
le«  confuted.  At  the  activity  of  (he  monad  eonditt  In  percepticui, 
■  inhibited  by  the  paiiive  principle.  10  thai  them  antes  in  the 
an  appetite  or  tendency  to  overcome  the  mhibition  ind 
■  mocT  perceptive,  whence  follows  the  change  from  one 
lion  to  another  (ppTC*.  714)-  By  the  proportion  ol  acdvily 
10  pnuiviiy  In  it  one  monad  Is  diHenniialed  from  another.  The 
grcjler  the  tmoum  of  activity  or  of  dininet  perceptioos  the  more 
perfect  ii  the  morud;  the  stronger  the  etment  of  psstlvily,  ihe 
more  conluHd  in  oeireplions,  the  lev  perfect  is  It  (p.  709).  The 
wul  would  be  a  divinity  had  it  nothing  but  distinct  peicepuona 

T^e  monad  Is  never  without  a  perception:  Iwl,, when  it  hai  a 

•imilar  to  that  o(^^  nunned  ensues,  the  tuHiadf  aae  being  per- 
illy  in  this  Hate  (p.  7o;l  Between  this  and  the  mstt  duonct 
ptlon  there  is  room  tor  an  infinite  diverwiy  of  nature  among 
nonadi  Ibeoiaelvea.  Thui  no  one  monad  it  eiactly  the  tanw 
lothcr:  for,  were  it  nossble  that  there  ihoukj  he  twoidtrtical. 
would  be  no  sufficient  reasoo  why  Cod,  who  brings  them  into 


'  See  CimiiifraliixH  KB  U 

>  CF.  Optra,  cd.  DntcBs,  II.  a.  la^ 


It  ^»a  afrit  aaterMf  (I7n>)- 


■,  iIimU  Mt  OM  af 


388 


plu,  the  otlwr  «  ■  dl&nn  doa  and  pkc*.    Thli  i>  Ldboiu'i 

(mIv  prdileBi  u  10  tlw  nucIplB  <■  iodivKtntian  u  aiilvcdr  by  ttai 
dlMJ^^aB  htmnnn  udi^iidHl  1^  »bDlUbBd,«iKlMj 


LEIBNITZ 

and  piiaT'Thli  i>  Ldboiu' 

■■'  -  * '    •---  i(  hi 

jyth 

**  Bd 


uitkol  dw 

ii*tn»  it  Mian  (p.  174)  that  lh»  pmgptivB  cdd- 

cmv  ocber  (d.  p.  117],  ibaufh  Ibh  eoatoH  ii  HBwinWril  nih 
in(~i.i_  nryiat  iliiiin  si  pvfectioa.    Thii  ii  Ldb^u'a  luuu 
at  pn-anbGAtd  harnuipy,  in  Wiw  e(  wkidi  Uk  ia&ilitly 


ci|Miit^adt-actl 

naUy  euiu  ■■  of  tlw  MtuR  at  iiiiriaial  or  mctwiffwcal  pi 
(p.  ii«j,  ItfollDmitat  •fMCudnUleriBttiawdiauyitiiic 
oohr  haw  a  pbtnaDcnal  ctIuhiit  (&  741),  bdac  dtaeadeat  ai 

.h ^ r  -1 1_  .1 — ^j —  iL^  jjji  ^  ^,„  I iij. 

■I  Ihlana 


mur  s  ■nnfuipiu  ipp.  dv.  7^f.  ncnor  hk  «uy  u 
qiBfiiiiaal  Dtxaitcaaad  Ladtbliut  their  loalMpriak 
at  wan,  an  Dstly  pbcBiBBeBal  (p.  449).  Tbe  Doaid 
nithaut  pallioa  «  diitaacc  fma  cacB  otkcri  bat,  aa 
arroal  miuila  wbitajicca,  that  h  tot  biaa  afgrctata 
mai.  Bstfr  iatbuactivBcxuawn  [pp.  IID,  tin.  1 
tbe  aipvsite  dqwoda  cntlniy  on  our  perccivuii  t  ne  ■ 
pwDC  It  tdCOliEI.   T>w«  it  OB  audi  IMiif  a*  aa  tbuit 


Tlwui 


orei^y  ipaa,  awBon  thaa  1 „_  _ 

cr  aleai  iioai  whicb  all  tUngi  «it  biuk  up  (pa.  t>6.  iMl  177). 
Bfld/»  coiponai  maia,  or.  aa  Ldbaita  calb  it,  to  diitiafiiith  iB  uou 
the  iHlfna  prim  ol  whick  nraiy  auaad  paiTatw  {p.  440),  iHlma 
(•noiiii'u  ibui  ooly  >  "pbaBOBOiaB  btnt  luadaliia"  (p.  4j£l. 
It  b  not  1  nMamUa  buE  latoBaHai  «c  nAiUMithim  (p.  745). 
Wliik  Ihit.  Inwcnr,  ■•  the  ooly  view  cooiiBCBt  *ilb  Laibnili  • 
fuodavcntat  prindpkt,  and  li  often  dcarty  itated  by  himaetf,  Ik 
alv  ipcakt  at  otber  limra  of  the  iiHlma  HraiHla  at  itaeSa  conpoato 
nibaiaDCr.  aad  of  a  rral  mctaphyncal  bond  between  ion]  and  bodjr. 

which  t^ibiiiti  ii  tiyiog  u  itcoodh  bb  vieva  with  the  doctriaa  ol 
the  Roaua  CatboGe  Chureb.  eiHcially  with  that  of  the  real  pjeaeaee 
in  tbe  Euchaiiat,  and  an  uiuaiJy  attrttd  to  by  him  aa  doctrioet  of 
(allb  01  aa  hypothetical  (lee  eiaedaDy  p.  tto),  The  liue  tlKKliim 
HtUaahali  ia  aot  tbe  mltria  linuida.  which  a  multleil  devtlop- 
BKDt  of  LdlMata'a  prindplea  caa  only  regard  at  pbenomenal^  but  (ne 
aufrria  prima,  throuBh  which  the  oonadt  are  individuabied  and 
diBinfuHbed  and  Iheir  connexloii  repdeied  pmibla. ,  An]  Labniu 

with  .hit  caidiaa]  metaphyiiol  view  ol  the  moudi  u  the  only 

Fiwu  Leibaiti'i  doctfine  of  force  ai  the  ullinate  rvli^  it  foUowa 
that  hit  view  of  nature  mutt  be  (imnUEiKnit  dynamical.  And  IhouBh 
fail  project  of  a  ^/mmit,  or  Eheory  ofrutjial  pbiloaophy.  waa  never 
earned  out»  the  outliiwt  o(  hit  own  theory  and  hit  criticiam  of  the 
mechanical  phyiicfl  of  Deacartel  an  Imown  to  ua.  The  wbolc  dii- 
liacIIoB  between  the  two  ilea  in  the  difference  between  the  oKchaoial 
and  the  dynamical  viewi  of  nature.  Deicittaa  Maned  from  tbe 
mlity  at  exteniioil  ai  onutilutiD(  the  nalim  of  material  lubiUnR, 
and  (ouDd  in  Dtagnitude,  hpivt  uid  motion  the  explanation  of  thr 
material  noivene.  Ldbniti,  too,  admitted  the  nechaaicat  view  of 
uiim  at  living  Ibi  lawt  o(  corporeal  pheiiomenn  (p.,43B),  applying 

humaa  body  [p.  777).  But.  at  pbeiwRKnal.  theae  lawi  mint  find 
tbrir  tipliiultoil  ID  metapiwda.  and  Ihui  in  Snal  aim  (p.  I]S). 
AH  lhiii(>,  he  nyi  (in  hit  Sfecimm  DnamUtmi,  tan  be  npUnRl 
tilhrr  b^  rificieni  or  by  final  caunt.    Bal  tbe  latter  raetboil  i>  not 


puBugn  uui  jDDunn  H  mwicu  by  velocity  tibould  be  tupenedRl 
by  the  lav  that  movinf  force  (tid  moirixi  b  mranimj  by  tbe  square 
St  the  velocity  (ni.  199.  >«>.  The  kmi  CDBttoveny  niird  by  thii 
eriliciia  oaa  laalfo  cauaad  tif  tbe  amhicuily  of  the  um  cnployad. 
The  pdidplea  heH  by  Deacaitea  aodXaibaiu  wn  both  correa, 
tfaoiHh  diSerent,  and  thelt  ooiiBict  only  apinrent.  Dcicanei'i 
prindple  b  now  enmdated  aa  the  contarvalion  of  moiiicntum,  that 
of  Ldbnitz aa  the oouervatiDA of  eneray.  Leibi^Ea  lurthR-enticbet 
IhlfiiTi^a  liiii  iiml  III!  aiiailiaathii  llii  il i  iil  iiiiiiiiiii 

Smtaa,"  eatimated  between  the  tame  parti,  Ii  coniUnl  (p.  loBJ — 
4  poiitiDn  developed  In  Ida  itatical  tbecnra  for  deletminlnd  feonie- 
trbUy  the  mulnnt  of  any  nnmbar  of  forcet  actlni  at  a  pel«. 

Like  the  uoauLbodv,  wUch  b  it*  aa^ogao,  haa  a  paailvc  and  an 
active  elraiHit  The  Mmtr  b  tba  apacity  of  reajwaaca.  and 
Indudea  hnnenrtraMily  tad  Imtiai  Ibe  latter  b  active  rorce 
(pp.  ISO.  M7).  Bodiei.  too.  tOa  the  monadi,  are  Belr.coniaiiied 
•ctivitlet.  reocMif  ns  imnitae  from  ohbout— it  It  only  bv  an 


The  pq>choki|y  of  Ladmili  it  chie^  devdoped  in  the  Ntmamx 

famoua  Pnay,  and  aUiciiiec  it  diaptar  Iqr  Kapler.  In  Iheie  ttlayi 
ha  worked  out  a  Ow  d  &  <*iain  and  daveloinni «(  hiwwlidie 
in  haiBony  iritb  Ba  OHtaphynl  view^  and  ihua  without  lockSi 
implied  aatumptioo  of  the  mutual  ioBuence  of  nut  and  body- 
Wncn  one  moiiBd  In  an  agfretaie  perceivea  the  otikert  aa  dearly 
thattlwy  an  ui  oonpariton  trith  it  ban  mooada  (auoa^  aiiti).  it 

aOy  daa  eiat  an  inllucnca  over  tbe  net,  but  bacaine,  bdnc  in  tlait 

A.—  -J»i.  them,  and  yet  havina  to  miidi  dearer  perceiH 

— . .  _  J)  (p.  Wj).  Thb  monad  b  called  the  enclKfay 

In  the  firtt  placrnnd  Ih*  uaivina  tfatomh  it  (pi  Ttal.    Each  toal 

Itt  body  [p.  714)  1  tout  and  body  lotether  make  a  liviiu  bdnf,  aiHl, 
at  Ibeu*  lawi  an  in  perfect  hameny^ — a  barpiony  ettabh'died  be> 
tweea  Ibt  whola  realm  o(  farnl  oi^  and  thai  of  dtdeat  eauiea 
(p.  jiAl—^i  hava  Iba  tame  naidt  an  if  ODt  ialkieBced  the  aaber. 
Tkii  i>  f  uiiba  Eqibbad  by  LaBitfta  in  bb  welMnowa  DhMnUoB 
of  the  diflennt  wave  in  which  two  clockt  nay  hap  exactly  the  tame 
-  ■-'  -   ■  .1...' iliatof  tbe 


:urTrr[w.>  thaaah  it 
Ihcmiclvet  need  exp' 


*Ofit,  ed.  Duieni.iii.  jii. 


oe  may  actually 
M  medinidan  m 


aachioery  of  the  « 

{pp.  113.1} 

Kv  oT  muc __.  ._.   ..._ 

nalitUi  Ibt  iMid  that  of  prtettaUiilMd 

hamoay.  TbutikebodvdoaaiKNactoaihaaaul  inthe'prodnction 
of  coenition.  aot  the  leul  on  iht  body  in  (be  production  of  modoo. 
The  body  acta  juil  at  if  II  had  no  aaul,  the  tout  ai  il  it  had  no  body 
Cp.7ll>.  Initend.  therefon,  of  all  knoviedle  coning  to  UI  dinn^ 
or  mdircclly  tbroafb  the  bodDy  tenaea,  It  I1  al  devdopcd  by  the 
toul^  own  aaiviiy.  and  iiiiniii  peretfitian  ii  ittelt  but  a  cnJuted 
hind  of  coaitiai.  Not  a  certain  aekd  data  of  o«r  ideaa  only  (aa 
Deuna  h3d),  but  all  our  idea),  an  innate,  though  only  worhtd 
up  into  actnai  cognition  In  the  developfneni  of  knowlcclce  (p.  aiil- 
-iD  Ibe  aphorbo  niadt  sat  ol  by  Locke.  "  Nihil  eil  in  inieltectu 
nuod  nou  Biiu^ueril  in  •nun,"  mutt  be  added  Ihi  cbute.  "  niti 
iniellecdiJ  ipK  "  (p.  211).  The  loul  at  birth  b  not  conpanbk  u> 
a  UlnUa  nut.  but  niher  to  aa  unworlad  block  of  marble,  the  bidden 
veini  of  whkA  already  determine  the  form  il  ii  (d  loiimc  in  the 
hand!  of  tht  tcalpter  (p.  196).     Nor.  again,  can  iIk  khiI  ever  be 

percipient  activ*  bcin(  (p.  lafij.  Apparently  drcunleia  lieep  {• 
to  be  acMuntod  for  by  uncontdnui  perception  fp.  23\}  -,  and  it  ii  by 
mth  inieniibk  perc^itiom  tini  LerlHiitz  expUini  bn  docirine  <f 

In  the  human  tout  perceplun  u  developed  into  thought,  and  then 
Ii  Ihiii  an  mfinili  tboinh  gradual  dillennce  between  it  and  Ihe  nne 
monad  (p.  464).  At  all  knowtedie  ii  implidt  in  Ihe  lonl.  it  loHowi 
ihal  ill  pa^Fction  dependi  00  the  elEciency  ol  the  iniirtiment  by 
which  il  ■■  denlued.  Heme  tbe  Importance,  in  Leibniii'i  lyilem, 
tl  Ibe  kwical  ^inciplei  and  method,  Ihe  eooiidetaiian  of  which 
occujHtd  him  at  inlervab  throughout  Ui  whole 

Tfcie  ai-  ■ —  '-=—'-  -•  — -5Sr^'-> 1-  -■ 

truth!    '  ' 
oTidei 


■o  Idndi  of  ir 


)  truthi.  of  re 


Ihe— (1)  tr 

ithi  of  fact  (p(L  B3.  ja,  707).    the  fo 

'^itity  (oe  eoairadiction)  or  of  poaHoiiuy,  in  nnue  01  wnicn 
_.  .J  Elbe  which  cbnlaini  a  ooatndicliDn.  and  that  Inw  which 
csotradidiiry  to  the  labev  The  latter  reu  00  (he  principle  ti 
ffidtnt  renon  or  nf  reality  titmp&$MililD,  according  to  lAich  no 
CI  b  irue  unlem  their  bci  luflicieat  itaioa  nliy  il  ihouldbcnand 
It  olherwiie  {agreeing  thui  wiih  die  pfineipum  mdieru  or  inal 
uh).  Codilone,  Ihe  purely  aciivt  monad,  hat  an  a  pritriknow- 
dge  of  the  Ultcr  cUb  of  imtht;  they  bin  tl  '  ■    -•.- 

ihi  truth!  olr^ 


I.  U.i^ 


miad  in  itidf  or  in  i 


C,(K1J( 


loTe 


.indibcdinnl 
'     prindpko' 

nehcdiw  nb&ibia  uio 

nIlEWaa  Ibc  Ent  to  brnc  i 


,  M  UHCkrlCft  IKHi  tKMCOi 

tiutia  an  infvmd  Ina  then 
iiaD,^»Hir*cne- 

of  ti«ic  i^ick  L«b- 

laenn  (p(i,  14, 164,  lU,  169.3U)' 

r ^-TtldcnlLul  fin  laltT  Ironinolo^, 

iiutyEie^)  pn>fioiitioia»  the  dtnvitivv  injttii  bpinf  dtduud  from 
Ibcm  trr  Ihe  principle  «(  cantmUcdm.  Tlw  [Krt  ol  hii  kcic  on 
shich  Lcibniu  laid  the  tnuat  una  w»  the  lepuuian  oTtbeK 
mJDBal  ogiutioiit  into  llidr  ihiipleM  ekmnio— lac  be  held  that 
the  root-fiotioo  ffiopiottorm  fnmiu)  would  be  found  to  be  few  in 
number  (pp.  91,  «>— «nd*e  dcnpiilioii  ot  Ihcm  by  univecul 

judgmeali  by  the  reblion  at  a^in^Mtflct  AmoiB  IhcK  iormu\iie. 
«  u  m  redua  the  lyllixUm  to  1  akuliii.  This  ii  iSe  mm  id« 
ol  Leibniu'i  "  uiiHrBl  ihincleriulc,"  never  luliv  worked  oul 
by  Um,  whidi  he  muikd  u  one  ol  the  ctnlen  diimmiee  o( 
ihe  t^'  ^  incidenul  retaJt  «l  iu  uSeptwD  wAuld  be  Ih*  iniifr- 
ducttoA  «f  A  univtnal  tymboliMn  ol  thought  comparable  10  \}k 


iCSdS 

mppfemented  by  (h»  new  m 

ftit  the  fafic  of  LelbBiH  ii 
of  pivof,  and.  aa  aieh,  appUei 


inidliiible  1 
it  WDuQ  eHo 
Dd  votild  be 
irip<alcuhlioa^(M>.fa.a4, 
ot  robe  vjpenededt  Imi  ii 
Hl,forotii*lliti>buitl>e 

1  ait  o(  diicovery  fp   S;)  a> 
,  and  by  the  intelbil  lo  in 


■nntha  ami  Ihey  may  coonllulc  taietha  a  miiii  auUtthal.  To 
thia  art  of  orderly  combtntion  Ledtanita  atuchtd  the  gnateat  im- 
portance, and  toil  one  of  biiearlien  wriilnga  was  devoteoT  Smilarly. 
in  [Ik  ffAere  of  operieoce,  it  ia  the  buuncmi  of  the  art  at  ditenvery 
to  find  out  and  elauify  the  primilive  lacl*  or  dala,  rrlerrinl  every 

■ponuneiiy  la  frcedoin,  in  man  fp.  MoJ.  The  will  It  an  cITcin  or 
Kndacy  to  that  which  one  finda  good  (p.  131 1.  and  ia  free  only  in 
the  aenae  of  bcinf  encnipt  from  cxtcmal  coDini]'  (pp.  j4a,  513,  ^1}, 
for  it  mut  alwaya  tiave  a  auflicieni  i^doa  far  ita  action  dctotaincd 
by  what  aecnu  aood  to  it.   The  end  deccrmining  Ihe  will  ia  |4eaiure 

47a).  A  will  fuided  by  reaioq  wiQ  laoifke  tnntitory  and  purwe 
cooalam  jdeauret  or  uniineaa,  nod  in  Ihit  w^ghiPV  of  plwmna 
conaitB  inie  wiidaiii.    LabniUp  like  Sp^noea*  a»a  that  JjeedDni 

(p.  66q),  and  that  the  pauiona  pcDccod  from  confuicd  pcrceptiona 
(pp.  iM.  >6g)  In  love  one  Sndi  joy  in  Ihe  happloea  of  anotheri 
and  from  iovt  lollaw  jusiee  and  law.  "  Our  rcaaoB,"  aaya  Leibniu,' 
"  IHiiBlned  by  Ihe  apirit  el  Cod.  nviala  the  law  c4  nMim."  and 
wiih  It  pOHtive  law  mull  not  aMiAin.  Natural  hw  riiea  Irom  the 
atria  eammaAd  to  avoid  offence.  Ehrough  the  maiini  of  tquity 
vhldi  £ivea  to  each  hia  due,  lb  that  of  probity  or  piety  (imufr 
rrterr), — the  hiaheal  ethical  perfeet[on,-^«rtikh  pmoppoiet  a  briief 
in  Cod,  providence  and  1  future  Efc*  Moiml  iRunortalll) — not 
merely  the  almple  continuity  winch  belonp  to  ovi»y  "»«*»'<—'«"« 

mlotehi.li3jwd^Ulv{pi..I»6,466^       "" 
Lcibnita  thua  makea  the  eaiatence  of  God  a  pnatu 


pnatukta  of  AoraliEy 


by  a  higher.' 


Lh*  tliamgh  thepfdmary  (jiyaiol  onkr  mi 

en*  for  the  being  o(  Cod 

ribnili  in  a  Rudificd  lonn  (p.  tjj).    Deacartei'a  1 
auppleroenled  by  the  daiue  thai  Cod  aa  (he  flu 


.  e  propored   by   L^lbniu 
, u  Leiii  (igjzl.p- 37. 

"  Tha  ptacxa  at  which  Labnita  aniicipaled  Che  nvoeni  theory  of 
lode  nuunly  due  to  Book  are  pointed  oul  ia  Mr  Vonn'a  ^joMu 
Lot"  (><»}- 
.  fHenH  the  diBeiencE  of  hii  determinUra  frvm  thai  of  Spli 
thouah  LobiuU  ton  layi  in  one  i^ace  that  "  it  ia  difhcirU  em 
la  diHiiKutah  the  action  of  God  from  Iboae  li  the  cnBtu 
flfiTk.ed.  Paa,  and  ler,  wL  i.  p.  ite). 

'  OWra  BMitB,  cd.  DuiHU.  IV.  liL  181. 

•  IM.  IV.JiL  395-    CI.  Bluntachli.  Caei.  i.  mOi.  SUalmclai  a. 
FiMik  (H64).  RP- '«  "pq; 

•P.^Joitl.  Virhi.ad.fwta.iDdicr-eDLt.  w>S><>»- 


Cod— Iheir  peirevlion  aa  Hit  viidom  CT 
»l*«ite  aa  Hi,  ,b»|u1e  wTI  or  (Dodne.  fp.  654): 
of  all  hmiiatnn  i>  Ihe  divine  independence  or 


powir,  which  aiala  conaiala  in  thia.  thai  Ihe  posibili..  ..  ._ 

uni^vraeiniuhamoi^ouaorder  kihuB  the  reaEiation  of  the  (hi 
end.aadaaaBchmDKbethebeil  p««ble(p.  S06).   The  teleoloiy 
id  Leibniu  becOBK*  OKoaaril;^  a  f^ii^.    Cod  ciwied  a^voild 
(p.  ja^).  and,  in  cbew- 


ilya  r 

„„  Hi>  pe. 

inc  iha  woihl  out  of  Ihe  infinite  ni _  .>, 

of  ideaa  (p.  jij).  waa  (uided  by  the  printipium  mtHaru  (p.  so&). 
With  tUa  therouihaaliu:  opiiaiinn  lieibnili  hai  lo  r«Dnci1e  the 
eidtuncaofevUintlw&atof  allpnaiihIewnMi.'  With  Ihie  end 
in  view  be  dJuiiipMica  (p.  fes)  belmen  (i)  metanhyiical  evil  or 
inpeiiection.  which  ia  ancondUionaBy  willed  by  Caa  aa  eaaeniial 
TO  created  briiwii  (*1  pfayrical  evil,  uch  aa  pain,  which  ia  con- 
iCllanally  willed^  by  Cod  aa  punnhnent  or  a>  a  mrani  id  ereater 
r>^  (ef:  p.  Ho);  and  (J)  moni  evil,  in  which  Ihe  ptat  difficully 
Hea. md eihrii Leibmla iiiahw variooi ilteinpta loencfain.  Heaaya 
that  it  waa  imly  permitted  nol  wiilid  by  Cod  (p.  6u).  and.  ilul 
bein(  obviootly  as  eiplanallDn,  addi  that  ii  waa  permitted  becsuae 
it  waa  fbteacoii  that  the  world  with  evil  wvuM  nevertheleig  be  better 
than  any  other  poaaibte  world  (p.  uo).  He  alia  ipealu  of  the  evil 
aa  a  no*  aet-off»  the  fud  In  the  worU,  which  ii  increun  by  con- 

tiy  fiSiiglt 'a 


m),  and  at  other  limea  tv 


■ntpi 


M  eairiid  oni  by  him.    Had 


The  euimtl 
idea  of  the  TT 
wa*  too  bell 
have  tranirended  the  independi 

The  philoiophy  of 


hue  remaJni  unaolvtd. 
impeifeetian.  like,  hit 

inuatent  with  hia  immediale  apoloeeiic 

.:_     u.j  i.  J l:.  .i—f^  would 

which  It 


:  more  (yiteinatic  end  abatiaet 
[.  ruled  the  acbooli  of  Cermany 

rapeneded.    On  ii  Banmganen 

jf  neolhecic.     Ita  trealmein  of 

theohiiieal  qoeathna  bealded  Ihe  German  AatAUmf.    And  on 
.1 ..■^^^^^..^...,.^ 


e  foondatlona  e 
theohifieal  qn 

force,  ita  peycbolacical  hypacbeai 
attempt  at  >  lofical  ayobellaiEi — it 

BnuocurHT. — (1)  Editiou:   L, ,. 

made  to  puUUi  the  eompleU  workt.  Several  cdilioai  oalned.  b_. 
a  vaal  maaa  of  MSS.  (lettera.  Ac)  remained  only  iwiMy  tlaaB6td 
in  Iha  HaiKiser  library.    The  chief  tdiiiont  wire:    (1)  L.  Dgtena 

geneea,  lyU),  called  Opn  Ohb,  hut  hr  Irom  complete:  (1) 
H.  Rati,  UiMMtmt  yaeaMMU.   IVvte  (Bgiin.  ttgrisiii 


(Tft  aer.  niiioey,4iQiik;aDg  aer.  rmioiDpiiy.  vu 
with  Amaold,  Ac.,  ed^  C.  L.  Cnaiai;  Jid 


tE)|  (3)  Fowher  de  C 

la.  tfeAtes).  the  aai 

a  M  ifmtnlu  MAIr  1 

,,,  „y  * PP.'**'  WtrM mm  Liih--  ,--,—  

Mirhni  NtcUaat  W  dv  JC«ai(lich«  BiUiMMk  wa  UtaniMr 
a,  KiBaiicD-PcilIliEa]  and  foKtical,  in  voli.,  iSAt-igyT). 
raa  dr  LttbuOt.  by  A  Jaeqoaa  |j  vola^  Pacii,  ifija)  itto 


,..._,, -, (Patia, 

Ii54-i8s7):  (4)  Onno  Klepp.  I>H  ITenki  en  Lahwie  fimtu  mJm 


ipeHOtleeiqiieioM  dga 


■'81' 


390  LEICESTER, 

Frdarn  and   LcipiiB.    17^)'  ^V  J'    ^   udnunn. 

[Itiilin,   IHjo),  by   \*    Janci   (>  voU.p  I'arift.   r8A6»  3nd  i:^,   igoo), 
aiTil  Ihc  fullal  by  C  J    Gcrhardl,  i>H  yti^u^iiiitni  jcir'/lm  »>■ 

w<flI<|nr.iW'*"ll'---  '   ■' 


■ii»-isiit"<S^SJ&uin 

■p  u  1400,  i.t.:  C.  ].  Ccrhirdi  (Hnllc. 
-■  —  '':  W  ititui -■•  "-t— ' — 


IhHU  had  Lmth  pvIiLi: 

iMm)  ind  Dir  Bnrfi. _.   ..     _ _  _._ _ 

(<»M):  CarrnHnHlnin  Ua  L.  A.  UuraMi  t  C.  £>iiiiul9  (iSw). 
andc(.  Naa  BM-otI  aw  BrufKetliut  micbK  D.  E.  Jailauiy 
KidC.  If.  i^iix-U  (l999)' 

fn  igm  It  wu  decided  by  Kbolari  in  Be 
ivally  i:oinplvlc  ctlllion  (houM  be  ^ubUthcd, 
lour  Gcnnan  ;knd  four  French  erIlK*  hicit  *i  .  .._  . .  .  .  r.. 
limbury  UAkof  ciKr<platinBOicMSS.inlbcEDyaLlibraiy  nr  Hnnovcr- 
Thi*  p™cp*»  TciuLlcd  in  iIk  prepanliDn  of  Ihe  Knju-Aff  Kaiai*^ 
4a  Liitaift-//DiKfir*n/m  ur  ('trbmlmif  dir  iiUcnlwIniuckn 
LeibKdt-Aui^bt  nJmMUKV   (LfpH),    — -^  -' —  '-   — "■■-   — >— - 

uMilt    (i<»3):    E.   Golaiid,    Uilnm 

Uijniialudm,  MactuinkH  whI  kijtiiuij^  JiOhJu  (igo6)i  Jan 

Barud,  Lntau  [1909},  conlainina  uncdilcd   MSS.  and  a  ilmch' 

rnmrfnlu-u.-A)!  ihr  ArK™i  rA<oi«(ui.i«  (iRjo,  C.  W.  BuBtU), 

X  Halmdalaiy  ani  nUur  WnliM[i.  by  R.  Lilla 

--"■ ■-■•'S'cd"iiU  im)" 

viniji;l..V 


(Lowlaii.  1894) 
iOilord,  iSadJ. 

fUfni^iniJ.— Ttu 
lilt'Sl^'b 


c  £(M(by  Fofllenclle  (nad  IDIbcFnneh  Acidcmyin  iiii).  iKc 
£ulo(Him,"  by  Wdi,  in  tlw  ilcli  firirfiMnMi  lor  (idy  171;,  and 
c  "  bitppleincniiiin  *  to  Ibc  ume  by  Fatler,  publnhnl  in  hi* 
itim  HaMntt>fraiHim  (LripxiE:,  171  ft)  Tbe  bm  biojrraphy  i*  Uui  of 
.    E.  Cuhiaucr.  C.  W.  Frrilurr  xm  Ltibnia  ll -nolt.,  Droliu,  la^I; 

liiAiniiri'liel^criUjlH'iirtc/Ciitnwr.liJisbwnpubliihcclb^J.M. 
Mackie  (eDUon.  I&u).  M«e  nniil  worki  arc  IhoK  ol  L.  Ciolc. 
leiinit  mid  hi»(  2n(  (Hanowr,  i86«)i  E  rAcidcrcc.  Lcilnn  oil 
Paliul,  SIsaltHkia*.  nad  fiiUaniBroHr  (i.cIpiiE.  1870):  Ihc 
.,._,..._  .._. ,   ^    •'-'-„,  g,    li^  LMuii-.  Hia  iiJca  aid 


Ott^igf.— The  nKinogiapbi  a 


Slag  (LclpiiK,  1S70)!  C.  HancnKcui.  "Lul ... 

manacaL  Erk.  ip  VcnL  mit  Lcibnia't  Krilik  dcradbcn  darocMi 
.     ...    ...     ,.    .    .1.......    „.„.,.     cikMi.  J  H 


/cnL  mit  Lcibnii 

...  „_ L  AutL-kin.  a.  -. .. 

wl.  iv.  (Lcipiii,  isis)i  C.  Cbia.  Oil  iMKiM.  Vsnan 
UAKiOiuImi  DtUnmmimiii  (Tilbiiqra.  1874);  F.  B. 
■tftni  Letii  (PiaEue,  1BJ7)!  (he  esuyt  on  Leibnili  in  ..^-..^ain.- 
buri'a  BtiUttf,  veb.  a.  aad  ui.  (Bulin.  1S5J.  1867);  L.  Ncff,  iA»>it 
all  Sl^lVtJtitT  (Meldelbcn,  liro-'^ni  J-  Schaiidl.  Uiltiit 
mni  Baumtn'ini  (Halle,  iSt^:  O.  Nolen,  id  CrAifu  d(  Asai  (f 
J^  iftla^iioM  de  leUaii  <nui>.  iS;i) ;  and  Ihc  odnuuive  voik 
of  A.  Pictaler,  DU  TlunhtuiaLiitta  (Munich.  laM-i^).    Among 

BtifUknt  uiiw  Ltkrt  (1407):  E.  Canifer.  leihiia' J^JIni  ta  iciam 
aniKaKbi/UinWa  CraadlaHa  [1901};  L.  Coulurai.  La  Ltraur  it 
Ulimit  faptii  iit  i-xumntt iiUdiu  (1901);  L.  DavHIf.  ^itati 
.UiAirifx  (1909):  KuDD  FuchcT,  C.  W,  Lnlmi%  (iW9)i  R.  D. 
FrdkI,  0(r  AiMcitUiwOipig  bti  letbait  (iSge):  R-  Hcrbe^ii. 
DiiLilHittmUfilmHimtmSyHcmdalMmU<tv>i)-»Hi>ll. 
naao,  M*  UOni^Kkt  Xtlifwiu-MifeH^w  in  Oxp  VKjUcUluJien 
^Kfaai  (19a])  1  W.  Kabiu,  IN(  fUeHMv  <"  pH^  Leitmii 
(1909),  a  itudy  of  the  devclapqieiit o(  the Leibnuiian  tyaleBi^ 
H.  L.  Kocb,  ililtni  iwd  OtKiiinHa  M  J^aihni  (IfDSJi  C.  Nid. 
VOptimitmi  it  LtOm  IttUit  Benrud  A.  W.  Ruadl,  .4  CriiMtl 

«  «w  adlimt  axr  fi&r&ctn  i-tWiTdoai);  ATSilboatein, 
leiMaW  AfPHruaiw  n  FcpMIMu  ■■  jn'wr  ilrlapkjiUi  (l«ci(); 
Slda,  IciliHt  ■■<  5>msB  (itoo):  F.  ThiUy,  LAhnui  Slnil  Kica 
£«cte  ni  Amttlmii  in  am^bitnn  liuu  <iS9i):  R.  UrGach, 
faOBiaw  JtacUTiniciw  du  VriiOt  im  iv  kuM  tfiU  (incii);  W. 
W^kmtiiter.  £>«  LeAmiKii  SubHamAipiS  (ita);  ^76.  F. 


Wemicka,  L«ea< 


LEICBCTBB,  URU  OV.    The  tint  btAdet  of  (his  EngUsfa 
autdotn  bcl&ngcd  to  the  funily  of  BuLumaat,  aTlbou^  a  certain 
" 'leuLtulafLaiiHUi. 


EARLS  OF 

Roberl  At  B 

1107,  be  hj 

and  hii  ton  Robert  wu  undoublcdly  cail  ol  LciosLei 
The  jid  BesunKvl  eari,  iDMber  RobeR,  was  aiu  s 
England,  a  dignity  Khicb  wai  siui^ied  \o  (be  a 
Liicaicr  Iisn  iliit  lime  uatil  ij«o.  The  eaildom  re 
ihe  crows  when  Robert  dc  B^iaunt,  the  4ih  carl.  <U 
JaiHiaiy  .»4. 

lni»7SinwnIV.,  countof  MontCon  (f.T.),  nephew  and  heir 
«(  Eari  Robert,  wu  conlitsicd  in  the  poscisian  of  the  eaiidom 
by  King  John,  but  it  wu  [oifciicd  when  bn  ^a.  the  [amoui 
Simon  de  MonLfott,  wu  attainted  and  wu  Idlled  at  Eucsham  ia 
AuguU  Ti«;.  Henry  lll.'i  »n  Edmund,  eat)  of  Lancaster,  wu 
abo  earl  o(  Leicester  and  steward  of  England,  obtiininji  Lbese 
offica  1  lew  monlhi  alut  Ear]  SimoD'i  death.  Edmund's  sons, 
Tbomu  and  H^hry,  both  earli  of  Lancaster,  and  bis  grandson 

passed'  10  a  son-in-law  of  Duke  Henry,  William  V.,  count  of 
Holland  (f.  iJi)-ijS9],  am]  then  to  anolbet  and  more  celebrated 
son-in-lav,  John  ol  Gaont,  duke  of  Lancasler.  When  in  1399 
Gavnl  's  son  became  king  as  Henry  tV.  the  earldotn  wu  merged 
in  the  (town. 

In  1564  Queen  Eliabelh  created  her  tavoDiile,  Lord  Robert 
Dudley,  eail  of  Leicester.  The  new  eail  »u  ason  ol  John  Dudley, 
duke  of  Nonhumbcrland.  he  left  no  children,  or  raiha  moe  of 
undoubted  le^timary,  and  ' 
liile  became  eUincl- 

In  ibiS  Ihe  earldooi  of  Leicester  wu  nvivrd  in  btour  of 
Robert  Sidney,  Vijeotinl  Lble.  a  nephew  of  the  laie  earl  aid  a 
brother  ol  Sir  Philip  Sidney;  ft  tcmaincd  in  this  family  until 
the  dcalh  of  Jocclyn  (i68i-i;4j),  the  jlh  earl  of  this  line,  ia 
July  i;4j.  Jocclyn  lell  no  Icgilintale  children,  but  ■  cettaiD 
John  Sidney  elaimed  10  be  Ml  ton  and  comequently  la  be  8tb 
earl  of  Leicester. 

tn  1744,  llie  year  after  Jocelyn's  death,  Thomas  Coke,  Barcm 
Lovcl  (e.  1695-1759),  was  made  earl  of  Leicester,  bat  the  title 
became  eilinct  on  his  death  in  April  1759.  Hk  neit  foinily  to 
hold  the  earldom  wis  (hat  of  Townshcnd,  George  Towiufaend 
(1755-1811)  being  cttaird  earl  of  Leicester  in  1784.  In  1807 
George  succeeded  hi*  father  as  Jnd  marquess  Townsheod,  and 
when  his  son  Geur^  Ferrais  Townshend,  Lbc  .^rd  marquess 
(i77S~iSss),  died  in  December  185J  (he  earldom  again  became 
cilinct.  Before  this  dale,  howciier,  another  earldom  o(  Leicester 
was  in  (snsience.  This  waacieflledin  igj;  iafavoutof  Thomas 
William  Coke,  who  had  inberiled  the  estates  of  his  relative 
Tbomu  Coke,  eui  of  Leicesltr-  To  distinguish  his  earldom  fiflni 
(hat  held  by  the  Townshends  COke  wu  ennobled  u  cat!  of 
Leicester  of  Holkhajni  his  son  Thomu  Wniiam  Coke  (iSii- 
1909)  became  ind  earl  of  Leictstcr  in  i34i,  and  (he  litter's 
son  Tliomu  WDliBm  (b.  1848)  became  3rd  earl. 

SecC.  E.  Clolaync],  OmfhuPitrati.  vol.  v.  (189A. 

LEIGEn'SR.  ROBERT  DUDLEr.  Eail  ta  {<.  1531-1588]- 
This  favourite  of  Queen  EUubelh  came  of  an  ambitious  family. 


lie  died  in  Sepleir 


ri5S8tbe 


They 


>ved    I 


:    then 


lor    Leit 


e  upstan 


grandfa  ther — Iho 
of  Ike  diief  instruments 
fnded  from  ■  younger 


Edmund  Dudley  who  w; 
of  Henry  VIl.'s  enortions— wai 

branch  of  Ibe  hanut  of  Dudley,  tlul  the  Love  01  ponr  wu  a  * 
passion  whichseems  to  have  increased  in  them  with  each  succeed- 
ing generation,  and  though  the  grandfallicr  wu  beheaded  hy 
Henry  Vm.  for  his  too  devoted  services  Jn  the  preceding  reign, 
the  falhec  grew  powerful  cDOUgh  in  the  days  of  Edward  VL 
to  liaolile  tiie  ■ucceasion  (o  the  sown.  This  was  thai  John 
Dudley,  duke  of  Northumberiaiid,  who  contrived  the  marriage 
ol  Lady  Jane  Grey  with  his  own  son  Guildford  Dudley,  and 

himscU.  Robert  Dudley,  Ihe  subject  of  (his  article,  wu  an  dda 
hroiherof  Guildford,  and  shared  at  that  tiOic  in  the  misforlDDoa 
of  the  whole  family.  Having  taken  up  arms  with  Ihem  against 
Queen  Mary,  fae  wu  sent  lo  the  Tower,  aojl  was  seotCDced  to 


Ai' 


KHond  lua  to 


LEICBSTER.  EARLS  OF 


391 


Ob  Iha 
er<if  thflhonv.  He 
ifM  thsi,  pu^ipi,  Kbout  Rven4ihl'tweDf]r,  end  vu  cvidBill^ 
riting  nptdly  in  tbc  cpieen'i  fayonr.  At  u  early  age  he  had  bees 
BAmed  Co  Any,  diuj^lei  of  Sir  Jolm  Robuit.  Tbt  lutdi  bmd 
been  arranged  by  hit  father,  who  wai  very  itudlDui  (o  pntide  fn 
thii  my  foi  the  future  tanuxi  of  his  dnldieD,  and  the  wedding 
waa  graced  by  the  praOKt  ol  King  Edward.    Bnt  [f  it  was  dm  a 


between  the  oiuple.  Amy  viiiied  her  buaband  in  the  Tover 
duiiBg  hii  fm^niMiimeiit:  but  sfterwardi  when,  under  the  new 
qoeen,  he  wai  much  at  conn,  the  lived  a  gnxl  deal  iptn  from 
him-  He  viiited  her,  hawever,  at  (imn,  in  different  pari*  of  the 
COODtry,  and  his  eiperues  ahow  that  he  treated  her  Ubemlly. 
In  September  I  j6o  the  was  staying  at  Cnmnor  Hall  In  Berkihin. 
the  bouse  of  one  Anlholy  Fonler,  when  she  net  her  death 
DDdcT  circumitancei  which  certainly  aroused  suspictoos  of  font 
play-  It  is  quite  dear  that  her  deith  had  been  surmised  some 
time  bcfon  at  a  thing  thai  would  renxive  an  obslade  to  Dudley'l 
mairiage  witb  the  queto,  with  whom  he  stood  in  so  high  favour. 
We  m^y  lake  it,  perhaps,  from  Veneliui  lourra,  Ihal  the  w«» 
then  in  ddictle  heaUh,  while  Spanish  state  papera  show  further 


which  were 
Theocrum 


re  propelled  by  malice  alter  the  e\ 
cr,  was  ejEplained  at  owing  to  a  fall  d 


himlheea 


on  tlie  disadvan 


perfectly  adequgle  to  account  for  all  we  know  shout  it.    CeRaii 
it  is  thai  Dudley  nmiinued  to  r»c  io  ihe  oiKcn'i  tavonr     Sh 
made  bim  a  Knighl  ot  Ihe  Gaiter,  and  be 
of  Kenilworth.  the  lordship  of  Denbigh 

Varwickthire  and  in  Wales,    la  Seplember  1564 
.  baron  ot  Denbigh,  and  immediilely  afterward* 
earl  of  L,e!ccsicT.     In  the  pieccding  tnonih,  when  the  vlilied 
Cambridge,  the  at  hit  requeit  addressed  the  university  io  Latin. 
The  honoun  shown  him  cidled  icalousy,  rspedally  ta  ft  wai 
well  known  that  he  entertained  still  tncire  ambiiiout  hopes, 
which  the  queen  apparcully  did  not  altogether  dltcourage.    The 
earl  of  Suisei,  in  oppDiiitoo  to  him,  itrongly  favoured  a  match 
witb  the  uchduke  Charles  of  Austria.     The  court  via  divided, 
and,  while  arguments  were  set  forth  on  the  one  side  against  ihe 
narrying  a  subject,  the  other  party  insisted  ItrObgly 
of  a  foreign  alKance,    "Hie  queen,  however, 
foolishly  In  love  with  him  thai  In  1564  she 
recommended  him  as  a  husband  for  HuyQiiecB  of  Scots.    Bvt 
this,  it  was  bclieveii,  was  only  a  biind,  and  ft  may  be  doubted 
bow  far  the  propoul  was  seiiotia.    Afier  his  creation  as  earl  of 
Leicester  great  itlcntlon  wai  paid  to  hisn  both  at  home  and 
■broad.    The  univertity  of  Oifonl  made  him  their  chancellor, 
and  Charle)  IX.  of  Fiance  sent  him  tbe  order  of  St  Michael. 
A  few  years  later  he  formed  an  ambiguous  coTuieilon  with  the 
bamoess  dowager  of  ShcRield,  which  was  maintained  by  the  lady, 
tf  not  with  truth  at  lest  wiih  great  plauriUlily,  to  have  been  a 
valid  marriage,  though  it  waa  CDncoied  from  the  queen.    Her 
own  subsequent  conduct,  faowevtr,  went  far  to  discredit  her 
statemenls;  for  she  married  again  during  Leicester's  life,  when 
Ik,  too,  had  found  a  new  conjugal  partner.    Long  afterwards, 
in  the  days  of  Jama  I-,  her  ton.  Sir  Robert  Dudley,  a  man  of 
eiliBordinary  talents,  sought  to  esEablish  his  legitimacy;  but 
his  suit  wns  suddenly  brought  toasrop,  the  witnesses  discredited 
and  the  documents  connected  with  it  sealed  up  by  an  order  of 
the  Star  Chamber. 

In  I  S7i  Queen  Elizabeth  visiied  the  eaH  at  Kenilworth,  where 
tbe  was  entertained  for  tome  days  with  great  magnllieenoe. 
ThtlHCture^ue  account  of  the  event  given  by  Sir  Walter  Scott 
hat  made  every  one  fam"        '  '   "'  .......  .. 

Kene.     Ncit  year  Walic 


Leicetlcr't  sub«equeni 


ir  with  the  general  cbaraetr 
enil  of  Essci,  died  in  Ireland,  and 
rriage  with  his  widow  again  gave 
rtte  to  ver>'  tenout  imputations  against  hJm.  For  report  said 
thai  he  had  had  two  children  by  her  during  her  husband's 
abienct  in  Ir^nd,  and,  at  the  lend  between  Ihe  two  earis  was 
ootorioos,  Loice^tcr'a  many  enemiei  easily  suggested  that  be 
lad  patenod  hit  rival.    This  naniage,  at  all  eventi,  tended 


aWl  dlKre&  umI  «iu  if*  Htnt  «  Snti  bM  K  n* 
I  ta  the  queen  In  I579bySiniicr,aneinI«ary  d  the  duke 
piB,  to  whoK  ptajeOed  match  with  Eliiabetli  the  earl 
to  ha  the  priiidpal  obstade.  The  queen  shoved  great 
It  the  news,  and  had  aosie  tlxnght,  it  It  tald,  of 
Leioeiter  to  the  Tower,  but  waa  <Eiaaded  frau 
doing  u  by  his  rival  tlie  eul  of  Sussci.  He  had  not,  Isdeed, 
lavoored  the  AlencoD  marriage,  but  otherwise  be  bad  sought 
to  promote  a  league  with  France  agatnji  Spain.  Be  and  Bur- 
lei^  had  listened  to  proposals  from  France  for  'the  conquest 
and  diviiion  of  Flandera,  and  they  were  in  Ihe  lecrel  about 
the  capture  of  BrOI.  When  Alen(on  actually  arrived,  iniked, 
in  August  ij7g,  Dudley  being  in  disgrace,  showed  himself  for 
a  time  anti-French;  but  he  soon  relumed  to  his  former  policy. 
He  encouraged  Drake's  piiatical  eipediiioni  sgainu  the  Spaniaidt 
and  had  a  <haie  in  the  booty  brought  home.  In  February  i  jBi 
fie,  with  a  number  of  other  noblemen  and  gentlemen,  escorted 
the  duke  of  Alcn^on  on  his  telum  to  Antwerp  to  be  invested 
wilh  the  government  of  the  Low  Countries.  In  15&4  he  in- 
augurated an  assodatloD  for  tlie  protection  of  QueeD  Elizabeth 
against  conspirators     About  this  time  there  issued  fr 


imphlet, 


e  been  ■ 


iverted  and  the  gi 


It  handed  o 


:  and  mortis.    The  hook  ir 


ordered  la  be  suppressed 
by  letters  Irom  the  peivy  council,  in  which  it  was  declared 
that  the  charges  against  the  cati  w^re  to  the  ttueen^s  certain 
knowledge  unlrue;  nevertlidess  they  produced  a  very  strong 
impresiion,  and  were  believed  in  by  some  who  had  no  sympathy 
wilh  Jemiu  long  after  Leiceslei's  death.  In  15*5  be  was  ap- 
pointed commander  of  an  expedhion  to  the  Low  Countries 
in  lid  of  Ihe  revolted  provinces,  nnd  uUed  will  a  fleet  of  fitly 
ships  to  Flushing,  where  he  was  received  wilh  great  enthusiasm. 
In  January  following  he  was  Invealed  wilh  Ihe  govemraeot 
of  the  provinces,  but  immeilialely  received  a  slrong  reprimand 
from  the  qireen  for  taking  upon  himself  a  funoion  which  she 
had  noi  auihoriad.  Both  he  and  the  states  general  were  obliged 
to  apologize;  hut  the  latter  protested  that  they  had  no  intenlloD 
of  giving  him  absolvle  control  of  their  affain,  and  Ihat  it  would 
be  ertremely  dangerous  to  them  to  revoke  the  appoIntmenL 
Leicester  accordingly  was  allowed  to  retain  his  dignity;  bnt 


id  for 


It  Zutphen,  Ii 
But  comph* 
le  conduct  of  tbe  w: 


St  brcaian 


:  of  the 


t  back  in 


■JS/,  w 


to  tahe  the  siege  o(  Sli. 
InereBsing  between  hln  and  the  statei,  be  was  recalled  by 
queen,  from  witom  he  met  with  a  very  goad  reception^ 
he  continned  in  such  favour  Ihat  In  the  following  summer  ( 
yeartieingthat  of  the  Armada,  i58S)hc  was-apptHnLedlitutcnj 
general  of  the  army  mustered  at  Tilbury  to  resist  Spani^ 
Tasion.    After  the  crisis  wu  past  hi 


4th  Scplem 

Such  are  the  main  facta  of  Leic«t»r-s  life.  Of  his  ch 
it  is  more  difficult  to  speak  with  confidence,  but  some  f 
of  it  are  indisputable.  Being  in  poson  tall  and  tem; 
handwme,  he  improved  these  advanliges  by  a  very  ingti 

he  was  nevertheleM  vain,  and  pmumcd  at  limes  trj 
influence  wilh  Ihe  queen  to  a  degree  Ihat  brought  upon 
sharp  lebufl.    Yet  Elizabeth  st     '  "     " ' 


a  love  with  him,  u  rnoden 


imely  q 


'  in  him 


ich  marked  him  ai  the  fitting  recipient  ol  high 
w»i  a  man  ol  pn'neely  usies,  especially  In  arclritec- 
n  he  became  latterly  the  leader  o(  tbe  Puritan  party. 


LEICESTER,  EARLS  OF 


Uiidy  leportcd  bcyoad  tbe  tnuh;  bid.  Ultra  nouiin  •ooc  fuM 
tuSdeotljt  diu^ce*ble,  tad  otben,  pahipi,  RiSclailx  oi>t- 
ttridiu,  to  make  >  jutt  aiiaait  of  llie  bud  a  atiitr  poplciiEis 

No  igaikl  biocnpAy  ni  l^naler  hu  y«t  be™  writla  except 
U  biocnphial  dictioouva  And  «H:ydop*ed)U.  A  guicnl  accAiat 
ef  him  will  be  laiind  is  the  Mcmoin  of  Ihe  Sidncyi  picfUrd  lo 
Colliia'i  I^Oos  and  lloKiriatl  of  SUU:  liul  Ihe  lullesi  ytl  puLiluhcd 
■  Mr  Sidney  Le«'i  »rtlcle  in  Ihe  Dickamarf  »f  Nalvmill  Bu^apky 
{LoBdoo,  IMS)  wh=»ihe»aita»r«iiv™.  Ldomut'*  career  la. 
lo  be  nuda  va  fniir  dDuimeau  and  lUtt  p>pen.  cepeeally  (mm 
the  Hac6eld  MSS.  uid  Milot  Kume'i  Caktiar  of  dDcumcnu  Irori 
(be  Suniili  aichiva  beirint  cia  the  hiaoiy  di  Queen  Eliubrth. 
Thii  ^  ■•  Ihe  OHM  ncent  num.  Of  alken  Ibe  principcl  irr 
Dint*'*  CM^inf  Amtctiaitr  (l^)>  ]<b"  Nieholi'*  Pitpata  if 
Oim  £fiisl(llt  and  thcLow''''  CWe^—Jnn*  edited  by  J.  Bruei 
(br  tlw  Gulden  Soaety.  Tbc  daifa  li  Dudley'i  Gnt  >iie  hii 
teen  ■  fnihlul  aounz  at  tXatrt  tontroveny.  The  jooa.  recml 
additloa  lo  the  evideniB.  «tak4i  coaiidcrably  lUFn  iheir  tnni' 

'       -  '     - )  ^iliub  HiiUriml  Ah*,  tut.  «3, 

hlrfDer— '-■-■ '"—    -■ 


(is  Ei^liihl  </pe  Qudn'i  lKt«  of  Sm. 

LBlCBtTKB,  ROBERT  IIDIIBr.  Eabl  or  (ijA3-i6>6), 
!Cand  UD  ol  Sir  Henry  Sidney  («.■.),  wu  boiti  cm  the  iqlh  of 
ind  wu  eduuled  tl  Cbiitl  Cburch,  Oidonl, 
ilenrudi  IraveiUng  on  tbe  Conlinest  (oi  some  yeui  be 
578  ud  is8j.  In  uSs  be  wu  elected  mcniber  ol  p«ilii 
or  Glamorganshire^  and  in  the  tame  year  he  went  wii 
Ider  brelber  SIi  Philip  Sidney  (f.i.)  10  Ihe  Nethriiands, 


Novi 


i  Spain 


ncle  Rob 


Dudley,  eiri  oi  Leicetlei,  He  wu  piornt  at  Ihe  ci 
where  Sir  Philip  Sidney  wat  nuilally  Moundcil,  ami  rcmaineu 
with  hit  brother  till  tbe  Utiei't  death  la  Ociobcr  15H6  Alter 
visiting  Scollaivl  on  a  diplonuiic  mission  in  ijSS,  and  PriHt 
on  a  limilar  errand  In  1503,  he  returned  10  the  NelheiUnds  tn 
1546,  where  he  rendered  distinguished  servite  in  tbe  war  tof  Ihe 
neit  two  yean.  He  had  been  i|:>pi»nled  govrnur  ol  Flmhing 
la  ijK8,  and  he  spent  much  lime  thcie  till  j6a],  when,  on  Ihe 
accessioa  of  James  I.,  he  lelumed  lo  t^nglud.  James  raised 
him  al  once  lo  the  pceiitge  as  Baton  Sidney  ol  Tenshursl,  and 
he  wu  appointed  chambcilain  to  the  queen  consort.  In  160s 
he  was  malnl  Viscount  Lisle,  and  in  1618  earl  of  Lciceslei 
Ihe  latter  title  having  become  eilinct  in  i;S3  on  the  death  ol  hi 
uncle,  whose  pnqicrly  he  bad  inherited  (see  Leicestei.  £abl 
or).  Leicester  was  a  man  of  taste  and  a  paimn  ol  liieialurc 
whose  cultured  mode  of  life  al  his  country  seal.  Penshurst 
was  celebrated  b  vene  hy  Bee  Jooson.  The  call  died  al  Pens 
hunt  on  the  isth  of  Ju'y  1616.  He  was  twice  married;  fin 
lo  Barbara,  daughlcrol  JobnGainage,a  Glamorpmshire  gentle 
man;  and  secondly  10  Sarah,  daughter  ol  William  Blounl,  ani 
widow  ol  Sir  TTionas  Smylhc.  By  his  gnt  wile  he  had  a  large 
family.  His  eldest  son  having  died  unmarried  in  1613.  Robert, 
the  second  son  [see  below),  succeeded  to  the  earldom;  oue  of 
hil  daughters  manied  Sir  John  Hobait,  ancestor  of  the  earls 
oS  Buckinghamsbire. 

ROBEIT  SiDNEV,  sod  earl  ol  Leicester  ol  the  ifiiS  crealian 
(iSOi-16771.  ""  1»™  on  tbe  ist  ol  December  ijgs,  and  was 
educated  al  Christ  Church,  Odord;  he  wa*  called  10  tbe  bar 
in  161S,  having  already  served  in  the  army  in  the  Nelbeilanda 
during  his  father's  gnvemorship  of  Flushing,  and  having  enterrd 
parliament  as  member  lor  Willoo  in  1614.    In  1616  he  was  given 

haviag  succeeded  his  father  as  carl  of  Leicester  in  iAj6|  he  was 
employed  on  diplomatic  business  in  Denmark  in  1632.  and  in 
France  Irom  1636  to  1641.  He  was  then  appranled  loid-liculcn- 
ant  of  Ireland  in  place  ol  the  cari  of  SliaHonl,  but  he  wailed 
in  vain  for  insLruetlons  [cam  the  king,  and  in  1643  he  wu  im- 
pelled to  resign  the  office  without  having  set  loot  in  Ireland, 
He  shared  the  litecaTy  and  cuUivalrd  lastel  of  his  family,  without 
possessing  the  statesmanship  of  his  unde  Sir  Philip  Sidney, 
bi*  clianeur  was  lacking  in  decision,  and.  as  commonly  befalU 


DC  lo  pksM  tbe  puritans  ol  tbe  pi 
hit  fiddiiy  lo  tbe  king  totrained  him  from  1 
'  b  RbeUion,  while  hta  dislike  for  arbilniy  gi 
lied  him  pnng  whole-bearted  tappon  lo  Cbarieg 
theteEorc,  the  king  tunmoncd  him  lo  Oskni  in  November 
1641.  Ldcslei't  cmduct  bon  the  tppMnnct  of  Yfccillation, 
and  his  k>yalty  al  BDCeitantty.  Aoardingly.  after  hit  redgDatioa 
'  'le  lord-Iiculenaficy  ol  Iidaod  *l  the  end  of  164J,  he  retired 
privau  lile.    la  1649  the  yottnger  children  of  the  king  west 


I  puUic  allsin  during 


icil,  hec 


»p«t 

iwcalth;  and  although  at 


V  them 


rben  be  died  on  tbe  nd  of 
November  1677.  Leicester  married,  in  1616,  DixMhy.  daughlrr 
ol  Henry  I^rcy,  «th  earl  of  Nenbumberlvid,  by  whom  be  bad 
Gflern  children.  Of  his  nine  dau^ien,  iJic  eldest,  Dorothy, 
the  "  Sacharisaa  "  of  tbe  poel  Waller,  married  Robert  Spencer, 
ind  earl  ol  Sunderland;  and  LiKy  married  John  Pdham,  by 
whom  she  was  ihe  anceatreas  al  the  i8tb-ctntuiy  slatesmcn, 
Henry  Pelham.andThomasPelham.dukeofNewcinle.  Alger- 
non Sidney  (f.r),  and  lleniy  Sidney,  eatl  td  Romney  (g.e.), 

Leicesier'i  eldest  ton,  Philip.  3rd  earl  (1610-1648).  known 
lor  moil  of  his  life  at  Lord  Usle.  look  a  somewhat  prominent 
part  during  tbe  civil  war.  Being  sent  to  Ireland  in  1641  in 
command  of  a  regjmcnl  of  borse,  he  became  lieutenant-general 
utkler  Ormonde;  be  strongly  favoured  the  parliamentary  cause, 
and  in  1647  he  was  appointed  lordOieuieruint  of  Irrlaod  by  Ibe 
pariianient.  Named  one  ol  Charles  I.'s  judges,  be  lelused  to 
take  j*n  in  the  iriall  but  be  afierwardt  served  In  Cinmwdl'i 
Council  ol  SlalE,  and  sM  in  the  Praicoor^  House  of  Lcmla. 
Li^e  ttoori  high  in  CKtmwcIi*!  favour,  but  ncvenhelcsa  obtained 
a  pardon  at  the  Restoration.    He  carried  on  the  Sidney  family 

ceedcd  to  tbe  earidom  on  his  fathcr^s  death  in  1677.  he  died  in 
1608,  and  was  succeeded  in  the  pecra^  by  his  son  Robert.  4tii 
earl  ol  Lcicnler  <i64«-i70>).  whose  mother  was  Catherine, 
daughter  of  William  Cecil,  md  eari  of  SaUaburv. 

See  jWimf  ^a#ffr.  edlln]  bv  A.  Collins  fa  vols.,  London,  1746): 
5yil«y  Pafrri.  edlled  by  R.  W.  Blencowe  (London.  1815)  eon- 
liining  the  9nd  earl  of  LeiccSTcr's  journal;  Laid  Claiendon 
niilory  •!  'He  RcMIiiM  ati  CM  Wan  m  £ii(iiwl  (8  vols.  Oxford, 
iSlb):  S.  R.  Gardiner,  UaUry  tj  Itt  Cml  CM  War  (i  vols., 
London.  lSS6-lS}l).  (R.J.  M.) 

LEICESTER.  THOMAB  WILLIAM  COK&  Eau.  or  (i]j4- 
1841}.  English  agriculturist,  known  as  Coke  of  Norfolk,   was 

Coke  in  1 7  JO.  la  1759  Wennun  Coke's  maiemal  unde  Tbomai 
Coke,  earl  of  Lcictaier,  died  leaving  him  ha  estate*,  tobjeet, 
however,  to  the  life-interest  of  bis  widow.  Iklargaret.  Baroness 
d«  DiSord  in  her  own  right.  This  lady's  death  in  177]  wa* 
loUowtd  by  Uitt  ol  Wenman  Coke  in  1776.  «'hen  tbe  tatter's 
son.  Thomas  WiUiam,  bom  on  the  6th  of  May  r7S4,  sacceeded 
his  lather's  estates  at  Hoikham  snd  dsewhen     Prom  1776 


won  member  ol  pariiamenl  lor  K 

rlidki  be  was 

a  friend  and 

supporter  ol  Charles  Jamet  Fol 

nd  a  stuitly 

Whig,  acting  upon  tbe  rauim  taught  him  by  bit  lather  "  never 

to  trust  a  Tory."    Coke's  cbiel  in 

tresis,  howeve 

I,  were  in  the 

country,  and  his  lame  is  that  of 

an  agricullun 

ist.     His  land 

around  Holkhim  in  Norlolk  was 

poor  and  neglected,  but  he 

best    expert 

advice,  and  in  a  few  years  wheat 

was  grown  upon  his  farms, 

and  Ihe  breed  of  cattle,  sheep  an 

pig.  greatly 

has  been  sa{d  thai  "  his  practice 

IS  really  the  basis  of  even 

irewise  on  modem  agriniliure  "    Under  his  direction  the  reoltl 

ol  the  llolkham  estate  it  said  to  h 

over£«wx»ayear     In  .S37  Coke 

was  created  e 

dot  Leicester 

strong  and  h 

«ndMminu 

Derti«fain«R 

LEICESHER— LEICESTTERSHIRE 


S«  A.  M.  W.  SiirtiiK,  Cakt  -4  NarjM  ni  hii  Friaii  (1907). 

UtCBSTRR.  ■  muDidpitl  county  uai  ptrlimaituy  bonnigh, 
ud  the  county  idwd  of  LcIccMmbiie,  Ea|luHl:  od  ihe  rivtr 
Soar,  ■  nutheni  tribuUiy  of  the  Tcent.  Pop.  <i&«i)  174^14. 
(i«ai)  )II,5I9-  It  it  W  »■  NJJ.W.  from  Landcn  by  the 
MuUuiclrutwAy,  udiiKrvedbjtho  Gnat  Caitnl  end  bnnclKs 
Dl  the  Greet  Noithen  «nd  London  ud  Nonh-Wotsn  tailnyi. 
end  kj  the  LekeUer  cuuL 

Thii  wu  the  Ranun  JUMc  IRalai  Curilaunai),  ud  Romcti 
nruini  of  high  intBHl  ue  pRaovad.  The;  kdude  ■  poitko 
el  Romu  muoniy  knomi  u  Ihe  Jewiy  WiU;  lennl  p*veg»U 
hive  btai  uncuthcd;  ind  in  Ihc  muicuni)  Among  olbcr  itm&inB, 
B  a  BiUertoDe  from  the  Foik  Wiy,  tiurkiii(  ■  dklanoe  ei  I  m. 
from  Ritu.  Si  Micbolu  church  b  ■  good  eitnqik  of  oitty 
NonniD  work,  in  ibt  building  of  which  Ronui  bticla  *re  nxd. 
St  Ittiy  de  CmUo  chunh.  with  Noinun  nauins,  icdiidhig 
■edUiti  ibowi  rich  Eeriy  Erb|Uih  wQtk  in  ibe  tovB  end  ehewhen, 
■ad  hu  ■  Decorued  ifve  uid  kiter  idrtitinti  Ail  Siinu 
church ku Nonun KBtin*.  StUulin'iiimunlyEarijrEDglbdi, 
a  tat  cfvcifbnn  jtmcture-  Sc  Uerguet'i,  with  Eiily  Engiiih 
Mve,  hw  eitaiiive  eddkicHii  of  I  ■-  '  - 
nin«hip»  NoTlK  of  the  [own  Aie 
Black  CaDOni  founded  in  1143. 
cbuicbo.  Of  the  Caalle  Iheie 
modeiniaed,  Iwd  catcwayi  and  otliet  [cnina,  togetbcf  wiUi 
the  aitifidal  Moiml  on  irbkh  IhB  kttp  Kood.  The  toUowing 
public  building  and  inatitutkiD*  mty  be  ncntloMd— mnnldpal 
bnildiBci  (1876},  old  town  halL  lonnet^  the  fikUaO  of  Coipm 
ChiiaU;  BUtkM  bouM^  free  library,  o(icn  ' 
IbeiMs  ud  DHMCum.    Ib«  free  fitaniy  ha 


■od  WycieMoa'a  bemiiul  dsn).    ne  Wyggaton  RhDoh 

inclDdB  hij^  Kbotria  lor  boyi  and  gbb;  thtn  are  aim  Kewtoo'a 
CncDOiat  ichool  lor  boyt,  and  mimicipal  technical  and  art 
tcboeli.  A  memorial  dock  tower  vai  erected  iniUS  to  Sinion 
de  MoDtfoil  and  otbei  hiatorical  iguira  connected  with  the  lawn. 
The  Abbey  Faik  ia  a  heaulifui  pleamre  gnmod;  then  an  aim 
Victorii  Park,  St  Maigaict'a  Paitun  and  other  graundt.  The 
itaple  trade  ii  bosieiy,  an  dd-atiblithcd  indualry;  Ihere  are 
alio  manulacluni  of  claitic  webbing,  cotioo  and  lace.  iran-wDcki, 
maltinga  and  bikk-workL  Leiccater  became  a  county  borough 
in  ItBB,  and  the  bnunda  wen  extended  and  coiutlluted  one 
dvil  paiiih  in  il^i.  It  it  a  aufiiasan  bitbepiic  In  the  diocne 
at  Fetnborau^  Hie  paiUauiaitaiy  boraugh  relum  two 
menben.    Area,  B^  acna. 

The  Somaoo-Biitiafa  tvan  of  JEb1»  Ctrilaumm,  on  the  Fdbc 
Way.  waa  a  munidpelily  In  a-o.  iiO'iti.  lu  importance, 
both  commodal  and  ollitary,  wat  conildenble.  at  It  atletltd 
by  tbe  many  remaiu  found  hoe.  Leiccater  iLaluHtrt,  Itit- 
ctMa,  LlyruMria)  wai  called  a  "  bnili "  in  918,  and  •  dty  in 
Domoday.  Until  874.  it  wu  the  Kat  of  a  UsJxqiiic.  In  10S6 
both  the  king  and  Hu^  de  Gnntnianll  bad  much  land  in 
Ldctiler;  by  iioi  tbe  btter't  thare  bad  puaed  lo  Robot 
ctf  Meulan,  to  whom  the  rett  of  the  town  belonged  bcfoie  bis 
death.  IcktUo'  thus  became  the  largeil  mene  tnniugh. 
Between  1103  and  itiS  Robert  gtanted  bia  first  cbanei  in  the 
biifgiact,  confimiliig  their  merchant  g3d.  Tbe  portmanmotE 
wat  cvnfiraied  by  hit  am.  In  the  ijlh  cntniy  the  town 
dcvebped  it*  own  form  of  gnvemment  by  a  nuyor  and  11  juiati. 
In  1464  Edward  IV.  made  Ihe  mayor  and  40f  Ihe  council  junket 
of  the  peace.  In  1480  Henry  VII.  added  «g  burgetiet  lo  Ihc 
council  for  certain  purpCM*,  and  made  It  a  dole  body:  he  granted 
■nothel  charter  in  Ijos.  In  1589  Eliiabelh  incorporaled  Ihe 
town,  andgavcanolbet  charter  In  IJ99,  Jams  I.  granted  chtrtcn 
b  i6o{  and  itto;  and  Chailct  I.  Id  i«)o.    Ia  1684  the  tkatten 


f  Janus  n,  wu  racinded 
by  procbmitloa  In  idSS, 

Lclcatu  hai  been  nptcsented  in  pailiunent  by  two  neiobcn 
alnce  tig;,  Ii  hat  had  a  pnaciiptive  maAet  aince  the  ijth 
century,  now  held  on  Wednetfliy  and  Eattuday.  Before  r7i8' 
111(1  the  burgesses  had  a  fair  from  July  j  1  lo  August  i4;chantet 
were  nude  in  iu  date,  which  wat  fined  in  ij5o  11  September  16 
toOctobert.  It  it  now  hehi  on  the  tecond  Tbunday  [n  October 
and  three  following  days.  In  1473  anothc  fair  was  granted  on 
April  17  to  May  4.  It  ii  now  held  on  the  tecoad  Thurtday  la 
May  and  ibe  three  following  daya.  Heniy  VIII.  granted  two 
three-day  fain  bcgiiuiing  on  December  8  and  June  16;  the  fint 
il  now  hdd  on  the  second  Friday  In  December^  the  second  wat 
bdd  in  1888  on  the  last  Tuesday  In  June.  In  IJ07  Edward  III 
granted  a  fair  for  aeventeen  days  afier  tbe  feast  of  the  Hdy 
'ninity.  Thit  would  fall  in  May  or  June,  and  may  have  merged 
In  other  fain.  In  1794  tbe  coiporation  sanctioned  Iain  on 
January  4,  June  i,  August  i.  S^tcmbcr  13  and  November  1. 
Olhei  fajn  an  now  beU  on  the  second  Friday*  In  Much  and 
July  and  the  SatnnUys  not  before  Easter  and  fai  Easter  wed. 
Leicester  has  been  1  centre  for  brewing  and  the  manufacture 
of  woollen  goods  ilnce  the  rjlh  ceamry.  Knitting  frames  for 
hoaiery  were  hitioduced  about  168a.  Bool  manufacture  became 
Important  in  the  tgth  century. 

See  Vidnii  Ctutlj  BiOorj.  t^tcrdr;  M.  B^lesoni  JborJi  if 
BarB%ik  oj  I^iajttr  (Carnhridge.  1899]. 

LBCEETKBSHIRI,  i  midlaod  county  of  England,  bAuided  N. 
by  Nottinghamshire,  E.  by  Lincolnshire  and  Rutland,  S.E.  by 
Northamptonshire,  S.W.  by  Warwickshire,  and  N.W.  by  Derby- 
shin,  also  touching  StaHordshln  on  the  W.  The  area  Is  BijA 
aq.  m.  The  surface  of  the  county  ia  an  undulating  tableland, 
the  highest  cmincncet  being  tbe  rugged  biUt  of  Chamwood 
Foittt  (7.*,)  in  the  north-west,  one  of  which.  Baidon  HID,  haa 
an  elevation  of  gii  ft.  The  county  belongs  chiefly  to  the  baaih  ot 
the  Trent,  which  forms  for  a  short  distance  its  boundary  with 
Derbyshire.  The  principal  tributary  of  the  Tnnt  in  Ldcester- 
shin  is  Ihe  Soar,  from  wboae  dd  deugna^on  tbe  Leirt  tbe  county 
Il  said  ID  dctive  its  name,  and  which  rises  near  Hinckley  in  the 
S.E.,  and  Eotnu  the  boundary  with  Notljnghanuhin  for  aome 
distance  above  Its  junction  with  the  TVenI,  The  Wreak,  wblcfa, 
under  the  name  of  the  Eye,  risct  on  the  borders  of  Rutland,  Ikiia 
S.W.  to  the  Soar.  Beiidet  the  Soar  the  other  tributaries  of  the 
Trent  are  Ihe  Anker,  louchmg  Ihe  boundary  with  Warwickshire, 
the  Devm  and  Ibe  Mease.  A  portion  of  the  county  in  tbe  S- 
draihs  to  the  Avon,  which  forms  part  of  the  boundary  with 
NoTthimptonshiie,  and  receives  the  Swift.  The  Wellaod  forms 
for  some  diitance  Ihe  boundary  with  Northamptonshire. 

CMi»Dr-— TheoldMt  racks  in  ihe  county  behmg  to  tbe  Cluniian 
5Y|tem.  a  Pie.Cambrian  lena  of  volcanic  aihes.  ^a  and  ilatei. 
Info  which  iwrphyroid  ai)d  syenite  were  aficrwaids  Intruded. 
These  rocks  emerge  from  Ibe  plain  formed  tw  Ihe  Keuper  Maris  e( 

FoM):  thne  are  Ihe  tops  of  an  old  nHwntain-ranK. 


KcgpcrMailL    WeH  of  Ihi 

■hows  that  the  ChanUan  rocks  formed  shoals  or  lilandi  in  Ihe  Car- 
bonileroDS  Limestone  tea.  Tbe  Uillstooe  Grit  just  enters  the 
CDUity  to  the  imth  of  the  ■bo  rcrion,  while  the  Ceal  Miuurea 
occupy  a  conaideiabte  area  roand  Ashby^le-la-ZDueh  and  CDatain 
valuable  coal-eeanu.  Tbe  rest  gf  tbe  county  is  almost  equally 
divided  between  tbe  red  Keuper  Marls  of  Ihe 'niae  on  the  wen  and 
ih*  mttv  Knietfnim  anit  ihalw  of  the  Lias  on  the  east.  Tbe  former 
which  the  land  was  endully  lowered 
leaen  coaditioas.    The  RhMlic  beds 


■liiT  a  proloaged  period 

which  foDow  Ilw  Keuper . _„ 

Ihe  fossflilennia  Uastk  deposht.    On  the  eastern  margin  o(  the 
EtaonlyatewtmtnoutUersoltbeliileiiat&iKteHiidsinduini  ~ 


pcetenl.    The  Claciil  Period  hat  kf  I  bDulder-day,  gravtl  and 

.!-  u.^1..  — .. — I  Q,,p.  (]^  purfacei  while  laltf  srav^  with 

reliides',  Ac.,  border  Bune  Dftbe  pnstnt 

of  Ihe  Inlaild 


podTionof  Ihe  county,  and  Ihesbiencc  olany^Try  hifh - 

tbe  mhifaU  Is  very  modeiato.   The  soil  is  of  a  Lounyi^aractcr, 


LEICESTERSHIRE 


kSiiu.< 


ip>  Bie  pawn  chiefly  on  i  liihifr  ml 
Istofw  formation-  About  nine-tcptlu  d 
iliivation-  Tlie  proportHHi  <^  Tvt"re 
[.  It  b  especially  rkh  along  ihe  rivcr- 
ttiuively  canied  on,  the  [aavm  Stilton 

,, Mellon  >lo»l>ray.    Cattle  are  reared  in 

l«iieiHiBibc«,irliil*o(ilwep  the  New  U*etter  breed  ia  well  known. 
It  waa  intraduced  by  Robot  Bakcwill  the  acriculiucui.  who  wai 
bom  dear  Loiithb«Dii(li  in  IJtJ.  Ha  abo  impcovaJ  the  breed  of 
honaa  by  ^  Importatioa  oi  marea  from  Flandera. 

Mdlon  Mowbray  bdne  Eavourite  eenlm,  while  the  kenneli  of  the 
giuEB  haol  an  located  at  Qumndan  nell  Mount  SwttI.  For  Ihia 
Raaon  LciceiUrahiifl  li  rich  in  good  ndin>  bona. 

Oliir  /lulwfrui.— Coal  ii  woilied  in  Qx  diuricu  ibnil  Moln, 
Coleonon  and  Coalville.  LimeOone  ii  worked  in  vaiioua  paila. 
Afalooe  ia  plentilul.  Eypaum  19  fnjnd,  and  a  kind  of  itaniic,  ct. 
tcaaively  iiaed  for  pavinv,  ia  oblained  fn  the  Chaniwood  diil/ict, 
•a  H  Baidoo  and  Mount  Sonnl.  and  al  Sapcolc  aod  Suoev  Sculon 
in  lh«  uuth'Weat.      Apart  from  the  minioD  laduslric^  tha  itaj^ 

^*^^,l±er„^    nr    1  ^r^f^nhiiv    u    hoslery,     tOt    whrCh-thC    Wflol     ll 

^.hrtd  iheep.  Itt  principal  ■call  are 
kl^andCaMle  DoningtoB.  Cotton 
rr  iddiaUica  ioclude  the  manufacture 
ct  Haibotfough.  tlaMic  wvbbing,  and 


the  total  area   la  ondr 

banka.    DaUy.farmioD 
.1 "--"-ijproduCM  I 


led  priDcipally  (n 
4ar,  Lovghborou] 


It  rivnjTor  Derby  aad  Notting- 


Market    Haiborought    L^iatler, 


CoalvOl*,  Aihby.de.|a-Zouch,  Moira  and  Bunon.opon-Tnin,  with 
«litn  through  Iha  ntinini  diitriet  of  the  N.W..  whfcli  i>  alio  icrvtd 
by  tit  branch  at  the  Iflodon  &  Nonh-Waten  nilwiy  from 
NuneatoD  to  Maikei  Bsawnnh.  Coalville  and  Loushbonugli.  Thii 
company  tervea  Market  Haiborouih  from  Rufby,  and  bnnchet  of 
the  Great  Mocthan  lerve  MiAa  HarbonughTLeceatei  and  Mdtoo 
Mowbray.  The  main  line  of  the  Gnat  Central  railway  paiaei 
afaroiirb  uilterwvth,  LeiceKer  and  Lou|hhomqBh.  The  principal 
canala  mn  the  Union  and  Grand.  Union,  with  which  varloua  branchea 
are  connected  with  the  Grand  Junction,  and  the  Aahby.de.la.Zauch 
canal,  which  joini  the  Coventry  canal  at  Nuneaton.  The  Lough- 
borash  canal  lerrea  that  town,  connecting  with  the  river  Soar. 

PttmlMitm  ad  Aimimjlf<aia<L~-ne  area  of  Iha  ancieu  coonly 
ia  sn.i'i  k™.  pop-  ('*»')  J73.3h«,  (1901)  4H,'"9-  ""«  »'™ 
ol  the  admimwralive  county  u  Jja-jM  acrei.  The  county  con- 
talni  Ba  hondreda  The  municipal  boroughfl  are:  Leicester,  the 
county  town  and  a  county  borough  (pop.  Jtl.570).  LouEhboroaah 
^l,S0S).  Tlieuilauidiitr4liare:  Alfiby-dtJa-^uchUTa«>,Ai^by 
Would!  (37»}.  Coalville  [iJ.iBil,  Hindley  (ii,jaa).MariKt  Haiw 
boroughjnjS).  Mdlon  Mowbray  (74MJ.  Qoomdoa  (am), "  -  '  - ' 


B  diKlicI^  whoDy  or  In 

fiiitory.— The  diUiict  which  ii  nuw  Ldcestcnliiie ' 
in  Ibe  6th  century  by  Anglian  invader*  who,  mailing  their  way 
across  the  Tient ,  pcnctiatcd  Cbatnwood  Forctt  at lu  aj  Leiceiier, 
the  fill  of  which  may  be  dated  at  about  ss*-  In  6t«  "he  dijltict 
formed  Ibe  kin|doni  of  the  Middle  AD«lei  within  the  kicgdoni 
of  Meicia,  and  on  the  uibdlviaioD  of  the  Mercian  n  in  thai  year 
wu  formed  into  a  separate  bi&hopric  having  its  see  at  Leicester. 
In  the  otbccnlury  the  disLrkt  was  subjugated  by  ibe  Daiica,an<^ 
Leicester  becanK  one  of  the  five  Danisb  bonwgha.  It  was  r- 
covered  by  AtbelSaed  In  91S,  but  the  Nonhmen  Rgai^  Ibdr 
supmnicy  shortly  after,  aod  (be  prevalence  et  Scandiotvlui 
pliice-ninica  in  the  county  bun  eridcoce  eS  the  titeal  of  their 

LeiceUenlure  probably  originated  u  ■  shtte  In  the  10th  ccnlnry, 
and  at  the  time  of  the  Domesday  Survey  was  divided  inio  the 
four  wapentakes  of  Cuthlulon,  Framland,  Goscote  and  GatUee. 
The  Lciccstusbiie  Survey  ol  the  1 1  th  cenlniy  shows  an  additioDil 


;otl» 


impletely  disappeared. 


ia  the  ceiga  of  Edwin]  HI.  the  trddldood  Inmdnd  of  SpiiriEenhev 

waa  formed  out  of  GutbUiton.  Before  the  ijth  century  Goscole 
waa  divided  Into  East  and  West  Coacoie,  and  since  tben  the 
hundreds  have  undergooe  little  change.  Until  15^6  Leicester- 
shin  and  Warwickshire  had  a  cenunon  iherlS,  the  shiti-ceun  lor 
Ifac  fottnei  being  held  at  Leicester. 

LeitcRcnliire  constiluted  an  archdetcanry  within  the  diocoe 
of  lincoln  from  ioqi  until  its  tnnsfcrence  to  Peterborough  in 
t8j7-  In  laoi  It  cotnpriaed  the  deaneries  of  Akeley,  Lefcesler 
<DOW  Christianity),  Fnmland,  Cartrec,  Gotcote,  Guthlanon  and 
Sparkenboc.  The  deaneriea  remaioed  unaiteltd  until  iMj, 
Since  1S94  tbcy  have  been  aa  follows:  East,  South  aod  West 
Akdey,  ChtisUanity,  Fnmland  (]  portioni),  Sparlenboe  (3 
pwtioDs),  Garttee  (3  portions),  Goaoite  (1  pt^Iou),  GuthliatoD 
(j  pectloDt). 

Among  tbe  eatUeat  hlstnrie*]  eventi  cenntcied  with  the 
county  wen  Ibe  aiege  and  capture  of  Leicester  by  Henry  II. 
in  1173  aa  Ibe  teliellion  of  the  eait  of  Leicester^  the  Hrrender 
of  Lfkeatet  tn  Prince  Edward  in  1264;  and  tbe  parliament 
hetdatLeicesterIni4r4.  I>uring  the  Wars  of  the  Kosea  tACeater 
waa  a  great  Lancastrian  atronghold.  In  !«!;  tbe  battle  o( 
Boswortb  was  fought  in  the  counly.  In  the  Gvil  War  of  the 
S7th  century  the  greater  pact  of  the  county  favoured  the  puli*- 
menl,  though  the  mayor  and  some  membcti  of  tbe  caiponlioD 
<A  Leicestec  aided  with  tbe  king,  and  in  1641  the  ciifiena  of 

In  I&4J  Leicester  was  twice  captured  by  the  Royalist  folcei. 

Before  tbe  Conquest  large  estates  tn  LeitBilenhin  were  held 
by  Earls  Half,  Monar,  Waliheo!  aul  Harold,  but  the  Domesday 
Survey  of  1086  mcab  an  almost  laud  disphf  Fmenl  of  Engtish 
by  Norman  landholdets,  only  a  few  estal«  being  retaineil  by 
EnglishmeQ  aa  under-tenants.  Tbe  first  lay-tenant  mcntfooed 
In  tbe  aurrey  is  Robert,  count  o!  Median,  anceator  of  the  Beau- 
toonl  family  and  afterwards  earl  of  Leiceater.  to  whose  fief  waa 
allerwards  anncied  the  Tssl  holding  of  Hugh  de  Grantmcahil. 
lard  high  steward  of  England,  Robert  de  Tocni,  another  Ilmns- 
day  tenant,  founded  Belvoir  Castle  and  Ftiory.  Tlie  fief  of 
Robert  de  Buci  was  bestowed  on  Richard  Baaaet,  founder  ot 
Laund  Abbey,  in  tbe  nign  of  Henry  t.  Lou^borough  was  u 
atKlenl  aeat  of  the  Dxpenaec  family,  and  Braoketby  was  tha  seat 
<rf  the  Villien  and  the  birthplace  of  George  Villicra,  tbe  tataon* 
duite  of  Buckingham.  Uelton  Mowbray  wia  named  from  ila 
fotmcr  lotils,  the  Uowlmys,  dcscmdanta  of  Nigel  de  AlUal,  the 
fottitder  of  Axbohne  Prioiy.  Lady  Jane  Grey  was  boru  at 
Biadgata  near  Leicester,  and  Biabop  Lutimer  waa  bom  at 
Thunaston. 

The  woollen  industry  Sourisbed  In  Leicetienfaire  In  Notnun 
times,  atkd  in  1345  Ldccster^re  wool  waa  rated  at  a  higher 
value  than  tliat  of  most  other  counties.  Coal  waa  worked  at 
Coleonon  inibceai^y  istb  century  and  at  Measfaira  in  the  ijlh 
century.  The  famous  Uue  al*U  ti  Swithlud  has  been  qtuuiied 
from  time  immemotial.  and  the  iLmeataae  quarty  at  Bunw-oo- 
Soar  ix  also  of  nsy  ancient  repute,  the  monki  of  the  abbey  of 
St  Mary  de  Fri  formerly  enjoying  the  tithe  of  iu  pnxluR.  The 
ataple  marutfacturc  of  tbe  county,  that  of  hoaaery,  originated 
in  the  17th  century,  the  chief  tcnlres  being  Leicester,  HincUcy 
and  Loughborough,  and  before  the  development  of  steam-driven 
framca  in  tlie  ifith  century  band  framework  knitting  of  hoae  and 
glovea  was  anied  on  in  about  a  hundred  villages.  Wool- 
carding  was  also  an  eiteoiive  industry  before  ig4ci. 

In  13^  Letceattfsbire  returned  two  members  to  parliamenl, 
and  in  i  t^s  Leicester  was  also  repcesented  by  two  members. 
Uido' the  Refscm  Act  of  igji  tbe  county  TTtumed  four  Inembcl* 
in  twv  divisiona  until  the  Redistcibulioii  of  Seats  Act  of  1AS5, 


the..    There 

tr  Coalville,  •hile  at  I 

nclui£n{? 


slight,  though 


[  notewonhy  chuttbesarc  found  in  the  towns,  as'at  Ashhy- 
ich.  Hinckley.  Leiceater,  Loughbomiih,  Lutlerworth, 
Boannh,  Mariut^HarboRiUgh,  aad  delna   MowlKaf 


IBIDEN 

huL).     Tb*  Brinopd  dd  oak  ii  dm  oT  Aalibt-<k-lc-Z«ich. 

Soc  u  Ki*Y  Mu3«  ■■■ .— :«_. : . 

THJordiii.    ThBcare^ 

ju  Uind  JBtlwE.  of  iImcihi.. _ 

tJ  the  duka  Df  kulbnd.  BeUcu  Cutle 

See  Vniana  Ctnlj  Hiiuryi  ItiatlirtUn;  W,  BaRon.  Dwri^- 
Nklnlh,  Hiaary  mmd  AiUttmiia  d/ IW  Camj  ^  LtiaiHr  ii  voU., 

LEIon  (K  Levoeh,  ■  dly  in  (he  prDvina  df  South  Hotlind, 
Ihc  kingdom  of  the  NcthrrUndj,  on  Ihe  CHd  RMne,  and  i  juiKLion 
stilioniSin.  bynilS.S.W.oFKuilein.  IIucoDnccIcdbyucani 
tiarnwiy  viih  Ilutinn  and  The  Higne  rc^xclively,  end  wjlh 
the  KUide  resort)  of  Kiiwyk  md  Nootdwyk.  71»n  s  lEsi 
rrfuJar  slcamboat  mnnetioe  with  Kilwyk,  Noordnyk,  Amter' 
daRi  and  GowU.  The  populatkm  of  Leiden  which,  il  ts  atimalcd, 
mched  icx>,aixs  in  1640.  had  sunk  to  30,000  bciween  1796  ind 
iSii,  and  in  1904  wu  5(1,044.  The  two  biaochaol  Ihe  Rhine 
whifh  enter  Leiden  on  the  east  unite  in  Ihe  centre  of  the  town, 
■hich  i>  further  inlcnetied  hy  numcious  imall  and  nmbre 
canili,  with  ircc-bordercd  quays  and  old  boiiKi.  On  the  uuih 
ndc  o[  the  town  pleaiant  gardeni  eKlcnd  along  the  old  Singe), 
01  outer  canal,  and  there  ii  a  laige  Dptn  <paci,  Ihe  Vin  der  Weif 
Park,  named  »tlcr  Ihe  biiTgomasteF,  Pieler  Andtiaanuoon  van 
der  Wetf.  who  defended  the  town  against  the  Spaniardi  in  1174. 
Thfa  open  tpatl  Wiii  formed  by  the  accidental  eiploiion  of  ■ 
powdefsbipin  rSo7,hiindreffeof  heuia  being  demolished,  indud- 
ing  that  aiihcElifviifamilyof  piinten.  At  Ihc  junction  of  the 
IWD  anns  of  the  Rhine  Hands  Ihe  old  caille  (Dc  BuichI),  t. 


Hingisl.    Of  Lcide 


thei 


.  ol  ll 


i;th  cc 


of  Si  Panel 


le  Hooglandsche  Keik,  or  the  church 
s,  built  in  Ihe  tjth  century  and  restored  in  1J85- 
ling  the  monument  of  Pielei  Andriaanuoon  van  der 
Wert,  and  the  i^tcrakeik  djij)  with  monuments  to  Scaliger, 
Boeihaave  and  other  famous  scholan.  The  Biosi  interesting 
buOdings  are  the  town  ball  (Stadhuti),  a  Bne  enmple  oI  i6tb- 
Cenlury  Dutch  bu[1dtng»  the  Gemeenlandshuis  van  Rynland 
(iS9*.  festoted  iStS);  the  weighi-houie  built  by  Plitei  Post 
(1653);  Ihe  (onnef  eourt-houie,  now  ■  military  siorthouBei 
and  the  ancient  gymnasium  (1599)  and  Iheto-caHed  dly  limber- 
bouse  (Siads  Hmmeihuis)  (ifiii),  both  buill  by  Licven  de  Key 

(C.     IJ60-16IJ). 

'  In  spile  ol  a  certain  induttrial  aaiviiy  and  the  periodical 
butlleof  its  tank  and  dairy  markets,  Leiden  remains  etseniiaOy 
■n  academic  city.  The  university  Is  a  flourishing  inslilution. 
II  was  Founded  by  William  of  Orange  In  157s  as  1  reward  for 
Ihe  heroic  defence  of  the  previous  year,  I}ic  tradition  being  that 
Ihe  ciiiiens  were  ollered  the  cholcx  bet  wen  a  university  and  a 
certain  eiempllon  fr«m  laxo.  Ori^naHy  located  in  Ihe  0>nvcnt 
olSt  Barbara,  the  uriveisity  was  removed  in  isBr  to  Ihe  convent 
of  the  White  Nuns,  thesiteof  which  it  stni occupies,  though  that 
building  was  destroyed  in  i6r6.  The  presence  within  hall  a 
century  of  the  date  of  its  foundation  of  such  schdan  as  Justus 
Upsius,   Joseph    Scaliger,   Fraircis    Gomarus.   Hugo    Crolius, 

Vosiius,  at  once  raised  Leiden  unrveiiity  la  the  hJghesi  Eittopean 
fame,  a  position  which  the  learning  and  reputation  of  Jacobus 
Croooviu),  Hermann  Bocrhaave,  Tiberius  Hemiterhus  and 
David  Rubnken,  among  others,  enabled  it  to  mainlain  down 
to  the  end  of  the  18th  tentury.  The  pHtrails  of  many  famous 
profeasors  since  the  earliest  days  hang  in  the  university  oiJfi,  one 
of  the  moit  mcnuinhle  places,  as  Nicbuhr  called  II,  in  the  history 
sf  (cience.  The  univeruty  library  contains  upwards  of  190,000 
nlumes  and  AoDD  MSS.  and  pamphlet  portfolios,  and  is  very  rich 
in  Oriental  ind  Greek  MSS,  and  old  Dutch  travels.  Among  the 
institutions  connected  with  the  university  ate  the  national 
ioslituiion  for  East  Indian  languages,  etbnology  and  geography; 
Iba  fine  bouoical  gardeu,  founded  in  1187;  Ihe  obscrvatoiy 


(tSto)!  Ihe  satuni  hiKocy  aaaeun,  witb  >  my  <»— fHn 

anatomical  cabinel;  Ihe  nuseiini  af  antiquilicB  <UuBeuD  vam 
Oudheden},  with  specially  valuable  ^plrin  and  Indian  dcpart- 
meDts;  a  museum  of  Dutch  antiquities  from  Ibe  earliest  times; 
^and  three  ethnographical  museums,  of  wiiicb  the  nucleus  waa 
P.  F.  von  Siebold's  Japanese  colleclions.  The  anatomical  and 
pathokigical  laboratories  of  the  university  art  modem,  and  the 
museums  of  geokiKy  and  mineralogy  have  been  restored.    The 

medicine  are  the  moat  celebialed,  and  is  attended  by  about 

The  munidpal  museum,  Founded  in  iSfig  and  located  Lo  ihe 
old  cloth-hall  (Laeckcnbalk)  (1^4°),  contains  a  varied  colleclioil 
of  antiquities  connected  with  Leidon.  as  well  as  some  paintings 
including  works  by  the  elder  van  Swanenbuigh,  Cornelius  Engel- 
brechtuoon,  Lucas  van  Leiden  atid  Jan  Stecn,  who  were  all 
natives  of  Leideo.  Jan  van  Goyen,  Gabriel  Melsu,  Gerard  Dou 
and  Rembrandt  were  also  natives  of  this  town.  There  is  also  a 
small  collection  of  paintings  in  the  Mccrmanshuig.  The  Thysiaa 
library  occupies  an  old  Renaissance  building  of  the  year  1O55, 
and  is  especially  rich  in  legal  works  aod  native  chronicle*. 
N'olewiHIhy  also  are  Ihe  collection  of  the  Society  of  Dutch 
Literature  (ij66);  the  colleclions  of  casts  and  ol  engravings; 
the  seamen's  training  sdiooli  Ihe  Remonstraikt  seminary, 
transferred  hither  from  Amsterdam  in  i^jji  the  two  bospit^ 


the  SJaniardfl  L^dea  doth,  Leiden  baiie 


HKat< 


n.  N.W.  of  Leiden.  i>  a 


In  riof  by  'ihrmiimF.  W?Conra"'(d"';toBl""throujh"ihkh  iiie 
RhiaeOjwe  called  the  Kalwyk  canal)  iiadnuTlH  into  the  •east  tew 

huge  dikes.    In  ijnaoaiicieiu  Roman  camp  known  as  tbeBrinea- 

inB*i  yds.,  and  the  leniaini  stood  about  id  Ii.  Meh.    By  the  middle' 

See  V  J^BteC  £■»  UUmdiduMj^in  dt  midMm-wa'(r>^ 
Higue.  iStiliandfor  IbeaiegeieeJ.  L.  Motley,  Tkt  Riant  llu 

LEIDT,  jaia>ll  (iSi3-iSgi),  American  nalunlisl  anil 
palaeontologist,  was  bom  io  l*hiladelphia  on  the  ^Ih  of  September 
iSij.  He  studied  mineralogy  and  botany  without  an  instructor, 
and  graduated  in  medicine  at  Ihe'  university  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1S44-  Continuing  his  work  in  anatomy  and  physiology,  he 
visited  Europe  in  1848,  but  both  before  and  after  this  period  of 
Foreign  study  lectured  and  taught  ia  American  medical  colleges. 
In  til53  he  was  appointed  profes»r  of  anatomy  in  the  university 
of  Pennsylvania,  paying  special  aitention  lo  comparative 
analomy.  In  1884  he  promoted  the  estahlishmenl  in  Ihe  same 
instilulion  of  the  depirtmcnl  of  biology,  of  which  he  became 
director,  and  meanwhile  taught  natural  history  in  Swaithmora 
College,  near  PhilaxUp&ia.  His  papers  on  biology  and  palae> 
ontology  were  very  numerous,  covering  both  fauna  aod  flora, 

vertebrates.  He  wrote  also  occaaianal  papers  on  minenls.  He 
was  an  aclive  member  of  the  Rouon  Society  of  Natural  History 
and  ol  the  AmeHon  PbilosopbioJ  Society;  and  was  Ibe  recipient 
of  various  American  and  Foreign  dt^grees  and  honours.  His 
Crtliamii  Rcplila  af  lit  l/TiiuJ  Slalii  U36s)  uui  CeHlriitlwiu 
It  lit  Eiliiul  VirUiraU  Fauna  tj  Uu  Walan  Tirriltria  (1873) 
were  the  most  importani  of  his  larger  works;  the  best  known 
aod  Best  widely  drculaladwaa  an  £lDiiciMry  TrtaliuenBuMtii 


39* 


n  Iht  3«k  ol  April 


LEIF  ERICSSON— LEIGHTON,  LORD 

B.F.4tamt,Prt-lJlmmMa<tDiufryifAtutkair*iKtntmm 


L  (No; 


iSailinl  Mcnwby  H.  C. 


1.  (Ph;i«fclp(ii_. 

iMMSONi  (fl.  pM-iooo),  Samdi- 
aaviui  nplcnr,  of  Icduidic  funily.  the  finl  knon  Eutopun 
diKOverar  of "  Vulud,"  "  Vinelud  "  «  "  WiDcUnd,  the  Good," 
in  North  America.  He  wu  m  ion  oi  Eric  tbc  Red  (Eirib  hinn 
ruidi  TbomlduoB},  the  (oundei  of  the  tuliai  Scudiniviui 
■elllnnaiU — baa  Icduid— id  CmnUod  (g^ii-  In  939  he 
went  fram  Greenlud  to  the  court  oS  King  OliS  TryggvtioB  in 
Nanny,  itopping  in  Ibe  Heblido  on  the  my.  On  hja  depinurc 
fnn  Noniy  in  1000,  the  Idnf  conunisuDDcil  him  10  prDdiln 
ChrHtiinily  m  Cretnl»nd.  Ai  on  hii  ^ylward  voyage.  Ldf  wsj 
■Clin  driven  lir  out  of  hti  courae  by  contrary  weatlier — Ihii 
rime  (o  lands  (in  Ameriu)  "  of  which  he  had  previously  bad  no 
knowledge,"  where  '*  Klf40wn  "  wheal  grew,  and  vfnefl,  and 
"  mOsiir  "  {miple?}  wood.  Leif  look  ipedioen*  of  all  Ihese, 
and  uili'ng  away  came  bonle  Kifcty  to  hit  lalhtr't  home  in 
Braltahlid  on  Eriohord  in  Greenland.  On  hit  voyage  from  ihil 
Vineiand  lo  Cretnlind,  Leif  rescued  »me  shipwrecked  men, 
and  from  Ibis,  and  his  discoveries,  gained  his  name  of  *'  thr 
Lucky "  (iin*  ie^pnij.  On  the  subsequent  enpedilion  of 
ThorBun  Karisefni  for  Ibe  further  eiplontion  and  scltiemenl  of 
the  Far  Western  vine<auntry,  ll  i>  recorded  that  cerlain  Gaels, 
incredibly  fleet  of  foot,  who  bad  been  given  10  Leif  by  Olaf 
Tryggvaion,  and  whom  Leif  hod  oSered  lo  Tborfinn,  were  put 
on  sboie  to  acout. 

Such  is  the  account  of  the  5ii|a  of  Eric  Uu  bd,  supported  by 
a  number  of  briefer  rifCrenca  in  early  leelaodk  and  olh« 
lileratuR.  The  las  trustworthy  history  of  the  Flaley  Botk 
makes  Biaral  Heriulfann  in  q8j  discover  Hellutand  (Labrador?) 
as  well  u  other  western  lands  which  he  does  not  explore,  not 
!iis  men  to  land,  while  Leif  EiicODn  follawi 
veries,  be(ins  the  eaploralioB  of  HelluEand, 
Markland  and  Vinland,  and  realizes  some  dI  the  chatnu  of  Ibe 
Ust  named,  where  be  winters.  Bui  this  secondary  aulhorily 
(the  Flalty  Bsul  nwralive),  which  liU  lately  fomed  the  basis 

and  diCculIieJ  from  which  £ric  llu  Rtd  Sat"  is  comparatively 
free.  Tbus  (in  Fliilry)  the  grapes  of  Vinland  are  found  in  winter 
and  gathered  in  iprifif^  the  nun  who  first  Ends  Ibem,  Leifs 
'    '  (r  Tyrkec  the  ~ 


'Inei  them 


inc  timber.  Looking 
teem  probable  that  Leif's  Vinland  onswen  lo 
SBvIhera  Nova  Scotia.  Sec  ViNLum,  (Aa  to  1 
Uarhland  set  Thorftnh  Kibliuhi.) 

The  MSS.  of  £ni  III  Rcii  Sata  are  Not.  544  1 
AracMainaean  eollMion  la  Copenh^ea;  IheM! 

Bcok,  MCaiWd  bequielrwaskMif '^^ -....- 

Flai  liUiidinBniadFinh  [Flaley  1 
nonh-weA  coait  ol  Icvland,  was  gj 

Vsctil 


JSH 


presented  in  iW7  to  the  Royal  Ub. 

inioMortheciMtrHian.  These 

,  ._ „ Allied  b*  Adu  of  Brbcd,  GBta 

Hammahm/pntu  Htitsiu  ptMhfiam,  chap.  3$  U47  Lappeubcri) 
•d  book  iv.  tofien  •eparalcly  tnlaMSticritUt  Innlanm  Sfnibmi ; 
Adam's  it  the  (arlwst  eitani  refereoc*  to  Vinland,  c  lOTO):  we 
IHK  alK>  Botka  ol  Vintaad  in  the  £<MIu  tilamJtniM  of  Aii  Frodi 
(<    iito).  tiK  oldat  IcilaBdic  hlaurian;  ia  Ibe  Xrutti  ,Sofa  {re- 

rled  M  Snorri  SiurlasDn's  HiuutrHijls) ;  in  E^jifhttia  Stf 
iiSol:  In  Crttli  SttA  (c.  1290);  and  in  an  Iceland^  diDv«rapby 
ol  the  I41I1  cenlury,  or  earlier,  portly  doived  from  ibe  famous 
Invelltr  Abbot  NEolatofThlng^yrar  (tun). 

Sec  CuMav  Sunn.  "  Sndiea  as  llie  VlH^ail  Vayajna."  la  Ihe 
Uimmmitta  SacUU  nyaU  4a  Awtiaaaata  du  ^ortf  (Copaibaacd. 
>tSS):  and  £inti  Asa  JbiArs  (Cqpenhageo.  i«40.  A  M/Re^eh 
ftiAmt  tt  ICiHload  (te  Crwd:  OieHiiOrytfUt  /icbniic  D-iimrj 
</  Anuria  (London,  1890)7  in  tfds  vorh  tbe  ari«iiu\  authoriiin 
are  fivca  la  iaO.  wiib  pluti:«iapUc  r^^-ai^MH—  Enilish  tranUiiaa 
and    adequate    commeDlary:     Rofn'i    AtUgmiiait*    Ammsmi 
(Copcnlucen.  1817]  canuiu  all  the  iDura*.  bul  Ihr  editor's  peru 
views  have  in  maiw  ew*  lallrd  lo  ntiify  crilicum;  the   Fla 
ten  ia  pfinlfd  also  by  VigfuttOd  and  Linger  in  nalryiar-bet,  vol 
IChfiiiuiu.  liAo).   There  an  a^  tivmlam  ol  ftalrj  aiKl  I 
firil  5a(o  in  Beunioh,  Diicmtrj  ^  Ntik  ^swru  iy  lit  Harlka 
(Land..  iS4i):E.F.  Sillier.  fi^fng/'UiA'irUiKii  (BoMon.  187 


iL  4^Bt  (London,  looi):  Joief  fiKJict,  Dit  Eiadihmtin  H.  _._. 

Amtnta  (Frtibuig  L  B..  1901):  Jobi  Fitto,  Ciiiiiai 

vol.  i.;  Juul  DiKTud. "  None  DiicDvtriei  ia  Americm.^ 

■  .rm  ^i>itA  moicom  CarnpMnl  &™iy  (Friaaafy.  1901) ; 

G.  Virfunofl,  OritiMfs  lilanduat  I1905).  wiildi  stnnfely  eacpiffea 
a  piElerence  lor  iiw  FUuy  Bath  "  sccmni  ol  lb*  Bnt  tichlliM  ol 
-'-rAmeriaa  cootineoi  "  by  the  Nonema.  (CTr.  K) 

LBIGB.  EDWARD  (r6o3-i67i),  English  Puritan  and  theo- 
pBD,  was  bom  al  Shawell,  Leicestershire.  He  was  educatidat 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oiford,  Irom  1616,  and  subsequently  bccuu 
tocmber  of  ihe  Middle  Temple.  In  i6j6he  entered  parliameDl 
.  member  for  Siiflord,  aod  during  ihe  CivU  Wu  held  a  tnlooelcy 
the  parliamentary  army.  He  bos  sameliBKS  been  confounded 
ith  John  Ley  tijSj'iWi],  vid  so  repietenied  u  baling  sat 

minaled  with  his  emulsion  from  parliament  with  Ibe  rest  of 
the  Presbyterian  party  ia  164S.  From  an  early  age  be  had 
studied  theology  and  produced  numerous  compilationa.  the  moat 
Important  being  tbe  Criika  Socra,  C9ntamuif  Obarwatumt  n 
aU  Uu  Ratiai  >/  Uu  HArm  If grir  !•!  Ikt  <M  mi  Ae  Gntk  ejlkt 
Net  TalamtiU  [16^0-1644;  new  ed.,  with  tupploneiit,  iM>], 
for  which  Ihe  author  received  ihe  thanks  of  the  WEStminsier 
Assembly,  to  whom  it  was  dedicated.  Hii  oihv  works  include 
StlnJ  and  Clunct  Oiurtaliaa  anutrxiHi  Uu  FirU  TkcIk  Caiiart 
Msi);  A  Trtelist  d/  Ditinily  [i646-i6sOi  AHiulaHimi  upm 
Uu  Ntw  Talamtia  (i6jo),  of  which  a  Latin  translation  by 
Arnold  was  published  at  Lcipiis  in  17^2;  A  Body  of  DniHiJf 
(1654);  i4  TraliH  tf  Kdipen  aid  LtoniHt  {it^y,  AmuUtitiu 
g/  Ite  Fm  Pxlkai  Beati  1/  Uu  Old  Taiamail  (i6j7).  Leigh 
died  in  StaSordshirc  b  June  1671. 

LEIOH.  a  niuket  tewB  and  municipal  borou^  in  tbe  Leigh 
parliamenlary  division  of  Lancaihire,  Eoglood,  11  m.  W.  by 
N  from  Manchester  by  the  London  &  Notih-Weslmi  nilway. 
I^ip  (iSiji)  jo.&Si,  (i«ail  40,001.  The  andeot  paruh  church 
of  St  Mary  Ihe  Virgin  was,  with  the  cucpiioB  ol  ihe  lower, 
Tcbuili  in  iS]j  in  the  Perpendicular  style.  Tbe  gruamar  school, 
the  dale  of  whose  foundatLon  la  unknown,  received  its  prindpo] 
endowments  in  1655,  iMa  and  1681.  The  staple  maaufoctura 
arc  silk  and  cotton;  there  are  also  glass  worko,  foundries, 
breweries,  andBour  mills,  witb  ealenaive  collieries.  Though  Iha 
neighbourhood  is  principally  an  induotrial  district,  several  fine 
old  hauscs  are  left  near  Leigh.  Tbe  town  was  iocsrporatcd 
in  1890.  and  the  ccnporaiion  consists  o(  a  nuyoi,  8  aldennea  and 
14  councillon.    Area,  fijsS  ooo. 

LBIOBTOH.  FREDERICK  LEtGHTOll,  BuDN  (rSjo-lM). 
English  painiec  and  acuiptor,  the  son  of  a  pbytidaa,  was  biun 
al  Scarborough  on  the  jrd  of  Decsnber  1830.  His  grondfotha, 
Sir  Jama  Lcighton.  ako  a  physidas,  wat  long  rsident  at  the 
court  of  El  Petersburg.  Fralerick  Leighton  was  taken  abroad 
at  a  very  early  age.  In  1S40  he  learnt  drawing  at  Rome  under 
SignorMeli.  The  family  moved  10  Dresden  and  Berlin,  where  ha 
alteodnl  clasiei  at  Ihe  Academy.  Jn  184J  he  was  sent  to  school 
at  Frankfort,  and  in  Ihe  winter  of  tS44  accompanied  hit  family 
to  Flofencc  where  hit  future  career  as  an  artist  was  decided. 
There  be  studied  under  Boiuoli  and  Segnohni  at  the  Accadcmia 
delle  Belle  Artl,  and  attended  anatomy  classes  under  Zanelti; 
but  he  soon  relumed  lo  complete  his  general  education  at  frank-* 
lort,  receiving  r>o  further  direct  inslniclioo  In  art  for  five  year*. 
He  went  to  Bruiacls  in  184S.  where  he  met  Wicrti  and  GoUail, 
and  painted  nmc  pictures,  including  "  Cirnabkte  finding  Giotto." 

in  Paris,  where  be  co|»ed  Titian  and  C^orrtfggioln  the  Louvre,  and 


art  work  under  Ed* 
"  in  Ihe  fullest  senv 
was  mainly  Orman, 
aa  Comaliut  and  O. 
the  bm  picture  by  1 
was  'I  Ciaabue't  V 


jd  Steinle,  whose  pupil  he  declared  be  was 
ol  the  term."  Though  his  artistic  trairung 
and  hs  master  bdongcd  10  Ihe  same  school 
rrheck.  he  loved  lulian  art  and  Italy  and 
Iht  British  pnblic 


LEKJHTON,  LORD 


397 


SiRcts  U  FtoRKe,"  wludi  ippMicd  *t  lb«  Koyil  Aademy 
in  ill!-  AI  tha  lime  Ibc  miki  of  ibe  Pre-IUpluemei  ilmoU 
ibBorbad  pablk  inttrett  in  u( — it  wu  llw  ycu  of  Holmui  HunL'i 
"  Li(bt  of  the  Woild."  uid  tiw  "  Rama."  by  Uillui.  Yd 
Leighlon'*  picluni,  punted  to  iiuitc  ■  difisRot  ilyle,  cmted  > 
■MiMtjgn,  and  ni  pwcbUBd  by  Queco  Victsria.  AUhoufh, 
liaa  bit  intutcy,  he  ludonlyviiiiedEni^MtdODCeCln  1851, when 
htomc  u  lee  the  Gnat  Eihihltloa).  he  mi  not  quite  iuikjM*ii 
Ib  (he  cultuTtd  locLaniuic  wockl  ol  Landoo,  u  he  had  nade 
many  friendi  duriof  a  residefKe  in  Rone  of  aocvie  l*a  ycare 

Giovanni  Cosu,  Robert  Biowmnf,  Jamei  Kuwlei,  Gfior^ 
Uaion  and  Sir  Edward  Poynlcr,  tbfs  a  youth,  whom  he  ailowed 
to  awt  ID  hii  Wudlo.  He  abo  net  Thackeny,  who  wiotc  Iism 
Rome  ID  ihe  young  MiUab:  "  Hen  ia  a  venutile  ysnsg  dog, 
who  will  run  y«u  doic  !«  the  pmidenlship  one  of  Ihcie  dayi." 
During  thetc  yun  he  painiid  arvoal  Fkirtntine  ubjccla— 
"TybiK  and  Rocneo,"  "  The  Death  ol  Brunclkadu."  a  caitoon 
ol  "  The  Peat  In  Florence  according  to  Boeeaedo,"  aad  "  The 
RKoncitiition  ot  Ihe  Moniaguei  and  the  CapuJeli."  He  i»w 
lamed  hia  attention  10  ibeinei  o[  daisic  legend,  which  at  Gist 
he  treated  in  a  "  RomaDlicipirit."  Hiineit  picture,  exhibited  in 
iSje,  «i "  The  Triumph  ol  Muic^  Olphcul  by  the  INiwerai  hii 

he  did  not  again  eihibil  till  iSjS,  when  he  lent  a  little  picture 
ol  "  The  Fiibcrman  and  the  Syren  "  lo  the  Royai  Academy,  and 
"  SamoB  and  Dcliltli "  to  the  Sodely  oC  Britirii  ArtiiU  in 
SuEfolk  Street,  IniSsfl  be  vi&iiedLfHHloaandmadetheacquaiiit- 
BDCeoltheleidlDiPR-RaphaEhtei — Roaetti,  Holman  Hunt  and 
Millaia.  In  the  apring  of  iSjq  he  waa  at  Ca[»i,alwayaa  favourite 
rcMtl  ol  Ua,  and  made  many  atudici  from  nataie,  inchidiog  a 
very  lamoo*  drawing  ol  a  lemon  tree.  It  wai  not  till  iStelhat 
be  aettled  in  London,  when  be  took  up  hii  quarten  at  a  Otme 
Square,  Bayawaier,  iriiire  he  Mayed  till,  in  i8t6,  be  moved  to 
bii  cdebraled  faouae  in  Hallind  Puk  Rued,  njtb  lit  Arab  ball 
decorated  with  DamoKUj  lilct.  Then  be  lived  till  bb  death. 
He  now  began  to  fulfil  Ihe  pnmiM  of  hii "  Cimabue,"  and  by  wch 
pirtuna  a<  "  Paolo  e  FnuKOCa."  "  He  Slu  ot  Bethlehem," 
"Jftebel  and  Ahab  taking  Posieiiian  of  Nabolh'a  Vineyard," 
"Uichael  Angelo  muaing  over  hii  Dying  Setvaol,"  "A  Girl 
htding  Peacock!,''  and  "  Ihe  OdaliKjue,"  all  eihlbiied  in  iSfii- 
lUi,  nae  rapidly  (o  the  head  ol  hii  profaaion.  The  two  latter 
I^IUH  Wen  marked  by  tbe  rhythm  of  line  and  luxury  of  colour 
wtiteh  are  among  the  most  csmtanl  atlributel  ol  hia  art,  and  may 
he  regarded  a>  hii  fint  dream  of  Oijenlal  beauty,  with  which 
he  afterward!  showed  10  great  a  lympaiby.  In  1W4  he  eihibited 
"Dante  in  Eiile"  {the  gnateat of  hi!  Italian  picture*), "Orpbeui 
and  Eurydlce"  and"  Golden  Houn."  In  (he  winter  of  the  lame 
yeaf  he  waa  elected  an  Aiuciate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  After 
fhi!  the  main  effort  of  tiii  life  waa  to  realize  viiioaa  of  beauty 
Mlggeiled  by  clamic  myth  and  history.  If  we  add  to  pictures  ol 
thte  chua  a  few  Scriptutal  lubjecls,  a  lew  Oriental  dreams,  one 
or  Iwo  of  lender  lenlimeBt  like  "  Wedded  "  (one  ol  (he  moat 
popolar  of  Ua  picture*,  and  iiell  known  by  not  cndy  an  engtaving, 
iwl  a  slatueite  modelled  by  an  Italian  Kulp(ar],  a  number  of 
Mudiea  ol  veiy  nrioui  type*  of  female  beauty,  "TereHna,'.' 
"  Bkmdlna,"  "Bianca,"  "  Moretta,"  lie.,  an)  an  occaiional 
portrait.  «e  ibaU  neatly  ohaiist  the  two  claiKi  into  which  Lord 
Leighton'i  work  (u  a  paicter)  can  be  divided. 

Amongil  tbe  finest  of  fad  clasiical  pieium  were — "  Syracuiin 
Bride  leading  Wild  Beam  in  Ptocelaion  10  Ihe  Temple  of  Diana  " 
<|8W),  "  Venui  disrobing  for  the  Bath  "  (1867),  "  Eleclra  at  the 
Tomb  of  Agamtmoon,"  and  "  Helio)  and  Rhodos"  (1S69), 
■■  Herculn  wreililng  with  Death  for  the  Body  of  Alcettia  " 
~  a"  (1874),  "The  DaphDephotJa"  (1S76), 


(187B),  '■ 


n  IdyU  "  {18 


id  gaiing 


the  piping  of  a  ihepherd 
in  betow;  "  Phiyna  "  (iSgi),  a  nude  figure  itana- 
n;  "Cyraon  and  Iphlgenia"  (1884!.  "  Ciplive 
(1888),  now  in  the  Manchester  An  Gallery^  wilh 
Last  Watch  ol  Hero"  (1SS7),  "The  Bath  of  Piyche  " 
I,  im  In  tiu  Cbasdey  Bequeal  colkctiDn:  "  The  Garden 


of  the  Hcaperides  "  (1892), "  Peneuiabd  Andromeda  "and  "  The 
Return  of  Peisephooe,"  now  in  Ihe  Leeds  Gallery  (iSgi);  and 
"  Clytie,"  his  lut  work  (i8«6).  All  (hoe  iHc[urB  are  char- 
acleriiod  by  nobilily  of  conceptioo,  by  almost  perfect  draughti- 
manibip,  tqi  colour  which,  if  not  ol  the  higbeit  quality,  is  always 
original,  choice  and  effective.  They  oTien  reach  dislinciioo  and 
dignity  of  attitude  and  gisluie,  and  occaiionilly,  as  in  the 
"  Hetculea  and  Death,  "  the  "  Elect  ti  "and  the '■  Clylemneatra," 
a  noble  intensity  of  feeling.  Petbaps,  amidst  thegreit  variety  ol 
qualitic*  which  tbey  poaxcsa,  dom  is  more  universal  and  more 
chatacieiisiic  than  a  rich  elegance,  combined  with  an  almost 
fastidious  aelrciion  of  beaulilul  forms.  It  is  the  supet-eminence 
of  these  qualities,  aasociiled  with  great  dctoralive  iIuD,  that 
make  the  splendid  pageant  ol  Ihe  "  Dapbnephorii  "  ihe  mosl 
pcrlect  eipreauon  of  his  individual  genius.  Here  »e  have  his  com- 
position, his  colour,  his  sense  of  the  joy  and  movement  of  lifei 
his  love  of  art  and  nalure  at  Ihrlt  purest  and  most  sponlaneous, 
and  the  result  ii  a  work  without  a  lival  ol  its  kind  in  the  British 
School 

Leighton  waa  one  ol  the  most  thorough  draughtsmen  of  hii 
day.  Hi!  sketches  and  atudies  for  hia  pictures  are  numerous 
and  veiy  highly  esteemed.  They  contain  tbe  essence  ol  hit 
conceptions,  and  much  of  their  spiritual  beauiy  and  lubllely 
of  eiprelsion  wai  olten  lost  In  tbe  elaboration  of  the  finuhed 
picture.  He  leldDiii  succeeded  in  retaining  the  Ireshness  ol 
hii  Gist  idea  moie  comptelely  than  in  bis  lasl  picture — "  Clylie  " 
—which  WIS  left  unfinished  on  his  easel.  He  tareJy  painted 
sscred  lubjecti.  Hie  most  beautiful  ol  his  few  pictures  of  this 
kmd  wai  the  "  David  musing  on  tbe  Houietop"  (1865).  Others 
were  "Elijah  in  the  Wilderness"  [iS;g),  "  Elisha  raising  the 
Son  of  the  Sbunammite  "  (1881)  and  a  design  intended  for  the 
decoration  nf  Ihe  dome  ol  St  Paul's  Cathediil,  "And  the  Sea 
gave  up  tl^  Dead  which  were  in  it "  (1S91),  now  in  the  Tate 
Gallery,  and  the  terrible  "  Rizpah  "  ol  J^^.  His  diploma 
picture  was  "  St  Jerome,"  eihibited  in  1S69.  Besides  these 
pictures  of  sacred  luhiecti,  he  made  lomt  designs  for  Daltlel's 
Bible,  which  lor  force  ol  imagtD^tlan  eacel  Ihe  paiotinBi.  The 
fineil  of  these  are  "  Cain  and  Abel,"  and  ''Samson  with  (he 
Gales  of  Caia." 

Not  so  eaiily  to  be  classed,  but  among  the  most  individual 
and  beautilul  of  his  pictures,  are  a  few  of  which  Ihe  motive  was 
purely  aesthetic.  Amongst  these  may  specially  be  noted  "  The 
Sumnm  Moon,"  two  Greek  girls  sleeping  on  a  marble  bcnd^ 
and  "The  Music  Lesson,"  in  which  a  lovely  little  giil  is  seated 
on  her  lovely  young  mother's  lap  leuning  to  playthelute.  With 
these,  aa  a  work  produced  wilboul  any  literary  auggeition, 
though  very  different  in  feeling,  may  be  associaled  the  "Easlero 
Slinger  Hating  Birds  in  tlie  Harvest-time;  Moon-rise  "  (1875). 
a  nude  figure  Handing  on  a  raised  platlonn  in  a  field  0!  wheat. 

Leighion  also  painted  a  few  portniu,  including  those  of 
Signer  Custa,  the  Italian  landKipe  painter,  Mr  F.  P.  Cocketell, 
Hn  Sutheriand  On  (his  lister).  Amy,  Lady  Coleridge,  Mn 
Stephen  Ralli  and  (the  finest. oil  all>Sir  Richard  Button,  the 
traveller  and  Eaitetn  scholar,  which  wu  cahibited  in  1876  and 
is  now  in  tlie  National  Portrait  Calleiy. 

Like  otbei  palnten  ol  the  day,  notably  G.  F.  Watts,  Lord 
Ldghlon  encuted  a  few  pieces  of  sculpture.  His  "Alblds 
ilruggllog  with  a  Python  "  was  eihibited  at  Ihe  Royal  Academy 
in  t8;;,  and  waa  purchased  for  the  Chantrey  Bequest  collection. 
Aaother  statue,  "  The  Sluggard,"  of  equal  mcril,  wu  eihibiied 
in  li&b;  and  a  charming  itaiuetle  ol  a  nude  figure  of  a  girl 
looking  over  her  ahoulder  at  a  frog,  called  "Needless  Alarms," 
was  completed  in  the  same  year,  and  presented  by  the  artist 
to  Sir  John  Millais  in  acknowledgment  of  the  gilt  by  Ihe  lalter 
of  his  picture,  "  Shelling  Peas."  He  made  Lbe  beautiful  design 
for  the  reverse  of  the  Juba«  Medal  of  18S;.    It  was  also  his 

many  ol  which  are  in  the  possession  ol  the  Royal  Academy. 

Asanillultratorinblack      ' ' 

beted ,  espedslly  for  the  CI 

and  his  Ulmtratlons  to  (^Mrge  Eliot's  Ittmtia,  w! ,., 

in  (he  CeraUll  ifagosia*.    The  latter  an  lull  of  Uw  4>irit  «t 


LEIGHTON,  R. 


,»«.!«.  (SiiJratinl 


uir.  In  Lynd- 
ry  of  Mr  Fepys 
K  ind  Foolish 


\lift< 


I,   TNough  not  II, 


11  tbiTHitlKMl  mukcd  by  dhlin 


It>1lso 


rt  fcniil  *■<>(  courtly.    K( 
rium  Ibt  pilm  lo  the  jtudro. 

r„nc|i,  u  weU  M  Enflah.    Hi  ..^  i.-^,.  ™,..  .....  ,,. 

muiic  vi  CDUHlFnUe  gilU  u  in  oralDr  ol  a  aorid  lypc.  H» 
FtMiinlul  Discouisn  (published,  london,  i9o6)  «m  full 
ol  efcraiM  mnd  cullurt.  For  seven  yeara  (1876-188])  he  eom- 
Rinded  [h*  «Hh  MFddlesei  (Artist.)  RiSe  Voluntcm.  miring 
■ilh  the  rank  o(  bonoraiy  colonel,  and  (utHcqUEnily  r«civing 
the  Vdunwer  DMoratkm,  Y«  nosodjUillnirooiisorsBcctfflts 
diverted  him  from  his  devotion  to  his  profession,  the  wellire 
of  bis  bttthren  in  ut  or  of  the  Royal  Academy.  As  prwidenl 
be  wM  punctilious  in  Iha  dbchirgc  of  his  duties,  ready  to  give 
belpiod  encouragement  lo  ailiils  young  and  old,  and  his  terniit 
ei  the  office  was  marked  by  some  irise  and  libeial  relormi.  He 
frequently  vent  abrcsd,  ge«nilly  to  Italy,  where  be  vu  well 
fcnonn  and  appiKialed.  He  vitiled  Spain  [n  1H6,  Egypt  In 
1868,  when  he  went  op  the  NUe  with  Fentiiuitd  de  Leaseps 
in  a  steamer  lent  by  the  Khedive.  He  was  at  Damascus  for  a 
abort  time  in  1873.  It  vas  his  custom  on  all  these  Irips  to  make 
Ultle  lively  sketches  of  landscape  and  buildings.    These  fresh 

and  It  tbe  sale  of  its  conimis  illei  his  death  realized  coiuidenble 
prket.  It  was  when  he  was  in  the  full  tide  of  his  popularity 
■nd  success,  and  apparently  in  tlie  full  tide  of  his  personal  vigour 
also,  that  he  was  struck  with  Dngrna  ptclarit.  For  a  long  time 
be  struggled  bravriy  with  this  cruel  disease,  never  omitting 
ocepi  from  ib*)lute  necessity  any  of  his  officii!  duties  ticept 
during  a  brief  period  of  rest  abroad,  which  failed  to  produce 
the  deiittd  effect.  Hit  death  occutird  on  the  J5lh  of  January 
1S96. 

Leigblon  was  elected  an  Academician  tn  -tB68,  and  succeeded 
Sir  Francis  Grant  as  President  in  i8;B,  when  Ik  was  knighted. 
He  was  created  a  baronet  In  i8S$,  and  was  raised  lo  the  peerage 
in  tBgS,  a  few  diyi  before  his  death.    He  held  honorary  degrees 


(I  the  'univenilies  of  ChfonJ,  Cambridge,  Dublin,  Edinburgh 

Ibera  in  the  lame  coat 

and  Durham,  was  an  Associate  of  the  Institute  of  France;  a 

having  became,  as  he  to 

CommarKler  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  el  the  Order  of 

(as  he  doubted  not  the 

Leopold.    He  was  a  Knight  of  the  Cuburg  Order.  "  Dem  Ver- 

Ihey  intended  to  mak 

dienste,"  and  of  tbe  PnisMan  Order,  "  Pour  1e  Mirile,"  and  a 

member  of  at  least  ten  foreign  Academics.    In  1850  he  won  a 

Lothian's  at  Ne-batlle 

medal  ol  the  second  class  at  the  Paris  Salon,  and  at  the  Eipmi- 

able  to  build  up  the  chu 

tion  Univeisclle  of  .88,  a  gold  medal.    As  a  sculptor  be  »as 

had  set  on  fool,  and  hii 

awarded  a  medal  of  the  dot  dus  in  1B78  and  the  Grand  Pri. 

lo  him  a  fighting  .gainst 

Caulogi 


AmnaJ  [Mr*  A.  Lang).  iSBit  Royal  Academv 

itsr  Eihlbition,    1847:  National  Gallery  of  Briiii 

_,  C.  Monkhoun  Bnliik  CimUmporary  ArlUti  (L> 

CmeH    Rhyi,    Frsiaiii,    iMi    UillUaK    (Landan, 


I89S, 


EHT  (iSii-ifiail,  archbishop  of  Glasgow, 
was  Dora,  pronaniy  In  London  (olhera  say  at  LTishaven,  Forlar- 
■bire),  in  i6[t,  the  eldest  son  of  Dr  Alriander  Leighton,  the 
author  ol  Zim't  PUa  sgainif  Ihc  Prilacii,  whose  terrible  sufferings 
(or  hiviog  dared  to  question  the  divine  right  of  Episcopacy, 
under  the  penccution  of  Laud,  form  one  of  tbe  most  disgraceful 
incidents  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  Dr  Leighlon  is  said  lo  have 
been  of  the  old  family  of  Ulisbaven  in  Forfinhirc.  From  his 
earliest  childhood,  according  lo  Burnet,  Robert  Leighlon  was 
distinguished  (or  his  sdntly  disposition.  In  his  sixteenth  year 
(1617)  he  was  sent  lo  the  univei^ly  of  Edinburgh,  where,  after 
studying  with  distinguished  success  for  four  years,  be  look  the 
degree  at  M.A.  In  iftji.    Hli  father, then  sent  Um  to  travel 


abroad,  and  he  is  undenlooj  Ui  have  spent  meril  jnan  In 
France,  where  he  acquired  a  complete  mastery  of  the  Freach 
language.     While  there  he  passed  ■  good  deal  ol  lima  <rilh 

relalivei  at  Douai  who  had  become  Roman  Catholics,  and  with 
wfiom  he  kei«  up  a  conespandence  (or  many  years  afterwards. 
Either  at  this  lime  or  on  some  nAiMqueiu  visit  he  had  abe  a 

This  Intenroune  contributed  to  the  charity  towards  those  wha 
differed  from  him  in  religious  ofHoion,  which  ever  afteKtardi 
formed  a  feature  In  Itis  character.  The  eiact  period  of  his 
return  to  Scotland  has  not  been  ascenainedi  but  in  1641  he 
WIS  ordained  i'lesbyucian  miniiter  of  Newbatile  In  Midloihiin, 
tn  ifiji  he  resigned  his  charge  and  went  M  reside  in  Edinbuigb. 
What  led  him  to  take  this  aiep  does  not  disiincily  appear. 
The  account  given  is  that  he  had  link  sympathy  with  iht  Any 
ceal  of  his  bmiher  clergymen  on  certain  political  questions,  lad 

Early  in  16;]  he  was  appointed  principal  of  ifie  univeraiiy 
of  Edinburgh,  and  primirius  ptofessar  of  divinity.    In  ihii  post 


of  his  Latin  prelections  and 

other  addresses  (publrihed  after 

Ihe  purity  and  elegance  of  their 

Liliniiy,andiheirsubdaedan 

meditative  elofluenre.   They  are 

valuable  imitructions  h  the  a 

of  living  a  holy  life  ruber  thin 

I  body  ol  tcienilfic  divinity. 

Throughout,  hoaever.  they  bear 

the  marks  Ola  deeply  learned 

w^th  both  ckiucal  and  patrii 

ic  readme,  and  like  aU  his  works 

they  breathe  the  spirit  of  one 

wbo  lived  very  much  above  ihe 

world.    His  mental  temper  w«! 

too  unlike  Ihe  temper  of  his  tinw 

In  iMi.  when  Oiarlea  II.  had  resolved  to  force  Episcopacy 
once  more  upon  Scotland,  be  fixed  upon  Leighlon  for  one  of  has 
bishops(s«ScoTUKa,CiiiTBCHor).  Ldghlon,  living  very  much 
out  of  Iha  world,  and  beii^  aomewhii  delidenl  in  what  may  ba 
called  Ihe  political  sense,  was  too  open  lo  the  pertuaiiow  uMd 
lo  induce  him  to  enter  a  sphere  (or  which  he  instinctively  lelt 
he  was  >U  qualified.  The  Episcopacy  which  he  coalempliled 
WIS  ihil  modified  form  which  had  been  luggetted  by  Atchblshap 
Ussher,  and  to  which  Baxter  and  many  of  the  best  of  the  Englitli 
NonconformislB  would  have  readily  given  Ihcir  adherence.  It 
IB  ^gnificanl  IhaC  he  always  refused  lo  be  addressed  as  "  ny 
Is  staled  that  when  dining  wiih  his  clergy  on  me 


Leighlon  soon  began  I 


.of  IT 


le  e^icojiate.  He  ItiVelled  with 
from  Londoa  lowKid*  Scotland,  but 
Burnet,  veijf  weary  of  ibed  company 
were  of  bis),  and  having  louiul  that 
I  kind  of  Iriumpbal  «iuuce  inla 
It  Morpeth  and  retired  lo  Ibc  cari  ti 


governing  his  diocese  (that  of  Dunblane)  with  ihe  utmost 
mildness,  as  (ara*  he  could,  prtvenling  Ihe  persecuting  meaiura 
In  active  operalfon  elsewhere,  and  endeavouring  to  persuade 
the  Presbyterian  clergy  to  come  to  an  accommodation  with  their 
Episcopal  brethren.  After  a  hopelen  Wniggle  of  [hiee  or  (our 
yean  to  induce  the  govenuiieni  to  pui  a  stop  IS  Iheir  fierce 
pepecution  of  the  Covenanters,  he  deietmined  to  resign  hii 
bishopric,  and  went  up  to  London  in  1665  (or  this  purpoae. 
He  so  far  worked  upon  Ihe  mind  of  Charles  lh*l  he  promised 
lo  enforce  the  adoplionof  milder  measures,  but  it  does  not  appear 
Ihal  any  material  improvement  took  place.  In  i^A/t  Leighlon 
again  went  lo  London  and  made  fresh  represenlalions  on  the 
subject,  hut  little  result  followed.  Tbe  ilighi  diaposiiiou, 
however,  shown  by  the  government  to  accsmmodilc  inaltcn 
ippears  to  hive  inspired  Lelghton  with  so  much  hope  Ihit  la 
the  following  year  he  agreed,  though  with  agood  deal  of  beaitation. 
to  accept  the  aiihblshopric  of  Glasgow.  In  Ihis  higher  iphere 
be  redoubled  his  eBorla  with  Iha  PRibyteiiaiia  la  briag  ibout 


LEIGHTON  BUZZARD— LEIPZIG 


■ome  dtgrtt  of  cmdliitioa  irltb  'Episrriptcy,  but  Ibc  taij  molt 
vD  ID  mbTTHi  Mmwli  with  Ike  hM-htwInl  Epinpd  pMIr 
u  wtU  M  with  [he  PiBbyloims.  In  utler  dopnit,  ihrnrfort, 
of  banc  lUele  bcof  i.ny  hmberiervkc  totheauKadriigiDn, 
be  redgn^  ibe  ircbbrshopric  In  1674  and  retirtd  to  tlw  houM 
d  ho  widowed  inl^r,  Mn  LightniiktT,  st  Broidhiust  in  Sunn, 
Here  be  spent  ihe  traaiiung  len  jan,  pnbMy  the  b>p|iiat 
ol  hh  bfe.  and  died  suddeiUv  on  ■  vtjii  to  VandaB  in  ifiSi. 

..    _i    ,._., . '  ■'— — -iDoiLdthWi 


"W*." 


ol  the  Scotliib  KCleiiutic*  ol  bii 

bad  ilmoM  BO  InSiience  in  iiiouldii«  uw  ciurarten  or  conauei  01 
hl>  eoMempontkii.  So  lnt«a  wu  U*  tUrrpaau  m  Um  kn*  o[ 
Cod  ibn  Kok  raoaaciiB  10  hno  bMo  left  m  bu  bmtt  fat  bumin 
•viuuliy  01  ■StclioB.  Cam  it  bi  tbM  there  wu  ilux  all  nmcthiiij 
ID  repd  in  hb  outward  manner?  Burnet  tclU  <i>  thai  he  had  never 
leen  him  buih.  and  wty  •rfdom  ewn  emile.  In  olhtr  Tciperli. 
100.  he  >iye>  the  HnpRa^n  of  Handing  aloof  Im™  human  intetan 
tn(  lio.  Il  OH  to  icw  Ihtla  that  be  never  usnied,  but  t  wai 
■viety  a  canoui  idiaaymaBy  ihat  he  habitually  chexiihcd  ibe  wiih 
(whi^  wai  (ranted  him)  thai  he  might  die  in  an  inn.    la  (art.  holy 

L.jf._.^_.  il V —  1 .1 1 u™  i^attl  of  hii  life. 

pegdod  tiUiapi" 
window  of  hii  calhedjaL 


^  Ihe  ri>«r'a  bank' 


iRtBoi^eulcf  L«hL. - 

nr  other  reuona  Lc^ghton  miEnc  hai 


M  w  eoontinly  oiriudged  and  even  didiLed  both  by  the 
grtcriaaaiidliftbeEp&CDpalputy.  ^       .    ^ 

,.  na  eharactetiuic  rf  Mm  that  he  could  never  be  made  to 
ondcmand  that  mnytlmit  whid  he  onN*  taMMtd  the  •nalleK 
nloo.  NoHofl^iwtowtKPubSilHlbyUnaeU.anditiaitaied 
tfat  be  W(««d«a  thataOliaMSS.  ■hoyld  be  duiroyed  aim- Tin 


evg,  k  ie  th«  laiynigi  d 


death.    But  fartiuiately  fsr  tbt  world  tbia  charje 

LiheaB  the  beat  writing,  it  leeBU  to,  *ow  without  ....  . 

"-rled  ootcoiM  g(  Ua  alitlr  laturB,    ThfowhoDt,  bow- 

b,  lannv  si «  acfaulBT  and  B  man  o(  pcrkct  btanry 
nth  allita  ifiiiluality  ot  thondtt  then  are  no  myMKal 

chMareoltaifoundauniM^ihlheScodiahpnciicai 

(Sskvy  of  Ihe  17th  century.  It  was  a  tommon  rcprtech  aEIinst 
lldahloii  that  he  had  leeiunii  lowirdi  Roman  Cathohcjam,  and 
oeSapathiaiaiotaatnMthiuhetadforBied  himieU  in  aoine  dcnec 
!L_.^  Eh.  .»j^  ^  -^ine  of  tba  laintiy  ptfwnt  U  tlul  taitht  such  at 

ot  Leighion's  chatatrtcr  is  that  of  Btibbp  Bi 


F  draarbaiki,  by  l»f  the  best.    Hh  Lil 


Archl 


.  iralonuaaiely  impoaphta  10  aamm  from  this  mlinim  oven  the 
dkion.  in  otho-  tesptcii  very  valuable  and  menloiioiu.  published 
indcT  the  Biperinteiiden™  of" the  Rev.  W.  Wc«  7  viJ...  .widoo, 
«6a-1l7S):  ice  also  volume  of  idectiima  <wuh  biwRWhy}  by  Dr 
Hair  of  Dunblane  (iMi).  who  alB  oonlribuled  "  Biblkiinphror 
ibUiop  LBghton  ■■  10  the  Brilitli  *xl  Fmipi  Etim^Ucal »~™ 
fiMSi "- •''-"-'■•• ' 


Uuly  ,Wi>i , 


iK  BDZURD,  a  market  town  in  the  muthfra  pailia- 
mentiry  diviuoo  ol  Btdlonishlje,  England,  40  m.  N.W,  of  London 
by  Ihf  London  &  North-Westem  taHway.  Pop.  ol  urban  district 
(t»oi)  6jji.    ll  lies  in  the  Jlat  valley  ol  th»  Ouzel,  a  Wbirtaiy 


_  .je  OoM,  (heltered  to  east  and  west  by  low  hilK  The 
hert  lonni  (be  county  boundary- wilh  Buclioghamshiie. 
Grand  Junction  canal  foOowi  f" -*  ~'-~  "- 


Tlw 


„ The  church  ol  All  Saints 

is  crudform,  with  centra]  tower  and  spire.  Il  is  mainly  Early 
£nclish,  and  a  fineeiample  o(  the  style;  but  some  ol  the  windows 
including  the  nave  deresloty,  and  ihe  beautiful  carved  wooden 
root,  are  Perpendiculai.  The  west  door  has  jood  early  iron- 
wort;  and  on  one  of  the  tower-arch  pillars  are  >ome  rtiUBrkable 
tally  orvingt  o(  jocular  character,  one  ol  which  repiwenij  a 
man  iMiuJled  by  ■  woman  with  a  ladle.  The  market  crDU  is 
of  the  Mlfa  century,  much  tettored,  h»vini  an  open  arcade 
lupponing  a  pinnacle,  with  flying  buttresses.  The  slatun  m 
its  nicheaare  modeio.  but  the  oripnali  are  placed  on  the  eiterlot 
of  Ihe  town  baU.  Leighton  his  1  considerable  agriculiuril 
tnde,  and  souk  induslry  in  straw- plaiting.  ftcroB  the  Ouzel  in 


wh*M  Laigbtoa  i^hmy  lUdDa  b  sluUcd. 


dfatiictotUdriMktpofk  11... 

*     BUM  ol  u  old  Ceiwi  family,  who 


Emicbo  (d. 

Fmleridt, 
Frederick-a  : ' 
brOrkan.  and  Frederick. 

ol  tbg  couni       -  -   '  ' 


at  Ihe  family  of  Leiningea-WcUttblltg.  Late 
divided  into  two.  bnoobcs,  tboK  ol  Alt-Lcini 
and  Neu-Ldniiigcn-WeMeitKUg,  both  ol  «hid 

HeanwhQe  ll>e  yooigtr  bnadi  ol  the  I/jntatieDa,  known 


la  divided  il 


Ibc  Una  ol  LeinlnBwDapburg- 
Coml  John  Philip  (d.  is6i).  uid 
LCinncoi-DafAiiii-lMdnbeim  or  Falkeobuii,  lonnded  t^ 
Co«M  Emkko  (d.  im).  Ib  1779  the  hcKl  ol  the  foimcr  line 
wai  lafacd  U>  i1k  i*^  of  b  pajnce  at  the  Empiic.  In  iSoi  Una 
lamBy  wai  deprived  tj  jia  hsdi  oa  the  Itit  hi  '  '  '  ~" 
by  Ftam,  hut  in  ilaj  It  n> 

Ihey  an  now  indiidtd  athiy'bt.  BadcD,  bw  putly  ia  Bavuia 
and  in  Mesae.  A  tDmiv  hod  of  thii  family,  Pibce  Eraidi 
Chatl(a,tnairicdUiilaLg)ibaVictocla.priacetsaf  Saxe-Cobun; 
after  hit  death  In  1814  the  priacen  auiried  Geuie  UI.'s  no, 
the  duke  ol  Kent,  by  wbon  aba  bccaow  the  notbn  of  Qoeea 
^leteitia.  In  1910  tlie  head  al  the  fasdly  waa  Prince  Enkb 
(b.  1866}. 

The  family  of  Lehungen-Dagibatt-IMdesfadm  wai  diirided 
into  Ibree  biaadiet.  the  two  aeKor  ol  which  betama  cMlnet 
during  the  iSib  ceniuiy.  At  pntoit  it  it  itpmcBted  by  the 
cDuntt  of  Ltiningeo-Canierablam  and  Lejningea-Hddeaheifla, 
called  alto  LeiBMgeii-BilHgbeim  and  Leinlafoi-NtldeBau. 

Sea  Briackawar,  CMaletwhs  OaclMiU  im  Bma  Umbtilm 
(Bruanrick,  1190-1(91). 

UUNniR.  a  province  of  Ireland,  occnpylns  the  middl*  and 
■outh-eastem  pinllon  of  the  island,  and  eitending  to  the  lelL 
bank  of  the  Shannon.  It  Includes  counties  Longford,  West- 
mcsth,  Meath,  Louth,  Kii^'i  County,  Kildare.  Dublin,  Queeo'i 
County,  Carlow,  WicUow,  Kilkenny  and  Weiford  (f.s,  for 
topogiiiphy.  &c.).  Leinster  (drifkni)  was  one  of  the  early 
Milesian  provIncTts  ol  Ireland.  Meath,  the  modem  county  irf 
which  is  Included  in  Leinslec.  was  the  name  ot  a  separate  provtoce 
created  in  the  snd  century  *J).  The  kings  of  Leinster  retained 
leir  position  untH  1171,  and  thdr  descendants  maintained 
idependencc  within  aclicumscribed  territory  as  late  as  Ihe  t6lh 
?iitury.  In  1170  Richard  Strongbow  married  Aoife,  daughter 
of  the  last  ting  Diarmid.  and  thus  act^uired  the  nominal  right  to 

e  kingdom  of  Leinster.    Henry  II-  confirmed  him  in  powera 

jurisdiction  equivalent  to  those  ot  a  palatinate.  His  daughter 
Isabel  married  William  Marshal,  earl  of  Pembroke.    Their  f 


aught  CIS  shoiedlh 


■loryotL. 


ivided 


_  .   iibertie*  carrying  the  lame  eiteniive  privflegea  aa 

the  undivided  tenitory,  namely,  Carlow,  Kilkenny,  Werford, 
Kildare  and  Lei«.  The  history  of  Leinster  Ihereafler  paasc* 
10  the  several  divisions  vhicb  were  gradually  organiied  intn  the 

LEIPZIG,  a  city  of  Gntnany,  Ihe  second  town  ot  (he  kingdom 
ol  Saiony  in  sin  and  the  firil  in  commercial  importance,  70  m. 
NW.  ot  Dresden  and  iii  m.  S.W.  ot  Berlin  by  rail,  and  6  m. 
Irom  the  Prostian  Inntier.    It  tics  jjo  ft,  above  the  sea-levd. 

a  broad  and  fertile  plain,  just  above  ihe  junction  of  Ihiee 

lall  rivers.  Ihe  Pleisse,  the  Panhe  and  the  Bster,  which  flow 

vaiioui  branehei  lhrtHi|b  or  round  the  ten 


400  LlLlJ 

DDder  the  nunc. of  tlie  EiMn,  diiduiie  thcnudvn  inle  ihe 
Suit.  The  clinuic,  ibougji  not  tfnenSir  nnbetltliy,  OMJ  be 
JBdenwot  in  wiatct  uid  hat  in  unuKr. 

LcipDj  a  one  of  Llie  bkA  enteriniiiDK  ud  pnqwiotii  of 
GefmAB  IDwna,  and  in  point  of  tndc  uid  jnduitria  tmnk*  Udong 
Getmui  dtia  immedutdy  iflcr  ficrUo  ud  HsiDbuis.  It 
pouena  the  third  lirgcsi  Cemun  nnivenlly,  is  the  lUt  o(  Ux 
tapmnc  tribanil  oi  the  Gcnun  em^Hre  and  the  hcadquiutm 
of  the  XIX.  (Sunn)  umy  airja.  ud  forms  one  of  the  rncMi 
pnmiiiiciil  liteniy  ud  miiiical  cenlrci  b  Europe.  It*  lenml 
■sped  is  impasinK,  awing  to  the  number  dI  ceo  publk  buildlngi 
erected  during  Ihe  lul  10  yeu*  of  the  iQIh  century.  It  consiiti 
tl  the  old,  or  inner  dty,  surrounded  by  a  wide  tod  pleuut 
prooienvle  laid  out  on  the  tite  ot  the  old  fortifications,  ud  of 
the  very  much  more  extensive  inner  and  outer  suburbo..  Muy 
thriving  suburban  villages,  >ucb  as  Rendniu,  Volkmarsdoil, 
GoUii,  EutiiiBch,  Plagwiu  and  liodenau,  have  been  iacorpoc- 
ated  wiih  ih<  diy,  and  with  ibete  arcreiioni  the  population  in 
1905  amounted  to  501,570.  On  Ihe  notlh.wot  the  town  is 
bordsed  by  (he  ine  public  parh  and  voods  of  the  Rosenthal, 
ud  on  the  wcsl  by  the  Johanna  Park,  and  by  phaunt  groves 
leading  along  the  blidu  of  the  Pleime. 

The  old  town,  with  ill  aatrow  ■deets  and  niunertnu  bouses 
of  the  iMfa  and  i;th  ceDlurics,  with  their  hi^-fNtcbed  roofs, 
praervesmudiofitiqaaintmcdievalsipcci.  He  market  square, 
lying  alnwat  in  its  centre,  is  of  peat  inteiesl.  Upon  it  the  four 
mtia  buiiiHi*  stiteu,  the  Crinunabche-,  the  Fetera-,  the  Hain- 
and  (be  KtUmineintrawen,  converge,  and  its  oonh  side  Is 
occupied  by  the  hcMtifuI  old  Bithaus,  a  Gothic  edifice  built  by 
the  burgomaster  iUcnmymiu  Lotter  in  155G,  and  contai  ' 
Itfe-sbe  pottniu  of  the  Saion  lulcn.  Supeneded  by  the 
Rathius,  it  htt  been  leMortd  and  accommodaia  a  municipal 
muMun.  Behind  the  nukel  squsre  and  the  main  iLreel  he  a 
UbymlbofounwitReUinlcRonnecled  by  covered  courtyards 
and  alky*,  *ith  enuinve  wirehotiscs  ud  crilan.  The  whole, 
in  the  time  of  the  great  [sin,  when  every  available  place  is  packed 
with  meifhandiie  and  lluonged  with  ■  motley  crowd,  presents 
the  sembhoccol  an  oriental  buaar.  Ocec  to  Ihe  old  Ralhaui  it 
Auerbach's  Uf^  built  about  1530  ud  interesting  as  being  immor- 
taUad'  Is  Goethe's  F4m)I.  It  baa  a  cuiioui  tM  wine  vault 
(KcOa)  whidi  eoataias  a  aetic*  of  muni  painiisfs  of  (he  i6ih 
cenlDiy,  itpnaeittiag  Ibe  ktcnd  on  whidi  the  play  it  based. 
Neat  tqr  ■>  the  picturesqiM  KOniphaus,  for  several  centuijes 
'the  palace  vl  the  Saxon  manarthB  in  Leipiig  ud  in  which  King 
Frcdeijck  Anguuui  I.  wii  made  pisoner  by  the  AUies  alter  the 
battle  o[  Leipiig  io  October  iRij.  At  the  end  oI  the  Feiensiraue, 
in  the  loutb-weit  corner  of  the  iimer  town  ud  on  the  ptomcnade. 
lay  the  Fleiuenburg,  or  citadel,  modelled,  according  to  Iiaditioa, 
on  that  oi  Milu,  and  built  eaity  in  the  ijth  century.  Here 
Luther  in  1519  held  his  niotnentous  disputation.  The  rouod 
tower  was  bng  used  as  an  observatoiy  ud  the  building  as  a 
barmck.     With  the  einpt'         '    '  


dtadel  has  been  r< 
pile  of  the  new  R 
its  central  featun 
traled  in  the  Inne 
""     n  the  r 


,  joo  fi.- 


red  ud  its  site  is  occupied  by  the  majesi 
us  io  Renaissance  style,  with  (he  tower 
"be  business  of  Leipaig  is  diicfiy  conce 
y,  but  the  beadquaitets  of  the  bcxik  trai 


laller  lies  the  mignlGccnt  Augustuqtiati,  me  ol  Ihe  most 
qwciout  squares  in  Europe.  Upon  it,  on  the  tide  of  the  inner 
town  and  included  within  it,  is  the  Augusleum,  or  maia  building 
o(  (be  univenity,  a  hudsome  edifice  containing  a  splendid  hall 
<i9aa),  lecture  (oams  and  archiei^ogical  coUectioasi  adjoining 
ll  il  the  Paulinerkirche,  llie  ucivenily  church.  The  other  sides 
ol  the  square  are  occupied  by  Ihe  new  theatre,  u  imposing 
icture,  designed  by  C.  F.  Lan^ians,  the  post 
tseum  of  sculpture  and  painting,  the  laitc    ' 


tivdy  u> 


le  Metii 


iichcs  of  L 


TboiuiUrcbe,  wiib  *  high-pilched  loof  dating  Iron  ivfi,  and 


memorable  for  iii.istocialjoa  with  J.  Sebastian  Bach,  who  )ral 
orguistbere.  Among  others  may  be  mentioned  the  new  (Mliic 
FctrikiitJie,  with  a  lofty  spire,  in  the  south  suburb.  Ob  the 
east  is  tbe  Johanniskirche,  round  which  raged  tbc  last  conflict 
in  the  b«tlle  oE  181J,  when  it  suletcd  severely  irom  cannon  shot. 
In  it  is  tbe  tomb  (d  Bach,  and  outside  that  of  the  poet  Gdlert. 
Opposite  ill  main  enlrucc  is  tbe  Relonnation  monument,  with 
broDtc  itatues  of  Luther  and  Melanchthon,  by  Johann  Schilling, 
unveiled  b  i8Sj.  In  (he  Joharma  Park  is  the  Lutbcrkirche 
<iSge),  ud  dose  at  hand  the  Romu  Catholic  ud  Engli4 
churches.  To  the  louih.west  of  the  new  lUthiiit,  lying  bejiHid 
the  Plnste  and  belweca  it  knd  the  Johaona  Fart,  ii  tbe  new 
academic  qaarter.  ALiag  the  fine  thoroughfares,  noticeable 
among  which  is  the  Karl  Tauchniti  Stntw,  are  dosdy  grouped 
many  striking  buildings.  Here  ii  the  new  Gewandhaui,  or 
Konierlhaus.  built  in  1S30-1S84,  in  which  the  fainoui  concern 
.called  alter  its  name  are  given,  the  old  Gewandbaus.  or  Drapers' 
Hall,  in  Ibe  inner  town  having  i^in  been  devoted  10  cominerdil 
use  as  a  market  hall  during  Ihe  lain.  Immediately  oppoilte  to 
It  is  ihe  new  university  library,  built  ia  1891,  removed  hiiher 
Irom  the  oU  monasiecial  buiLduig*  behind  the  Augusleum,  and 
containing  some  500^00  vobimo  and  jooo  MSS.  Behind  ibM 
again  is  the  academy  of  an,  one  wing  ol  which  accommodaia 
(he  induiirial  an  sd»ali  ud  dose  bedde  it  are  the  scboot  of 
technical  ana  and  the  conservatoire  ol  music.  Selween  Ibe 
university  library  and  the  new  Gewandhaui  ilandi  a  (.waument 
ol  Mendeluobn  (iB^i).  Immediately  to  the  e*M  of  the  siboal 
of  arts  rises  tbc  grand  irile  of  tbe  lupreme  (ribunil  of  the  German 
empire,  the  Rcichigeiicfat,  which  campva  with  Ihe  Reichaiag 
buikUng  ia  Berlin.  It  was  built  in  tW8-i8«j  Irom  plaoi  by 
Ludwig  Hoffmann,  and  is  diilbigfdshed  for  (Im  q^meliy  and 
harmony  of  iu  piopoitions.  It  bean  an  Wp^irim  dome,  115  ft 
high,  crowned  by  a  brooie  figure  oi  niKh  by  O.  Lewlng.  it  tl. 
high.-  Opposite,  on  the  outer  side  of  tbe  ndiae,  are  tbe  diHikt 
law-courts,  luge  and  nibiuntii),  tbougb  not  qiedaUy  fa|iiain| 
edifices.  In  the  same  quarter  Hands  the  GraMi  Htoeum  (iBiu- 
lS«<i)  lot  ioduslrial  art  and  ethnology,  ud  a  ahoit  disluce  away 
are  the  paladal  bidldings  of  (be  Reidii  and  Deuucbc  Bank*. 
Farther  eait  ud  lying  hi  the  omltc  of  the  book-tiadc  qtnuter 
stand  doee  together  tbe  Budihlndterhaui  (booksellers'  eichanget. 
the  great  faidl  decorated  with  aUegorical  pictures  by  Saacha 
Schneider,  and  tbe  Bachgeweibebaui,  a  rauieum  if  tbe  book 
trade,  both  hudsome  red  brick  ecMces  to  the  German  Sensia- 
sance  style,  erecled  in  iSSfi-iSfla  Soulb.weW  ol  th(«huildiim, 
on  tbe  ether  tide  ol  Ibe  Jobumiihal  Fuk,  are  chiitcred  the 
medkal  institutes  ud  hospitals  of  the  univeraity— Ibe  infirmary, 
cliniul  ud  other  boipiiab,  the  j^yslco-cbemical  instituH, 
paibological  institute,  physiological  insliiuie,  ophihslmlc 
hospital,  pharmacological  iostjiute,  the  schools  of  analomr, 
the  chemical  laboratory,  the  aoological  institute,  the  pfayslco- 
ininenlogicsl  institute,  Ihe  botanicil  garden  ud  aho  (he 
veterinary  idiools,  deaf  ud  dumb  a^lum,  agiicultunl  college 
ud  astronomical  observatory.  Amosg  other  nolewoithy 
buildings  in  this  quarter  must  be  noted  the  Johinnlsslift,  u 
■sylum  for  the  relief  of  the  aged  poor,  with  a  hudsome  front 
and  slender  ^lire.  On  the  north  side  ol  the  inner  town  and  on 
the  promenade  are  the  handsome  exchange  with  library,  ud  the 
[clormed  church,  a  pleasing  edifice  in  late  flolhlc. 

Leipeig  has  some  interesting  monuments;  ihe  Siegtsdenkmal, 
commemorative  of  the  »ar]  ol  1866  and  1S70,  on  the  market 
•quart,  statues  ol  Goelbe,  Leibnitz,  GeDen,  J.  Sebastian 
BBch.  Robert  Scfaumun,  Hahnemann,  the  homeopalhist,  and 
Bismarck.  There  are  also  many  memorials  ol  the  battle  of 
LdpiJg.  including  an  obelisk  en  the  Rudsildier-Stelnweg,  on  the 
site  of  the  bridge  which  was  prematurely  blown  up,  when  Prince 
Pooialowski  was  drowned;  a  monument  ol  cannon  balls  coUected 
aller  the  battle;  1  "teliel"  lo  Major  Fricdus,  who  stormed 
(be  outer  Grimmi  gate;  while  on  the  baltle  plain  ilsell  and 
close  lo  "  Napolconsieln,"  which  commemotalei  Nsptdeon't 
position  on  Ihe  tail  day  of  the  ballte,  a  gigantic  o4>eusk  laT' 
rounded  by  a  garden  hai  been  plannnl  for  dedication  00  the 
huadrediii  annivtnaiy  of  the  baltje  (Octobei  ig,  1913). 


Tkt  Unitaiifj  ami  EAuoKn'— The  Bnbndtjr  at  Uqnt, 
fouodrdm  L4o4by  auccuiDDolfourhiuidred  Ccrman  itudcnu 
from  Pngue,  a  odc  oI  the  meal  indiKalul  luuvenkiei  Id  the 
noild.  It  VH  a  few  ycin  lizice  the  most  namenndy  ■ttended 
of  lay  univenily  in  Gencuiy,  but  it  tui  tinee  bcea  outitrippcd 
by  tliDSe  of  Beriin  ud  of  Muiuclu  Iti  large  FercDueB,  dehvnl 
to  a  £»at  citcat  from  hoiuo  pn^xity  m  Lopcjg  and  csUlci  m 
Saioay,  eoahle  Lt,  In  conjunctjoa  wilh  a  handaoioe  ilale  lub- 
ventioDf  to  pnvide  rich  endowmcata  for  the  prof euonat  chain- 
To  the  several  facultiea  al»  belong  various  collegiate  buildugs, 
notably,  lo  tbe  legal.  tbU  oI  the  CeiUgmm  ialat  Kirpiul  id 
the  Petenstiase,  and  to  tbe  philotc^hiisl  Ibe  JCalit  Mam 
ua  the  pmneuae  fadng  tbe  tbeiUE.  The  other  educaiKwal 
mititutlDoaolLdpcigiacliulethBNicAlaland  Tbomai  gymDaaia. 
■evoal*'  Realscbulea,'*  a  commerdal  academy  jHanJilntkidt) , 
hi^  adunls  for  pdM,  and  ■  luge  onmber  of  pablic  and  povate 
ii£ooliof  (U  gndo. 

Art  md  Uttratun. — Tke  dty  luu  ■  lacge  nnmbsr  of  liteniy, 
>denti6c  and  artiitk  inftilutim).  One  o(  the  nun  tmpoitant 
11  tbe  muww",  which  containa  about  four  hundred  modem 
t"'"'-")!*,  *  laige  niunbei  of  cuii,  a  few  pieoea  of  original  iculp- 
tute  and  ■  wdi-anuiged  csllectioa  of  dnwinpandengnvuigi. 
Tbe  oolkctioB  ol  Ihe  hfuoc^I  aoctcly  and  tbe  ctfanocnphical 
■nd  *n-iBdtutrial  collKtiona  in  the  Ciub  MuKum  *ie  «bo  of 
comidenble  intcnst.  The  muieum  wu  encted  with  pin  ol 
,  .  - .  J .  [o  the  cily  by  Bominic  Ciuti  ID 
mitaical  centre  T*'r*%  v  known  all  over  the  world 
0Eita<3celkntcDiuavvatDriiiintlbundedijii843byMemlelifioluL 
rbe  Knci  of  Dooceita  given  aunaUy  in  the  (iewaiidhaua  is 
id  the  opetaiicnageof  Ltipcg 
f  the  finett  in  Ceimuiy.  Then 
ua  vDcal  and  occheMnl  aocieiles,  aome  of  which  have 
bnn^tborutlokvtiyhiib  pilch  of  perfection.  Tbepromla- 
coce  of  tbe  publiiUBg  iMeteU  haa  atiiacled  lo  Leipng  a  bufc 
Bnmba  bf  ^(«d  MUbon,  and  made  it  a  lileiuy  ceDiie  of  con- 
•idcnhle  impoRuKe.  Over  hve  bnndnd  nempapeti  and 
pcrioiUcala  lie  paUiibed  ben,  including  aevenl  of  the  moal 
widely  dKobtnl  In  Camtay.  InieUeclual  intenits  of  a  high 
order  banc  tlwayi  duuutedied,  Leipiig,  and  what  Kul  vod 
Uoltd  oacc  mM  ol  it  i*  Ine  tonlayi  "  Then  is  only  one  diy 
In  Gcmuay  that  Tepreeeali  Germany;  only  a  iln^  city  wbcie 
"^  e*a  fowt  Uut  he  li  &  Heoiu,  \  Bavarian,  a  Swibian,  a 
oidy  one  dty  where,  amid  the  opulence 
Id  with  whicb  KleDce  i>  ao  glociouily  allied, 
g  but  hii  peraonaliL 
'b  which,  dsiH 
,  t,  I  may  My  * 
oal     Tbia  dt y  ii,  In  my  opiDios, 


T  N«r  Ycv'*  fair 
!«>■  Undei  Uw  loMering  lan  ol  the  . .  _ 
■od  tbea  ol  the  dectonof  Saiov  t^  MtaiKd  great  popularity. 
In  i>6S  the  muinve  of  UdMea  ^mnted  ■  aaffrconduct  to  -" 
licquaiteD  of  the  Un,  ud  is  I4«T  ■hI  '!M  t^  enve> 
MMdmilian  I.  greatly  incnucd  their  inportuc*  by  pnfailiUing 
tbe  hoklingol  aniuial  madLCU  It  any  town  witUn  ■  wide  ndina  of 
Lelpdc.  Darii«  the  Thirty  Yean'  War,  the  S««en  Yeara'  War 
and  tbe  tnubtei  cmMqutat  vpoa  tb«  FttDdi  Revolution,  Ib- 
tiade  of  tlw  Leipdf  fain  comidenbly  dccKoed,  bnt  It  n 
covoed  after  the  aooew'Mi  of  Sanity  to  Ibt  Gemao  CiMoo 
Union  (ZaVwrna)  iniS34,  and  le>  the  not  IwcMy  y«u»  nfiid] 
andateadilyiacreued.  Since  tlMa.owiBg  lolbevcalerfatililii 
of  fnwunnnlfjilfin,  the  ttauactioal  at  tbe  fain  ba»e  dbnlniahe 
tn  relative,  though  tbey  bare  incnwed  In  acttul.  value.  Ward 
that  can  be  lafely  puttbaied  by  aanple  appear  at  tbe  fail-  '- 
Kaday  itWrii'-ni  qnttnlUica,  whiW  otban,  wch  a*  hi 


'lU  401 

11*  asd  leather,  wUch  m|Blfe  lo  be  aetnlty  emnined.  ibow 

I  nutked  to  incmise.    Tie  value  of  the  ulei  roiuidenbly 

Ecceda  £to,Dot>.Dao  KleHin^;  per  annum.    Tbe  piincipal  com- 

lodity  ii  fun  (chiefly  AnKrioa  and  Ruuian),  of  which  about 

DC  and  a  quarter  miilion  poundi  worth  are  »ld  annually, 

[her  articles  dispcapd  of  are  Itather,  bides,  wool,  dotb,  li"*-n 

nd  glass.    The  Leipzig  wool-muket,  bdd  lor  two  day*  in  June, 

IS  also  important. 

In  the  iradei  of  bookselling  and  publishing  Leipiig  occupies 

unique  position,  not  only  taking  the  £rs[  place  in  Cermany, 

It  even  surpassing  London  and  Pom  in  the  number  and  (oul 

due  of  its  salea.     There  are  upwards  of  nine  hundred  pub- 

habers  and  iKri^seDen  in  the  town,  and  about  eleven  tbounnd 

u  in  other  part*  of  Europe  are  represented  here.     Sevenl 

idled  boalseOets  usemble  In  Ldpiig  every  year,  and  settle 

Iheir  (ccountl  at  their  own  exchange  (,BudMituUtr-Binii. 

Leipzig  also  containa  about  two  hundred  priniing-wotka,  some 

of  great  eiteitt,  and  e  corresponding  number  cd  lype-foundries, 

blndlng-sbi^is  and  other  kindred  bdustriei. 

book  trades  give  emplgyment  to  over  15.000  penona, 

ce  1S7S  Leipiig  has  grown  into  an  industrial  town  of  the 

ik.    Tbe  iron  and  machinery  trades  employ  4500  persons; 

tile  Industries,  colton  and  yam  (pinning  and  hosiery, 

.   ind  the  making  of  scientific  and  muuciil  inslnunenis, 

induding  jHanos,  i6yx    Other  industries  indude  the  nuDDfac- 

of  artificial  flowers.  wai-d<Ah.  chemicals,  ethereal  oils  and 

ices,  beer,  minend  valen.  lobacco  and  dgars.  loce,  India' 

rush-work  and  paper,  tbe  preparation  ol  fuiv 


J  other  bTinclcs, 


These 


carried  On  ID  the  suburbs  of  Flagwiu,  Reudniti,  Lindeuu, 
Gohlis,  Eniiltzsch,  Sonoewili  and  the  ncigbbouiisg  town  ol 

ammumualiHu. — Ldpiig  lies  at  the  etotie  of  a  network 

of  raifwayi  ^ving  it  direct  comrnunication  with  all  the  more 

rtant  dtiea  of  Germany,    There  arc  sii  main  tine  railway 

IDS,  of  which  the  Dresden  and  the  hiagdcbuig  lie  side 

de  in  the  north-east  cotner  of  tbe  promenade,  tbe  Thur- 

in^an  and  Berlin  stationa  further  away  in  tbe  Bortiiem  aaburb; 

in  the  eastern  is  the  Epenbnrg  sUtion  (for  Bredau  and  tbe  east) 

and  in  the  south  the  Bavinan  sUtion.    Tbe  whole  tralBc  of 

tbcse  lUlions  Is  to  be  directed  into  ■  vast  central  sUtion  (the 

laigol  in  thewoiid},  lying  on  tbeiiteaid  the  Dresden,  Magde.' 

Imrg  and  Thuringian  stations.    Hie  estimated  cost,  borne  bj 

Prussia,  Saiony  Ind  the  dly  of  Leipiig,  is  estimated  at  6  mlUioa 

p<mnds  sterling.    Tbe  dty  has  an  cilensive  electric  tramway 

system,  bringing  all  the  oMlying  tnbuib*  into  dose  roanoloa 

with  the  buaineBi  quarters  of  tin  town. 

Peptda&m. — Tbe  population  of  Ldp^  was  quintupled  wilhls 
the  19th  century,  ridng  {ram  ji^S;  la  1801  to  111,988  in  itSi, 
to  4s;,oB4  in  1900  and  to  joi^TO  in  190s. 

tbe  Q^er  and  the  PWtae,  whu  wu  In  exiitefice  bdcire  the  year 
loon  and  llj  oaaw  10  the  Slav  wmd  Upii.  ■  lime  tree.  There  was 
abo  a  Geman  aettlemcnt  pear  thii  ipot.  pretiably  nwnd  a  castle 
eieeted  early  hi  the  loUi  eentiiiy  by  the  Gennan  r " 
PowLer.  Tbe  district  w».  part  ol  ihe  nark  -•  "- 
biriinpa  tt  Mentburg  wm  Ike  lords  of  em 

place  and  la  tbe  IRb  it  cwnr  into  tlirpaw 
ol  Mdaaca,  bda*  eianted  mne  municipal 

grave.  Otto  the  Kldi,  bdoe  1190.    Ila  iavi 

BidM  ol  a  iilaia  iatencrted  by  tbe  priodpal  bighwayi 

tbe  WDibS^Slog  Ldpsi  ta>  &  podliOB  ol  ■  very  irnportant 
niBeserdat  town.  Ita  carflefl  trade  wai  bi  the  oh  pcnduced  at 
HaDb  and  lu  emetpclnii  hihatatanta  ccmnKted  radi  and  bridges 
to  IMlea  the  louriiey  of  the  traden  aad  tnvellerm  irfmM  way  led 
ta  tic  town.  Sh»  tdpi^  was  kridr  mrd  ■•  ■  depot  by  the 
merdhanlt  of  NDrenberc.  lAo  carried  od  a  conaldenble  trade  with 
Poland.  Poveis  ol  •ca^ovemmeiit  were  acquired  by  the  CEUBdl 
(AiO  of  the  towa.  the  lmi»rlanre  of  whirh  wai  mhaneed  during 


utl^i«BS  Inm  tbe  euason. 

. 14SS  Leipng  fdl  to  the  A&trtiae.or 

ducal  hnncK  nl  the  taniily.  whoii  head^I>uice  Cage  pent  new 
rshts  to  the  buiEhera.    This  duke,  how™--  -»  -I™  !.HrimL«a 


When  Saxony  wu  divide 


4-02 


LEIRlA-itelSNIG 


'i  tndt  ind  HtoD  upon  it*  udvenky  bi 


. .-y  br  the  kanb  Iiatmoil 

„ie  adhcicBU  of  tile  new  dodnna;  but 
snor,  Henry,  LdniE  aqceptnj  the  uatbing 
7  duiing  ihc  war  oTthf  tigiit  ol  SchmaC 
riicged  by  (he  dtctor  of  SajBi^y,  John 
(Aptmrd.  alEhoufth  iu  nbuib*  wav  de- 
Plcuvnburg  wen  nbuilt  by  th«  ctalor 

, ..hnirdthcioriificaiioin.    Undo-  the  ckcIDr 

Auruilm  I.  cmieranlJ  from  IhE  N«hrrl»nds  wm  tncouraawl  to 
Ktur  in  Lcipug  and  ita  Irute  with  Hamburg  and  witii  Eotland 
w9»  SRStJy  eKtcndod. 

Diu-ing  tbe  Tbiny  Yean'  War  Lspaj  (uflaTd  bx  liega  ud  cm 
tour  occaBiotu  wat  occupied  by  bottite  troops  beiaa  retained  by 
the  Svedea  «a  tecurity  Tor  tHv  payment  of  ao  indeinDily  fiom 
lUS  to  Idstk  After  (6si>  its  fbrtiicatiiHis  wen  oreBEthcntd ,  il> 
CB  put «  «  bettv  foociD^;  uid  iti  tndf^  tuecully  with 
-'"*-'  -'^S"  ro  prouer;  rawortaat.etua  beinK  taken 
ition.  Towanfitlieendgrtbelytkcatuiy 
'  Kmte  wy  lapidly.  partly  bceauie 
.^  at  FiHBldan-oa-tlw-Main  caDsed 
D  Leipiit  Duiiiig  tbe  Seven  Yeaii' 
-t  ^.Hnted  abcwv  eoatributioa  bua  LeipiiKt 

-. „,,  .-,-,ii»ly  intefiere  vith  ita  pmaperitv.    la  1764 

-IE  l<Hti6catiaa>  were  pulled  down.  The  wnn  lo  tbeSnt  decade 
d  the  iqtb  eefltnnr  wen  not  od  dn  whole  nnfavDuraUe  to  the 
conaerce  ol  Leipng,  bat  in  181)  aiil  1S14,  owlni  Is  (he  piaence 
at  eaorauui  arnica  in  tba  Deichbourbood,  It  uflend  fjcatlY- 
Aiuther  revival,  however,  act  in  after  the  peace  bI  lSis,*aod  thu 
wai  aided  by  the  icoenoa  <il  Sanrny  to  the  Gerniaa  ZcAlveicin  in 
iSM,  and  by  tbe  openinf  n(  tbe  fint  raihiay  a  little  later.  In  rSji 
tbeto«wBtpn)VKledwithanewcoiiidtutioa,aiid£a  iHi^aicheine 
(or  the  reform  of  tbe  univmily  waa  conplMed.  A  riot  in .  1B4S. 
tbe  revolutionary  oHvement  el  1S4S  and  the  PniBlan  occupation 
of  iSM  were  merely  pnsung  ihadnwi.  In  18;$  Lcipiif  aoLUlied  » 
new  lnponanc«  by  benming  the  Kat  of  the  auprcae  couit  of  tbe 


?r„iR' 


ore  than  ocdinaiy  iinpoitanLf. 

umEcnieia,  iDUffit  on  the  J7Th  of  SepICmbef 

;  barilcol  Ltiiuig,  known  in  Cerinany  at  the 
in  Octuba  181)  between  Napokoa  and  the 


the  nmt  inlluauial  body  of  linmy  men  h  Germany,  over  vhom 
lohann  Chrianiph  Cnttedud,  likebta<enteinparwy,San»id  Johnion. 
m  Eflilud,  wrriwd  a  Idad  it  (itaraiy  dictamahlp.  Then,  il  ever, 
Leipsg  daKTved  ^  eniihct  ef  a  "  Parte  in  miniatuTe  "  (^<Hi>onil 
amnied  to  it  by  GoetJie  in  hii  FaatL  Tbe  young  Lcflaina  pjoduicd 
his  nrvt'play  b  the  Leipzia;  theatre,  nnd^  the  nnivenjty  counia 
Goethe,  Kln^nek,  Jeu  Pa<il  RUter.  Firhie  ind  SchelliDi  among 
ita  alumni.  SchiUei  mi  GeUert  alio  leaded  for  a  tine  inT^v, 
aitd  SeboAtian  Bach  and  Mendeliaohn  blled  mubcal  poeta  here. 
AnKxiE  the  celebrated  naiivei  of  the  town  are  the  philoeophir 
t_T,.B,.~i.l. erWagnr- 


AUTHOunu,— For  (be  hiuory  of  Leipiif  aee  E.  Hane.  I>ti 
Sla4l  £afsv  witf  ikn  Umuitmt,  gatnpiiKk  mi  tIaiiiiiscM  b- 
ukriOnt  (Lapiic,  1S7B];  IC  CroHe,  CHluiUt  4b  Staii  Uifat 
(Leipai,  itm-iB^}\  llachel,  VmaUiaiuii'iaiaialiim  laid  Aiulcr- 
wan  3tr  SUl  CfiMif  Hi  1617  (Lelpi&,  1901];  G.  Wusiminn, 
Ami  IMfiB  ViTrmffmietl  d-ikm,  iSil):  BOArlmdi  ui  iter 
GtsdaOU  Sr  SbJi  iBfiii  O-t^tt,  iSn):  I^PUt  dunk  dm 
JokriiaiBle,  Alia)  av  CaiiUku  JaLau^a  SlaJuJiUi  (LeipiiE. 


iSii« 


.--  -^iTKhrdd.  Lripati  C^oautdnstnt  wmd  GrtahoK 

a.npzig.  1S87J ;  Hanert.  DU  tarirafMiulll  Lav  ■<*'  £liAniU>~, 
Lc\pitii  (Leipxig,  iBgq):  ^^tn,  ilnHuukntidt  Km  Lfipni  (Laipiiia. 
.     .-    Fried&rg,  Oil  Unv '■"  ' -'— ' " •■- •  — ' 


CeuUiiUi  Lnftin  (LapliE.   1869-1895):  and 

._ 1  Lriptit  (Leiptig,   rws);  F.   ScilTit.   Die  Re- 

n  lriptit  ELetpalB,  iNjIl  C.  Bucbwald.  Rijarmaliaiu- 

'■"stadl  i. 

1903);  E.  Fried&rg,  Dit  UmttrsMI  Ltipmgtn  r„^ — ^ 

CtpiBaat    (Lapzig.    1897^;    F.    Zamckc.    Pit  ^SlalmlmMciB 

m^'ui^r,.  T"'       ".""..'  ." 

(fnuu  (Goiha,  t90Ii):Biedeiinann.  GucjUctlcilirZ'i^iifir'Ci'aaHna 
■mil  (Lcjpiii,  iKi);  and  Mnlilie.  Dit  lafm^  Knumriimiat  *• 
jj  and  j6  JiutfhuidrTl  (Leipzig.  J901). 

LBinU.  an  epucopal  city  and  the  a^til  of  the  diittid  of 
Lciria,  ioimeily  induded  In  Estieniadura,  Ponogal,  90  the 
river  Ut  and  on  the  Lisbon-Figuetia  da  Foi  nllwiy.  -  Pop. 
(igoo)  44J9.  The  principal  buMngi  of  LeLria  are  the  ruined 
citadel,    which  dalei  from  113J,  and  the  cathedral,  a  email 


iBih  cMlury  The  main  aquBTe  of  ihe  dty  Is  nined  alter  1^ 
poet  Frandaco  Rodiiguo  Lobo,  who  was  bom  here  about  1 500. 
Between  Letna  and  tbe  Aikniic  there  are  extensive  pine  woods 
known  as  Ihe  Pinha!  de  Ltitii,  niricfa  were  planted  by  King 
Dinis  (1179-131J)  with  trees  imported  from  the  Landet  in 

neigbbiHIihead  there  are  ^ISs  and  imti  foundries,  oil  veBs  and 
mineral  sptlafp.  Leiiia.  Ihe  Roman  Calippo,  was  tjJien  from 
tbe  Moors  in  rij^  by  Alphonso  T.  CAffonso  Kenriques).  Kin^ 
Dtnia  made  it  his  capital.  In  1466  the  first  T^rluguese  printing- 
press  was  eatabbshed  here,  Id  1545  tbe  city  was  made  an 
episcopal  lee.  The  admlnistralive  district  of  Leiria  coincides 
with  the  north  and  norlh-west  of  the  ancrent  province  (rf 
Eatrfoiadura  (j.b);  pop.  (1900)  ijS.ysr,  area  1317  sq.  m, 

LBllLBt.  JAODB  (c.  163S-164O.  American  political  agrtalor, 
was  bora  probably  at  Ftankfort-oa-Main.  Germany,  about  ifijs. 
He  went  to  New  Nethetland  (New  York)  in  1660,  married  a 

fottuee.  The  English  Revolution  of  i5sa  divided  the  people  . 
of  Ne»  York  into  two  well-defined  factioju.  In  general  the  imaH 
sk^keepcrs,  anuU  farmers,  sailon,  poof  traders  and  anisiiii 
were  urayed  agaiiul  (he  patroons,  rich  fur-traders,  merchanu, 
lawyenaadenn™  officers.  Tbe  fonner  were  led  by  Leisler,  Ibe 
latter  by  Peter  Sthuyler  (1657-1714),  Nidiotas  Bayard  (e.  16*4- 
1707),  Slepbcn  van  Cortlandt  (t6ij-i7ac|,WIUIani  Nlcolla  [i6]7- 
17  ij)  and  other  teptesenlalives  of  tbe  arisIocTalic  Hndson  VaDer 
families.  The  "  Leislerilns  "  prelend«l  greater  loyally  to  the 
Proteitant  succeaion.  When  neri^  of  the  imprisonmenl  of  Got. 
Andnu  In  Massachusetts  tras  rcrelvcd,  Ihey  look  posessfon  on 
the  jitl  of  May  iS«9  of  Fort  James  {at  (he  (Outbem  end  of 
Manfaat tan  Island),  ren>m«l  it  Fort  WiDiain  acdannmmced  their 
decerniinati«i  to  hold  it  until  tbe  arrival  of  a  govemor  CO 
tloaed  br  the  new  sovcrogns.  The  arii' 
ItevDluiion,  but  preferred  to  codtinne 
aulhorily  from  Jams  II.  rslher  Item  risk  the  danj 
regnum.  Lieutenant-Governor  FrandS  Nicholson 
landonthe  i4thof  JuDe,aR>niniII(e*of  safet^wi  „  . 
the  popular  party,  and  LeislFr  vaa  appalDled  tommander-ln-chief. 
Under  aliEbotity  of  a  letter  from  Ibe  homa  govTrnmenC  addmed 
to  Nicholson.  *'  or  in  his  abaencc,  to  kuch  as  fat  the  time  being 
lakes  care  for  preserving  tbe  peace  and  administering  the  U»t 
In  His  Msjcity'i  province  of  New  York."  he  assumed  Ibe  title 
of  lieiKenaal-gDVsraoT  in  December  16S9,  appi^ted  a  oodbcS 
lud  took  charge  of  the  gevcnunenl  e(  tbe  entire  province.  He 
aummooed  the  first  Inicrcolanial  Congresa  in  America,  which  met 
In  New  York  on  (he  iit  cf  May  1690  id  plan  concpted  attioa 
agtiiui  Ibe  French  and  Indiana.  CidoBel  Hewy  Stoighlcr  «** 
ctHumiiBlanod  goveinor  of  the  pravince  on  the  ind  of  Septembtf 
16S9  bui  did  not  teach  New  York  luti)  lbs  i«th<d  MaKfa  1691. 
In  the  meantime  Major  Ricfaantlngiddtby  and  IwocompanlEt  of 
soldierahad  landed  (January  ig,  lOqi)  and  dtmmdad  pnwtwlon 
of  the  fon.  Leislcr  refused  10  surrends  it,  and  after  soma  coo- 
(ronrsy  an  attach  wax  mut»  on  the  lyth  of  March  in  irbidt 
two  soldiers  were  killed  and  several  wounded.  When  Sloughtei 
arrived  two  days  laler  Leisler  hastened  to  give  ever  to  him  tha 
fort  and  other  evidences  of  uQtbortty.  He  and  his  aorHB-law, 
Jacob  MUbomei  were  charged  with  UtUDn  for  lefuiing  to  aiib- 
mii  to  Ingold^,  were  oiavicted,  and  on  the  ttith  of  May  1691 
were  executed.  Tbere  has  be«  much  coBlravcny  among 
hitladans  witb  tegud  both  to  the  facU  and  (0 
of  Lcistei'a  brief  career  M  rulei  in  New  York. 

Sec  J.  R.  Brodhtad,  Hiilery  of  (ib  Slali  if  fTtw  Tarli  (voL  9.  New 
York.  ]87rJ.  For  (he  documeati  ctifinaeted  with  the  ceaUiuveiiy 
•«  E.  B.'O'Cailaghan,!  acunUr;  MHHrJ  tf  «U  JDCt  ^  Nm 
Ytrt  (wL  a,  Albany,  iSfiO). 

LBtUnO,  a  town  In  (he  k&igdom  tif  Suony,  pnttOy  stuted 
SQ  Ibe  Freibetser  Kulde,  v  n.  S.  of  Griranui  by  th«  nflway 
from  Leiptli  (0  Dresden  vii  DObdn.  Pop,  (ifosy  8l4T-  Ob  a 
high  twk  above  the  lotra  tie*  Ihe  oU  castle  of  UOdioateln, 
now  uitiixed  as  administnth*  oficn.    The  loduHilM  Indude 


LdiaUtaftwegl  n 


LKITH 


nfttipillr-    Abont  uBa  it  paacd  ioU 
anmUDi  Gnitncb,  but  iru  piuduMd  io  iij?  byiiie  « 
Fndenck  L,  who  coamitttd  It  to  the  durgs  of  couou. 
to  MdiKP  in  ijAj,  uiil  lUB  to  Suoor- 

UUTK.  a  niiuikipil  and  police  burgh,  and  Hpon,  oiuiilj  ei 
Midlothiui,  ScothDd.  Pop.  <iQt>i}  17^9.  It  ia  atuatcd 
on  the  jouth  sfeon  of  tba  Firth  of  Foitli,  it  n.  N.N.E.  ol 
Edinburgh,  of  iriuch  it  ■  the  port  ud  wkhwbkfail  jscoabr 
bjr  Ldtb  W>lk,  pnctkaSy  ■  antiiwinB  imt.  It  hu  «tati 
OD  the  North  British  iml  CilcdoniMi  ndiray*,  ud  >  bnj 
Ibc  (NJ.R.)  to  PonobeUo.  Lying  at  the  aoalii  at  Ibe  Wi 
rf  l^th.  irtikh  19  oohhI  by  sevenJ  biidga  uid  divida  it  i 
tbe  puiiha  of  North  ud  South  Ldtb,  It  uicicho  for  3I 
along  tht  ihon  oC  the  Filth  Iiimd  Sa£rM  in  the  cut  to  d 
GniitoB  in  the  wot.  That  i>  mmway  foniiiiiinirat»»  * 


[n  the  EUablitbtd  Church 


Hiry's  in  Kitkpte,  the  paiiih  dnuth  ot  South  Ldih, 
founded  ra  14B3,  and  ■■>  origiully  crudfom  but.  u  nttonii 
in  1B51,  anuBts  of  4n  allied  iMve  uid  nonh-Htem  tover. 
H«e  David  Liodsajr  (1531^1613),  it*  ralnister,  Juna  VI. '• 
cliaplain  and  aftermrds  bfdiop  of  R«,  preached  before  the 
king  tlw  thanksgivlog  KTtam  on  the  Gowrie  coDspiixcy  (1600). 
Jiiba  Logan,  the  hycm-wrltci  and  reputed  author  4^  "TlieOde 
10  the  Cuckoo,"  waa  nrmbter  for  tMnien  yeui;  and  in  lii 
glavETard  lies  the  Rev  John  HcuDe,  anUior  of  Dmlks,  a  native 
of  LeJtb,  Xear  it  m  Coi«tItull«i  StRCi  (a  St  Jama^  Epfecopal 
church  (l86j-tft59).  In  Uie  Early  EngUsfa  atyle  by  Sir  Gilbert 
Scott,  with  ao  ap^iUl  chaacd  and  a  iplre  i6a  It.  higb.  Tbe 
parish  church  of  North  Leith,  In  Madeln  Stnel,  '"'  ~  ' 
isS  ft  higb.  i>  one  0!  the  iwt  livings  "  '  ""  '  "* 
of  Scotland.  St  Tbomaa'a,  at  tbe  hcaa  01  anina  oiae,  in  uie 
Gothic  (lyle,  «u  built  in  1843  by  Sir  John  CladMoiieof  Fuque, 
vbo— prior  to  his  removal  to  Liverpool,  vbcrt  bi>  >an,  W.  E. 
Gladstone,  mi  bom— had  been  a  merchant  in  Ldtb.  The  public 
buDdinp  are  vbolly  modem,  tbe  principal  being  of  clautc 
design.  They  indude  tbe  ctHIom  house  (rtis)  in  tbe  Gredao 
•lyle;  Trimly  House  (1817),  also  Gredan,  rontalning  Sir  Henry 
Radium's  portrait  of  Admiral  Lord  Duncan,  David  Scott's 
"  Vasco  da  Gama  Rwmding  (he  Cape  "  and  other  paintingl; 
tbe  markets  (1818);  the  town  hall  (iSiS),  with  an  Ionic  fa^c 
on  COnstitolion  Street  and  a  Doric  porch  on  Chartotto  Street; 
the  com  ocbange  (iMi)  in  the  Roman  style;  ibe  aExmbly 
rooms;  exchange  buOdiogs;  the  public  institute  (lU;)  and 
Vidoriapubl!cb«tb»(l«9fl).  TrinJtyHousewalfoundedinisss 
19  a  home  for  dM  and  dbnbled  uUon,  but  on  the  dedinc  of  its 
reienues  it  became  the  liceilslng  authority  for  pilots,  iu  humane 
oSice  being  partly  fulMied  fay  the  tiilon'  home,  established 
about  1840  in  a  buOding  adjoining  The  Signal  Tower,  and  re- 
housed In  a  handsome  structure  m  the  Scottish  Barenial  style 
iniB83-iS84.  Other chaiitablEinstilutionsindude the hospilnl. 
John  Watt's  hospiial  and  the  unatlpoi  h«pital,  Tbe  high 
school,  buHt  in  1806,  for  many  yean  a  familiar  object  on  the 
west  Diaigin  of  the  Links,  gave  way  to  the  academy,  a  hand- 
some and  commodious  structure,  to  which  are  drafted  senior 
pu[rils  frotn  the  numerous  board  schools  for  Frrc  education  in 
the  hitler  brancbea.  Titrt  also  is  accoiORiodaTed  the  lechniral 
coH^.  Secondary  instraclion  is  given  also  in  Craighall  Road 
school.  A  btoniestaioe'of  Robert  Bums  was  unveiled  in  i8g8. 
Lrith  Links,  one  ol  the  homn  of  golf  In  Scotland,  is  a  popular 

pounds,  and  Lochend  Loch  is  used  lor  bating  and  curling 
There  are  small  links  at  Ncwhaven,  and  in  Trinily  are  Slathank 
Park  and  CargilfieW  playing  ground.  The  eist^piei  (1177  yds. 
long)  and  the  west  pier  (1041  yds.)  are  favourite  promenades. 
The  waterway  bdwecn  them  is  the  entrance  to  the  harbour. 
Ldtb  cemrtery  it  situated  at  Seafidd  and  the  Eastern  cemetery 
in  Easier  Road 

The  oldest  industry  is  slnpbunding,  which  dales  from  ijij 
Here  In  iS"  James  IV   buUl  the  "SI  Muhar'-  " 


wbilkdi 


neikle  1 


milted  all  tbe  woodii  m  Krfe^Sicepl  FalUaod  wood,  be»lde* 


rope 


and  t' 


_  bosiecy,  btscuit-lskins,  brewing,  d  _ 

lime-juice  making.    CU  the  old  trade  of  glaB-making,  which 
began  in  1682,  scarcely  a  trace  survivca.     As  a  distrfhuting 

((uaBtitics  of  wine  from  Sp*in.  foitugaL  and  France.    TUa 


modatioD    end   < 


•He  t 


1  old  d 


[-r8o7)  cover  lol  acn;  Vicloda  Dock  (liji)  j  anen 
Albert  Dock  (iMj-iMq)  lol  acca;  Edinbui^  Dock  (1874- 
1881)  i6j  aoBS;  and  the  New  Dock  (1891-1901]  60  acre*. 
Tbtn  are  several  dry  docks,  of  which  the  ihwc  of  Walea  Gravinf 
Dock  (i8sS),  tbe  largest,  measuna  370  iL  by  te  ft.  Spia  cu 
always  be  had  (or  more  dock  room  by  Fcclaiming  the  east  sands, 
•here  in  the  17th  and  iSIh  ceotuiicl  Ldth  Racen  were  held, 
tbe  theme  ol  a  hucnrwiadQcr^tfnpotm  by  Robert  FogBBOB. 
Apart  from  Tmiling  trade  there  ate  coutant  ^■^■TflT  to  tha 
hadiiv  Buroptan  poiu,  the  Uaitol  Stales  and  the  fiiilisk 

wai  (including  coumiit  tiade)  i^JSAS7i  that  of  ahipa  clearing 
the  harbour  I,9U.»T<  1^  nundiec  of  vesidi  legiatered  at  the 
port  m»  iij  (net  tonnage  14(1,791)).  The  value  of  importi 
was  £ii,SSj,S9o,  of  exports  ^5,377,188.  In  summer  there  am 
frequeqt  enciuuans  to  the  Bass  Rock  and  the  Isle  of  May, 
North  Berwick,  Elie,  Abodour,  Alloa  and  Stirling.  Ldtb  Fort, 
built  in  North  Ldth  in  1779  for  the  defence  of  the  harbour,  is 
now  the  headquanen  of  the  Royal  Artillciy  in  Scotland.  Leilh 
is  the  head  of  a  fishery  disLricL  The  town,  which  is  governed  by 
a  provcst.  bailies  and  council,  unitca  with  Muiadfaurgfa  and 
Portobdio  to  said  one  member  to  parliament. 

Leith  figures  as  TnverleitS  in  the  rDundation  charter  of  HolyiQod 
Abbey  (1128).  In  1329  Robert  t.  granud  the  barbew  to  the 
nuiiMtxiei  of  Edinbuiili.  who  did  aM  dwari  ub  theii  powir 
wisely.  Tbey  (oEbade,  lor  example,  the  buiMiDB  of  ■tmta  wida 
,. ,_  .   .  n^lalion  that -■  '"  -"- ■-  - 


he  enreme.     I>uring  the  Rnluiits  of  itiife  bclwern  Scotland 
EiwLand  ia  tf  tualion  txpoKd  the  port  to  allaclc  tnth  by  lea 

land.   At  least  twice  (in  1313  and  1410)  ita  ihipfiuw  wa«  buriKd 

by  the  English,  who  also  sacked  the  town  in  1^44 — vhcn  ibg  1st 
""  '  of  Hnlford  destroyed  the  first  wooden  pier — and  J547,     In 

nrondwld  of  the  Romin  Catholic  and  French  party 
..-.,  u 1^...: __  ~,j i—herseB 


L'*!V5:. 


LdtdburBh.    In 


of  Guise,  qi 


SLTvi 


MDnlateiBbcit.  lit 

KngUih  allies.  A  nouM  in  (.oainiii  i 
and  spadnu  siiAce  "  cn£ted  for 
r-..:—     D'Etft^'s  wall,  ptcrced  by  s 

.     if  il  euili.    Thcold  iQlboDl 


I  was  walled  and  fmufied  by 


Chiriea  I.  is  said 


Maiy^seeit 

Je  playing  golJ  on  tl 
ipaign  built  the  Cita 


Es'lei,  'was  penly  dismantled 
alldough  rebuilt  in  IJJl,  nul 

,   prtsoncd   himiell   in    t;7). 

eived  the  first  tidian  tA  the 

S'Jss; 


....         _    iady'Vifrt-    ., 

_ up  by  the  Pmlectoeas  batteries,    fn  169S  the  sailing 

sf  the  first  Daiien  eipniiluia  crealed  treat  eacilttnent.  In  I7IS 
William  Mackintosh  of  Borlum  (1662-1 741)  and  his  fora  of  Jacobite 
Highlanders  captured  the  atadel,  of  which  only  Ide  name  of  Ciladd 
Street  and  the  archway  in  Couper Street  hare  preserved  the  memory. 
A  mile  S.E.  cf  the  links  lies  the  andenl  villafe  ol  RasTALaic. 
tbe  home  of  the  Logans,  from  whom  the  sijpcnority  o4  Ldth  was 
purchased  in  1S53 by  Ihequeeoregent.  Sir  Robert  Logan  (d,  1606) 
was  alleged  to  nave  been  one  of  the  Cowrie  ronapliators  and  to  have 
'  imprison  the  king  in  Fast  Castle.  This  charge.  hoW' 
Kit  made  uniD  tbm  yean  after  Ms  death,  when  his 
eihumed  for  trial.    He  was  then  fuund  goQty  of  high 


LEITMERITZ— LEIXOES 


rfill  cmalivT!  pi 


UmmUIZ  (Ci«fh,  UbmiHa),  ■  (ovs  and  ttuacnpil «  ot 
Bolitmi»,4s  m.  N,  o(  Pragn*  by  nil.  Pop.  (1900J  15,075,  numly 
Germu.  It  Ucs  sd  Ihe  ri^t  buik  of  tbc  Elbe,  wbkh  bccoma 
here  UTJgBble  (or  ttmatn  uid  b  spanacd  by  in  inn  bridge 
1700  ft.  [d  kngtb.  The  fine  atlwdnl,  fr>unded  in  loj?.  wu 
built  in  1671  uid  qonUini  »iBe  valuibk  p<^nlii1(s-  TfaeLbnry 
of  <bcc)»Kop>l  palm,  built  between  1694  OI"!  1701,  poueua  the 
oldest  niapi  of  Bobeinii  nude  in  iJiS  by  NIcoUiu  CUudiuus 
Of  the  oiber  cburcbo  thM  oF 


.3tb  o 


'D-hiU,  wiib   ii 


iirkibli 


bell  loirer,  diileif  mm  tie  i  sth  centuiy.    LdtmeriU  ii  lil 

the  midit  of  m  very  fertile  counlry,  called  the  "  BobcitalBi 

FuBdiaei'*  which  prDducel  ^aat  qiuDtitiev  of  coia,  fruit,  1k^ 

■nd  wines.    The  beer  brewed  berc  enioyt  >  high  leputithni 

On  the  opposite  binlf  o(  the  river,  where  the  Eger  diidutgei 

ktdf  into  the  Elbe,  Uc3  Thercsieniliull  (pi^.  7046),  an  important 

ganiMD  town.    It  wai  iDmerly  an  impaitaot  [ortrw,  erected 

in  ifte  by  the  emperor  Joseph  II.  and  oamnl  after  hii 

Harit  Thensa,  but  the  iortiesa  wa>  dismantled  in  tSSi. 

^  Leitineriti  wu  orif inally  the  culle  of  a  njfU  count  and  ia  fint 

nentioAed,  in  9031  in  the  foundatio 

Uargarel  ocu  mgue.    InllaiUn 

■Dvrrned  by  the  lawi  of  Magdeburg 

having  a  special  court  of  juriadiction  — .  . , ... 

iwoblained.  TbetownmcbadiuhliheridefieeafpcsHKTit 
~     '      "V..  who  beHowed  epon  il  Wge  liacis  •{  foni 

na  and  vineyaid».     In  -"-  " -'"  '' 

■.■tj^w^  L.J  t,^iitriqulsi.LeitmeriEKTei 
ihand  alio  in  Ihe  revolt  againit  Ferd] 

Wai,  in  the  coune  ol  which  miM  il  ihe  Prouiaant  inbatiitanu  lelt 
It;  the  propettv  oT  the  B<rfkenuan  niup^  beiDg  givea  lo  Gcman 
immigranta.    Ine  pinent  tuihopiic  waj  olabliibed  in  1655. 

LBITMBR,  OOTTUEB  WILBBLIf  (iS40-igw),  An^Hun- 
garian  otientaliit,  wu  bom  ml  Budapest  hi  1140.  HewatiheKm 
of  a  physician,  and  wis  educated  at  MalU  Protslant  college. 
At  the  age  of  fifteen  be  acted  as  an  ioletpreler  in  the  Crimean 
War.  He  eolcrcd  Kint's  College,  London,  in  i8j«,  and  in 
1S61  was  appointed  prolcBOi  of  Arabic  tad  Hahanunedin  law. 
He  became  principal  of  the  government  coDege  at  Lahore  in 
1S64.  and  there  oii^nated  the  term  "  DardiUan  "  for  a  pcullor 


under  Charles  IV..  1 


I  town  ckartcr,  and  was 


I  "the  Chalice,' 


quenlly 


in  the  I 


which  w 


purely  artificial  distinctioii.    He 

i]uat>]e  inlormatim  on  Cracco-Buddhiil  tit 

Indian  ait.     He  spoke,  lead  and  wrote  iweniy- 

)e  founded  an  oriental  institute  al  Woking, 

■Ddioriomeyeaneditcillbe  j4iiBftcQiMrteiy  Jb*ic».    He  died 

See  J.  H.  SucqtKlel,  Z.i/c  oJ  loinn  itf  Dr  Inixr  (1*75). 

LBITIUH,  a  coonty  of  Ireland  in  Ibe  province  of  Connaughl, 
bounded  N.W.  by  Donegal  Bay,  N.E.  by  Fermanagh,  E.  by 
Cavan,  S.E.  by  Longford,  S.W.  by  Roscommon  and  W.  by 
Sligo.  The  area  ia  itij&i  teres,  or  about  6u  sq.  m. 
DDtlbcro  ponioa  of  ibe  county  coniiiu  o[  an  elevated  tabic 
of  which  the  hi^elt  lunlDdM  Mmg  to  the  Tiuskmore  Hills, 
leaching  i>ii  ft.;  with  Benbo,  ij6j  fi,  and  Lackagh,  144G  ft. 
lo  the  soulbeni  part  the  country  is  compaialivety  level,  and 
b  generally  richly  wooded.  The  uuniy  toucheathenuLhcoas) 
q[  Donegal  Bay.  but  the  coattJine  is  only  about  3  m.  The 
priMipaJ  river  is  the  Shannon,  rtich,  issuing  fiom  Lough  ADen, 
Eoniis  the  Boulh-wesieni  bqundaty  of  the  county  with  Ros 
common.  The  Bonnet  rises  in  tbcDOith-wat  and  flow)  toLough 
CiQ,  and  the  streams  ol  Drones  tnd  Dufl  lepuate  LeiltilD  from 
Donegal  and  Sligo.  Besides  Lough  Allen,  which  ha*  so  area  of 
gqoo  aires,  the  other  prindpai  lakes  in  Ihe  county  are  Lough 
Micnean,  Lough  Scur,  Lough  Caradice  and  Lou^  Mdvin. 
The  scenery  of  the  nonb  is  arild  and  attractive,  while  in  Ihe 
ocichbourhood  of  the  Shannon  it  Is  of  gnat  beauty.  Lough 
Uetvin  and  the  coast  rivers  tflord  rod  fidilng.  the  loo^  bdos 
noted  lor  ila  gillaroo  tiout. 


Melvii 


unty  has  in  geacnl  t  fkui  ol  CaibonUtm** 

I  forms  findy  scarped  hills  as  it  reaches  lbs 
f.    TheunduIyiDgsandstoneappearsatLaugh 


south.    The  Uppei  Caibooiletout  scries,  dipping  gently  K 

'   form  mounlamous  counlry  round  Lough  Alien,  when  in< 

of  Slieve  Anieiin  tecordg  the  abundance  of  day-iioutone 

beneath  the  coal  seams.    The  sandtloius  and  shales  of  Ibis  sciitt 

scarp  boldly  towards  ibe  valley  of  the  Bonnet,  across  which  tisei, 

'    picturesque  contrast,  the  heatber.cU(l  ridge  ol  andoit  RnciM 

hich  forms,  in  Benbo,  the  north-east  end  of  Ihe  Oi  Mcuntainl. 

he  ironstone  was  smelted  In  the  upland  al  Cncvelea  dosni 

•  1859,  and  the  coal  is  worked  in  t  few  thin  seams. 

The  climate  is  moist  and  unsuitable  for  grain  crops.    On  lbs 

ghei  disliicts  the  soil  is  stiff  and  cold,  and,  though  aboondinf 

.  stones,  letenlive  oE  moisture,  but  in  the  valleys  then, art 

ime  fertile  districts.    Lime,  mail  and  Bniiar  manuiea  are 

jundani,  and  on  the  coast  seaweed  it  plcniifuL    The  propartita 

oi  tillage  to  pasture  b  roughly  as  i  to  j.     FoUtoes  are  grown, 

oats,  the  piindpal  (nin  (fop,  an  scanty.     The  live  stock 

ists  diiefly  ol  cattle,  pigs  and  poultry.     Coarse  linent  foi 

eatk  purposes  are  manufaclured  and  coarse  pottery  is  alto 

e.    The  Sligo,  Ldlilm  and  Northern  Counties  railway, 

lecthg  Sligo  with  EnniskiUen,  creases  the  northern  pan  of 

the  county,  by  way  of  MsAor  Hamilloni  the  MuUingu  and 

of  the  Midland  Gnat  Western  touches  the  SMilb- 

lundaiy  of  Ihe  couniy,  with  a  sUIion  at  CtmA-m- 

ShanWHi:  whik  csanecting  with  this  line  at  Dioniod  It  the 

Cavan  and  Ldtrim  railway  lo  Ballinamote  and  Atignt,  and  to 

Belturbet  In  cotinty  Cavan. 

The  popohitlon  {78,618  in  iS«i;  tihUi  in  igoi)  decietiet 
owing  10  emigrtlion,  the  decrease  being  one  of  Ihe  ntost  acritut 
shown  by  any  Irish  county.  It  includes  neariy  00%  of  Roman 
Calbolics.  The  imly  towns  are  Cairick-oo-Sbinnon  (p<^  iiiS) 
and  Maitor  Hamilton  (943)-  The  county  is  divided  iols  Eve 
buoniet.  It  is  within  the  Connaught  circuit,  and  assizes  are  held 
at  Curick-ou-Shaanon,  and  quarter  sessions  al  BallinasKxe, 
Cairick^n-Shannon  and  Manor  Uamillon.  It  is  in  the  Protestant 
diocese  of  Kiltnore,  tod  the  Roman  Catholic  dioceaea  of  Aidagh 
and  KiloMre.  Ia  the  Irish  House  ol  Commons  two  mcmben 
were  returned  for  Ibe  couniy  and  two  for  Ihe  boroughs  of  Canidt- 
OD-Shuiaon  asd  Janestown,  but  at  the  Union  the  boeou^  >tie 
dislTanchised,  The  counly  divisioiu  aio  termed  the  Monh  <uid 
South,  each  returamg  oae  member. 

With tluteiTito(y*hichaI(erwaidsbecametfae couniy  Cavan, 
Leitrim  formed  part  of  Brcnny  or  BrcBoy,  which  was  divided 
into  two  priodpalities,  of  whidi  L«iirim,  under  the  name  of 
Hy  Bmirk-Brcany,  formed  the  western.  Being  for  a  long  lime 
in  Ihe  poiaesaion  of  the  O'Rourkts,  descendants  of  Bodsick, 
king  of  Ireland,  it  was  also  called  Bienny  O'Komke.  This 
[ainily  king  mainUined  ill  independence;  even  in  1579,  irhea 
Ihe  other  eilstbig  counties  of  Connaughl  were  CTcatod,  the 
creation  of  I^lrim  was  deferred,  aod  did  not  lake  place  until 
I  sSj.  Large  coDfiHationi  were  made  in  the  reigns  ol  £liiabetb 
and  James  I.,  in  the  Croinwelliaii  period,  and  alici  ihe  Revolu- 
tiou  of  16SS. 

There  are  "  druMical "  lemains  near  Fent^  and  at  Letter- 
fyan,  and  important  menaalic  tuioa  at  Creevelca  near  the 
Bonnet,  wilh  several  antique  monaments,  and  in  the  parish  of 
Fenagh.  Then  was  a  flourishing  Franciscan  friary  at  James- 
town. The  abbeys  of  Miriull,  AnnaduS  and  Drumloue  are 
converted  into  parish  chuidies.  Among  the  men  notable  old 
caslks  are  Uanor  Kamillon  Caslk,  odginally  very  ealemive, 
but  now  in  ruins,  and  Caslle  John  on  an  island  in  Lough  Scui. 
There  is  a  small  village  named  Lcstrim  about  4  m.  N.of  Csrrick- 
on-Shannon,  which  was  once  of  enough  importance  to  give  its 
name  to  a  baiiHiy  and  to  Iht  county,  tod  it  said  to  have  been 
the  seat  of  an  early  bisho(mc 

UlXfiU.  a  suport  and  harbMir  ol  tefap  ot  noctbem 
Ponugali  in  41°  9'  lo'  N.,  «•  40'  35'  W..  3  m.  N.  of  the  moulb 
of  the  DouTO.  LeixOts  is  included  in  U»  ptiisb  of  Uatcainbo* 
(pg|t.  1900,  7^90]  tad  coBstiUitca  the  main  pan  of  thi  city  al 


LEJEUNE— LELAND,  J.' 


OpoiU  (f .(.),  nth  lAick  it  ii  connacled  by  an  clHtric  IruDwaj. 
The  baibODT,  of  tttifickl  coiutmtioD,liiu  an  uea  ol  over  ate 
■en*,  uid  idmiti  vmh>>  of  any  liie,  Ihe  depth  it  the  entniin 
bting  amrly  54  ft.  The  (ruuference  of  cargo  to  and  from  ihipa 
lyint  <»  the  Laxea  baain  u  effected  enlirefy  hy  meani  of  lighten 
frain  Oporto.  In  addhioa  lo  vine,  &c.,  [ram  Oporto,  laigi 
bmnbert  of  endgranta  to  South  America  are  taken  on  board  here. 
The  Inde  of  the  port  is  nainij  in  Britsh  handi,  and  laige 
Qtuubera  of  Biftiah  sbipa  call  at  LeiiOes  on  the  voyage  between 
TJiboD  and  Liverpoot,  London  or  Soothampton. 

LEJXCK&  LOna  yRAKCOIS,  BUXOM  (i7;6-ig4g),  Fnmcb 
gencial,  paflltr,  Itid  litbographer,  waa  bom  at  Vetiailles,  At 
aidOHle^canp  to  Cnenl  ficrlhler  be  took  an  active  part  in  many 
of  the  Ntpokook  oinipaigiia,  vbich  he  made  Ihe  BubJKU  of  an 
important  letin  of  baitle-pictun*.  The  vogue  be  ujoyed  la 
due  to  the  tmth  and  vigoui  of  fait  •ork,  nhich  ou  goKnlly 
eneoilcd  from  aketchea  and  atudiea  made  on  the  battlefirid. 
When  hit  battle-ptcturei  wen  ihown  at  Ihe  Egyptian  Hall  in 
LfHidon,  a  raU  had  to  be  put  up  to  prated  them  fnm  Ihe  eager 
dowds  of  slgbtKcn.  Among  hii  chief  works  an  "  The  Eotiy 
of  Chariea  X.  inlo  Parii,  6  June  i8>;  "  at  VenaiUei;  "  Epiiode 
of  the  Prucnin  War.  October  iSo;"  at  Douai  Muteum; 
"Man!ngo"{i»oi);"Lodl,""'nubor,""Aboukir"(i»o4);"The 
Pyiamidi"  (1806);"  Patsaeed  the  Rhine  In  1795  "  (1S14},  and 
"  Moduiira  "  (iSii).  The  German  ounpalgn  of  tSab  brought 
him  to  Munich,  where  he  visited  ihe  workshop  of  Senefelder, 
the  invefitoc  of  lithography.  Lejenne  was  so  fascinated  by  the 
potlibilitiea  of  Ihe  new  method  that  helhen  and  there  made  the 
drawing  on  atone  of  hii  famous  "  Cosaa^  "  (printed  by  C.  and 
T.  Seoefelder,  iSoA).  Whilst  he  wai  liking  his  dinner,  and  with 
his  hones  baniessed  and  waiting  lo  take  him  back  to  FBria. 
one  huadred  pmofa  were  ptiatH.  one  ol  which  he  aubse- 
qaeally  rabmitted  lo  Napoleon.  Tlie  Intiaituciion  of  lliho- 
graphy  into  Franca  was  greatly  due  to  the  efforts  of  Lejcolie, 
Many  of  his  battle-picturea  were  engraved   hy  Coiny  and 

See  Foonder'Suloviie,  Li  CMial  U}nmt  (Paris,  lOnin  U 

UKUX,  Ihe  stage  name  of  Henri  Lools  Cain  (173B-T778), 
Ftench  actor,  who  was  boni  in  Paris  on  the  14th  of  April  177S, 
tbesonolaiilvenmilh.  HcwasedDcaledattheColltgeMiUBtiD, 
and  joined  an  amateur  company  of  playeit  sgainst  which  Ihe 
Comtdic  Francaise  obtained  an  injunction.     Voltaire  supported 

[□e.  Owing  to  the  hostility 
a  struggle  of  seventeen  months 
a  XV.,  he  waa  received  at  the 


,ie  rMes, 
It,  vflh  irregular  i 


re  Herod  in  JVorisi 

lof  th 


Hisni 


connected  with  a  number  of  inportint  scenic  refoims-  It  was 
he  who  had  the  bcnchet  removed  on  which  privileged  spectators 
[orinerly  sal  sacumbeting  the  alige.  Count  Lanngais  paying 
for  him  an  excessive  indemnity  demanded.  Lekain  aEsoprotested 
against  (be  method  of  slng-song  declamation  previieni,  and 
endeavoured  lo  correct  the  coeluming  of  Ihe  plays,  aJlhough 
unable  to  obtain  the  hialonc  accuracy  at  which  ToJma  aimed. 
He  died  in  Pari*  on  the  8th  of  February  1778. 

His  eMest  Kn  published  his  Uhnnni  (iSoi)  with  hia  eoRnpond- 
OBce  with  VdwiR,  Garrick  and  others.  Tbey  were  reprinted  with 
a  prelacc  by  Talma  in  Himeirei  tut  rati  iramnUgtit  {ItiiSr)- 

LBUHD.  CHARLES  OODFRET      (1S14-190]),      American 

of  August  1S14,  and  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1845.  He  afti 
wards  studied  at  Heidelberg,  Munich  and  Paris.  Ke  wu 
Paris  durioglhe  levolution  oliS4S,Bndu»kBn  active  psitin 
He  then  returned  lo  Philadelphia,  and  after  being  admitted 
Ihe  bar  in  iSsr,  devoted  himself  to  conlribuling  to  periodica 
editing  various  magazines  and  writing  books.  At  Ihe  iqiening 
Um  Civil  War  he  started  at  .Boston  Ibe  CanlintHlti  ilat/aim, 


the  humorous  author  o(  Hails  Brtilmaim'i  Parly  aid  Bdlati,  • 
wed  by  other  volumes  of  the  same  kind,  collected 
in  1871  with  the  title  of  Hom  Brtiimanm's  Ballad!,  These  dialect 
poems,  burlesquing  the  German  American,  at  once  became 
wpular.  fn  iS^  he  vent  IDEurape,andIiU  iftSo  was  occupied, 
chiefly  in  London,  with  literary  work;  after  reluming  to  Phila- 
delphia for  six  years,  he  again  made  tiis  home  in  Europe, 
generally  at  Flomice,  where  he  died  on  the  aoth  of  March  19OJ. 

Lelind  was  a  serious  student  of  folk-tore,  paitindarly  of  the 
"_  ieIaltir(r*e£iitfij*CyfiiuaiTd<ieir 

lantmiee,  iSji^  Tie  Cyfiliia,  1S81-,  Cy^iy  Stncry  and  FerlKtii- 
leUini  ■  ■  ■  ,  iS<II,  Ac.)  befag  recogniaed  at  valuable  conlribO' 
'ons  lo  Ihe  literature  of  the  subject.  He  wat  president  of  the 
ist  European  folk-tore  congress,  held  in  Paris  in  iSSg. 
His  ether  publicatlona  include  fMlry  and  Uyikry  af  Drtami 
'855),  UtiHir  KatFi  Slitlcli-itoi  (1855),  Piilimf  af  Trmd 
(t8s«),5i(w*iM.>T*BBiW(rB«j),Hc>M'rBMio/^eiigj(iB6i), 
Tin  Music  Lisson  ej  Cm/uciia  [1870),  Egyflian  SlieliR-bcok 
(1873),  Abrdiam  lAmidn  (.870).  Tit  Uincr  AfU  (1&80), 
Aliirnqnin  Liin<di  ef  NtK  E^i^nTid  (lii^).  SiTip  of  lla  Sra  and 
layi  «/  iht  lAnd  (iS^s),  HoHi  Brtilmatm  in  Tyrol  C'Sm),  One 
Hai<ini  PmfiUMt  Ads  <i8«7),  UipaUilM  Utendi  of  Vcrpt 
(IS99),  Kulatkat  lit  MaiUr,  and  elktr  Alt/mtuin  Poemt  [190J, 
with  j.  DynCley  Prince). 

See  hit  Jifnwiri  tl  vols.,  189]).  and  E.  R.  Fennell,  C,  C.  lulwul 

L£LUfP   (Leyunh  or  Lavlonde),  JORH  (c.   1506-155)), 

English  aoliquary,  wasbotn  in  London  on  the  ijlb  of  September, 

ihably  in  1506.     He  owed  his  education  at  St  Paul'j  school 

del  William  LUly,  and  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  to  Ihe 

kindnetsof  a  patron,  Thomas  Mylcs.  Hegtadualedal  Cambridga 

'     ]bsequenlly  studied  at  All  SouU  College,  Oiford, 

der  Fransois  Dubois  (Sylvius).    On  his  relum  10 

England  he  look  holy  orders.     He  had  been  tutor  to  Lord  Thotnai 

of  the  jrd  duke  of  Norfidk,  and  lo  Francis  Haslingt, 

arl  of  Hunlingdon.     Meanwhile  his  learning  had 

d  him  to  Henry  Vm.,  who  presented  him  lo  the 


toiy  of  P 


if  Calais  i 


:cords. 


cripls  1 


icliis  of  antiquity  in  all  the  cathedrals,  colleges 

houses  of  England.     Probably  from  1534,  and  definitely  Irom 

through  England  and  Wales.  He  loughl  to  picserve  the  MSS. 
scattered  at  Ihe  dissolution  of  Ihe  monasleiies,  but  his  powers  did 
not  eilend  to  the  actual  coilectlon  ol  MSS.  Some  valuable 
additions,  however,  be  did  pnture  fat  the  king's  library,  chiefly 
from  Ihe  abbey  gf  St  Augustine  at  Canterbury.  He  had  received 
a  special  dispensation  permitling  him  to  absent  himself  frohi  fab 

itinerary  he  received  the  rectory  of  Haseley  in  Oafordshire; 
his  support  of  the  church  policy  of  Henry  and  Ciaruner  being 
further  rewarded  by  a  canoary  and  prebend  of  King's  College 
(now  Christ  Church),  Oaford,  and  a  prebend  ol  Salisbury.  In 
"      ■    ■  (pr.   1546),  addressed  to  Henry  VIII.  i 


'545,  b 


lehad 


collected  in  his  journey)  a  topography  of  England,  11 
of  Ihe  adjacent  islands,  an  account  of  Ihe  British  nobility,  and  a 
greal  history  of  the  antiquities  of  the  Brillih  tales.  He  tailed 
over  his  papert  ai  bis  house  in  the  pariah  of  St  Michael  le  Qucme, 
Chcapdde,  London,  but  he  was  not  destined  lo  complete  these 
great  undertakings,  for  he  was  certified  Insane  In  March  rjja- 
and  died  on  the  ]8th  of  April  ijji. 
Leland  trai  an  euct_  observer,  and  a  dlliient  ttudent  of  loc^ 


.    The  bulk  of  hl>  wr 


1576,     After  p 


n  MS.  a 

nebylohnSlo. 


greater  part  of 


an  fOBs  ^f  kim  In  a 
V.A.CDpui(er  (Uap- 


4o6 

Ldai>d'>MSS.w 


LELAND,  J.— LELEGES 


t)  uiM  TIh  Hmnnry  of  Ji 
»•  odiud  by  Tbonui  Hcu 
^iiioni  In  I7U  and  1770). 
«'ia  were  rc^dii'^  hv  Mtn 

■  -■ '4Uht 


I,  hi  four  loUo  MS.  niluma. 


in.idiKdintothe[ 
pcwt  of  HiAe  mcrii.  hk  humi  bmoiu  piece  being  ihe 
iuj)Liiboiwiiie(tlcnrvVIII.  Many  of  hU  minor 
led  in  Hcmc'i  cdilion  of  tbe  Ilaunrj  and  ihc 


(Oiford,  177J).    A  life  <A  LcUnd.  atl^ 

If.  1750),  Jrcni  the  libniy  of  Sif  Thomas  Philllppt,  prinlcd  in  1896 
«!«ilAini  a  biblii>^niph'y.   5cc  alio  the  biocraplty  by  Sidaey  Lee,  in 

UUMD,  JOHN  (1691-1766)1  En^ish  Nancoalbniiist  divine, 
WM  born  at  Wigan,  LancaahirVt  and  educatnl  in  Dublin,  where 
he  made  luch  pngKB  that  in  1716,  withonl  having  alieiided 
any  cidlcse  or  hall,  he  wai  apptnnted  linl  auiitant  and  aClcrwanli 
lote  paslor  ol  a  tongrfgalion  of  "  -'-^■■^in^J  in  New  Row. 
ThB  office  he  conimued  to  fill  unlil  hii  dcotii  ua  ....:  ..'  h  of 
Januiiy  1 766.  He  cecdvcd  the  degree  el  D.D.  rram  Aberdeen 
in  \u<).  His  lii»  publicalian  mit  A  Dt[nKt  e/  ChriiliaiiUy 
(iT]l).  in  reply  lo  Mjiihew  Tindal's  ClaUI'anily  ai  M  01  «c 
Crij/ios;  il  wai  succeeded  by  his  Diw"«c  ^  ii(*«i'Iy  0/ (*{  OW  onJ 
New  reMMieiiliiii«rIa<(i7j8),]nansweito  T)u  Uiaal  Philnt- 
pher  of  Thomas  Morgan;  in  1741  he  published  two  vnlmncf, 
in  ihe  form  of  Iwo  Icden,  being  Rtmaris  ea  (II.  Doclwcll's] 
ariiliamly  tal  feanJal  m  ArfKmcnl;  and  in  175J  Rrfitiima 
es  Oit  talc  Lord  Bolintbrttc'l  LeUas  on  Ikt  Study  tad  Ulc  cj 
Illitvj.  His  Vim  nfOit  PriMipat  Delilial  Wiitrrs  Hal  km 
Qpptand  in  Bn^aad  was  published  in  1754-1756.  This  is  the 
chief  wort!  of  Lclind—  "  most  woRhy,  painsliking  and  common- 
plice  of  divines,"  as  Sir  Leslie  Stephen  called  him— and 


,  and  ii 


every 


student  of  Ibc  dcisLic  movement  of  the  18th 

Hit  DitaxBsa  01  nriimj  Subjntl,  with  a  UJt  fnfyti,  was 
publifhcd  potthumouiijr  (4  vol*,,  1760-17^). 

LBLAHD  STAimaD  JB.  VRIVERBITy,  near  Palo  Aha, 
California,  U.S.A.,  in  the  bcaulilul  SanU  Claia  valley,  was 
founded  in  1SS5  by  Lrliuid  Sbuifonl'  (iSi4-iS«j),  and  by  his 
wife  Jane  I.aIh[op  Stanfotd  (1815-1^5),  as  a  memorial  lo  thdr 
only  child,  Lelind  Stanford,  Jr.,  who  died  in  1884  in  his  sevcn- 
icenlb  year.  The  doors  weie  opened  in  iS^i  to  jj?  students. 
The  nniverity  campus  consists  of  Stanfotd'*  (ormci  Palo  Alio 
farm,  wliich  comprises  about  qooo  acres.  From  the  campus 
(here  ate  charming  views  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  of  the  Coast 
Range,  panicuiarly  of  Mount  Hamilton  tome  JO  m.  E.  with  the 
Lkk  Obiervaioiy  on  its  summit,  of  mountain  looihills,  and  ol 
tbe  magntltcent  redwood  fofests  toward  Saitlsi  Ctu& 

The  building  deagncd  originally  I9  H.  H.  Richardson 
and  completed  by  hb  sacccnors,  Shepley,  Rulao  and  Coolidgc. 
are  ol  mil  buS  sandstone  In  ■  Hyle  adapted  from  the  old  Cali- 
fornia mlisloa  (Hoorish-RDnianesqiie)  architeciurc,  being  long 
and  lov?  with  ^de  colonnades,  open  arches  and  red  tiled  roofs. 
An  DOtcr  surrounds  an  inner  quadrant  of  building,     Tbe 

'Susfonl  Tu  born  in  Watervllet.  New  Ynrk;  Kudled  hi~  in 
Albany;  mnoved  to  CalHocnla  in  1652  and  went  imo  bu^rm*  ^^ 
MiehigaB  Blulf,  FLicer  minty.  wheoee  he  mnoved  to  Sacrai 
In  iBs&;  wii  niadc  ^nilent  ui  1S61  at  the  Ceotnl  Pj  " 


Inner  quadrangle,  about  n  court  wUcb  {*  $86  Ay  14<S  ft.  and  Is 
fued  by  a  continuous  open  arcade  uid  kdonied  with  large 
circular  beds  of  tropical  plants  and  flowers,  conaiali  ol  twelve 
onc-slorcy  buildings  and  ■  beautiful  memorial  diiucb.  01  the 
fourteen  building  ol  the  outer  quadrangle  lomc  ttt  two  storeyi 
high.  A  magnib^enl  memorial  ucfa  (100  ft.  high),  (dcsncd  with 
a  frieic  designed  by  John  Evans,  representing  Ihe  "Progress 
of  Civilization  in  America,"  and  forming  the  main  lalnay, 
was  destroyed  by  the  earthquake  of  [906.  Otitsidr  the  quad- 
rangles are  other  buildings— a  muieum  of  »«  and  trcbarojop, 
based  on  coUcctions  made  by  Leiand  Stanford,  Jr.,  cbnakal 

ol  Ihc  founders,  &c.  There  is  a  fine  arbocelum  f  joo  acres]  and 
a  cactus  garden.  The  charming  news,  thegraceand  harmonious 
coloUTBof  Ihc  bulldLnp,aIullhe  Irapicvegetationmakcacampus 
d(  wonderful  beauly.  The  sludcnia  In  ijioj-tgoS  numbned 
'7l\  of  whom  116  were  graduates.  94  special  studitnts,  and 
5<M  •mitien.'  The  university  library  (with  the  libury  of  the 
law  drparlmenl)  contained  in  190S  about  107,000  volumes. 
A  marine  Inological  laboratory,  lounded.by  Uraolhy  Hopkins, 
is  maintained  at  Psdiic  Grove  on  the  Bay  ol  JdonOIty.  The 
univeniiy  hu  *n  cmlowmcnt  from  its  foundcB  estimated  at 
tjo,ooo,oos.  including  three  gnat  eslato  with  8j,cioa  acres  tt 
form  and  vineyard  lands,  and  sew*]  smaUcr  tntcis;  but  the 
endowment  was  very  largely  in  Inteiest^ieuing  Kcuritiea, 
income  from  which  was  temporarily  cut  oS  bi  the  tally  yean 
ol  Ihe  onivcrsiy's  life  by  hiigaiion.  Tbe  foanden  t^shcd  Iht 
univeniiy  "  lo  qualify  students  for  pcrsaiUl  (ucten  asd  direct 
le  the  public  welfare  by  nerciibw 
umanily  and  civfhialion,  leAchlng 
dated  by  law,  and  inculcaiing  lova 
pTuici[dcs  of  government  as  derived 
lnrni  Ihe  inalienable  rights  of  man  to  life,  liberty  and  tbe  punuil 
of  happiness."  There  are  no  inHciibk  oUrance  tcquircmenU 
as  to  particular  iludin  eicepi  English  compos'lioa  la  cnsut* 
a  degree  of  menial  matuiity,  Ihe  minimum  amount  ofprtpantioa 
is  tied  as  that  which  should  be  given  by  four  years  ink  secondaiy 
school,  leaving  to.thc  applicants  a  wide  choice  of  subjects  (js 
in  1006)  ranging  from  ancirnL  hiitaiy  to  waodworUnt  aitd 
machine  shop.  In  Ihe  curriciJum,  liberty  perhaps  even  greater 
than  at  Harvard  is  aUowed  as  to  "  declives."  Woifc  on  lonc 
one  nufOT  subject  occupies  about  one^ird  ol  the  undergraduate 
couTTc;  the  Temainfng  two.|hirds  (or  nme)  b  purely  dective. 
The  influcoce  of  SKtarianism  and  polilia  b  barred  from  the 
univenity  by  its  chaRcr,  and  by  Its  private  origin  and  private 
suppett.  At  the  tame  time  in  lis  policy  it  b  pnclically  a  Mate 
university  ol  tbe  imat  liberal  type.  laalructton  il  ealirely  Irc 
Tbe  president  of  the  univECsity  hat  tbe  inilialivaio  all  appoint- 
4nentsandinallmattasa(genetalpaticy.  Within  the  university 
lacidty  power  lies  in  anacxdemiccouncil.Bnd,  morepaaticularly, 
in  an  advisory  board  of  nine  prafesson,  tlecliid  by  tbe  academic 
covnril,  10  which  all  profiositioni  of  the  president  are  aubmitted. 
The  growth  o(  Ihc  university  has  been  steady,  and  ita  ecnduct 
caiefnl.  David  Slair  Jordan'  was  its  first  prtaidenl. 
See  O.  H.  Elliot  and  O.  V.  Esion,  Sl^ri  U% 


^     . .  bunt  the  Snt 

the. Sierra  Nevada:  was  gorerr 

Vma  firm  (JJ.Mo'a^"  in  lil 

vuryird  in  the  world  (lljooac. 

in  Butte  county,  and  the  Palo  Alts  Inediiig 

horse  of  hia  fametu  Thocv — *■' — ' ^^-^ 

Palo  Alto  and  AdvcitiKt, 


SjXir 


.  iS6i-iB«].  and 
'ner  of  Ihe  great 
tinlnfi  the  largest 


U  jSan  FiawKo,  189^],  and  il 


ULBOBS,  tbs 

people 
Cmk  lands. 


peoplca  ol  which  11 


applied  by  Greek  11 


9I  publicationi  ol  the 


te  number  of  women  attending  th 
rmiaa  in  linitod  Hy  the  lonnduii 


>t  CslnefviUe,  New  Vorl 


in  laSj-ISfi  wu  pre^dem  o(  Ihe  univeniiy  of  Indiana,  when 
[mm  187*  he  had  been  pntfeaior  ol  aoaloni  and  la  iSgi  ma 
elected  pmidctit  ol  Leiand  Stanford  Jr.  Uuimiiiy.  An  eniaant 
■chthyDWin,  he  wrote,  with  Barton  Warren  Evermann  {b.  1B51), 
ol  the  UnTtoi  States  Buirau  of  Fiiheriev  Filter  '/  fotlh  I'd  UWU 
A^rriia  (4  wl...  1896-1900).  and  Food  and  GtmM  Fiibi  of  Itiirlh 
4iv*a  (igmJ:  and  mp>i*i  ,1  C«A  M  lis Jtari;  V  Ada  (i(Ef}. 


LELEWEI^-LELONG 


407 


bk.  B..  uid  UkEi  luHtmt  is  not  spcdGn).  Tbty  are 
Irmn  the  Caiiam,  wilb  whom  sonu  later  wrilen  coaiiBca  UKm; 
they  have  a  king  Alta,  and  a  lown  Pedasus  vbich  was  sacked 
by  AdiiDes.  The  name  Pedasus  ocnn  (i.)  near  Cydnis,  (ii.) 
in  the  Troad  on  the  Satnioeis  river,  (iii.)  in  Carta,  as  well  as 
<iv.)  in  Mesenia.  Alcaetn  (7tIi-Mh  centuries  B.C.)  calls  An- 
tandnis  in  the  Troad  Ldcgian,  hot  Herodotus  (jlh  century) 
nilEtitatcs  Felasgian  (;.>.).  Gaigan  in  the  Troad  also  counted 
as  Lelegtan.  Phetecydes  (sth  ctnluty)  atlributed  to  Leleges 
the  coast  land  of  Carii  from  Epbeius  to  Pfaocacs,  wiih  theblandi 
of  Samos  and  Chios,  pladng  the  "  true  Carians  "  farther  ssulfa 
from  Ephcsus  to  MDclus.  If  thii  statement  be  fmin  PhR«7ila 
of  Leros  <t.  4B0)  it  has  great  weight.  In  the  4lh  ftfltoiy,  how- 
ever, PhiJiplius  of  Theanjela  hi  south  Caria  docrfba  Lelegti 
■tin  surviving  as  serfs  of  the  true  Csiiini,  and  Sirabo,  in  the 
lit  century  B.C.,  allributei  to  tlie  Lelegej  a  well-niiikEd  group 
of  deserted  torts,  tombs  and  dweUingi  arhich  ranged  (and  can 
mH]  be  traced)  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Th*an(t!a  and 
Halicamassos  is  far  north  ai  Milelia,  the  wulhem  limit  of 
the  "  true  Carians  "  of  PhnwydM.  PLuiirch  aba  implies  the 
Knorit  cristence  ol  Lelcgim  serfs  tt  Tralla  in  the  interior. 

a^  In  Greece  and  tiit  Aegean^ — Asin^epaasageintbeHesiodic 
catatague  [ft.  136  Kinkel)  pbcrs  Lelcgts  "  in  Dnicilion's  time,'' 
tt'  as  a  primitive  people.  In  Locris  in  central  Greece.  Not  until 
the  4lh  eenlnry  B.C.  does  any  other  writer  place  them  anywhere 
wnt  of  the  Aegean.  Bnt  the  conluuon  of  the  Lelcges  with  (he 
Caiians  (nnmlgranl  conqoerots  akin  lo  Lydlans  and  Mysiani, 
and  probably  to  Phrygians)  which  first  appears  in  a  Cretan 
legend  (quoted  by  Herodotus,  but  repudiated,  as  he  says,  by 
the  Caiians  themselves)  and  is  repeated  by  Callisthenes,  ApoUo- 

'  "  B  their   (half 

Meanwhile  other 

In  Bocotia,  west  Aramania(Leacas).  and  later  again  fn  Theualy, 
Euboei,  Megara,  Lacedacmon  and  Messcnia.  In  Messenia  they 
were  Tcpulcd  Immigrant  founders  ol  Fylos,  and  were  connccled 
IRIh  the  seafaring  Taphians  and  Teleboans  of  Homer,  and 
distinguished  from  the  Pelasgians;  in  Lacedaemon  andiuLeudai 
they  were  beiieved  to  be  aborif^nal.  These  European  Leleges 
tnuit  be  tnteipteted  hi  connexion  with  Ihe  recurrence  of  place 
Dames  like  Pedasus,  Physcus,  Larymna  and  Abae.  (a)  in  Caila, 
and  (t)  in  the  "  Lefegian  "  paris  of  Greece;  perhaps  this  b  the 
result  of  some  early  migration;  perhaps  It  a  also  the  cause 
of  tbuc  l,elegian  theories- 
Modem  speculations  (mainly  coroliarks  of  In 
Id  Utile  ol  value  to  the  Creek  accoinlt  quotn 

yilij^iaiu ;"£  W. _...^, 

Cieete  (pneiicany  the  Greek  view)  \  G.  F.  Uni 
Biien,"  m  MiUffu,  Sappt.  ii.  (iMj),  niab 
and  deiim  Ihcir  name  Inn  XoUfw  (c(.  the  nam 
E.  Curtiul  iHiMry  tf  Cnat,  U  dittinguiihed 
of  niicent  Aegean  culture.  Most  later  writi 
F<irSinbe'm"l.elciian"  nKinuments,  cf.  Patot  ' 

•f  Hillimic  Shdks.  ni.  iB»^o. 
LELEWSU   JOACRta   (i;K6-i86l),   Pol!^    historian,    geo- 

oIMarch  17S6.  His  family  came  Irom  Prusaa  in  the  eariy  [»n 
oi  the  iSIb  century;  his  grandlathcr  *as  appointed  physician 
10  the  reigning  king  ol  Piilind,  and  his  (alhet  caused  himMU 
to  be  ndturaliied  as  a  Polish  ciliien.  The  orighial  form  of  (be 
name  appears  10  have  been  LblheHel.    Joachim  was  educated 

school  at  fCrzemienlec  in  Vofiiyiua,  in  1S14  teacher  ol  histt>ry 
at  Vilna,  and  in  1S18  professor  and  librarian  at  Ihe  university 
ofWarsaw.  HereluntcdtoVilnain  iSii.  His  lectures  en  joyed 
great  popularity,  ahd  enthusiasm  fell  for  him  by  the  students 
is  shonn  in  the  beautiful  tines  addressed  10  him  by  Mickiewici. 
But  this  very  circumstance  made  him  obnotious  10  the  Fusslan 
government,  and  at  Vilna  Novosillsev  was  Ihen  all-poweriul. 
Lelcwel  was  removed  from  his  prufessorship  in  1K24,  and  returned 


addUiilcnf«l 
rOberden  V 


to  Wamw,  where  he  was  decled  1  deputy  lo  the  diet  In  rgf^ 
He  joined  Ihe  levolutionary  movetnent  wHh  more  enthusiasin 
ipemr  Nicholas  I.  i&thiguishcd 
19  rebeli,  did  not  appear  la 
advantage  as  a  man  01  actnn.  On  the  suppremion  ol  the 
rebeDftm  he  made  his  way  in  disguise  to  Germany,  and  sub- 
sequently reached  Paris  in  rfijr.  The  government  of  Louis 
Philippe  ordered  him  to  quit  Fimch  territory  in  1X33  at  (he 
roqiKst  oithe  Rusdan  ambaasadar.  Thecauseof  IhlscKpulsiao 
is  sard  to  have  been  his  activity  in  writing  revolutlociary  pro- 
clamations. He  went  to  BnisacLs,  where  lor  nearly  thirty  yctit 
he  earned  a  scanty  livelihood  by  his  writings.  He  died  on  the 
i«th  of  May  iMi  in  Paris,  whither  he  had  removed  a  few  dayi 
pteidoualy. 

Ldewel,  ■  man  of  austere  character,  simple  (as(ea  and  the 
loftiest  conccplion  at  honour,  waa  a  lover  of  teaming  for  its 
own  sake.  His  literary  activity  was  enormous,  extcndhig  Iron 
his  EJda  Shn^imiwsta  (rSor)  to  hii  Ctopapliia  da  Anha 
[1  voh.,  Paris,  iSjr}.  One  ol  bis  most  imporiant  pubtiralioni 
was  £d  Gtapupiit  in  maytn  W  (S  vols.,  Brustcls,  iSjt-iSj)), 
with  an  alias  (rSw)  of  fifty  plates  entirely  engraved  by  himself, 
lor  he  rightly  attached  (Dch  imponanee  to  (he  scceraty  ol  his 
maps  that  he  would  not  allow  (hsm  to  he  executed  by  any  one 
else.  HtsworksonPoliflh  history  are  baaed  on  minute  and  critical 
study  of  Ihe  documents^  (hey  were  collected  under  Ihe  title 
Ptiska,  iatjt  i  ntay  jtj  nafalnytKat  (Pdatid.  hit  Hiilory 
ami  Again  ntniytd),  in  »  vols.  (Poscn,  igj3'i876).    He  In- 

scale,  hut  never  BCcom|4ished  the  talk.  His  method  fs  shown 
in  (he  little  history  01  Poland,  first  published  at  Warsaw  ia 
hiUsb  in  1813,  under  the  tide  Dtirit  Pdslii,  and  alterwardi 
almost  rewritten  in  the  Hiilnrrdi  /W<>tiir<)  volt.,  Paris,  1844). 
Other  works  on  Polish  history  which  may  be  especially  mentioned 
■R  Lt  FeUtiH  an  iigyen  igi  (3  vols.,  Posen.  1846-^1851),  an 
edi(>on  of  (he  »r«.V/c  ,f  Uallktf,  CjIdIcw  '  {iSt  1}  ind  Ancinit 
kemiricis  g/  Ptliik  LepilaHeH  [Ksltti  mtov  p<^Hch  i  moM- 
meckkk).  He  also  wrote  on  the  trade  of  Carthage,  on  Pyiheai 
ol  Marseilles,  the  geographer,  and  two  important  works  on 
numismatics  (La  fltmlsmalijui  du  mtyn  t[e,  Paris,  1  vob.. 
iSjJ;  £liida  numliMaliqiui,  Brussels,  1S40).  While  empbycd 
in  (he  univiisiiy  library  of  Warsaw  he  srudied  bibliogra.phy. 
and  the  Irtdti  ol  his  labours  may  be  seen  in  his  BibllBpufanyik 
Kilat  'Wl'  (-d  Cnfle  1!  Botki  M  Bihliepafky)  ( 1  vols.,  Vana, 
iSli-lliS).  The  characteristics  ol  Lelewel  as  an  historian  are 
great  research  and  power  to  draw  inferences  Irom  his  facts; 
his  style  is  (00  offeii  careless,  and  his  narrative  is  not  [dciuresque, 
but  his  eipiTSsions  ate  frequently  terse  aitd  incisive. 

in  the  aulobrotrmptiy  (.lAnllirM  vkUr  PrptmiHnt  Raaulia  ailj 
yugifnu  n  PdiA  UalUri)  [lintec]  in  hii  Palita. 

LBLONO,  JACQUES  (i««s-i;ii),  French  bibliographec,  was 
born  at  Paris  on  the  tgth  ol  April  i66S'  He  wU  a  priest  of  Ihe 
Oratory,  and  was  Ubrarian  to  the  establishment  ol  (he  Order 
In  Paris,  where  he.spent  his  life  in  seclusion.  He  died  at  Paris  on 
the  rjlh  of  August  tjii.  He  lirsl  published  a  BMhrkna  lacn 
(170Q),  an  index  ol  all  the  editions  ol  (he  Bible,  Ihen  a  BlU'if- 
Ikiqiie  kislBrlqnt  it  la  France  (1719),  a  volume  of  considerable 
siie.  containing  17,487  i(enis  Lo  which  Lclong  9omc(imcs  appends 
useful  notes-  His  work  is  far  from  complete.  Hevainlyhopcd 
(hai  his  friend  and  successor  Fa(hcr  Desmolc[s,  would  continue 
it;  but  it  waa  resumed  by  Chatles-Mirie  Fevrel  dc  Fonlette, 
a  councillor  of  (he  parlemeni  ol  Dijon,  who  spent  fifteen 
years  of  his  lile  and  a  great  deal  of  money  in  rewriting  (he 
Bibliakiqat  kultri^ia.  The  Urn  two  volumes  (1763  and  r76«) 
CDn(aiiied  aa  many  as  19,143  i(ems.  Pevret  de  Fontetle  died 
on  (he  i6th  of  February  1771,  leaving  Ihe  third  volume  almost 
finished.  It  appeared  In  i77i,Ihanks1aBarbauddeLaBruyjn, 
wholaterbroughtout  the  4th  and  jth  volumes  (177s  and  1778). 
la  Felnica  ol  VIncenliui 
mgly  avribed  by  Lelewct 

Sd  PoHhMI,  BMiMtKt 


4.08 


LKLVJ-LEMANS 


lalfaUDevBditisiitlw  BtUiOttlfiH  ki4ltrit*c  [t  a  wuk  «t  nlcitiuc 
ol  Ihc  higkcK  order;  il  it  Mill  at  pat  value. 

LBLT,  UK  PBTBR  ([617-iaSo)  £a(Iuh  painler,  «u  boni 
■I  Soot,  WeMplttlu,  in  16<7-  Hi*  '•'li«.  ■  miJiurj  captain 
and  ft  utivo  ol  Holland,  wai  originally  callnl  van  der  Vae«; 
the  nicknaim  of  La  Lyi  ot  Uly,  by  which  he  waa  gtMijily 
koan.  wa  adepled  by  his  wo  a>  a  surMmt  Aflcr  .ludy.ng 
lor  two  yi»r»  uoda  Taa  de  Crcbb«,  an  aitiat  ol  aome  nole 
at  Uaailem.  Ldy.  inductd  by  ibt  psuopage  of  Chaikt  I.  for 
the  &u  art*,  nmond  Id  England  io  1641-  The™  be  ai  firet 
pointed  hWorical  »ubj«H  and  Uodacapc;  he  aoonbecauw  » 
cnuBCDt  in  hii  profaaion  ai  to  b*  employtd  by  Cha.le*  lo  paint 
hii  ponrail  ihortly  allet  the  death  of  Vandyck.  He  aiiervianU 
portrayed  CramweU.  AIlheResLorslionhijgemujandagrnable 
Duuien  won  the  (avmrof  Charlnll.,  who  wade  hjm  hu  slale- 
painln  and  alleiwards  Imighled  him.  He  lonned  a  lamgul 
eoUectioa,  lie  beM  oJ  hia  time.  cmtainiiiE  drawingj.  pnnH  aotl 


^i1i,^Hr^«^''>^^.  ,bo.wever  ,„  Vaodyck. 
iriutD  in  lOEae  of  hii  most  <ucce»lu1  pieces,  he  almoat  nvali. 
Wy'a'paiBtiBgl  are  caieluKy  fiaisbni,  warm  and  dear  in  colwii- 
im  uhJ  aniroaled  in  deiign.  TTw  graceful  posture  ol  Ihe  head*, 
Ibe'dcLiaie  rounding  ol  Ibe  banda,  and  Ihe  broad  foldt  ol  Lht 
draperies  a«  "loi"!  i" '»",)' »f  .^  (™?™*  15'?"'^ 
Ihe  Udiea  are  drowv  wiib  languid  ■enlunent,  and  allegory 
S  a^naoM"'  »rt  ia  loo  freely  introduced.  Hii  moat 
[amoiB  work  ii  a  coUecliou  of  portraili  ol  the  ladio  ol  the  court 
<rf  Charfci  II.,  known  aa  "  lhe_  Beauties,';^ formerly  at  Wiadaii 
Caade,  and  now  pitservtul 
lew  biatoilcal  pii ' 
at  fiurk^  H' 


1  Garden 


afier 
yai 

a  mighty  prou 

to   his 

memory, 
nd  full  of 

r 

P^ 

.ieda 

0  English  lady 

ol  lainily.  and  lei 

ho  died  young.    H 

a  only 

diicipla  wer. 

J- 

in  Court  Palace, 
i&annah  and  the  Elders," 

His  "  Jupiter  and  Eiiropa,"  ui  ihe  duke  of 

ihiit't  collection,  is  also  worthy  at  note.  l«ly  was  nearly 
as  lannos  torcrayon  work  aa  lor  oH^painting.  Toward*  the  ckwe 
of  bi>  lile  be  often  retired  to  an  nule  which  he  had  bought  ■ 
gt«.  He  died  of  apoplexy  in  the  Piaiaa,  Ci  -  "  ■ 
L^on,  and  mis  buried  in  Covent  Garden  chi 

chatacleriad  Lely 

The  painter  m 

arid  daughter, 

Greenhill  and  j.  DiiiP.«iu.ii,  «  um  lui,  wcvu,  .nun  ,„ai. 
10  obtain  an  insight  into  his  special  modes  of  wotk:  (W.  M.  R.) 
LS  IIA(M  [or  Le  Ua&sou),  ROBERT  (i.  1365-1443),  chan- 
-Uk  oT  France,  waa  bom  at  Chlleaudu  Loir,  Sanhe.  He  was 
(BMblcd  in  March  i40i,and  became  si.  yean  lateracouKiilor  of 
Louis  I1-,  duke  of  Anjou  and  king  ol  Sicily.  A  partisan  ol  the  house 
of  Orleans,  he  was  apfninlod  chancellor  to  Isabella  ol  Bavaria 
on  Ihe  i^th  ol  January  1414,  on  the  loth  ol  July  commisiary 
of  ibe  mini,  and  in  June  I4i6chancellorlo  the  count  ol  ronthico. 
iflcrwards  Charles  VII.  On  the  i«th  of  August  he  bought  Ihc 
barony  of  Trives  in  Anjou.  and  henceforward  bore  the  title  ol 
■tigneurol  Treves.  When  Pari)  wastuipiiscd  by  the  Burgundians 
on  the  night  ol  the  I9lho(MByi4t8  he  assisted  TanguyDuchiilel 
in  saving  Ihc  dauphin.  Hij  devotion  tn  the  cause  of  the  latter 
having  brought  down  on  him  the  wrath  ol  John  the  Fearless, 
duke  ol  Burgundy,  be  wis  cicluded  Irom  the  political  amnesty 
known  as  Ihe  peace  ol  Saint  hiaur  des  Foss^.  though  he  retained 
his  leal  on  the  king's  counciL  He  was  by  the  dauphin's  side 
when  John  the  Fi^arleu  was  murdered  at  the  bridge  of  Monlcreau 
on  (he  lOlh  of  September  1419.     He  resigned  llie  seals  at  the 

duke  ol  Brittany  Having  been  captured  by  Jean  de  Langcac, 
lenescbal  o(  Auverine,  in  August  of  the  sameycar.he  was  shut 
up  for  three  monihs  in  the  chltcau  of  Usson.  When  set  at 
liberty  he  returned  Id  court,  where  he  staunchly  supported 
Joan  of  Arc  against  all  the  cabals  thai  menaced  her.  It  was  he 
whoaignedlhepatentofnobiUty  foriheAielamdy  in  Detember 

10  Brittany.  Having  reiiied  Irom  political  life  in  14J6,  he  died 
Dn  (he  ilth  of  January  144J,  and  wai  interred  at  Tiivet,  where 
hiiepiUphmayitiUbeieeD. 


wol  Jea; 


ines,  where  the  elder  writer  held  a  kind  of  academy  ol 
poelry.  Le  Maire  in  bi>  Cut  poenu  calls  himself  a  disciple  of 
Molinet.  In  certain  aspects  be  does  belong  to  the  school  ol  (be 
grsiidi  rUnrwiKiiri,  but  his  great  merit  as  a  poet  is  that  he 
emancipated  himsell  Icom  the  affectations  and  puerilities  o{  his 
masters.  This  independence  ol  the  Flemish  school  he  owed 
in  part  perhaps  10  bis  studies  at  the  university  ol  Paris  and  lo  the 
study  dI  the  Italian  poets  at  Lyons,  a  centre  of  the  French 
renascence.  In  1503  he  waiattachedto  the  court  ol  Margaret  of 
Austria,  ducbess  ol  Savoy.alterwards  regent  ol  the  Netherlands. 
For  thii  princess  he  undertook  more  than  one  mission  to  Rome; 
be  became  her  librarian  and  a  canon  ol  Valenciennes.  To  her 
were  addrrssed  his  most  original  poems,  EpiitrfideVaaiartdteri, 
the  AJWdKj  tc/t  being  a  green  parrot  belonging  to  his  patroness. 
Le  Maire  gradually  became  more  French  in  his  aympathies, 
eventually  entering  the  service  ol  Anne  of  Brittany.  His  prose 
lUutitaiuia  its  CauUz  ei  tmfulariia  de  Troys  (i5iO'i5ia), 
largely  adapted  Irom  Benott  de  Sainte  More,  connects  the  Bur- 
guodian  royal  house  with  Hector.  Le  Maire  probably  died  bclore 
ijij.  £lienne  TaKiuier,  Roautd  and  Du  Bellay  all  acknow- 
lolged  their  indebtedness  (0  him.  In  hi*  love  (or  antit|ui(y,  hU 
sense  ol  rbythm,  and  even  the  peculiarities  ol  his  vocabulary  he 
anticipated  the  IWaU. 

Hii  works  were  edited  in  iSgi-iSS;  bf  J.  Sbrher,  who  wioU 
the  article  on  him  In  the  Bieirapku  naiiannU  de  Bdgiqiu. 

LEKAlTHE.  FRAHCOIS  tUS  JULES  Uisj-  ),  Prencit 
critic  and  dramatist,  was  bom  at  Vennecy  (Loiret)  on  the  3>th 
of  April  iSsj.  He  became  ■  prolcsaor  at  the  uiuvenily  ol 
Grenoble,  but  he  had  aireviy  become  known  by  his  literary 
criticisms,  and  in  18^4  be  lesgned  bis  position  to  devote  hinuetf 

critic  of  the  Jouriui  da  Dibais,  and  subsequently  Med  the  ssme 
>n  (he  Rout  da  Dtut  Utndci.    His  lit 


lecled  under  the  ( 


e  oi;. 


CmteiR^iiiu  (7  series,  tflS6- 
3  at  moderi 


■Sqo),  1 

(10  Bcrka,  iSES-iSoS). 
interesting  lor  the  insight  displayed  in  them,  the  unexpectedness 
of  the  judgments  and  the  gaiety  and  originality  of  their  cspression. 
He  published  two  volumes  ol  poetry:  lai  UtdaiUeni  (i&So) 
and  Fclila  trinliJei  (iSJj);  alio  some  volumes  of  cmM, 
among  them  En  mart'  iel  wu  Inrci  (igoj).  His  playa  aic; 
RUtlllt  (1889),  Lt  JipmeLanK.aad  U  Umatt  blanc  (iSci), 
La  Knis  (i&ji),  U  Parian  and  L'Ap  difiUt  (iSgj),  La 
UusOrt  [i«oj)  and  BtrlrsAr  (1906).  He  was  admitted  to  the 
French  Academy  en  the  16th  of  January  1S96.  His  political 
view!  were  defined  in  La  Cempapu  mitaiiaiult  (igoi),  lectures 
dcb'vered  in  the  provinces  by  him  and  by  G,  Cavaignac.     He 

foe  some  time  president  ol  the  Ligue  de  la  P^tric  Francaise,  but 
resigned  in  igo4,  and  again  devoted  himself  to  litcratsre. 

LB  XAJIS,  a  town  ol  noilh-weslem  France,  capital  at  (he 
department  ol  Sartbe,  77  m.  S.W.  of  Chartres  on  the  railway 
from  Paris  to  Brest.  Pop,  (1Q06)  town,  54,907,  cominiine, 
65,467.  It  is  situated  just  above  the  confluence  ol  the  Sanhe 
and  the  Kuisnc,  on  an  elevation  rising  from  the  left  bank  ol  the 
Satthe.  Several  bridges  connect  the  old  town  and  the  new 
quarters  bbich  have^ming  up  round  il  with  the  more  extensive 
quarter  ol  Pii  on  the  right  bank.  Modern  ihotoughlirts  are 
gradually  superseding  the  winding  and  narrow  streets  of  old 

side.  The  cathedral,  built  in  the  highest  part  ol  the  town,  was 
originally  founded  by  St  Julian,  lo  whom  il  is  dedicaled.  The 
navedatct  Irom  the  nth  and  nth  centuries.  In  the  i]lhccntuiy 
the  choir  was  enlarged  in  the  grandest  and  boldest  style  of  that 
period.  The  transepts,  which  are  higher  than  the  nave,  were 
rebuilt  in  tbc  ijth  century,  and  (he  btH^mitr  of  the  nuth 


LE  MARCHANT— LEMBBRG 


«f™ 


oIK 


iiEh  « 


dgbs. 


ilory, 


ithc 


St  Julian,  it  npmally  inlcnsline.  The  south  lalenTporli] 
(inb  cmlury)  a  nrhljr  dcccnilcd,  and  its  stilucllcs  cihibil 

pan  o[  tbcbuiEding  is  in  slrildng  canlrast  wilh  the  lavish  lichons 
nf  ihc  ORU  mental  ion  in  Ihc  choir,  when  ihe  stuncd  gins  o 
aprdafly  fine.  The  rose-windoK  (ijth  ctnlury)  of  Ihe  nonh 
transept,  lepresenling  the  Lalt  Judgmtnl,  conlains  many 
historical  ISpires.  The  cathedral  al»  has  cunouj  tapestries  and 
some  lemariiable  tombs,  including  that  of  Bciengaria,  cpietn  of 
Rkhard  Citut  de  Lion,  Close  to  the  vesrcm  wall  is  a  megalithic 
monument  neaHy  15  It.  in  height.  The  church  of  La  Couture, 
which  belonged  to  an  old  abbey  founded  m  the  jlh  cenluiy  by 
St  Bertrand,  hu  a  pon^  of  the  ijth  cenluiy  with  fine  staluaiy; 
the  lest  of  the  building  ii  older.  The  chuich  of  Nolit-Dame  da 
frt,  on  the  tight  bank  of  the  Sailbe,  b  Romanesque  In  style. 
The  hfitel  de  viUe  was  built  in  I7sfi  on  the  site  ol  the  foimer 
castle  of  the  counts  ol  Maine;  the  pi^feclufe  (1760)  occupies 
the  site  of  the  monastery  of  La  Couture,  lod  contains  the  lihtary, 
the  communal  archives,  and  natural  history  and  an  collcclion^; 
there  is  also  an  archaeological  nniseum.  Among  the  old  housa 
may  be  mentioned  the  HOld  do  Crabatrfre  of  the  Renaissance. 
once  a  ho^itat  for  the  canons  and  the  soK^lled  house  of  Quren 
Bcrengaria'tiMh  century),  meeting  jJace  of  the  historical  and 
archaeological  society  of  Maine.  A  monument  to  General 
Chaniy  commemorates  the  battle  of LeMansti37i>-  LeMans 
a  the  seat  of  a  bishopric  dating  from  the  3rd  century,  ol  3  piefecl. 
and  of  a  court  of  assizes,  and  headrtuarters  o<  the  IV. 


]|  has  also 
of  trade-arbil 
Bank  of  Fran 
a  higher  Kelt 


ibunals  of  first  insi 


uncfl 


1  exchange,  a  lyrie  for  boyi,  Irariung  coUegc*. 
cal  seminary  and  a  school  of  music.  The 
rariety  o(  industries,  carried  on  chiefly  m  the 
soulhcm  suburb  of  Fontlicue.  The  more  imporlanl  are  the  slate 
manufacture  of  tobacco,  the  prepartilion  of  preserved  vegetables, 
fish,  &c.,  tanning,  hemp^spinning,  bell-founiKng,  flour-niilling, 
the  founding  of  copper  and  other  metah,  and  Ihe  manufacture 
of  railway  wagons,  machinCTy  and  engineering  material,  agri- 
cultural implements,  tope,  cloth  and  stained  glass.  The  fatten- 
ing of  poultry  is  an  important  local  industry,  and  there  is  trade  in 
cattle,  wine,  doth,  farm-produce,  ic  The  town  is  an  important 
railway  centre. 

Ai  the  citrital  of  Ihe  Anlerti  Cenomanni,  Le  Mans  was  called 
Suindinum  or  VIndtaura.  The  Romans  built  mils  round  it  in 
thejtd  century,  and  Imces  of  them  are  still  to  be  seen  dose  to  Ihe 
left  bank  of  the  river  near  the  cathediaL  In  the  same  century 
the  town  was  evangeliad  by  St  Julian,  who  became  its  first 
Wshop.  Ruled  at  iirsl  by  his  successors— notably  St  Aldric— 
Le  Mans  pasbcd  in  the  middle  ages  to  the  counU  of  Maine  (g.t.) , 
whose  capital  and  rcMdenee  it  became.    About  the  middle  of 

io«3  the  town  was  seiied  l^  William  the  Conqueror,  whodcprived 


them  of  th 


r  liberties,  wUch 


m  the  CO 


of  Maine  had  passed  to  the  Plantagenet  kings  of  England. 
Le  Mans  was  liken  by  Philip  Augustus  in  11S9,  recaptured  by 
John,  subsequently  confiscated  and  blei  ceded  to  Queen  Beren- 
giria,  who  did  much  for  its  prosperity.  It  was  several  times 
besieged  in  the  islh  and  t6th  centuries.  In  175)  it  was  sdicd 
by  the  Vendeans,  who  were  cipelled  by  the  Republican  generjh 
Marceau  and  Wcstemiann  diet  a  stubborn  battle  in  the  stniets. 
In  1 799  it  was  again  occulted  by  the  Chouana. 

The  bailie  of  Le  Mans  (lOth-dth  January  1871)  was  Ihe 
culminating  point  of  General  Chaniy's  fighting  retreat  into 
western  France  after  the  winter  campaign  in  Beauce  and  Ferche 
(see  Funco-Geuum  Wax).  The  numemus,  but  ill-trained  and 
Ol-equipped,  levies  of  the  French  were  foUowed  up  by  Prince 
Freifctick  Cbules  with  the  German  II.  Army,  now  very  much 
weakened  hot  lOBsIslIng  of  soldiers  who  had  in  sii  tnonlhs' 
■     " '     [terans.    The 


Germans  advanced  with  three  army  corps  la  fitsl  line  and  one 
in  reserve  On  the«thof  January  Ihe  centre  corps  (III.)  drove 
an  advanced  diviuon  of  the  French  Irorn  Ardenay  (rj  m.  E.  oC 
Le  Mans)-  On  the  iMh  of  January  Cbauy's  main  defensive 
posilion  was  approached.  Its  right  wing  was  cast  of  the  Sartho 
and  ys  m.  from  Le  Mans,  its  centre  on  Ihe  heights  ol  Anvours 
wrih  the  river  Huisne  behind  il.  and  its  leli  scattered  along  ilic 
western  bank  ol  Ihe  same  river  as  far  asMonlfon(t3  m.E.N.E. 
of  Le  Mans)  and  thence  northward  for  some  miles.  On  Ihe  loth 
there  was  a  severe  slrugElc  fw  the  vrllagcs  along  the  front  of 
Ihe  French  centre-  On  the  iilh  Chaniy  attempted  a  counter- 
back,  and  as  their  cavalry  now  began  to  appear  beyond  his 
citrcme  left  flank, he  retreated  in  the  night  olthcrtth  on  Laval, 
Ihe  Germans  occupying  Le  Mans  after  a  Isief  rearguard  fight  on 
the  iilh- 

U  MABCHJUfT.  JOHR  GASPAHD  (i7M-iStl),  EngUsh 
major-general,  waa  the  son  of  an  officer  of  dragoons,  John  Le 
Marebanl,  a  member  i>f  an  old  Guernsey  family-  After  a  some* 
what  wild  youth,  Le  Maithant,  who  entered  the  army  in  i7St, 
attained  the  rank  of  licutcnanl-colonel  In  1797.  Two  yeaia 
before  Ihb  he  had  designed  a  new  cavalry  sword;  and  in  r8oi 
hrs  scheme  for  establishing  ai  High  Wycombe  and  Great  Mariow 
schools  for  the  military  Enslructlon  of  ofTicers  was  sanctioned 
by  Parliament,  and  a  grant  of  £30,000  was  voted  for  the  "  royal 
military  college,"  the  two  original  departments  being  alterwardi 

first  lieutenanl-govemor,  and  during  the  nine  years  that  he  held 
this  appointment  he  trained  many  oHicers  who  aerved  with 
distinction  under  Wdfengion  rn  the  Peninsuh.  Le  Matchant 
himself  was  given  the  command  of  a  cavalry  brigade  in  iSro,  and 
greatly  distinguished  himself  in  several  actions,  being  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Salamanca  on  the  imd  of  July  iSit,  after  the 
charge  of  his  brigade  had  had  an  important  share  in  the  Enghsh 
victory.  He  wrote  several  treatises  on  cavalry  tactics  and  other 
military  subjects,  but  few  of  them  were  published.  By  his  wife, 
Mary,  daughter  of  John  Carey  ol  Guernsey,  Le  Mait±ant  had 
four  sons  and  six  dau^ters. 

His  second  son,  Sa  Denis  le  Makciukt,  Bart.  (i7qs-i8t4), 
waa  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  was 
called  to  the  bar  in  1813.  In  1830  he  became  secretary  to  LtHd 
Chancelhn  Brougham,  and  in  the  Refona  Bill  debates  made 
himself  exceedingly  useful  to  the  ministers.  Having  bees 
secretary  to  the  board  of  trade  fnwn  183610  1841,  he  was  created 
a  baronet  in  1S41,  He  entered  the  House  of  Commons  in  1846, 
and  was  under  sectetary  for  the  home  department  In  the  govern- 
ment of  Lord  John  RusselL  He  was  chief  dcrk  of  the  House  0< 
Commons  from  1850  to  1871.  He  published  a  £i/t  of  his  father 
in  1841,  and  began  t  £i/eof  Laid  Althorpc  which  was  comi^ted 
after  his  death  by  his  son;  he  also  edited  Horace  Walpole's 
Mcvahi  0/  Iht  Ecipi  of  Carte  II}.  (1B45).  Sir  Denb  I* 
MatchanI  died  in  London  on  the  30th  of  October  1874.     . 

The  third  son  of  General  Le  MarchanI,  Sin  John  Casmkb 
Le  MAICHUfi  (1B03-1874),  entered  the  English  army,  and  sa* 
service  in  Spain  in  the  Carlijl  War  of  1R35-37-  He  was  after- 
wards  licuteninl -governor  of  Newfoundland  (1847-1855)  and 
of  Nova  Scotia  (1851-1857);  governor  of  Malta  (i8s»-i8«4); 
commander-in-chlcl at  Madras  [1S65-1SGB).  He  was  mads  K.CB. 
in  ises,  and  died  on  the  6th  of  February  1S74. 

See  Sir  Dcni<  Le  MarchanI,  ilttuin  aj  Cnmit  U  UanliaM 
(1841):  ^  WDliam  Nipiec.  BiUmy  tf  Ol  W*r  m  On  Fatitaidm 
(6  vDla.,  1S1S-1S40). 

LOnSRO  (Pol  txia,  LaL  i>i>^9lfi).  the  ajA^il  of  the 
crownland  of  GjHda,  Austria,  46*  "•  N.W,  of  ^^enna  by  rail 
Pop.  (1900)  iS5,6i8,  of  whom  over  lo%  were  Poles,  10% 
Germans,  and  i%  Rulheidans;  nearly  30%  of  the  papulation 
were  Jews.  According  to  popolation  Lemberg  is  Ihe  fourth  dty 
in  the  Austrian  emigre,  coming  alter  Vienna,  Prague  and  Trieste. 
Lemberg  is  situated  on  Ihe  smalt  rivet  Pdlew,  in  affluent  of  Ihe 
Bug,  in  a  valley  in  the  Sarmalian  plateau,  and  is  snirounded 
by  bills.    It  Is  composed  ol  the  imiu  {0*9  W^fli  Ibui  (nburbs. 


LEMERCIER— LEMERY 


The  in; 


o  plcasi 


leily  tortiled,  hbl  Ihc  f(H 

ITS  grounds  in   i." 


a  Che 


midcnce  nJ  Romu  Catholic,  Gmk  CKlholic 
archbiahopi,  and  conlaiu  lbi«  csthcdrali.  Tl]<i  Soman 
CitboliccatiicdialwasGnUhnlbyCasiniirlV  in  uSoin  Colhic 
Mylc;  axu  it  ii  *  cbapcl  [i6o«)  nrmarkablc  [oi  ili  archileclurc 
and  Kulptue.  The  Creek  cathcdnt.  built  in  i74o-i7;q  in  the 
Basilica  tl^le,  is  tituatcd  on  a  height  vluch  dominalci  the  town 
The  Armenian  cathedral  wai  buiil  m  mi  in  the  Aimeniin 
Byiaatine  Uylo.    The  Dominicin  church,  bull  in  1749  alter 

TbonraldscB  to  Iho  Couoteu  Dunin-Borkowtki,  the  Gtcrii 
Si  Nicholai  church  was  built  in  1391,  and  the  Roman  Catholic 
Si  Mary  church  was  built  ia  1  j$j  by  the  firsi  Gcrnuo  ittiltrs. 
The  town  hail  (iS?S-i«3i)  with  a  tower  250  ft.  high  ii  liiuaied 
in  the  miildle  of  a  square.  Alto  Double  ue  the  hall  of  die 
eitilea  (iS;7-iS3i),  the  indtislrial  muHuin,  the  theatre,  the 
palace oftbe  Roman  Caiholicarchbi^wpaiidievcraledueatioiia] 
ntablishmcnla.  There  are  many  beautiful  private  buiZdingi, 
broad  and  wctl.pBvcd  itrceli.  numcroui  uguaies  and  public 

university,  founded  in  r7&4  by  Jucph  II.,  traiuformed  into  a 
lycfcin  iSoj,  and  restored  and  [corEuniicd  in  1817.'  Sncc  1S71 
the  language  of  iflstruclion  has  been  Poli^,  and  in  i^i  Ihe 
univcraity  had  110  leeturers,and  was  attended  by  306a  students. 
There  arc  also  a  polylcthaic,  gymnasia— for  Poles,  Ruthenians 
and  Geimant  respectively — scuiiziarics  foe  priests,  training 
college!  for  teacbers,  and  other  ^iccial  and  technical  schools. 
In  Umberiis  the  Nalionallnslitulc founded  by  Count  Ossolinski, 

ibiefly  to  the  history  and  literature  of  Poland,  valuable  anli- 
quiiriu  aiul  scientific  a>llcclions,  and  a  printing  establishmeni, 
also  Ihe  Diieduszycti  museum  with  collcctiani  of  natural 
history  and  ctbnograpby  relating  chieSy  to  Galicia.  lodustrinlly 
andeomnierciallyLembergLsthcmost imports   -    •-    •    '^  '- - 


Its  in 


itincandlci 

leather  and  plaster  of  Pari 


tiansit  trade.   OiLhe 
altitude  of  1310  fL 


e  making.  It  has  importanl 
1.  nemp,  wool  and  seeds,  and  a  ecosidenble 
veil-wooded  htUs  which  surround  Lcmbcrg, 
the  Franz- Jeaef-BeiK  10  the  N.E.,  with  an 
Several  beautiful  {>uk*  bave  been  laid 

Lcopolls  na*  founded  about  iijg  by  tbe  Evtheoiaa  prince 
Leo  Danilowici.  who  moved  beie  bis  residence  from  Halici  in 
1170.  From'  Casimit  tbe  Great,  who  captured  it  ia  ti40,  it 
Rceived  the  Magdeburg  rights,  and  for  almost  two  hundred 
yeanlhepublicretordi  were  kept  in  (German.   In  1411  it  became 


city,  a. 


e  fall  of  Constantinople  it 
F.ast.  In  164S  and  i6j5  it 
671  by  tbe  Turks.   Charles 


greatly  developed  its  trade  with 
was  besieged  by  the  Coasacks,  an< 
XII  ol  Sweden  captured  it  in  1704.    in  maa  u  was  c 
LEHKRCIEB.    L0018    JEAH    HfiFOMDCftHB    (1 
French  poet  and  dramatist,  was  bom  in  Paris  on  the  list  ol 
April  1711-    His  father  had  been  inlendant  successively  to  the 

princcsie  de  Lamballe,  who  was  tbe  boy's  godmother.  Lcmercier 
showed  great  precocity;  before  he  was  sliteen  bit  tragedy 
of  MfUagre  was  produced  at  (be  Tkliire  Fm^aii.  Oariita 
HarletK  (t74i)  provoked  Ihe  crUieiim  (liat  the  author  wis  not 
aaa  nut  p»»r  ftiitdn  la  toueia.  It  Tartuft  rtKilaiieniuiiir, 
■  parody  full  of  tbe  most  audacious  poUtical  aHusioos.  itas 
^  suppreswd  after  the  filth  representation.  In  1795  appeared 
masteipiec*  AiQMtmna*,  called  by  Charles  Labitle 


violently 


It  w 
later  by  GeoFI 
incalure  ol  Crfbillon.    Q. 
topiove  that  the  moM  inde 


cd  wliliDul  oQcDce.  ThcrMaOSoolvM 
the  result  ol  a  wager  that  no  further  dramatic  innavalions  uerc 
pcBsibIc  after  the  comedies  of  Ccaumarchais  It  it  a  histoncal 
comedy  on  the  subfcct  of  the  roilugucse  rcvolutioil  of  1640. 
Thisjjay  was  construed  as  casting  reflections  on  the  first  consul, 
who  had  hiiheno  been  a  firm  friend  of  LcmcrcKr  liis  ulrcme 
freedom  of  speech  finally  olTcndtd  Napoleon,  and  the  quartet 

of  his  subsequent  work  fuirillcd  the  eipcclationi  raised  by 
/ItiiBifwiiii,  with  the  eiccplion  perhaps  of  FtUlfmidc  cl 
BmiUham  (iSar).  In  iSio  he  was  declcd  to  the  Academy, 
isistcntly  opposed  the  romanlicisla,  rtfuaing  to 
to  Victor  Hugo.  In  spite  o[  this,  be  has  somr 
be  considered  the  earLest  of  the  lomaotic  ithuL 
His  Ckriilofhc  CiJafai  (iSog),  advertised  on  the  playbill  aa  K 
amidie  skakespirirnnt  {sa),  repicscnled  the  interior  of  a  sbip, 
and  showed  norespcct  for  the  unities.  Its  numerous  iaoovationa 
provoked  such  violent  disturbances  in  the  audience  that  one 
person  was  killed  and  future  ie{iicsentations  had  to  be  guarded 
by  the  police.  Lemeccicr  wrote  U11  long  aod  ambitious  epic 
poems:  Hemltt,  AUiandit  (lEoi),  L'AUaniiait,  m  la  lUotonit 
iuvlaiiin>a((iBi])andWi&eCiSi}),as»cUas»lutrao[dinary 
FoniypKriiiadi  (iSio-iSja),  a  distinctly  romantic  production 

XVI'  Hide.  In  it  r6ih«ntury  history,  isiih  Charics  V  and 
Francis  1.  as  principal  personages,  is  played  out  on  an  imagioaiy 
stage  by  demons  in  the  intervals  of  tbur  Mlllciinga..l.emercier 
dicdonthc;thof  June  184010  Paris. 

LBMERY.KICOIAS  (1645-1715),  French  cbcmist,was  bom  at 
Rouen  on  the  17th  ol  Movcmber  1645.  Alter  leaming  pharmacy 
in  his  native  town  he  became  a  pupil  of  C  Claier'i  in  Paris,  and 
then  went  to  MontpcUicr,  where  be  began  to  lecture  on  chemistry. 
He  neil  established  a  pharmacy  in  Paris,  siiU  coniinuuij  hk 
lectures,  but  in  i6Sj,  bung  a  Calvinist,  he  was  obliged  10  retire 
to  England,  la  Ihe  foUuwmg  year  he  tetumed  to  Fiance,  aod 
lumins  Catholic  in  itBb  uas  able  to  reopen  bis  shop  and  resume 
his  lectures.  He  died  ioParison  the  igth  of  June  1715  Lemery 
did  not  concern  bimscU  much  with  theoretical  speculations, 
but  holding  chemistry  to  be  a  denwnstrative  science,  conflneil 
himself  to  1  he  straightforward  ciposition  of  facts  and  eipcrimenls. 
In  consequence,  his  lcciure>raam  was  thronged  with  people 
of  all  sorts,  anaious  to  hear  a  man  who  shunned  tbe  barren 
obscurities  of  the  alchemists,  and  did  not  regard  the  quest  of 
the  philosopher's  stone  and  theelixirof  life  as  the  sole  end  of  bis 
science  01  his  Ccwrj  difiymtc  (167  s)  he  lived  to  see  13  editions, 
and  for  a  century  it  maintained  its  reputation  as  a  standard 
work,  llii  other  publications  included  Phi'MCifle  mhastll* 
ribq7).  Trailt  tainmd  ia  drogues  simplis  (1698),  Train  it 
rdir^'ai0rJHCi7O7),  toget her  with  a  number  of  papers  contributed 
ID  the  French  Academy,  one  of  which  offered  a  chemical  and 
physical  eiplanat  ion  of  underground  fires,  canhquakci,  lightning 
and  thunder  He  discovered  that  heat  Is  evolved  itbeo  iroa 
filings  and  sulphur  are  rubbed  together  to  a  paste  with  water, 
and  the  artificial  cd&aii  it  Umcry  was  produced  by  buryinf 
underground  a  considerable  quantity  of  this  milture,  "*liich 
he  regarded  as  a  potent  agent  in  the  causation  ot  volcanic 

His  son  Loms  (1677-1743)  was  appointed  physician  at  IhB 
HMel  Dicu  in  171D,  and  became  demonstrator  of  chemiiliy  at 
tbe  Jardin  du  Rtn  in  1731.  He  was  the  author  of  a  Traill  ia 
Mmtnli  (1701),  and  of  a  DisstrlaUm  nr  /a  iMlure  ^ci«  (1704), 
as  well  as  of  a  number  of  papera  on  chemical  topics. 

LBHERT,  a  town  of  tbe  province  of  Batanets.  Luion,  Philip- 
pine IsUnds.  on  the  Gulf  of  Balayan  and  the  Pansipit  river, 
opposite  Tail  (with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge),  and 
about  JO  m.  S,  of  Manila.  Pop.  of  the  municipality  (1903) 
ii,r50.  It  has  a  fine  church  and  convent.  Lemefy  is  aluatcd 
on  a  plain  in  a  rich  agricultural  district,  which  produc 


e  bred. 


language  is  Tagalog. 


which  hor: 


cattle 


zed  bv  Google 


LEMGO— LEMMING 

a  the  prindpalitr  ctf  Ifippc, 


in  >  brosd  uid  fertile  plun, 

tke  nilway  Hamdn^Lji^,     Pop,  (1900)  &&4C 

gtoomr  Avpcct,  eobaiiad  by  the  toTtuout  nuiow  Una  fluiked 

by  gibled  Iioasa  oi  Ihe  ijth  ccnrucy.  bu  giiDcd  for  it  smong 

ceuoliylolk  tbe  (obriqucl  ol  Ihc  "  Wilcba'  oBt  "  {Ham-f/al). 

It  is  KpLcte  -wiLb  intemC  for  tbc  uiliquuiui-     It  bju  four 

Evangelical  cbordin,  two  wilb  curioiniy  ^"'^■"gj  toLd-covend 

•fHm;  A>  old  tovD'hAU;  a  gynmMSMm;  ud  tevcnl  phiUn- 

throve  and  religious  iutitutiona.     Amnns  the  tatttf  ii  tlrii 

Ltppe-Detmnld  hu  (hvBys  been  bdy  aupoiac  liu*  iyj6.  Hk 
"  '  *  '  Itiy  of  LcmgQ  i>  tkc  mimrfaitiire  of  mceochaum 
i  hai  ■[tuned  ben  *  bigb  pkch  of  cxceUeDcc;  otber 
■n  maving,  bnwin^  and  tbc  maaulactun  of  katber 
I.  Tbr  town  wu  ■  memba  of  the  Uuuatic  kague 
L  AITHHIIB  HABIH  (nsf'Tai,  Fnnch  dnina- 
id  poet,  wai  bota  in  Pari)  on  tbc  iilh  of  January  lysj 
e  poor,  hut  Lcnuoic  found  a  patron  in  Ibc 
of  tucs,  Dupio,  whiae  uxntaiy  he  became. 
LmUBm  gained  hii  fim  suobs  on  the  uige  wiifa  HyfermKalrt 
(i;5S);  TIrte  (n6i)  ud  liomtmlc  (i^bf)  failed  on  accaiiBt  of 
Ihenbiecls.  ^rronra,  modEllsd  on  Melaitaiio.and  C>iUain« 
Tdi  were  produced  in  17^.  other  aucceiaful  liagedies  were 
Lt  Vtiat  it  Ualatar  (1770)  and  SbfihikU  <I7S<}  Lemicrrc 
revived  Cudufiu  TiU  it  17SA  with  enonnoui  hiccch.  Alter 
tbc  Revolatmn  It  profeswd  great  remoise  Ini  the  pmduction 
of  ■  play  [dcvkating  revalulionaiy  principLd,  and  there  a  no 
doubt  that  the  horror  of  the  CKCcaea  he  vitoesed  hoilened  Im 
death,  which  took  place  on  Ihe  4tli  of  July  I7gj.  Ke  bvl  been 
■dmilted  to  tlie  Academy  in  17S1.  Lealcrrc  publi^ed  La 
FiitUnre  (1769),  baaed  an  ■  Latin  poem  by  the  »bbt  d»  Maisy, 
and  1  poem  in  At  lanioa,  La  Faila,  im  Ici  mat"  ^  J'owi* 
(17I9).  an  unsatisfactory  imitation  olOvid'lffli/i. 

His  (Swvi  (i«10)  nntain  a  DM  ice  dI  Ltmicrre  by  K.  Penis,  and 
Ut(Emrn  cJuina  (1811)  owby  K.  Fayolln. 

LBUSB,  jnia  AUflDSTB  (185]-  ).  French  print  and 
social  reiormer,  wai  bora  at  Vitui-Betquin  (Noid)  on  the  ijrd 
of  April  iSsj.  He  m  educated  at  the  college  of  St  Francis  of 
Aui«.  Uazebnjuck,  whete  he  aubsequenliy  taught  phikjtophy 
and  rhetoric,  la  1S97  he  was  elected  deputy  for  Haiebrouck 
tod  was  returned  unopiwicd  at  the  elections  of  iSijg,  1901  and 
igo6.  He  organized  B.  society  called  La  Liptt  du  coin  de  lerre  cf 
iu  foyer,  the  object  of  wfiich  was  to  lecuie,  at  the  eipenie  of  the 


Fof  la 


miiydesi 


Ing  one.  The  abbt  Lemire  sat  !n  the  dumber  nf  depuHes  as  1 
ive  republican  and  Christian  Socialist.  He  proleslet 
gainst  the  action  of  the  Dupuy  siUnet  in  closing  Ihi 
u  Travsil,  characteriiing  it 


policy  of  di 


•mbcr  ,fU,i  he  was 
;  aAarthiit  VoiUant 


1  imatl  ScantUniviin  irident 
.  lemmui).  bdODging  to  tbc 
:ly  related,  especially  n  the 
be  vole*.  Specimens  Tary 
sual  length  is  about 


from  the  galkty  of  the  chan 
LBMKIND,  the  native  ni 
mammal  Unnaui  lumtiicn 
mouse  tribe,  or  VuriifM,  a 
llRicture  of  its  cheek-teeth,  to  (I 
considerably  m  elie  and  colour,  bu 

5  in.,  and  Ihe  soft  for  yeUowish-brown.  maraeu  wiui  umiis  di 
dark  brown  and  Mack.  It  has  a  short,  munded  bead,  ohtuic 
muiile,  small  bead-Kke  eyes,  and  ihort  rounded  cats,  nearly 
concealed  by  the  fur.  Tbelail  isveryshon.  TTie  feel  ate  small, 
each  with  five  claws,  Ihoae  of  the  fore  feet  stisngcst.  and  fitted  for 
scratching  and  digging.  The  UEoal  habitat  of  lemmings  is  the 
hi^  lands  or  fells  of  Ihe  gtcBl  cenlinl  mountain  chain  of  Norway 
and  Sweden,  from  the  souihcm  branches  of  the  Langfjcldenc 
m  Chciiliansand  j(i/«  lo  the  North  Cape  and  the  Varangerfiord. 
South  of  the  Afclic  elide  they  are,  under  ordinary  cinumsliniei. 
coDfinedta  Ihe  plateaus  covered  with  dwarf  birch  and  juniper 
above  Uk conifer-region.  Ihoogh  in  TronnOBnK  and  in  Finmarken 
they  occur  in  all  suiublc  localities  down  10  the  level  of  the  sea. 
The  i>e»l,  under  a  tussock  ol  grass  or  a  stone,  is  constructed  of 
iboit  diy  maw*,  and  usually  lined  with  hair.    Tbc  number  al 


la  gaKraay  Eve,  tometimcs  only  three, 
eifhl,  and  at  least  Iwo  broods  ace  produced 
I  is  entirely  ve^table,  especially  grau  roots 
ana  stalka,  aboota  01  dwati  birch,  reindeer  lichens  and  mosses, 
in  search  ol  whkb  they  form,  in  winter,  long  galleries  through  the 
turt  at  under  the  mow.  They  are  restless,  courageous  ud 
pugnadoua  little  ■nimil*  Ulien  suddenly  disturbed,  instead 
of  trying  to  escape  they  sit  upright,  with  their  back  ■giinm  a 
'  ~    '  '  shoving  £^t  tn  a  determine  ' 


The  d 
and  Sweden,  where  in 


stcndily  and  slowly  advance, 
rcganUeas  of  all  gbstulei,  s< 
several  miles  in  breadth,  am 


ipubi  interest  lo  the 
vated  lands  of  Norway 
CCS  they  are  unknown, 


r  turn  llxy  arc  punued  antl  harassed  by  cr 


The  Norwegian  Lemmi 


[  (Lixfliu  rftmtiius] 


er  ^ured  by  man; 
en  domistic  animals,  as  cttiK,  geots  and  reindeer,  join  in  the 
siraction,  stamping  Ibem  to  the  ground  with  Ibeic  feet,  and 
en  eating  tbctr  bodies.  Numbers  also  die  from  discues 
oduced  apparently  Inm  overaowding.  None  returns,  and  the 
ward  march  of  the  SBrvrvon  never  ceaars  until  they  teadi  tbe 
1.  bilo  which  Ibey  plunge,  and  swimming  onwards  in  tbc  same 
rection  perish  in  Ihe  waves.  These  sudden  sppesrHnccs  of  vast 
r  habit  of   pcisslcOtly 


iglhei 


^of  m 


spccublion: . 
pcasantSj  shared  by  Otaus  Magnus,  that  they  fall  down  fium  Ihe 

I  instinct  inherited  fmm  andent  times,  and  still  seeking  the 
ingcnlal  home  in  the  submerged  Atlantis,  to  which  their 
iceslors  of  the  Mtdcene  period  were  wont  lo  resort  when  driven 
om  then-  ordinary  dweiling-plarci  by  croTnling  or  scarcity  of 
food.    The  prindpalfacts  regarding  these  migmlions 


.  When  , 
an  increase  of  the  numbers  of  the  le 
y  dwelling-places,  impelled  by  the  rcsiL 
possessed  in  a  less  developed  degree  by 


n  Ihtir 


The  whnle  body  m 


the  elevated 
I  towards  the  lower-lying  land  begins. 
iiward  slowly,  always  advoaciag  in  tte 


LEMNISCATE— LEMNOS 


J  dizvction  in  vUdi  ifary  oii^naAjr  ttai^edr  but 

norloilbecaancol^kigrat  *BUe)rs<    Thcyaiily 

>T  aieht:  and,  itajniia  in  cmsauii]  placci  lor  coiuMvnible 

~  '  ....  .     .         .  j^  nwiriih- 

\j  during  Ihcir  ' 

pwigrai  nar  hut  Imn  oac  to  tbice  ytu*.  acncding  lo  tbe 
nwir  ukra.  ud  tbe  daUnce  la  be  tnvtned  until  ihc  act-coui 
it  R*ckvd»  vbich  in  >  country  n  Aimundtd  by  wKrr  u  ihc 
Scaadiuvioa  pnJomU  muit  bo  the  aliinute  goo]  at  luch  & 
jaanxy.  Thanuf  bccilhcr  the  AUuiIicor  tbeGuUdTBotliiua, 
•asrdinK  u  tbt  migcalion  hu  annmeimd  fiom  the  nsl  or  Ihc 
nil  wit  ol  Ihc  ixatnl  dcvalrd  plBIcin.  Those  Ihat  finally 
peruh  in  the  lut.  ondAiLIing  what  apfxan  lo  be  a  voluntary 
■uiddc,  are  only  leting  uodrr  the  wunc  blind  Lmpulie  vhidi  has 
kd  them  pmiousiy  lo  cron  ahallover  piKs  of  «atn  vith  lafelyr 
In  Eastern  Eumpe,  Nanhetn  Alia  and  N«th  America  the  groiqi 
ii  represented  by  tbe  allied  J~  a^auU,  and  in  Alaako,  by  L- 
nipipa\  wliile  Ihc  cLrcumpoUr  banded  lemming,  Dkrosttnyx 


MitOI 


Ik  double 

«  R.  Colktt.  Vwlu  Ummt 
—■■    ■     ■     ViinikabtSd 


taking 

For  habitt  o(  lenii... .._.  .__  . ..  _ 

md  mipalioiu  in  Namy  (Chiisli 

handlinter.  |B4S).  (w.  n.  r.;  k.  i^'i 

amtaSCATE  (rrom  Gr.  hvaUMot.  ribbon),  a  quartic  curve 
invented  by  Jacques  Bernoulli  {Ada  Endilenm,  iAq4)  and 
afterwards  invealigslcd  by  Clulio  Carlo  Fagnano,  who  gave  in 
principal  properties  and  applied  it  to  effect  the  division  of  a 
quadrant  into  ji-,  ji"  and  s*»"  equal  parts.  Foilowin* 
Archimedes,  Fagnano  desired  tbo  corvc  to  be  engraved  on  his 
tombslgne.  The  complete  anBlytlol  trealmenl  was  laa  given 
by  Lconhard  Euler.  The  lemnlsute  of  Bernoulli  may  be  defined 
as  the  locul  ol  a  point  whieh  aiovo  »  thai  the  ptoduci  of  its 
distances  from  two  fixed  pouita  is  conitant  and  b  equal  to  the 
square  of  half  the  distance  between  these  points.  It  is  Ihereforc 
a  particular  form  of  Casini's  oval  (see  Oval].  Its  cartesian 
cqualiOD,  when  (he  line  joining  the  lira  fixed  points  is  the  axis 
off  and  the  middle  pmnt  of  Ibis  line  is  the  origin,  is  ()*  +  >■)•- 
la'iif-'/)  and  tbe  polar  equation  [s  r'-ii'  cos  it.  The  curve 
(Ag,  ])  consists  of  two  loops  symmetrically  placed  about  the 
coordinate  axes-    The  pedal  equation  is  r^^a'pt  which  shows 

Oio  DO  ^^ 


Fic.  1. 


Flo.  J. 


■bat  it  is  Ihc  &nl  poiilive  ptdal  of  *  rectangular  hypetbida  with 
ngard  lo  Ibe  ctnlre.  It  it  alao  tbe  ioveisc  ol  ihe  lame  curve  hic 
tbe  ume  point.  Ii  is  the  envelope  of  circlea  described  on  Ihc 
cenlial  radii  ol  an  eHipsE  ai  diamclcn.  The 
curve  u  in*,  and  Ihe  length  □[  any  arc  mav 
lonn  /(i-z<}-Ui,  an  elliptic  int^ral 


Then 


nelem 


J^Z+c/.  U  a  be  peit" iEi""»  i{[e  cui 
h  lamelnnn  Icimcd  Ihc  fiUtil-lim*iteaU:  d 
eurve  rvacmbles  fig. 

J.   The  nme  naine      y — .-J- ^ 

h  al»  given  to  the  /  I  \ 

r,r«  poiilive  pedal  I  ] 

of  jny  ceniral  eonie.  \  |  r 

When  the  cnnieisa  \.  i  / 

irclaniidar    hyper*       ^hh— -"•**-._>' 

I'hi''  koTni™""  il  ^"''  * 

Drmoulli  pievimiily  described.    The  •Bi^ 

equation  ^+r'i'-^^+iV  or  >■-«■  arf»4  .  _  ...   _.  . 

fig.  4-  The  kyftXlu  S^nticak  hai  lor  its  niullion  t.'+j"}'-oV 
-Vr'or  ft-o-^DlW-f  >ii>>  >.  In  Ih;>  ra.e  llie  eeniiT  i>  a  crunodc 
and  Ihe  curve  mcmMei  fig.  j.  These  el 
■aicuml  bldrcular  qriMi^ 


mployed  ii 


of  (he  DJ 


geograpbial  works 
to  I  urtry,  a  ol  considerable  aizt:  Pliny  tays  (hat  the  coast-liDe 
measured  rii)  Roman  nilta,  and  Ibe  am  ha*  been  eslimated 
al  15a  aq  m.  Great  part  is  mountainous,  but  wme  very  lenik 
valleys  odsJ,  to  cultivate  which  fooo  yoLc  of  coicn  an 
cmi^oyed.  The  hill-sides  afiord  pasture  for  70,000  sfaeep  No 
forrsls  exist  on  the  island;  all  wood  Is  brougbl  [rora  the  ctujt 
of  Riuncha  or  from  Tlusoo.  A  few  Daulberiy  aad  fruit  txees 
grow,  but  no  olivca.  Hie  piqmlation  is  estimated  iiy  scene 
as  hi^  as  77,000,  ol  whom-  sooo  are  Turks  and  the  rest  Greds, 
but  other  authorities  doubt  whetho  it  riKhei  man  than  haU 
Ibis  number.  The  chid  towns  are  Kaatro  on  tbe  wcstoB  cnaat, 
wilb  ■  population  ol  4000  Grceka  and  Soo  Turks,  and  Uudia  ea 


.    Kastn, 


Cnek, 
hi  Cnek  bands. 


En^^ 

stalioiicd  there;  but  the  whole  Itade  a  1 

The  archbishops  of  Lemnoa  and  Ai  Strati,  .  _     _ 

island  with  looo  mh^bitanls,  resides  u  Xastlo.     u  aiKient 

times  the  islaibd  was  sacred  to  lJe[;diaestuB,  who  o  the  legend 

IcUs  feU  on  Lcmnos  when  his  father  Zeus  hurled  him  headking 

out  of  Olympus.     This  tale,  aa   well  as  tbe  name  Aethakia, 

Bometimei  appbcd  to  it,  prunls  lo  its  volcanic  diaract^.    It  is 


s  (vii 


island  called  Cbrysc,  ofl  tbe  Lemalan  coaat,  waa  iwaUovcd  up 
by  the  aca.    AU  volcanic  action  is  now  extiocl. 
The  mon  (smous  product  of  Lennci*  is  the  iDedldiuI  earth,  nMefa 

Avi^A  tf«#a-r'i,  is  derived  from  the  stamp  Impresaed  on  each  ^nece 
of  Ihc  cinh.  in  ancient  limes  tbe  stamp  was  the  head  ol  Artemis. 
Tbe  Turki  now  believe  thai  a  vase  of  this  earth  deiuaya  Ihe  eflect 
'  ny  poiwn  drank  from  h-a  beliel  which  Ihe  aneleBU  anadied 
er  to  Ihe  earth  from  Cape  Kolias  in  Attka.  Galen  wtnt  10  « 
ligglngupollhu  earth  (lee  Kuhn.  Ifolic.  («r.  (7^0,  lui.  177 1^.); 

■pimni  ii  llie  6ih  Hi  AufuB,  the  Irmmt  ef  Chria  Ibe  Savinur. 
tid  tlv  Greek  priest  are  cntaA  to  pcrfofm 
i;  the  whole  proceH  ukc*  place  belore 
■old  by  i;— ■----■--       ■  -  '■— 


Doth  Ibe  Turkish  It 

dqybre^k.  The  eanh  is  lold  by  apothecaries 
blocks.  The  hill  rrom  which  tbe  earth  is  dug  !»■ 
veBetalioQ,  be«lde  the  villafe  el  Kotschinos, 


The  name  Lemuos  St  aaid  by  Hecataeui  (a^.  Sttpb.  Byi.)  to 
have  been  a  lille  ol  Cybele  among  tbe  Thiacians,  and  the  earliest 
inhsbilants  are  >ald  lo  have  beeh  a  Thndan  tribe,  called  by 
the  Creeks  Sinlies.  ix.  "  Ibe  lobben."  According  10  a  famous 
legend  the  women  wert  all  deserted  by  theii  husbands,  and  in 
revenge  teurdcmd  every  BU  on  Ihe  idand.  Fmrn  this  barbarous 
act,  the  expression  Leoinian  dads,  Avww  ^n^  beciine  pro- 
vcrbiaL  Tiie  Ai^mauls  landing  soon  alter  found  only  Kmen 
in  the  istaod.  ruled  over  by  llypsipyle.  daughter  o[  the  old  king 
Tboas  From  the  Argonauls  and  Ihc  Lemnias  women  were 
daoMtdcd  the  race  culled  Minyae.  whoae  king  Euneua,  son  ol 
Jason  lod  Kypsipyle.  >cnl  wine  and  provnions  to  the  Greeks 
»  Troy.  The  Minyae  were  expelled  by  •  }>ehugian  Itibe  who 
came  from  Atlica.  The  historical  clemeal  underlying  these 
iradltions  il  probably  that  the  original  Hirsciia  people  were 
gradually  brDUght  inlo  communicalion  with  the  Greeks  as 
navigallon  began  to  unite  Ihc  scattered  islands  of  Ihe  Aegean 
(sec  JjUKui};  ihe  Thruian  inhabiianls  were  barbarians  in 
comparisaa  with  (be  Greek  muincrs.  The  wonhip  of  Cybele 
was  choncterislic  ol  Thrace,  whiihcr  it  spread  from  Aaii  Minor 
It  ■  very  early  period,  and  il  deserves  notice  ihat  Kypsipyle 
and  Myrina  (ihe  name  of  one  of  the  chief  towns)  arc  Amaaon 
Dames,  which  are  always  coBAccicd  with  Asiatic  Cybele-wontaip. 
Coming  down  to  a  bctler  aulhenticalcd  period,  we  find  that 
LenuKKwucoDOUerEdby  OUne^ODcef.lhcloenlssl  Dariui 


LEMOINNE— LEMON 


BTttupb;  bst  wu  loon  leconqtmcd  bjr  MDiiidn,  the  tynnt 

oi  the  TluicLui  Chcraonoe.  Milliuln  aClcmrdi  returned  lo 
ACbent,  uid  Lemnos  coDlinued  an  Alhemu  pcucsuon  till  the 
Mictdonun  enpiic  absorbed  tt.  On  the  vidssitudcs  ol  ill 
history  in  the  jrd  Rniury  >^  «  Kehlcr  in  Uiuktil.  ttal. 

give  it  ovtt  la  i^  to  Athens,  which  relAined  aajuiiuJ  possesion 
of  il  tiU  IIk  whide  oi  Gteeic  wu  lude  a  Ronun  province.  A 
rokiny  of  Attic  deruda  wu  isUblidicd  by  Pericit).  and  miny 
iDscripiioEis  on  the  island  relite  tn  AtheoLans.  After  the  divi^n 
fil  Ibe  eminre,  Letnrue  pdued  uodu  Ihc  Byanliuc  cmpcnin: 
it  ihued  in  Ik  vidnituda  of  the  euteni  pnvinces.  bcjog 
■llcTTiiIcIy  in  the  power  of  Greek),  Ili!iur>  ud  Turks,  liU 
finally  the  Turlish  sultins  became  supreme  [n  the  Aegean. 
In  1476  the  Venetilina  succenfully  defendeil  KoLschinoa  agaiast 
■  Tutbib  liege;  bot  in  16^  Kutto  vai  captured  by  the  Turks 
froiD  the  Venetiuu  after  a  siege  of  Dxty-lhree  d^^  Kulro 
wu  Bgaia  besjeged  by  the  Russians  in  1770. 

Homer  speaks  as  if  there  were  one  Ioks  in  the  island  called 
f  *nMMM_  but  LB  hiatorkai  tinea  then  was  ao  such  pUcc    There 
I.  Myrina,  Dow  Kutni,  and  Hephaeslia. 


latter 


IS  the  chief 


im;  its  It 


imbcr,  the  types  being  lomelimes  Un  Athenian  goddess  and 
ber  owl,  BHnerimes  native  religious  symbtds,  tbc  caps  of  the 
Dioscuri,  Apollo,  Ac.  Few  ccdns  of  Myrina  arc  known.  They 
belong  to  the  period  of  Attic  occupalion,  ird  bear  Athenian 
types.  A  few  coins  are  also  known  which  bear  the  name,  not 
of  ether  dly,  bat  of  the  whole  island.  Come  wit  Ihe  Brst  to 
discover  the  site  of  Hepbaaila.  at  a  dcvned  plate  named 
Palaeokastm  on  Ihe  east  aasK.  Il  bad  once  a  splendid  harbour, 
which  is  now  filled  up.  lis  situation  on  the  cast  eiplains  why 
Milliadcs  MtackEd  it  first  when  lie  came  from  the  Cfaeisoncse. 
It  surrendered  at  once,  wherras  Myrina,  with  its  very  stiong 
dradel  built  on  a  perpendicular  rock,  sustained  a  SJce1^.  It 
is  said  that  the  shadow  ol  Mount  Athos  tdt  at  sunset  on  a  bronze 
cow  in  the  agora  of  Myrina.  Pliny  says  that  Alfasa  was  S7  m. 
to  the  DOTtb-west;  but  the  real  distance  is  about  40  English 
n  Lemnqa  still  rtquir 


IS  left  tl 


ebyth 


•nd  there  be  suSercd  ten  yean'  agony 
until  Ulysses  and  Neoptolcmui  induced  Um  lo  accompany  them 
to  Troy.  He  is  said  by  Sophocles  to  have  lived  beside  Mount 
Heimaeui.  which  Aeschylus  {Aiam.  161)  makea.one  of  Ihe 
beacon  poiDU  lo  Sash  the  news  of  Troy's  downlall  home  to 


Sec  Rhode,  Ai  I 


mf  in  Imdn  da  Tint- 


siv.  3>9.  ftc-;  Kend. 


LEWIIHH^  JOHH  ftMlLB  (iSis-'^>)>  French  journalist, 
wubam  ol  Pnnch  parents,  in  London,  on  the  ijth.of  Ociobci 
ISIS.  He  was  educated  first  at  an  English  school  and  then  In 
France.    In  1&40  he  began  writing  for  the  Jt 


I  other  1 


T  the  r 


he  held  up  to  admirslion  the  free  instilutions  of  England  by 
contrast  with  imperial  methods.  After  1871  he  supported 
Thien,  but  his  sympathies  rather  tended  towards  a  liberalized 
monarchy,  until  tbe  comte  dc  Chambord's  policy  made  such  a 
development  an  Impossibility,  and  he  then  ranged  himself  with 
(he  moderate  Republicans.  In  187s  Lcmoinne  was  elected  to 
the  French  Academy,  and  in  1880  he  was  nominaicd  a  life  senator. 
DiKioguished  though  he  was  lor  a  real  knowledge  ol  Engl: 


neh  jou: 


wbow 


tone  towards  English  polity  greatly  changed 

and  though  he  never  shared  tbe  ' 

against  England  as  regards  Egypt, 

■Ililnde  which  served  lo  stimulate  French  Anglophobia.     He 

was  a  frequent  conlribulor  to  Ihe   Ram  da  daa  mmii 

knd  published  several  books,  the  best  known  af  wbicb  i*  his 


♦13 


tlala  triii^aa  e>  K>|r«Mtt*B  (1862). 
the  i4ih  ol  December  iB^ii. 

LUOII,  >ABK  (i8oQ-i8,o),  editor  ol  Pfmci.  was  bora  in 
London  on  Ihe  jolh  ol  November  1S09-  Ue  had  a  natural  talent 
for  jfHimalism  and  the  stage,  and,  at  twenly-su,  retired  from  less 
congenial  business  to  devote  himself  10  Ihc  writing  of  plays. 
Alore  than  sixty  ol  his  melodramas,  operettas  atid  comedies  were 
ptoduced  in  LondoiL  At  the  same  lime  be  coatributed  lo  a 
variety  of  magaiincs  and  newspapers,  and  founded  arKi  edited 
Ihe  FiiU.  In  1841  Lemon  and  Henry  Mayhcw  conceived  the 
idea  of  a  humonius  weekly  paper  lo  be  called  Pmuh,  and  when 
the  first  ovmbcr  was  issued,  in  July  1841,  were  joint.editors  aa^ 
with  the  printer  and  engraver,  equal  owners.    The  paper  w" 


it  aUve  < 


i(  the 


profits  of  his  plays.  On  the  sale  of  Puat^  Lemon 
editor  lor  the  aew  prt^eLors,  and  it  rtmaioed  under  nis  control 
until  his  death,  achieving  remarkable  popularity  and  influence. 
Lemon  was  an  actor  of  ability,  a  p1ca»ng  lecturer  and  a  success. 
Jul  impersonator  of  Shakespearian  characters.  He  also  wrote 
a  host  of  novelettes  and  lyrio,  over  a  hundred  Bon(s,  a  few 

of  JC51S.  He  died  at  Crawley,  Susses,  on  the  rjrd  of  May  1870. 
LEMON,  the  fruit  of  Cilriu  Xi'iuiiiiim,  which  a  regarded  by 
some  botanists  as  a  variety  of  Cibui  media.  The  wild  stock  of 
the  lemon  Iree  is  said  lo  he  a  native  of  tbe  valleyi  of  Kumaoo 
and  Sikkim  in  the  Morth-WesI  piovinccs  of  India,  ascending 

Ceorge  Watt  (Drilioniiy  pf  EcHomic  PrMKt!  ,f  India,  u.  ]s,) 
regards  the  wild  plants  as  wild  forms  of  the  lime  or  ritron  and 
considers  it  highly  probable  ihal  tbe  wild  form  of  Ibe  lemon  has 


Dovcd '.  ilightly  ealanp^. 


length  wi, 


inbelwe 


I  the  nth  and  13th  ci 


tibo 


the  Azures,  and  largely  shipped  to  England, 
but  since  1838  the  eaportalion  has  ceased.  Asa  cultivated  plant 
the  lemon  is  now  met  with  throughout  the  Mediterranean  region, 
in  Spain  and  Portugal,  in  California  and  Florida,  and  in  almost 
all  tropical  and  subtmpical  countriev  Ijke  Ihe  ifcile  and  pear, 
it  varies  eicecdingly  under  cultivatiun.  Risso  and  Poileau 
enumerate  forty-seven  varieties  ol  ,this  fruit,  although  they 
maintain  as  distinct  tbe  sweet  lime,  C,  LimtUa,  with  eight 
varieties,  and  the  sweet  lemon,  C.  tmaw,  with  twelve  varieties, 
which  differ  only  in  tbe  fruit  possessing  an  Insipid  instead  of  an 

The  lemon  i>  more  delicate  Ihan  the  orange,  although,  amidlmg 


+14 

Unlike  tk 
with  p.lr 


IrdBXHng  biuh,  or  email 

uiU.    TV  BowRi.  whk 
«n  tlut  of  llw  ofUK  HR 

t  p«l,  the  «![&«  ol  whic 


LEMON 


IHODrlluH  ndt.  The  vl 
in  cfiSermt  kimb,  but  U  nci 
■R  awdi  iDOf*  ftotub\t  ic 
kcepiiic  pfDptnm,  ud  trot 


Hnpannienii,  each  gmcrally  cc 


■f  Em  Liable  lo  injury  dunn| 
11  prcfprm]  in  luly  whcrcvEi 
1  Ikble  Hit  the  annge  (f.t.J 
Id*  tbc  ktem,  Icjvei,  and  rniii 


lubicqucnt  to  ihc  uuckt  of  «  naU  oval 

kaperiJuM.    Trcn  pot  pfopcrly  Hpoted  to 

noit  Kverdy  rroni  these  pnt^    SyrinEina  ■■^■i  iizMMi-^atit  ui  luii^ 

ct  Halt  wben  (he  youoe  iniecti  air  hatched,  and  before  th^  lavr 

fiud  thcnudvo  to  the  plant.  i>a  pnventJve.  Sim  itrg  ihu  funpiid 

trea,  ttpvcialiy  around  Catania  and  Mcubia.    Heriiie  attribute! 
the  pRvalence  of  the  dlicaie  to  the  (art  ibat  the  Enwen  ^hair 

<hcm  to  bar  tnoroious  rropi  year  alter  year.   Tliii  Im>  of  viuliiy 

Iht  bitter  orange,  but  tieei  to  gralicd  da  n«  bar  Iruil  until  they 
are  eiibl  or  ten  yean  old. 

The  lemon  tree  ii  eic«(Ilngl)r  (tuillul,  a  large  one  In  Spain  or 
Sicily  lipeniDg  u  many  u  IbiK  thousand  liuiU  in  bvourablc 
Kiwni.  In  tbe  uulb  o(  Europe  lemons  *ie  colkcied  moie  oi 
leu  during  every  month  of  ihe  year,  but  in  Sidly  the  chief 
hitveti  takes  place  from  the  end  of  October  to  the  end  of 
December,  those  gathered  duiing  tbe  1ji4tl«amonlhl  of  the  year 
being  coniideted  the  bat  for  lieeping  puiposes.  The  fruit  is 
gathered  while  still  green.  After  coEIection  the  hnest  specimens 
are  picked  out  and  packed  in  cases,  each  containing  about  four 
hundred  and  twenty  fruits,  and  also  in  boxes,  three  of  which  are 
equal  lo  Ivo  cascs^  each  lemon  being  separatdy  packed  in  paper. 
The  remainder,  consisting  of  ill-shaped  or  unsound  Irvits,  are 
reserved  far  the  manutaciun  of  essential  oil  and  juice.  The 
whole  of  the  lound  lemons  are  usually  packed  in  boiet,  but  those 
which  are  not  eipoited  immediately  are  carefully  [wked  over 
and  Ihe  unsound  ones  removed  before  shipment.  The  evpona. 
tJon  is  continued  as  required  until  April  and  May.  Tbc  large 
Jemoits  with  a  rougher  rind,  which  appear  in  tbe  London  nurkeL 
in  July  and  August,  are  grown  at  Sorrento  near  Naples,  and  arc 


Candied  lemon  peel  is  usually  made  i 

England  from  a  larger 

»»riety  of  tbe  Icmo 

n  cultivated  in  Sicily 

on  higher  ground  than 

Ihe  eoinmon  kind. 

rom  which  it  ii  dlst 

nguished  by  iis  thicker 

rind  and  Urger  li 

a     This  kind,  kno 

n  as  the  Spodafotese 

lemon,  is  also  allowed  to  remain  on  Ihe  tl 

B3  until  ripe.  wtd»  hen 

gathered  the  fmit 

IS  cut  in  half  longi 

udinally  and  pickled  in 

brine,  before  being 

Before  candying  the 

lemons  are  soaked 

Tiove  (be  lalt.    Qticns 

•re  also  eiported 

rom  Sicily  in  the  lame  way,  but  these  are 

■bout  six  times  aa 

small  quantity  is  sh 

pped.    Besides  those 

eipoiled  from  Klesiina 

■nd  Palermo,  lemo 

It  art  also  imported 

Into  England  to  a  lets 

eitent  from  thl  R 

■era  of  Genoa,  and 

rom  Malaga  in  Spain, 

(he  latter  being  the 

mottetletmed.    Of 

tbe  uimerous  varieties 

the  waa  lenujn,  th 

imperial  lemnn  and  the  Gaeta  lemon  are 

ronsidered  to  be  th 

ebeil.    Lttnonsan: 

to  CalitoniU  and  Florida. 

Lemons  o(  ordinary  tiie  conliin  about  1  M.  of  juice,  of  specific 
gravity  ioj9-i  046,  yielding  on  an  averart  JJ-J  to  ^1.5]  graini  of 
citric  acM peroL  Ttnamounl  d  (hbaefd.accotdini  toStoddan, 
variei  in  diffemt  seasons,  decreasing  in  lemons  kept  from  Febfuary 

that  period  it  is  all  split  up  into  glucose  and  carbonic  acid— the 
speciAc  gravity  of  tbe  juice  bein(|  in  February  1-046,  in  May  i-o^r 


jredin  iST^by  Palemoand  AgiialDT 
in  which  Ii  ei  IxeieM  in  very  small  quantity.  15x00  grains  of  ae 
yielding  enly  So  gniH  ef  it.  It  dillci*  Inn  hespsiilin  in  disiolvi 
m  pocadi  wlchoui  altoation.   Ii  mektai  ijs*  F. 

The  BimpleM  method  of  piescrvir»  lemon  juke  in  smafl  quanlit 
for  merKcinal  or  domestie  use  is  10  keep  It  covem!  with  a  Layer 
obve  oe  almond  oil  in  a  closed  vessel  iBmisbcd  with  a  Blau  tap,  I 
s^ich  tbe  clear  liquid  may  be  drawn  off  as  reqoimL  Lemon  jui 
is  largely  used  on  shipboard  aa  a  preventive  of  scurvy.  Bv  t 
Merchant   Shipping  Act    1867  every    Brilish   >^ip  going   to  oI> 


gallons!,    Sicilian 
The  crude 


lie  crude  juK 
dultcraledwll 


ind  Palecmo.  by  b 


only  6  at.  if  the  frUM  is  colScttd  in  AprJ. 

lerN  ciujorted  to  England,  and  was  fJten 

9,  but  is  now  abnost  entirely  replaced  by 

lee.    A  cflacentrated  ienioA  jtdce  lor  the  ■Anntacture  9 

:id  b  jvepared  In  considerable  quantities,  chiefly  at  MesirA 

lermo.  by  boiling  down  the  crude  Juice  in  copper  veswla 

"   "    '  ""      "■'its  Gpccihc  gra«ty  is  about  i-JW.  se^-en  lo 

ng  only  one  of  concentrated  Kinon  iuice. 

, —  — e  om  shipboarti  is  prepared  alto  from  tbr 

fruiu  of  bmes  aad  Bcrgamol  orange*.    It  11  said  to  be  sametimei 
adullcralcd  witb  sulphuric  acid  on  arrival  in  Enihnd. 

The  lemon  used  in  medicine  Is  described  in  tiic  BHtish  pliarraa. 
copCKta  as  being  thclruit  of  Cilrui  sii4iia.  vir,  Limonum.  Tbe 
preparatioas  ol  lemon  peel  air  ai  ^  "  ' 
licsh  ped  it  obtaiiied  Ihe  aitmm  Umi 
tas  the  characters  of  iis  chisa,     li 

STof  whi^'^'i^msabouiV  grai 
the  citrate  ol  potassium  {jj  'Hi  and 
Ten  per  cent,  of  aLcohnl  must  be  add 


"li^i"w£HcliJbi3 


•u  tdoK  1-3  minims),  which 
^'°  ™ge  jjKl;  ""^cilnL 

IS  of  lite  citric  acid,  beitdes 
laljc  acid,  free  and  combined. 
d  to  lemon  juice  if  III!  to  be 
1  hmonia  (dose  i-s  drachms}, 
aul  an  aloholK  EniTwct  ■( 
.    Lemon  juice  is  pacticaUy 


.    The 


Ft  eniplaycd  whi.-  — —  p.— .  -^  .-^,..  - 

tr  than  when  they  are  quLle  ripe.    In  Sicil 
extcacted  in  Navcmbei  and  December 

rcc^oneecd  central  core  having  a  small  portion  of 
~"  !SC  puus  are  then  divided  transversely 
itrips  of  peel  are  thrown  in  annrhrr  itl 
3ee(  are  deprived  of  their 


Regtio  in  Cabbria,  and  u 

imalTand  irrcguLarLy  shaped 

' '  -  Slate  the  yield  oToil 


and  base.  These  pu 
side,  and  the  strips 
'       '  '        r         .      'tedof  their  mtby  pressing  four  or  li>^ 

, Burfaccof  Ihe  peel  (aest  or  Aavedo)  bent 

into  a  eonvcx  ihape,  againit  a  fbt  spofiyc  held  in  the  palm  oS  the 
left  hand  and  wrapped  mund  the  forehiwer.  Tbe  oil  vciidet  in 
the  rind,  whicb  are  niplurad  more  eauly  In  the  fresh  Iruit  than  in 
the  Kate  In  which  leotons  are  Imported,  yield  up  th«r  oil  to  the 
sponge,  which  when  saturated  b  sqiieeted  into  an  eanbrn  vessel 
furnished  with  a  snut  and  capable  of  holding  aboai  Ibite  pioia. 
After  a  tine  tbe  oil  lepanlea  from  the  watery  liquid  which  aecont. 
anin  it,  aad  is  then  decanted.  By  thisproeesabur  hundred  Iruita 
icM  g  to  14  oa-  of  essence.  The  prisms  of  pulp  are  afteraarda 
cpre»ed  to  obtain  lemon  iulce.  and  then  distilled  10  obtab  ibe 
— " ilv  of  vnblilF  nS  Ihnr  mntain.     At  Mealone  and  NiOB 

™  E  diam^  "having 

itoin  ol  the  vessel.    The  worlonan 
h  iiipune  the  oil  niidcs.  aud  ihe 

te  from  the  aqueous  liquid  miicd 

in  the  English  mferkel.  as  perfumers'  esaenec  erf  lemon,  inlerior 
qualities  being  dialinguished  as  dmtgisls*  estfne*  of  lemofl.     An 

ing  Ibr  <b1  which  floats  off.    Esuait  d> 


o(  tJKHe  wlikh  have  been  submitted  I 


LEMONNIBR,  A.  t.  C, 

the  idiD.  ol  Die 


ai  obULTied  by  (KeCDtdprKEw 
has  a  yellqv  colour  and  pQwerrul  odour. 

Essence  ol  lemon  it  chu^Ay  brought  fron  Messina  and  PHicnr 
parked  in  copper  l»tllt«  holdinf  ?s  to  sol^offrammctor  man.  an 

ffMnd  ink  Male  of  puritv  in  covmletce.  tlmof^  aQ  4lut  comet  Hit 
(he  maiket  being  lUliited  witb  the  ctaapci  dJHiltcd  oil.    TUi  fai 

knun  ia  asld  in  Gotland,  thb  being  Icn  than  it  cosli  Ihc  mini 
■■ctuRT  to  make  i1.  Wben.  lon^  )tpot  the  cnencv  deposit  a  whit 
cnaiy  itewopteiie.  ap^tucntiy  identical  with  the  timapien 
DbEAlncd  Iron  the  eueatui  oil  «  tiK  Bcriamoc  orucb  The  ebn 
coauiluent  ol  pii  of  Lemon  ia  the  tcpene,  CmHh,  boiJinR  at  34fi*- 

CaHiijOHfc'Dut  diHm  in  yield'in.  ihp  cryslalline  corapQum 
CH.+IC1,  oil  or  tocpemine  ternung  nne  liavini  (be  lonnul 
CmH.-HHCI.     Oil  ol  lanoni  alio  cnnuin^  Boconling  lo  Tildcr 

of  "(^(M,   ™  a  ™tilpou"n4  aoTlVeawr,   C,»>9'c™,o""Th 

iDcJ  in  one  ouil  of  pmT  alcohol  of  f  J  %.  an<l 
fhich  ukn  place  la  about  tw 
pcrcoLitLng  the  alcohol  tbioui;' 


dinsin£  6  01  of  lei 


lemon  h  Ihe  fr 
of  C.  Limrila.  . 


le  pearl  I 


inolC.worjori 


r,  P«!ifi<  _       . 

.nd  Ibat  of  a  Bcrberidaccoiu  pbnl.  Podi 
t  wild  lemon.  In  Fiance  and  Germany  iF 
u  the  dtron,  and  hence  much  confusion  iiisej  i 
ing  tbc  fniils  tefetred  lo  In  differenl  norks.  The  e^e 
known  as  oQ  of  cedrat  k  usually  a  (aclllious  ailide  Id' 
bring  piepated,  as  i»  name  hnpties,  from  the  cilKin  (Fr.  ti 
An  esscnttil  oil  is  also  piTpsred  tram  C.  tvmis,  al  Squ 


(acfifr])  of  C  mefica. 

4000 II.  in  the  mountains,  anaoc 

thorny  bush.    The  smali  llawc 


D  odour  like  tl 

ocufi,  genenlly  cc^rded  ai  a 


Fic  3.— Linx— Cilrni  midka.  var.  aciia 
1,  Flowerint  ftl)ooL  5,  Seed  cut  k 


Lil  tran^veiwly. 


■ad  sho»ir.g  oil  glands, 
[cnerally  round,  nilb  a  ihl 
Ihtoughoui  t 


on  Lbe  ouiiidei  ifac  fruit  a  sma 

lif[hi  gicen  or  lemon-yellow  bit 

biiier  juicy  pulp.     It  b  eitensivciy  cuiiiva 

West  Indies,  especially  in  Dominica,  Mont! 

tbe  apptoiimale  annual  value  of  ibe  ciporls  trorn  Ihew  1 

being  rcspectivdy  Itsooo,  £6acoand  l^oiw.     The  pl« 

gro»n  irom  seed  in  autserie*  and  pUated  out  aboul  mo 


ten.    Tkey  begin  lo  bear  from  aboul  the  IMid  year,'  but  full 

cropaare  not  produced  ontil  the  Lrmaieliii  or  seven  years  oU. 
The  lipe  ycUo*  fait  is  gatbend  aa  it  falls.  Tbe  trail  is  bniiKd 
by  band  in  a  fuintL«fa*]>ed  veiul  Imowii  as  an  /mrllt.  with  a 
hollow  stem;  byrolliog  tbe  fn^l  on  a  number  of  poinu  on  Ihe 
side  of  the  funnel  Ibe  oil  celb  in  the  rind  an  broken  and  the  oil 
coUecU  in  the  bollaw  lUoi—thts  ts  Ihe  esuntiil  oil  «enenceol 
limes.  The  trwuantheaiaieBtothemiU, sorted,  wasbtdand 
p«aedthn>ugfaraUenaDdeipoudlalwos(iueeiJngs.  Two-thinb 
of  tbe  juice  is  eipresied  by  tbe  6nt  squeciing.  is  alraiiwd  a[ 
onccvdone  np  in  pufKheons  and  ekponvd  as  raw  juice.  Tbepn>- 
ducl  of  Uie  Kamd  iquceBiig,  logelber  with  (he  juice  eiiracted 
by  a  >ubsequnit  sqatczlng  la  ■  pmt,  ii  strained  and  evaporated 
dowa  to  nake  caaieDIrated  jiicc;  tea  gattms  of  the  raw  juice 
yidd  one  gallon  of  the  cDnccntnled  Jutct.  The  raw  juke  b 
used  ka  ptepanitkns  s(  lime  julco  cordial,  the  coonntrated  for 

On  mfne  estales  dlrale  of  Kmr  is  now  manufactured  In  place  of 
coacenDMid  acid.     [>iuilM  oil  of  Umn  li  prepared  by  diililline 

obtauiol  by  hand  as  described  above.  Cioeo  limet  and  uelded 
lim«  preserved  in  brine  ace  larveiy  exported  to  the  United  Stares, 
and  note  Teccntly  green  limca  nave  been  exported  to  the  United 
"' — *' — .  Umaurie  or  pmervtd  limes  h  an  extef' 
■^-''"    *  —  i--i— -  itm  of  the  lime  app™~ 

.[h  scrdlCHfruiEa  has  alwreccnlly  been 

«  perf uminf  the  wairr  in  Hager-f^in, 

Iter  and  bnused  before  use. 

AMTDIKB     LOiriS     CAMILLB    (iB^f        ), 

bom  at  LieUa,  Brussels,  on  Lbe  34tb  of  Maith 

law,  and  tbea  totA  aderksbtp  in  a  government 

ligned  afterLhree  years.   Lemonakr  inherited 

m  both  furenls,  and  with  it  tbe  aiumal  force 

piciurdi  energy  ol  the  Flemish  lemperaraenL    He  published 

f«ifi  AucUnio  ie«j,andBgaiaiB  1866.   His  early  Iriend- 

i  were  chiefly  wiLb  artists;  and  he  wrote  art  criticiama 

recognized  disccmmenL    Taking  a  bouse  in  Ihe  biUs  near 

lur,  be  devoted  bimself  to  ^lort,  and  developed  the  intimate 

tympalby  wilb   nalure  which   informs  bis  best  work.     Not 

Flamandi  (iSfig)  and  Crsfwi  J'aylomiK  (1870)  date  from  thia 

line     PaHi-Btrlin  (iSro),  a  pamphlet  pleading  the  cause  of 

France,  and  iuU  of  the  aiuhur't  bonoi  of  war.  had  1  treat 

success.     Hi)  capnciiy  is  a  novelist,  in  the  fr^,  faumoraus 

descriplion  of  peasant  life,  was  revealed  in  t/n  Cein  rfi  tiUaje 

(1879).  In  (/ujtfd/r(iESi)heachievedadiireKntkiad  of  success. 

It  dealt  with  the  imoum  of  a  poacher  and  a  farmer's  daughter, 

with  Ihe  forest  as  a  background.     Cachapria,  the  poacher, 

scenu  the  very  embodiment  of  the  wild  life  around  blin.    The 

rejection  of  Ua  MAlt  by  the  judges  for  Ibe  quinquennial  price 

of  Ulemture  in  iB8j  made  Lemonnier  Ihc  centre  of  a  school, 

iguralcdal  a  banquet  given  in  his  honour  on  Ihe  iith  of  May 

5.     U  U«l  (.as.),  which  describes  the  remorse  of  two 

pcasaDls  tot  a  murder  tbey  bave  commillcd.  Is  a  masterpiece 

'    ill  vivid  rcprescnitilan  of  teiror.     It  was  remodelled  ai  s 

igidy  lo  6va  acts  [Paris,  1894)  by  ils  author.    Caa  it  fa 

flibc  (iSSg),  dedicaicd  to  iho  "  children  of  the  soil,"  wai  written 

■     i3Ss.    He  turned  aside  from  local  subjects  for  some  lime  lo 

ijucc  a  scries  of  psychological  novels,  books  of  an  criticism, 


1S44.    He  studied 
Flemish  blood  fr< 


The  n 
VHysUtupu  (lUj);  Happetluir  (1886), 
ompared  with  Zola's  Comiiul:  U  PttMi  (1S90); 
dii  bautait  (1B99);  L'Aicki,  jamnal  t 


A;  U 

w  (i8q]l;  and, 


Fnulcdc  U-tc  Ounil  (1895);  L'Hsmmt  tn  a 
with  a  relum  lo  Flemish  Eub;e(is,  U  Vem  nam  i«  wndiiii 
(i<K>i);  PM  HoRK  dt  Dau  Itgoi),  and  Cmw  »  k  nimaH 
(190J).  In  iSSSLcmonnicrwasprasccuiedinParisforaaending 
against  public  laorals  by  a  siory  in  G'd  £lai,  and  was  coiHkmned 

by  Edmond  IMcard,  and  acquitted;  and  he  was  arraigned  for 
a  third  time,  at  Bruges,  for  his  Htmmi  *a  wwiif,  but  again 


♦i6 


LEMONNIER,  P.  C— LEMUR 


ftcquitttd.  Ht  npntmU  Iiii  ere  cue  in  La  Dtui 
(1001).  £'A(tKrff(iSt7)  Hu  the  finlolauiloiiy  (olKCilkd 
La  Ufadi  iila  tU,  vfakli  vm*  to  tiwc.  uodci  the  fondnt  ol 
tht  heta,  lb*  pUgiimafle  o(  mta  thniu(h  mnow  ud  ncillia:  lo 
i1k  tonceptioa  o(  the  dlvimty  wiilun  him.  In  Adam  (f  £h 
(1S99},  ud  Ah  Cmr  Jraia  it  laJerU  (1900),  he  prachtd  the 
Rtuin  to  atlun  u  the  uivuiaii  wK  only  o{  the  tndivldital  bul 
ol  the  <oiDmunity.  Amogg  ha  oUkt  nton  Impmlinl  iraiki 
lie  C.  Cevttl,  It  us  mra  (1B7S};  L'HiOmri  da  Bvna-ArU 
(■  Bdtiqm  >Sjo-iSi7  (i&S;);  £<•  ^Kew(M  (iSSS).  doling 
opecUUy  «iih  the  FinikoLhck  at  Uimicfa;  La  Bdtiqm  <i8U), 
u  dabonie  dacriptive  mnk  «llh  many  flluMndrasi  I* 
VUlicltt  [1905);  ud  Aljni Sutm  tt  intaMn  (i«e«)- 

Lemonnici  ipcnt  much  time  in  Fub,  utd  wu  OM  of  lb«  Oriy 
contribuion  [0  the  Umun  ilc  Prtact,  Kc  bcgia  10  writ*  at  ■ 
time  vbeB  Belgiu  Icilen  licked  ityle;  ud  vUti  ro<u±  toil,  ud 
•OQie  inilial  eilravigancd,  he  cieated  «  oedituB  Cor  the  eipiaiion 
of  hii  ideu.  He  eiplaioed  tometfajng  oF  tlie  praccB  in  ■  preCiice 
contiibuted  lo  CusUve  Ahel't  Laiar  Ac  la  priu  (1901).  Hii 
pme  i>  nugni&unt  and  •oooroio,  but  (houndi  ' 


Seeth 

theivUibuiofii 

abiUigf  nphy  U  iU  vorki,  uid  ippnciatioiu  oy  vuioiH  wnun. 

RU  CBARUB  (1715-1199),  Fiench 
cr.  wu  bom  on  the  i]rd  of  Novembs-  171J  In  Pirii, 
where  hii  itihcr  wu  profcaor  of  philosophy  Kt  the  coUiic 
d'Hiicourl.  HEs  fini  recorded  Dbsenntlon  wu  tnade  befoie 
b(  wu  siteen,  ud  Ibe  preicnlition  ol  to  ehibomte  hinir  map 
procured  lor  him  admiuion  lo  Ihe  Aodeny,  on  Ihe  iiit  of 
April  1736,  It  the  ciilv  age  ol  Iwtnty.  He  wu  chcwen  ia  the 
ume  year  lo  acnmpany  P.  L.  Minpenull  ud  Alois  Clalrault 
OB  ihcir  geodelkd  upedltioa  to  Lapland.  In  1738,  ihonly 
ajlei  hit  icllm,  be  ciplained,  In  a  menwir  nad  before  the 
Academy,  llie  ndvaaugaof  J.  FUmileed'i  mode  o[  determining 
right  aKeuions.  Hit  penlatent  recommendaiion,  in  [act. 
oC  English  methods  and  Iiutcunicnls  rontrihaled  effectively 
lo  the  leConn  ei  French  practical 
the  most  emlnenl  ol  bis  tervioes  t 

with  J.  Bradley,  wu  Ihe  Am  to  itpnsent  the  effects  CI  nutation 
In  Ihe  K^ar  OUes,  end  (nltoduced,  in  1741,  the  use  ol  the  trannl- 
inatrumenl  at  the  Paris  oburvsloty.  He  viiiled  En^iml  In 
174S.  and,  inconipany  wIlIi  Ihceari  of  MoRon  and  James  Short 
the  optician,  CUDlinued  his  journey  to  Scotland,  where  he  observed 
the  annular  eclipse  9(  July  »;.  The  liberality  ol  Louis  XV.,  in 
wbose  favour  he  stood  high,  furnished  him  with  the  tneana  of 
pncuring  the  best  Instrumenia,  many  of  them  by  English 
makers.  Amongst  the  fruits  of  his  industry  may  he  mentioned 
a  laboiicnH  Investlgallon  of  the  disturbances  of  Jupiter  by 
Saturn,  the  reaults  of  which  were  eni[doyed  and  conBrnifd  fay 
L.  Euler  in  his  prize  clsay  ol  1748;  a  series  of  lunar  observiliDflS 
Mending  over  fifty  yean;  tome  tnieresiing  reieirchei  In 
terrestrial  magneliim  ud  almospbenc  electricity,  In  Ihe  Utter 
of  which  he  detected  a  regular  diurnal  period ;  and  Ihe  determina- 
tion ol  ibe  t^a*  dC  a  great  number  of  stars.  Including  twelve 
scfMtate  obsetvalioni  of  Uranus,  between  1 765  and  in  diacovery 
as  ■  pUnet.  In  his  lectures  il  the  o)ll((R  de  France  he  Am 
publicly  expounded  the  analytical  theory  of  pa>dUtiDn,  and 
his  Umely  paironagt  secured  the  services  of  J.  J.  Lalandc  lor 
BSlronony.  His  temper  was  Irritable,  and  his  hasty  utterances 
esposed  him  lo  retorta  which  he  did  not  readily  lor^ve.  Against 
Lalande,  owing  10  tome  iriflingpique,  he  ckaed  his  doors  "  during 

by  pinlyrii  lale  ta  1 701,  and  a  icpeiiiion  of  the  stroke  tetmioaled 
his  yft.  He  died  at  HMI  near  Baycui  on  the  3  rst  ol  May  i  J99. 
By  hii  manisge  with  MademolseUe  de  Ciusy  be  left  three 
daughtnt,  ona  ol  whom  beotne  the  wife  of  J.  L.  Lagrange, 
Ht  wu  adndtltd  in  1739  to  the  Royal  Society,  and  wu  one  of 
Ibc  one  bnndnd  and  forty-lour  origlrul  members  ol  the  Institnte, 
He  wrote  Htiliiirt  ttUiU  (1741);  TMgric  dii  iimitia  (iTtjJ,  a 
innd>i;«  nth  Hldiiiaiis  d  HaHey'i  Symtpiu;  /nuuiu.. 
B  (IM«>.u —  -' ■ 


book;  WnOBia  weiiBVa  (iTSS);  OtwHWwu  ii  la  Imu,  i*  IcIlB, 
a  ia  iuilajaa  (17JI-1773J1  Lnt  i*  manHumc  (1776-177I).  dc. 

See  J.  J.  Labntk,  bM.  tar.,  a.  gio  Vl»  in  the  Jixirmd  iu 
mtiOt  for  i«0l)i  V.  X.  von  Ztii.  AUtnmtUu  an.  £flw«n4n. 
ill.  6i]i  I.  S.  BaSUy.  HiU.  b  Fottr.  mtitrm.  iii. :  J.  B.  I.  Ddambn, 
Hia.  dtlaiU.  t%  JCVUf.  lOiJt,  p.  m:  I-  Midter,  CtKhiikU  itr 
Himmilihi»Jt.lL6:K.WiiI,  CaeUcUtitr  AiUimmit.  p.  4S0. 

LEXOVHB,  JBAM  BAPnTTB  (1704-17TB),  French  scnlptor, 
was  the  pupil  of  his  lather,  Jean  Louk  Lcmoyne,  and  of  Robert 
le  Lorrain.  He  wu  a  great  figure  in  his  day,  around  whose 
modest  and  kindly  personality  there  waged  of^ndng  stocms  ol 
denunciation  and  api^auae.  Although  his  disfegant  of  the 
classk  tradition  and  ol  Ibe  esientials  of  dignified  scu^ure, 
u  well  u  Us  lack  of  firmness  and  of  iBIe&ectual  gnsp  of  the 
larget  ptindplei  of  bis  art,  lay  him  open  to  stringent  eiiikism,  de 
CluBCt  durite  that  be  hid  delivered  a  mortal  blow  at  sculpture 
Is  altogether  exaggented.  Lemoyne's  more  impoiunt  works 
have  for  the  most  part  been  destroyed  or  have  dlsappeaitd. 
The  equestrian  sutue  of  "  Louis  XV."  lot  the  military  school, 
and  the  coniposilion  of  "  Mignaid's  daughter,  Mme  Feoqui^rvs, 
kneeling  before  her  father's  bust  "  Iwtuch  bmt  wu  from  the 
hand  ol  Coyscvoi)  were  lubjeded  10  the  violence  by  which 
Bouchardon's  equestrian  monument  ol  Louis  XIV.  {q.9.)  wu 
destroyed.  Ibe  panels  only  have  been  preserved.  In  bis 
busts  evidence  of  bis  riotous  and  Horid  imagination  lo  a  great 
extent  disappears,  and  we  have  a  remarkable  scries  of  important 
porliaits,  of  which  those  of  women  ate  perhaps  the  best.  Among 
Lemoyne's  leading  achlevemenls  io  this  class  art  "  Fontenelle  " 
(at  Veisiilla),  "  Voltaire,"  "  Latoui "  (all  ol  1748),  "  Due  de 
hi  Viliiie"  (Vertailla),  "Comle  de  St  Floientin,"  ud 
"Crtbillon-  (Dijon  Museum);  "  MUe  Chiron"  ud  "Mile 
Dugevnie,"  both  produced  la  1761  and  both  »(  the  Thtilte 
Francait  in  Pari),  and  "  Mme  de  Pompidour,"  the  work  ol 
the  tame  year.  Of  the  Pompadour  be  also  eiecuted  a  statue 
in  the  costume  of  a  nymph,  very  dcUcate  and  playful  in  ita 


s  perhaps  n 


tssful  il 


training  of  pu|Hls,  one  i>f  the  leaden  of  whom  wi 

LEMPRIEHE,  JOHH  [c.  1761-1814),  English  dassicat  scholar, 
wu  horn  in  Jersey,  and  educated  at  Winchester  and  Pembroke 
College,  Oiford.  He  is  chiefly  known  for  his  BiUiallua  Classica 
or  Clailical  Diclionary  (178S),  which,  edited  by  various  lalei 
scholan,  long  remained  a  readable  if  not  very  Irustwonhy 
reference  book  In  mythology  and  classica]  history.  In  179s,  after 
holding  other  scholastic  poata,  he  was  appointed  to  the  hcad- 
masteiship  of  Abingdon  grammar  stJiool,  and  Later  became  the 
vicar  of  that  parish.  While  occupying  this  living,  he  published  a 
UihcTwi  BiopBpliy  of  Emintnl  Piritru  watt  Ago  and  Cnmlria 
(iSa8),  Id  1S09  he  succeeded  lo  the  bead-maslenhip  of  Enter 
[r«  gtammat  school  On  reiiring  fiom  this,  in  consequence  of 
a  disagreement  with  the  Iruslees,  he  wu  ijven  the  living  ol  Meelh 
In  Devonshire,  which,  together  with  thai  of  Kewion  Petnck, 
he  held  till  his  death  In  London  on  the  isl  ol  February  1814. 

LEMUR  (from  Ut,  bmvra,  "ghosts"),  the  name  applied 
by  Linnaeus  to  certain  peculiar  Halaguy  rqirescntatlvcs  ol  the 
Older  Puhitt:!  {q.t)  which  do  not  cone  under  the  designation 
of  either  monkeys  or  apes,  and,  with  allied  animals  fn 
island  and  Irooical 
Prnimiat.  < 


d  Afric 


like  Ltmur  wtmga  and  L. 
B  often  taken  to  Include 
although   the  aberrant  fo. 


AH  II 


.  Hk  typical  leraun  include  species 
lUi,  but  the  English  name  "  lemur  " 
all  the  memben  ol  the  tub-order,  . 
ns  are  often  conveniently  termed 
n  Ihe 


I  ear,  are  now  indudcd  in  the  : 
Ltmiuidat,  oonfined  10  Madsgascar  ud  the  Comoro  t*i*«^f_ 
which  CDmpiitts  Ihe  gicil  majorily  of  the  group.  The  other 
families  are  Ibe  Nyclktbidai,  common  lo  tropical  Asia  ud 
Africa,  and  Ihe  Tvsiiiat,  restricted  to  Ihe  Malay  countries.  In 
Ihe  more  typical  LtmtriJai  Ibere  are  1*0  paii3  ol  URier  indsoc 
lecth,  separated  by  a  gap  In  the  middle  line;  the  premolars  may 
be  eilher  two  or  three,  but  Ihe  molan,  u  In  the  lower  Jaw,  are 
always  three  on  each  Hde.  In  Ihe  lower  jaw  the  indsort  and 
CaidDes  arc  dncled  sln^it  forwards,  aad  tK  ol  smiB.iln 


LENA— LENBACH 


/the  £[Et  prnnolu,  trhkh  i>  Utgci  Uuui  the 
atbu  teelb  of  the  umB  uiiet.  With  llie  uceplion  of  the 
Kcood  lee  of  the  Liad-fDOl,  the  digiu  have  wiU-foiaiHl, 
Batleaed  ii*iU  u  in  the  nujoiity  of  oioDkcyi.  la  ihc  munbcn 
of  the  (ypicei  geaui  I^mar,  u  weU  i»  jn  the  allied  HapaUmur 
■nd  LipidoUmutt  nooe  of  the  loe»  or  bagta  uc  coonccted 
by  vebit  «nd  iJI  have  Ihe  huidJiinbi  of  nwdciaLe  len^b, 
■ad  Uu  tan  kug.  The  muunum  numlicr  of  teeth  ii  36,  there 
beini  typically  -  .... 


In  habiu 


:  of  the 


bini),  reptiles,  cgp,  iiuecta  and  fruits.  Most  ve  uboieal,  hut 
Ihe  ring-tailed  leinui  (£.  uUa)  often  dwells  junong  locks.  The 
^leoes  of  the  genus  Lemur  are  diurnal,  and  may  be  noignized 
by  the  koglh  of  the  miiaJe,  and  the  large  tufted  ears.  In  ume 
cases,  as  in  the  black  lemur  (L.  moiocil)  the  two  leus  are  diOer- 
n  othets,  espuially  the  ruffed  lemur  (£. 


>iu},  there 


Audi  individual  v 


_  itie  lemun  {Hapalmui) 
:  ears  and  a  shorter  muaale, 
ith  spines  on  the  loie^tRi. 

are  smalier  than  Ihe  typiul 
I  geoeraHy  loM  Ihcit  afipci 
jnical,  the  eus  lar|e,  round 
«tier  than  ihe  body.  Ltlie 
nil.  (See  Avam,  An-AvE, 
u  and  Tauiek.)  (R,  L.*} 
[  in  the  Baikal  Moualains, 


icaicely  any  two  being 
have  *  rounder  hud,  min  smau 
aid  aim  1  bare  patch  covered 
The  qiDitive  lemun  ILepidoltmui 
ipeda  of  Ltmiir,  and  the  adui 
intiwrs.  The  head  is  short  and 
and  mostly  bare,  and  the  tail  1 
Ihe  gentle  lemuis  Ibey  are  nocti 
Ciuco,  Ihdiu,  Lous,  Fotto,  Sir 
LEMl.  a  rivei  of  Siberia,  risi 
on  the  W.  side  of  Lake  Baikal,  in  m'  >o'  H-  and  lo;'  15*  " 
Wbeeiing  lOund  by  Ihe  S.,  it  describes  a  MDikiKle,  then  flow 
N.N.E.  and  N.E.,  being  joined  by  the  Kirenga  and  the  Viiim 
both  fiom  the  right;  from  iij*  E.  it  flows  E.N.E  as  lar  a 
Yakutsk  (fit's.,  117°  40'  E.),  where  it  enters  the  lowlands,  afte 
being  jirined  by  the  Olckmi,  also  from  the  right.  Fiom  Yakulsl 
it  goes  N.  until  jcuned  by  it:  right.hand  afHuenI  the  Aldin.whicl 
deflects  K  to  the  noith-wnt;  tben,  after  receiving  its  acq 
inportant  left-hand  tributary,  tlw  Vilyui.  it  makes  its  va. 
■early  due  N.  to  the  NBntcntkjDId  Sea,  a  diviuon  o(  the  Atetii 
dlHmboguing  S.W.  of  tbe  New  Siberian  Island)  by  a  delta 
10,800  sq.  m.  in  areft,  and  traversed  by  seven  prioripal  branches, 
the  Bion  important  being  ByW,  farthest  east.  The  tola! 
length  of  the  rivet  is  estimated  at  j86o  m.  The  delta  arms 
sometimes  leDiain  blacked  with  ice  the  whole  year  round.  Al 
Vakuttk  navigation  is  generally  pmctiable  from  the  middle  ol 
Uay  to  the  Old  of  October,  and  at  Kimuk,  at  the  conRuence  ol 
the  Leu  and  the  Kirenga,  from  the  beginning  of  May  to  about 
tbe  umc  time.    Between  these  two  towns  there  is  during  th< 

buin  Is  calculated  at  Sqs.soo  iq.  m.    Gold  is  watiicd  out  of  the 
Hwdi  at  (he  Vitim  and  the  Olekma,  and  tuski  of  the  mam 
ire  dug  out  ol  tbe  delta. 

See  G,  W.  Melville,  In  lb  LtM  DdU  (lU;). 

U  HAIK,  the  name  of  three  btothen,  Louis,  Asl 
and  MaiHiED,  who  occupy  a  peculiu  position  in  Ihe  hi 
of  French  art.  Although  they  figure  amongst  the  ori 
members  of  the  French  Academy,  tbeii  works  show  no  tra 
b  prtvailed  when  that  body 


Their 


obetei 


choice  of 


of  tbe  Spanish  school,  and  whet 
with  mythological  allegories,  and  Ihe 
kkg,  tbe  three  Le  Nain  devoted  themselves  chiefly  to  subjects 
of  humble  life  such  a)  "  Boys  Playing  Cards."  "The  Forge," 
Dt "  Tbe  Peasants'  Meal."  These  three  paintiBff  ate  now  in  t( 
Louvre;  various  others  nay  be  found  in  local  collections,  an 
■ooie  Eoe  drawing  may  be  seen  in  the  Briliih  Museum;  but  tl 
Le  Nain  signature  is  tare,  and  is  never  accompanied  by  initia 
wblcb  might  enable  US  to  distinguish  Ihe  work  of  the  brother 
Tbeir  lives  are  lost  in  obscurity;  alt  that  can  be  affirmed  is  thi 
they  were  bom  at  Laoo  in  Picardy  towards  the  close  of  the  161 
centoiy-  iUout  1619  they  went  10  Paris;  in  1648  tbe  thn 
bmboi  *«n  KcatvediDto  IbeAoidcmy,  wdinllKsaowyev 


Sg*  CbMipaeoiy,  Soei  nr  la  rU  a  rinwn  du  Id  Kai*  (itsef). 
nd  CsWegH  4h  toUaiw  du  Z<  ffaiadUi]. 
LEXAU,  miCOUn,  the  pnidaiym  of  Noiouin  FaaMi 
a  VDH  Stukuimu  (iSor'iSso),  Austrian  poet,  who 
1  at  Csatid  near  Temcnw  in  Hungary,  on  the  ijth  ol 
iSoi.  His  father,  a  govetamentoSd*],  died  at  Budapest 
leaving  his  children  to  the  care  ot  an  lAectkiaate,  but 
ind  somewhat  hyWerical,  mother,  who  In  iSii  ntfurrted 
In  1S19  the  boy  went  to  the  nnivcnliy  of  \^caM>;  be 
mily  studied  Hungarian  law  at  Piaebutg  and  the*  q>emt 
-    qualifying  Umsdl  la  ncdldM.   Bit 

any  pnleB'         

>e  diipasiiii 

Didincholy  aequbtd  from  his  mother,  uimokud  bjr  love  lU 
appointmcBU  and  by  (be  ptevoUIng  fashion  ol  tbe  lomantie 
■cbooi  of  poetry,  letiled  inio  glooni  ajter  hit  nwlher'*  dwtb  In 
iBiQ.  Soon  sfierwards  a  legacy  from  hb  grandntotbcr  enabled 
>  devote  hinuell  wholly  to  poeiiy.  His  Bin  publlsbed 
appeared  in  1817,  in  J.  G.  Seidl'i  Annra,  In  1S31  he 
10  Stultgan,  when  he  published  a  volume  ol  CedioU* 
dedicated  to  the  Swabian  poet  GuHav  Schwab.  Mere  he 
lade  the  acquaintance  of  Uhland.  Justiaus  KtrfH,  Karl 
Mayer*  and.olben;  but  bis  tetileu  spirit  lotted  lot  change, 
and  be  determined  to  seek  for  peace  and  freedom  in  America. 
In  October  iSji  he  landed  at  Bahimore  and  settled  on  a  home- 


fell  la 


rtably  st 


le  ideal  h< 


id  ptctured;  be  di 


elemal  "  English  lisping  d 
cMa  TaltrfdHtif);  and  ia  i8]3  be  rMumcd  (a  Germany, 
the  Bppretiatioa  of  his  fint  volume  of  poems  revived  Us 
,  Ttora  DOW  oa  he  lived  partly  in  Stuttgart  and  partly  in 
Vienna.  )n  iSjfi  appeared  his  Fatal,  In  which  he  laid  bare  his 
be  world;  In  1837,  Stmna/aia,  an  epic  In  which 
Iftedom  ln>m  pohlloi  and  intellectual  tyranny  is  insisted  upon 
10  Chrislianity.  In  tSjg  appeared  hk  Hmre 
Ctikkk,  which  prove  that  Sanurita  had  ban  but  Ihe  result 
of  a  passing  eultatkm.  Of  these  new  poems,  some  of  the  finest 
were  Inspired  by  his  hopeless  posaion  for  Sophie  von  Ldwenthal, 
the  wife  of  a  friend,  whose  acquaintance  he  had  made  in  iSjj 
and  who  "understood  him  as  no  other."  In  iSfti  appealed 
Dit  Albitfiw,  and  in  1844  he  began  writing  his  ZJm  yuan,  a 
fragment  of  which  was  published  after  bis  death.  Soon  sftet- 
-iU.balanced  mind  began  to  show  signs  of 


tion,  and  in  Octot 
J  in  the  asylum  at  01 


r  1844  he  was  placed  under  restrai 


his  shorter 

poems;  even  his  eincs  are  esaentlalty  lyric  In  quality.     He  is 
the  greatest  modern  lyrk  poe'.  of  Austria,  and  the  ty;4cal  it 
Mntative  in  Ccrmsn  literaiuie  oi  ttut  pessimist'    '"  "    ' 
which,  brginning  with  Byron,  reached  its  culmi 
poetry  of  LeopardL 
Lenao's  SSmllickt  Watt  were  published  In  4  nl 

M .  f^odh  I  n  KUrKb  iwTs  DtUuluNuieiuilliUnlMr^YBlt. 
and  by  E.  CaKle  (J      '      '     '  "    '    ''-'-  — 


by  A.  GT4a 


. jiu  ilfi  DiJiltrs  liumti  Briift 

Za  Lena*!  BiofnLiiUM  (itu,  '-^  "*     1" 
FObi  fyri^i  £  eA  ulrvlu  (i 


■   Ssfiit    Lintmlkal    ( 


anki,  J: 


„._,. .[oit«i  [i996);'"ll'  RiuiMin,  Laau  tl  »■ 

Unti  (■«»«);  E.  Canlf,  leaae  'x^  ■*"  FimUU  LinttXal  (1906). 

LEHBACH,  PRAHZ  VOH  (1836-1904),  Ceman  painler, 
was  bom  at  Schrobenhausen,  in  Bavaria,  on  the  13th  ol  December 
iSj6,  His  father  was  a  mason,  and  the  boy  was  intended  to 
follow  his  father's  trade  or  be  a  builder.  With  this  view  he  was 
sent  to  school  at  Landsberg,  and  then  to  tbs  polytechnic  at 
Augsburg.    But  alter  seeing  Hofner,  the  animal  jainler,  eiccut- 

■  K.ri  Friedffch  HartimnB  Mayer  (I7lfr-i»70),  met,  and  Un- 
graphcT  of  UhtaiKl.  was  by  pralHsioa  ■  lawyei  and  g. 


I  bv  Google 


in|  •OHM  uudid,  h 


rnUde  Vaifcua  tUNiipu 
U3  jaiBR  1  ocam  iDiemptcd.  Honvcr, 
the.gklkncs  oJ  Aii^ibiirg  And  Uimicb.  he  fiiuUr  obtaJncd  his 
falher's  permiuion  to  tKounc  in  ulilC,  mid  woe'  '  ' 
tuK  in  ibc  itudiD  of  CiUBc,  Ihe  paunttc^  iliu  thb  b«  devolcil 
much  limr  to  copying.  Thgi  lie  wu  AJready  accojnpUihedi 
tecboique  yihta  he  bcume  tht  pupU  oi  Filoi)',  wiLb  whooi  h 
Kt  out  lor  luly  in  iBjS.  A  few  inteiwiiiE  works  remuo  i 
the  outcome  ol  Ihii  finE  faurnry — ^^  A  Feasant  seeking  Shcki 
Irom  Bid  Weuhct "  (iSjs),  "The  Ggdherd  "  (iS6o,  in  ili 
Schick  Gallery,  Miuudi},  lad  "  Tbe  Arch  ol  Tiiiu  "  (in  th 
Pilfy  cc^Kiion,  Budipol).  On  leluming  la  Uunich,  be  wi 
M  OBCt  calkd  u  WEiaur  to  ui:i  (be  appointmcni  of  profaic 
•I  the  Academy.  But  he  did  not  hold  ii  long,  having 
■cqiuinlanct  of  Count  Schick,  who  coi  '  ' 
Diunber  ol  copiei  ibi  hit  coUcction.  Leohi 
the  Hme  year,  icd  then  copied  many  . 
Kt  out  in  1U7  lot  Spain,  nhere  he  ccqiied 
picture)  by  VelaMiuei  in  the  Pndo,  but  aba  Kme  landKapei 
io.tbemweum*olCruadiandlheAlhanibis<ia6»).  loth 
previous  year  be  had  eihibited  at  the  gi«t  eihjbiiioi)  at  Pari 
■BVeral  portrajla,  one  ol  which  took  a  Ihird^clav  mediL  Ther< 
after  he  cxhitHted  frequently  boch  at  Munich  and 


LENCLOS,  NINON  DE— LENNEP 

iiiie«EHli%  iKHice  ol  ihne  kttcn  ii. — ,.'_ 

Tbe  CprrrfpffiK^jrH  aidhtfitiottt  wu  edited  b>' E-Colonihcy  in  lA 
See  il»  Helen  K.  Hayni.  TA*  Rrol  ;Vim»  Jt  rL-uloi  (1008) ;  a 
Maty  C.  RowifII.  Nha  dtfEjuin  ao*  ttr  anhirx  (1910^ 


lot  pi 


-    LenSach,  nho 


warded  a  Ctai 
[904,  pointed  many 

See  BerlepKb.  '  LenUch,"  Vrftwo  nf  Klaibmi  UnaUlii{u 
<i«9i)i  B^own.  La  Pmova  We  LtnhaA  i  rnftiiiiit  We  Mtmlik 
ji«99l:  K.  KucklsH,  LaUui.  and  Fnu  m  LcwUul,  BiUrii« 
(1900). 

LEKCLOS.  MIHOH  DB  Ii6i!-t705).  the  danghKr  of  *  grnlle- 
mu  of  good  position  in  Touraine,  wu  bom  in  i'ari*  in  November 
1615.  Her  hug  and  eventful  life  divide*  into  two  periods, 
during  the  former  of  which  she  vii  the  typical  Frenchwoman 
«f  Ibe  gayest  ind  most  licenltons  udety  of  the  i;Ih  century, 
duting  the  laliet  the  lecogniied  leader  of  the  luhion  in  Paris, 
and  the  Iriend  ol  wits  and  poeu.  All  Ihit  can  be  pleaded  in 
defence  ol  her  earlier  life  U  that  she  had  been  educated  hy  her 
father  lu  epicurean  and  seniml  hejiefs,  and  that  she  retained 
id  disregard  of  money,  which 


m  Saint  Cvrc 
~  e  had  1 


them  bdng  Cupard  de  Coligoy,  the  marquis  d'Cairies,  I^ 
Rochefoucauld.  Condi  and  Saint  Evremond.  Queen  Christina 
ol  Sweden  visited  her,  and  Anne  of  Amlrii  was  powcrieu 
■gainst  her.  After  ihi  had  continued  h«  carter  for  a  pre- 
polerous  length  ol  tioie,  she  settled  down  to  the  social  leadership 
of  Paris,  Among  hec  fiienda  she  counled  Klme  de  la  Sabliiie, 
Moie  de  la  Fiyeiie  and  Hme  de  Unit 


the  b- 


IS  old  to 


Her  loog  friendship  with  Sail 
nottccd.    They  were  of  the  uioe  age,  and  hid  beei 
thrir  youth,  and  throughout  his  long  eiile  the  wii  scei 
X  ol  her.     Tht  lor  really 


10  Mile  de  Lendoi. 


letters 


f  Nine 


icnd,  and  tht 
illy  kmg  live) 


of  both  In  the  lul  few  yean  1 
are  eicepiionatly  touching,  and  unique 
with  which  they  try  to  keep  oil  old  age.  If  Ninon  owes  port  of 
her  posthumous  fame  to  Saint  fivRmolid,  Btie  owes  at  least  as 
much  10  Voltaire,  who  was  ptoented  to  her  «)  a  promlilng  hoy 
poet  by  the  abbf  de  Chaleauncul.  To  him  she  left  iseo  franti 
to  buy  books,  and  his  letter  on  her  wu  the  chief  authority  of 
many  subsequent  bfographer^  Her  pctsonal  appeannee  is, 
according  Lo  Sainte-Beuve,  bm  described  in  ClSit,  a  novel  by 
Mile  de  Scudfry,  In. which  she  figures  u  Clirisse.  Her  distin- 
guishing characteristic  was  nrilher  bcanlj  nor  wft,  hot  high 
tpfrlti  and  perfect  evenness  of  temperai 
The  ^(ert  of  Nnnn  paUMied  atiee  I 


IBHFAHT,  JACODES  (i& 

'  orn  at  Ba«>che  in  T 
Paul  Lenlant,  Pro 


iS),  French  Prote«ant  divfne, 
jce  on  Ihe  ijlh  ol  April  iMi, 

the  revocation  ol  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  when  he  removed  10  Cosscl.  After  studying  ■(  Saumni 
and  Geneva,  LenfanI  completed  hit  theohjgical  coune  at  Hetdel- 
berg,  where  in  1684  he  was  ordained  minister  of  Ihe  French 
Protestant  church,  and  appointed  chaplain  to  the  dowager 
eleclress  palaline.  When  the  French  invaded  the  Pitaiinite  in 
16SS  Lenfact  withdrew  10  Berlin,  as  In  1  recent  book  he  had 
vigorously  ittacked  the  Jesuits.  Here  In  1689  he  wi»  again 
appointed  one  of  the  ministeTs  of  the  French  Protestant  church; 
this  ofBce  he  continued  (o  hold  uniFI  his  death,  tdllmiiety 
adding  to  it  thai  of  chaplain  to  the  king,  with  the  ifigniiy  O! 
Cctaiiloriidralk.  He  visited  Holland  ind  England  in  1707, 
preached  belore  Queen  Anne,  and,  il  is  said,  was  Invited  10 


works,  chiefly  0 
visited  Helmslli 
died  at  Berlin  or 


a  Ihr  at 


cnurch  hist'c 

In  t;ii,  andLdpiIgin  i^ 

he  ;th  of  August  1718. 


irch  of  n: 


ilittain  tfh  ttntUt  it  CvuHmt  (Aduterdam,  17I4;  and  ed.,  r7;iB; 
Erialiah  trau.,  17V>).  It  it  of  coune  laively  dnieiidcnt  upon  (he 
libonmii  •.orli  of  Hermann  von  der  HardI  (I6^i74«,  Eut  hu 

■■ — ...  _._  ,. —  ..  -.--If  .^^  ^^  jj^i^  praiii  ■         -    -  ■ 

by  HiiuiH  iK  c 
f3l!cerman'?fl?ri 


rtieiL     It  was  followed  by  lliiuiH  in  isoiilf 
d  (poMhunouriy)  by  HitUia  it  It  t<-^  '<"  " 

it  Bailt  (Aswcrdam.  1711 :  German 


Rufidan  Transcaucasia,  in  the  goverft- 
I  the  Caspian  Sea,  at  the  mouth  of  k 
large  lagoon.  ■  TTx 


LBHKMAK, 

«nt  of  Baku, 

hill  itreain  M  Its  own  name,  and 
lighthouse  stands  in  38*  45*  38'  N.  ud  48'  s</  iS' 

"ew  Year't  day  i8ij  by  (be  Rusians,  Lenkoru 
!  year  foraully  surrendered  by  Persia  to  Rusaa 
by  the  treaty  of  Gulistan.  along  with  the  khanatD  of  Talyib, 
'as  Ihe  capital  P<^.  (1867)  tiMi.  <l897) 
StCS.  Tht  foit  bas  been  dismantled;  and  in  trade  the  town 
ippcd  by  Attin,  the  customs  station  eei  the  Pertiw 


froi 
The  DisratCTO 

Tdysh  tinge  (701 


'LlHKOdUI  (>i 

>&3oa  ft,  hi^),  and  with  a 


ihicMy  wi 


le  ii  eieepIioDiUy  DtwM  and 


species  of  tKgeiation.  1 
acacia.  Carfinui  biliJiij,  , 
walnut  flourish  liecly,  as  well  aa  the  sumach,  the  pomegraiule, 
and  the  CUdilstliit  uifiai.  The  Bengd  tiger  is  not  unfrc- 
qucntly  met  uith,  and  mild  boars  ate  abundant.  01  the  131^61 
InhaUlanls  in  i8«;  Ihe  Talythcs  (jJ.ooa)  loim  the  aboii^iuJ 
element,  belonging  lo  Ihe  Iranian  family,  and  speaking  an 
independeiUly  developed  language  closely  related  to  Penion. 
They  ite  ol  middle  height  and  dark  cam[^iian,  with  generally 
straight  DOM,  small  round  skull,  small  sharp  chin  and  large  full 
tyrt,  which  arc  eipresiive,  however,  rather  of  cunning  than 
nielligencc.  They  hvceicluuvely  on  rice.  In  the  norlh^  hall 
■f  Ihe  district  the  Tatar  element  predominates  l4'>>'»°)  md 
here  are  a  number  (if  lillages  occupied  by  Rusdan  Raikolniks 
^Nonconformiita).  Agticultuie,  bee-keeping,  silkworm-rearing 
ind  Ashing  are  the  principal  occupations. 

LEHHEP.  JACOB  VAH  (ifloi-ia68|,  Dutch  poel  and  novelist. 
•a  bom  on  the  I4lh  of  March  iSoi  it  Amslerdim,  whert  his 
father,  David  Jacob  van  Lennep  (f>]4-i3u),  a  Kbolar  and 


iBNNEP— LKI4N<BC 


4'» 


poet,  mi  praleuwaldoqtKoccBKCthtdujictlbrarwla: 
the  Atbciwcuit  LcAup  loafc  Llki  ditne '' do'U"' ot  >*"  I 
Uidta.  ud  Ukr  mUIoI  ■■  u  adTiiuU  io  Anutndu.  El 
4nt  poetical  >Hen«  hut  been  tnulaltaat  bwn  Bynm.af  vfaor 
he  wu  laaidaat  admiRt,  udin  ifaO  ha  publbiiadi  eclectic 
ol  oiigUal  Atadimitdit  UyUrn,  wfakh  had  loue  tacam.  £ 
fintiluiiMd  fuoitit  pofuiuSly  by  th*  Ktititmimki  Luadn 
(a  woli.,  ig>8)  ohich  tcpraducnl,  altn  the  maaMr  «f  Sit  Waller 
Scott,  •ome.ol  the  noie  HinJDg  locideiita  ta  the  oAy  hbtaey 
ol  hii  iathecUBd.  Hii  bae  ml  f  nnbct  lahed  by  his  patclalic 
unp  It  ibe  ttoe  of  the  Belgiaii  levoU,  mhI  by  hii  mnedia 
Ad  Dt'f  Bin  ^  CmoM  <iS]o)  ud  Htt  Barf  Ber  i<  Crm™ 
(iBji),  whith  also  had  leleicKe  to  the  puliiial  event*  of  iSjo. 
in  iSj5  be  broktae*  ground  with  the  puLilicatJoa  of  fkJ'jHIun 
(Tkt  AJtfM  Sm).  the  fini  of  a  leria  ei  hiuoiical  nmiocH 
La  pnMe,  which  have  acquired  foe  faun  in  Holland  a  puition 
flopiewlnit  amlojooi  to  Ihit  oi  Sir  Walter  Scott  ie  Oreat  Britain. 
The  >erin  included  Di  Stoi  hh  Diiama  (i  vc^,  1S36),  Oat 
Vtanattri  Is  vela.,  TS.3S),  DtLtltttalUn  an  RrAwwd  Hiycil 
(1  V(d9.,  1840)1  Elizabdh  UaitkU  w^..  iSso),and  Cei^enflni 
■UK  iCJsuje  ZfKiutar  (s  vols.,  1865),  levenl  ol  wbith  have  been 
tnn^led  Into  Gettnan  and  French,  and  t-an—Tlit  Rait  af 
Dtkiaa  (1847)  a>d  TIh  Adtplei  San  (Ne<r  Vork,  1347)— into 
English-  Hb  Dulcb  hiatory  for  young  petqjie  {Vatrwmamttt 
Gtuhkdtii  aim  van  Ifnoril-NiiMaiid  tanmgni  Kindaji  witald 
4  vols.,  1B4J)  b  attnctively  nrilten.  Apart  from  (he  Iwi 
comedies  alteady  mentioned,  Lennep  waa  an  jodefaticabli 
journtlist  (od  literaiy  ciillc.  the  aslbar  of  naoinou*  dmnalk 
piece*,  and  o<  an  eicdleu  edition  ol  Voodel'i  vorkL  Fot  kbtm 
yctis  Lennep  hdd  1  jcdidal  appoint  meat,  and  Iroin  i8s3  'o 
iSsfi  he  ins  a  nenbernf  the  lecond  chamber,  io  which  he  voted 
irith  the  oonservaiive  party.  He  died  at  Ooaterbedc  near 
Ambeim  on  the  istli  ot  Aurot  iSoa. 

There  ii  1  toneoive  edhion  of  his  Fotliit*i  Wirbt  (ij  voli. 
i8s»-iB72l,  and  alio  of  hii  RaeBiuuflto  \Vttlua  (ij  vob.,  1855- 
lijl).    Sec  al»  a  l^bUurnphy  bv  P.  Knoll  (1869)^    and  Ian  lea 


EP,  s  torn]  of  German]',  in  the  PnusiaE 
oi  DOtseldorf,  ind?  m.  S.  of  Bai 

l.abovtlhclevelofthei 


90s)  I 


1,  ai  1  height 
.,jaj.  It  lie. 
in  Gem 


andcamesoDimportantmanufaeturesof  the  finer  kinds  of  cioth, 
wool,  yam  and  felt,  and  alio  of  imn  and  aieel  goods.  11  haian 
Evangelical  and  a  PioMUanl  church,  a  modern  school  and  a 
weil-equipped  hospital.  Lennep,  which  was  the  mideaceof  the 
counts  of  Berg  from  1216  to  ijoo,  owes  the  foundation  of  its 
pnnpefily  to  ID  influi  of  Cologne  weavers  during  the  iilh 


lAHMOX,  a  u 
and  Stirlingshire 

half  ot  the  t    ' 
ofDuml 


earldom  in  t  he  fall 


It  embrai 
ten  pajiahcs  with  the  Whole  ol  the  las 
xmedy  Loch  Laven,  and  the  river 
into  the  estuary  of  the  Oyde  at  t' 


d  Lorh  Lomr 
that  name  which  glide 

On  this  river  Leven,  at  Balhich,  waa  Ibe  seal  of  Alwin,  ftist 
ear!  of  Leonoi.  It  isprobahle  that  henaioi  CiHIic  descent,  but 
the  records  are  silent  as  to  his  part  in  history;  that  he  was  earl 
at  alt  is  only  proved  from  Ibe  chsjtera  of 


e  before 


It,..  The! 


father  of  ten  sons,  one  of  whom 
braoul  in  the  annals  of  the  dislritl,  while  another  was  ancestor  ol 
Walter  of  Fallane,  who  married  Ihe  hriresa  of  Ibe  6lh  earl  ol 
Lennox.  Halriouen.  the  jrdeirl.  eldest  of  iheaonsof  Alwin  the 
younger,  is  an  historical  personage;  he  was  a  wiineu  )o  the 
treaty  iKlween  Alexander  II..  king  of  Scolhind,  and  hit  brother- 


b'law  Ibe  En^iah  king  Hi     ,  . 

Oonceming  the  much  disputed  northern  couniiea  of  Engiand. 
Ris  graedMn.  Malcfdm,  nccessoi  totbt  title,  swore  fealty  to 
Edward  Lin  11^1  It  was  apparently  bis  son.  anolltct  Maksim, 
the  5tb  earl,  who  wu  summoned  by  Edward  to  [fliaia^t 


and  enlTuMed  iritb  tbe  Impottutt  post  ol  gnaidsag  the  brd*  of 
the  river  Forth.  But  the  jlh  ciil  aoon  alter  ^va  his  service* 
10  [he  party  of  Biuce,  Ihe  came  of  thai  fsoiil]'  having  been 
enbraizd  byhisfaiheiaiHatlyu  tigi.  Aa  a  fetull  Ihe  English 
king  bcatowed  the  earldom  on  Sir  John  Uent«itli,  who  was 
holding  it  in  1307  while  the  raU  eail  wa*  with  King  Kobert 
Bruo  in  hn  wandcringt  in  the  Lennoi  csuntiy.  Foe  U*  Mrvices 
he  was  rewarded  with  a  renewal  of  the  earUom  and  the  keeping 
ol  Dumbarton  Castle;  he  fell  ^tinglor  Ua  cotuitry  >t  H^idon 
UiU  in  13J].  Uk  bod  Donald,  the  Ah  earl,  bq  adherent  of 
King  David  IL,  left  a  dangbter,  Margatei,  countess  of  Lennu,' 
who  waa  manied'io  her  kinsman  the  above-menlioiied  Waller 
of  Farlane,  nearest  heir  male  of  the  Lennoi  famHy- 

In  S30Sf  on  tbe  maJTrlage  of  their  grand.^u^tcr  Isvbdbt, 
ddest  dasghter  of  Duncan,  SIh  eail,  with  Sir  Murdoch  Siewart^ 
aAetwIird*  duke  Of  Albany,  tbe  earldom  was  rerigned  into  the' 
hands  ot  Ibe  king,  who  le-granted  it  to  Earl  Duncan,  with 

Murdoch  and  labetla  ind  tbe  heirs  ol  their  bodies  begotten 
between  them,  with  cventOBl  remainder  to  Eatl  Dvncan'i  nearest 
and  lawful  hfin.  Ini4i4,  when  Murdoch,  then  dulietrf  Albany, 
succeeded  in  ruixiniing  the  port  king  James  I.  from  hit  long 
English  captivity,  the  aged  Eari  Dvnean  went  with  the  Scottirit 
party  to  Durham.  Theneit  year,  however,  hesufiered  Ihe  falo 
of  Albany,  being  executed  perhapeforno  other  re»son  than  Ihat 
hewas  hisfalher-in-law.  Tbeearldouwaaoot  forfeited, and  the 
widowed  duchess  of  Albany,  now  also  counters  of  l.emiDi,  lived 
secure  m  her  Island  castle  of  Inchmurrin  on  Loch  Lomond  unlS 
her  death.  Of  her  four  soni,  none  of  whom  left  legitimate  fsaue, 
Ihe  eldest  died  in  1431,  the  two  neit  suRered  their  father's 
fate  at  Stirling,  while  the  youngest  had  to  flee  for  his  life  1^ 
Ireland.  Her  daughter  Isobei  appears  to  have  been  the  wife  of 
Sir  Waller  Buchanan  of  that  ilk. 

It  was  from  Elisabeth,  ^ster  of  the  counteso,  that  the  next 
hotden  of  the  title  descended.  She  was  married  to  Sir  John 
Stewart  of  Ditnley  (distinguished  in  the  mitilaiy  history  of 

brother  ol  James,  jlh  high  steward  of  Scotland,  Their  grandson, 
another  Sir  John  Stewart,  created  a  lord  of  parilemeni  as  Lord 
Dimley,  wet  served  heir  Io  his  greal-gmndfilhcr  Duncan,  eail 
of  Lennox,  In  1473,  and  was  deagnated  as  nil  ol  Lennox  in 
charter  under  the  great  seal  in  the  same  year.  Thereafter 
followed  disputeawithJohnofHaldane,  whose  wife's  great -giand- 
olherhad  beeo  another  ol  the  three  daughters  of  Duncan,  g|h 
irl  ol  Lennox,  and  In  her  right  he  contested  the  succes^nn. 
Lord  Daml^,  however,  appears  to  have  ulenred  alt  opposition 


.nd  for  the  I 
Lhees 


dist  inguished  in  Ihe  Frer 


n  years  of  his  life  i 
puled.  Three  of  hi 


nebringcaplah 


marlckaldi 


illbew,  Ind  earl  of  this  line, 

Floddeh  Field,  leiving  by  his  wife  EKzabelh.  daugbtee  of 

Jamet,eailafArran.  and  niece  of  James  III.,  a  son  and  successor 

John,  who  became  one  of  the  guardians  el  James  V.  and  was 

murdered  in  1516.   HissonMaLIhew.  thc4th  earl,  played  agreat 

part  in  the  Intrigues  of  his  lime,  and  by  hismairiagewllhMarganl 

Douglas  alhed  himself  to  the  royal  house  of  England  as  wril  aa 

sirengtheningihetieswhich  bound  his  family  lolhat  of  Scollond; 

because  Margaret  was  Ihe  daughter  and  heir  ol  Ihe  filh  earl  of 

'     (US  by  his  wife,  Margaret  Tudor,  sister  of  King  Henry  VIII. 

.  widow  ol  King  Jamea  IV.   Though  hisestalea  were  forfeited 

S4S,  Eart  Matthew  in  rs64  not  only  had  them  rcaiored  but 

had  the  tatillBClion  of  gelling  his  eldest  ton  Henry  married 

Mary,  queen  of  Scots,    The  murder  of  Lord  Darnley,  now 

lied  eail  of  Ro*u,  lord  of  Ardmanoch  and  duke  of  Albany, 

ik  place  in  February  1SS7,  and  in  July  his  only  son  James,  by 

Maiy'a  abdication,  became  hint  ol  Scotland.    The  old  (61I  of 

'     noi,  now  grandfather  ot  his  soverdgn,  oblsined  Ihe  regency 

Jjo,  but  in  the  neit  year  was  killed  in   ' 


d  earl  In  inccesiIoF 


*'9 


LENNOX,  C— LENO 


]«Mi  VI.  tbc  MH  brii,  bat  ^u  tm  afla  gnnted  (o  the  klng^ 
iukIb  Chuk),  nha  died  in  1176,  Invint  an  ODly  child,  the 
BnlanHiule  Lady  AnbcUa  Stcnit. 

Two  ynn  lala  ^b»  lills  im  great«d  to  Robert  SInmt,  the 
U^**  (nrul-uKke,  Kontd  ten  ol  John,  the  yd  arl,  but  he  in 
15S0  exckuigHl  it  lor  tfaM  ol  e*i1  of  Much.  On  the  ume  day 
the  oridoa  of  Lcdsdi:  ttu  given  lo  Eune  Stewui,  firat  cousio 
ol  ibt  king  awl  gnndton  of  the  jid  eirl,  he  being  ion  of  John 
Slcmrt  (wlofiled  heic  of  the  mirichal  d'Aubigny)  ud  his 
Fiencb W&, Anne de Ii Queulk.  loiheloUowingyeirEimcirss 
oeited  duke  ol  LeniuH,  oil  ol  Dml^,  Lord  Aubignj,  T*r- 
boultgD  tod  DtikeiLh,  and  other  lavoun  were  heaped  upon  him, 
but  the  eul  oF  Rulhven  sent  him  back  to  Fiance  where  he  died 
sooa  aflet-  Hit  eider  son,  Ludovic,  was  thereupon  smnmnord 
to  ScmUnd  by  Jamca.  who  invcUed  him  with  ill  hii  fstber's 
honouraind  etiatei,  and  afterhis  acceision  to  the  English  Ibrone 
ocalH  him  Lord  Seiirinpon  and  eail  of  Ridunond  (i6ij),  and 
eul  of  Nrwcaille-upon-Tyiw  and  duke  «(  Ricbmond  (ifiij). 
all  Ihoe  lilies  being  in  Ibe  peciaie  of  Eogbod.  Aflec  holding 
many  appointmenU  the  ind  duke  died  wiihoui  bsue  in  1614. 
being  succeeded  io  hb  Scoltltb  litlei  by  bis  brolhet  Eirae,  who 
bad  ilieady  been  created  earl  of  March  and  l«id  Oilton  of 
Leighion  Bromwold  io  the  peerage  ol  England  Ii6ip)  and  was 
seigneur  d'Aubigoy  in  France.  Of  his  sons,  Heniy  succeeded 
to  Aubigny  and  died  young  al  Venice;  Ludovic,  seigneur 
d'Aubigny,  eolend  the  Rofliaa  Catholic  Church  and  received  a 
cardinal's  bat  just  belon  his  dcalb;  while  the  Ihrce  other  younger 
sons,  CeoTge,  scigneuc  d'Aubigny,  John  and  Bernard,  were  all 
disiinguisbed  as  royaliAis  in  ihe  Civil  War.  Each  met  asotdier^s 
death.  George  *t  Edgchill,  John  al  Alrestord  and  Bernard  at 
Kowlon  Healh.  Junes,  the  ekleal  son  and  4lh  duke  ol  Leonoa, 
«I9  created  duke  of  Richmond  in  i64r,  being  like  his  bnlba  a 
devDIed  adherent  of  Charles  I. 

With  the  death  of  his  Utile  son  Esme,  (be  jth  duk*,  in  i6to, 
Ihe  titka.  iaduding  that  of  Richmond,  passed  to  hii  (•in  cousin 
Chirks,  who  had  slrcsdy  been  crcaltd  Lord  Sluan  of  Ncwbuiy 
and  earl  of  Lichfield,  being  Ukewite  now  seigneur  d'Aubigny. 
Diiliked  by  Chtrlei  II.,  pdndpally  became  of  hit  marriage  with 
"  la  belle  Stuart  "— "  the  noblest  romance  and  eumple  ol  a 
brave  lady  thai  ever  I  read  in  my  lilc,"  writes  Pcpys— he  was 
sent  into  eiile  *s  ambassador  10  Denmark,  where  he  was  drowned 
in  1671.  His  wile  had  bad  the  LeoAoi  esiaiei  granted  to  her 
for  life,  but  his  only  sister  Kalharine.  wilt  of  Henry  )9'Brien. 
heir  apparent  ol  the  7th  carl  ol  Tbonwnd,  was  icrved  heir  lo 
him.  Her  only  daughter,  the  coUDleta  ct  Clutndon,  was 
mother  of  Theodoaia  Hyde, 

Hie  Lennox  dukedom,  being  to  bein  male,  now  devolved 
upon  Charles  II.,  wbo  bestowed  it  with  the  liikac^iatl  ol  DanJcy 
and  Lord  Tatbolton  upon  one  of  hb  bastards,  Charie*  Lenma. 
•oDof  thecekbialedduchesaol  Portsmouth,  be  having  previously 
been  created  duke  of  Richmond,  earl  of  March  and  Lord  Seilring- 
(00  in  the  peerage  ol  England  The  ancient  lands  of  the  Lenooi 
tille  were  aba  granted  to  him,  but  Ibeie  he  sold  to  tbc  duke  of 
Montrose. 

His  SOD  ChaiicB,  who  Inherited  his  grandoiother't  French 
dukedom  ol  Aubigny,  was  a  soldier  of  distinction,  as  were  tl 
3id  and  4th  dukes.  The  wife  of  the  last.  Lady  Charlotte  Coidoi 
as  heil  of  her  brother  brought  the  ancient  estates  of  her  famil 
10  the  Lennoies;  the  additional  name  of  Gordon  being  tak< 
by  the  jlh  duke  ol  Richmond  and  ol  Lennox  on  the  death  of  h 
uncle,  the  Jth  duke  of  Gordon.  In  the  neat  generation  furth< 
honour!  were  granted  to  the  lamily  in  the  person  ol  tbe  61 
duke,  who  wt)  rewarded  for  hb  great  public  serwces  with  the 
tilles  of  duke  ol  fiordon  and  earl  of  Kinrtra  in  the 
of  tha  United  lUngdom  (iSjG). 

Sec  Srob  Pmtt.  vol.  v„  lor  enxlTenI  annunia  of  thcM 
by  Ihe  Rev.  lohn  AodeiWHi.cninlor  HbtiinnlDeai.  H.M.  .    , 
HouiFi  A.  FiafKis  Steuirt  and  FiancU  I.  Cnuit,  Raheiay  Harald. 
See  aba  Th  Itn^ua  by  W,u^„  t,^^ 

LEXiraZ,CHA[LL0TTS(i;9O-iSo4),  British  writer,  danghlei 
Di  Colooei  JauM  lUmiay,  Uenleaaat^ivmor  ai  New  ¥>rk. 


•ubemini7>o.  S 
inprwided  lor  at  h 
iving  by  writing. 

Hk  the  atoge  and  married  in  1748.  Samltd  Jobnai 
riaggerated  admiration  for  her.  "Thm  such  women,"  be 
laid,  speaking  of  Ellaabcth  Carter,  Hannah  More  aitd  Fumy 
Bumey,  "  are  not  to  be  found;  I  know  not  whete  to  find  ■ 
lourth,  except  Mrs  Lennox,  who  b  superior  to  them  atL"  Her 
biel  worts  are:  Tin  Ftmalt  Qiiialc;  «r  lit  Adttnhira  «f 
IraieUs  (1751),  a  novel;  Skakapvt  iUiutrBlei,-  »  lit  warft 
nJ  jtirtorici  sw  vMek  Ihe  floyi  .  .  .  an  fnaiitt  (i75r-i?S4l, 
n  which  ihe  argued  that  Sfaakopean  had  stwUed  the  Koriea 
le  borrowed  for  bb  plots  by  Interpoluins  nmieaasary  intiigiKa 
>nd  inddenu:  TIa  Ufc  „j  HarrM  Siuarl  (17;!),  a  novel;  and 
Fie  5u<iT,  a  comedy  produced  at  Covenl  Garden  [iBth  Fdjnary 
:7»9).  This  laM  was  withdrawn  after  tbe  first  dI#iI,  after  n 
lonny  teceplioa,  due,  said  Goldsniib.  lo  tbe  fact  thai  its  aullrar 
had  abtacd  Shaknpeire. 

LBVHOZ,  HASOAHBT,  Connrns  or  (isi5-i!lS],  daugbiei 

if  Archibald  Douglas.  6th  earl  of  Angus,  and  Maigaiet  Tudor, 

dau^ler  ol  Henry  VII.  of  Engbnd  and  widow  of  Jamea  IV.  of 

"      '      '  '  -  Harboule  Castle,  NDCtbumberland,  oa 

the  gib  ol  October  ijiS.    On  aciount  of  her  nearness  la  the 

iglish  crown.  Lady  Margaret  Dou^as  waa  biwught'  up  ddedy 

the  English  court  in  cloK  asKKialkm  with  Ihe  Princess  Mary, 

H  remained  her  last  friend  IhioughDul  life.    Sbc  was  hi^ 

Henry  VIll.'s  favour,  but  was  twice  disgraced;  first  lor  an 

tachment  lo  Lord  Tbomas  Howard,  who  died  in  Ihe  Tower 

IU7,  and  again  in  1S41  lor  a  similar  aSalr  with  Sir  Chaiki 

oward,  bmihcr  ol  Queen  Catherine  Howard.     la  1544  (be 

arried  a  Scollbh  eiiic,  Matthew  Stewart,  4th  earl  of  Lennox 

(ijifr-iSTil.  wbo  was  regent  ol  Scotland  in  iSTO-iSfi.    During 

Mary's  reign  the  eouniess  of  Lemsoi  had  looaa  in  WestmiBster 

Filace;bulon  Elliabeih'a  acctuioo  she  removed  to  Yorkshire, 

~    iherhonwM  Temple  Newiam  becaraeicenicefor  Caihidic 

gue.    By  a  scries  erf  successful  manoeuvra  she  married 

Lon  Henry  Stewart.  Lord  Djmley,  to  Miry,  queen  of  Scots. 

S66  she  wa  sent  to  the  Tower,  but  after  the  murder  of 

iley  In  i56r  she  wa*  released.    She  was  at  Hrst  loud  in  her 

inclatioDS  of  Mary,  but  was  eventually  reconciled  with  her 

daughtei-in-law.    In  1174  she  again  aroused  Eliaabeth's  anger 

'ly  the  marriage  ol  bcr  lon  Cfaerles,  earl  ol  Lcnnoi,  with  Eliubeth 

Cavendish,  daughter  of  Ihe  carl  of  Shrewsbury.    She  waa  lenl 

o  tbe  Tower  with  Lady  Shrewsbury,  and  was  only  pardoned 

if  Ice  het  son's  death  in  1S77.   Her  diplomacy  largely  contributed 

hnme.    She  died  m  the  7th  of  Maieh  1578. 

of  her  huibaiid,  wai  baught  by  Queen  Viclorb  in  ilfi. 

UMD,  DAM.  the  sligename  of  George  Gatvin  (iMl-t904), 
English  comedbn.  wbo  was  bom  at  Somers  Towo,  London,  in 
February  ig«i.  Hb  parents  were  acton,  known  aa  Mr  and  Mn 
Johnny  Wilde.  Dan  Leno  was  trained  to  be  an  acrobat,  but 
soon  became  a  dancer,  travelling  with  hb  brother  as  *lbe 
brothers  Leno,"  and  winning  the  world's  championship  in  clog- 
dancing  at  Leeds  In  igSo-  Shortly  afterwards  he  appeared  In 
London  at  Ihe  Otiord,  and  in  1886-1887  at  the  Surrey  Thealre. 
In  1888-1G89  he  was  engaged  by  Sir  Auguiloi  Harris  to  play 
Ihe  BaronHs  in  the  B-ib€i  in  Iki  Waed,  and  from  ihat  time  he 
was  a  principal  figure  in  the  Drury  Lane  paalomimts.  He  was 
Ihe  wittiest  andmo4t  popular  comedian  of  his  day,  and  delighted 
London  imuic.hall  audiences  by  ids  shop-walker,  stores- proftrietor, 
ter,  bathing   attendant,  "  M»  Kelly," 


■e  he  received 


D  the  Pavilion  1 
£m  per  week.  In  November  iq 
rfngham  to  do  a  "  turn  "  bdnce  Ihe  king,  and  waa  proud  from 
thai  lime  lo  call  himself  the  "  king's  jester."  Dan  Leno'l 
genero^ly  endeared  him  to  hb  piulession,  arul  he  was  tbe  object 
of  much  sympathy  during  the  brain  lailuie  which  recumd 
during  the  bsl  eightea  montbi  of  Ua  lilf .  He  died  on  Ota  31st 
of  Odnbir  1904- 


A-iOot^ie 


LENORMANT— LENS 


I  frtjT-iBI]),  Fiadi  ABTrioki^t 
ud  utbaeokitlu,  wu  bom  in  Pub  do  Ibc  17th  of  Juiuty 
iB}7>  Hit  Uthcf,  Ouila  LcBMmuit.  dittiniuuhHl  u  ta 
■i^MotaflW,  Domiuutiit  ud  Egyjaalaifu,  wu  mniioiii 
thit  hit  aOD  ibguld  fdlow  in  his  sicpj.  He  made  him  bt  ' 
Gmk  At  the  tgc  oF  six,  and  ihe  child  EHpoDded  10  veD  Lo  t 

ut  eBiy  ol  hk,  on  the  Gmk  ubleu  laoDd  *t  Mcmphii.  ippcucd 
in  ihE  Xttm  anUalttiqiu.  Is  iSjd  he  •na  the  numisiniii 
jxiie  of  the  And^mif  da  InsciipUons  with  u  csuy  tn[i[le 
Oujt^aliM  du  auniuKi  du  latida.  In  1861  he  becun 
■ab-tibrariin  ol  Ihe  Instilulc.  Id  1859  be  iccaiiiiiuicd  hi 
Utfao'  oa  ■  joumejr  of  eiqiLontioii  ta  Grtece,  duHn^  whicl 
Ckulo  Leoarmuii  uccumbcd  to  fever  *l  Athcni  (:4ili 
November).  LeDomuat  rclnratd  to  Greoce  Ifafee  lima  during 
the  neit  ili  yean,  end  (*ve  up  »U  (he  Iudc  be  oould  tfut 
fcom  his  oUidil  work  10  irehiftikitiaJ  leseuth.  Tbeje  peaceful 
kboun  were  ludely  iniemiptea  by  Ihe  wu  ol  1870,  when 
LencKinuit  icrvtd  with' ihe  army  «nd  wu  wouaded  in  ihe  licge 
ol  hrit.  Id  iSt4  he  wu  appointed  piDfesix  of  uchuukic]'  at 
the  National  Library,  and  in  [lie  loUowIng  year  he  nllibonlcd 
with  Biion  de  Willi  In  [oundinf  the  GiatUi  arcklotaiijia. 
Ai  early  u  186)  he  bad  turned  his  attention  to  Auyiian  itudin; 


in  the  War  ol  Independence. 


^■Ihc&i 


inlhecu 


a  i>on-SemitEc  language,  now  known  as  Accadian. 
Lchottnant'i  knowledge  was  o[  encyrbpudic  cirenr,  ran^njE 
out  Ka  Immense  number  ol  subjects,  and  at  the  ume  tine 
tboCDUgb.  though  somewhat  lacking  perhaps  In  the  mict 
tccniicy  of  the  modem  icliabt.  Most  of  his  vatfed  studies 
wen  directed  towards  tracing  the  origins  of  tbe  two  great 
dviliatiDiu  al  (he  aodent  world,  which  were  to  be  sought 
in  Meirqnumia  and  on  the  ahona  of  the  MedilenancaB.  He 
hid  a  perfect  paasion  for  eiidaniion.  Betide*  hit  early  eqwdl- 
tlona  to  Green,  he  viilted  the  sffnih  ef  luly  three  timet  with 
that  abject,  and  it  wu  while  ei[dgring  in  cikbiia  tbat  be  met 
with  an  acddeot  which  ended  fatally  In  Puis  on  the  qth  ol 
December  lUj,  klter  ■  lan(  Ulnett.  The  amount  ind  variety 
ol  LenormtDt'i  work  It  truly  amulng  when  it  is  remembered 
that  he  died  at  Uk  early  age  ol  lonr-sli.  Probably  tbe  best 
known  ol  hii  boob  are  Lia  Orifintt  it  CkLilim  J'afrii  J«  Biiia, 
tod  bh  ancient  history  ol  the  East  and  account  of  Chaldean 
magic.  For  breadth  of  view,  combined  with  eitiaordinary 
aubtlety  of  intuition,  he  was  probably  unrivalled. 

UNOX.  a  township  of  Berkshlm  county,  Uassacfauactla, 
n.S.A.  Pop.  (1900)  i(|4»,  (iBOJl  JOJS;  (1910)  J060.  Area. 
I9-S  iq.  m.  The  principal  village,  also  named  Lenoi  (or  Lenoi- 
on-Ibe.«etgfatt),  lis  about  >  m.  W.  of  the  Houulonic  river, 
al  an  altitude  of  sbout  looo  it.,  and  about  it  are  high  hills— 
Yokun  Seat  (loSo  ft.),  South  Mountain  (iroo  ft.),  Bald  Head 
(1583  ft),  and  Ratllcsnake  HLl  (i;4oft.).  New  Lenoi  and 
IcnoidaUaRolhct  villages  in  Ihetonnlhip.  Lenox  It  a  fuhion- 
ahle  summer  and  autumn  resort,  much  frequented  by  wealthy 
people  from  Wiibinglon,  Newport  and  New  York.  Tliere  g.Fe 
lanunetible  lovely  walki  and  drives  in  the  lumundlng  ttgion, 
which  CDDlalns  some  of  the  mott  beaulilid  country  of  Ihe  Betfc- 
ahiiet — bills,  lakes,  charming  intervale*  and  wood*.  A*  early 
n  i8]5  Lenoi  began  to  attract  Nimner  realdeot*.  In  the  neit 
decade  began  Ihe  creation  ol  targe  esUtea,  although  ihegreat 
holdings  ol  the  present  day,  and  the  viUaa  tcatlered  over  the 
hOla,  are  comparatively  recent  feature*.  Tbe  helcbt  oi  the 
aeasoo  1*  In  the  autumn,  when  there  ale  bone-ihawi,  golf,  tennis, 
hunt*  and  other  outdoor  amuscmcnit.  The  Lenoi  library ' 
(185s)  coDtained  about  30,000  volume*  In  1908.  Lenox  wu 
tetlkd  about  t75o,  was  included  in  Richmond  towntUpin  17is, 
aDdbecamtaa  independent  township  in  1767.  The  name*  were 
those  of  Sir  Charie*  Lennox,  third  duke  of  Richmond  and  of 
Lennox  (i;js-iSo6),  one  of  the  staunch  friends  ol  the  American 
cplonfaa  during  tbe  War  ol  Independence-  Lenox  was  the  county- 


.787   t 


ises.   It  h 


K  M.  Sedgwick  (1789-1867),  who  passed  hen  the  second 
nauoi  Dcr  life;  with  Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  whose  brief  re^dence 
hen  (iBio-i8f  i)  wu  marked  by  tbe  produilkia  e(  the  iTnua 


a/  Of  Smm  GatUt  and  the  ITMdtr  Bttt;  wilh  Fanny  KemUe. 
a  summer  resident  from  i83ft-(8S3;  and  with  Henry  Ward 
Beecher(Beehb.Stari^^(nl.  Eliobcth  (Mn  Chaites)  Scdgwkk, 
tbe  aistcr-in-law  of  Catbetinc  Scdgiriefc,  maintained  hoe  lion 
1S18  to  ria*  a  school  lor  glik.  hi  mUtk  Harriet  Hnamer,  tbe 
scutptoT.  and  Maria  S.  Cummins  <|BIT-I8di),  tbe  novcUtt, 
wereeducaled.aodin  Lenox  academy  (i8oj),  a  famous  daatkal 
school  (now  a  paWie  hish  •dnnl]  weet  educaud  W.  L.  YaMcy. 
A.  H.  Stephens,  Mark  Hopkint  and  David  Davfa  (t8i]-i>U| 
a  circuit  Judge  of  Qliools  from  1848  to  i88>,  a  justice  Ci»6»-il77) 
of  Ihe  Unhed  State*  Supreme  Coutl.  a  Republican  member 
of  the  United  SitU*  Senate  fmm  lUinois  In  iA>7-r88j,  and 
prestdrnt  of  the  Senile  from  tbe  jiit  of  October  iggt,  wWn 
he  succeeded  Cbctter  A.  Arthur,  untH  the  jid  of  March  iSSj, 
There  is  a  ttatue  csmmemoratlng  Ceoenl  John  Paienon  (i7aa~ 

i»oa)  a  soldier  from  Leno-  '-  ■■-  "'--  -'  '-" ■■ 

See  R.  de  W.  Miliary.  L 
rC  Adams,  Hr- --- 

•flit  Waa£atla>d  Sm<»7i9S7).'" 

LSn,  a  town  of  Nonbera  France,  In  the  depaitmtnl  of  Pu- 
de-Cilaii.  ij  m.  N.N.E.  of  Anu  by  nil  on  the  DMk  and  on 
ihe  Lens  canaL  Fop.  (tgoS)  ijfii^i.  Lena  baa  important  Iran 
and  sleet  loundrics,  and  engineering  works  and  manufactories 
of  tied  cables,  and  occupies  a  cenlial  position  In  the  coalbclds 
'  the  department.    Two  and  a  half  miles  W.S.W.  lie*  LMvia 

op.  KtOTo),  likewfae  a  centre  of  tbe  coalfield.     In  1648  tbe 

Ighboirrbood  of  Lena  wu  tbe  scene  of  a  ce)ebraied  victocy 
gained  by  LiH^  IL  dI  Bourbon,  prince  of  Condt,  over  ll» 
Spaniard*. 

LSn  (Irorn  Lat.  fau,  knlH,  on  accwinl  of  the  slmilarily 
of  the  form  of  a  leu  to  that  of  a  lentil  seed),  in  optics,  an 
instrument  which  refractt  tbe  Inndnoui  rayi  proceeding  fiom 
an  object  in  such  a  Bunaer  u  to  produca  an  image  of  Ibc  object. 
It  may  be  regarded  a*  havbig  four  prindpal  lunctioBt:  (i)  to 
produce  an  image  larger  than  the  object,  u  In  tbe  macnlfying 
glass,  microacope,  jic;  (i)  to  produce  an  Image  tmaller  than 
the  object,  as  in  the  otdinaiy  pbMognphic  caowra;  (1)  to  ooo- 

I  dcGnile  pen^  u  In  Ught-houac  teeaes,  the  engnvet't 

la.;  (4)  to  collect  lumlnout  and  beating  riya  Into  a 

T  area,  u  b  the  burning  glas*.    A  lea  made  up  of  two 

ire  lenus  cnneated  together  or  rcry  eloee  to  each  etber 

Tued   "  compotitc  "   or   "  compourul  '*;   several   leoaet 

led  in  luccessioQ  at  a  distance  from  each  other  loim  a 

em  of  lensea,"  and  it  tbe  axes  be  "Ji'-r*'  a  "ceatretf 

0."    Thii  aitide  Is  commed  with  the  geneial  Ibeoiy 

of  tenses,  and  tnnre  particularly  with  qiherlcal  lentc*.     For 

■pedal  part  of  the  theory  of  lenses  see  AiEUAnoHi  (he 

uiiuiaenta  in  which  the  leioc*  occur  are  treated  unda  theii 

The  moil  irapontnt  type  of  leiB  b  tbe  tpberical  lent,  wbkh 
1  a  piece  of  iiantpareut  maletlal  bounded  by  two  q>herlcal 
lufacea,  tbe  boundary  at  the  edge  being  usually  cylindrical  or 
Dnical.  lie  Hne  Joining  the  cenlret,  Ci,  Ct  (^  1),  of  the 
ounding  surfaces  is  termed  the  aiii;  the  points  Si,  Si,  at 


rhich  the  as 


s,  are  termed  the  "  vettlcet " 


the  edge  be  everywhere  eqntdittant  [Run 

le  venc>.  IDC  leni  a  "centred." 

Allhou|d>  l>8bt  Is  really  a  wave  motion  In  tbe  aetbat,  II  ia  only 

■ceisaiy.  In  (he  invest  iplion  ol  (be  r^Ical  pnpertls  of  ^yttam* 

of  lenses,  to  trace  the  nctOInear  path  of  Ihe  waves,  4j.  tb* 

'dindion  of  tbe  nomul  to  the  wave  boni,  and  Ihft  cu  be  dont 


by  puR^  (tometrical  mtfeodi.  Itni 
U>  la»t  «t  ll  tnvcTMi  the  ume  m 
1  tmigtal  liw:  ud  In  hiUmrint  oiu 
it  viU  alviyi  be  imimed  Ihal  the  lighl  lr*i 


;tu"^ys; 


*pouitP,'>iUb«.(Mcr 

■  ay.  C'D\  .nrt  ET'„  tba 
lu  nuin^liiaikiiu  A.  fc. 

Oi'^mitadv'^iJ^HMUd"'n  d-n  I^F' -  D'.F',';  diiTu 

...^ unlcH  P'P")  be  puilkl  19  C'E'.    ThciECore  erery  p«- 

pendicuW  ohjecl-plane  is  ftpc««nted  by  ■  perpendicular  litiaB^ 

^iS'ohetheini 

•or    PP./FF.-OOiAO.. 

l/ppji'^'o'd-'o.o.yoo,. 


objfcl-pokit  Ou  *9  begia  by 

r' —  , Bdini  fftHn  Ob  the  ay  iJUAUe[  vhh  ihb  au,  ^.Ti  unw 

Kcting  Lheauiat  iofiaity.   Sim  iFie  ■»■  Ii  111  own  conjuiiUt  the 
paralld  lay  throueh  0|  muit  laienect  iTie  uii  arter  mncllon 

P^.   Then  F* lithe  inaie-point st an abKCI-iBint  •itinted 

--  .L-  ^^|_  indiiltfined  tbe"ieaHl3  priiidpel  focot" 
aim  Bnmmpnuku  the  iaaw-iidtf  tocu).  Eoiululy 
be  <M  the  p*n[lel1hiou(h  O.  but  in  the  iaiiEO-spue,  then  the 
[ale  ray  muK  inlcneci  the  axil  at  a  poirit  (ny  F)i  vhlch  ii 
[ale  wuh  ihe  polnl  at  Infiniry  on  the  axil  in  the  imue-apace^ 
ointnteniKiIthe"  (rm  princqial  fociu  "  (CennaB  £p  <I;)<K- 
flnunnjki,  (In  (Aian-eide  Idcui). 

Hi,  n't  be  Ihe  intcnKlisruar  the  local  rayt  thnuih  F  and  P 

inth^the  line  aO'.    Theio  two  poiali  an  in  i1>e  poiiiion  oC  object 

'■-" -"-—  whifH'.F'   tni°<FjV,  *""'"—" 


neated  by  imaae  pUnei  alea  pBpendicul 
,  -,  .-.-^-  F^nnihnHigh  Hi  and  H'lp  art  rulaied 
ima^plAnei:  and  H  theie  plaiis  hitencct  ■**■*  — '- 
H  Biuf  H^  (hqe  pointa  arc  iianicd 


objec, 


H  Biicf  H',  (hqe  pointa  arc  aannd  the  "pviaeipal."  or  "Gvive 
pnlau"  at  the  lynm,  H  belDr  tk-'obiKHiile'^'  ud  H'  Uia 

itnmjp-aiAt  principal  pohit."  Thf  vertical  plaoea  oDiiiiuning  H 
■nJ  H'  are  the  "  pnnopal  plant!.      It  ii  ob-^'"""  '>»"»  rnn"i™i- 

oinli   in   the*  njaptl  are  tquU! '" 


d  shaipLy 
alu  perpendicular  id  the  aidi  (by  "  I 

mearil  tiut  Ihe  (WiiiMd  idal  InCrui.... 

■11  ite  laya  pocaadiiii  [»ia  u  ot>ian-point  ia 
OM  el  the  two  ^anee  id  i(a  iaan^mnt.  the  nyi 
bciag  (enerally  mniRiitied  ^  t1ie  ty«eni).  The 
eymmetry  ol  the  axil  bcinE  premised.  LtlflVjnicteni 
te  deduce  leva  lor  ■  plane  eentilidnf  lh«  aaii.  In 
C|.  1  kl  Oi,  0)  be  the  two  pointa  in  vhich  the 
tnvendrailar  ol>teCT-piajW^i««j  'fj,™;  ^^_ 


principal  pi 

'Era' 

nincBtion  fi  of  the  pair  of  planei  li  unity-    Aa  ad- 

cfiMic  olihe  prindpal  jimntt  h  thu  the  obiaa  aid 

and  OM  inverted.   The  dinanm  betvean  F  ud  H, 

.    and  H'  are  tcrn«d  Ihe  local  lenctbi;  the  [ormer 

d  the  "eblccl-dde  (ocal  lenfih"  and  the  latter  the 

locil  leii(l>."    The  tm  local  pninu  and  the  tm 

■~  -onelluile  Ihe  HKXIIed  lour  GaitUsal  pointa  oC  Iha 

their  aid  Ihe  lnu(e  ol  any  object  can  be  readily 

Ihe  ray 
ind  inter- 


J.                              tf. 

l>=<^ 

^''^==:r~T^ 

i  l-^  ^^ 

:     "^-i 

„ ,  ,   in  Ihe  plam. 

plane.arerepiWclHedliniiI.rly,  we  have  tVi  A'  :  O.A-0',C',.-0,C-B, 
tay),  in  which  ti  i.  eaiily  leen  10  be  the  liuor  matiiflsaliiit  of 
the  plaae-pa!r  O,.  V,.  Similariy.  if  t>o  pointi  B.  D  be  laker  in 
Iha  ^ue  Ot  and  thiir  '  '■'    "'    "  "'"  "' —  "     —  "■ — 


O'lB'TftB-O'iD'iO.D  •*&>■)■  *bein,  Ihe  linear  maenlllcat  ion 
ot  the  pUne-palr  Oi,  OV  T&  loioi  o<  A  and  B  and  orc  and  D 
inlenecl  in  a  point  P,  and  the  ;ai»  of  the  omjujiaie  pomli  bhu- 
briy  determine  Ihe  poinl  P*.  ,  ,  .     „    . 

It  P"  !•  the  only  poatibte  unate-polnt  ol  the  object-point  P.  then 

P".    To  prove  Ihli,  take  a  third  line  thiaiBh  P  interaeaing  the 


e  pUno  0„  0.  are  panllel.  then  AC/AB  -  BD/BF  i' and 
•e  plann  an  lepiacnled  ^milariy  In  (yi.  O'l.  then  A'CfA'E' 
a'F'.  Thit  ptvpiiniiin  ii  only  peaiible  when  the  etraitbt 
'  ocmlaliB  the  point  P.  Sinea  P  wae  any  point  whatever, 
1  that  eveiy  iKinc  a(  the  objecl-qiacc  u  lepmented  in 
only  one  noinl  in  Ihe  icna^-lwice.  _ 

■  i^d  ob]ect-palnt  P„  veitlally  ander  P  and  defined  by 


a  ateond  ray  which  a 


mint  oTwhich 


m^l^  » the  ar 
The  nraifhi  lii 


TMi  csBRructlon  u  not  npiilicable  it  the  abject  nr  itnan  ba 
infinitely  diitant.  For  eumpfr,  il  the  object  OOi  be  at  in&iity 
|0  beini  anumed  to  be  en  the  aib  for  Ihe  nke  ci  liniilicity),  h 
that  the  object  appean  under  ■  mutant  ai^  w.  ■•  Iminr  that 
the  lacond  principal  locu.  it  eeniusai*  with  (he  UWlaly  dstanl 
ui^poioi.  II  Ihe  objeci  ii  at  inhrnty  in  a  plane  perpcMbnibr  ta 
the  axji-  the  uiufF  miut  be  in  the  perpendicular  plane  thnuch  the 

TheiiiB /odlieimaiFehreadRydedaeed.  Of  the  innlW  laya 
Ina  the  object  Mbtn£ii|  the  aiifli  w,  HKtm  k  orb  which  paiH* 


Ihnoch  *h(  fint  pnnnpal  tnni  F,  lad  inMnact*  the  oniidpil 
Vine  H  in  Hi,  lu  oaiyugJiLe  ray  jas»  thnniili  H' paraUcTuMild 
ME  Ehe  nme  dislann  frain  (he  Bxik,  bkI  inlenn:li  <bc  Lraaie-ivfe 
focal  plADC  fn  O'l;  thjfl  pojiit  h  the  iinin  oTOi,  And  V  ii  iEB  magnt' 
tudc   FniinlbFEgimiiFlunUDH-HHi/FH-///ror/-//un«; 

lhi«  mitarinfi  »■«  I'SHf  >w  Hbilu  fn  riplinr  Ihp  focal  Ivn^h, 

liniLuity  ol  the  tiiliHffa 

....._,     ot     O'O'./OOi-FH/Po. 

W!  object  OOi,  y  t(i«  o(  tlw  Inute 

I  tbc  obiscl,  sihI  /  Ibe  abjfct-iidc 

U'lH'P'udO'iOT'. 

n  obuin  O'O'./OOi 

^        -FO'/F'H'.   Lsf 


V  ratio  of  Iht  ditpJaCTmrnt  of  EtiF  ima^  dx'  (o 
tht  object  ill  ifl  the  mxul   inaffnificaEuui.  uid 


-i:  i.  i|>viri>bli 


. ,_...   and  fc  Ibe     aoEularMp 

of  (he  tantnti  of  tlwH  ingla  ii  n 


denoud 

-HHiflL.   .. 
J(rH'-F'0'), 


■.  Nov  »n  u'^-D'H',/!!'] 
■-F-O-).  AtelMH-Hrii/O 
-     K|iiei.l[yT-(FH-r 


Pran  cauuian'fij /jic-('/r,  wc  obtnin  by  luMnicliiHi  anJiy  from 
Kh  (ida  tf-rt/ir-U'-fla".  mnd  couatutmly 

Ftom  miatioM  (i),  (jI  and  (4}.  It  i»  twn  tlial  _»  tfmple  relilum 
jui  bcl»«n  ihe  laicraL  maBRifitalioii.  Ibe  niill  oagnilicaiHU 


Sf^ 


iial  pointi  F,  H.  F".  H',  J.  B.  1 
n  Opiik."  C6Ui*tf  SItdin 
da]  poioti"  {KjulmpuiiUi) 


^ 

rf     ii.Va^ii^r'u!ld« 

1"=^-^ 

J     >\; 

^^^-i  f'"'"T'!'i^L^  Li' 

Irtish  iK' *jb7" 

lame  Brule  *s  the  imairc  y*  from  (he  other  nodal  point  K'.    TheD 
00,/KO-0-0',;K'0'.  m  00,;[KF+FO)-0'0',/IKT'+F'0').  or 
""  '■'1-FK)-0'OV(F'0'-PKO.  Calling  (he  local  diuaDceiFK 
■'   "  --'  ",'.  we  ha™  y;(i-X) -//U'-XT.  and  ataice 
( i/^-X)-(l&-X1. .  RcpU«  I*  andX'  by 

eha¥er--X./--X'; 


00,/IFO-FI 
and  FK',  X  _ 
^y-S.i.r.Jlo. 


dcHablet 

Af+A'f-O,  a 
thit  beconm  ij 


1   Primdpal 


■n^  M  the  principal  pqiili. 


I  pointa.  bat  fmn  the  pr^dpol  ^polntL    Lei  A 
jnncipal  point  diataace  cf  theobject  and  A'  [lu 
Iheoiiave 
A  -  HO-  KF+FO-  FO  -FH  -  r-/, 
-H'O'-H'P+F'O'-FO'-FU'-i'-/, 
*-A+/and«'-a'-i-c 
have  [A+flW 

r  uncial  caae  when /--J 


whkh'i(°f3i^w( 


A'-S"? 

To  expma  (he  linear  nupni^tion  in  tens*  of  the  prindp^  miat 
diuancei  n  .lart  with  nuation  (4)  (/-JtWy-ll')-  -ajT  Fm 
lht>  wclbuin  A/A'  -  -iJT,  or  ■  -  -/A/A'i  and  by  uhw  •nuikia 
(Hirehavefl--/A'irA. 

-'  '-     "  '^-- becomei tf>A7A*//y.frTnn 

'--  object  and  [Plate 

_j  of  A  and  A'  bv 

..  ^ ^a  I4].  whea  h  obtaki  v-A/AV 

diaciMHaa  trie  Ian  RfaLins  (o  oompouial 

. iha  eardanal  poinia  of  (M  conpoocat 

and  (Ua  (>ia[  Ibe  nmbinationa  are  aaDed. 
oincMb  IftDiHotiect 
K  behind  the  other,  we 


'! 

^"^f^ 

principal  focin  of  the  Em,  and  F'l  the  lecond  prindixU  focui  of  (b« 
iecoAd  ayatem. ,  A  ny  ftnM  to  (he  axla  at  a  rHamaij  y  paiaea 
ihRwth  Ibe  aicaiid  priidpel  Iwnn  F'l  of  the  tm  lyaun,  hner- 
acctinc  the  uia  at  an  >i«l(  Wi-  The  polM  F'l  arHI  he  fcpniented 
in  the  Hconif  lywcni  by  th>  {Knot  F',  which  i>  tbnfore  tonjUBate 
u  the  point  at  iahoHy  tn  the  min  wftum,  Ij.  it  i*  the  itcoad 

R'scipal  tociH  <4  the  conpouad  ayitem,  Tlw  npnaentation  of 
in  F'  by  the  aicoiid  iyalnn  Ie*d>  to  the  nblioM  FiF^  -b, 
•DdP'.F'-i'..<rbeKBi0^-/tr<-  DeaoiiBtlhadlHambetweca 
the  adjkcmt  local  nlaneiF',.  F,  by  i.  ve  have  ii-F',F,--Frf''i, 
Baihatx'|i-~/i/'i/A.  Aanilarnr  panllet  tothraidaat  adiHOCC 
7  procteding  fmn  the  imHe-ark  inll  infenecr  the  anil  at  the  focal 
poini  Ft:  and  by  fiorling  theimanof  thia  point  in  the  lint  ayaleni, 
ive  deteroww  the  fint  principal  focua  of  Ihe  compound  ayAem. 
Equation  (ij  giva  m'i»/i/'i,  and  iliin  i'l-F'iFi-A.  mc  have 
'<~]<f'l^  B(  Ibe  diilance  ot  Ihe  hm  principal  focnaF  of  the 
cornpound  aystem  from  the  im  pr1nci[a]  focua  Fi  of  the  fint 

To  determhie  the  focal  lenglha/  and  /*  of  the  oompeusd  lyuem 
and  Ihe  principal  poinia  H  and  H',  ve  employ  ihe  iqiuiiona  de- 
fining the  focal  ItnEtha,  vii.Z-y'Aan  w.  and  /--y/<an  i.  Fmn  Ihe 
conuruclioii  (Be  S)  tn_  v;-ylf,.    The  vuiat»n  of  the  anfle  1/1 

iK^vE  tan  <r'.-(a^i)ian  ■',.   Sioce  i/-v'>  in  our  lyMcm  id 


.^^-m 


<s) 


t  froffl  the  Imaie-ilde  W! 
,  of  Ihe  conibie'<!n-< 


..  .  _ _    .  ..      ..-0,  the  two  focal  plane,  F',.  Fi 

incide,  jnd  Ihe  local  lenglbj /.  /  are  inSiiilf.    Such  a  lyucni  ii 


111  aHumDiK. 
18  Hvpleit 


Ihe  path  li  a  ny  ihioath  oi 


e  btiBf  to  the  kft.  Tbt  pDint  wl 
c  It  tlw  vtna  S  (Sf.  7).  Den 
:I-poInI  O  iroB  5  by  11  llic  diitu 


O  tb  Ibe  poinl  of  incklcMX  P  by  p ;  ttii:  ndiui  o(  Ihe  iidirrial 
uifua  by  n  lad  Ihe  dlRaiuE  OC  by  c.  C  bciiui  ibc  ccntnt  ol  ihc 
fhtrt.  Let  ■  be  ibe  angle  nade  by  Ibe  ny  nih  the  uii,  ud  i 
ikaifleol  inodaiic*,  i.<.  Ibe  in|le  beimeen  ihe  ny  and  (be  nomul 
to  the  ipben  at  the  point  of  Incidence.  The  Darretpoadioo  quant  hlei 
in  tba  tnaie^paee  are  denoted  b<  Ihe  ume  leiien  *rtth  a  duli. 
Fmn  the  iriai«k  (XPC  we  have  tin  ■-('/()  (in  J.  and  (ran  Ihe 
titaagleO'PCn  have  •JDK'-dfe')  Mir.  By  Snell'i  la*  we  have 
u'li—tknilmi',  and  alio  ^-■'-t-i'.  Comequeciiiy  <'  and  the 
,  poeitian  of  cb*  iaiacv  may  be  found. 

To  dettnnioc  whether  all  the  nyi  proceedln*  (nn  O  ait  re- 
fracted thceqita  C  «*  inveHKBR  the  trianile  OfXy.  We  have 
M^-na'Mi  ■.  SobKitiidnflar  (in  >  and  ua  ■'  Ibe  valuei  found 
above.  noblainf'V-i'int/ini'-a'c'/iK.  A]»<-OC-CS+ 
SO—fiC+SO-t-r,  and  •imilailr  c'-r'-f.  Stibatlinine  thev 
«1ua  we  Obtain 


Utenncd  (he  ipheTkai  abemlion  (kg  AaaaiATIOli). 
Develapbii  cm  *  in  powen  of  *,  we  obtain 

'-"-"'+'+■''— 'I'-M-St---!' 

ud  tbercfon  (or  nich  valoea  of  4  (or  which  tbe  leaind  and  hi|hEr 
powen  may  be  neslected,  we  have  »*-(t-r)'-l-'*+)r(i-r].  ij. 
t-i,  and  Hmilaily  f-f.    Equation  (6)  tiwii  becoiBB  a(i-r)/i> 

7-7+=^  (7) 
Tiia  r^tioo  ikon  that  in  •  very  mall  eeotral  aperture  In  which 
tha  cqaatioB  ^—1  bfllda,^a1l  nyi  pioceadiag  (roa  an  obiccl'palat 
are  eaadly  united  in  aa  iuie-poaat.  and  tberdoiv  the  cqaatioH 
pnviniuly  deducad  an  valid  lor  thia  apenure.  K.  F.  Gauia 
derived  tbe  equalloaa  for  Ibla  peadii  ia  hia  Ditpttiuht  Vutr- 
nclMjta  (1B40J  by  very  eiecant  aetheda.  Moit  Roently  the  liwi 
_i-.i.>  •*  .■  ...  .|a  n^ii^  &aJic  apenare  hAve  bda  apprwxinutely 
.. .. d  phntomphle  objedivea. 


nlaiin*  to  ty«aia  with  &■!»  bi 
naUHd,  M  for  euun^  in^i^l-o 


infit  >phcnca]  refracting  wrface,  and  limilUif  outaelvea  to  the 
mall  onitral  apenure,  it  n  lecp  that  the  icGand  prhidpal  focu  F' 

>  obt^ned  when  1  a  infinitdy  ficat.    Caneqaently  ^—f:  the 
illcreiuB  of  lifa  li  obvioui,  nnce  f  u  aieaauKd  fnnn  S,  while  f 

>  meaaured  (ram  F'.   Tbe  local  lenpbi  are  dinetly  dedudUe  f  nun 
quatiaa  (7); — 

V  ryiteni  a^th  a  rimilar  one,  b 
Gmitt  the  nedium  ol  refraaive 

««■    Genemlly  the  iwd  vphciical 
re  bounded  on  (he  oulnde  by  air 

dnta  of  a  tpheriral  i^aM  leni  In 
Ed  ia  readily  eflected  i(  we  irpid 


d  let  &  bT 


[Ihefinl  primrical  focal  lenith) 
kF',  itv/-..  Letlhen.ite- 
yatea  be  denoicd  by  tlie  lame 


-^''— iSV'''-^ 


fihavlaitheoppeahetiinla/i.  Denoilnc  the  dlatance  P',  FibyA, 
we  bave  A-FlFT-F'iS.+SS.+S.Fi-F.S.+S.VFA-fi-M-A- 
Subnitulinf  for  /*,  and  />  we  obtain 

WriOniR-ad-l),  thiinlalioo 


R-«(r.-r,)+d{n- 


wbidi  I)  (qD 


be  Infinitely  thin,  {j.  if  the  ten,  we  have  for  Hw  EcM 

■cat  leoclh. 

K  method  we  obtain  for  tbe  second  principal  focal  length 
Jjf!.     ^_^^ 

the  fwr  o(  tbe  leoa 


"•« 


tmpioyed  by  ipectade-makert  fa  tcnnad  the 
K  (bol  poipta  f  rDA 


.-«-¥-s¥fr 


wnen  n-fii'.  and  iri->Kiri~a.     ID«  a 
eipal  locui  fium  the  vena  S,  i*  5,F.  1 
given  by  r,-S,F-S,F,+F,F--F,5,+F, 
lanee  from  the  vertex  of  tbe  fint  priodpal  locua  oa  ii 
i'j./i.aiidF,F-A.  SubatiiuiLif  ibeK  valm  we ob 
,  .        1       .    "■■„  .     '•S''-+ii 

''      n-i    OT^ITir       ft-iJR 

The  (£naDce  F'.F'  or  i*.  ■>  ■imilariy  dete^io-i  I 
Filo  berepmcnted  by  "'" -j  -----  ■- 


of  the  tni  piio- 
•  F,5i  ta^'di!^ 


F+5,H-     -, 

wo  principal  pianci  (the  laUrih'n'iiia) 
It  luve  S.Si-SH-t-HH'-l-K'St.  or 

V-d(«-i)(r,-r,+fl/R. 

TO,  or  the  two  principal  planer  colxidt, 

the  propeniei  of  Ihe  iem  ia  lemuofila 
indet.  the  radii  of  the  Hirfacer,  and  the 


Ftfwu  «(  Ltnttt- — By  varying  Ibe  dgna  and  relailve  nugnl 
I  tbe  niui.  leniea  may  be  dindrd  Into  two  gioupa  acCHdin 
heir  anian.  and  into  four  gnupa  acooidlBg  to  their  tom. 

Anonlinf  u  ihair  action,  lauaa  ai*  aitSrr  «aact)K  <D»ar 
I:      V.lOOt»|C 


4'2S 


The  [sue  (onu  of  In 


it  ItjnKTp  BPd  the  term  nentfve  to  the 
'  the  coBwr^Hice.  fad  dlBiiniah  tbedhreTT' 


^^^Ld> 


(infFibetx 

•1g,  9,  I).    Tfc  M. 

nDd  jnnaptl  rocu*  behjnd  the  koi.  tnd  the  Iwo  prind 


uc  Iiu'de  the  kit.  The  order  ol  (he  canHiul  oointi  n  iberefim 
FSiHH-SiP.  The  lent  u  coDverrent  »  Ioiie  u  the  Ihickneu  i> 
ICH  than  i>(r,-r,)/(it-n.    The  •pnial  case  when  one  o(  the  iidil 

i>  ihowB  in  fit.  g.  ).  Such  >  tolleciive  lent  U  teemed  plaia-niniirz. 
Ai  d  fncteueL  F  and  H  movE  n>  the  right  ind  F'  and  H'  to  the 
left.  If  immirc-r^la-H.  the  loull  Icnflh  »  infinite,  it  the 
ku  It  MmUt.  If  the  ibickncii  be  jieiter  thin  nCrr-'.l/Oi-i). 
the  lent  it  diipenivt,  *nd  the  eider  of  ibe  urdiul  pginu  ■> 
HFSiSirU'. 
(i)  If  Pi  B  Bciitivt  and  Pi  pouiivc.  Thii  lyne  l>  ulkd  UinntK 
-    -     -'      '■  -h  leiuca  ue  ditpeinvE  for  a[1  thiekneiHtH      If  d 

poiau  InHD  thi  venicn  thai  the  finR  priiKipal  locui  F  it  >J«ayt 
behind  Si,  and  the  lerond  principal  (ocui  F'  alvayi  in  Ironl  tA  Si. 
■Bd  that  the  prindpal  nointi  are  iriihin  Ihelonj.  fCalwaytfollow- 
iog  H.  1[  one  d  the  ladii  becomct  inhnite.  the  lent  it  pbuw^MnuDi 
^jjirde  radii  are  both  pontine.   Theie  Icnio  aie  called  wfBns- 


& 


SiDce  in-'-iiJ 
tbu  d,  it.  H'  I 
i<:or>|p,-n(* 
Ihii  ai  i<a[Pi- 


Dii  Ike  other  b* 


(.  FHH'F":"aKnhrreialLoV 


K  ii  fcduccd  ID  I}) 


other  worda.  by  InKrchanKi'tt  the  abiecr-  i 
The  SI  lonni  BliD«n  in  &>.  9  are  all  uin 
ll  ma^  be  iialed  fairlr  generally  that  lei 


i/.  dfa  iheleniaiinfig.10. 


u,  ud  (u  only  be  naliiad  ai 


■e  ipeali  ol  "  otqeet-pntati."  i 


'he  1^  11  il"wli'Sr*'^  " 


Ithoufhlhetaydo  V — ~^  ,---"J  1 


iiui 

to  be  lirlu;.    Tbes  lelaOo 

uucibo 

mill 

lo  the  equatiDiu  riven  above 
pmducn  bnlh  nsT  and  vittna 
imaie  d(  a  YiRual  object.  ■ 
ual  ima^  of  a  real  object  and 

i!S?^ 

olrEdohjecti. 
ml  and  vinual 

•S^aSV.™ 

"""■■•' 

/ 

,,^-7^4 

i±- 

I 

be  incident  and  enwTRM  rayt  which  have  PiPi  for  the  path  throng 
the  lent.  TiK-n  if  hfbe  Ihc  inivncciion  of  r.Pi  with  Ibe  aiii,  we 
have  anile  CiI-,M  -anile  C.H.Nt;  ilie«  tKO  angW  are~-for  a  ray 
travelling  in  Ibc  direction  UFiPiOr-ihc  angk>  of  emergence  and 
ol  incidence  retpcclivtly.  From  the  aiinilar  triangle*  C1P1M  and 
C,F,M  we  have 

CiM-CiM-C|P,:CiP,-ritPk  (ii) 

Such  nvi  u  PiPi  thcrcfon!  divide  Ihc  dittance  CiCi  ia  Ibe  ratio  of 
the  radii.  i.r,  at  the  fined  pnini  M.  Ihc  opiical  centre.  Calbu 
S,M-i,.S,M->,.  ihenCiSi-tiM  +  MSi-CiM-SiM.i.r.ainceCS 
-r,.C,M-P|+i,.and>iinilarlyCiM-Pi+».  AlioSiS,-S,M+MSt 
-SM-SiM.  If.  d-1,-1%.  Then  by  uunc  cqulion  (111  we  have 
f,->^I<r-r,)    aad    ],-riJ/IPi-ii).    and    hrnce    iifii-'ifrt-     .The 

The  valun  of  ii  and  ii  ihawlhal  the  optical  centre  ot  a  tnconvtx 

nr  hwwicavelnwitintheinteTiDriif  ihelent.  thalinaplarHxonvea 
lent  il  ii  at  ihp  vrrtox  of  tbe  curved  turfact,  and 
nx  lent  oulwU-  Ihc  letH. 

•}  Dmtana*  V  "•'  Fivaf  Len^M.— The  formulae 
deiivi-d  by  moani  of  goomcincal  rayt.  Weheie 
d  Lord  RayViijh't  wavr-ihcory  derivation  of  the 

idn  IPkil.  Mti.  lin  fS)  *•  P*  4^:  '^S-  >^. 


^zb 


o.  ud:  Ikt  winMat  k  bMed  «■  tic  priaciiik  th 
(iHtMicc  Inn  tSica  ta  iiutt  it  mutant. 

"  TiUoi  Um  CUE  of  *  (oiYs  t«.  (.( tliM.  In  ki 
punM  ny>  DA.  EC.  CB  (k,  ii)  (all  .upm  l)w  leiu 


LENS 


sn^-S; 


>n  i>  mnHiTnl  by  AF-CF. 
AF-CF-V(?+rt-/-l/tf  apBrilnytely.  vliea 

'''''5^."'  '""_'.'".'  ("'"'1)''- ""I  tliMitbc  nil* 


("> 


«""'';»  niof*  praciicJly.  inelul.  but  *c  iaa)r, 
■I  ^'•Ifi'i-'-ir-').  Inihc  pnxtdiog  imwiiciit 
i]  lot  tiiDplicity  Ilul  ihe  kiu  tomn  to  ■  thirp 
il  Iks  <3K  we  muR  nice  u  the  ihickncH  dF  the 
1 1  he  thickanm  u  the  centre  and  at  the  cimim- 

rjaiive  wIkd  the  km  a  thickoi  at  the  cJie." 


enJy   6 


.idcd  ii 


of  o 


r  p«rls 


)   The  I 


(i)  the  diflennt  ■betniion)  from  an  ideal  inuge  (ice  A 
noN);  (j)  the  inienjity  of  ladutian  in  the  object- and 
ipices.  la  otbcr  words,  the  altetilkia  of  brightness  caii 
physical  or  geonKiriai'  biHutoces;  and  (4)  the  a% 
of  tJK  rays  {SlrMabtpeiBMH^- 

Tbe  Rfulation  of  nyi  will  hin  b*  t 
from  abcmlioii.  E.  Abbe  fini  lave  1 
von  Rohr  kaa  doiw  a  (itai  deal  idwj 
Gauss  cardinal  poinli  nukr  it  limple 


only  in 


*  the  (i. 


xf  Iheiy 


-gnicqgence  of  the  apertun 


s.  M  of  dijphragnu.    It  often  h^ippcni  that  the  rays 
xflilnicIiDn  of  the  imaf«  do  not  pass  through  the  tyite 
ce   being  iomxd  by  quite  differcol  rays.     If  we  lalu 

X'niA  thcobicctly>n);onibeuuof  the  lyRcmihcn 
ed  at  tbe  ina^-Domt  1 —  --  '""  '-- "  - — 

ic  ringA,  which  an  either  ihi 
or  the  real  diaphragms  ot 


^  eidt  pupil  and  the  apenure-diqilkra|ai. 
ig.  15  shows  the  gcdcral  but  arniplibad  ckK  q<  viv 
ihfjumi  whicb  an  of  numnanDe  for  tbt  regulatia 
I.  Si,  S  an  two  cestnil  lytUBS.  A'  is  a  iral  dl 
[  between  them.  Bi  and  B  i  ate  the  litliii(>  ol  cba  eysieiH. 
n  S  prodjcet  the  virtual  image  A  of  the  diaphnan  A'  ttA  the 
(c  &■  of  the  6tting  BV  whau  the  ayHcn  S  DaCa  tb*  ntnol 
|e  A"  ol  the  diaphnni  A'  and  the  virtual  iman  B't  d  the  titb^ 
The  object-point  O  it  reproduced  really  IhiSHib  the  vbale 
em  in  the  point  (y.  From  the  object-pdol  O  thiee  diaphragm 
be  seen  In  the  object-space,  via.  the  fitting  B,,  the  Image  of  the 
ng  Bi  and  the  inuE  A  of  the  diaphragm  A'  termed  by  the 
em  S|.    The  cone  ol  nys  nearest  to  B,  il  not  received  to  it» 


through  the  diaphragm  A',  an  that  the  cone  1 
for  prodiKiag  the  inuge  is  limited  t^  A.  the  dia 
{mm  O  appcin  IB  be  the  imalleu.  A  it  thci 
pupil.  Tlie  real  diaphragm  A'  which  limiti 
centre  of  the  syatem  »  the  aperture  diapblagc 

image-point  ff— namely  B',  A' 

image-ipace.  and^is  thnvfofT  tm  uu  pupu-   tu  n  v  n 

A'  in  iM  System  ^.  the  entrance  pi^  A  [a  conjugate 
p<i»l  A"  throughout  the  inatruneAt.  Thia  relation  betwe 
and  e«it  ^piii  is  gencral- 

Thc  apKcs  ot  the  cones  of  lays  producing  the  image  ot 
the  airi  thus  lie  in  Ihe  objeci-poinis.  and  tbdr  coramoo  .__  _  .... 
entrance  pupil.    The  aiii  nl  such  a  <one,  which  oonnectt  the  object 

ppini  with  the  cenireoftheen -'  '--"--■-■--  .-■-..■i-.-. 

Similarly,  the  principal  tayt 
theeiilptlpilnnth"^-'""^  - 
«it  pupns  arc  Ihi 

Kt*l£' 


1ii3^tly"thi« 
A"  limjtt  the  rmys  in  the 


upil.iscalkdth 


points    of    Ih*    . 

through  the  tyHcm  and  nf 

The  aecDod  diaphra^  L  therefore  Ii 

object-space  contaimi^  the  poioti  whlt-n  ui»  uc  icnuum  ur  im 
opikal  system.  From  C  through  this  diaphngm  L  (his  thne- 
dInwnsioAal  object-nnce  an  be  seen  at  through  a  window.  L  It 
called  by  M  von  Rofir  iherUniur  fuit  II  ecirral  diaphiaams  can 
be  teen  from  C.  then  the  entrance  f nili  is  the  duphragm  which  teen 
from  C  appears  Ihe  smalteM  In  the  ■«  nm  N  and  6  the  etrtranee 
late  alio  takes  pan  In  limiiini;  the  cones  of  raya.    This  reitiiclion 


di«Soo  tSrte'rolon'lii  whlchca- . 

r  which  cannot  be  tepmdiiced.    The  angle  u+u-JW.  comnciibn 
the  tectkm  which  eia  be  innduocd.  is  calU  lb*  aagle  of  the  Md  il 


liocul  Inaie)  w  coijuliLc 
Rouind.  hcmvcr,  to  repfutot 
the  objccl-n[ie[  on  a  pbne  or 
[raphic camera.  Forrinplictty 
u  pcrpeDdkular  to  the  eidi  «r 
"  gfound  riua  pUiw."    AJ 

puffUtt  on  [It  which  ere  can 
(lao  ptane  (fig,  tO  ii  cc..,. 
objMt-fpace.  peipendicnUr  tc 


ihalfaBum 


Mcut  opiicml  iniiniiDenij  m  med  to  obiervt  objtrt-iTlt 

'— ■  obJKU),  *iid  rmnally  *a  inuEF-nlid  '-  -•^- 

.1  L  :._-  ..  .>.;.  obJKI-iilitl.      ki  B  wnmiinn 

■nvAu  o4  an  optical  inwunvnt 

"■■  ilan  at  in  the  phoJo- 

'  the  intercrptitiff  plane 

ui  viHii  can  It,  after  von  Ronr,  the 

(coTTeipondinK  to  the  form  of  the 

''cirelBofconTuiioii."   Theground- 

gate  to  the  object-plane  E  in  the 

objMt-fpace.  peipendicnUr  to  the  axii.  ood  caned  tJte  "  nlin» 

fonieed  for."    All  poiatt  lyxva  in  tbia  plane  are  reproduced 


ruOa   TbecSnleofco 


Z  on  the  plant  (ocuitd  lot  carrTepondi  to  the  (irdc  o(  confuiion 
2'  on  ibe  eniuDd-glaae  jAaae.  The  fifuie  lormed  on  ihf  plane 
foCLued  for  by  ihe  cones  ol  ray*  frocn  alToT  ihe  objcci-poincs  nl  the 


'  (im(i>)  bv  M  vm  d 

lion.     If,  (or  mtima.  

hMi  only  the  phnclpai  rayi  pau  through,  th 
ly.  and  (be  intertcctiona  of  ihr  principal  ra 


KTof  \y»pnmf^'t^ya\c^MT^ll  ih^  cir 


upilC.  If  Ihe 
I  confuiion  ap- 
;  pupil  and  the 


pupil.  4i>d  the  po 


'ionoS^^ne'rS 


bioufti 

„'     ^      fi,r      g 

poinlL 

M  nl-ay. 

""'.o^he 

1?,C' 

oTra;'^";? 

z'^rrs 

T^,'"^™" 

iFrtpccnvc,  bacauH  all 

ew:  ib(  ipace  containing  all  thcH  otnnri-po 
clear  to  the  eye,  ia  called  Ihe  itplk.  T)h  d 
therefore,  ia  rut  a  special  properly  of  the  initru 
on  the  laie  of  the  enlnnce  pupil,  the  posilion  & 
for  and  on  the  conditioiu  under  wbich  the  rep 


ObiirvedM    in    £(.    I«ii 
'  b  Ggi.   I9»  and  191,  ib 


«i.objc^» 


ice  o(  eicporicnrt  win  bi 


ti'leicape  ocular  the  n 

Fmm  Ihe  above  the  in., ^ 

But  it  ii  not  only  ncceuary  that  the  objcci 

Ihe  cuatornary  manner.    Thi*  dcpendt  upon  tbe  way  in  whith  thi 

naion  the  pivot  of  [be  eye  lithe  centre  of  Ihe  pcnpectiverepteienia 
tKHi  which  anmon  the  very  dulaot  pline  Handing  pfrpcndicult 
(o  the  mean  dircclion  of  iKht.  In  ilin  Iciod  of  central  proieciini 
■  II  obfccl*  lying  ia  from  of  ibe  pianr  focuocd  for  are  (flminiihR 
Micnpniiecledonlbii  pLiH.  and  thoaelinni  behind  It  an  maniilinl 
(ThediHancei  are  aluaya  gi«n  in  the  dImtBa  of  light.)   T?um  tl. 

oh[frtt  near  10  theeye  appear  largo  and  ihoiela-' 

inull.    Thij  pniptciiii-e  hj«  bnn  called  by  M 


LENT  [O.  Eng.  Intln,  "  spring,"  M.  Eng.  Itnla,  link.  Unl:  cf. 
Dut.  Unit,  Gcr.  Lens,  "  aprioc,"  O.  H.  Get.  kiain,  Jenti^in,  hmo, 
probably  frnm  (he  same  rool  at  "  long  "  and  rcferrin|  to  "  the 
lengthening  dayi  "),  in  Ihe  Cbrislian  Church,  the  period  of 
failing  preparatory  to  the  festival  of  Easier.  As  Ihis  fail 
falls  in  Ihe  early  part  of  the  year,  it  became  confused  with  Ihe 
season,  and  gradually  Ihe  word  I-enl,  which  originally  Bieaat 

OaorfrcjaiiiM  (whence  Iial.  fliwrejiiita,  Span,  cmmma  and  Fr. 
(orfiHcl.  and  its  Cr,  equivalent  T<irire()a«wni  (now  superseded 
by  Ihc  term  ^iTorrU  "  the  fast  *"},  arc  derived  from  the  Sunday 
which  was  Ihc  fotlielh  day  before  Easier,  as  Qm'iifiuitdiiiia 
and  Stat"'""  ■"  *^'  fiftieth  and  stiticlh,  Quadragesima 
bcins  until  the  7lh,  centuiy  the  capi^  jtjanii  nr  firtt  day  of 

lUT  nith  nhjcl  it  has  been 


cs  (see  FASTING)      In  I 


IS  the  fast 


(olEai 


the  afternoon  of  Good  Ftidi)-  and  the 
1  was  the  only  authorilativcly  prtscribed 
1  to  icnuuian  {Dc;VjiinMi,  i,  13,  n\  Di uratim.  18). 
Iria  about  the  middle  of  Ihe  jrd  century  it  was  already 
Robr.  Zaliikr.  fii  jiawiftyns'iigii  (1907}.  ifi.  408-41). 


4^8 


LENT 


cuitamiiy  to  tii[  during  Haly  WMk;  and  cvUtr  itOl  thf 
MoDtaniiis  busted  ihil  Ihey  obieived  a  two  hhU'  fut  iniiud 
oE  ODC.  01  Ihe  Lenten  lut  or  Quidni|«inu,  ihe  firsi  ramtion 
is  in  the  61th  cunn  ol  Ibc  council  of  Niciu  (j'S);  md  Irnm  tbb 
timt  it  is  fnqutntl)'  reteircd  to,  bui  clii(fly  »s  t  stason  of  prepira- 
tion  for  baptism,  of  Absolution  of  prnitenls  or  ol  rclrut  uid 
lecoHtction^  In  this  Kason  luting  played  a  pul»  but  it  vos 
not  univeruUy  nor  rigoiously  enlorced.  At  Rone,  for  initina. 
the  whole  period  of  luting  «u  but  three  weeks,  according  to  the 
"         in  Socnles  IHiil.  ad.  v  ii).  these  three  weeks,  in  Mgr 


Duchane' 


E  Romu 
\ia,  Ihe  [asl 
lusly  define! 


n  Eut  ind  Wis 


adiully. 


n  the  East,  where 

:h  the  Quadragcaima  East  had  been  lLe{ 
dixincl  from  that  of  Holy  Week,  the  whole  fast  cane  to  la 
for  Kven  weeks»  both  Satuidays  and  Sundays  (except  Ho 
Saturday)  being,  however,  excluded.  In  Rome  and  Alexandri 
and  even  in  Jerusalem.  Holy  Week  was  indudi'd  in  Lent  and  ll 
whole  fast  lasted  but  sii  weeks.  Saturdays,  howrver.  not  beii 
eiempu  Bolhat  RomeandConslantlnople.Iherelore.lheaclu 
fast  was  bul  thiny-sii  days.  Some  Churches  still  conlinued  tl 
three  weeks'  fast,  bul  by  the  middle  of  Iht  jih  century  most  i 
these  divergences  had  ceased  and  the  usages  of  / 
and  Rome-Aleiandru  had  become  st( 


their 


The  thirty-iii  days,  as  lorming  a  tenth  part  of  the  year  and 
therefore  a  perfect  number,  at  first  fouod  a  wiiie  acceptance 
(so  Cassianus,  CM.  xxi.  jol ;  but  the  Inconsiilcncy  ol  Ihi?  period 
with  Ihe  name  Quadragesima,  and  with  the  forty  days'  fast  of 
Christ,  came  to  be  noted,  and  early  in  the  ]lh  ctniuiy  four  days 
were  added,  by  what  pope  is  unknown.  Lent  in  the  Wot  begin- 
ning henceforth  on  Ash  Wednesday  (f.e )  About  the  same  lime 
the  cycle  of  paschal  solemnities  was  eiiended  to  the  ninth  week 
bclore  Easter  by  the  institution  of  stationaf  masses  for  Septua- 
|Fuma,  Scugciima  and  Quinquignima  Sundays.  At  Conslanii' 
imple.  100.  three  Sundays  were  added  and  associated  with  the 
Easier  festival  in  the  same  way  as  the  Sundays  in  Lent  proper. 
These  three  Sundays  were  added  in  the  Greek  Church  also,  and 

BXj  days),  now  univenal  in  the  Eailem  Church,  oiiginaled  in 
the  jih  cenluiy.  The  Greek  Lent  begins  on  ihe  Monday  ol 
Seiagesinu,  with  a  week  o(  prcpat:itoiy  fasting,  known  u 
Tvpg*dl"a-  w  Ike  "  buiier-w«k  ";  the  actual  fast,  however, 
ttarts  on  Ihe  Monday  of  Quinquagesima  (Eiiomihi).  thb  week 
being  known  as  "  the  first  week  of  the  fast  "  lifldojiii  twt 
iqffTuuv).  The  period  of  Lent  isstill  described  as"  the  lii  weeks 
ol  the  last "  (If  IHo*'^^  n>  mo™^),  Holy  Week  [4  i-lli  uil 
^ryUr  4Bi«ili}  not  being  reckoned  in.  The  Lenten  last  was 
retained  at  the  Reformation  in  some  of  the  reformed  Churches, 
and  is  sliU  observed  in  the  Anglican  and  Lutheran  communionv 
In  England  a  Lenten  Ivi.  was  Gnt  oidered  lo  be  observed  by 
Earconberhl,  kingof  KenI  (640-M4).  In  the  middle  ages,  meal. 
egg)  and  milk  were  forbidden  in  Lent  not  only  by  ecclc^asiical 
bul  by  slalute  bw;  and  this  rule  was  enforced  until  the  reign  ol 
William  lit.  The  chicl  Lenten  food  from  the  earliest  days  was 
fish,  and  entries  in  Ihe  royal  household  accounts  of  Edward  III. 
show  the  amouni  ol  fish  supplied  to  the  king.  Herring-pies 
were  ■  great  delicacy.  Charters  gttnled  10  seaports  often 
stipulated  thai  the  town  should  send  so  many  herrings  or  other 
fish  to  the  king  annually  during  Lent.  How  severely  strict 
medieval  abstinence  was  may  be  gauged  from  the  fart  that 
anoia  and  ganisons  were  somelime*.  in  default  ol  dispensations, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  siege  of  Orleans  In  1419,  reduced  to  starvation 
(or  want  of  Lenten  lead,  though  in  full  possession  ol  meat  and 
otbCT  lapplla.  The  battle  ol  the  Herrings  (February  uiq) 
»u  [ought  in  order  lo  cover  (he  march  of  a  convoy  of  Lenten  food 
to  ihe  Engliih  army  besieging  (Means.  Dispcnsatiiins  from 
fasting  were,  however,  gtvtn  in  case  of  lIlBess. 

Daring  the  religious  confusion  of  the  ReTurmation,  Ihe  ptactkc 
ol  lasting  was  generally  relaxed  and  it  was  found  neccuary  Id 
Taseft  Ibr  obligation  ol  kee[Hiig  Lest  aod  the  other  pcriodt  aod 


days  of  abstinence  by  ■  lertes  ct  proeUmttlMii  laA  itatntet. 

In  thse,  however,  the  religious  was  avowedly  *ub(»dii>ate  to  ■ 

pidiiical  motive,  via.  to  prevent  the  ruin  cl  the  fiabcrlo,  whkli 

were  the  great  nursery  of  En^ish  seamcD.    Thus  tbe  ttatuta 

of  1  and  ]  Edward  VI.,  cap.  9  {iS4g),  whDe  inculcating  that 

"  due  aod  godiy  abstioence  Irom  Sesh  is  a  means  to  virtue," 

adds  Ihat  "  by  Ihe  Mting  of  fish  much  Beah  is  saved  to  tbe 

country,"  and  Ihat  thereby,  too,  Ibc  fishing  tiade  is  encouiaged. 

le  stalule,  bowever,  would  not  seem  to  have  had  much  effect; 

'  in  spile  of  a  proclamation  of  Queen  Elisabeth  in  i5£oimpoaLng 

ine  of  S,io  for  each  ofience  on  butchers  slaughtering  animals 

during  Lent,  in  ijfii  Sir  William  Cecil,  in  JTstciH^giKiH  Aa]tf 

'  ireaKD/lhrJVii>y,Isystbal"!nold[imesnoaeBhaIiIlwas 

on  fish  days;  even  the  king  himscU  could  not  havB  license; 


ipon  fish  dayt."  Tbe  i 
jid  driven  the  fisherm 
ind  detriment  of  the  rej 
15A;.  Cecil  forced  upon 


L  Against  fish 


infieih 

ruined  LhefidieTfc* 
1  tbe  great  scandal 
irdingly,  in  thesewioD  of  1561- 
Lwilling  pailiamdil  "a  politk 
ing,"  by  which  the  eating  o(  fleUt  on 
fast  days  was  made  putushable  by  a  fine  of  three  pounds  or 
three  months'  impiisonmenl.  one  meat  dish  being  iJtowed  OB 
Wednesdays  on  corulition  thai  three  fish  dishes  were  present  on 
the  table.  The  kind  of  argument  by  which  Cecil  overrsne  tba 
Protestant  temper  of  the  parliament  is  illustrated  E>y  a  dauH 
which  be  had  meditated  adding  to  the  statute,  a  draft  of  whid 
in  his  onn  handwriting  is  preserved :  "  BecauM  no  perKn  lliould 
misjudge  the  intent  of  the  statute."  it  runs,  "  which  ii  politicly 
meant  only  for  the  increase  of  fishermen  and  marincn,  aod  not 
for  any  superstition  f«  choice  of  meats;  whoever  shall  pieadi 
or  teach  that  eating  of  fish  or  forbearing  of  fieth  la  for  (be  saving 
ol  the  soul  of  man,  or  for  the  service  ol  God,  shall  be  puoiibed  ai 
the  qircader  of  fahe  news  "  (Dobl  MSS.,  Elixabelh,  vol.  nviL)- 
Bui  in  spite  of  statutes  and  prodanutions,  of  ocrnilonal  wvwittci 
and  of  the  patriotic  example  of  (Ju«n  Eliiabeih,  the  practice  o( 
fatting  lell  more  and  more  into  disuse.  Ostcntalioui  avoidance 
of  a  fi^-diet  became,  indeed,  one  of  the  outwaid  symbols  of 
militant  Protestantism  among  tbe  Purttaiu.  "  I  have  oiteii 
noted,"  wtiio  John  Taylor,  the  water-poet,  b  hii  Jatk  a  Lot 
(ifijol,  "that  if  any  tupetfluous  (easting  or  gDimandiiiag, 
paunch-cramming  aMeably  io  meet,  it  is  to  ordered  Ihat  it  mot 
be  either  in  Lent,  upon  a  Friday,  or  a  falling;  for  the  neat 
docs  not  relbh  wdl  eiccpl  i(  be  sauced  with  disobedience  and 
comtempt  of  authority."  Tbe  government  continued  to  struggll 
against  (his  vlri(  ol  defiance;  pnxbiBalionl  of  Jamea  L  in 
'  ig  and  tfiij,  and  of  ChaHet  I.  In  161T  and  ifiji,  again  com- 


anrled  a 


g  Lent,  1 


Church  movement  of  (he  I7(h  century  lent  a  Iresh  reli^us 
sanction  to  (be  o^clal  attitude.  So  late  aa  16S7,  James  IL 
issued  ■  prodamation  ordering  abuentioD  tram  neat;  but, 
alter  the  Revolution,  the  Lenten  bws  fell  obsolete,  Ibou^  they 
remained  on  tbe  tutute-book  till  repealed  by  (he  £U(u(e  Lav 
Revision  Act  1861.  But  during  (lie  iSth  century,  tluogh  the 
strict  obaenrancc  of  the  Lenten  fast  was  generally  abandoned; 
it  was  stm  observed  and  Inculcated  by  the  more  eameil  of  tbe 
clergy,  such  as  William  Law  and  John  Wesley;  and  the  cuslnm 
ol  women  wearing  mounting  in  Lent,  which  had  been  foUontd 
by  Queen  EKiabeth  and  her  court,  survived  until  well  into  tka 
igih  century.  With  the  growth  of  Ihe  Oiford  Movement  in  tk« 
English  Church,  Ihe  practice  of  observing  Lent  was  revived ;  and, 
though  no  rulei  for  fasting  art  authoritatively  Laid  down,  the 
duly  of  abstinence  is  now  very  generally  inculaled  by  bisbopa 
and  clergy,  dlber  as  a  discipline  w  as  an  eierne  in  self-deniaL 
For  the  more  "  advanced  "  Churches,  Lenten  practice  tends  tO 

Mid-Lent,  or  the  fourth  Sunday  in  Lent,  was  long  known 
as  IfsUcriiif  Sutiiay,  in  allusion  to  tbe  cuMon  for  glcli  In 
•ervice  to  be  allowed  a  holiday  on  that  day  to  visit  their 
pamis.     They  usually  look  a*  a  |xesen(  for  (heir  mother  a 


vheU  flonr.    In  GtraotMcnhlra  tinnd  aktt  we  iliH  Amman; 

■ad  mt  Uik.  MoaoiDutfa,  tbe  ciutom  of  mollienDS  is  lUU 
KTUpiikntsly  olMervnL 

LEH7BUI.  WILLIAM  (i;Qi-iti6i),  EngUsh  piriiuMBtvUii, 
spnker  <jF  lln  HouKoCCDmmoiu,  Kcond  un  ot  Williani  Lcnthill, 
of  Luhford,  Oifordshire,  m  dcscendcnl  of  an  old  Henfonlihin! 
f»may,  WM  boiD.U  Henfcy-on-Thimt*  in  June  ijgi.  He 
left  Oiford  without  taking  ■  degne  in  i6o9t  uid  wu  caUetl 
to  tbe  bar  al  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1616,  becoming  a  bencber  in  1A3J. 
He  lepRunled  Woodilock  in  ihc  Short  Parliament  (April  1640), 
and  wu  cboun  by  King  Charlea  J-  to  be  speaker  of  the  Long 
Pactiamenl,  which  mcl  on  the  iti  o\  November  1640,  Anording 
to  Clarendon,  a  »o«e  chnct  could  not  have  bwn  made,  for 

with  acanly  ropect  in  tbe  rhajr,  and  i«nii  to  have  had  Utile 
contnd  over  the  proceediBci-  On  the  41h  of  January  itU', 
bowercr,  whea  Itic  king  entered  the  Hooie  of  CommoiB  to  seiie 
the  five  meinbcrs.  LenLholl  behaved  with  great  prudence  and 
digoity'  Having  taken  the  speaker's  chair  and  looked  round  in 
vain  to  discover  the  oSendiog  membcn,  Charlea  turned  la 
Leoiball  standing  bclov,  and  demnndcd  of  him  "  whether  any 
of  Ihose  persons  wen  in  the  Hou$e,  whetbei  he  saw  any  of  iheci 
and  where  ihey  were."  LentbiUl  fell  on  his  Vnm  and  replied: 
"  Hay  it  please  too'  Majesly,  I  have  neither  eja  10  see  nor 
tongue  to  Ipe*!  in  Ihii  place  but  as  the  House  is  pleased  10 
direct  me,  whose  servant  I  am  here."  On  the  outbreak  of  the 
great  lebcUion,  Leathall  threw  in  his  lot  with  the  parliament. 
He  had  atieady  called  attention  to  the  inadeqoacy  of  his  salary 
ind  been  granted  a  sum  of  jC^ooo  (^Ih  of  April  1641);  and  be 
was  now  appointed  master  of  the  tolls  (nod  of  November  1841), 
■Dd  one  of  the  commisHocen  of  the  great  seal  (Oct.  1646- 
Uarch  1648). 

He  carried  on  his  dutit*  as  speaker  witlnnt  Inlerruptno  till 
1647,  when  the  power  of  the  parliament  had  been  transferred 
lo  the  army.  On  the  i6lh  o[  July  a  mob  invaded  the  House  of 
Commons  and  obliged  it  to  resdnd  the  ordinance  re-establishing 
the  old  parliamenlary  committee  of  militia;  Lenlhall 


nforc 


n.  Til  reals  of  worse  thinES 
came  subsequently  to  LentluU*s  ears,  and,  taking  the  mace 
with  htm,  he  left  London  on  the  i!ilh  to  )oi<>  tbe  aimy  and 
Fairfax.  LenlhaQ  and  Manchester,  the  speaker  of  Ihe  Lords, 
beaded  the  fugitive  membcn  11  the  review  on  Hounslow  Keslb 
on  the  3rd  of  August,  being  received  by  Ihc  soldiers  "  assa  many 
angels  sent  from  heaven  for  their  good."  Returning  to  London 
with  tlte  anny,  he  was  installed  again  by  F»irf»i  In  the  chair 
•(Ctb  August),  and  aD  votes  passed  during  his  absence  were 
uinutled.    He  adhered  henceforth  to  tbe  anny  party,  but  with 

At  the  Restoration  he  clai  Bled  to  have  lent  money  (e  Ihe  king 
at  Oxfortl,  to  have  provided  the  C[ueen  with  -comforts  and 
necessaries  and  to  have  taken  art  of  the  royal  children.  But 
he  put  the  queitlon  for  Ihe  king's  trial  from  the  chair,  and 
continued  to  act  ai  qwsker  after  Ihe  king's  eiecullon.  He 
am  continued  la  use  his  inRuence  In  favour  of  (he  royalisla, 
whenever  this  was  possible  without  Imperilling  his  own  Inlerests, 
and  he  nved  the  lives  of  both  the  eul  of  Norwich  {Sih  March 
1649)  Md  Sir  W.  D'Avenant  {jrd  July  iBjo)  by  hia  casting 
vole.  TberemovalollhekDightdlefl  theparliamenttupteme; 
and  Lenlhall  ai  ill  representative,  though  holding  little  ml 
power,  was  the  fint  man  In  the  slate. 

His  speakership  continued  till  Ihe  »th  of  April  165],  when 
theLongPailiainent  Wat  summarily  eTpelled.  Cromwell  directed 
Colonel  Harrison,  on  the  refusal  of  Lenlhall  to  quit  the  chair, 
to  pull  him  oot—uid  Lenlhall  lubmitled  to  the  show  ol  force. 
He  took  no  putt  in  politic!  tin  the  assembling  of  the  liTSt  pro- 
tetiotale  pariiament,  on  Ihe  3rd  of  September  iSm,  in  which 
he  sal  u  member  for  Oifordshire.  He  was  again  diosen  speaker. 
his  farmer  eaperlenee  and  his  pllability  of  character  bHng  his 
diief  recommendations.  In  the  second  protectorale  parliament, 
summoned  by  Cromwell  on  the  1 7th  ol  September  1656,  Lenthall 
was  tgda  eboien  menber  for  (Motdshire,  but  had  somedlEEcnliy 


'  m  obuinmg  flmliilan,  md  wu  not  nsdeeted  speiber.  Ha 
sopponed  Crontwell'a  adBuniilnitioB,  and  was  active  in  nigiiig 
t^  protector  to  take  the  title  of  king.  In  spate  cd  his  servins. 
Lenlhall  wu  not  isdDdcd  by  Cionwell  in  his  new  Bouse  of 
Lords,  and  wumucfa  disappointed  and  enslfallen  at  hisomisaioa. 
Tbe  prolectot,  bearing  of  his  "  grievous  complaint,"  sent  htm  ■ 
writ,  and  Lenthall  wu  chlcd  al  believing  he  had  iceured  ■ 
peerage.  After  Cramwell's  death,  the  officers,  hiving  deiennlned 
lo  recall  tbe  "Rump"  Parliament,  assembled  at  Leolhall'a 
bouse  ai  the  Rolls  (6th  May  i6jg),  lo  desire  him  10  send  out  the 
writs.  Lenthall,  however,  had  do  wish  to  laume  his  duiia 
as  speaker,  preferring  the  House  of  Lords,  and  made  various 
eacusea  for  not  con^ying.  NcverlbeU:!!,  upon  Ihe  oBicen 
Ibieatening  to  Bummon  the  parliament  without  hii  aid,  and 
bearing  the  neat  morning  thai  several  members  had  assenibled. 
be  led  Ihe  pioasaioo  to  Ihc  pariiament  bouse.  Lenthall  wu 
now  RstDRdtotbepoailiaaof  dignity  which  he  had  filled  bef ore- 
He  wu  Lenqwrarily  nade  keeper  of  Ihe  new  great  aeal  (i4ih  of 
May).  On  Ibe  6ih  of  June  it  was  voted  thai  all  CDnmiaaiau 
should  be  signed  by  LenlhallandBoi  by  the  conimaidec-ia-chief. 
His  euked  poaition,  bowevei,  wu  not  left  kmg  unaauiled. 
On  the  1 3lh  ol  Oclobcr  Lambert  placed  soldiers  round  the  House 
and  prevented  the  memben  tnnn  assembling.  Leothall's  coach 
wustoi^ied  uhewuentcting  Palace  Yard,  the  maccwuaeiaed 
and  he  wu  obliged  to  RtuiD.  Tbearmy.boweve.iwnrelumcd 
to  Ibeir  allegiance  to  the  parliament.  On  the  S4th  of  Defeniber 
they  marched  to  Lentiiali's  house,  and  eaprssed  their  sorrow. 
On  the  i9lh  the  qicaker  received  the  tkanka  ol  the  leaasembled 
parliament. 

Lenlhall  now  tumed  his  attention  to  biing  about  the  Reston- 
lion.  He  "  very  vintently  "  opposed  Ihc  oath  abjuring  Ihc  house 
of  Stuart,  now  sought  la  be  imposed  by  Ihe  republican  faction' 
on  the  parliament,  and  absented  himself  from  the  House  loi  len 
d3ys,toavoid,Il  wassaid.  any  responsihilily  for  the  bill   He  had 

entering  London  with  bis  army  (jid  February  i66o)  Lenlhall  met 
him  in  Innl  of  Somenct  House.  On  the  eih  of  February  Monk 
visited  the  House  of  Commons,  when  Lenthall  pronounced  a 
speeib  of  tfaaaka.  On  the  iSih  of  March  Lenthall  forwarded 
lo  Ihe  king  a  paper  cDntaiaing  "  Heads  of  Advice."  According 
~     Monk,  he  "  wu  veiy  active  lor  the  restoring  of  His  Mfjcsty 


dperior. 


found  him 

Ihe  Convenlio 
ihoogh  he  had 
the  rolls.    On 


wilbslandiDg 


;!iil  wiihoui  his  hclpe."    Lenthall 

f  in  disgrace  al  the  Restoration.   In  ipiic  ot  Hoaic'a 

ion  Farliamcnl,  not  wu  he  alhiwed  by  the  king, 
ul  sent  hid  a  present  of  £joeo,  to  remain  master  of 
th  of  June  he  wu  included  by  the  House 
01  ummons.  In  ^ite  oi  a  recommcndalary  teller  from  Monk, 
among  the  twenty  pcnens  excepted  from  the  act  of  indemnity 
and  subject  to  penalties  ml  eitendlng  to  life.  In  the  House  ol 
Lonls,liowever,  Monk's  testimony  and  in  Lerceasion  were  effectual, 
and  Lenlhall  wuonly  decbred  incapabkof  holding  lor  the  future 
any  public  oflice.  His  last  public  act  was  a  disgraceful  one. 
Unmindful  now  of  the  privileges  oi  parliament,  he  consented  to 
appear  as  t  witnesa  against  ihe  regicide  Tbamas  Scot,  far  words 
spoken  In  the  House  of  Commons  while  Lenthall  wu  in  the 
chair.  It  'ras  probably  after  Ihls  Lhal  he  wu  allowed  to  pietent 
himself  al  court,  and  his  contemporaries  look  a  maliciom  glee 
In  telling  1-ow  "  when,  with  some  diftkully,  he  obtained  leave  to 
kiss  the  king*a  hand  fae,  out  of  guilt,  fell  backward,  u  he  wu 

LenlhaD  died  on  tlie  3rd  of  September  iWi.  In  his  will  he 
desired  10  be  bulled  without  any  slale  and  without  a  monUDienl, 
"  but  at  the  utmost  a  plain  stone  with  this  supertcription  only, 

Yam!s  sum.  acknowledging  myself  10  be  unworthy  of  the  least 
outward  regard  in  this  world  and  unworthy  of  any  remembrance 
IhaL  hath  been  ao  great  a  sinner."  Be  wu  held  in  little  hoasur 
by  his  contemporaries,  and  wu  nnfvcnalty  regarded  u  a  lime- 
server.  He  was,  however,  a  man  of  good  intentions,  strong 
family  allectlons  and  considerable  abilily.  UnForiunattly  he 
wucalbd  by  the  irony  of  iaU  to  fill  a  ^         "  "  '' 


.i,,C,ooj( 


ievtmed  cmiUnllr  by  tan  lor  fa. 

tcdnced  inia  i  wiw3  ol  uavonlir  i 
Jolin  LenlhiU,  who  bad  doands; 
LeiuhlU,  who,  it  was  said,  had  to 


LENTII,— LENTULUS 


Hit.    ItauuillyHn 

"Bk  lentil  prchn  ■  -,. 
to  IsE  and  prodaccB  but 
or  Apdl  or  lub' to  li^y.  I 
Ibey  canDot  bjioutv  oiabt  I 
'       '    drill!  if  ihc 


I  pcraoD'and  alatc,  bi  < 
lioQj.  Me  leh  one  »a, 
ta.     Ha  brother.  Sir  J< 


Ojbk.  lIL  6oi,  who  Bjvci  a  Uat  of  iijs  printtd  «pea:bn  and  Intera^ 
Fos.  Li'w  ^  III  Judm.  vi.  447 ;  an/j.  A.  Manning,  Lj«  >/  UM 

in  tks  QikKbral  State  raptn.  £<imBiicSeriH.and  in  various  MSS! 
calendared  In  the  HlH.  t.\&  Comaiiau'aa  Sciiei.  See  aim  D'Ewo'i 
Diirf.  in  the  Harklan  Collection.  British  MuKum,  umc  cilracli 
from  HiMch  hm  bnii  given  by  J.  Fantcr,  Can  o/  Hi  Fhe  Utmbtrl, 
>]j  H.  ;aiKl  /faW  ami  DiKrtti.ier.lli,  viL  45  ("  Lenlhall's  Lanwula- 
IM  l,  viii.  i.  16s.  33!. ».  in.,  id.  3?. 

LIKTII.  the  Hcd  oT  £«i  (iciilaiAi  (aha  known  ai  £miH  £flii) , 
t  small  anniul  of  the  vstch  tribe,  llie  planl  varies  from  6  to 
r£  in.  in  height,  and  has  many  ]pag  ascending  branches.  Tfac 
leaves  an  alternate,  with  liir  pain  of  oblong^inear,  obtuse, 
mucmnale  IcuBeli.  The  Bowen,  two  to  four  in  number,  otc 
of  a  pale  blue  toUiur,  and  arc  borne  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 

Ibey  lie  pniduud  in  June  or  early  In  July.  The  pods  are  about 
)  In.  long,  broadly  oblong,  slightly  inflated,  and  tontani  tvo  secili, 
which  are  of  the  shape  of  a  doubly  rouvea  lens,  and  about  f  in. 
In  diameter.  There  are  several  cultivated  varieties  of  the  plant, 
dilfering  in  uie.  hairiness  and  colour  of  Ihcleives,  Hovers  and 


myeUow 


r  grey  I 


darkbi 


abosometiniesinollWot  spcdded.  In  EngUA 
kinds  oS  tenuis  ue  principally  mcl  wltfa,  French  and  Egyptian. 
The  former  are  usually  sold  entire,  and  are  of  >a  aah.giey 
colour  eitemally  and  of  a  ycllo*  lint  within;  the  latter  are 
usually  sold  like  split  peas,  vrilbout  the  leed  coat,  and  consist  ol 
the  Tcddish-yellow  cotyledons,  which  aro  smaller  and  rounder 
■ban  those  of  the  Ficnch  lentil i  the  seed  cost  when  present 
la  of  a  dark  brown  eotour.  Considcnble  quinliliei  of  lentils  uc 
alio  Imported  faito  the  United  Steles. 

The  native  country  of  the  kntil  is  not  known.  It  wa>  prohabjy 
one  of  the  RisI  pisnis  brought  under  cultivation  by  mankind; 
lenlils  have  been  found  in  the  lake  dmiUngs  of  St  Peter^  Island, 
Lake  ol  Bienne,  which  are  of  the  Bronu  age.  Tbe  name  'ai'ui 
(Heb,  tr)  appears  to  be  an  ori^il  Semitic  word,  and  the  nd 
poltage  of  lentils  (or  which  Esau  sold  his  birthright  (<kn.  inr.  J4) 
*B)  appaienlly  made  irom  the  red  Egyptian  lentiL  This  lentil 
Is  eiiltfvalcd  In  one  or  other  variety  in  India,  Persia,  Syria, 
Egypi,  Nubia  and  North  Africa,  and  In  Europe,  iking  the  coast ' 
'of  the  Medilemncan,  and  as  far  north  as  Germany,  Holland  and 
Fnnc.  In  EgypI,  Syria  and  other  Eastern  countrieiihc  parched 
seeds  are  erposcd  (or  sale  In  shops,  and  esieemed  the  best  food 
to  carry  on  loAg  journeys.  Lenlils  form  a  chief  ingndicnl  In  the 
Efunish  fihtm,  and  are  used  in  a  stmilst  way  in  France  and  other 
twintrick    For  this  iMipote  Ibcy  are  aiually  sold  In  the  thelled. 

Tbi-  nddiih  variety  of  the  lentil  (leMiOw  d-*fnr)  b  tbe  kind 
most  esteemed  in  Ptait  od  ncDounl  of  the  superior  flavour  of  ita 
snalkr  senla.  It  Is  aown  in  autumn  ekber  with  a  ccral  crop  or 
alone,  and  is  cultivated  chielly  In  the  north  and  east  of  France.  The 
large  or  common  variety,  ffelilKbrfr  NoHdc  cultivated  in  Lomine 
and  at  Gallarden  (Eun.et-LoIr).  and  lalnly  in  Gemuny.  is  ibe 
mon  pnidiEtive,  bat  la  lea  esteemed.  This  kind  hat  very  inull 
whitiih  noKin,  Iwo-or  nrely  thra  on  a  lootitalk.  and  ike  ludi  aie 
generally  one.Kedcd.  Oie  seeds  being  of  a  whUish  or  cream  colour. 
ab(Mi  I  of  an  incb  broad  and  |  in.  uiicli.  A  tingle  jrlunl  produces 
fmm  loo  to  isopod^.  which  are  flittened,  about  fhi.  km*  and  )  in. 
broad.    Anoikr  variety,  with  seeds  alnllar  in  form  and  cokiur  lo 

It  B  aewn  in  loinE.  This  variety  and  the  frilifft  lartr  are  both 
sometiion  called  tbe  lutillt  i  la  itim.  A  small  variety,  leMU 
Rrlr  ifa  Fny,  cultivated  chiefly  hi  the  drpanmentt  ol  llanle  Loire 
and  Carnal,  H  also  gmwn  IB  a  vefetahkital  for  feean.  TheEryptian 
lentil  wv  nlndind  Into  Britain  In  ggn.  It  naa  biw  Bowera. 
ADmhei  ifiecies  ol  Imlil,  Enam  maanalku,  a_  gftmn  in  France  iboui 
Orleans  and  cheuhcrc  under  the  nameorjorAiir  and  jdrdinfc.    ft  K 

M  a  poor  dry  aaidy  Md;  an  ~'~~^"  vit  it  daei  not  atioxad  ao 


light  w 


iBme  ol  the  coMtry,  a« 

^uiiiid.    The  podi  are 

iD-^Ihe  ptnu  being  pulled  Dp  like  flu  white  Ac  l^iiwB  is  still 

-  — ' -■—  ■■—  lesl  the  pods  split  ia  drying  and  loss  ol 


gathered  In  August 
brown— the  ptaus  fa 

aha  pUcb    LendHs  luiep  best  in  ihcliusk  1 
roed,  and  will  keep  good  In  this  way  for  ti 


of  the  mir. 

aaalyiii  el  the . 
potash  Mt%  ; 


_  — ol  ground  yields  on  an  average  abo... 

ot  icManri  jDcwt.  ol  straw.    The  amount  aad  characltr 

-■ ■  - requiailo  in  the  seil  ouy  be  judged  from  the 

lich  in  Ibe  iecda  has  at  its  chief  lugrcdJenta^' 

J.  Droe  frj,  photpboric  acid  jfrj,  chloride  el 

III  f-v,  hinh;  mi  the  straw  tbe  perceniages are — potash  io-0, 

SHBts  17-6,  phowhoric  add  ll<3.chkitideo(  sodium  i.i. 
have  attracted  conHdciaUe  notice  among  vegeiariana 
food  material  cipedally  for  souel    A  Hindu  proverb  uva, 
IS  good,  but  kniila  are  my  lile.^    Tbe  husk  of  the  secd^ia 
ihC,andlococ-   ■     -      -         ■ 


iigcsiihle,  and  to  cook  lentiU  property 
irhours,  tait  ih^  —  "■■■■"'  i-  ""Ti.t, 

lutrogenous  jnal 

irteri  Leniiliaremorepninerlythefoodoltl _. 

len  they  arc  mwn,  and  liave  often  been  n^unied  when  betlci 
xi  couM  be  oCubud,  henoe  the  pnvnb  Dmti  JvOii  jnm  itui 


malning,accoiiJiiig  toF8yefi'Banalyaik35.x% 
t  (Itgumin],  56%  of  starch  and  3.6%  a 
ibi'i  arulysii  cUScn  in  pvjns  only  3s%  of 


\^i^^ 


TbCHdiare 

erbage  is  highly  esteemed  as  mer 


■uckUng 


inf  pigt^    The 
lilk).  also  lor 


ol  the  bitter  ^'etcil  or  tarelenlH. 

£mM  Enaiia,  a  plant  which  cIokIv  rescmbka  the  true  leniil  in 
height,  habh,  Bnnralid  pod,  but  whu*  seeds  arc  without  thnibi 
possessed  ol  ddeicrious  properties — producing  weakness  or  e^tn 
raralysis  ol  the  extremitin  in  horses  which  ha\e  dutaken  ol  them. 
Tbe  poisomus  principle  scene  to  reside  chiefly  la  ihe  btttcr  teed 
coat,  and  can  apparently  be  eemoved  by  seeping  in  water,  since 
Ccrard,  s^kini  ol  the  ''  bitter  vetch  "  (£.  Ertiba),  my  "  kinc  in 

by  steeping  ia  water."  Tbeieedolf.  £mlia  it  about  the  tame  nie 
--'    ' exactly  of  tbe  same  ffddith-bnni'n  colour  at  that  ollhe 

former  is  not  so  bright  at  the 


riiat  of  E.  Snrfia  being  obtuKcly  tr 
Sea-lentil  ita  nl- 


s  applied  to  the  gulfvced  Sarptssa 


LENTOUIS,  Ihe  name  of  1  Roman  palridan  family  of  Ibe 
Comeliaii  gens,  derived  from  ^cnlc]  ("  lentils  "),  whicfa  ill  ohlcit 
members  wore  fond  of  cultivating  (accoidttig  to  Pliny,  Nal.IIiU. 
iviii.  J,  10).  The  woni  LtiiiiJiias  ("  Lenlulitm  "j  d.  Afpirlai) 
A  coined  by  Cicero  {Ai  Fam.  ii.  7,  ]  )  to  eiptess  tbe  atlribuiei 
of  a  proDouflced  aristocrat.  The  three  first,  of  the  name  were 
I.  Comcliiu  Lentulus  (consul  317  b.<l),  Scrvius  Cornelius 
Lenlulus  (consul  joi)  and  L.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Caudinus 
(consul  17s}.  Their  connexion  with  the  later  Lenluli(cspecially 
tbeec  of  tbe  Ciceronian  period]  ja  very  obHUre  and  dil!icult  to 
establish.   The  following  memberaof  tbe  {amily  deserve  mention. 

PuBLiDS  CojUiiLius  L):HTiJLus,  pickniDial  Suu,  one  of 
the  chief  (ig»iei  in  Ihe  Catilinaiiaa  conspitacy.  Vben  accused 
by  Sull*  (to  whom  he  had  been  quaestor  in  81  i£,)  of  having 
■quanderod  the  public  money,  he  refused  to  lender  any  account, 
but  insolently  heU  out  the  calf  of  his  bg  (iiire),  on  which  part 
ol  the  petsDB  boy*  were  punished  when  tbey  made  irisiakes 
in  idaybig  baU.  He  waa  praetor  in  75,  governor  ol  Sidly  74, 
consul  71.  In  70,  being  expelled  from  the  senate  wiihniiumbcr 
of  others  for  immorality,  he  joined  Catiline.  Kclying  upon  s 
Sibylline  ctkIb  that  three  Comelii  should  be  rulers  of  Rome, 
Lentulus  regarded  himscll  as  the  dcslincd  successor  of  Cornelius 
iMilla  and  Ctvnclius  Cinna.  When  Catiline  left  Borne  after 
Cicero's  first  speech  la  CatiUnaa.  Lenlulus  took  his  place  as 
chief  of  the  conspiiatort  in  the  city.  In  cot|juBCtion  with  C. 
ComeKui  Cethcgus.  he  unikriook  to  murder  Cicero  and  set 
fire  10  Rome,  but  the  plot  jailod  •wing  lo  lut  UmidUy  awl 


LEKZ— LEO  (POPES) 


D(  provincul  goi 

lie  object  of  ol  _ 

in  wjib  his  vicvi,  the  unbusadDii  abuintd  i  wriiten  Agir 
mcnt  sigmd  by  the  cbJeT  conspirators,  iitd  ia{onn«d  Q.  FtAnj 
Singa,  tbeir  "  palioa  "  Jn  Rome,  who  in  his  turn  icquaiiited 
Cicero.  The  conspiimton  were  trresLed  ud  (oc»d  U  Admit 
tbeir  fuiit,    Lentuhis  >as  compelled  to  abdicate  his  ptaetonhip. 


ufeii 


n  the  TuUianum  on  the  Jth  of 


Puoui-s  CoiNEitos  Lentulus,  called  Spintheb  fnil 
HkencB  to  as  ictoc  oE  that  name,  one  af  the  chi'ciadhl 
ol  ibe  Pompeian  party.  In  6j  ».c,  he  was  cufulc  awlile,  u 
Cicero  in  Ibe  lupptessian  ol  the  CaiiUnaiiao  conspiracy,  and 
disUnguisbcd  hiniscif  by  the  spjendour  of  the  games  he  prov! '  ' 
■■    DlHispanuCi 


foi  b 


ai  also  indebted 


Bpcaka  of  him  in  most  gnlcful  tcrma.  From  56-jJ  Lenlulus 
■a*  goveniocofiheprovincooiCilicia  [wiLh  Cyprus)  and  (luring 
tbit  lime  was  commissioned  by  ibe  scnau  to  teslcn  Plolcmy  XI. 
Aulclet  toliiilJngdam  (scePlotEUIuJ.  The  Sibylliae  books, 
IkOHever,  declared  tkit  the  ktnf  must  not  be  Rslereil  by  force 
of  amu,  at  the  li^  of  peril  ta  Rome.  As  a  provincial  govemor, 
l^jituluaapfteamuhave  looked  afLcrlheinlerestsof  bis  subjects, 
and  did  not  enrich  himself  at  their  expense.  In  spite  ol  his 
iadcbledneu  to  Caesar,  Lenlulus  >oined  Ihe  Pompeians  on  the 
ouLbreak  of  civil  war  (49).  The  geoerosily  with  which  ke  was 
treated  by  Caesai  after  the  capilulatioa  ol  Cotlinium  made 
him  hesitate,  but  he  Anally  decided  in  favour  of  Pampcy.  Afler 
the  battle  of  Ptuisaius,  Lentulus  escaped  lo  Khodcs,  where  he 
was  at  first  refused  admiiaion,  although  be  subsequently  found 
BD  asylum  there  (Cicero,  Ad  AU.  iL  11.  1).  According  to 
Aureliui  Victor  (Be  sir.  iU.  LwvUi,,  5,  il  the  reading  be  correct), 
he  subsoqiKntly  fell  into  Caesar's  hands  and  w 
See  Cacur,  SOI.  CIt.  i.  ij-sj,  iii.  loi;   fHtii 


Vahiio 


i.  t.9. 


molCicei 


^°3!y!?i 


ixava  CoRKELins  L 

(for  what  mson  is  un 

known),  member  of  the  anli^Caesarian 

party.    In  (r  B.C.  he  wi 

s  the  chief  accuser  of  P.  Clodlus  [f  .>.)  in 

the  affair  of  the  fesKv 

1  of  Bona  Doa.    When  consul  t4!i)  he 

all  peace  terms  offered  by  Caesar,  and 

dec7aredthit,nihe™na 

him  br  forre  of  arm.h 

-niere  «rem,  no  reaso 

to  doubt  that  Lenlulus  was   mainly 

inspired  by  selfish  mot 

opportunity  for  his  owi 

brave  words  he  fled  in 

Caesar's  advance,  and  crossed  over  lo  Greece.  After  Pharaalus, 
he  made  his  way  to  Rhodes  (but  was  refused  admission),  thence, 
by  way  of  Cyprus,  to  Egypt,  fle  landed  at  Peluslum  the  day 
after  Ihe  murder  ol  Pompey,  was  Immediately  seiaed  by  Ptolemy, 

SHCnnar.  BtH.Cit.i.  4,  liL  104;  Plutarch.  Pmpn,  So. 
a  l,.ii  iin.~.n(  of  the  ditteieai  Comelii  Unluli.  with  (tnealoiical 
Qund  in  P;iu[y.Wi>HWa's  BalntydepUft.  iv.  pt.  t. 
t>.v.  -'  CiKin^Ilui "} ;  s«  alio  V.  de  Vit,  O-iomailim. 


B-  '35S  li9i») 
■1.  4J3- 
lEXZ,  JkKSt  EICRAEL  RBmHOLD  (iTSi-i 


.  )i!,  Cermin 
in  of  the  village 


11  Scsswcgci 
paitor,  00  (he  iKh  of  January  1751 

patents  to  Dorpai  in  1759.  and  aoon  Degan  to  compose  sacrea 
odes,  in  the  manner  <rf  Klopstocli.  In  ij68  he  entered  the 
universly  of  KSnlgsbcrg  11  a  student  of  theology,  and  in  1771 
accompanied,  as  tutor,  two  yonng  German  nobles,  named  von 
Kldst,  10  SIraiiburg,  where  Ihey  were  10  entet  Ihe  French 


army.  In  Strasiburg  Lena  »u  raolwd  Ma  U 
that  galbered  round  Friedtirh  Rgdolf  Salinia 
and  became  acquainted  with  Goethe,  at  that  til 
lb*  unlveiiity.    Injjrder  10  be  clCK  to  his  young  pupils,  Lena 


I  to  Fort  Louis  in  Ihe  neighbourhood,  and  whUs 


bad  tc 

here  becasie  deeply  enamouied  of  Caetlie's  friend.'  FHederike 
Elisabeth  Brion  (1751-1813), daughlciDl  the  past  or  of  Socnheim. 
Lena  endeavoured,  after  GoHhc's  departure  front  Sitassbuig, 
to  replace  the  great  poet  in  her  affections,  and  to  her  he  poured 
out  iongi  and  poems  (/Hi  LUbt  auj  dm  Uiidi)  which  weic  king 
alliibuled  to  Goethe  hiinseff,  as  was  at»  Leu's  first  drama,  the 
maedy,  DfT  Hofmiiilo.tdir  VaiUikdtr  Prhalmielmitt(i)H)- 
In  I77fi  he  visited  Weimar  and  was  iml  kindly  received  by  Ihg 
duke;  but  his  rude,  overbearing  manner  and  vicious  habits 
lad  to  hts  enpulilon.  In  1777  he  becane  insane,  and  in  1779' 
was  removed  from  Enmendingen,  where  J.  G.  Sebhissei  (i)jo- 
1790)1  Coethe'l  bntbeT.^n-law,  had  given  him  a  home,  to  his 
native  village.  Here  he  lived  In  great  poiterty  for  several  years, 
and  then  was  given,  more  out  of  chaHty  thin  on  aeoount  of  ha 
merlls,  tb*  appcnniment  of  tutor  !n  a  penAw  school  near 
Moirow,  where  he  died  on  the  14th  of  May  1791.  Lena,  though 
one  of  Ihl  moat  talented  poets  of  the  Slum  utid  Ztrang  period, 
presented  a  atrange  medley  of  genius  and  childlihiHM.  Hia 
greai,  though  DCglcclcd  and  distorted.  ablliLlcs  found  vent  in 
ill^onceived  imitllionB  of  Shakespeare.  His  coniKliu,  Da 
IfiifMtfiIrr;  Der  ww  ifouno  (1774);  DU  SMaln  (i77A>i 
Die  Firanfe  naiJint  dm  MAngften  (1776),  though  accounted 
the  b«t  of  his  woiLi,  are  chiraclerind  by  unnatural  situations 
and  an  Incangmout  miilure  of  tragedy  and  comedy. 
Lcni's  Ctammdii  Scttiltn  wrre  publii>hed  by  L.  TIeck  In  I 

volumes  |iBi8);  tuM^menliry  to  tl- —  — ' =    "- 

EgtoS.  J.  U.K   ■  ■     ■     -  ■  - 


Ktid  Gmltt  (1)41):  H.  Ranch.  L, 
Waldnann,  Itm  ia  Brufa  (i»h)- 


.    . .  these  vohimes  an  E.  Dcrrer- 

I«w  SiirifUm  (18371  end  K.  Wetnbgid,- 

J.  M.  R.  Ltm  (ia«4)i  a  seleclioB  3 

-J  :.  .   c^...__  a.nmr  Mud  Drlnitr,  ".; 

vel.   hii..    (iBtiT.    S« 

iSjSh  }■  Froitihcln,'  Lnt 

id  SUeifKin  (lS»»i  F. 


Ihesu 


T,  popefp 


44a  10  461, 

abh  accaunt 


probable  , 
in  Tuscany.  Of  Ms  family  or  early  life  nothing  It  hr 
he  WIS  highly  cultivated  according  to  the  atandanda  of  his  time 
is  ofavieut,  but  il  does  not  appear  that  he  eoutd  writ*  Creek, 
or  even  that  he  understood  Ihat  language.  In  one  af  the  tetleia 
{Ef.  104)  of  Augustine,  an  acolyte  named  L«  is  menlianed 
as  having  been  In  41S  the  beater' of  a  eomrnunication  fiani 
Srilus  ol  Rome  (afterwards  pope)  to  Auielins  of  Carthage 
agninst  the  Pelagians.  In  4iq,  when  the  first  unmistakable 
lefercnce  lo  Pope  Leo  occurs,  he  was  tiill  only  a  deacon,  but 
already  a  mm  of  commanding  Inlluence;  it  was  at  his  suggeatlon 
that  the  De  incarnaliinK  of  the  aged  Casslanm,  having  tclerence 
to  Ihe  Natorian  heresy,  «u  composed  in  that  year,  and  about 
4]t  we  find  Cyril  of  Alexandria  writing  to  him  Ihsl  he  might 
prevent  the  Roman  Church  from  lending  lis  support  In  any 
way  to  Ihe  jmbllioiis  achenres  ol  Juvenal  of  Jerusalem.  In  440, 
~  e  L«  wu  in  Gaul,  whither  be  had  been  sent  to  compose 
e  differenm  between  Aeliui  and  another  general  named 
nus,  Pope  Siitus  III.  died.  The  absent  deacon,  or  nther 
deacon,  was  unanimously  chosen  lo  succeed  him,  and 
ived  consecration  on  his  return  six  weeks  afterwards 
(September  19},    In  44]  he  begun  to  lake  measures  against  the 

■  "  "    Ihage  by  Ccnseric 

ind  in  Ihe  following 

had  been  sentenced  to  perpetual  banishment  "  In  accordance 

of  the  thiistltn  emperors,"  and  others 

half  fled;  In  seeking  these  out  the  help  of  the  provlncinl  clergy 

sought.   It  was  during  the  earlier  years  of  Leo'i  ponllficate 

that  the  events  in  Gaul  occufred  which  rejulled  in  this  iriumph. 

of  Aries,  slgnaliied  by  Ihe  edtcl  of  Valentinitn  Dl." 


«a 


LEO  (POPES) 


U41),  dsnoflDdni  Ik  nnlDinacy  el  the  GiBic  bitbc^,  ud 
CDKiini  "  thu  nothing  sboiild  Iw  done  in  C*ul,  toaliuy  u 
■ocient  iiMfc,  ntboul  the  *iuharily  of  the  bobop  ol  Rome, 
Md  Ihil  tk  dccne  of  Ihe  ipoMolic  KC  ihoald  hcncefonh  be 
Uw."  In  447  Leo  held  Ibe  (ornspiHideDca  witfi  Tuiiibiii  of 
Anuria  which  led  In  Ihe  candcmnuioa  of  ihe  Prisdiliaiiiats  by  the 
Spanish  luiional  church.  In  mS  be  leceivcd  wiLh  camincadUiOD 
■  letln  frnm  Eulycbo,  the  CanslBnliDapalitio  monli,  con- 
pUiniog  of  the  levivBl  of  the  Neutnisn  hensy  then;  and  in 
Ibe  foUowins  yai  Eulychei  wrote  his  drcular,  appealing  afpiial 
the  sutcnce  which  at  11k  instance  ol  Eiuebius  of  Dotylaeuin 
had  been  pused  against  him  at  a  lyiwd  held  in  Coniianiinople 
under  the  preidcncy  of  the  patriarch  FUvian,  uid  a>Ung  papal 

to  ineet  at  Epheitia.  Hk  lendt  of  t  tom^ModeDce  was  Ifail 
Leo  by  his  legates  sent  to  Flavian  th^  famous  episiie  in  which 
be  H<i  forth  with  great  lulness  of  deiii]  Ibe  docuine  ever  lince 
recognized  ai  orthodm  regarding  the  union  of  the  two  natures 
in  the  one  person  of  Jaia  ChrbU  Tbe  evenw  M  the  "  jobber  " 
■ynod  at  EfriKiut  belong  to  general  church  history  rather  than 
to  the  biognphy  el  Lto;  his  l^ter,  tbou^  tufamiiLed,  was  not 
read  by  the  assembled  laLhers.  and  the  papal  legates  had  sone 
diRknilty  in  cmping  wiib  their  lives  Irom  the  violence  of  the 
theologiant  who,  not  conieni  wiih  deposing  Flavian  and  Eusebius, 
shouted  (or  Ihe  dividing  of  those  who  divided  Chiitt.  When  the 
newa  of  Ihe  result  of  this  oecumeniul  caundl  (oecumcnicaJ 
in  every  drcumstance  eiccpt  that  it  wu  not  presided  over 
by  the  pope)  reached  Rome,  Leo  mole  to  Theodosiua  "  with 


ndl.  i< 


e,  however,  in  Italy.    . 


supports]  by  Vakntinian  III.,  by 
CalU  naddia  and  by  the  empicss  Endoiia,  but  the  qipeal 
was  made  in  vain.  A  change,  hofrevcr,  was  bnnight  about  by 
the  accession  in  the  loilowing  year  ol  Marcian,  who  three  days 
alter  coming  to  the  throne  published  an  edict  bringing  K-ilhin 
the  scope  of  the  penal  laws  against  heretics  the  supporters  of 
the  dogmas  of  ApoUinaris  and  Eulyches.  To  convoke  a  synod 
in  which  greater  orthodoxy  might  reasonably  be  eipccved 
was  in  thc«  circumstances  na  longer  dilHcuII,  but  all  Leo's 
cBoru  to  secure  that  the  meeting  should  take  place  on  Italian 
loil  wetv  unavailing.  Wbcn  the  synod  of  Chalccdon  assembled 
la  4]i,  Ibe  papal  legates  were  treated  with  great  rcqiecl,  and 
Leo's  former  letter  to  Flavian  waa  adopted  by  acclarruLion 
u  fomolMiDg  the  creed  ol  the  universal  church  on  the  subject 
of  the  pcrsoo  of  Christ.  Among  the  reasons  urged  by  Leo  for 
holding  this  council  in  Iialy  had  been  the  threatening  attitude 
of  the  Huns;  tbe  dreaded  imipiiea  took  place  in  the  following 
year  US')-  After  Aquilei'  had  succumbed  to  Attila's  long 
siege,  Ihe  conqueror  set  out  for  Rome.  Keu  the  confluence 
of  the  UinciD  and  the  Po  he  waa  met  by  Leo,  whose  eloquence 
persuaded  bin  to  turn  back.    Legeni]  ha*  sought 


miracle.  Tbe  pope  waa  less  (uuessful 
Vandal  chief  arrived  under  the  walls  of  Rome  in  jjj,  hut  he 
secured  a  proiruse  that  then  should  be  no  incendiarism  or 
murder,  and  Ihat  three  of  the  oldeil  basiUcis  should  be  exempt 
fiDCn  plunder—*  piDmise  which  seems  to  have  been  failhluUy 
observed.  Leo  died  on  the  lOIh  of  November  461,  the  liturgical 
unlvHsary  being  [he  nth  of  April  His  successor  was  Hilatius 
or  Ililanis,  who  bad  been  ono  oi  the  papal  legates  at  the  "  nbbcr  " 
■ynod  in  449. 

The  title  of  detler  tataiat  was  given  to  Leo  by  Benedict 
XIV.  As  bishop  of  the  diocese  of  Rome,  Leo  diitingui&hed 
himself  above  all  hi)  predecessors  by  his  preaching,  to  which 
he  devoted  himself  with  great  unl  and  success.  From  his  shoil 
and  pithy  Sswuiui  many  of  the  letsons  now  to  be  found  In  the 
Roman  breviary  have  been  taken.  Viewed  in  conjunction 
with  bis  voluminous  COTrespondence,  the  scrmnns  sulhcienlly 
ciplaiD  the  iccret  of  his  gieatiKss,  which  chiefly  lay  in  the 
ealraordiniry  tiieogth  and  purity  of  his  convictions  as  to  Ihe 
primacy  of  the  sucassers  of  St  Peter  at  a  lime  when  the  civil 
asd  ecckaiaslicai  troubles  of  Ihe  civilised  rrorld  made  men 


(Lyou.  1700).  and  acain.  mTihe'bHs'af'lim  irTwhal  &  now  tbe 
■usdaRl  edkiso  by  Ballerini  (Venice,  tJilrlllfih  Nliciy-ihiec 
Sermffiut  and  one  bundled  and  •cvcnty'lhrce  EpitlcUt  occupy  ihe 

aitribuied  to  Leo.  and  the  Dt  VtaUnt  Omkhiii  CMins.  alio 
■KTibrd,  by  Quiml  aod  othcni  to  hin.  but  Bon  probibly  the 
^oduction  of  a  certain  Pmpcr,  of  whom  DstUng  furthet  la  kaowo. 
The  works  of  Hilary  of  Arle*  are  appended. 

Leo  IL,  pope  from  August  6S1  to  July  683,  wu  a  Sidlian  by 
Mrth,  and  succeeded  Agaibo  I.  Agaibo  had  been  reptesentcd 
at  Ihe  abth  oecumenical  council  {that  of  Contiantinople  in 
6ar),  where  Pope  Hoaaiius  I.  was  anathematised  for  his  views 
in  the  Monothdile  controversy  as  a  favourer  of  heresy,  and 
the  only  faa  of  permanent  historical  Interest  with  regard  tO  Leo 
is  Ifiat  lie  wrote  once  and  again  In  approbalioH  of  Ihe  dedtion 
ol  ilie  couocO  and  In  condemnation  of  Honorius,  whom  be 
regarded  as  one  who  ffo/ana  fraditiiiiu  iaiaatiilalam  fidrm 
lulmrlai  cmalui  al.  In  their  bearing  upon  the  question  of 
papsl  infaUibiliiy  these  words  have  eidted  conildeiable  attention 
and  conirovtisy,  and  prominence  i»  given  to  the  drcumstance 
ihil  in  the  GcHk  tea  of  the  letter  to  the  emperor  in  which  the 
phrase  occurs  tbe  milder  expression  mjHx^ii'iiw  (mhvrft 
prrmiiit)  is  used  for  inlntTteri  ciuuti*}  at.  This  Hefele  in  his 
Cmilineeiikiiilt  Cii.  ")*)  regards  u  alone  expressing  the 
true  meaning  of  Leo.  11  was  during  T^o's  pontificate  that  tbe 
dependence  of  the  see  of  Ravenna  upon  thai  of  Rome  was  fitially 
seltled  by  imperial  edict.    Benedict  II.  succeeded  him, 

Leo  IIL,  whose  ponliGcate  (795-816)  covered  the  last  eighteen 
years  of  (he  reign  of  Charlemagne,  was  a  native  of  Rome,  and 
having  been  chosen  successor  of  Adrian  I.  on  the  t6A  of 
December  ;gj,  was  consecmed  to  the  office  on  the  folkning 
day.  Hi)  int  act  was  to  send  to  Charles  as  palridan  Ihe  standarrjl 
of  Rome  akng  with  the  keys  of  Ihe  sepulchre  of  St  Pclir  and  of 
the  city;  a  gradous  and  condescending  ktier  in  reply  made  it 
still  more  ctear  where  alt  real  power  at  that  moment  lay.  For 
more  than  three  years  his  term  of  office  was  uneventful;  but 
at  ihe  end  of  that  period  the  feelings  of  disappointment  winch 
had  secielly  been  rankling  in  the  breasts  of  Paschalis  an) 
Campulus,  nephews  of  Adrian  I.,  who  had  received  from  him  the 
□flices  of  pim'utriia  and  nndlariia  respectively,  suddcidy 
manifested  themselves  b)  an  organised  attack  upon  Lu>  as  be 
was  riding  in  procesdon  Ihiough  the  diy  on  the  day  of  (he 
Greater  Liuny  (ijlh  April  700)1  ibe  object  of  his  assailanU 
was,  by  depriving  him  of  his  eyes  and  tongue,  to  disqualify  him 
for  Ihe  papal  office,  *nd,  Blihough  they  were  unsticcessful  in  this 
allempt,  he  found  it  necesxry  to  accept  the  protection  of 
Winesis,  tbe  Frankish  duki  of  Spcdelo,  who  came  lo  the  rescue. 
Hiving  vainly  requested  the  presence  ol  Chsrles  in  Rome,  Leo 
went  beyond  the  Alpi  to  meet  the  king  tx  Paderbom;  he  waa 
receind  with  much  ceremony  and  respect,  hul  his  enemies 
having  tent  in  serious  written  charges,  of  which  tbe  character 
Is  not  now  known,  Charles  decided  to  a|^ni  boih  the  pope 
and  his  accusers  to  appear  as  panics  before  him  whca  he  sboidd 
have  arrived  in  Rome.  Leo  returned  in  great  slate  to  bis  diocese, 
and  waa  recdved  with  honour;  Charles,  who  did  not  arrive 
until  November  in  Ihe  foUowii>g  year,  tost  no  lime  in  assuming 
the  ofBce  of  a  judge,  and  the  result  of  his  investigation  waa  the 
acquiltal  of  the  pope,  who  at  tbe  same  lime,  however,  was  ptt- 
.......  ._.  ..  .    .  .      ,       -■      .||  by  (1,         -     - 


.    The  c. 


repression  of  1  conspiracy  led  to  an  open  rebellion  at  Rome; 
serious  charge!  were  CHice  more  brought  against  him,  when  he  was 
avctlakcn  by  dciih  in  gi6.  It  was  under  tbi*  ponll6cale  that 
Felia  of  Urgel,  the  adopiianiM,  » *■ '"'  '~"  *"""  " 


""tTio.^f?'" 


lEO  (POPES) 


Mnu  tymoA.    Lta  U  inother  Sfoai  Md  in  Rome  in  lio 

mitUdtbediitiuticcanKliiasof  tlic//*fH,  buldcpmird 

_._  inlndiictiwi  ialo  Ibe  cmd.    On  LkiiB  poial,  however,  (be 

Fnnkiili  Churcb  pcnercted  in  tlx  «une  it  bid  iliemdy  initiated^ 


Ln'ti 


mlV. 


Lo  B;;,  wu  ■  Roun  by  Mnb,  and 
ponlibeate  ms  cbiefly  diitinKUisbtd 
by  hiseSiHUto  icpair  Ibe  danige  dojw  by  the  Sinceoi  durini 
(he  rngn  of  bis  pndtcosH  la  virioiH  cbuicbei  t^  the  dly, 
opediUy  those  of  St  Peter  ud  S(  PiuJ.  It  ns  be  irba  built 
and  foniSed  the  lubuih  on  the  ri^i  bulk  of  the  Tiber  itiU 
kno*auiheavituLconii».  A  fnghttut  confligntion,  which 
be  la  laid  to  have  eitinjuished  by  hii  prayen,  a  the  subjrct 
of  Riphael'i  great  work  in  the  Sili  ddl'  Incendid  of  the  Valinn. 


Hebe 

presence  of  Louii 


if  their 


n  850I  di 


nr  of  Reimi 


il  of  N'ich 


,    The  history 
papalstrugglewithl  ■ 
panliiicile,  belong 
was  Leo*ft  immediate  suc^e^wr. 

Leo  v.,  a  mtlt-e  of  Ardea,  was  pope  for  two  monlhi  in  903  after 
thcdeathof  Benedict  IV.  He  waioverthiomandcast  into  prison 
by  the  prreM  Cbrisiojiher,  who  instaltcd  biin»if  in  his  [dan. 

Lzo  Vt  succeeded  John  X.  in  918,  and  reigned  seven  months 
and  a  (tw  days.    He  was  succeedeii  by  Stephen  VIII. 

Lao  Vir.,  pope  from  bj6  to  W9.  ""  preceded  by  John  XI., 
and  followed  by  Stephen  IX. 

Lao  VIII.,  pope  from  otj  to  96^,  a  Roman  by  biitb,  held  ibe 
lay  office  of  frcteutimiu  when  he  was  elected  to  the  papal  chaii 
al  the  instance  of  Otto  the  Great  by  the  Roman  synod  which 
deposed  John  XU.  in  Deccmbci  963.  Having  been  huiried  with 
unseemly  haste  Ihmugh  all  the  inleincdiate  orden,  he  received 
consecration  two  days  after  his  election,  wiucb  was  unacceptable 
to  the  people.  Inrebniaiy^,  the  emperor  having  withdrawn 
from  the  dty,  Leo  found  it  necessary  to  seek  safety  in  Bight, 
wheeeupon  he  was  deposed  by  a  synod  held  undec  the  presidency 
of  Jobs  XIL  On  the  sudden  death  of  the  latter,  the  populace 
chose  Benedict  V.  ai  bis  luccessor^  but  Olto,  letutniog  and 
laying  siege  to  the  city,  compelled  their  acce[>tance  of  Leo.  It 
ii  usuaii^y  said  that,  at  the  synod  which  dcpued  Benedict,  Leo 
conceded  to  the  emperor  and  his  successoia  as  sovereign  of  Italy 
full  ri^ti  of  investiture,  but  the  genuinencsa  of  the  docunieni 
OB  which  this  allegation  tests  is  more  than  doubtful.  Leo  VUI. 
wa>  succeeded  by  John  XIIL 

Leo  IX.,  poft  from  loj?  to  tas*.  was  a  native  ol  Upper 
Al»ace,wbeiehewasbotoonibeiistofjuneiooj.  Hispropci 
name  was  Biuju;  the  family  to  which  be  belonged  was  of  noble 
lank,  and  through  his  lather  he  was  related  to  the  cmperot 
Conrad  II.  ȣ  was  educated  at  Toid,  where  be  succeaiivelr 
became  canon  and  (lOfO)  bishop;  in  the  latter  capacity  be 
rendered  important  political  services  to  his  relative  Conrad  IL, 
and  afterwards  to  Henry  IIL,  and  at  the  same  time  he  beca>ne 
widely  known  ai  an  earnest  and  reforming  ecclesiastic  by  the  teal 
he  showed  in  spreading  the  rule  of  the  order  of  Cluny.  On  the 
death  of  Daniasus  U.,  Bruno  wat  in  December  104S,  with  the 
concuirence  both  of  tbe  emperor  and  of  the  Romaa  delegates, 
■dieted  bis  successor  by  an  assembly  at  Worms;  he  stipulated, 
however,  as  a  condition  of  his  acceptance  that  be  should  first 
proceed  to  Rome  and  be  caionically  elected  by  the  voice  ol  clergy 
and  people.  Settingoalsboetly  after  ChriUinas,  he  had  a  meet- 
ing with  abbot  Hugo  of  Cluny  at  Besinfon,  where  he  wat  joined 
by  the  young  monk  HUdebnnd,  who  afterwards  became  Pope 
Gregory  VII.;  arriving  in  pilgrim  garb  at  Rome  in  the  fobowing 
Pebmaty,  he  »»  rei^vrt  with  much  cordiality,  and  at  his 
imed  the  name  of  Leo  IX.  One  of  his  first 
:o  hotd  the  iiell4:nown  Easter  synod  ol  ro49, 
'  of  the  clergy  (down  to  therankof  siAdeacon) 
Hi,  and  where  he  at  least  ncceeded  in  making 


•r  bis  IX 


.    The 


greater  part  of  the  year  that  followed  was  otcupied  in  one  of 
thooe  progreise*  through  Italy,  Gcmany  and  France  which 
form  a  marked  feature  In  Leo's  pontificate.     After  presiding 


over  a  synod  at  Pnvla.  he  loined  the  emperor  Henry  UI.  in 

Saiony,  and  accompanied  him  to  Cologne  and  Aii-ls-Chapdle; 
to  Rnms  he  ahn  summoned  a  meeting  ol  the  higher  c4crgy, 
by  whkh  several  important  reforming  decrees  were  pased.  At 
Maini  aba  be  held  a  council,  at  which  Ihe  Italian  and  French 
as  wdl  as  tbe  Gennan  cler^  were  represented,  and  ambassadors 
of  the  Greek  emperor  were  present;  heir  too  simony  and  Ibe 
Diarriage  of  the  dergy  were  the  principal  mailers  dealt  wiih. 
Alter  his  return  to  Rome  he  heM  (iqth  April  lojo)  another 
Easter  synod,  which  was  occupiedlargety  with  the  controversy 
about  the  teachings  of  ^crengarius  of  Tours;  in  the  same  year 
be  piTsided  over  provincial  synods  at  Salerno,.  Si|>onto  and 
Vercelli,  and  in  September  revniled  Germany,  returning  to  Rome 
in  time  for  a  third  Easter  synod,  at  which  the  question  of  the 
rtordination  of  those  who  had  been  ordained  by  simonists  was 
considered.  In  loji  he  joined  the  emperor  at  Pieaburg,  and 
vainly  sought  to  secure  Ibe  submisson  of  the  Hungarians;  and 
at  Regensburg,  Bamberg  and  Wntmi  the  papal  presence  was 
marked  by  various  ecclesiastical  solemnities.  Aliei  a  fourth 
Easter  synod  in  1053  Leo  set  out  against  tbe  Normans  in  the 


■talde 


:h  every  token  of  submisaon,  relief 
lan  was  imtJored  and  fidelity  and 
n  June  losj  ">  March  1054  be  was 
lenevento  in  honourable  captivity; 
I  return  to  Rome,  where  he  died  on 


enemy  he  was  Teceiv 
from  the  pressure  ol 

nevertheless  delaine<! 
be  did  not  iong  survi 

the  19th  of  April  1054,    ne  was  succeeaca  oy  victor  u. 
Led  X.  [Giovanni  de'  Medici]  (1475-1510,  po[>e  from  Ibe  nth 

of  Lorenao  de'  Medici,  called  the  Magnificent,  and  wa»  bom  at 
Florence  on  the  nth  of  December  1475.  Destined  from  his  hiith 
lor  the  church,  he  received  the  tonsure  at  the  age  of  seven  and 
was  soon  loaded  with  rich  benefices  and  prerennentt.  His  father 
prevailed  on  Innocent  Vni.  to  name  him  cardinal-deacon  of 
Sta  Maria  in  Dominica  in  March  1489,  allhsugh  he  was  not 

coUcge  until  three  years  bter.  Meanwhile  he  received  a  careful 
education  at  Lorenzo's  brilliant  humariistic  court  under  such  men 
aa  Angelo  Poliaiano,  tbe  flBwif*!  scholar,  Pico  dcUa  MIrandoIa, 
tbe  philosopher  and  theologian,  the  pious  Matsilio  Fidno  who 
endeavoured  to  unite  the  riatonic  cult  with  Cbiistianity  and 
the  potf  Bernardo  Doviiio  Bibbiena.  From  1439  to  1491  he 
studied  theology  and  canon  law  at  Pisa  under  Filippo  Dccio 
and  Bartolomco  SoaiinL  On  the  13rd  of  March  149a  be  was 
f omully  admit  ttd  into  i  he  sacred  college  andiookupbisreiidence 
at  Rome,  receiving  a  letter  of  advice  from  hit  father  which  tanka 
anwDg  Ibe  Hiseet  of  its  kind.  Tbe  death  of  Lorenzo  oti  Ihe  8lb 
ol  April,  however,  called  the  *eveoteen-y«ar-old  cardinal  lb 
FlMence.  He  participated  in  the  conclave  wbkh  loUowed 
Ihe  death  of  Innocent  VIII.  in  July  1491  and  opposed  the 
election  of  Cardinal  Borgia.  He  made  his  home  with  his 
'elder  brother  Plero  at  Florence  throughout  the  agitation  of 
SavonaiDla  and  the  invasion  ol  Cbarla  VIIL  of  France,  uniil 
the  uprisijtg  of  the  Florentines  and  the  expulaion  of  the 
Medici  in  November  1494.  While  Piero  found  refuge  at  Venice 
and  Urbioo.  Cardinal  Giovanni  travelled  in  Germany,  in  the 
Netherlands  and  in  France.  In  May  1 500  be  returned  to  Rome, 
wherthe  was  received  with  outward  cordiality  by  Alexander  Vi., 
and  where  he  bved  for  several  years  immersed  in  art  and  litera- 

pnntificate;  the  death  of  Plcro  de'  Medid  in  Ihe  same  year 
made  Giovanni  head  of  bis  family.  Ol  the  ist  ol  October  tjit 
be  vas  apfiainted  papal  legale  ol  Bologna  asd  the  Romagna, 
and  irtien  the  Florentine  republic  declared  in  favour  of  the 
Bchianaiic  Pisans  Jubus  H.  seal  him  againit  his  native  clly  at 
the  head  of  the  papal  army.  This  and  other  attempts  to  regain 
politick  (wntrol  of  Florence  were  frustiMed,  until  aUoodlesa 
revolntion  permitted  tbe  return  of  Ibe  Medid  oo  tbe  I4tli  ol 
September  1511.  f^ovanni'a  younger  brother  Ciulluxi  ww 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  tepublic,  but  the  caidto*!  acnull]r 


«4 

Buniced  llw gavanBWBL  JuUuin-dicdU  Fcbruuy  isij,  uxl 
tlttcencUvCi  iltm  itocmy  uvea  lUy 'i  gcnwa,  united  oa  Cirdiail 
da'  Mfdid  w  the  candiduc  of  Ihe  younger  cardinals.  He  wu 
ttdaiocd  to  Ihe  priaihood  on  the  ijih  oi  March,  coaucraicd 
tritb^cn  Ihe  17th,  and  enlhrooed  with  Ihe  mme  ot  Leo  X.  on 
the  19th.  Theie  is  no  evidence  at  limOBt  in  Ura  conclars,  and 
Leo't  election  wa*  hiiled  with  delight  by  the  Rotnaoi  on  account 
cf  his  repuUtiun  far  lihciality,  Uodlinaa  and  love  ol  puce. 
FoUawing  the  example  oi  many  ol  his  predeceuois,  he  picinplly 
Tcpudialed  his  election  "  capituLitioa  "  ai  on  tnlringemcnt  on 
the  divinely  bnlowed  pienlgatives  of  the  Uolr  See. 

Many  probleins  coofmntcd  Leo  X.  on  hit  accesuon.  He 
siuM  piTMrvc  the  papal  CDBquesti  which  he  hid  inheiitcd  from 
Aleiandct  VI,  and  Julius  IL  He  must  minimiie  [oreign  inBuence, 
wbelhet  French,  Spiniih  or  German,  in  Italy.  He  muil  pgL  an 
end  to  the  PisiD  schism  and  settle  the  other  irouhlcs  incident 

Catholic  unity,  abolish  Ihe  pragmatic  tanclion  ol  Bourgei,  and 
bring  la  a  uicceuful  dose  the  Literao  council  convoked  by  hii 
pifdecessor.  He  muu  stay  the  victorious  advance  o(  the  Turkt. 
He  must  quiet  Ihe  disagreeahle  wranglinss  of  the  Cernun 
humanists.  Other  problems  connected  with  his  family  interest* 
served  to  comph'cate  the  situation  and  eventually  to  prevent  the 

of  Leo't  accession  Louis  Xlt.  of  Fiance,  in  alliance  with  Venice, 
■as  making  a  determined  effort  to  regain  the  duchy  of  Milan, 
•nd  the  pope,  after  f mil  less  endeavoursto  maintain  peace,  joined 
theleagufof  Mechlin  00  the  jthol  April  ijii  with  the  emperor 
Maximilian  I.,  Feidinindl.  ol  Spain  andHenry  VIII.  ol  England. 
The  French  and  Venetians  were  at  first  successful,  but  on  Lhe  6tb 
of  June  met  overwhelming  defeat  at  Movara.  The  Venetbns 
continued  the  sthiggle  until  October.  On  the  igth  ol  December 
lhe  fifth  Latetan  council,  which  had  been  reopened  by  Leo  hi 
April,  ratified  the  peace  with  Louis  XH.  and  registered  the 
conclusion  of  the  PIsaa  schism.  While  the  council  was  engaged  In 
ptanniiTg  a  crusade  and  in  considering  the  reform  ot  the  dergy, » 
new  crisis  occurred  between  the  pope  and  Ihe  king  of  France. 
Francis!,,  who  succeeded  Louis  XIL  on  the  isloljanoaty  151  Si 
■as  an  enthusiastic  young  prince,  dommaled  by  the  amhition  ol 
tecovering  Milan  and  Naples.  Leo  at  once  fanned  a  new  league 
with  the  emperor  and  the  king  of  Spain,  and  te  ensure  En^sh 
luppoTt  made  Wobey  a  cardinal.  Frahdl  entered  Italy  in 
August  Dndon  iheMthotSepiembccwonthebattleoIMarignano. 
The  pope  in  October  signed  an  agreement  binding  him  to  with- 
'draw  his  troops  from  Parma  and  I^aceiita,  whkh  bad  been 
previausly  gained  at  the  eipense  of  the  duchy  ol  Milan,  on  tdn- 
dilion  of  French  protection  al  Rome  and  Fhii "^^  ■■■ ' 


USO  (POPBS) 


Lo  his  ambassador  at  Rome 


itHisH 


firnntHSU  when  Leo  X.  helda  i 


e   the  e 


with  Franfii  at  Bologna  in  December  tji;. 
iecls  .--  -     


France. 
these  I1 


neniibhl  Nb- 


e.  «ilh  > 


B  France.  Venice  and 

n  agalnsi  the  Tu^  and  Ihe  ecclttlasiiol  itltia  m 
Precisely  what  ma  amuiged  la  ■nknuxi.  •  During 

D  or  three  yean  of  incenant  political  bitrigiM  and 
warfare  It  wa*  Nt  to  be  e]q>ected  that  the  Latetan  couatll 
should  accom^Jiih  touch.  Its  three  main  objecu,  the  peace  a£ 
Christendom,  the  crusade  and  Ihe  lefotiD  of  Ihe  chuich,  eoiU 
be  secured  orriy  by  general  agrteraeat  unong  the  powen,  and  Leo 
or  the  conndl  failed  to  leoaie  HKh  agitMDeot.  Ila  aoal  impoit- 
■nt  acUtvtmenti  were  the  lestantion  at  1M  etevenlli  tittlng 
(i«lhD«cenibet  iji6)o[Ibe(lMlh[onif  IbepngmaticnDCtioa, 
which  Dm  pope*  tiitoe  Fins  II.  had  uDanamuly  cnMkoMd, 
and  tiM  coofiimatiaa  ol  tiw  awtordai  hriween  lieo  X.  and 
FWncis  I.,  which  wn  dnUotd  to  regabte  the  lelatiooa  hcKMcn 
(he  rtcDcb  QubA  ud  Uw  Holy  3 
Leo  cloMd  tb*  oomcH  oa  the  i£th  of  Uirch  i]iT. 


It  niMA  BO  voica  *(*iDit  th 


Tbe  year  vMch  marked  the  ckae  ol  the  Uiertn  CMndl  «M 
also  aigoaliied  by  Leo's  unholy  war  agninit  Ihe  duke  ol  UiUm. 
The  pope  »u  naturally  proud  of  hii  Umily  and  had  practised 
His  Doualn  Ginho,  who  aBbaaqueatljr 


.1  VU.,  I 


ig  Wm  archbiahop  of  Flonr  .  . 

ice-cJuuiccUor  ol  the  Holy  See.  Leo  had  intuuM  bia  youoget 
[Other  Ciuliano  and  his  nephew  Lorcnio  lor  hriUitit  aecular 
trecta.  He  lud  named  tbem  Raman  patricians;  the  lallet 
!  had  placed  in  charge  ol  Flmeoce;  the  former,  for  whom  be 
anaed  to  carve  out  a  kingdom  in  (ceiral  Italy  of  Farma^ 

ome  and  mitiied  to  Filiberla  o(  Savoy.  The  death  of  Ciuliano 
March  1516,  however,  ouied  t  he  pope  to  iransler  hb  atobilions 
I  Lorenio.  At  the  venr  lime  {December  ijit)  that  peaca 
:lween  France,  Spain,  Venice  and  the  Empire  seemed  10  give 
ime  promise  o[  a  Chrislendom  united  against  the  Turk,  Leo 
IS  preparing  an  enleiprise  aa  unscrupulous  as  any  o(  Ibe 
nilar  eiploits  of  Cesare  Borgia.  He  obtained  150,000  ducats 
wards  the  eipenaea  of  the  eipediiion  from  Henry  VIll.  it 
ngland,  in  lelum  for  which  he  fhtered  the  imperial  league  of 
lain  and  England  against  France.  The  war  lasted  (rom 
:bniaiy  lo  September  1S17  and  ended  with  the  eipulaioo  of  the 
ike  and  the  triumph  of  Lorenao;  hut  it  revived  the  nefaiiouB 
policy  of  Aleiinder  VI.,  increased  brigandage  and  anarchy  in 
the  Stales  ol  the  Church,  hindered  the  preparations  for  a  crusade 
and  wrecked  Ihe  papal  finances.  Cuicdaidini  reckoned  the  cost 
of  the  WW  to  Leo  at  the  prodigious  sum  of  Boo,ooo  ducats. 
The  new  duke  of  Drblno  was  lhe  Lorenio  de'  Medici  to  wham 
Machlavelli  addressed  Tkt  Prinii.  His  marriage  In  March 
1J18  was  arranged  by  the  pope  with  Madeleine  la  Tout 
d'Auvergne,  a  royal  princess  of  France,  whose  daughter  was  the 
Catherine  de'  Medici  ctlebnted  in  French  history.  The  war 
ot  Utbino  was  funbet  marked  by  a  cHsis  in  the  relations  between 
pope  and  cardinals.  The  sacred  college  had  grown  eqiedilly 
worldly  and  troublesome  since  the  time  of  Siitui  IV.,  and  Leo 
took  advantage  of  1  plot  of  several  of  Its  Biembets  to  pdlon  him. 
not  only  to  inflict  eiemplary  punishments  by  eneiutlng  one  and 
Imprisoning  several  others,  but  also  to  make  a  radical  change  in 
ihe  college.  On  the  jrd  of  July  iji?  he  published  the  nanies  of 
Ihinyine  new  cardinals,  a  number  almbst  unprecednted  in 
the  history  of  Ihe  papacy.  Some  of  Ihe  nominatlou  were  ei- 
cellenl,  such  as  Lorenzo  Campeggio,  CbmhaKiata  Paltavicim, 
Adrian  ol  Utrecht,  Cajetan,  Crisloforo  Numai  and  EgCdio  Caniaio. 
The  naming  ol  seven  memhen  of  pronuncnl  Roman  bunUie*, 
boMiTer,  renned  Ihe  wise  policy  ot  hia  predeceawr  iriiid)  had 
kepi  the  dangeeoui  faelioiis  of  the  dly  out  of  the  emfa.  Other 
pnxnotkin  wcM  rorpolHIcU  or  family  MdsidentMM  or  loscme 
niea^  (or  tbe  war  apim  Urbina  The  pop*  wu  accused  ol 
having  eiaggentcd  the  oompiiacy  ol  the  cardfaul*  (oe  parpoaea 


Leo,  nwanwhite,  Mt  the  need  of  staying  the  adnnn  d  Iba 
wtiUka  sultan,  Sellm  I.,  wbo  was  thKUt^ng  wtnem  Eurape, 
and  made  elaboeate  plan*  loi  a  eniaada.  A  tiace  waa  lo  be 
proclaimed  thtonghout.  Christendomi  Ihe  pope  wu  lo  be  the 
aibiUf  ol  dispuUa;  the  enpcror  and  the  kiag  of  France  .were 
(o  lead  Ihesnay;  England.  ^Min  aad  Fonnga)  were  to  ianoah 
the  fleet;  end  thecoaduied  forces  were  to  be  directed  agairat 
CootUntiDoplB,  Papal  diplomacy  in  tlie  aleieail  ofpeace 
ttlM,  however;  Cardinal  Wolsey  oMde  England,  not  the  pi^ie, 
tb*  arinter  bttwcea  France  and  the  Empbei  and  much  of  Ihe 
BMOey  tdleCled  lor  (he  nusadc  from  litha  and  indBlgtace* 
•u  spent  iD  other  wiya.  In  151Q  Hungary  concluded  a  ihrea 
yean'  tnce  with  Sdrm  L.  but  the  wcteeiUng  aulian.  Suliman 
the  Magnificeiit,  teoened  the  war  in  June  ijii  and  OD  tbe  tSilk 
of  AuguS  ouptxami  the  dladel  of  Belgrade.  Tbe  pope  wu 
greatly  alarmed,  and  alLbough  be  waa  then  invohed  in  war 

France  be  sent  about  30.000  ducals  to  the  Huiwiaa*. 

reeled  ihe  Uniate  Creeks  with  great  hiyally.  and  hy  bull 
of  IheiStholMay  ijii  forbade  Latin  ckrgy  lo  celebnt*  oait 
in  Gresk  chutcbca  aad  Latin  biabaps  to  oidalB  CmA  c1*I0< 


LEO  (POPES) 


435 


TficM  piovMon  were  btar  itraiatlraMd  by  Clentnt  VK.  ud 
Pkid  III.  and  weot  ftc  to  settle  the  chrgnic  dispute*  between 
tlie  Lutins  aod  Uiiii.lc  Gteelu. 

Leo  «u  diitnrbed  thnugluut  hi)  poBiiScite  by  bere»y  wut 
•chisiii.  The  dispute  between  Reschlin  and  FfeBeriurn  Tdalive 
10  the  Talmud  and  other  Jewiih  books  was  tefetred  to  the  pope 
in  Scplimbni  ijij.  He  in  luio  terened  it  to  the  bishops  ol 
Spires  and  Wamu,  who  gave  decisioo  in  Much  ist«  in  [avoui 
tif  Riucblui.  Altec  Ibe  appeal  of  the  inquintor-geueia],  Hoch- 
nialeo,  and  Ihc  ■ppeajince  of  the  EpiiMae  ebiouamm  (irsniM, 
however,  Leo  uduUhI  the  dedsion  (June  1511^  and  imposed 
silence  on  Reuchlin.  Tbe  pope  had  already  autheiized  the 
eilensive  gnnl  of  indulgence)  in  order  to  aetiue  fuodt  for  the 
cnisade  and  more  puIScularty  (or  the  rebuilding  ol  St  Peter's 
■t  Rome.  Agamsl  the  stteodint  abuses  the  Augutlinian  nionh 
Hariin  Lutbet  (^.i.)  posted  (iiil  Ocloba  1S17)  m  Ibe  church 
dooi  at  Wittenbeis  his  fanolB  ninety-five  tboes,  wUirh  wen 
tbe  signal  tor  vidc^read  revolt  against  the  diutcb.  Although 
LcD  did  net  fully  coDlprdieind  (he  ifnport  ol  Ih*  movtmeui,  he 
directed  (jrd  February  I  ji  8)  the  vIcar-gctieDl  of  the  Augostiniana 
lo  impose  silence  on  Ibe  nuDki.  On  the  soth  of  May  Luther 
sent  an  eiplanallon  of  his  (heses  10  the  pope;  on  the  7th  ti 

effected,  however,  wbeRby  that  dlalkin  ml  onceUid,  and 
Luther  betook  himself  In  October  151S  to  Augsburg  to  meet  the 
papal  legate.  Cardinal  CajeLaa,  who  was  attending  the  imperial 
diet  convened  by  the  emperor  Maximilian  to  Impose  the  tithes 
[01  the  Turkish  war  and  lo  elect  a  king  o(  the  Romais;  but 
neiihei  the  arguments  oi  tbe  learned  cardinal,  nor  the  dogmatic 
papal  bull  of  the  Qih  of  November  to  the  eflect  that  >li  Cbiistianl 
must  believe  in  tbe  pope's  power  to  giant  indulgences,  moved 
Luther  to  letracL  A  year  of  fruitless  negoliatton  followed, 
during  which  the  pamphlets  of  the  reformer  set  all  Cemany 
on  file.  A  papal  hull  of  the  15th  of  June  1510.  which  condemned 
forty-one  propositions  extracted  ^m  Lather's  teachings,  wis 
taken  to  Germany  by  £ck  in  his  capacity  of  apcsiolic  nuncio, 
pubUsbed  by  him  and  tbe  legates  Ateundcr  and  Caracdola,  and 
burned  by  Luther  on  the  loth  of  Decemberat  Wittenberg.  Leo 
then  rormaily  eicommunicatcd  Luther  by  bull  of  the  3rd  of 
January  ijii;  and  in  ■  brief  directed  the  empenir  to  take 
energetic  measures  against  heresy.  On  the  ifith  ol  May  15)1 
(he  emperor  signed  the  edict  of  the  diet  of  VVorms,  which  pbced 
Luther  under  the  ban  of  the  Empire;  on  (he  list  of  the  same 
month  Henry  VUl.  of  England  sent  10  Leo  bis  book  against 
Luther  on  the  seven  sacraments.  The  pope,  after  careful 
consideration,  conferred  on  the  king  of  En^d  the  title 
"Defender  of  Ihe  F^th"  by  hull  oi  the  nth  of  October  is'i- 
Keilhci  the  imperial  edicl  nor  ihe  work  of  Henry  VIIL  stayed 
Ihe  Lutheran  movement,  and  Luther  blraWlf,  sale  In  Ihe  solitude 
of  tbe  Warlburg,  survived  Leo  X.  It  was  under  Leo  X.  also 
that  the  ProLcsIant  movement  had  it)  beginning  In  Scandinavh. 
The  pope  bad  repeatedly  used  the  rich  northern  benefices  lo 
reward  memben  oi  ihe  Roman  cuiia.  and  towards  the  close  of 
Ihe  year  isi6  be  sent  the  grasping  and  impoli 


0  io  E 


.1  Peter' 


«  Christian  IL  look  advantage  of  Ihe  growing  d 
on  the  pan  of  Ibe  native  clergy  toward  the  papal  govemmem. 
and  ol  Ardmboldi's  interference  in  the  Swedish  revolt,  in  order 
to  eipel  the  nuncb  and  lummon  (ts»)  Lutheran  theqtagians 
to  Copenhagen.  Christian  approved  a  plan  by  which  a  formal 
•late  church  should  be  esUblished  in  Denmark,  all  appeals  (0 
Rome  should  be  abolished,  and  Ibe  king  and  diet  should  have 
final  jurisdiction  in  ecclcsiaslical  causes.  Leo  sent  a  new  nuncio 
lo  Copenhagen  CijjO  in  the  person  of  Ibe  Minorite  Francesco 
de  Polentia.  who  readily  absolved  the  king  and  received  Ihe 
rich  bishopric  ef  Skara.  The  pope  01  hjt  legate,  however,  took 
DO  steps  to  remove  abuses  or  otbcrwbf  reform  the  Scandinavian 
churchts. 

Thai  Leo  did  not  do  more  lo  check  Ibe  tendency  toward 
heresy  and  schism  in  Germany  and  Scandinavia  is  to  be  panially 
oplaincd  by  tbe  political  complications  ol  the  time,  and  by 
Ida  own  preoccupation  with  scheme)  ol  papal  and  Medicean 


(flgrudtaement  In  Italy.  Tba  dwtb  <f  the  ra 
OB  Ibe  nth  of  January  iji;  bid  Kiiously  *ffe 
Leo  vacillated  betneea  tbe  powctlul  cuMJidUCi 
■UoHing  it  to  appear  at  Gist  that  be  lavoored  Ftaacia  L  whila 
really  working  loc  the  electkei  ol  toaie  ninor  Cennaa  princi. 
He  fiuUy  acnepted.  Charit)  L  d  Sptun  aa  inevitsble,  and  the 
cbctioD  of  Cfaailea  (sSIb  of  June  1519)  levealed  Loo's  deicRioa 
el  bi*  Fnnch  alliaiice,  a  UKp  ficjliutnl  by  the  death  at  about 
tbe  itmc  time  of  Loieiuo  de'  Medid  and  his  French  wile.  Lea 
wsa  now  uuiou*  to  unile  Fenaia,  Paima  and  Plscenia  to  the 
Suta  ol  tbe  Oiutcb.  An  auempi  late  in  is>9  >o  leiie  Ferraia 
tailed,  and  the  pope  recogniied  the  nesd  oi  foieiga  aid.  In  May 
ijii  ■  treaty  ol  alliance  wai  signed  at  Rome  between  hill 
and  tha  empeior.  Uilan  and  Genoa  were  to  be  taken  fnn 
France  and  restored  to  thi  Empire,  and  tanu  and  Fiaceua 
were  ie  b(  given  to  the  Churdi  on  tha  aqmislan  ol  tbe  Ficoefa. 
The  expense  ol  """'"g  10,000  Swiss  was  to  be  bone  equally 
by  pope  and  empenr.  ChariB  rook  Florence  and  tbe  Uedid 
family  under  his  protectloii  and  pnunlsed  to  punish  alt  enendca 
of  Ihe  Catholic  faith.  Leaagieedto  fanst  Chailswilb  Naptis, 
to  crown  bim  smpBCr,  and  to  ajd  in  a  war  against  Venice.    It 


(5J1).    Leo  X.  dii^  oi 
luddeldy  t&u  lbs  lul  ti 

of  poison  wm  unfounded.    Hh  stMOSioe  ■*■  Adriaa  VI. 

Several  adner  events  ol  Leo's  pOnlifiatean  woRby  of  nentloa. 
He  was  pirtfcularly  friendly  iritb  King  Bnimanuel  air.Poniigil 

on  account  of  Ibe  Inter's  mlaiioairy  «veiprtM*  In  A«ia  and 
Africa.  His  concordat  sdth  FloreiK*  (isiO)  gvinotecd  tha 
free  election  of  the  clergy  In  thai  dty.  Hk  conttllalion  ol  the 
ist  of  March  isiq  condemned  the  Ung of  Spain')  daiia  to  rriuM 
the  publication  of  papal  buBa.  He  maintained  close  nlaikiei 
with  Poland  becime  ol  Ihe  Turkish  advance  and  the  Poliah 
contest  with  Ihe  Teutonic  Knights.  H3s  bnU  of  the  isl  of  Jutjr 
ijig,  which  regulated  Ihe  dltdpUne  of  the  Polish  Cburdi,  wa 
later  transformed  into  a  concordal  by  CiemenI  Vll.  Lio 
showed  special  lavnors  (o  the  Jews  and  pemAted  them  10 
a  Hebrew  printing-press  at  Rome.  He  ai^provi 
ol  the  Oratory  of  Divine  Love,  a  group  ol  pioi 
wMch  later  became  tbe  Theatine  Order,  and  be  c 
Francesco  di  Paola. 

As  pal  ton  of  learning  Leo  X.  deserves  a  prominent  place  among 
the  popes.  He  raised  the  church  to  a  high  rank  a)  the  friend  ol 
whatever  seemed  to  eitend  knowledge  or  to  re£ne  and  enbeltiah 
KFe.  He  made  Ihe  capitatof  Christendom  the  centn  of  cnhnm 
Every  Italian  anisi  and  man  of  letters  In  an  age  of  singular 
inlellechial  brilliancy  tisied  or  hoped  to  taste  (d  his  bounty. 
While  yet  a  cardinal,  he  had  restored  the  church  oiSta  Maria  in 
Domnica  afler  Riphod's  designs-,  and  as  pope  he  built  K 
Giovanni  on  the  Via  Clulia  after  designs  by  Jacopo  SaiaovInO 
and  pressed  forward  the  work  on  St  Peter's  and  the  Vatican 
under  Raphael  and  CbigL  His  constitution  of  Ihe  s(h  ol 
November  151J  reformed  the  Roman  unlveraty,  which  hid 
been  neglect^  by  Julius  tl.  He  restored  all  its  faculties,  gave 
lacger  salaries  10  the  prolesson,  and  summoned  distinguished 
leacheii  liom  afar;  and,  allhoii^  it  never  attained  10  (he 
imporlsnce  ol  Padua  or  Bologna,  it  naveithclcss  possessed  in 
1514  >n  wcellent  laculty  of  cighty.eight  profesaoia.  Uo  called 
Theodore  Lasciris  lo  Rome  lo  give  instruction  is  Greek,  and 
established  a  Greek  printing-press  from  which  the  first  Greek 
book  primed  at  Rome  appeared  in  1515.  He  made  Raphael 
(ustodiaa  of  Ihe  classical  antiquities  al  Rone  and  the  vidaily. 
The  distinguished  Latinisls   Pieito   Bembo   dtfo-iMT)   »»* 


43* 


LBO  (POPES) 


fuBout  poet  Becurdo  Aecotti  (d.is}4).    Write 
Vklli(i4fi^ij6£),Tnuiiui(i4;&-i5;oJ.uiilBIbbieu(i4;o' 
>),  writen  oi  nimllt  Ukc  BudcUo,  lod  i  huodnd  olf 
Mdlbc  limcwcie  bubops.or  papsltcripliHl  or  ibbreviatt 
Q  other  pmptl  employ-     Leo's  Uvdy  intct«t  in  ait  i 
uurc,  to  any  nothing    '  * '  '  "" 


it  hud  s4vi[ic9  i 


pcnoul  tuiucy,  eibuiUeil  within  two 

juliiu  II..  wul  piedpiuted  >  Smndil 

emerged  and  which  wu  «.  direct  cime  ol  most  of  the  caUi 

ol  hit  poDti&catc    He  ctcaied  oBDy  dcw  offica  and  ih>mele»ly 

i^  Ihem.     He  nld  aidioiJi'  bUs.     Hi 

the  "  Knighu  ol  Peiei."   He  h»rro"ed  lui 

curuli,  princes  mad  Jem.    The  Vepelian  ambusadoi  Gradmija 

Btimilcd  the  paying  numbci  ot  aScts  on  Leo'i  death 

with  a  capiul  value  ol  nearly  },03a.aoo  ducats  and  ■  yeailjr 

iKomc  of  jiSwo  ducats.  Harino  GkiI8i  nckoned  the  oidinaiy 

income  of  the  pope  for  the  yeer  1517  at  about  jBi 

oE  whkh  410,000  came  Icom  the  Staita  cf  the  Chi 

from  annales,  and  60,000  fmm  the  composilion  ISA 

Sinus  IV.    These  sums,  (ogethtr  with  the  consideii 

accruing  (rem  indulgences,  jubilcH,  aod  ipetial  lees,  vioisheil 

u  quicklj'  as  Ibey  «re  received.    Thro  the  pope  resorted  t 

panning  palace  funiiturc.  table  pUte,  jeKels,  even  statues  ol  ih 

■poatks.    Several  banking  firms  and  uasy  individual  cnditor 

«tn  ruiocd  by  the  death  ol  the  pope 

In  Ike  pot  maoy  tonflicting  eMuaites  vren  made  of  the 
chancter  and  «±icvemeaU  «( the  pope  dwiag  wboae  poBliicate 
Protesianttooi  Gnt  took  lonn.  More  lecent  studies  have  served 
la  pnduoe  a  fairtr  and  mare  bonol  opiDioa  of  Leo  X.  A 
report  oi  the  Veoetlin  ambaiaadac  Marino  GioTgi  bearing  dale  ol 
March  1 517  indiCTlet  aome  oC  his  prrtominaiil  thanuleristics:— 
"  The  pope  b  »  good-BaUucd  and  euierady  Iree-hearted  nan. 
■ho  avDidt  evtfy  difficult  allualiaa  and  alMve  all  ouiu  peace, 
he  Koukf  not  uodenake  a  im  himsetl  unless  his  oun  pcnaml 
inteicsu  were  involvcdi  he  loves  leamjngi  of  canon  law  and 


unporaries,  the  ipiiiiual 


lent  muBciao."     Leo  wai 


be  made  the  remark  dlen  i 
papacy  lijice  God  has  givai 
IbM  he  was  hy  CMtuie  dc 
religkiut  leeling.    On  the  01 


cs  ot  falsehood  and  shrewdness,  so  highly  esteemed 


irable   r 


darkened  his  days;  and  he  [a 
ol  elpcUinl  foreigneis  /rem  It 
Europe,  and  oi  prosecuting  t 
10  recognlu  ihe  prcuing  need 
Ihe  iremendous  djngrn  whici 
and  he  unpatdonabty  neglectt 
He  was,  however,  lealous  in 

po*e(  oi  the  Holy  See;  he  m^ , ,  __^ 

Italy,  be  succenfolty  restored  Ihe  papal  power  in  FraDce; 
and  he  secured  a  prominent  place  in  the  history  of  culture. 

AuiHoairiES.—The  lile  ol  Leo  X.  was  written  ihonly  atier  hii 
death  bv  Ploki  Ciovio,  blibop  o(  Noccn.  who  had  known  hint 
Imimately.  Other  importani  contenpowy  aouitia  are  the  Italian 
Mtilaf)  el  ihe  Flonntinc  writer  Cuiccianjini,  tgvnine  the  period 
■"*"  "  ''  ■"  ■■  '  '  -**-*  -"-f  Imports  of  ine  Venetian 
ImMiiu    -  - 


il  the  Turks.  He  lail. 
1  within  the  church  ai 
led  Ihe  papal  monarch; 
ritual  needs  ol  the  tim 


*w-i3^  14  vBH.,    Milan,    lS{t4}i   Ihe  inx>r1s  »    ..».     ........_.. 

(mbassadm,  Marino  Ciorei  (1517).  Maico  Miiuo  [1 JJO)  and  Lulil 
Craden^o  (imj).  In  vd.  iii.  of  the  and  lerin  of  Le  Kiltntn!  *Si 
nhnuun  VrwTi.  edited  by  Albrrl  (Flom«,  IMel:  aad  the 


at  the  biogr^hy  ait  10  be  I 


.(S*« 


edited  by  Joseph  Cardinal  HeinarttW  CFntbairi-B..  1M4  f.)t 

in  the  Tiinn  collection  ol  papaTbiiUs  (iSjo,  AT)*  in  /(  SSriii  U 
Ltem  X,  iai  KiKmi  matcuriui  ^i  enlm  Cdliuai  MU  S.  Stil 

ruBidanii  Giovaimi  da'  Urdid  e  il  poniifice  Leone  X.,"  appendia  to 
vol.  lot  the  ^rntaifjlHiEf /ailiiiiH  (Fkuence,  1143).    ^^ 

See  L.  Pastor.  Cuc^ii^  ia  PafUi  im  ZrilalUr  itr  RatiutMi 
m.  iff  CUaihrnlipOum  •»  d(r  wJu  LiH  X.  »»  turn  Teit  KUmtml 
VII.  part  I  (Frcih<iiE-I.-B^  r906):  M.  Cnighton.  Uiiu^y  i>f  lU 
Ftpacj,  vol,  6  (ifoi);  F.  Gitgoiovuis.  Xut  •■  Hu  MIMti  Atn. 
liana  bi'  Mn  C.  W.  HamiKon,  ovL  viji.,  pan  I  (IfOi):  L.  von 
Rankc,  /riHury  ^Ui  Pofa.  ni.  L.  trans,  by  E.  Foster  in  the  Bohn 
Libnuy:  Hiueiti  ii  Fnita.  td.  by  E.  Lavtsv,  vol.  ].  uil  1 
(190J):  Waller  FriedembuK.-EinrotulusbmUiaePaiiuleoiX..' 
in  QmOm  a.  ArictaHtn  en  Holitmulm  Ankitn  a.  BMitOitim. 
vgL  vL  (1904);  W.  Koscoe.  l^  aW  PfHifaU  H  Li*  X.  («th  td., 
a  vols.,  IflSJ),  a  celebrated  biogr^dnr  but  considerably  out  of  date 
in  spile  of  Ihe  valuable  notes  oTtbe  Ccrmafi  and  Italian  Innslalors, 
Henke  and  Boiri:  F.  S.  Nitti,  Lmt  X.  1  It  Ima  ftlilka  sxan^ 
rfocmivMf  (  corlini  iu4IH  (Florence,  l>^)!  A.  Schultc.  Dit  fmtt 
H  /tern  Mor-7cj|  (r  vols..  Lejpiif,  140&I:  and  H.  M-  VaueCan- 
ni  UiJid  Pops  (I90»J.  (C.  H.  H^i.) 

Lao  XL  (Alcunndro  de'  Medici)  wan  elected  pofx  on  tlie  ist 
of  April  i6oj,  at  the  age  ol  seventy.  He  bad  long  been  archbialiop 
of  Florence  and  nuncio  to  Tuscany;  and  was  entirely  pro-French 
in  his  tympaibiea.  He  died  on  the  )7ih  day  of  hii  pontificate, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Paul  V. 

See  Ihc  concemponrv  lile  by  Viiertlli,  owtiniutor  of  Ciacoilus. 
I'lUi  II  ra  iiutt  utrnmoium  Ponaf.  ftui.;  Rankc,  Ptp4i  lEna. 
Ifini.,  Amlin),  11.  310-  V.  Reumom,  frfit*.  itr  ^Hl  Rom.  lii.  I, 
604,  Bn)tcli,Ccicll.Si  JCircih(iii'(u<ci(ieBo)ri.3So. 

Leo  Xll.  [Annibole  dcUa  Genga],  pope  from  iSjj  to  1819, 
was  bora  ol  a  noble  lanuly,  near  Spolcto,  on  the  und  ol  August 
1760.  Educaied  at  the  Accademia  del  Kobili  occIcMsiid  at 
Rome,  be  was  ordained  priest  in  17S.1,  and  In  17^  attracted 

emperor  Joseph  II-  In  i;qi  Pius  VI.  made  him  bii  private 
secretary,  in  i](u  creating  him  lilulir  archbishop  ol  Tytt  and 
despatching  him  lo  Lucerne  as  nundn.    In  1794  he  *ai  trans- 

Lc  his  nsidcDce  in  Augsburg.  Duting  the  doien  ot  more  yean 
ipcDi  in  Genpiny  he  was  enituited  with  icvcial  hooourable 
difficult  mitjions,  nhich  brought  him  into  contact  with  the 
ni  ol  Dieiden, Vienna,  Uupich  and  WUitlembcrg,  as  aell 
>ith  Napoleon.  It  il.  however,  charged  at  ooe  time  during 
period  that  his  finances  were  diurdeied,  and  his  private  life 
above  luspicion-  After  the  abolition  oi  the  Slates  ol  the 
Church,  be  was  ticaled  by  the  French  aa  a  tiale  ptisonei.  and 
"         "  ibbty  ol  Mon'    -      


ih  Biuuc  and  with  biid-duoiing,  pastimes  whiih  be  did  Aot 

■hew  even  aflei  hii  election  as  pope.    In  1814  he  was  chosen 

cany  the  pope's  cangratulaiions  tn  Louis  XVIII,;  in  1B16 

was  created  cardinal-piiesl  ol  Santa  Maria  Mature,  aiut 

pointed  to  the  see  o(  Sinjgaglia,  which  he  resigned  in  t8i8. 

iS»  Pius  VII.  gave  him  the  distinguished  post  ol  cardinal 

ar.    In  the  conclave  ol  iSij.  In  spite  ol  the  active  opposition 

France,  he  was  clecled  pope  by  the  tilanti  an  the  rSlh  ol 

September.     His  election  had  been  facilitated  because  he  was 

ibought  to  be  on  Ihe  edge  of  the  grave;  but  be  uneapKledly 

allied.    His  loreign  policy,  entrusted  at  Erst  to  Delia  Soinigli* 

ind  then  to  the  more  able  Bernclii.  moved  in  general  along  lines 

aid  down  by  Consalvi;  and  he  negoiialed  certain  concordats 

'ery  advaniageous  10  the  papacy.    Personally  most  Inigal,  Leo 

educed  laiet,  made  justice  leu  cosily,  and  was  able  lo  find 

noney  for  ccilain  public  Improvemcnii;  yet  he  left  the  tnancei 

nnre  confused  Ihan  he  had  [ound  them,  and  even  Ihe  elaborate 

ubilcc  of  iSij  did  not  really  mend  malten.  His  domettk  pohcy 

Fas  one  iJ  ealreine  reaction.    He  condemned  th«  Bible  sodttio. 

nd  under  Jesuit  influence  reorganized  Ibc  educational  system. 

Severe  ghetto  laws  led  many  of  the  Jews  10  emigtale.   He  hunted 

down  the  Cnrhimri  and  the  Freemasbns;  he  look  Ihe  strongest 

ensures  against  polilicd  aijlalion  in  tbeatm.     A  weUnii^ 

iquilous  system  of  espionage,  pcrbaps  most   frnitlnl  wbrn 

reeled  againil  olliclal  corruption,  sapped  the  fDundmioni  ol 

blic  cotifidence     Leo,  lempeta  men  tally  stem,  hard-wntking  in 

tie  0!  bodily  inRimily,  died  at  Rome  on  Ihe  toih  AI  February 


LEO  (POPES)! 


*J7 


ttig.   TfccncmwMncdvfdbytheiiiiiialaairilb' 
Joy.  Uewasnicncdedbyl^utVIU. 
AimouTm.— Amud  de  Monior.  HiriMn  i*  Ptft  Utm  Xlt. 

SI  vdU.,  i1«}  try  Ihc  itmtarr  ol  tkt  Frenrli  finlKW  io  RomtJ; 
rtck,  -  L™  Xlt.."  in  W«iH  uid  Wdle'i  XinahnfoOn.  vnL  vu. 
(FuEbun,  i«9l);  F.  Nippo)d,  r*<  i>*fan  m  On  isni  CwUu^ 
(New  YaSl.  I9P0),  chap.  5;  Binraih.  "  Uo  Xrl.,"in  HeiM-Hauct, 
SaltmnUepiliK.  vol.  n.  (LiipriB,  19D1J,  M0-19J,  •itli  blblwjraphyi 
F.  NitlKB.  rka  fiiiliirT  ^  ilu  Papiy  a  Ac  lak  unlxry  (icjni), 
n>I  ii.  i-w:  Ladv  Blniiinlu»itt.  utbcCanMic  if>W<ni  Siiun, 
«!.  I.  dW).  ISI-IM.  (W.W.K.-) 

Leo  Xin.  (GioKthiuo  ftcd)  (1810-1903),  popt  tmin  187B  10 
tgos,  axiaaoi  the  lijti  »uccmim  ol  Si  Felo-.  *ai  bom  11 
CtipineiD  on  tbe  ind  of  Miicfa  1810.  His  funily  wu  Si«i«ie 
■  ongiB,  ud  his  fmlict,  Colaod  DomcnioD  Peed,  hid  served 
in  tbe  umy  of  Mipolcoo.  Hit  motliu,  Anna  Fnaperi,  ii  siM 
ta  hsve  bno  ■  dctceadul  of  Rienii,  ud  «u  *  Dcmber  of  the 
Ihird  order  of  Si  FrwiciL  He  sad  Us  Ma  bntber  Giiacpfw 
CtBown  ■•  Cudiiul  Peed)  recdvcd  tbdi  eirilest  educstioB 
from  tin  Jesuit*  *t  Vtterbo,  snd  ootii[Jetcd  their  educatioit  in 
Rome.  Id  the  jubilee  ytar  i8ij  he  wu  Klected  by  his  IcUow- 
studraU  »t  tbe  Collegiuni  Rgmanuiii  to  held  1  depulilion 
In  Pope  Lea  XQ.,  whose  mcmaey  he  lubsequcDtly  cheoihnl 
ind  wboM  none  he  uEumed  b  iSjS.  Weill  holth,  oonscquCDt 
on  ovtr-ttudy,  prevented  bira  from  obtsinmg  the  hiibest 
■mlrlnJCTl  boricun.  bat  be  gndiuUed  u  doctiH'  in  tbeolon' 
U  tlie  *(e  of  twenly-two,  ud  then  entered  Iba  Arodaaii  dii 
Nobili  ecdenislid,  i  coUege  in  which  detgy  <ii  ulttoauic 
InrtB  MC  tnined  for  the  diplomotk  service  of  tbe  Romu  Cttudu 
T*o  yesri  liter  Giegory  XVI.  ippointfd  boH  1  domcMic  pnliU^ 
■ad  bestowed  on  bin,  by  way  of  ^preoticesbip,  vuioui  Bum 
idminlitntive  of6ces.  He  wis  oidiined  pnat  on  the  jiit  of 
Deeembn  iBjr,  lod  *  few  weeks  liltt  wa»  mide  ipcetdie 
ddtgile  of  Iho  imiil  pipil  lerritory  of  Benevento,  when  he 
bid  to  do]  with  bdgiadi  ind  soniAgiem,  who  enjoyed  tfie 
protection  ol  some  of  Ibe  noble  funiiks  of  the  diitrict.  Hii 
nunai  here  led  to  bs  ippmntment  In  iS4iisdde|>taof  PemgiB, 

Thii  post  be  held  lor  '•g''""  moDtba  ofily,  bat  m  thit  briet 
period  he  lAuined  1  rewtiUoa  is  inciil  ladDuinidpalieConiiet-. 
In  1843  he  wu  UBt  u  nuncio  to  Brauds,  bang  fint  couemted 
ihUti^  (19th  Febmuy),  with  tbe  title  of  uchbUnpofDimietU. 
Ihiring  Ms  three  yein'  readena  it  tbe  Belgini  d^Ul  be  fonnd 
ample  scope  for  bis  gifts  is  s  diplomitiit  in  tbe  ednEtttm  tat- 
troverv  then  riging,  ind  u  mnliitaT  between  the  JcuiU  ud 
the  Citbniic  university  of  Louviin.  He  gimed  tbe  esteem  of 
Leopold  L,  ind  wu  procnled  to  QaecD  Victodt  oi  Entfand 
ud  Ibe  Prince  COmort.  He  alio  mde  the  icquaiolaDce  of  nuy 
EnglisbiBai.  Archluhop  Whateiy  ammg  than.  In  Janu*i7 
1840,  It  the  reqneu  ol  tbe  nug^tnlei  ud  people  of  Fenigii, 
be  wu  ippointed  bishop  of  tbit  dty  wilh  the  raokol  iRbbiibap; 
but  before  returajng  Id  Itily  he  spent  February  in  I^mdon,  and 
Uucb  ind  Apci  in  Firii  On  hie  srdvil  In  Raue  be  inold, 
at  Ibe  reqnol  ol  King  Leopold,  have  been  creited  ardinal 
but  for  the  death  of  Gregory  XVI.  Seven  yean  lain,  igtfa 
December  1853,  he  received  the  red  bit  from  Piiu  DC  Ueao- 
■bile,  and  tfatougbont  his  long  ^iseopale  ol  Uuily-twa  ytm, 
be  loi^iadoiBed  tbe  seal  and  tbe  enlighlenwl  poligr  1mm  to  be 
displayed  fa  the  proIongHl  period  of  lui  pontifaatt,  tnlUing 
■nd  i«M0rbig  tatay  dniTbea,  atrivtng  to  elevnu  the  Mdlectnil 
M  weBat  Ibe  qiMtnil  lone  of  tit  dergy,  ind  showtogki  U> 
potOCTl  lettai  an  nnnnial  TCgud  for  lenrvng  tad  fer  McU 
Kfero.  Hli  podtion  fat  Italy  wu  ihnilu  to  that  «f  BMnp 
DnpuloBp  in  Fruoe;  and,  u  bnt  a  moderate  snpportei  «f  the 
p^lcy  eniBdalcd  in  tbe  ^ilabn*,  ha  was  not  ahogather  ^tnMa 
grata  ta  Fiui  IX.  But  he  proteiUd  enegrgetkally  against  lb) 
leas  of  tbe  pope's  temperal  power  in  iB;e,  igilut  tbe  con- 
fisotion  of  the  ptopeity  of  the  lellglou*  orders,  ihd  igainn 
the  law  of  dvQ  matriigc  establlihed  liy  the  Itiliin  goveniincnt, 
■nd  b  rrfnied  to  welcome  Victor  Eiuminuel  in  hi*  diocese, 
■miined  iu  tbe  compinliv*  ohictn^ty  ttt  his 
the  death  of  Caidinil  AnlondU.  but  in  1B77, 


[X.  appointed  to  k  CaidiMi  Peed,  wb>  tbu  Mnmad 
de  in  Rome,  *dlh  the  ptoqiect  ol  having  ehottly  retpotuiM 
fOBctioia  to  perform  during  Ibe  vacxncy  si.  the  Hoty  See,  tbou|^ 
the  CMKrJn[>  MB  traditionally  regarded  u  disquliled  by  hli 


celts 


ilFecciffi 


DC  died  (71b  Febnuuy  i«78)  C 

tbe   autaequent  coadave  won   compatitiva 

rung  at  iIk  Ibiid  scruliny  (»tb  Februry) 

fony-fouT  oul  rd  any-one  volcg,  or  more  than  the  requliHe 

two-thirds  raijority.    Tbe  CDnetsve  wu  temaikibly  free  fmn 

pcdilic^  mfiunct*,  the  ilteBtion  of  Esiope  b<^  it  the  tin» 

igrosaed  by  tbe  prmnce  of  a  Rinalan  anny  at  the  galea  vl 

CeoitutiH^  ItwuuidthattbeloagpOBUBateofPliaDC. 

'  il  some  <tf  tbe  tanHnalt  to  vMe  (ar  Feed,  dncc  Ul  *^  (irithhi 

few  days  nfsiity-cight)  and  besltb  wamnted  tbe  eipecla(l«i 

ut  his  idgn  wonld  ha  campantively  brief;    bnt  he  had  (or 

_  can  been  blown  u  one  of  the  few  "  pqiible  "  cirdinilai  ind 

altboDgb  his  long  iedusioa  at  Perugis  had  caused  ha  name  10 

be  littlt  known  oulsid*  Italy,  there  was  a  gcncnl  belief  ibit 

ceodave  had  actected  a  man  wbo  wu  a  prudent  slilennail 

rell  u  1  devoBi  clnodimiE;  Ind  Newmili  (whom  be  creiled 

irdinal  In  ihr  yeir  faUowing)  It  FEpofled  10  have  uld,  "  la 

fiucceisor  of  Pius  1  rrcognixc  1  depth  of  thought,  a  leDdCrQesi 

teart,  a 'Winning  limpZidty,  ind  1  powfT  iiuwerijig  10  Ibo 

ie  ot  Leo,  which  prevent  ma  from  lanienthig  that  Piu  Ja  no 

longer  here." 

Ilie  second  diy  aftor  hk  ekctlon  Ftife  Leo  XUI.  crossed 
Ibe  Tiber  incfpnit  to  hii  former  residence  in  the  Filconieit 
Palace  to  collect  Ms  pipers,  ittumlng  st  once  to  tbe  Viticao, 
where  be  continued  to  regard  UmKlf  at  "hnprisOned"  10 
long  w  tbe  ItiUsn  eovonimenc  oocupied  Ibe  dty  of  Kome. 
'  in  tbe  SiMlne  Chapd  sid  March  iS?!,  and  at 
lonn  of  tbe  papal  honsebold  on  lustoe  and 
which  bnmd  DlUa  favour  wllb  the  oilMirafe 
pt  To  fill  poets  neat  Ua  own  parson  be  tum- 
Ihel^m^u  clergy  wbo  had  been  trained  nnder 
d  from  the  Erst  be  wu  loi  anessihle  than  hia 
beolf  dther  in  public  or  prlvile  ludieixe. 
EnemaUy  nncvcntlul  u  bis  hfe  henceforth  necessaiHy  wis, 
it  wu  marked  chiefly  by  the  reception  of  dtstingnisbed  penonagci 
and  al  uumeroos  pilgHnsges,  often  on  a  Uigc  scale,  Imm  all 
parts  of  tbe  world,  snd  by  tbe  Issue  of  encyclical  lettets.  Tbe 
lUfcter  theoleglcal  training  of  the  Roman  Catholic  clergy 
throu^MUt  the  world  on  the  lines  Iiid  down  by  St  Tbomu 
Aquinaa  wu  his  first  cira,  and  to  this  end  he  founded  In  Rome 
and  endowed  an  academy  hearing  the  great  icbeofanan's  nainfc 
further  devoting  about  £r],aoo  to  tba  pobhiatisn  ol  a  oeK  and 
splendid  edilhio  of  U  wotki,  tbe  idea  bcfag  that  mi  tUi  liaib 
the  later  "*'*'"e  of  Cathidic  tbeolOgiaBa  ud  muy-  of  tlw 
speculations  of  modem  thtaikers  could  best  be  harmoidi«d  and 
btooght  kilo  Hoe.  Tbe  mdy  d  Church  btMory  wu  next  en- 
tmaittS,  and  In  Angut  iWj  the  pope  addressed  a  letter  to 
CudbiaU  de  Lnci,  PItn  and  HergeniWber,  In  which  be  made 
13k  nmaikaUB  eaneeidon  that  the  Vatltin  ircUvea  and  Ifbiaiy 
dI^  ba  placed  at  the  di^ioiil  of  pataons  qualiEed  to  compile 
manaalaot  Ullovy.  Hb  belief  wa»  that  the  Church  wouM  not 
suffer  bgr  lbs  pobllcatieii  of  doeunents.  A  mm  of  Iftertiy  taiM 
nd  cuiuMt  AadUar  with  the  duilcs,  a  tadle  wriWr  of  Lath) 
veiiM'u  wdl  tlol  Ctcenoln  prose,  be  wu  u  anilMi  that  the 
Keman  dtegjr  ibeuld  unite  huniD  adence'  ind  WerMure  whfa 
tbeCr  UMslOgictl  itudles  u  tbit  tbe  hity  should  be  edocitcd 
Id  tbo  principle*  of  rdiglon;  and  to  thb  Rid  be  Mtiblished 
ha  Ron*  a  kind  of  voluntary  sdnol  hoard,  with  menberi  both 
lay  and  derkili  and  the  rivalry  of  the  scheobthu  fonded 
nhlmalely  obliged  the  stale  to  include  re!i|touB~  t«iching  fnit^ 
cnnicuhim.  The  Dumeinua  encyclical)  by  whid  the  pdnti»nW 
of  Lao  Xm.  will  ilwiys  be  dlKincUlshed  were  pnepiTed  ind 
written  by  blmadf,  but  wtia  subinitled  lo  the  cusHnuiy  tch 
vision.  Tbe  encychcal  Atlcnii  Pcltii  U'i>  AugusI  1879)  It  - 
'  Luma    XIII.    Foul.    Uaiimi   carMM,    ed.    1 


li   ajdine! 
d.J.  BiS 


♦1» 


IXD  (POPES) 


■ritltn  to  Ibe  ddaoce  of  III*  pUmophy  nl  9t  Thomu  Aqkiinu. 
la  UlET  DKi,  wortins  an  lh>  prindplclhu  the  ChriMiiin  Cbuicb 
^ould  lupcrintaid  ud  dinct  trtty  lorm  of  dvij  life,  be  deUt 
wilh  tbs  Chrittiui  cotutitution  ol  MUa  (/uurldt  Dd,  ut 
November  iSSj),  with  bunun  litwity  aUtrlai,  unh  lime  i8&g), 
ud  «iih  the  ccHidliion  of  Ibe  mxkiiie  duaa  (Anna  mnoriM, 
isth  Mny  i3«i).  This  lut  vu  slightly  thiged  villi  modem 
■ociilumi  it  mu  dcKribed  u  "  the  aodil  Miira  Cuti  of 

■un'i  pope."  Tnuiikted  inlo  tin  chief  iDodeni  liiii(iii(et, 
Bi4iiy  thonunds  of  ec^iiet  Ven  cireid*t«d  aaaBg  Ibe  Korklng 
dutc*  in  Catholic  cauatiie*.  Otbei  eDcjrthcili,  luch  u  thoae 
OB  ChdMlu  murUit  ( Arianimi  dliuim  M^imfiiu,  lotb  Febmuy 
■SSo),  n  the  Koutjr  [SafnMJ  tfailaklui  rfitii,  lU  Scpiemba 
1B85.  isd  Suttrii*  MU,  5lh  Septcmbei  1898),  ud  ts  Fne- 
anonrr  (fiwMKWii  (nut,  »th  April  1884).  d«lt  wiOi  nbj«u 
OB  which  hii  pRdKcner  bed  been  nxustomed  to  pronouDoe 
vJlocutionf,  uhI  vere  00  similat  Una-  It  wu  tbe  knowledge 
IhiC  JB  iU  point!  of  lelifioui  Ulb  ud  pnctJce  Leo  XIII.  stood 
precisely  when  Pirn  IX.  fatd  itood  thai  served  to  lender  in- 
tflecluit  othen  of  bii  encyclicils.  in  which  he  dealt  eameitly 
•od  tfltclively  wiib  mtllen  in  which  onhodox  I^Uituu  bid 
■  sympaibetic  iDlemi.  with  hira  ud  nigfai  oiberwiM  have  lent 
u  ear  to  hia  couniels.  Sucb  were  ibo  ktten  on  the  ttudy  of 
Boly  Scriplow  (i8lh  November  iBflj).  ud  on  Ihe  nimioB  of 
Chriilendom  (lolb  June  180*).  He  ihowed  special  anilely  for 
(be  return  o(  England  to  the  Roman  Catholic  fold,  and  addmud 
•  leitei  ad  Antfti.  dated  14th  April  iSoj.  Tbis  he  loUowfd 
Oil  by  u  encyclical  on  the  unity  of  the  ChuRli  (SaSii  let^Uum, 
>9lb  June  iSpt);  ud  the  question  of  the  validity  of  Anglicaa 
otdinMiOBS  fiotn  Ihe  Ronuui  CtthcJic  point  of  view  having  been 
railed  in  Roi«  by  Visoaanl  Halifax,  with  whom  the  abbl 
lAuia  Dttchtm  aiid  one  or  two  othei  Fimch  poesti  wen  la 
■ympathy.  >  coniaissiaii  wai  appointed  10  eoMider  Ibewbiect, 
apd  on  the  ijth  of  SepCtmber  tM 
Anglicaii  form  aa  Iheoioglcally  ' 
dinetad  (0  be  taken  u  final. 

The  estabUsbment  of  a  diocesan  bicnreby  la  Scottaad  bad 
been  decided  upon  btfnre  the  dcstb  of  Piiu  IX.,  but  Ibe  actoal 
annouaccnieat  of  it  wu  nude  by  Leo  XIIL  Od  the  >stb  ot 
July  iS(iS  be  addressed  letba  ScoLIith  Catholic  biahopa  a  letter, 
"  h  he  said  that  "  muy  of  the  Sooltlah 


or  cbildrec 


dlona  cokceraiBt"Cfailitlu  Democracy  Id  Italy," 

t  ibc  popular  Christian  tooreoienl,  which  (nbracat 
a  number  ol  social  lefoim*,  such  aa  factory 


K  ud  to  iButatE 


Hia  noat  holy  cucifde."  The  Irisb  and  American  biabopa 
he  aUDOHHied  to  Rone  to  confer  with  taim  on  the  nibjecti  of 
HoBie  Rule  and  of  "  Anwricanon  "  rapeclivdy.  In  India 
beeiublisbcd  a  diociau  hierarchy,  wilh  MvcD  aidibishoptici, 
the  acchbiihop  of  Coa  taking  pendtnca  with  the  rank  of 

Wilh  the  government  of  Italy  hia  genenl  fiolicy  ww  to  be  ■■ 

BUrrendei  Iha  "  patrinoBy  of  St  Petet ";  bat  a  modenlB  atlilwle 
was  rendered  diAcnlt  by  partisaiM  on  either  aida  tn  Ibe  pnu, 
eachof  wboBdalmedlDr^tfwntbiavlcwit  In  1870,  adibealiai 
a  congrtw  •(  CatfaoUc  jounaliats  In  Rmne.  be  ubuied  Ibeu 
U>  uphold  the  nectuity  of  the  temponl  power,  tad  10  proclafm 
to  the  wotid  that  lb«  aeain  of  Ii^  would  never .pioapei  lUtil 
it  WW  nMoted;  in  igS;  be  found  it  necesaaty  to  depiecate 
the  vicleace  with  which  this  doctrine  was  advocated  in  otrlain 
JiHUiiak.  A  ilmilar  counsd  of  DKxlcratioB  was  giveo  to  the 
Caiudian  pre*  in  conneaion  with  the  Uanitoba  sr:boal  qucetion 
ia  December  iH7-  The  less  concilialwy  attitude  towanli  the 
llaliu  govcmmeal  was  naumed  In  aa  eacyclicaJ  addressed 
la  the  Italian  clergy  (jih  August  1S98),  In  which  be  insisted 
■B  the  duty  of  Itoliu  Catholics  to  abUain  from  political  iile 
while  the  papacy  itmained  in  its  '*  painful,  protarious  and 
irUulerahle  positiort"  And  In  Juuary  igoj,  reversing  the 
pdicy  whicb  had  its  Incepiioa  in  Ibe  cocyctital,  Rtrtim  wnvnM, 
of  iSgi,  and  hid  fuither  been  developed  ten  yean  later  in  1 
kitet  Id  the  Italian  bishops  entitled  Crma  it  csmnnni,  the 
*  Sacicd  Congregation  of  Eitiioidiuiy  Ecdesiutical  Main" 


l-hours'  day,  the  revival  of  tnde  gilds, 
ifSandayTest,>hoiilddivertitsaltenlion 
s  savoured  of  novelty  ud  devote  it) 
Jon  of  Ibe  tempoial  power.  The  re- 
indlcaied  gave  the  ioipnsaion  that  ■ 
:  ippoimment  nbout  the  same  date  of  a 
no  Biblical  studiesjaiid  in  otheriaioor 
nutlets  Leo  XIII,  disippoinied  those  who  bad  lafd:ed  te  hia  for 
ccnaia  reforms  Id  the  devotional  system  of  the  CbuRb.  A 
revision  of  Ibe  breviary,  which  would  have  Involved  I  In  nnililhii 
of  some  ol  the  kn  credible  legends,  catne  10  iwthhig,  while  Ibe 
recitation  of  Ihe  office  ia  honour  of  Ihe  Santa  Casa  at  Lorelo 
BIS  imposed  on  ail  the  clergy.  The  wonhip  of  Mary,  largely 
developed  during  the  reign  of  Pius  IX.,  received  further  stlmidu* 
from  Leo;  nor  did  he  do  uytbing  during  hii  ponlificala  to 
correct  the  superstitions  connected  with  popular  beliefs  concern- 
Bis  policy  towards  ^'  govemmenti  outsidi  Italy  wu  to 
support  Ihem  wherever  they  represeuted  social  order;  and 
it  was  with  difficulty  tbot  be  persuaded  French  Catholics  to  be 
uDiied  In  defence  af  Ibc  itpubllc.  The  German  KnUmrkmrnli 
was  ended  by  hi*  eiertloiii.  In  liii  he  luetESsfally  arbitiued 
between  Germuy  and  %>ain  In  a  itistHlte  concerning  tbe  CuoIiiM 
Idands.  In  Ireland  be  condenuked  Ibe  "  Plan  ol  Campaign  " 
in  18SS,  but  be  concOiated  fbe  Nationalists  by  appoloting 
Dr  Walsh  archbishop  of  Dublin.    Hi*  hope  that  his  support 


ouldbi 


H  between  the  coutt 
1  disappoimed.  Bat  Ihe 
id  the  pope's  priestly  jubilee 


gtabHsbment  of  formal  diplomatic  i 
of  St  Jatnea's  and  the  Valioin 
JubDce  of  Qseen  Vlctotis  fn  iSS?  a 

a  few  tnOBIb*  later  were  the  occuion  ot  tnrnoiy  inteicoone 
between  Rome  and  Windsor,  Mgr.  Rufia  Sdlla  coning  to  London 
aa  special  papal  covay,  and  the  duke  of  Norfolk  being  rercived 
at  the  Vatican  as  ibe  bearer  of  the  oaognliitationi  of  the  qoeea 
of  England.  Similac  couneaiea  were  cxclunged  during  the 
jubilee  of  1S97,  and  again  in  March  1901,  wbu  Edward  VII. 
sent  the  earl  of  Denbigh  to  Rome  lo  cnngntulato  Leo  Xin. 
on  reudiing  bis  ninety-third  year  and  the  tweoly^ith  year  of 
hi*  poDtificate.  The  visit  of  Edward  VU.  to  Leo  XIU.  in  April 
1903  waaa  further  proof  of  the  fiseBdlluns  between  the  Engird) 
couit  and  the  Vatican. 

The  deVBtton  of  Ncwaiu  to  Ihe  college  of  Cardinals  in  1879 
wa*  regonled  sritb  apprmal  Ibrougbout  Ibe  Edgliah-^icding 
woiM,  bolt  OD  Kcwimb'i  aocouDl  aad  aba  aa  evideacs  that 
Leo  XnL  had  a  wider  horizon  tbaD  hi*  predecessor;  and  hia 
sim9aT  lecngDilioa  of  two  of  the  most  distiiiguished  "  inoppot* 
lurdit "  Deinbcta  cf  the  Valican  council.  Haynold,  archbidi^ 
(<  Kalocaa.  and  Prince  FUrslmbetg.  archbisb^  of  Olmtlti,  waa 
even  more  DotewoRhy.  Dupaalou|i  would  doubtless  have 
received  the  aane  honour  bad  be  not  died  ibortly  after  Leo'a 
accetion.  DOUinger  the  pope  attempled  lo  reconcile,  but  failed. 
He  laboured  much  to  bring  about  the  reunion  of  the  OHental 
Churcbei  with  the  lee  of  Rome,  etfablisUng  CMhoUcCdacational 
GcBtroB  Id  Athena  and  in  Constantinafde  srith  titkt  and  in  viev. 
He  used  his  indumce  with  Ihe  emperor  ol  RuMia,  aa  alio  will 
Ihe  fwipcrvis  of  China  and  Japaii  ud  with  ibe  sboh  of  Fersiav 
lo  wcutc  tbe  free  pnicticB  of  their  teligioa  for  RoiUd  Cath^icl 
wiibia  their  respective  domlDioni.  Amoag  the  oiBniiatiaa* 
and  be*tl6c«ti«u  of  bis  pontibcate  that  <i  Sir  Thomai  More, 
autboro(Crte^,liBenwnble.  Hi*  encycticai  issued  at  Easter 
igei,  aod  deicribed  hf  hinaell  as  a  lund  of  kHI,  irai  mainly  ■ 
rcstentfeiLof  eoiliec  coademDation*  ot  the  Beformalian,  and  ol 
Boden  frinloieiAscal  lyitems,  which  for  their  aihciam  ud 
materialism  be  mokes  respcmsiblo  for  all  existing  moral  aad 
political  dioorden.  Sociely.  he  earnestly  pleaded,  cu  only  fiiid 
salvation  byatelum  to  Cbriatiaaltyand  In  the  fr^d  of  tbe  Kmnaa 
Calbolic  Church. 


"•ir^CH^It!'  " 


tneitcth:  gistans,  ilisple  4od  alalRDiaai  io  bb  lift — hn  4ulr 

bill  ol  fare  beioc  letkoDed  u  budly  cuiiag  i  caupte  ol  Inoci— 
Leo  XI] I,  distiibutHl  iiute  tuna  in  chuity,  ud  al  hi*  ova 
cbaiKU  pUctd  ccoUy  uliDcoimcil  initnunciiU  ia  Ihc  Vaticaa 
obKirmtoiy,  pnvidiagalsa  accgmmodaLioD  and  eodoimcDt 
loc  t  lUff  of  aSdali.    He  alnayi  ihoKed  the  (natcM  intenst 


e  and  ic 


n,a»Jbi 


nnn  BcHdict  XIV.,  and  under  him  tbe  papacy  ac^uind 
pttslige  unknown  lincc  the  middle  tga.   Oa  iJie  jid  «(  March 
1903  be  celebiated  bii  jubilee  in  St  Feui'a  with  nure  than  uuial 
pomp  and  iptendoui;  be  died  OQ  the  Mth  ot  July  lollawing. 
Bis  lucccBor  was  I^ui  X. 
See  Salla  4i  aai  c»u»te«  id  carieali  G.  Ptcd  .  .  .  (Rome. 

I8n);  Lmi>  XIII.  PuiL  Uax.  acta  (rj  — '-    "— -"■ 

S-miliimi  DxniB    N.   Limit  Xllt.   1 

(Bnna  and  Lille,  1(87.  ftc);  the  coci 

Dimrti  lU  5«»»  Fi<iUfict  Imm  XfllTifrt-ltll  TRoow,  iMl). 
TbcR  are  UvB  ol  Ln  Xl  Ir.  by  B.  aRemr  (new  td.,  Oikari,  1901). 

•■   '  -  "1.  (piciHlDiTni  of  Dunnd  Me-"-' '  '"~^ '  *  ■ 

a  0M7i  br  I.  McCanhy 

niuiucb,i9aj).bvL.K.Co«i(Gi>tlia.i8w),A 

14  vob.^  W3I  irwlFnaken  by  F.  Marion  Oawfonfp  CaunF  I 


■Kcii  vj  F.  Marion  Gawford,  Can  "  *" ' 
DT  Ghiieppe  CkenwmL    <A.W.  Ho. 
LBO,  (be  name  of  iti  empcrora  of  ihe  East.  1 

Lio  I.,  -nriouily  tuniamed  Tsux,  MjtciniB  and  HazzUis, 
empen»  ol  the  Eaal,  4Sr'474i  ^■aa  boni  in  Thrace  about  400. 
From  ha  pou'tion  at  mlHiary  tribune  he  was  raised  to  the  tbif^At 
by  the  soldiery  and  lecogniied  both  by  lenate  and  cleciy;  h[« 
coronalion  by  the  paiiiarcb  of  CorataMinopIe  ia  uld  to  have 
been  the  eai^at  hulance  of  such  a  ceremony.  Leo  owed  his 
devation  maialy  to  Aipar,  the  commander  of  the  Euardi,  who 
wai  debarred  by  hji  Arianism  from  becoming  empemr  hi  his  own 
peraoii,  but  hoped  to  enrcise  a  virtual  autocracy  through  his 
tormnslevard  and  dependant.  But  Leo,  foUowing  the  Iradillonl 
of  his  predecessor  Mirtiin,  set  himseU  to  cutIbU  the  domination 
oi  the  great  nobles  and  repeaitdly  acted  hi  defiance  of  Aqur. 
Thas  he  vJgoiOBsty  suppressed  (he  EutycWan  liertsy  In  Egypt, 
and  by  elcban^ng  his  Germanic  bodyguud  for  Isaurians 
lemored  the  chief  bass  of  Aspar's  power.  With  the  help  of 
his  jeneials  Anthemiuj  and  Anagastm,  he  repelled  invasions 
of  the  Hans  into  Dada  (4U  and  468).  In  467  Leo  had  Antbemius 
dected  erapetoT  of  the  West,  and  In  concert  with  him  equipped  , 
an  armameBt  of  morethan  iioo  ships  and  too,ooo  men  against 
thepirateempiTcof  the  Vandals  in  Milca.  Through  the  remiss- 
nes  ot  Leo's  brother-in-law  Basiliscna,  who  commanded  the 
eipedilion,  the  fleet  was  surprised  by  the  Vandal  king,  Genseric, 
and  half  of  its  veffiela  sunk  or  burnt  (4W).  This  failure  was  lYiade 
a  preieit  by  Leo  for  killing  Aipar  as  a  irailor  (471),  and  Aspar's 
oiurder  served  the  Goths  in  turn  as  an  excuse  for  rava^ng 
Thrace  up  to  the  walls  of  the  capital.  In  47J  the  emperor 
associated  with  himself  his  infant  grandson,  Lea  tl.,  who,  bow- 
ever,  survived  hitn  by  cmly  a  few  months.  His  surnames  Magnus 
(Great)  and  Mikelits  (botcher)  mpcctively  reflect  the  attitude 
of.  the  Orthodox  and  the  Allans  lowirds  Wa  religious  policy. 

See  E.  Gbboo,  Tit  BaHtu:  awl  PaU  tf  lit  Kv^n  E^fxtt  (ed. 
Buiy,  tS96),  iv.  29-37:  J.  B.  Buiy,  TluLalttRimamEmfm  (1U9), 

Lk)  UL  {e.  680-140),  lumamed  Tee  IgapruH,  empcmr  of 
the  East.  ;i7-74()>  Boiii  about  6S0  in  the  Syiiu  province  of 
Coranagene,  be  rose  to  distioctton  in  tbe  mililaiy  acnrice,  and 
Wkder  Aoistasius  n.  was  invested  with  the  comiaaad  of  tbe 
eastern  aiToy.  ID717  heievoItedasainstlhciauipeiTbeodosiiu 
JU.  and,  marching  upon  CoatantiDopla,  wai  elected  emperor 
b  hk  stead.  The  brat  year  of  L«a'a  reign  saw  a  inemoable  siege 
of  hb  capital  by  tbe  Saracens,  who  had  taken  advantage  of  tbe 
tivil  discord  in  the  Roman  emigre  10  bring  up  a  force  of  80,000 
men  to  the  Bosporus.  Sy  his  stubborn  defence  tbe  new  ruler 
won  OM  the  invadem  who,  after  a  twelve  months'  iavatmenl, 
wlifadnw  their  forces.  An  important  factor  in  Ihe  victory  of  the 
Romans  was  their  use  of  Creek  lire.  HB^d^g  thus  proerved  the 
ravite  from  ealiaclioD.  Leo  proceeded  to  consolidate  iu  (dmiDit- 


1.-V.  «, 

tiation,  lAIch  in  the  previous  ynmot  tauAy  bad  bccgaae  CMn- 

fjetely  disorgaoiacd.  He  secured  its  liontiers  by  inviting  SUvooic 
settlers  iato  tbe  depopulated  diatiicta  and  by  Ratoeing  the  army 
to  efficiency;  when  the  Araba  renewed  thor  invasoni  in  716 
and  7H  Ibcy  rnrc  dedsively  beaten.  Hb  civil  reform*  iactudt 
the  abc^oa  of  the  aysiem  ol  pRpayiog  laici  which  hid  wtl^Kd 
heavily  upon  the  wealthier  proprietoo,  tlM  devatiim  at  tbe  Ktil 
into  a  dasi  of  free  lenaata,  the  remodeUiai  of  family  and  ol 
maiitlnie  law.  These  meaiuros,  which  were  embodied  is  >  new 
code  published  in  740,  met  with  some  oppoutioa  on  the  part  «l 
the  nobles  and  hi^er  dergy.  But  Leo's  ifoat  itiiking  lc(Hlati«« 
reforms  dealt  with  religious  maiteia.  After  an  w>aiaitly 
successful  attempt  to  infoica  tha  baptism  of  lU  Jews  and 
Mooianiiisin  his  realm  (]ii},  heissBedateiieaoIedictiagaliul 
the  worship  of  imagea  (716-719).  Iliii  pmhibitwa  oi  ■  cuiton 
which  had  usdoubln^y  givan  liae  Lo  grave  abuwaicems  to  have 
beea  inspired  by  a  gi;auhH  deaire  to  impnive  inbUc  noialitK 
and  received  the  supfvil  of  tha  official  anslociai?  asd  •  sectii* 
of  the  (le^y.  But  a  majotily  ol  the  theologUna  and  tO  the 
monks  opposed  tbesc  measurs  with  uocompromisiag  bostkUty, 
and  in  tbe  westun  parts  of  lbs  emiwt  Iha  paople  rduied  to  abif 
the  edict.  A  revolt  nhith  bloke  out  in  Cieecc,  mainly  on  r- 
ligious  grounds,  was  crushed  by  tbe  imperial  fleet  (717),  aori 
two  years  lalei,  by  deposing  the  patriaich  of  CooftantuMple, 
Leo  suppressed  the  oven  (i{)po«itiDii  of  tbe  capital.  In  Italy  Ibt 
defiant  atlltudeol  Pope*  Cregory  II.  and  m,  on  bdialf  of  image- 
wonAip  led  to  ■  fisra  quncl  with  the  emperor.  The  formet 
sumtnotied  csundh  b  Rome  to  anathemBIise  and  eicom- 
muntcale  tha  tmage-fcreakets  (730,  731);  Leo  retaUaled  by 
tnasleniag  Mnitbern  Italy  and  Greece  from  tbe  papal  dkicese  to 
that  ol  the  patrlarcb.  Tbe  straggle  was  accompanied  by  an 
■rmed  outbreak  in  the  exarchate  ol  Ravenna  (717),  which  Leo 
finally  eadeavonred  la  subdue  by  means  of  a  lai^e  fleet.  But  the 
destruction  ol  the  armament  by  ■  itoira  dedded  tbe  issue  sgabiit 
him;  hJi  nuth  Italian  subjects  luccissfully  defjed  his  teli^mn 
edicts,  and  the  province  ol  Riveimi  became  detadied  Iran  the 
emphe.  In  i^  of  tUs  partial  Uhu«  L«o  must  bt  leckoud 
as  OM  of  tha  gnateit  of  the  later  Roman  empeiois.  By  his  r^ 
solute  itaM  agdnst  tb*  Saracens  he  deflvend  aH  eastern  EorapC 
Iron  a  grcU  danger,  and  by  his  tboron^t-goiDg  tefOnot  be  not 
only  saved  the  empire  hoin  cella[ae,  but  bivested  It  with  ■ 
stabffity  whhji  enoMed  It  to  survive  all  further  shocks  for  a  space 
ol  five  ceninriea. 

See  E.  Gibbon,  Tit  DtMu  tmi  FiB  ig  Ot  Jbmn  Ern^fri  fyO, 
Bury,  i8a«),  v.  iH  ssq..  IJt  leq.  and  appeodkxs,  vj.  «-ii,  J.  D> 
Bury,  Tit  lalti  Amt*  Empot  (lASg).  u,  401'44)1  K,  SehnA. 
gaOnLmjrj.illalle,  iBto).aadinB«Bi.<«wfa2«uciirrfl{igo61. 
v.  157.301;  T.  Hod^kin,  Ilsly  ontl  itt  Imaitrs  (1S9I,  ^),  It 
vii.,  clu.  11, 11.  See  alio  IcoHocLASTs. 

Leo  IV.,  called  Csoua,  succeeded  his  fufaer,  Coaauntlne  Vtt 
as  emperor  of  the  Eaii  in  77;.  In  776  he  asnclated  his  young 
son,  CcBstauine,  with  hinsell  In  die  entire,  and  tupprcMid  a 
tUog  led  by  hla  hve  step-hrothen  which  broke  out  a*  *  rasult 
ol  tlus  ptoacdlng.  Leo  was  largely  onder  tbe  inHueace  of  fab 
wife  Irene  (f.r),  and  when  he  died  in  7S0  he  left  her  a*  tha 
guardian  ol  his  luooeBor,  Conatantlne  VL 

htb  V-,  Bimained  Tax  AauunAit,  amperorot  tha  Eaat^  8i]- 


--       -  -  .      ..  hi8ij 

campaign  against  IIb  Bnlgariins.  Taking  advantage  of  I  h 
aHectioo  pecraJent  anamg  the  tnoop*,  bo  Mt  Midiad  ia  tbe  lunb 
at  tbe  battle  ol  Adrianople  and'sottsequently  M  a  iocceMfal 
nvolnlkn  affiiist  Um.  tsi  fnUldtd  hfc  nn>p*tian  by  re 
peatedly  defeating  the  BnlgaiiaiB  who  had  been  caoten  ' 
IheBegealC<ia*Iantaio|dB(Si4r-<i7).  By  Us  figorovs  nt 


■»),  he  » 


he  nosid  considerable  oppoaitiDn.  m 
his  friend  Midiael  FseUui  had  bee 
nmt  of  ils  leader,  he  was 
Christmas  Evii,  Eio. 

Sm  E;  Gibbaa.  Tkt  DatI 
Buw.  «»&).  V.  I9^». 


after  a  tuafiaiy  di 

failed   by  tht   Impriaoik- 

the  palace  chapel  on 


.oTco* 


LEO,  BROTHER— LEO,  H. 


Leo  VI.,  atmiuiicd  TSE  Wm  ud  Tat  Psruieoran,  Bjon- 
tJDe  cmptTOr.  Ufr-gii.  Re  ma  ■  weak-inindcil  ruler,  diiefly 
<Keafiei  iritb  onimparUnt  nn  iritli  butariuu  ud  itniggJn 
wilt  chuidiiaen.  The  cUeC  enot  ol  ha  rdgn  was  lie  capture 
U  TheakhHita  I»at)  by  UibomiDHlu  pinla  (docribed  in 
n*  Cethiit  «/  netulMiU  by  John  Cunailati]  under  [he 
nnegade  Lcocf  Tifpotis.  In  SE^y  mnd  Lower  Italy  the  impcria] 
ami»we»uiuiKcaifuL,uiddieBu]^afiaa5yii»oa,iHwn9auined 
tbeiitleol"  Cxi  of  the  Buljaiiim  and  autticrat  of  the  Romiei  " 
■eoired  the  IndependeDCS  of  hia  diurdi  by  the  cBtablishment 
of  a  patrlardiate.  LeoH  aooiewhat  atsnrd  nufuune  miy  be 
eiplaiDCd  by  the  facta  thai  he  "  wai  kit  ignsrant  than  the  greater 
part  dI  hit  cantempotarla  in  rhuich  and  itate,  tliat  bii  education 
bad  been  directed  by  the  leaned  Photioi,  and  chat  aevenJ 
hooki  o{  [wofane  and  eccIetUtticd  idnKC  were  compoaed  by  the 
pen,  or  in  the  aamc,  of  the  imperial  phBonpber"  (Gibbon). 
Hii  works  Indade  leveBteen  Oraculo,  in  lambk  vene,  on  the 
dtMioiee  ot  future  empenm  and  patriucbi  ef  Cooiunlfnaple, 
tUrty-lbree  OmUbiu,  cUeSy  m  IfceolDftcal  lubjeet*  (web  a> 
^■rch  feitivaJi)i  Baniiai,  the  Comidetlon  ol  the  digst  of  the 
lawv  of  Juatiiuanj  begun  by  BaalL  I.|  the  father  of  Leo;  some 
epigrama  in  the  Greek  AuUitlefj;  an  Iintnc  lament  on  the 
meLancho^  condition  of  the  empire;  and  some  palindromic 
venea,curioualycalkdjca^KfpDi (crabs).'  HctreatiKonmilitarY 
lactia,  attributed  to  him,  b  probably  by  Leo  III.,  the  laaurian. 

CoBiilete  edition  in  Miroe^  fUniatti  Gkuco.  cvli,;  lor  Ibe 
liHrjtuie  of  individual  worla  «  C  Kfumbacbet,  Guekieku  4a 
(^yunlixuctoi  UlUtiUa  (189;).  (J.  H.  F.) 

LED,  BsoiHEX  (d.  c.  t  i;d),  the  favourite  dixJiJe,  Mcretary  and 
confcuor  ol  St  Francia  ol  AuiiL  The  dales  of  hii  birth  and  of  hit 
are  not  known;  but  be  was  one  of  the 
Lted  companions  of  the  aalnt  during  his 
UsI  years.  After  Francis's  death  Leo  took  &  leading  part  in  the 
^^xxition  Co  Elias:  he  it  was  who  broke  in  pieces  the  marble 
bra  which  EKas  had  set  up  for  offertories  for  th«  completion  of 
tht  basilics  at  Aisisi,  For  this  EUai  bad  him  scourged,  ind  this 
outrage  on  &t  Francis's  dearest  disciple  consalidated  the  i^>poai- 
liou  to  Eliat  aud  brought  ^wut  hii  deposition.  Leo  was  the 
leader  In  Ibe  early  stages  of  the  sUuggle  in  the  order  for  the 
nuuBtcaaoce  of  St  Fraixii's  ideaa  OB  strict  poverty,  and  the  chief 
Insptrer  ol  the  tradition  of  the  Spirituals  <hi  Si  Francis's  life 
and  teaihint.  The  claim  that  fa*  wrote  the  so-called  Sftetlum 
pf/iaiimii  caimot  be  aUaned,  but  portions  of  it  no  dinibt  go 
hack  to  him.  A  Little  woIanK  of  bis  writings  has  been  published 
by  Lemmcus  ISaifU  Iralrii  Uenii,  tgoi).  Leo  aasiatcd  at 
St  Clara's  deathbed,  iijj;  alter  sutlerlng  many  penecutions 
from  the  dominaDt  party  in  the  order  he  died  at  Ibe  PcrliuncuU 


becoming  a 


■  M/""** 


»I  by  Paul 


.,.      , ,.,, 8»S).     See  Si 

Fu»:()  and  FaaHCiscaia.  (E.  C.  B.) 

US,  HBNBICK  (i7go-^S;S),  Gefman  hittorian,  wh  Ihbb 
■t  KmlQlstadt  oa  the  igth  ot  Uarcb  tjg%  hia  lathei  being 
ckaplarn  10  tb*  garrison  there.  iUsfamly.notof  Italianori^ — 
M  ha  hiaiadf  *■*  inclined  to  believe  on  the  strength  of  family 
tradition — but  csUbUsbed  fn  Lower  Suony  vt  early  as  the 
tilk  craluy,  «u  typky  of  the  Ccrnan  nppn  nidiUeduKs, 
ml  Mm  faa,  tsgetker  nHh  the  Hion^y  rdifisus  atmo^ihere 
Id  wbfck  he  «■*  bmn^l  up  aod  hb  ear^enthiBiaam  for  nsluit, 
kiSelirikUenoedtltibeDtalhii.mind.  The  taite  tor  historical 
■tBdy  wu,  nmcorer.  only  inMiHad  ialn  Inm  by  the  eminDi 
pUhdofto  Kad  Wittdn  a«ttliB«  (iju-iUti],  who  in  ig>& 
becan*  a  mlMei  at  ike  Bndelaisdl  gynaatiuo.  Fn)m  181& 
tn  r8i9  Lao  Mudicd  at  da  naiicnitiei  ef  Brolau,  Jena  and 
COltbigea,  devodac  bidiwW  nore  eepedaBy  10  history.  jAilology 
and  tbeolacr.  At  lU*  time  the  luiicaitiB  ma  still  agitated 
fey  the  libenlaad  patriotic  Mpiraliouaioined  by  Jh  Waiol 
LfeMtaa;  (1  Brwhw  Leo  leu  under  the  laRaanee  of  Jahn,  ud 
Joined  the  pMilkal  gynsattk  aweriatien  iTmwttitim);  at  Jena 
ta  attadicd  UbmU  to  the  radical  wta(  «l  the  CcnoaB  flwnahnt 
tiafi,  tha  sonalled  "  Black  Band,"  andct  lb*  leadenMp  ii(  Kait 
FoDto.  Hw  mmiBat  Kotaebae  by  Karl  Sand,  however, 
•hocked  hitn  oil  d  Ids  cxt 


is  lime  he  tended,  under  the  inSiKDCcM  the  wttttngB  of  Hamann 
d  Herder,  more  and  more  in  Ibe  direction  of  couetvatiun 
d  romanticism,  untH  at  last  he  ended.  In  a  mood  almoM  of 
pessimism,  by  attaching  himself  to  the  eitreme  right  wing  of  the 
forces  of  reaction.  So  early  as  AjHil  iSiQ,  at  Gsitingen,  he  had 
luence  of  Karl  Ludwig  von  HaBer'i  HomfftiK* 
alatkiaidt  (iSog),  a  text-book  of  ihe  counter- 
be  nth  of  May  rSio  he  took  hia  doctor^ 
degree;  In  the  same  year  be  qualified  as  Prnatdaait  at  the 
university  of  Erlangen.  For  this  latter  purpcoe  he  had  chosen 
as  his  Ihois  the  conslilullon  of  the  tree  Lombard  ciliei  in  ibe 
middle  ages,  the  province  in  which  he  was  destined  to  do  moat 
for  the  idenliSc  study  ot  history.    His  interest  in  it  was  greatly 


■dby. 


o  Italy  in 


14  he  returned 


to  the  subject,  and,  as  the  result,  published  in  five  volotDei  a 
history  of  the  Italian  lUtta  (iSi^-iSji).  UeaawUle  be  had 
been  oUhli^Rd  (tSii-rSri)  as  awM  at  Berlin,  whrae  he  lame 
in  contact  with  the  leaders  of  Cermaii  Ihoa^t  and  was  aomewhat 
qioIU  by  the  flattedog  itteoIioBa  of  the  highest  Fmsaian  society. 
Here,  too,  it  waa  that  Hegel^s  philosophy  cd  history  made  a  deep 
impreadon  upoit  Urn.  It  was  at  Halle,  howmrer,  wbtlt  he 
remained  for  forty  years  (iSiS-iSU),  that  he  acquired  his  fame 
as  an  academical  teacher.  His  wonderful  power  of  eipoaition, 
aided  by  a  remarkable  memory,  ii  atuiled  by  the  moat  various 
witnesses.    In  tBjo  he  became  ordinary  professor. 

In  addition  to  his  lecturing,  Leo  lound  time  for  much  literary 
and  poL'iical  work.  He  collaborated  in  the  JahrbUclitr  fl^ 
WiiuHicicJIluht  KtUUi  from  ita  foundation  ir     "  "    ' 


IS  stopped  in  1846.    As  a 


EC  of  indepcndeni 


'al  ot  Coetbei  on  the  other  band,  he 
roveray  with  Ranke  about  questions  cos- 
islory.  Up  to  the  revolutionary  year  tSjD 
d  remained  strongly  tinged  with  rational- 
ism. Hegel  remaiaing  his  guide  in  reli^on  as  in  practical  pditia 
and  the  treatment  of  history.  It  was  not  till  iSjg  that  Lco'l 
polemical  work  Dit  Biiilintc*  ptodaimed  bis  breach  with  the 
radical  developments  of  the  plUIoK^her's  later  disdplcs:  a 
breach  which  developed  Into  (^posiiion  to  Ibe  pbiloaophcr  bim- 
self.  Under  the  impresuon  of  Ihe  July  revolution  in  Farit  and 
of  the  orthodox  and  [Jetistic  inSuenca  at  Halle,  Leo's  pditical 
convictions  were  henceforth  dominated  by  reactionary  principle*. 
As  a  friend  of  the  Prussian  "  Camarilli "  and  of  King  Frederick 

Petilisikn  WoditiMaa,  which  first  appeared  in  iSji,  ai  will  a* 
in  Ihe  Ewmidiicht  KirdUtatitMutt  Ihe  Kr^Jtoeiiunt  and  Ihe 
Velkibliitlfilr  Slail  ami  Land.  In  all  this  hit  critica  scented  an 
inclination  towards  Catholicism;  and  Leo  6j,d  actually  ^orify 
the  Counter-Reformation,  e-t-  in  his  HiUffrj  of  jjhe  NtUurtands 
(i  vols.  iSji-iSjs).  His  other  historical  works  also,  notably 
his  Untpcrsalifitt^ttJiU  (6  vols.,  ]Sjj-i&44),  di^^y  a  very  one- 
tided  p«nl  of  view.  When,  however,  in  cooneiioti  with  the 
quarrd  about  the  archbishopric  of  Cologne  (rSj}),  poUlical 
Catholicism  raised  its  bead  menacingly.  Leo  tuned  against  It 
with  extreme  violence  In  his  open  letter  (1838)  to  (kiem*,  its 
foremost  champion-  On  the  other  hand,  he  look  a  lively  part  in 
Ihe  politicD-rehgiou*  conttovenict  mthto  the  fold  of  PiuaUn 

Leo  was  by  nature  highly  eidtable  and  almost  insanely 
passionate,  though  at  the  same  linieilfictly  boDOurtble,  unselfish, 
and  in  private  intercoune  even  gentle.  During  the  last  year  of 
his  life  hb  mind  suffered  ra(Hd  decay,  of  which  Signs  had  been 
apparcntsoevly  as  iS6g.  He  died  at  HtUeon  thritthof  Aptil 
TS7S.  In  addition  to  Ihe  works  alrtady  mrniioned.  he  left  behind 
■n  account  el  bis  early  life  (ibiiH  JnpniteiS,  Goiha,  iSBo) 
which  is  of  interest. 


Sec  Lord  Acton,  firlujt  Eiibriad  fi 
JTarf  rmn  Md  *■-'■' ■■-■ 


., Igelin,  H.  i— .     - 

(im-<tu)   (Leipidg.   ryiS):   P.  Vrans,  ASt/mtim,  JCnun 
Unuuiduifi.  BiLy>s,  51;  R.  M.  Meytc.  GtsMttn  n^  PnN 

(Bc^n.  rguli  C.  Vanntrapp.  HiiliriidH  ZnUikrifl.  Bd.  91: 
r.  X.  Wigdie,  AMfimbii  DMukt  Bitptt*!:  Bd.  il  (iBWl 


UEP,  J.— LBOBSCMUTZ 


Leohe.  usiull)'  called  Leo  Atiicanus,  wcnclunB  EuBEU- 
TANm  li.e.  of  Gmuda),  uut  propeily  knowa  among  the  Moon 
u  Al  Huu  Iba  MahaouiKd  Al  Wciu  Al  Ful,  wu  Ihc  tmiat 
o(  1  Dacraieiu  dtW  AJrica,  or  -l/i-itM  iurripla,  which  long 
nnkH!  u  Ihc  bsl  auiboriiy  ca  Mihonunedan  Alriu.  Bora 
probably  at  Gnnada  of  a  jutbEe  Mooritb  HfxV  (hii  faLhc 


fiom  Fu 


Timbuktu),  he 

and  while  itiU  very  young  brgan  to  tnvrl  widely  in  (be  BlrlMij 
Stato.  In  1511  w«  tnce  bim  at  Moiocco,  Tuais  Bugii  ud 
Cooitanluici  In  isij  wc  find  him  tctunung  from  Tunis  I0 
Uoroccoi  and  bdOR  Iht  c!o»  of  the  Utter  yeu  he  leenu  Is  have 
itaited  on  bis  Ubuhd  Sudan  and  Sabaia  joumcyi  (i5ij^i5is) 
wbidi  bn»igbt  him  to  Timbuktu,  to  many  other  rcgiona  ol  tbc 
Giot  Dtscrt  and  the  Niger  baun  (Guinea,  McUi,  Cago.  Walata, 
Aghadei,  Wangara,  Kalscna,  &c.),  and  appanntly  to  Soinu 
and  Lake  Chad.  In  1S1&-1J17  be  travelled  to  CoutuitiDaplc, 
probably  viuting  Egypt  on  Ibe  wayi  it  \\  moR  uncftuin  when 
he  visiud  the  three  Aiablai  (Oturla,  fefu  and  Pctrata), 
Aimeoia  and  "Tuuiy"  (the  lau  term  a  peihapi  latiaEcd  by 
ba  nay  at  Tabiu).  flii  three  Egyptian  joumeyi,  immediately 
■Iter  the  Turlcitb  conquest,  all  probably  kit  between  ifi7  sad 
1510;  OD  one  of  these  he  ascended  Ibc  Nile  from  Cairo  (a  Aanun. 
fabt  was  returning  from  Egypt  about  ijiohe  wu  aptundhy 
pimes  near  the  isliod  of  Cerba,  and  was  uttimaldy  pmcnled  as 

■  slave  ID  Leo  X.    The  pope  discovered  bis  meiii,  assigned  him 

■  pension,  and  having  persuaded  him  10  profess  ibe  Christian 
bilh,  stood  qwnsor  ■[  hi*  baptism,  and  bestowed  on  him  (b 
Ramusio  saytl  his  own  names,  Johannes  and  Leo.  The  new 
convert,  having  made  himscU  acquainted  with  Latin  and  Italian, 
taught  Aiabk  (among  his  pupils  was  Cardinal  Egidio  Antoninl, 
bishop  of  Vitetbo)^  he  alta  wrote  books  in  both  the  Chtistiaa 
tongues  he  had  acquired.    His  Diiciiflim  tf  Ajrka  was  fiisl, 

log  ii  that  of  ibe  Italian  version,  issued  by  the  author  at  Rome, 
en  Ibe  loih  of  March  1516,  three  yean  aller  Pope  Leo's  death, 
though  originally  undertaken  at  tl     '  "     '  *" 


01  seems  to  have  Lved  OD  Rome  (or 

wme 

lime  longer,  but 

returned  to  Africa  sane  lime  before 

hisd 

1;  according  to  some,  be  leoounced 

his 

Chrlilianily  and 

mcd  to  Islam;  but  Ibe  later  part  of  his 

is  obscure. 

IT  Ai'ia 

ifxn);  the  Inlian  mi.  IhouA  iwjed  in  rs:6,  was  Gnl  piinttdby 
CiMHi  BaltlMa  RimuBo  in  bw  Saigtitmi  tl  Viata  (voL  i.)  <i 
IMO.  This  was  reprinted  in  ISja.  ijte.  isM,  4c.  fii  Iis6  Jean 
Temporal  citculed  at  Lyant  an  udDiiiahk  French  version  Tcddi  the 
Italian  (Hutaritti  itieripliiiH  it  TAfrimir) :  and  In  the  tame  yejr 
■ppeaTed  at  Antwerp  both  Christeplier  Flamin's  and  Jean  Bellcre't 

uimi  Ajriau  iiicripluiiu  litri  i.-ii.  The  lailer  was  reprinted  in 
lis*.  IS»  (ZBiich).  and  i6jj  (Leiden),  ind  icrved  ai  the  basis  o« 
John  Pory'iElliabelhan  English  (nnibtiDn,  mndeal  the  ugteKHn 
ot  Rkbard  HaUayt  M  CnpcpMnl  /fumtii  it  Afiva,  LoBdan. 
■too).  Fory'a  version  wu  Rwied,  irith  note*,  napa,  &e.,  by 
Robert  Browi,  E.  G.  Ravensiein,  Ac  (3  volt-.  Hakluyi  Society. 
London,  Itgti).  An  euenent  German  trambtion  was  made  by 
Lsnbach,  from  the  Italian,  In  iBas  (Ji^tni  Uoi  ill  A/ritdiuri 
BucknUmmi  nn  Afrika,  Fftitam).  See  alto  Francis  Moare>t 
rmdi  nMlksMgiri  ptm^  Afikt  (t;-^).  aniaiidni  a  transbiloa 
of  Leo's  account  of  negrD  kjnioomL  Hetnricb  Bonn  intended  10 
hive  made  a  freih  venioa.  wilb  a  commcnury,  but  was  prevented 
bv  death:  as  It  It.  his  own  rrat  works  on  ih:  Sudan  an  Ilie  hett 
etoi^lion  ol  Ike  Dnerltimu  dett*  Afriu. 

Lea  aUo  tTTMe  Uvea  of  (be  Arab  phyiieI*N  and  pbikiKphen 
ii  tulaaitm  itluMOmi  spud  Anba;  n  J.  A.  Fabncius. 

—  '" ,  Hamburg,   1726.  xili,   asg-i^l;  a  Spaniih- 

_._.,,  BOW  lost,  but  noticed  by  Ramuuo  ii  having 
!d  by  the  (amMB  Hebrew  Bhywlan.  Jaceb  Mantino^ 
'  '-•-•'  —' — '- '-  — '  Tear  Fei  (the  MB.  of  this  Leo 


LB(h  LBWARM  (i6M-r744}>  non  convcUy  LKwant 
Okonr)  SuvtTOU  n  Lio,  Italian  muAil  OHnpoier,  was  bum 
OB  the  sth  ol  Anew  i6«4  at  S.  ViM  dei  Notftiaini.saar'Briadbi. 
R«  btorot  >  UiMmII  at  Ibt  CottservMWia  dfUs  PMttdei  Tiirthim 
U  Napk*  in  tTOj,  and  m  >  pupil  bit  aUVevtaalk  and  taier 
rf  NMU  Fuo.  It  hai  beoi  snppoaed  that  be  «aa  a  pqnil  al 
Pitoal  ud  Akmndn  Sarinll,  bu  fa*  could  mt  poaab^  hiv* 
■CBdJed  with  either  ti  these  mmpoaen,  ahboagb  he  Was  un- 
doubtedly inAuencedbyiheircBnpatitiMis.  Hii  tiiUni  knowa 
work  was  a  aacnd  Aina,  L-Infidilli  oUaMM,  perlotoMd  bf 
Ms  felk>w4ltideBta  bi  1711.  In  1714  be  pndaced,  at  the  coun 
theatre,  an  open,  Mffifraft;  which  waa  Riuchadnlted.  HeheU 
Inriha 


be  campoaed  a  eanic  opera.  La  Mft<»  utptrU,  In  Neaixditn 
dialect,  in  ■7>].  Hit  nasi  funoa  comic  apan  wu  Amf  yrd 
tBftmim  [1714),  better  knam  (a  id  FlnM  Frutalcn,  HgtJy 
praised  by  Des  Brooo.  Ha  wu  equally  dlulngiiished  n  ■ 
composei  of  leiiouB  speia,  OHafaMe  (i7]5),  Fanaa  (1737) 
and  L'Olimfmdi  (1717)  bei*s  bla  moat  famiua  mrta  in  thia 
brancb,  and  is  stfll  better  kMwa  as  a  conpotcr  ol  sacred  music. 
He  died  di  jpopleny  en  Ibe  jtM  ol  October  T744  while  engaged 
tn  the  compodtloB  U  new  afai  IM  a  revival  id  La  fitia 
Fmtalaia. 

Leo  WIS  tha  bit  e(  Ibe  KoipeSian  achool  toablaiD  a  navbte 
nusiery  over  modem  hamnnic  caunterpoinu  His  sacred  amif 
ia  masterly  and  dignified,  logical  ruber  than  paaslonala,  and  Irec 
from  the  sentimeualityiifUcbdisfiguie*  the  workof  F.  Duiania 
and  G.  B.  PergokaL  Kit  letloua  opnaa  auHei  from  a  coldHia 
and  levciTty  id  style,  but  In  Ms  cook  opens  ha  shows  a  keen 

never  wotted  up  to  a  sirang  cVaiax. 

Diiil  Domimm  in  C.  edited  Ijy  C  V.  Sunlord  and  Hiblitkcd  by 
eJW^n..  """""^  '""''  """^'=""»«™  (|g!j"^^ 
lEO  (TSe  LiOk),  In  astronomy,  the  Eilh  ^gn  ol  the  lodiac 
(q.t),  denoLod  by  the  symbol  O.  II  is  also  a  constcllatioD, 
mentioned  by  Eudoius  {4th  century  B.C.)  and  Aralus  (^rd 
century  B.C.).    According  to  Creek  mythology  this  conslellalion 

raised  10  ihe  heavens  by  Jupiter  In  honour  of  Hercules.  A  part 
ol  Ptolemy's  Leo  is  now  known  as  Coma  Berenices  fft.).  a 
Leonis,  altu  known  as  Cor  Leonis  or  Ihe  Lion's  Hcstl,  Regulus, 
Bisilicus,&c.,  is  aveiy  bright  star  ofmagniudet'i],  and  porgllax 
o^ji',  and  proper  motioo  ojj'  per  annum.  YLeoids  fa  avery 
fine  onnge-yellow  binary  star,  of  magnitudes  e  and  4,  and 
period  400  years.  1  Leonis  Is  a  binary,  conposed  o[  a  4Ih  magni- 
tude pale  yellow  star,  and  a  7th  magnitude  blue  star.  The 
LEONme  are  a  meteoric  swarm,  appearing  in  November  and 
radiating  from  this  constellation  (s«  MciEOH). 

LBOBEH,  a  town  in  Styrli,  Austria,  44  m.  ti.W.  of  Craz  bT 
ruL  Pop.  (iQOo)  10,104.  It  is  liluaied  00  the  Mur,  and  part 
ol  its  old  waUs  and  towers  sUU  remjun.  It  has  a  well-known 
■ojfemy  of  mining  and  a  number  of  technical  schools.  Its 
eitensivB  iion-works  and  trade  In  iron  are  a  consequence  o[  its 
poution  on  the  verge  of  the  important  lignite  deposits  of  tipper 
Styria  arfd  tn  Ibe  neighbourhood  of  Ibe  iron  mines  and  fumacet 
of  Vorderaberg  and  Eiscneiz.  On  the  iSih  el  April  1797  a 
preliminary  peace  was  concluded  here  beiween  Austria  and 
Prance,  which  ted  to  Ihe  trealy  of  Campo-Formio.' 

LEOBSCBOTZ  (Bohemian  Luktyce),  a  town  of  Crhnany,  Id 

the  Ptussian  province  of  SDeua,  on  the  Zinna,  about  10  m- 

Ihe  N.W.  of  Ralibor  by  tia.    Pop.  (190J)  ii,joo.    Ilha* 


imodities  being  very  numerously  attended.  The  principal 
industries  are  nulling,  cairiage-building,  wod^plnnlng  and 
glass-making.     The  lows    cotuaisa    Ihcet    Roman  ■  Catholic 


LE0CHARES-^tE6Ni  t  P.  DE 


^lucbtt,  1  PnXBUnt  church,  a  iyuif 
and  4  gynuiuium.  LnbuhUU  uiitn 
■nd  from  ij]4  to  i6ij  wu  tbc  capiu 


"ES?. 


It  F.J  roda,  GtKiuJui  iltr  Slail  Untulatj  Cl,catnc;bUU,ia9)), 
lEDCHABES.  a  Cretk  xutptu  -bo  worked  wilti  Scopu 
anlhs  MaiBolcuin  about  jjo  B.C,  Ht  ottuled 
iamilr  ol  Philip  si  Muedon,  in  tcM  and  iviK> 
Kt  Dp  by  ihal  king  in  Ibe  Philippeum  at  Olympu.  He  alto 
wiih  Ly^ppiB  Budc  1  group  In  bioiuc  at  I>elpbi 
■  lion-hunl  ot  Alttaadet.  Of  thu  the  btie  with  xi 
wu  KcEntly  found.  W<  hcu  of .  oihn  alilun  by  Leocbaici 
ol  Z«u,  ApoUo  ud  Aie.  The  Elatucii*  in  Ihe  Vatican,  lepre- 
UDlini  Cuyniede  bein(  canint  away  by  an  ttife,  ifaougb 
tonidFrably  rcstoied  and  poor  la  cicailion,  w  dotoly  c< 
^Mndi  •itb  Pliny's  docriptioa  ol  ■  group  by  Lcochant 
wc  an  jiuli&nl  in  coniidenDg  it  a  co^  of  that  poop,  c^KcialJy 
■I  thi  Vttican  ttaiuc  abowi  all  ' 
«tb-«Mury  ait-  Pliny  (iV.F.  _.  ... 
mado  a  poup  of  an  oaflc  awaro  whom  it  is  carrying  ofl  in  Gany- 
Dudeand  to  whom  it  a  boaiioE  bin;  hotdiag  the  boy  dcLicateiy 
in  it(  dam,  vitb  hi»  gaiment  bnveeo."  (Foe  (ngravmg  tte 
Cuat  Axi,  Mate  I.  fig.  sj.}  The  tit*  Mrm  ia  dOlfuJly  iu«d  at 
a  support:  and  tbe  upward  iliafn  U  the  noup  il  ably  icDdcred. 
The  das  likcnea  boib  in  head  and  paw  between  the  Canynwda 
tnd  tbe  vdl^LnowD  ApoUo  Belvideic  hai  caiucd  wme  modi 


(onEdeni 


d  the  J 


AloBBder  tbe  <Sreat  a£  Munich  as  a  copy  ot  bis  gold  and  ivory 
yoitnk  *tayn[Ha.  (F.  C.) 

UOFRIC  (d.  iojt).  earl  of  Meicia,  was  a  ion  of  Leolwise, 
earl  of  Mercia.  and  became  earl  at  flocne  date  previous  to  loii. 
HtBcelartli,  being  one  ol  the  thtM  great  eaits  of  the  rultn,  he 
look  a  leadiag  part  in  public  aSain.  On  the  dcatb  of  King 
Canute  M  lojj  he  suppotied  the  claim  of  hit  son  Harold  to  the 
throne  agatmt  that  of  Hardicaauiei  and  during  Ibe  quanel 
between  Edward  the  Coofcssor  and  Earl  Codwine  in  loji  he 
played  the  part  of  a  mediator.  Through  hb  effort)  civil  war 
was  averted,  and  In  accordance  with  his  admcc  the  seiilement  of 
tbe  dispute  wu  referred  Lo  the  Wiian.  When  he  became  rail 
ol  Mcicia  bis  direct  rule  seems  to  have  been  confined  id  Cbeshire, 
Slaitoidbhiie,  Shropshire  and  the  borders  of  north 


d  the  ai 


was  his  principal  reside  m 

is  sometimes  called  ciil  oi  i_nesLer.  i^eoinc  oieo  ai  Btomiey 
in  Slaffotdshire  on  the  jrst  ol  August  ios7-  Hii  wife  wiJ 
Codgilu,  lamous  in  legend  as  Lady  Codiva.  Bnlh  husband 
and  (rile  Here  noted  as  liberal  benefactors  lo  Ihe  church,  among 
their  foundations  being  the  famous  Benedictine  monastery  at 
Coventry.  Leolric's  son,  JEi!g»t,  succeeded  Um  as  earl  of 
Merda. 

See  E.  A.  Freeman,  Tit  f/inmn  Cnqnal,  vols.  L  and  li.  (le?;). 

LEDItHSTEK,  >  market.tonn  and  municipal  bonnigh  in  the 
Leominslcr  parliameniary  division  ol  Heiefotdshire,  England, 
inaikfa  agriculluiil  couniry  on  the  Lugg,  i;;  m.  W.N.W.  of 
London  and  ii)  Tl.  of  Hcrelord  on  Ibe  Gieil  Wcslan  and 
Lofldoo  &  Norlh-Wcslein  nilwayi.  Pop.  (1901)  jSiti.  Area, 
S]]S  acres.  Some  fine  old  timber  houses  lend  piciumquencss 
to  Ihe  wide  streets.  The  parish  church,  ol  mixed  archilcclure, 
inchidiog  the  Norman  nave  of  the  old  prfoiy  church,  and  con- 
taining tome  of  the  m«1  bcautilul  examples  of  wfodow  Iraccry 
tn  Eo^nd,  was  itston»l  in  1S66,  and  enlarged  by  Ihe  addition 
of  1  south  nave  in  1874.  The  Butter  Crou,  a  beautiful  eianiple 
ol  limber  work  of  ihe  dale  i6jj,  was  removed  when  the  lown- 
balt  was  baalding,  and  re<recled  In  the  pitasute,  gmund  of  Ihe 
Grange.  Trade  is  chiefly  in  agricultutal  produce,  I100I  and  ddcr, 
U  tbe  cGslrict  Is  rich  in  orchards.  Brewing  (from  the  produce 
ol'  local  hop-gardens)  and  ibe  tnanufaclure  of  ogrlcultura! 
Implements  are  also  carried  on.  The  town  is  ludet  a  mayor, 
lour  aldermen  and  twelve  councilloiv. 

Menwald,  king  ol  Merda,  is  said  lo  have  faatided  *  religious 
Inuie  in  Leomiutei  [Llanlleiu,  Lcofminstie,  LenpileT]  in  Mo, 


and  a  nunnery  exiited  here  until  tbe  ConqueM,  when  the  pUc« 
became  a  royal  demesne.  It  was  framed  fjy  Henry  1.  to  the 
DDoks  ol  Reading,  who  buiil  in  it  a  cell  of  their  abbey,  and 
under  whose  protection  tbe  town  grew  up  and  wu  tioiipttd 
from  the  sphere  of  the  county  and  hundred  couni.  In  tjM 
<t  reverted  W  the  crown;  and  in  isj4  was  incorpnrited,  by  1 
chatter  renewed  in  1561, 1363, 1605,  1666,  i6Sj  and  1786.  The 
"horough  [eitirni^  two  members  to  the  parhamenl  of  tags  and 
10  other  pgrliiments.  until  by  the  Rcpreseniaiian  Act  iSCij  it 
lepresentatlve,  and  by  tbe  RedisttJbuiio 


i88j  separate  repmenlall 


IS  grantee 


of  Nfciy  II.,  i 

feasts  of  St  Philip  and  St  James  and  of  Edward  Ihe  Confessor, 
In  iidj,  iiSi  and  1190  respectively.  Chattels  10  the  burgben 
aulholiied  fairs  on  the  days  of  St  Petu  and  of  St  Simon  and 
St  Jude  in  IJJ4,  on  St  Bartholomew's  diy  in  160;,  in  Mid.lent 
week  in  iMs,  and  on  the  feast  of  the  PuriGcation  and  on  tb* 
ind  of  May  in  16S5;  these  fairs  have  modem  representatives. 
A  market  was  held  by  the  abbey  by  a  grant  of  Henry  I.;  Friday 
is  now  market  day.  Leominster  was  lamous  for  wool  from  the 
ijtb  to  Ihe  i8ih  cinlury.  There  were  gilds  ol  mercers,  tailors, 
drapers,  dyers  and  glovers  in  the  iSth  century.  In  i8]i  tbe 
wpol  trade  was  said  to  be  dead;  and  that  of  glove-making, 
which  had  been  importaot,  was  diminishing.  Hops  and  appla 
wtre  grown  inijis, 

SeeG.  Townsend,  r»e  Torn  ei,iBcn>Mili  ttCtoKiiinlir  [1863).  and 
John  Price.  An  Ifriforkal  nni  Ttpacr^iphai  AcuK-il  >/  LtuminMr 
■■d  iu  Viciauy  (Udlow,  1715). 

LBOIilNSTBIt.  a  township  of  Wateestcr  county,  Hasst- 
chuselts,  U.S.A.,  about  4s  m.  N.W.  of  Boston  and  about  lo  m. 
M.  by  E.  of  Worcester.  Pop.  (1S90)  7,69;  (,(«o)  t2,39i,  U 
whom  jSi?  were  [ortign-born]  ([gio  census)  i7,jSo.  I1  ii 
a  broken,  billy  dislrjct,  1A.48  sq.  m.  In  area,  traversed  by  Ibe 
I^ashua  tiver,  crossed  by  the  Morthern  Division  of  the  Hew 
York,  New  Haven  &  Haclford  railroad,  and  by  Ihe  Fltchburg 
Dividoa  of  Ihe  Boston  If  Ktaine,  and  conncclcd  with  Boston, 
Worcester  and  other  cities  by  Inlerurban  electric  lines.  Along 
the  N.E.  border  and  mostly  In  tbe  township  of  Lunenburg  are 
Whalom  Lake  and  Whalom  Park,  popular  pleasure  resorts. 
The  principal  villages  are  LcoraiDster,  5  m.  S.E.  of  Fltchburg 
and  North  Ltomiosler;  the  two  adjoin  and  are  virtually  one. 
According  lo  the  Spccbl  U.S.  Census  of  Manufactures  of  iqo; 
the  township  had  in  that  year  «  greater  dlvcisiiy  of  important 
manufociuring  industries  than  any  place  of  its  size  in  the  stale, 
or,  probably,  in  the  United  Slates;  Its  6s  manufactories,  with 
1  capital  of  Ej,j;i,7i6  and  with  a  product  for  Ihe  year  valued 
at  tr,soi.7io  (j9%  more  than  in  1900),  produced  celluloid 
and  horn  work  (ihc  muiulacture  of  which  Is  a  more  important 
industry  here  than  elsewhere  in  Ihe  Unilcd  Slales),  ccUulcid 
umbs,  lumiture,  paper,  butioDi,  pianos  ud  platKKBsei, 
^  and  ilcdj,  stationery,  icathcrboard,  »otiled, 
woollen  and  cotton  goods,  shirts,  paper  boiei,  &c.  Leomiiuler 
rates  lis  walcr-works.  The  Mwnship  was  loimed 
Lancaster  township  in  I7(a' 
I  POHCB  DE.(i5i7-i59r),  Spaniih  poet  and 
tn  ot  Bclmonle  de  Cuenca,  entered  the  utiiveisity 
at  Ihc  age  ol  louiteen,  and  in  1544  Joined  Itw 
[der.  In  is6i  he  obtained  a  iheologlol  chair  at 
which  intj7iwu  added  thaiolMncd  lltetalurt, 
the  Inquisition  for  translating  the  book 
of  Canticles,  and  for  criilculng  the  Icit  ol  Ibe  ^'ulgaie.  He 
wMqiwiUly  impiitoned  at  Valbdolid  fraa  llarch  1S7> 
till  Decnnber  IS76;  the  charges  against  him  wen  thcp 
abandoned,  and  he  was  released  with  an  admonition.  He 
Telnmed  lo  Salamanca  as  prolessot  ol  Biblical  eiegetii,  and 
again  reported  ID  the  laquisiilon  in  ijgj,  but  without  rctutt. 
i5B^i{85  be  publtihod  the  three  books  of  ■  celebrated 
mystic  trcaliie.  Lor  Jfombni  ie  CtlHo,  which  he  had  n-rillen  In 
jSj  also  appeared  the  most  popular  of  his  ptose 
Use  entitled  U  Ptrfala  Cisiia.  for  Ihe  uu  of  a 
lady  twwiy  maninl.  Tendiysbclon  hisdeaih.whidi  oceuned 
at  Madrigal  on  the  13rd  of  August  1591,  be  vai  etectcd  vjor 


LE6H,  I 


LEON,  M.  DE— LION 


(encnl  id  Um  Angutinbn  mdri.  Luii  de  Lcdn  li  not  tmly  lie 
pateit  of  Spuuih  niyitin;  he  ii  unoag  the  gmlot  ti  SfimmA 
lyricAl  poets.  Hii  tranilmwa  of  £uiptd«t  FindMi,  VirpI  ud 
Hona  UBiiuguIulj  happy;  Us  raigiziilpicce%1vbethttdnwQt 
ifcc  the  ode  i)( /b  lida  iM  cicJo,  or  lecuhr  like  dM  ode  it  SKiMT, 


um]  tbdr  foim  ii 


leibsdbylnwoiidlyilt 


I  till  1631,  irhen  Quendo  puhlilhed  tbra  »  » 

3a  of  Uiii  de  Ltda't  mrkt  b  that  of  Mefino  tt  vots^ 
naono,  leioji  Ibe  rarinl  (Madrid,  Ittfii  by  C  Muda  Saaii  ii 
incDRcet.  The  len  el  £a  Ptrttm  Caiaia  hat  been  well  edilcd  by 
MlB^BbeihWilbee(ClucaKO,ta(n1.  SeeCaUtdtiiitiKwiitnm 
imUilM  loM  JS  iiMrit  J*  £iH«a.  nk  k-xL  ;  F.  H.  ReoKh,  Laii 
it  USa  und  dU  MHbtlu  iKttiaiHta  pou.  »7i>:  M.  Godhm^ 
FnyLuiiieltitfUfilaicfla  apatiU  (Madrid.  ilM  i  M.  Meaealti 
y  Pellyo,  BiUiiM  it  (rlfica  liUranii  (Madrid,  189^,  Friniaa  ifrfc, 

UDM,  WMB  [Ben  Sheb-job]  DB  [d.  t]o;],  Jnriih  schcAir, 
wu  born  io  Leon  (Spain)  In  the  middle  of  tlie  ijth  century  and 
died  *\  Aicvilo.  Ha  fame  ii  due  to  bii  autbor^p  of  tbe  mot 
inBuentiaJ  KabbalisC  irorfc,  Ibe  Zs^ar  (lee  Kabbau),  nhlcb  w» 
atmlmled  to  Simon  b.  Yohai,  a  Kabbi  ot  Ihe  ind  centtu;.  In 
noden  timet  tbe  diKoveiy  of  tbe  modendty  of  tbe  Zpkar  has 
led  to  Injuilice  to  the  aulhoc.  Motes  de  Leon  ulidoubtedly 
used  oid  Eauerials  andout  of  tbem  constructed  a  woik  of  geplus- 
Tbe  disciedit  into  which  be  fell  was  due  partly  to  tbe  ajtedilying 
incidents  sf  his  personi!  career. .  He  led  a  wiadeiing  hfe,  tnd 
WM  more  ot  Ins  ol  an  adventurer.  But  aa  to  Ihe  gnatneu 
(rf  his  tierk.,  the  piofondity  of  his  philosophy  and  the  btilliance 
of  hii  rdi^on>  idealism,  there  can  be  no  question. 

See  Ctaeti.  Hitliry  tf  lit  Jrta,  vol.  Iv.  eh.  Lr  Olier.  tm  it 
tttdtmt.  (I.A.) 

UOR  OF  MMHOIA  (i^ji-jStSi,  Jewish  tcbobr,  «d  bom  In 
Venice,  of  i.  notable  French  family  which  bad  miintfil  10 
Italy  after  the  eipulsion  oI  Ihe  Jews  from  Fnnct.  He  w»i 
a  precodoui  child,  but,  as  Giaeti  points  out,  his  lack  of  liable 
chatacter  ptettnttd  his  gifts  from  maturint.     "H( 


icbcr, 


teachei  of  Jews  and  Chrbtian*,  »»der  al  prayers,  imeipreier, 
writer,  proof-readet.  bookseller,  broker,  merchant ,  tabW, 
musician,  matchmaker  and  msnufacturer  of  amulets."  Though 
he  failed  to  rise  to  real  distiticllon  be  earned  a  place  by  hit 
CTiirctim  of  the  Talmnd  amoDg  those  who  prepared  the  way  fn 
tbe  new  learning  in  Judaism.  One  of  Leon's  most  eftectire 
vofki  WIS  ha  attack  on  tbe  Kibbal*  {'An  Nthtn.int  published 
in  1840),  (rrr  in  it  he  demonstrated  that  Ihe  "  Bible  ol  the 
Kabbal^''  (the  Zeher)  was  a  modem  composition.  He  became 
bnt  known,  however,  as  the  bitetpreter  of  Judasm  to  the 
Christiin  world.  At  the  instance  of  tn  En^sh  nobleman  hi 
prepared  in  acamnt  of  the  rtlT^ous  cmloms  of  the  Synagogue, 
RiH  Biraiti  (1631).  This  book  was  widely  read  by  (Thristians; 
it  WM  rendered  into  various  langusgn,  and  in  r«jo  was  translated 
into  English  by  Edward  Chilmcad.     At  the  lime  the  Jeirfeh 

book  did  much  to  stimulate  oopulat  interest.  He  died  at 
Venice. 

5«  Craeti,  Hlitory  of  tin  Jrwt  {£■(.  (rani.),  voL  v.  ch.  iii.; 
IniA  EmtydpH^a.  vib.  61  Geiger,  Lm  it  Moiaa.        (1.  A.) 

U6]|,  or  LeAh  de  lU  Ainuui,  a  cily  of  tlie  stale  of  Cuana- 
)bio,  Maics,  109  m.  N.W.  of  the  federal  caplt«l  and  jo  m.  W. 
by  N.  of  the  dty  of  Ouanajuato.  Ftop.  (1S95)  VJtji;  (igoo) 
ai,6i3,  LeOn  ranking  lonrth  In  the  laiter  year  anong  the  cities 
at  Meilco.  The  Mciican  Centnl  gives  it  nifway  oinneiian  with 
Ihe  nationa]  capital  and  other  pinmintBi  cities  of  the  Republic 
LcAd  stands  in  1  fertile  plain  on  the  banks  of  the  Turbio,  a 
tributary  of  the  Rio  Grande  de  Lerma,  M  mi  ^vaiion  ol  5S4»  ft 
tbow  •(•Jevei  and  ii»  Ihe  midst  of  very  at  tractiwe  sunooodlngs. 
Um  onntry  abmit  Lc6n  is  nmildercd  10  be  one  o(  the  richew 
cereaHKodDcing  distticls  of  Meilco.  Tbe  di;  itstii  la  subject 
to  disntran  flogda,  sometimes  leading  to  loM  olWe  ai  well  « 
daouH  tn  pnpeny.  a«  in  the  great  Bood  of-  lUf.  I<a6n  ii 
a  nuulnctvring  ud  eoiMMNitl  dty)  k  has;a 


cadKdnl  ud  B  tbcutie.  dw  ktUr  CM  o(  da  luptt  aid  bKtt 
In  Ac  RToliUc.  Tbe  dty  is  Kinlul}' built,  wkb  wide  at 
and  nimemai  riwdy  parks  and  ■udcni.  ' 
itMktj  (Hi  other  Jiaihet  woik,  sold  and  Mvet  cMMtMciic^ 
a,  eqwcMly  re hwi  Qoai  ihiwi^,  tmt 
_.._ ^ ^  . f^   j^j 

MtikBeni'cd  Lcfa  oceumd  in  iijt,  bat  iu  iofBil iouDdatioa 

m)  in  isT^,  ast'it  (id  not  lucb  tbe  diviitjr  <£•  dly  MDtl  1^ 

im^  the  capita]  of  the  depaitEKM  tf  Lew,  Nkanim,  am 

episcopal  see,  and  the  largot  dty  in  ibe  iqiuUiC,  atwlcd  midway 

-  ._ airi  the  P»d6c  OoMui.  fo  ■.  N.W.  ol 

_    .  J  ban  tbat  dty  lo  the  Fadfic  pen  of 

Cciinia.  Pop.  (1911S)  abavt  tsjooti,  indwtotg  Ihe  Indiaa  towa 
at  Sahtiaha  I^mcoveoavBy  wide  area,  owing  to  itiganknf 
Bad  pi«Malhm»  lie  hoosca  are  WBiUy  aw  Woreyrd,  built  of 
adobe  and  moled  with  red  tOea;  ita  p^lic  tmlMlnpi  *ib  uaoag 
Ihe  ineat  in  Coitral  fifaiiha  The  aiieaiie  and  ebbosaldy 
WsaneUcd  caihcdml  waa  laiilt  in  the  Senaisaance  atyk  between 
r74a  and  17741  a  DandnkaD  dmnli  in  Subtiaha  k  little  1^ 
itiiklns.  Tbe  old  (i6Tg)  and  aew  (1B7])  epiampd  pBlBeea,.tha 
hosptial,  the  nnivtnilj  and  tlu  baincks  guiuieily  a  FtaaCBcan 
monasleiy)  are  uirtewuiUiy  ■■'■■■[■'■*  of  Spaaarii  eAiafal  afchi* 
teciurit.     Leon  has  a  ha^  gtiiKal  liade,  and  manJactaraa 


Indian leinple.  ncdlyef LaBD,fOuodidbgrFtaiidKoUefaaa> 
del  dt  Cordova  in  ijij,  wai  ori|iaally  iltaated  at  the  bead 
c<  tbe  western  bay  of  Labi  Haaagoa,  and  was  not  icmcrvcd  to 
its  pcescnl  peaition  dll  i6ra.  Tbomat  Gice,  who  vidled  it  in 
1M5,  describe*  k  ai  a  qikadid  tHy;  and  In  16)5  It  yklded  rich 
booty  10  WilliaBi  Daaipier  (f.ti).  tlnlU  1(51  L«an  «a*  the 
capital  of  Nlcacagna,  tbhongh  itigieal  nwaneidol  rival  Cnnada 
contested  Its  cbun  10  that  poiitioB,  and  the  jcalooqi  belwMn 
Ihe  two  cities  often  resahed  in  bloodtbed.  Leon  wat  UcMibed 
with  the  intemii  of  the  democracy  ol  Nicaiagua,  (kanadawilb 
the  clerical  and  aristocratic  parties. 

Sh  Micamcua:  E.  G.  Squier.  CtMnI  Amttta; mL  I.  (18M; 
and  T.  Gaee,  7*n»(i  Mtiito.  tic.  (166$). 

LEOR,  tbe  tunae  of  a  nwdeni  provhice  and  of  an  andent 
kingdom,  captaincy-geDefal  and  ptovince  in  nertb-weslem  SpainL 
The  nodeni  pKninct,  founded  in  iSjj,  is  bounded  an  the  N.  by 
Orledo,  N.E.  by  Santander,  E.  by  Falenda,  S.  by  ValUdolId 
and  Zamora.  and  W.  by  Oresse  and  Lugo.  Fop.  (1900)  )16,aSj. 
Area,  j^  sq.  m.  The  boundaries  of  Ibe  province  on  the  north 
and  WM,  formed  respcciivdyby  the  cenlral  ridfe  and  wutherly 
oHshoots  of  the  Cantabrian  Mountains  (fji.),  are  itnosly 
marked;  towards  the  aouilMaK  th*  tailace  ntian  iBiptr- 
ceptiUy  hito  the  Castilian  phteu,  tbeUneoidcmucalionbeint 
tor  the  most  part  mcidy  ceoventlontll  Leon  bclonp  partly 
to  the  river  system  of  the  Miflo  (wt  Sran),  paitly  to  that  o(  ll* 
Qduio  (t.*.),  Iboe  beinc  stpanted  by  Ita  Montafkas  de 


Leon,  which  ex 


■11  (with 


jnd  Foncebadon)  from  m. . . 
ot  the  MontaAas  de  Leon  Es  the  richly  wooded  pastoial  and 
highlaod  district  known  as  the  Vieno,  which  in  its  lower  valley* 
produce*  gnin,  Icuit.  and  wine  in  abuadanca.  The  Tisru  dd 
Caoipo  In  the  weet  of  the  proriaee  is  fairly  produclive,  but  In 
need  o(  irrigailDa.  The  whole  province  is  sporKly  peopled. 
Apart  fiDm  agdcultuTB,  stock-raising  and  mining,  its  comincKa 
and  industries  ^ce  unimportant.  Catik,  nnles,  butter,  Icithn, 
coal  and  iron  are  enpoTted.  The  hills  of  Ltfon  were  worked  lor 
gcdd  in  the  tirae  of  the  Romans;  Irrm  a  still  obtaiited,  and  coal- 
mining  developed  cDntidmbly  towards  the  dOK  Of  (he  i«lh 
ccniucy.  The  only  towns  with  ewrC  than  jooo  inbabiiBnt*  in 
r^oa  were  Leoi  (15,580)  and  Atlorga  (SSJJ)  <*■''■)-  Th»  naia 
railway  inn  Madrid  to  Corunna  passes  throi^  the  protkMe. 
and  then  an  branches  Iram  the  dty  ol  Leon  to  feaiB,  OvMit 
•ad  the  Biicayao  pert  ol  Cijin. 


LEON— LEONARDO  DA  VINCI 


At  lbs  lira*  sf  Iheltanun  canquat ,  Ihc  prevliue  ww  inhiblud 
"by  tbc  VflioiiH  ud  CiUild;  it  ihtnnria  farmed  pan  oC 
HnpanU  Tarrmaaiib.  Among  Ihc  Chrittiu  kingdanu  wtiicli 
uoe  b  Spun  u  iht  Mooriib  in  viuen  □(  Ihe  Sih  century  mtdHl, 
L(On  WW  one  of  the  oldnl.  The  lille  of  king  of  Leon  wu  Snt 
luumalfay  OrdoOobQij.  FadiiumdL  (iht  Great)  or  CulUe 
anited  the  cmns  at  CuUlt  wxl  leoa  in  the  iitb  century;  the 
tn  not  i^in  nfiumtal  in  Ihc  tith,  until  a  £ul  union  took 
place  <ii]o)  IB  the  pcnon  of  St  FerdiniBd. .  The  liniti  of  the 
fcingdom  niied  with  Ihe  TfciDitiideiof  var,  but  nu^y  4Maktn( 
U  may  be  laid  to  have  embraced  whai  an  nov  the  piovincet  of 
Leon,  Paknda,  VaDuMid,  Zamon  and  Salatnanca.  Fcr  a 
detailed  actouu  cf  thii  kiogdom,  %et  Snux:  Hiiltry-  The 
captaincy-f  encnl  of  the  pioviiKc  of  Leon  belore  ttu  Included 


theic  then  pioidiKei>  have  1 

pfayiique^  tbui  the  pCOplB  m  vohjo,  t-aMnmia  «r  niHMiUbv, 
vbo  are  qdicditlinct  bain  vhat  iiBKMl^  tt(inkdai  Ihectntral 
nnaliooalSpaiHtalype,  ij.  the  Cvtillan.  llwLeoncMbeliins 
panly  to  (he  CastHian  ledion  of  tbc  %ianludi,  pully  to  the 
Bonh-nctiem  lection  which  Indiidt*  Ibe  Ga^ciau  and  A>luiian% 
They  have  comparatively  few  of  the  Moorish  traits  iMcb  are  to 
Durfced  ia  tlic  mith  and  caB  oi  Spain.    Nc«r  Astorga  there 


icMan 


dercdto 


Maragatol  cam  thcii  living  as  inulelccrtorfarritn;  Iheywur  a 
diilinaiTc  costunr,  piii  ai  liule  u  possihle  *rith  Iheii  De^bmui 
and  ilo  not  marry  oatside  Iheir  DVtJ  tjibc- 

LBOH,  incFocDpalKeaod  ibecapiid  e(  the  ^nnith  prwdnco 
of  Leon,  tiiuated  on  a  hill  Tfiji  fl.  above  tea-level,  In  the  angle 
budc  by  ihe  Toiie  and  Bemngi,  ttteami  which  unite  on  the 
■outh,  and  loim  the  rivet  Leon,  a  Itibulaty  of  the  Esla.  Pop. 
<tgoo)  iSisSo.  Leon  is  on  the  main  railway  iron  tlodrid  lo 
Ovicdo,  and  k  connected  with  Astoria  by  a  t«aoch  line.  The 
older  quarters  ol  Ihe  city,  nhich  contaia  Ihe  laihednl  and  othci 
medieval  buildingi,  are  lurroatidcd  by  walls,  and  have  lost  little 

leeond  half  cj  the  i^lh  century.  During  the  same  period  new 
■uburbi  grew  up  outside  the  walls  to  house  the  industrial  popula' 
lion  which  was  attracted  by  the  devtlopmcnt  of  iioQ.fouadiBg 
aod  the  matuifadure  of  machinery,  railway.plant,chemic«U  and 
halhcr.  Leon  thus  comprises  two  towns — the  old,  which  Is 
nniidy  ecdetiasiical  in  ii>  cbancter,  and  the  new,  which  is 
ioditttiiaL  The  cathedral,  founded  in  1199  and  only  fisithedac 
the  doac  of  the  14th  century,  is  built  of  a  warm  creai».ODlaured 
Uaac,'and  b  temaikable  for  timpUtity,  hghlnesi  and  strength. 
It  b  one  of  the  finest  eunplcs  of  Spanish  Gothfc,  smaUeri  indeed, 
than  the  cathedrals  of  Burgos  aitd  Toledo,  but  eaquisite  in  design 
^nd  vorkmaaship.  The  chapter  libraiy  contains  some  valuable 
taanUBcripti.   The  collegiate  cburch  of  San  Isidcn  was  founded 


of  C 


,  lOSj  ai 


Its  architectuie  is  Romanesque.  The  church  coDtiini  some  fiiie 
l^te,  including  tbd  silver  rdiquary  in  which  the  boaes  of  St 
Judoro  ol  Seville  are  preserved,  and  a.  viver  procesBonal  cross 
dating  Irom  the  16th  century,  which  Ltoaeof  the  tnott  beautiful 
is  the  country.  Thccouvent  and  chorcbof  Sin  hlaiCDs.planncd 
Id  rjM  by  Fenlinind  the  Cath^,  founded  by  Charles  V.  in  I  jiT, 
tad  coBsecmicd  in  1S41,  are  Renaissance  b  style.  They  aro 
iwat  on  the  site  ol  a  hostri  used  by  inlgrims  on  their  my  lo 
Santiago  de  Compoaida.    The  provindal  museum  occupia  the 

The  lovei  part  of  the  city  walls  cenaisls  of  Rmnan  masWry 
dating  from  Ihe  jrd  century.  Otlw  baUdinp  are  the  high 
tcieel,  ecclesiastical  ecminaries,  bowilal,  (fiaspt)  piluc  tad 
municipal  and  provindal  hoik. 

Leon  (Arab.  IiyNn)  owes  its  nama  U>  the  Legio  Sepllma 
Ccmioa  of  Calba,  which,  under  ihe  later  enpeion,  had  its  head- 
quarten  het&  Abont  ^o  Leon  Idl  mlo  Ihe  hands  of  the  Gothic 
klngLeovlgild.aBdinTwitcapllulated  totheMoors.    Retaken 


afterwards  il  reverted  to  the  Spaniards.    It  mt  the  Icat  ol 

soveral  aclesiastical  councils,  the  first  of  which  was  held  undet 
Alphonio  V.  in  lai)  and  the  last  in  iiSS. 

LEOHAHSO  DA  VlHCl  (MS'-'Sig),  the  great  Ilallu  painter, 
sculptor,  atihiteci,  musdan,  raechanician,  engineer  and  natural 
philoiophn,  wu  the  son  of  a  Flonnliae  lawyer,  bom  Out  «I 
wedlock  by  a  noiher  in  a  humble  station,  variously  described 
ai  a  peasant  and  as  of  gentle  birth.  The  place  of  his  birlh 
was  VtDci.  *  culdh  or  fonihcd  hill  village  in  the  Florentine 
teiritory  near  Empob,  from  which  his  lather'a  family  detived 
its  name.  The  Christian  name  of  the  father  was  Piero  (the 
son  of  Antonio  the  son  of  Piero  the  son  of  Guldo,  all  ol  whom 
liad  bceo  men  of  law  like  thcii  drsceodint).  Lconaido 'a  mother 
was  called  Cataiina.  Bcr  relaiieas  wkh  Ser  Fiero  da  Vind 
lediately  upon  the  birth 


of  their 


.    Ser  Pier 


four  times  married,  and  had  by  his  bu  W 
two  daughters;  but  he  had  from  the  tint  acknowledged  the 
boy  Leonardo  and  broughi  him  up  in  bis  own  house,  principally, 
no  doubt,  at  Florence.  In  that  diy  Ser  Piero  followed  hia 
profession  with  success,  as  notary  to  many  ol  Ihe  chief  families  in 
the  cily.  including  the  Medici,  and  afterwards  to  the  signory  or 
governing  council  of  the  state.  The  son  bom  to  him  before 
marriage  grew  up  into  a  youth  of  shining  promise.  To  splendid 
beauty  and  activity  ol  person  he  joined  a  uimung  charm  of 
temper  and  manners,  a  Isct  for  alt  societies,  and  an  aptitude  lor 
all  accomplishments.  An  incihauitiblc  intellectual  energy  and 
curiouiy  by  beneath  this  amiable  surface.  Amoog  the  multi- 
farious pursuits  to  which  the  young  Leonardo  set  hii  hand, 
the  favourites  at  first  were  muuc,  drawing  and  a 
father  showed  some  ol  his  drawings  to  an  acquaii 
del  VcRocchio,  who  at  once  recogniaed  the  boy's  u 
and  was  selecicd  by  Ser  Piero  10  be  his  ouster. 

Venocchio,  although  hardly  one  of  the  great  creative  01  in- 
ventive forces  in  the  ait  of  Ids  age  at  Florence,  was  a  fitsl-tate 
craftsman  alike  as  goldsmith,  sculptor  and  painter,  and  pariicu- 
tatly  distinguished  at  a  teacher.  In  his  studio  Leonardo  o-arked 
lor  several  years  (about  i4;o-i4jj)  in  the  company  of  Lorenao 
di  Crcdi  and  oLhcr  less  celebrated  pupils.  Among  hit  contem- 
poraries he  formed  special  tits  of  friendship  with  the  painters 
Sandio  Botticelli  and  Piciro  Perugino.  He  had  toon  lami  all 
that  Verrocchio  had  lo  teach — more  than  all,  if  we  are  to  heUcve 
the  oft-told  tale  of  the  figure,  or  figures,  executed  by  the  pupil 
in  the  picture  of  Chritl's  Baptism  tlesigned  by  the  masia  for 
the  monks  of  VaUombiosa.  The  work  in  question  is  now  ia  the 
Academy  at  Florence.  According  lo  Vatati  Ihe  angd  hneeiini 
on  the  left,  with  a  drapery  over  the  right  arm,  was  put  in  by 
Leonardo,  and  when  Verrocchio  saw  it  his  tense  of  its  superiority 
10  his  own  work  cauted  him  to  forswear  pdioling  for  ever  ajlci. 
The  btter  part  of  Ihe  story  is  certainly  lake.  The  picture, 
originally  painted  in  tempera,  has  suSered  much  from  later 
tepainit  in  oil,  tendering  exact  judgment  difficult.  The  most 
competent  opinion  indioo  to  acknowledge  the  hand  ol  Leonardo, 
not  only  in  the  face  of  the  angel,  but  alto  in  parts  of  the  drapery 
and  ol  the  landscape  background.  The  work  was  probably 
done  in  or  about  1471^  nhen  Leonardo  was  eigbieen  yeatt  old. 
By  i4;i  we  find  hJm  enrolled  in  the  lists  of  the  painieis'  gild 
alFlorence.  MerehecooiinuedloUveandworkforleaortieven 
yean  longer.  Up  till  14;;  he  is  ttiU  spoken  of  as  a  pupil  or 
apprentice  of  Vcrracchio;  hut  in  that  year  he  seems  to  have.been 
taken  into  special  favour  by  Lorenzo  the  Magnificent,  and  to 
have  worked  at  an  independent  artist  under  his  patrooage  until 
I4>i~i43j.  In  i4;S  we  find  bim  receiving  an  important  com- 
mistloa  from  the  signoiy,  and  in  14S0  another  (mm  the  monk* 
of  Sin  Donate  in  Scopeto. 

Leonardo  was  not  one  of  those  arttsis  ol  Ihe  RenaiMaocc 
who  sought  the  means  of  reviving  the  andtnt  glories  ol  art 
mainly  in  Ihe  imiution  of  andeni  models.  The  antiquai  ol 
the  Medici  gardens  teen  to  have  had  litila  infiuence  on  him 
Ircyoixt  thai  o(  generally  stimulating  hit  passkn  for  perfectte. 
£y  Us  own  Instincts  ha  wu  ao  odwive  Madiat    ~ 


LEONARDO  DA  VINCI 


«s 


Fnm  kii  catUiit  dayt  he  hid  Aiiiii  UnntU  upon  thai  iludy 
■kh  u  unpnCadentcd  Hdooi  of  iMiglit  (od  nuMtily.  In 
ftawfof  fiDU  lift  bcfaad  tuly  loundtbc  wty  toOBiltpncbion 
vilh  fiMlon  u>d  Gtt — ibe  nibckit  umncy  o{  upnulve 
iriul  DonoiaBl  ud  ifaytbm  al  Unt — u  no 
I  bees  riilc  lo  BnilB  Ibem  before.  Me  wu  the 
■'^TP"'*  die  pliy  of  Ugbt  and  ihade  u  imong 
ut  ud  Jituactive  of  tbe  world'i  ippeannce^ 
li  bnrinf  with  o«  conient  nibordliuied  light 
nK  tad  outUn).  Ncn  »u  be  ■  nudent  at  ibe 
aoBiyot  IbeiroiM;  hi  furtive, 
ranCQ  atlxscted  bJm  itk 
d  nclu,  nrr  pbuili  and  aniniBb, 
f  mca.  quaiiooaUt  tmUa  and  o- 
I,  wbnba  beautiful  or  gnKnqne,  fat-fftdifd  objens 
and  cniioHliei,  were  thingi  he  loved  to  pore  upon  and  keep  In 
ncmoty.  Ndilier  did  he  Mop  at  mere  appeuances  of  any  kind, 
hot,  biviai  lUnqied  tbe  image  of  thingt  upon  his  brain,  veot 
on  indcfaligabl)'  to  pfsbe  their  bidden  laws  and  canao.  He 
BOOD  tPt***^***  hmaeU  thai  tbe  anist  who  wai  content  to  repro- 
duco  tbe  external  a^xcti  of  iJrinp  without  KATching  into  the 
hiddm  woriun^  of  natan  iichind  then,  wal  one  but  half 
equipped  lac  hs  caOiag.  Evny  Imh  anislic  pniblcm  immedl- 
atdy  befaiH  foi  him  a  lar-mching  aoentific  problem  as  welL 
Hw  bus  of  Ught  and  shade,  the  Ian  al  "  penpectrve,"  including 
optia  aDd  the  pbynolofy  of  tbe  eye,  the  la«  of  humen  and 
■ninial  iBUony  andjauKolar  movemeni,  ihoae  of  the  growth 
and  Btrucnnof  pJana  and  of  tbe  powen  and  properties  of  water, 
bU  thcM  4Ukd  much  mon  fiimubed  food  almost  from  the  beginiung 
to  Ut  iBUtlable  quit  of  inquiry 

The  evidence  id  the  young  rain'i  predilcclionB  and  cnriosilita 
b  coatafned  in  the  legenda  which  tell  of  lost  w«hi  produced 
by  him  in  youth.  One  at  these  was  a  cartoon  or  mosochrome 
palpfjng  of  Adam  and  Eve  in  tempeEa,  and  in  thia,  healdea  tbe 
beauty  of  tbe  figures,  the  infinite  truth  and  etaboralion  of  tbe 
foliage  azul  ■nitwak  in  the  baekgtoiind  arc  crlehrated  in 
which  bring  to  nund  the  treatment  of  tbe  subject  by  All 
Dttrer  in  hia  famous  engraving  dooe  thirty  years  later  J 
■  peoant  of  Vind  having  in  hii  nrapKdty  asked  SerPiera 
ft  picture  painted  '     ' ' 


U  the  n 


,  It  reptiles  he  csuld  find,  obsetved  and  drew 
■hem  anldiMiuly,  and  produced  at  last  *  picture  of  a  dragoi 
(ompemdcd  of  thdr  various  shapes  and  aspects,  which  was  si 
fane  md  ao  IHeJihe  aa  to  lenity  all  who  saw  it.  With  equa 
rocudi  and  no  loa  cAct  be  painted  on  aruther  occasion  thr 
head  of  a  snaky-haind  Mcdunu  (A  picture  of  this  lubjcci  whid 
hms  did  duty  at  tbe  USn  for  Leonardo's  w«k  is  in  all  lilwlibood 
metdy  the  ptodoctloo  of  nine  later  artist  to  trtmn  the  dtacrip- 
tioM  of  that  mtk  have  pren  the  cue.)  Lastly,  I..eaiiardo  ' 
idated  to  have  bctnn  work  in  ecolpturc  about  thn  time  I 
nr-Hli-H  several  beada  of  imtling  women  and  diildten. 

Of  oeniied  and  accepted  paintings  {Hoduced  by  tbe  young 
fcnlns.  wliethec  during  hit  ^jpientice  or  h'    '    ' 
M  FIoteMC  (about  t47o~i4Bi},  very  few 
two  Bost  impeitant  are  liKi«B[Jete.     A  amal  and  charming 
atrip  of  an  oblong  "  AnnnDciatloa  "  al  tbe  Louvre  is  generally 
accepted  as  hit  wort,  dooe  soon  a~ 
■vou^t  drawing  at  the  Uffisi, 
to  the  head  of  the  Vlt^  in  the  tame . 
a  copy  by  a  later  hand.    Thia  little  Louvre  "  Annundaiioo  " 
it  not  very  compatible  in  ilyle  with  anoihet  and  laiger,  n 
stated  "  Annundatiut "  U  the  Uffiii,  which  manifestly 
from  tbe  wortdup  of  Venoechia  about  nli-t*j4,  and  which 
many  oritict  *^*rnt  conSdcntly  for  tho  young  Leonardo.    It  nuy 
hnebeoi  Joint  ttudlo-mrfc  of  VenKchio  and  hia  pupils  including 
Lcooazdo,  whottttaJnly  vu  coKCemed  in  It,  ilnct  a  study  for  the 
deeve  of  the  angtl,  preserved  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  it 
la  band.    The  lambe^e,  wit ■-' 

a  cootefflponiy  product  ol  th* 


hop,  or  ai  some  thlnV  of  Leonardo's  hand,  namely  a  very 

■  and  coldly  Gnitfaed  imnU  "  Madonna  with  a  Pink  "  al 

:h.   The  likeness  he  is  rtconled  to  have  painted  of  Gincvra 

de*  Bend  used  to  be  tradiiionally  identified  wllh  the  £ne  portrait 

naiTon  at  the  Piiti  absurdly  known  u  La  Momacf  more 

tatply  it  hat  been  recognised  in  a  rather  dull,  ciprc^ionlcss 

Verrocchiesque  porliait  of  a  young  woman  witb  a  fancilul 

rkground  of   piac-iprays  In   the   Liechtenstein   giUciy   nl 


a  St  John  i 


n,  I  he  first 


unicd  I 
bas-relief  at  I^iloii  and  a 
It  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
rithoul  general  consent,  as 
k.  Of  many  hriltianl  early  drawings 
!  dated  is  a  study  ol  landicBpe  done 
rer-poinL  head  ^  a  Roman  warrior 
■I  Ihc  BritiA  Museum  was  dearly  done,  from  or  for  a  bas- 
trllef ,  under  the  Immediate  influence  of  Vcrrocchn.  A  number  of 
studies  oF  beads  in  pen  or  silver  point,  with  some  sketches 
for  Madonnas,  including  a  channing  series  In  tbe  British  Museum 
lor  a  "  Madonna  with  the  Cat,"  may  belong  tn  the  tatne  y^n 
or  the  first  yuan  of  his  independence.  A  sheet  with  two  studiea 
□i  beads  bean  a  MS.  note  of  1478,  saying  that  In  one  of  the  last 
monthl  of  that  year  he  began  painting  the"  Two  Maries."  One 
of  the  (wo  may  have  been  a  picture  of  the  Virgin  appearing  lo 
St  Bernard,  which  ne  know  he  was  commissioned  to  paint  in  that 
year  for  a  chapdin  the  Palsccof  tbe  Signory,  but  never  finished; 
the  commissiDn  was  afterwards  transferred  to  Fihppino  Lippf, 
whose  performance  is  now  in  the  Badis.  One  of  the  two  heads  on 
this  dated  sheet  may  probably  have  been  a  study  for  (he  same 
St  Benard;  It  wae  iwd  afterwards  by  some  tollowcr  for  a  St 
Leonard  in  a  >US  and  vipid  "Ascension  of  Christ,"  wrongly 
attributed  (n  (be  mister  himself  in  the  Beriin  Museum.  A 
pen^lrawmg  representing  1  rin^eader  of  tbe  Patd  toOsplracy' 
Bernardo  BaronctUi,  bung  out  of  a  window  of  tbe  Eargello  after 
his  surrender  by  the  aultan  at  Constantinople  to  the  emitsarlea 
of  Florence,  can  be  dated  from  iia  subject  at  done  lo  Decembct 
1479-  A  number  of  bit  best  drawings  of  the  Beat  following 
yean  are  preparatory  pen-studies  (or  an  illaiiriets  of  the 
"  AdontiOD  of  the  Magi,"  undertaken  early  in  14S1  on  the  com- 
mission of  (be  monkt  of  S.  Bonalo  at  Scopeto,  The  preparation 
in  monochrome  for  this  piclnie,  a  work  of  eltnordinary  power 
both  of  design  and  physiognomical  expression,  is  pieserved 
at  the  Uffizi,  but  tbe  painting  itself  was  never  carried  out,  and 
after  Leonardo's  failure  to  fulfil  his  coiitract  FUippino  Llppl 
had  once  more  to  be  employed  in  his  place.  Of  equal  or  even 
more  intense  power,  though  of  Aanower  xofK,  h  an  unfinished 
monochrome  preparation  for  a  St  Jerome,  found  accidentally 
at  Rome  by  Caniinal  Fcsch  and  now  ia  tbe  Vatican  gattery; 
this  also  teeraa  to  belong  to  tbe  fint  Florentine  peiiod,  but  is 
not  mentioned  in  documenta. 

The  tale  of  completed  work  for  thoe  twelve  or  fourteen  yean 
(1470-1481  or  thereabouts)  is  (bus  very  scanty.  But  it  must 
be  remembeied  that  Leonardo  was  already  fuH  of  projects  in 
mechanics,  hydnulks,  archilecturc,  and  militaiy  and  dvU 
engineering,  ardently  leellng  his  way  in  the  work  of  eipeiimeutal 
itudy  and  observation  in  every  branch  of  (beoietical  or  applied 


IS  age,  a 


full  of  new  Ideas  coBCcnlng  both  Ibe  laws  and  the  applications  of 
mechanical  lotcrt  Hia  attbitectunl  and  engineering  projecU 
were  of  a  daiing  which  amand  even  the  f  eOow-dlizciu  of  Albefti 
aAd  BrunelleschL  History  [sesenls  few  figures  more  attractive 
to  tbe  mind's  eye  than  that  of  Leonardo  during  this  period  of 
bis  all-capable  and  dauhng  youth.  He  did  nt  '  '  ' 
calumny,  and  was  even  denounced  on  ' 
practicea,  but  fully  and  honourably  a  , 
ooibing  about  him,  at  there  *u  afterwards  about  Michelangelo, 
dark-tempered,  secret  or  monee;  he  was  open  and  genial  with 
all  men.  He  has  indeed  pnised  **  the  self-niSdng  power  of 
iolitade  "  In  alraoat  tbe  saioe  phnitc  at  Woidiwotth,  and  ftom 
time  (o  time  wouhj  even  in  yooib  tednde  himself  for  a  season 
in  oeaplele  iatdlaetual  abao^iiJon,  a*  when  he  taQed  among  bl( 


a  charge  of  immoral 


446 


LEONARDO  DA  VINO 


bill  and  wtipt  >nd  Uurdi.  f(rtg«(iil  el  tal  ind  food,  ud  ID' 
KiuiUc  ID  tht  noisonMoess  ol  their  comipUon  Eui  «c  have  to 
picture  bim  a>  anon  coming  oul  and  gatbcnog  about  bim  a 
ijlieidemaUoii  company,  and  jotio*  with  them  until  they  were 
in  fits  ol  laughter,  for  the  sake  of  ohHrving  thcli  builetque 
physiognomies,  anon  3*  eagerly  [requcnting  the  aociety  of  men 
ol  scicDco  and  leimtng  □(  an  older  gcoeraiioa  like  the'  oiath^ 
matician  Benedetto  Ariimeiico,  the  pfayiidan.  geographer 
and  astronomer  Paolo  ToscancUi,  the  faoioua  Gi«k  Atiiioiclian 
Giovanni  Argiropouloi  or  at  out-rivalling  all  the  youth  ol  the 
city  DOW  by  cbann  ol  recitation,  now  by  skill  in  music  and  now 
by  feats  of  strength  and  horsemanship;  or  as  sloppuig  to  buy 
caged  birds  in  the  market  that  be  might  set  thoti  Iie«  and  walcb 
them  rejoicing  in  their  flight;  or  again  as  staiuling  ratUanC 
in  his^  rose-coloured  cloak  and  his  rich  gold  hair  among  the 
throng  of  young  and  old  on  the  piazza,  and  holding  them  speU- 
bound  while  he  expatiated  on  the  great  projects  in  art  and 
mechanics  that  were  teeming  in  his  mind.    Unluckily  it  a  to 

clusively  far  our  picture.  No  portiail  oE  LoonaidD  u  b« 
appealed  during  this  pciiod  ol  his  life  hia  cnme  down  to  us. 

But  Iii*  {sr-reaching  schemes  and  studies  brought  him  no 
Immediate  gain,  and  diverted  him  from  the  tasks  by  wbkh  ho 
abould  have  supported  himself.  For  all  his  shining  power  and 
promise  be  remained  poor.  Probably  also  his  ciclusive  belief 
in  crperimeDtal  methods,  and  alight  regard  for  mere  authemy 
whether  in  science  oi  art  made  the  intellectual  atDwsphtre 
ol  the  Medictan  drde,  with  ila  pissionale  nund  cult  of  the 
classic  past  and  ol  a  Christiaoity  mystically  blended  and  recon- 
ciled with  Platonism,  uncongenial  to  bim.  At  any  late  he  was 
ready  to  leave  Floieoce  when  the  chance  was  oSered  Mm  of 
tied  service  at  the  court  of  Ludovico  Sfona  (11  Moio)  at  Milan. 
Soon  after  that  prince  had  &raJy  established  his  power  as  nominal 
guaidiui  aod  piDtectu  of  his  nephew  Gian  Ctalraaio  but  really 
as  usurping  ruler  of  the  state,  ho  revived  a  project  pieviously 

oi  the  founder  ol  his  house's  greatness,  Fianccao)  Sfona,  and 
consulted  Lorenzd  del  Medid  on  tbe  chince  of  aa  aitist.  Loreuio 
RCommended  the  young  LeoDaido,  who  went  to  Milan  accord- 
iagly  [at  some  uacertala  date  iu  or  about  I48j),  taking  as  a  gift 
from  Loienio  and  a  lokea  ol  biiDwa  skill  aiilver  lute  of  woodrous 
awcctneSB  lashioned  in  the  likeoes)  d[  a  bone's  head.  Hostilities 
weieatthe  moment  imnUnent  between  Milan  and  Venice;  it 
was  doubtloa  on  that  account  Ibat  in  the  letter  commending  him- 
self to  the  duke,  and  setting  forth  his  own  capadlies,  Leonardo 
rests  his  title  to  patronage  chieHy  on  his  atlainmenls  and  in- 
ventions in  military  engineering.  After  asserting  these  in  detail 
under  nine  diHecent  beads,  he  q>eaks  under  a  unlh  of  his  pm- 
Cdency  as  a  civil  engineer  and  architect,  and  adds  lastly  a  brief 
pai&giaph  «ttb  reference  to  what  be  can  do  in  painting  and 
iculptuie,  undertaking  in  particular  to  csny  out  in  a  fitting 
manner  the  monument  to  Francesco  Sfona. 

The  &(5t  definite  documentary  evideoco  of  t^ooardo's  em- 
ployments at  Milan  dates  from  i^Sj.  Some  biographers  have 
supposed  that  the  interval,  or  part  ol  it,  betwoen  i«Sj  and  that 
date  was  occupied  by  travels  in  the  East.  Tlie  ground*  of  the 
supposition  are  some  drafts  Dccurring  anjon^  his  KtSS.  of  a 
letter  addreued  to  the  dialaiie  or  diwiJiir  of  Sytii,  lieutenant 
of  the  sullen  of  Babylon  (Babylon  meaning  according  to  a  usage 
of  that  lime  Cairo).  In  these  digits  Leonardo  descilba  in  the 
fiiit  person,  with  sketches,  a  traveller's  str 
in  Egypt,  Cyprus,  Constantinople,  the  CiJit 

Mount  Taurus  and  Armenia.   He  relates  tbe  rii _.. 

of  a  prophet  and  preacher,  the  calastio^  of  ■  bUing 
and  submergence  of  a  great  dty,  followed  by  a  general  inunda- 
tion, and  the  claim  of  the  prophet  to  have  foretold  these  dit- 
uteis;  adding  pbysiiial  di«cnplioiia  of  tbe  Euphralcs  liver 
and  the  marvellous  eSects  of  sunset  light  on  tbe  Taurus  nogc;^ 
No  coniemperary  tfvea  the  least  hint  of  Leonaitlo's  bvriog 
travelled  in  tbe  East;  to  the  places  he  mentuHis  he  Eivea  their 
clasucal  and  not  their  cunent  OrienUl  names;  the  calMtnpba 
be  desdibes  are  unattested  from  any  otbti  Morce;  be  cobIuk* 


tbe  Taurus  and  tbe  C^Muns;  u 
mentions  are  repeated  from  Aristotle  and  Ptolemy,  and  there 
seems  Utlk  reasoa  to  donbt  tbat  that  puiages  in  his  MSS. 
arc  merely  his  drafts  of  a  projected  geographical  treatise  or 
perhaps  (omaoce.  He  hada  paiaion  forgcogmpbyand  travdleis' 
tales,  for  descriptions  of  naluial  wooden  end  mined  dlies,  and 
was  himself  a  practised  fictitious  nartator  and  fabulist,  as  other 
passages  in  his  MSS.  prove.  Neilhei  is  the  gap  in  the  accoonl 
of  his  doings  afler  be  first  went  to  tbe  couil  of  MUan  really  ■• 
complete  as  bas  been  represented.  Ludo^-ico  was  vehemently 
denouDCed  and  altadied  dniing  the  earlier  y^Lr$  <d  bis  usurpa- 
tion, Bipetially  by  tbe  partisans  ol  his  oster-inJaw  Bona  o( 
Savoy,  the  malber  oF  tbe  ri^tful  duke,  young  Gian  Cakaua. 
To  repel  Ihoe  attacks  be  employed  the  Lalenis  of  a  number  o( 
court  poets  and  aitists,  who  in  public  redlatiim  and  pageant, 
in  emblematic  picture  and  bamier  and  device,  piodaimed  tha 
wisdom  and  kindness  of  bis  guardianship  and  the  wickednea 
of  bis  assailants,  Tbat  Leonardo  was  among  tbe  artists  thus 
employed  is  proved  both  by  notes  and  projects  Hnong  Iiii  USS. 
and  by  allegoric  sketches  still  extant.  Several  Bocb  sketcbn 
are  at  Christ  Church.  Oxford:  one  ahowa  a  honted  hag  or  ah^ 
fiend  urging  ber  hounds  to  an  attack  on  Che  sute  of  Milan,  and 
baffled  by  the  Prudence  abd  Justice  of  11  Uoro  (aU  this  maik 
clear  by  (asily  recognisable  emblems).  The  allusion  mnst  almoA 
certainly  be  to  the  attempted  aaUBinatioa  of  Ludovico  by  agents 
of  the  duchess  Bona,  in  1484.  Again,  it  tmat  have  been  the 
pestilence  dedmating  Milan  in  14&4-14S5  vUch  gave  occaslaa 
to  tbe  projects  submitted  by  Leonardo  to  LudovteoiOT  breakmg 
up  tbe  dty  and  reconstructing  it  on  ieapraved  sanitary  pHlh' 
ciplQ.  To  M^S''4^  also  appears  to  belong  the  inception  (tfhil 
elaborate  though  unfulfilled  aichilectuial  plans  fee  beautifying 
and  slrtoglbening  the  CmUllo,  the  great  sCion^iald  of  the  nhng 
power  in  like  state.  Very  soon  afterwvds  be  must  ban  begui 
work  upon  his  plans  and  models,  undcnaJieB  doilng  in  ocnu 
phase  tA  the  competition  whicb  the  task  had  called  forth  bo- 
tween  German  and  Italian  architects,  for  aootber  ttomGitadi 
enterprise,  the  completion  of  Milan  calbedlaL  Eltuil  tomidi 
(d  payments  made  to  him  in  connexioo  with  those  atdBtectnnl 
plans  eateid  from  August  L4S7  to  Mky  i4go:  in  the  npabot 

residence  with   Ludovico  h" 

mechanical  ingenuity  with  apt  allegoric  invmliaa  and  cmitlj 

marriage  tA  the  young  d  ..  . 

Aiagon  in  14S7.  we  find  Leonardo  deviaiDt  il 
■  mectacular  part  of  a  .        '  ~       " 

bathing  pavilion  of  miheud-at  booty 
long  ducbCB.   MeanvMk  be  ma  UiiBi 


id  festivities.    Ob 


afterwards  dj    _ 

and  Ingenuity  for  the  yt 

his  note-books  as  bivily 

in  statics  and  dynamics,  in  hi 

the  phenomena  of  light  and  si 

the  first  he  bad  not  foijoiten  ia  „ 

meat,  with  its  attenilant  teu&rdies  hi  cciniaB  a 

scale.  The  msny  existing  sketches  for  the  watk  (ol  <Akh  tbt 
chief  collection  ia  al.  Windsor)  ouiaM  be  dtatiactly  dUid.  In 
1490,  the  seventh  year  of  bis  rcrideoce  U  Uikn,  alter  Mma 
expressions  of  irapaiienCB  on  the  part  of  Ut  patnw,  be  had  all 
but  got  his  nwdel  ready  lot  diiplay  on  the  onuion  of  tb* 
matiiaee  el  Ludovico  with  Beatrice  d'Ecte,  bnt  at  the  but 
momoBt  was  dissatisfied  *ith  what  be  had  done  uddMcrsuaed 
to  begin  all  over  again. 

In  the  same  year,  1400,  Leoiiardo  enjoyed  aome  moBthc  of 
unlnlcrrupted  mathematics  and  pbyaiMl  ttnarcb  In  tbeiairarica 
and  among  tbe  kanednai  of  Pavia,  whilba  be  had  been  oilkd 

cithcdraL    Here  atio  tbe  Mady  ef  an  mden  equcMiian  ntooM- 
'  (1hcBa.catllBd  JlQis('(,d(«toyedini796)  gntUmintb 


LEONARDO  DA  VINCj 


M-7 


.    _  Bd(ti(thh&pinnrau*tiuu(fQeandpig<9n(- 

MMcr.  far  ihc  nut  fofloRiag  ytan  the  cver-inncasiag 
tliiety  tsd  ■pkodour  oC  ttc  Milusc  cnun  give  him  ODMinutJ 
eaii^iynaal  in  linuUr  kindi,  indoding  the  compoaiion  and 
RduUoa  of  jcsU.  Uia,  fahlei  and  "in^bcciea"  (ij:,  raenl  ud 
■OCiil  utirea  and  allcgDris  cut  in  iIb  {ulon  tenaa);  amaiig 
fab  MSS.  occDi  llie  dnfu  of  many  taA,  some  of  tbam  bulb 
prdouad  and  puneeoi-  Hrauwfaile  be  ns  again  U  mik  upas 
Ub  DMUuneni  la  Fiaoctsco  Sfom,  and  thia  linM  to  pisdinl 
pur^xse.  When  ambuaulon  from  AiisUia  casw  to  MiUo 
(onnb  the  dose  ti  1(93  to  ocoR  Ihe  betrothed  b^de  of  their 
aDpcnt  MudmHiari,  Biases  Maiia  Sfojza,  away  on  ber  mtptill 
joniDCTi  tbe  IsiibHi  cokesal  model,  36  ft.  higb,  *u  at  lut 
in  it*  pbce  for  all  to  ice  in  tbe  connyard  of  the  CaiteDo.  CoD- 
tempofary  acaiuats  attest  tbc  ma^uficeoca  of  tb«  irork  and 
the  gtthuBsim  it  cidted,  bul  are  Dot  precise  enough  to  «abk 
us  to  jwlge  to  whidi  of  tbc  two  main  gnKipa  of  ckiant  tkcicbu 
its  design  camsponded.  One  of  diese  groups  abom  the  bone 
and  lidef  m  lelativdy  tranquil  maicb,  in  Ibe  maaivT  1^  th« 
GlLtemilata  monumcDl  put  op  fifty  yeaia  belon  by  I>aiulelki 
at  Fadna  and  the  CoUeooi  nwnaiHmt  on  which  Vetoccbio  waa 
now  en^igrd  at  Venice.  Another  group  of  ahetcba  sbowi  the 
hone  galloping  tk  leaiing  in  viotent  action,  in  lome  insunco 
In  the  ad  of  tnmpUng  a  fallen  eoetny  Neitha  is  it  pDEaible 
to  disaiminatc  with  cxitalnty  Ihe  tkelcba  Iniendcd  for  tin 
Sfons  momunent  fnnn  otbeis  wbidi  Leonardo  may  bafv  doH 
fn  view  of  another  and  late 


momeBtoui  one  in  tbc  UitDiy  of  Italian 
politics.  In  that  yeai  the  long  ousted  and  arduded  prince, 
Gian  Galeaazo,  died  nnder  circum&tances  inore  '' 
In  that  year  Ijidorico,  now  duke  of  Milan  {n  b 
the  itrengtbemng  of  hii  power  a|faJASt  Naples,  firat  (ffltered  into 
tbose  mtrigaea  witb  Cbulei  VIII.  of  France  wbich  bter  biought 
vpoo  Italy  successive  Soodt  of  invade,  revohilioii  and  cUamily. 
The  tame  year  waa  one  of  ipedslimpoctinceintbcpcodigiouily 
versilile  sotvitin  ol  Leoiiarda  da  Vind.  Documents  show  him, 
■moog  other  things,  i^oBDlag  during  an  absence  01  lever^ 

Ihi  Inlgslion  and  wsttt-wiyi  of  the  LomcDina  and  adjacent 
ngions  of  the  Lmilmd  plun;  ardently  studying  pbcnonKna 
of  stocm  uul  HgfatDlng,  of  titer  action  and  of  mountain  stnic- 
tnre;  cooperating  with  Ids  friend,  Donato  Bramante,  the  great 
arcbitect,  i&  fresh  designs  for  the  improvement  and  einbeffisb- 
ment  at  the  Casletio  at  Uikn;  and  peritioning  the  duke  to 
aecurc  him  proper  payment  for  a  Madonna  lately  erecuied  with 
the  help  ol  bis  pupil,  Ambrogio  de  Predis,  for  the  brotherhood  of 
iheConceptionof  St  Francis  it  Milan.  (This  is  almost  ceruinly 
tbe  fine,  slightly  altered  second  venoon  of  the  "Virgin  of  the 
Rocka,"  now  in  the  NatioBal  Gallery,  Loudon.  The  origioal 
and  earlier  venion  is  one  of  the  glories  of  Ibc  Louvre,  and  shows 
far  more  of  s  Florentine  and  leu  of  a  Milaaesc  character  than 
Ihe  London  picture.)  In  Ihe  aune  year,  itiM,  or  esAy  in  tbe 
next,  Leonardo,  if  Vasari  ii  to  be  trusted,  paid  s  visit  (o  Flonnce 
to  take  pan  In  deliberations  concerning  the  projected  new 
council-Iiall  to  be  coastiucled  in  the  palace  of  tbe  Sigoory. 
Lastly,  recent  toeut^  has  proved  that  it  was  in  1494.  that 
leoaaido  got  to  woik  in  earnest  on-what  wis  to  prove  not  onlr 
by  far  hu  gmatest  but  by  lac  his  most  eipeditioudy  and  Iteadily 
tutcuted  aoik  In  painting.  This  was  tbe  "  Lut  Supper  " 
nndertaken  for  the  refectory  of  Ihe  convent  cbutch  of  Sta 
Maria  delle  Cra»  at  Milan  on  tbe  joint  commission  (as  it  would 
appear)  of  Lodovica  and  of  the  monks  themselves. 

This  picture,  tbe  woild-funous  "  Ctoscob  "  of  Leonardo,  has 
btcn  tbe  subject  of  much  erroneous  legend  and  much  misdirected 
erperimept.  Having  Ihcougb  ciatunes  undergone  cruel  injury, 
from  technical  imperfections  at  the  outset,  from  disasiitius 
atmospheric  conditions,  from  vxndaliim  and  neglect,  snd  most 
of  all  from  umklUed  repair,  its  remains  have  si  iasi  (i«04-iqoe) 
been  treated  with  a  maxtety  of  sdenlific  resource  and  1  tenderness 
It  skill  that  have  revived  for  ounclves  and  for 


posterity  a  great  part  of  its  power.  At  tbe  same  time  ill  Irue 
history  has  been  invcstigalcd  and  re-rslablisbed.  Tbe  intensity 
of  tnlelkctual  and  nuuu]  ip[dicBIian  which  Leonardo  liuew 
into  tbc  work  is  proved  by  the  fact  that  be  Gnished  it  wiihia 
tour  years.  In  ^te  of  all  his  other  avocations  and  of  thou 
prolonged  pauses  of  concentrated  imaginaljve  effort  and  intense 
self-critical  broodibg  to  which  we  have  diiect  contemporary 
witness.  He  painted  tbe  picture  on  tbe  wall  in  tempers,  not, 
according  to  the  legend  which  sprwig  up  within  twenty  yean 
of  iLscompleticn,  in  oiL  Tbc  tempera  vehicle,  perhaps  including 
new  eiperimcntal  ingredients,  did  not  long  bold  firmly  to  iti 
plaster  ground,  nor  that  to  the  walL  Ftaldng  and  scaling  set  in; 
bard  crusts  of  mildew  formed,  dissolved  and  re-lormed  with 
changes  of  weather  over  both  the  loosened  puis  and  those  that 
remained  finn.  Decade  after  decade  these  pfocesies  went 
on.  a  rain  of  minute  scales  and  grains  falling,  accotdrng  to  one 
wilneis,  continually  from  the  surface,  till  tbe  plctiin  seemed  to 
be  perishing  ahogetbcr.  In  the  iSth  century  attempts  were  first 
made  at  lesloiatjon.  They  all  proceeded  on  Ihe  false  assump- 
tion, dating  from  tbe  CaHy  years  of  the  i6th  century,  that  tbe 
work  bad  bets  eiecuted  in  oil.  Witb  oQ  it  was  accordingly 
at  one  time  saturated  in  liopes  of  reviving  the  colours.  Other 
eipeiimenlers  tried  vatioos  "  secrets,"  which  lor  tbe  most  part 
meant  deLelerfous  ^uet  and  varnisbes.  Forttmately  not  very 
much  of  aclnal  repainting  was  accomplished  eicept  on  some 
pans  of  the  gannenli.  Tbe  dnet  operations  were  carried  on  by 
Bellotti  in  1716,  by  Uazia  hi  1770,  and  by  Boreui  In  1E19  and 
the  following  years.  None  of  them  arrested,  some  actually 
accelcRied,  the  natural  agencies  of  damp  and  disbitcgtalion, 
decay  and  mildew.  Yet  Ibis  mere  ghost  of  a  picture,  this 
evocation,  half  vanished  as  it  Was.  by  a  great  woHd-genius  of 
a  mighty  spiritual  worM-etrnt,  remained  a  thing  indescribably 
impressive.  The  ghost  has  now  been  brought  back  to  moch 
of  Irue  life  again  by  tbe  skill  of  the  most  scrupulous  of  all 
restoms,  Cavalieie  Cavenaghi,  who,  acting  under  the  suthorily 


imltsjan 


eriongan 


bllslered, 

mildewed  and  half-detached  fiakcs  and  scales  of  the  original 
work  that  yet  remained,  to  dear  the  surface  thus  obtained  of 
much  of  (he  obHi crating  accretions  due  10  decay andmishandling, 
and  to  brng  tbc  whole  to  unity  by  touching  tenderly  in  with 

gain  obtained  through  these  operations  has  been  the  uncovering, 
immediately  above  Ibc  main  subject,  of  a  beaulilul  scheme  of 
painted  lunettes  and  vaultings,  the  luncltcs  filled  by  Leonardo's 
band  with  hiscribed  sculcheons  and  inlerlaced  plait  or  knot 
ornaments  (iK^ecriafHeii/i),  the  vaultings  with  stars  on  a  blue 
ground.  Tbe  total  result,  If  adequate  steps  can  be  taken  10 
counteract  ibe  effects  of  almosphfric  change  in  future,  will 
remain  a  splendid  gain  for  posterity  and  a  happy  refutation  of 
D'Annuuio's  despairing  poem,  tbe  iTediA  0/ a  if  aJfrr^>£e. 

Leonardo's  "Lasl  Supper,"  for  all  iia  injuries,  became  from 
the  flrst,  and  has  ever  since  rentiined,  for  all  Chriitendom 
the  typical  representation  of  the  scene.  Coelhe  in  bis  famous 
criricism  has  slid  all  that  needs  to  be  said  of  it.  Tlie 
painter  has  departed  from  precedent  in  grouping  the  disciples, 

ilit  of  the  table  towards  tbc  spectator  free.  TV  chamber  ll 
seen  In  a  perfectly  symmetrical  perspective,  its  rear  wall  pierced 
by  three  plain  openings  which  admit  tbe  sense  of  quiet  disiance 
and  mysiety  Itnm  the  open  landscape  beyond,  by  ihe  central 
'ihese  openings,  wbch  Is  the  widest  of  the  ibtec,  t^-  '--"'  -~' 


shoulders  of  ll 


.    OnH 


right  ni 


ranged  the  disciples  in  equal  [mmbeti.  Tbe  fumi 
[cessories  of  the  chamber,  very  simply  conceived,  have  oeen 
^udered  witb  scrupulous  eiaclness  and  dislinctncss;  yet 
ley  leave  lo  the  human  and  dramatic  elcmenii  Ibc  absolute 
mleiy  of  the  scene  The  serenity  of  the  holy  company  hu 
iihin  a  moment  been  broken  by  the  words  of  their  Master, 
One  ol  yOD  shall  betray  Me."  In  the  ablation  of  tbeir  con- 
rienccs  and  affections,  the  disciples  have  Uarted  into  c">upa 


+48 


LEONARDO  DA  VINM 


m  clui>«n  (loog  lie  Ublc,  tamt  lUnding,  some  Uitl  nmaiiuDg 
Kited.  TtwR  an  four  nl  tbCK  group*,  ol  Ibnc  dudplcs  each, 
■nd  each  [roup  ii  hsrmoDioiisly  ioleiliiikRl  by  ioDie>DUunl 
comicctiDg  action  with  tbc  j>ut-  Lcobardo^  though  do  qxdal 
■tudrot  of  Uie  CneJa,  hu  perlcclly  cjniicd  out  the  Cnck 
principle  of  expressive  vuitty  in  puticului  lubordinaled  to 
gcociil  iyxasnaty.  He  has  uicd  all  hii  acquired  Kiencc  of  lincu 
and  aerial  penpeclive  to  create  as  alnust  complete  iUuiion 
to  the  eye,  but  ao  illusion  that  has  in  it  nothiof  trivial,  and  in 
beigbteniog  our  sense  of  the  material  leality  ol  the  icenc  only 
heightens  Its  profound  spiritual  impressiveneu  and  gn> 


the  human  : 


cnsest  meditations  on  the  psychology  and 
le  significance  ol  the  event  (on  which  he 
has  JeJt  some  pregnant  hints  in  written  words  of  hii  own)  arc 
perfectly  fused  with  those  of  his  subtlest  technical  calcuiationB 
on  the  rhythnicai  twli  nn'n^  «]£  groctpa  and  urangement  of 
figures  in  space. 

0(  authentic  pcepmloiy  sludiet  f«  this  work  then  remiui 
but  few.  Tlien  is  a  iheei  at  the  Louvre  of  much  eaiiier  dale 
llitn  (be  fint  idea  or  commission  for  this  parlicuUr  [Hcture, 
coBUining  some  nude  iltetcha  lor  the  amogsnent  of  the 
subject :  another  later  and  fanhei  advanced,  but  still  ptobahly 
anterior  to  tiie  practical  commission,  ai  Venice,  and  a  MS. 
sheet  of  great  interest  at  tbe  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum, 
on  which  the  painter  has  noted  in  writing  the  dramatic  motives 
:  to  tbe  several  disciples.    At  Windsor  and  Klilan 

^  of  life-sized  chalk  drawing  of  the  same  bcadsv 


ol  ohii 


caHy 


stins  though  having 
alily.    Scarcely  less  doubtful  is  the  celebrated  unfiuished  and 
injured  study  of  the  head  ol  Christ  at  thcBrera,  Milan. 

Leanaido's  triumph  nith  his  "  Last  Supper  "  encouraged  him 
in  the  hi^ie  of  proceeding  now  to  the  casting  of  tbe  Sfom 
moniunent  or  "  Great  Hotsc,"  the  model  oi  whicb  hid  stood  lot 
the  bsl  three  years  the  admiration  ol  all  beholden,  in  the  Cocte 
Viccbia  of  the  Caslello.  He  had  lormcd  a  new  and  close  Iriend- 
:o  San  Sepolcro,  the  great 


malidan,  wbose  S»«,m< 

dt 

viixi 

eagerly  bought  at  Pavia 

oniL 

Era 

at  the  Court  ol  &L1an 

bout 

tbc 

moment  ol  the  complelioD  ol 

the  "  Cenacolo."    Paci 

oli  w 

as  equaUy  amaied  and  "delighted 

at  Leonardo's  two  great 
and  still  nKxe  at  tbe 

acbie 

»eni 

nts  in  sculpture  and  painting. 

m^inthT 

mathematical,  physical  and 
ollectionsol  MS.  notes  which 

the  nuuiei  laid  before 

im. 

The 

two  be^n  working  together 

on  tbe  materials  for  Pac 

oli's 

neat 

boot,   Dtioaaptot«luini. 

iMiardo  obtained  Pac 

oli's 

help 

in  calculations  and  measure- 

melita  for  the  great  task  ol  ^a^ling  tbe  bronie  hoise  and  man. 
But  he  was  soon  called  away  by  Ludovicn  to  a  diRerent  under, 
taking,  the  completion  of  the  interior  dectiraiions,  already 
begun  by  another  hand  and  inlenuplcd.  oi  certain  chambers 
of  the  Castella  called  the  SaUUa  Sipa  and  the  Sola  Gratiit 
itlT  Aia,  at  Sail  idia  Tare.  When,  in  the  Uil  decade  of  the 
I(ilh  century,  works  ol  thorough  architectural  luvestigilion  and 
repair  ureit  uudeitaken  in  that  budding  under  the  superintend 
ence  ol  Prolessor  Luca  Beltrami,  a  devoted  foreign  student, 
Dr  Paul  Moller-Walde,  oblained  leave  to  scrape  for  traces  of 
Leonardo's  handiwork  beneath  the  replastercd  and  white 
washed  walls  and  ccQlngs  of  chambers  that  might  be  identified 
with  these.  In  one  small  chamber  there  vas  cleared  a  Inczc 
of  cupids  inleimiogled  with  foliage,  but  in  ibis,  alter  the  first 
moment*  ol  illusion,  it  mas  only  passible  to  acknowledge  the 
hind  of  some  unknown  late  and  Ui  decorator  ol  the  school, 
influenced  as  much  by  Raphael  as  by  Leonardo  In  another 
room  {Sda  id  Tciare)  was  recovered  a  ^antic  headless  figure, 
in  all  probability  of  Mercuiy,  dso  wrongly  claimed  at  first 
tor  Leonardo,  and  afterwards,  to  all  appearance  rightly,  for 
Btarnante.  But  in  tbe  great  SiJa  dtB'  AiU  (or  ddla  Tarrt) 
abundant  traces  ol  Leoiurdo's  own  hand  were  found,  In  the 
■hape  ol  a  decoration  ol  IntricaU  geometrical  knot  or  plait  work 
combined  with  natural  leafage;  iLe  abitracl  puule-pattcm,  ol 


a  kind  in  which  Leonardo  took  pecufiar  pi 
in  cunning  play  and  contrast  with  a  patters  M  BVU«  MogM 
and  leaves  eiquiiitely  drawn  in  free  and  viulpawtk.  SnSdag 
portions  of  this  design  wen  found  in  good  fomemdum  Id  caible 
the  whole  to  be  accurately  mtored— «  prMe«  Mi  kgitiniMe  in 
such  a  aae  as  couurable  in  the  ate  ct  a  figor«.{iifnllng.  For 
these  and  other  artistic  labours  Leonardo  was  rewarded  in  i^gS 
(re&dy  money  being  with  diScuiry  forthcoming  and  Us  salnr 
being  long  in  atrean)  by  the  gift  of  >  auburban  gardem  ontMie 
the  Fan*  VerceUL 

But  again  lie  could  not  get  leave  to  complete 
He  was  called  away  on  duty  a*  cUel  military  at 
caiKiraie}  with  the  special  chaife  of  itt 
atlthecanabandwsterwaysof thedodty.   . 

Uting  upon  Ludovito  and  the  slalo  o(  lillai .   

Ludovico'i  enemy;  and  Lonii  KU.,  tbc  popa  ud  Venice  lad 
loimed  a  league  to  divide  Ui  prinidpility  >nK>n(  tbeau  He 
counted  on  baffling  them  by  fomiiig  t,  omnter  letgv  of  tbe 
principalities  ol  northern  Italy,  ud  bjrniiinstbe'Itefcaa^iitt 
Venice,  and  the  Germans  and  Swin  igalnM  FMbc*.  OninaM 
and  Swiss,  however,  inopponunely  fell  lowuaednsteschotbn. 
Ludovico  InvcUed  to  Innsbruck,  tha  better  to  ptah  ha  inlncsts 
(S^cmber  i4w).  In  his  absence  Louia  XIL  invaded  the 
Milanese,  and  the  ofiicen  left  in  eturge  of  tbe  dly  surtendertid 
it  without  striking  a  blow.  The  invading  tovtndgn,  going  to 
Sta  Maria  delle  Graiie  with  bis  retimt  la  admire  tbe  lenowned 
painting  of  the  "  Last  Supper,"  asked  if  h  cssld  not  bo  dctachoi 
fromthewaUandtrassporwdto  France  Tbe  Fitnck  UeUeBant 
in  Milan,  Gian  Giacomo  Trivuliio,  the  embittered  aieaiy  ol 
Ludonco,  began  exercising  a  vindjclivc  tynony  over  tbe  dly 
which  had  so  long  accepted  the  away  td  tbe  tuuiper.  Citat 
atiists  were  usually  ecempt  front  tbc  ccmsequeiiaa  td  polilicri 
revolutioos,  and  Trivuliie,  now  oc  later,  comnbsioBcd  Leoninlo 
to  design  u  equestrian  nunumeiit  10  hinaelf.  Leonu^o,  hiving 
temained  unrnolcsted  at  Milan  fot  two  mostli*  under  tbe  oeia 
ttgime,  but  knowing  that  Ludovico  wai  preparing  a  gteit  stnke 
for  the  re-establisbment  ol  bis  power,  and  that  fiesh  convalsioa) 
must  ensue,  Iboughi  it  best  to  provide  for  his  own  aecnrity.  In 
December  be  left  Milan  with  bis  Iriend  Luca  PacioK,  having  fiat 
sent  sotne  of  bis  modest  tavinga  to  Florence  lor  investnienl. 

bim  *  slianger  to  Milan  (or  tbc  neit  seven  years.  Ludovka,  at 
tbe  bead  of  an  army  of  Swisa  mercenaries,  Rtumed  victoriously 
in  Febrtiary  tjoD,  and  was  velcomed  by  a  popidation  disgusted 
with  tbe  oppression  of  the  invadera.  But  in  April  be  wu  ones 
more  overtbirown  by  tbe  French  in  a  battle  fought  atNovm.hi> 
Swiss  damouriiig  at  tbe  last  moment  lor  tbor  overdue  pay,  awl 
tzeacherousiy  rclusiag  to  fight  against  a  foece  c#  their  own 
countrymen  led  by  La  Ti^mouille.  Ludovico  was  taken  prisoner 
and  carried  to  France;  the  city,  which  bad  been  strictly  apand 
on  the  fiist  entry  ol  Louis  XII.,  was  entered  and  sacked;  and 
tbe  model  ol  Leonardo's  great  statue  made  a  butt  (aaeye  sritaecies 
tell)  lor  Gascon  archers  Two  yean  later  we  find  the  duke  Ertolc 
of  Ferrara  begging  the  French  king's  lieutenant  in  Uitin  tolet 
him  have  the  model,  injured  as  it  was,  for  tbe  adottimeut  ol  fait 
own  aty,  but  nothing  came  ol  the  petition,  and  within  a  sbort 
timeit  seems  to  hive  been  totally  broken  up. 

Thus,  ol  Leonardo's  siateen  yean'  work  at  Milan  (i48]-t49a) 
the  results  actually  remaining  art  as  fallows:  Tbe  Louvre 
"  ViTgio  of  tlie  Rocks  "  possibly,  ie.  as  to  its  eieculion;  tbt 
conception  and  style  are  essentially  Florentine,  carried  out  by 
Leonardo  to  a  point  of  intense  and  almost  Ottering  fioidi,  ol 
quinlesKUtial,  almost  oventiained,  lefincment  in  design  and 
expression,  and  invested  with  a  new  element  ol  romance  by  tbe 
landscape  in  which  the  scene  is  set — a  strange  watered  coutltry 
ol  basaltic  caves  and  arches,  with  Ibe  lights  and  shadows  striking 
sharply  and  yet  mysteriously  among  rocks,  iome  upright,  mnt 
Jutting,  some  pendent,  all  tufted  here  and  there  with  ciquisit* 
growths  ol  shrub  and  fiower. .  Tbe  National  Gallery  "  Virgin  of 
the  Rocks  "  certainly,  with  help  Irom  Ambrogio  de  Prcdti;  ia 
this  the  Florentine  character  ol  tbe  original  is  modilied  by  la 
idmiitutc  ol  Milanese  elements,  the  tendency  to  hntsbnwt  and 


LEONARDO  DA  VINa 

Vr  drapptd,  >Uk  is  joMr  iriKti 
k  botde  that  cf  tke  n>Mn.  TIm 


it)  U  the  Loavn;  thk  lot  b  Aks-  m  tamSim 
b^  Lcooudo  Idinidl  dr  u  aUmxdSaMi3j  Sam  irnktlUapufi 
BiitnlBa.  StnngddoukBVeitaobsaiBadiM  iMkiHof  afiac 
pnifile  poilztit 


ttfwcUBjr  Rcmded  ■■ 

pot  of  bi>  life  U  Miha  an 

AaUrnkt  BtUnlBn  ad  Ambn(b  Pnda  <r  da  PiatUi,  witk 


lictrioo,  Btxd,  Coua  da  ScsiD  and  indnd  tbc  i 
■dudin  tba  oily  istli  ceatuijr.  Of  aculptun  dam  by  turn 
dur^  (hit  potod  «■  ban  M  leaaiof,  only  the  tafiaMy 
.^..Hri.^  htMny  of  tba  Sloaa  ncsanMBt.  Of  dnwfii^  thsa 
an  Ttfy  aiany,  fa-*"*^  tm  eoly  for  tlia  "  lait  Ssfiiiei',''  aaaj 
■     ■'    "  I,  ai  «cll  M  lb*  nafcltade  «f  iketiks, 


U  Fknaia.  Piaia  Hcatl,  Fa^ 
FadsIL     Tba  knowlcdga     ' 
IindliBity  witb  nch  nen 


Mafta  hk 

drgelngB,  of  ■eometde. "  knau  "  sr  poada-pntWB*  (UUip  for 
wbidi  -m  have  ■body  leaiaed  b  paniab^,  be^  to  fn 
'  a  Dot  CKdy  ia  tuif  bM  ta  Ibd  Noitb, 


4+9 

H  «aa  m^Hl  br  Albnckt  DOia. 


«f  the laMH  patba al  kooirMie^    Hakandii 
ly  «bne*er  be  coold,  and  in  karaiac  i 
boa.   BalbekadTCKkMliaaMDnl 
enqit  b  itodiD,  aad  ha  eidy  aclulaii  * 


a  ItkBdabcaid  tt  tie 
id  and  bwl  oweitbnm  of  tiodovla  il  Uoio.  aad  at  tkat 
a.  iMwap  al  ideaof  a  relum  (0  HilaD,  BUredoB  to  FkwKe, 


Anw,  aadpr 


olthav 
■nidi,  iilib  oon^aikiiiedoqiimc*  a>d  coovklioa, 
vD^otfav  tbe  BaptiitBy  of  St  John,  the  "  bel 
Saa  Ofammi  "  of  Dante,  to  aDDtbar  put  id  Ibe  chy,  aad  clml- 
ia;  ft  oa  a  itately  baMDM  of  raaible.  McaatiaM  tba  Safviie 
bratbaa  of  tba  AanonMata  nen  CK>«i»l  inpatiest  fct  tbe 

*alilirf  tba  cBitOTB,  aad  tbi>  all  flMcaoe  'flacked  to  M*  aad 

tabda  Gomasa, -wbo  cboiabed  tba  hi^  Ibat  ba  bight 

■iJytoalladihimMlflalbcCMnalMaiilaa, 

adi  imraof  hin^  and  ID  beg  lor  a  paint 


by  the  Sot  hi 


IK  itady.  atnady  adomd  wiib  oiutRpiMa 
sf  Italy,  w  at  kaM  lor  a  "  mult  Undtmna, 
aa  k  aataral  to  Ub."  Io  reply  her  conw- 
.  tbe  aaMcr  it  trinity  taken  up  with  guBieiiy 
awl  wy  tapatkat  of  Iba  bitMb,  bat  at  the  uiDe  tune  uUi 
hv  alt  afaoBt  hi*  |nM  caopieted  cartoon  lor  Ibe  AuBoilata. 
The  i^iact  «aa  tba  \^rgfai  Kated  la  tbe  lap  of  St  Anne,  bauUng 
fonraid  to  hold  bet  ibOd  lAo  bad  hil  tacaped  from  her  eabraa 
to  play  iritb  a  lamb  apoo  tba  (roond.  Tbe  durtiptioB  aatwen 
aiKlly  to  the  oaa^odlisa  of  the  odttnMd  pktoc  of  tbe 
^SiaandSt  AaBeatlbcLoana.  Ataitooaof  thiicDmpoeitJgo 
in  Ibe  OmtAMaf  coUictka  at  Viraaa  f*  bdd  la  be  only  *  copy, 
aodtheOfiiiulcutoaDiiniUbate^rdcda^lait.  Butaootba- 
of  kindred  though  not  identical  mMhre  ])ai  cob*  dna  (a  m 


■  Cioo^^li 


4SO 


LEOMAKDO  DA  VINa 


ud  ii  praaved  in  the  Diplonu  0(11117  »t  Ibc  Roytl  Auctmy. 
Ib  tUt  bcumpuable  woik  St  Anne,  pointing  upwird  with  her 
left  huid,  nnijei  *itli  ta  intense  k»l(  of  wondeiiD^.  quotioniiig, 
tawud  IMUBtll  biW  tl>«  lue  b[  the  Virgin,  vhn  in  her  tuin 
■mdA  dowB  upon  her  child  ai  Be  leuis  fnm  her  lip  to  give  the 
Ueidnf  lo  tbe  tittle  St  John  uanding  bcude  her.  Evidenlly 
Im  dlStROt  thcni^  nearJy  relaled  deiigni  had  been  mntutins 
h  Lcoaudo'l  Mund.  A  nogh  6nl  ikelch  for  Ilie  motive  ol  the 
Academr  automi  i)  ia  tbe  Bntish  MuKUm;  one  for  the  DMlivc 
«f  the  Int  CvtDDd  and  d  the  Louvre  pictun  b  at  Veidoe.  Nc 
palnllDg  i^  Leonardo  from  the  AcadcRiy  cutooa  extsu,  but  jn 
the  Ambnniuu  M  Mibo  tbeie  ii  one  by  Lilint.  njth  the  figure 
of  St  foicph  added.  It  Tcmiim  a  matter  al  debate  idielher 
the  Acadcoy  cutooa  or  that  ehowB  by  Leoaardoat  Che  Anami-- 
aata  in  1501  waa  the  eariier.  The  pitriiaWlilles  aeem  in  favour 
rf  the  A     ■  _.        .     .       . 


Flonna,  b  in  B117  o 


a  typicaliy  perfect  and 
aaampie  en  tae  masien  wJitjTipM*  manner;  vtiile  In  tne  ocher 
coBpoiition  with  tbe  Uub-the  actioa  and  Utitnde  of  tbe  Virgiii 
aie  loniewliat  Mralaed,  and  tbeorigiital  lelaiioa  between  her  bead 
and  ber  awlbpt'a,  iovdy  both  in  detiga  and  expnuon,  ia  loAt. 

Ia  *plte  of  tbe  univenaj  praiae  of  hi>  cartoon,  Leoosido  did 
aolpencvere  with  tbe  picture,  and  themonkaof  the  Aonuniiata 
bad  to  give  back  the  commlstion  to  Filippoio  ljp|^  at  whou 
dealb  the  talk  wu  completed  by  Penigfaio.  It  nmaim  un- 
cenain  whether  a  vaall  Uukinoa  wiib  diataS  and  spindk.  wbkh 
the  asmpoDdeol  of  liabdla  GontagK  ivporti  Lemnrdo  as 
having  began  for  one  Kabeitei,  a  lavoutUa  of  the  king  at  Fnnce. 
was  cnr  fibiihed.  He  painted  one  ponmii,  it  is  aaid,  at  thii 
lime,  Uial  af  Ginevra  Send,  a  kinawomon,  perhaps  aiiter,  oi 
a  youth  Giovaimi  di  Ameii^  Bend,  who  ibared  his  paaston 
Cnr  cDsmographicsl  studies;  and  probably  bc^an  soother, 
the  bmoBi  "  La  Gioconda,"  which  was  only  finiibcd  (our  years 
alterwaids.  The  gonfalioiiTH)  Sadrniii  ofieied  him  in  vain, 
to  do  with  It  what  he  would,  ihc  huge  biU^ipdled  bkick  of 
maibk  «ut  of  which  Uichelingelo  three  yean  latci  wrought  his 
**  David."  ImKHIh  Oonaaga  again  begged.  In  an  autograph 
lettB',  that  Avmlght  taavea  ptlnting  by  hii  hand,  but  het  request 
wai  put  001  be  did  ba,  howevet,  one  tmall  Ktvice  by  cmninlng 
and  reportina  on  mnc  JeweSed  nKi,  tonnedy  tbe  property  ol 
Loceno  de*  Uadid,  lAicb  bad  been  aDeied  bn.    The  iaipor- 


tbraagb  the  *hU  of  Uamt  aad  MupriKi,- 
Ireoons,  which  madcd  tf*  covnt  that  winMr,  and  finafiy,  by 
way  «f  ChiuB  and  AcviapeBdente,  uten  OrricM  aid  pisbaUy 
lo  Kowa,  when  Caeiar  unred  00  tbe  141b  tt  FOmaty  ijoj. 
Tbe  pope'a  death  and  CasHrt  own  dowtJall  mn  not  dnlHied 
to  be  bn^idalaycd.  Bat  I^onndo  i«pUMIl]r.  bad  ahcady  had 
enough  of  that  KTvke.ud  waa  bad  at  Elonnabillaich.  He 
bM  left  dalad  Dotta  abd  drawing  made  at  nost  ol  the  slationa 
•re  have  Baned,  bciidc*  a  Mt  of  ili  laigtaalc  mapa  dnwc 
minutely  with  his  own  hand,  and  iodudhu  Dearly  the  whole 
teriitciy  of  the  Uartosaa,  Totcaay  and  Umbda  betw«en  the 
Apaaoinas  and  the  Tyi^aoe  Sea. 


At  FkKMcc  he  was  at  iBt  peiauaded,  <•  tbe  Wtlalii*  af 
Piero  Soderim.  toandenike  Isr  ha  native  dtyawotfc of  paintinB 
as  great  as  thai  witb  which  be  had  adorned  Milan  Thk  was 
a  batlle-piecc  ts  detoiale  one  of  the  walls  ol  the  sew  coiuidl 
hall  in  Ihc  palace  ol  the  signo^.  He  cbose  an  episode  in  ibe 
victny  won  by  tbe  generals  of  Ibe  r^obbc  id  1440  over  Niccslo 
l^cciaioo  near  a  bndgeai  Anghiaii.  in  the  upper  valley  of  [be 
Tibs.  To  the  yoeng  Michdaagclo  was  ptoKUIly  cnlnntcd  a 
rival  batUe^ioee  to  be  painted  on  another  wall  of  Ibe  ume 
Bputmenl,  he  chose,  as  is  weD  knownj  a  suiptise  of  the  Floten- 
lina  force*  hi  the  act  of  bathing  near  Fisa.  About  the  URie 
time  I^ooanlo  took  paA  in  tbe  debate  on  the  proper  site  for 
Micbelaogelo'a  newly  hnishcd  coloasal  "David,"  and  voted 
in  favour  of  tbe  Lc^gia  dd  Lonii,  against  a  majority  which 
indndcd 'Michelangelo  himself.  Neilher  L^isaTdo's  genius  nor 
ba  noble  mannen  could  soften  the  nide  and  Itunling  temper 
of  the  younger  man,  whoae  slyle  aa  an  artist,  ucv^tbdess.  in 
aubjecla  both  of  tendemas  and  term,  undenmit  at  Ibis  time 
>  prolound  modification  from  Leonaida^  example. 

In  one  of  the  eeciioni  of  hla  projected  Trtatist  tm  PanaiMg, 
Leonardo  hoA  detailed  al  bngtfa,  and  obviously  from  his^ottn 
observation,  the  pictotlil  aspects  of  a  battle.     His  choice  of 

of  warlani  or  indilference  lo  its  boirera.  In  bis  MSS.  Ibeti 
occur  ahnost  as  many  trenchant  layinp  on  life  and  human 

in  two  words  a»  a  "  bolial  fieniy  "  {faaia  bcuuliuima).  In 
hit  deaign  for  the  HoU  of  Coundl  be  set  hiniBalf  to  depict  Ibis 
frcuy  at  its  fiemst.  He  cboie  the  oionMnt  ol  a  lecrihc  itraggle 
for  tbe  coloun  between-the  opposing  sidca;  hence  the  wnfc 
bccvne  commonly  known  as  the  "  Battle  of  Ihc  Staodatdr" 
Judging  by  the  accounts  of  ibcaewbouiiiit.andtbE  fiagraentacy 
evidence!  which  remain,  the  tuimiJLuoUi  medley  of  men  and 
horss,  and  the  expressioni  of  mania]  fury  and  despair,  must 

cnnmaading  than  had  been  the  looks  and  gesluias  of  bodelul 
sorrow  and  soul's  perpleaity  among  the  cjuict  company  on  the 
convent  wall  at  Milan.  Tbe  place  assigned  lo  Leonardo  for 
the  preparatJQO  of  hia  cartoon  was  the  Sail  del  Papa  at  Santa 
Maria  Novella.    He  for  once  woriced  steadily  at  ' 


_  .  lo  follow 
its  progieaa  itep  by  icep.  He  had  GniihRl  the  ortoon  in  leas 
than  two  yian  (tsoe-iso;).  and  when  it  was  eihiMed  along 
with  tbat  of  Micbcbuigelo,  the  two  rival  works  Kcmed  to  all 
raenanewHveluioaof  the  powers  of  an.andicrvedasaBiidd 
and  e^uBple  of  tfie  ttiKleats  of  that  generation,  as  tfic  frescoes 
of  Maaetio  in  tbe  Caroline  had  saved  to  those  of  two  generations 
eadiet-  Tlie.jiiiuhg  IU|ifaael,  whose  bEampaiablc  inntnd  for 
riiytbndcal  deiign  had  bioi  miacd  hitherto  on  subiccts  of 
baly  qaletude  and  lapt  eoMemplation  according  10  the  tndiiiont 
of  Uinbrian  ait,  leaint  from  Leooanjo'a  eaamplc  10  apply  the 
aaaic  instinct  lo  themea  of  violent  aciioa  and  ilrtrt.  From 
tbe  ■ame  DVnpfe  Fra  Bartalonuaeo  and  a  crowd  of  other 
Floicnfine  painttn  of  tbe  ridng  arcisea.  generation  toiA.!B  like 
maoMi »  nav  ImpiAw.  The  master  toil  no  time  in  ptDctcding 
(e  the  iWBiiUou  tt  Ut  desiga  upon  Ibe  mural  surface;  this 
lime  he  had  diKriml  a  tedmkal  method  of  which,  allet  a  pre- 
liidMiy  trial  in  Uie  Sab  dd  P^».  ba  itssnled  the  tactess  aa 
certain;  Um  colouta,  wbetbir  tempera  or  other  itsMina  in 
doubt,  were  to  be  laid  od  a  qMcially  [mpaitd  gmomL  and  Iben 
both  colatim  aad  gRmiKl  inade  «ecare  npon  the  wall  by  ibc 
appIicalfaaefbcBt.  When  Ibe  central  group,  waa  done  the  heat 
wa*  appUtd,  'but  it  «aa  fotBid  10  takfc  e&ot  unequally;  the 
cokainiit  tic  di^n*  pan  ran  or  scaled  from  the  wall,  and  tbe 
nmit  wai  a  fidnt*  aan  or  In*  complele.  The  unlniehed 
and  decayed  paintteg  tAnained  for  same  fifty  years  on  the  wall, 
but  after  igio  was  ravaaed  over  with  new  frescoes  by  Vaaari. 
The  cartoga  did  Wit  bat  solongj  AfKr  doing  ila  work  as  Ihc 
BDst  <— r^-g  nl  all  eiBiBpla  for  sindenta  it  B«inB.ta  have  been 
tutiqi.  WheaLeanaldoleftltalyforgoedin  ijitheisreeordcd 
tohaveldt  "  tbegrtaterparl  <<  H  "  In  depeail  at  the  hoapilal 
cf  S.  ttari»  NMva,  wheia  he  wi  


DigilizcdbyGoO^lc 


tEONAjaxi  0A  vnua 


Onr  (M^  tBitiaf  mimoiiib  of  the  ptu  «ork  »n  ■  sunibtt  af 
■Bill  [SD-itiidiei  ol  fgbtlnf  no  ud  faoon,  time  ipliiiiiliil 
•tndia  in  nd  chalk  at  Bwh^W  foe  heada  in  lbs  laiadpal 
Itniqi,  out  head  at  OriBrt  capita  by  Tnntfinpigiry  tt  dxam 
mt   the  oHiIiwI  caitoK  Ubom  Iifc)i  »  tii^  tkttih,  ako  at 


done  1^  ^uxhia  of  Lntca  is  ij;8  not  miux  i 

after  a  cspr;  ■  iftli-aiitDEy  FloDiih  dmring  of  the  |i>JBci|ial 

poup,  shI  niDthec,  iplHidid^  ifirited,  by,  Ri^mi,  boih  tBfkt 

Dunns  tliMe'yeuB,  1503-1^,  Lcooaido  abo  KSumed  (if 
jt  Is  BIB  that  Ih  had  alndy  begun  ll  balna  his  tnneia  with 
Cmn  Bttgia)  the  pocti^l  of  Madrana  lisa,  the  Noipdltui 
wifBOtZaiubl  dd  (Bocnndo,  and  UAed  it  tathelutpHch 
of  liii  |>Mnn.  In  thia  ladji  Im  bad  loraid  ■  alttn'iihaae  lue 
and  aajhi  poaacaacd  la  a  dagulae  dcgrae  the  hmnUins,  ffnlgmalir 
chana  in  wildi  he  deli^ued.  He  irarind,  it  fi  wd,  u.  hs 
poRiait  during  aooe  ponion  of  faur  iprnwirti  jnui.  canbut 
'-  'o  be  pUjred  diuiv  tke  riUtasi  that  the  npt 


fnnind.  Ud  la  tlaa  aa  ia  his  othet  '(at-|^i 
to  s  lai^  eiteDt  cobb  throdgh.  .  NcvtrtheUai.  jm  ita  oibbms 
and  Uackeud  itati,  the.  pOTtnlt  caats  an  iireslMiUe  ^id  a&a 
Igr  anbtictjr  otsipniaaioii,  by  Kfawroem  andpncisiDB  of  dnving, 
and  by  the  maaatic  iavenlloa  of  iu  Uukpound.  It  baa  been 
the  thaaaa  ef  endhaa  critical  ihafmdie*,  aaaag  wUil  that  of 
Patel  1>  pariiapa  the  eaoet  imalUBtiTa  •*  II  is  Iha  beat  haown. 

In  the  aprlos  of  tsoeXeanudo,  mond  pobat" '^  chaffin 
at  the  Itihm  oi  his  yntk.  in  the  HtU  of  CDtuKil,  acteped  1 
piadtt  invUatlor  lo  Hikn.  from  OuiIbi  d-AmbslK.  Jdarfchal 
da  Cbuntent,  the  lieuteraw  nf  Uainencb  Ua^' 
The  leave  of  absence  gnnled  to  him  by  lbs  ^nety 
itqueit  of  the  FKach  vicstoy  mi  loi  thm  Aontia  only.  Tbe 
period  ni  sevmt  timei  eiteaded,  at  Sat  gnid^gty,  Soderini 
compUiotng  tlut  Lc<nardD  bad  treated  the  repuUic  ill  in  the 
mattet  of  the  battle  picture;  Kbennipon  the  painter  hooaunbiir 
Offered  to  refund  ibe  money  paid,  an  oSet  which  tbe  Hguary 
ai  hoBourab^  reluied.  Louii  KU.  eenl  nttaaagia  urgently 
desiring  that  Leonardo  ahootd  iwnil  bit,a*n  anivil  in  Milan, 
having  icen  a  snail  Madonna  by  hin  in  Frsnce  (probably 
that  painted  lot  Robcrtel)  aOd  bopingto  qIxiub  from  him  works 
of  the  Sams  class  and  perhaps  a  pectrslt.  The  king  irrired 
in  Hay  1J07,  And  soon  afterwards  Ifonardo'i  (erviccg  were 
formally  and  amicably  IB«sferted  from  the  lignoty  oI  Florence 
to  Louis,  who  gave  him  the  title  of  painter  and  engiAeef  in 
ordinary.  Jo  September  a(  the  »ame  year  troubleiome  private 
ailiin  called  him  to  FhueDoi.  Hii  fatber  bad  died  in  i  $04, 
apparently  intcMale.  After  Iu  deatb  Leonardo  eipeiienced 
uakindness  from  hia  jtven  half-brothen,  Sei  Fiao's  kgilimaie 
SODS.  They  were  ill  much  younger  than  himself.  OneofthtAi. 
who  fdlowed  his  father's  ptofcasion,  made  himself  the  champion 
of  the  others  in  disputing  Leonardo's  chiim  to  his  shut,  lirsL 
Is  the  patetnal  inherilanci,  and  then  in  thai  which  had  been 
lelt  to  be  divided  beiwecn  the  brothers  and  sisters  by  an  unck. 
The  litigBtion  that  eniued  dragged  on  lor  scvetal  years,  and 
forced  upon  Leonardo  frequent  visits  to  Fhnence  and  interrup' 
lions  el  his  woih  at  Milaji,  in  spite  of  pressing  letttn  la  tbe 
authorities;  of  the  r^nibUc  from  Charh^  d'Ambolse,  from  the 
Fteoch  Wng  bimtell,  and  from  others  of  his  powerful  friend* 
and  patieos,  begging  th±t  the  proceedings  might  be         '      -    ' 

There  are  Uaca  ol  work  done  durin     ' 

puliory  residence  at  Fkirence.  A  ibee 
in  1 108  ihows  the  beginning  of  a  Madonn*  now  lostaieept  in 
tiie  form  oI  copies,  one  of  which  (known  as  the  "  Madomu 
Liu«"J  is  at  St  Fciettburg,  another  iu  the  Foldi-Peuoli  Uuscum 


^ilsof  ci 


IISII, 


tnnbkar  speaks  of  .    .. 

I  to  bring  viib  him  to  UilarL  One 
waa  no  .doubt  that  Juil  maMioiied;  can  the  otha  have  been 
the  Loone  "  ^ir^  -vith  St  Anne  and  Sc  John,"  now  at  lut 
oamidetcd  tnu  tbetutoon  eiiiiUted  in  1501'  Ueantimatha 
■nacet^  Bain  hoaa  and  builrw  *en  at  lUaai  Fbv  traika 
of  p^nrtag  and  nsne  of  aculptue  (onkas  the  anfaUiiad  cnmnds' 
aioa  lee  the  TiiViddo  monintteat  belong  ICMthis  lime)  an 
rccnded  aa  aocofiyiiig  him  daring' tbe  aevan  yean  of  Us  second 
Toiilescejalbtt  city  |iso6-isij].  He  had  attached  M  himstU 
and  devoted  yoang  friend  and  pajB  of  nqble  birth, 
MOa.  At  the  v9U  of  the  Helzi  family  at  Vapiia, 
where  I^onardo  was  a  frequent  visitor,  a  coloaaal  Madoona  en 
ona  cd  the  walls  ia  tradi^nally  ascrflxd  to  Mm,  but  ia  rather 
the  week  <f  Sodoma  or  of  Uelii  himself  working  under  the 
master's  eye.  Anotbar  painter  in  the  service  of  the  FlcIKh  king, 
Jelian  Parfol  or  Jehan  de  Piiia,  tinted  hlilan.  and  oomnltatioaa 
on  Mdodeal  points  woe  held  betnen  fain  and  Leoaaido,  But 
Leonatde'k  cUef  pcactical  empleyaiena  wen  evidently  oa  iho 
eontiaaation  of  Ua  great  hydiauUc  and  irrigation  works  in 
Lombudy.  His  oU  tSvlsl  oSca  of  paganl-mMier  and  inventor 
ol  adehtiik  toys  was  icvived  on  tbe  occMiaB  of  Louis  XIL'a 
iriuiiiidMl  entry  after  the  victocy  of  AgBadello  in  isoo,  and  gave 
Intense.  d^Uglit  to  the  French  nliaue  of  the  king.  He  was 
coDsabeaai  thaooostructioa  of  Bw  chair^lails  loc  the  cathediaL 
He  taluiind  in  the  natural  aeiiBcaa  ar  aidsntly  aa  ever,  evecially 
at  anatomy  in  compaoy  with  tlie  fanMos  pioftssor  ol  Pavia, 
Uarcaatonio  dda  TfKn.  To  about  Uis.time,  when  he  was 
appnaching  Ua  siatielb  ytai,  auy  behuig  Ibe  Bolile  ponrait- 
drawing  at  Unself  in  red  chalk  st  Turin,  ile  looks  (oo  old  for 
hb  ytata,  bttt  quita  tHdMoluii;  the  cbsracltt  of  a  veteran  sage 
haa  folly  h^riPtBi  itieif  on  his  countenance;  the  features  are 
ffaad,  deal  aoddeecdy  linjd,  the  mouth  firmly  set.  sod  almost 
stem,  the  eyes  atrog  and  fntcnt  beneath  their  bushy  eyebrows, 
the  ball  flows  nntiimmed  over  his  skouldeti  and  commlngk* 
with  a  majcitlc  beard. 

Rettaning  to  Milan  With  his  law-suits  ended  in  ijii,  LeMiardo 
might  haw  kokerf  forward  to  an  irid  age  of  conteated  labour, 
the  daef  tad  tt  whidi,  had  be  had  hia  wlH,  would  uodeufatKUy 
have  been  to  put  in  «der  the  vast  nass  of  ohservatloBs  and 
speculation  Btmnuilsled  in  his  Boie-booka,  and  to  prepare 
some  ef  tbeei  for  pubScatiotL     But  as  hia  star  seemed  tisinfl 

on  Lombaldy  «*s  rudely  shaken  by  hostile  political  powcrSi 
then  CDii6nned  s^ain  for  a  vriiiie  by  the  victories  of  Gaston  lie 
Foil,  and  Siudly  destroyed  by  the  batile  in  whkli  that  bero  fell 
under  the  wails  of  Ravenna,  fn  June  ijii  a  coalition  bctweeo 
Spaia,  Venice  and  the  pope  reestablished  tbe  StoriiL  dynasty 
in  powB  tl  Milan  in  the  penao  of  Ludovico'i  son  Masiinuiiano. 
This  ptina  must  have  beea  familiar  with  Leonardo  ss  ■ 
ch'id,  but  perhaps  resented  the  itady  transfer  ol  bis  alleeiince 
to  the  Fiencli,  and  It  any  tste  gave  bim  no  employment. 
Within  a  few  EBiKttha  the  ageing  laastn  uprooKd  himself  fiora 
Milai^  and  moved  with  his  chattels  anil  retinue  of  pupils  to 


rof  it 


iheMedicL  The  vail  enterprises  ol  Pcpe  Julius  IL  had  already 
made  Rome  the  chief  seat  and  tcolFC  al  llaliso  art.  The  acces- 
sion of  Giulio  dc'  Medici  io  t jij  under  the  title  of  Lea  X.  raised 
on  all  hands  hiH"  ol  still  ampler  and  more  sympathetic  patron- 
age. Leonardo's  ipecial  friend  at  the  papal  court  was  the  pope'a 
youngest  brother,  Giuhino  de'  Medid,  a  youth  who  combined 
dissipated  hatuu  with  tfaougblfet  culture  aod  a  geouine  interest 

were  accommodated  with  aparlments  ia  the  Belvedere  ol  the 
Valican.  But  tbe  conditioni  o[  the  lime  and  place  proved 
adverse.  The  young  gencnlion  held  tbe  field.  Michelangek 
and  Raphael,  who  had  both,  as  we  have  lien,  risen  to  greatness 
partly  on  Leonardo's  shoulders,  were  fresh  from  tbe  glory  of 
their  great  achievements  in  the  Sisline  Chapel  and  tbe  Sunic. 
Their  rival  factions  hated  each  other,  but  both,  especially  th« 
faction  of  Micbclaagelo,  turned  biilctly  against  Ibe  veletan 


+5» 


LEONARDO  DA  VINCI 


■  pope,  ladced,  b  ttid  to  bun  been  dcUibtn 
.  Tniaor  npcrimeiils  uid  incaniitiei  la  tdmce 
ud  eipedllly  bj  a  kiadoi  Mobgiol  toys  vluch  he  bod  Invenlec 
by  way  cd  partimr,  u  well  4>  mecbiniciil  tdckj  pliyed  upoi 
Uvina  Mimiils.  But  for  Ibe  nuler's  r^vec  leseaiiba  and 
pnijecli  be  bmd  liille,  itod  hu  (sr  more  mteisied  u 
diciims  of  BslrologerT  mid  ilcheinisti-  Wben  LucurId,  having 
iKciTed  ■  ronunUuan  for  i  piauie,  »u  fsuiid  disUBing 
blmself  a  new  >Dedium  oF  ids  and  bsrbfl  beToce  be  had  bcgtm  Ihe 
dealgD,  the  pope  wu  convlacxd,  not  quite  nnieuoubly.  Ihat 
not  hhig  •erifKU  would  cBnieoFU'  Theoidy  r*'"'^"C*  poshivdy. 
nMtnded  u  done  by  bim  at  Kome  an  two  ddbII  paneb  for  aa 
oAdal  of  the  papa]  aiurt,  ooe  of  a  diild,  the  other  ctf  a  M"^"""™, 


and  a  imall  ikeub  copy  by  Rapha^  ApoRnilof 
lady,  laid  to  ha<M  been  paiMsd  for  Chiliun  de*  Hedici  and : 
■Iteiwanh  m  Fnnce,  any  >bo  have  bera  done  ai  Rome;  or 
naywhatweleiraellMibea>]yaeaBfaKdaceDaiito[ibe  M< 
LisaP  Tnditiou  MOlbct  to  Lconanki  as  atciacllve  (nsc 
a  Madonna  with  a  doaoi  ia  the  conveat  of  St  Ooolrhi,  but 
HcnutobedeaHythewortof  Sohnffia.   Tl»      ' 

deltnceaof  aTiti-VMchia.  Chi 
Komiui  day*  found 
in  hit  !He.  He  wa«,  .  .  ^ 
nalTguiy  OB  the  pan  of  two  German  attblant  cialtiiaen  lodged 
In  hi]  apartmenU.  Chaises  of  Impialy  and  body-nalching  Laid 
by  these  men  in  oonoeiioD  with  his  aaaloniiad  Made!  ouucd 
the  favour  of  the  pope  to  be  Air  a'  tine  wilbdoiwiu  Altn  a 
May  of  IcB  IhaD  two  yean,  LeBtiU>do  leli  Rome  under  Che  foUow- 
iag  drannnauas.  Louis  XII.  of  Frasce  bad  died  [n  the  last 
.days  ol  iji*,  Mii  youni  and  biilliant  succesor,  Francis  I., 
surprised'  Eufopfl  by  maUng  a  sudden  dash  al  the  hcad'of  an 
amy  icrou  the  Alps  to  vindicate  Ms  Tights  In  Italy,  After 
much  besitstioii  Leo  X.  in  the  susmier  of  ijij  oidaed  Giflliina 
de'  Medid.  a>  gonralonler  ol  the  Chucb,  lo  lead  a  papal 
force  into  the  Enillia  and  watch  the  awTemeoli  g(  the  invader. 
Leonardo  afcampsnidl  hii  protecuron  the  nuuch,  and  teoalnnl 
with  the  headqaarlen  of  the  papal  aniiy  at  PlaceBii  when 
GniliaU)  fell  JU  and  retired  lo  Flanace.  Afur  the  battle  of 
htarignano  it  was  arraiiged  Uiat  Franda  and  the  pope  sboold 
Bmt  in  Becember  at  BologDa.  The  pope,  tianiUng  by  way 
of  Florence  md  diwuuing  there  the  great  tww  tdmie  of  the 
Laurentian  library,  entertained  the  Me>  tt  gfring  the  com- 
mission to  Leonardo;  but  Mkbclange)»  oiRie  in  hot  hate  from 
Rome  and  succeeded  in  securing  it  lot  hlnuelf.  At  the  lima 
toi  ihenieeiingatihepalentataatBtHognadrewncar.  Leonardo 
proceeded  thither  from  Flacenza.  and  in  doe  coune  wa>  pre- 
■    ■  ■[>  ihe  king.     Between  the  brdliant  young '— 


The  lemaining  i 
^xMnat  theCulie 

to  Amboise,  and  i 
bis  Inowledge  bot 
beyond  those  of  al 


imediaK 


»  of  honour  and  regard. 


I  sympathy 


hadm 

the  dauphin 

celebrated,    lie  arew  tne  i 

and  Was  mnr^h  engaged  witi 

the  Loire  and  Sa&nc.     Ai 

to  prove.  In  the  ah»ence 

ttalleaie  at  Bkris  was  also 


leidie  hii  old  talcRt! 


ir  Amboiz,  which  wai  assigned, 
his  use.  Tlie  court  came  oflen 
^led  in  his  company,  declaring 
e  Bits  and  of  phitosopby  to  be 
.    In  the  springof  1 51S  Leonardo 


aim 

a  Medid-Boutfmn  marriage 
a  new  palace  at  Amborse, 
tola  great  canal  toconnecl 


Cardinal  Lonii 
ol  Aiagon,  wbose  secretary  has  left  an  account  of  the  day. 
Leonardo,  it  Beems,  was  sufieiing  from  some  form  of  slight 
paralysb  which  impaired  his  power  of  hand.  But  ho  showed 
the  mdfaul  three  pictares,  the  porttait  ol  a  FloreBlioe  Jady 
done  tor  Ciuliano  de'  Hedici  (the  CiocoiKla  ?),  (he  Virgin  in  tbe 
lap  of  Si  Anne  (Ibc  Loovn  ptcturei  finished  at  FloreBctoi 
UitiB  iser-i]i3'']>  and  ■  yOElhful  John  the  BaplisL  The 
loit,  which  may  have  been  dons  hdcb  ha  settled  in  France,  i* 
Ibe  darkened  and  panly  cepaintRi.  but  still  powerful  and 
haunting  half-lengtb  Ggiue  in  tbe  Louvte,  with  the  smile  of 
inward  ravishment  and  the  prophetic  £nger  beckoning  i^rwand 
[ike  that  ol  St  Aone  In  Uk  Academy  cutooo.  Of  the  "  PomcnB  " 
menlioDed  hy  lomano  as  a  weA  of  Ibe  AmboiK  time  his 
nsitor  says  nothing,  nor  yet  of  Ihe  Louvre  "  Bacdnn."  irtuch 
ttaditioB  aicriba  to  Leonardo  but  wblcb  ii  ckaHy  pupil's  1 


0  have  I 


and 


Lnd  physics.  Ue  kept  bopijig  to  ^ct 
IODIC  order  amooc  bii  papen,  the  aocnmalation  of  mot*  than 
forty  yean,  and  perhaps  to  give  tbe  world  some  portion  ol  1^ 
siudita  Ihey  eoiliined.  But  hn  streiigtb  wai  nearly  eabanlcd. 
On  Easier  Eve  1519,  feeling  that  the  end  was  near,  be  nude  hi* 
wilL  It  made  provixioo,  as  became  a  greal  cervant  of  Ibe  aunt 
Christian  king,  for  maisia  to  be  laid  and  candka  lo  be  oSend 


Tbe  bent  ci  hi 

and  agaiDit  thoac  of  uilbotity,  and  baa  of  naiure  iwtalnly 
octnplDd  far  more  of  bit  tboeii^U  than  dogmas  of  religion', 
but  when  he  nentioaa  ibae  it  I*  with  ntpect  as  throwing  Ugbl 
on  tbe  tnith  of  Ihiags  from  s  tide  whkb  was  not  Us  own.  Hk 
conformity  at  the  end  had  in  it  DMhiiig  caotndiaeiy  of  hit 
post.  He  received  the  saoamenti  of  the  Church  uul  died  em 
Ibe  md  of  May  ijig.  King  Fiucb,  that  at  Ua  timn  «f  St 
Oenaaht-en-Layc,  is  said  lo  hav*  wept  tcr  the  kn  of  sudi  n 
servani;  thai  he  waa  present  betide  the  death^lKd  and  beM 
Ihe  dying  painter  in  his  armt  is  a  lomiHar  b«  an  uinrut  tale. 
After  a  lemponiy  sepnliofe  eltea  hei  e  Ms  lemtiitt  were  irant- 
ported  on  Ihe  nth  of  August  to  the  daitter  of  St  floreniin 
according  to  his  wish.  He  left  aH  fait  MSS.  tad  apparently  ail 
the  centents  of  hii  studio,  with  other  gilts,  to  the  devoted  Mefad. 

Vntanft  a  half  eadi  of  his  vineyard  onitlde  Milan;  E>'u  Of 
nmiMy  and  doihn  n>  hit  maid  Maturina:  one  of  money  ID  the 
poDv  oi  the  botpiial  in  Amboise;  and  10  hit  onbrelheily  half- 
broihera  il  tum  of  hnir  hundred  ducaia  lying  lo  his  cndii  at 
Florenre. 

Hitiory  leBa  of  BO  man  Rifled  in  tba  tuie  degree  at  Leourdo 
WIS  at  once  for  art  and  tdence.  fa  an  be  vai  a&  lalteiiior  and 
perfecter,  bom  in  a  day  of  great  aixl  many^ided  endeavoun  on 
vhlch  be  put  tbe  crown,  surpaming  both  predecetsan  and 
lonleinponrtet.  I*Kfcnce,Dntheothechand,bewas  a  pioneer, 
niiUngwhrflyforthefniure,  and  in  great  part  alone.  Thai  (he 
woBupemloMgitUihould  in  aomedegreentulfttiM  etch  other 
•at  inevitable.  No  intaginableitrength  of  any  single  man  would 
lave  lutEced  to  carry  out  a  hnadiedih  part  of  irtili  Leonardo 
'Ssaycd.  The  mere  altempi  to  conquer  the  kingdom'  el  light 
ind  shade  for  Ihe  art  ol  painting  was  deslfned  lo  lax  the  thin  of 
.leneration).  and  Is  pethsps  not  wboliy  and  finally  accompKihed 
yet.  Leonardo  sought  to  achieve  Ihat  omqnest  and  at  the  tame 
lime  10  nrty  the  old  Florerline  e>cellences  of  linear  diawieg 
and  ptycbohigical  eiprasion  to  a  perfection  of  which  other  men 


LEONARDO  DA  VINCI 


tad  DM  diOmed.  The  isdlt,  tbon^  nurvrQaid  In  quili'tr,  !i 
inquaDtiiybmenUbly  meagie.  Knowing ud  dolog  >iI1uied Mm 
tqiully,  tiid  in  art,  which  coniiiu  in  doing,  hia  effoiis  wcie  oft^a 
paraLyscd  by  hii  tinincd  doirc  to  know.  The  thint  for  know- 
Itdge  had  fij^t  been  arnused  ia  him  by  the  desie  of  perfecting 
llie  imago  of  beauty  uid  power  which  it  nas  hla  bicincu  lo 

TbcDce  then  fntt  opoa  him  the  pufbm  el  itnosledgc  foi  it* 
own  sake.  In  Ihe  iplendid  baUncc  of  Ui  naltne  the  Virgiliis 
longiag,  riruM  eapiaiare  caasai,  could  never  incked  wholly 


cared  m 


e  theca 


albyde 


CTUTiOB,  aou  came  to  ue  those  of  turning  lo  pncticat  human 
me  Ihe  toaaety  which  bis  studio  had  lau^t  him  over  the  forces 
of  allure.  Jo  ideiice  he  wu  the  Gnt  among  modeni  loeB  to  let 
hinnclf  mo«t  of  those  problema  which  unnumbered  uarchen  ol 
later  generations  have  laboured  severally  or  in  concert  to  solve. 
Floreoco  had  had  other  sons  of  comprehensivii  geaioSt  artistic 
and  mechaaica],  Leon  BatLJiIa  Albert!  perhaps  the  chief.  BuC 
the  more  Ihe  range  and  character  of  Lewutdo'i  studies  becomea 
ascertained  the  mote  his  greatness  dwarfs  tbem  all.  A  huudred 
years  before  Bacon,  say  those  who  can  judge  best,  he  showed  a 
tmer  graap  of  the  prindplea  of  axperimentai  science  than  BacoD 
showed,  foTlihed  by  a  far  wider  range  of  actual  ccperiment  and 
observation.  Kot  in  his  actual  conclusions,  though  many  of 
these  pobt  with  surpdsing  accuiacy  in  the  direction  of  truths 
cstsbUshed  bybter  (enerstians,  but  in  the  soundness,  the  wisdom, 
the  tenacity  of  his  methods  lies  his  great  title  to  ^ory.  Had  the 
Catholic  reactitm  not  fatally  diacouraged  thcpursuitoftlu  natural 
sciences  in  ftaly,had  Leonardo  even  left  behind  him  any  one  with 
■eal  and  luwwledge  cDOufh  to  eitcacl  inxn  the  mass  of  his  MSS. 
»Die  portiOB  ol  his  labours  in  those  sciences  and  give  them  lo 
the  world,  an  incalculable  impulse  would  have  been  ^ven  Lo  all 
those  enquiries  by  which  mankind  has  since  been  striving  lo 
understaiuL  the  laws  of  its  being  and  control  the  conditions  of 
'nl.~to  niftthenisitics  and  aslitjorany,  to  oechanics, 
d  phytics  generally,  to  geology,  geography,  and 
courtology,  to  aoBtomy  and  the  sciences  of  Ule.  Ask  wis,  these 
■ludics  of  Leonardo — "  studies  intense  of  strong  and  stem 
delight  '* — seemed  to  his  trivial  followecs  and  Uographcrs  merely 
his  whims  and  fancies,  cMribiai,  thin^  to  be  apcAcn  of  lli^tiogty 
and  with  apology.  TbeMSS.,  with  theun^eeiccpllonof  some 
of  those  ntatuig  to  peinting,  lay  unheeded  and  undivulged  until 
the  present  geoeraiion;  and  it  is  only  now  thai  the  true  range  of 
Leonardo's  powers  is  begirming  to  be  fully  dtaoemcd. 

So  much  lot  the  intellectual  side  of  Leonardo's  character  arHl 
career.  As  a  moral  being  we  arc  les  able  to  discern  what  be 
was  like.  Ilie  man  who  curled  in  his  bisin  so  many  Images  el 
subtle  beauty,  as  well  as  so  much  of  the  hidden  science  of  the 
future,  must  have  lived  spiiitually,  in  the  main,  alone.  Of 
things  oommunicsble  he  was  at  the  same  lime,  as  we  have  Eold, 

friiend,  ready  and  ebquent  of  discDUne.  Impiessing  all  with  whom 
be  was  bnn^t  in  contact  by  the  power  and  the  charm  of  genius, 
and  insforing  fervent  devotion  and  attachment  in  friends  and 
pupils.  We  see  him  living  on  terms  of  consunt  affection  with 
his  fathee,  andin  disputes  with  his  brothers  not  tbe  aggressor  but 
the  sufferer  from  aggresslm.  We  see  bint  full  of  tenderness  to 
animals,  a  virtue  not  common  in  Italy  in  ipite  of  the  example 
of  St  Francis;  open-handed  in  giving,  not  eager  in  geitingr:- 
"  poor,"  be  says,  "  li  Ibe  man  of  many  wants  ";  not  prone  (o 
lesenttaeot — "  the  best  shield  against  Injustice  is  to  doiiWe  the 
rioak  of  long^nffering  ";  lealous  In  labour  above  all  men — "  as 
a  day  well  spent  gives  joyful  sleep,  so  doea  a  lite  well  spent  give 
joyful  death."  With  these  instincts  and  mamss,  and  with  his 
atreogtb,  granting  It  almoU  more  than  human,  spent  ever  tunnel- 
ling ta  abstruse  mines  of  knowledge,  his  moral  experience  Is  not 
likely  lo  have  been  deeply  troubled.  In  religion,  he  regarded 
Che  laiih  of  his  age  and  country  at  least  with  imaginitive  sym- 
pathy and  intellectual  acquiescence,  if  no  more.   On  the  political 

ment  to  another,  he  leems  to  have  looked  not  with  the  passionate 


participation  of  a  Dante  or  a  Michelangelo  hut  rather  with  the 
serene  detachment  of  a  Goethe.  In  matters  ol  the  heart,  if  any 
consoling  or  any  disturbing  pas&iotl  played  a  great  part  in  hia 
life,  we  do  not  know  it;  we  know  only  (apart  from  a  few  pas^ng 
shadows  cast  by  calumny  and  envy)  of  aflectionite  and  dignified 
rebtions  with  friends,  patrons  and  pupils,  of  public  and  private 
regard  mixed  In  the  days  of  his  youth  with  da^ed  admiration, 
and  in  those  of  hla  age  with  something  of  rcverentialawe. 
TTie  Drawint!  i/LanunlD.— These  are  amang  Che  gnaleU  InsuuRs 


...    „    .     lorldbyth , ., ^ ,.,_ 

ind  pencil.  Apan  from  tbe  nunv  hundnd*  of  lUuicntive  jMa- 
skctchei  K3IIcnid  ihrouth  his  aulshiognphic  and  sdeotific  tr^ 
Che  priadoal  collation  is  at  Wiadscr  Casck  (psutly  dirived  f na 
t>ie  Arundel  collfctioo);  otheti  of  unoetaaca  are  in  the  Brili^ 
Museum;  at  Chriu  Church,  Oxford;  u  Che  Louvn^  at  Cbontilly. 
in  Ihe  Uoii,  the  Venice  Acadeaiy,  tbe  Royal  Lftrary  M  Tuiin,  tba 
Muicumo(DudapeiC,asdintbecollcctioiisofIiI.B<iaia[,UnUiicid. 
and  Captain  Holfoni.  Lfonajdo'a  chief  impleraenta  were  pen,  sUver- 
palnt.  sad  red  and  Uick  chalk  (nd  chalk  eiptdally}.  In  sBver- 
polnt  there  aee  many  bcaudfui  drawings  of  hii  carliee  cune,  and  lORie 
of.  Eus  latert  buc  oT tha  chanalng  heads  trf  wmen  and  young  aiea 
in  this  material  attributed  Co  bun  In  varbua  collecchua,  cunpaea- 
tivcly  few  ate  bis  own  wori^the  m^ority  being  dnwingi  in  hia 
i^t  by  his  pupQ*  Ambngb  neda  or  Boltram&  Leonardo  appoaia 
to  have  been  left-handed.  Then  is  some  doubt  on  the  poiDl:  bM 
a  conCenpsBiy  and  intimate  friend,  Luca  I^doli,  soeaks  of  his 
"  uiefhble  left  haad  ";  all  the  best  of  hit  drawings  an  shaded 
downward  froni  left  to  right,  which  would  be  the  readieu  way  fee 
.  left-handed  man;  and  his  habitual  eceeatric  practice  of  wnlinc 
'  ''  '   noch  more  Ukcly  to  have  been  due  to  natival 

on  and  catalogue  cri  the  extant  djawin^s  of 
found  ui  fkrtTuon's  IJtammn  ^  tkt  Florentinr 

\Vf  printed  book  bearing 

iliuuerinafroaUsMSS! 

-EiwiHE  \TrallaU  idla  fiUm,  TiaM 

,. vi  brief  didactic  chaolcn,  or  more 

paragTupha,  of  practical  direction  or  crfticafremaiie  on  all 

-..- xbn  and  condllHuts  of  a  painter**  piactice.    The  original 

MS.  diaf  I  of  Leanaido  has  been  hmt,  though  a  great  number  of  noK* 
lor  it  are  icaltcnil  IhioiiEh  the  varlnn  eaiaU  volumes  of  hia  USS. 
The  work  ha*  been  printed  in  two  ^AcienC  forms;  one  at  iheie 
is  an  abridged  version  consiidnf  ij  36i  arclions^  •<>•  Km  xliiiiHi 
of  it  was  pibTHhcd  la  Pari*  hi  ijgi.by  Raphael 
MS.  which  he  found  ia  the  Bartiaini  liHary ;  the  b 
Engluh  by  J.  F.  Rlgaud,  in  London,  1I7;.  The  awa  it  a  man 
extended  vcnioa,  ia  ^la  sections,  divided  into  eight  hooks:  this 
was  pfinted  in  1S17  by  CggBdno  Manii  at  Rome,  Irnm  two  M^ 
which  be  had  discDvend  in  the  Vatican  libmiyi  a  Cenaantranila- 
.;..  ir~..  >|h,  aioe  MS.  has  been  edUed  t»  C.  H.  Ludw*  in  Eitd- 
iael  Qtdlaatkrijiat ISi  KumHtfiikietiU  (Vienna.  igSi; 
iSgO.  Oa  the  hutocy  of  Che  book  in  general  ice  Malt 
I  jJabrtodtdaXunonbde  VbkI  (Ldpiii,  i>i]).  The 
ilcrs  of  tbe  Vacieaa  MSS.  most  have  had  bcfoR  ' 


■bSXSSrS 


alSS 


't£KS! 


je  (or  trealiKs)  on , , . ^,^ 

.ucn  Flacioli  and  by  Vasari.  and  probable  that 
\  aiui  perhaps  some  of  Che  sobManc^  of  (be 
It  vtM  due  to  compilers  and  noc  Id  the  master 

schoUr*  and  edito 


Jordan.  Dot  IdaUrbatk  dn . 

unknown  compiler-  -'••-'' 
much  morr  oTLci 
aboutaquanei." 

books!    It  ii  ind 

wcdd  the  texts  of  Lvinardo's  1 
H  is  too  comnlicated  to  be  told  ncte  m 
lu  (d.  1570)  kepi  the  greocer  pan  of  his 
mum  •  iwiKi.^1.  .uB<7.^.  Bi  a  sacTsd  crutc  aslong  as  he  Uved, 
though  even  in  his  iimE  some  MSS.  on  Che  ait  of  paiachig  seem  la 
I......  Ad^^  into  other  hands.    But  bis  desccndaacs  suueitd  tlie 

I  be  recklessly  dispersed.  Tha  ddef  agents  ia  their  divperAl 
doctor  Orazio  Meld  who  posesased  Chen  ia  the  last  quaita 
th  century;  the  meinbcrB  ^  a  HiLtaese  family  called 
„._—__  Into  whose  hands  they  passedia  Orauo  Halii'a  lifetioie) 
and  the  unilptoc  Poapeo  Leed.  who  at  one  tine  antartainetl  tha 
deugn  of  procuring  their  preeentstlaa  to  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  and 
who  cut  up  a  number  of  tbe  Doea-boales  to  form  UK  gnat  mlscelliM- 
oui  single  volume  called  the  Odia  AttaMOa,  now  at  Milan.  This 
vohiMft  wiAalaige  proportion  of  the  total  mimberololher  Leonardo 
MSS.  Chan  exiitisg,  poiaed  bto  Ihe  hands  of  a  Count  Atconoti,  who 


of  the 


.-...  meantime  the  earl  of  Arundel  had  made  a  vain  at 
(nirchaie  on*  of  these  volumes  (the  CWiM  Jdoalicp?]  ai 

- j_  I—  .1..  u 1  c— i,pj.    Sajn,  «„y  jan,  of  the  c 

t  Windsor,  did  evideniiy  come  i 
the  histoey  of  sooe  ocbB  part 


kkiiuol 
heM&.  B 


45* 

laUond;  wkBc  imch,  k  I*  nUoK,  «u  Ib«  (or  goad.  In  17 
Nipdlmi  ••qit  iwiy  to  Parii.  aloDE  with  the  olhtr  ail  IfCiiUi 
al  luly,  Ibe  whole  ol  Iho  LRiiiiido  MSS.  al  Ihc  AintimUn 
OBlythc  CtdicfjlllaMiMwuihnwinliTnlimd.  the  other  vcJufr 
Rmining  the  propaty  «1  iIm  iDSiut  de  Fnnic.  That  •!»  ha 
bad  their  adventurcL  two  <d  them  having  been  tuMo  by  Coii 
LJbriuul  pu*ed  temporarily  idU  IhecoUectioaor  Lord  Aibbumhai 
wbf  ncB  Ibey  *cfc  in  recent  yean  made  over  a([aia  to  Ihc  Iiutiiu' 
The  fint  iBportaBt  lUp  towirds  ■  better  knowlcdee 


LEONARDO  OP  PISA 


in  the  MS5.  of  the  iDuJtutdc  Fiance  undcnakcD  liy  C  Ravaiwii: 
lUicn ;  the  nan  W  the  publintiofl  in  itHh  of  Dr  I.  P.  Richie^ 
rnry  Werki  of  LrimaTaa  da  Viini  Cve  Biblingiaphf );  thii  vnr 
tudcd,  besdee  >  history  mi  uulytical  index  oT  tbc  MSS.,  fai 


bvtheliccinaiiic.iniSSabaf  ihcnaiKiridigfBsbliatlDaa 

MSS.ofthclnMitutdcFianceundBU'—'-''  " — ■ 

■      ■        ■■■   itioniniS&i 

•Mi  («  Mil 

■nalyticat  ind 

.  „.   ,y  tnteml.  with  tianscrlpti  and 

ir  MS  ronleftL    Sax  then  much  profrrcu  hai 
publicBilon  aC  the  complete  MSS^  Kientilic  and 


JBC  M^.frfil^^cBrj^toniy.'publiihrd 

le  facdmile  br  Rouvryn  (Piiii,  1901);  juniallv, 

itiont  and  Intmdnction  by  Piumid  ind  Sabichni- 

„ ...„  iRqS,  (dIL):  Briliik  tfunn:  one  MS.,  nrixxliuieoiis. 

unBubUihcd:  Viilma  end  Albtrl  Utserm:  ten  note-booki  bouMl 
in  J  vd1«.;  laoimnc  by   Hmivcyrc.  llolUmm  JcoHmion  o)  Lord 

In  faciinnfc  with  ItaiMUlcratioo  sod  nolM  by  Ccrolimo  Cnlvi. 
Franta.— JhiMW  it  Fntita:  srvmtwn  HSS..  aD  published  with 
tranalitenlion  and  l»tn  by  C.  Ravaiuon-HDakn  («  vols..  Piui. 
iSSo-iSqi).  Italy.— J/ilon,  AmtntiM:  the  Caiia  Adsnlita. 
(be  hu^e  miKelitny.  of  ^tal  importance  for  the  Andy  flf  the  maitrr. 
put  tfKether  by  nmpeo  Lcoin:  pubUthcd  in  faraimile.  with  tram- 
litcntTm.  by  the  Accadctnb  dei  Lincti  (t8»4.  [ell.) ;  Ifi^M:  eoIVctisn 

U  Deltrifcl<ieoi)l  Aimr:  collection  oCdounI  Manaollid;  Tnaliii 
M  Itr  fhiU  of  Birds,  pubSihed  and  edited  by  Fluanli  and  Sofaach- 
BibMf  (Pans,  L491). 

BiBLioGMArHr.— The  principal  aniboricio  are: — "  II  libm  dl 
Antonio  BiUl,"  e^lcd  [roni  MS!  by  G.  deFsbriaiy  !d  AnXm^ 


■cMiodaunadnonlnadelisoo    (In^ownuthFAnanimoGadduno), 

tinted  by  G,  Milanai  in /wtina  5;m<:fp  7/0/.  1.  xvi,  CiB7i),iiiini- 
led  with  noto  bv  H.  F,  Home  In  acci«  publiihtd  by  the  tnicorn 
Library  (1903)1  raolo  Giovio,  "Leonardi  Vlncii  vita,'*  In  hli 
Elgfia,  prinlnl  In  TiiabcHchl.  .Serin  drlla  LrH.  Ilat.  t.  vH  pC.  4, 
anil  in  Duiiii  Ibliani,  voL  ]I4;  Vmri.  in  his  celebiated  Lmi 
•/  fhe  FaiMrrl  (lit  cd^  Florence,  I550;  and  cd.  ibid.  IsM;  cd. 
Milioni,  with  noln  and  supplcnients.  leTt-i&ai);  Sibba  da 
Casiilknc,  Siardl  (Venice,  isii);  C.  P.  Lomaoo,  rmlaio  Mr 
ofhAIs  Mhiu,  Ac.  (Milan.  I3&t-t]B;)i  li^Iita  MUmpia  Mia 
tillm  (Milan,  isqi):  Le  P£re  Dan,  Lt  Trior  .  .  .  dc  fanlniiK- 
iiram  (i&p):  J.  B.Venlutf.  Eiwi  ncr  fc.  iKrnrio  WyjiVo-mdW- 
talit*a  te  Lit  V.  (Patia,  1747)!  C.  Anioimi,  Mimmi  iloriitr 
nUla  tiU,  be  ii  l.  Ja  V.  (hfiiin.  iBa4),  a  work  which  laid  the 
fnundailon  el  all  futuie  tnnrehrs;  Gioscppe  Bowl,  Dd  OwoBrfo 
di  L.  da  V.  (Milan.  iBio);  C.  FDnaioni,  Saelt  dl  I^tmardo  dt 
Viiui  (laii);  Gnn  Carliitle  ttrlull  {iS39-ia(T):  C.  tfiielli. 
KkenJu nOiTjio a  L.ia  K..icticil,  i  (Fhwcnce.  iB7i;RDnie.  iSSi: 
Kfkt  I  revised,  Turin.  iBWi),  documentaiy  meatchei  o(  the  hrit 
ImpoRance  for  the  etudy -,C.  L,  Calvi,  Ntlaii  iti  pHtulpali  pnrfrnm 
rfitcneoMi  (Milan,  1669):  ArttmHoutayt,  iflilmrnU  I.,  dt  V. 
(Parii,  1869  and  167A.  an  azrecable  literary  Inoemphy  of  the  pre- 
crilialldnd)iMnHcs>ton,^:'<'irfL.d«I',  (London.  iS7>),  a  WDik 
also  nude  obsolete  by  nccpt  re»>n±i  Hermann  Grothe,  L.  do  Y. 
all  Itpminr  ond  FInlonM  (Bsllo.  IB74);  A.  Marka.  tbe  S.  Aft 

^L.  So  r.  (London.  iB^);  J.  P.  Richta,  Ttt  IMtrary  Wttii  el 
ia  V.  (J  Toll.,  London,  lB9j),  (his  is  the  very  impenanl  and 
valuable  hiitory  o(  and  icloctian  from  Ihp_  lens  mentioned  above 
under  MSS.!_Cii_.  BawiBon-MollieB.  £ei  fima  dr  L.  _da  V.  (Parit, 

vl^C 

wi'i'ap"  (i8p7-;iS99>,  ih. 
iiie  of  this  writB- hubeen  devoted  to  the  Kudy  of  U  da  V.,  but  il 

ever bhe  shape oriee the iT^t^G,  Grwuu.^^  V,  (Londni,  1901); 
BemhardBcTensan,  T'kc^ainnfigfUi  f/DtniM« /■Dfnfan  (London, 
iw]);  Edmondo  Solml,  Sli^i  ndla  filcmfia  nalumk  dl  L.  da  V. 
(Madena,  1B9B):  li.  Uantrie  (FVirence.  lit  cd.  1900.  3nd  ed. 
190;:  this  laat  edition  of  Solmi'a  work  li  by  far  the  mon  complete 
'  irv  crltial  hlorraphy  of  the  nana  wUch  yet  emti] ; 
I.  i:.  dn  v.,  in  Knaekfuii'i  .eriet  ol  art  bioraplile* 
'•>.  ^_..jj  <!i.fii..  t  j^  y^  fartliu  el  tt  innt 
i  canful  leneral  eidnate 

.,  ,_  .0  Leon^o'e  relatioia  to 

A  MeCordy,  L.  ia  V..  in  Bell't  "CiTat 
and  1907),  B  very  aoiuid  and  Itwtwnthy 


womair  nl  »>e  «■'*''■  CUMT  aa  am  ndM: /^  £,  A  r.'a  Ml» 
Bimki  {i;sS],  a  Klection  (ram  tbe  paitaiea  ot  chief  (eaeral  InteieM 
in  the  mailer's  MSS..  very  well  chosen,  airai»ed.  and  tnntlated, 
with  a  aieful  hinoty  of  the  MSS.  pnlind,  LiVictwJi  id  CnaaU 
diL.ia  K.  Hi  uab  X'rx.  (Hiln.  ty*,),  aa  oftd*!  leoiim  si  \ht 
later  hiatorv  and  vicitsiriidH  of  tbe  "  uat  Sunaar  "  ptrvioua  to 
<ti  final  lepairi  Luca  Bcltranu,  11  CasUlbi  ii  3Sa*a  (iSm)i  U-, 
I.daV.«lfcSiiiidrfr-liK(i90i)i7d.,  "IlCenacotodiLconaido,'' 
in  RaialU  PilKUU  (IlLilan,  1908],  the  ofiicial  acnninl  ol  the  luc* 
ccufol  inrit  of  npKir  cniried  out  by  GifDor  CavBiaaU  in  the  pre> 
oedlni  yean:  W^nur  von  SeidLu,  Lumarda  d*  Vita,  dm 
WtMOtPimkl  dtr  Rtnaisiana  (j  vols.,  1909),  a  comprehenBive  and 
caret  Iff  work  by  an  accompliahed  and  veteran  critic-  inclined  to  give 
perhaps  an  dcevve  share  in  the  reputed  worka  of  Leonardo  to  a 
■■■Ele  papiL  Ambroflio  Preda.  It  aecaia  ■"'r'*'"f  Bo  five  *t**^**TTf 
to  the  voluoiinDUB  diicusiioa  In  Bewspapen  nod  pelipdinkt  eai- 
ccming  the  authenticity  of  a  wax  but  of  Flocm  acquired  in  1909 
for  the  Berlin  Museum  and  nnroriuriately  ascribed  to  Leourdo  da 
Vinci,  ill  real  author  hsvinn  been  pmved  by  oncrrud  (nd  intrnial 

184&  (S.O 

K  (LEOHAmn  Pnunn  or  Pmcmjuxi), 
of  tbe  iith  ctoliuy.  Of  fall  perttmal 
history  few  particuUrt  an  lowwik.  Hli  fatbcr  mi  called 
Banaccio,  tnoti  probably  1  idcknanM  viUi  the  traoktl  meuiioi 
of  "  1  good,  «upid  letlaw,"  wbile  to  Ltonurfo'  btmself  ualliei 
nickname,  Big^De  (dunce,  bbdhead),  Beens  to  have  ben 
given.  The  fatbH  wai  secretary  in  one  of  tta  aumeraus  factoiici 
erected  on  iJk  southern  and  eastem  Coaili  of  tbe  Medllemneu 
by  the  warlike  and  enterpifiing  BwldtaBW  of  Rn.  LeoDudo 
wat  educated  alBu^,  and  afterward! touied  tbe  Meditaraaenu 
Ib  iku  be  wBi  again  in  Italy  ind  pubUibed  Ui  great  wmk, 
Liba  nbmi,  which  probably  ptiocund  hEtn  acoMi  to  tlie  leaned 
and  rtfiopd  csnrt  ol  the  empoor  Frederick  II.  LeonaTdo 
certainly  «u  in  lelatioB  with  aiHiN  pcnoDi  hdongfng  to  tint 
circle  wbcs  be  pabUilied  in  ii»  another  mot«  extnuive  mrk, 
Dl  fradUa  gimuiriec,  whlcb  he  dedicated  to  tho  Impertil 
ulmoomer  Doralnictu  Hiipanua,  Some  yean  iltctiraid) 
(perhaps  in  iiiS)  Leonardo  dedicated  to  the  well^DOWO  aatro- 
logei  Uidiael  Scotl  the  second  ediiloa  of-  hia  Ziier  iihsrf,  viicb 
wai  printed  with  Leonardo'!  other  work!  by  Prinoa  BahL 
Booinmpagu  (Rotnt,  iSjT-iWi,  i  mU.}.  Ilie  othor  w«ka 
ctnuist  of  the  Fiacliia  tmmttriat  and  nrn*  mom  itriktng 
papers  ol  the  grcatot  scientific  imponance,  amongit  which  tho 
ijiir  quMdrattrum  may  be  Bpecially  Mgitaiiwrf  It  bean  tbt 
notice  that  tbe  author  wnlc  It  in  i»5,  and  is  tbe  intioduetioa 

hod  pRiEtited  LeoBardo  to  Fiederidt  II.  The  prmntitloQ  wu 
arcompanied  hy  a  kind  of  matbematkol  perforrnance,  in  whl^ 
Leonardo  salved  srvind  hard  probleim  pnpoeed  to  him  by  John 
of  Palermo,  an  Imperisl  notary,  whoH  nama  Is  met  with  In 
sevctal  doousenu  dated  between  ihi  and  1140.  Tbe  methodi 
which  Leonardo  made  use  of  in  solving  tboK  problem!  £11  thi 
XiE<r  (nadraJerHS,  the  PIci,  and  a  LtOtr  It  UM/iilir  Tiitiett, 

period,  and  ccrtoioly  before  tbe  pobticatioD  of  the  leaad  ediiloa 

if  tbe  Ziier  abtci,  in  vhidi  the  ZiSer  quadninntm  ii  expienly 

ioned.   We  know  nothing  of  Leosurdo'a  fate  a&a  he  Imcd 

aecond  edition. 


iroia'^uencL.  „ , , 

-L^  be  dearly ^d^cened  in  m  ioetb< 


matheiaaticiana  ntay  be  d 
PratfuA  fTAanrue  main  tn 

are  met  with;  in  hli  lab..  — _„, , 

their  oriffn  by  tbe  reappearance  of  the  very  numbera  in  which  tlie 
problem  il  given,  thouib  ooe  caanot  cuew  thraufh  what  channel 
they  csme  to  Leonardo  s  knowlolgB.   beosmdo  cannot  be  ngiided 


s  the  inventor  of  th 


d  Egyptian  problems  lenal 

-  — y  numbera  in  wh*-*  ■•■- 

'  '^""t*'  *hat  I 

of  tnithaloi  wi 

M  printed  pa^  coataini  the  w, 
I  with  whole  aumbm  and  with  fn 

the  eoinpletcst  nercaiiSii  aiiihmct 


of  our  day!   They  toidi  fun 

eqaathmol  tbc  Srit  and  m .. 

terminate  •qutlDaii  aM  by  single  and  dooUs  pi 
by  real  algebra,  peawed  by  means  of  MoMrieco 
including  the  use  of  ktlers  as  symbM  tor  kaoi 
unknown  quantity  being  called  rtj  and  Ita  aiiiaiaM 


LEONCAVALLO— LEONTINI 


455 


n*  wcDBd  mifc  «(  LtaiHrdo.  U>  PreMct  fwiWri  (iiM) 
~iqi^M  mden  ilmdy  Acquuaud  with  Eudid'i  plaiurKtry.  who 
R  abk  to  IgUow  riimii*  dcnmuCratioiii  and  Fed  tbc  osxiMy  (or 
*     '      ^'        "    itiot  chubook  wT  lifnc^  mcntioii  t  tngooo- 


nio*  o(  eaiie  mou  ikswii  mm  u  Urse  ih*B  i' 
tU  Ukr  (ttoci,  aiid  a  wy  curimu  pnbLra.  wlncli  nobody  woul 
Mvdk  for  Id  «  rnnoctnau  iror^,  viz.— To  tiod  ji  Hguan  nurnbt 


■■  wn  iniile  nunrii  Leaiurda' 

HH  oih  » \^i»a  VmiSi  okcd  (or. 


tkn  tbc  nambcn  KM.  16, 
t  A:  ■nd  tbi  melhod  el  (i 
Ivm    W>  obcrvB,  haw 


r,  (hit  thiilii 


«|ib>]  difiWoM.  but  the  diffcnace  iuelf  had  potbeca  uiifiwd  ia 
BvpOBOf  tbe  queAioa.  Leonarda'i  method,  IhenfoR.  vfwa  the 
ftHMBC  wa>  a  Rued  condltka  af  the  pnUena.  wu  ncceaarily  very 
diSenat  Iran  the  AnUu,  and,  la  all  ptatabUltr,  wu  hb  ova 
dbcmwiV-  The  Ru  of  Leoaaido  lunu  oa  the  Kcoad  queBloa  let 
IwJakBolMenBOiwUchRqitlRdiheiiiluiloaelthBcuMe  equuioa 
s'+i^-fiQ'"™-  Leoaardot  auluDf  ibb  of  fncltooa  of  the 
■  Hjiriiint  icale,  fhiei  x-I*  aa*  r*  «?"'  13'*  4'  v"'.  alter  havine 
••—nnalnted.  by  a  dacuHua  fouitdid  on  the  loth  book  d  Euclid. 
a  nlutloa  by  iqiiBn  roota  »  iaipowbEe.  It  Ei  modi  to  be 
-■■  -'it  Leoaudo  doc*  not  jive  ih-  ■ —  '-■■  —  -■--  ..-  i. 


laraiunf  ol  thne  oc 
TVo^n  iadeccnninal 
tunU  at  Uabdnfabl 
(iCihiildadBotanffI 


laniD  p«f rctLy  under 


*  thit  any  tmn  [a 

m  ai  Umfi  trria. 

(M.  C*.) 

),    ItiliiD  aiientk 


UDMAVAILO,  BDOOIBKO  (185*- 
Mmpoer,  waa  born  at  Naplca  and  edoalcd  for  mmic  u  me 
eoDMivitcdre.  Afur  aome  yens  tpcnl  in  leaj:hiag  and  ia 
iMSectual  alterapta  to  oblaln  the  produciion  ol  Dion  ibu  oaa 
•pen,  hli  PefKacI  was  perfonned  at  Mflas  In  1S91  with  im- 
Btedlau  tacttmi  and  aal  year  hu  U4dlti  «u  alio  ptsluced 
then.  Bu  neither  ItaelatteiDOrCAaUirfM  (1896)— both  eariy 
woib— obtaloed  any  favosr;  atid  II  «>i  not  till  La  BcUmt 
wu  pofaRDtd  Id  1S97  at  Venice  [hit  hii  talest  obtaiatd  pubUc 
confiRDBtfon.  SubiequeDt  opcna  by  LeoDcavaJkt  ire»  2ata 
(1900),  and  Dir  Jtabnrf  (iga4).    In  all  thew  optai  be  wia  hii 

IBOnDU,  Ling  of  Sparta,  tho  aevciiIWDtli  oF  the  Agiad  Una 
He  tUGMedcd,  pnibab^  In  4S9  or  4M  B.C.,  h;i  Mf-lndier 
Ckwnnici.  whow  dau(btei  Cargo  he  micried.  In  tio  be  was 
tent  Willi  about  7000  nea  to  hold  the  pan  of  Tbehnopylae 
ai^Ht  the  army  of  Xenet.  The  laBUneas  at  tbt  force  w>a, 
according  to  a  cutient  story,  doe  to  tbe  fact  that  he  wai  deUbar- 
U<iy  going  to  bia  doom,  la  orade  having  loictaM  that  Spaita 
«ould  be  saved  only  iiy  the  death  of  one  of  III  kln^;  fa  Tsallly 
ft  scenn  rather  that  the  ephon  snpported  tbe  scbemc  faalf- 
heortediy,  Iheli  pi^cy  being  lo  concentiata  tba  Giedi  toicet  at 
tbe  ItUimiB.  Leonidas  lepubed  the  (rental  altacks  of  tb* 
Pcntant,  but  wbeo  the  MaKaa  Xphiallaa  led  tbe  Fcniaii  leneral 
Hydarnea  by  ■  raountain  tack  ta  the  learof  the  Ciacki  be 
iSvided  bis  anny,  himsdf  temaliAif  fa  tbf  pass  with  300 
Spartiates,  7oeThap<aniBDd4oo¥be(iana.  Perbapa  b«  hoped 
to  suiTooad  Hydsrnes'  force:  U  n,  the  m  .--.j   —  . 

(be  Ifltte  Gretic  amy,  attMked  tnm  both 
to  a  ban  Mve  the  Tbcbaiia,  who  an  said  t 
LeonUaa  fdl  b  (be  'bidiest  a(  the  flghti  hb  head  was 

illbyXcrres' order  and  hit  body  cmdfied,  Onthiw«4edgeof 
tota4U>iitlo)udnotUoaldat^ 


bualiod 

So  Hndoius  *.  J9-4I,  viL  aos-aaj,  13S,  U.  lo;  Diodonis 
iL  4-11;  Pluuifh,  ApilAlluiat.  LaiM.;  ii  maiipiilalt  Htrtit^t, 
sA-u;  PauBniat  L  ly  ilL  3.  4^  Isocratcs.  FaTtet.  93:  LycuT^ut. 
<.  Uta.  tio.  Ill;  SuatiD  L  lo,  it.  419;  AcBan.Vsr  aiu.  UL  ij| 
Oboo.  Tun.  iiipuL  L  41,  49;  A  Pailmi,  ii.  n:  Ccndmi  titBOt, 
'■'-—--'-     -    VakHw   Maiiaw  iiL    1;  7uitin_iL_  1I_.     Tot 


1  the  Petun  War^ 
(M.  N.  T.) 

cranial  bosfS.  The  coDuncm  lonn 
maiiUa  Is  affcctn^  its  d»  progrcs- 
alveiy  incieaaing  l»th  regularly  and  irjegularly,  and  ^us  en- 
croaching on  Ihe  caviEiea  of  the  orbit,  the  mouth,  the  dok  and 
its  accesHHy  Tdnuifn.  £»^hLbaliiHB  giadually  dcvel^ia,  flotns 
(HI  latei  to  a  comptete  km  o(  aigbt  due  to  compnoloti  of  tbe  optic 
nerrr by  the  ovcBUjHtb  ol  bone.  Therernsy  abobelnteifereooB 
vilh  Ihe  nasal  tspitstion  and  with  the  taldog  of  food.  In  tl>« 
aomewhai  less  common  form  of  thii  lart  disease  tbe  oveignwtb 
of  bone  affects  all  Uie  cranial  bones  as  well  as  those  of  tlie  lace, 
tbe  senses  being  ioBt  one  by  ooe  and  dcalfa  finally  [Bultlng 
from  cerebral  pmtuie-  There  is  no  ticalmtnt  other  than 
eipoiiiig  the  overgrown  bone,  and  chipping  away  {riects,  or 
eioiing  eniinly,  wbeie  possible. 

LEONTIHI  (mod.  LalinU,  an  ancient  town  tn  the  sonlb-eart 
ol  Sidly, »  m.  NJl.W.oI  SyiacusBdirecI,  founded  by  Cbalddiaos 
[mm  Maios  in  719  B.C.  Il  Is  almost  Ihe  only  Gicek  lettlemenl 
not  on  ibe  coast,  fnun  wbich  it  is  6  m.  diuaiil.  Tbe  site,  oiigia- 
ally  held  by  the  Siccb,  wa*  teiied  by  the  Giedu  owing  to  its 
conuBiod  of  the  fettile  plain  on  the  north.  It  was  reduced  lo 
(ubjcclion  in  4gS  »jc.  by  Hippocrates  si  Gcbi,  and  in  ^^6  Bicion 
of  Syiacuse  eiisblished  here  the  inhabitants  of  ^■*«p'*  and 
tJoiDS.  Later  on  Leoniini  legaioed  itsiDiIependence,  but  in  its 
efforts  to  trtain  it,  the  intctvention  of  Athens  was  more  ihan 
once  invoked,  ll  was  mainly  the  eloqoencc  of  Gorgiaa  (f.rj 
ol  LeoBiini  which  led  to  tbe  aboitive  AthFoiaa  expedition  of  417. 
In  4T]  Syracuse  supported  tbe  oligarchs  a^Inst  the  people  and 
fecdved  them  as  dliiens,  Lcontini  itself  being  forsaken.    This 


led  to 


.__ of  LeOBlioi  joined  the  cuvoyi  of  Scgesta  in  pel. 

■uading  Athens  to  uodcHake  the  grrac  cxpediiion  of  41  j.  After 
its  lailun,  Leonlini  becuoe  (Bbjetl  10  Syracuse  once  more 
(see  Stiabo  vi.  f/i).  Its  independence  waa  guaranteed  by 
the  treaty  of  405  between  Dionyiiui  and  Ihe  Carthaginians, 
but  it  very  soon  lo&t  it  again.  It  was  finally  stormed  by  M. 
CUudiusMarcellusin  114B.C.  In  Roman  limes  it  seems  lo  have 
been  of  small  importance.  It  was  dcstioyed  by  the  Saracens 
(Lb.  S4S,  and  almost  totally  ruined  by  the  ejitbquake  o£  169S. 
The  ancient  dly  is  described  by  Folybius  [vii.  6)  as  lying  in  • 
boitora  bclaesn  tno  hills,  and  facing  north.  On  Ibc  wtalem 
side  of  Ibis  bottom  ran  a  river  with  a  row  of  houses  on  its  vnlcm 
btnli  under  tbe  hiU.  At  each  end  waa  a  gate,  llie  noithem 
leading  to  the  plain,  the  soulbcni,  at  tbe  upper  end,  to  Syracuse. 
There  was  an  acropotis  on  each  aide  of  tbe  valley,  vfaich  liea 
between  precipitous  hiQ]  with  flat  tops,  over  which  biiildiocshad 
extended.  Tbe  eastern  hill'  sliU  has  etmsiderable  remuna  of 
a  tttongly  fortified  medieval  caille,  in  which  some  waters  are 
incliiied (though  wrongly)  lo  recognise  portions  of  Grrck  moAinry. 
SecC.  M.  CoIumba,in/ln:l(g'afiadi£<iinl)iin(Faleimo,  1S91}, 
reprinted  from  Ardtaio  StcrUe  SUUiaiw,  xi.;  P.  Oiai  in 
Rtmiiikc  UiluSimtcn  (1900],  61  acq.  Eiuvations  were  made  in 
iS99inoncof  Che  ravines  IDS  SIccl  necropolis  ol  the  third  period; 
eiplorations  in  the  various  Creek  ceraetriiM  resulted  in  ihff 
discoveiy  of  some  fine  bronies,  notably  a  Ene  bronze  kiei,  noir 
in  tbe  Berfin  museum.  O".  As.) 


I  a  fact  then 


y  in  fttlBl  Polybhu^ 


zcdbyGoO^lc 


456 


HlEIO 


Leoll 


LEONTIUS— LEOPARDI 

X  ByuncIuBi,  flmiriihcd 
lly  uyled  Byuntinos, 
ly  oCSt  Sabi 


(the    ( 


■-  ichwl 


U  [be  Inlcoduixr  ol  the  Aristoteliu  dtGoitionj  Into  theology: 
■ccocdiitg  10  otbrrt,  be  hid  bees  an  advocita,  a  (pedal  meaning 
ol  tbe  word  sckaSajlicui}.  Uc  hinuell  Mita  that  in  his  early 
yean  he  b^nced  lo  >  Nesloiiaa  comnnuuty.  Nothing  else  i> 
known  o(  tb  life;  he  li  (reqaently  confused  with  others  of  ihc 
lame  name,  and  it  ia  unnitain  which  ol  the  vorki  bearing  the 
name  Lcontiua  are  really  by  him.  Moat  icholan  regard  ai 
genuine  the  polemical  nealiieiCfHlraA'nUnaiuKt  £iiI)c*iaiHi, 
Csnlrs  Nalcriaiua,  Canira  Uarwfliyiiiai,  Cmtra  Samim 
(paliiareliof  Anlioch);  »od  [he  Zjt^Xia,geneially  called  ft  SerfiJ. 
Aa  essay  Advcntu  Jrauda  Apoltinarislarum  and  Ivo  homilies 
arc  referred  toolJicr  hands,  the homilia  tea LcontluSj presbyter 
of  CooAtantiiH^ite, 

.  Collrcted  wdtId  in  I.  P.  Miene,  Ftlrcttpa  Gnuta,  Ixxxvi.;  tor 
the  various  questioss  caiiiectcd  with  Leontius  sec  F.  Loom,  £01 
Ltbm  lai  tie  Mfn^tfii  Wrrtt  iti  LmUui  nm  Byma  itapng. 
1II9TI;  W.  RtT^iDer.  Lumtiia  nm  fluni  (i8m)i  V.  EiiKni, 
Dt  Unmlia   fijnuU'H    {Paria.   iS^S);   C.   Knimbachel,   CckUiIU 

itr  kyianHnudm   LilUialc-  '-"--^     '    "    '— ■—    ' -  — 

BjMm  C1908).   Forotdcrpc 
Oaa  Grata  (ed.  HailnJ,  vii 

LEOPABD,'  Paid  or  PAnBn  (Filli  ptrdiii),  ihe  largest 
Ipolted  troe  cat  of  the  Old  World,  with  the  eiceptlon  of  the  inoW' 
leopard,  which  is,  however,  inferior  in  point  of  rise  to  the  largest 
leopanL  (See  CutNivoRA  and  SKOW-LroPADD.)  Leopards, 
known  in  India  as  ihrcla  {iliila),  are  charactcriied  by  the  KsciLe- 
like  form  of  the  black  spots  on  the  greater  part  of  the  body, 
and  Ibeabsenceof  arentralspot  fromcachrosctte.  Towardsihe 
head  and  on  the  limbs  the  spots  tend  to  become  Bolld,  but  there 
Is  great  local  variation  in  regard  to  their  form  and  airangemrnt. 
In  the  Indian  leopard,  Ihe  true  Pefii  fiirrfw,  the  tpots  arc  large 
and  nnette-like,  and  the  same  I1  the  case  irilh  the  long-haired 
Per^'an  leopard  (P,  ferim  IsUitK).  On  the  other  hand  the 
heavily  built  and  tbick-haired  Manchuriaa  F.  f.  tUlom  has  more 
consolidated  spots.  African  leopards,  again,  to  one  of  which 
the  name  F^  p.  Uopardui  is  applicable,  show  a  dedded  tendency 
to  a  bmking-up  of  'the  spots;  West  African  tDimals  being 


184s) 


I.   P.  Jun; 


m  theea 


side  of  the  CO 


Both  as  reprds  struduiv  and  habflj,  Ibe  leopard  may  be 

TKkoned  as  one  of  the  [note  typical  representatives  of  the  genin 
Fclis,  belonging  to  that  scclion  in  which  the  hyold  bone  is  loosely 
connected  with  the  rfiun,  owing  10  Imperfect  aaificalion  o(  it) 
anterior  Hteh,  and  Ihe  pupil  of  the  eye  when  contracted  under 
the  influence  of  light  is  drcuter,  not  linear  as  in  the  smaDer  cats. 
The  sire  of  leopards  varies  greatly,  the  head  and  body  usually 
measuring  from  3)  t0  4|  ft.  inlcng1h,gndthe  taQfiomit  (0  j  ft., 
but  some  jpecimens  eiceed  these  hmiis,  while  the  Somali  leopard 
IF,  p.  wmopardui)  falls  considerably  short  of  (hem.  The  ground- 
colour of  the  fur  varies  from  a  pale  favm  toa  ntfoos  bufl,  graduat- 
ing in  the  Indian  race  into  pure  white  on  the  under-parti  and 
inside  of  Ihe  limbs.  Generally  speaking,  the  spots  on  Ihe  under 
parts  and  Umbs  arc  Hmple  and  blicker  than  tboee  on  the  other 
parts  of  the  body.  The  bases  of  the  ears  behind  art  black,  the 
tips  buff.  The  upper  side  of  the  tail  is  buH,  spotted  with  bttAen 
rings  like  Ihe  ba^,  its  under  surface  white  with  simple  ^wls. 
The  hair  of  the  cubs  is  longer  than  that  of  the  adults,  its  ground- 
colour less  blight,  and  its  spots  less  distinct.  Pcifeclly  black 
leopards,  which  in  certain  ligfalsshow  the  characteristic  markings 


litter  0 
Indical 
chieRy 

which  (he  r 
ig  a  distinct 

A^; 

normally  cdoured,  and  tbcrefo 
chlesi  a  species.  Thesearcm 
melanism  among  African  In 

by  the  ancient!  tn  an  animal  (uppovd  to  havn  been  a  crou  bi 
a  lion  (Lat.  la,  Gr.  >i_>)  and  a  card  ICi.  *l<in,  Pen.  fc 

taking  ihe  fi 

BnaUy  show 

Inhabits  t 


It  bteakfng.up  ol  the  tfoa,  wUcb 


r  leopard  re 


tcoilesc 


ibles  the  other  large  cat-like  inimals, 
yieioing  to  none  m  tne  lerodty  of  its  disposition.  It  ii  exceed- 
ingly quick  in  lis  movemenu,  but  uizes  its  prey  by  waiting  is 
imbiuh  or  stealthily  approaching  to  within  sprin^ng  distance, 
when  it  luddenly  nuhes  upon  It  and  lean  it  to  ground  with  iti 


The  Leopard  (i 


M. 


powerful  daws  and  teeth.  It  preys  upon  almost  any  animal 
il  can  overcome,  such  as  antelopes,  deer,  sheep,  goats,  moolteys, 
peafowl,  and  has  a  special  liking  for  dogs.  Il  iio(  unfreqBently^ 
WUKis  human  beings  in  India,  chiefly  children  and  old  women, 
but  inslances  have  been  known  of  a  leopard  biffmning*  itgubi 
"  mao-ealer."  When  favourable  opportunities  occur,  it  olten 
kill]  many  more  victims  than  it  can  devour  at  once,  eilher  to 
gratify  its  propensiiy  for  killing  or  for  (he  Bake  of  their  fresh 
Uood.  It  generally  inhabiu  woody  districts,  and  can  climb  trees 
with  iadlity  when  hunted,  but  usually  lives  on  or  near  the  ground, 
anong  rocks,  bushes  and  roots  and  low  branches  of  latff  trees. 
The  geographical  range  of  the  leopard  cmhracea  practically  all 


Afric 


Id  Mindiurr 


of  Ceyton  and  Ihe  great  Mnlsy  Isbnds  as  tar  as  Java-  foss 
bsoes  and  teeth,  indistinguishable  from  those  of  existing  leopards, 
have  been  found  in  cave-dtpouls  of  Pleistocene  age  in  Spain, 
France,  Germany  and  Entfand.  IR,  L,*;  W,  H.  F.) 

LEOPARI^I,  QIACOKO,  Count  (uaS-iBji),  ItaEan  poet,  wu 
bom  at  Recasiti  in  the  hfarch  of  Ancona,  on  the  igth  of  June 
T7QS.  All  the  drcumuanos  of  hia  parentage  and  educatioa 
conspired  to  foster  hia  precodous  and  Mnsilive  geniui  at  lbs 
expense  of  his  physical  alid  mental  health.  His  family  wal 
ancient  and  patrician,  but  10  deeply  eDibamtsed  as  to  be  oab> 
rescued  from  ruin  by  Ibe  energy  of  his  mother,  who  had  talus 
the  cool [ot  of  business  matters  entirdy  into  ber  own  funds,  and 
wh»e  engrossing  devotion  to  her  undertaking  seems  to  have 
almost  dried  up  the  springs  of  maternal  tcadcnkess.  Count 
Mooaldo  La^idi,  the  father,  a  mere  nuUtty  in  his  own  house- 
hold, aechided  himself  in  his  extensive  library,  to  which  hia 
nervous,  skkly  and  dtrotiiicd  sol  bad  free  access,  and  which 
abaorlied  him  e>dusivdy  In  ihe  absence  of  any  iatelligcac 
sympathy  fmrn  hk  parents,  any  CDrnpaoionship  DCtpt  that  of 
bis  brothers  and  sister,  or  any  recreation  in  the  dulletf  of  Italian 
towns.  The  lad  spent  his  days  over  grammars  and  dictioaarics, 
learning  Latin  with  little  assistance, and  Crock  and  ihepiindpal 
modem  languages  wilh  none  at  all.  Any  ordioarily  clever  boy 
would  hut  esKtod  itnm  this  diicifdine  a  mtn  pedant  aiul 


boakmnn.   LcqMidi  cmm  twth  ■  Btlkite,  not  mndy  i  roo- 

ccpliOD  of  liic,  uid  ■  muter  of  anliqiwlonn  ud  ayie.  At 
liileaa  he  ounixHcd  a  Latin  trc&tiaa  on  tho  Eotnaa  riiciariciuu 
ol  tha  and  ceBluqt,  ft  comnKatuy  do  Poiphyc]''!  life  of  Pk>tuiiu 
ud  a  kutmy  of  iNranomyi  atMveotcciibeinMt  on  liic  popular 
cmn  of  Uh  aodtau,  diing  man  than  fov  hundred  lulbon. 
A  lilll*  km  be  imposed  upas  the  Brat  Kboltn  of  Italy  by  tm 
oda  in  the  nutua  nt  Ankaeao.  At  eightecD  be  produced  • 
poem  of  RMwidei^ile  length,  the  AffraitmaUo  all*  Utrft, 
wbkh,  after  hein^  Icat  ior  maay  yean,  waa  discovered  and 
puhliibed  by  Zamoa  Votla.  It  is  a  visioB  of  the  oauipatence  of 
death,  modtUed  upon  Fetnidi,  but  men  tndy  lupiicd  by 
Dante,  and  iniu  iMKeptioa,  machiiifry  aod  gcooxl  loneodaiiis 
a  maukabk  leMniUaDce  to  Shelley's  Trimfi  s/  l^t  U^ii), 
of  iriuch  Leopaidi  i«obBhl]>'  never  beanU  This  juvenile  mrt 
wniuccawkd  (1819)  by  lira  lyncal  composiiions  ahlch  at  once 

aflovatdi.  Tha  ode  to  Italy,  and  that  od  Ibe  moaument  to 
Dante  ctected  at  norencc,  cave  voice  10  Ibe  dismay  ud  aSictloe 
witk  vhicb  Italy,  usosed  by  ibe  f  lencta  Revolution  ffsoi  the 
lorpoiaf  the  i^lh  and  iSlh  centuries,  coalemplaled  her  foclom 
and  dcgiadcd  eandilkini  hei  poUlital  InqiMence,  bei  dcgencricj 
infiti  and  acmawl  tbefriv^yoratainationtdberlntellcituid 
lih.  Tliey  wcfe  the  oMciy  ol  a  itudent  ■!»  bad  found  an  ideal 
•I  nallooal  eattence  in  his  books,  and  to  whose  disappoiDtmeiu 
ovciythlni  in  his  own  circumslancea  lent  additional  poignancy. 
But  then  is  notbiug  unoianly  or  morbid  in  the  eipKuioa  of  thcvc 
•enlimeoti,  and  the  odd  are  sutpiisiDgly  eicinpt  from  the 
hilinc*  ritararterbiic  of  young  poets.  'Diey  an  cenaikably 
dMste  in  diction,  close  and  nervoul  in  style,  sparing  in  fancy  and 
■Imoit  dcstkuta  of  liiatk  and  metaphot,  antique  in  ttJiil.  yet 
pervaded  1^  sudcm  idea*,  eombiiiint  Laador's  dignity  irith  1 
oonsidcraUe  infudoo  of  the  panion  of  Byron.  Tboe  qualities 
omliniicd  tocbancterizeLeopardl'spoeilcil  writings  throughout 
bit  lih.  A  third  ode,  on  Cardinal  Mai's  discoveries  of  andeni 
M55',  lamented  in  the  same  spirit  of  indignant  sorniw  Ibe 
decadence  of  Italian  lilcratiire.  The  pubiiCAtion  of  these  piece* 
widened  the  breach  beKKfl)  Ixf^uidi  ud  his  father,  a  well-mein- 
isc  but  apparently  dull  and  apaibetic  n 
14th  century  without  imbibing  any  of  it 
hk  son's  contempt  by  *  MpentitloD  onpudanable 
of  real  leanung.  Very  probahly  from  a  miilaktn  ide 
hil  ton,  very  probably,  too,  from  his 

pecuniary  matlen  upon  bis  wile,  be  for  a  jong  nine  oosunateiy 
xdosed  Leopardi  funds,  recreation,  thange  of  scene,  everything 
that  could  have  cmtrihuled  to  cambil  the  growing  pessimism 
which  eventually  became  nothing  kss  than  monominiacal. 
lie  afectkn  of  his  bnHbcn  and  sister  afforded  bin  some  con- 
Bolilioa,  and  he  found  inteUcclual  sympMhy  io  the  eminent 
"      " m  be  assiduously 


Iheb  paiboi  as  those  of  the  bi 
bcred  in  fairness  that  the  weaki)^  of  Lnpudi'i  i^etighi 
frequently  deprived  bim  for  moaiht  together  of  the  lesource  of 
ttDdy.  At  length  (iSai)  his  lather  allowed  bim  to  repair  lo 
Roine,  where,  tbongh  cheered  by  the  encouragement  of  C.  C.  J- 
Buuen  and  Niebuhc,  be  found  little  satisfaction  in  the  trifling 
pediBtiy  that  paiMd  (ut  phUology  tad  attbuelocy,  while  his 
■ceplkil  opinhns  pfcventol  bit  taklsg  orden,  tb*  indi^iensable 
cooditlod  <1  puUtc  cnvloyiDeiit  la  tbe  F^ial  States.  Dispirited 
aad  with  exbuntcd  mesos,  be  letnned  to  Recanali,  when  be 
4<nt  three  niseTahle  years,  biightened  only  by  the  pTodnction 
M  (evenl  lyiical  masterpieces,  wbicb  appealed  fai  1814.  The 
■Mat  RmaifcabiB  ■  peAapa  tbe  Bmbi  Uimri,  the  oondensatlon 
OihbphaMOpfayofdcqwIr.  IniSijheai 
to  tdit  CIceta  and  Peuarch  for  the  pnhlisbet  Btelli 
aad  took  np  hb  residence  at  Bologna,  where  Ml  bie 


It  Milan, 


%K01  457 

lime  Bade  aliMM  cktriul  by  tlu  frimddilp  of  tbe  counlca 
MalveaiL  la  i8>7  appeared  tha  OftrilU  Morali,  consittlog 
prinopally  of  lUalofuet  and  hi)  imttpnaiy  bbgnphy  of  FiUppo 
OUonieri,  which  have  given  Leopardi  a  fame  as  a  prose  vtitv 
hardly  Infariot  to  hia  cdctuity  as  a  poet.  Modem  lilirature  has 
(ew  pnxtuctidBl  so  eminently  classical  in  form  and  ituit,  ss 
lymmctrical  in  coostiuction  and  faultless  in  style.  Ludan  ii 
evidently  tbe  iDoddi  but  tbe  wit  and  irony  which  were  play- 
lUngi  10  lAdan  are  lenibly  eamat  with  Leopardi.  Leopardi'i 
invention  ii  equal  to  Ludan's  and  bis  only  drawback  in  cnm- 
pasisoB  with  hit  caemplar  ia  that,  vbils  the  taltet^  campaign 
against  prctean  aiid  ImpoatDie  Mnrniandt  beany  qnnpall^i 
Leo|iatdi'B  phJIoaopUcal  creed  n  a  lepnlsiic  hedonism  in  Ibe 
(UtgiiiM  of  austoc  stoiciBm.    Tim  chief  interlocutoii  in  hs 

emaiKqiaiioD  from  every  illoiini  that  readeis  life  Iderable  to 
ibe  vulgar,  and  assert  or  imply  a  vast  nmal  and  inieUeituI 
superiority  over  unenlightened  rnanhlnd.  When,  however,  ii« 
come  to  iuquire  what  renders  them  mIseraUe,  we  find  it  is  nothing 
but  the  privation  of  pleasumble  sensation,  fame,  fortune  ot 
some  Dtbec  eitenud  Ihing  «bidi  a  lofty  code  of  ethics  would 
deny  to  be  eiths  indefeasihly  due  to  man  or  oseniial  lo  hit 
felidly.  A  page  of  Sarltr  iUnrtu 
to  tbe  winds,  and  leaves  nothing  of  his  di 
summUe  lilenty  skill  Ibil  would  n 


rs  Leopsrdi's  sophistry 
r  the  least  fragmenl 


regipled  as  lyrical  e. . 

from  a  diseased  mind  by  a  diseased  body.    FUifpt  OUontBi  it 

a  portrait  of  an  imaginary  phiksapher,  imitated  from   Ibe 

bl^ETaphy  of  a  tealsageinLudan's^riRimaT.   Lucian  has  shown 

u9  the  philowpher  he  wished  10  copy,  Leopardi  has  truly  depicted 

the  philosopher  be  was.    Nothing  can  be  more  tiiikiui  or  mote 

Iragical  than  the  picluic  of  the  man  superior  to  his  fellows  in 

every  quidity  of  head  and  heart,  and  yet  condenmed  to  sterility 

and  impotence  because  he  has,  as  he  imagines,  gone  a  step  loo 

far  on  tbe  road  to  truth,  and  jUusions  erist  for  him  no  more. 

TheUttletrKti«fullol; 

depth  and  justice,  manifesting  what  pow^  of  observati 

as  leRcclion  were  possessed  by  tbe  sickly  youth  who  had  seen  10 

Lille  of  tbe  world. 

Want  of  means  soon  drove  Leopardi  back  to  Recanali,  where, 
deaf,  half-blind,  sleepless,  tortured  by  incessant  pain,  al  war 
with  himself  and  every  one  around  him.  except  his  sister,  he 
spent  the  two  most  unhappy  years  of  his  uidtappy  life.  In  May 
iSjt  be  taoped  lo  Ftorence,  where  he  formed  the  arqualniance 
of  a  young  Swlis  philfdogist,  M.  de  Sinner.  To  hlOi  he  confided 
his  unpublished  pbHoJogical  writbi^  with  a  view  to  theft 
appearance  in  Germany.  A  selection  appeared  under  Ihe  title 
Eiarfla  cz  siMii  crilicit  J.  Loparii  {Bonn,  1B34).  Tbe 
remainmg  MSS.  were  purchased  after  Sinner's  death  by  (he 
Italian  government,  and,  together  with  Leopatdi's  correspond- 
ence with  the  Swiss  philologist,  were  partially  edited  by  Aulard. 
In  iSjr  appeared  a  new  edilion  of  Leopardi*!  poems,  comprising 
several  new  pieces  of  the  highest  merit.  These  are  in  general 
less  austerely  clasvcal  than  his  earlier  compositions,  and  evince 
a  greater  tendency  to  description,  and  a  teener  fnleresi  in  the 
works  and  ways  of  ordinary  mankind-  T}im  Rautrectitm,  com< 
posed  on  occarion  of  his  uneipected  recovery,  Is  a  model  of 
coDcenlraled  energy  of  diction,  and  Tlit  Stng  of  Ikt  Wndrrint 
Skifkfi  in  Alia  is  one  of  Ihe  highai  flights  of  modem  lyric 
poetry.  The  range  of  the  author's  ideas  is  still  restrkled,  but 
bis  style  and  melody  an  nnsurpassaUe.  Shortly  after  tbe 
publication  of  these  pieces  (Oclober  iSji)  Leopardi  was  driven 
from  Florcnceto  Rome  by  an  unhappy  attachment.  Hiifcdingi 
are  powerfully  expressed  ia  two  poems,  Ta  Himnf/and  Aipctia, 
.which  seem  to  breathe  wounded  pride  at  least  asmnch  as  wounded 
love.  In  iSji  Leopardi  returned  to  Florence,  and  there  formed- 
acqualnlance  with  a  young  Neap^itln,  AntDI^  Ranjeri,  himself 
an  author  of  merit,  and  dcslfned  to  enact  towaidl  bIm  Ihe  part 
vem  towards  Kenti,  an  enviable  title  to  reDOVO 


4-58 


LEOPARDO— LEOPOLD  I 


It  lUnitri  had  not  in  liii  old.  Igt  tninialMd  It  by  uiunilps  the 
IrlntiDD  of  TretAwny  tQ  (be  deul  Byron.  L«^HirdJ  Acc:ompAni«l 
Rvueri  and  fait  tUur  to  N^lo,  ind  under  (fadr  f^re  enjoyed 
iour  yean  d1  compimive  triDquiUity.    He  nudE  the  icquiint- 

dauiol  psrieclion  of  form,  tod  compotcd  LaGinaUa,  thomoit 
conimniute  of  all  liii  tyriul  raisurp''">i  Hiongfy  leumbllng 
Sbdley'i  ifsW  Bttaa.  but  man  perfect  in  crprcEsloil.  He  also 
ttrate  at  Napte*  Tkt  Scqtd  It  Uu  Balllt  tj  Uu  Prtt'  a*d  UUc, 
a  laliie  in  oluiiii  rima  on  the  abortive  Meapoliun  levaluliaB  of 
iGio,  deva  sad  faumomB,  buC  obacun  fiom  llie  local  cbaiattei 
oi  Ibe  alliuiou.  The  men  painful  detail)  of  hii  Neapolitan 
teiidenci  may  be  ifcuod  by  those  who  can  to  leek  for  Ibem  ill 
the  deploiabk  publialioD  of  Kanieii'i  peeviih  old  age  iSelU 
difli  di  tedalmv}.  Tlie  decay  of  Leopardi*i  oiiiBlJIuIiOfi  con- 
tiDucdi  be  beouoe  diopiicil;  Bid  a  ludden  oiili  of  hii  malady, 
nnantidpatcd  by  himieU  akmc,  put  as  eml  to  hit  life-long 
nfterisci  on  (1m  i  jth    '  ' 


Thepo 


.alyln 


f.jgmcnufy  .Jhty 
rntililativF  »1i1ac)uie 


tB  Leopudi'ft  pviAci^  111 
Hlai£mae<.gc 


.„  a  lyrieal  (orni.  akboock  _  -,-  , , 

Soioe  idea  of  the  atyle  and  ifnnt  (^  the  fonner  migbt  be  obtalurd 
by  ima^BioB  (be  (bnivhu  of  the  last  book  of  SptDvt'a  Fatrit 
Qh(H  in  the  metre  oflili  EpiUatamiiui.  Tley  were  Ent  nlltcd 
mmplete  by  Ranieri  at  Rorwe  in  Ifl^s,  fbnninE,  algra  with  the 
OptrttU  Mtroii,  (he  fint  votumc  of  an  rdilLon  of  Lropardi'i  worki. 
■kkli  doH  n«.  honvcr.  Include  rti  &(wJ  w  UW  .BMIa  d/ fb  Frsfi 
atid  Mitt,  fint  F^n(ed  at  Pari*  In  l&p,  nor  the  af  tfrvardi  diKDvered 
wrilinn-  Vob^  li--iv,coataintHcphilolDEical  F«ay*aadtraniiatiDiu, 
irilh  «nie  Wten,  and.  Tola.  v.  and  vi.  the  rnnaLndtr  of  the  cone- 

Tlic  juvenitc  enya  pcexrvcd  in  liii  faihcr'a  liban  at  R£caiia(i 
were  edited  by  (Tunioiii  (0»ert  iniJiu)  in  ilTV.  •nihfbaconfent 
of  the  fjitsDy.  Sea  Cappellai.  BUditinfi'  Utfiiama  (Parma. 
ItSi).  Lcopanll'i  bionaphy  it  malaly  In  hit  lellen  (EMilsIsrie, 
J    .=  ..  —■- rf.,  iiji5,  lo  which  Ml  later  laopaphen  (Brand— 


avthor't  t^eaHinp,  ti  too  much  pen-adcd  by  [he  theological  ipirit, 
but  it  bi  Ibe  nuin  a  pattern  of  generDut  and  diKKminatinc  eulogy. 
ThtrearvEacaUentCeniHBttanikiiioniof  the  poemi  by  KeyKand 
Brandea.    An  En^iiah  iiaiulation  of  the  eisayi  and  diaiogLiee  by 

btFd  with  extiaordinary  IdifiEy  "ay  Jamn  ThomKn.  author  of 
n>  Cilj  >/  DnadM  UalU,  and  ontiuEly  pubUibKl  in  (br  Nalmal 
Mtlnnmrr.  (R.  D.) 

LBOPABDO.  ALBSUNDItO  (d.  c  mi),  Italian  Ictdplnr, 
ma  bom  and  died  at  Venice.  Hit  first  knawn  wock  it  (he 
inpounf  mauwteum  of  the  doge  Andrea  Vendiamiui,  now  in 
the  chunh  of  San  Giovanni  e  Faoloi  ia  this  he  bad  the  co- 
operation of  TuUio  Lombardo,  but  the  final  pans  are  Leopardo'k 
Some  of  the  6£ure>  have  been  taken  away,  and  two  in  (be  Berlin 
mmeum  an  conutered  to  be  nrtiiiUy  bis  wcnk.  He  naa  eiilcd 
on  a  charge  of  fraud  in  14S7,  and  recatled  in  1490  by  (he  Knate 
10  finiah  VcTTOcchJo^l  colooEa]  tlalue  of  Bartoloinmeo  CoUeonL 
He  worked  between  1503  and  iso;  on  the  tomb  of  Cardinal  Zew 
>l  Si  Uark'a,  which  iru  finished  in  151.S  by  Pieua  Lombaido; 
udio  ijojhedeiignidandcait  the  btonie  (ocketi  for  the  (bne 
)>mi.»f  in  the  aquan  of  St  Maik'i,  the  antique  chancier  o( 
the  decontioiB  niggeiting  tome  Greek  model.   (See  Venice.)  ' 

LEOPOLD  (M.a  Cer.  UuMi  OH.  Ger.  U<ipM.  from 
litil.  Mod.  Oi.  Lalt,  "  people,"  and  pdi,  "  bnld,"  >a  "  bold 
lor  (be  people  "),  Itw  name  which  has  htto  that  of  Mvcotl 


the  empervc  FcrdinaAd  UI-  and  bia  fital  wife  Maria  Anna, 
dao^lET  of  Philip  III.  of  Spain,  *ai  botn  on  the  Qlh  of  Jnnc 
lOte.  Iiuended  lor  Iba  Church,  he  renived  a  good  educii(ion, 
but  hb  pnapecla  were  changed  by  the  death  of  bis  elder  brelbei, 
[be  Gennan  kiii(  Fudliuiid  IV.,  id  July  1654,  when  he  became 
hu  fathei'i  beii.  In  165J  ha  wat  cboten  king  of  Hungary  and 
in  i6jd  king  of  Bohemia,  and  in  July  iSjS,  more  than  a  yeai 
after  his  iMbei'*  death,  be  was  citcied  roipenit  at  Frankfort, 
inapUtof  the  inldguti  of  Cardinal  Uaiarin,  who  wiahed  10 place 


in  Ibe  imperial  throne  FeHInind.  elector  of  Binrii,  or  MM 
hther  prince  whose  devaiiOD  irould  break  the  Habebuig  nicc«»- 
Ion.  Mazarin,  however,  obtained  a  pFombe  from  the  tiew 
'inpetor  that  be  would  not  send  aasisl&nce  [o  Spain,  then  at 
rai  wiib  France,  and,  by  joimng  a  confederation  of  German 
irintra,  called  the  league  of  the  Rhine,  France  lecund  a  certain 
ofluence  in  the  inttnul  aftdn  of  Germany,  Leopold's  long 
reign  coven  one  of  the  most  iDipeitanl  period)  of  Eunptaa 
hjiiory;  fot  nearly  tbe  whole  of  its  fony-4eva  year)  he  wu 
pitted  against  Lotus  XIV,  of  France,  whose  dominant  penondllry 
completely  overshadowed  Leopold,  Tbe  cmpBor  was  a  man  of 
peace  and  never  ltd  hb  ln»f»  ia  petson:  yst  tbe  greiiter  part 
of  his  public  life  was  ipeni  in  arranging  and  directing  wan. 
The  fint  was  with  Sweden,  whose  king  Charlti  X.  found  a  uiefid 
ally  in  tbe  prince  of  IVaniylvania,  George  II.  Rakocky,  a  re- 
beltbuB  naial  of  tbe  Hungarian  crown,  Tbii  war,  a  legacy  of 
.  .  1  mged  by  Leonid  as  the  ally  of  lUaad  anta 
peue  WM  iniide  u  CWva  In  itto.  A  more  dtngnout  (be  Beat 
entered  the  Usta.  Tbe  Turks  Intetfemi  in  tbe  ilfain  of  Tnn- 
i^vania,a]wa^an(inruly  district,  and  this  interferenoebroi^t 
on  a  war  with  the  £mpi[«,  which  after  Borne  desullory  opentloDa 
naUy  began  in  iM].  Byipetsonalappeal  to  thediet  at  Regenn> 
bug  Leopokj  induced  Ibt  princes  ID  send  assist  »nce  lot  tbt 
campaign;  tnwpt  wen  >l*a  sent  by  Fimnce,  and  in  August  iM* 
the  great  imperialist  general,  Montecuccoli,  gained  a  nolaUe 
victory  at  St  fotlhard.  By  the  peace  of  Vaavar  tbn  •mpmc 
made  a  itwenty  yean'  truce  with  tbe  sultan,  gnnlinf  men 
generous  tctmt  tbia   bia  ttttnt  victoty  nuMd  to  fotte 

After  ■  few  yean  of  peace  began  the  Snt  ot  three  wan  bMwcem 

France  and  tbe  Empire.     The  aggreaaivc  policy  punned  hf 

Louis  XIV.  towards  Holland  had  aroused  the  aoioua  attentlo* 

of  Europe,  and  step*  had  been  taken  to  check  it,     Akbon^ 

French  king  bad  toogbi  the  alliance  of  MvenU  Gtnai 

'     Turks  in  their  atluka  w  Aoalrla 


mipoor  at  first  took  no  pt 


D  this 


idly  Icnn)  wilh  Louis,  to  whom  be  was  closely  idUed 
and  with  wboni  be  had  already  discussed  tb*  partition  of  tba 
landa  of  the  Spanish  monarchy;  moteovtr,  )a  t&;i  be  uruged 
with  him  a  treaty  of  neutrality.  In  1671,  however,  be  waa 
fonxd  to  lake  action.  He  entsed  into  an  alHance  for  (he 
defentr  of  Holland  and  irar  broke  out;  then,  after  Ibis  leagtw 
had  collapsed  owingiothedefectiop  of  the  elector  of  BraDdaciburg, 
■Dother  and  mnn  durable  alliance  was  fnrmecl  for  the  aame 
purpcBe,  Including,  besidca  llie  emperor,  the  king  of  Spain  and 
serenl  German  prineca,  and  Ibe  -war  was  leiKwed.  At  tU* 
time,  twenty-five  years  if  tti  the  peace  of  Westphalia,  the  Empin 
waa  virtually  a  cnnfrderaLion  of  independent  princes,  and  ft 
was  very  difficult  for  its  head  to  conduce  any  war  with  *igour 
and  success,  some  of  Its  memben  being  In  altianca  with  the 
enemy  and  others  being  only  lukewarm  In  their  soi^iaTt  of  tt« 
imperial  interests-  Thus  this  ttrug^,  which  lasted  untO  the 
end  of  167S.  was  on  the  whole  uofavwinble  to  Oennaoy,  aod 
tbe  advaniagcs  of  the  treaty  of  Nljmwcgai  (February  11S19) 
were  with  France. 

Almost  imtaidiately  after  the  concIUDoa  of  pcac*  t«ib 
renewed  his  aggrenions  on  the  German  fnmtiB'.  >"B-F^  is 
■  seiiotB  itruggle  with  Turkey,  the  empenn  was  again  tloir  to 
move,  and  nlihongb  be  Joined  a  league  against  Prance  b  1681 
be  was  glad  to  Dak*  a  ince  at  RcgeDsbutg  lire  yam  lats-. 
In  16U  (he  lengna  of  Anphurg  waa  formed  by  the  emperor 
and  the  hnparfal  princes,  to  preserve  tbe  toma  of  the  trcatiea 
of  Weatpba]itaad«<Ni)aiwegnk  He  arfiolB  EuiDiiean  podtkm 
was  now  botud  up  whb  cvenla  in  England,  and  tbe  lenslon 
lasted  Botil  idSS,  whoi  WfiOam  of  Orange  won  tbe  Eatflab 
oDwn  and  Loub  favsded  fSermany.    In  May  1681)  the  gnnd 

Spain  ud  Dcnnaifc,  tbe  tiectoi  el  Brandeaburg  and  01 
and  a  tiena  atrugglc  against  Fntica  waa  waged  thioq, . . . 
alonst  tke  wbola  of  western  Eanpe.    In  gtainl  the  trwal 
caiqiaigna  wen  favourable  to  the  alUct,  and  in  Sepleoh* 


X  wttb-lmh  «  Rnwick 


LEOPOLD  n. 


+59 


fend  b«D  FnuK«  to  Ccrmny.  TV  pace  viih  Fnnce  lui«d 
bw  ilioiU  bB  yMwmd  Ibco  Europe  wa  iBvokid  in  ilii  Wu 
it  llw  'i|i>iilA  liirrnilwi  TU  king  of  Spate,  Chaila  II.,  wu 
■  Habfauf  by  dnceat  and  wu  rdiUd  by  nuniicc  la  Cbe 
AoMttan  bmiEh,  fAlle  a  limitat  tis  bonnd  Uri  Io  the  rayd 
boon  of  Fnact.  Hswufecblcuul  cUIdIaa,udiillcinpubid 
been  mwk  bjr  the  Evnvcui  powcn  to  smnge  tar  ■  pcutiblt 
diraicBi  d£  hk  «xten£ve  kingdom.  Leopold  refused  to  consent 
IO  uij  partition,  nnd  when  In  November  1700  Ctuilei  died, 
hwriW  a*  cna  to  Kilfp,  duke  of  Aijoa,  i  gnmdion  of 
LiNiiiXIV-fillliepciof  >pcscaiblesetilen»ntviinietied.  Uodir 
Ike  gnldaceof  WiBluD  ni.  ■  powerful  tague,  the  giud  (HUac*, 
wu  fanned  ifunit  Pruce;  of  Ihli  the  eaipeior  wu  1  piomlnent 
tfember,  ud  hi  1703  he  tniHfcncd  hii  cUun  on  the  Speniita 
Boauthy  to  Us  iccOBd  eon,  tb»  irchduke  ChBrlei.  The  eu-ly 
oraneof  tbcwarvuDot  f ivotmUe  to  the  fmpenallsts,  but  the 
tide  of  defeat  had  beeii  relied  b4ck  by  the  RreM  victory  of 
Blenheim  before  Leopold  died  on  the  jlh  of  May  1705. 

In  goren^ng  bfA  own  laodi  I.eopold  found  Hi  ehief  diffic^tita 
In  HuDgmy,  where  unrst  was  caused  partly  by  bu  dnbe  (0 
atak  PntatantBjn.  A  rising  was  suppnsied  in  1A71  and  for 
warns  yean  Hongaty  wu  treated  wilh  great  leverlly.  Io  liSi, 
after  aaolher  ririn),  tome  grievances  mis  reowved  and  ■  leu 
KprcMive  paVcr  wat  tdipted,  but  tMt  did  not  deter  the  Hun- 
^liaiu  from  revolUng  agua.  EspnuilBg  the  cause  of  the  rebels 
the  sultan  sent  u  ennrmotu  army  into  Austria  early  in  itSy, 
Ihfa  IdTanced  almnat  nncbeckni  to  Vienna,  which  wu  be»eged 
frOTQ  July  to  September,  while  Leopold  took  refuge  at  Puraii. 
ResUlbig  the  gravity  o(  the  situation  somewhal  tardily,  seme 
of  the  GeiDan  princes,  amoiic  them  the  decton  of  Saaacy  and 
Bavaria,  ied  (faor  contingeills  10  tile  imperial  army  which  was 
commanded  by  the  emperor'^  brfllher-in-law,  Charles,  duke  of 
Lorraine,  bnl  the  most  redoubtable  of  Leopold's  ^lie>  wu 
the  king  of  PoEand,  John  Sobieski,  who  wu  already  dreaded  by 
tbe  Turks.  On  the  ttlh  of  September  1683  the  allied  army 
fcQ  upon  the  enemy,  who  wu  completely  routed,  and  Vienna 
wu  nved.  The  imperiilisls,  among  Thorn  Prince  Eugene  of 
Savoy  was  rapidly  becoming  prominent,  followed  up  the  victory 
wilh  other*,  notably  one  near  Mohan  in  16S7  and  another  at 
Zoita  in  1697,  and  in  January  1A99  the  sultan  ^gned  the  treaty 
of  KarlowilE  by  which  he  admitted  the  Hvereign  rights  of  the 
house  of  Habiburg  over  nenly  the  whole  of  Hungary.  Before 
the  conchiuon  of  the  war,  bovever,  Leopold  had  taken  measures 

df  Pressburj  the  constitution  was  changed,  the  right  of  the 
HabsbUTXs  ID  succeed  to  the  Ihrone  without  election  wu 
admitted  and  the  emperor's  elder  ton  Joteph  was  crowned 
hereditary  king  of  Hungary. 

During  this  reign  some  important  change)  were  made  In  the 
eonstitution  of  the  Empire.  In  i66j  the  imperial  diet  entered 
upon  the  fast  stage  of  its  eiistence,  and  became  a  body  perman- 
ently in  session  at  Regensburg;  in  i6qi  the  duke  of  Hanover 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  an  elnlor,  becoming  the  ninth  member 
of  the  (JectoraJ  college;  and  in  1700  Leopold,  grestjy  in  need 
of  help  fn  the  impcnt^ng  war  with  France,  granted  the  title 
«(  king  of  Prussia  to  the  elector  of  Brandenburg.  The  net 
result  ol  these  and  similar  changes  was  to  weaken  the  authority 
of  the  emperor  over,  the  members  of  the  Empire,  and  to  compel 
him  to  rely  more  and  more  upon  hit  position  as  ruler  of  the 
Amtrian  archduchies  and  ol  Hungary  and  Bohemia,  and  Leopold 
was  the  £nt  who  rally  appears  to  have  realiied  this  altered 
Hate  of  aflain  and  10  have  acted  in  accordance  therewith. 

The  emperor  wu  married  three  times.  Hit  first  wife  wu 
Margaret  Theresa  (d.  1673),  daughter  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spaini 
bit  second  Gaudia  Felicitu  (d,  1J76),  the  heireaa  ol  Tirol; 
Ind  hds  third  Eleanora,  a  princess  of  the  Palatinate.  By  bis 
Int  two  wives  he  had  no  sons,  but  his  third  wife  bore  him  two, 
Joseph  and  Charles,  both  of  whom  became  emperors.  He  bad 
■bo  four  daB^era. 


Leopold  wu  a'lnaa  of  faduMiy  and  edoeallon,  and  doitng  Ui 
bter  years  he  thowctl  some  pollticsl  ability.  Eitntacly  tenadosc 
ol  hit  light*,  and  regarding  Umsdf  u  an  abteluie  soveKlgn, 
he  wu  also  very  intolerant  and  waa  greatly  Influenced  by  ibg 
Jesuits.  In  pesva  be  wu  abort,  but  sllonc  and  hcakhy. 
Although  he  had  DO  indinatioB  for  k  mlUtary  life  be  loved 


IB  for  D 


Leopold's  lellert  » 
edited  by  O.  (Uopp  ■ 
•re  found  in  the  fm 

(■873)™ 


Mareo  .d'Avlaad  fitim  1A^  to  [foo  w 

d  publidKd  at  CiH  in  ISBS.   Other  lett 


10  F.  KiDi 


•J  1. 

'[A.vrtf 

IBOPOU)  n.  (i747~iT0i),  RomaD  empBor,  and  grmBd-^uke 
of  Tuscany,  900  of  the  empreii  Maria  Tfaetoa  and  ha  husband, 
Ffands  I.,  was  bora  in  Vienna  on  Ilie  sth  of  May  1747.  He  waa 
a  third-son,  and  wu  at  first  edoiated  for  ibe  pricMhood,  but  the 
"   :h  ho  wu  forced  to  anily  bimadf 


Uevedtc 


y  unfavi 


Cburcll.  On  tbe  death  ol  bb  elder  1 
1761  it  wu  decided  that  he  tboold  succeed  to 
duchy  of  Tuscany,  which  wu  erected  into  a  " 
or  apanage  for  a  lecond  son.  This  settlement  wu  the  conditioa 
of  his  marriage  on  the  jth  of  August  nU  wilh  Maria  Lauiia, 
datighttr  of  Charles  UI.ol  Spain,  and  on  the  death  of  his  father 
Francis  I.  (13th  August  1765)  he  succeeded  to  the  grand  duchy!. 
For  Eve  yean  he  eierdsed  little  more  than  nominal  authority 
under  the  tuperviiion  of  countellors  appointed  by  hit  motber. 
In  1770  he  made  a  Journey  10  Vienna  to  secure  the  removal  of 
this  ventioti*  guardiinthlp,  and  relumed  to  Florence  wilh  a 
free  band.  During  ihe  twenty  yean  which  elapsed  between 
his  lelura  10  Florence  and  the  death  of  his  eldest  brother 
Joseph  II.  In  1790  he  wu  employed  In  reforming  the  adminlttra- 
tion  of  his  small  state.  The  refofmatjon  wu  carried  out  by  tht 
removal  of  Ihe  ruinous  restrictions  on  induitry  and  penoiial 
freedom  imposed  by  his  predecessors  of  the  house  of  Medld,  and 
left  untouched  during  bu  father's  life;  by  tbe  inlrodiKtion  of  a 
rational  lystem  of  taiatian;  and  by  Ihe  eiecuiion  of  pmfitaUa 
public  works,  euch  u  the  drainage  of  the  Val  d!  Chiana.    At 

naval  force  k^  Dp  t^  the  Medici,  Ihe  whije  ol  hit  tevenne 
wu  Jell  free  for  the  improvement  of  his  state.  Leopold  wu 
never  popular  with  hit  Italian  subjects.  His  disposition  wu  cold 
and  retiring.  His  babits  woe  simple  to  the  verge  of  sordidnesa, 
though  be  could  display  splendour  on  occasion,  and  he  could 
not  hdp  oSeitdiDg  those  of  his  subtects  who  bad  profited  by  the 
ibutes  of  the  Medicean  rfgime.  But  his  steady,  toniisteni  and 
intelligent  admlnislntion,  which  advanced  step  by  iiep,'ni^ing 
the  second  only  when  the  first  had  beat  Josiified  1^  raulls, 
broueht  Ihe  Rand  duchy  to  a  high  level  of  mateiial  protpetity. 
d  policy,  whidi  dtslurbed  the  deeply  rooted 


IS  of  his  people,-  and  brought  him  In 


le  the 
It  the  el«gy  entirely 


properly  of  the  religious  hoiaes,  01 
under  the  control  oF  the  lay  power. 

During  Ihe  lut  few  yean  of  bis  rule  in  Tuscany  Leopidd  bad 
begun  to  be  frightened  by  the  Increasing  disorders  in  the  Oerman 
and  Hungarian  dominions  of  his  family,  which  were  the  direct 
result  of  bb  biDlbei'a  headlong  methods.  HC  and  Joseph  II. 
were  tenderly  attached  to  one  another,  and  met  inquently  bolh 
before  and  after  the  death  of  their  mother,  whSe  lb*  portrait 
by  Pompeo  Balloni  In  which  they  appear  together  shows  that 
they  bore  a  strong  personal  resendilance  to  one  another.  But 
it  mty  be  said  of  Leopold,  u  of  FonleneDe,  that  Us  heart  was 
made  ol  briina.  He  knew  that  he  mutt  »iir«ied  hit  chUdtew 
eldest  brolher  in  Austria,  and  he  «u  aowflUng  to  Inheht  hit 
unpopularity.  When,  therefore.  In  1780  Joseph,  who  bKw 
himsell  to  be  dying,  asked  him  to  come  to  Vienna,  and  bcceoM 
co-regent,  Leopold  coldly  evaded  tbe  nqiiest.  He  wu  aiQ 
in  Florence  when  Josepb  II.  died  at  Vienna  on  Ihe  Htb  c< 
February  1790,  and  he  did  not  leave  hb  [laliaB  C^tilal  tUT  U« 


46d  LEOB 

jrd  of  Mucfa.    Leopidd,  dming  Ut  fovamomt  in  Taaky, 


>  tM  in 


LD  luida  he  begia 
"     ■  d  by  h' 


.  .  _v  He  recopiUed  iJu  EitAta  of  his  diSereot 
"  the  pQlus  at  the  mouichy,"  padfied  the 
jiuDginuu  uid  divided  the  BelcuD  imutBcnls  bj  conaasocB. 
When  thoc  failed  to  restore  oider,  be  raucbed  ttoois  into  the 
country,  and  re-alahluhed  at  the  •ame  time  hit  own  authority, 
and  the  hiitoric  franduHS  oi  the  Floninga.  Yet  he  did  doi 
lumnder  any  pan  tliat  could  be  retained  of  what  MuiiThensa 
and  Josqih  had  done  to  strengthen  the  hands  ot  the  state.  He 
continued,  iot  hutance,  to  insist  that  no  papal  bull  could  be 
publlshei)  in  bis  domioions  without  his  coosenl  iflaaiiimrcpiim). 
IS  Leopold's  leign  u  empenn,  and  king  of  Hungary  and 
Bohemia,  had  been  prolonf[edduiingyeaisofpeace,iJ  is  pTobaUfl 
that  he  would  have  repeated  his  successes  as  a  reforming  nilcr 
in  Tiwapy  on  a  far  luger  scale.  Bui  he  lived  Sor  budy  two 
ye»i»,  and  during  thai  period  he  was  haid  presied  by  peril  irom 
west  and  east  alike.  The  growing  nvolutLonaiy  disorders  in 
France  endangered  the  Hie  of  his  sister  Marie  Antcdnetle,  the 
queen  of  Louia  XVI,,  and  also  threajened  hii  own  dominions 
with  the  ipread  of  a  subvenive  agiutJon.  His  lists  Knt  him 
passioaate  appeals  for  help,  and  he  was  pestered  by  the  royalisl 
eniigranli,  who  were  intriguing  Ixith  to  bring  about  an  anned 
intervcatioo  In  Fiance,  and  agiinst  Louis  XVI,  From  the  east 
he  was  tbrealeoed  by  the  aggrasive  ambition  of  CatheilnB  II. 
of  RiAsia,  and  hy  the  unscrupulous  policy  of  Prussia-  Catherine 
would  have  been  delighted  to  see  Austria  and  Prussia  enabark 

they  weie  busy  beyond  the  Rhine,  she  would  have  aoneaed  what 
remained  of  Poland^  aod  would  have  made  conquests  in  T;(rkey. 
Ler^ld  II.  had  no  difficulty  in  sedng  through  the  rather  trans- 
parent ^cunning  ol  the  Russian  empress,. and  he  refused  to  be 
milled.  To  his  sister  he  gave  gooJ  advice  and  pTomiscs  of  help 
If  she  and  her  husband  could  escape  from  Paris.  The  emigianU 
who  (oHowed  him  pertinaciously  wen  refused  audience,  or  when 
they  forced  themselves  on  him  were  peremptorily  denied  all 
help.  Leopold  was  too  purely  a  politician  not  to  be  secretly 
pleased  at  the  destiuclion  of  the  power  of  Franco  and  of  her 
Influence  in  £un^  by  her  internal  disorders.  Within  ill 
weeks  of  his  accesion  be  displayed  hit  contempt  for  bee  weskneo 
by  pmctitally  tesiing  up  the  treaty  of  alliance  nude  by  Maria 
Theresa  in  1756  and  opening  negotiations  with  England  to  impose 
a  check  on  Kuaaia  and  Prussia.  He  was  able  to  put  pressure 
on  England  hy  threatening  to  cede  his  part  of  the  Low  Countries 
to  France,  and  then,  when  aecute  of  Eogliih  support,  be  was  in  a 
position  to  baffle  the  inliigua  of  Prussia.  A  pertotul  appeal  to 
Frederick  Wilham  II.  led  to  a  conference  belwecD  them  at 
Belcben  bach  in  July  i7go,  and  to  an  arrangement 'Which  was  In  fact 
a  defeat  lor  Prussia  Leopold^  coronation  as  king  of  Hungary  on 
the  I  Jth  of  November  1790,  was  preceded  by  a  settlement  with  the 
diet  in  which  he  leCDgniEed  the  dominant  position  of  the  Magyar*. 
lie  had  already  made  an  eight  monlha'  tlucc  with  the  Turks 
in  Si^emher,  which  prepared  the  way  for  the  termiiution  of 
the  war  begun  hy  Joseph  n.  the  peace  of  Sistova  being  signed 
in  August  i/gi.  Hie  padficatinn  of  his  eastern  domuUDns 
left  Leopold  free  to  re-eilablith  order  in  Belgium  and  to  cooGtci 
friendly  relations  with  England  and  HoQand- 

During  1741  tbe  emperor  contmued  to  be  increasingly  pre- 
occupied with  the  affairs  of  fronte.  In  January  he  had  to 
dismiia  the  count  ol  Artois.  af  lerwsrds  Charles  X.,  king  of  France, 
in  a  very  peremptory  way.  His  good  sense  was  revolted  by  the 
folly  of  the  French  emigrants,  and  he  did  his  utmost  to  avrud 
being  entangled  in  tbe  aflairs  of  that  country.  The  iruulu 
inaicted  on  Louis  XVI.  and  hiarie  Antoinette,  however,  at  the 
time  of  their  altempled  flight  to  Varcnnes  m  June,  itiirtd  bit 
indignatinn,  and  he  made  a  general  appeal  to  the  uveretgnt 
of  Europe  to  take  common  measures  in  view  of  events  which 
"  immediately '  compromised  the  honour  of  all  sovereigns,  and 

bteretted  in  Ih^  cooierencc  at  Sistova,  whicb  in  June  led  to  s 


deciaiatioa  of  their  re, 
theiiBssi>tinr«»ascalleilfotby thaotbBpDWBS.  T1iedeclu»- 
tion  was  a  mere  formality,  for,  «•  Leopold  ki  '"■      " 

no(  England  was  prepared  10  act,  and  he  « 

against  theusewluchbeforeaawUwamigiu..     

to  make  of  it.  In  lace  ol  tiie  agiutioa  earned  by  the  FSlaits 
dedaration  in  France,  tbe  Intngaei  el  Iha  ""'r--Hi  and  the 
attacks  made  hy  the  French  lerolutiooiKa  oa  tbe  Mgfali  of  the 
German  princes  in  Alsace,  Leopold  contiiuied  to  hi^K  Ibat 
intervention  might  not  be  required.  When  Louit  XVI.  swoT« 
to  observe  the  constitution  of  Scpteabo'  f?^,  the  empeiM 
■professed  10  think  that  a  settlement  had  been  readied  in  France. 
The  attack*  on  the  righii  of  ihe  Cetman  pcinoB  an  the'  left 
bank  of  the  Rhine,  and  the  Incieeaing  vlokaa  afth>p>nic« 
in  P^ris  which  were  sgitstuig  to  being  ^Mwt  w 
however,  that  this  hope  wi  '  '  ' ' 
Language  of  tbt 
sudden  death  01 
to  Austria. 

Leopold  had  aiiteen  chOdieii,  the  ddeit  •(  Ui  cj^  wnt 
bdng  his  successor,  the  emperor  Frauds  U.  Some  (d  hit  otlw 
SODS  were  prenunent  pcnonagia  in  tbdl  day.  AmiHig  them  wnc: 
Ferdinand  III.,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany;  tbe  cididuha  Charin, 
a  celebrated  soldier;  the  archduke  John,  also  a  toidia;  the 
archduke  Joseph,  palatine  of  Hungary;  and  tbe  ftrdididte 
Rainer,  viceroy  of  Lombsrdy'Venetia. 

Several  voluines  containing  tbe  esperor'a  correapflod^f*  haw 
been  publiibrd.  Aiddih  Ibne  are;  inuik  It.  «d  IMiU  mm 
ToiiKM.  Ila  Bruhiiiiul  17^1-179'  (Vieuia.  1871),  wd  Moris 
Ai  ■  ■■■  JacfhJI.  ■>Hf  Ucpoli  II.  Ik<  Bri^tSuU  fTieiuia, 
IB  ediledby  A.Rittcrvoii  AnKlh;.;sH^//.,LBpiVd//. 

•>■  H.    Ihr  irwfiKclail  (Vienna,  taT3)t  and  LhmU  //., 

Fi  nd  Gulkirimi.    /Jhn  CimiMWas  hM  MV  EurJOtau .- 

Z,  Uiin  PMii  LafoUi  It.  (LapBi,  lS7t).  halh  edited 

by  :  i<id  LapM  II.  Mid  Uarii  CiriiSm.   fir  Bntfmaiui 

It  edited  hy  A.  Woll  (Vienna,  iMj).    See  shn'W.  von 


-. .T  LiepMi  II.  (Mun., 

T  LapM  II.  umd  iUJrmmuMxki  J 
d  A  WoU  and  ){.  voe  Ziriiiikiicck.Sa 
jw  TkBisa,  Jtu/A  II.  ml  LafM  U 


LEOPOLD  L  (1790-iUs),  king  of  the  Bc^ns,  foisth  too 
of  Fiandt,  duke  of  Sase-Coburg-Saaltdd,  and  uncle  of  Queen' 
Victoria  ol  En^ind,  was  homat  Cobuigon  the  iSth  of  Decctnber 
1790.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  entered  the  miJitaty  service 
of  Russia,  and  accompanied  the  emperor  Aleaander  to  Erfurt 
as  a  member  of  his  stall.  He  was  required  by  Napoleon  to  quit 
the  Rusian  array,  and  spent  aome  years  in  travelling.  In  itti 
he  accepted  from  the  emperor  Alesander  Ibe  post  of  a  cavalry 
general  in  the  army  of  mvasion,  and  he  look  part  in  the  ^h^ 
of  tbe  campaign  of  that  and  the  following  year,  ^^i^^i^f  ii«hiwj 
himself  in  the'  battles  of  Leipzig,  Ldtzen  and  Baittsen.  He 
entered  Paris  with  the  allied  sovereigns,  and  accompanied  them 
(0  England.  He  married  in  May  iSifi  Charbtle,  only  child 
of  Georjc,  prince  regent,  afterwards  George  IV.,  heiress.pre- 
lutnptive  to  the  British  Ihmne,  and  was  created  duke  of  Kendal 
m  the  British  peerage  and  pven.  an  atinuity  of  £50,000.  The 
death  of  the  princess  in  the  following  year  was  a  heavy  blow 
to  his  hopes,  but  he  continued  to  reude  in  England.  In  iSy) 
he  declined  the  offer  of  the  crown  of  Greece,  owing  to  the  refusal 
ot  the  powers  to  grant  conditions  which  he  cnnsidered  essential 
to  the  welfare  of  the  new  kingdom,  hut  was  in  the  following  year 
elected  king  ol  the  Belgians  (4th  June  iSji).  After  some 
hesilAtion  he  accepted  the  crown,  having  previously  ascertained 
that  he  would  have  the  support  of  the  great  powers  on  entering 
"■     ■" of  July  he  made  hit 


niryin 


]  observe 


During  the  first  eight  years  of  his  reign  he  was  confronted  with 
tbe  resolute  hosIiUty  of  Kbig  William  I.  of  Holland,  and  it  wu 
not  until  iSjg  tliat  (he  diRertncei  between  Ihe  two  states 
which  until  tSjo  had  formed  tbe  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
were  finally  leltled  at  the  conference  of  London  by  the  tnaty 


LEOTOLD  II. 


4.61 


a(  the  14  Afddn  ^n  Bncimi).  Rwa  tUi  <W(  natU  hh 
death,  King  LsopgU  ipent  all  his  cns^a  in  the  uist  adminittn- 
ticm  ot  the  affaiis  erf  Ihe  newly  lormcd  kingdoiB.  whkh  may  be 
laid  10  on  In  a  large  measure  in  £nt  anuobdalwn  and  cmuianl 
preapaitj  to  the  care  and  skill  of  liia  diKnct  and  lathniy 

unidit  the  rsvolniiona  irhich  marked  ihai  year  in  alimit  evory 
EaiDpcancouDtry.  OnUuiSthDiAugiial  iSji  Leopold  married, 
u  hit  tecHid  wile,  LouI«  of  Oclsiia.  daughlet  o>  Louis  Philippe, 
kinc  ot  the  Fnoch.  Queen  Louiie  eodaml  hcnell  lo  the 
Bd^ian  people,  and  her  death  iaiSsawasldtu  a  nalioluibss. 
TUi  aiioa  pndDCEd  two  son  and  one  dau^Iet~(i)  Leopold. 
■flcnanii  Uni  ol  the  Belgians:  (i)  FliOip.  omni  of  Fbnden; 
0)  liaiie  ChulMte,  vh«  mankd  Maximilian  of  Auuria,  the 
■nfanunate  enpoor  o<  Mcika.  Leopold  I.  died  at  Lacken 
oatheiothofDecembcTiM;.  He  hu  »  most  cultured  man  and 
■  (nx  nadet,  and  did  U>  utiaott  dujag  hii  nign  to  CDConngt 
■It,  tdtaa  and  educaiim.     Hi]  judcnenl  ou  uniTCnallr 


"  the  NeKor  of  Eniopt "  (Me  ilM 


vu  freqoently  apokai  of 
ViCi««u,  Qouh), 
Srr-n.JaiH.LiapMI'.rtliaBrlrai'aprhiaitr.iiM.JTOJ- 


ell.  1868),  ant 

«<((i  (M  vols.,  BriuKlj,  lijI-iSSo);  J.  F. 
wu  it  rtpu  it  Liofoid  I-  (Lognin,  iWi). 

LEOPOLD  II.  [Leufoui  Lotm  FinLirPE  Vkul  Vicio*] 
(18]  j-i^og),  king  of  Lhe  Bdgiaiu,  jOu  ot  Ike  pieceding,  tra  bora 
•t  BiuskIi  on  the  Qih  of  April  iSjj.  In  1S46  be  wit  CTHled 
duke  of  Brabanl  and  ap^inted  a  sub-Lcuteiiant  in  the  simy, 
Ib  which  he  tened  until  hii  acctuiofi,  by  iriiich  tina  be  bad 
NKhed  the  rank  ot  UeuleDUt-scnerat.  On  atUbUiv  hb 
■tfodly  be  •■■  made  a  nenAer  Of  Ihe  aenate,  in  vkote  pTMxed- 
iip  be  look  >  Uvely  inteteti,  eipeeially  in  mailers  conceiDing 
tb*  devdopneol  of  Betgiun  and  JU  trade.  On  the  iind  a< 
AipM  185J  Leopold  manied  Marie  Henrietie  (iSji-ivoi), 
denser  el  the  Mcbduke  Jeeepb  of  Aunria,  pibitineol  Hoagary , 
by  bi*  «i(e  Marie  Doro^ea,  duduei  of  WUitlaDberg.  This 
pttiKtm,  who  «■•  ■  ti«at-xnindda«cbtft  of  the  emprcn  Maria 
TkRM,  atid  a  gnal-nlece  ot  Marie  AotolneKe,  endeared  hinelf 
IS  lb«  people  by  ber  elevated  chancter  and  IndcfaiigiUe 
beoevtrinKe,  wbite  ber  beaoly  gained  for  her  lhe  lobrfquet  of 
"  Tbe  Rote  of  Btibtnl  ";  she  wu  alw  an  acconplisktd  inlH 
utd  musdan,  and  a  fine  hoitevonian.  Betwcert  the  yean 
1854  and  1S65  Leopold  travelled  much  abnud,  visiting  India 
Ud  China  aa  well  as  Egypt  and  the  countries  on  tbe  Mcdiier- 
taoean  coast  of  Africa.  On  the  i«h  of  December  i3dj  he 
nccteded  hi*  {albet.  On  the  iSih  of  Jaouaiy  18A9  be  lost  kis 
only  eini,  I,eopold  (b.  itljg),  duke  of  Haloaut.  The  king's 
blMbei  Philip,  count  of  Flanden  (iSjt-iiws),  then  becaae 
bail  tfl  tbe  throne;  and  on  his  death  hii  son  Albert  {h.  1S7;) 
became  beir-ptefurhlilive.  During  tbe  FnncD-Pruiiian  War 
(1S70-1871)  the  kins  of  tbe  Bel^ans  pritervcd  iKOtralily  in 
a  period  of  unusual  difficulty  arid  danger.  But  Ihe  most  notaU* 
event  in  Leopold's  career  was  tbe  foundation  of  Ihe  Congo  Free 
Stale  (T.I.).  While  still  duke  of  Bnbant  he  had  been  the  first 
ID  call  the  attention  ol  the  Belgians  to  Ibe  need  of  enlir^ng 
■bell  boliton  beynnd  le*,  and  liter  hit  ucnson  10  the  ihnne 
be  gave  the  Gral  impuUe  towud)  the  developmeni  of  this  idea 
by  founding  In  Tg;6  tbe  Aiiaiialitn  InUrnalinatt  AjrliaM. 
He  enbted  the  services  of  H.  M.  Stanley,  who  visited  Bruseett 
In  tSjS  after  eipksing  the  Congo  river,  and  telncned  hi  1S79 
M  the  Congo  ai  agent  of  the  CemlU  d'&MJit  in  Haat  Ceiifff, 
looa  ilterwdi  itorttmted  u  tbe  "  iDtenwtlonal  Aseodation 
of  tbe  Congo."  Tbb  anodation  wu,  {aiSB4-in{,nco(uiwd 
by  tbe  powen  ti  ■  HmTdcB  Male  nnda  lhe  name  of  Ibe  tltl 
Inttttidaia  ife  Cmtt.  Leopdd^  eiploilation  ol  thii  nw 
tetrilory,  lAieh  he  admiDiiteRd  anWaatlcally,      '  '-  "' 


a  penonally  w; 
tbe  tubject  of  acutdy  hoetilc  critidim,  tx 


ts  financial  tc 


by  tbe  king  hinudf  In  ip04,  and  fODowed  in 


a  (see  Congo  F*ec  Si 


opinion  by  his  i 


_        ,  Bhlery). 

iSSoLeopoldsooghl  an  interview  wilb  General  C.  C.  Conhlk 
and  obtained  his  pniniiie,  subject  la  tbe  approval  ol  the  Btiiiih 
govomtneni,  to  enter  the  Belgian  service  on  lie  Congo.  Three 
yean  kuei  Leopaid  cbumed  fulfilment  of  the  premise,  and 
CordoD  wu  about  10  piDcced  to  the  Congo  when  the  Briltsb 
government  required  his  scrvicct  lOr  tbe  Sudan.  On  lhe  lyjk 
ol  November  1903  King  Leopold's  life  was  Attempted  in  Brussels 
by  an  IlalJau  unarcbiM  named  Rubino.  Queoi  Marie- Uenriette 
died  II  Spa  on  Ihe  iqthof  September  of  the  sime  year.  BcsuIcb 
the  son  alrudy  nenlioiitd  she  had  home  to  Leopold  tbrct 
daughlen— Louise  MaiieAm^(b.  1S5S),  who  in  [8)5  married 
Philip  of  Suc-Coburg  and  Golha.  and  was  diuwced  in  iqs&i 
Stephanie  (b.  i«64),  who  married  Rudolph,  crovm  prince  ol 
Auilria,  in  1881,  and  after  his  death  In  18II9  tmrned,  agaioll 
her  father's  wishes,  Elemer.  Count  Lonyay,  in  ic^ooi  and 
CKmentine  (b,  lS}i).  At  Ihe  lime  of  tbe  queen's  deuh  att 
unseemly  inddeni  wai  occatiantd  by  Leopold's  refusal  to  see 
his  daughter  Sl^hanie,  v^  in  consequence  was  not  prcserl  at 
bet  mother's  funeral.  The  diaagreeable  impression  on.  the  public 
mltid  thus  created  was  deepened  by  an  tuifortunate  h'llgatioB, 
tailing  (or  two  yean  (igot-rjet),  over  the  deceased  quecn^ 
win,  in  wUdi  Ihe  creditm'  of  tbe  princess  Louise,  together 
with  princess  Stephanie  (Countes  Lonyay),  daboed  Ibal  under 
the  Belgian  law  the  quem'f  otate  was  cMillfll  to  half  ol  bs 
husband's  property.  This  daim  was  disallowed  by  iheBelgiaa 
couni.  The  king  died  at  Laeken,  near  Bniaelj,  on  the  i7th 
of  DecHnber  1909.  On  the  13rd  of  tbai  month  hia  nepbew 
look  the  oath  to  observe  Ibe  conslilation,  assuming  the  lilleof 
Albert  I.  King  Leopold  was  pemmallya  man  of  considerable 
h  tirengib  of  chiracltr,  but  he  waa  a 
monarch,  i>4io  even  10  the  lut  ollinded 
ilgcncei  at  Paris  and  on  tbe  Rlviefk. 
ine  weiiin  ne  amassed  irom  the  Congo  be  spent,  no  doubt, 
royally  not  only  In  this  way  but  also  on  public  improvemenu 
in  Belgium;  but  he  had  a  hard  heart  toward)  the  natives  ti 

LEOPOLD  11.  (iToT-l^To).  of  Hablburg-Lorratne.  grvid-dilfce 
of  Tuscany,  was  bora  on  lhe  3rd  ol  October  t■J^)^,  Ihe  son  of  tbe 
grand.duke  Ferdinand  III.,  whom  be  iDCceeded  in  1814.  Dnriig 
the  tr^t  tveniy  yean  of  his  refgn  he  devoted  hiinsdf  to  tb« 
internal  dEvelopmenl  of  the  stale.  His  was  the  mildest  artd  least 
reactionary  of  all  the  Italian  despotisms  ol  theday.andallhougfe 
always  subject  to  Austrian  inSuenci  he  refused  to  adopt  the 
Austrian  BKIhodl  ol  government,  ^kiwed  a  fair  meature  U 
liberty  10  the  preu,  and  pennilted  many  political  exiles  from 
olher  states  to  dwell  in  Tuscany  undisturbed.  But  when  In  the 
early  'fonisa  feeling  of  unrest  spread  tbrougboul  Italy,  even  in 
Tuscany  demands  for  a  constitution  and  other  politic*]  refoTTU 
were  advanced;  in  iSij-igtU  riot!  broke  out  In  vaijout  parti  of 
Ihe  CDunlry,  and  Le(i«W  granted  a  number  of  adminiilraUve 
TefoTBU.  But  Austrian  inSuenct  prevented  him  from  guhg 
further,  even  had  be  wished  to  do  so.  The  election  of  Pope  Piua 
DC.  gave  fresh  impulse  to  Ibe  Litxrat  movement,  and  on  tbe 
4th  of  September  1847  Lei^d  iiattluted  the  National  Guard-~- 
a  Erst  alep  towards  the  constitution;  shortly  after  lhe  matcbese 
Coticio  Ridolfi  was  appointed  prime  miniiler.  The  granting  of 
the  NeapoUtan  and  Piedmonlew  const ilullont  was  felkiwed 
(i7lh  February  1848)  by  that  of  T^iscany,  drawn  up  by  Gino 
Capponl.  Tbe  revolution  hi  Milan  and  Vienna  aroused  a  fevn 
of  patriotic  entbuuasm  in  Tuscany,  where  war  against  AaitPla 
was  deraanded;  Leopold,  giving  way  to  popular  prtsswe,  lent 
a  force  of  regulars  and  vohinleen  lo  cv-operau  wilb  Piedmont 
in  the  Lombard  campaign.  Wt  speech  on  theti  depatloro  wan 
WKompramislngly  Italian  end  Ubent.  "  Sotdlen,"  be  Mid, 
"  the  boly  cause  of  Italian  freedom  la  bdng  decided  lo-diy  onlhe 
field)  of  Lombardy.  Already  tbe  dciien]  of  Bfitan  have  prathaied 
thefr  liberty  with  tbdr  blood  and  with  a  benrism  of  wbidi  hittoty 
oflen  lew  examples.  .  .  .  Boaonr  to  the  ama  of  Italyl  Long 
Uve  Italian  IndepeBdenctl"  The  Ttaan  coatlnfrat  l«)|bt 
bravely.  It  nDfucoEufuBy,  al  f!urutone  and  Mbnunua.  On'thb 
j0tb  ot  June  the  fint  T— 


1,  bM  lb* 


^t2 


LEOPOLD  n— LEOrVCHIDES 


cqisnt  on  ihe  biluR  Cl  the 
Uimbirdj  ltd  lo  Ihe  rnigiwtion  of  tbt  Ridolfi  a 
wu  suixftded  by  thai  o[  Gmo  Cippou.  The  A 
apttiiSlr  "  Li^ra,  which  wai  a  prey  lo  actiuil  dvU  wu, 
the  dcmocntic  parly  o[  which  F.  Q.  ConnuiaHl 
wtre  leading  tghti  beone  iwcy  d»y  more  iofiuOuiaL  Owpon 
aigRid.  Uid   Leopold   nlucuntly  sgreed 


Guerr 


n  pany.     Me 


,      ,  Mgnuoeiii 

turn  had  la  fight  againit  the 
'  ^lion*  la  the  autumn  ol 
y,  but  it  endnl  by  voting 


alaueRihly.  ThenwulAlliolinitkutiBg 
■  ccntnl  Italian  kingdom  with  Leopold  ai  Ling,  10  foim  p«n  of 
I  Iitgn  Italian  fidiniian.  but  En  the  mciUivhile  the  graiutduke, 
alarmed  at  llie  reviduiioaiiy  and  Kpublican.  agiULioiu  id 
Tiuony  *nd  escounged  by  the  succeia  ol  the  AusKiaD  irau, 
wu,  unrding  to  ManlUHUi,  negotiating  with  FkJd-MtnlMl 
Radetiky  and  with  Piui  IX.,  idio  had  IMV  ■baadcnicd  hii 
Liberaltendenda.andfied  taCatU.  Leopold  had  Ml  FldRace 
[or  Sicu,  and  eventually  fdc  Pons  S.  Stelano,  leaving  •  letttc 
lo  GiKrraiii  in  which,  on  acmuit  ol  n  prateit  fiom  the  pap<. 
he  declared  that  he  could  not  agrea  lo  the  piopoaed  coauitueU 
aaembly.  The  uimaet  coofuBion  ptevailed  io  Flocence  and  olha 
parts  of  Tuacany.  On  the  trih  of  February  1649  tbt  republic 
wu  prodahned,  largely  a*  n  result  of  Uaaiuu'i  viboTtaliou, 
and  on  ihc  iSth  Leopold  tailed  for  Gaels.  A  third  parlimxBt 
was  elected  and  Guerraiil  appoinltd  dicuior,  Bnt  then  was 
great  dlMantenl,  and  the  deieal  of  Chuta  Albert  at  Novara 
cnocd  couteraalion  unong  Um  Liberals  Tbe  majoiity,  while 
fearing  an  Anttrian  iovastoa.deured  the  Rtum  of  the  grud-duke 
who  had  Mvc(  been  nnpopular,  tod  la  April  1340  the  municipal 
council  iDuiped  the  powers  o(  ihe  anembly  and  uivjied  him  Is 
tetum,  "  10  lavB  ui  by  roearu  of  the  reuoiation  ci  the  coiutiiu- 
tioiial  DMUrthy  sunounded  by  piqKilar  inuituiiou.  from  the 
dianw  *nd  raia  of  a  foielga  invasirai."  Leopold  iccepied, 
although  he  laid  mthmg  about  Ibe  foteigri  Invuioa,  and  on  the 
lit  of  May  KDt  Count  Luigi  Seiristoti  10  Tuscany  with  full 
powers.  But  at  ibe  same  time  the  Austrian!  occupied  Lucca 
nad  Leghorn,  and  although  Leopold  simulated  sur|ais«  at  (heir 
xlioa  it  haa  since  been  proved,  as  the  Aullrian  general  d'Atpre 
declared  at  the  lime,  that  Austrian  intervention  was  due  10  the 
nquest  of  the  gnod-dulu.  On  the  :4ih  of  Uay  the  kiln 
appointed  C.  BaidasieronI  prime  minlKer,  on  ibe  ijib  the 
Auslriau  entered  Florence  and  on  the  sSlh  of  July  Leopold 
UsueU  returned.  In  April  i3jo  be  noncludcd  a  treaty  witb 
Austria  sanctioning  Ihe  continuatioa  i«  an  iodelinitje  period  ol 
Ibe  Ausliiacr  occupation  with  10,000  men;  In  September  he 
dbmiseed  parliament,  and  the  following  year  esubliihed  a 
'  h  the  Church  of  a  very  derieal  cbaiMler.    He 


pe.  ^ki 


-,  Prince  Schwai 


in  Ihe  CO 

uiberg,  advised  him  10 


u  dukes  of  Pi 


feebly  as 
the  Ausi 


ii  advice  he  formally  revoked  the 
(iSSi).  PoUlical  i[ial>  were  held,  Cuerrwil  and  many  othen 
being  c<Htdemned  to  long  terms  of  imprisonment,  and  altbouEb 
in  1855  the  Auslrian  troops  left  Tuscany,  Leopold's  popularity 
■aa  gone.  A  part  of  the  Liberals,  however,  UJU  believed  in  the 
poiubiUly  ol  a  consiilutiaiul  gnnd-duke  who  could  be  bduced 
tar  >  second  time  to  ji»n  Piedmont  in  a  war  against  Ansuia, 
whenaa  the  popular  party  beaded  by  F.  Banolommei  and 
C.  DM  realiied  that  only  by  the  eipulsion  of  Leopdd  could  the 
uliooal  aspiration*  be  realiied.  When  in  iS»  France  and 
Ptedmant  made  war  on  Auatria,  Leopold's  goverruxent  (ailed  10 
prevent  number*  ol  young  Tuscan  volunleen  from  Joining  the 
Franco-Piedmoateae  forcia. .  FiuUy.an  agreemenl  wa*  arrived 
al  between  the  uistocntlc  ccostitutionaUits  and  the  popular 
IMrly,  as  a  result  ol  which  the  grand-duke's  participation  in  the 
war  was  lormally  demanded.  Leofnld  al  £iil  gave  way,  and 
entruited  Don  Nerl  Conisi  with  the  fonnalion  of  a  miiu^iiy. 
tie  popular  denaadt  pceMnud  by  Cotsini  w«D  for  the  abdica' 
lion  of  LeifKild  la  bvaur  of  his  son,  an  alliance  with  FiediwHl 
•ltd  the  rceigaaliatiDn  of  Tuscany  in  accoidance  with  Uie 
af  Italy.    Leopold  heeitated 


•Dd  fiMOyMieded  the  propeiakaa  ileiaMtOry  tB'Ua  dl^ly. 
Ob  tbe  ajth  of  April  there  wai  Eteit  eai-itwent  In  Flmrncc, 
luli^  ooIdus  atfieaitd  enrywheic.  bitt  order  was  mamiaiimil, 
and  tke  grand-diike  and  bla  family  deputed  for  BakiVia  un- 
dittarbed.  Thus  the  nvolutlon  waa  aomnpllihcd  wtthoal  a 
drop  of  blind  being  (bed,  and  alter  a  period  ol  ptovitioaal  fovetB' 
menl  Tuacany  wa*  InoaiiMtBted  in  tbe  kingdom  of  Inly.  On  the 
nil  of  July  Lc^Mld  abdicated  In  bvourcd  his  son  Ferdinand  IV.^ 
who  oevet  rdVK^  but  issued  a  prolaat  from  Dresden  (i6th 
Mardi  ]86o}..  He  spent  his  laat  years  in  Austria,  and  died  in 
Rome  SB  the  34th  of  Janaary  iI;o. 

Leopold  et  Tuscany  waa  a  weU-mcaBing,  Dot  unkind^  man, 
and  fondet  of  his  subject*  than  were  Uie  Mba  tlaSas  dcqioUi 
but  he  wu  weak,  and  tm  doaely  bound  by  family  tias  w) 
Habsbuig  tradiiiona  ever  to  become  a  real  libenL  Had  be  not 
joined  the  coaetave  of  autociata  at  Oaata,  and,  above  all,  had  be 

dofte  ia,  in  18*9,  he  mi^  yet  have  preierved  h^  Ihrso*,  aod 
even  changed  tbe  lAok  couiae  of  IiaUao  hisiory.    At  the  santa 

Sea  C.  Baldaacfoid.  LafiUe  II  (Flomee,  i»7t).  indel  but 
RBcliOBiry  In  tendency,  tbe  author  having  been  Lenmid's  nnimr . 
C  Montanetti.  Utmau  nlT  Ilalia  (Turin.  tSa)-,  f.  D.  Cuoraau. 
ifeMeru  (Leghorn.  li^S):  Zobi,  SItia  miltiilla  TeitoMm.  vola. 
iv..v.  (FIsrence,  ie;o-i8]i}:  A.  von  ReuoKM,  GtteUikU  TnKanai 
, 1.    ,-..u.    .o-^i877)j^.  BsnDlonunri^ioli.flitiKil^iiiintle 

and  V  lulia  iiiH 


Ilaliai 


U  frfBlsrm  tFltmvt,  1^):  C  T 
T.~fTutin.  IS9S).    Sc(  also  RlCASOLI;  Baa 


LBt»«l»  n.,  a  lake  of  Centia]  Africa  In  Ibe  basin  of  tbe 

KasaiaSueatof  theCoagD,cutbyi°S.  and  iB°  to'E.    It  bat 
a  length  N.  lo  S.  of  about  rS  m.,  fijam.  aona*  at  ila  DOMbeni 

end,  taperini  towards  its  soutbem  1 


paialively unimportant.  ItdiicbargciIuwaicntatiuiDiithem 
eDd)inlotbeldSni,  whkhjaia  reality  ihe  lower  couist  of  ib( 
Lukenye.  Ibe  lake  is  ^adually  diminishini  in  area;  lo  lb« 
miny  season  it  ovtrfows  ils  baclit.  The  Hurauadinc  country 
is  very  Bat  and  densely  wooded. 

See  Kasai;  and  anicln  ami  masa  la  Za  itiimmiM  iltt.,woidr 
ally  vol.  liv..  No.  a  (1897)  and  vol.  Biv.,  No-jS  (i»07l. 

LBOTTCHIDES,  Spartan  king,  of  the  Eurypontid  family, 
wu  descended  fiom  Thcopompui  through  Ut  younger  ion 
Anaxandridai  (Uciod,  viii.  iji),  and  in  491  a.c  succeeded 
Demaratus^f.v,}.  whose  liile  to  the  Ihronche  had  with  Clcomerwa' 
aid  successluUy  challenged-  He  look  pan  in  Cleemeikes'  second 
etpediiioo  lo  Aegioa,  on  n^iich  ten  botlagei  were  Kl>ed  and 
banded  over  to  the  Aihemini  for  safe  custody:  lor  ibii  b« 
oanowly  escaped  being  surrendered  to  the  Aeginttans  atiei 

of  Ihc  Greek  Heel  of  no  diips,  fiist  at  Atgina  and  afterwards 
al  Delo*.  In  August  be  attacked  iJm  Fenian  patiiiao  at  Myiale 
on  the  (oatt  ol  Asia  Slinoc  opposite  Samoa,  indicled  a  civtking 
defeat  oc  tbe  land-anqr,  aiul  annihilated  the  fleet  which  was 
drawn  up  on  the  aboia.  Soon  afterward*  he  sailed  home  oith 
the  Fdoponneiiaas,  leaving  Ihc  Atheoians  to  protecule  the  siege 
of  Sestot.  Ja  476  be  led  an  army  to  Tbeasaly  to  punish  the 
Aleuadae  of  Larisa  for  the  aid  they  had  rendered  to  the  Persians 
and  to  strengthen  Spartan  inBuence  in  coithem  Greece,  After 
a  Kries  of  successful  eogagcmeou  be  acc^ied  a  bribe  from  the 
enemy  10  withdraw.  For  this  he  wis  brought  to  trial  al  Sparla, 
and  ID  sava  bis  life  fled  to  the  temple  of  Athena  Alea  at  Tegta. 
Sentence  of  cxHe  was  passed,  his  house  was  rased  arui  hls'grau^ 
■on  Archidamui  ll.  ascended  the  ihnne  [Herod.  vL  65.81, 
ijt.  9D-ii4i  Tbucydidea  i.  89^  Pautaniat  iii.  4.  )-  ;.  0-10; 
flulaich;  £>>  tuiipiiialt  HuadMi,  ti,  p.  SjR  o;  Oiodorut  at 


Digilizcd  by  Google 


LBOVIGILD— LEPANTO 


♦63 


(A  4l)  UotydUdni  mIiohI  mniy'im 

s  ui  Ai  and  Anhldunu  bfj.)  dM  In  437. 
icydnda'i  «ile  would  riTln  4(3  >«'  tt" 

.....      ._    -J„j„ttJio.    y,^    (f„    E.     ■■ 

.   Sal  Diodgnu  i>  mC  c« 
;  he  «tribmei  (id.  *S 

PrlupMuiaun  unn  (si.  4I1  47.  Ji).  runbcr.  bt  ayi  expnitly 
that  LcstychidH  InMtww  Mm  d*  dan  a>I  lb,  ^  be  Bwd 
muuinno  yean  tiur  hu  lOWwR.  Tha  mniy-twD  ywr^  tbta. 
■uy  ioclode  tlia  tim*  which  fImmhI  beiwien  bl>  ude  ind  hi>  death. 
In  ihai  UK  Lcotydilda  died  u]4e9,  and  47^-475  iu|r  be  the  year 
in  wfiidi  fail  Riin,  lh«u|)i  ngl  hii  life.  ewM^  TMi  due  •HBd 
(rem  wbt  w«  know  of  [he  wttlical  dnatioa  in  leHBl,  (a  be  Bon 
DHrtMblt  thm  ilnhitttot  w  iheThiiliiinaiiitMgii.         _ 

C  BuKh.  CriKk.  Cwat^lt  iiL  fa,  ■»«:  ].  B.  Biur.  BuOry 
a/Gma,  p.  316 :  C  Ctoce,  B'ilv7  «/cr««,  new  ediUon  iMS,  iv. 
uo.  DMs:  (tio  wridied  eaHBB  1907,  il  173,  anrj.  Belodi'iTiew 
(CniE*.  CMrtirfri,  L  451,  tarn  >)  that  tke  ixpeditloii  took  tim  in 
4T6.ih»wial»iidlliiht Sftf,!* apt uneaBy nKctWd.    (H.H.T.) 

UDYIQItft  o(  UmioiD  (d.  jS6},  kb«i>f  ihelWrxki, 
became  king  ift  jOS  afia  t^  tkxt  pttlod  of  aauchy  vlikb 
Mlowcd  the  death  of  Kiag  AthaoaiSd,  *koia  «id«w,  Oalniotha, 
henirritd.  Aifatthanledtkupaitttiht VU|a(talcktafldDn 
wUA  lajr  to  tb«  uuh  <il  tkc  Pynua.  Ui  bratber  lim  M 
Leova  (svonlnf  tht  imll  put  l»  tbe  Danh  ctf  tbeae  BWBtaiiMi 
but  ia  57>  Uuva  dM  and  Leoviglld  be(wn«  wb  tinfr  At  thia 
dme  tbe  VUfodW  wb«  Mtlled  ia  Spain  ailr  in  dia  jib  anttoy 
vet*  nwueed  by  two  powutul  ooemlea,  the  Suari  vba  bad  a 
unUl  kiagdoD  is  the  mtb-wM  of  the  pcninnla,  and  tb« 
ByuBtine*  who  hid  aaawviad  AtbauaOd'i'  apptal  for  b^  by 
taUnj  poiteuiOD  of  a  MMtdi  of  conauy  la  tha  MNUb^it. 
Thtii  kjnidom,  too,  m*  divided  and  wofceatd  by  tbe  Betce 
hoitiUtr  betweia  Ibeortbodoi  CbriKiau  and  tba«a«bapr» 
feiaed  ArianEun.  lettrnal  and  oternil  diapi  alik^  bowtvo, 
failed  10  daunt  Ltovigild,  who  may  fairly  bacalladtboiMUni  of 
the  ViBgDIbic  Idngdoiii,  Ife  tuned  fint  ipintt  the  ByaoUiMi, 
who  *cra  dtfraiid  leveral  lhna;.ba  tuck  Conbva  and 
cbuliMd  Ibe  SoevI;  and  then  by  MenBanutaba  dountd 
tbt  pa««  of  thou  SDjiil]'  and  rriMdUona  cMeftiina  rt»  bad 
reduced  fonser  kingi  to  tbe  poaitka  ol  dpbtn.  -Tbe  doonickr 
ttUt  bow,  having  )^*Di  peac*  to  hia  ptniilt,  !■>  &nt  of  tbe  Viri- 
fothfc  loveieigDi,  aiHimcd  tbe  altiic  of  a  king  and  made  Tohda 
hi*  capllBl  H*  MMOgtbentd  the  pedtiaa  <d.  l^  baBy  and 
provided  far  tbe  aetDilty  of  Ui  ftingdnn  byaNodatloi  bia  tipe 
■oni,  Recatcd  and  Benncac^ld,  with  bimMlf  in  tbe  Uagly  office 
and  {riidng  parla  of  tbg  land  ondet  tbtii  rule.  Lcovigild  Urn- 
•rif  waa  an  Aiian,  b^  Iba  kit  of  tb*  VUiotUe  kinp  to  boU 
that  ireedl  b«t  bettaa  not  «Mttw  fee  of  the  owfaodaK  Cliriatiww. 
although  he  wai  obbged  to  nmiita  them  when  they  conqiired 
againat  hijn  with  hia  cxtemal  mnntti  Hil  eon  HemeDegild, 
however,  waa  converted  to  the  onhodox  iaith  throu^  the 
infiuence  of  hia  Fiaoldsh  wife,  Inguzulia,  dau^ter  of  Sing 
Kgebcit  I.,  and  ot  Leeader,  metnipc^taa  of  Seville.  Allying 
hiniadf  villi  the  Byzanlinca  and  other  cnemiea  of  the  ^^Bgotlla, 
and  lupponed  by  moM  of  the  onhodoi  Chriatiaot  fic  headed 
•  folmidable  innrrcctioQ.  Tbe  Itniggle  waa  fierce;  but  at 
Isigtb,  (mploying  pcnua^oB  ta  well  aa  fscce,  (he  old  king 
irluiaphed.  Hctmencgild  waa  captured;  he  refiocd  to  give 
up  Ul  faith  and  in  March  or  April  sSj  he  wu  eatculed.  He  waa 
canoniied  il  the  rcquMt  ol  Philip  II.,  king  of  Spain,  by  fopt 
SiituaV,'  About  Ihii  lime  Leovigild  put  an  md  10  the  kingdom 
of  the  Suevi.  During  hia  last  yean  he  wai  engaged  in  a  war 
with  the  Fruilu.  He  dird  at  Toledo  on  the  alit  of  Apiil  }W  and 
waa  iUcccedcd  by  hia  tan  Recared. 

UPANTO,'  BATTLE  OT.  fought  on  the  jtb  oi  October  IS71. 
lb*  conquBt  ol  Cyprui  hy  the  Turka,  and  thtii  aggicuioat  on 
the  Chriillaa  pDwen.  trij^ened  the  uateaollheUeditenucaa 
into  forming  a  holy  league  (or  their  common  defaicc  The  main 
promoW  of  the  league  waa  IVipe  Fioi  V..  but  the  bulk  «( tbe 
Ibrcea  wo  auppUcd  by  the  republic  of  Venice  and  Philip  II.  of 
ppain,  vhk  waa  peculiarly  inierotcd  in  checking  tbe  Tuika 
Tor  Lepimo  ••» 


both  bccaiae  of  the  Uooilah  dement  in  IM  population  «t  Spain, 

and  because  he  waa  aim  aovcreign  of  Napiea  and  Sicily.  In 
cooipliiEient  to  King  Philip,  the  general  command  of  the  ieague'a 
fiect  waa  ijven  Id  hil  natural  brother.  Don  John  of  Auatri*. 
It  iodudEd,  hoaeve,  only  Iwcnty-lour  Spaaiih  ahipa.  The 
great  majority  of  the  two  hundred  g>!l<yi  and  eight  gakamee, 
of  which  the  fleet  wu  composed,  came  from  Venice,  under  the 
(vmmand  of  the  pioveditarr  Barbarigo;  from  Genoa,  which 
wai  in-  dais  alliance  with  Spain,  ands '  Giaatndrea  Dma; 
and  from  the  P*^  whcae  iquadma  waa  commanded  hy  Marc 
Antonio  Colonna.  The  Sidlian  and  Neapolitan  contipgMiia 
wera  commanded  by  the  marqucv  oi  Santa  Cnia,  and  Cardona, 

barked.  ThaaUied  fleet  waaooUected  ilowly  at  Meuioa,  fton 
whence  it  ad  vaoded  by  Che  paaage  bet  ween  I  thaot  and  Ophaloiua 
toQ^NhfanlbUaeuDracgnen.  Tie  Torkiab  fleet  which  bad 
caaw  ny  fioia  Cyprai  and  Crete  aachoccil  in  the  Gulf  of  Paliaa. 
b  con^lad  ta  aU  of  173  lallayi  whkh  wcie  of  lighter  build  than 

The  Tuika  (till  leliod  oiainly  on  Ibe  bow  and  anow.   Ali,  the 

Ali,  dey  ot  Algiera.  On  the  7th  oi  October  the  ChriiliBn  Beet 
■dvnwed  to  tbe  niighlMUihood  ol  CMpe  Scropha.  It  waa 
farmed  ia  tha  tnditionaloidci  of  the  gaOeyi—a  long  line  abreait, 
mbdjyided  lata  Lbe  centre  sr  "battle"  commanded  tn  Don 
John  in  penon.  the  left  wing  undei  the  provaditot^  Baibaiigo; 
and  tho  right  undar  Cianaadrea  Doria.  But  a  loarve  iciuadron 
*aa  placid  bcbind  the  ccntn  under  the  maiquca  of  Santa  Crua, 
and  tlw  d^t  lumbering  galeawta  were  italloiMd  at  jntemUi  in 
iimit  ol  tbe  line  to  break  (he  formation  of  the  Tuika.  The 
tapitan  puha  left  hia  anchorage  in  the  Gulf  of  Patnu  with  hil 
fleet  m  a  ain^  Une,  without  rcaerve  or  advanc^^uard-  Ha  wai 
himielf  b  the  centn,  with  Sdncco  on  hia  right  and  Uhub  AH 
oabiiklt.  Tbe  two  SecU  met  iBsth  of  Cape  Scn^a,  both  drawn 
q>inaiiM>itbt4aanth,  (he  land  being  ctoae  to  the  Idi  Bank  ol 
tbe  Chlistianl,  and  the  light  of  the  Turk!.,  To  the  lell  of  the 
Turin  and  the  tight  gf  the  Chrittiw^  tbiM  wax  optn  lea.  AU 
fMba'a  gn«(«r  mimbers  nibltd  bim  (0  outrank  bli  entmy. 
lit  Tucks  charged  throogh  the  interval*  between  tb*  (lleaMf, 
whicb  pnyed  to  be  ol  no  value.  (Jn-  thdr  right  Sciiacco  out- 
dinked  the  Vcnetiani  ol  Batbaiito.  bat  tbe  better  build  of  (be 
vUaya  of  Saint  HaA  and  tbe  admirable  ditciptoe  of  Ibcil 
oewa  p!W  them  tbe  vktory.  The  Turk*  were  ahnoit  all  auak. 
or  driven  on  Aore.  Sdncco  and  Barbari^i  both  knt  thdr  live*. 
On  tbe  coin  Don  John  aad  tbe  Chilian  [Hiha  met  pniw  to  (wow 
— 4ha  lT.tt«ft—  nsviag  tbe  file  of  their  bow  guaa  (called  dj 
nvt>4t>ll'thei>onMtitolin4iaet,aiidAen boarding.  AliPaiha 
tni  ilain  and  hia  fdky  teken.  Evcrywhen  on  tbe  centre  the 
CbtiMlaai  gdaed  the  upper  faaad,  bat  tbait  victety  waa  ilnxM 
turned  into  a  defeat  by  the  mitiakea  manteuvree  ol  Diida. 
la  leai  lot  ^  ihould  b*  out&nked  by  Ubicta  Ah,  he  itood 
out  to  lea,  leaving  a  gap  between  UmaeU  and  (ha  caitre.  Tbe 
dey  ol  Altera,  who  aaw  (he  opening,  nvened  the  oldcc  oi  hia 
aquadroa,  and  fell  on  the  right  of  (he  centre.  The  (allay*  of  (he 
Onler  of  Malta,  which  were  atitioned  at  iMa  point.  Buffered 
aevetdy,  and  their  flagahip  waa  taken  with  great  ilau^ttc. 
A  diautet  waa  averted  by  the  marqueia  of  Sanu  Ciua,  *bo 
fanuiM  up  iba  meive.  Cluch  Ali  (ben  reUtated  wilh  tail  and 
oat,  briDgJng  moat  of  hii  division  off  in  good  order. 

The  leai  of  life  in  1^  battle  wu  encranui,  beiag  put  it 
aa^oaefcHlbeTackeandlooBfoe  tbaCbiiitiau.  Tbebatllcai 
lepaalo  was  of  iiiiiai  imi  polilial  bBpottance.  It  gave  the  naval 
power  ot  the  Tufci  a  blow  fnai  which  it  never  reooveted. 
and  pat «  (top  to  thdr  agpoaioa  in  thi  Eaitcra  Meditenanean. 
ffiatorkally  the  battle  k  intending  betauee  it  wai  tht  Ian 
cxanpb  of  an  enODnnlcr  on  a  pt*l  acak  bet  ween  Oeeti  ol  galley* 
and  alao  bacauie  it  waa  the  lait  ciraade.  The  Chriukn.poweia 
of  the  Medilcnantaa  dd  really  eombioe  to  avert  (he  niia  oi 
Chditcndotn.  Hardly  a  aoUe  home  of  Spain  or  Italy  wa*  MC 
rcprcBOited  in  the  Beet,  and  the  prmoei  headed  (he  baardem. 


oi  E 


d  Ihai 


+6+ 


LE  PAUTRE— LEPIDOPTERA 


afouu,  Kc  Sii  W-  SiifUag  Mu^I^^c 

Mid  JuricB  dc  la  Gnvitn,  Xa  Cixm  d 

leMU  (iSSI). 

UEPAUm^ 


unoni  dica  mi  Sti  lUduid  Cfurvint,  •flttmida  fuDou  tot 

Us  £^l  In  ibe  "  Rfwcnse  "  ofl  FIbri  in  tbs  Aiom.    C«miiM* 
WD  uDdoubicdl)'  procDt,  and  hid  hii  tell  band  ihMttnd  by  a 
tBAhh  baliet. 
'     '  "  u  ol  Die  builii,  vkh  uiWHif  ntoncca  ta  aitbof- 

,  -  -  .-MjJ; 
Ckypn  a  la  Maille  it 
CD.  H,) 
BUI  (iStS-iSti),  French  dnigMr  and  en- 
■ppmtuHl  to  ■  caipcoi«r  and  builda'  and 
Jn  addltku  to  kaninc  ■—■*■■•'"'  and  (DiwmicUvv  -work 
dcvdoped  CMuidenble  Eaditjr  wlUi  tlic  pendL  Hla  detictu, 
wbkh  WMC  InoamcnUc  b  qnastilr  uid  oubcraiil  in  Eancr, 
EondMcd  nuinljr  of  cdUnci,  frioa,  lUmujn^nKn,  doorwiyt 
Ud  nnml  deconlionai  he  tin  dcvlml  Gie-dop,  Bdeboaidi, 
cabuMti,  (ootole  (abis,  niicron  lod  olher  pieca  ol  fun ' 
be  mi  king  empIoyHi  ai  (be  Gobdim,  Hii  irork  ii  oft 
tculvdy  fiimboyanl  and  over^laborale;  hv  rcvcUvdEnm 
and  Bwagi,  araboqua  and  cartoucba.  HU  dumiMiy'] 
bonever,  -nm  frKpiently  limple  and  elegant.  His  enj 
plita.  ilnHHt  raturly  origuut,  an  lomciUng  like  i  joo  In  ii 
knd  tndnde  i  ponrail  of  blmidf, ,  He  became  a  membir  o(  Ibe 


•,  ms  "adopted  "  by  the 

iitFiifjMi.  (BniBrl.,  igi6) 

„ —  _.  _j  Blant,  "  Le  Peleiier  dt  Sl- 

Fiqniu.  et  UB  nKurtricT,  in  The  Carnipmlail  itviev  (iS;j): 
F.  ClerTmbny.  tpiicdcs  it  le  Kicclulist  (RDurn,  1I91I:  BirVit 
"  U  Rilormc  de  la  l^ilaiion  uoiverKlle,  el  Ic  plin  ir  Uwllctin 
Q>  I  ..I  .r^  >.».,.. 'Mo  r«    Bu^^ii^^   h^m,^;,M    ^1:^*^1,.^^^.  ^j    ^^ 


1 1677. 


UPCHA.  tfae  name  ol  tbe  aborl^nal  InbabiUBU  of  SikUtt 
<(f,t.).  A  paice-liTving  people,  ihe  Lepcha*  have  been  repeatedly 
cooqueied  by  iumiuiiding  hill-lribei,  and  tbeii  anciei  ' 
■rcbal  cuilonu  are  dying  out.  The  lotnl  number  oT 
of  Lepcha, «  Rong,  in  all  India  In  1901,  wu  only  19,191.  Ibeii 
rich  and  beautiful  language  hii  been  preserred 
hy  (be  effoiti  nt  Genenl  Miinwaring  and  o<bcn;  but  their 
literature  mi  ibuKt  entirely  destroy^  by  the  Tlbetms,  ud 
tbeir  Indillom  an  being  npidly  forgotirn.  Once  Ina  and 
tsdependcnt,  they  are  now  Ihe  pocnst  people  fn  SiUim,  and  it 
ti  (ion  ihem  that  the  (nolle  elaw  ii  ibawn.  They  aie  abowi 
■H  things  MyidDien,  knowing  the  wayi  of.  beaiu  aad  binlt.  tod 
pooetilBg  an  etteniive  uotogiul  and  botanical  DomenclMiaiie  of 
their  own. 
See  FloRnB  Dooaldicia.  Ijfcta  land  (1900). 
U  PBLEIIER  (or  Lxnuxma],  DB  UDn-PABSBAU, 
UeiS  IDGHBL  (1760-1793),  Fmch  politidan,  wii  bocm  on  tbe 
tVh  af  May  1 7A0  at  PiitL  He  bdongtd  to  ■  wdl-kiwwD  fmi^, 
Ui  (Nat-gmidfatkci,  Michel  Robert  Lo  feletler  in  Foru, 
eoOBt  of  Saxat-Fargeau,  having  been  contioUer-geHia]  of  fipucc 
Ho  Inhtrlled  a  great  fiirtiuic,  and  loan  btcaaie  pnaidaat  of  ' 
farleaieataf  Paiiiaadm  17S0  he  vai  a  deputy  of  the  luW 
KitbeSuta-Geneisl.  At  thii  tine  he  ihaied  the  nmemt 
Memof  thcmiionlyof  bii  dac;  but  by  alow  degreci  hli  id.  . 
tkingcd  and  becaine  very  advanced.  On  the  ijih  of  July 
■}S9  he  deeaanded  the  recall  of  Necker,  whate  ditmitai  by  the 
Ung  had  anmed  greiil  eKileoeot  in  Puis;  aod  b  the  Cou' 
UftuSBt  Aiianbl)'  be  had  moved  the  iboUiion  af  the  penai 
of  death,  of  the  galley«  aod  o(  branding,  and  Ihe  tubstituli 
of  beheading  foe  hu^ing.  Iliii  attitude  won  him  gn 
po|MUrily,  and  on  tbe  iisi  of  June  1790  he  mi  made  preudt... 
,  of  the  Comtituenl  Aacnibly.  During  the  eiktencc  of  Ibe 
1.e^flativc  Aiaembly,  he  wai  president  of  the  general  council 
tor  Ibe  depaitmest  of  the  Yonne,  and  wu  afterwards  elected 
by  this  department  ai  a  deputy  10  the  Convcntkm.  Here  he 
mi  in  favour  of  the  trial  of  Louis  XVI.  by  the  awmbty  and 
voted  for  the  death  of  the  king.  Tbij  vote,  I^cthec  aitb  his 
Ideas  in  aeneril,  won  him  the  hatred  <^lhe  toyaliUi.  aadoD  tbe 
tah  of  January  179],  the  eve  of  the  execution  of  Ibe  king,  ha  was 
•soniaMed  in  the  Palais  Royal  at  Pans  by  a  member  of  the 
ktng^  bady.guard.  The  Convention  honoured  Le  Pctelier  by  a 
magBiftCBDt  fineral,  and  the  painter  J.  L.  David  lepiacated 
tU  death  in  a  (amoni  pictnie,  which  was  later  destmycd  by  he 
diDghter.  Towards  the  isd  uf  bis  life,  Le  Pelttier  had  inteRStcd 
hjmieU  in  ths  qneation  of  public  educatktn;  be  left  fragments 
of  a  plan,  the  idea*  contained  in  which  were  bcurowed  in  later 
Khemcs.  HisaNaMinBedlaNonaudy,  wbete,  onthepeint  of 
being  discovavd,  be  Uaw  om  hit  bnint.  Le  PcktWr  had 
■  brother,  F«U  li7^9^*3jh  <>«U  kwntB  lot  hi*  advanced 


Sabn-Fari 

Touiaeua,  cuiidf.  of  t  nui,  at  ram  .  .  . 

J910,  and  vol.  Iv.,  1906,  la.  Upelelier). 

LEPIDOUTB,  or  LmOA-Uica,  a  nunatal  of  the  m 
(see  Mica).    It  Is  a  basic  aluminium,  potauium  and  lithium 
fluo-iflicate,  with  Ihe  ■ppiodmate  formula   KLI  |Al(OH,F)il 
Al(SiOi]>.    Ulbia  and  fiuoiioe  (le  each  present  to  the  eitenl 

in  small  amounts.  DinlBeily  developed  """"-!'"■-  ctyMtk 
or  cleavage  thecta  of  luge  aiie  ire  of  nre  occurrence,  Ihe  Ddnetal 
beiDg  .tOBilly  found  ai  scaly  «ggcefUe>,  and  on  this  account 
WM  naoMd  kpfddita  (fnUB  Cr.  Ixrfc,  scile)  by  U.  H.  Klapnuh 
in  1791.  It  itauilyofalOacDrpeaeb-blDNomooloai,  but  ii 
■ometiHia  ffCyU-wUu^  and  ku  a  peady  histro  oa  Ac  cleavage 
suilaeea.  Tlwha1dDCt1is1i-4aodthaqk.fr.  s-S-a.e,  tbcoplie 
talal  an^  maaintes  sa*-jif.  It  is  fowMl  in  pegmaiiie-veini, 
ofteo  In  limrlitinn  with  pink  loomtline  <cubcllile)  and  Some- 
tlmn  inteipomi  la  pualld  potitioa  with  muscovjte.  Scaly 
maKetaf  cotoidttable  eutat  an  touod  at  Rwent  Mtt  Byttiaiu 
In  HmvU  and  ■>  Pala  b  Stn  Diego  coiaily,  California.  Tha 
"  indhattome- 


ir  and  jangled  appearance  aod  lakes  a  good  pobih. 


-  -,  ..-edloiih- 

pr^aiatin  at  Uthitna  and  luhidJBm  iall&  Oibet  locahiiai 
for  tbe  Bfnenl  an  tk*  Idaiid  of  UUk  In  Sweden,  tod  Aubura 
and  Paiii  in  llalne,  fJSA.;  at  Alabashka  iMr  Uuminka  in  Ibc 
Unit  luge  Isolated  oyttals  btve  been  fouad,  and  Inm  Ceuial 
.cktvagB  riKcts  ol  a  6ae  lilac  tnlour  an 

It  w  litiioHili  is  ckwely  allied 


as  greyUi  tilveiy  ecakt-  with  heiagonal  outUnei  in  the  tin- 
faeaiing  ^alntet  of  Zlanwaldin  the  Engebirfe,  Bobcmiiandol 

Ctanmn. tL.  J.  5.) 

UIVIORIU  (Cr.  IWifi,  a  talc  or  Msk,  and  m^,  a 
wiDg>,  a  tBm  aied  fn  loolotical  dtisidcitian  lor  one  oi.  the 
laigol  and  bot-kwwB  ceden  of  (be  class  Heiapoda  (f.t.), 
in  trdet  that  compriKi  the  tosectl  popubtly  (ailed  butierflict 
and  Doihi.  The  tsra  wasfirsiusedby  IJBnaeus<i7jj)iBibc 
loolcgisit,  and  thnt  are  few 


1 1(  at  to  whose  limils  and  distinguiiUng  chanclen 
cDDtioveny  has  arisen. 

ikiratcri.— The  name  of  the  order  foiScttes  tb*  fact  that 
tbe  wings  (and  other  parts  of  tbe  body)  are  dolhed  with  StUened 


LEPIDOPTERA 


465 


CBtindu  itnictwaa— the  Kale*  (fig.  T>— t^  B^y  l»  npnM 

*■  modified  arthropodan  "  hAin."  Such  tola  mrc  nol  pcculUr 
to  Che  Lepidoplen — they  are  Eoimdaluon  many  of  the  Aptcra, 
00  the  Pioddac,  a  'Lajnily  ol  Comxlentja,  oa  aome  CoJeoptera 
(bedMandas  thcgnaUCCuliddae),  afamityot  Diptera.  The 
DUHt  djadnctive  Blnictuial  featum  of  the  LepEdDpteia  an  to 
be  Couod  is  Ilie  jaws.  The  mandibles  an  mere  vestigea  or 
entirely  absent;  the  second  maiillae  aje  usually  reduced  to  a 

labial  palpi,  between  whkh  proved  the  eLongate  bat  maxillae, 
grooved  on  their  innei  faces,  so  as  to  form  when  apposed  a 
ttdiular  proboadi  adapted  for  sucking  liquid  food' 

All  L^iIdDpIera  are  hatched  as  the  crudfomi  sofl-bodied 
type  of  laivB  (£g.  i,  o)  known  as  the  caleipillu,  with  biting' 
Dundibles,  thne  pain  of  thoradc  legs  and  with  a  variable 
Dumber  (usually  five  pain)  of  abdomiul  pmlegs,  which  carry 
complete  or  incomplete  dcdes  of  booUela-  The  pupa  in  a 
tingle  family  only  is  free  (i.(,  with  the  appendages  free  tram  the 
body),  and  mandibulate.  In  the  vast  majority  of  the  order 
h  ia  more  or  less  obtect  (i.e.  with  the  appoidagcs  find  to  the 
cuticle  of  the  body]  and  wilboul  mandibles  (Eg,  i,  c). 

H  eaceeduifjly  well  develonecl,  and  wilh  a 

,_-  ,, — ^jc  evM  "  olten  preseaE  on  uie  verjeit.    It  u 

conOolFd  10  the  thonUl  by  a  relatively  bmd  and  membniunn 
"seek."    The  [celcn  are  many-jointed,  often  they  ace  complex. 


1  bain    (G[.    l).      The 
'    hSBT^aniU   to 

femaln  by   nnell   or 
^tdL  r<UA1h«L  nmeanalivouaHiiie, 

id  Moth  (rdca  excesively     complci 


Bagoincd. 

ao  food  in  tbe  u 


Tips  of  branclMi,  highly  la  nial 

dueed  that  they  take 
'isaliady 


>0  food  in  tbe  imaiinal — 

biao  briefly  docrSicd.     Funclload  maadiblci  of  peculiar  

Ok.  3,  A)  ve  present  in  the  remarkable  mall  molha  of  the  genus 
Ukroplrryi  (or  Eriaapluiia).  and  then  are  vestiges  of  Ibeie  jaws 
la  otbB- moth*  of  tow  type,  but  the  minute  ttructures  in  the  higher 

L«k)opun  that  were  farmcily  deKribed  a* -"" 

bwevcd  to  belong  to  the  labrvni.  the  cmc  man 

repcnented  by  rounded  prom 


galeae  (fig.  4,  *■  B.^-^ 

1MB  and^^m 
inceriocking  hair 

inlncd  lowther  to  ■■  to  fonn  d 
,  tabular  sucker  (fig.  a,  C).  At  iheii 
enremltis  they  are  beset  wjtb  clnb- 

B.  lit  iHidl*  of  JfkrflW^w  funclkii  l>  that  ol  OMe,    The  pro- 

&45.sa  ft-jST"  HS.>3  5,-s4i".S1'i-3 


>r  the  ibaorplkin  of  Uqui 
ent.     When  at   lesl.   tl< 

■  labial  palpi  (h.  4.  A.  p). 
ooed  above  la  the  laclaia 
'  developed  (Jg-  3.  B 


lU  tSimpUnr 

I  A.  Waller  bu  

In  ■  law  lanaiea  s<  ■nail  inollHi    A'  coniidi 


abl*  nmber  ol 


ol  Lnldoptm 

cnaktUae  an  re 


— i  In  the  {naclBal  state: 

reduced  or  eliogether  atmpbied     The 
iotuutely  fused  tc^ether  to  lonu  the  labium. 


with  £«-SHrmeiHed  m,  Huack-Gbna.    Ki^ity  minified. 
feet:  the  d7as  often 

^    '      '  spurs  articulated  at  their  baja  and  tTi< 


bear  tefmliol 
entire  Ihnbs  ai 

Tbewingsoi 

of  the  insect:  only , , 

vestigial  or  absent  (flg.  17).  Thi 
is  bnger  than  the 
hindwmg.  and  the 
neoration  In  both 
!«e  figs.  J  and  6)  is 
lor  the  most  pan 
iDDgcIudiiial,  only  a 

vuiea.  which  are.  lii 
fact,  branches  of  the 


usually  ptwnt  in 
the  Inrewlng.  but 
the    lundvliig,    <n    "!"*■>- 

only  a  linfle  radial    M0I&     " 


.„     -^.,   „„,„,  or  ■•cA\"i  !.  frenulum.    Note  Ihat 

developed  than  that    ndial  oervure.  the  hindwingone  only.    The 
of  theforewing.  The    Erst  anal  nervure  (No.  6)  is  absent, 
two  wings  of  a  w^' 
are  usually  kept 


it  IMther  during  Bight  by  a  few  stout  bristle*- 
5-  It  ixojrcting  from  the  base  of  the  coita  ol 


briill»»7<l» 

.ew. 

of   the  I ,. 

a  oMal  osCgmtb  of  ibd 


hmdwipg  V 


JLEPIDOPTERA 


. luaa  fMcdoo.     b  tha  mtat  nirakn* 

aolhi  (  mull  lotute  aiit|n>wtb— tfei  juidib  OSa.  t,  I)  lii»  the 
dofiuiB  of  the  foRwing  ii  pneat,  but  it  ^u  b*  of  littto  etivicB  la 
ttrk^itf  the  t A  vriDfi  tocctbcr.  A  Jnfum  my  b«  ilia  pi— it  on 
(hEUndvini.  Tbe  Itfi,  obich  an  lUHiU]' uicd  [or  dinfiic  nthK 
Ebui  loe  w«Uiin(»  have  five-HmcBtad  tea  ud  uc  ooveicd  vilb 
tn  mne  funilitt  the  rraat  ptif  i 


"  bnu^  "  (■«  Gi.  66).    T1 

Lcpidoptvn  are  due  p4n1y  to  rMemcpt  ia  (St  n 

o(  ycUowi,  browiu.  redi  and  Slackt— ponty 

•caJ^—u  with  tba  bUic*,  purpka  nod 


e  of  the  LcpLdopttn 


which  la  believed  lo  tutk  the  liqi 
[odd  tbroitfh  tbe  probcncU.  aod  Joi 
k  alone  the  ileDder  ftuUct  tnta  a  crap- 
hke  enLnceBiefLt  or  divert  icutiifn  ol  iiw 


o(  ButietSy,  n,  Nemire:  ™'""'^«'"i 
(,  coUar-Bie  oulerawtht  &""  "  "f^T" 
ol  cuticle.  Magnifiri.  B,  V'Li'™,'-"L 
snitt  lole,  and  C,  an  •!  "1=  diame 
aadnccniuD  nnn  hi(bly  (i^ 


r  (Mal^ihUn 


__jcuni.    Tbe  bi 

^^^^  e  HlMieHpbaECiid    lanilia 

"-*"-'~-  doaly  TOWoiomatedi  Ihcii  an 

or  tbtvt  tfaMidc  aad  bwr  (am/  an)  ■bdonuiial  ^ui^ia. 
the  female  each  ovuy  hu  four  ovaxian  luba.  In  which  the  larie 
fn<eda  an  eodoied  In  lalliclea  and  aMociatad  with  nulillivt  celb. 
neie  b  ■  fpeclal  buna  wMch  hi  the  Reuialidae  opcM  wilh  the 
vapna  on  the  clgblh  abdonlaal  aternnm,  id  the  Mkivptcfygidae, 
Enocmuidae  aria  the  lotttr  'nneidea,  the  duct  gf  tbe  buna  kadt 
iniD  the  variiu.  which  Kin  opem  oa  tbe  dihth  Mcmuio.  But  in 
mbn  LcpidoptFn,  tbe  bum  apcni  bv  a  vmibulg  on  the  nriith 
alenum.  diHinct  In™  the  Tipna.  wKoK  opounc  ihilM  back  to 
tha  ualh.  the  dact  ol  the  buna  bdni  CDiuKttd  with  the  va^na 
bv  aeaul  whiA  opemoppoiile  tathe  ipcnnalhea.  Inlbeiulej 
Ibc  two  tcctca  uc  vwolly  fuacd  inio  a  single  maaii.  and  a  pair  of 
tubular  acceiaory  eUod*  open  into  the  viu  dcfcientia  oc  into  the 
IjaciilKoiy  duct.  iB&tewbunilica — the  llcpIalitUe  ud  Saiurnlidae 


anatilt-th*  (Maa  irtafa  th*  priaUw  fifc(4  mautt 
le  decula  have  beea  wnrked  cut  hjr  vaddiia  tiadmttt  t 
B  W.  H.  JadcioB  aad  W.  Pnenen  deiene  wad*!  ne 
kBlnfl  up  the  davelopmeflta]  Ufltofv  of  the  HabaTduct^  fa 

uta  that  then  it  •'ta  EpbemoUtl  atage,  wUch  endi  to 

tfaa  doae  oi  Unal  Efe,  ar  "-■ — ■ '-       


__    Jjy^   _^ 

which  begina  with  the  conmenniiient  of  pupal  Ula.' 

Detthprneia-^ilhay  obicrvalion*  have  been  made 
colbiyokigyellheLeiudoplmi  loraomeoll^ 


Fio.  «  Xr^Ctaia  moimirltii.   (MuMuUlc'a  Goat  Moth.) 

reiutU  of  thcu  lee  Hcxaidpa.    The  poM-cmlnyaidc  drvdop- 

meot  of  Lepidopten  la  moTe  laalUai,  pethapf,  tbui  that  of  any 

other  ■roup  of  lobnaU.    The  ea  •bovi  greu  vaiUtioa  In  ill 

outward  lonn,  the  outer  envelopa  a  cboiiac  bdig  [n  Mou  [uoDks 

globular,  inothcn  9aluncd,laDthenacaiaeiectudaulMiiid(al 

cyliadrictl^  while  Iti  luiface  often   eihlbit*  ■  beaotlfuDy 

ular  BOiti  of  liba  and  tuirowi.     T^troufhoot  tbe  order  lb* 

nig  of  tbe  form  known  a*  tbe  oiteipiUu  (G(.  i,  a,  (,£■.>>) 


(Ccat  Moth.)  Cunpa. 
chanctniced  by  the  proence  Of  tbree  pain  of  Jointed  and  dawed 
lep  on  Ibe  ihnai  and  a  vaiUhle  numbct  of  pain  ol  abdemiul 
"  pnlep  " — lub-cyliiidiicai  oulcrowtlu  of  the  ab4iKB>Bal  acg. 
ineBl*.  provided  with  teamplWe  or  Incompfatetfafcof  hookleu 
Mtheenrenuty. 


■a  the  third,  founh,  Ulh, 


rieanaualhr  twdve  airntfcena 

elU.  a  pair  of  .hort  Men  (Sg. 
a  Xi)  aad  a  pair  of  MnBg  diwkUUo 
Ut-3,  Hn).  lor  the  oitrniillat  Iceda 
by  bitiiu  Icavn  or  ailta  nbnt- 
tibwaTTlK  Bnl  mudUcao  hifUy 
devdoped  ia  the  inago,  are  in  tha 

peiuiarea,  each  bwing  two  diert 

Ibe  calp  (fig.  9,  Hi),  flwiecoad 
maullae  lonn  a  plait-like  labium 
on  whvR  Hirfaca  project*  tha 
ipcDQcnt  which  ia  uiualiy  Rganlid 

I^*.   The  •iul^^l^Eb^^  Jwt^ 

conveluied  tuHa  lytai  alongiido  ' 
tb*  eloogaba  oyUnfrkal  itDibach. 

■Unda  ^^TSTlh^  aaW  aitha  ^^  f  i« 
bodyofthacalemiilir.  Theyareie-  ^">  Secim 
onted  (1  modiM  laiiory  gknda,  ■■'b 

though  Ibfl  ovrmpondCBtx  bat  bt«R  doubted  by  i 
body  ol  tha  ater^Ukir  ia  iiaually  cylindriat  tM 


LEPIDOPTERA 


+«7 


■lipiHlliK  wd  nutod  .ud  Ihaciakle  (ably  chidnlnl  ud 
KmUt  Finn  cUlinoui  pl»«  irc,  bavever.  nal  Kldoiu  pmcdl  an 
tbc  pmlhani  ind  on  the  hrindmott  sbdomtiul  Keinenl.  The  Kg- 
mnta  flr*  mcrtfr  pnvHM  with  bnule  or  ^n^SnHna  mben:1n, 
wboK  imngrnwiit  hu  liKly  be«n  «hown  by  H,  G.  C^ar  to  EJve 
putially  Iniwwartliy  indicaiinni  ol  nlilianitiHJ.  On  citlicr  tide 
ol  ibcmcdUn  line  WF  find  two  donal  or  liapeuMdoItuburla  (Noa.  I 

Wpn-,  pOfF-p  and  pre-apimcular  lubprrrln:  bdaw  «T  the  mt- 
■lincillwi.  of  whKb  then  imy  be  tn  (Kiw.  6,  7).    Tim  laH-umid 

iiuer  upect  01  the  proieg. 
the  body  of  t  calerpillir. 
Grit  eight  ibdoniivl  veg- 

, coileand  or  ■borted  (&. 

I(L  B):  ii^IHi,  In  coniuKtloi  whb  the  ipina  that  tbey  btar.  tbi 
tuUnk*  atfvc  u  ■  valiuble  pmuctivc  unuituFe  for  the  cmcerpiDu. 
Much  diFCDidaa  bu  aktn  puce  u  to  wliethee  the  abdomlmt  prolcfi 
*n  «r  *n  nut  developed  direcll>-  (nun  the  embryonic  abdominal 
•ppeodafeft.  In  (he  more  lowly  famiiiet  of  Lepidopieia.  thete 
ocgini  are  provided  at  the  ntrrmlly  with  a  complete  circle  of 
boelikt&^biit  in  ihr  mmr  highly  ottaniaed  Canuliei,  only  (he  ianet 

The  lypiai  Leptdopteiao  pupa,  or  "chryBli^"  ai  ihown  [a  (he 
higher  (uniliei,  b  an  obtect  pirpa  (Hg.  11)  with  no  (race  of  nundiblea, 
the  appendigei  bdng  glued  to  the  body  by  an  mudation,  and 


tubercte  (No.  8)  may  be  pn 
Tbe  Bfdnde*  m  very  corn 
occtunng  on  the  prouom 
-  Mta.  A'arir  -  ■■--■--  - 


Fic  10.— Abdonurwl  KgnWBU  1^ 
Calerpillari^  to  iliov  amngeoKnt  of 
tdbeicica;  the  anowa  point  anterioriy. 
Ai  Gaanliaod  conditioii:  D,  apecial- 
[led  condition  io  the  SatHmiidaev  f. 
Spinck;  tbe  numbering  of  the  tuberdei 

ia  aplauHd  b  the  teat.    Note  that  in  Fic.lt.— Pupa 

B  No.  1  b  nnich  nduced  and  diaapptan  el    a     ButretiK' 

after  the  Ent  moitlt.     4  aod  s  are  {Amalkiala  fl''- 

coaleaced,  and  6  la  abaent.  dippiu). 

iDotion  being  potable  only  at  three  o(  (be  abdominal  in(enegnienlal 
r^iona,  the  uth  and  alxth  abdorainal  lefmenta  at  moat  being  "  Irrc-" 
A  flattened  «  pointed  procCH — (be  cremaater — often  pmminenl  at 
the  Uil-eDd,  may  cany  one  or  leveta]  hooln  (fig.  I.  d)  which  (crve 
to  anchor  the  papa  to  ila  cocoon  or  to  auapmi  batterfly-papae 
fnm  their  pad  of  aillt  (ItE.  II).  In  the  lower  famitiea  tna  pupa 
(Gg,  I,  c]  i&  only  irKrompletely  obtect,  and  a  greater  nunmr  of 
abdominal  •egmenti  can  move  on  ona  ftnolher.  The  aeveoth  ab- 
dcainil  fcgmcnt  ii.  in  aU  female  leptdoptertni)  pupae,  fined  with 
thoK  behind  it;  in  Iht  male  "  incomplete  "  papa  thk  becoait 
"  free  "  and  to  may  the  tegmenta  anteriv  to  it,  io  both  mxtt,  for- 
ward to  and  Including  the  durd.  Tbe  piaence  of  circha  of  ipinei 
DA  the  abdominal  acgnenta  enablea  tbe  "  Incomplete  "  pupa  ai  a 
whole  to  WDik  ita  way  partly  oat  of  the  cacooo  when  the  time  for 
llie  eineraeiicc  <d  the  imuo  diawa  near.  In  the  family  of  (ha 
Erigcfanlidae  (often  ealledlbe  Micropurygldael  tbe  pupa  iwnblea 
that  iil_t  caMit-tly  (TniSofUnn)  bang  active  before  the  emergence 

the  phybgEBy  aad  daiwbcaliaii  of  the  Lepidopter*  haa  laoly  been 
deiiioniua(ea  by  T.  A.  Chaprrvn  In  n  valuaHo  aerin  of  papen. 
Somctimet  orgaria  arc  pretcnt  in  tbe  pupa  which  are  undeveloped  in 
ilbry  palH  of  the  Se«iidae  jclpaiwing 

(aadan  to  tbe  inccMnI  value  tt  audi 

r— Tb*  atliactlvwai  ol  tbe  Lepidop- 


E.  B.  Poulton  baa  drawi 

Haiib  and  UJi-Sitli 
leta  and  the  conspicuous  appeaiucc  ot  many  01  toeia  nave  lea  to 
■luieioiu  obaeivatioai  on  ibeli  habiu.  Tbe  metJwd  of  feeding 
gf  I^  imago  by  the  auction  of  liquids  has  already  beea  metxtioned 
IB  coaaeuHi  with  the  itructun  ol  the  maiLUie  and  the  food- 
ouul.  Nectar  Iron  Sowert  ia  tbe  uiual  food  ol  loolfai  and 
butloOict,  DWst  ol  whicb  alight  on  a  bloaaom  bcfcne  Ihniaiing 
the  pnboKit  into  the  coiolk  ol  the  Bowar,  while  olhei*— the 
hawk  motha  (Sphiogidae) 


alrinffootof  thfllbw 

af  the  wiogi,  and  ^mtkbf  uoroUin^  Iho  probdads  s^  the  nectar. 
Certain  Eowcn  with  zemaikabiy  lon^  ttibular  condlaa  aocm  to  ha 
qxcially  adapted  for  till  vidlK^  hawk  motha.  Some  L^ndopteia 
have  other  aounxs  of  [ood-aupply.  The  jukxa  of  fndt  an  oftea 
sought  for,  ajid  ccitmo  iiioth&  can  pittn  tbe  envelope  ol  a 
tuccnieot  fruit  with  the  rough  oiticuUi  DUtgtowtfas  at  the  lipt 

Juices  attract  other  Lefsdoptn*,  which  havs  been  observed 
to  auck  htood  tnun  a  wounded  mammal;  wbilo  putrid  meat 
cdipcrac  "  btutcrdy 
(jifMlMwMt).  ThewutulMKaattntiiednaonkrraBwb* 


tUnt,  pootbly  with  fatal  itiuUi,  the  inMcu  bdng  an 
diowDcd  in  riT«n  hi  huxe  m 

of    tb*    lepidopten — the    HepUIUae, 
Sattmiiidae.  for  eumple — have  the  muillai 
end  take  tio  food  at  all  after  ai 


Inn 


moflal 


brightly  ci 


aginal  inalais,  tbe  [oimer  bong  entltdy 
be  latter  to  reproductive  functions, 
he  variety  dis[^yed  among  the  Lepjdop- 
Ihe  duration  ol  tbe  vuious  itularf.  The 
Slid  bullcrflies.  for  eiample,  emerge  from 
tiu  pupa  in  me  late  lummei  and  live  through  the  winter  In 
sheltciid  ailuatlont,  resppeatiDg  to  by  Iheii  eggs  la  ibe  tucceed- 
Ing  spring.  Many  species,  tuch  as  the  vapourer  mothi  (Orjyiii), 
lay  eggs  in  (he  antninn,  which  remain  unhatched  through  the 
winter.  The  eggs  of  the  weU'Icnown  magpie  moths  {Ahravai) 
hatch  b  autunm  and  the  caterpillar  hibcniatca  while  still  ()uite 
snull,  awaiting  for  Ita  growth  the  abundant  food-supply  to  be 
afiordtd  by  the  next  yor'i  fcJlage.  The  codlin  molhi  {Cvft- 
iafia)  paaa  the  viitter  as  resting  full-gTowa  kivae,  which  seek 
■bellei  asd  q>in  cooxms  in  antumn,  but  do  not  popati  uotO  tb« 
succeeding  spring.  Last^,  many  of  the  Lcpidopteta  hibonatc 
in  (he  popil  itage;  the  death's  bead  moth  {Admtilia'i  and  Ibi 
abbag»«h[te  butterflies  {Purii)  are  famDlai  samples  of  nch. 
Hr  tat-oaned  imecti  afford  bstancii  of  die  "  donbte-hroodcd  " 
coaditlM),  two  compMe  Uc^iycles  bdng  psaaed  through  in  tbe 
year.  The  flour  moth  {EpkaHa  hIiluUlii)  ia  aald  to  have  five 
■uccessve  genemtions  in  a  twdvcmmlh.  On  the  other  hand: 
certain  species  whose  larvae  feed  In  wood  ot  on  looti  take  two 
or  three  years  to  reach  tbe  adult  stage. 

The  rate  of  growth  of  tbe  larva  depends  to  a  great  extent  on 
Ibe  nature  of  its  food,  and  the  (ealkg-habitt  of  cstetpUlui 
lOoid  much  ol  interest  and  variety  to  tbe  Modent.  The  contraat 
■Bong  Ihe  LepldopLen  between  the  luctorial  mouth  of  thi 
innga  and  the  biting  jaws  ol  the  caterpillar  is  very  ttrifcing  (d. 
Ega.  4  sad  9),  and  tbe  prolound  transronnation  In  itiuctun 
which  takes  place  is  necessarily  accompanied  by  the  change  fnm 
•olid  to  liquid  food.  Tbe  £nt  meal  of  a  young  cateI1>iUar  i>  well 
known  to  be  often  its  empty  egg-shell;  from  this  ll  turn*  to  feed 
apon  the  haves  whereon  its  provident  pueot  has  laid  her  qtgs. 
But  m  a  few  cases  batching  tike*  place  in  winter  ot  early  apriog. 
and  the  young  larvae  have  then  to  find  a  temponiy  food  until 
their  own  special  piani  is  availablE.  For  eiample,  the  cater- 
piUsts  of  some  species  of  Xinllaa  anr)  other  noctuid  moths  leed 
at  first  upon  wiUow^^kins.  On  the  other  hand,  the  caterpiUait 
of  the  pith  moth  iBiojtedaaia)  hatched  at  tnirlaummer,  leed  on 

All  who  have  tried  to  lear  catetpiilari  know  that,  while  Iboae  ol 
■DDe  ipedea  will  feed  only  on  one  panlculac  apedes  o[  plant, 
others  will  cat  several  species  oi  Ihe  same  genus  or  [unDy,  while 
otheia  again  are  still  less  particular,  some  bdng  abk  to  feed  on 
almost  any  green  herb.  It  iacurnus  tonote  bowcertainajieciot 
change  tbtii  food  in  diScrent  localities,  a  catetpiUar  amfined  to 
one   ^t   in  >ome  lecaliiica  bdng  leai  patlicular  dtewhem. 

the  staitlngrpoict  for  a  change  in  the  race.  When  we  nnBttel 
tbe  vast  numbeit  ol  the  Lepidopieca  and  Ihe  stniclural  iaodi£c*i- 
llons  which  thef  have  undergooe,  tbeii  geneiatty  laithtui 
■dheraaee  (oa  vegtlabte  diet  ia  renMiitaMe.    Tbe  vast  oajotltj 


4.6S 


LEPIEHJFTEKA 


of  cUcrjdtaii  Mt  iMVM,  Maifljr  dnwmtai  ttwo  opaaly,  ind, 
if  of  l4r|e  tiu,  qocklr  "^t^  t^ 'BM^iBt  of  ("''*<"'■' ^  P'*"'- 
But  mur  )m>ll  latapilUn  keep,  ^ifiunUy  I«  tin  ukc  of 
cnualiiuiil,  IB  the  nuin  niifuc  of  tta>  Isif  ,*diDc  otliin  bumw 

betmn  ihe  tvo  W-ikiiia.  In  tevnal  hmilic*  ««  find  the 
hsbilolbURDwinsiiLinioilritcin*, — Ibe"  goot"  (ChsK),  fi|.  B) 
and  the  darwingi  (Senlu),  Ira  rumple^  white  olhen,  lilie 
the  Uiv*c  of  tin  mift  nwtlii  (HqiiilidK)  Utc  undasiouad 
dcTDuiinf  rooU  (fig  ii).  The  lidicT  nulritim  in  Ibe  gnen  food 
is  unubUy  ihon  1^  the  quicker  Eniwtli  of  the  numemui  c^ler- 
piilan  tint  feed  on  ii,  u  oamiand  nth  the  ■lowtr  devdopmcnl 
ol  Ibe  wood  ud  moi-ieeding  tpeda.  Aqiulic  Urw  an  very 
nre  tDoof  Ihc  Lcpidopteni.  The  ciIcTpiUjiD  ol  the  pyttiid 
"  chiiu-iiuifc "  mothi  {Hydisamfa,  fig.  13).  however,  hve 
under  wMer,  leeiling  on  dutlEweed  (Ltfwui)  mnd  bmtbing 
itrnospharie  iir,  m  fiim  of  vhich  a  endoied  in  t  ipun-up  ilieltn 
beneith  the  kkves,  while  ihe  kkrvae  (rf  Parapmyt,  which  feed 
OM  Slfatiatitf  iave  dosed  ipiiedee  end  bieethe  diieolved  eir 
br  meuB  al  bnschiel  filuienu  iloni  Ibe  ifalci  of  Ilie  body. 


(ghou  motW- 


(wltei  BoUi). 

LIT  dwelling 


We  Dty  new  loin  to  ftiWnnce*  of 
ieedigg.  Thedolbamotha(Tineida)heveinveded 
ksd  found  >  eoageniel  (ond-itoE  fatheiilwieinoiUfennenu. 
A  few  eiteJl  ipccie»  of  the  lunc  poop  mre  reered  in  mal  end 
oths  bumui  food-etonai  lo  en  Ihe  oteipUlen  o[  lonw  pynlid 
molhi  (SHo'u).  «k>lB  olhere  (.Astfia,  A$liaia)  iaei  upmi 
kitcbea  tttatt.  Tm  ipadce  of  ciembid  molb*  lAfkniU 
ucuUa  ud  GtlUtiit  ■eleacBa)  find  ■  home  in  beeJiive*,  iriieie 


e  body  <f  Ihe  greet  Amencan  lenten-fly  (Pidtoio 
auidaiia)  iBvia  both  ei  itaellei  and  food  for  the  oteipDltt  of 
the  nolh  Bpifyrtfi  aatmalc  Mof  <«"  oteipiUin  hevo 
develeped  a  Ihnnia^^'  oi^vofooi  hebit.  Hut  of  Cttmia 
InpaJHa  feedi  on  oitk  end  other  Invc*,  but  devoun  emaUer 
aleipillen  -which  h«M>m  to  get  in  iti  my,  end  If  ■halLen.fnm 
Ibe  liee,  eui  otbtt  luve*  white  climbii«  th»  tnmk.  XjUma 
amiattfMt  end  a  few  other  ^wda  are  aald  to  be  ahray*  cafni- 
voroua  when  opportnuity  offen;  the  naaU  kntitnc  tatefpOlir 
of  ■  "  pog  "  moth  <EBfMM>a  mtmmU)  haa  baea  otnoved  to  eat 
•  larva  Ihiaa  tinea  aa  big  aa  itMlf.  The  ceteipiiUn  of  Orthnia 
^uiae*M  live  together  In  peace  while  their  food  it  mobl,  hot 
devour  each  other  wha  it  ibiet  «p;  tU*  te  trae  amnlbeHiiB — 
a  Ictn  which  ^ould  not  be  applied  to  the  habit  of  preying  on 
aMtber  vedcs.  A  lew  canivonBa  catopUkn  do  net  attadi 
other  catapiSan,  but  ptty  npon 


t,  eqndaUy  the  blach-ecik  (Iahhiiir  dluu)  o 
idivK  The  nwlh,  which  b  a  unall  noctuid,  the  white  mitfcinge 
on  wineo  wtn^  give  it  the  appearance  of  a  blFd-dropping 
when  at  real  in  the  daytime,  appean  in  May,  and  Lays  her  c^ga, 
fingly  ewi  fer  apart,  upon  the  treea  hifealcd  by  the  oocddL 
When  hatched,  Ihe  yovng  csleipiBar  Klecu  a  lerge  femate 
ta  ita  way  Ihraogh  the  icale.  end  drrauta  the  Inacci 
bb  Ii  lukn  it*  way  to  a  frteh  vkiim. 
lofina  a  caie  f  or  itieU  made  of  the  acalei 
H,  kc.  bonnd  logdher  by  iSSk.  which  it 
t  thiecpvcdnc,  whicb  dMdy  wamiMa 


■he  unut-covcred  bark  of  the  tne,  H  roun  about  dmfag  It* 
later  itagei,  devouring  levertl  cocdda  every  day.  So  nuUitiout 
ii  the  food.  Hut  (our  or  Eve  lucctuive  bnodi  lellow  each  other 
tbiough  the  lueuner. 

The  habit  Juit  mentiiHMd  of  lormlng  mne  kind  of  protectir* 
covaiEg  DDt  d[  foreign  Bubiuncti  qiun  logcther  by  lUk  it 
pncttjed  by  cueipi'1'>n  of  different  fanuliea.  The  clolbei  pwth 
larvae  [riKM,  fig.  14),  lot  eumple,  nuke  a  tnb 


oflhepeUelBef  wDolpauedlRnD  thdrewnlnteitbiM,  whOe  the 
allied  Toitridd  caterpdlan  roQ  up  leavea  and  ipin  for  thematlvet 
cylindrical  ^Klter^  The  habit  of  ipinning  over  ttie  food  plant 
a  pioteclive  nun  of  web,  whereon  Ihe  cateipillara  of  a  faaily 
can  live  together  aodaliy  la  nol  uncommoo.  In  tlv  caae  of  the 
anun  ennme  nuthl  {Hyftntmean)  Ihe  caleipQlan  rcDUin 
anodated  throughout  llxir  Uvea  end  pupats  in  cocooui  oo  the 
Quu  of  web  produced  by  Iheii  cdbbod  labour.  But  the  laiier, 
•pinycatenriUanolthevaneBid  butlerfliciuiually  icalleiaway 
from  the  neat  ol  thdi  infancy  when  they  h»ve  attained  a  tzstain 

Spinet  and  halii  Kem  to  be  often  eSedive  pmtectioni  ftar 
calefpOlan;  the  eqierimenti  of  E.  B.  Paalloa  and  othen  tend  to 
•how  that  hai^  caterpOlan  (fig.  15)  an  diitaileful  to  birdt. 
Many  cateipiUan  are  protected  by  the  harmony  of  their  general 
green  cokxaiioQ  with  their  ■dnnadings.  When  the  inaect  attaina 
'  1  the  caae  oi  the  hawk  moth  (Sphhigidl  cato- 


4W),  Ihni  ainiDlatli^ 
Ibeefiea  ofli^t  and 
(hade  among  Ibt  foli- 
age. A  reourkable 
iwlt  of  Foulton's 
eipeiimenla  baa  been 


leOeieflectthraaghtheskinon  theodourdfacateipillat.  Some 
•pedcaof  "loopen  "  (Geomelridae,  tig.  4j)Ioreunple,  If  placed 
when  young  among  aurroundizigi  of  a  certain  colour,  became 
doidy  aniinilaled  thereto — dark,  brown  among  dark  iwigt, 
green  antag  green  teavea.  Tbeie  colour-reflene  in  cmjuactiDD 
wHh  Ihe  dongale  Iwig-likc  ihape  of  the  caierpOUn  and  their 
habit  of  Urelching  thenudvet  jinlghl  out  frtnn  a  bnnch,  afford 
lome  of  the  best  and  most  familiu  euinptet  ol  "  protective 
leacmbUnce."  The  "  terrifying  attitude  "  of  caterfdllal*.  and 
the  suppofed  racmblancc  borne  by  lomeof  themto&eipcntvand 
othn  formidabte  vtntbraHs  or  anhiopodt,  an  dkcuaaed  to  Iht 

Tlw  sflk  produced  by  a  cateipQlar  i*,  aa  we  have  mm,  aflew 
advantageoua  hi  its  own  Ufe-rdatiBBa,  hot  Ita  great  UM  h  ii 
coniwadon  with  the  pupal  stage.  In  the  Iffe-histoTy  of  nany 
LcfMoptfta.  the  last  act  of  the  caterpIBar  b  to  wsfia  a  cocoon 
wMch  may  afloid  protection  to  Ibe  pupa.  In  loine  case*  thb  b 
fomiBd  cntlrdy  of  the  ulk  produced  by  the  iphniliig-^aBda,  and 
ant  vai?  Itoa  the  teoae  mediwoA  that  dathea  Ihc  pupa  oil  IW 


LHHDOPTERA 


4*9 


a  (Bom^ddu  and  Suunlidu)  oc  Itw 
■acd  iheU-lilH  ravninf  •!  Uu  (RU*  (I-adoouBpiilu).  Fre- 
qntolly  lonigD  aulKUMCt  an  vaikal  up  iriih  the  lilk  uut  ktvc 
oou,  sich  ■■  ban  bom  the  body  id  ths 
cmterpiUu  judf » u  UDcnc  tiic  "  tLgcn  " 
(Areludu)  «r  chips  of  wood,  ■>  arilfa 


Ibe 


ol  LepMopten  we  caa  in«  a  acgcnen' 

tioD  of  the  axoon,    Thui,  the  pupae 

of   mou  owl  moths  (Mocluldae)  and 

hawk  molbi  C^ihiniidie}  Ue  buried  io 

■n  euihea  alL    Among  Ibe  buiutffits 

we  find  lh»l  the  tocoon  it  leduted  to  a 

pad  at  iiik  which  giva  allachnent  to 

the  crcDusler;  in  the  Pieridiie  then  it 

in  addition  a  girdle  of  silk  arODBd  the 

waiBt-ngion  d  the  pupa,  but  tbe  pupae 

oi    the    Nymt^ialidu    (hjtL    ti,    6j> 

liopltr  hang  from  tbe  aoppoiting  pad 

,.    bj  the  lailcnd.     Poulton  hae  ifaoWD 

that    Ibe    coloitn    of    loma    «p«ed 

Fie.    i*--J'"P».  , «    pupae  vary  wUh  the  nature  of  the 

S^»)  ihelKVcd  '^   luOOTodiiiaa  ol  the  larva  diuiog  (be 

Im>v»  MiKd  by  hIVu   Soai  iiaie. 

tkiwde.  Bclov  it  the  .  When  the  pupal  ilage  is  coD^iiete 
caM  luval  cuticle.  ^f,c  j,aca  has  to  n»he  Its  way  out  ol 

tbe  cocoon.  In  ibe  lower  faniiliiB  of  moths  it  It  tbe  pupa 
which  camel  out  at  least  pulbUir,  wnking  iiadf  onwaida 
bjr  tba  ipliMa  on  iti  abdoininal  wginenui  the  pup*  of  the 
ptln^re  Miaaflfr*  baa  tuslional  -■— titJ—  with  nAich  it 
UtesUiraUchlht  racoon,  b  tbe  hi^ier  LcpidotXeu  tbe  pupa  it 
bBBOvattki  aad  Ibe  fBH^t,  after  tiia  tcdysls  ol  tbe  pupal  cuticle, 
mnu  enovB.  TUs  anet(mee  ia  is  >one  cue)  iacilitated  by  tlie 
Mottion  of  an  add  or  alkaUnt  tolvent  diKharied  from  Ibe  nouth 
or  {tori  the  hind-gut.  whkh  wEakent  the  cocoob— lo  that  tbe 
delicate  nwlb  can  break  Ihiongh  withtut  injury. 

Aa  taifbt  be  expected,  the  conditioDa  to  whidi  larva  and 
ptipa  are  nthjected  have  often  a  mailied  in6ueDa  on  the  nature 
of  the  imago.  An  indiRetenl  food-supply  for  the  larva  Indi 
to  a  dwatfing  of  tbe  mclh  ai  buIIerSy.  Many  converging  Una 
of  ea|3crimcnt  and  ohtervatioa  rend  to  show  that  cool  conditions 
dttriof  tbe  pupal  stage  frc^juenlty  induce  darkening  of  pigment 
In  the  imago,  while  a  warm  (eRiperatUR  bri^IRu  the  colours 
of  tlie  pertect  iosect.  For  CHmpla,  in  many  ipedei  of  buttctfly 
tlM  are  double-biooded,  the  spring  brood  emerging  from  the 
winedni  pupae  an  mon  darUy  coloured  thin  the  lummer 
blood,  but  If  the  pupae  producing  the  latin  be  subjected  artifid- 
illjr  to  cold  cosdiiiont,  tbe  winter  foim  of  imago  results.  It  it 
uonally  impossible,  bowevet,  to  product:  the  summer  form  of 
Ibi  ifiedtt  liom  winteiiag  pupae  by  artificial  heat.  Fnm  this 
A.  Weitmann  argued  that  the  mote  Mable  winter  form  must  be 
itfarded  a*  tepresenthig  the  ancesttal  race  of  the  spedet. 
Faitbei  eiamplei  d  Ihii  "  seatoiui  dimorphism  "  ate  aSorded 
by  many  tropical  but tccflict  which  postal  a  darker  " 
and  a  biifhtor  "  dry-MU04 "  generation.  So  different  in 
agficBmice  an  ofteo  theae  two  aeasonal  (onoi  that  before  their 
true  KiilioDdup  waa  worked  out  they  bad  been  naturally 
itfirdcd  U  mdependent  tpedes.  Tbe  darkening  at  wing- 
ptftnm  fn  maiiy  apedca  ii  Leptdoptera  hai  been  catsCally 
Madicd  in  out  own  Briliih  fauna.  HAuic  or  melar—' — =- 
vuliHita  H*  ipcciilly  cbancteriilic  of  wcalenl  and  hilly 
•Dd  tome  waMLTkabh  dark  lacea  (fig.  43)  of 
BMtbt  bive  ailtM  U»d  beoome  perpetuated  Id  the  nanufact urine 

dlUlItU  ol  the  Bonh  ol  En^nd,     Tbe  productior  -*  '' 

netaaic  iormi  la  explained  by  J.  W.  Tutt  and  otheri 
dna  to  the  action  of  natuiil  telecljao,  tbe  damp 
conditions  of  the  ditlricla  when  tbey  occur  nnderlng 
dark  the  surfaces— such  as  rocks,  tree-lrunka  and 
on  which  moths  babitually  rest  and  so  favouring  lb 
ol  daik,  lad  iht  ellminalien  o<  pale  vuietio,  M  tbe  liltif 


have  shown  rhtl  these  molanic  rao 
o  their  parcnt-ttock.  An  evidently  adaptive  coruwiioa  cah 
le  frequently  traced  between  the  resting  tituation  and  altitude 
>f  the  insect  and  the  colour  and  pattern  ol  its  win^  Hatha 
hat  Test  with  (he  hindwingi  concealed  betieatb  the  foreiringt 
Bg.  M.  J)  often  have  Ibe  laltei  dull  and  mottled,  while  the 
onner  an  tametima  highly  coloared.  Butterffiei  whoso 
lonnal  resting  atiliude  ia  with  the  wings  dosed  veitiaDy 
iver  the  back  [fig.  ftj)  to  that  the  under  turfuce  Is  etpotcd  to 
riew,  often  have  this  under  surface  mollkd  and  incons[dctioua 
itthougb  ibc  upper  surface  may  be  bright  with  dashing  coloan. 
Varkiut  degm  oi  tnch  "  protective  resemblance  "  can  be  traced, 
culrainaling  In  the  wondeifij  "  imilalion  "  ol  Its  surroundings 
shown  by  the  tropical  "  leaf-bnttetfflis  "  {Kalliimi),  the  uad* 
'hose  wings,  though  varying  giAtlyj  yet  form  in 
perfect  lepresentatien  of  a  leaf  in  some  stage  or 
other  of  decay,  the  butterfly  at  the  same  time  di^»«ng  of  the 
t  tbe  deception.  How  this  it 
eOected  is  best  told  by  A.  R.  Wallace,  who  wu  the  Erst  (0 
eive  it,  in  his  mA  Tin  Ualay  Ankipttapii— 
The  habit  of  tbe  spedo  i^  alwayi  Id  nrt  on  a  twig  and  among 


a  ban  patch  of  gr 


But  the  British  VanesBda  o 

with  tbe  brighUy  coloured     . ,  -         , 

11  make  themselves  still  more  con^vicBov 
ip  and  down.  Some  genera  and  familiet 
oi  Lepldoptera,  believed  to  tecrete  nojdoui  juices  that  render 
them  diituteful,  an  adorned  with  the  tuting  contnatt  Of 
colour  utuaily  regarded  as  ■■  warning,"  wUlo  oiher  genen, 
'  elotlgfng  to  harmless  families  sou^t  for  aa  food  by  birds  and 
xards,  alo  believed  lo  obtain  complete  or  partial  immunity 
y  their  Ulteoeia  to  the  (DDqACaout  noiioua  groups.'    (See 

Sexual  dicUHphism  k  {itquent  annig  tbe  [.epidoplen. 
In  many  tatnille)  thli  take*  ibo  form  of  mon  elaborate  feelen 
la  the  male  than  in  tbe  female  motb.  Such  complex  tedeta 
(hg.  s)  bear  numerous  sensacy  {olfactory)  nerve-endioft  and 
give  to  the  males  that  pottest  them  a  wonderful  power  of  di>- 
covering  their  matea.  A  single  captive  female  of  tbe  EndnunidaB 
or  LasiocamtHdae  (^ten  causes  bundreds  of  main  of  her  q>edai 
to  "  asiemble  "  anwnd  her  prboa,  uid  thit  character  la  nude 
Dse  of  by  collecton  who  want  to  secun  ^lecimena.  In  many 
bnttofiies — mtably  the  "bluea"  ^Lycaenidae) — tbe  mala  it 
brUlttnt  white  the  fentlo  Is  dull,  and  In  other  group*  (the 
Danainae  for  example)  he  it  provided  with  sctnl-produdng 
glarula  bdieved  to  be  "alluring"  in  fuiKtloti.  The  appareiK 
crldeDcg  giv«n  by  tbe  sciusl  dtflereiices  among  the  Lepldoptera 
in  favour  of  C.  Dsrwln't  theory  of  sexual  sdecUon  fiitdt  no 
1  study  of  their  habits.   The  male  Indeed  utuaily 


tBPIDOPTERA 


Uuu  oi  the  )ptdM,'wl«n  Ihm  ii  as  mMwnawr  Al^ 
tba  aula  dowly  itunblet  the  femik  in  wing  pMloB*,  tht 
devdotHMM  of  the  toupkuMi  wliitc  beiog  ncc^tM.  A  vny 
JBUnMios  Mxuil  (iumipliuai  ii  HCBiDtkairiii^aiciUHlitiiHi 
of  wvtnl  lonab  motlu — the  ninUt  motht  (ffytmis  and 
CMaatoMn)  uiobi  ihe  GeoncUidte  uul  the  vapourrn  (Oriyia 
ukd  OofffiB}  VDODB  the  LjmiuitrikUc  for  cjompk  {&g.  17), 
U  micht  be  tbought  IkU  tht  kiB  ol  povu  of  flichl  by  tbc  (cnule 
nuld  KriDuily  icMiict  the  aogc  of  the  epccia.  la  Mcfa 
IbmcU,  bowcvn,  the  cateipiUan  an  oflea  *ciivc  and  Invtl  fu. 
DiilriiuUtH  ourf  J/Je^u*.— The  langc  of  the  LepUcptcn 
i*  praclic4Uy  woild-inde;  tbey  uc  abeeot  Irom  Lbc  imut  lemcte 
•ad  Ishotpiuble  ol  tbc  uctic  •nd  wituau:  Undi,  but  even 
Keipiden  poaeacfl  »  lev  inuli  [ndigaioiB  moths.  Mmy  of 
the  large  and  dominuit  fimilia  have  a  nnti  ' '^        '''" 


il  DHithi  aad  the  dotba  moth*— have  becon* 
ainioW  ttanufolitan.  lotcmtuig  and  uneMive  KMrictiona 
of  nnge  can,  bovcvet,  be  ofUD  tiued.  Altbough  buttodia 
have  beea  found  to  81°  N.  Utilude  in  Cneiduid,  they  an 
unknown  10  Iceluid,  and  oily  a  few  ^Kcia  o£  the  froup  RUfa 
NcwZeaknd.  'HirHlirgeiccIioDi— thcllhoauinacHeUconuiiae 
and  BraiwIiDae— oi  ihc  gnat  bultctfly  family  NyrnphalldM 
■n  pecuUai  lo  the  NcoUopical  regioil,  while  Ihe  Maipbiiiae, 
■  fhirattniitically  Soulh"  Amman  group,  kave  a  few  Onenial 
lencri  in  India  and  lodo-Milayft.  The  Acneinac,  aoothci 
(Klion  of  the  aame  family,  have  the  vatt  majority  of  thai 
apcda  in  Eihiopiin  Afiia,  but  an  lepieBenled  eaitwatda  hi 
the  Oriental  and  Aintialian  ic^ou  and  wslwaida  is  Sowh 
America.  A  comparison  of  Ihe  Icpidopleioua  faunas  of  Trdud, 
Cteal  Brilain  lad  the  European  osntiucnt  ii  voy  ioitnictive, 
ud  luucsu  Uiongly  thai,  dcspils  Iheii  power  of'Bight  the 
Lepidopten  an  rooslly  dependent  on  knd«inaadon  ioi  the 
extentioD  of  theii  nnge.  For  eianplf.  Itebwl  hu  Ooly  focty 
of  the  teviniy  ipedei  of  Britiih  butleidiea.  The  range  of 
many  L^idoiKeia  u  ot  coune  delcnnined  by  the  diNIibutioIl 
of  tiie  pLuIi  OD  which  Ibeif  larvae  feed. 

NevertbclcB  ccitain  species  of  powerful  ftighi,  uul  Kme 
that  rai^t  be  tboughl  feeUe  on  the  wing,  often  dOM  iea-cb*noeis 
and  (Mablish  ot  rduforce  dittanl  oiloiiiei.  CaterpiUan  of  the 
great  dealh'a  bad  moth  {Adianilia  alnfos)  are  found  every 
■urnmet  feeding  lo  BritiUi  and  Irish  potato  fields,  but  il  is  doubl- 
lul  if  my  of  the  pupae  nnuking  from  them  lucvivc  the  winter 
In  our  cUnHite.  ll  fa  bdieved  by  Tctt  thai  the  species  is  oiJy 
■"-'■■■■»— I  tqr  a  fnah  bBmignuou  of  moths  from  the  South 
each  summer.  KosU  of  white  buiieifliea  iPiaii)  have  been 
Ircquenlly  observed  croniDg  the  English  Chumel  from  Francs 
to  Kent.  Uigraliog  swuau  of  Lepidoptera  have  often  been 
met  by  tailon  in  mid-ocean;  thus,  Tutt  records  Ibc  presence 
around  a  sailing  ship  in  the  Atlantic  ol  such  a  swarm  of  the 
lather  feeble  moth  Daeptia  fdclMa,  noAf  roos  m.ffoeBiU 
Bearcat  kaawn  liabital.  This  migtatoty  lostioct  ii  conaecled 
■rith  the  gregaiioni  habita  of  many  Lepidoptea.  For  sample, 
H.  W.  Bite*  ititci  that  at  one  plict  io  South  America  ha 
Doliccd  dghty  diffcnnt  specie*  flying  about  In  enormous  Dusben 
In  the  auosUne,  and  these,  with  lew  eiceptioai,  were  mala, 
the  temtlcs  remaining  within  the  loieiit  shadcB.  Darwin  docribci 
a  "hullcrSy  shower,"  which  he  observed  10  m.  off  Ihc  Sculh 
American  coast,  otending  as  far  as  the  eye  coidd  reach; 
"even  by  the  aid  of  Ihe  letescope,"  be  idih,  "it  was  not  pooihle 
to  >c*  a  ifiace  [lee  from  buiterSies."  Sit  j.  Emerson  TennenL 
idlBe*M!d  in  CeyloD  a  mighty  host  of  butterflies  of  wl 
yellow  hue, "  appsrenity  mikain  breadth  and  o£  sudi 
extension  as  to  occupy  hours  and  even  daya  unintamptedly 
In  their  passage."  Observations  it  HeHfidand  by  H.  Cltke 
have  riiown  that  miiniiag  moths  "  tnvd  mder  the  same 
tondltloa*  as  mfgtatlag  birds,  and  tn  the  meat  part  bi  Ibeii 
CDin|Mny,  in  an  OM  to  west  dinctioai  tbey  fly  in  iwaran, 
the  muaiMn  .of  wbkh  defy  all  att*aq>ti  at  coaqMUtioD  and 
eaa  only  be  tipctmed  by  mlDioai,"  The  painted  lady  bnilcrfly 
iPynmtb  cord^  comes  hi  repeated  swarm*  frm  the  Master. 
'         mEnoiii^iAilefatlottb 


Englud,  though  il  has  nat  ewaMished  lUeU  on  this  side  of  the 
Atlantic  It  il  Dotewsrthy  that  the  ioBodiKtioa  of  ill  l«od{iUDt 
— Axitpiti — into  the  Sandwich  Uasds  in  iBjo  apparently 
cnaUed  It  to  ipcead  acnas  the  Pacific. 

Fata  Hiaary.— Qui  knowledge  of  the  gedogical  l^ory  of 
the  Lepidoplenia  but  scanty.  Certain  Oolitic  fossil  bisects 
fioBi  the  lithographic  stone  of  Solenhofen,  Bivirii,  have  been 
deacribed  as  nHIhs,  but  it  is  only  in  Tertiary  deposite  (bat 
undoubted  Lepidopten  occur,  and  ihcac,  all  releraUe  lo  eiisling 
familieai  are  very  scarce.  Most  of  then  come  from  the  Oligomne 
be<h  of  FkrieMat,  Colorado,  and  have  been  de»ribcd  by  S.  H. 
Scudder.  The  paucity  of  Lepidopten  among  the  fomils  is  not 
surprising  when  we  touidei  the  delicacy  of  their  structure,  and 
tboii^  tbeir  past  history  oiutot  he  traced  back  beyond  cariy 
Cainoaoktimca,  we  an  ban  Utile  doubt  from  the  geograiAlcal 
dieirilHitioo  of  tome  of  the  fiimiUes  that  the  oidec  otigiaatcd 
with  the  olbec  hViet  EadoptetygoU  in  Ihe  Mesoi^  epoch. 

Clom^lleafMa. — The  order  Lepidopten  conlains  mote  than 
£Fty  liTiigfi,  the  dtiriimioa  of  wboae  mutual  relalionihipa  haa 
given  rise  to  mach  difleieDce  of  opiaioBi  The  generally  iK^ved 
djsrinrlicn  is  between  butterflic*  or  Slutttttvt  {Lcpidofiten 
with  clubbed  fecial,  who*e  hnhiL  is  to  Sy  by  day)  and  moths  ot 
variously  shaped  letlen,  moally 
habit}.  This  dlsllnctiea  is  quit* 
onienaDie  aa  a  loological  conception,  for  tha  relationship  ol 
bulteiflis  to  some  moths  is  doscr  than  that  ol  many  lamillcB 
of  Heteiocen  to  euh  other.  Siill  mote  objecliooable  b  the 
diviiioa  ol  the  order  into  ilaatUfidafUrt  (indnding  the  botler- 
Sics  and  large  molbs)  and  the  Micnlttiieplira  {comprW^  Ihe 
smaller  moths),  M»t  of  the  recent  snggestions  for  Ihe  dfelslon 
of  the  Leptdcfilera  into  sulKKden  depend  upon  some  iingiB 
chitaclei.  Thus  J.  U,  Comlock  ha*  proposed  to  tqviaU  the 
three  loweM  fimUio,  whidi  bave-^Ike  cadditdies  (Tridulitcn) 
— a  jugum  OS  each  forewiag,  as  a  iub-ordet  Juflat.  dktlntt 
from  all  the  rest  of  Ihe  Lepidoptera — the  Pmtdtt,  meatly  ponei- 
ling  a  frenulum  on  ihe  hindwug.  A.  S.  Packard  plica  one 
family  (Mlcioptctygidae)  with  functional  nauOble*  and  a 
ladnll  in  the  lint  maiiUa  alone  hi  a  salMinler  LacMata,  all  Ihe 
rest  of  Ihe  order  fmikg  the  eib^ider  HniitUtlm.  J.  A. 
Chapman  dinda  the  lamille*  with  Ire*  or  iaconplMety  obleci 
and  DolHle  pupae  llnnKpUa)  fiu*  theae  with  obtect  pupa* 
which  never  leave  the  cocoon  (OibtfM),  and  thislspmbahly  the 
primary  division  of  the  LqiM^en  that  bai  aa 


,    Dyar 


eoiirdy  on  the  «niciure  of  the  lam,  while  Tuti  divide*  tha 
Lepidopien  into  three  gitil  stbp*  chancletlied  by  tha  <ha|ia 
of  Ihe  choTion  of  Ihe  egg.  The  primitive  total  of  the  egg  is  onl, 
glebolsr,  or  flaiiened  with  the  micropyle  at  oae  and;  from  llta 
has  apparently  been  derived  the  nprighi  form  of  tfg  sritk  tke 
micn^^  on  top  which  chatacteriia  the  bulternes  and  tha 
higher  moths.  Thtai  ichemes,  though  helpful  tn  pointing  out 
tmpoitani  diSerenccs,  an  unnatonl  hi  that  they  lay  Mtc**  oa 
liaj^  often  adsptlvo.  chincten  to  the  eictuMon  ol  ailmt 
equally  important.  Although  it  is  petbapa  beat  to  establidi  aa 
divitiouanaopg  the  I.epido|)tmbel«ieenlbe  eider  aadthelunOy, 
an  attempt  has  bean  nade  la  the  cluiifkalloa  adopted  ta  iMi 
article  to  gnmp  the  f amDles  into  tribe*  or  luper-familia  wUdi 
may  Indicate  their  probable  aSnklis.  The  lyMemstlc  weth 
of  G.  F.  Uampsoa.  A.  R.  Grote  and  Z.  Heyrich  ha*  done  BIMb 
to  place  the  daisificatiOB  of  the  Lepidopien  on  a  samd  bui*. 
ulvaslbecfcinctcnef  tbehnagaan  ancenicd,  but  uiaallga 
_ .__  1^  ^^  ^  ii^  ptepaialoy  ttagc*  if  a  (1^  dbMbI 


m  b  to  be  imdiod. 


in  ptimitivs  chanetcn  of  the  wia|s  ai 


Ihii  group  hating  fa  o 


LEWDOPTERA 


«« 


mSomtr  Ulv  list  ol  tbc  lomin.  iht  ndiil  HI 
bmskcdinbcilh.  The  pop*  hu  lour  or  fiv>  nimt 
(bt  l*n*l  FMkgi  biR  naiillEB  ciitin  ol  honUita 

ncbatkir.    "nic  JTumfMRT^Ci  (adm  bMwn  ■• 

n  ridit  AbdoniinBl  k 
ud  bliddcr-like  oui 


joiiiud  prolm  u 
btnntli  the  ba  i 
Tint  cnriosilii 

Tbe&iKraH 
bvl  the  inMEo  hi 


Tbehunih'  hu  only  a  few 
eiy  ovn  tnc  auin  •  tyrJ0c«  (Europe,  Amskd. 

mrmble  tS«  MicropreryBidft«  In  tpcwuaim. 
w  nundtttlo,  uid  the  muillH,  thouBh  oboft 
cmipicuout  ptip*.  liAvt  no  tuimae  ind  form  a 
lopRia  generally.  The  'ibdoiiKn  if  the  (emle 
ring  proccffi  and  the  cecb  m  lud  in  tht  leaves 


leal  tiMK.    The  Ciil)y-f«l  larvi 

and  thea^niea' ' 

oils  pupae-  viui  r 

psidJ  jnan^leaof  (he  Eriacranudae,  lofethi 


Lh  rdatinl)'  a 


irkaUa  ol  atl  lunvn  k^dopter- 
I  toolhed  nuDdiMa  vUch  bite 

imaEiaat  aaiuUie  in  (he  Bdiotipierypda 

wiDK^KuratJDa  in  both  (amiliea,  rinnl  K 

between  the  Lepadoptera  and  the  TricliDpt 

The  Hefiali&t  or  awift  moilii — ihe  Ihin 


a^^lan 


?iati<Kiihip 
Jugala^- 


'^A'^. 


le  (fi,.  I 


fTovih  in  kn*  (ban  a  year  41 

..  .mtr  three.    The  iimiiy  li  * ..., 

mtaiti  ioaie  ahnvR  ^nia:  and  Hrangtiy  cdouled  genera. 

A  In^e  memblage  of  moUu.  nwatly  of  nmll  iat.  are  Included 
I  Ibh  group.    The  winca  have  no  iugun.  •       ■ 
1  Ihe  fundwing.  which  Ru,  at  in  all  the  gi 

ivenl"La^  of  ■wU°!a«hi  the  wii 


q,  but  thm  it 


The  ut-cstal  nervurc  oC  the  bindwint 
diluiKl  [naia  the  ndlal  neivure.  The  q 
Coaaidaeand  Catlnii' 

'-iL  few  CUeptiont.  nave  a  uii 

_.  vae  uHMlly  Iced  ia  aonie  concc 

pktely  oblect,  with  Ihrea  |in  k...-  __ 

aMminal  <ctmentt(_anil  amerEFi  partly  Ic 


«.  -.e  pfeient  in  the 

rll  developed,  but  in 


^lly  pre* 


in  devtleced.  b 

MhediA&Beci 


female  pupa  h»  (hm.  tbs  nale  loar,  free  ai 
ol  thcM  moiha  hava  asme  DedHid  of  ooae 
feeding.    A  liequeflt  plan  H  ta  roU  up  a 

laaCBung  tha  tiriiied  ponion  irlth  aillRB  ._»»  »  ^  „ 

*  ubulai  mnti  ihia  ii  th*  baUt  ol  th*  caterpillar  of  the  gnta 
Ml  nanb  [rnnria  aariAiiul  wMch  oflem  Bvaget  the  loliiK  el  oak 
plantaiinn*.  Tbe  larva*  ol  the  piB»*boot  DMha  (XMiaHl  ibdler 
u  aolldified  reunova  eaudatiqaa  Imn  their  conifetoua  food.|ilantt, 
while  (he  ciidlin.aKith  catcipillar  (Cvfaoipia  poaitKUs)  fecdi  in 
applea  and  peaia.  (nwina  with  [be  rniwth  d[  tbe  fruit  which  afiorda 

Ita  of  IDTtjkid  catel^^Uaia  within  the  ■ubatanca 

mall  bU  iriilil]r.diatlibuted  faoily  of  motht 


of  the  iced. 
ThePoxUa*: 

whole  nalea  hai , „_,. 

bearing  Donplei.  bipeclinated  fccJen,  but  wi' 
and  uieleaa.  The  larvae  live  in  pertihle  caai 
•f  lol  oradeic.  wiib  ■  lilkea  Unhit.  aad  tho 
lor  the  pupaa  whkh  anec  ia  Kruaure  wiih  t 
But  thfl  moat  Rtnaruble  featurt  of  the  ] 
of  the  fenulag  which,  inngleia,  k 
ever  emcrgefl  from  the  cocoon, 
iiidof  m  a  imall  family  of  lar^e. 


te  oi  tbe  Tortrkidae. 


orKlef! 


Piychldaa.    The  distribution  of  the  family  la  confined  to  Tropical 
America  and  the  Indo-Malayan  and  Auiiralian  icgiooi. 

Tbe  Zyfoentdu  (burnet  motht)  are  a  l9i]Ee  lajnily  of  day-flyliif 
■notha  (^.  31)  adorned  with  brilliant  metallic  cAourt.  The  leelera 
aie  long,  atoui  in  the  middUt  and  tapering,  bearinf  oumerout  toa| 
or   abort    pcciinatjont.     Tbe   wel|.<Ieve1oped  ^ 

maxillae  have  vnligial  palp*.    The  larvae-^  \    r 

olIDfl  veryconipicuDualycolauTed — arrremarJE-  ^^  \J  _^^ 
able  among  the  Tuieidea  ui  having  inrcHnplele  ^^^^^V 
circlet  of  book*  on  the  prolen.  and  they  feed  ^KSI^^F 
eapoaed  an  the  leavciiJ  vaibnli  planli.    The  ^HT 

bvc f rec  teomenta.    TlieLi*iaraJ»^area  inuU      Eu<    ■- 

family  of  browniah  noclunal  motht.  allied  10  ^^Ju^'Z^^ 

Ihe  Zygaenidae  and  agneint  with  then  In  the  PTlC^  vmammm. 

almctunolthepupa.   Tbe  hn«  la  thli  family  ^ '"™*- 

aiio  it  an  eipwd  feeder,  hut  it  i>  remarkable  hi  (om.  bcia( 

flattened  and  dug^ilie,  without  prolega  and  adorned  vrilh  curuut 

The  Saiidiu  aie  a  larre  family  o(  imaH.  narrov.wlneed  moth^ 
the  lub^coaial  nervure  of  the  bindwing  txing  abtenl  and  tbe  winga 

deslUf  ^  uka^l. 
21).  The  maiUlae  are 
developed  but  their  palp* 

labial  palp  it  thort  and 
pointed.  Many  of  * 


s.ris.'ii;  ■»:; 


"'""     "'  ""  —A.  Siria  taU/trmit  (Gad-fly 

Moth).    EuiDpa.    B.  Larva. 
irmed  with  chipa  of  wood,  uatil  Ihe  time 
pear;  Iben  it  worka  itaell  partly  out  of 
nnei  on  lt>  (bdominil  teiinentL 
imalleit  of  all  the  Lepidopieia,  meaiur- 

.     .,  _ .outipciadwirga.  whkh  are  all  lanceolal* 

and  pDinud  at  tbe  lip.    The  tucking  psrtioni  of  the  miiitUe  are 
vtalliiBl.  but  Ihe  palpi  are  long  amTjointed  Tbe  laivu.  wiibMii 


Diaint  wilhin  Ita  cocoo 
for  ita  Anal  change  di 
the  tree  by  meant  of  i 
The  NtplicylUai  an 
lngon1v3-8m(n.ac— 
and^nie^  -  --- 


LEPIDOPTERA 


1  UHUlly  WL 

-pig  AiM4attn  ■  fanily  at  deUoH.  but  lii 
young,  IP  Bowl  later,  pf 


4.— £iiM<mii^       Flo.  3S.—Toim 

cinui.  Xuropc.       taftuat  (Clotlw* 

ModiJ,  Europe. 

■ad  their  pilpe  uiuitly  •nOI  devclopFcL  Many  <1  the  cenen  kive 
uRow  Boiated  liinii  with  <Itcr>dcd  neuniLoii.  The  luvu  differ 
El  their  ^biti.  lome— Craiilaru  [oi  cnmple— mine  Id  leavei.  whik 
otben,  Ulie  the  wtU-kmwn  citnpiUan  af  tbe  ctolbt*  moth  (riius) 
niTBand  tbeouelvti  wiih  pnrtible  cu«  (fig,  14)  fanned  by  ijxDnlDI 
tscetbcr  tbdr  own  ocnment.  The  [emila  paps  bu  tbm,  the 
ttlk  [our  fn*  abdomiul  Kfiiaaita. 

FliiUiliia. 
Tbii  BTOup  iDciudct  ■  Ifw  lugB  familin  of  nutl  motlit  th»t  »™ 
linkHl  Sy  tuir  inuiinil  nnd  luvil  Knicture  to  the  Tinddu  (<n 
wfaich  thty  have  oJten  b«D  uirLiidedJ  ud  by  their  pvpal  itnirtiin 
ta  ths  hiihei  (roups  that  have  yel  to  be  cormdnKl.  The  nxHhl 
have  lifaul  (ulpa  with  slendif  pointed  ttminal  •cjncnti.  and 
narrow  pantnl  wingi,  bvt  tbe  aenratloii  (except  in  the  EUiJiialidae) 
[aleaadefeiMr4ir4haninincHt  Tlondae.  Tbe  haliy  coming  g<  the 
head  ia  Buooih.  and  the  maiUlary  palpa  are  utualij'  vnt^iaL  The 
en  ia  Sal,  and  the  larvial  trdef  have  complete  riicln  of  hnoUeta. 
The  papa  W  obteet  with  only  two  free  abdomiiul  srinenti  {fifth 

■ndiunh)  In  both  aeiieeaaddoea  not  move '" 

Four  fwBUlo  ate  included  In  tbia  erou| 
luve  the  maiillary  palpa  developed,  it 

•*■ ""-eappendaiei  directed  ttr-'-^'  '■ 

line  in  leaver  but  feed  oc — ,,  — r--*  --  

"^  ion   (PlHlilla). 

■  ning    by    Iheit 


■lion.  Tb.  PiBftmUm  ftilaiB  BMha.  if.  at)  BnaOy  kia 
winn  dirriy  ddt—s  liiiik  deft  in  tbe  fncevlat  aad  two  ia  lb* 
dwiiig.    The  hairy  kjvK  fad  epnily  on  leavea.  while  the  kA 


obtect.   The  cnterpinarf  leed  in  aosH 
a  looae  cue  omonl  the  Itavei  of  tbei 

into  dry  vefrtabk  aiibitancea  or  eatina  tHe 

Sevctvl  tHorfl  of  thia  group,  eirch  aa  the  Medlterta: 
EpkalialMmiiUa  (Eg.  lo],  become  ■crioui  peiuin 
gnnatin,  their  llivae  devouriag  floyr  and  Hniilar  li 


mbcToff. 


lUdnaiHipVialideL    Bat  tfct  KoctBtdn 

ulpi  are  abient  or  veMiflal,  bkI  ■  (imik 
he  liiadwing.  The  larva  haa  nanallj  ten 
K  amnted  ady  aloof  tba  tnoer  tOa, 
it  alwaya  obtect  with  only  two  fne  aU 

:h  and  ibnh).  The  Laiiccampidae  aed 
Hit  in  the  Noemidae,  Arctiidae  ahd  Ihiir 


Lherwilha 

'^^JI^ 

at  «.  food  i.  taken  in  (hi 

eUlion  with 

th»  condilion  the  feekia  << 

The  moth,  an  It. 
uttem  of^  iWi 

X.-..  Wytoaectt,  wnlly  bnn  i'y^  i.  the 
wingt    'The  oten^nar*  ate  denae^  bainr  and 

™!^?d^c«. 
D  the  familv,  w 

mile  n  thi  laivnl  ala^   Tbe  pupa  b  CKkwd  ■ 

nulled  family,  In  •hkbtW 

muliun  ia  utually  preaeol.  while 

tg<  are  abecn^' 

bong  proloiHed  Into  a  pointed 
proceia  which  ia  ni«l  up  when  ^^^ 

Y   / 

he  caterpillar  ia 

at  ™.    The  tS 

look-lip  moiha 

amily  in  the  Btiu 

nh'lauu.            ^ 

w^^^S^SF 

Trie  lame  (Kg.  15)  ait  wry  hairy,  and  ollei 


n  hairy  (%.  i*)-m. 


pan  od  Uie  worid  a  rcttricud  il 


LEPIDOPTERA 

Ed  ty  ■  caan  uf  alk  mixnl  I  tnij 
be  (bmilc  ihcili  tgciK  kin  hail*.  IBe  pupae  an  ew 
qni.  The  famity  b  widcty  hl^ial  wmJBlisliga  ol  (Ir 
c  dilcm  IniiiKi.  Tn  ihat  I  « nubrll  by  ihi  5ril>nila 
ild  Umily  (4  Ibt  Ujpnimt,  |  but  wilb  ihi  lub-coiul  n 
I  SynlonidK  ll»™  eIcM(1IE 


+73 

lure  in  Ihu  croup  ol  l(ie  Lcpidoptm 
I  laniLy  nearly  alliixl  la  Ibc  AiEliidat, 
■      tiind.inc   abKDl.     The 
np  and  ibon  hindwinli. 


ntr; 


Fic.  ».~-Oflaiim  imptraler.  Madaiucu. 

dutingqibbtd  from  the  "  tuHoclu'^by  tbeal«Hlcrup(iirdHl  termiiul 

KETiKnl  of  the  Labial  p4ilp«  and  by  the  devrioprnpnt  ol  Ihe  maaillae. 

The  NoctMtJat  are  Ibe  largest  and  mtMt  dDmiiiint  family  of  ibe 

LepidopicEa,  ccHiiprTniic  some  tQfioo  knorn  apeciea.    They  ire 

■-■  — ■>"  Hi  dull  coloralioa,  Hy'wf  at  dusk  or  cy  night.    The 

?JI  developed,  [he  hiodwinf  lus  a  frcDuli —    ^—^  ''- 


Fit  M-w, /.  H*Ji.iS£i  armif 
alt   NuuialHB.  a 
iheir  thickened  ((clera,  duie  a(  tke  Ifoctuidi  bnn(  thnd-KIie  or 

tIb  JnSiSTftijer  mothi.  lootmeo,  ftc.)  are  allied  to  the  Noc- 
toidM,  bill  thrit  wing-neutation  i»  mote  iperialiad.  Ibe  lub-rmial 
naivgn  oC  the  liiadwinK  being  uinBuenl  with  the  radial  (or  the  baial 
put  of  itt  count   TbBc  molhi  (fij.  j;)  have  gaily  okjured  wiiifi, 


Fic.  iS'—ItMia  ^ulti.    Madagaiear. 

s  (hj.  jo).   The  body,  on  (he  other  band,  is  ottoi  bri 
iKd.    The  lanily,  abundant  in  the  Imfiia  of  (be  Old 
lai  only  two  Euntpcan  ipcciea. 

Tbia  group  include*  ■  •eriei  of  families  which  a"*-*  ^ 
''"'  '■*■   '"  ~ '"■"  "■  t  arediaiinguialied  by  th 


sa 


udedbyth 
ifyin^  ^  the  oterpillar's 

the  Csnabpttrili-^^ 

amiiy  of  moth*  agreeing  with  the  Nocluidac  in  appunnci 
iibita— and  the  huge  and  importaat  lamily  oC  the  Cttmil 


'LEPIDOPTERA 


TIk  Duttu  (M.  43l  <>>  ttu  funXy  ■»  <Kuiiicoi>hid  Ikm  iIm  N«<>- 
donlidae  by  thdr  ddlcata  build  itid  don^v  fan,  ib«  caicrpilUn 
(fir.  43.  0  by  (heabaciKc  arvmigialcDndiiiDnor  ihr  Ihm  jUTenor 
puti  of  prolegK.  Tbc  IWD  hinder  pain  of  prolcftt  art  ItiereloEiF  alow 


pilbn  luvc  the  full 


pomerful   tti^hi  ih? 

certain  ipmin— like    ^'^-  45-~'^''*'IJa  bmidnntlii  Jl  mt,  fthavini 

and  pTOIoboHt  (c>nafnJr~4iiliFd1c  jnto  ibc  BrilUh   Itlaodi  ir 
nximbcn  almoBI  every  Mmcncr- 


foncfloaaT  niid  tltc  Iwil  procifua  by  "  bopinfr."  u.  bcKlina  ihc 
bddy  »  Ml  To  hrioff  ihrsc  piulcg*  cIqk  up  10  the  tboncir  lcc»,  and 
then,  tnldng  a  fresh  ^np  on  tjic  Iwli  whneon  it  wallu,  trrdchinf 
the  body  Kraight  out  atain.    Miny  of  ■■■ —  ' ■■ ^'-■— 


Fic.  4;.— 5i«nn;iiu  KcUdiu  (Eytd  Hawk  motk).  Eurrvc- 
tari'je  in  imoofh,  witb  Romr  ol  The  nmeiit«  humped  and 
eighth  abdominal  often  carrying  a  doTBTrplae-    Tlu  family 


LBPIDOPTERA 


CDcnnHfdal  valiM  k^v  h - , 

funily  SaOmiidat,  well  rcprucnml  in 
tribuIuiEi  liBglc  ipccia  (SaJuriaia  poi 
FauoL  Theie  motht  (Bf.  49)  havt  but  a 
hiadwing  and  only  ifarcc  nHbl  ibcrvun 
winr-pancmi  an  hajidwmc  aoA  mild 


«  m  tto  FiMwmg.     Tha 

II  muaUT  an  uucaLjd 
daeoiilal  anolet.   Tlw 


+75 

r  ^«a  (GT'  904  and  a  pcnriln' jtAjr  lEflit. 
4ii^v  nncB  but  ia  UDkaewd  in  Gzeeatud, 


pmrim  of  a  .pwiilly  developed  F,o,  51 ,— Clify«1ia  and 
'-hsd-pKce  or  DOH-hum  loLarv»o(«j,i.ioJ<lH(ii 
Ihc  bKid-rcfion  of  tSr  con-  (dingy  iklnpef).    Europe. 

iipicuaui  Bi^i  IB  Ifat  HiBihiiic  hai  made  Ihc  Rhofa- 


— CiriinifigauUiM.  N.  America. 


fnJlawcd  hnv  ia  modified  Trom  Ihnt 
The  Lyaifniitu  are  a  liige  famil 


>'  of  "hmEl'el! 


rjuTi'dw^ibri.  bu! 


thii    pwp    are 


*  Pyrattdae,  but  lbiii|i«n  ai 


wMch  (he  Ireiiali 


linn  £uikni»><H  have  ■  [m 
ng  Ike  -'  iMlia."    The  llnrn 
I  the  large  family  ol 


■lliei.  rctwr*ei«ed  in  our  own  Iniua  by  levenl  ifMnca- 
ta  will)  broad  head — i  he  tcelcta  being  widely  Hfacatol 


aegmeiitt  are  ahoneMd  and  the  cliwi  BrooimM  art  abtcnt. 

ThctorewiMhaionlylhreoof  Iourtadialnervuiw(fig,iJSl.lhelaBlwo 
of  which  uue  [mm  a  comnua  Ralk ;  the  feciera  are  bucnni  doH 
(ogelher  on  the  hcnd.  The  larva  i>  ihort  aod  hairy,  iDmewliat  liU 
a  woodlouie  in  abapok  the  tiroad  tide*  coiwcaliiig  the  lega  ar'' -'™^"" 
while  Ihe  pupa,  which  ia  al»  haiiy  or  br-"-  ' " 


.    Nearty  ir 


ccmred  "ijB^pala." 


Fio.  J4- — Ciaiira  frrja. 

^lcolrapical  Region,  but  kottc  In  ibc 
anU  having  only  a  lingle  Huropcan  a|iccii.«  It/emioiii 
which  occuia  alK  in  Eneland.  In  ihc  LrnioniidM  (figa. 
fbfekca  of  the  oiaIc  are  reduced  aod  ukIcsk  for  wal 
LHyuUidat  may  be  nrngniicd  by  the  cluogalc  tooul 


™'  -   -■---''^'-Z^-''wd  WorlS 


l^^f> 


tEHDOPTMlA 


■  fvnwnf,  the  CYliadrical 

uExndid 


Fio.  S7.— CiltfMii  1 
>  a[ial»  mnd  ii  fiequeDlty  proUneed  ini 


Fic.  tfi.—Fapait  matitim  (Sninow'Uil).  Europe. 

rd'aa  iKTvure  (fie,  JS).  Tbc  lam  it  cylindrical,  never 
It  oriefi  tubcTcuIale  Arid  provided  vith  a  dunal  retractile 
(osmaieiiumj  on  Ihc  prcrihorax.    The  pupa,  whidi  hat  a 


I  Efdli  {ApoUa),  EunpEin  Alpi. 
■clied  by  the  mmaXcr  and  a  wai 


»l  Wapilt  madiaim).  ai 


of  (be  pupa  iR  find  the 
Ptmiie  tha  famSy  ol 
Ibe   Bliile    and   yenoir 


indncal  and  bairy  witlK 
hlrtjlyorBaa- 


iiHbiE^wl 


ibtnge  hu(1crfli«<^^Tif 


infl  if^.  6i\.  Ibe  tartal  ir^incnti  bcin^  ■! 
clothed  witb  lang  baink  whents  ihc  name  < 
i>  oIicD  applied  u  Ibe  Umily.  Tbeneonti 


Fis.  61.— .tfpjUiHrg  (lulf).  Malaya 

that  found  amonic  Ihe  Picridae,  hut  in  tht  Nyntphalidae  the  pupa, 
which  hal  a  doable  InaE-harn  I6g-  fi])— ai  in  Papiiip-^  lulpenikal 
from  the  crcHLUtcr  only,  aa  pixllin*  thread  bciof  pnacnl,  Dr  k  Ijea 
•imply  on  the  (round.   The  en  u  ^ongate  and  lub-aiBiial  in  Eoma 


LEPIDOPTERA 


■Pfa  Hudix  el  ihc  wiash  the  ludn-adc  bi^  a 
uKonqiKimi.    Mtumnbenol  ihengop  VucH 


Fk.  «}.— roKua  is  (FEocock)  ud  it*  papL 

iplrT+ibwratt  ia  iht  irnaiiiul  BaH.     Tliii  lux*  timily  i> 

w  (or  Enpltntai,  fit-  M)  havT  iL  inAvtrnm 
ud  the  liwt  Cctt  of  (be  fcaule  ituckuvi;  thcif 


(auk).   MilayL 

.    The  daiiiTu  bntnflies 

■c  world.  bccDmini  moft  Ddmn- 

Avuri^  the  bjLodvme  purple 

>  vim  Hvc  '  brandt "  on  the  viiiEi;  Ibw 

jsly  marked  and  are  bcBeved  to  be  duCaste- 


+77 

:  by  Ac  dBdo- feet  e<  the  Inuta; 
bi^  palpi  and  ^im  lamei 
and  ibe  fliftfiaiinai  wbote  pdp* 
•«  ewmHd,  italir  at  the 
adea  and  iair/  in  fmat,    Thtt 

ined  lo  ilie  Neutrapkal  Ri^n. 

nmeniuiuilKEtliionaB.  The 
KympiiJiMtt  iKiBdc  SrlrilUli 
™j^  (*^,*s),  and  *  vaa 
«tt  6S,*%), 


B.  ;o.— Ci0iU«  HppUni.   BniiL 

.a  fev  ntber  dull-coloured  Oricnul  rtittf*^ 
bud  in  Ihe  [tnrwinji  and    often    in  tbe  hin4. 


.cdBvGoogle 


478 

the  StKiIb  AiKfian  Brvulinm  ot 


LEPIDUS 


Flc.  JL—Oftipliama  lymt. 


Fia.  J3.—Braaitliniiiitt,    BraiiL 


nbM  [»«ti  (lin.  71.  13,)  vi 
vkkh  ut  idiitiid  wtih  lugt 


Flo.  76  —bU  MiitriB*.    1 


;lotei  in  both  ainii, 

tyc-ipsu  "  btnenUi.  TbaMyniHa, 


It  Itw  wb-RMd 


foregoin*  gnap  In  . 

■WIV1IR  H  tratiy  thicktiw 
B world-wiocinntdiitnb*.  .  .. 
iMiludo,  but  r 

sin  si  Eitbia  uc  nmuur  hikcu  mnvBisi 
;  y«  butwiflia  ncativ  irbtccl  to  ttiac  Alpine 
inKcu  occur  in  iVtuionii,  in  South  fJmn  and  in  Men  Zei[niid. 
Suchflctiof  diBtribuEundsdy  itiOw  that  tUouEh  the  Nymphllidae 
havt  attuned  a  high  degr«  dT  spcciAijtatfDn  amDrif  the  Lepidopten. 
aowAe  dt  (hdr  (nwA  have  a  hitiory  whkh  foo  back  lo  a  linw  wbea 
the  dtnnbutloii  of  land  and  wais  on  tbe  euth'i  miface  muit  have 
been  very  different  rrom  wbal  it  ia  ti>day. 

n. ™...  .__j  ....  L([^3tip,„^  ^ih  [lujf  iatereM- 

vin,  bive  nalunHy  atmcted 


DiiLioc  KA  rav.— Thi 


obtovodlife 


KM  .. 


I8j4-H97)rtr    ■- 


i>fthciakwonn(D<I 

riciw,  ].  HUbm.  P.  Cnmcr, 

-  ..    Kirl^'B  CaiQhin€i  are  aln 

.   Foe  the  lawi  of  the  Lipldnpua  lea 

..  ,_. ...  .,,,j^p .... 


a  dCKTibed  by  A.  SpulcT» 


\i^ 


iOoa.A 


Tf    £.tUS.    VUJ.    £DW.    UIL   LfS^)   UkJ 

^3j.  A.  R.  Ctow,  Viu.  du  ibm  Xinur- 
HiciciiK  (nittiisnena,  1696-1097);  C.  EndeilliD,  Z«i.  Jtlirk 
ii«I.  ivj.  (1001).  and  many  Dthen.  Fur  icalea  tee  A.  C.  Mayer, 
9i>H.Jfu.CnU.ZAAH<irHnt,«i]L(iB9«).  For iutcina] aBalnar 
W.  a.  jKkioirnHi.  Ltm.  2iK.  Zm<.  )i)  r.  <iS9i).  and  W.  Peleiaa. 
ir«L^oi^/iip.  JU.  JI/'OKrihirf  (S)  n.<l»0o).  The  culy  ilagea 
and  tranibn-matlou  ol  Lnidopten  nre  deicnbed  by  1.  Gomo, 
SaU.  &c.  rmirf.  &i.  Hm.  wx.  OS94);  K-  B.  Poulton,  tVsiu.  £<i». 
5«.  ZMi.  (l)  V.  (iSfll):  H.  C.  Dyar,  ,1™.  Kcw  York  Ami.  So. 
viii.  (i8o»);  T.  A.  Chapman.  T-mt  tKom.  5«.  LcbJ.  [i«93),  Ac. 
F«  babiii  and  life-telatkini  k*  A.  Seitz.  Zocl.  Joikrt.  Syil.  v..  vii. 
(I«90.  1894) :  A.  Wciimaan.  .MnilH  in  lie  riigr^  t>/  IJcicnl  (Lmidon, 
■■■-' -ind  £ii<mi>ofcP({i(.  jxii.  OS^-'*- "^   w— !«-..!    ■.■— .    .^ 


ta],  1905}:  M.Standliut.  //muUtick^  M/ior*- 


k 


'rL<'3l 


A.  Mot  111  ol  N. 

Ai  ).  (od  Mim. 

A'  in  ComAriifu 

I  ^  _    _  *'hS 

AuMr^](^  ^oi  (New  Y«hrr!i99}'"Work>oa  th^nlUli  Lepidnpleia 
are  nuniFniK.  [or  aumple,  IhoH  of  H.  T.  Sulnton  (iBSiiTC  C. 
Oafrett  (TSoj-1907),  E.>(eyrick  (1(93).  aod  I.  W.  Tun  {Ito}  aad 
nnwardi).  For  retenl  (inOal  lyitcmatic  worE^  Ihc  uudent  ihaulrl 
umuU  the  calatoiuei  nintiannl  above  ind  the  Ztxlapal  ltecar4. 
The  wiilingi  ot  O.  Staudincei,  E.  Schan.  C.  Obenhur,  K.  Jonlan, 
C-  AuriviUnn  and  P.  Mabflle  a»y  be  ipccially  pieaLkinal. 

(C  H.  C.) 

UPIBUS,  tbe  ume  «(  ■  Komaii  patridan  family  In  (lie 
Aerailiin  gens. 

I.  Maicus  AnoLTOS  Lepuvs,  one  oi  the  thiee  imlmmhin 
lent  to  Efypi  in  >at  B.  c.  u  guudiaiu  of  Ihe  intsnt  kiiif  Plolcmy 
V.  Hewai  couul  in  iSjand  tjj,  ctnjci[t;9,  fmllftim^mui 
(rom  iSo  onmards,  and  wai  ill  timea  chcnch  by  the  cetiion 
prinaps  ttnaivt.  He  died  ia  1^2.  He  diitijiBuIthcd  hunielf  in 
tbe  WIT  with  Antiocbus  III.  of  Syria,  and  againit  the  Liguiiaos. 
He  made  Ihc  Via  Acmilia  [mm  Arininum  to  Flacenlll,  and  kd 
cnlonia  to  Mutlna  and  Parma. 

Livy  aL  43.46.  cpa.  ^i  Polybiiu  xvL  J4. 

1.  Haicui  Aeiouus  LErmus,  nununed  PanciHk  (probably 
fn>m  his  pcnonil  (ppuriDce),  roanil  13;  n.c  Beinf  leni  to 
Spain  IP  conduct  fia  Numantirit  war,  he  bepn  ^gtiatl  the  win 
of  the  Mpate  to  atuck  the  Vaccaei.  Tfaii  cnletptite  wai  lo 
unnicetMlul  ihit  be  waa  deprived  of  fait  camnaBd  In  i)6  and 
ly  ■  fine.  He  wn^  nmong  the  croicM  of  lb* 
onton,  lad  Ciceio   pniio  him  foe  Iwvlgf 


LE  PLAY— LEPROSY 


J.  U.  97;  Vdt.  PM.  ii.  loi  Ap^u.  Blip. 


Iinpafe  frmi  Greek 

5,  Hucci  Annuo  LxFUiui,  btba  ot  Ibc 
Bi  ^.C  be  ma  pnelix  ol  Sidlj',  trben  he  niidc  himself  dctesled 
bf  <|>fiR>3ioD  aud  otDitioa.  In  the  dvil  vin  he  sided  irit> 
tuOa  lod  boucbt  much  erf  the  confiMaled  pnperty  of  the  Muiii 
|MHi«ui».  Allerwuda  be  beonw  laia  of  the  populu  puty, 
lod  wUh  Ilic  help  oI  Pompey  was  dvcled  conul  lor  ;3,  in  ^1 
gi  the  opfH^iion  of  SuUi.  Wben  the  dkutor  died,  L^idi 
tried  in  Tsin  to  prevent  ibe  buiial  <4  hit  body  in  the  Cunpi 
HutlB,  ud  to  alter  Ibe  oinsthulion  eelabluhed  by  hito.  H 
CDnE*(dt  Lulallua  Catulus  lound  a  tribune  to  place  ba  veto  e 
Lepidln'l  pnposali;  and  the  quairel  between  tb*  two  parties 
In  the  Mate  beome  u  aci;te  that  the  seni 
soen  DM  10  lake  up  amu.  Lepidos  «ae  then  ordered  by  the 
■eaate  to  ■•>  U  bit  peoviuce,  TrsiBalpiiie  Caid;  but  he  slopped 
U  Euiuia  CD  hit  my  [totn  Ibe  dty  aod  began  to  levy  an  army. 
He  ni  declared  a  public  enemy  etiiy  in  77,  and  forthwith 
mardad  apinat  Rvse.  A  battle  took  plaoe  b  Ibe  Campus 
Haitian  Pompey  and  Caluhu  comnianding  ibe  aemtviial  umy, 
•ad  Ltfiiat  was  defeated.  Be  sailed  to  Saiduua,  io  order  to 
put  hinueU  into  amnenciB  with  Sertoiina  in  Spain,  but  here  alio 
•nSend  aitpBlse,  aiid  died  iboftly  attarwaida. 

Plularck,  Satti.  J4,_ja,  J-tmfry,  is;  Appian,  B.C.  I  IDS.  107; 
liyy.tp1t.90:  Flonuiu-I];  Ctero, Si»H,  15. 

4.  Maacus  Aeuuds  LEnoDS,  the  Iriumvir.  He  fdncd  the 
party  ol  Juhus  Caiiar  in  Ibe  civil  wan.  and  was  by  the  diciiior 
thrice  noniinated  meptUr  equiiitm  and  raiaed  10  Ibe  conauhliip 
in  4A>-C.  He  wasa  man  of  great  wealth  and  inBuence,  and  Ll  was 
pnbafaly  more  en  this  (round  than  on  account  of  his  ability 
that  Caeaar  raised  him  to  auch  honoon  In  the  beginning  of 
M  ■'C  he  WM  sent  to  Gallia  Narbonensis,  but  before  he  had  left 

•  city  with  hii  army  Caesar  was  murdered.     Lepidua,  as 

'a<i  Ibe  only  army  near  Rome,  became  a  man  of  gnat 

X  In  the  lioubles  wludi  followed.  Tskuig  part  with 
llaicu*  AaIooIus  (Marii  Anlooy],  he  joined  in  the  rccondlistion 
■bich  Ibe  laltet  eSected  wiib  the  senatorial  party,  and  afterwards 
rided  witta  him  xbea  open  war  broke  out.  Antony,  after  his 
defeat  at  Hutlna,  joined  Lepidut  in  Gaul,  and  in  August  u 
Octarian  (afterwards  the  etnpemt  AitguituaJ,  who  bad  forced 
the  senate  to  make  him  consul,  effected  an  arrangement  with 
Antony  and  Lepidua,  and  their  triumvirate  was  organized  at 
BoDoniL  Antony  and  Dctavian  soon  reduced  Lcpidus  to  an 
His  province  of  Gaul  and  Spain  was  taken  from 


him; 


uionlyn. 


Hem 


d  the  whole  island  as  bis 
pniviruB,  but  Octavian  Immd  meana  to  sap  the  fidelity  of  hb 
Kildien^  and  be  was  obliged  to  aupplicate  for  his  life.  He  was 
aliDwed  10  retain  his  fortune  and  the  aSn  of  h^ifa  nuisniKi 
to  which  he  bad  been  appointed  in  44,  but  had  to  retire  into 
private  lile.  According  to  Suetonius  iAuptitiaj,  16)  be  died  at 
Cireeii  in  the  year  13. 

See  Rona;  Hiilirry  ii.,  "The  Republic^'  Prriod  C,  ad  fia.: 
Appiao.  Bill.  Cio.  n.-v.:  Dio  Cauiui  alL-xlia.;  Veil.  Fat.  !L  64,  «0i 
OrRTs  OmmuHtn  to  Cicero. 

U  PLAT.  RERRB  oniLUUME  FRtDtRIC  (1S06-1881). 
French  enp'neer  and  economist,  was  bom  at  La  Rlvl^re-Sainl- 
Sauveur  (Calvados)  an  the  nth  d  April  iSod,  the  ion  of  a 
cuitom-bouse-  oEBciil.  He  was  educated  at  the  £colc  Poty- 
technlque,  and  from  there  passed  into  the  State  Department 
of  Mmes.  In  1B34  he  was  appointed  head  of  Ibe  permanent 
■■■        '      ■ ■     n-in^Jliel 


irof  n 


illurgy  ai 


became  inspector  in  tS48.    For  nearly 

Le  Play  spent  his  vacations  travelling  In  the 

of  Europe,  and  coltecied  a  vast  quantity  of 

npon  the  sodal  condition  of  the  working  classes.     In  1B5J  tie 

published  £ej  Outrun  eureptens,  which  comprised  a  aeries  of 

tl^y-ala  monogruphs  on  the  budgets  of  typical  families  Klected 


If  a  c«nmry 
•us  countries 
;rlal  beaHog 


fm  tbe  mo«  dhmH  IndyMlet.  The  Acadtele  4«  Sdmcs 
coolenBlwiUDBCliB  HonlygoptiK.  Napoleon  in.,whobtld 
bim  in  high  es" —   ""  *■'-—■-*■-*----  -  -» 


mpin  and  grand  oficei  of 
Paris  OB  tba  5tb  ot  April  iBti. 
fa  rBje  U  Phv  touadcd  th*  Stem  tUmwrtsnah  in  Uuta 

fnli^mi  eftmBUHt  woaft,  wUcb  ha*  devoted  Its  enetglea,  prlndp- 
■Uy  to  focVHrdinc  aocBl  studies  on  the  iinct  laid  dova  by  its  teandcf. 
The  io^imal  s(  iEb  lociaty,  Za  Kiftrmi  ncitU.  fbonded  in  iMi.  b 
publuhed  foctnigliily.  CSthn  works  of  Le  Play  are  Id  SMtmt 
uxitk  (1  vdU..  1664:  71*  *d-,  J  vols..  1SS7);  l/Orpimimlia*  lb  la 
famHli  ti«7i):  Id  CmfliMi'M  d(  I'^liufaim  (in  c^bcntion  with 
14.  Dilaile.  TS73).  See  article  In  dnonl  QmrUr*^  Jl«ml  rj 
BoHnia  (June  1890),  by  H.  Higgi. 

UraOST  (Lit"  Araium,  EUphaH&uli  Sntetrwm,  Aimak, 
SfdaMJui),  the  greatest  diiease  of  inedieval  Cbristeitdon, 
ideotifred,  on  the  one  band,  wilb  a  disease  endemie  from  the 
earliesl  hislorJcU  times  (ijoo  I.e.)  in  the  delta  and  valley  of  the 
Nile,  and,  on  the  other  band,  wilb  a  disease  now  common  in  Asia, 
Africa,  SoUlh  America,  the  West  Indies,  and  certain  isolated 
locdftia  of  Europe.  An  authentic  trprntntatlon  of  the  lepnny 
of  the  middk  ages  oiiu  la  a  picturt  at  Munich  by  Holbela, 
pdnted  at  Augthuix  <n  ijifi;  St  EUabcth  civei  bi«ad  and  wine 
to  •  ptoMiate  group  of  lepers.  Including  a  beuded  man  wImm  face 
li  covered  witb  large  rwmd  reddish  knobs,  an  old  woman  whose 
am  i>  covered  with  brown  blolches,  the  leg  swathed  In  bandages 
Ihrovgh  irfdch  nutter  ootes,  the  bare  iuiee  also  mailed  with 
discolommi  spoti,  md  on  the  bead  a  while  rag  or  [faster,  and, 
thMly,  a  jming  bmd  whou  neck  and  (ace  (eispedally  round  the 
Mnnewbat  halrins  eyc^rowa)  are  tpatted  with  brown  pMchea 
of  various  sin.  It  is  confectnred  by  Vircbow  that  the  painter 
had  made  studies  ol  lepen  from  the  leper-houses  then  exlsling 
at  Augsburg.  These  external  characters  of  medieval  leprosy 
agree  with  Ibc  descriptions  of  it  by  the  andents,  and  with  the 
pqcturrs  of  moden)  leprosy  given  by  Datuefssen  and  Boed  tar 
Norway,  by  various  aulhois  for  sporadic  European  casea,  by 
Anderson  for  Malacca,  by  Carter  for  India,  by  Wollt  for  Madeira 
and  by  Hlllis  for  British  Guiana.  There  has  been  some  eoBfndon 
in  the  technical  naming  of  the  disease;  it  is  called  StpkMHaiii 
{Lmllaih,  Satyrtiait)  by  the  Gnek  wrlten,  and  Ltpre  by  the 

Leprosy  is  now  Indnded  among  the  paraaUfe  iBieaia  (sec 
fKUsmc  DiBEaiES).  The  cause  is  bdieved  to  be  infeciton 
by  the  badllas  leprae,  1  qMdGe  microbe  tUscovered  by  Atmauer 
Hansen  In  1S71.  It  Is  worthy  of  note  that  tubercuk^  la  very 
common  among  lepers,  and  especially  attacks  Iht  seRius  mem- 
branes. The  essential  character  of  leprosy  is  a  great  multlpllca- 
tion  of  cells,  resembling  the  "  granulation  ceUs  "  of  lupna  and 
lyphllis,  In  the  tissues  aflected,  which  become  infiltrated  and 
Ihicfccncd,  wiih  degeneraifen  and  destruction  of  their  normal 
elements.  TV  new  celk  vary  IB  aiie  from  ordinary  leucocytn 
to  giant  cells  three  or  lonr  times  larger.  TTiehacilHaiTtonndili 
[heie  cells,  lometlmcs  in  snuD  nomben,  sotnelknei  to  massea. 
The  jlructnres  most  aSected  are  the  skin,  nervej,  mucmo  mera- 
branrs  and  lymphatic  glands. 

The  symptoms  arise  from  the  anatomical  changes  indiiited, 
and  they  vary  according  to  the  parts  attacked.  Three  types  of 
disease  are  usually  described— (i)  nodular,  (i)  smooth  01  anaei- 
Ihetic,  (3)  mixed.  In  the  first  the  skin  is  chiefly  affected,  in  th« 
second  the  nerves;  the  third  ctmibines  the  features  of  both. 
It  should  br  understood  that  this  classificiifon  is  purely  a  mattir 
of  convenience,  and  Is  baled  on  the  relative  prominence  i^ 
symptoms,  which  may  be  combined  tn  aU  degrees.  The  Incnba- 
period  of  teprosy-Missumlng  fl  to  be  due  to  fnfeCtlon-^ 
lovn,  but  cases  are  on  record  which  can  ordy  be  ex{i1atned 
on  Ihe  hypothesis  thai  II  may  be  many  years.  The  Invauon 
is  usually  slow  and  inlermltlenl.  There  are  oiraalonal  fererfsh 
attacks,  with  Ihe  usual  constitullonal  disturbance  and  other  lUgfat 
preraonilory  signs,  such  as  changes  In  the  colour  of  the  ikin  and 
in  it)  senjibfllly.  Sometioin,  but  rarely,  the  onset  Is  acute  and 
the  characletislic  symptoms  develop  iwfjUBf.    These  betf  n  wKh 


(♦&o 


_  o  the  type  of 
. .  .  w  Eoppoy  patctatt  appeu 
•D  the  Itct,  bicki  of  ths  huxli,  aad  fctt  «  oa  the  budy;  ihey 
an  leMnlly  (ymmetiical,  ud  my  ban  the  size  of  i  ihininc 
iipirards.  Tbejr  cone  with  eat  <A  Um  bvtiiih  uucki  tat  fide 
.•my  vbtn  it  hu  pne,  but  Dnljr  to  Ktuiti.  After  B  lime  in- 
filtntioa  ud  thiclfening  ot  the  (kla  beconM  Dotkeable.  mnd  the 
Doduld  appui.  They  uc  lumpy  eiciFSCEDi:«9,  u  Ent  pink  but 
cbaD^ng  to  brown-  Thickening  ol  E.he  fikin  of  the  lajv  prodiHcfl 
k  tdgbly  ehuicteliltic  ippeannce,  nailini  (he  iqMct  of  >.  iioii. 
The  tiiauH  ef  tlK  eye  tindery  degenerative  changes;  the 
mucDiuraembianeofthe  DDK  and  throat  ij  thickened,  impairinE 
tbebi     - -    ■ 


The  patient,  whoae  coodiljon  ii  eitremely  wretched, 
become!  weaker,  and  evenLuaZly  luccumba  to  exi 
carried  off  by  aomc  intercumnt  diseaae,  luuaUy 
of  tbe  kidoeya  or  tuberculoaii.  A  severe  caae  may  end  fatally 
in  two  yean,  but,  u  a  luk,  when  patienti  are  wcU  cared  for  the 
iltneu  loit*  teveral  yean.  Tlcn  ii  oileo  temporary  improve- 
ment, but  complete  recovoy  fiam  Ihi>  form  of  leprwy  rarely 
or  never  occun.  The  imooth  type  ii  less  levcte  and  mon 
cbrttaic.  The  eruption  consists  ot  patches  of  dry,  slightly  dis- 
coloutdl  akin,  luil  devsied  above  the  surface.  Tbese  patches 
■re  the  roult  of  tgoibid  changGi  affKtiag  the  cutaneous  ncivea. 
.and  an  accompanied  by  dinuoished  sciuibility  over  the  areas  of 
■kin  adected.  At  tbe  ume  time  ccitain  nerve  traoks  in  (be 
arm  and  leg.  and  particularly  the  ulnar  neive,  ale  found  to  be 
thiclLened.  'In  the  lunhcr  stages  Ibe  lymptoms  are  IbCM  of 
increasing  degeneration  ol  ibe  nerves.  BuUae  farm  on  the  skin, 
and  tJie  discoloured  patches  become  enlarged;  sensation  is  lost, 
muscular  power  diminlsbed,  with  wasting,  con  traction  of  tendons, 
and  (11  Ok  signs  o(  impaired  nutrition.  Tbe  nails  become  hard 
and  daned;  perforating  ulcers  el  the  feet  are  common;  portions 
ei  the  utreoiiiiet,  incluiling  whole  fingcii  and  (oes,  die  and  drop 
oR.  Later,  parilysii  becomes  moie  marked,  aSecting  the 
muscle*  of  (be  face  and  limbs.  The  disease  runs  a  very  chronic 
course,  and  may  last  Iwenty  or  thirty  years.  Recovery  occaiion- 
ally'ocairs.  In  the  mixed  form,  which  is  probably  the  most 
common,  tbe  symptoms  described  are  combined  in  varying 
degrees.  Leprosy  may  be  mistaken  for  syphilis,  tuberculosis, 
-ainhum  (an  obscure  disease  affecting  negroes,  in  which  tbe  little 
ioc  drops  off),  and  several  allectiona  of  the  skin.  Diagnosis  is 
eslabli^ied  by  tbe  presence  of  tbe  bacillus  leprae  in  tbe  nodules 
w  buUar,  and  by  the  signs  dI  nerve  degcoeraiioa  eihibiied  in 
Ibc  anaeslUetic  pitches  of  skin  and  Ibe  thickened  nerve  trunks. 
la  former  times  leprosy  was  often  confounded  with  .other 
■kin  diseases,  especially  psoriasis  and  leucoderma,  tbe  white 
]epi»y  of  ttie  Old  Testament  was  probably  a  form  of  the  latter. 
But  there  la  no  doubt  Ibat  true  teprosy  has  existed  from  time 
immemodaL  Prescriptions  tor  treating  it  have  been  found  in 
Egypt, lowhicha  da(eofabout4i6ooB.c.isassigned.  Tbedisease 
is  d^iibed  by  Aiitlotlc  and  by  later  Creek  writers,  but  not 
by  Hippocrates,  though  loin»y  derives  its  name  from  bis  "lepra  " 
or  "  Kily  "  disease,  which  was  no  doubt  psoriasis.  In  ancient 
tima  it  WM  aridely  pievalmt  Ihioughout  Asb  as  well  as  in 
£gypt,  and  among  ijie  Creeks  and  Romans.  In  the  middle 
agEs  it  became  eitensively  diflused  in  Europe,  and  In  some 
count  lies— France.  England,  Cermany  (nd  Spain — every  con- 
■iderable  town  had  i[t  leper-house,  in  whidi  Ibe  patients  were 
segregated.  Tbe  total  number  of  sucb  houses  has  been  reckoned 
■I  19,000.  Tbe  earliest  one  in  England  was  established  at 
Canterbury  in  lo^t,  and  Ibe  latest  at  Highgale  in  1171.  At  one 
time  there  were  at  Iraalgf  religious  hospiLals  for  lepers  in  Great 
Britain  and  T4  in  Ireland  (Sic  James  Simpson).  During  the  ijtb 
century  tbe  disease  underwent  a  remarkable  diminution.  It 
.practically  disappeared  in  tbe  civilized  parts  of  Europe,  and  the 
Jepar-housea  were  given  up.  It  is  a  ungular  fact  that  this 
diminution  was  coincident  with  the  great  eiten^nn  of  syphilis 
(see  PiOGirrtiTiON).  The  general  disappearance  of  leprosy 
■I  tba  time  ii  (he  more  unintelli^bte  because  it  did  not  take 


tbe  shorn  of  the  Baltic,  in  South  Russia,  Greece,  Turkey, » 
Mediterranean  islands,  the  lUviera,  Spain  and  PonugaL  iMlaled 
cases  occasionally  occur  elsewbere,  but  they  are  osuatly  Imported. 
The  Teutonic  races  seem  to  be  especialb' fne  from  the  taint. 
Leper  aiylums  are  maintained  in  Norway  and  at  two  or  three 
placet  in  the  Baltic,  San  Remo,  Cyprus,  Constantinople,  Alicante 
and  Lisbon.  Except  in  Spain,  where  some  increase  baa  taken 
[dace,  the  disease  is  dying  ouL  Hienumbetotlepenln  Norway 
was  jooo  in  iSjA,  but  has  now  dwindled  to  a  few  hunditds. 
They  are  no  longet  OHmeroia  to  any  part  of  Europe.  Oo  tbe 
other  hand,  leprosy  prevails  eatenuvejy  Ihnnf^KWI  Ada,  from 
the  Mediterranean  to  Japan,  and  from  Arabia  to  Siberia.  It 
fa  also  found  in  nearly  all  pacta  of  Africa,  particularly  on  tb* 
east  and  west  coasts  near  (he  equator.  In  Sooth  Afika  It  baa 
greatly  Increased,  and  attacks  Ibe  Dutch  as  well  as  nallvca. 
Lepei  isyluns  have  been  established  at  Robben  Idaod  near 
Cape  Town,  and  in  TembuUnd.  Id  Au(nlia,  where  it  was 
introduced  by  Cbloese,  1(  has  also  spread  to  Eoiopeana.  U 
New  Zealand  (he  Maoris  an  affected;  but  the  anoonl  of  lepmy 
is  not  large  in  either  country.  A  much  more  tematfaiUc  taae 
is  that  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  where  tbe  disease  is  believed 
to  have  been  imported  by  Chtfwie.  I(  was  unluown  bcfort 
1S48,  but  in  1W6  the  ouiobeF  of  lepen  had  ctsen  to  ijo  and 
in  isii  to  jooo  (LIveing).  All  attempts  to  slop  it  by  segregating 
lepen  in  the  Kltlenient  of  Molokal  appear  to  have  been  fruit- 
less. In  tbe  West  Indies  and  on  tbe  American  conlment, 
again,  leprosy  has  a  wide  distiibnlion.  It  !s  found  in  nearly  all 
parts  of  South  and  Central  America,  and  In  certain  pant  of 
North  America— namely.  Louhiina,  California  (among  Chlnae), 
MinnesoU,  WbconnnandNorthand  South  Dakota  (Norwegian), 
Nn«  Brunswick  (French  Canadians). 

It  is  diKcuII  to  find  any  explanation  of  the  geograpbica! 
dislribullon  and  behaviour  of  leprosy.    It  seems  to  affect  islands 

this  gives  colour  to  the  irid  belief  that  it  h  caused  or  fatered 
by  a  fiib  diet,  which  has  been  revived  by  Mr  Jonathan  Hutchltl- 
son,  but  is  not  generally  accepted.  Leprosy  is  found  in  iDlcrior* 
where  fish  is  not  an  arttcje  of  diet.  Climate,  agirn.basob'^ously 
little,  if  any.  Influence.  The  theory  of  heredity  Is  eqnaDy  at 
fault,  whether  it  be  appUed  to  account  for  the  spread  of  (he 
diseasebylransmisBon  or  for  Its  disappearance  by  the  elimination 
of  susceptible  pefsoni.  The  latter  Is  the  manner  ia  which 
heredity  might  be  expected  to  act,  if  at  ifl,  fcrr  lepen  are  n- 
mntkably  sterile.  But  we  see  (he  disease  penlsling  among 
the  Eastern  races,  wbn  have  been  continuously  exposed  to  iis 
selective  InHuencc  from  the  earliest  timet,  white  It  haaidiiappeared 
among  the  Europeans,  who  were  affected  very  mnch  later. 
The  opposite  theory  of  heredltsry  transmission  from  parents  t4 
offspring  is  also  at  variance  vhb  many  obeerved  facta.  Leprosy 
It  very  rarely  congenital,  and  no  cases  haie  occunvd  among  the 
descendants  to  Ibe  third  generation  of  160  Norwegian  lepen 
settled  in  Ibc  United  States.  Again,  if  hercditaty  ttansmlssion 
were  an  effeclive  influence,  the  diseue  could  hardly  have  died 
down  (0  rapidly  as  it  did  In  Europe  in  Ihe  islh  century.  Then 
we  have  the  theory  of  contagion.  There  ia  no  doubt  that  bumtn 
beings  are  inoculable  with  leproty,  and  that  tbe  disease  may 
he  communicated  by  dose  contact.  Caxs  have  befn  recorded 
which  prove  it  conclusivrly;  for  inslance,  (hat  of  a  man  who 
had  never  been  out  of  the  British  islinds,  but  developed  leprosy 
after  sharing  for  a  lime  the  bed  and  dolhcs  ol  his  brolhcr,  who 
had  contracted  the  dbease  in  the  Wcs^  Indies.  Some  of  the 
facts  noted,  such  at  Ihe  eitcnsive  dissemination  ol  the  disease 
in  Eumpe  during  the  middle  ages,  and  Its  subsequent  rapid 
'    ■■  ....  ...  epidemic  (actor. 


It  they 


wilh  e' 


LEPSIUS— LEPTINES 


4*1 


litter,  lidi»wr,tiaBiil)F  be  triBmt.  Vtedantkm  ii »  nw  Uuag, 
hprav  ■  wry  <dct  one;  irhcn  ihen  li  noit  vudniiino  theic 
ii  no  Icfinay,  uxl  when  tbtn  u  nuHi  Iqmiy  there  ii  littk  oi 
■a  mxiailioii.    In  lodii  ji%  <t  the  lepcn  ere  unvudiuted, 

dedioeit  (CiDllk}.  On  ths  whole  we  mun  oxidnde  th4t  thtie 
h  Mill  Boch  to  be  larnt  tbaa)    ' 


I  to  pRfcntfoa.  tbeliohulon  a(  puknli  is  obviomly 
ecialEy  in  the  later  ilagtt,  when  open  un  miy 
he  badlli;  but  cam[^ele  Kgre^lDQ,  iriiich  hu 
ia  regtided  u  Empnctkablc  by  thoK  who  have 
bt  i&  leprous  districts.  Scrupulous  ckudiness 
d  by  persons  stlendiDs  on  lepen  or  brDogbt 
into  close  coUMt  vltb  than.  In  matmect  the  aost  oieiitiil 
re  al  Ibe  health,  with  good  food  and  clothing, 
modem  tbenpeulics  to  attach  increasirR 
to  nutrition  tn  various  morbid  states,  and  nttlably 
sf  flcfDiention,  sacfa  la  tidwrculous  and  a£Eec1iorta 
oua  sysiiin,  b  borne  out  by  cipcrience  in  leprnty, 
■hkb  has  aJEiiiila  lo  both;  and  this  uggsu  the  appliaiion 
to  it  of  EDfMlem  nethods  for  Improving  local  as  wrU  as  general 
nutrition  by  physical  means.  A  large  number  of  internal  remedies 
have  been  tried  with  varying  results^  thou  most  recommended 
arc  chauljTtoogra  (hI,  arscDk,  salicylate  dF  soda,  said  and  chlonle 
•(  pDluh,  Vergueita  uses  CoUaigol  inliavenoisly  "nd  lub- 
cuUneomly,  and  itatea  that  in  all  the  eai«  treated  there  was 
Bwkcd  [vprovemcnt,  and  hair  that  had  been  lost  grew  again, 
^Imettc's  AnLerenene  injected  subcutaneouSJy  has  been  followed 
by  good  tesolls.  Deycke  loRether  with  R.  Bey  isoUted  fiom 
a  ■m-ukxnlcd  Jepnos  nodule  a  streplothria  which  they  call  S. 
lepnides.  lu  retatloa  to  the  bacillus  iauncertam.  Th^  found 
that  inicctlona  of  this  Drgausm  had  marited  curative  eficcls, 
due  lo  a  Bewtrai  lit  which  they  named  *'  Nastin-"  Jnjectiona 
«I  NBHin  tocelhB  witk  Bmioyt  Chloride  directly  act  en  the 
l^m  hadUL  Soma  cuts  wen  BBafledcd  by  ihU  treatment, 
but  with  gthcta  the  (Beet  wai  awmUooi.  Dr  W.  A.  Puscy  of 
Cbki^BaBq)plicMioDf  olcuboB  dtoiidaDaw  with  good  effect, 
la  the  litn  Hafovf  the  dlMiM  there  la  a  wide  tcid  for  surgery, 
vlildi  If  iHe  M  give  nuch  rdicf  ta  wEenrs. 

LiTuaTUiE.— Foe  hiatny  aad  gugiapfaica]  diittibiitbia,  see 
Hinch,  HtmMiHk  in  tulvu>it(Bfi^&>dn  Pailaltpi  (ih  ed., 
E>liagce,iWo,wiifaeihaiutiveliiei*IHc}.  Feepathokigy.Vinriiow, 
Die  baaHkaptn  CaOiualsu  (IMia,  lKj-1167],  voi.iL^or  clink^I 
MMories.  iC  Uveing.  EtrfjkanlfatJi  <Simm  n   Tnt  Upnij 

SJmAa,    rflTj),  cIl  Iv.     For  medkval  kpnsy — ia   Gernuny, 
inbow,  la  VMau't  Aitkir,  five  articles,  vob.  xviii.-u.  (i860- 
iMlli  fai  the  Neiherlaads,  Israeli,  ia  NidoL  TiUKir. 
Hi><l(,vol.  L  {ISs;)itn  Britain,  l7Y.SiinpiOD,^ia.  U 
Jaurn,.  ibree  amclea.  vo1(._1ivi.  and  bvU.  {li^liit 


«j>ndoii,  ayiY.  H.  Vandyke  Carter  (Boably},  i 

BiAbiiiliaidi,  wiih  estoured  iiUhs  (London,  ilu) _„  _,...., 

ia  British  Chbb.  an  anmat  of  We«  Indka  lepruay.  with  twenty- 
IwD  colmind  plaies  (Loadun,  iHi).  See  also  the  deniiatoliiidcal 
works  of  HebreTEtauKis  mlion.  Bado  and  Jonathan  HutchiiuoD 
(also  the  tatter's  letters  to  Ftt  Tima  of  the  I  Ith  of  Apra  and  ibe 
agtb  <d  May  1903)1  BtOA  UMal  Jnmal  [April  i.  1908)^ 
^Tiiimcn  Jtmrnl  i/  DmaMsgy  (Dec  tgoti;  Tit  Pniliiitnir 
(Fcbniaiy  low).  An  fanpSftaM  earl*  work  is  that  of  P.  C  Keaster, 
Ym  atr^AMuDkn  Auialit  us  MinUUr  {Haoibutg,  i/jaX 

LBPUin,  KUL  UCHAHB  (1810-1884),  German  Egypto- 
logist, was  bom  at  Naumbuig-tm-Saale  on  the  13rd  of  December 
1810,  and  in  iSij  was  leal  lo  the  "Schulpforu  "  school  aar 
Naumbuig,  where  he  cajne  under  the  influence  of  PiDfasor 
Lange.  In  1819  he  entered  (be  nnivenily  ol  Letpiig.  and  one 
year  later  that  ol  GSttingen,  where,  niidct  the  i^uence  of 
Olhied  Muller,  be  finally  decided  to  devote  bimseU  to  the 
icdiaeolo^cal  vde  of  philology.  From  CatUogen  be  proceeded 
to  BciUb.  where  he  graduated  in  iSjj  as  doctor  with  the  thesia 
D4  lobulU  EMiitbiKif-  In  the  same  year  be  proceeded  to  aludy 
lo  Pari*,  and  was  commiaiiaBcd  by  the  due  de  Luynea  to  called 
nMefial  [ram  the  Creek  and  Latin  wrileis  for  hi*  work  oa  the 


eapona  of  the  andenla.  In  iSh  fas  took  the  Vofaiey  prin 
iih  his  Patiat'apMit  eli  Uiltd  da  SpnuifiiridiMii(,  Befriended 
by  Bunsen  and  Humboldt,  Lepsius  threw  himself  with  great 
ardour  into  Egyptological  studies,  which,  since  the  deatb  of 
ChampoUion  in  1831,  bad  aitncted  no  scholar  of  eminence  and 
weight.  Hen  Lepuua  found  an  ample  held  lor  his  power*.  Alter 
four  years  qieni  in  visiting  tbe  Egyptian  coDections  of  Iiily, 
Holland  and  EagUod,  be  returned  to  Germany,  where  Humboldt 
and  Bunsen  united  theli  influenci  to  make  hD  projected  visit 
to  Egypt  a  scientific  expedition  wilb  royal  support.  For  three 
years  Lepsius  and  bis  party  eiptoccd  tbe  tahole  of  the  region  m 
which  mniunientsof  aideni Egyptian  and  EiUopianoccupsLion 
are  fouiid.  front  [be  Sudan  above  Khailum  to  the  Syrian  coisl. 
At  the  end  nl  i&4s  Ibey  relumed  home,  and  the  lesulis  of  the 
npediiion,  consisting  of  cuts,  drawings  and  tquceus  of  In- 
sciiptioDS  and  scenta.  nuyw  and  plans  collected  with  the  utmosl 
thoroughness,  as  well  as  antiquilia  and  papyri,  far  SBipassed 
eipectitions.  In  1S46  he  married  Elisabelb  Klein,  and  hii 
appoinlment  to  a  professorship  in  Berlin  University  Is  the 
lolkiwing  August  afforded  bim  lbs  leisure  necessary  for  the 


mplelioa 


of  bis 


ijhwUcr  aul  Atrf"  "^  illii*pim  < 
supplemented  later  by  a  Icif  prepared  from  the  oote-baokt  at 
the  expeditioRi  they  comprise  its  entire  ardiaeslogical,  paiaeo. 
graphical  and  histoiica)  mulls.  In  18M  Lepsius  again  went  to 
Egypt,  and  discovered  the  fsmons  Decree  of  Tanis  oiTableof 
Canopus,  an  inicriplico  of  the  same  characlei  as  the  Rosctta 
Stone,  in  hiemglypbic,  deaiotic  and  Creek.  In  187J  he  was 
appointed  keeper  ol  the  Royal  Library,  Berlin,  which,  like  the 
Berlin  Museum,  owes  much  to  his  care.  About  ten  yearn  latet 
he  was  appointed  GebitmR'  Obcrregieningsrath.  He  died  al 
Berlin  on  Iho  10th  of  July  1S84.  Besides  the  colossal  DtakmBltr 
and  other  pubDcationa  of  leitB  such  as  the  ToiUMtuh  dcr 
'll/ti"  IBtti  ef  Iht  Dtai,  184:}  his  other  works,  amongst 
which  may  be  speciaUy  named  his  KSnitsbaih  ia  ^t^P*" 
(1858)  and  CluaAtUpt  iv  AtypUr  (i8w),  are  characteriied 
by  a  quality  of  penuaenca  that  Is  Very  ftmaikable  in  a  subject 
oi  auck  lipid'  developeient  as  Egyptology.     In  Sfnte  tl  bis 


tt  of  words: 


jlogicil  problei 


»1  with  the  ancient  teita,  the  alphabet,  the  DiMroloty, 
Its  of  metals  and  minerals,  the  chronology,  the  royal 
On  the  other  hand  one  of  hia  latest  works,  the  ff  utiscts 
GramnuliJi  (1880),  is  an  elabaraie  grammar  of  the  then  Hllle- 
known  Nubian  language,  preceded  by  a  linguislic  sketch  of  tbe 
African  conlinent.  Throughout  bis  life  he  profited  by  Ihe  gilt 
of  attaching  to  himself  the  right  men,  whether  as  patrons  or, 
Bkc  Weidenhadi  and  Stem,  as  assislants,  Lepalua  was  a  Gne 
qxcimes  of  the  best  type  of  Cetman  scholar. 
See  KidiaiA  U^m.  by  Georg  Eben  (flew  York.  1887I.  and  an. 

UPim^  an  Athenian  orator,  known  aa  the  proposer  of  a 
law.  that  no  Athenian,  whether  dtiien  01  resident  allcD  (wltli 
tbe  sole  exception  ef  the  descendants  of  Harmodlut  and  Arlsto- 
gciton),  should  be  exempt  from  the  public  chsrgea  (XMroupylu) 
for  the  stale  festivals.  The  object  was  to  provide  funds  for  the 
festivals  and  pubGc  spectacles  at  a  time  when  both  tbe  treasury 
and  the  ciiiiens  genenlly  were  short  of  money.  It  was  luriha 
aacited  that  many  of  the  recipients  of  immunity  were  really 
unworthy  of  ft.  Against  this  law  Demosthenes  delivered 
(3i4  B.C.)  his  well-known  speech  AiaiMil  Liptiiui  In  supportol 
the  proposal  of  Ctesiiqjus  that  all  the  cases  of  immuidly  should 
be  carcftUly  invatlgited.  Great  sliest  is  laid  on  the  reputation 
<oi  ingratitude  and  breach  of  faith  which  the  abolition  of  Im- 
munltiea  would  bring  upon  the  stale.  Besides,  the  law  itself 
bad  been  paaed  unconstitutionally,  for  an  existing  law  Confirmed 
these  privSefea,  and  by  tbe  constitution  of  Solon  no  law  eouU 
be  enacted  until  any  extsthig  law  wblch  it  contravened  had  been 
repealed.  The  law  was  probably  condemned.  Nothing  further 
ia  known  ol  Leptlnes. 

See  the  ediiion  of  Ihc  ipcech  by  J.  E.  Sandys  tifta).! 


la^o).! 


4.83 


LBPTIS— LE'POT: 


mro,  iba'DUDs  of  two  loma  in  uideat  Africa  TIm 
fini,  Lepiii  Micoa  (AnriiiiT'&li  tbs  BiodEra  Lfbdi,  hu  in 
TiipoliUni  bdwRa  Tripdb  iwd  Manu.  it  ihe  raoutb  ol  ih* 
Cion*;  tbe  Mcand,  L«pti>  Puvi.  (Afn-n  4  iMpi),  knoHa  ilu 
■I  LcpUmiaiu  «  Ltptii  minoi,  die  modem  Lamu.  wn  ■ 
tsuU  hubaui  of  ByiKCU  bctirctn  Rupiiia  CMoaudi)  uid 
Ttiapsu  (Diiui}. 

I.  LiPTU  Macna  wh  dbg  of  Ihc  tidal  tad  inOst  Baaritbiag 
of  tbc  PhMDJdui  oapoiu  cMmbtiibed  on  Ihc  couu  of  Ihc 
be  chief  oomDierc(«l*alr»poi  (ot  ihe  Inierior  ol  ihe 


Afric 


a  (Ssllui 


Jug.  7S)  who  were  Joinnl  Uter  by  people  o!  Tyn  (Flinr,  Hoi. 
Nal.  V.  I}).  Heiudotui  enkrgs  on  ihe  ienilily  of  Us  lenHeiy 
(Iv.  175.  V.  4>).  It  ns  Iribuiacy  lo  CaithiBE  10  which  li  pud  1 
coniribuiioo  of « tiltm  1  da.y  iUvy  xxxiv.  fi»).  Af let  ihe  Second 
Punic  War  Motdiuiu  oiade  binucl!  mulct  of  ii  (SalluiL,  /■{. 
ji;  Livy  joaiv-  6j;  Appun  viiL  106).  During  the  Jugurtbiiie 
War  it  kppaikd  for  pnitectloD  lo  Rome  (SiUiut.  Juf.  78)^ 
Thouij]  caiHund  (od  plundeied  by  Juba,  It  nuliuiiiied  iii 
lUegiuica  to  Rome^  •Upporled  the  Motatotial  came,  received 
Clio  ihe  youngct  with  the  tenutni  »f  the  FompeiiD  lotcn  ifler 
Pbuulus  4S  BX.  After  his  vjctoty  Julius  Caesat  imposed  upon 
h  an  aiuitaJ  coattlbution  ol  300,000  meuura  ol  oil.  Nevcithe- 
lett.  ji  pitEKcved  ill  position  ai  a  free  city  tovrtned  by  iis  own 
naiisintei  ICJJ^  riiL  7).  It  teceivHt  ibe  title  of  ■wn' 
tifium  ICIJ^  viii.  S},  aad  wu  lubsequently  made  a  ctimia 
by  Tnjaa  iCJ.L.  vili.  id).  Sepiimius  Severus,  wbo  wu 
botn  then,  beautified  Ihc  place  and  coalened  upon  it  the  lui 
Ilciiitm.  Upiit  Ma(na  wa*  tbelinjil  ol  iIe  Raman  Mate,  tbe 
lasl  elation  id  tbe  tima  Ttitolilanus;  faencc.  especial^'  duling 
tbe  last  anluiies  ol  Ibe  Empitf,  it  luflgied  macb  fnini  the 
NttudB  of  Ibe  dcKrt,  the  Canmantcs,  Ihe  Auttuiiani  and  the 
LevalbH  (Ammian.  Hate.  tivUi.  61  Ptocop.  Di  Atdif.  vi.  4). 
lU  conunena  declined  aod  iti  harbour  iilEed  up,  juatiniah 
■ada  a  vain  alRmpt  to  »bui]d  it  (Piocop,  iiii.  \  Cb.  Dicht, 
LASm**  bytaidiiu.  p.  jSg|.  It  wu  tbe  *eU  of  a  bobopifc, 
but  no  meclion  It  nude  of  its  hbhopi  after  4$i. 

L^u  Magna  hod  a  dtadcl  which  ptotected  the  eomnwciaJ 
city  which  was  senenllly  called  IJeapidla.  the  litnatioB  of  wbicta 
may  be  comjjsred  wilh  that  ol  Canhage  at  the  foot  of  Byna. 
Ill  luins  lie  still  impotinx;  remtini  of  nnpaiu  and  dacha, 
a  theaue,  a  cinrui  and  vanous  bDildinciiif  Ibe  Roman peciodititl 
nusU  Ibscriprubs  ebow  Lhai  the  curreni  prumadaiion  of  tbe 
aama  was  Lepcis,  Lapdtana,  ioslcad  of  Lcptli,  Leptitana 
(Tbiot,  CiDp.  eamp.  ii  It  prat.  d'Ajrupu.  ii.  119;  Oenaont- 
GaaaeaB,  Seaiti  d'anMnlttM  irknlale,  vi  41;  Ctmfia 
rmiat  it  PAttd.  da  Inaa.  tl  B.-UUra.  19O],  p.  al: 
Cignat,C.JI.  jftW.,  I«os,p.  s^O'  'Die  cwnt  of  Leptii  Masnl, 
likB  themajoijiy  of  ibeeDiporiain  Ihe  DeidhbDuiiiaod,ptaeoCa 
icties  from  the  Pimitpedod.  Tbey  are  of  bionie  with  Ihe  legend 
•pii  (.UtV)-  'I^wy  have  on  one  lide  the  head  of  Bacchus, 
Herculs  01  Cybele,  and  on  the  olhcr  vaiions  emUeim  of  theM 
dckiea.  from  tin  fioman  period  we  have  also  coins  boai!i<«  Ihe 
huda  of  Augustua,  Livii  and  Tiboiui,  whicb  still  have  tha  naml 
of  Uw  town  Id  Na>-?imic  aoipt  (Lud.  MUUar,  ffmins.  d* 
PoKi.  Afriim,  B.  a). 

Tbe  tulas  of  Leptli  Macna  have  bees  viHtnl  ty  BHnams  tnvrUtn 
una  tbe  time  of  FrcdeAck  William  and  Heiuy  WiUiam  Bmbcy 
(TVoHh.  pp.  SI  and  74)  and  HdniUi  Barih  fVaiidtrancin,  pp. 
J06.  Jtolflbw  ate  described  by  Ch.  TSubI  (Gfep.  amp.  S.  119 
et  ae^.);  CL  PvrmHl,  Di  ,^tit  tiii}trHi.  p.  33  (Paria,  lUi, 
in  t'liaeeakoadiKriptiMn  th*Nn>y«lii«inii],  Thi  NaUmi 
(1877),  vol.  mil.  Hd.^.  M.  M4hicr  dc  Malhuwiili  eipl<ir«l 
tbe  nto  afrtth  b  1901;  'bii  account  Is  iirsettcd  In  the  NtmrrlUs 
ArMmt  if  tr^tieni,  x,  145-177;  ■■---- 
"LeLiimTripaliuniiseaTripiili 


ia  the  jiiUtf  fn  anIiMot'q'U 

9.  Lima  Fuva  (Lamia),  ^^  m.  itom  Monaatli,  which  in 
often  confiued  by  modeia  wiilea  wilii  Leptis  Uafoa  Id  their 
bteiptetaticint  of  andent  i«iU  (TitBl,  Cfep.  camp.  iL  i6«), 
waa,  according  to  tbe  Tabula  Ptulinttriatw,  iS  m.  south  •! 
Hidiumtlum.  Evidently  Fhoeoidan  in  oiigin  like  Leptii 
Magna,  It  was  In  the  Punic  period  of  compaiatively  slight 
Imtwilanfi'.    NcvciUwleaa,  it  had  foitificationi,  aad  Ibe  Freacb 


engineer,  A.  Daua.  has  dbcsnied  ■  prqbalila  line  of  laopttW 
Like  iu  neighbour  Hsdntmetum,  Leptis  Pirva  dedafed  fnf 
Rome  aiui  the  lasl  Funic  War.  Also  after  the  fall  of  Cutbag* 
JO  J46  it  preserved  its-  autoDoivy  and  was  dedared  1'  dtitai 
libtra  tl  tnaiuut  (Appian,  Puncn,  94;  CJ.L.  L  km;  A 
W.  it/ii;.  c  liL).  JuliasCaear  madait  Ihe  baseot  haopciv 
liana  befartr  Ihe  battle  of  Thlpeoa  in  tfi  (Ch.  Ibaot,  Clair. 
csmp.  ii.  71E).  Under  the  Emjute  Le^lia  Paiva  becama 
eatremdy  pn^ieiouai  Its  bishops  appeaiod  fai   Ibe  African 


ijaonw 


IdJuK 


Alrica  wo  find  that  LeptiiPaivawi  .   , _ 

lEsideocei  of  the  Dut  Sjaaanai  (Tiasot,  af,  (il.  p.  ryi).  The 
town  bad  coins  undet  Augustus  and  'nberins.  thi  the  obvBM 
Is  the  imperial  eSigy  with  a  Latin  legend,  and  on  tlie  wvsnc 
tlis  Ciecli  legend  AEIITIC  with  Ihe  fauK  of  Meecuy  fLud. 
HlUlec,  iVnwum.  44  i'eac.  AJripit,  a.  44).  The  ruiw  eateod 
along  Ihe  iea<aast  to  the  nonh.wcst  ol  Lemta;  llie  remains  <it 
docks,  the  amphitheatto  and  the  acropolis  can  be  djatiaguished; 
a  Chiisliaft  cemetery  has  f  umisfaed  tomba  adnoed  with  omlotB 

See  Cniplei  rndm  dt  FAad.  da  Imtrip.  tl  B^-ttUia  (ISIJ).  p. 
119.  CagBSr  and  Saladln,  -  Notat  d'atcbM.  tunitiuats,"  in  the 
Bidltlin  mi-atimtr<lai  of  teS4i  ^irliiHi  dci  miinau,  til  III: 
Casnil,  Erploraluat  anUel.  a  Tumitir.J—  faic  pp.  9-16,  a^ 
TDur  d%  iKmA  (iMl),  i.  191;  Saladln.  J&Morl  «r  ■«  iMlalw 

Sic.ariUil.dcStmiitli9oy,p\moitttcnlaii>lUmU).  [E.  B.*] 

LB  POT.  or  La  Pci  a  Vaiav,  a  umn  of  Mnth-caataa 
France,  cajital  of  the  department  of  Haut»-Lc^  90  m.  S.W. 
ol  Lyons  on  Ihe  Paiia-Lyon  railway.  Fop.  (1906)  town,  I7,39T» 
commune,  11,410.  1*  Puy  rises  in  the  form  of  an  amphilhealw 
from  a  height  Qf  »5i>  ft.  above  aca-levd  upon  Moot  Anil,  1 
btUthal  divides  ihelell  bank  of  Ibe  Doliainfnun  theri|^I  hank 
of  tbe  Borne  (a  rapid  stream  joining  the  Loire  j  m.  beiow). 
From  iha  new  imm,  which  lies  east  and  west  in  tbe  valley  ol 
Ihe  IMteon.  tbe  travelleiasceiidslbeahl  feudal  and  ecdssiaslical 
town  through  narrow  Bleep  Kreeu,  paved  with  pebUes  of  lava, 
to  Ihe  cathedral  commanded  by  the  fantaaiic  rlirf^  of  Mont 
ComeUle.    Mont  Comeiile,  sriiicli  ia  43]  ft.  above  the  Place  dt 

«uimDiiolid  by  an  inn  statue  ol  Ihe  Virgin  [s]  ft.  bigb]  cast, 
after  a  model  by  Bonaaih>ui,  out  of  guns  taken  at  SebaitapoL 
Another  slalnr,  that  of  ].lsgr  de  Moilhon,  biibop  of  Le  Puy, 
alio  scuIptuKd  by  Bonassieui,  laces  that  of  llie  Virgin.  From 
Ihe  plaifotm  of  Monl  ComcUle  a  magnificent  paooramic  view 
is  obtained  of  Ihe  town  and  of  Ihe  vokaaic  mounlaUu,  which 
make  tMs  region  one  of  the  most  Inteiatlng  pans  of  France. 

The  Xonuncsiiue  calhpdral  (Noire-Dimc),  dating  chlc£y 
from  the  first  h:Jf  of  Ihe  nth  century,  baa  a  peiticokniicd 
facade  of  while  sandstone  and  Uaek  totcanic  breccia,  which 
it  reached  by  a  flicht  of  sixty  steps,  and  consists  ef  thiee  ilea, 
the  lowest  compcned  of  three  high  arcades  opening  inco  I>te 
pocch,  whidi  ulends  beneath  the  first  baya  of  tbe  navej  above 
are  tbrcc  windows  lifting  the  nave;  and  these  in  turn  afn 
(Otmoomed  by  three  giblts,  two  of  whrth,  those  to  the  ligdt 
end  the  left,  at?  of  open  worL  Tha  itaitcase  contiiiuo  wiihin 
Ihe  potcb,  nheie  il  divides,  leading  on  tbe  left  to  tbe  cloister, 
on  the  right  inm  the  chunh.  The  doorway  of  the  south  transept 
is  sbdleted  by  1  fine  RomanB<iue  porch.  The  isolalod  bdl-towet 
(1^  ft.),  which  lists  bt&'nd  the  cbolr  in  seven  storeys.  Is  one 
at  the  tneat  bcamihil  examples  oF  the  Roraintsriue  iiansitloa 
period.  Tbe  bays  of  the  nave  are  covered  In  by  octagonal 
cupolas,  the  ceotml  cupola  forming  a  lantern.  The  choir  and 
tnnsqils  are  batrd-vauhed.  -  Much  vcneraliob  is  ptid  to  ■ 
small  image  of  Ihe  Mrgin  on  the  U^  allar.  a  moikra  copy 
olib#inedievaIimage*3troyedaHhe  Revolution.  Thecloiiter, 
to  the  aorth  of  Ihe  cboir,  b  strtking,  awing  to  Its  vatfously- 
cidDarad  tnalerials  and  elegant  ihslts.  V[onel4e-I>uc  considered 
eoesf  il*  gdsries  to  belong  to  tbe  oldest  known  type  of  cathedral 
doi^  (Slh  or  9th  nntuiy).  Connected  with  the  doisler  ate 
remains  ol  fortificatlMa  of  Ihe  ijlh  century,  by  which  il  wu 
ttfianted  fiu  ihe  Mil  ol  (be  dly.   tita  Ihe  oitbednl  tha 


A-iOOt^ie 


LERDO  RE  TEJADA— LfeWDA 


t»S 


baplftuiT  ef  St  Jolra  (iilh  ccntiur).  buBl  an  ( 
el  ■  RonuB  buildiag,  li  luiioaBdad  by  ntU 
IVDUDi  of  tbc  period,  pAitly  uacovered  by  aa 
chord)  of  Si  Ltrnnot  (■4tb  CEnlaiy)  amtuns 
MilBc  of  Bcitnnd  du  Guttclio,  vboaa  wbet  i 
dmcd  to  St  DnuL 

Itens,  tmotic  them  t  aMcUcalit«l  tower,  wUdi  ka*  bc( 
ttttated,  tod  >  few  ciuioiB  old  houiei  duisc  finii  Ike  in 
tB'ibe  ivtb  tatturf.  Ib  froiil  el  tb*  bopItKl  tfaare  n  ■  fit 
■flcdjeiril  poFih  under  wUch  ■  Mitel  pUM*.  Ol  tbg  model 
noDumriits  tbe  >iBtBe  of  Mufe  JoMpb  Piid,  airqub  ol  La 
Fiyitle,  and  a  loontain  En  the  Ftue  de  Breuit,  encutnl  in 
marble,  bronie  and  lyenile,  may  be  ip«laUy 

Dielal-woiter  (o  wboM  munitc 

ndsIHice,  eontaiis  iDliquiito,  engnvlagi  a  coDectioa  ol  lace, 

and  elboDgnphlcal  ud  nilunl  histoiT  colkclloai.    Among  ' 

rariositle)  dI  Le  Poy  ihaBld  be  noted  tbeclnrdi  of  St  UIc 

d'Aituilfae,  bnide  (he  gale  of  the  town,  perched  on  u  bolalcd 

rock  like  Mont  CoRieille,  the  top  ol  which  li  leached  by  I 

ofiTi'ttpa.   The  church  dalafroni  the  end  of  theiothcmloiy 

and  iis  chancel  ii  itill  oldei.     TIk  Uceiik  is  of  the 

ulbaloIIhacattedriL  Tbmmiles fnun  Le  Puy  ai 

of  iht  Cbllesu  de  Foligiiac,one  of  Ibc  mrat  impoitant  feuiUl 

atnugholds  of  France, 

Le  Puy  ia  the  aeat  of  ■  Uahopric.  >  prefc 
aniies,  and  hai  tribunals  of  £i3t  instance 
a  board  of  trade  arijiliatioa,  a  chamber  of 
biaflch  of  tbe  Bank  of  FiaKC.  lu  (dual 
kidude  eeckalutiial  MDinaries,  lycCea  and  tiaiuiug  collcin 
Ibr  both  MMS  and  muntclpal  industrial  fchouls  of  duwisg; 
ucfcittctiic  and  nuttemaiia  applied  to  acts  and  iiulusttk*. 
Theprincipal  manulacliireJiUiat  of  iace  and  guipure  (in  ttoollcD, 
Unen,  cotton,  silk  and  gold  and  silver  threads),  and  di&iiUing, 
kather-dtfsaing,  malting  ajtd'lhe  manufacture  of  chocolate  and 
cloth  an  cactied  on-  Cattle,  wdoUchs,  grain  and  vegetables 
are  the  chid  aiticlea  of  trade. 

Inwion.  Toirjrds  the  end  ol  Ibe  ath  or  bciinnini  o(  the  (th 
cuilury  il  became  the  npilal  ol  the  country  of  iFe  Vel&Yi.  al  whirh 
periDd  the  biihopric,  ori^iully  at  Revesioil.  now  St  Faulim,  ttaa 
iRiiifnTtd  hilkcr.  degoiy  ol  Toun  >(«k>  «1  ii  by  the  nana  «l 
■  "th 

one  lor  tbe  cMner, 

NAtre  Dame  was  much  frei^veiited  by  pilgrims,  aiid  the  cily  iiev 

fanous  and  populaus.     Rivalries  between  ihe  biabopi  who  held 

directly  ollheict  of  Rome  and  I—'  ■■-  --'-  -'  —^' 

tbe  Isrdt  of  Poniiuc.  icvotts  al 

and  the  cBciwhinaiii  of  ike 

rocaiivn  glun  dieturtied  tbe  qii 

Uk  c»iuiy,  Ihe  Rouiim  in  the  iiih.  the  Enaliih  in  Ihe  t^ih.  the 

Burrundiani  b  Ike  isih.  succmlvely  ravaged  ihe  nelehbaorhaod. 

Le  Fuy  Knt  Ihe  8o*cr  of  h>  chivalry  to  Ihe  Craadei  in  1096, 

and  Kaymond  d'Algu9le,  alM  d'AgUea.  one  of  tta  aooi,  waa  their 

Languedoc  met  within  its  waili:  popes  and  sovcieigns.  among  Ihe 
htlB  Charlemagne  and  Fiancii  1„  vISled  Us  sanduary,  I'dinrnce 
and  the  rellgiom  wara  put  an  end  10  iispmipnity.  l^og«nj!i«d 
by  the  Leagotn,  It  did  dm  Hbmlt  to  Henry  IV.  unlil  many  yean 

ICB80  DE  TIUDA,  UBUTIAli  (iSiS-tSS?},  prctidcnl 
of  Meiico.  was  bora  at  Jalapa  on  the  islh  of  April  iSij.  He 
waa  educated  ai  a  lawyer  and  became  amembecof  Iheiupreme 
court.  He  became  known  as  1  KbenI  leader  and  a  Mppotler 
of  President  Juarei.  He  was  minister  o(  tartign  aHaln  for 
three  months  in  iEjt,  and  became  pieiitlciit  of  Ihe  Chnmhct 
ol  Deputies  in  iMt.  During  the  French  isIetveQtioa  and 
the  T^gn  ef  the  emperor  MaiiniUian  he  conlisucd  loya)  10 
the  patriotic  party,  and  had  an  actrve  share  In  rondurtli^  the 
naiioDsl  resistance.  He  was  minister  of  fareign  alTtin  to 
Fnldent  Juaiei.  a>d  he  ihowed  an  implacable  rcselution  in 
carrying  out  Ihe  eiecutfoK  «f  Maiimiliaii  at  Quei4lara.  When 
juarei  died  In  itji  Lcrdo  lucoeded  him  U  aSca  ta  tka  midst 


.  ataafatmdic 


.     _  „__ . of  railwayt.    Ha  wu 

R4lected  on  the  a4th  of  July  1S76,  but  waa  — tt'ItiI  In  Jaouuy 
tt  tbe  fdldwing  year  by  PMfifio  Diu.  Ha  hkd  made  lumastf 
uopopulai  by  lh<  means  h>  took  to  seeun  Ml  ic-electimi  and  by 
ha  diipotition  to  limit  ataU  rigbla  in  lavmir  of  >  stmngly 
cenuallaad  gnvenMcsl,  lie  fled  to  the  United  Sute*  and 
died  in  ebacarity  at  New  York  in  iSBg. 

Sm  a  H.  BuHOft,  i>aciKc  .Slsla.  voL  9  (Saa  FiaaclaEe,  iWi- 
■890). 

UUCI.  ■  Tillage  of  lifuia,  Italy,  alliuted  on  the  HJL  side 
of  tbe  Golf  of  Spada,  about  11  n.  ZS.E.  of  Sputa,  and  4  nw 
W.S.W.ofSaRanabyroBd,iTft.abovesea-kn].  Fop.  <i«oi) 
9jiG.  lu  uoall  harbour  ia  guarded  by  an  aid  caade.  said  10 
liaTe  been  built  by  TaucRd;  in  tbe  middle  a^a  it  was  tbe  chief 
place  on  the  gulf.  S,  Ttreiuo.  ■  hamlet  btlaoging  to  Lerid. 
was  the  lediknGc  ol  Sbelley  diutog  (ii  lut  daya.  Farther 
DOttb-arast  it  the  Bay  ot  FeilBMb,  with  iu  large  lead-^melling 

LtalDA,  ■  prevince  of  northcra  Spaia,  ioraed  la  i8u  of 
districts  prevlouily  included  in  thaantient  pmVMKCof  Catalonia, 
and  bounded  en  the  N.  by  Fmtci  and  Andorm,  E.  by  Gersca 
arcelceia,  S.  by  Tamgaui  and  W.  by  Saiagiiasa  and 
I.  Fop.  (1900)  iH.jgo;  am  4690  aq.  m.  The  nortbcnt 
Lirlda  belan^  entirely  ta  the  Medileoucai)  or  eatlen 
section  «<  the  Pyicaee*.  and  <DBprfies  some  of  Uk  <D«st  sccDciT 

t^l>^lll^ll^^^^^n,^ll^^^l^^l^m^l>»^ll>y«nl«^«m^nlll^^^'^|^n|^pJ^ 

id  hrge  ttKta  U  leam.    It  ii  wMcKd  Iv  nuaj  ri««*,  tin 

rgeno<*hIchbtheSeer«,aldt-bud  tnbistaty  ottheEbro. 

South  of  the  pedal  at  wUcb  the  SegK  is  joined  en  tlM  light  1^ 

''' r  Nogaen  FoUaiaa,  the  chuacter  ol  the  country  toBplcld)' 

en.  The  LUBot  de  Utgd,  wUcb  conpdai  the  gieatet  part  of 

ithen  LMda,  an  catearive  plalaa  faming  part  of  the  Kbia 

llev.  but  redeemed  by  an  cinbonla  lyttoi  of  canala  from  tbt 

■o  Bradi  H  thai  regfamja  Ai*(g«. 

main  itOwqi  inm  Bkrcdona  t* 

Satagnu,  and  bya  lae  fiam  Tamgona  l«  th«  dty  of  Uridik 

*    1Q04  tbe  Spantah  govtmmenl  a^ted  with  Franc*  to  canj 

itherlineto  the  mouth  o( an intematiooal  tmui*ltbKM|h  th« 

.  reneo.    lodualriei  an  tn  a  more  backward  condition  than  in 

any  olber  ptovlnce  of  Cat  aloaiia,  de^if  te  tbeobanducc  c<  w) 

_.    ._    ™._    ._.   (,o,„„j,^  many  aaw^iiT     *       "  "" 

1  and  liqueurs,  l>etido  * 
cotton  and  liaen  fectoriea,  paper-mill*,  ic  _ 
lather  factotici.    Zinc,  lignite  and  common  salt  are  mined,  but 
I  small  and  of  slight  value.    There  ia  a  thriving  trade 


imber,  cattle,  mules,  hi 


with   « 
Urgtl,  war  the  headwa 


o  Inbabi 


"«>1.  and 
cliGcd  city 


tbe  Sogie,  b  a 

HO  an  episcopal  aee  Knee  840,  and   has   naa   a 

al  cenneaien  with  Andorra  ff.e.).     Solsona,  on  a 

T  of  tbe  Cardonei,  which  Hows  through  Barcelona 

mitcen.  is  the  Sdf/irof  tbe  Komans,  and  conlains 

church  an  image  of  the  Virgin  >aid   to  posicsi 

sweia,  and  visited  every  year  by  many  husdiedt 

of  pilgrima.     Cervera,  on  a  imaD  river  at  the  same  name, 

Linitbcbuildingsolaunlveniiy  which  Philip  V.eslahliahed 

in  171T.    TMi  univetHly  bad  oiiginslly  been  founded  at 

liana  in  Ihe  ijlh  cinlury.and  was  reopened  ihcreia  1S41. 

In  character,  and  ttpecially  in  their  industry,  intelligence  and 

keen  local  paitiotiim.  the  inhibilanls  of  Linda  are  typical 

-      lans.     [See  Cathlomu.) 

BIDA,  Ihe  capital  of  the  Spanish  picvlnce  ef  Liridi,  on  the 
Segre  and  tbe  BaiccteDa-Sarsgoua  and  Urida-Tanagoo* 
aya.  F«p.  (i«oo)  ai,41i.  The  older  pans  of  the  city,  OB 
fhe  tight  bank  of  Ihe  river,  arc  a  maze  of  narrow  and  crooked 


byni 


I  walls  and  a  1 


andad 


by  then 

th.  plain 

ct  Nognen  on  the  north  and  of  Uigel  on  th*  loutb. 

Oatbek 

!ft  bank,  conntcied  with  tbe  older  mailen  by  a  fin^ 

1-84- 


■  LERMA-^LERMONTOV 


ftoDc  bridjic  ud  in  Inn  nllwty  bridgt,  in  Ibc  iDbDrbt.  Ud  oU 
liter  iSSa  in  broad  ud  regulu  (vcnua  d  aaiaa  boUK 
old  OLthednL  lut  used  (or  public  wonfaip  in  1707-  ^ 
IntAvsting  late  Romuiaque  buUdiof ,  wlib  Gothic  uod  Uujirsqiic 
kddltiDQfl;  but  the  utcrioi  v«i  mucb  dcfued  by  ^ 
into  buTsdu  bEIct  1717.  It  «iu  foondcd  Id  1305  by  Podio  IL 
of  Anton,  And  coiuecnitcd  In  ii;S.    Tbs  fine  ocliioful  beiliy 
ma  built  tuly  in  tbe  ijth  ceotuiy.    A  ncond  cubednl.  wil' 
mConnlUuilscule.wu  completed  in  17S1.   The  chitch  ol  Sa 
Lorens)  (1170-ijoo)  i>  noteworthy  (or  the  bautitul  tracery  < 
ill  Gothic  windowi;  Iti  uvr  a  uid  to  bin  been  a.  Koraa 
temple,  ccAverted  by  Ihe  Moots  into  ■  moique  anil  by  Rune 
Bcrmguer  IV.,  lait  count  o(  Baitdona,  into  a  church.    Other 
interesting  buildrngi  are  the  ftumajiebiue 
(be  Ijth  century  bur  several  times  reatoned,  the  bisbop^s  palace 
and  tbc  ToilHary  bosiHlal,  fonneily  a  convent.    The  mm 
contaidi  a  good  c^lection  of  Roman  and  Romanesque  antiqui 
and  tikere  are  a  Kbool  lor  teachen,  a  ibeoloKicil  Kminuy 
■cidemies  of  literature  and  sdence.    Leather,  paper,  glass, 
linen  and  cloth  ire  manufactured  in  the  dty,  nbich  bu 
nme  trade  In  agricultural  produce 

Urida  i>  the  Iltria  of  the  Romans,  and  was  the  capital  ol  the 
people  whom  Ihey  called /JirJnini  (Fiiny)  or /(erfsfu  (Ptolemy), 
By  »Iiuitionlbe  key  of  Catalonia  tod  AtllOB,  it  was  (rom  a  very 
*aily  period  an  jroportani  militiiy  station.  In  the  Punic  Wan 
it  sided  with  the  Catlhicuiians  and  suffered  much  Icon 
Romao  arms.  In  jU  immediate  nciEbbourbood  Hanno 
delealed  by  Sdpioin  ilt  B.C.,  and  it  ilterwards  became  [i 
u  Ihe  scene  oi  Caoai's  irdooiu  struggle  wilh  Pnmpey'tgei 
Altanlui  and  Pelreius  in  the  first  year  oI  Ibe  dvil  war  Itg 
It  was  already  a  matiicipiun  in  the  time  o[  Augustus,  and  en. 
great  pcnperity  under  later  emperon.  Under  the  Visigoths 
it  became  an  episcopal  lee,  and  al  least  me  ecclesiastical  council 
h  recorded  to  have  met  heie  (in  546).  Under  the  Moora  LariJa 
became  one  oi  the  principal  cities  of  the  province  ol  Sai^goua, 
it  became  Iributary  to  the  Franks  in  m,  but  was  reconquered 
in  7^.  In  1149  it  (cU  into  the  hands  o[  Ramon  Berenguet  IV. 
In  modern  times  It  has  come  through  numerous  sieges,  having 
been  taken  by  the  French  in  November  1707  during  the  Wat  ol 
Succoiion,  and  again  in  iSis.  lo  130a  Jama  II.  oC  Aragoa 
louDded  a  univiniiy  al  Urida,  which  achieved  some  npute  in 
Its  day,  but  was  suppressed  in  1717,  when  the  univetiiiy  of 
Cerven  was  founded, 

LBSMA,  PHAXCUCO  DB  BAIRMIVAL  T  BOUl,  Duu  or 
(1S51-T69J),  Spanish  minister,  was  bom  in  ijji.  At  the 
age  of  thirteen  he  eoitied  ihe  royal  jaUcc  as  a  page.  The 
famiiyof  Sandoval  was  ancient  and  powerful,  but  under  Philip  U. 
(TSS6-159S)  the  nobles,  wiib  the  eiteptlon  ol  a  lew  who  hdd 
viceioyaliiei  or  commanded  armies  abroad,  ha4  little  share  In 
Ihe  government.  The  f  mure  duke  of  Lecma,  who  was  by  descent 
marquis  of  Denia,  pasted  his  lite  as  a  courtier,  and  posseiud 
DO  pdilical  power  till  the  acccunn  of  Philip  III.  In  i  s«S.  He  had 
already  made  himsdf  a  fivounte  with  the  princ«,  and  was  m  fact 
one  of  Ihe  iodipable  men  who,  as  the  dying  king  Phihp  II  lore- 
■aw,  were  lildy  to  mislead  Ihe  new  sovereign.  The  old  king's 
lean  were  fuDy  Justified.  No  sooner  was  Philip  III.  king  than  he 
entrusted  all  authority  to  his  favourite,  whom  he  crt«tod  duke 
of  Lerma  in  1504  and  on  whom  he  lavished  an  immense  liat  of 
eflices  and  grants.  The  favour  of  Lerma  lasted  for  twenty  years, 
IS  destroyed  by  a  palat 


.    PbHip 


)1  only  CI 


0  Lerma,  bi 


il  theen 


Lof  b 


authollud  him  to  affix  ibe  royal 


%,  and  to  tako  whatovs  prcacnla  w 

icouragcd  the  king  in  extravagance. 
If  a  fortune  estimated  by  contem' 


practically  bankrupt,  t 

pOTxHes  at  forty-four  mi 
■pending  largely  on  rebgious  houses,  and  he  carried  out  Ibe 
niinous  measnres  lor  the  eipulsion  o(  the  Moriscoes  in  i6ta— a 
policy  which  secured  him  the  admiratiOB  of  the  dei^  and  ■*• 
popidai  witb  Ibamaaof  Ibenatian.   Ka persisUd  in  ooally  and 


b  i6c4.  SytiM  wat  foned 

if  the  Low  CouBlries.  Tb« 
tea  was  neglected,  the  anny  reduced  to  a  remoant.  and  tba 
finanCTS  mined  beyond  racovcry.  His  only  rtsourcea  as  a  fiuanca 
minisler  were  the  debasing  ol  the  ctdnage,  and  foolish  edict* 
againM  luxury  and  the  naUaf  «i  lilvtr  plate.  Vet  it  is  probable 
thai  he  would  wvcf  have  lost  the  confidence  ol  Philip  III,,  who 
divided  bis  lUe  between  festivals  and  prayers,  but  lot  tbe  domestic 
treachery  ol  bis  son,  the  dnke  ol  Uuda,  who  combined  with  tbe 
king's  coofrsoor,  Aliaga,  whom  Lerma  bad  introduced  to  the 
place,  to  lucn  him  out.  Alter  a  Long  intrigue  in  which  the  king 
was  all  but  entirely  dumb  and  pauive,  Lerma  was  at  Last  com- 
pelled to  leave  the  court,  on  the  4tb  of  Otloha  ifiiS.  As  a 
protectioo,  and  as  a  means  of  retaining  some  foeaturc  of  pow^ 
in  caae  he  fell  from  favour,  be  had  persuaded  Pope  Paul  V.  lo 
ocate  him  cardinal,  in  the  yiar  of  his  fall.  He  retired  to  the 
town  of  Lerma  in  OU  Castile,  where  he  had  built  himsell  a 
sptemSd  palace,  and  then  to  VaUadoIid.  Uoda  tbe  ccign  of 
Fhilip  IV.,  which  began  in  1611  be  was  dopoikd  of  part  ol  his 
wealth,  and  he  died  in  161$. 

Thehiitoiy  of  Lcrnu'itBiun  of  office  Iain  vet.  KV.  of  the  iTiit«s 
Ctxirai  it  Eipaiu  of  ModcBo  Lafuenle  (Madrid,  igj^— with 

LBRMOHTOV,  MIKHAIL  YUBBVICK  (i8m->B4i),  RaKan 
roet  and  novelist,  often  styled  tbe  poet  of  tbe  Cauaaaa,  ma 

bom  in  Moscow,  ol  Scottish  descent,  bnt  be' 

family  of  the  Tula  govemnent,  and  Was  bi 

ol  Taikhanul  (in  the  P< 

his  dust.    By  bis  gr 

childhood  was  devolved  b 

lather's  rnHKary  service— i 

hull  tbe  best  education  she  could  th 

apfaere  which  he  biutbed  in  hla  youth  dOsRd  tittle  boa  thai 

in  which  Pushkin  had  grown  up,t]iMghtlMdHBiiiatioDalFicBcli 

had  begu  n  to  give  way  before  the  laiKy  for  Eogliih,  and  LamattioB 

sharedhispopularJtywitbByroo.  From  the  acadaaicgymnaahim 

In  Moscow  Lermontov  pissed  in  iSiO  lo  tbe  ardvOBty,  but 

be  took  In  some  acts  ol  insubordination  to  an  obnoiloua  teacber. 

FiwD  iHjo  to  1S34  he  attended  the  school  0[  cadets  at  St  Peto}- 

burg,  and  in  due  course  be  bccaioe  ad  ofiicir  in  the  guarda. 

To  his  own  and  the  naiien'a  anger  at  tbe  lots  of  Pushkin  (iSjj) 

young  soMier  gave  vent  in  a  pasaianate  poem  addnsacd 

he  tsar,  and  the  very  voice  wbich  proclaimed  thai,  if  Ririsia 

L  no  vengeance  on  the  assassin  of  her  poet, no  second  poet 

Id  be  given  her,  was  Itsell  an  fntimalion  thai  a  poet  bad  cdom 

already.     The  tsar,  however,  acens  lo  have  found  mora  im- 

pertmcncc  tlian  inspiralicn  m  the  address,  for  L«-montov  wu 

forthwith  sent  oB  lo  the  Caucasus  as  an  officer  of  dtaf^oons. 

been  in  the  Caucasus  wilh  his  grandmolbei  at  a  boy  of 

1  he  found  himself  at  home  by  yet  deeper  sympalhiea 

than  Iboae  of  childish  recolleciion.    The  stem  and  rocky  vbiuci 

mountaineers  against  whom  he  had  to  bghl,  no  less  than 

Bnery  of  the  rocks  end  mountains  themselves,  proved 

1  h»  heart,  Ihe  emperor  had  enledhim  to  his  native  Land. 

1  in  St  Pelersburg  in  iBjII  and  1839,  and  in  Ihe  lalter 


10  that  if  either  combatant  was  wounded  as  aa  u  fait  Ml  late 
ibould  be  sealed. 

Lermoniov  piMilied  only  «e  inull  relkcdan  uk  poems  in  ll^o. 
Hiiee  voluniH;  niBch  mutilated  by  the  onitBciUB.  wen  iwied  in 
.B41  l>y  Gluevaovi  and  Iheie  have  been  full  nlilioni  ol  his  works 
n  i«&o  and  1863.  To  Bodennedt's  Cemun  Itanilation  of  hi! 
nems  (tfifliil  lenwnfoi'i  fiailucklr  KwUtn,  Berlin,  1841. 
r  vah.),  which  indeed  wis  the  trti  •alnfactory  csTlKtioa.  be  is 


found  snsfal  uaailaton  [Aunsl  Bolts.  Berlin.  l8u.  &c).  Among 
biibest-knownpaeesare ''  Isman-Bey."  "  MadJI  Abrck,""  Walenk' 
"  The  Nov!ce.''^aMl.  renurtable  ai  an  Imilallon  of  (he  old  Roaaaa 
ballad, "The  song  of  the  (ssr  Ivan  VasilMteh.  lit  young  body- 
tnanl.  aid  the  bob  nunbani  Kalathnikov." 


_.. aiiH  o  Mimit  (hil*,  list); 

ittruU  for  (he  Biofnaphy  of  Larmaaiov."  prrbiml 
tWt  Cdiliwi  of  bii  walu.     Tlt-DnwD.  IraniUlnf  by  Sir 
lueandcf' Conlii  SnpbFa  (1B7SJ,  li  u  EnlUA  TEnian  of  one  of  hii 
k^KimK.  (W.  R.S.i(.} 

LniSUZ,  PmiRB  (179^1871),  Fmcb  philosi^her  and 
CRHumist,  wu  born  «t  Bmy  dcii  Pirii  on  the  Jth  of  April  1 798, 
Ifce  »B  ol  M  Mtbiii.  Hh  eduMtioB  wu  inlfmiptnl  by  the 
death  ol  bia  (atber,  vldch  ounptHed  him  to  luppoil  his  mathcr 
■nd  family.  Having  WDrkerl  fint  as  a  mason  and  then  is  a 
ranpnhtt,  he  jofDcd  P.  Dubois  In  the  foundation  of  Lt  CMt 
whkb  beoBC  in  iSji  the  official  orxan  of  the  Saint-Simonian 
tommcliy,  of  irUcb  be  became  a  prominent  memlier.  In 
No"KDbeT  «t  Ibe  aame  year,  when  Enfantin  prcichrd  ihe  en- 

Lcronx  •cparalrd  himselF  from  the  sect.  In  i8j8.  wllh  J. 
JtcfBaad,  who  had  seceded  with  him,  he  founded  Ihe  Ency- 
dtfUit  tmadlt  (rds.  iS]S-iB4r).  Amonpt  the  acliclci  which 
be  instftcd  in  it  were  JJcr^^and  JUJnlaliini  di  rtdutiime, 
wfaicb  Bflfiwardi  appealed  as  separate  works.  In  1840  he 
imbadied  hii  treatise  De  rkumamll  (ind  ed.  184s),  -hich 
autafns  the  fullest  nposition  of  his  system,  and  was  rc^rded  as 
the  lAikBOpbicsl  maniresto  of  Ihe  Humanitaiian^  In  iS^r 
he  establbbtd  the  Xah  hMtadanlc,  with  the  aid  of  Geoigc 
Sand,  DWr  whom  lae  had  ireat  Inlluence.  Her  J^Wrfim,  which 
•lai  dedicated  lo  hin,  Stfl  tarta  de  It  lyre,  Ctnsndt,  and  La 


and  loonded  the  Ram  ucicle.  After  the  outbreak  o(  the 
rtvolulioa  of  1R48  he  w»  elected  lo  Ihe  Constituent  Assembly, 
aad  in  1849  10  the  LegblaliTc  Assembly,  hut  his  speeches  on 
behalf  of  the  ealletae  sodaliit  wing  were  of  so  abstract  and 
mystical  a  cbarmclef  that  they  had  no  effect.  After  (lie  onf 
fftal  o(  1R51  he  settled  with  bis  family  in  Jcney,  where  be 
parMMd  agrioiliural  eaperinents  and  wrote  hit  loclillst  poen 
Lt  Crtm  it  Samcra.  On  the  definitive  amnoly  al  iWu  he 
D  Paris,  when  be  dM  ia  April  1871,  dnrini  the 

It  Binf6caiKe  in  the 

J«  of  seittiiantt*  ami 

_«.  »  a  qrsteiBatic  theoryp  He 
a  Angular  medley  of  doctrines 
'—    •— t  from  Pyth»forejn 

H  tut  a  waat  bit<^  the  "  iriiid  "^  uifilicity  4iich  be  Snds  to 
pervade  all  Ihiflffs,  irhich  in  God  b  "  power,  iattllinn  and  love," 
m  man  "  sensation,  sentiment  and  knowlrdn."  His  reE^ous  doc- 
trine Is  Pantheistic;  ami,  fejectini  the  belief  In  a  future  life  as 


LEROUX— LERWICK  485 

La  Codrfi'fwi  KMrou,  r^/iie  H  It  lOfttlitmt 

auU,  It  UKitliimr  tl  la  ilmixTCcit  (1801).  La 
tunlismt;  IsraM   lia  U 


of  Fcbniaiy  1843.  Ia"iat6hepubltth«d  Unt^wutritttmttitn, 
and  afternids  EiioJ  iv  lo  rcdamtUn  it  dm  ■bw—wW  Ut- 
leriq¥t>  iaant  I'vl  it  dmuJ  Ichidfil,  which  dealt  panjculaily  with 

tht  nttoncian  of  the  cathsdial  of  £1 "-  ------'  -  - -■-  -- 

orda  to  ccjiect  docunenta  on  the  I 

tlon  ol  the  Slav  naliona,  and  0 

SaKt  it!  itta  mcmia  {iSSa-ilBg)  a  Mtin  •!  utkka,  wMA 

appetml  sbotlly  afterwaidi  Is  book  form  uodn  Ibelill*  L'Emtirt 

ia  luri  U  la  Snaa  Ulh  ed.,  revised  in  j  vol*,,  iter-iHt). 

Die  work  entitled  U»  tmftrtw,  n  r«,  h  ^K  <"" 

lint,  puUisbed  ia  1870,  was  u  analysa  and  oilkiBi 

politki  of  Uw  Second  Empin.    t/n  jkHuss  flui  rmu  (1SS4) 

^vethabhMffottheemanciiiatioBoftheitritbyAlwto-II. 


(iSqs),  La  Paf, 

■  ■«  "^'  ('893),  la 
AmvsHwr  f>  ta  ^ivrrwi  armrmtwu  ^896),  V AKtistmitiant 
(ie»7),  &i«fei  ""«i  "  wA*™a  (1807).  These  wrilinp, 
nulnlycnllectionsafatticletandlecturesiDlendcd  (or  Ibe  general 
public,  display  enlightened  views  and  wide  informal  ion.  In  1881 
elected  professor  of  conlempmvry  hjslory 
II  the  £cole  Libn  dca  Sciences  Foliliquct, 
il  this  inslllution  on  Ihe  death  of  Albert 
Sorel  in  1906,  and  In  1887  he  became  a  member  of  Ihe  Acadtmie 
des  Sciences  Morales  el  Politit]Des. 
Two  of  Leror-BeauUeu's  work*  have  been  lianililed  iniaEn|lidi: 
le  Bathe  Bmpattl iMt  Han  and  Ik  Aainm.  by  Z.  A.  Hnoiin 
*ei  York.  1  Ju-i^),  and  sootber  aa  />aM»,  Sxutam.  Otmf 
acy.  by  D.  1,^'Donnell  (iHa>).  Sec  W.  1  H.  Lccky,  lluu-hial 
<i  Filihcml  Eitjs  {lgo»}. 

LnOY-BSAaUED,  PIEMIK  PAOL  (1S4]-'  ),  French 
tidofnisi,  brother  of  Ihe  preceding,  was  bora  al  Sanmur  oB 
Ihe  iHh  of  December  184;,  and  educated  in  Pub  at  Ihe  Lycte 
Bonaparte  and  Ihe  Ctole  de  Drail.  He  afttnratds  studied 
al  Bonn  and  Berlin,  and  on  his  return  to  Paris  began  lo  write 
(or  Li  Trmfi,  Knve  nslmalt  and  Ktrm  cmlrmftrtiie.  In 
i8«7  he  won  a  prin  offered  by  Ibe  Acndemy  of  Moral  Science 
■ilh  an  «ay  entitled  "  L'lnSueBee  de  r«lil  moral  el  intellecliid 
del  populations  ouvrijrvs  tnr  le  taui  des  salaires-"  In  1870 
he  gained  Ihree  piiies  lor  essays  on  "  Ln  Coloniallon  chet  la 
peuples  modemes,"  "  L'AdralnisIntkm  en  France  el  en  Angl^ 
rerre,"and  "  L'lmpfH  foncicrel  ses  cons^uences  ^coDomiques-" 
In  1873  Leroy-Beaoiku  became  profcsaor  of  finance  11  Ibe 
newly-founded  dole  Libit  do  Sdencei  [>otitlque3,  and  in  i8Sb 
he  tumeded  his  lalber-in-law,  Michel  Chevalier,  in  Ibe  chair  of 
political  economy  In  Ihe  Col»ge  de  France.  Several  of  hit  works 
have  made  tlicar  mark  beyond  the  borders  of  his  own  country. 
Among  these  may  be  menlioned  hfs  Rechtrtkts  iaiwmi^iirt, 
Miftrtfwo  (<  iliIiififiKt  i*r  la  purra  cuMm^sniiiiM,  a  series 
olMiMUcipublUKdbelineniW]  and  iS»9,  In  whirli  he  calculated 
tbelonotmentudetiiiulaiustd  by thegreat  European  confiicla. 


MOtUUtnyLtTnmilda/imma 
TniU  it  la  uitmt  Ja  fnaiuti  (i 
ia  tickasa  (18B1),   L'AltMi  e 

i'ttntomit  peUlupu  (i883I.  and  L'Ual  tmadtnu  d  ai  Jimciiimi 
(1889).  Ha  ako  louiidsd  in  t8;j  the  AantmiiU  franfoii,  on 
Ibe  model  of  the  English  EammisI,  Leroy-Beanlien  may  be 
regarded  as  the  leading  represenlalive  in  France  of  mtb<>dai 
psliilcal  econony,  and  tbe  mosl  ptonouhced  onioneDt  of  pro- 


ne.ifa/.<i873), 
iiic   (1SS8],   FrMl 


■Dtnk^nl  lad  polke  bnrgh  of  Sbelland,  Seal- 
lud,  IM  DOM  BOitbeilrlawo  in  the  British  Islea.  Pop.  (rvni) 
41S1.  It  la  iltBated  on  Bnsiay  Sound,  a  lino  natural  harbour, 
on  tba  etM  tcaiM  ol  tbe  ithnd  calM  Mainland,  nj  m.  N.E.  ol 
Kirkwall,  (n  OAoey,  and  mo  n.  from  Leith  by  steamer.  Tbi 
town  Atca  liDB  the  bcgbniig  of  Ihe  171b  century,  andtbeotder 
pari  iwiiitH  at  a  flagjiil  onanray  called  Commercial  Sltcet. 
ninaiBi  lor  I B.  ptfalld  vUb  Ibeaia  {in  whld  the  pblr  ends  of 


ia  olicaa  aa  not  to  aSow  of  twv  viUclta  paMhig  eack  Mbcr.  At 
lidt  ugleila  tbbMBBtlaotaaicaid  tbeMn-iide  isHmbiad, 
-  -  -  bea  bam. 
Cromwell, 


t  tfaa  Doctta  aad  Maadl  For 
9ab*diaitf«sbrChailean. 

IT  tb  Naval  ~ 


iaOoo.    na  tnVD^all,  boBl  bi 


bt  fndua*  tor  Mnfcca  leadcnd  by  tht 
'  iiiaiiii  ar  tboaa  porta.  Larwick*! 
1  wltb  tlia  liharls,  e<  4kb  It  faaa 


^6 


impmUiil  cram.  Docb^  vbuvo,  ptm,  curuii  lUUiou  and 
^■rcbauKi  hive  bnn  ptovided  oi  eclugsl  to  cope  witb  ilie 
gtoHth  a[  the  unit,  end  mn  apbniide  hu  bees  construclol 
alang  Ibc  IronL    The  town  a  aba  the  (bief  diHribulisg  agency 

goods.  One  mile  wisl  o[  Lerwick  u  Clic^iinin  Loch,  upiralcd 
Irom  Ihc  sea  by  a  narrow  ittip  of  land.    Oa  u  uki  in  tbc  I^t 

LB  UOE,  ALUM  REHt  (1MS-1741).  French  nwdiil  uid 
diimmsl,  wu  bom  at  Sancau  in  llie  pcmnsuU  ol  Rbuys, 
bel««nlheMDrbilianandtluiKa,onlhe  ijlhol  Dccembu  it6S. 
tthuyi  -as  ■  legal  dislricl.  and  Claude  le  Sige.  Ibe  lallier  oI 
tbe  ngyelist,  held  Ibe  unilcd  pAsilions  oi  advocate,  nolaiy  and 
ngntm  of  itt  royal  coun.  His  wife's  name  was  Jeanne  Blcnugal. 
Both  lather  uid  nuthcr  died  irticn  Le  Sage  was  very  young,  and 
fab  property  was  wasted  or  embezzled  by  his  guardiajis,  LJUlc 
it  luisim  of  hli  youth  .cicept  ttiai  he  wcnt^lo  Klnol  villi  Ihc 

£  lulls  at  Vanncs  unlil  he  was  ciglueen.  Conjeclure  hatk  thai 
contiaued  his  studies  at  Parii,  and  it  is  c<itam  that  be  was 
called  lo  the  b«  at  ijie  caitilal  in  i6«>.  In  August  1694  be 
■nanied  the  daughter  of  a.  joiner,  Marie  EUobeth  Huyard. 
She  was  bCMtilul  but  bad  no  fortune,  and  Le  Safe  bad  lilUe 
pnctice.  About  this  lime  be  met'  his  old  ■cboalfeilB«,  the 
dramatist  Danchet,  and  is  said  to  have  been  advised  by  bim 
to  betake  bimseU  to  liteiatuie.  He  ht^ui  modotly  as  a  irwia- 
Utor,  and  publiabed  in  164s  a  Fieocb  veraon  <^  the  Efaiia 
of  Arisuenetut,  wUcb  wu  not  ucmtfuL  Sbtntly  alieniards 
be  found  a  valuable  patron  and  adviser  in  the  ibM  de  Lyoniw, 


which  b 


.uii,of6c 
to  exchange  the  dassKX  for  Spanish  literals 


acledoc 


l^  Sage  began  by  traaslaling  plays  chiefly  front  Rojas  and 
Lope  de  Vega.     I<  TraiUt  funi  md  li  Ptiml  J'kumr  ' 
the  formei,  Dm  FOU  ii  Ittimlixt  from  the  Li;iR, 
published  in  the  £nt  two  or  three  yean  of  the 
In    tvof  he  translated  the  continualion  of  Dtn  Qumfe  by 
Avcllaoeda,  and  soon  aftcrvaitla  adapted  a  play  from  Caldervo, 
Da*  Citar  Uriin,  which  bad  a  divided  fale,  tKbi  tucceisful  at 
court  and  dsmnod  in  Ihc  cily.    He  was.  bowtvcr,  nnily  forty 
before  he  obtained  anythir«  like  decided  success.    But  in  1707 
bis  adnuiable  fatR  of  Criipix  rnal  it  im  nuUrt  was  acted 
with  great  appUuie,  and   It   DieNe  tfileu  Haa  publiahcd. 
Ihis  latter  went  Ihioush  tevecal  edilioni  in  the  same  ycal.  and 
was  IrdjueoUy  refirintcd  till  irij.  wbea  Le  Sage  altered  and 
iDfHOVed  it  considerably,  giving  it  ila  pnstDl  farm.    Notwith> 
atandiug  tba  success  of  Cnj^n,  the  aAotsdid  not  likeLe  Sage, 
and  refused  a  small  piHc  oi  his  called  Lei  £freiiHS  (170;).    He 
tbenupon  altered  It  Into  Turcarti,  hit  thcalrica)  moslerplece.  and 
one  of  tbe  best  concdiei  io  French  htentute.    This  appeamd 
in  1704.    Some  yean  passed  before  he  again  attempted  icDmance 
■rriliDg,  and  then  the  first  two  palU  ol  Ga  Bta,  it  StyOmau 
appeared  in  131s.    Strange  ts  wy.  it  was  not  »  popuLu  1 
iNoilc  btiiaiz,    Le  Sage  wcaked  at  it  f«  a  km^;  lime,  ui 
no(  bring  out  the  tiard  pan  till  igi*,  nni  the  fourth  till 
For  tUa  last  be  had  been  part  paid  to  the  eotent  of  a  bundrDd 
pistcJ**  tome  yean  before  ita  af^iearaace.    During  these  twei 
>«an  be  wm,  bomm.  cotiliniiaily  bvy.    NotRlthstaodlog  1 
treat  iwri>  aad  XKcaia  oI  Ttrtai^  and  Criifin,  the  ThUtre 


Le  Sage  was  also  the  author  of  La  Validt  troitttt,  a  collection  ol 
imaginaiy  Icllcis.  and  ol  some  nunot  fuecei,  ol  wkicb  Um 
oumit  dts  porquis  is  tbe  meal  remarkable.  This  fabetioM 
lie  he  continued  until  1740.  when  be  waa  «oca  thai  acvniy 
rears  of  age.  Kis  eldest  soa  bad  become  an  actor^  and  L^Sagc 
lid  diuwned  him.  but  the  second  was  a  canon  ai  Boulogne  ai 
fimforlabk circuQUIaiuxii  btheyeai)uslnientionedbiaEB1ba 
lad  mother  went  10  bve  wilh  him.  At  Beukignc  LeSageaptal 
he  last  seven  years  of  his  hfc.  dyios  on  tiic  ijtb  st  Novuitici 
.74;  Hb  lasl  work,  Ullt^ic  mmmniU  it  utlita  tapHt  tt 
le  Irails  tislorifiiu  fer  plus /raf famli,  had  aplMaied  is  1741. 

Not  much  is  known  ol  Le  Sage's  life  and  penonalily,  and 
lie  foiegoing  piuagrapb  contains  aot  only  the  moat  important 
>ui  almost  the  only  lacis  available  for  it.  Tbe  lew  anecdmei 
vhicl  we  have  ol  htrn  represent  him  as  a  man  of  jay  utdepwdent 
cmper,  declining  to  accept  tbe  condescending  patronage  wbicii 
a  the  earlier  part  ol  the  century  was  still  the  portion  of  men  ol 
cLien.  Thus  it  is  said  that,  on  bebig  remonstrated  with,  aa  bt 
.bought  impoblcly,  for  an  imavoidabit  deky  in  (ppetriog  al  Iht 

jUy  io  his  pocket  and  retlredr  refusing  absolutely  taieium. 
[I  may.  however,  be  Slid  thalaaintiiacsoinpoaiiionlieoccupia 
1  place  apart  from  Bust  of  Ibe  great  wriieis  (4  the  ijihand  i8th 
:enturics  respectively.  He  was  not  Ibe  ohjcclot  royal  patronage 
ike  the  hiiL,  nor  [he  pel  of  laiaa  ud  OKclic)  like  the  accood, 
Indeed,  he  seems  all  bis  tile  to  have  been  purdy  cbmestic  in  his 

riance  of  Le  Sage  in  French  and  iyi  European  literature 

ly  the  sanic,  and  be  has  the  rare  distuiciiou  of  being 

lant  m  the  bltcr  than  io  tbe  former.    Ufs  literary 

work  may  be  divided  into  three  parts.    Ibe  brat  contain*  his 

ThUlredcbFoircandhisfewmiscellarHOuswiitii^,  tbe  second 

s  two  remarkable  plays  Crupia  and  rartard,  tbe  third  hk 

ose  fictions.     In  the  hist  two  he  swims  within  tbe  ginenl 

erary  current  in  France;  he  can  be  and  mutt  be  compared 

ilh  olhcrt  of  his  own  aalkm.    But  in  the  tllird  be  emeiiit 

lo^lhec  from  merely  nalional  csinpartson.     It  is  not  with 

renchmea  that  he  is  (0  be  measued     He  fOmed  no  school  in 

rami  be  followed  no  French  models.     His  work,  adnurabk 

,  ii  is  from  tbe  tnere  point  ofview  of  style  and  foitn.  Is  a  parcn. 

theds  in  the  geoetal  development  of  ihe  French  navcL     That 

product  works  its  way  fnm  Madame  de  la  Fayette  through 

'linvaui  and   Prtvoit,  not  through  Le  Sage.    Hb  L'lecary 

nceston  are  Spaniards,  his  literary  contemporaries  and  Tic- 

ssoE?  are  Englishmen.     The  position  ii  almost  uniquei  it  is 

ntainty  interesting  and  reaiarkaUe  in  the  highest  degroe. 

Of  Le  Sage's  mlscellanaoiB  work,  inehiding  his  nurpcrmit 

I,  there  is  not  much  to  be  said  eicepi  that  they 

very  best  kind  of  literary  hack-work,    TTie  pure  and 

E  towards  human  life,  which  wuiH  Dnly  greater  earnest- 
id  a  wider  ctinceptfon  of  that  life  tf 


rarkit 


on  ine  eiilit    Crii. 
deeply  marked  gtniu) 


But  this  p 


in  is  iKumbeM 


uitheyc 


ofth 


of  Cil  Kar  be  began  to  wiile  far  Ibe  Tbatie  de  la  Foire 
comic  optn  beU  fa  booths  U  fotlvil  tine.  This,  though 
very  dignified  occupatioo,  wu  foliowed  by  many  writers  o 
tinciion  at  this  dale,  tod  by  none  more  assiduwitly  Iban  by 
La  Saee^  Accordiog  to  one  computation  he  prDdoCEd, 
abne  or  witb  othen^  about  a  bupdml  piece*,  varying 
suing*  of  •ongi  wilh  no  regular  diakgUia,  to  comedieltas  enly 
'■"■'  ' — '     "'""'w  ItArodDetioa  ol  miaric. 


1  for  the  Hi-win  of  the 
far  <n  this  direction.  Bui  Le  Sage't 
peculiar  unwillingness  (o  altempl  anythijig  absolutely  new 
dlscovntd  itself  here.  Even  when  he  had  dcvnied  blmseH 
to  ihe  Fobe  theatre.  H  seems  that  he  wis  nnwillfng  to  attempt, 
when  oetaAin  called  lor  ll,  Ibe  absohite  innovation  of  a  piece 
with  only  one  actor.  ■  ctu»  which  Aleils  Kron,  a  telser  bnl  a 
bolder  goidTii,  accepted  >nd  carried  thrcmgb.  Oii^  and 
rurcoriif  are  miquesilonshly  MoBbesque,  though  they  are 
perbapa  mm  original  in  their  ft^wing  of  KoUhe  than  any 
Wher  play*  that  can  be  named.  Fer  Ihti  also  wu  pari  of  le 
SagaV  tdknyncmy  rhat,  whSe  he  was  appanntly  unable  or 
tPHnMIng  to  strike  out  an  entirely  Borel  Ihe  tor  bimseK,  he  bad 
ao  MMCt  entered  utxm  the  beaien  path  Iban  be  left  it  lofoBow 
Wt  en  6nica.  CHsfin  Htal  it  tan  tnllri  b  a  farce  In  oi 
act  and  uany  aomes,  alter  the  ti  " 


ieHiiierBi«B»t«|^nrtW    ] 


(tf  m  huvkh  vaitl,  not  i 
but  lo  HipplBil  thil  n 


LE8  ANDELYS— LBS  BAUX 

1Kb  M  ft  Ik*  Id  l)i«  cBon 


4«J 


.    Bui  and 


n  tht  lively  buulinf 
ihort  aaata  wkjcfa  ukc  aid  otkir  up  to  pnnpllr  uuliiiiijtJy 

tbt  tbe  (pccutot  bu  nol  tine  to  cnil  it  lt»  iaix 

of  llR  ictfoD,  snd  McDndJy  in  iba  abundul  <rit  of  iht 
Turtam  h  »  (m(  moir  impottiut  picte  of  wgrt  and  a 
■mopg  comrdka  dnlix^  with  the  aciuil  ndKy  of  th 
Tbe  only  thing  wbkh  prev«ti  k  frora  hoWtDg  the  very  "b'i*^^ 
place  r>  ■  nrtiin  wut  of  unity  [n  the  pliit.  Tliisvi 
ii  Fompennted  in  Tmcirtt  by  Ow  inaU  muteily 
c9Br>nR^n»hig  in  tfae  septnle  putSu  T\lrcml, 
4hliona(  ind  d^johite  Kuuidn',  tail  •niiga  wife 
tt  bimseU,  tbe  buebnised  mrqais,  tbe  kotviifa  dw*^tr,  tba 
bironca  !(  coquette  wiib  ibe  Sncr  edfc  token  off 
bufyborHl,  yet  byim  Kedm  utdotible),  ue  euih  and  aD  fialihed 
pcRtnits  of  the  bal  corak  type,  whfle  ahnosl  ai  much 
vid  of  the  minor  chatacten.  Tfae  ityle  and  dialogue  i 
mnhy  of  the  higheU  pniK;  the  wit  never  dtgeneni 


femember  Le  Suge, 


■  Mm&t  tbit  tbe  mnM  bMigned  to 
A  gnat  dtal  Ot  lunKauiTy  bbour  bu 

been  aptnt  on  iiie  damnn  of  bii  cUms  to  oiIgiDalilr.    Wbit 
~bu  been- already  uld  *fll  ^ve  a  tuffidenl  due  Ibrovgb  thit 
tbomy  ground.    In  mere  form  Le  Sag*-  h  nM  -Migiral. 
doo  Ultle  more  than  adopt-  (hat  of  tbe  Spankfa  piarooa  mn 
of  tbe  I6tb  and  t;tb  century.    Often,  too.  be  ptclen  ttereJy 
to  teimnge  and  adapt  eilUing  woHt,  md  uai  cilener  to    ' 
bfnuelt  a  kind  <d  itarl  by  adopting  tbe  mrk  of  a  pnci 
miter  u  a  ba^    Bni  it  may  be  laid  down  as  a  positive 
that  he  never,  in  any  work  that  pretend)  to  or'sinalKy  a 
iigujlty  of  anytMnglhat  dnfalriybedOedplagiarisih,    It 
we  may  go  further,  and  aay  that  be  k  very  fond  of  aue 
or  nggeiting  faia  Indebledues  »b«n  be  is  reeUy  deaUng 
his  own  fundi.    Thus  the  Diabll  baiUia  borron  the  lilk. 
for  a  chapter  or  two  tbe  plan  and  almost  Ibe  words,  oi 
Diaila  Cajmlt  of  Luis  Vriei  de  Guevara.    But  after  a 
pages  Le  Sage  leaves  his  prsteccasor  alone.    Even  tbe  plan  of  tbe 
Spanish  origiiii]  is  enliieJy  discarded,  and  ttie  inddecii      ' 
episodes,  the  Hyle.  are  t>  independent  as  if  Hcfa  ■  heok  i 
Diatit  Cb/miIc  had  Mvtr  cabled.    Tbe  c»e  of  Git  B^j  is  Mill 
more  remarluble.    It  «>  at  fint  alleged  that  L«  Sage  had 
borrowed  it  from  the  Mann  d£  C^tgnt  M  Vincent  E^tlnei, 


«  why  Le  Sage 


eaaOy  accasitte,  and  as  the  sH^leo 

that,  tbougfa  it  fumiihed  Le  Sage  with  separate  [nddentl  and 

Unll  for  more  than  one  of  his  b«^,  Cii  Blal  la  a  vholb  boot 

in  tbe  Icut  Indebted  to  ft.    Afterwards  Father  Ish  asserted 

that  CiJ  Blai  was  a  mere  (nnslalion  from  an  actual  ^putiih 

book— an  assertion  at  once  incapable  of  pKWf  and  dispiwif, 

inasmudi  u  there  is  no  trice  whatever    '  .   .     .       - 

third  bypolhed*  h  that  there  was  sou 

which  Le  Sage  may  h»v(  worked  op  bi 

same  way,  for  instance^  as  be  professo  fainuelf  to  have  worked 

Dp  the  Bathdar  af  SalaniaHat.    This  also 

incapable  of  Ttfutilibn,  thou^  the  arguni 

it  itmng  against  it,  for  there  could  be  no 

abould  he  more  reticent  of  his  obligations 

in  the  other.    Except,   however,   for  hL 

conlroveny  is  one  which  may  be  safely  neglected,  nor  ia  there 

very  much  impottjince  In   tbe  more  impartial  [ndicatfon  of 

■ourcts — chiefly    works    on    the   history    ol    CSvaio — which 

has  lametimes  been  attempted.    That  Le  Sage  knew  Spanish 

lileratun  wdl  is  of  course  obvioua;  but  there  is  is  GtiJe  dmtbt 

(with  the  limitation)  alteady  laid  down)  of  his  teal  orfipniRiy 

asalthatofanygrtatwriterlnlhewDTld,    CSBtai  then  renilni 

hla  property,  tod  it  Ii  admittedly  the  ca[^tal  example  ol  Its 

own  style.    For  Le  Sage  has  not  only  the  characteristic,  whicli 

Homer  and  Shakeipeire  have,  of  absolute  truth  lo  human  nature 

aa  distinguished  from  truth  to  this  or  that  national  character. 

but  b*  bat  what  bu  been  called  tbe  quality  Of 


whidi  Ibcy  also  btvc.  H(  BMKt  lakct  tfd«  vCUi  Ui  danOan 
as  Fiddini  (wbote  (natter,  wilb  Cervatitci,  be  certainly  wai) 
lometimes  dota.  Aanodeua  and  Don  Ckafas,  Gil  Bla*  and  tha 
Aicbbiibop  and  Doctot  Sangiada,  are  produced  by  bim  wilb 
eaactiy  Ibe  aame  inpaitialily  ol  aUitude.  Except  that  ha 
brought  into  novel  viiliBg  Ibit  bigbol  quality  of  artiatic  trutb, 
it  pshapa  cannot  be  said  that  be  did  nucb  to  advance  pnat 
iction  In  iiieU.  He  bivesled,  u  has  been  said,'  as  niw  gom; 
be  did  not,  as  Marivaux  and  PrtvoM  did,  bdp  on  the  utvd  at 

ate,  at  Jiat  been  taid,  their  dinet  originalt,  but  (E«n  llw  BKdieval 
nmaai  £aetlvt  aid  the  (teck  piDte  mnaacaa.  Bnt  in 
individual  accUence  ibev  bav«  lev  nvab.    Hat  aboBld  il  be 

of  French  style,  the  greatest  unqnotiootUy  beCwMO  tbe  olataici 
of  tbe  lytb  century  and  the  das^ci  of  the  iStb.  He  it  perhapa 
Ibe  htl  great  wdler  Ixfore  tbe  docadenc*  (ioi  aiace  Ibe  lime 
of  Paul  LouB  Courier  it  haa  sot  ban  denied  that  tbe  ^Mf«u^ 
period  is  in  point  of  style  a  period  of  decadcaice).  Hit  style  ia 
perfectly  easy  at  tbe  tame  tbne  that  il  is  alien  adodmUy  epi- 
grammatic It  has  plenty  of  c^our,  plenty  ol  fleitbiEt)',  and  nuy 
be  taid  to  be  eiceplionally  well  btted  lor  general  liioary  iroik. 
Tbe  daces  of  the  ar^inal  editiooa  ol  Lc  Sage's  moA  importaat 
wodca  have  already  been  0ven.  ^e  published  dunaz  hit  l^t  a 
callectian  of  ki»  regular  dramatic  WDfka,  and  alw  one  of  hU  pieces 

ol   Igll  and   1140.     Bemika  critkal  aillclei 

Urivaiii  IraicaU  0893),  ahould  be  eoniolte,,.  .^  v-— •~».' 
and  Cil  Blal  have  been  nprinled  and  Mntlated-nunibeileaa  (Inwa, 
Both  will  be  found  otavenlently  printed.  Kaoha  with  fidtanUt 
Gammia  and  Oi^om  d-AUoucit,  the  beM  dibl  bwv  ■ovel).  >B 
four  vdIuqh  ol  Garale/a  BttHMiw  amuafM  (Paris,  iMt). 
Tiaaira  and  Criibiti  ate  to  he  found  In  all  coHecied  editlont  of  the 
French  diaoia.  There  I>  a  oteluT  edition  <t  Iben.  with  ample 
■pFcimeiu  of  Le  S«n'a  week  for  the  Petn,  in  two  whi^  (Flriai 
IBs  I).  <G.  £t.) 

DOttben  Fiano,  eapital  it  an 
'  En*  abont  30  m.  S£.  cd 
Rsuen  by  nO.  Pup.  (i«e^  Mii-  Le*  Andely*  i*  fccntd  by 
the  nnion  oC  La  Oranl  Andely  aod  Le  Ktil  Anddy,  the  ktiB 
silualed  on  tbe  Tight  bank  of  the  Seine,  tbe  hemcriboiit  half  unal* 
from  tfae  rrver.  Onnd  Andely,  fawided,  accnding  to  ttaditioD, 
_  the61bcentuty,  batacbutdi  (i]tb,  14th  and  istkcentuiiea) 
parts  of  wUcb  are  ol  fine  late  Gothic  and  RetuiMDre  arcbilec- 
"-  '     il  an  bi  tbe  Interior  bchide  beautiful  flained 

period.  Other  intoeKMg  buldinp  an  Ibe 
hUel  du  Grand  Cerf  dating  from  Che  itil  half  of  the  i6tb  century, 
and  the  chapel  of  Sainie-Qotilda,  ckat  by  a^Kiagwhfch,  owing 

10  its  supposed  bealfaig  powera.  k  tba  lAiject  of  a  pilgritnaci. 
Giand  Aadcly  has  a  statue  of  Micab  Ponadn  ■  nativa  ol  lb* 
place.    Petit  Anddy  sprang  up  al  tba  foot  ti  tba  emintDir  on 

CalBaid,  now  il  niin*,  bat  iMBKfly 

me  of  the  Kmngesi  fortrent*  in  Fnkta  (we  Fomncaxor  a>t> 

~     leciArr  and   Casnx).    It  wat  bidlt  bf  lUcbaid   CieW 

.km  at  the  end  of  the  1  rth  eencvry  to  protect  the  Noiman 

tier,  waa  ^rturad  by  tbe  French  fai  T904  and  paaed  finally 

tbefr  fntiiisiria  In  1449.     Tba  cbnidi  d  St  Satnou-  at 

t  And^  aha  dale*  (ram  tba  end  ot  tba  1 2tb  century. .  L(* 

Andely*  fa  the  leat  «t  a  tob-pnfect  Ud  of  a  UibuBal  <i  first 

'  'uliy  idNol;  it  eanic*  im  lilk 

a(  kalber,  oanaia  and  aasat- 

11  hu  trade  b  cattle,  grain,  floor,  Ac. 

IBi  BAOX,  a  village  ol  *0Wb.«atteni  Vrance,  tn  the  depart- 
eMD(Boacbe»dlHltl>l>M,itBi.N.Z.o4Ailt*byiotd.  Fo^. 
ge«}iii.  LcaBau.wbidilltbtmtddlaictsvuaiaaiBhinc 
•*»,  Is  now  almo*!  deserted.  Apart  braa  ■  Ikw  bibabitad 
dwelllnga,  it  conrists  o(  an  attembhce  ol  ndocd  towen,  falkn 
•alls  and  other  dfbris,  *bM  cover  llie  dop*  o(  a  blD  oawncd  by 
Se  remains  of  a  bnge  Chilean,  oncetb*  leat  of  a  KWNated  "ceuit 
of  love,"  The  ntnparU,  a  oiedieval  cbutdi,  the  dilteau,  paiV 
>te  to  tbe  1 1  Ih  centtuy,  and  raany  of  Ibe  d  weUb^a  an^ 


488 


LESBONAX— LESBOS 


la  cnat  ptrl,  boOoiKd  out  of  (ba  i>Ul«  tmUe  'Smauioe  on 
irikkb  Ibey  Mud.  Hen  and  time  maj'  be  lonnd  Whms  prauv- 
faig  cuvod  facidci  of  Rfnusucv  woi^nuulup.  ha  Bauz  ioM 
given  iu  nune  lo  tlie  nddiih  tod  (biujle)  wludi  is  (JcDlilul 
Id  (be  oelgbbouibood  ud  Itom  irtticb  ■!■""■"''"■  ii  ebuincd. 
Id  tbc  DiidtUe  i«i*  Lo  Bam  wu  the  KM  ol  »  pomiful  Imily 


« iDd  Diuphlni.    TlieiDflueDaaltbsi 
In  iTDVEim  decUoed  before  Uw  ponr  of  the  iuhhb  oi  adjod, 
to  whicb  ibey  abudoDcd  aaay  at  Ibelr  ftaKadaea.    Id  i6ji 
Ihc  dillcau  ud  tht  moipiifta  wen  dismaotled. 

LSmMAS,  of  Mytikne,  GnA  aofAlM  and  ibaatkUo, 
SouiialiKlJatkeliDKaf  AufuNna.  A(XoniiDgtoPhDtliia(<ii^H) 
be  was  tbe  aulbdr  of  (IxMeD  polilinl  ipeecbea,  o(  wbidb  two  are 
extaat,  a  bortalory  apcccb  -af  lor  the  itsFle  ol  Hucydidcs,  aod  a 
■peech  OB  Iba  Corialblaa  Wal.  Id  tb«  Gn(  he  exborla  the 
AtbeniaDi  tpiiut  the  Spaiuna,  io  ibc  uowd  (iha  ilile  of  vhlcb 
ttjnisleadlni)  (faioit  ihe  Tb^iaiu  (ediiioa  bjr  F.  Kiehr,  La- 
tcnatiii  puM  ntftntatj  Le^sig,  1907).    SoDie  SDlic  letteia  ant 

Tbc  Lx^mmx  deKjibcil  in  Suidu  u  the  witbgr  of  1  luic  number 

Mhcr  hind,  the  lulbor  nf  ■  iriHll  imiiK  Dul  ZjT^rir  on 
■nmniatlral  figuru  (ad.  Rudolf  MIUIb,  Lcipiig,  1900).  11  pcobaUy 

lisBOS  [Mytil«ne,  Turk.  UiiiJlu],  an  iiUnd  in  UuA^ein 
tea,  ofl  Uie  csaM  of  Uyiia,  N.  of  the  enlrana  of  tbe  Gulf  of 
Sn^Dai  foRBJQf  Ihe  main  pait  o[  a  unjak  Id  tbe  ardiipclaffo 
•tBtjn  of  EnrapeaB  Toikey.  II  ii  divided  into  ibree  diuridi, 
HftUmeor  Kattralii  te  E.,  Moiyvo  in  Ihe  N.,  and  CallonI  In  ibe 
W.  Since  (be  nUdle  tet  it  ba*  b«n  knovn  11  MyiUene,  from 
ihe  name  of  iU  principal  town.  Stnl»  esiieiated  the  drcum- 
fenim  of  Ibe  iiland  u  1  ids  stadia,  or  about  ijS  m.,  azid  Scylai 
recbmed  it  leviBlh  in  die  of  the  tilandi  of  tbe  Meditcnaneaa. 
^e  widtb  of  Ihe  channel  between  it  and  the  mainland  vuics 
fntoi  7  lo  10  m.  The  idud  it  roughly  triinguUr  in  shape;  tbe 
Ihm  poisu  are  Argennum  on  Ihe  N.E.,  Sigriun  (Sign)  on  the 
W.,  and  Malea  (Maiia)  on  ihe  S.E.  The  Euripui  Pycrhacui 
(CaSani)  ii  a  deep  gulf  on  the  vcsl  bdoecn  Sigriuin  and  Malta. 
J  thoush  nnqnUJnous  is  very  fertile,  Lesboi  being 
in  ancient  lima  lot  iu  iriBe,  dU  sad  gnin.  Homer 
nien  to  iu  wealth.  Iu  dud  praduci  aaw  it  olives,  whicb  also 
lorn  iu  psiitdpal  export  Soap,  ikini  and  valoaea  aie  alto 
opoiMl, asd nniki utdcMtlt are eUeoiinly bred.  Tfaataidine 
fidurr  ii  as  Impomnt  uade,  and  aalinMoy,  marble  and  coal 
are  lauDd  OB  tba  nlaad.  ThemfaceitninedaadmountaiDoui, 
Ibe  hicbHt  pant,  MooM  CHyoipuB  OUgm  Eliai)  betng  joSo  ft, 
IbeiriaBdhaaauftaDdfnapedDdicalaaitliqualws.  Tbc  raadt 
wwB  noiada  ia  lOg,  and  tban.it  tdegnphic  EDBunuiiicaiiDn  on 
tba  itla«d,  mod  ■«  (be  lainbad  by  cables  Tbe  pons  an  Sigii 
aad  Uytilciw.  The  GuU  id  Calked  apd  Hieia  or  OUnai  can 
oaiy  be  eoteml  by  reiwli «(  aauU  dnugbt. 

Tba  chief  Ion,  called  Hytilew^  Is  built  in  amphilbcatn  shape 

Iben  an  bow  14  masquca  aad  7  dnucbci,  tedudinc  •  otbediaL 
It  was  oiigiB^y  buHl  ob  u  kUnd  cbiic  M  the  eastsn  coast  of 
Lsbot,  and  aflcawardt  wben  (he  town  became  too  Laige  for  tbe 
Uand.  it  waa  joiaed  10  Leaboa  by  a  canieway.  and  the  aty  ipnad 
Bloofl  (fat  coafl-  llian  waa  a  harbour  00  eadk  aide  ol  the  sinall 
bland-  Hwfr*4T,  by  soDie  sunniicd  to  be  (he  northern  of  Ihcsc, 
VIS  Bot  iar  away,  ficsidea  the  five  dties  whidi  gave  (be  island 
the  aaocol  PeBIapolil  (Mytilene,  Metbynuia,  Aniitia,  Eiaut, 
Fynba).  then  waa  a  town  called  Aiisba,  dealioysd  by  an  earth- 
qnakc  in  the  lime  o(  Hcrodoiua.  Piofesior  Come  Ibioks  thai 
thiili  tbe  site  DOW  called  ralailustro,  N.E.  ol  CaUonL  Pynha 
lay  S.E.  of  Calloni.  and  is  now  alio  called  Pakikastto.  Aatiua 
waa  OD  tbe  N.  cocat  near  Sigti.  It  wasdealtcrjBl  by  Ihe  Romans 
iaiUBX.  Enauewtsalso  near  Sign  on  Ibe  S.  coasL  Uctbymna 
was  OB  tba  N.  coast,  on  tbe  vte  of  Molyva,  still  Ihe  i«and 
city  irf  tbaiilaBd.  The  name  Methymoa  b  derived  Ecorn  tbe  wine 
<Cr.  iiUu)  lor  which  it  wu  famous.  Conudeiable  remains  pi 
town  waUl  and  olbti  buildingt  an  Lo  be  teen  on  all  these 
aiMt.  ^C»J 


Hifar^.—Altboagh  the  poaltioD  of  Lctboa  seu  tba  old- 
cslahliibed  Inde-roule  lo  Ibe  Hellcipont  marks  it  out  at  an 
impoiljuit  liteevfa  in  pre-hittatic  days,  do  evidcoce  eo  the  eaily 
condiiioB  ol  Ihe  itUnd  Is  a>  yet  oblaiiuble,  tcyond  Ihe  Creek 
Imdition  which  rcpicscnted  it  at  the  time  of  the  TtajaD  War 
as  inbafHlcd  by  an  original  slock  of  Pela^  and  an  unojigraDt 
popuIatiOB  of  lonians.  In  biuoric  limes  it  was  peopled  by 
aa  "  AeoUaa  "  ncs  wbg  redumed  Bocoiia  as  their  mothcilaod 
■ad  claimed  to  have  mignied  about  lejo  B.C.;  iU  ptiaciial 
Doblea  tnued  their  pedigree  to  Orettet,  ton  of  A 
Lesbnt  waa  the  most  promiaent  of  Amlito  si 
indeed  idayed  a  large  port  in  the  early  devdapment  of  Ijreek 
life,  lit  commerdal  activity  it  altesled  by  leveral  colonies  la 
Thrace  and  ibe  Tmad,  aod  by  the  panidpalioo  of  iU  (ladeii  la 
the  setilfnwBt  of  Nauctatis  in  EenH;  heace  alw  Ihe  lawn  of 
Mytilene,  by  virtue  of  iU  good  harbour,  becune  tbe  political 
capita]  of  Ihe  island.  Tbe  climax  of  its  pfoifterity  was  reached 
about  6Doa.c.,  when  a  dlizcD  naaicd  fillAcya  was  appointed  as 
aaymmla  (dictator)  lo  adjust  the  balance  betwcca  Che^nFcniiDg 
nobility  and  tbe  inwugent  conmoaa  aad  by  Ua  wise  admiaitUa- 
lion  and  Icgiskiion  won  a  place  among  the  Sevta  Sagei  o(  Greece. 
These  yean  alio  conatitate  the  golden  age  of  Letluan  culture. 
Hie  tyiic  poetry  of  Greece,  which  owed  much  to  two  ^■*fH*PT 
of  the  7lh  century,  the  musidaaTefpaBderandthedill^rambist 

Pitianu'  coolemponrid  Alcuut  and  Sappbo.  Ia  the  6th 
century  the  importance  of  the  iiknd  declined,  partly  thiou^ 
a  protracted  and  unsuccesiful  itruggle  with  Alheas  for  the 
postcssion  of  Sigcum  near  (he  Hellespont,  partly  through  a 
crushing  naval  defeat  inHicted  by  Polyoates  of  Samoa  (about 
SJa)  The  Lcsbiani  leadily  submitled  to  Pcnia  after  [he  fall  of 
Cioenis  of  Lydia,  and  aflbough  btlied  of  their  lyiuit  CoCs,  a 
Persian  pm^,  drove  them  10  take  put  in  Ihe  lornicrcvvll  (499- 
4^j),  (hey  made  little  use  of  their  luge  navy  and  displayed  poor 
spirit  at  (he  decisive  battle  of  Lade.  In  the  jih  century  Lobos 
for  a  long  linw  remained  a  privileged  men^KT  of  the  Indian 
League  (v.* ).  with  full  rights  of  idf-administration,  and  under 
Ihe  sole  obligation  of  assisting  Athens  with  naval  contingents 
Nevefthclcss  al  the  begiruung  of  tbe  FdopoBnesian  War  tbe 
ruling  oligaithy  of  Mytilene  fotod  on  aievoll,  wbidi  was  ended 
alicra  iwo  yurt' siege  of  thai  tows  (419-417)-  Tbc  Athenian^ 
who  had  intended  10  punish  the  nbcls  by  a  wholoale  execution, 
contented  themsdvea  with  lulling  the  ringleaders,  con£icating 
tbe  land  and  establishing  a  ganisoa.  In  the  later  yean  of  tbe 
war  Lcsboa  waa  repeatedly  attacked  by  the  PeU^tOflnesians, 
aod  in  4Df  Ibe  haiteur  of  Mytilene  was  Ibe  scene  of  a  hutle 
between  (be  adourals  Callictaildaa  and  Coaon-  In  ^Bq  most  of 
tba  island  was  recovered  for  Ihe  Athenians  by  Tbrasybulus) 
inj77  it  joined  theSecondDelian  League,  and  remained  through- 
out a  loyal  member,  although  in  the  second  half  of  tbe  century 
(he  dominant  democracy  was  for  a  while  supplanled  by  a  tyranny, 
in  3M  Lesbos  served  as  ■  base  for  Ihe  Pcniaa  admiral  UcnuwB 
tgaiost  AlexaDdcr  the  Creai-  Dudof  iheThitd  hIacedoniaDWar 
(he  t^^i^M  ijdal  with  Pcneus  against  Rome;  similady  ia  BS 
they  t**"-*™*  eagej  allies  of  Alithradates  VL  of  Pontus,  and 
Uylileae  stood  a  protracted  siege  on  his  bdialL  Hiia  Iowd» 
oevenbeleot,  was  raised  by  Pompey  to  the  status  of  a  free  com- 

of  Mylileoe. 

Ol  Ihe  other  towna  on  the  itbad,  Antbia,  EteMt  aad  Pyni» 
potiast  no  separate  hiUoiy.  Metbyniu  in  tbe  jtb  and  4ih 
ccnturia  tometimc*  figures  aa  a  rival  af  Mytilene,  with  an 
independent  policy.  Aaiong  Ihe  dittlngulsbed  Lesbians,  in 
addltSon  lo  those  dted,  may  be  mentioned  the  cyclic  poel 
Lescbes,  (be  bistotian  HetUnicvs  and  the  pbilosopheis  Thco- 
phrastus  artd  Cratippus. 

Daring  Ihe  Byiantlne  age  the  island,  which  now  assumes  tbe 
name  of  Mytilene,  continued  to  flourish.  In  1091  it  fell  (or  a 
while  into  (he  hands  of  the  Scljuks,  and  in  (he  following  century 
was  repeatedly  occupied  by  the  Venetians.  In  |j>4  it  was 
recovered  by  the  Byzantine  emperors,  who  in  i^$4  gave  it  at  a 
dow^  lo  (be  Gcnoeae  family  GatlUusio-    After  prospering  uadci 


LESCWES— LESGHIANS 


(Mr  admhiilnrtdii  MytflnM  pui«d  in  1461  EDdb-  Turkiik 
<onlnil,  and  hu  lioce  bad  in  uiuvtnifu!  hlMDcy.    Tbe  pnn 
populuka  it  4baat  iio,a»  of  whom  ij.cns  m  Tuiki  1 
Uodtmi  and  tiT,eeo  Cnda. 

See  Stnbv  lai.  pp.  tiT-tiq:  Hendwiii  ii.  178,  iii.  ]«,  vl.  s. 
TlHKydiilei    iii.   a-u:  XeoopbDn.    UtUtmiH,  i..   ill   S.    Ph..., 
£uM>uriut  LIta  (Bcdin,  1I2I);  C.  T.  Ncwiun,  rnmb  sW  Z>u- 
mn«liiltt(iB««"— '—■"-'""  "--^   '■ 
KWocd.  1M7).  pp. 
HiBorKij/  /»"-;»«". 


4iS9 


-M7).  pp.  ^7-4M:  E.  L  Hlclo  and  C.  F.  f- 
/nioTKiimi  iOifonJ,  loai),  Nat  61.  94.  loi.  130,  164; 

•V  I..WM  (BeflLn.  1890),  (M.O.  B.  C.) 

USCHES  (Lncbeos  in  Ptuuniu  j.  15.  5),  Ibe  npuEcd 
authy  of  Lhe  XjIUc  Iliad  ^'Dnit  lui^),  one  (i(  the  "  cyclic  " 
poems.  According  to  the  uiualLy  accepted  (rLditian^  be  was 
a  nat[vo  of  PyFiha  in  Labosj  and  flouruhed  about  660  v.c 
(olhcn  place  him  about.  Jo  yens  eaillcc).  TIk  LMlt  Iliad  look 
up  lhe  ilory  of  tbe  Hoinetic  Iliad,  and,  bcgimung  with  the 
conlat  between  Ajai  and  Odyueui  (at  tbe  aimi  of  Achilla, 
«medit  down  toihefallofTroy  (Aristotle,  i'i>c(iia,jj).  Accotd- 
iet  to  the  epitome  in  the  Ckmlamalliy  qI  Pioclib,  il  ended  «ilb 
the  admissioQ  of  the  wooden  hone  within  the  walls  of  the  city. 
Some  ancient  authorities  ascribe  tbe  woik  to  a  Lacedaemonian 
named  Qnatthon,  and  even  to  Homer. 

'   Sic  F.  G.  Wclclifr.  Bit  tpiulH  Cydiu  (itbi-iKi);  Muner  and 
DoiuUm.  Hia.  tJCtttk  Limtmi.X  cb.  i;  C.  R  Bode,  duMiUi 


left  at  tbe  age 
cavalij  ia  (he 

xegimenl  dc  RoyatPifmont,  but  beisf  opposed  to  the  ideas 
of  Ibe  Bcvolulkin  be  nniftated  in  17911  be  Knn,  bowtver, 
Rtsned  ID  Fi*>fG,  and  on  the  loth  <d  Augow  i;oi  toidi  part 
b  tbe  defence  of  the  Tuileries  b^rH  the  mob  of  Paris.  Tbe 
day  after,  be  was  forced  to  leave  Fans,  and  look  rciuge  in  tbe 
chlictu  of  CUsion  near  Bteswiie.  On  tbe  ouibreak  of  the 
levolt  of  Veod^  afainit  lhe  Rcpuhlic,  be  «u  iiTesIcd  and 
Imprisoned  with  all  bil  family,  ai  one  of  lhe  pnunolen  of  tbe 
riaing.  He  was  Kt  at  libcny  by  the  RoyilittB,  and  became 
one  of  thcii  leaders,  fighting  at  Thouais,  taking  Fontenay  and 
Sanmur  (May-June  170^)1  and,  after  an  onsiiccessful  ^tack 
OB  Nantes,  joining  H.  da  Vetget  de  la  Rochejiquekin,  another 
lamout  Vendean  leader.  Their  peasant  tmopt,  opposed  to 
the  lepublican  general  F.  J.  Weuermann,  tuatained  various 
defeats,  hut  finally  gained  a  victory  between  Tiffauges  and 
Cbolet  on  the  i«th  of  September  174].  Tbe  itiuggle  was  then 
eontcntrated  nniod  ChatiDon,  which  wu  time  *[ier  lime  taken 
ud  loU  by  tbe  Kepublicani.  Locur  wai  killed  on  tbe  islh 
af  October  i7pj  near  the  chltciu  of  La  Tremblaye  between 
Einle  and  Fougbea. 

See  Marqiiiie  dr  la  SodKuqueiein  (Lewuie'i  widow,  who  afler- 
wardl  manW  La  RiEhciaquelein].  Utmmrti  (Paris,  tai?)!  JullicB 
de  Couccenn.  DUIimiaSH  da  (fitA-ou /re.^U,  loine  vli.  rnai]^ 
T.  Mum.  Hiibiin  its  t^crrtl  it  Cavia  (Paria.  1S4SJ ;  and  J.  A.  M. 


Coiutable  of  France,  was  bora  at  Saint.Bonnct  de  Champaai 
on  lhe  isl  of  AprQ  ist],  d  a  family  of  notiries  with  ptKcniiont 
to  nobility.  He  wia  eduated  at  Avignon  under  a  Ftotestanl 
tnloi.  and  bad  begsn  the  (tudy  of  taw  in  Fans  when  he  enlisted 
■B  an  anber.  He  served  under  the  Uentenantrseneral  ol  hi* 
native  province  of  Dauphin^,  Bertrand  de  Simiane,  baron  de 
Cordet,  hut  when  tbe  Huguenoti  raised  iroopi  in  OauphinC 
Letdiglliirei  threw  in  hii  lot  with  them,  and  under  hij  klounan 
iintoine  Ramband  de  Furmeyer,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1570, 
diillnguished  htmselt  in  tbe  mountain  warfare  that  folkiwed 
by  his  bold  yet  prudent  huuIliDg  of  ttoofw.  He  fou^l  at  Jamac 
and  Moncontour,  and  was  a  goett  al  the  wedding  of  Heniy  IV, 
«(  Navarre.  Warned  of  the  Impending  mauacre  he  retb'ed 
Initlly  to  DaupUni,  when  he  secretly  equipped  and  drilled 
•  determined  body  ol  Huguenots,  and  in  1575,  after  the  oecution 
«l  Uoatbrun,  became  the  acknowledfcd  leader  of  the  Huguenot 


and  by  Henry  of  Navam-ln  iiBi.    Hi  arfaed  Gap  by  a  hcky 

night  aiiaek  DD  the  jrd  of  Janoary  isJ7    ""'    '    ' 

icfonned  rcUgiBir  (here,  and  fortified  the  le .  _. 

acquiesce  in  lhe  treaty  of  Foitfeia  (ijjS)  whkh  in 
•vrrtnda  of  Cap,  and  after  two  jrean  of  hghting  *ec 
temt  foe  the  pTDviace.  NcvenbekMia  islohc  vi 
to  hand  the  place  over  to  Uqvnae  and  to  ace  the : 
Httogkopaim^Ioc  Hevy  IV.in  ijfl 


goveinor  of  PiDVeDce  agiinl  the  nida  ef  Charle*  Emmuael  t 
of  Savoy.  He  defeated  the  Savoyardt  at  EipunB  In  Apd 
ijOT.  and  in  iiQi  be|^  the  nconqoest  oi  Ibe  m 


lia  defeat  d  tl 


:  E^ianilb  alUea  of  Savoy  at  Sakbertiai 


occupied  in  maintaining  lhe  royal  authority  agunt  Cpcnn 
in  Provence.  Tbe  war  with  Savoy  proceeded  fnleraiitteBtly 
until  iBoi,  when  Hcniy  IV.  concluded  peace,  much  to  the 
d  issatisf  action  of  Lodiguijies.  The  king  re^rdcd  Us  lieutenant  "i 
domination  in  Dauphint  with  Beme  distrust,  althougfa  be  wai 
counted  among  the  best  of  his  captains.  Nevertheless  he  made 
him  a  Rimhal  of  France  in  1609,  and  ensured  the  succn^n 
to  the  lieutenant-generalship  of  DauphinE,  vested  In  Lesdiguijres 
since  isg7,  to  bis  son-in-Uw  Charles  de  CrftiLy.  Sinceiely 
devoted  id  the  throne,  Lesdiguliics  took  no  part  in  the  intrigues 
which  disturbed  the  minority  of  Louis  XIII.,  and  bemodcraled 
the  political  claims  made  by  bis  c«-rcligioni(tj  uodcr  the  terms 
of  the  Edict  oI  Nantes.  After  (he  death  of  his  first  wife,  tnaudiae 
de  Bfitnger,  be  mirricd  tbe  widow  at  Enncmond  Maid,  a 
Grenoble  ihciikeepcr,  who  was  murdered  In  1617.  Lesdiguiftta 
was  then  7J,  and  Ihi^  lady,  Marie  Vignon,  had  long  been  hi* 
mistress.  He  bad  two  diughteis,  one  of  whom,  Fnncoiic, 
married  Charles  de  Cr^uy.  In  ifiii  he  formally  abjuicd  the 
Protestant  bilh,  bis  conversion  bdngparily  due  to  the  influence 
of  Marie  Vignoo.  He  was  Blttady  a  duke  and  peer  ol  France; 
he  now  became  constable  ol  France,  and  received  the  order  ol 
the  Saint  Esprit.  He  had  long  since  tost  the  confidence  of  the 
Huguenots,  but  he  nevertheless  helped  the  Vaudois  against 
the  duLe  oF  Savoy.    LcHtiguiiiet  had  the  ({uatities  of  a  great 

Dauphin*,  Provence  and  Savoy.    He  had  almoM  unvarying 

:ccss  through  uily  yean  of  fighting.     His  last  campaign, 

foughl  in  alllmce  with  Savoy  (0  drive  the  Spaniards  from  Ibe 

Vaticllinc,  was  the  tessl  successful  of  his  enterprises.    He  died 

:  Valence  on  the  list  of  September  1626. 

of  the  Huguenot  captain  has  been  wrillen  In  detail  by 

0>.  Duruyud,  U  CtmUuble -It  liiiiniint  (Paris,  iBgi).   Mis  firrt 

I.: 1. t.,.  __ —  i„i.  vi^ti_  Uuuif,  di  la  m  ■ 

Much  of  his  official  CO 

...._ ...s  life,  is  contained  In." 

e«»fu(fc  dt  Uiditfitra,  ndlcd  by  C 
in  in  DacamtMi  h'llinnn  inMiK  tvnr  . 
_  .    ._...«  il  DaMfMaf  (Grcinble.  iBiS),  Other  Icllen  are  in  Ih 
Itam  It  BitaiHRi  (i>aris,  ibt?)  of  DnidoHia-Monay. 

IIANt,  or  Lescbu  (from  the  Persian  Libi,  calltd 
Leki  by  the  Cnidans  or  Cetngians,  Armenians  sad  Osaelet), 
collective  name  for  a  number  of  ttibesol  ihc  canem  Cancasus. 
I,  with  theii  kinsfolk  the  Chechcnics,  have  inhabited 
Dighestan  from  lime  immemorial.  They  spread  southward 
into  the  Transcaucasfan  circles  Knha,  Shemakha,  Nukha  and 
Sakitaly.  They  are  mentioned  as  Mxti  by  Stnbo  and  Plutarch 
'  ig  with  tbe  rfXw  (perhaps  the  modem  Gilgii,  a  Chechcniian 
*    *   '  le  occurs  fiequenlly  in  (be  chronicles  of 


iiabtc  sketch  of  his  Ule.  is  contained  la  .4cMi 


ribc),  a 


Moiet  of  Chorene  mentions  a  battle  in  the  reign  of  the  Arm 
king  B»ba  (a.o.  j7o-j77).  in  which  Shagir,  king  of  Iti  ■  ' 
was  slain.  The  most  Important  of  the  Lesghian  trit 
AYan{g...l.theK.  -     ■■■  - 


"f^T)^" 


LEfilNA— LESLEY,  J. 


Hubs 


o  d  the 


KuriniorLoBhiuspniptT.     __. 

si  ih«  uiba  u  nicriy«vi«i,  all  speiting  dinucl  dulocu. 
D«pilt  Ibis,  Ihe  Leghlui  pwplti,  •nth  lit  « 
Udi  ind  KutmlKhi,  aw  hcLd  to  be  eHmioOly 
Loghius  •II  not  muaUy  lo  good-lociliig  ■»  tb«  Lucaiiimn  or 
the  Chechenw.  They  as  nil,  pgwt.Mly  buill,  ud  lfcd> 
byblid  doccnt  Is  lugBatHl  by  the  nngo  d1  artouring.  ton  ol 
the  irlbefl  exhibhjng  qidtc  fiUr,  oilien  quite  d*Hc,  bidlviduab- 
AnODE  nme  there  n  an  obvious  moDp>1oid  itnin.  la  <Hspofi- 
lioD  Iher  ufl  inteUi^nt,  hold  and  pcmKlenC,  and  capable  of 
[Kkksl  hravelT,  »•  ""  pmved  in  tbeir  stnigglo  lo  miinuln 
thtit  lodependeoce.  They  are  capable  ol  enduring  greal  physlci! 
liitijue.  They  lire  a  iemJ-SBva(e  life  on  their  mounlain  ilopel, 
lor  the  nut  part  living  by  hunting  andilcck-breeding.  Little 
•flrkuiluit  is  poKlble.  Thdr  ludiBliies  are  mainly  mtdcled 
to  Bnilh-inirk  and  oillety  and  Ihe  making  of  fdi  cloiki,  and 
tlie  women  weave  erccUeat  thawb.  ■  They  arc  for  the  moat  part 
faaaticnJ  Mahonmedaat, 

Sea  Moriti  Wapwc,  Silumyl  (Lciptit-  ■•S4);  vat  Sekniti. 
"  Ethnofraphk  dcs  KanlUHu."  la  PrUrmam's  uiurilnnta  (>Mo); 
£mt«  Chanm,  Xrcjbcn^  tntktopcUli^uti  dam  la  Catiiaht  (Lyon. 
1S8S-1S87);  J.  de  Morgan,  Jt«**r£*«  inr  hi  miiKi  J«  ^jfci  in 
Ciwnit  (Fint,  18»J). 

LESIHA  (Scrbo-Crmllan,  ItKt),  an  Island  In  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  loiming  part  ol  Dalmatia,  Auilcia.  Lesina  lies  between  the 
iiliinds  of  Draui  on  the  oorlh  and  Cuciola  on  the  south;  and 
ii  divided  from  the  peninsula  of  Sabbioncello  by  the  ^'I^e^la 
channel.  Itilenslh  is.41  m.;  its  greatest  breadth  lea  than  4  m. 
It  has  a  Bleep  rocky  coast  wiih  a  chain  of  thinly  wooded 
limeslooE  hills,  l^e  cliniale  is  mild,  and  not  only  the  glape  and 
olive,  but  dales,  Rffi  and  the  canb  or  locusl-bcan  Houiish. 
The  cultivation  of  these  fruits,  boatbuilding,  fishing  and  the 
prejaralioil  of  rojenury  essence  and  liqueurs  are  the  principal 
resources  ol  the  isbnd 
{SUripaiti  are  the  prinf 
tiv.ly2.38and31.oinl 
■n  aneniit,  an  observali 
ol  the  i6lh  century,    ll 


OS  and  seaports^  having  n 
Lesina,  the  capital,  (9i 
lomc  interesting  old  buildings 


lisu.  and  some  smaU  neighbouring  islands. .  Pop.  (1900)  of  isbnd 
18,041,  of  district  >7,q  j3. 

To  the  piimiiivc  "  lUyrha"  race,  who«  stone  ciin  and  bronjt 
Implements  have  been  disinterred  from  barrows  near  Ihc  capital, 
may  perhaps  be  attributed  the  "  Cyclopean  "  walls  at  Cilta- 
vcahia.  About  jg5  B.C.,  ■  Creek  colony  ftan  Faros  built  a  city 
on  the  site  of  the  present  Lesina,  naming  it  Parat  or  fltares. 
The  forms  Wero,  Pharia  (common  among  Latin  miters),  and 
Pilyda,  aliq' occur.  In  219  B^  Ihe  blsnd  was  bctcaycd  to  ihi 
KomanB  by  Demetrius,  lieutenant  ol  Ihc  lUyrian  queen  Teuia 
but  Id  119,  a*  Demetrius  proved  false  to  Rome  also,  his  capital 
was  rand  by  Lucius  Acmilius  PnuUus.  Ncet  Plaiai,  exm 
Cittaveccbia,  took  its  place,  and  flourished  imtH  the  6th  cenliuy, 
when  Ihe  Island  was  laid  waste  by  barbariui  invaders.  Con- 
Stantlne  Porphyroscnilits  mentions  Usina  as  a  colony  of  pagaa 
Slavs,  in  the  lotb  century.  Throughout  the  nuddlg  ago  it 
remained  a  purely  Slavonic  cammunity;  and  its  Dame,  which 
•ppearsiaolddocumenlsas^ru,  Lunaor /.yejcjvo,"  woodrd  " 
is  ilmon  certainty  derived  from  the  Slavonic  tyti,  "  ioicst,"  not 
fntn  the  Italian  lama,  "an  awl."  But  ilic  old  tonn  Thuia 
Dcruitcd.  as  Far  or  Zfaiir,  ivith  the  curious  result  that  the  modem 
Serbo-Croatian  name  is  Creek,  and  the  modem  Italian  name 
Slavonic  ill  oilgiii.  Lesina  buame  a  bishopric  in  1 14J,  and 
receii-ed  a  charter  from  Venice  in  1J31.  It  was  sacked  by  the 
enemies  ol  Venice  in  1354  and  ijiS;  ceded  to  Hungary  in  the 
same  year;  held  by  Ragusa  from  1413  la  1416;  and  iacorpotated 
in  the  Vertclian  dominions  in  14.0.  During  the  rAthcetLtuiv 
Lesiai  city  had  d  considciable  loariLime  trade,  and,  Ihou^ 
sacked  and  panJy  burned  by  the  Turks  m  15;),  it  remained 
the  chief  naval  station  ol  Venice,  in  these  waters,  until  1776, 
when  it  was  supeciedcd  by  Cunola.  Passing  to  Auitriain 
•nd  to  Fiance  In  iSoj,  it  with^iood  a  Sussian  attack  in 


ndcnd  hf  theFicndifB  iBlj,  ud  fisdlyu 


iainiSis. 


LESION  (thiou^  Fc  From  Lat.  tatsis.  injii 
I  injury,  hurl,  damage.  In  ScoU  law  1 
dnnrage  suffered  by  a  party  In  «  cenctaet 
0  bring  an  action  for  setting  it  aside, 
use,  the  word  is  appb'ed  (o  any  moiuu]  Change  u 
uni  of  an  ottn,  whether  shown  by  visible  changes 


,  lic^e^  to  kurt), 

LfGdcBt  to  enable 
In  pDtbology,  the 


LES80VATS  {LcsKOTATi  or  LtaKOvnc),  *  town  In  Serrfa, 
:tween  Nish  and  Vranya,  on  the  railway  line  from  KIsh  la 
Jonica.     Pop.  (1901)  ij,>o7.    It  is  the  hcadquai 


uslry,  t 


re  plair 


which  tl 


ind  hemp  in  all  the  Balkan  peninsula. 
The  plain  is  not  only  the  moil  Fertile  portion  oF  Seivia,  hut  also 
~     '  ~  '    ited.     Besides  flu  and  hemp,  excellent  tobacco 

is  grown.  Hve  valleys  conve>Be  on  the  plain  from  dlHerenl 
directions,  and  the  inhabitants  oF  the  villages  In  these  Vslleyl 
are  all  occupied  in  growing  llai  and  hemp,  which  tbey  send  10 
Leskovats  ta  be  stored  or  manufactured  Into  ropes.  Aftir 
Belgrade  and  Nish,  Leskovata  b  the  most  prosperous  town  Id 
Servia. 

LSLR,  JOBM  (t5i7-i59t)<  Scottish  bishop  an4  Mstortan, 
was  bom.  In  isn.  His  father  was  Gavin  Lesley,  rcnoi  el 
Kingussie.  He  was  educated  at  the  univenity  at  Aberdeen, 
irticrc  he  took  the  degree  at  1I.A.  In  153a  be  (4)ta)Iied  a  dis- 
peimllllnE  him  to  hold  a  bendke.  notwitlutaBdlDg 


his  be 


injun. 


iS*(ihe 


»lyte 


Ibe  cathedral  church  oF  Aberdeen,  of  which  he  was  afleiwinb 
appointed  a  canon  and  prebcnduy.  He  also  studied  at  Poitiers 
at  ToDkiuse  and  at  Paris,  where  he  was  made  doctor  of  lavi 
In  i;53.  In  1558  he  took  ordn  and  was  apqidnied  Official 
of  Aberdeen,  and  inducted  into  the  paisonase  and  prebend  of 
Oyne.  At  the  Reformaiini  Lesley  becaue  a  chamirion  of 
CathoUdsm.  He  was  pnsent  at  the  disputation  held  ia  Edin- 
burgh hi  is6r,  when  Knox  and  WiUoi  were  his  antagonistB. 
Ha  wu  one  of  (he  commliaionen  lent  the  aaine  year  lo  bring 
over  the  young  Queen  Maiy  to  laks  Ihe  govanmenl  «f 
ScotlaniL  He  relumed  in  her  tialn,  and  «u  vpciuted  ■ 
privy  couDcillor  and  professor  of  canon  bw  in  King's  College, 
Aberdeen,  and  in  >;6!  we  of  the  sc 
jiislk&  Shortly  alterwarda  hi 
■nd  fai  r5il5  bishop  of  Koia,  the  dsXion  t 
Donfirnied  in  the  following  year.  He  was  on 
eommiilicsien  appi^led  to  revbe  the  lews  of  Sontland,  and  Iht 
Toiumeof  the  Jitiidrd  Catutilnlinli  ef  UU  Salmt  af  Sceiaii 
Imown  as  the  Black  Acta  was,  chiefly  owing  (o  his  care,  priniied 
ini;66. 

The  bishop  was  one  of  the  most  steadfast  Iricndi  of  Queen  Maiy. 
Af  [er  the  lallure  oF  the  royal  enuje.  and  whHst  Maiy  was  a  captive 
InEngland,  Lesley  (who  had  gone  to  her  at  Bolton!  continued  lo 
eicit  himuIF  on  her  behalf.  He  was  one  of  Iheccormissioners 
at  the  conference  at  York  in  is6S.  He  appeaml  as  her 
ambassador  at  the  court  of  Elimbtth  id  complain  ol  the  iOJiBlice 
done  to  hn,  and  lAea  he  found  he  was  not  lisieaed  to  be  laid 
plans  frw  her  ratajie^  He  also  projected  a  marriage  for  her  with 
Ihe  duke  oF  N«f oik,  which  ended  in  iheeuctition  oF  that  noble- 
man. For  this  he  was  put  under  the  chaise  oF  the  btshsp  of 
London,  and  then  of  ihc  bishop  of  Ely  (in  Holbon),  and  afief- 
wardi  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  el  London.  During  his  coaline- 
Jncnt  he  collected  materials  for  his  history  oF  Scotland,  by  which 
bis  name  is  now  chiefly  known.  In  1571  he  presented  t^  lattct 
portion  oF  this  work,  written  in  Scots,  to  Queen  Klary  to  amuie 
her  in  her  captivity.  He  also  wrote  lor  her  lue  Us  Pin  Cnni'd- 
lianD,  and  the  queen  devoted  some  (d  the  hours  of  htt captivity 
to  tianslating  a  portion  of  it  into  French  vene. 

Id  IS73  he  was  liboiled  from  prison,  but  wtl  banished  from 
England.  For  two  years  be  itutnpied  unsuMesifuIly  to  obtaia 
the  assistuco  ol  Continental  piineea  in  favour  ol  Queen  Uary. 
While  at  Kone  in  1 578  he  published  his  Latin  hiitoiy  i)e  OrifiM, 
ilcriiui,  tl  RAai  CesHi  SaMmm.  In  1379  be  vent  to  Fmnce, 
sod  was  made  auflmgan  and  vii>t-geiienl  of  Ibe  tnklnaiKiiuit 


JCSa-EY,  J.  p.— LESLIE,  C.  H. 


<f  Santa.  WUfatvU^lihdibcae,  howtm,  hewM  thnnra 
iota  pnioo,  ud  had  to  pay  3000  piuok*  lo  prevent  hii  bdng 
liv«D  up  CO  Eliabctli.  During  tba  remainder  of  iIk  itign  a( 
Uoujr  UL  h«  iivtd  unsMlated,  but  on  Uk  mtsian  ol  the 
PntaUat  Bear/  IV.  be  isun  lell  into  tnubk.  In  1590  be 
vfti  Uirown  iuo  pmon,  uid  hid  to  purcbuE  hia  £mdom  nt  the 
Mme  expcoK  ai  bdim.    In  i^gj  be  wti  node  bohop  of  Cout- 

Em  tiU  he  ihouJd  Dbuin  pea 
He  letind  to  en  Auguatiniaa 
died  on  the  jist  of  May  1596. 

ThediKtvndiof  Lt^anufonawiijI  Drfimt  tf  Ai Hnorn 
of.  .,  Itatit.  Qiccju  ol  Sialiajii,  i}  EmuUmi  DutatliiU  (London. 
Ute),  reprinted,  with  allcntiant.  u  Utrn  in  IJ71.  under  tbe  title. 
XTfUlia  OKUniitr  llit  Dtfnui  cf  On  R<nai.T  <4  Uaiu.  Quint  0] 
Saliatii,  hhA  In  iinrtm  FkHiptu.  Bachtltr  d/  DmiiSie,  Pitt 

Sitiitiia.iiuritaitlrtbufiluSc^>r»Mlitriiatm  (Ksme.  1378! 
i^iuund  ifiTS):  Di  ifkuJiinn/nnijuriMi  u  rrpuUiia  aimu-ulnniU 
atlktrriltiu  lAiUia  (Reimi.  15S0;  ■  L^tin  vrnian  el  a  tract  on 
,'"]^e  Lavtulnm  Df  the  It»bnen  e(  Women";  d.  Knoi'i 
panphlet) ;  Dc  tilmit  ■(  nrt  ironae  Sal.  Ktf  V  "tM  A%^i 
SBW^HHM  nbi  jiau  nuduol  (Relma.  15801  irenikBedhi  ijOi). 
The  hisory  ol  Smtland  Iiom  1436  tO  1561  a*ca  nuich,  la  iu  carUci 
chapte™,  to  the  icrcHiiit  .of  Heetoe  Boec*  (g.t.)  and  John  Major  [q.vX 
tfaouffh  no  nnah  pnnion  at  the  toonffraphial  natter  1*  nnt-hand- 
In  iIh  later  Kctnii  he  elvea  an  ina^wideM  acenint  (lion  the 
Catholic  point  d(  vic#J  whjdiiaAv^t*ble  AipfdeiaenEandaei)nec> 
tive  la  ouny  detailL  to  the  worka  of  fivehanan  and  Knox.  A  Scoti 
veraionol  the  hinnry  w»t  wriiirn  in  i«6liy  Jame*  Dalrvmple  o( 
the  Scntfiih  Ckrisirr  at  RpvRiBfaiiTv.  It  hafl  been  printed  for  the 
ScDttiiii  Text  SiriFty  (I  Tiik,  ia8i-tBqs>.undef  the  cditonhip  al 
the  Rev.  E.  G.  Cody.  OS.B.  A  ilifbt  iketrh  by  Letler  oC  Scaiiih 
hSatory  (rom  1S6»  to  ISJl  h«>  been  translated  try  Forbe^Lolh  in 
bit  Narraln,  ffStcUidi  d^lUui  (iSSj).  [ram  the  oniinal  MS.  now 

LEStET.  J.  PBTBB  (1819-1903),  Anetkan  gtolo^'st,  wu  boin 

in  PhDadctphia  on  the  i  jtb  of  Septenbnc  1819.  It  ia  lecotdcd  by 
Sr  A.  Geikie  thai  "  He  was  chrislencd  Pcler  after  bit  fjtbct 
uid  pandlathef ,  and  at  fiiat  wrote  hi>  name  '  Peter  Lesley,  Jt.,' 
but  dislilLing  tbe  Cbiislian  appeDalion  that  b4d  been  given  la 
him,  he  evcntuaJly  transfDimed  liis  signature  by  putting  the  J. 
ol'  junior 'at  the  beginning."  He  wu educated  [orlberainistiy 
at  tbe  uiuvenity  o(  Pennsylvania,  where  he  graduated  in  1S3S; 
but  the  eHecli  ol  dose  study  hiving  told  upon  hit  health,  he 
lerved  for  a  time  as  sub-assistant  oa  the  first  gcoloEJCil  survey 
of  Pennsylvani*  under  Proftswr  H.  D.  Rogers,  and  his  after- 
wards engaged  in  a  special  eiaminalion  ol  the  toal  regions. 
Od  the  termination  of  the  survey  in  iS^i  be  enlered  Princeton 
seminary  aJid  renewed  his  theological  studies,  at  the  same  time 
^ving  ^  leisure  time  10  assist  Professor  Sogen  in  preparing 
the  final  report  and  map  of  Pcniuylvanji.  He  was  licensed  lo 
preach  in  1S441  he  then  paid  a  visit  to  Europe  and  entered  on  a 
short' course  of  study  at  Iheomveisity  of  Halle.  Reluming  to 
Ainetiei  be  wotted  during  two  yean  for  the  American  Tract 
Society,  and  at  tbe  close  of  1S4;  he  joined  FrQlessot  Bogccs 
ngaiD  Id  preparing  geological  maps  and  sections  at  Boston,  lie 
then  accepted  the  pastorate  of  the  Congregational  ehuich  at 
Milton,  a  suburb  of  Boston,  wllcte  he  lemaincd  until  1851,  when, 
hi)  views  having  become  Unitarian,  he  abandoned  the  minislty 
tad  entered  into  practice  as  a  consulting  geologist.  In  the  course 
of  his  wort  he  made  elaborate  surveys  ol  the  Cape  Breton  coal- 
field, and  ol  oiha  coal  aod  icon  regions.  Froin  iBjj  lo  1859 
be  was  secretary  ol  the  American  Iron  Association;  [or  Iwcnly- 
seven  years  (iSjS-iSdj)  be  was  secretary  and  librarian  ol  the 
Amcricaa  Philosophical  Society;  from  iSu  to  iS;8  he  was 
professor  ol  geology  and  dean  of  the  luulty  ol  science  in  tbe 
university  ol  Penn^lvania,  uidlrom  iSm-i8iu  be  was  iu  cUtee 
ol  the  second  gcolosical  auivey  of  the  state.    He  thci 


J)  MUloa 


>n  the  ist  of  Jon 


m.    He 


"moir  by  Sir  Alt^kie  in  QuaH.  ./rwn.CM.  See.  (May 
noir  (with  poitnit!  by^.  "   '  .--■■-- 

init.  and  ■/lemrdt  in  ibri 


i/taiMt  a^iun,  wiv.  (1904)  p.  jlt. 


.  1),  Anglican  nonJittJBfl  dMo^ 
Kinol  JobaLeiUe  (isji-iA7i),biib(ip  ol  Raphoe  and  (f tervarda 
oi  Clogher,  wu  b«a  in  Joly  i6]o  in  I>ubUn,  and  was  educated 
at  Emuiiuaa  ichocl  and  Trinity  College,  Dubiis.  -Going  to 
England  he  read  law  for  a  time,  but  •oce  Imned  hit  atteniion 
to  tlmlDgy,  and  look  ocdeta  in  16S0.  In  i«S;  he  bcome 
chaocdkr  of  the  cathcdial  of  Connor  and  a  justice  of  tbe  peace,' 
4Dd  began  a  long  career  of  public  controvert  by  re^»nt^nc  io 
public  dsputatkin  at  Mocughaii  to  the  challenge  of  the  Roman 
CatkoGc  biahop  of  Clecbet.  Alihoogb  a  vigorous  opponent  at 
RooMn  CathDUciaRi,'LaUe  wa*  a  fini  supporter  of  ilie  Guiatt 
dynuty,  uid,  hivfnf  dechaed  M  tbe  RevduliOB  t»  taka  lb  oalh 
la  WilliuB  lad  Huy,  ht  «■*  00  Ihi*  acacwDt  de|»ived  ol  hli 
benefice.  In  i6to  the  grewing  trouble*  la  Iiehod  hiducod  bin 
to  withdraw  to  En^and,  when  he  employed  biDMlf  for  tba  neat 
twenty  yean  In  writing  Tarloui  controrenial  pamphlotl  i* 

the  Quakm,  Jews,  Sodnians  and  Rnraan  Catbolict,  and  eiped- 
■Uy  in  that  agnJBSt  the  Deisu  with  which  hit  nunc  k  bow  bioU 
cnmaooly  associated.  He  had  (he  iLeenat  tceot  for  every  foia 
of  heic^  and  was  e^xdaily  cealous  in  hit  defence  ct  the  aacra- 
mentt.  A  warrant  having  been  iaoucd  against  him  in  1710  for 
his  pamphlet  Tke  Gad  Old  Cauii,  tr  Lying  in  TriU,  he  rea^ved 
to  quit  England  and  to  accept  an  oiler  made  by  the  Pretender 
(with  whom  he  hod  previously  been  in  frequent  iBiT«pondcnce) 
Ihat  be  should  reside  with  him  at  Bar-le-Duc.  After  the  failure 
of  the  Stiurt  cause  in  1715,  Leolie  accompanied  bia  patron  inio 
Italy,  when  he  rcwiaincd  oniil  1711,  in  which  year,  having  found 
his  sojourn  amongst  Bomnn  Catholin  ettremely  unpleasant; 
be  saogh  t  and  obtained  permbsloB  la  return  to  hit  native  country. 
Hi  died  at  CLattough,  MDnaghan,oB  tbe  ijthof  Apiil  1731. 

The  T^lalofiuf  Wortt  of  LnUn  wen  enllecled  and  pabliih(d  by 
UiHeU  ia  a  vols,  folio  in  1731!  a  later  edition,  dightly  enlarge^ 
a)>liearedat  Oxford  in  i9^  (7  volt.  Svo).    Though  marred  bypcrr 

CDn5rdcfa6ii!"'c'rid;iioo-  He  "Kidlhc^iomeilu. "rire  li«ineiioo  of 
makint  several  converts  by  his  leMonlnga.  and  Johnioa  declared 

A*  buurical  Interest  in  all  that  now  titacbet 
.  .....  hii  methods,  at  may  be  seen  when  the  oromiie 

:Ie  of  hti  best-known  worlils  conirasted  with  the  actual 
The  book  professes  to  be  .4  Skorl  -nd  Eaty  UtUui 
-  ------  a$  tnlalwtr  Sf  '*•  Oriuiea  ANriM  <i 

^      .         !  Pni/fm*  fiur  Sutu,  tdWe*  aKlKWf. 


and  agaiokl." 
lisMblecU  ant 


ffa  Deiik,  wAeren  Ua  orlofiily  ^  iln  ariuiiu  __.., 

JemmUniUd  by  loM'Ui  FtHS™"  f-""  X»'U,  l<>*>cJI  areluM. 
uliMi  te  ony  inteifiuv  Uiol  ncr  yrt  toi  tttn.Br  Otl  cen  ptssiUy  it 
.,,-,     ^.  ,_..r-_...__  „^i^_  ecqnrdiBg  to  *  -"-  ■■ ■"  --  ■- 


lo  ieiGe.  have  on 


tbcie:  (t)  that  lh< 


■  troth  of  Christianity  ar 

ret  beaueh  as  that  men'*  outward  icr 


n  William 


.  nui  (■696), 
aeainit  the  Oua''"^:  •*  '^^,i^<"^,V^ '^/™^,I'^'.'-?f|'^ 
Inetfiy  DmnJi—   . 
(iTOJJiand  Tie    C 

aiBti  III  Enilttd  {17133. 

LESLI&  CHARIiB!  ROBERT  (1794-1819).  English  genifr-' 
palmer,  was  bom  in  London  «■  the  ivih  of  (jctober  1794.  Hit 
paientawere  Amokao,  acd  when  be  wat  five  ycais  of  age  he 
reliKied  with  them  (o  their  native  country.  They  aetlkd  in 
Phikidelphia,  where  tbeii  bod  was  educiOed  and  afterwardi 
appmiliced  to  a  bo^rjciler.  He  wot,  howtvec,  mainly  Inlensled 
in  paialiog  and  the  drama,  and  wbea  Ceotge  Frederick  Cook* 
vivted  the  city  be  executed  ■  portrait  of  the  actor,  from  n- 
coUcctioii  of  bbn  on  the  ttiff,  which  was  comideitd  a  work 
of  such  tjtomise  that  a  fund  wta  raised  lo  enable  tbe  yooa| 
tdyinEurnpo.  He  left  for  London  in  1811,  bearini 
u  which  procured  for  Urn  the  friendship  ol  West, 
Beeehry,  ABsIoa,  Coleridge  and  Washington  Irving,  and  wta 
admitted  as  a  student  of  tbe  Royal  Academy,  -xhm  he  canied 
off  two  lOvet  medal*.  At  first,  inflnenced  by  Wrat  and  FaMll. 
he  esay«d  "'high  art,"  ladhts  earlieM  inportanl  tu^Kl  depicted 
Sud  and  the  Witdi  cf  Eadnr;  but  he  tma  dacovtnd  bit  UM 


LESLIE,  F.— LESLIE,  T.  E.  C. 


«plltad«  aod  btome  a  painter  a(  otHMt-inctarn,  detliti(, 
BM  like  thoM  of  WilLie.  «iUi  Ibe  cnntempanry  Ule  that  nu- 
iouimM  him,  but  witb  sccaa  from  the  gral  muten  ol  fictioa, 
from  SfaakapeArc  uid  Cervanto,  Addison  uul  Uolito,  Svift, 
Stcme,  Fictdiog  juid  Smollett,  Of  individiia]  palntingikc  may 
qiecily  "  Sii  RogK  Ac  Covcrlny  (<hti|  (o  Chucch"  (iSig); 
"May'day  in  Ibe  Time  of  Queea  Eliubeth  "  (iSii);  "Sancho 
Panu  and  the  Dudios  "  (1814);  "  Unde  Toby  and  ibe  Widow 
Wadman  "  (183O;  ^  Ualalt  ImafuuiH,  act  iii.  ic.  6  (1S4]); 
Mid  the  "  Diikt'i  CliaplalB  Enngcd  leaviog  ibe  TabJe,"  from 
Dm  QaiiMi  (1S49).  Many  ol  hii  moie  imponant  Hit^ecli 
tliat  in  varyinf  rcplicaa.  He  poucucd  a  Eympathctic  iiDa£in»- 
liBn.vhicbenabkdbiinloentiTficttyintolbe^iritaf  (be  author 
«tem  he  iluUntcd,  a  dcUcue  pciMption  lor  (enuile  bcluty, 
■n  tinftiliDg  eye  for  cbuidcr  and  tU  outvud  manifataiioii 

Ib  tice  and  Esaie,  and  a  genial  and  lunay  Knte  of  I 

folded  by  (n  iostlnciive  nrfintmcat  wliicb  prevented 
ovtnlepiJns  the  bounda  of  good  taite.    la  if 
elected  A.R.A.,  and  five  yean  la(CT  fuD  academi 
fcoMt  lOr  Amcrrica  to  become  leacber  of  drairing  Id 
uadem;  11  Wm  Point,  but  the  pott  Qroved 
Mid  in  nmc  ^  mmilht  be  ittumed       " 


on  the  oh  of  Hay  iS«. 

!■  addition  lohiiildllaaaniniit, 


>  (FiEDEaicK  Homon]  (iSiS-iSgi), 
aciDT,  waa  bom  at  Wodwich  on  tbs  ill  of  April  i8sS'  tie 
made  hia  fint  itagc  appearance  In  London  u  Cakmel  Haidy  la 
Fml  Pry  In  1S7S.  He  had  a  good  v«cd,  and  la  iSSi  made  ■ 
great  hit  ai  Rip  Van  Winkle  in  Ftanquetle'i  opera  of  (hat  nimc 
■1  the  Comedy.  In  iSJS  he  appeared  at  Ihe  Gaiety  u  Jonathan 
Wild  in  H.  P.  Stephen,  and  W.  Yardley'i  buileKjge  liuU  JkIi 
Skippatd.  Hi]  eilraordinaiy  nccen  in  thii  put  determined 
his  lubiequent  career,  and  for  gome  yean  he  and  Nelly  Faiten, 
vith  whom  he  played  In  peKect  auociatlon,  were  the  fullars  of 
Gaiety  burletqije.  Leslie'!  "  Sou  Caesar  dc  Baian  "  in  Ruy 
Blai,  or  Ox  BlaU  Rtut,  Wat  perha|a  the  nuBI  popular  oi  hia  later 
pant.  In  all  of  ihem  it  was  hii  own  venaliUty  ami  entertaining 
ptrsonatiiy  which  foimcd  the  altraelioa;  nhethet  he  aing, 
danced,  whistled  or  "  gagged,"  hit  pcrfonnancf  wag  an  unending 
flow  of  high  ifHrilaand  iudlcnus  charm.  Under  the  pflcudonym 
ol  "  A.  C.  ToTT  "  be  was  arlcnowlcdg«l  on  Ibe  programmet  at 
part -author  of  these  burlesques,  and  while  cm  occasion  he  acted 
in  mOTe  KcioiiS  comedy,  for  which  he  hod  undoubted  rapacity, 

m  Ihe  7ih  ol  December  i8gi. 


•IS  i4  Prii  uait  {li^^. 


LESLIE  SIB  JOHN  (17M-1S32),  Scottish  maihi 
•nd  phyBcist,  was  bom  of  humble  parentage  at  Largo,  Filcthire, 
HI  the  i6(h  ol  April  17&6,  and  received  his  early  educalioa  there 
and  at  Leven.  In  his  Ihiileenth  year,  encoumged  by  friends 
who  had  evfQ  then  Tenuii:ed  his  aptitude  fof  mathematical  ihd 
physical  science,  he  entered  the  naiveniiy  ol  St  Andrews,  Oa 
the  oomplelion  of  his  arts  course,  he  noEciinally  studied  divinity 
It  Edinburgh  until  i;3f;  Id  1713-1789  he  qient  mher  nun 
Iban  >  year  as  prinle  tator  in  a  Virvniu  family,  and  Imm  179a 
till  the  ckMC  of  I79>  be  held  ■  similar  eppointment  at  Etniria 
in  SlaBordihfK,  wilb  tb>  famOy  o(  Jo^h  Wedgwood,  ero- 
ploylag  his  apan  (inte  in  eqmiintDta]  remrrt  and  ia  preparing 
a  Irandalion  oC  Bufon's  Nitu^  BisUry  if  Btiit.  wUch  was 
pubttahed  in  nine  Svo  vols.  In  119%,  utd  bmught  him  kdk  money. 
For  Ihe  neat  twelve  ysan  ^lUted  thieBy  In  London  or  it  Largo, 
with  ait  DCCasionil  visit  to  Ihe  continent  ol  Europe)  he  a»t!niied 
his  physical  studies,  which  resulted  hi  numcroui  papers  oantrf- 
bated  by  bin  to  Nicholnn^  FUlnaflntal  Jeunal,  and  in  the 
publicallon  (1R04)  of  (he  Eifcrrnnfol  Inpiiry  inle  Uk  Natn 
mi  Fnftititi  >}  Htat,  a  woii  which  ^ned  him  the  Rumford 
UedilorihtR^SodelyolLoBdon.    IniSoi  te  wai  deOed 


to  aiKceed  John  Playlair  In  tha  cbair  at  riwtkwitlci  U'  Edia- 
bnrgh,  not,  however,  without  violenl  thoigb  BBsaccnrfnl  opposi- 
tion on  tbe  pan  of  a  BaiMw-minded  clerical  piny  who  •ceiised 
blm  of  heresy  In  something  he  had  laid  as  to  Ibe  "  uai^dkisi^ 
caled  notions  of  manidnd  "  about  tho  rdalion  ol  cnae  Mid 
eRcct.  During  bis  tenure  ol  this  chair  he  publiihed  two  volonel 
ol  a  Cmtk  el  Meftmofirt— the  £rsc,  entitled  EltmaOi  af  Cm- 
mtlrj,  Ctmdneol  Anofyiu  ami  Ptmt  Triitiamary,  in  1809, 
and  the  secoad,  Gctm^rj  tf  Cm  Umn,  in  ilij;  tbe  third 
volume,  on  Dtariflite  Camtlry  oW  d(  Timrj  aj  SMdi  was 
never  completed.  With  reference  to  hi*  bvcntirai  (in  iSio) 
of  a  process  ol  artlfidai  congelation,  he  published  in  1813  A 
SktH  Auomt  ^  Eitvimrnli  and  ImlramtHli  itpattiat  m  lit 
nlaiimt  cf  Air  ib  Meal  sni  itaiiive;  and  in  iIiS  a  paper  by 
him  "  On  certain  Imprstioni  oi  aM  transmitted  from  Oit  hi^^ier 


t  Ktyl 


ippeMttA  in  t 

Socitly  oj  Edinhur^.    In  1819,  on  the  death  of  Playlair,  he     __ 
piomoled  to  the  more  congenial  chair  of  nalunl  plulosapfay,' 


never-complfted  EfnaniO  ef  IfnhaiJ  Pkiloiapiy.  Leslie'! 
main  contributiona  to  phytiis  wtie  made  by  the  help  of  the 
"differential  theeznomeitr,"  an  instrument  who**  inveniioo  w»i 
contested  with  him  by  Count  RumfonL  By  adapting  (o  this 
Instrument  ntloat  buenioiis  devices  be  was  enaUed  to  emplor 
it  In  a  gieai  variety  ol  inveulgationi,  connected  eapecially  with 
photometry.  bygrciKapy  and  tbe  leopenUUK  ti  ipao.  la 
iKio  he  waa  elecitd  ■  cBneqiniidii^  member  of  Ibe  InttitaU  01 
France,  the  only  distincdoo  of  the  kind  which  be  valued,  and 
early  ia  iSji  he  was  created  1  kntfit.  He  died  at  Coates,  1 
small  property  which  be  had  acquired  neai  I^rpi,  on  the  }rd.a( 
November  iBji. 

LBSU&  THOHAI  BmrARD  CUFFB  (ttn-ttBi),  English 
economist,  was  bom  in  Ihe  counly  of  Weilord  in  (a*  Ia  believed) 
the  year  1R17.  Me  was  Ihe  second  son  ol  [be  Rev.  Edward 
Leslie,  picbendaty  of  Dromore,  and  rector  of  Annabill,  in  the 
counly  ol  Down.  His  fanUy  was  of  Scottish  descent,  but  had 
been  connnied  with  Ireland  since  tbe  reign  of  Charles  L 
Amonpl  bis  ancestors  were  that  acnimplisbed  prelate,  John 
Lalie  (1571-1671),  bishop  first  of  Raphoe  nod  alleiwatds  ol 
Clogher,  who,  when  holding  the  former  sec.  offered  so  stubborn 
a  inlstance  10  the  Ctomwellian  lorces,  and  Ihe  bishop's  aoa 
Chailn  Ifre  above),  the  nonjuror.  CliSe  Leslie  received  hit 
elementary  education  from  hii  lather,  tiho  resided  in  England, 
though  holding  church  prtfermeni  as  well  u  possessiDg  tone 
landed  property  in  Ireland;  by  him  he  was  tau^t  Latin,  Ctnk 
and  Hebrew,  al  an  unusually  early  age;  he  was  aflerwards 
for  a  short  time  under  the  care  of  a  clergynian  at  Clapham, 
and  was  then  scat  In  King  William's  College,  in  Ihe  Iile  of  Man, 
where  he  remained  unlll,  in  1845,  bdng  ihea  only  fifleen  years 
of  ago,  he  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  If  e  was  a  distinguished 
student  there,  obtaining,  besides  olhcr  honours,  a  classical 
scholarship  In  1845.  and  a  senior  moderatocship  [gold  medal) 
in  mental  and  moral  philosophy  at  his  degree  elaminalion  in 
ttifi.  He  became  a  law  studeni  at  Lincobi's  Iim,  was  for  two 
years  a  pujBl  in  a  conveyanccr't  chambers  in  London,  and  w»a 
called  lo  ^e  Englijh  bar.  Bat  his  attenlion  was  toon  lumed 
from  the  pursuit  of  legal  practice,  for  which  he  seemi  never  to 
have  had  much  inclination,  by  his  appointment,  in  185 j,  lo  the 
professorship  of  Jumprudence  and  politica]  economy  In  Qucen'l 
College,  Belfast.  Tbe  duties  ol  Ihil  cbair  requiring  only  short 
visits  lo  Ireland  ia  certain  terms  of  ead)  year,  be  cmlinued  to 
reside  and  prosecute  his  siudiej  in  London,  and  beaun*  a  frequent 
wiitct  on  economic  and  social  questions  in  the  principal  reviews 
and  other  periodicals.  In  1870  he  eoQecled  a  number  of  hit 
essays,  adding  several  new  ones.  Into  a  volume  eiilitled  Imit 
Systems  anif  Indaslriat  Ecmmj  <4  Itdatid,  B»ifatti  and  Ch- 
liiKiUiti  Cnoifnei.  J.  S,  Mill  gave  a  full  account  of  Ihe  conlenti 
of  Ihis  work  Id  a  paper  in  Ihe  Farltiiikaj  Kaitit,  in  which  be 
pronounced  Leslie  to  be  "  one  of  the  beat  Uvin(  wiiiert  on  applied 
political  eCDDomy."    Mill  had  aoughi  bif  »ay»in>jny  Minadim 


"rjrtWTir 


hb  fiiM  4ftick  in  UtimOtnM'i  Uvmiii';  Im  (dtaircd  Ui  tdniU 
tad  Uwk  phnun  1b  hit  axiay,  ud  tmlnl  bin  with  m  mpccl 
lod  fcj~t— ■  vbick  Ijedil  ilvayl  cnLcIuUy  atknowkdird. 

Ib  the  InqiKnt  vbiu  .which  Lolk  tude  to  ihe  CMKiiKBt, 
■■pcciaUy  lo  Belfiun)  uA  khik  ol  ibc  ItB-lcnowo  diKricu 
dI  Fnact  tad  Cenuey,  be  occupied  hinticll  muth  ib  ccononiic 
tnd  ucitl  ob&frntion,  Mudyinc  the  <;flnti  ol  ibc  iibliiutiom 
and  tytleni  af  life  vhich  pRviilcd  io  each  FCfiuDt  oo  the  mateni] 


|r,  o(  which  bt  nude  ucfLlcnt  use  in  uudying  ptnUel 
Lt'  home.  The  Bccouiili  be  give  of  the  niults  of 
iu .obKTvatioDi  were  mnong  his  hippiest  eflorti;  "no  ooe/' 
uid  hiill, "  wu  abk  lo  urilc  namtivB  vl  Careiin  viiitt  at  «ace 
»  iuiructive  mA  »  inlRntin^."  In  these  cicuniniii  be  Dade 
ibe  icqudnuace  «(  levenl  diiiinfuiihed  penou,  uaanpt 
olbCTi  al  M.  UoDce  de  Liveignc  and  M.  £inik  de  Lavtk^. 
To  the  meiwKr  at  Ibc  lorma  of  Ihcie  be  allerwudi  paid  ■ 
pacefDl  tribute  in  k  biocnpUol  ikttcb  {FwlmiMy  knntit, 
FcbniDT  iUi);*ndto  thcdiNeofhitUlelberatiiHedbetweeB 
bin  and  M.  de  Lavekye 
inliracy. 

Two  CM/a  oC  Lealie'i 
the  auapicca  at  the  Cobden  Club,  oo<  Da  the  "  Last.  Syiten 
France"  (ind  ed.,  1870),  caiUklrdng  an  eaimat  defence  of  h 
ftlUi  enttim  and  WiU  man  of  la  filllt  fiepillf;  (be  other  on 
"  FlMivcial  Relonn  "  (1)71),  in  lAkh  he  ahibited  in  dcUil  Ibe 

tuaiioa.  Hur  Bthar  ailiclet  were  Mmtibntrd  ^  bin  do 
nviewi  betmen  1875  and  tin-  indadinc  Mvenl  dbnaaion)  at 
the  biitoc)'  tt  pricea  and  the  moveiDenti  of  wa|ei  in  Eurapoi 
and  ■  ikMch  ol  lile  te  Auvngnc  in  bli  b<M  ntiaa;  the  meu 
impotUnt  ti  tbeai,  towevtf,  idated  to  Ihe  phikaopWcal  method 
of  political  eooaony,  ootaUy  a  menofahle  om  which  appeucd 
in  the  Dublio  Univenil)'  poiodicBl,  AenuUoM.  In  1S79  the 
pravoM  and  kbIoi  lellom  ol  Trinity  Celled  publiilied  loi  bin 
a  rohuDC  ia  wbtch  »  numba  of  thete  anidei  were  tollecled  under 
O^iMittiEaaytinPMkalamiMwalPkUtsetky.  Thete  and 
NBe  lalet  eaayt,  tocelhei  with  Ibe  eatliei  volume  on  Land 
Syima,  tata  the  ewCTIial  conlrihiuioo  of  LsUe  to  econoDiic 
litenture,  He  had  tone  contanplaled,  and  bad  ia  pan  ■riiten, 
a  work  OB  EBfhah  eamomic  and  legal  hiMoiy,  irtiich  would  have 
been  hii  matmim  t^w^a  moK  Hibitiuilial  fruit  ol  hit  geniui  aad 
n  anything  be  ba$  lelL     But  the  MS.  at  ihia 


.  alter  it 


ire  of  it  would  have  I 
"Hietfry  and  Fun 
lot  Novenlber  iSSi, 


:tidy  h.  _ 

1  iS7ti  and,  (hough  he  hoped 
K  mitting  portion  and  hniih  the 
Hate  lit  tor  puMicalion,    What 
n  nay  be  |sibertd  liom  an  euay 
of  Pnfil  "  in  the  Farlnitkay 


n  (loDtiDiecuitiac 


lliat  ha  Wat  able  to  do  m  nnch  nay  wril  be  a  aubject  of 
wonilct  wbia  it  it  known  that  hit  labous  had  Itag  been  hnpedcd 
by  a  palBlul  aod  depi 
(BWie^  at  interval*,  wl 
atltchi.  Talhiadiaeai 
the  tr>h  o<  Januaiy  ilSi. 

UiIit-iwoifcBHybediV-, 

polhiul  ccDAOby  aad  that  of  1 , , ^ r 

_i  .1. '-no,   TTb  Land  Syilimi  beknited  pnacipall}'  to  the  looner 

Tlie  author  nercenrcij  the  ereatkand  erowiiif  Importaim 
rbl  wTlljin  oT  bcHh  li^nd  and  En^ml  irf  what  ii  alM 

fvnenl  purpoK  was  to  thaw  that  the  territorial  mlems  of  both 
countrte>  « it  u  encumbered  with  denrnii  of  leudil  origin  u  lo  be 
altofether  iinAtl#d  to  wem  the  porpAieB  of  a  modere  Lndutlrial 
MKim>.  ThepolkyhcnconmeadedlaiuaniediialBihelaUcrTini 
tilt  sfrewdKBtati.  "  a  laa^  jurtigiideno  lelatfan  le  laihl.  r  ' — 
of  equal  Intfatale  iveeeiden,  a  prohiUtianofcBtaHtakgaliec 
for  lenaRti*  Inprovementi,  an  open  reflttralian  of  title  and  tra 
•nd  a  eomMctahle  nunber  of  peaHnt  piopertiee."  The  volui~.  - 
faU  el  praeticrf  vad  iwib  and  nhlh&>  a  ihimuth  knowMie  of 
home  and  feraiga  agricallawl  econoaiiFt  and  I*  the  haadliag  J  the 


divluon.   — 
for  the  • 

"Ihe  laJ 


— ,-:t  ia  everywhen  abovn  the  ipecial  powfer  whkl 
MKHcd  of  mekng  what  he  wroie  intemtinf  ai  vcD  ai 
The  way  in  which  laEaaoui  observaliofl  and  ihrewd  o 


markt  him  ■•  ao  original 


political  ecoouiDy.  Both  at  home  and  abnad  there  hu  Ux  wne 
tune  exuted  a  profound  and  ntnriiHrdi^tiifaetion  with  Ihemeilud 
•  lid  many  of  (he  doctrines  o)  the  Qlheno  daminanl  achool.  which, 
il  19  alkged,  under  a  "  bctKioai  conpleteaem.  BymmelTy  and  enact- 
Hem  "  ditgiuH  a  ml  hollawncie  bh  diaenrdanee  with  lace  It  it 
■r^  thai  the  altemiH  la  deduce  Ihe  ecoaeaiie  phiiinnnii  ol  a 
aocKly  Iron)  Ihe  ao^aUed  univcrHl  principle  of  "  the  dole  a( 
wealth  "  H  iUunry,  and  that  they  canaol  be  Iniitlully  uiidled  tuR 
lioin  ihe  general  todalcondjtloM  aad  hblericJeveiopmeBI  of  whieh 


in,  if,  B 


Ihe  orWnalor,  It 


.„_  placed  ft  ... 

impelkd  him  In  the  directico 
■^r  M.„,y  Maine,  by  wh«e  | 
by  Ihe  enmpje  of  hit 

The  Mndv  of~ihaec''c^ii^ 

,^.  ._- .-ndeaoaa  doubcl^  anhrmed 

Ihouehl  on  which  be  had  entered.  (hDugh  ha 
■en  fiinher  faidehled  lo  any  of  them  eicept. 


doei  not  teem  to  hai 

ComUtwho..     ,.-_^ .    — ^ 

PaiiiiK,  he  admired  and  prodaimcd,  though  be 

the  habit  of  .,_ ^ .  _  „..._,  .,  ^„^^ 

Bciakigy,  whicfi  tbould  alway  t  be  kept  tn  cloK  ralathm  to  I 
The  caitieM  wiiiiiy  in  which  Letke'a  revnil  t(lin>t  Ibt  • 
'     ' '    "   '     ly  appean  it  hii  Euty  #■  Wa^i 

liMttiim.    tVthli, 


been  fiinber  Indefaled  lo  any 

U  defiec  10  Rcaeber.    And  „..  ..„,...  „ 

prodigioin  fcolut."  aa  oihlhIM  ia  Ibe  nUtupUt 

— '  — d  prodaiined,  though  be  did  not  acccpl  lut 

have  powerfully  OKtperaled  to  form  in  hire 

of  rtardliH  ecenomle  leienee  ai  only  a  ringle  branch  of 

'  iip  w  wbich  L. 

wu  fini  pubUibed  hi  iKt  andiiu  lepioduced  aa bb  appendia 
... ..  JT.  _  r— J  r- .-  ...._•'... —ing  tSTinanl 


of  die  theory  of  Ihe  wi 


ad  tbowlnc  Ibe  at 


.  belweca  ill  iiaulta  and  the  obaerved  pheaomene.  be  concludaa 

by  declaring  that  "  political  economy  miBE  he  oontcnt  lo  (akeranh 
am  an  Inductive,  intiead  ol  a  nuHy  dcdoclive  icienc*,"  and  that,  by 
lhi>  chan(E  of  chaiacter.  "  ft  wai  gain  In  utility,  Intemt  aad  real 
truth  far  mote  than  a  Ml  eompeualioa  for  the  foffdture  of  a 
kiiiloui  title  to  BuihemaiiealeiacCBeia  (Ml  certainly."  But  it  ia 
in  ihe  cuayt  ooUeeted  hi  Ihe  volune  of  iSn  that  ha  attitude  is 
rcUtion  10  Ihe  OUCktioB  of  method  it  moat  dcouvety  marlccd.  In 
one  of  theee,  on  "  Ibe  political  economy  of  Adam  Smith."  he  eihibitl 
m  ■  lery  intenedag  way  the  CD«dKeBce  in  the  WulA  ef  Hatim 
of  hitlarEil-indocliVe  invetlinllon  in  the  maBner'of  Monleiqule* 
aiih  a  priori  ipKulation  founded  on  thcohgioi-Ricupbyucal  baicti 
and  poinlioiitthccrrorofiAaorliif  (he  former  element,  which  iaibe 
really  chnraclerinic  fealnre  of  Smith't  tocial  phUonphy,  and  plncet 
him  ID  ■imng  eoniraii  with  hii  m'-tfiJBiil  feliowen  of  the  fldMel  of 
RiraRla.  The  eimy,  however,  which  (ontaina  the  n»it  brilliant 
polemic  agaiiul  (he  orthodox  ichool."  aa  well  u  the  moat  hmlaoBi 
dccDunt  and  the  most  pow^ul  vindlation  of  the  new  diredion,  waa 
iTi4r  ri  wfiv-li  W.I  have  above  ipohcn  as  having  first  appiim]  in 
ay  be  rceotnmendcd  at  tupplving  Ihe  betl  eHtanl 
of  the  two  coateadiiw  views  of  cceaonic  method 
ily  reiu  Ibe  claim  of  Lolie  to  be  nnrdad  aa  the 
loundcr  and  nrsl  head  of  the  English  historical  tchool  of  political 

tiofl  of  (he  Kimoe  iniard  the  woik  he  did.  no(with>(aBdln(  tit  ea- 
■yKemalie  chmacter.  aa  in  eeallly  Ihe  most  inaportBHI  doae  fay  any 
Cngliib  ecoBomblaUi  (he  latter  half  of  (bciothcemuiy.  ButcueB 
the  wnrmeil  ptrtliant  of  (be  older  tchool  acknowledge  (hat  he  did 
eutflent  lemee  bv  inuiting  on  a  kuid  of  inquiry,  previoialy  too 
niHh  Biglecttd,  which  wu  of  Ihe  higheni  Inttnsi  and  value.  >i 
whatever  relation  k  nuehl  be  aupiiaeHl  (o  stand  to  (he  et(ab11shmeal 
ol  cconamic  truth.  Tne  members  of  both  _|rDupa  alike  recogniiad 
his  great  learning,  hlsjjstient  and  coriacientiout  hituli  of  inveitiga' 
tkin  and  Ihe  larEC  tocul  ipiiil  in  which  be  Created  the  problemi  of 

LnUE,  a  police  bui^  ol  Fifabirc.  Scotland,  Pop,  (i««) 
JSK?.  Il  liei  on  the  Leven,  the  vale  ol  which  i>  overlooked  by 
the  lowD.  «  D.  W.  ol  Uarluncb  by  Ibe  Moith  Britiib  ralliray. 
The  induatriet  include  ptper-naking,  ftai-tplnnini.  btcachin) 
and  linen-wcaTing,  The  old  chunh  claims  to  be  the  "  Chriil'i 
Kiik  en  the  Green  "  of  Ibe  ancient  balladi  o(  Ihat  naina.  A 
■tone  on  the  Gran,  ctlkd  the  BuU  Stone,  it  taid  to  bive  beta 


ers?; 


the  leit  of  the  eart  of  Rotho,  designed  by  Sir  miUaiB  Bnict, 
linlM  HolxTOod  In  iBBCBificBKB.  ItmiMe4(Bit*t«(alrr 
and  itt  lallDy  ol  lanily  poMtaiti  aad  otbn  {ictncB,  iadMlblf  » 


d  by  Google 


tESPINASSEi-LBSBEPS,  F.  DE 


pmtnil  ol  SembruMh  by  UmKlf .     Daoltl  Defoe  tnuIderKl 

it)  pjik  tbe  glory  of  Uie  iingdom.  The  mtniion  suitiintil  serious 
damage  from  £ic  in  tji^.  Norm^d  Leslie,  cnuiei  of  Rotbco, 
wucaoctiDedmLliekilliii|oiCirdiiulBesl«i(iit6),  uidUie 
dagger  wiih  which  John  Leslie.  NDtman't  uncle,  stiuck  the  fMtl 
blow  ij  pmerved  in  LesLie  House. 

Maiunch  (pop.  1499],  «  police  buigh  (ilu*ted  betxeen 
Conland  Burn  ud  the  Leven,  rl  m.  N.  by  E.  o[  Kirkoldy  by 
the  North  British  riUwly.  ii  ■  place  of  great  antiquity.  A  ccU 
of  the  Culdccs  vas  eslablisbcd  here  by  one  of  the  lut  ol  the  Celtic 
bisbopiptheaiteol  which  maypo&sibly  be  marked  by  the  ancient 
ciou  of  Balgonie.  Markiocb  ig  >l»  believed  to  have  been  s 
naidcDfe  of  the  earlier  kiu^,  whe/e  prior  to  the  nth  century 
Ihey  ocrauonally  administered  justice]  and  !■  the  reign  of 
William  lheLion(d.  1114}  the  warrantonoIiDodsallcgedlohave 

pri»  bleaching,  flai-spiimlng,  paper-maklDg,  distilling  and  coal- 
mining. Bilgonie  Caitic,  close  by,  the  keep  of  which  is  go  ft, 
high,  was  a  residence  of  Alexander  Lulie,  the  £nt  earl  ol  Leven, 
and  (I  Balloui  Caille  were  b«n  Cardinal  Beaton  and  hii  unde 
(od  oepbew  the  archbishops  oi  ClaiMw. 

LBSPIHASSB,  JEAVHB  JUUB  fiUOHOBS  DB  (l;]T~17Te), 
IVencli  author,  was  bomalLyonion  theqthoC  Navembcr  i;ji. 

tbe  digghttr  o(  Claude  Leipiaasse  of  Lyons,    Or  leaving  her 

teptlinatc  daughter,  Mmc  de  Vichy,  v-ha  bad  married  the  brother 
oi  the  matquiu  du  DeSand.  Here  Han  du  Deflaad  made  bee 
Bequaintance,  and,  lecogniilne  her  eitrtwrdinary  gifts,  per- 
■uided  her  to  come  to  Pnris  u  btf  companion.  The  allbnce 
lasted  ten  yean  (1114-1364)  until  Mme  du  DcSand  became 
jcaloui  of  the  younger  woman'a  iocreaiing  influence,  when  a 
violent  qnatrd  cnsaed.  Mile  de  Leti^nasw  set  upaulonaf  her 
own  which  was  joined  by  many  of  the  mosthiiltiant  members  of 
Mme  du  Dclland's  cirde.  D'Alcmbert  »ai  one  ol  the  mo.1 
assiduoua  of  her  (rionda  aod  eventually  came  to  live  under  the 
Bmen»f.  There  was  no  seandll  attached  to  this  arrangemenl, 
which  eosured  d'Alembcrt's  conilbrt  and  lenl  influence  to  Mile 
de  Lespinaisc'i  iilon.  Althcugh  she  hud  neither  beauty  oar 
lank,  faer  ability  as  a  hostcAS  made  her  teuoiana  the  most  populai 


lilelime  from  het  doiest  Iri. 
lishcd  in  lAo^  displayed  her 
intensity.  In  virtue  of  this : 
and  ether  of  her  critics  plsi 

Portuguese  Xum   1 

hi  Parts.    De  Mots 


berlenerj 
(lUI  infill 


begin  rroc 


lin  leiieis  ot  Wlotie  and  those  ol  Ihi 

Mora,  win  of  the  Spanish  ambassadoi 
come  Iq  Palis  in  1765,  and  with  somi 
until  in'  nhcn  he  was  ordered  to  Spair 

Lopinasse,  hn  died  at  Bordeaui.  Bui 
le  Guibert,  the  worthless  abject  of  hc] 


Ic  belwe 


id  bee  blind  paisiDIi 
Ibey  go  on  to  dcicilbc  hci  paniat  disenchantment  on  Guibert's 
inatriage  and  her  Rnal  despair.  Mile  dc  Lespinajse  died  on  the 
J3rd  ol  May  1776,  her  death  being  apparently  hssicoed  by  the 
agitation  Ind  misery  to  which  she  had  been  foi  the  last  three 
yean  of  hri  life  a  prey.  Id  addition  to  the  LiUra  she  nas  the 
author  of  tivo  cbapten  intended  as  a  kind  ol  sequel  to  Sterne's 
ffltfiDHMls/  Jcunity. 

MaLeHnl  .  .  .  irenpubliihedby MmedeGuibertinltOfand 
a  epurioui  additienal  collection  appevod  in  iSao.  Amoog  modem 
HLtion^   may   be  mentioned    that   ol^  Eug^c   As«e    (1^76-1877!, 


by  a  chaonel  liom  the  iubutb  af  La  G 
a  range  of  dunei6j  It.high,  which  tei»inateii«ithwann  in  the 
rodiy  pcninssla  ol  L'AlgUilte.  Tbe  beautiful  imoc<hly  sloping 
beacb,  1  m,  in  length,  if  much  fiequetited  by  bathen.  To  the 
north  of  Sables  eiitnil  eali-marsha  and  oysier-paiks,  yielding 
e,ai»,ooo  to  8,000,000  oystcTt  per  annum.  Sables  has  a  durch 
built  ia  the  Late  Gothic  atyle  towards  the  middle  of  (be  17th 
century.  Thepoit,  consisting  of  a  tidal  baaln  and  a  vet-dock,  It 
acceaiible  to  vessels  of  aooo  Tons,  hut  if  dangeroui  when  the  winds 
are  from  the  soolh-weil-  Tbe  Kghlbousc  of  Barges,  a  mile  out 
at  sea  to  the  welt,  it  visible  for  17  to  i»  nautical  miles.  Tbe 
inbibitantt'Ore  employed  txgely  in  lardine  and  tunny  fi^ng; 
there  are  Impons  af  coal,  wood,  petroleum  and  fAophates, 
Boal'bnikllng  and  tatdlne-prcscrving  are  carrifd  on,    Tht  (own 

Founded  by  Basque  or  Spanish  saiknr.  Sables  wil  tbe  fint 
place  in  pQitoo  invaded  by  the  Normans  in  S17.    Louis  XI,,  1 


ificd  the  entrance-  Captuledand 
recaptured  during  the  Wan  of  Bdigion,  Ibe  Imm  aflervardi 
became  a  nursery  of  hardy  tailors  and  piivateen,  who  hanased' 
the  Spaniards  and  afterwards  the  English.  In  1696  Sables  wu 
bombardnlbythecomblnedfleetsof  England  and  Holland-  la 
the  middle  of  the  T£th  centuty  burricanes  caused  grfevDut' 
damage  to  town  and  hartiocir, 

USSAIMTU^UBIS,  a  coast  vlUige  oF  toutb-e^em  Princi! 
Id  tbe  department  of  Boaches-dii-Rh6ne,  14  m.  SjS.W.  q(  Aries 
byrail.  Pop-{igo6)  544.  Saintes-Mailelisslluatedin theplabl 
of  the  Camargue,  i )  m.  E,  of  the  nwuth  of  the  Fetit-RbtDe.  It 
is  the  object  of  *n  ancient  and  famous  TA^mage  due  to  tba 
tradition  that  Mary,  uster  ol  tbe  Vlr^n,  and  Muy,  towther  ot 
James  and  John,  together  Kith  their  UackMrvanl  Sara,  Laiarut, 
Martha,  Maiy  Magdalen  and  St  Malimln  Red  thither  to  ewape 
penecBiion  in  Judaea.  The  nKci  of  the  tm>  Mario,  «ba  are 
said  Id  have  been  buried  at  Saintes-Maries,  are  bestowed  in  the 
■pper  ttoiey  ol  the  f  pse  of  the  fonrets-churcb,  a  icmarliabk 
L..-.j..._  ..,1.  _  ,.   .  _.  _  ^rjiiicmieiaied  and  macbicelaled 


alls.    TwofF 


re  held  in 


in  October,  the  other,  on  the  I4lh  and  ijtb  of  May,  unique  far 
ill  gathering  ol  gipsies  who  come  In  large  numbers  to  do  honour 
Id  the  tomb  of  tbcit  palnmets  Sata,  cdntained  in  tbe  ciypt  belaw 
theapsa. 

LESS^  one  of  the  most  romanlie  of  the  tmaller  iWen  o( 
Dctgnim,  It  rises  at  Ochamps  in  the  Ardennes,  and  flmring  in 
a  Hdtth -westerly  cckiim  cAches  the  Meuie  at  AHWremine,  a  few 
miles  above  Dinant.  Therivetlsonly  4910.  long,  bnt  its  mttirfer- 
Ing  connc  may  be  judged  by  the  fact  that  !t  Is  no  more  (hsn  14  m. 
f  nm  Ochamps  to  Anscremnic  in  a  itralgll  t  line.  Then  <a  a  good 
dealo[preUyscencryalongthisrivcr,ts,fatin9tiince,at  Ciergnon, 
bnt  the  most  striking  part  aS  the  valley  Is  contained  Id  tbe  last 
II  m-  from  Houyei  to  Anseremme,  In  this  section  the  rivet  i* 
confined  between  opposing  walls  at  difl  ranging  from  job  to  sob  ft. 
■hove  the  river.  Hen  won  discovered  in  the  eaves  near  Waliln 
the  bceiei  El  prehistoric  men,  and  other  evidence  ot  the  prinllita 
occupants  of  this  globe  at  a  period  practically  beyond  rotttputa- 
tion-  Another  curious  natoraj  'feature  of  the  Lesse  Is  that  on 
reiehing  the  hill  ol  Kan  It  disappears  underground,  reappearing 


I  Han  I 


Tbe  : 


altogethctinitflshurt  course  the  water  of  thirteoi  tritwtariei, 

lESSEPS.  FERDIHAND  DS  (iSo]-iag4).  French  dirJomatist 
andmatierDrtbcSue2Caiial,wu  bom  at  Versailles  on  the  igth 
of  November  [S05.  Thcotiginolhis  family  has  been  tnccd  back 
as  far  as  tbeendof  the  I4th  century.  Hisanceslors.  it  is  believed, 
esitie  from  Stotlend,  and  settled  at  Baygnne  when  that  (etjon 
was  occupied  by  the  English,  One  o(  Mi  great -grandfathers  was 
town  clerk  and  at  the  samt  time  seciciiiiy  to  Queen  Anne  of 
Hcubeig,  widow  ol  Charles  II.  of  Spain,  eiiled  to  Bayoone  allet 
tbeaccetaiosorPUHpV.    FiomtheitiMdleiif  tbetBCh  cenlitry 


LESBEP8,  F;  DE 


the  aDCnlon  of  Ftrdliuad  de  I^oept  faltoiRd'  Ihc  diplomuic 
cmF«r,  End  h?  hlsivLI  octupled  with  kaI  difidncliaa  tenttl  p«ti 
In  IbcHirw  calling  Irom  1S15  to  iSiQ.  Hij  uncle  wu  ennobled 
by  King  Lou*  XVI.,  Bnd  hii  faOia  was  midc  b  count  by 
N«po(eOB  I,  Hli  (ither,  Mxhlou  ie  Lcaeps  (i77»-'83J),  wu 
in  the  coriiulirfcrvlaihii  mother,  Catherine  de  Grivtigate,  i>u 
Spaniiih,  sod  mnl  ol  Ihe  eounlen  ol  Moniijo,  malber  nl  the 
empreu  EugCnie,  Kit  Cn>  yesra  were  ipeni  in  Ilaly,  when 
bli  lather  wu  occufikd  with  Mt  coasolaT  duiin.  H«  wu 
ediKBled  »t  the  Colleje  of  Hmry  IV.  In  P«rii.  Fmm  the  ige  ot 
iR  yein  to  M  ho  wu  employfd  in  Ibo  cotdmlsury  department 
of  tbe  army.  Fhim  1S35  10  1B37  he  acted  ai  uaistant  vice- 
consul  at  Usbon,  when  hia  uncle,  BinhOemy  de  Leasepi,  was 
Ibe  French  chaigt  d'alfllrei.  TUia  uncle  WUMotd companion 
of  La  P6n>uie  ind  a  asryivor  of  [he  eipallllan  In  »hii:b  lint 


,  periih. 


In  il 


I\"iij,  thtrt  hi>  father  was  eo^lSll^genetal. 
He  coutaj^usly  tided  Ihe  eacape  oS  YoououS,  pursued  by  the 
■oldlen  of  )hc  bty,  of  whom  ha  ms  one  of  Ihe  oRkfrs,  lOi  viola- 
tion of  tbe  seraglio  law.  Youasauff  acknowledged  thii  proteclion 
given  by  a  Frenchman  by  diitingulthinc  himscU  in  Ihc  rank! 
of  the  French  army  tl  the  time  of  the  conquest  d  AlGeril. 
Ferdinand  de  Leucpi  wai  aba  entrusted  by  Ml  lather  with 
mluloiu  to  Manhil  Count  Clause).  gencta]-ln-chief  of  the  army 
of  occupation  In  Algeri*.  The  nunhal  wtoie  is  MatblEU  de 
Lesscps  on  the  iHb  of  Dewtnber  iSjo: "  I  have  had  Ihc  pleaaure 
of  meeting  yoor  son.  whoJl^iM  promise  ol  lustiining  with  great 
credit  the  name  he  bean."  In  1S33  Ferdinand  de  Lesti^  tra 
•ppoinled  vic(.camul  at  Alexandria,  'ni  the  placing  in  quaran- 
tine ol  (he  veuel  which  took  him  to  Egypt  is  due  Iht  origin  Of 
hit  great  conception  of  a  canal  across  the  Iwhr  '  " 


I  order  I 
it.  MImai 


Lt  Alfiai 


II  Ihe  I 


id  gave  hlra 


imong  whkh  was  the  m 

lotding  10  Bompant's  initniclions 

itork    Struck    de    Lesseps'a 
ides  of  piercing  ihe  African  Is 


prepare  the  way  for  its  reallZAtior 
viceroy  of  Egypt,  owed  his  positi 
recommendations  made  in  his  behalf  to  the  Fi 
by  Mathieu  de  Lesseps,  who  was  consut-genert 
Mchemct  All  was  a  limple  cobaeL  The  vtcei 
corned  Ferdinand  afteelionaiely.  while  Said  P 
aor,  began  those  Itieadiy  relations  tl! 


linei 


le  gave  him  the  1 
i  Ferdlnind  d 


'     n  the  n: 


nakini 


in  Egypt  when 
f  (herelore  wel- 
ha,  Mehettitt'a 
lot  fotget  later, 

.  Cairo, 


nagemi 


alt) 


.,,.„.  11  Aleiandrfa.  a  post  that  he  held  driII  183^.  VVille  he 
•as  tfiere  a  terrible  e[Hdemic  ol  tbe  pUgue  broke  out  and  listed 
for  two  years,  carrying  off  more  Ihan  a  third  ol  the  inhabilanis 
ol  Cairo  and  Aldtardria,  During  this  time  he  went  from  one 
city  10  the  other,  according  ai  the  danger  Was  more  pressing, 
and  constantly  displayed  an  admirable  leal  and  an  impenarbabla 
energy.  Towards  the  dose  of  the  year  1B3J  he  relumed  to 
Fiance,  and  on  the  list  of  December  manied  Mile  Agathe 
CetamaDe,  daughter  of  the  government  prosecuting  alloroey 
at  tbe  court  of  Angera.  By  Ibis  marriage  M.deLelsepsbecame 
the  father  of  five  sons.  In  iBjg  he  was  appointed  consul  at 
Rolterdim,  and  in  the  following  year  transferred  to  Malaga, 
the  place  o(  origin  of  his  mother's  family.  In  1845  hewasserii  la 
Barcelona,  and  soon  alletwanb  promoted  to  Ihe  gnde  Of  corB9^ 
general.  In  the  course  of  a  Moody  insurrection  in  CaUlenia, 
which  ended  In  the  bombardment  of  Barcelona,  Ferdinand  da 
Lesseps  showed  the  most  persistent  bravery,  rescuing  from  death, 
wilhoul  distinction,  Ihc  men  belonging  to  the  livat  faclkme.  and 
proitcling  and  acnding  away  not  only  the  Frenchmen  who  were 
in  danger,  but  foreigners  of  all  nalionatllies.  From  1*43  to 
iti9  he  was  minister  of  France  at  Madrid.  In  Ihe  latter  year  Ihe 
government  of  the  French  Republic  confided  to  him  a  mission 
to  Rome  at  the    moment    when  it    was    a    question  whether 


tiie  expelled  pope  would  rtura  to  the  Vatican  irith  or  wttlieM 
bkwdthed.  FoilDwiag  his  interpret  altoD  of  the  instiuctioni  be 
had  received,  de  Lesseps  began  Begnliatiwit  with  tbe  eiiuing 
-govemment  at  Rome,  according  to  wbicb  Piia  IX.  should  peao- 
fully  roenter  the  Vatican  and  the  independence  of  the  Romant  be 
Bssttred  at  the  some  time.  But  while  he  was  aegotiatiiig,  the 
electiojts  In  France  had  caused  a  change  in  the  foreign  policy 
of  the  government.  Bis  coune 
colled  and  bmught  before  the  cooocil  of  st. 
conduct  without  giving  him  a  cbincc  to  iostifylmnsell.  RooiC, 
attacked  by  the  French  array,  vaa  taken  by  assault  alter  a 
month'a  languinaiy  liege.  M.  de  Lesieps  then  lettred  fium  the 
diplomatic  service,  and  never  aflerwarda  ortupied  any  public 
oflice-  In  ifls^  he  lost  hia  wife  and  daughter  at  a  few  days' 
Interval,  Perhaps  his  energy  mild  not  have  been  sufficient 
10  nataln  him  against  these  repealed  blows  ol  destiny  if,  ip  i8;4, 
the  acccssHD  to  the  vicernyalty  of  Egypt  ol  hit  old  friend.  Said 
Pacha,  had  not  given  a  i>ew  impulse  to  tbe  ideas  that  bad 
haunted  him  for  the  last  twenty-two  years  concerning  tbe  Sues 
Canal.  Said  Pacha  invited  M.  de  Lesseps  tO  pay  him  a  visit,  and 
OD  the  7tb  dI  November  iSs4  he  landed  at  Aleaandiia;  on  the 
joth  of  the  nme  month  Sdd  Pacha  signed  the  nmceailon  authorii. 
ing  M.  de  Leaepa  to  pierce  the  isthmus  of  Suea. 

■    '    "  indicated  by  him.  wai  immecBatdy  drawn 


11  by  » 


Mongd  Bey.  This  project,  diRerini 
olhers^that  had  been  pmioDsly  ptcsenlod  or  that  were  in  0 
lion  to  ilj  pnwided  lor  a  direct  cormniinicaXioD  betwn 
MetiitcrTanean  and  the  Red  Sea.  After  being  aligblly  mo 
the  plan  won  adopted  in  1S56  by  an  international  conn 
ol  dvil  engineers  to  which  it  had  been  lubmitted.  Encm 
by  this  approval,  de  Leiieps  tv>  longer  allowed  anything  t 
him.  He  listened  to  no  advene  critidtm  and  receded  beti 
obtlacle.  Neither  the  opposition  of  Lord  Pihnenton 
(oniideied  tbe  projeeted  disturbance  as  100  radical  r 
he  commttila]  position  of  Gieal  Britain,  n 
itertained,  in  Fiance  aj  .     _     -      . 


a  in  Iront  of  P 
cl  Ihe  entrance 
weukt  £U  the  in 
coald  dishearten  Ferdi 


.0  the  r 


fuU  of  mud  « 


da  Lesseps.     Bis  faith  made  him 

Rhich  permitled  Um  to  undenak* 

Ihe  work  at  a  time  when  mechanical  appliances  lor  the  eiccadon 

undenakisg  did  oot  eiitt,  and  when  (or  the  ntilization 

of  the  proposed  ami  Ibne  wu  u  yet  no  steam  mercantile 

nurinel     Inpdted  by  hia  convlciiont  and  laleat,  supported 

by  the  emperor  Napoleon  III.  and  the  empress  Eugfnic,  he 

sncttcded  in  muaing  the  pairioiism  of  the  French  and  obtaining 

by  (heir  subscriptions  tnore  than  half  of  tbe  capital  of  two 

jred  miUions  of  fiana  whkh  he  needed  in  order  to  form 

impnny.    The  Egyptian  government  subscribed  lor  Eighty 

oib'  worth  of  shares.    The  company  was  otganiied  at  (ha 

of  lEs8.    On  (he  ijth  of  April  iSsq  the  Ent  Uow  of  (he 

pickaie  wu  given  by  Lesseps  at  Pan  Said,  and  on  (he  r7(h 

of  November  1869  the  canal  was  olBdnUy  opened  by  Ihe  Khedive, 

Ismai!  I^cha  (see  Sati  Cum),    While  in  Ihe  interesH  of  hii 

canal  Lesseps  had  resisted  the  oppatilfon  of  British  SIploDiscy 

of  the  ahoitesi  route  to  India,  he  acted  li^ially  towards  Great 
Britain  after  Lord  BeatonsGeld  had  acquired  tbe  Sues  shares 
belon^ng  to  Ihe  Khedive,  by  frankly  admitting  to  the  board 

'  the  company  three  Rpiesentotlvea  of  the  British 

The  cuntobditlon    of  Inierettt  which  raullcd, 

been  developed  by  the  addition  tn  1BS4  of  seven 

llronors,  chosen  from  among  ahipping  menhiati 

ind  buiiness  men.  hat  augmented,  for  the  benefil  of  all  concerned. 


the  CO 


nand  de  Lesseps  steadily  eodeBfoured  to  ke^  attt  ol 
.  If  in  iMq  he  appealed  10  deviate  Iram  this  priiKlpla 
ig  a  candidate  at  Mamiilet  for  the  Corps  L^lstatif,  K 
recuse   He   yielded    to  the  entreitics  •!  Iho  ImpeiU 


49* 


LESSING 


ID  iIkhb.  b*  bore  H  aMcc 
Umudi  tfaow  tiba  Rodend  him  Ut  libettj'  by  pnfenjnc  Gao- 
bctu.  He  iltowtidi  dtdincd  Iba  other  cudidBtnn  ibit  wen 
eUati  Urn:  foi  tba  Saute  In  187^.  ud  lor  ihe  ChiBber  in  1S7;. 
Id  ttji  h«  bccun  inlentid  in  ■  pnject  lor  uniting  Europe 
tad  AA  by  ft  nilwaf  u>  BombBy,  with  a  bnnch  lo  Peking. 
He  tubsequeotly  ancoiBMed  Unjor  Roudiire,  «bo  wiibed  to 
tramform  the  Sahara  dcacrt  into  ID  inlud  M*.  Tbe  king  et  Ibt 
Bdgiaat  havl^  (dnDcd  an  IntemiliDnil  Ahican  Society,  de 
Loiiepi  atCTpled  the  ptoiitetKy  al  the  French  commitiee, 
faciHtated  M,  de  Bnaaa^i  explomtiom,  and  acquired  BtatioDi 
that  he  iutiiequentiy  abandoned  to  the  French  govtmrnent, 
Thae  atatioai  wen  the  alaiting-poiDI  of  Fruch  Congo.  In 
1879  a  congrni  iocrablcd  in  the  mnu  ol  the  GcDgnphiuU 
Sodcly  at  Futi,  under  the  prtiidcacy  ot  Admini  de  Ii  Rancid 
k  Noury,  and  voted  in  lavour  of  tlie  nuking  of  tlie  Fanasu 
CanaL  FabLic  opinion^  [t  nuy  be  declared,  doignaled  Ferdinand 
ik  Leiaeps  as  the  bead  of  tiiD  enlerpcise.  It  woi  upon  that 
accasen  that  Cambclla  beSowcd  upon  him  the  title  at  Lt 
Grand  FraK(ali.  He  wai  DDI  ■  man  to  >fai>k  teapoiuibility, 
and  Dofwilhsuoding  that  he  bad  reached  the  age  of  74,  he 
undertook  to  cany  out  the  Pananu  Canal  praject  (ace  FutAKA 
Cam*!  and  FK»sct:  Hiittry)-  Folitici,  irhicb  de  Leacpa  had 
aiwayi  avoided,  wai  his  grenteat  enemy  in  Ihb  matter.  The 
•rinding-up  of  the  Panima  Company  having  been  dedwtif 
In  the  monih  ol  December  iSS3,  the  adveiuriet  of  ibe  Fiench 
Republic,  leeking  for  a  acandal  thai  would  imperil  Ihe  Bovetn- 


of  the  Pdd^ 


a  Company.    " 


.n  of  tl 


made  thai  the  pivenunent  «u  obliged.  In  sdi-defi 
Judicia]  pncerdingi  iihen  agaioM  FeidijURd  de  Ltsepa,  hb 
(on  Charles  (b.  1840)  and  bit  oo-*arkm  Fonune  and  Cotlu. 
Charleade  Lesscps.a  viclimoderedto  (he  fury  of  the  poUticf  ani, 
■'■■'■■"■  '  ■    ■      '.  and  prevent  ilfrom 


li  father. 


nagedtc 


n  of  Ihe  (ondemnalions  pmnounced.  One  of 
of  the  peneculioni  of  which  he  wu  Ihc  object 
was  to  dDDge  mm  lo  ^xnd  Ihrce  yean,  fiom  1846  to  ifiog,  in 
England,  where  bis  paiticipalbn  ta  the  managemcni  of  the 
Suex  Canal  had  won  Eor  him  some  strong  friendsZiipa,  and  where 
be  wu  ab}c  lo  see  the  great  reipcct  fn  whicb  tlia  mcraoiy  aikd 
ume  of  hit  [alber  wete  held  by  Engliilmicn. 

Ferdinand  de  Leiaeps  died  at  La  Chcnaie  on  Ihe  vlb  ot 
Decenber  \t^.  He  hid  conincted  a  second  maiiiage  in  rSCig 
with  Mile  Auiird  de  Btagird,  daughter  of  a  former  magitlraie 
of  Mauriliusi  and  eleven  out  of  twelve  chiUren  of  Ihls  marriage 
lurvived  him.  M.  de  Leiseps  was  a  member  of  the  French 
Aodemy,  of  ihe  Academy  of  Sciences,  ol  numerous  icienli6c 
•ocielies.  Grand  Cross  of  Ihe  Legion  of  Honour  and  of  Ihe  Sur 
oC  India,  and  had  received  the  freedom  of  the  City  of  London. 
According  lo  some  accounit  he  was  unconsdoutof  ihediusmui 
events  tha.t  look  place  during  (he  closing  moniht  of  ids  tile. 
Others  report  Ihu,  feeling  himself  powerless  to  scatter  Ihe 
gathered  ckiuds,  and  awan  ol  his  phyiical  feebleness,  he  had 
had  the  moral  courage  lo  pass  in  the  eyes  of  his  family,  which 
he  did  pot  vrish  lo  afBicl.  as  the  dupe  ot  the  cltoni  Ibey  employed 
to  conceal  (he  tmtb  from  him.  Thia  last  venion  would  not  be 
Surprising  if  we  relied  upon  (he  following  portrait,  sketched  by 
a  person  who  knew  him  iniima(e1y>-"  Simple  iu  his  tastes, 
never  thinking  of  himself,  constalilly  preoocupicd  about  olheis, 
•upremely  kind,  he  did  not  and  would  not  ncogniu  tuch  a  Ihuig 
as  evil.  01  a  confiding  natun,  he  was  indmed  10  judge  olhen 
by  himself.  This  natgrslly  affectioniie  abandonment  that 
every  noe  felt  in  him  had  procured  hin  profound  atlafhmenla 
aruf  rare  devotions.  He  showed,  while  malting  (he  Suez  Canal, 
what  a  gilt  he  ponessed  for  levying  (he  pacific  armies  he  con- 
ducted. He  set  duty  above  evetylhing.  hid  in  the  highest 
d^na  a  reverence  for  honour,  and  placed  his  indomitable  courage 
at  Iba  Bcrvice of  everythiift  that  was  beoe&da)  with  an  abnegation 
Hut  EBthing  could  tire.  His  marvellous  physical  and  moral 
•quDibifun  gave  him  aa  evoinna  of  temper  which  always 


renktcd  his  society  rtiarmlpg,  Whalevu  M*  two,  hb  wwfc 
ot  his  troubki,  I  have  never  noticed  in  hira  aught  but  (enenua 
bnpulM*  and  i  love  of  humanity  caitied  cvta  (e  tbow  heme 
iDprudencea  ot  which  (hey  atau  *ie  capable  who  devou  ibem- 
(cha  lo  Ihe  ameUontlon  of  bunuolly."  Na  doubt  Ibii  eulogy 
requiiti  lonM  rcaervatioDt.  Tin  striking  and  univctial  succei* 
wUcfa  ctowned  his  work  oa  Ibe  Suei  Canal  pve  Urn  an  abaoluta- 
MM  of  thought  which  bnokcd  no  eontndktkn,  ■  dcipolk 
Itvpei  befora  lAich  evcty  ow  nuat  bow,  and  iguntt  which, 
when  ho  had  once  taken  a  rescJuiion,  nothing  ccaild  prevail, 
not  even  Ihe  moat  authoiilalive  oppooilJon  or  ihe  moat  lcgiti> 


Canal  without  locks,  It 


X  tbi  F 

iterruptcd  navigable 
way.  AU  aiitmpts  to  muuaae  mm  irom  Ihit  ttaolulioa  failed 
be^ue  his  itntdoua  will  Al  his  advanced  age  be  went  with  hit 
youngest  child  10  Pananu  to  see  with  his  own  eyes  the  &eid 
ol  his  new  enlerprise.  He  there  beheld  the  CulctHa  and  (be 
Chagieai  besaw  Ihe  mountain  and  (be  slttmm,  tboae  two  grealot 
obsladc*  oi  nature  that  sou^t  lo  bar  his  route.  He  paid  no 
heed  to  them,  but  began  (be  slmggle  igabut  the  Cukbt*  aod 
the  Chagres.  It  was  against  Ibem  that  was  bRdien  his  iovindbis, 
in  the  defeat  Ihe  wi  '     ' 


lis  fan 


is  honour.    But  thia 


alom,  only  gnued  by  cilmnny,  baa  already  been  natored  u 
him  by  pasieiiiy,  for  be  died  pom,  having  been  the  fint  lo 
suHs  by  the  disaster  to  his  illusioni.  Political  a^UUus,  in 
order  to  sap  the  power  ol  the  Opportui^ist  party,  did  not  bc&late 


ulutin 


^n  forgotten,  [0 


of  Ihe  19th  cc 

Stc  C.  Baiw ,    -  -  - 

Uatpi  (LoiHlDn,  iSgj);  and  &>b<hi>i  i 
nand  dt  Lewpi  [tianv  by  C.  B.  Pitman). 

USEIKO,  OOrniOLD  BPHBAIM  {i;I»-i7Bl],  German 
cttlic  and  dramau'st,  wis  bom  at  Xamena  in  Upper  Luiatia 
(ObeiUuiiul.Suony,  on  Ibe  iind  of  January  1719.  His  father, 
jshann  Gottfried  Leuing,  was  a  dcrgynuh,  and,  a  few  yeul 
after  his  son's  birth,  became  pasiar  ftwufiut  or  uiief  pastor  of 
Kameni.  Alter  attending  the  Latin  school  ol  his  native  town, 
Gottbold  WIS  sent  in  1741  lo  the  famous  achool  of  St  AIra  at 
Meissen,  where  he  nude  such  rapid  progress,  especiiUyiDclasucs 
and  milhemaibi,  that,  tnwards  the  end  ti  his  school  caieei,  be 
was  dqcribed  by  Ihe  rector  as  "  a  steed  (hat  needed  double 


fodder." 

Iheoto^cal  student.  The  philological  lectures  of  Jobaon  fried' 
rich  Christ  (1700-1756)  md  johann  Auguit  Emesli  (1707-1781) 
proved,  however,  more  attractive  than  those  on  theology,  and 
he  attended  the  philosophical  disputaiioiu  pioided  over  by  hii 
friend  A,  G.  K&stner,  profeaur  of  mathematics  and  alto  in 
epigrammatist  of  repute.  Among  Lessing's  chief  friends  in 
Leipzig  were  C.  F.  Weissc  (1716-1B04)  Ihe  diamatiit,  and  Christ- 
lob  Mylius  (iii):-i;j4),  who  had  made  some  name  lor  himself 
as  a  journalist.  He  wis  particularly  attracted  by  ihe  theatre 
then  direoed  by  the  lalenled  acUess  KiroGne  Neuber  (l6«7' 
1760),  who  had  usisled  Collacbed  in  hii  crioitt  lo  bring  the 
German  stage  into  touch  with  Ulcratiin!.  Frau  Neuber  eien 
accepted  for  performance  Leasing's  first  comedy,  Dcr  junj^ 
GtUkrle  (174&),  which  he  had  begun  at  school-  His  father 
luturally  did,not  a[f>TDve  cA  these  new  interests  and  acquaint- 
ances, and  summoned  him  home.  He  was  only  allowed  to 
return  lo  Lelpiig  on  the  condition  that  he  would  devote  himscit 
to  the  study  of  medidne.  Some  medical  lectures  he  did  attend, 
"       "    '     •      ampiny  kept  togetber  Ibe  Ibcatro 


mior 


Ibe  end  ol  the  year,  t 


Berlin,  -her^Mi^I^  ^^Uu. 


_ .  I»Bwllnl«wtiiDBinpeiit 

tbiM  Jtui,  Bdntalniaf  hiowdt  rhitJy  by  litem;  work.  He 
tnuUlcd  three  Totiunca  of  CkulM  RoUin't  Hialtn  ucumu, 
inDW  HTCbI  t>^y—Dtr  llit*tT»,  D"  Frtit^M,  Du  Jurfw 
Mid  la  undatioa  with  Hyllu,  bcgui  the  Bdlrtit  tar  HbinU 
mi  At^i^m*  ia  Tketltn  (its*),  ■  pniedkil— wbidi  teen 
cue  to  tx.  vtA  far  tbe  dimiBiBii  ol  mulen  eouwcttd  with 
tin  dium.  EuljF  in  1 751  he  becune  literuy  ciit[c  10  tlie 
V—ritdtt  ZtUmt,  mad  in  tins  podtion  Uid  tbi  louDdilioa  [or 
hb  fcpwuioo  u  ■  Rvirvcr  al  ]t»nia$,  judgment  and  nit.  At 
theewlo[ii)i  tw*i*iaWlltciibeTS«cain,<irtientae^Miitat»ut 

.  ,_  .... i^j^  andieeoueb.    He  tlwn 

\o  BuUng  Umatioe  hli  pto- 
tcMOBj  ana  IM  aext  ttne  yeui  mre  amoas  tbe  budat  o[ 
htiSia.  B«M(«tnnlatingtelhabai>lueU(il,beiBuedKveral 
aiiDbca  U  tb  t*idfraliM*»  BitUMit,  a  periodicil  nmilar 
t*  that  wUik  be  had  btson  whh  Hyliiu;  bcabooistuiunl  liig 
vgrkaacritklatha  KainedkZ^Aaat.  Iai754heiivetpaiticu- 
lariybriDlaaipraofal  hit  critical  powen  In  hia  Vadmucum /ur 
Htm  Si  G.  lamf,  aa  a  ntort  to  that  nrittr'i  ovcctieuing 
cflUdna.  Loains  cipoacd  «ilh  nalhing  aatin  Lange'i  sian 


LESSING 


497 


Br  115]  Lodiii  kit  that  Ui  potftloo  waanffidealljF  BKimd 
to  alia*  bI  Ub  iMiilai  aa  etUtion  of  hi*  cnlltcled  mitlBgi 
ISdrifitm,  6  Tola.,  tjSi'i7SSh  '^'hey  Induded  hlilyikiand 
—      --K  of  irtikh  had  already  apptand  diuiag  hli  fint 


id  or  labcly  judged  by  preceding  gcDaationi.  The 
Silrillm  aba  coptaiscd  Loiiag's  caily  playi,  and  one  acw  one, 
Via  5ara  fanfOM  (iJSS).  Hitherto  Lorfnt  bad,  u  a  diaiu- 
ttil,  foHoved  the  mRhmb  of  coatempoiacy  Frendi  ouaedy  u 
ciiltivatedhiI.<ip^;JViM&ra5«aif*M,  howenr,  maifeatht 
be^oning  ol  a  acw  period  in  the  Mnwy  ol  the  Gcnnaa  dram. 
Thia  play,  baaed  more  or  kn  on  UlIoV  ifcnJboat  af  Laadcm, 
■nd  inSutMtd  in  its  cbtiactar-diawingby  thenovdssl  Riehanl- 
Ma,iilbefintMrf(ri>cilci  TrsHn^,  or  "  tiagadr  of  commoa 
life  "  la  GnoiBB.  It  ma  pofonned  far  tbe  tnt  time  it  Frisk- 
foR-an-Odei  in  the  nimBieT  ol  1715,  and  received  with  great 
lavour.     Among  Lesdof'a  chief  friends  during  bii  lecond 


idmlrable  ireatiie,  Pofe  «'■>  Udaphynliirl  tracing  ibaiply 
the  linn  nhicb  (eputle  the  poet  from  the  philotopher.  He  »Bi 
alto  on  inlioMc  teimt  *iih  C.  P.  Nicola!  (it»-iSii),  a  Berlin 
bookicUcr  and  ralioaalitlic  writer,  and  with  tbe  "  Geman 
Hence  "  K.  W.  Rankr  (171S-1198);  be  bad  alas  made  the 
acquainlaau  of  J.  W.  L.  Cleim  (i7i9-iSo]1,  the  Mnibentedt 
poet,  and  E.  C*ob  Kleitt  (171 S-17J9).  a  Fruulan  officer,  ■'ban 
fine  poem,  Or  FrMJUhii,  had  won  for  b!m  Leaing's  wann 

In  October  17SS  Lcaiing  lettled  in  Leipzig  with  a  view  to 
devoting  himeeit  more  eiduilvely  to  the  dnuni.  la  I7sd  he 
accepted  the  Invitation  of  Gottfried  WkUer,  a  wealthy  young 

They  did  aot,  iMWCver,  get  beyond  Amiterdan,  tor  the  oal- 
break  of  the  Seven  Yean'  War  loade  it  nccesiiy  for  WlnUer 
to  nlun  home  witbonl  km  of  time.  A  disagreement  with  k 
patron  shortly  after  resnltcd  in  LcaBng'i  ludden  d'lminn 
he  dcmuded  oHnpeDiatloa  ind,  although  In  the  end  tbe  com 
decided  in  hii  favoot,  it  wia  not  uoitl  the  cue  had  dragged  e 
lot  about  di  yean.  At  tbEt  time  I.euiiig  began  tbe  aindy  of 
medieval  literature  to  iiUch  alteniloa  bad  been  diawn  by  tbe 
SwJM  crilio,  Bodmcr  and  Breiiinger,  aad  wnMs  occuion*! 
crilidwn  for  NIcoIal'i  Siblieliili  itr  KkHutt  Wumuilulini. 
In  Leipilg  1  rwing  had  alio  an  opportunity  of  developing  bis 
Itieaddiip  with  Xleiat  who  happened  lo  be  imioBtd  there. 
The  iws  aien  were  mutually  attracted,  and  1  warm  afleciion 
■praag  up  betwtcm  them.     Is  ijjS  Kleitt'i  Raiment  being. 


qnaiten,  Losjng  decided 

niDareiuraed  again  to  tteriin.    Kleist< 

tbe  loUawing  year  at  Ihe  biltle  ol  Kunendorf. 


bytt  .  .  _ 

wonodcd  offitet—ontheprincipalbookslbsi  had  appeared  since 
the  beginning  ol  the  Seven  yean'  War.  The  scheme  wo  tog- 
gested  by  Nicolal,  by  whom  the  iMltri  were  published.  In 
Lesiing's  share  in  this  publication,  his  Rillail  powers  and 
netbods  ate  to  be  seen  11  their  best.  He  Ineisled  e^Kdaliy  no 
.he  necessily  of  truth  to  nature  in  the  imagiuatjvc  presentation 
if  the  facu  of  life,  ud  in  one  letter  be  biddly  prodalmed  the 
uiperiority  of  Shaletpeste  to  Comeille,  Ridne  and  VoltalTt. 
^t  the  same  time  he  marked  the  Immunble  condition*  to  which 

sympathies.  WbileinBeriinat  ihb  time,  heedilcd  witbRamier 
1  selection  irom  the  writing  of  F.  von  Logan,  an  epigrammstisl 
it  the  17th  century,  and  introduced  to  the  German  public  the 
LitJtr  «iiut  ^raiuixlin,  Cmnditrs.  by  J.  W.  L.  Glclm.  In 
1)59  he  published  /'Uts/ni,  a  prow  Ira^y  in  one  act,  and  alio 
1  comidete  collection  ol  his  fables,  pre«ded  by  an  eseay  on  the 
utuie  ol  the  fable.  The  latter  is  one  ol  his  best  eniyi  on 
criticism ,  deSnlag  wil  h  peitect  lucidity  what  Is  meant  by  "actioB  " 
in  workaof  theimaglDatlDD,  and  diiiinguisfaing  the  action  of  the 
fable  from  tlial  of  the  epic  ud  the  drama. 

in  r76o,  feeling  the  need  of  some  change  of  acene  aod  woA, 
Lessing  went  to  Breslau,  when  he  obtained  tbe  post  ol  leovtary 
to  Genenl  TauenUJen,  to  whom  Klent  had  Introduced  hbn  in 
Leipdg.  Tauentzienwunotonlyagenetmlintherruisiananny, 
but  governor  ol  BrMlau,  jind  director  of  the  mint.  Durhig  the 
four  years  which  Lesdng  >paLtbBmlau,beissociateddiieSy 
with  Fruiaian  officers,  went  much  Into  society,  and  developed 
a  dangerous  fondness  lor  the  gaming  table.  He  did  not,  however, 
ioae  ii|ht  of  Ut  true  goal;  he  collected  e  large  libraiy,  and,  after 
tlie  condoitaa  ol  tbe  Seven  Yea>«'  War,  in  r76j,  he  resumed 
more  eolhnsiutioUy  than  ever  tbe  studies  which  had  been 
pirtUly  latenopied.  He  Inveailgiled  the  early  faistoty  of 
Cfarfstianlty  and  peneliated  more  deeply  thaq  any  contemporary 
lUnker  Inn  the  ^gnilicsnce  ol  Spinoza's  philosophy.  He  also 
fonad  lime  for  the  iludies  which  wen  ultimately  to  appear  in 
the  volume  entitled  Laoiocn,  and  in  freh  spring  moirtlnge  he 
sketched  In  1  garden  the  plan  of  Ifitma  hh  Bamlidm. 

After  resigning  bis  Breslsu  appointment  in  1765,  be  hoped  for 
a  time  to  obtain  a  congenial  appoiniment  In  ITretden,  but  aoiblng 
came  of  this  and  he  was  again  compelled,  much  agiinit  hit 
will,  to  retnm  to  Berlin.  His  Iriends  there  eierted  themselves 
to  ohtiin  (or  him  the  office  of  keeper  of  tbe  royil  libnry,  but 
Frederick  had  not  forgotten  Leasing's  quarrel  with  Voltaire,  and 
declined  to  consider  his  diimt.  During  the  1*0  years  which 
Leering  now  spent  In  the  Pnuslan  cipiial,  he  was  restless  and 
unhappy,  yet  it  was  during  tbis  period  that  he  published  two  of 
his  greatest  works,  Latlmm,  titr  attr  ill  Craaai  ter  l/altrti 
ndiXif((i7l»}and  tf)iHMttM&iniMiw(i7e7).  Theaimof 
IwiUm,  which  Taokt  as  a  daaile,  not  only  In  Cerrain  hut  in 
European  literature.  Is  to  define  by  analysis  tbe  limitations  of 
poetry  and  the  plaallc  alts.  Many  of  his  conclusions  have  been 
Domnad  and  extended  by  later  criiidam;  hot  he  Indicated  more 
dcdilvely  than  any  of  kia  predecesion  tbe  fimtlul  principle 
that  each  ait  I*  tubject  to  definllB  aHxfitloBS,  and  that  It  can 
socompllsh  gnl  residts  only  l>y  Uedtlni  IlieU  lo  it*  qwcUl 
fuBetkn.  Tbe  BOSt  vaioabk  part*  of  the  work  an  Iboae  whkh 
rdata  to  poetry,  of  which  ht  bad  a  nradl  mora  Intimate  knowladgg 
tlm  of  sciilptut*  and  palnlbg.  Hb  cxpoeilioB  of  the  melbod* 
of  Homer  and  Sopbodc*  I*  opcdilly  aofiCMive,  and  be  may  be 
idd  to  have  marked  an  epoch  in  I  he  appiadatiea  of  thew  wrileta, 
end  of  Creek  hieratue  geneiaHy.  The  power  of  ifiwM  «m 
BmJulM.  Lesiing's  greatest  drama,  via  also  Immediately 
recognlied.  TeUheim, the beroofth*  comedy,  la  an  (dmlnble 
study  ol  a  manly  and  sensitive  soldier,  with  somewhat  exagger- 
ated ideas  of  convenlionil  honour;  and  Minna,  the  heroine, 
is  OH  s(  the  bri|htcu  and  most  atltactlve  figuni  la  Ceman 


♦9' 


comedy,  Tlia  fubovdlMta 
BUTc  [am  uKJ  vividocui  and  itw  plot,  iiUch  icSecu  pRcbel)' 
Che  alniggla  ud  K^dntioiu  o{  the  period  that  fanmcdiaUl]' 
IbUaiied  Ibc  Seven  Yew' Wu,  btimply  ud  nrntonlly  onUded. 

Ib  1767  LcHingKitkd  in  Hunburg.vberehB had  bem  invited 
ta  tike  put  in  Ibe  atabliihmcnt  of  i  DUionil  Iholn.  The 
■chcme  prombcd  weU.  lod,  u  be  esBcuted  binuelf  wkb  Johliiui 
Jouhim  Chruioph  Bode  (ifjo'iygj),  a  lilemy  inui  wbom  he 


might  at  laii  bok  [ainid  Iq  a  psuxful  and  piuperout  nnet. 
The  iheatn.  however,  vu  lODn  dosed,  and  the  priotkn|  eitab- 
lilhneat  (ailed,  leaviiig  behind  it  a  heavy  burden  oi  debt.  In 
defipur,  Le»ing  detenuioed  towaida  the  end  nt  hk  Tealdeoctt  In 
HambLirx  to  quit  Gemuny,  bdievijig  that  in  Italy  be  might 
find  coi^cnial  labour  that  would  Hiffin  krt  htl  wanU.    The 


ootheperft _ ....,_..    .._    

handbiigk  of  the  dnunatiat't  art.  By  hia  or^oul  Inteipntatioii 
of  Ariitotle'A  Lheoiy  o[  Eragedy,  be  delivered  OennU  dianutBla 
liom  the  yoke  of  the  daasiclra^yoiFrancCtaliddivcctad  them 
to  the  Cmk  dranutiiis  and  to  Shakespeuc  Anolha  leault  oF 
hesaag'fls.houisinHaJnbat^vtAib£  Anli^mriiiJu  Britft(tjtR). 
a  Miiet  (A  routeriy  ledtrt  in  aniwer  to  Chriitian  Adolf  Kkiu 
(i)j8-i;ji),  a  pioteiBor  of  the  univet»ly  of  Halle,  who,  alter 
flattering  Leuing,  had  attacked  him,  aitd  aought  to  eitabliah 
a  kind  of  intellectual  dopoLisn  by  meana  ol  critical  joumala 
which  he  directly  or  indireclty  controlled.  In  conAeooo  with 
tbii  fontreveny  Leasing  wnte  hi*  brilliant  liille  treatise,  Wit 
dit  Alitn  dm  Tof  tiUUtt  (1769),  contrutinf  the  medieval 
represenutioDofdeithaaaakektoD  with  the  Greek  cancel  ion 
of  death  at  the  Iwin-lmthei  of  ileep. 

Inalead  ol  settling  in  Italy,  aa  he  intended.  Lei^ng  accepted 
In  1770  the  office  ol  librarian  at  Wt^enbDttfl,  1  pent  which  wai 
oBiinl  to  him  by  the  beitditary  prince  of  Bnuawkk.  In  this 
poaitioB  be  paued  bii  nniaining  yean.  For  a  time  he  WH  not 
unhappy,  but  the  debta  which  he  had  conlmcted  in  Hamburg 
weighed  bcBvUy  on  him,  and  he  misud  the  society  of  hla  Iiiends; 
hia  health,  too,  which  had  hitherto  been  excellent,  gradually 
gave  way.  In  177J  he  tiavelled  iol  nine  DWothi  in  Italy  with 
Piioce  Leopold  of  Brunswick,  and  in  the  following  year  he 
narriid  Eva  K&ilg,  Ibe  widow  of  a  Hamburg  meKhaol,  with 
whom  he  had  been  00  tema  of  Intimate  fiiendahip.  Sut  Iheii 
bappineu  lasted  only  Stx  a  biief  poiod:  in  177S  ahe  died  1b 
cbiidbed. 

Soon  after  lettling  In  WoUenliQttd,  Looing  found  in  the 
libraiy  the  manuicdpt  of  a  tceatiw  by  Berti^uiiaof  Tounoe 
Iransubttanliation  in  reply  to  Lanfranc  Thla  wu  the  ocoulon 
of  Leuiog'gpowerful  esaay  on  Beicogarlui,  in  which  he  VLOdicated 
the  latter*!  duracter  aa  a  Krioua  ai>d  conabtent  thinker.  Ijl 
1771  be  published  hii  ZrrilrtKle  ^iHiertinifcniihr  du  Eftpamm, 
wsd  timt9  dtr  vgtntkmiUgw  Efipammatiilen — a  w«k  which 
Herder  docribed  al  "itsell  an  epigram."  Laung'i  theoiy  of 
the  origin  of  the  eplgnia  la  somewhat  fanciful,  but  no  other 
oiiic  hai  offered  so  many  pregnant  hint*  u  to  Ibe  laws  of 
cpigramDiatic  vetae,  or  defended  with  so  much  force  and  in- 
genuity th«  character  of  Martial.  In  177)  he  publiibcd  Emilia 
Galotii,  a  tragedy  which  he  had  begun  many  years  befoie  in 
Lcipaig.  Ihe  eubject  wu  fluggeated  by  the  Roman  legend  of 
Vltguua,  but  liti  scene  is  Laid  in  an  lulUc  tourt,  and  the  whole 
play  ii  conceived  in  the  ipidi  of  the  "  Iraitdy  ol  common  lilc." 
lis  iilta  is  that  its  tta^c  conduaton  does  not  Mem  atnolutety 
ioevilable,  but  the  dtalacteta -eapedajy  tbOH  of  lbs  GrUn 
Onina  and  Uarinclli,  (hi  prince  ol  GuaaUBa's  dttmbcdain  who 
•can*  the  intrigne  Iran  which  EmiUa  elcapta  by  death,  aie 
powerfully  dnwB.  Having  completed  EmiU*  Gaktd,  wUch  the 
younexttoeratioaof  playwrighu  at  oiice  accepted  as  a  model, 
fining  ocoq^ed  himself  for  sons  yean  almoal  eidusivcly  with 
the  tnaurta  of  the  Wolfesblittel  bloaiy.  The  results  of  thae 
toearche*  he  embodied  in  a  series  of  volumta,  2w  CucWabs  umi 
IMmlur,  the  fint  being  issued  in  177J,  the  last  in  the  yeu  of 
hi*  daub. 

Hw  Issi  period  el  LesilDg't  life  was  devoted  chiefly  to  tbto- 


loglcal  caalnveiqF.  H.-S.  Rdoana  (itM-tfW,  p 
oriental  hngttaga  In  Hambuii,  who  oonunaadtdgeni 
a*  a  scholar  and  lUnkcr,  wrote  a  bodt  (Btitled  Aptl»i^  tttr 
SdiiikKitr^fllrJittini»^tmV»''^nrGclla.  HbttawlpaiBI 
wa*  that  oi  the  Eagfish  ddsts,  and  he  InTealigatedi  wliluMi 
hesltalloii,  the  evldeoce  kir  the  luiaclci  recorded  in  the  B" ' 


The  a 


entrusted  by  his  daughter  to  Leasing;  who  pubGshed  extracta 
from  it  in  ha  Zv  GtickiilUe  imd  LUaaOa  In  I77t-i778.  These 
extracts,  the  authnnhip  of  which  wai  not  publicly  aTOWed, 
as  the  Wt^tHtHMa  PtatfrntaU.    Jtuy  created 


but  ullcriy  unscnqnikm  in  bb  cbirice  ot  weapooi  agynat  as 
oppoDoit.  Tb  Um,  tbsefon,  Lesdig  addrcaMd  in  177S  Ua 
■Beat  elaborate  answeia— £uis  Ptnid,  AtitmaU,  elevea  tttien 
with  the  title  AHH-Ctai,  and  two  pamphlets  in  reply  to  an 
inquiry  by  Goeie  as  n  what  Losing  meant  by  Chrisliaalty. 
These  papers  are  not  only  full  of  chnughE  and  leanUng;  they 
are  wiiiien  with  a  grace,  vivadty  and  energy  that  make  then 
hardly  less  intereating  to-day  than  Ihey  were  to  Leuing's  coa- 
temporarjes.  He  docs  not  undertake  to  defend  the  condusions 
of  Relnunu;  his  immediate  object  is  to  daim  the  right  of  fna 
cdtlcism  in  regard  even  to  the  hl^iat  subjects  of  human  thought. 
The  argument  on  which  he  ddefly  telka  is  that  the  Bible  caniM 
be  considered  necessary  lo  a  bebef  In  Onisllairity,  liaca  dri*. 
lianity  was  a  Uring  and  conquering  power  bdore  the  Ne* 
Teetsment  b  its  present  form  was  recognised  by  the  church.  The 
txoe  evidence  lor  what  is  esential  in  Christianity,  he  oonienda, 
is  ill  adaJHalion  to  the  wmnts  of  human  nature;  hence  the 
religiDus  s{HiiL  is  undisturbed  l>y  the  veculatlons  of  Ibe  baldest 
thinkera.  The  effect  of  tlua  controversy  waa  to  secure  wkter 
freedom  for  wrilen  on  tftcology,  and  to  luggeel  hew  ptoUeias 
regarding  the  growth  of  Christianity,  the  lotuatlOB  of  the  canon 
and  the  essentc  ol  reUgioa.  The  Brunswick  gevenuaent  having, 
in  defermw  lo  lie  mnsslQiy,  confiscated  the  PraimtnU  and 
ordered  Lcaaing  to  dlsconliaue  the  controversy  he  resolved,  at 
he  wtote  to  Eliie  Kcimuus,  to  try  "  whether  they  wotdd  let 
Um  preach  undisturlied  fion  hli  old  pulpit,  the  stage."  In 
Ifalian  ia  Won,  written  In  llie  winter  of  I7)S-I779,  he  gave 
poetic  form  to  the  ideas  whlih  he  had  already  developed  la 
prose.  Its  goveming  conception  is  that  noble  chaiacter  may  he 
associated  with  the  moot  diverse  creeds,  and  that  there  can, 
thetefote,  be  no  EOod  teuon  why  the  hotden  of  otic  sect  ef 
rellpoui  prindptes  abould  not  tolerate  those  who  maintain 
wholly  diSerent  doctrines.  Tbt  play,  which  Is  written  In  hbok 
verse.  Is  too  obviouriy  a  continuation  ol  Lesslng's  theological  con- 
troversy to  rank  high  as  poetry,  hut  the  repiesentaitves  of  tbs 
three  reHgians — the  Mahammedan  Saladln,  the  Jew  Nathan  and 
tin  Christian  Knight  Templar — are  finely  cnncdved,  and  sbov 
that  Lessin^'s  diainatic  inslinct  had,  in  spite  of  other  inlereits, 
Botdesertedhijii.  In  I78aappeand  INc  £rsiatHt d(iifmKil(»- 
tacUakii,  the  fini  half  of  which  he  bid  published  hi  1 777  with 
one  of  the  Fn){HnU.  Tliis  arorii,  composed  a  himdced  brisf 
paiagrapht,  was  the  last,  end  is  one  of  the  most  smjiirlui  ol 
Lesslng's  writings.  Tlic  doctrine  on  wfddl  hs  argument  Is 
based  is  that  no  dogmatic  creed  can  be  regarded  at  final,  but  that 
every  hlstoikal  idigion  had  Ilsahatw  in  the  derdt^ntenl  of  the 
qiiiftual  Hie  of  maoklDd.  Lessing  alao  malniaint  that  hl-toiy 
renal*  a  definite  law  «f  prafttM,  and  that  occad 
may  be  neccmaiy  for  the  advaace  of  the  w 
uhimatc  fsal.  These  ideaa  IMmcd  a  striking  contrast  to  the 
pflaciplea  both  of  orthodoi  and  al  tceptlcd  writeit  fa  Lesalng't 
day,  and  gave  a  iriwBy  new  dlrectioa  to  tatl^ous  [Mhisiiiihy. 
Another  imrk  of  Lesslng's  last  years,  Enul  wsd  Pali  (a  aeries  of 
five  dlalflguea,  of  whkh  the  first  three  were  pttUished  Is  1777, 
the  last  two  In  17^),  also  set  forth  many  new  point*  of  view. 
Its  nominal  subject  Is  fRcmasonry,  bat  It*  real  aim  h  to  plead 
for  a  himiaat  and  diaritable  spirit  in  oppesHIen  to  a  narrow 


LESSON— LE  SUEUR 


ModdnB,  bonever,  hmka  Ib  bbiI. 

the  a>d  be  wn  atwajn  nadj  l»  1h^ 

lor  lid,  wd  b*  dnotcd  Uwdf  wilb  fratriog 

Kudifartmk  HahntedmuyMvpltnaf wnkibutlatkc 

couna  f^  itSo  it  becuM«<rUcM  to  kb  bkadi  thM  ht  would  DM 

be  able  Bucb  ki«ct  to  cootinw  Uf  kbons.    Hii  baidlh  h*d 


A  Bnnmiidi  oa  the  151b  si  Fehraijr  1781. 
"  Wo'low  mocb  in  blm,"  wmc  CuMIh  tUtr  LoBiig'i  dcatb, 
"  moce  thao  ve  thJiLk."  U  may  be  quatioDod  vbetbcr  tbcrr 
b  iBjr  gtlwr  wibK  to  lAim  [be  Comaia 
pUiiBde.  Ha  Wtt  HKcMded  bjr  peeti  I 
pvB  Osnunjr  ior  >  lima  the  tat  place 
of  ibsmiU,  aad  It  WM  Ladag.aa  tbey  ibaoHlvci  aduwuMicd, 
vbapropandibawarrortbdraddeirBBeBta.  WitboMattacbias 
lihimll  le  tuy  pirdndar  qfMoii  U  philaanplacal  doctiiiH,  be 
'  r,  and  in  Rvuil  to  Bit,  poetiy  and  Ibe 


BuLiDcaaraT^— Tbe  fint  (dloB  of  L^ac'i  boOkm^  nakt, 
-•■-i  bf  bit  bfothtr  Kail  Coubdl  Uw«  {ijv>-mi].  J.  J. 
Hibui  and  P.  NkolaL  appvamd  m  a6  voU.  bciwcra  1791  and 
■I  a  coDtini»>i«n  al  tne  VmuuUi  &trtrm.  edited  by  Lening 

■     '     --laidd  Scirifin.  edittd  l:^ 

>■  (|SI3-18]8),  Uuttditlaii 
Maltidia(i8M-ia}r)anl 
lut  inntwDca  bung  Ihr 


'7W-: 


li^  ubvaixntly  le^diicd  by  W.  von 

by  7.  MuiKkiT  (21  voli..  iaS6  «.).  lb. 

nandud  cdiiion  of  Loujia'a  woikt^    Olhcr  fdhi 

Vtrk.  publidied  by  Hempel.  under  thenliianhia  o(  varioei  Khokn 

fl  veil..  ia6*-i«77)i  an  OlBKnicd  (dition  puUldwd  by  Gmu  ia 
voh.  <i875,  aew  *d,  iSaal;  lailm  Woii.  edind  Iqt  R.  Bee 
bciter  and  H.  DlDmiKr,  in  KQudina'a  Anluh  Natunamunlw, 
veil-  5S-TI  (lMj-i8(ia).  There  are  alio  many  popular  (dituna. 
Lndni'i  cormpMdeiKe  li  inciuded  in  (he  Lachmann  rdiluB  and 
is  Ihat  o(  Heinpri  (edited  by  C.  C.  Redlich,  Itn:  KiKklrIf  »' 
BtncUttumtn,  lUt):  Ilia  tnimpoadnKe  amb  bia  wife  «b>  pub- 
Jitbed  a>  early  a>  1789  (>  voli..  aew  tdilioa  by  A.  SchOH,  i&J). 
The  chitf  biotnpbici  o*  L^Hiig  are  1»  K.  C.  Lmine  (hit  broiber), 

Scfaiak  (ifa}):  t7  W.  Damd  and  C.  E.  CehniHr  (iBso-iSu, 
lad  ed.  bfW.  no  Mahaha  and  R.  Baibcivr,  3  vnEi.,  iSBo- 
lWi]i  A.  Siabr  <i  voli..  iSu,  aih  ed..  i«S7);  }.  Sune,  ^oniu.  t" 
Lif§  aai  WtAi  (i  voIl.  1817}!  H.  Zinnnem,  Luiat-s  Lxfi  and 
Wtrki  {l«7>)l  HTDaniKr,  laifgfi  i>m  (lUi):  E.  Scttmidt, 
£«jHf .  GVKUctn  Hiw  £i»(n  ihI  in-air  ScjMfln  (i  voU.,  1M4- 
1«9>.  JrI  ed.,  l9lo>tUa  ■  ibe  mamt  campkte  bisrapbvi  T.  W. 
Rclleatea.  LutmrCm  "  Cnal  Wiiun."  lUo}!  K.  Beriaita.  Lun'af 
(3  vob..  1900)70.  a[»  C.  Hcbler.  Laii^Uulitn  (1661) ;  A.  Uh. 
Duiui,  PsruJkMcm  Ater  Leninn  SpntlH  (1S7J))  W.  Courk, 
MalB'iWin  ■>  Caufcn  naiaianuckr  Draatotarnt  (1876.  Ind  id., 
i«9i):  M.  BlQnuHr.  i<u>a(i  idnkon  (1876.  md  td.,  lUoJ: 
a  BlOancr.  XaotoM-Aadin  (a  vob.,  lSSl-lB«I};  K.  Fibber. 
lAtiint  all  iUftrmaltr  ia  dnbcbii  LUmUnr  darHikltl  (1  voli.. 
■  Ml,  iDd  ed.,  llSty.  a  A.  Wagner,  Uiii«i-Fnuku<itni  (iISi)! 
I.  W.  Brain.  £«n'a(  «•  VrUili  •ti-f  ZntfnKun,  (a  vdi.,  iWi): 
P.  Albncbt,  i>B4iV'  >>ta|iu  »  ^tt*-.  iSoa  S.):  K.  Wevder.  Ferln- 
■■r«  litrr  Liirinti  Naiiaii  (1I9');  C.  Keiiner.  Lutnir  J>ruua 
ia  LicUi  ilrir  and  wurrr  ItU  (lou).  Tianilaliooi  of  Lcatin^  • 
Dramatic  Wctii  (1  voli.,  187S].  edited  by  E  Belt,  and  o[  LaakxKI, 
DratiHlit  KalB  anJ  Oit  KipniaUHn  ifDnlli  iy  Uk  Andmu,  fay 
E.  C.  Bwin' and  H.  Zinnem  (I  vol.,  i8n),  will  be  found  In  Bohn'a 
"  Standard  L^iaiy."  (J.  Si.;  J.  C.  R.) 

UMM  (Ihrmifb  Ft.  k(m  (rem  Lai.  ttOia,  nadini;  htf, 
to  nad),  properly  a  cenain  partlnii  el  *  hoiA  appointed  to  be 
read  aloud,  or  learnt  (or  ttpelllioii,  bence  anyihing  leainl  or 
Mudied,  ■  niune  o(  ituttuclkHi  or  itudy.  A  qiecific  tncaning 
of  the  word  ij  tbat  d(  a  portion  Ot  Scriptare  or  other  rU^ovs 
wrilinjj  appoinied  to  be  read  at  divine  lervice,  in  accndaact 
wltfaauUe]ino>mua"lcctlaouy."  InlbeCburch  ctfEngtaiid 
the  leetionary  it  m  ordered  that  moai  of  ihe  Old  Tenament 
li  read  through  during  the  ^eaf  u  the  Fini  Lnaon  at  Horalnf 
and  Evralng  Pnyct,  and  as  the  Second  Loann  the  whole  o(  the 
New  llntameiil,  empt  ReveiatioD,  of  lAkh  only  p«l»u  are 
read.     (See  Ltcnon  and  Lh^itdkaiy.) 

Um.  >  dcun  wind,  aimllar  to  the  Levnte  (;.>.),  obMrved 
Id  Madeira.     It  blow*  bom  an  (■ateriy  dincUon  la  aulvmB, 


on  tba  nyaliM  and  a 


lUttr  aiMl  vriBB,  laidy  ia  MBiaer,  lad  b  ol  inlanM  dqmai, 
ooetinet  ledudnt  the  iclative  humidity  at  Fuatbal  to.bchiw 
e%.    The  Leue  b  tamnmir  accompanied  by  douds  tt  iae 


la  Nocfolk  on  tba  17th  of  Decemhel  161&    la 
i644>  durinc  the  dvfl  war,  be  headed  a  coa^iincy  to  Mite  the 

bbbdnicoatdeaBedlodealhuavy.  IhtMoteKe,  hoireveT, 
wu  net  eiecuted,  aad  afteclouiyean'  imptlimiiial  in  Naw^ta 
be  eacaped  to  the  CoBtinent.  Hewaaeidudedlniai  theAtt  ot 
todeanily,  bat  in  1653  wai  paidooed  by  Cnsswdl  opoo  hb 
pcnonal  aoUdtatioa,  and  lived  qnietly  until  (be  Rtatonlba. 
■hen  after  aane  dil^r  hb  lovkxB  aad  auBeiiBgi  were  aduMW- 

wu  adadobteRd  by  Urn  tn  the  ^ilclt  which  tni^t  be  eipected 


ftmar  and  tba  Ntat,  ficm  which  evcBliially  devdopad  the 
lauaot  official  fpa  the  Ltmtm  Gamtk  in  1661.  In  lin  he 
agalR  became  pconiiieat  with  llw  Otetraaftr,  a  Journal  qxiciaUy 
deeigaed  to  vindicaM  tbe  court  Irom  the  diuge  of  a  eeciM 
inclnalion  tO  popery.     "  "'"    '    '      -    ■•    ~ 


of  hb  (bnghlar  to  Roomui  Cathefldnn,  but  then  Mens  do  naion 
to  quiiltMi  tbe  diKtrity  of  hb  own  attaduneni  to  the  Church 
of  Entfaad.  In  148?  he  gave  a  fnnher  pmof  of  independiace 
by  dlKonlinuing  the  Ohsmaltr  [nun  bb  nnwilEagiieei  to  advocate 
jaiBia  U.**  Edict  of  IVileiBtioa,  altlnugfa  he  lad  pnvioosly 
gone  all  lengihi  fai  iu|:fiort  o(  tbe  nmsures  of  tbe  court.  The 
Revoluiioa  cost  him  bis  office  as  licenser,  and  the  ncailndeT 
of  his  life  was  ^Kut  in  obscurity.  Re  died  in  1 70I.  Il  b  to 
L'EsIiange'i  ciedil  that  among  tbe  agitatioas  of  a  busy  political 
lile  he  ibould  have  found  tine  for  raoch  purely  literary  w«b 
as  a  tianstalor  of  Josephus,  Ocero,  Seneca,  Queveda  and  otbei 

LBDBDR,  DAlilBIt  the  paeudonym  ot  Juam  Latuik 
Hit  Lobeau  (lUo-  ),  Froicb  poet  and  novdiil,  who  wai 
bom  ia  Paib  in  1S60.  She  publlifaed  a  volume  of  poerai, 
Flnri  iTinnl  {iMi),  which  was  crowned  by  the  Academy. 
She  abo  wrote  some  powerful  novels  dealing  with  contemporary 
life:  Lt  Mviap  dt  GaMtOe  (iSgi);  Un  UyiUrina  Amaut 
(iE«>),  with  a  Bcria  of  philosophical  sonnets;  L'Amant  if 
GnsMw  (1S8]);  Ifarulle  (iBSs);  I/H  Vk  Iratlitii  (tS«a)j 
JuiHit  it  fimme  {i«9j);  CemUintH  Bairn  d'oMar  (iSot): 
Htmmir  tmu  fimmi  (looi):  U  Ftm  ia  pout  (igos).  Her 
pDema  were  odlecied  In  ilgg.  She  pubUsbed  bi  iQoj  a  book 
on  the  esooeoJc  slatul  of  women,  L'^tlmita  jtminim;  and  in 
iSqi-iSq]  a  tiuslatlon  (>  vols.)  of  tbe  works  of  Lord  Byna, 
whkh  wu  awarded  a  prise  by  the  Academy.  Her  ifaifw 
i'amtv,  a  fvo-ict  play  based  on  ber  novel  (1904)  of  the  aanic 
name,  wu  praductd  at  tbe  Tbttlre  Sarah  Bernhardt  la  190]. 
She  lecdvad  tlie  ribbon  of  tbe  Legion  of  Honour  hi  1900,  and  tbe 


I  VltM  f  I 


190S. 


■904  Heniy  Ijipanae  (b.  igt?),  a  wtd-ksown  writer  db  art. 
d  IDIOK.  mrUHB  (i«i7-i«55),  one  of  the  fonnden  of 
Acadeaiy  tA  painting,  wu  bom  on  (he  I9tb  o( 
i<t7  at  Faiia,  where  be  passed  bb  whole  life,  and 
id  OB  the  jotb  of  April  lOss-  Hb  early  death  and 
retired  habits  have  combined  to  give  an  ah  of  mniance  to  U* 
■Inqile  history,  wUcfa  hs)  been  decorved  with  sa  many  fable* 
u  that  of  Claude.  We  are  t<M  that,  peneeuitd  by  Le  Btun, 
who  wu  Jealous  of  bb  aUUty,  he  became  the  hiilniBlc  friend  and 
eoiTeapoHkm  of  Pousstn.  and  It  baddtd  ihai.  brokea-hcartcd  at 
the  death  of  hb  wife,  Le  Sveur  iMlied  10  the  aionaitery  of  tbe 
Chaitrcui  and  died  In  (be  una  of  the  prior.  AH  tbb,  bowcvfr, 
bpunficUoci.  TbabKUof  USu«rVllfBai>thtBe.Ilewu 


LESUEUR— LETRONNE 


irils  pfaiccd  )di  » 


t,  In  whoK  ttndio  tat  r^dly  dis- 
1  at  u  tuly  ■:(>  ima  ilie  (uild 
ot  mutcr-puaicn,  he  left  titm  to  tilu  put  in  atibliihiiig  the 
afukof  ot  painting  ind  iciilpture,  and  was  one  ol  Ihc  finl 
twelve  prolttun  of  ihu  body.  Some  puolingi,  illuitnlive 
d1  the  Ifrpncrotomichii  Polypbili,  which  were  RpndiKxd  in 
Upcalry.  bmuglit  him  into  notice,  ind  tail  reputaiioB  wu  f  unhei 
uLinced  by  ■  leriea  of  (iecontloiu  (Louvn)  in  ihc  nuniion  of 
Laraben  d>  Tboririr,  which  he  left  uncorapleitd,  for  ttaeii 
eiccvtion  wu  {requenlly  lalemipltil  tay  other  coinnuuiona. 


kiog  ud  queen  in  the  Louvre,  which  m 
ihty  were  entend  in  Bnilly'i  invenloty  fijTo)^  but  acvcnJ 
voila  produced  for  iniuir  pitroos  have  conte  down  10  va.  Ip 
the  (illiiy  ol  the  Louvk  ace  the  "  Angel  and  Kigar,"  from  the 
maniico  of  De  TooIMy  Charente; "  Totuu  and  T<^1,"  from  the 
Floihel  callcelii»;  leveral  pictuiei  eieculed  for  the  church 
ot  SatDt  Cemiii  Ibe  "  Martyrdom  of  Si  Lawnnce,"  tnHD  Saint 
Ocrmain  de  l^Auxcrroii;  two  very  hoc  works  trvm  Ibe  de^ln^d 
abbey  of  Mamwutien;  "Si  Paul  pnaching  *|  Efdmut,"  one 
of  Lc  Suour*!  tna»t  complete  and  thorough  pcriorraaiua,  painicd 
tot  the  goldiniittl's  coiporaliOB  in  liA^;  and  his  famous  serin  ol 
Ihi"  Life  of  St  Bruno,"  necuted  in  thedoiuerof  IheChntlreui. 
Thete  lait  have  more  perianal  diaracter  than  anything  else 
vi^ch  Le  Suetu  produced^  and  much  of  their  origina]  beauty 

the  wait  to  canvas,  lie  Louvn  also  possoses  many  fine  draw- 
ings (rernoduced  by  Braim)^  of  which  La  Sueur  left  an  incredible 
quanUty,  dileSy  eiKuted  in  bloi^  and  white  chalk  His  pupils, 
who  aided  him  much  in  his  work,  were  his  wile's  brother,  Th. 
Gouasf .  and  three  broihenol  his  own,  as  well  as  Claude  Leiebvie 
tod  Falel  the  kndtcape  p«Inla. 

Moat  of  his  worha  have  been  engraved,  chiefly  by  Picart,  B- 
Aildiu.  Seb.  Leclerc,  Dnvet,  Chauveau,  Poilly  and  " 
Le  Sueur's  work  lent  itteU  nadily  to  the  engr 
charming  diaughtioiin;  he  bad  a  tnil:f  c 
varied  ihadei  of  grave  arHf  elevated  leniLini 
power  to  render  them-  His  naceful  faciiii 
alnay*  restrained  by  a  very  fine  Laite.  but  i 
please  complcldyi  bccauv,  pnxJuciru  »  muc 
rtcoune  to  conventional  types,  ana  partly 

«;  vet  Us  "  Si  Paul  al  Ei^inui "  arid  ■ 
lat  be  was  oat  naturally  rkficitnt  in  (b 


(hew  ihst  H 


UKl  wherever 
the  Si  Bruno 


VSti, 

LBTOIDH.  JBAN  FBAHCOU  (i7&a  or  i;6]-iS];),  French 
mgilcal  compOKI,  was  bom  on  the  ijlh  ol  January  i;6a  (or 
i;6j)  at  DruCBl-Flfisiel,  near  Abbeville.  Be  was  a  cboir  boy 
in  the  calbcdial  of  Amieni,  and  then  becune  musical  direcior 
at  varioDS  cburchea.  In  [7A6  he  obtained  by  open  compelitickn 
tht  mvticai  directotihip  ol  the  caihedral  ol  Notrc'Damc  in 
Paris,  i^iere  he  gave  auccesslul  perfornsances  of  sacred  music 
wjih  «  lull  onheslra.  This  place  he  resigned  in  ijSj;  and, 
■its'  a  retirement  of  £vc  years  in  a  Iriend's  oouDtry  house,  he 
pndaced  La  Cnenu  and  two  other  operas  ai  the  Thilire 
Fi^dau  in  Paris.  At  the  loundalion  ol  the  PaiiaCouervBloire 
(1705)  LaueoT  was  appointed  one  of  iia  umtetiors  o(  Mudiet, 
but  was  dismissed  in  1B0),  owing  to  his  disagreements  wiih 
Haul.  LesBcur  succeeded  G.  PaisicUo  as  Matioo  ii  apftUt 
toNapokon,  sndpTvdiKed  (1804)  his  Oiifoa  at  the  Optra.  He 
also  compnaol  lor  the  emptior's  corenaiioa  s  mass  and  a  Tc 
Deum.  Louis  XVIU.,  who  bad  reluned  Lcsueur  in  his  courl, 
qipoMed  him  (tSiS)  profasor  of  cosnpoeiLion  al  the  Cen- 
ienraioirej  and  al  tl^  inslitulloB  be  had,  among  many  eibcr 
pupils.  Hector  Bedioi,  Amlmisa  Tb«mts.  Louis  Dbtil.  bctati 
andChaihaGoiMod.  Hedicdoalha6tbalOnobef  itj;.  Lttueui 
cimipaeed  *i|hi  Dpctai  and  acveni  manes,  add  olber  Hcred  Butit. 
All  his  works  are  wrillaa  in  a  sljdeof  tiforous  simplidiji. 

Sec  Ruil  RodHte.  £uOMr(cn  A  jr.  I«mv  (Psrii,  Mm)- 


Tellier,  w 


UCmL  {1603-^681),  FrcBdi  sUtciMB,  «H 

bom  in  Paris  on  the  igih  al  April  itej.  Having  enlettd  the 
puhUc  service  be  becane  malire  dcs  reqnilB  and  in  i^o 
inlendant  lA  Piedroont;  in  1643,  owing  l»bis  friendship  with 
Masarin,  he  became  secretary  of  state  for  military  aSsirs,  being 
SD  effidcnt  adminlatrslor.  In  1677  be  was  made  choocellor  of 
FHnce  and  he  was  one  oi  those  who  Influenced  Lmi*  XIV.  to 
tcvote  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  He  died  on  the  jotb  ol  Ortobet 
'"  a  few  days  ailer  the  revocation  had  been  signed.  Le 
'  great  wealth,  left  two  sons,  one  the  famous 
Louvois  snd  anoiher  who  becaawanhbtihopof  Rcimi. 
ihe.Biblioib^ue  naliooalg  in  Paris. 

see  L.  Caron.  JfisU  Le  rrUttr,  imniaa  Strmti  tm  PitmiM 
(Paris.  I«ei). 

Another  MlCH£t.  IX  TEiLUEK  (i64^i7rg}  wee  confessor  ot 
the  French  king  Louis  XIV.  Bom  at  Vire  on  the  16th  of 
December  i&u  )«  entued  IbeSocictyof  Jesus  and  Later  becsmc 
ice  of  his  violeM  atlBckson  the  Jansenlsts. 
'  '  of  his  order  in  Fiance,  but  it  was 
that  he  became  Lhe  king  'a  confessor-  In  this 
capacity  all  his  influence  was  directed  towards  urging  Louis  to 
fuilbcr  persecutions  ol  the  Protestants.  He  was  eiiled  by  Ibt 
ctgenl  Otle«ns,  but  he  had  relumed  tt>  France  when  he  dud  al 
L*  FHcbe  on  (he  SBd  of  September  1719. 

LKTHAL  (Lat.  IdJulii,  lot  Idalii,  deadly,  fron  felm.  dcMh; 
the  spelling  is  due  to  a  conlosiiHi  with  Gr.  X^fti,  lorgellulBesi), 
an  adjective  meaning  "  deadly,"  "  fatal,"  especially  as  applied  Lo 
weapons,  drugs,  &c  A  "  lethal  chamber  "  is  a  room  or  recei^ 
lacle  In  which  animsls  may  be  put  to  death  painlessly,  by  the 
admbiion  of  poisonous  gaxa. 

LETHARGT  (Gr.  ^^ofiYla,  from  X4A|.  rargetfuloea),  drowsi. 
ness,  torpor-  In  pathology  the  term  is  used  of  a  morbid  condition 
of  deep  and  listing  sleep  from  which  the  suHerer  can  be  with 
dffficully  and  only  lempDrsiily  aroused.  The  term  Negro  or 
African  lelhargy  was  formerly  applied  10  the  disease  now  gener- 
ally known  as  "  sleeping  liduiBs  "  ((.v.). 

LETHE  ("  Oblivion  ").  in  Greek  nyihohigy,  the  daughter  of 
Eils  (Hesiod,  7jt»j.  S17)  and  the  penonificalion  of  torgeltulness. 
IL  is  also  the  name  ol  a  river  In  the  inlemsl  regions.    Thou 

ins  lor  this  purpose;  wiiiien  on  a  gold  plate,  have  been  found 

a  tomb  at  Petilla.  snd  near  Lebadcla,  al  the  otacle  of  Tn>- 

phanius.  which  wa*  counted  an  cnirauce  to  the  loirei  world,  the 

S).  This  thought  begins  to  appear  in  lilemture  in  lhe  end  af 
jth  century  B.C.,  when  Ariitophsnes  (FrcfS,  iSS)  speaks  of 
plain  ot  Lellic.    Plato  iRtf,  x.)  embodies  ibe  idea  in  one  of 


departmenl  ol  Seine-Ii 

mouth  of  the  Bresle,  1 

raUwa>.    Popi  (1906}  efiig.    lowing  lolls 

Le  Trtpon  is  a  favourite  walering-plac 


re,  on  the  English  Chai 
N.rj-W.  of  Paris  on  the  Notlhei 


the 


St  ot  the  lawn.    The  mouth  of  llie  Breile  forms  s  small  port. 


crdockai 


It.  The  Ssheries  ai 
parks  with  their  dependent  indusiiie.  shipbuilding  and  glass 
manufacture,  furoith  the  chief  occupations  of  the  inhabitinu. 
Coal,  limber,  ice  and  jute  are  imported ;  ariidti  it  Paris,  sugar. 
&C-.  are  eaported.  The  chief  buildings  are  the  diurch  of  5l 
Jacques  (Jbth  century),  which  has  finely  carved  vaulting  and 
good  modem  stained  glass,  snd  the  casino  erected  i8g6-i547- 
About  1  m.  iwrih-easi  of  Le  Trfport  is  the  small  bsthing  resort 
ot  Mers-  The  Eu-Tteport  canal,  uniting  the  two  towns,  kai  a 
length  of  about  3m.,  and  is  navigable  by  vetiela  drawing  14  lu 
L«T[<pon(  the  ancient  Ltlairr  ^crrei)wasaport  of  some  note 
in  Ibe  middle  ages  and  suHcrcd  from  the  Engljih  invasion 
Louis  Philippe  twice  received  Queen  Victoria  here. 

UIBOXXB,  JXAM  AKT011IE(i;8)-i&|SJ.  French  acdweo- 
logisi,  was  bam  at  Palis  on  Ibe  ijlh  of  joDuaty  1787.     Hit 


LETTERr-LETTERS  PATENT 


■  poor  mnvn'.  H 


lo  itodr  an  anckr  At  painMr 
D(vid,  but  hi]  own  una  met  Uicruy,  and  be  became  a  tuidcni 
io  ihe  ColUge  de  Fnau,  wbtre  ii  ii  Mid  be  <aed  to  eieidie  Ui 
already  atm^y  devdaficd  ccickal  feoilt]'  by  torrecUni  lot  Hi 
o»D  aiaiuemeal  o\d  and  bad  tem  of  Greek  autbon,  afLcnnnU 
compariDg  Ibc  reaulta  wUh  thelatot  aodmoat  ^>ptovedediLianL 
Fiom  iSio  (0  i8ia  be  travelled  io  Fnace,  SwiiiecIaQd  aod 
Inly,  and  on  bii  rclurn  to  Palis  published  ao  £1101  crilifu  iv 
la  lipetfatkie  it  Symaac  (iSul.  dsigncd  to  elucldalc  Tbucy- 
didei.  Two  )xan  latei  appealed  bii  HiilurJici  (tefro>MfMi  (' 
ailiqaa  »d  the  Z>c  Vmiwu  Oibit  Itrrat  □!  DicuiL  In  iSi;  be 
wa!  cammHtiDned  by  gi>veiiin>ent  la  rantplete  the  tianilation  ni 
Sitabo  *bicli  had  been  begun  by  Laporte-Ouibeil.  and  in  Uacch 
t8i6  be  waa  one  o[  ibose  wbo  Bcie  admitted  to  ibe  Academy 
ol  loKiiptiona  by  Tcpfi\  oHlinante,  hiving  prtvioialy  cooltibuted 
a  Uhrnnrt,  "  On  the  tlcltical  SyMen  of  ibe  £(yptiau,"  which 
had  Yitai  crowned.  Further  piunniian  cane  lapidly;  in  1S17 
he  wai  appointed  direcloc  ol  ihc  £cole  ds  Chattel,  in  iSig 
inspcctor-gencraJ  of  the  univcnity,  and  in  iSjt  profeasor  of 
hiatofy  in  the  Coll^  de  France.  Tfaia  chair  he  exchanged  in 
iSjS  for  that  of  anineotogy,  and  in  1E40  he  tuccecded  Piene  C. 
Francoii  Daunou  (1761-1840)  sa  keeper  of  tbe  national  aidura. 
Meanwhile  he  had  publohed,  among  otbei  wotlu,  Comu'Aii/iimi 

10  tahrr  it  Vgr  ri  lie  I'art'nl  atani  la  Hcmnali  di  i'Amiriqiie 
((81}).  Rtckotkii  tnar  itmV  i  fkiiUirt  d'£iyfU  ptn-lanl  la 
inmiialin  dti  Gna  H  its  Xomai-H  (iSijI,  and  Siir  I'ariiinc 
frttgui  dii  udiopiei  ^eUnJus  IfyfliiHi  (iSjj).  By  (be  lall- 
Buned  he  finally  eiploded  a  fallacy  which  bad  up  (o  that  lime 
vilialed  the  chronology  of  contempomy  Egyptolagiata.  Uia 
Difliwiri  H  dwrlra  de  Ftpt^m  i/*ntnfH>iw  or  fapyrua  el 
lar  liffa  were  publiihed  in  iSu.  The  inaat  inDpottant  mtk  of 
Lclronne  b  Ibe  Becutil  iei  amrittl'ni  pufnef  ei  Mina  ie 
t^syt>''  of  which  tile  firal  volune  appealed  in  iB4>,  and  the 
acoRHl  in  |8«3.    He  died  al  Pari)  on  the  :4tb  ol  I>tcHnbcr  184S. 

LETIES  (througfa  Fr.  lelire  from  Ut.  tiUera  oe  liMra,  leiter 
ol  Ihe  alphabet;  the  origui  ol  Ibe  Latin  void  it  nfaicuR;  it  hai 
probably  nn  conneiion  with  Ihe  idoi  of  litine.  to  imeai,  Le.  wllh 
waa,  lor  as  inKriptien  vkh  a  Hitut),  s  character  or  lynbol 
opceMuig  loy  «Dea(  the  elemetilary  aounda  into  which  a  ^loken 
word  fnay  be  anafyied,  n^t  of  the  membcra  of  an  alphabet'  As 
applied  10  things  imttfv,  Ihe  wont  foflowa  mainly  the  oieuiings 
«f  Ibe  Latin  plural  liltmt,  the  meal  comnwn  mesning  attaching 

penon  to  anotber,  an  cpislle  {^.t.).    tor  ihe  njeans  adopted  to 

The  word  ii  alio,  particularly  in  Ihe  plural,  applied  to  BUuy 
lisal  and  fotmal  wrilten  docanienli,  ai  in  Itlten  patent,  letlen 
ngatory  and  diamiatoiT,  fcc.  TbeLatlnmcDf  the  plural  isalio 
folowed  in  the  i mployiaent  of  "  letten  "  in  the  loBc  of  literature 
((.I.)  ar  learning. 
WTSBKimir.  a  naikst  towa  of  Co.  Donegal,  tretand, 

11  n.  W.  by  S-  e(  LondeDdmy  by  the  Loadondecry  aod  Leugh 
Swiliy  and  Leaicrkenny  nHway.  Pop.  (ivot)  ajTO.  It  bai  a 
baibout  at  Fort  Batlyrane,  i  m.  diuant  on  Lough  Swiliy.  In 
the  maiket  aqiiaie  >  cemidcnbls  Inde  a  graiB,  Bai  and  pto- 
viiioni  b  proieailod.  Kope-taaking  twi  ihlrt-oiahing  are 
induilriei.  He  handNMO*  Roman  Calltalic  oUbednd  fat  Ihe 
dioceie  of  Xaphw  OccspiM  ■-conmanding  lite,  and  coal  a  large 
sBm,  aa  it  toMaina  tarvlog  ftogn  Rome,  tfaM  Irrai  Munich  and 
a  pidpil  of  IrUi  and  Carrara  Bubte.  IlwaacenatoatMl  in  igoi. 
There  it  a  Catholic  coUega  dedicated  Io  St  Enraan.  The  lows, 
which  i>  govrmed  by  an  urban  diMiiCt  council,  is  a  ceitlra  lor 
viaitora  10  the  comly-  III  name  a^iba  the  "  hill  (i(  the 
O'Canoanani,"  1  (iinily  who  larded  over  Tyrconueil  bcfora  Ibc 
rise  of  the  O'ltennelli. 

LSTTER  QF  CRIDIT,  a  letter,  open  or  lealed,  from  a  banker 
m  meichaal,  containing  a  requat  Io  lorae  other  petun  ot  firm 
(o  idrancc  iha  beater  of  the  letter,  or  aome  other  psion  named 
therein,  upon  ihccredii  of  thewHleri  pirtitular  or  an  unlimited 
turn  of  money.  A  letlcr  of  credit  is  either  Jenerat  or  ipccill. 
It  li  general  when  addressed  10  merchanli  or  Dlbn  pertau  in 


Aleller 


d  petNDi'aBd  ipecial 

dit  ia  not  a  pegotiable 


laitnuuent.    When  a  letleiol  credit  i    _  .         

goods,  Ihe  Idler  of  credit  unally  ttalea  Ihe  particulaii  of  Ibc 
mochandiie  apinit  which  bills  are  lo  be  drawn,  and  ahippiog 
documcnta  (biUi  of  lading,  invoicai  iniuranct  polkici)  an 
usually  attached  lo  the  draft  for  acccpunce. 

ixrraa  PATEXT.  it  ii  a  rule  alike  of  anmBa  law  and 
sound  policy  thai  gtaiils  of  Ircehohl  interests,  Iranchiiea,  hliertica, 
Jlc,  by  the  lovercign  to  a  subject  should  be  nude  only  after  due 

These  ends  are  allained  ia  EngUnd  tbrmi^  the  agency  oC 
that  pieca  of  oontilutkinal  machioety  known  ai  "  letten 
paicDL"  It  it  ben  pnpeaed  to  ooosidei  only  the  charae- 
leriaiki  al  ktien  piicnt  gCDcntly.  llw  law  nlaling  to 
letlen  patent  toe  iavettioiii  ii  dealt  with  onkc  the  beading 
Piium. 

Letlen  palest  {BUaa*  paknUs)  are  letten  addiened  by  the 
sovereign  "  to  ill  to  wIuiD  tboe  picMnti  ahati  ccme,"  redling 
the  giant  of  some  dignity,  office,  monopoly,  Irancbiw  or  other 
privilege  to  the  palenlec;  Ihey  are  not  sealed  up,  but  are  left 
open  (benceihe  term  "patent"),  and  aie  recorded  in  Iha  Patent 
Rolb  io  Ibe  Record  Office,  or  in  the  case  td  very  reccM  grania, 
in  the  Ouuceiy  Enrolment  Office,  so  that  aU  lubjccta  ol  the 
realm  may  read  and  be  bound  by  their  (onlCDta.  In  this  Kwcct 
Ibay  dillei  fiev  certain  other  ktltn  ol  the  aovereigD  directed 
Io  particular  penona  and  lor  paitio  '  ■ .  ,     .   . 

bdai  proper  fdt  puUic  hapactloa,  ai 


duiyofoi _ _ ..----    . 

e-l-  of  gaJgl  d^very;  otcnCtvc  powers,  aa  wboi  th*  duties  of 
TicMurer  and  Lod  High  Adnural  ace  a«igBed  to  conunisuoneia 
of  the  Treaiuty  tadAdpunby  (Auoa,  Cnuf.  iL^j).  Lcltea 
patent  iie  alio  wed  lo  iDcsfponle  bodiea  by  chartci>.-in  Ibe 
BeiLish  colonics,  tbii  mode  of  legiilation  ti  frequoilly  appliad 
to  Dint  stock  companln  (cl.  Rev.  Stala.  Ontario,  c  iqi,  a.  9) — 

" '  chapter  lo  elect  a  biihap, 

cuonii  to  grant  patdoa, 
iSoea  and  dignitica.  Among  grania  at 
offices,  &c.,  made  by  letters  patent  the  following  may  be  CBUDWr- 
atcd:  offices  in  the  Heralds'  CoUegei  tbo  dignilie*  of  a  peer, 
baronet  and  knight  bacbaloi;  Iho  appointments  ol  lord-Iicuten' 
ant,  cuHos  rotuloium  of  counlict,  judge  of  the  High  Court  and 
Indian  and  Colonial  judgeshipa,  king'i  munad,  ciom  livings; 

chief,  nasier  of  tbe  Imne,  keeper  of  tha  privy  seal,  poatnatier- 
geDenJ,  king'*  printei;  grants  ol  separate  courts  ol  qucilei- 
MHWBa,  The  feca  payola  in  rtlJMCt  ol  Ibe  gtaat  (d  various 
Jorma  oi  letters  patent  are  filed  by  oidera  of  the  lord  chancellor, 
dalcd  lolh  of  June  iSjl,  lElh  of  July  1871  and  nth  ol  Aug. 
1881.  (Theaeonlenareiet  out  atlcrigthinlhe^Mlafaryb/ir 
aitiiOrdn-jJJni«J(cd.iB04):V^ii.'*-"Cl"kol  the  Crown  in 
Chan«iy,"j>p.  Lei  teq.)  Formoiiy  each  colonial  governor  waa 
appointed  and  commia^oncd  by  letlen  pi  tent  under  Ihe  great 
>ul  ol  the  United  Kingdom.  But  linu  iK;s,  the  practice  haa 
been  Is  create  Ihe  office  of  governor  in  each  colony  by  letlera 
patent,  and  than  to  make  each  ai^intmcnt  to  the  office  ti/ 
•  -  -■     "lyiJ  Sign  Manual  and  to  give  to  lliB 


govern 


__  Koyal  Sign  Manual    The  letlera  patent,  tommiision  and 

million  (>ee  Jcnkyni,  Briliik  Rak  md  JyrudiaiBH  btytmi  iMi 
Sm,  p.  too-,  th*  formi  bow  in  uie  an  printed  In  Ann.  iv. 
Also  the  Slaiulery  R^i  ai\d  Ctdti  Rrnttd,  ed.  1904,  ludei  L' 
title  ol  the  colony  to  which  they  rekle),  T"  '•-•-' '  '  —■ 
PacenI  Act  1861  piDVidn  that  letters  paient  snau  noi  luc 
clfKt  in  the  coloniea  or  powetiiona  beyond  ihe  iBai  until  their 
.publicalion  Ibcra  by  piKluutMO  Or  oiherwite  (a.  1),  and  ahsjl 


anial  Letlera 


502 


liETTRHS  DE  CACHET 


be  vHit  anlai  »  publiitiad  »itUa  nine  mamb 
oIodW*  cut  ol  Bengd  or  wot  tl  Cipe  Honi, 
'piOQtEw  In  aay  other  cue,  Colonikl  officer!  mik 
oOce*  by  pitenl  f oi  life  or  (or  i  lenn  ixruia, 
by  ■  tpldti  piocnJuit— "  wootion  "— by  the  Govsnor  ud 
CiMUicil,  nbiicl  -to  k  risbc  of  appnl  to  the  kiog  in  Conacil 
(Lrav«  of  AbKace  Aci,  loniitdy  died  u  "Buikoi  Art"  ij8i; 
t«e  UtHUiu  V,  CMcnwr  «/  fan  Z>invii'i  Loud,  1S49,  ti  Mm. 
P.C.  4(pi;  ffa/ii  V.  CiW«,  '8**.  *  St.  Tri»U  [N.S.,  JilI),  The 
liv  el  coflquered  or  ceded  colonio  Buy  be  illimd  by  tbe  crown 
by  teilen  pitent  under  tbe  Gieit  Seal  u  wdl  u  by  PiocUmatlon 
or  Older  in  Council  (Jtflum  V.  Kmfu,  1G3;,  j  KiuWi  'i"'- 
3  St.  TiiJj  [N.S.1  591). 

Pncidiot. — Fonoaly  leltan  petcnC  ««>  llwayi  gmnled 
imderl  be  Great  Se^.  BatDow.nnderlbeCrawnOaceAcl  iK??, 
■nd  Ibe  Ordcn  in  Couscil  oade  under -it,  mBoy  letten  pUent 
■ra  (Ciled  niib  tbe  wafer  crM  leal.    Lilun  patent  fsi  Inven- 


tndure  by  whlcb  letten  paleat  are  obuipcd  ii  ai  follom: 
mrmnl  (or  Ibc  tunc  ol  letlen  patent  la  dnwa  op,  and  il  dgn 
by  the  lord  chancdlor;  Ibi*  U  lubniiited  to  the  liw  oSctn 
tbe  crown,  who  countenlga  It;  finally,  the  wimnf  tKiu  aign 
and  conatcnlfbed  la  Eobmitted  to  Hk  Majesty^  who  af&iea  1 
(IgnatuK.  Tlie  warrant  ii  llien  sent  to  tbe  Crown  OlEce  and 
fikd,  after  II  baa  been  acted  upon  by  the  iiaue  ol  lellcn  pale 
under  the  (reat  or  under  the  waler  inl  ai  tbe  caie  may  be.  T 
Iclten  patent  an  tben  dtUnml  into  the  caatody  of  ioair. 


n  of  letun  pitsnl  diflen  fiotn 
that  of  other  cnnU  in  cettala  putkulata:  (i.)  Lettm  patent, 
coDUiiy  to  the  ordtnuy  mle,  art  aonitmed  in  a  tenw  hvvunble 
to  tb*  (lulof  (vU.  tbe  down)  rather  than  id  the  grantee; 
■It boogh  (bte  rule  la  Bid  not  to  a^ly  ao  atrtclly  when  the  grant 


tr.R.) 


ema  icttmUt  tf  mat  huAl  (M.)  When  it  appeara  from  the  lace 
«l  the  grant  that  the  aovereign  baa  b«en  miitakan  or  deceived, 
(fther  in  nutter  of  tart  or  in  tnalter  ol  law,  at,  (.f.  by  lalac 
auggeatioo  on  tbe  part  oi  tbe  patentee,  or  by  miirecitai  ol  lormet 
granls.  or  If  tie  grant  i>  (onllary  to  law  or  uncertain,  tbe  letten 
patent  are  aboolutely  void,  and  nuy  ttill,  it  would  loin,  be 
oncdled  (eicept  la  ttgardi  Icttsi  patent  lor  invention!,  which 
■n  revoked  by  a  n>edal  procedun,  regulated  by  {  iS  o(  die 
Tatenti  Act  iSSj),  by  tbe  pmctdnre  known  aa  Kin  jaeiai,  an 
action  breught  igaiiut  tbe  patentee  In  the  name  of  Ibe  crawn 
witb  tbe  Gat  ol  tbe  attotney-geDeral. 

A>  to  let ICTi  patent  leiieialTy,  m  Bacon"i  ^trUfaunl  ("Pre- 
fDgnive."  F.)!  Chiiiy'«fter»j««      

LEimD  ra  tAZttWl.  Cinnidned  ulely  oa  French  docu- 
nentl,  'iMvi  it  lectti  nuy  be  defined  a!  letten  ligaed  by  Ibe 
kbig  m  Pnnce,  couDiersigned  by  one  tA  b!a  minbten,  and  doied 
Vilh  tbe  roysl  Mil  [caclul).  They  contaliwd  an  ordei^n 
prrndple,  any  order  whatsoever — enunating  directly  from  tbe 
king,  and  eiecutory  by  himself.  In  the  cue  of  orgaaited  bodies 
ItOrit  ill  aukti  were  iraucd  for  tbe  purpose  of  enjoining  laeRiben 
to  uaemble  or  to  accomplish  some  definite  act;  the  prrTvindil 
ettiiei  were  convoked  in  this  manner,  and  it  waa  by  a  lilbr  ie 
acM  (cdlcd  ItlVc  dtjunim)  that  the  king  ordered  a  patlement 
ID  [cgiater  a  law  In  tbe  teeth  ol  it*  own  renwBMrances,  Tbe 
best-known  UUrtj  de  cacka,  however,  were  Ihoee  oritkb  may  be 
called  penal,  by  which  the  liing  sentenced  a  nibjcct  without  trial 
and  without  an  oppottuaiiy  oi  defence  to  ImpriionnKal  in  ■ 
nalt  prison  or  an  ordinary  gaol,  conGnenent  ia  ■  convent  or  a 
boairital,  transportation  to  the  colonka,  or  i«leptIoti  to  a  given 

Hie  pown  HhiFh  the  king  enrdMd  oa  these  vaiiom  oeca^D! 
wai  a  royal  privilege  recognized  by  old  French  law,  and  oin  be 
tiaccd  to  a  maxim  which  lumisbed  a  lot  o(  the  Dital  ol  Jua- 
liaian:  "  Reurfutus  cat  a  fegibaa."  Thi!  aignlSed  particularly 
that  when  tiic  king  intervened  •Urectly  in  the  adnunittrailon 
proper,  or  1b  the  admiuBlnttian  ol  justice,  by  a  t^iedA  act  al 


■  aeoM  coDtnry  to  the  la**.  This  wn  an  early  conception,  and 
In  early  tinx*  the  aider  in  queallHi  *a!  dmply  vcibai;  Ihui 
•ome  letter*  patent  of  Heni?  HI.  of  Fnoca  la  is;6  (Itcnbert, 
,liietai»iUi/rv*e(i»i,  liv.  17B)  date  that  Fnujol*  de  Hont- 
morcoicy  waa  "  prisoner  in  our  ciitle  of  the  BaatHk  In  Paili  by 
verbal  oamaund"  of  tbe  late  king  Chatlea  IX.  But  in  the  i(th 
ecotury  tbe  prindple  waa  introduced  that  tbe  order  abould  be 
written,  and  hence  arose  the  idMrffCBcM.  lire  tebe  d^  faoM 
biknged  10  tbe  das  of  Itttm  dour,  aaof^nol  to  jdtra  >a*iMa, 
which  contained  Ihl  eapfeeaien  of  the  legal  and  penBanent  wU 
of  the  king,  ai>d  had  to  be  fBtniibed  with  tbe  teal  o(  (tale  affixed 
by  the  ihancdlor.  Tbe  Um»t  it  mcM,  oa  Ibe  ooBUaiy,  wcm 
•Ignad  timply  by  ■  Moctaiy  of  *ute  ((onneriy  known  at  Mcri- 
Aiiri  itt  jMiandnnnMi)  iOf  tbe  Vm:  thv  hot*  nenly  the 
imprint  of  the  UngV  privy  teal,  fan  which  drcunutaiwe  Ibty 
were  often  caDcd,  in  the  14th  aad  i  jtb  centUKa,  loni  dk  >«i( 
lifwf  or  IfUnct  di  ^iM  c«k«,  and  wen  eullrdy  cKinpt  from  tbe 

While  aervtng  the  SBveruBent  tff  n  dent  wHpon'  againu 
poUlictI  ■dvcntilc*  or  dangenrat  wrilen  and  at  a  mean*  of 
puDidiing  culprilt  of  high  binh  withost  the  acatulaLof  a  suit  at 
law,  th(  Una  it  tathM  had  many  other  uses.  They  were 
employed  by  the  pidice  in  deding  irith  pnttitute!,  and  oa  thdr 
authority  lunatic*  were  ihui  up  fn  taofliita!!  and  )aniMimc!  in 
prisona.  They  were  also  often  used  by  heads  ol  familirt  aa  a 
means  of  corrertion,  e.g.  lor  protecting  tbe  family  booonr  ftom 
tbe  lUsorderly  or  criminal  condurt  of  sons;  wive*,  too,  look 
advantage  of  them  to  curb  tbe  profligacy  of  bosbandi  and 
vice  vena.  They  wen  isiued  by  the  intermediary  on  the  advice 
of  the  btendantt  in  tbe  pnvincei  and  of  the  Ueutenant  ol  po6cc 
in  Paris.  In  rtalily,  tbe  lecietBry  of  aUte  Isued  them  in  a 
completely  iibitraty  faihioo,  and  in  meet  cam  the  king  was 
unaware  of  their  inue.  In  tbe  iRih  century  It  b  certain  that  the 
letter*  were  often  issued  blank,  l.e.  without  tmtaiidag  tbe  narae 
of  the  penon  against  whom  they  wets  directed;  the  redpiml, 
or  matidalaiy,  filled  fn  tbe  name  In  order  to  mate  the  letter 

Proteata  againM  Ibe  Uum  it  Casket  wse  made  coBlintuIIy 
by  tbe  parZement  of  Paris  asd  liy  tlu  provisciai  parlenenta, 
and  often  also  by  tbe  Stals-Gmenl.  In  iM  the  aovereign 
courts  of  Paris  procured  Iheir  bmnentaiy  auppresaion  in  a  kind 
of  charter  of  llbettita  itUA  they  Impiiaed  upon  the  crown. 
bat  vMch  waa  ephonnnL  It  waa  not  until  the  reign  of 
Louit  XVI,  that  a  reaction  againat  this  abuse  became  deariy 
perceptiMe.  At  the  het^nlng  vi  that  rdgn  Maktherba  during 
his  short  ministry  endeavoured  10  infuie  tome  Bteanira  of  juitice 
Into  the  system,  and  in  Mardi  17R4  tbe  bano  de  Bitteuil,  a 
miniilcr  of  the  king's  bousebold,  addressed  a  tjicular  M  the 
intendanls  and  the  lieutenant  of  police  with  a  view  to  pteveBting 
the  crying  abuses  connected  with  the  issue  of  iulrej  de  Mchsr, 
In  Pnrli,  in  t;;^,  tbeCdsrdet  ^itedoiaadedllidrfupprtnioa, 
andm  March  i;g8  the  paiteiMnt  of  hris  nude  tome  exceeding 
energetic  reunnMiancta,  which  an  Imponant  tor  tbt  Ugbt  ibey 
throw  npbn  old  French  ptiblic  law.  Tbe  ctown,  howavei,  liid 
not  decide  to  lay  aside  iMt  weapon,  and  in  a  dtcbtatfcm  to  the 
Slatn-Gcneral  In  the  royal  senioB  of  the  ijrd  of  June  itBs 
(art,  Tj)  It  did  not  renounce  K  abn^uiely.  Lutni  it  tacktl 
were  abolished  by  tbe  CSBitituent  Anembly,  but  Napoleon  »■ 
ettabUsbed  their  equivalent  by  a  political  meuure  to  tbe  deciee 
of  the  Qthof  Hanh  igoi  on  tbe  Mate  prlaooa.  Thli  waa  one  of 
the  acts  breagfct  up  againat  him  by  the  iAutei-c«iiiibe  ol  the 
jid  of  April  1B14,  which  prorunnced  bit  fall  "considering  that 
be  hei  vjotated  tbe  ooattllutional  lawi  1^  the  decreet  oa  Ike 

See  Honori  Mirabeau,  Itt  Lmm  it  ca 
(Himbfliv.  17811.  wrftren  In  the  dungeon  a.  .- 
bh  fitherlad  thrown  hhn  by  a  UOh  it  lacU.  a 
BMttt  tloqueot  of  bis  works,  wbleh  had  ar  >->—- 
WU  inwlaled  iolo  EiHJiah  with  a  dedieal 
in  i7Bg;  Frenu  Funck-Brenlaiu,  £ei  LeUrei  a> 

[904):  and  Anirt  Cbassaicae.  Ln  UBU  di 

r/ffssi  (Paii^  1901).  /—  iQ. ». « 

izcdbyGOOgK: 


LETTUCE— LEUCITE 


S09 


UTFDCS,  knaira  batuikiBy  u  Lachu*  hMb  (ut.  ord. 
Cotnpoiittt),  a  hardy  annual)  highly  atmnvd  a«  a  salad  [dMnt. 
The  London  market-girdenen  make  preparation  tor  tbc  £nt 
main  crop  ol  Cos  leltucn  in  the  open  ground  early  in  Augml, 
■  frame  being  act  on  a  ihalloH  botbed,  and.  the  itimului  o(  beat 
nol  being  required,  thii  i*  (Uotftd  to  lubside  till  the  lint  mek  in 
-      '  ■       ''le  soil,  (Oiuisting  of  lesf-mould  miied  with  r 


Utile  I 


m  e  or  I  <a 


>1  iheiurfaceitwithii 


>f  the  tashei.  The  bc*t  tinu  loi 
about  the  1  lib  o!  Octobei,  one  o(  the  best  vaiietiei  being  Lobjoiti 
Green  Cm.  When  the  seeds  begin  to  gerniinaie  ihe  suhes  are 
drawn  quite  oB  in  favourable  Heather  duiiog  the  day,  and  put 
on,  but  tilted,  at  night  in  net  vealhei.  Very  little  watering  is 
required,  and  the  aim  ibould  be  to  ktep  the  plants  gently  moving 
till  the  days  begin  to  lengthen.     In  January  a  more  active 

of  (he  planting  out  is  done,  but  In  private  gardens  the  preferaUe 
time  would  be  Fchnury.  The  ground  should  be  light  and  rich, 
and  veil  manured  bebw,  and  the  plants  put  out  at  i  ft.  apart 
cath  way  with  the  dibble.     Frequent  stli  -         '  -■ 


with  the  hoe 

second  Nwini 

shoiild  be  made  about  the  jlh  of  November 

and 

>  third  in  fn 

mes  about  the  end  <rf  January  or  beginni>i< 

.of 

Febrmry.    I 

March  a  sowing  may  be  made  in  some  w 

arm 

tiluaUonout 

open  border 

about  every  third  or  fourth  week  (HI  August, 

about  the  mi 

Idle  of  which  month  a  croc  of  Brown  Co..  H 

rdy 

Himmersmilh  or  Maidy  White  Co*  should  be  sown,  the  1 

being  the  moi 

1  rehible  in  .  severe  winter.   These  plants  ma 

ybe 

put  out  early 

n  October  on  the  tides  of  ridges  facing  the  k 

nilh 

Mai  the  Iron 

ol  a  south  wall,  beyond  the  reach  of  drops 

[be  citings, 

being  planted  a  or  8  in.  apart.  Young  let 

pbuii*  should 

be  thinned  out  In  the  seed-beds  before  they  cr 

Dwd 

Erdrsw  e«h 

Iter 

iBspUnling  i 


-opa  should  not  be  transplanted,  but  sown 
and,  the  plants  being  merely  thinned  out 
rhecks  the  runrdng  to  seed,  and  makes  the  m 


For  a  winter  supply  by  gentle  fordng.  the  Hardy  Rammi 
smith  and  Brown  Dutch  Cabbage  lettuces,  and  the  Brown  C 
■ad  Gretn  Pahs  Cos  lettuces,  should  be  sown  sbaut  the  midd 
of  August  and  in  the  beginning  of  September,  in  rich  light  so 
the  pUnti  being  pricked  out  3  in.  apart  in  a  prepared  bed, 
aoon  as  the  lirst  two  Icives  are  fully  formed.  About  the  midd 
of  October  the  planlj  should  be  liken  up  carefully  with  ba 
attached  to  Ibe  roots,  and  should  be  placed  in  a  mild  holbed 
wdl.propared  dung  (about  ss')  eo\ 


stofso 


lea[-m 


rn  Dutch  vaii 


alittU 


icompotcd 
ics  should  be  planted 
the  weather  permits, 
irk  Staailead  Faik 
by  London  mukEl- 


about  9  in.  apart.   Give  plenty 

and  protect  from  IroiL     For 

Cabluge  Lettuce  is  greatly  U\ 

gardenera.  as  it  stands  the  winter  wen.   Lee's  immense  is  anoiner 

good  variety,  while  All  the  Year  Round  may  be  sown  lor  almost 

any  season,  but  is  better  perhaps  for  summer  crops. 

There  are  two  races  of  the  lettuce,  the  Cos  lettuce,  with  erect 
oblong  beads,  and  the  Cabbage  lettuce,  with  round  or  spreading 
headi,'Tthe  former  generally  criip,  the  latter  soft  and  Sabby  in 
icMure.    Some  o(  the  best  lettuces  for  general  purpose*  ol  the 

Cm:  White  Paris  Cos,  best  for  aummec,  Creeo  Pari*  Cos, 
hardier  than  the  white;  Brown  Coa,  Lobjoits  Grtco  Cot,  one  of 
the  hardicM  and  best  lor  winter;  Hardy  White  Cot. 

.Cabiati:  tlammeramilh  Hardy  Green:  Stautead  Park, 
very  hardy,  good  lor  winter;  Tom  Thumb;  Brown  Dutch; 
Neapolitan,  best  for  summer;  AU  the  Year  Round;  Golden 
Ball,  good  for  forcing  In  prif  ale  eilaUialunent*. 

LufKco  lirau,  the  strong-scented  letliKe,  contain*  an  alkaloid 
wUch  has  the  power  ol  dilating  the  pu^ul  and  may  possibly 
be  identical  with  hyoscyamine,  though  thia  point  it  as  yet  not 
dettrmiaed.  No  variety  oMetluce  is  now  used  lor  any  medicinal 


puapaae,  though  (hera  i*  prabaUy  tone  *Ught  louDdttiaB  lor 

thebellef  that  the  lettuce  ha*  laint  narcotic  properties. 

LBUCADIA,  the  ancient  name  of  one  of  the  Ionian  IiUodt, 
DOW  Santa  Maura  [q.t.),  and  of  its  chief  town  (Hamanchl). 

LBUnPFUS,  Gre«k  [diilouplier,  born  at  Miletua  (or  Elea), 
founder  of  the  Atomistic  theory,  contemporary  of  Zeno, 
Empedoclcs  an  **  ' ' t,?.  * .        ... 


if  Democritus,  who  subsequently  developed 
-stem,  that  his  vsty  eiiitenca  wu  denied  by 
aCrt.  I.  7},  followed  in  modem  limes  by 
us,  however,  dtsiinguiihes  Leudppus  from 
rislotle  and  Theophraslut  eipiettly  credit 
ion  of  Atomism.  There  secBii,  therefoi^  no 
eiitlence,  although  nothing  is  known  of  hia 
irlhplace  b.uncertain.  Between  leudppu* 
ere  is  an  interval  of  at  least  forty  year*; 
:he  beginnings  of  Atomism  am  closely  con- 
rines  of  the  Eleatics,  the  system  as  developed 
^  Democritus  is  conditioned  by  the  sophitiical  views  of  hi* 
me,  especially  those  of  Protagoras.  While  Leudppus's  notion 
'  Being  agreed  generally  with  that  of  the  Eleatic*.  he  postulated 
s  plurality  (atoms)  and  motion,  and  the  reality  of  not-Btia| 


ccordingly.  while  I 


Ic-Diclsci 


»J,  E 


LBUCITB.  a  rock-foii 
nlununii 
ofcutnc 


...toiheeii 

Biir>ian-|  /aJtrcitciiiJ.  t 
!k  Philcsafkj  (iSqi). 


ipcsed  of  potauium  and 
...       .    KAUSIO,)*     Crystals  have  (he  fom 
^tnhedra  {iirl,  but,  as  first  observed  fay  Sit  David 
Brewster  in  iSii,  they  are  not  optically  Isotropic,  and  ate  there- 
fore pseudt>-cubic.    Goniometric  measurements  made  by  G.  vom 
Rath  in  1B7]  led  him  to  refer  the  crystals  to  the  tetragonal 
system,  the  faces  o  being  dntlnct  from  (hose  lettered  i  in  the 
adjoining  figure.     Optical  investlgatioil*  have   since  proved 
the  crystals  to  be  stiQ  more  complei 
in  character,  and  to  consist  of  several 
orthorhombit    or    monocKnic    indi- 
viduals, which  ate  optically  biaxial 
"  r  twinned,  giving  lite 
ic  and  to  tiriation*  on 
When  the  crystals  are 


tions  disappearing 

Werner  in  iiqi,  from  X(u<6t) 
Ltually  dull  and  opaque.  ~ 


ibaracler  ol  leudtc  U  Ciaclly  the 
boradte  (^..). 

nee  the  name  suggested  by  A.  G. 

ash-grey  in  colour,  and  ate 

iimet  tiintparenl  and  glassy; 

id  break  with  a  concboidal  fracture.     The 

llhespedficgtavityj-s-   End 


frequently  present  In 
colour  and  form  of  the  crystals 
a*  "  white  garnet." .  French 
ne"amphig*ne."     (L.  J.  S.) 


they  ai 

minerals,  arranged  in  conce 
thecryital).  On  account  ol 
the  niineral  was  early  ka 
authors  employ  R.  J.  HiHy' 

Latciie  Arc ir-— Although  rocas  conciiiung  icuciie  are  numertcaiiy 
•carce.  many  countries  such  as  England  being  entirely  wiHiout  Ihcm. 

globe.  Taken,  collirlively,  tfiey'eihibit  a  convderahle  varkiy  of 
Ivpvs  and  are  oT  srcnl  interest  petrographically.  For  the  pmcnce 
ol  this  mineral  It  it  necciHry  that  the  silica  percentage  of  Iht  rack 
should  not  be  high,  lor  leucite  never  occun  in  presence  of  free  quBrti. 

than  soda;  if  loda  piepondetatcs  neph^ne  occurs  nihcr  than 
kudte.  In  pre-Terllary  nicki  Iciicite  is  unoommoa,  Bnce  it  readily 
decomposes  and  changea  to  scoUles,  analcite  and  other  toondary 
■ninenu.  Leueite  alto  n  ran:  in  plulonic  rocks  and  dika  nckt.  but 
teudit4yenite  and  leudie-dafluaita  bear  witnesa  to  the  possibility 
that  It  may  D«ur  In  this  manner.  The  rounded  slupc  ol  its  crystals, 
ihdr  while  or  tRv  colour,  and  rough  cliavage.  maka  the  presence 
of  leucite  eaiily  determinable  in  many  of  tbese  rock*  by  limpla 
intpeciion,  especially  when  the  ccystali  are  large.  "  Pstudo-ku- 
ciKB  "  are  rounded  areas  consisting  al  JcJspa^  nephsliD^.taaldli^ 


S°i 


cryitalUne  funiiB  of  levciie:  ibey  tn  vnbMy  pRudoow 
pamiwT;}hi.  whkh  have  developed  rromleudtcbcauieehi«j 
!„  :..  I ..ric  cryiUti,  a  not  lUhle  »t  ordinary  >-m...r..i., 


LEUCTRA— LEUTHEN 

■iB  in  Bohemia,  ia  >«,  CtlAe^  mim 


B  u  importtnt  -«-> ,'     — 

Mill  01  tnciu.  oKviiic.  ui|iiii  uil  blniiie:  iht  kiKiu  b  i»nly 
fink,  paitly  illered  to  Mmkilc  ud  ibe  lock  bu  ■  ipDIIed  chirKCTr 
RcalliDi  tlul  d  dig  kuciic-iycniieL  II  hu  been  touiid  only  ia  Ike 
HJEhnod  MounUliH  of  Mon^ani. 

Tfce  lnidt»*e»rini  dilF-roclu  m  nmnhctm  of  Ihe  tintuiJtt  itid 
nonclBqiiltc  fnwpa.  The  kucltbtlnciuitei  ue  uiutly  fk  firy 
oc  imnih  in  ootour  and  cgaiiH  pciadpcU)'  of  BepheliiK.  *Itil>- 
fet^ar  and  arciriTK.  The  laltci"  forpu  hrifbt  grten  iiiD»-[ike 
patchn  and  ETowtha  of  Indcflnlte  ihape,  or  in  oLher  caiu  tcaltered 
acicuUf  prUmi,  amonif  Ibc  fduun  and  ncpbelinei  of  Ibe  fniund 
mtm.  Whcie  Icueiie  occun.  It  li  alwayi  eunonhlc  In  unall, 
nHiKted,  rnany-HdHerysuliIn  thefroundauu,  or  LnliT^rmaiKa 
Wkicli  kafc  die  Hme  cbacaelen  u  Ihe  pKitdfrleaeltn.  Bbllle 
oceimlAtonwof  (bei»ndo.aiidnie1aal»Blioiapnaeiit.  Ncphdbio 
Vpan  to  decreue  In  Bnoual  ■•  leudte  iiiuama.  Rndia  ef  Ihit 
■niip  are  kiiDon  tiDin  Rio  de  JaMim,  Atkanva,  Kola  (in  Finland), 
Mofltana  and  a  lew  otbccjibieei.  In  Greenland  Ibere  ate  leiteii-- 
llnfUaita  whh  nueli  arlvedienite  ChonUende)  and  eudyati 
Wmwh  Ibfly  occur  they  uoniputy  leoelEe- 
■yenitea.  LnuekB4iuaehiqi^t«a  nn  finegrained  i 
Hating  ol  oll^ne.  citaniferoui  a»ile  and  iron  oaidi 
Round  mua  in  Which  amall  Rwnded  cryalali  (^  kue 
They  have  betn  dacribed  from  Bobento. 

By  far  tha  inaler  number  al  (he  ncki  wUrli  ooouln  kudu  i 
livaa  of  TertBiy  or  neent  nologkal  age  They  ate  icver  ac 
it>etca  which  conlain  quarU,  But  lelspar  la  uwally  pment,  ihou| 
there  are  ceit^  greopi  of  teucile  lavaa  which  ape  iwn'fciipathj 
Many  of  them  alio  contain  nrpheUne,  aodalile,  hauyne  and  noaeai 


with  a  glauv 


in  ■oda),  with  olivine  in  the  mor 
and  biotltE  occur  alao.  but  are  ka 
•one  of  the  lays*,  a>  in  the  leuclle- 


k     HoniblCTide 
lite  IB  found  in 

— ... 1  (or  nnidlBt)  ia  |iRient  hi  eoD- 

ddenble amount  ore  1eucire-lracbylea»leudlfr-phanaUtn and  Icucito- 
phyrn.  Of  then  gmupt  tbe  two  fonner.  whkh  arc  not  aharply 
qiatinniiibed  from  one  another  by  moat  authon.  ate  common  In 
thfoMbMifwod  of  Roiw  (L.  Bnecianr),  L.  BoUena}.    They  are 

■ii|ire  ud  biotito-  Sodalltc  or  luuyne  may  al»  be  prcaeni,  but 
nepbdint  i>  typically  IbKnl.  Rocki  of  thii  clut  occur  alw  in  the 
tuB>  of  the  nilciiuaq  ReMi,  Bear  Napln.  The  teudtophyrei  ire 
nr*  lUlK  which  have  bees  dMCiftcd  (mn  mleui  pant  oF  the 
"ice,  of  the  Rhine  (Olbrtck.  Lucher  Sec  Ac.)  and  from 


tbgia  an  rich  in  melanite.    Mfciainplc  •eeSona  ol  ion 

mcka  arc  of  gceat  bncmt  on  acsoaot  of  their  tMuty  and  ..._ 

ol  r* lapathoH  mittenii  which  they  Doatain.   In  Bruil  Icucitophyna 
have  been  found  which  belong  to  the  Carbaaiferaciaperk)d. 

Those  kucile  nocki  which  contain  abundant  eaacntial  plagiodaK 
friapar  are  known  of  letxlte'tephritB  and  leocitc-baaaiuiei.  The 
lofmer  coniiit  mainly  ol  plagiodaae,  kueiie  and  aiigite,  whik  the 
laner  contain  olivine  in  addition.  The  kuclte  is  ollFn  pmeni  in 
two  aetl  of  cryatalu,  both  porphyiitic  and  aa  an  ingredipnl  ol  the 
imiund  masik  It  Is  alwaya  icflomorpTiic  with  rounded  aurlinefl. 
The  feltpar  langea  tram  hylownite  to  oligoeUae,  being  uauaily  a 
variety  ol  labtaSoiiie:  orthoclaie  a  anirte.    TTie  augile  variet  a 

Edeal  in  character,  beh^g  green,  bmvn  or  violet,  but  acgirine 
dart  gnea  pleochroic  aoda-iron-auglte)  ii  leldein  preseni. 
iig  the  aecesoty  minerala  biotite.  brawn  hornblende,  hauyne. 
Inn  Diridei  and  apatite  are  the  cofflmoneil  t  nelanlte  and  nepheline 
nn  abo  occur.  The  gnund  maia  ol  Ibne  mcla  h  only  occailanany 
rrcli  in  glav.  The  leurite-lephiltea  and  leiiclte.|)aiaaltea  of  Vnuviui 
■nd  Soniffla  are  familiar  eiampki  ol  thia  dan  of  mcka.  They  are 
black  or  ashy-grey  In  colour,  often  veiJcula*,  and  p*"""™"*,"*"*"- 
^f  grey  pbenocyin  of  kncite.  Their  Mack  augiti 
olivine  an  also  ensly  detected  In  hand  apechnetr 


dan  (Africa)  at 
'  divided  into  (1 


'*"  "J'^'*''V'"*Sn™an  mineral,  and  reaemhie* 


relreqiB 


mar^y  of  tbem  contain  meUlilcuiaoineqaantily.    The  urell-luBwa 

i.„„.„-„i  iht  Canod.  Bove,  near  Rome,  ia  rich  in  thia  mbiaal. 

t  irregulir  plant,  yelkw  In  the_hand  ipccimen.  encltnina 

>d  Racca?"nn- 

ivi-Mon 

Thc.k> 


platet,  yetkw  in . 

fina  ar«  olher  Italian  bcalitira  for  feuddtc. 

Cclebet  and  New  South  Walei  aimilar  nic 

pey  oo-iir  in  gnat  mimberi  In  tiK  Rhenish  vofcaliirdbtrkt'pffiel. 

Laacher  See)  and  in  Bohemia,  and  ac ■ — ■— ■--    --■-  ------ 

in  Java,  Montana.  Cekhea  and  Sard  _ 

neighbourhood  ol  Rome  ii  a  leucitite  tuB,  (I.  s.  FO 

IBOCTSA,  »  village  ol  Boeotla  in  the  lenitoty  ol  Thefpiae. 
chiefly  noiiceabk  for  the  battle  fought  in  ita  neighbaiiiboal  in 
371  a.c  beiwetn  Ibe  Thebatu  and  the  Spattani  and  their  alliet. 
A  Pdopwinc^o  atmy,  about  lo.ooo  itiong,  which  had  invaded 
Boeotia  from  Phncii,  wai  here  coofroDied  by  a  Boeotian  levy  of 
perbap*  tooo  aaldien  under  Epuninonda)  (f.i.).  In  aptte  of 
inletioi  numben  and  the  donbthd  loyalty  of  hit  Boeotiaii  allica, 
EpaBiiumdaa  offered  battle  od  the  itlaSn  before  ths  town.  Uao- 
ing  hii  cavalry  and  (he  jo-decp  colunm  of  Tlieban  infanliy  on 
hit  Icll  wing,  he  i«nt  forward  Ihl*  body  in  advatHX  of  his  coiin 
and  ligbt  «in|,  AAcr  a  cavalry  eagagenient  in  which  the 
TlMbana  diDv«  ibeir  encDiea  oS  tbe  field,  the  ded^ra  bnie  vai 
fought  oiS  between  tbe  Thoban  and  Spartan  loot.  Tbe  hltcr, 
though  fighting  well,  could  dc 


tnut,  tbe  Thebai 


...  ..    ,__  were  Spattu 

iglheUng  CkombcDtui.  Seeing  Ibeir  right  wing 
ol  Ibe  Peloponnesiana  retired  and  leli  the  dHiny 
the  fidd.  Owing  to  (he  airival  of  a  TheauUan 
ac,  whoae  frienddiip  (hey  did  not 
labJe  to  eiploit  Ihcic  victory.  But 
gteal  algniiicance  in  Greek  bistoiy. 
ivoluiion  in  mOJiary  tactio,  afiording  tbe  fini 


ce  ol  a  deliberat 


lolal 


ge  which 


vital  point  ol  the  enemy's  line.   11a  politica]  cSects 
lat-TTacbing,  lor  the  Iota  Iri  mateiial  Mrcnglb  ani 
tbe  SpatUas  here  aiuUiintd  deprived  them  fc 
auptemscy  in  Giecce. 

AuIHOMiws.— XenophoB,  Hdirnict,  vi.  4.  J-i);  Dlodocua  xL 
M-Sj;  PlularcS,  Pri<|tlijJ,  cha.  JO-»jl  Paiiaaniaa  a.  XX.  j.io; 
C.B.  Grundy.  Hit  Ttftf'afkj  ^  Ou  BtiUU  bI  Plalsa  (London. 
iSM),  PP-  Ji-j6:  H.  IMErack,  GtaikUe  icr  Kriigiiuiut  (Boliit 
IjooJ.l.  ijolT.  (M.O.B.C) 

■LKDK  (Fr.  Lticki  VOU).  an  ancient  and  very  inclattsqin 
little  town  In  the  Swiss  canton  of  the  Valais.  It  ii  bulk  above 
the  li^t  bank  of  tbe  Rhone,  and  is  about  i  m.  Inm  Ibe  Leak 
Emien  station  (15  im.  east  of  Sion  and  17  Im.wcstolBfieg)  oa 
the  Sfmplon  railway.  In  t^oo  it  had  1591  Inhabitaon,  iH  bul 
wholly  Getman-speaking  and  Romuiitls.  About  lo]  m.  by  ■ 
winding  carriage  road  N.  ol  Leuk,  and  near  the  head  of  tbe  Dali 
valley,  al  *  height  •H  46»}  ft.  above  the  lea-level,  and  over- 
shadowed by  thediSsof  iheGemBiiPisa(764i  lt.;fl.».)  leading 
over  to  the  Bernese  OberLuid,  are  (he  Baths  of  Lcuk  {Laiabad, 
or  Letclu  la  Bains).  They  have  only  613  permanent  inhabitants, 
but  are  much  frequented  in  summer  by  visitors  (laijely  French 
and  Swiss)  attracted  by  the  hot  mineral  ipiingi.  These  art  11 
In  number,  and  ate  very  abundant.  The  principal  Is  lb«t  of 
St  Laurence,  the  waler  of  which  has  a  lempcniuie  of  114"  F. 
The  aeason  lajis  Irom  June  (o  September,  The  village  In  winter 
b  long  deprived  of  sunshine,  and  is  much  enposed  to  nvalanchcj, 
by  whi, ■  ■  ■  -  ■        -  ■      ■    ■ 


protected  by  a  1 


ud  inmediately  ei 


(W.  A.  B.  CJ 

of  Prussian  SilesTi,  10  m,  W.  of  Bieslau, 

I «  r»i«4rk  the  Gnat's  victory  over  the 

■e  ™.^y  S^i^jJ'^'l  '^  from  Br^su 

1  tbe  lotia*  «*«tO'  «*"*  ■'   "»»^ 


LEUTZE— LEVBK 


Leuthen  iueU  lUnda  tome  4000  pMct  nutb  o!  the  Kud,  uid  a 

simLlar  disELLnir  sauth  again  Ein  SagschOLE,  whDc  NyperD.  on 

On  Fndcrkk's  approach  the  AuUiiina  look  up  a  line  of  baltle 
lesling  on  ihe  Iwo  kst-ramcd  vilbget:  Tbcic  Khole  potiiiua 
Has  sirongly  gairtsincd  and  protected  by  ohiiacle^  >ni!  ibtii 
ariillciy  wu  numeraiu  though  o<  light  calibre.  A  unng  output 
of  Saian  uvalty  inai  in  Bome  to  the  wBlwaid.  Fredeiidi  had 
the  previous  day  lurptiaed  tbe  AustfiaD  bakfiriea  HI  Ncunuikt, 
and  ha  Fmssiani,  ]j,ooo  to  the  eneiny't  i'^vo.  moved  towuds 
Borne  and  Leulhco  eaily  on  the  jth.  Tbe  Saian  outpcsl  vai 
nuhed  at  in  the  monung  mist,  anil,  coveted  hy  their  idvanced 
guard  on  the  hcighli  beyond,  the  Fniuiasx  wheeled  to  their 
riiht,  Piince  Charles  ol  Lorraine,  the  Austrian  cooinunder- 
liei,  on  Leuthen  Church  towec,  could  make  aothing  at 
his  cigbl  nbg 


Frrdcri 
(Lucchesi 


d  the  cdi 


Lnder  was  thus  wasting  time,  the  Prussians 
St  Nadud/in  two  columns,  which  preserved 
an  eiaciitude  which  has  eidlnl  the  wonder 
i  0!  soldiers;  at  Lhe  due  place  Uiey  wbeelcd 


It  Hidon,— 


liqucly  ic 


ic  right  wing  foremcet,  and  that 
1,"— Frederick  advanced  oa  SiKtchUli. 
Nadasdy.  surprised,  put  a  boU  lace  on  the  nutlei  and  nude  a 
good  defence,  but  he  was  speedily  routed,  and,  as  lhe  Prussians 
advanced,  battalion  after  battalion  was  rolled  up  towards 
LeuthenuntillhcAnstrianafacedalnwst ducsouth,  Thefighling 
in  Leuthen  itieU  wb»  furieosi  the  Austrians  tlood,  in  placn, 
100  deep,  but  the  disciplirted  valour  of  the  Pru&ians  carried 
the  village.  For  a  moBicni  the  vicboiy  waq  endangered  vben 
Lucchesi  came  down  upon  the  Prussian  lell  wing  from  the  norlh, 
but  Driesen's  cavalry,  till  then  icluscd,  charged  liim  in  Sunk 
and  scattered  bis  Iroopcre  in  wild  loul.  This  stroke  ended  the 
battle.  TheretiealouBmlaubccameB  rout  almost  compaiable 
(0  that  of  Wotetloo,  and  Prince  Charles  ralUed,  in  Bohemia, 
barely  31,000  out  of  his  Si.ooo.  Ten  thousand  Austrians  were 
left  on  the  Add,  11,000  taken    prisoners    (besides  17,000  in 

Prussian  loss  in  tU  was  imdei  5500.  Jtwa*  not  until  tSj* 
th^  a  metriorial  of  lhi$  astonishing  victory  was  erected  00  the 
ballleGeld. 

See  Carlyle,  Fiidiriti,  bk.  aviu.  cap.  i.;  V.  Oneeh.  FtMricIl  iir 

'-'-  '-■-  '-(*«.  IBcrlin.  185B):  Kumn,  Stklackl  iei 

and  biblii^pby  und([  Seven  VaAas' 


CiB.fr 


l-niltum   (Bredau, 


at  the  [oyal  academj 


subjecl 


,  his  first 


ilelyhebe 
"  Colun 


a  befori 


of  Salamanca,"  being  purchased  by  the  Diiueldorf  Ar. 
Union.  In  1860  he  wu  commissioned  by  the  United  State 
Conftee  to  deeotaie  3  utaiiway  in  the  Cafniol  «t  Washington 
for  which  be  painted  a  large  composition,  '*  Westward  the  Sla 
of  Empire  takes  its  Way."     His  best-known  work,   popala 

a  large  canvas  containing  a  score  of  life-sized  figures^  it  is  Jiov 
owned  by  the  Metmiwhlan  Museum  of  An,  New  York.  Hi 
became  a  member  of  Ihe  National  Academy  of  Design  in  iS&i 
and  died  at  Washington.  D.C.,  on  the  iSlh  of  July  1S6S. 

LKVALLOIB-FERRBT.  a  noclh-watem  suburb  ol   Paris,  oi 
the  right  bank  of  the  Seine,  1)  m.  fnii     '  -   ■       . 


ight  bank  of  the 
(1906)61,419.   I 


nufaci 


.      _      _  ....    .n  the  Seine, 
LZVAHT  (from  Ihe  French  use  of  Ihe  panidple  of  Ina, 
c,  for  lhe  cast,  the  orieni),  the  name  appUcd  widely  to  il 


eoutludi  of  the  a 
Egypt,  c 
Ucditen 

FbtEbsI.   Tbcplini 
■Uy  of  one  who  luns 

I  lilt  at  bimk  up,  in  nidi  pkram  u  Imntar  !■  osa,  to  bitak 

1  a  household,  or  ti  ttmfe„\.o  brvak  omp. 

LEVAESEUR.  PIBHRS  BHIU  (iSaS-         ),  Pmcfa  ecsBO- 

ist,  was  bom  in  Paris  on  the  gib  of  December  181S.  Educated 
in  Palis.be  began  to  leach  in  the  lycfe  at  Almson  in  iSje,  and 
in  lift  IH3  chosen  profesKH'  of  cfaetodc  at  BesanQan.  He  te- 
laiaad  to  Paris  to  become  pmlesaor  at  the  lycfe  Saint  Loub, 
UHJ  in  1S6S  he  was  cbotcD  a  member  of  the  academy  ol  monl 
uid  political  sdenceL  In  iSfi  be  *ai  appointed  peafeswi  of 
geogr^y.  bistoi;  and  ataistia  in  ihg  CoUge  ds  France,  and 
■ubscqueolly  became  also  profesaor  at  Ihe  Conservatoire  (tea 
aits  et  D><tien  nod  it  the  £a>ie  libce  des  sciences  politiques. 
Levasteur  was. one  of  the  louoden  of  the  study  ol  comnMrciol 
leograpby.  anii  becaaiE  a  member  of  iha  Coundl  of  Pubbe 

and  hODOfuy  president  of  the  French  geographkal  society. 
Hl(  numerous  writfngi  inHode:  Ilinoiu  its  cUitts  otaritra  n 
nnct  iifnU  la  am^iUli  il  Jglt'  Ci$ju  jiu^'i  la  RhaliiM*  (i9M): 
riUifire  dii  tiauti  wariirti  ch  Frana  itpkit  itt  JlM^ititm  JHJfk'A 
aiKT'l  (1B67);  I'Eludt  II  I'lJunVumml  <fc  Al  |Jiiirapti<  ll»71I ; 
a  PeptlMim  f-anfaiu  [T8S9-1899);  L'AtriaJlan  au  ElaJi-C'iiii 
.1694)!  L'£n!riz*rmt<a  primnirt  ilaiil  Itt  payl  Imliiis  (1897): 
L'Ovsivr  amitlam  (1898)1  (JwiHau  nuriira  d  ininMrirlltl  Inu 
ia  Iniiiimt  RipuUwit  (1907) ;  and  Hiiuirt  dri  dajKj  mnirts 
it  d£  rindnitrir  tn  Fnuta  it  jjSq  i  iSro  (1903-191:^1.  He  alio  pub< 
•tita^CnitdAaasirtliifniplatpltyiiituilfelilipu  (1990-1B91). 

LRVBCHI^  (be  name  given  to, Ihe  dry  bot  siroctc  wind  tn 
Spain:  often  incocieiitly  called  the  "  solans."  The  direction  of 
the  Leveche  is  muUy  from  S.E.,  S.  or  S.W.,  and  it  «ccurt  along 
the  coast  from  Cabo  de  Gala  to  Cabo  de  Nao,  and  even  bt^niBd 
Malaga  for  a  distance  ol  some  10  m.  Inland. 

LEVAe  (from  Fr.  fner,  toraise),  an  embankment  which  keeps  a 
river  in  its  channcL  A  river  suchas  the  hfiBSiasippiCg.v.},  draining 
■  large  aiea,  curies  a  great  amount  of  itdiment  from  Us  Iwiltet 
head-sITcnmstDthelowtr  ground.  As  soon  as  a  stream's  velocity 
is  checked,  it  drops  a  portion  of  its  load  of  sediment  and  spmds 
an  alluvial  Ian  in  the  lower  part  ol  ill  course.  This  depositioa 
oi  mtrriil  take*  plan  patticulatly  at  the  sides  of  the  ttttam 
where  tbe  velocity  is  IcasI,  and  the  banks'are  in  consequence 
raised  afiove  the  main  channel,  so  that  the  river  becomes  lilted 
bodily  upwards  in  its  bed,  and  flows  above  the  levct  ol  tbe 
surrounding  country.  In  SoDd-timc  Ihe  muddy  water  0owi  over 
the  river's  banks,  wbcn  Its  velocity  bit  once  checked aiii  Bows 
gently  down  the  oater  side,  causing  more  material  to  fie  deposited 
there,  and  a  long  alluvial  ridge,  called  a  natural  lev^,  to  be  built 
up  on  cither  side  of  the  stream.  These  ridges  may  be  wide  or 
nacrow,  hut  they  slaps  from  the  stream's  outer  banks  to  the 
plain  bdow,  and  in  consequence  require  carclul  watching,  lor  il 
the  levfc  is  broken  by  a  "  crevasse,"  tbe  whole  body  of  Ihe  river 
may  pour  thitiugh  and  Bood  the  country  below.  In  1S90  the 
Mississippi  near  New  OiIeuu  broke  through  the  Nils  crevasse 
and  Sowod  eastward  with  a  current  of  15  m.  an  hour,  spreading 
detmclion  in  its  path.  The  Hwang-bo  rlvn  in  China  b 
peculiarly  liable  to  these  inunditlons.  The  wwd  levte  Is  also 
inmei  iraes  used  to  denote  a  rivenida  quay  or  landing-i^ce. 

(from  lhe  French  lubsianilvat  use  of  Itir,  to  itoe; 


10  French  su 


ilivilui 


in  the  El 


ibly  held  by  the  British  sovere 
lepnsentatin,  in  Ireland  by  the  kud-lieuleoanl,  in  In 
viceray,in  the  forenoon  or  early  afltmoon,  at  which  men  omy  air 
pteient  in  distinction  from  a  "  drawing-room,"  at  which  ladiea 
also  are  presented  or  received.  Under  tbe  ancUa  ripf  la 
France  the  iewr  of  the  king  was  regnlaled,  especially  under 
louis  XIV.,  by  elahorate  eliquetle,  and  the  varloos  divisions  o( 
Ibe  ceiemonial  folkwed  the  stages  of  the  king's  ilaing  (run  bed, 
from  which  il  Biaed  il*  mnw.  The  MfA  Imr  beCM  wheS  Ito 
.    Il  A,itH)t^ie 


sob 


LEVELLERS— LEVEN,  EARL  OF 


DiUed  lb*  piiimei  Ihe  blood,! 
bold  and  iImw  io  wbon  *  >p«iil 
bUoiHcd  III*  trcmiiH  atfrto,  to  « 
Mha  oOcuk  Mii  tboH  kivfaia  the  nurjc;  (iKK  wen  ncnved 
by  Ur  tiiw  in  bb  dnMini-flova.  FiatOj,  U  ibc  fniid  lair, 
the  KBukidB  a(  Ihc  bouMhold.  the  sobla  uid  (enileiBni  of  [be 
court  wen  RcdTCd;  (bo  kins  hgr  Ihu  tinw  m*  ihiTcd,  hid 
changed  his  finen  ud  *u  la  hit  trig,  la  Um  United  Sttta  the 
teem  "  Into"  was  tenedy  «Md  it  the  pablic  raofitJoii*  beld 
by  ibt  ptoldenL 

UVBLUtBt.  the  luuno  ghwn  to  mi  importul  poUiIcd  party 
fa  Baj^ud  during  lbs  period  of  the  Gvil  Wit  ud  ihe  CoRiiDan- 
vHkh.  The  getm  al  the  Levelliiig  movement  nuii  be  eoufbt 
lar  aiaaot  the  Agjuton  (qj-),  men  of  itrang  npublicu  vlevi, 
ood  Ihe  B«ne  Leveller  firM  sppean  in  ■  Ictta  e(  the  iM  «I 
Novembet  1647.  slibougb  it  wu  undaubiedly  la  euteoa  is  « 
nickBuw  beioR  this  date-  (Gixdinec,  Grial  Cml  War,  iiL  j8e). 
Ibis  Ictta  reien  10  these  eitremiui  thus:  "  Hiey  hive  given 
theanelves  a  new  ume,  vii.  Lcvellcn,  loc  they  intend  to 
M>t  ill  ihiagt  stnight,  uid  nyie  ■  pciity  ind  comanuilty  io 


the  puUiunent,  ind  while  the  lelatirau  betwe 


nsnd 
re  very  strained.  Like  the  Agitlton  Ibcy  were 
mimiy  louna  imong  Ihe  taklleni  they  were  oppOMd  to  Ihe 
ejailcnce  ol  kingship,  ind  they  feued  tbit  Cmmitell  tnd  the 
other  puUimenliry  leaders  wen  too  aiinpliiiut  in  iheii  deil- 
ingi  with  Chiries;  in  lict  they  doubted  Ibelr  sincerity  hi  iha 
mitter.  Led  by  John  tilbume  (i/.t.)  they  procnled  i  minilcilo, 
Tki  Cue  tj  Ikt  ArmylnJy  ilBUd,  to  the  comnuinder-iii-ch Lit,  Lord 
FiirUi,  in  October  1647.  Tn  this  they  deminded  i  ditselution 
of  pirliimeat  within  i  yen  snd  iubstuitisl  changes  in  the  con- 
stitution oi  lutuR  piiliijnents,  which  wen  to  bo  r^uiiled  by  in 
uultenble  "  liw  pocunount."  In  >  seomd  docunieDt,  Thi 
Apaintnt  d/  Ike  PcofU,  ihey  expended  these  Idcu,  which  wen 
discusBcd  by  Cromwdl,  Iretoa  and  other  oSicen  on  the  one  side, 
ind  1^  John  Wildmin,  Tbomis  Riinsborou^  vul  Edwird 
Seiby  lor  the  Levelltis  on- the  other.  But  no  lelllemeDI  was 
made;  vnne  ot  the  Levellen  dimound  (or  tlH  king's  death, 
and  in  Nevembei  164;,  just  alter  his  fli^i  Iran  Hampton  Court 
to  Clrisbro^,  they  were  rcspodfible  for  a  mutiny  which  broke 
out  in  two  regiments  at  Corkbudi  Fidd,  sal  Win.  TUs, 
however,  was  promptly  suppressed  by  CromwclL  During  the 
twdve  months  which  immediately  preceded  the  execution  of  the 
king  the  Levcllen  conducted  ■  lively  iffUiion  in  favour  ot  the 
ideas  expnssed  in  the  Atriemoil  tf  Uu  fafU.  uid  in  Januiry 
1A4S  Lilbuiae  was  arrtited  for  using  seditious  language  at  I 
DMing  b  London.  But  no  success  attended  these  and  similai 
eOoita,  and  their  only  result  was  that  the  Levellen  resided 
Cnomwei]  with  still  gmter  tuspidna. 

Eariy  in  i6m,  just  after  the  deuh  of  tiM  king,  the  Levellen 
nnewed  then  activity.  They  wers  both  numcnnis  and  danger- 
ous, and  they  stood  up.  says  Cardincr,  "  for  10  euggention 
of  Ihe  doctrine  oI  palliuclnlaTV  supnnucy."  In  a  pamphlet. 
£ii^id'i  JVei'  Chaimi,  Lilbume  isked  for  the  dissolution  of  the 
council  ol  state  ind  for  a  new  and  reformed  puliamenl.  He 
fgUowcd  this  up  with  the  Sand  Pal  ^  Baitoiu^'  !f«t  Ckainr, 
his  wriiinfi  were  declared  tnisonable  by  pirUiment,  and  is 
March  1649  be  and  thnc  other  Isdmg  LeveUen,  Rkhard  Over- 
ton, Williaa  Wah^  and  Prince  were  arrested.  TbeifiiRHiteni 
which  was  spreading  in  the  army  was  tanned  irfien  certain 
n^imcnta  were  ordered  to  proceed  to  Irdand,  and  in  April  164I) 
then  was  ■  meeting  in  Loodwi;  bat  thia  was  quickly  pot  down 
by  Fairhi  and  Cnmwell.  and  its  leader,  Robert  Loiiyer,  wu 
ibot.  Iliiinp  at  Burford  ind  it  Banbury  wen  abo  snp^eMed 
without  anv  serioua  difficulty,  and  Ibe  tnoble  with  the  Lenllen 
.    Gradually  they  became  leas  piTHnlnant, 


lie  dinger  fioai  then 


fmn  E^igUnd.  'Ae  dlstinguisUng  mufc.  of  the  LettStt  na  a 
aea-giecn  ribbon. 

Anaiher  bui  aieie  hannlni  form  ot  the  same  mtrvemeat  was 
tbe  assembling  eC  about  fifty  men  an  St  George')  HiU  near 
Oatlsnds  in  Surrey.  In  April  r64g  ihese  "True  Levellers" 
or  "  Diggers,"  as  they  wen  called,  took  possession  of  some 
unoccupied  ground  which  they  began  to  cultivate.  They  were, 
however,  soon  durpened,  and  their  leaden  wen  irreslcd  ind 
bnnghc  before  Fiirfan,  when  they  took  the  opponunity  of 
denouncing  landownen.  It  h  ioterejibg  to  noie  thai  LQbuine 
and  his  collesgues  objected  la  being  designaied  LeveUen,  as 
they  had  00  desin  to  take  away  "  the  proper  right  and  title  that 
cvny  man  has  to  what  ia  his  own.'^ 

Cromwell  s[  tacked  tbe  Levellen  lu  his  speech  to  psiUament  In 
September  1654  (Carlyle.  CromvdTt.Liiltrt  and  Spatka,  Speech 
II.).  He  Slid:  "A  noblenan,  a  gentlemaa,  a  ytomini  Ihe 
dislinclion  of  these;  thai  is  1  good  interest  of  tbe  nitioo,  ud 
a  great  one^  The  '  natural '  migiitricy  of  the  nillon,  was  it 
not  almost  trampled  under  foot,  under  despite  and  contempt,  by 
men  of  Levelling  principles?  I  beseedi  you.  for  the  orders  of 
men  and  noks  of  mm,  did  not  that  LevelKag  principle  tend  lo 
the  reducing  of  all  to  an  e<iui1ity?  IHA  it  ^consdomty*  ilunk 
to  do  so;  or  did  il  'only  unconsciously'  practise  towards  that 


Tn  T7}4  then  wu  a  rising  aninrt  endoei 
nvmberof  men  who  took  part  iberHn  were  c 
tmslien  (A.  Lang,  Hitltry  tj  SaOiiiU.'ni.  i 

lianary  lodety  liiniUr  la  tin  Whiteboyv. 


es  In  GsUowiy,  and  a 
led  LeveUen  or  Dylifr 

'(JlW.™) 


LSVn.  ALBXAXDIB  LBnJX,  in  Tim.  or  (f.  1580-1W1), 

Scottish  general,  was  the  son  of  George  Leslie,  captain  of  Blair-lQ. 
Athol,  and  a  member  of  the  family  of  Leslie  ol  Balquhaio. 
After  a  icantyednatlon  besought  Us  fortune  abroad,  snd  became 
a  soldier,  Gnt  under  Sir  Horace  Ven  in  the  Low  Countries,  and 
aftetwirdi  {i6oj)  under  Chariet  IX.  and  tiulavut  Ado^ui 
of  Sweden,  in  wfuet  service  be  remained  for  many  yean  and 
Lpiigna  with  honour.    In  i6j6  Leslie  hid 


nbym 


le  disllnguished  bi 


It  WaUeo- 


knighted  by  Custavus.    In  161S  I 

constancy  and  tnetgy  In  the  del  em 

stein,  Ind  io  i6ja  seised  the  islind  o[  RUgen  in  tne  nunc  01 

the  Ling  of  Sweden.    In  the  sime  yeir  he  nlumed  to  Scotland 

to  isiist  in  recnithig  ind  oiginiung  the  corps  of  Scottish 

voluntceri  which  Jinwa,  jrd  nurquis  ol  Himilioo,  brosiHtt 

over  to  Gutuvui  in  i6ji.    Leslie  received  a  Kvere  iroiuid  in 

at  Ciativus's  but  bitlle  it  Ldtien.  Like  many  others  of  tba 
soldiers  of  fortune  idio  served  under  Cuttavns,  Leslie  cherished 
his  old  commander's  memory  to  the  day  of  his  deiih,  and  he 
kept  with  partleulucanijewelind  miniatun  presented  to  hint 
by  the  king.  He  onitinued  is  a  general  officer  in  the  Swedish 
army  tor  some  years,  was  promolcd  in  1636  to  the  tank  of  field 
manhsl,  and  continued  in  the  Held  until  i6]3,  when  eventt 
recalled  him  lo  his  own  country.  He  had  married  long  befon 
Ihlfr — in  i6n  his  eldat  son  was  made  a  colonel  in  the  Swedish 
army — and  be  had  namged  to  ke^  in  touc^  with  Scottish 

As  tbe  fomnost  Scottish  siddler  of  his  day  he  wa>  naturally 

nominated  to  command  the  Scottish  army  In  the  impending 
war  with  England,  a  port  which,  tesigning  his  Swedish  commind, 
be  accepted  with  1  ^id  heart,  for  he  wu  in  irdeni  Covenanter 
and  had  cuaed  "■  great  nnmbet  of  our  comnuuiden  in  Germany 
■ubicryve  our  covenant"  (BallNe'i  I^IcmI.  On  leaving  Sweden 
be  bnnight  back  his  itrears  of  pay  In  the  form  of  cannon  and 
midnti  for  bis  new  army.  For  some  months  ho  bailed  himidt 
with  the  orsulaaiion  ud  tnlidng  of  the  new  le^a,  ud  with 
inducing  Scottish  offictn  abroad  to  do  their  duty  10  thur  coUDtij 
by  telnming  to  lead  them.    Diminutive  in  ilie  and  somewhat 


^AiOOt^H 


LEVEN— LEVEN,:  LOCH 


ULe  the  CAille  of  Efiinburfh  hy  jiirpriM,  vntlWDt  Ihfi  iMi  of  A 
man.  He  conuuiided  Ibe  SaMtbh  army  aX  I>udk  Lur  in  Hiy 
Df  lint  year,  and  in  lAto  be  invadal  Ei^uid,  uuJ  ddattd 
the  kini'i  tiwpa  it  Newbum  on  the  Tyiw,  •bkb  gave  kin 
potaarion  of  Newcutle  ind  of  the  open  onaliy  m  fu  u  the 
Tet*.  At  tb*  tttity  (nth  the  king  U  Ripon,  LoUe  wu  one  of 
(he  conniuiaiwn  il  the  Scolliib  {■''■■■'■■^  ""I  ■■'"'i  Chufai 
vWted  Edintnirih  LnUe  cateitiiiwd  htai  mifiillecilbr  and 
■ccompinied  hhn  when  h«  drove  thioi)^  the  Miteu.  Hb 
aRinnttons  of  Eoynlly  to  the  crown,  whlfh  lain  evenlfl  eauHd 
to  be  lemcmbered  against  him,  were  rfnceee  eHHlgh,  bol  the 
complicated  polilia  dI  Ibe  lime  made  it  difficnlL  [or  LesUe,  Ibe 
kird  icnenl  o[  the  ScolliJb  army,  to  maintain  a  perfectly 
onsiilenl  altilade.  Haweret,  bit  inHuence  wu  neniicd 
chiefly  u  put  ao  nd  to,  evm  to  hioh  up.  Ihe  tcoubla,  uid  bt 
b  foDBd,  now  giving  a  private  wuning  to  pbllm  afiuiul  IW 
king  to  enable  Lbem  to  escape,  now  gaardiDg  the  £<oLliih 
parliament  againit  a  royalhl  »■>  ^Oal,  and  rxrw  secuiof  (ec 
an  old  comrade  of  the  Gerroin  win,  Palrifk'  Ruttven,  I^itd 
EllTJCk,  indemnity  for  having  heU  Edinlmigh  Castle  fi 


dated  tlalyitiod,  I 


realed  h 


.  by  pi 


nboi^  Canle  and  a 

iBciUor.    The  parliaiiieDt  mniniied  his  icKikef  by  * 

i,  on  his  resigning  the  lord  generalihip,  arointed  him 

commander  of  the  pcnnaneni  forces.    A  lilLk  later,  Lcvea,  who 

executive  poven  during  tbc  receu  of  parliament,  used  bis  great 
influence  in  suppan  nl  >  pcoposal  to  nise  a  Scottish  army  la 
help  Ibe  elector  paUline  in  Genmuiy.  but  the  Ublei  miMcrts 
pve  this  force,  when  niied.  a  ftcsh  dimlion  and  Levtn  binuelf 
accompanied  it  to  Ireiaod  as  lord  general.  He  did  not  lemaln 
then  kmg,  lor  the  Gnat  Refadjoa  (t-d.)  had  begun  b  Ea^and, 
and  negoliilions  were  opened  between  Ihe  Eoglitll  and  the 
Scottish  parliameota  for  mutual  armed  assistance.  Leven 
accepted  Uie  cwninind  of  Ibe  new  forces  raised  for  the  invailiin 
of  England,  and  was  in  oonieiiuence  freely  accused  of  having 
bTDfcen  hii  persanil  oath  to  Chides,  but  be  could  banUy  have 
acted  otherwise  than  he  did,  and  at  that  time,  and  so  Fu  as  the 
Scots  were  concerned,  to  the  end  of  the  slnig^,  the  partiameots 
were  in  arms,  professedly  and  to  some  eiteol  actually,  to  Racuc 
his  ma  jelly  from  the  influence  of  evil  counseUon. 

The  militaiy  operations  preceding  Maiston  Moor  are  described 
under  Gxeat  Rebeluon,  and  the  battle  itself  under  iu  on 
beading.  Leven'i  great  npnialion,  wisdom  and  tact  made  him 
HI  ideal  commander  for  the  allied  army  formed  by  Ihe  jiuictton 
of  Leven's,  Fiirfai's  and  Manchester's  in  Yoiluhirc.  After 
the  battle  Ihe  allied  foices  separated,  Leveo  bringing  the  siege 
4  Newcastle  to  an  end  by  storming  H.  In  1641  Ihe  Scott  were 
bss>u«eu(u1,ibaiigh  their Dpcnlion)  langed  from  Westmorland 
to  Hereford,  and  Leven  biniself  had  many  adminitlralive  and 
political  difficulties  to  ccniend  with.  These  difficullies  became 
more  ptimounced  when  in  iH^fi  Charles  took  lefuge  with  the 
Scottish  army.  The  king  remained  with  Leven  aotil  he  wm 
handed  over  10  the  Eoglish  partiament  in  1647,  and  Leven 
constantly  urged  him  10  take  the  covenant,  and  to  make  peace, 
rittbyterlani  and  Independents  had  now  pailed,  and  with 
BO  more  concession  than  the  guarantee  of  the  covenant  th* 
Scoltish  and  English  Presbyterians  were  ready  to  lay  dawn  their 

idd  and  infirm,  and  though  retained  aa  nominal  lonmander-in- 
chief  saw  no  further  active  lerrice.  He  acted  wilh  Argyll  and 
Ihe  "  godly  "  perty  in  the  discussions  preceding  the  second  in- 
vasion of  England,  and  remained  at  his  post  as  long  as  possible 
In  the  hope  of  preventing  the  Scots  becoming  menly  a  loyallBl 
bBiTumeat  lor  Ihe  conquest  of  the  English  7 
But  be  was  Induced  la  Ibe  end  to  tcsjga,  Iboiq^  he ' 


lord  geneial  of  an  new  forcet  that  might  be  nisol  lor  tbe  defence 

of  ScDtland.  Tbe  occasiaa  soon  csme,  (01  Cromwell  annihiUied 
the  Scottish  invadcn  at  Prestoii  and  Uiioieicr,  and  tbereupoA 
Ariyll  sasumed  pohticaland  Leven  militajy  control  at  Ediubui^. 
Sut  he  was  now  over  seventy  yean  ol  age,  and  willingly  leagued 
tbe  eHective  commaud  to  his  nbonUnMe  David  Leslie  (sec 
Niwau,  I.<no),  Id  wbon  he  fead  entire  conSdenu.  Alter  ihe 
excculien  of  Cbadei  I.  tbe  war  broke  out  afiesbi  and  this  time 
the  "  godly  "  pany  acted  with  ike  isyalittt.  In  the  new  wai, 
■Dd  Id  the  dlsastioue  campaign  of  Dunbar,  Levoi  toiA.  but  a 
nominal  pan.  Ibou^  atlampts  were  afieivaidi  made  to  hold 
kira  wnKHisihle.  But  once  more  tbe  paitJamcBt  Nfuitd  to 
accept  his  icdgnation.  Leven  at  last  ftil  Into  tba  haadt  ol  • 
pany  of  &igliib  dragoons  in  Auguat  nSji,  and  with  someolbeB 
wu  lent  to  London.  H*  tcmalned  iacaicemted  in  the  Tower 
for  lone  time,  tQl  releutd  OD  indlng  Hcurilics  lot  ^soiooa, 
upon  which  he  mired  to  Ui  nridenea  In  Noithumbeitaod. 
WbDe  on  a  viMt  to  Lonilan  he  wii  again  arrested,  foe  a  teduical 
bleach  of  his  tngBgemenl,  hat  by  the  interoesaon  of  tb*  queen 
of  Sweden  he  obtained  Us  liberty.  He  was  freed  from  his 
stgagemeata  ia  iCs4,  atai  rclirttd  to  fail  seat  at  Balgoiuc  in 
Fllahire,  when  be  died  al  an  advanced  age  io  i6tr.  He 
■rquired  coitidtnble  landed  profxrty,  particularly  InckMartia 
in  the  Cane  of  Cowrie,  which  he  called  Incblcilk. 

Sec  LavEH  aNO  MaLviLLS.  Earls  or,  below. 

LETEH,  a  police  burgh  of  Fifeshin,  Scotland.  Fop.  (ifioi) 
SS7J-  It  is  situated  on  tbc  Fiith  of  Foitb,  at  llie  mouth  of  the 
I.even,  ;Im.  E.  by  N.  al  Thornton  Junction  by  tbe  North 
Biiliih  railway.  The  pubKc  buildings  ioclude  the  town  ball, 
pabEc  hall  and  people's  insliiile,  in  Ihe  grounds  of  which  the 
old  town  cms  has  been  erected.  The  industries  are  numerous, 
fiax-spinning,  brewing,  linen-weaving,  paper  .making, 
ipe-making.  besides  salt-works,  a  foundry, 
uw-nUI  and  biKli-woikt,  The  wet  dock  ii  not  much  uvd, 
owing  to  Ihe  consianl  accumulniiea  ol  land.  Tbe  goU-Iipka 
eitcnding  lot  i  m,  to  Liindin  are  among  the  best  in  Scotland. 
Two  miln  N.E.  is  Lundln  Mill  and  Drumoctde,  usually  called 
LtmoDc  (pop.  t7o},  at  the  mouth  d  Kid  Bum,  with  a  nation  on 
the  Links.  The  three  famons  standing  stones  are  supposed  to 
be  either  ol  "  Druidical  "  origin  or  to  mark  the  ute  of  a  battle 
with  tbe  Danes.    In  the  vicinity  ue  tbe  reiriains  of  an  aid  house 

"        " ;lgn  oi  David  U,   To  the  N.W. 

ronav  (pop.  870),  In  Captain 
Eton's  bouse,  which  still  stands  in  the  villsge  of  Kennoway. 
Archbishop  Sharp  apent  tbe  night  befwc  his  assaiiinalion  (iiS;9). 
One  mile  east  of  Lundin  bei  LaiCo  (pep.  of  parish  1046), 
cooiisting  ei  Upper  Largo,  or  Kiikton  of  Largo,  and  Lower 
LatgD.  Hie  pubb'c  buildings  indude  Simpscn  inttitute,  with 
a  public  hall,  library,  mding-roov,  bowling-green  and  lawn- 
Itnaii  court,  and  John  Wood'i  hospital,  founded  in  1659  lot 
poor  persons  bearing  hb  name.  A  itatue  ol  Alcunder  Selkirk, 
or  Selctaig  (i67A-tjii),  the  prototype  of  "  Robinson  Crusoe," 
who  was  born  here,  was  erected  in  1SS6.  Sir  Jobn  Leslie  til66- 
1852).  the  natural  philosopher,  wu  also  a  native.  Lugo  claims 
two  famous  sailors,  Adiairal  Sir  Philip  I>utham  (i;ej-i845), 
comniaDder'ln.chIef  at  Potlsraoulh  from  iSi6  to  1S19,  and 
Sir  Andrew  Wood  (d.  iS'i).  the  trusted  servant  of  Janel  111. 
and  James  IV..  who  sailed  the  "  Great  Mkhiel."  tbe  largest  ship 
of  its  time.  When  he  was  past  active  ictvice  he  bad  a  canal 
cut  from  his  house  to  tbe  patiih  church,  to  which  be  wai  rowed 
ev«[y  Sunday  in  an  eighl-oaied  barge.  Largo  HouM  was  granted 
to  him  by  James  ni.,  and  the  lower  of  the  orlgjnsl  ilracture  still 
eiisti.  Aboutilm.fromlhecosit  rises  the  beigbi  of  Largo  Law 
(mSII).   KeUieUwlieasanies)m.lotbeeatt. 

LEVER,  UKB.  ■  lake  of  Kinross-sbire,  Scotland.  It  ha*  an 
oval  shape,  the  kmger  axil  running  from  N.W.  to  &£.,  fcai  a 
length  of  3)  m.,  and  a  breadth  of  tl  m-  "id  is  situated  neai  tbe 
south  and  east  boundaries  of  the  sfaiie.  Itlieiatahdghtsf  35oh. 
above  the  sea.    The  mean  depth  ia  less  than  '''   ~ 

maximum  of  S3  ft.,  Ibe  lake  bring  thus  one  0 
in  Scotland.    RsdaiBatian  work*  lanied  on  tn 


5o8 


LEVEN  AND  MELVILLE;  EARLS  OF— LEVER 


s  ef  5I  iq.  B.    Il  ibaiai  civ  oomty  ud  b  hsdf  dniacd 
-    -     '  -It  the  Lock  Lcvcn  (iwl  (5d 

,  m  vui(tyo(5.  MriEB],  vUdi 

ie  lor  ilia  utd  qiuBty.  Tbe  fiiUnp  in  antral 
by  tk  LachLnrcB  Aiglidc  AiHdMlsB,  wkkh  «^Di»  cc 
petitiODSdtnalBgaB^enfraiBliruilaeu.  Tlulochmiu 
wnaMuHb.  tJpoBSl  Seii't,tbeIu|E*(,wl>icka>BRiciBora 
ttc  iBlnn  Hint  of  Fi[allIR^  in  the  nrin)  «l  the  Priory  «f  PoR- 
Moah— n  BUMd  from  Si  Mo*t,  On  bit  ■bbirt— the  oldBI 
Culde*  oublUHunl  {b  Scothad.  Some  time  bctere  961  h 
•*■  nade  ovn  10  the  bUwp  d  St  ADdmn,  ud  ibortlr  af  toi 
ii44abodyof  cuHBangularwiBDtalilbfacd  oaitiu  (wncEioii 
with  the  pcfoty  of  cuumi  trfulu  founded  io  that  yenr  At  Si 
Andmn.  The  Ktend  lugat  liland,  Cuile  Uand.  paueaet 
Tcmiini  of  ens  glHiter  islemt.  The  fini  stimghold  ie  nip 
to  have  been  elected  bf  Conge],  Hn  at  Dongut,  king  i 
Picti.  The  pfesent  csjtle  dalB  ftDin  Ibe  i]th  century  an 
ocdsoiuliy  used  u  ■  loyit  readaui,  Ii  ii  uld  in  bave  been 
lalbehBDtboniieEngUihfDr  ALime,  from  vhomil  wuddivotd 
by  Walbce.  ll  tucccnfLUy  wilhuood  EdwaM  Bittol'i  ~  , 
fn  1335,  and  wu  granted  by  Robert  11,  to  Sli  William  Douglai 
ofLuglon.  ll  became  the  pdwn  Bl  varione  periods  of  RobeR  r 
of  Alennder  Slulit,  fui  of  Bucban,  "  tbe  Wdf  of  BldeDodi  . 
Aichibald,  earl  of  Douglu  (1414);  Pilridi  Graham,  inhbiihofi 
of  St  Andiein  (irha  diFd,  ilill  in  bandage,  on  Si  Serf's  IiEind  i 
HjSi,  and  of  Mary,  qutea  of  Scoti.  The  queen  bad  vtstted 
tmre  than  ancc  b^en  her  dctenljon,  and  had  had  1  praen 
chamber  built  in  it.  Conveyed  Ulhei  in  June  1  jfi)  after  her 
lUrrcnder  at  Cuberty,  sbe  tlgned  ber  Bbdicalian  wilbin  ia  mlU 
on  Ihe  4th  of  July  and  effected  ha  ueape  on  the  indof  htiy  i  $68. 
Tbe  key*  of  the  caatle,  which  were  thrown  into  the  loch  duiing 
lieT  flight,  were  found  and  arc  preserved  at  Dalmahoy  in  Mid- 
iMhian.  Support  of  Mai^a  came  had  inrolved  Ihomas  Percy, 
7ih  cart  of  Nonbtuubeiland  (b.  ijii).  He  loo  wai  lodged  in 
tbe  cntle  in  1569,  and  after  Ihrce  yean'  impriaoninenC  was 
handed  over  to  the  EngUth,  by  whon  he  wu  beheaded  at 
York  ia  isja.  The  proverb  that  "  Thoie  never  got  luck  who 
came  to  Loch  Leven  "  auRu  op  the  history  of  the  castle,  Tbe 
causeway  connecting  the  isle  with  tbe  mainland  was  long  sub- 
merged too  dee[Jy  for  use,  but  the  reclamation  operations  already 
refeired  to  almost  bmught  it  into  view  again. 

LSvn  ADD  MELVILLE,  BARU  OP.  The  fatnily  et  Melville 
which  now  holds  these  two  earldDrui  is  descended  (looi  Sir  John 
UelviDe  o(  Railh  in  Fifeshiie.  Sii  John,  who  was  a  member  of 
the  tefoming  party  In  Sroiland,  wax  put  to  deatb  for  bigh 
■reason  Wl  Ihe  ijlh  of  December  1548;  he  left  with  olber 
children  a  son  Xobcit  (1517-1611),  who  in  1A16  was  created  alord 
of  piiKamenl  as  Lord  Melville  of  Monymaill.  Before  his  eleva- 
linn  to  the  Scollilb  peclage  htclviUe  lud  been  a  stout  partisan 
of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  whom  he  rcproenied  at  the  English 
cmiil,  and  he  had  filled  leveril  Important  offices  in  Scotland 
under  her  MO  James  VI.  The  fourth  bolder  of  tbe  lordship  of 
Melville  was  George  (c.  ilS34-t;o7),  a  son  of  John,  the  jn!  lotd 
(d.  1643),  and  a  descendant  of  Sir  John  MelvillE.  Implicated  In 
Ibe  Rye  House  plot  against  Cbarlcs  II.,  George  took  refuge  la 
Ihe  Netherlands  In  lOSj,  but  he  returned  la  EngUnd  after  the 
levobitlsn  of  16S8  and  wu  appmnted  secretary  for  Scotland 
by  Wntem  IlL  In  1689,  being  created  call  of  MelviUe  in  the 
(ollowfng  year.  He  wu  made  presdent  of  tbe  Scottish  privy 
council  in  164^,  but  he  wu  deprived  of  Ms  office  when  Anne 
became  queen  bi  1701,  and  he  died  on  the  >oth  of  May  1707. 
Rii  son  David,  and  eail  of  ttclvilk  (i66o-t  jsS),  fled  lo  RoUand 
with  bis  father  in  1683;  after  serving  In  the  army  of  the  elector 
of  Brandenbutg  he  accompanied  WlUiam  of  Oange  to  England 
in  l6Sa,  At  the  head  of  a  regiment  raised  by  himidl  be  ibught 
Jar  WiUlam  at  KilHccrankle  and  dsewhen,  and  as  commander- 
liKhiefof  Ihe  tUMps  in  Soot  land  ke  dealt  pTmnptlyuideSectively 
with  ibeallempted  JacolMtBiBinsof  iToKj  In  171),  however, 
bli  office  was  Uten  from  him  and  be  died  on  tbe  Clh  of  Jane 


In  J^  1664.  Hk  ymuger  Alexander's  two  dati^ten  wcrv 
tb^in  turn  countesses  of  Leven  In  their  own  light;  aad  liter  th* 
diBth  of  tbe  second  of  tbesa  two  tadiet  m  1674  a  fispule  anie 


(afterwards  dnke)  of  Rolhes,  and  David  Mdvilie,  and  eail  ef 
MalvBIt,  mentioocd  aho«.  In  ifigi,  however,  Rothes  died, 
and  Melvaia,  iriu  waa  a  greac-grancbaa  of  the  lit  esri  of  Leven, 
uuntd  tke  title,  calling  himself  eul  of  Lcveo  sod  HdviQe 
after  be  nicmded  his  lather  as  eari  of  Melvills  in  Hay  1707.- 
Since  1805  Ibe  (vnlly  has  home  tbe  name  of  Ledie-UetviDe. 
In  f«o6  John  Divid  LaUe-MelvilJe  (b-  i«M)  became  iith  ««d 
of  Leven  and  nth  eul  of  Uelville. 

See  Sw  W.  Fiuer.  TV  MthOln.  Birli  vf  UdtOU.  aiU  lli  Itditt. 
Bmti  <i  Ukk  (1890);  sod  Ifie  Lmtr  aW  ifiMUi  />■»!,  edited  by 
lie  Hon.  W.  H.  LeWit-MtlviUe  lot  the  BanoatyiB  Cbi>  (Iftfj)- 

LXVBR.  CHABUS  JAMBS  (1&36.1S71),  liid  mndist,  Mond 
son  of  James  Lever,  a  DnUin  stchllect  and  builder,  was  born 


eetdiools,  wbeiB 


le  Irish  capital  or  ^    . 

was  pnely  English.  He  was  educated  in 
he  woce  a  ring,  smoked,  read  novtds,  was  a  rin^eaileT  in  every 
hrticb  of  disiipluie,  and  behaved  generally  like  a  boy  dcttiited 
(or  Ihenavy  iBDneoiCapIsin  Marryat's  novels.  HIsescapade* 
al  Trinhy  College,  Duhb'n  (tS]3~iSi8),  whem  be  toiA  tbe 
degree  of  U.B.  in  iSji,  form  Ihe  buis  of  that  vast  ceHarage 
of  anecdote  Imm  wluch  all  the  best  vintages  in  his  novds  ara 
derived.  The  inimitable  Frank  Webber  in  Cjkirlei  (yMaUrr 
(epiiitual  sncettor  of  Foker  and  Mr  Bonacer)  wis  a  cejicge 
friend,  Robert  Boyie,  later  «  an  Irish  psnon.  Lever  and  Boyle 
sang  ballads  cd  theic  own  composing  in  the  streets  of  DubUn, 
after  tbe  manner  of  FereuBon  or  Oddsniitfa,  filled  their  caps 
with  coppers  and  played  many  other  pranks  embeUisbed  in  tliB 
panes  of  (yUalUy.  Con  Cretan  and  Ltrd  KittMan.  Btim 
seriously  embarkiiQ  upon  the  medical  studies  for  w4iich  be  wa» 
desigBed,  Lever  visited  Canada  aa  an  unqnalifiod  surgeon  on 
an  emigrant  ship,  and  has  drawn  upon  some  of  hs  eiperiencea 
in  C«  CntoH,-  AUkar  VLtarj  and  AAiwt  Cvkd.  Arrived  in 
Canada  be  plunged  into  the  backwoods,  waa  affiliated  to  a  triba 
of  Indians  and  had  to  escape  at  Ibe  risk  «1  ha  life,  tike  his  own 
Bagenal  Daly. 

Back  in  Europe,  he  travelled  in  the  guise  of  a  aludettt  from 
COttingeD  to  Weimar  (where  be  saw  Coeihe),  tbenre  to  Vienna; 
be  loved  the  Gcrsian  student  life  with  its  beer,  its  fighting  and 
its  fun,  and  several  of  hit  merry  aongs,  such  as  "  The  Pope  he 
loved  a  merry  life"  (greatly  envied  by  Titmaish),  am  on 
Stuienliied  models.  His  medical  degree  adnullnd  him  to  an 
appointment  Injrn  Ihe  Board  of  Health  la  Co.  Clare  and  then 
u  dispensary  doctor  at  Tea  Stewart,  but  the  livclineas 


1833  he  n 


1  to  ban 


prejud 


d  the 


Catherine  Baker,  and  in  Februsiy  1S37,  alter  vanea  openenccs, 
he  began  running  TIa  Cm}Biiata  of  Harry  Lormpv  through 
the  pages  oi  Che  recently  established  DuUtn  Unnanly  if  efuine. 
During  tbe  previous  seven  yeojs  the  popular  tisle  had  declared 
slron^y  in  favour  of  the  service  novel  as  eiem]>lified  by  FrsiiA 
IfiUmay,  Tern  Cria^,  The  SubalUm.  Cyril  Thanlm.Sloritt  of 
WalaioB,  Sen  Bract  and  The  Bimiac;  and  Lever  himself 
had  met  William  Hamilton  Maxwell,  the  titular  founder  of  tbe 
genre.  Befeee  Harry  Lorrvpttr  appcfltred  In  volume  form  (1839), 
Lever  hsd  settled  on  Ihe  si  lenctfa  of  n  slight  diplomilicconneiioa 
asaruhionaUephysicla9inBius>els(t6,RueDucsle).  Lerrt^mtr 
was  meidy  a  string  of  Irish  and  other  stories  good,  but  and 
indifferent,  Iwt  mostly  rollicking,  ami  Lever,  vita  strung  together 
hs  anecdotes  lale  at  night  alter  Ihe  sccioiu  business  of  the  day 
was  done,  was  utonlshed  al  its  gucc^  "  If  this  sort  of  thing 
amuses  them,  I  can  go  on  for  ever."  finissels  waa  indeed  a 
superb  place  for  tbe  observation  of  half-pay  officers,  such  aa 
Major  MonuoD  (Commbrioner  Meade],  Captain  Bubbleton  and 
the  like,  who  tcirorired  the  taa^a  of  the  place  with  tbcsr 
endless  peninsular  atorlrs.  and  of  Englishsodety  a  lit  tie  damaged, 
whiiit  it  became  the  spcoalty  of  Lever  to  depict.   He  sketched 


ehmcten  irbii  "  hung  about  Urn  liks  iboM  limiuiM  people 
who  ncvel  can  make  up  thcii  mindi  lo  bid  you  good  oighl." 
Lever  bud  nner  ukca  pan  in  ■  bai tie  bimKlf,  but  hii  next  three 
boDkl,  Ciiiici  O'Uiiity  (1841),  ■/<»*  BiMim  ud  Tim  Bakt ./ 
Out  (i£43),  written  undci  the  ipur  of  Ihe  writer'i  cbranic 
extiavaguice.  coiUain  ume  iplendid  military  wiilinc  and  ume 
o[  the  moil  animated  battle-pieoi  on  Rcord.  In  piEei  ol 
(fiiaUc,  and  Tom  Bvh  Lever  anlidiBla  not  a  iew  of  the  bat 
eSecti  of  Marbol,  TbKbaul,  Lejeuoe,  Crioii,  Scruiier,  Burgoyne 
and  the  like.  Hii  account  of  tlie  Douro  need  hardly  fear  compari- 
■on,  it  has  been  soid^  with  Napier's.  Condemned  by  tbe  critics^ 
Level  had  completely  won  the  (cneitl  reader  from  the  Jioo 
Duke  hiitiKlf  doHnwirds. 

In  1K41  he  retunwd  to  Dublin  l«  edit  (he  £>iiWm  Utihtr$iti 
Uctatiiu,  and  fathered  loutid  him  a  typical  colerio  ol  Iriah 
wits  (mcludijig  ooe  or  two  hfvnets}  luch  u  the  O'SulUvaju, 
Archer  Butler,  W.  Carlcloi),  Sir  William  Wilde.  CanoB  Haynan; 
D.  F.  McCanby,  McClaihan,  Dr  Kenealy  and  many  olhert.  In 
luDc  i»|i  be  wekomed  >i  Templsjgue,  4  m.  uuth-west  of  Dublin, 
the  author  of  the  Sacb  Pafiii  on  hii  Iriih  toui  (.ibtSkaeh 
Baek  wu,  later,  dedicated  to  Lever),  Ibackcray  ncofniaed 
tbclundoflmhudneia  beneath  Ihe  surface  mcitimEnt,  'The 
author's  cbvacter  is  not  humour  but  sentimeat.  The  ipirili 
arc  mottly  anificii],  the  jmti  \t  ladncss,  ai  appears  lo  me  to 
be  that  of  most  Irish  writing  and  people."  The  Waterloo 
«pi»de  in  CaNJIy  Fair  waa  in  put  an  otilcame  of  the  talk 
between  the  two  novcliita.  But  the  "  Galwaypace,"  ihedi^lay 
be  found  it  necessity  te  maintain  at  Templeogus,  tbe  liable 
full  of  hones,  the  cuds,  the  liiends  to  cnlertain.  tbe  quarreli 
to  compoK  and  the  enocmoua  tepidity  with  nbicfa  be  had  to 
complete  Ttm  Burin,  The  0'Z>msfiu  and  AtHmr  O'Lbbj 
(i!4;),  nude  his  nillve  land  an  impossible  place  for  Lever  to 
continue  in.  Tcmpleogue  would  soon  have  proved  anotbei 
Abboisfard.  Thackeray  suggsted  Loodon.  But  Lever  required 
a  new  field  of  literary  ot4erva1ion  and  ariefdota.  His  sitt 
eihaustedii 


In  i!4j  he  resigned  hi 
whence  he  starts - 
In  1  family  coach. 


dilorship  and  went  back  to  Bnisuli, 
an  unlixnited  tour  of  central  Europe 
tnd  again  he  halted  for  a  few  months, 

casile  or  other  uhich  he  hired  for  an  o3  season.  Thus  at  Rieden- 
burg,  near  Biegetu,  in  August  1846,  he  entertained  Charles 
Dickens  and  his  wife  and  other  well-known  people.  Uke  his 
own  Dallmi  or  Dtdd  ram3y  Abread  be  travelled  continentiUy, 
from  Carlaruhe  lo  Como,  from  Como  lo  norence,  from  Floreocc 
to  (he  Baths  of  Lucca  and  M  on,  and  hit  lettere  home  are  the 
litany  ol  the  literary  remiiunce  man,  hb  ambition  now  lindled 
to  driving  a  pair  of  novels  abreast  without  a  diminution  of  his 
standard  price  for  serial  work  ("  twenty  pounds  a  sheet  "J. 
In  the  KfitU  tf  Gaynat.  a  story  of  tbe  Union  (1S4T),  Con  Crigvi 
(1840),  Xofsfid  CoiAsI  (Tgjo)  and  Uavrkt  Tiimy  (iSj))  we 

his  original  joy  in  compoailioD.  His  /vnif  of  ladioeu  began  Lo 
cloud  the  animit  joyousness  of  his  temperament.  Formerly 
be  had  written  for  the  happy        


legrew 


d  bald  ai 


"  After  38 


or  so  what  has  life  to  c^er  but  oid  universal 
the  crew  pump  as  baid  aa  they  like,  the  leak  gains  every  hoar." 
But,  depressed  In. spirit  as  be  was.  his  wit  was  uneitinguistedi 
hewaisini  the  delight  of  tbe  laJmi  with  bb  stories,  and  in  1S67, 


cheered  by  a  letter  front  Lord  Derby  oRering  : 
lucialin  csniuiship  of  Trieite.  "  Here  is  sit  hundred  a  year  fo 
doing  nothing,  and  yoti  are  juat  the  man  to  do  it."  Thesij 
hundred  could  not  Mono  to  L«vet  foe  the  lassitude  of  prolonget 
etile,  Trieste,  at  Gctt  "  all  that  I  could  desire."  became  will 
characterisLic  abruptness"  detestable  and  danuuble."  "  Molhioj 
to  eat.  nothing  10  drink,  no  one  to  speak  to."  "  01  all  th< 
dreary  places  il  baa  been  my  lot  to  sojourn  in  this  is  the  worst ' 
■    10  willte  loond  in  Tiat  Boy  oj  Nartai'i 


1S6S).     He  c 


Jependen    ujio>   liletaiy  .  encDungomtoi.     FDrtuoaiely.  like 


Stoll,  be  had  unscrupidaus  friettds'  who  assured  hitn  that  his 
last  eOorts  were  his  best.  They  include  T*!  fcrteui  ttf  GbwMV 
(1857),  r«iy  Bulla'  (igfij),  Limrdl  o/  Ano->  (i84s),  Sii  Bmkt 
FiabrpBkt  (1S66),  Liri  KiliMii  (iSji)  and  the  table-talk  ol 
Corndiia  O'Dmd,  origiDally  contributed  to  Blackwnod.  Hit 
depnaaion,  partly  due  to  Incipient  bean  disease,  pattly  to  the 
growing  convictioa  (hat  be  was  the  victim  of  lilenry  and 
critical  conspiracy,  was  contirmed  by  the  death  of  his  wife 
(ijid  April  i3;d),  to  whom  he  wu  tendcrty  attached.  He 
viuled  Ireland  in  the  foltowing  year  and  seemed  alternstely 
in  very  high  and  w       ' 


ly  knocl 


to  Trial 


le  failed  gradually,  dying  suddenly,  botrevcr.  and  a 
uinlesily,  Irom  lailurs  of  (he  heart's  action  on  the  ist  of  June 
87J.  His  daughters,  one  ol  whom,  Sydney,  is  believed  10  have 
Ken  (he  real  author  of  Til  Sial  in  a  Omii  (iSAg),  were  well 

TroUape  pnised  Lever's  novels  highly  when  he  said  that  they 


linperiK. 


brighlest  books, 
iniaciliillt 


He< 

Meads  Dp  10  tbe  point  of  the  good  sL 
bis  supply  seemed  inexbaustiblc. 


irhich  without 

Dries  o(  which 

With  little 


Lmregua,  O'Ualliy  and  Tun  Bmii,  are 
ttia El  recitals  of  scenes  in  (he  life  ol  a  particitlar 
ncro,  unconnectedliyany  continuous  intrigue.  The  type  o( 
character  be  depicted  is  for  the  moa(  part  elemen(ary.  His 
women  arv  mostly  roules,  romps  or  Xanthippes;  his  heroes  have 

to  the  serious  attacks  of  Poe  or  to  the  mote  playful  gibes  of 
Thackeray  in  Fill  fagarly  or  Bret  Kane  in  Tavia  DimUt, 
This  last  is  a  perfect  bit  of  burlesque.  Terence  uchanges 
ninelcenshatl  with  the  Hon.  Captain  Henry  Somerset  in  the  gleiL 
"  At  each  fire  I  shot  i.way  a  button  frem  bis  unifonD.  As  my 
last  bullet  shot  off  the  last  button  from  his  sleeve,  I  rerikarked 
quietly,  'You  seem  now,  my  lord,  10  be  almost  aa  ragged  as  the 
gentry  you  sneered  at,'  and  rode  haughlily  iiway."    And  yet 

Webber,  Major  Monsoon  and  Micky  Free,  "  the  Sam  WcUcr  of 
Ireland."    Falilafi  is  alone  in    '     "  '   '  . .    .    - 


fnrBaby  Slake,  is  she  ni 
praise  Lever's  thoughtft 
but  Ckiulii  O'UaOiy  wiU  all 


I,  Monsi 


Irish  Di  Verr 

1  careful  liter  noveU  as  they  will, 
tbe  pattern  of  >  niiljtary 


a  claimed,  in  construction  and  stylo, 
late  i(  may  be  thought  to  Ibe  good 
!rce,  but  they  bick  the  eUnuriinarf 
qualities,  the  iDCommunicable  "  go  "  of  the  eariy  books— tbe 
tUa  of  Lever's  untamed  youth.  Artless  and  almost  formless 
Ihoe  produciiniu  may  be,  hut  they  represent  lo  us,  *i  very  lew 
other  books  can,  that  pathetic  ejaculation  of  Lever's  own— 
"  Give  us  bach  (he  wild  fmhness  ol  the  momingl"  We  know 
the  novelist's  tcscheTS,  Maiwell,  Napier,  (he  old-fashioned  com- 
pilation known  Bi  Vklma,  cangiaia  d  dtiaOra  da  FraBcoil 
f'S]5],  and  the  old  buffers  at  Brussels  who  emptied  the  room 
by  ulteting  the  word  "  Badajos,"  But  wheto  else  shall  we  find 
the  equals  ol  tbe  military  scenes  in  O'UaiUy  and  Tern  Biakt, 
orthe  military  cpiBodeslnJacit  HnAn>..4riW0'Xf<iry  (the  story 
of  Aubuision]  or  iSaariic  Titnay  (nothing  he  ever  did  is  finer 
than  the  chapter  introducing  "  A  remnant  nf  Fonlenoy  ")?    It 


conviviality  and  fun,  which  mak 
(with  Phil's  illustrations)  seem 
of  past  and  present  entertainn 
Tomandst.  not  for  boys  only,  b 


farly  copy  of  an 


ulyL, 


niat 


nits  ol  Irish  are  dnwn  too  ii 
I  Sir  Jonab  Barrington's  Man 


d  of  sympathy  with  (he  deeper 
'leCD  iimnbling-blocks  to  hi* 

y  be  admitted  that  his  poi> 
ively  from  the  type  depicted 


Uc  Engliih  EU«e.    He  ccnalidy  bid  : 

"  lowering  the  niu'onil  chancier,"    C 


LEVER— LEVERTIN 

>  dctlbci 


See  alB  Dr  CanuK  fn  Dkl.  Hal.  Bitt. ; 
46s  ud  57°'  Aatbony  Tnllope'i 
(AuituH  luti'i;  ParlmtUy  Rainr,  m 
ki»><  •- 1'^  OftliJ:  Henley'i  fwi  0 
LiltnElun  <i  Oit  VKUnanEia  (I^IO);  n 
Liltmlm  (l»6),  p.  467:  Boitmii  (June 
edition  ol  ibe  noi^s  in  37  vols,  appei 
tuperinlendena  of  Ltvcr'i  daughter,  JuJi 

LEVBH  (tlirougb  O.  Fr.  lacow.  Inert,  nod.  lai 
laart,  to  lift.  niK],  1  mechiniol  device  lor  nwn 
"  simple  "  lever  consim  ol  1  rigid  bu  free  (0  movt 
point,  Inmed  the  fulcnim;  one  point  of  the  rod  19 
the  piece  to  be  moved,  and  powel  il  applied  at  1 
(fee  MECKANica), 

LEVBRHIEtt.  DBBAIH  JSAR  JOSEPH  (i 
aitTDnomct,  was  bsni  at  St  U  in  Normandy  an 
iBii.    His  lithM,  who  held  a  imall  pott  u 


I  i-iSTj),  French 


(iBjsandiSj7).    Ki'"l 

£cple  Polytechnique  fal 
and  accepted  by  Level 
inuantly  abandoned  cbi 


of  Liplaci 


I  rated  w. 


13  of  phosphorus  with  hydrogen 
lala  it  Chimit  a  de  Physipii 
ical  vocation,  like  llm(  ol  Kepler, 


r,  and  directed  the  whole  of  hit 
.  The  tm  ftviu  of  bii  taboun 
in  prttenled  to  tbe  Academy, 
li  ng  1  he.i  ovestigalions 


remarkable  dibut  ucitnl  much  atlenlion,  and,  a 
mendalioR  of  Frincois  Aiago,  he  took  in  hand  t 
Mercury,  producing,  in  1^43,  vastly  Improved  ti 
planet.  The  penurbalions  of  the  comets  diicaven- 
H.  A.  E.A.  Fayeia 


.  of  ths 


ivembcr  1S4],  the  other  by  Francesco  d 
minutely  investigated  by  Leveuler.  wil 
%  the  supposed  JdenlHy  ol  the  firal  wil 
Leiell's  loit  comet  ol  1770,  ii>d  of  the  other  with  Tycho'i  0 
158;.  On  the  other  band,  he  made  it  ippeai  all  but  certain  Ih* 
Vico's  comet  wu  the  ume  with  one  teen  by  Philippe  de  Lahir 
in  1678.  Recalled  once  more,  by  ihe  tummont  ol  Arago,  t 
planetary  1'  '  ...... 


.0  Utani 


Step  by  al 


le  great  discovery  which  has  immonaliied  hi) 
name.  Carefully  silling  all  the  knostn  causes  of  ditturbance,  he 
showed  that  one  previously  unknown  had  to  be  reckoned  with, 
and  on  the  ijrd  of  Septtmber  1846  the  planet  Neptune  was 
diucined  by  J.  G.  Galle  (d.  igio]  at  BeHin,  within  one  degree  ol 
the  spot  Leverrier  had  Indicated  (see  Neptume). 

This  memorable  achievement  Hat  gieeled  wlib  an  ontbuni 
ol  public  enthusiasm,  Academie*  vied  with  t*ch  other  in  eo' 
rolling  Levenfer  among  their  memben;  (he  Koyal  Society 
■warded  him  tbe  Copley  medal;  the  king  ol  Denmark  sent  him 
the  order  of  the  Dannebrog-,  be  was  named  oSiccr  in  the  Legion 

utroiMmy  was  created  for  his  benefit  at  the  Faculty  of  Sciences; 
be  was  appointed  adjunct  astronomer  to  Ibe  Bureau  of  Longi- 
tudes, Relumed  lo  the  Le^tlalive  Awembly  in  1B49  by  his 
Balive  depaitmest  of  Hanche,  he  voted  irith  ike  anil-republican 


parly,  but  devoted  Ms  prindpil  itteniion  to  iiibfedt  c0Bmtl«4 

with  science  and  education.    After  the  ceuf  d'lUt  at  iSji  bo 

aal  upon  the  commission  lorthe  reform  of  the  £cole  Poly- 
lechm'que  (i8s4),  and,  on  (he  jMh  ol  JanuaTy  18:4,  succeeded 
Aragoasdireclotollhe  Paria  obsetvalary.  His  official  work  in 
capacity  would  alone  have  stiained  the  energies  of  an 


.   The  in 


iciency,    l<venier  plan 
freed  il  from  tbe  conlial  ol  the  Bt 


eofUmi 
>n  a  touNy  new  fooling, 
of  Longitudes,  and  raised 
xies  of  Europe,    He  did 


Tkanner  of  enforcing  them  railed  a 
noval  on  Ihe  SIta  of  February  iRr^ 
Lessor  Charles  Eugjne  Delaunay  (1S16- 
1871),  he  was  reinitaled  by  Thiers,  but  with  anlboHly  restricted 
by  the  supervision  ol  a  council.  In  the  midst  of  ihete  dis- 
quietudes, he  eieculcd  ■  task  of  gigantic  proponiona.  This  was 
nolhing  tessihan  the  cotaplelerev^on  ol  tbe  planetary  iheorlea, 
followed  by  a  laborious  compariun  of  naullt  with  the  most 
authentic  Dbtervations,  and  the  const  ruction  ol  tables  represent- 
ing the  movements  Ihus  correctsd.  It  required  all  his  indomit- 
able perseverance  to  carry  through  a  purpose  which  failing 
health  continuaUy  menaced  with  frustration.  He  bad,  however, 
Ihe  hippincu  of  living  long  enough  to  perfeel  his  work.  Three 
weeks  after  he  had  affixed  bis  signature  to  the  printed  sheet*  ol 
Ihe  theory  of  Neptune  be  died  al  Pinion  Ihe  i.ird  of  September 
1877,  By  his  marriage  vdih  MadeRioiseUe  Choquct,  who  sur- 
vived him  little  more  than  a  mooth,  he  left  1  son  and  daugbler. 
The  dlKoveiy  *iih  which  l^evtrritr's  lume  ii  popularly  identifed 
waiontyanincideniiuhiiancr.  Thcetabonuoof thesehcawof 
the  havens  traced  Dul  by  P.  S.  Laplace  in  (be  Ulanittt  cOalt 
WIS  it!  larger  aim.  lor  the  accompliihnient  ol  which  forty  years  of 

to  ofganlBe  the  meteorological  service  la  Frsnee  arid  lo  WMiiuf  tjie 
present  syiteBi  of  inienuiioiul  weslher-wsmioga.  Helowided  tho 
Atuoatian  Scicniilique.  and  was  active  in  introducing  a  pnclinl 
scicntilic  element  into  public  edumtion.  Hit  inference  of  ibe  eiiu. 
ence.  between  Mercunr  and  Ihe  lun.  of  an  apfireeiable  quantity  of 
cimhiing  matter  ICumlMi  rnidM,  1^9,  h.  to),  has  not  yn 

gold  medal  of  ihe  Royal  ^roaomial  Sooely,  London,  and  the 
university  of  Cambridge  conferrrd  upon  him,  ia  1B75,  ihe  honorary 
degree  of  LLD.  Hit  planeuiy  and  lolar  tables  were  adopied  by  the 
f/MiUit^  AlmoKU.  u  welt  as  by  the  CnioiuiyU  its  Itmu, 

The  .tiiufe]  dr  fOtitmUin  it  Parii,  the  wblicalion  of  which 
was  iet  on  fool  by  Leverrier,  contain,  in  wds.  i.-vi.  iUimtvtii 

several  planets.  In  vol.  1.  unit  be  Wnd,  besdo  hii  maiierly  report 
on  Ihe  obeervalory,  a  general  llwary  of  secular  inetiualiiiem,  m  which 
thedevelopment  of  IhedirtuitiiigiuncLiaD  was  carried  further  than 
hadpreviDuiiy  Ijren  attempted. 

The  memoin  and  [upers  communicated  by  him  to  the  Academy 
were  sunmariied  in  tamflri  rritdui  Utsit-iijii).  and  the  more  im- 
portant puUithsl  m  full  either  scpuite^  or  in  the  Ctmn.  in  IniM 
and  the  ymmis'  ia  mtlUmallfiu.  That  eniiili 
lur  iitliaai  fui'ili  it  la  lUerit  ibi  ptrlnrbtlieni  (1841),  wi 
lated  in  part  mriii,  of  Taylor's  Scitnlift  Ucmari.  For  hii  Kieniinc 
work  see  Pnifewir  Adams's  addcess.  Mrmlliy  Ktiite.  mvi. 
md  F.  Timand's  review  in  AiH.it  fOti.  torn.  xv.  (iMo); 
■'     '   "  "     '  iloge  histotique,"  Ar*w.  A 

(A.  N.  C) 
IVAM  (1861-19061,  Swedish  poet  and 
nan  01  leiiers,  was  ootn  of  Jewish  parents  at  NorrkflpUig  an  the 
1 7th  of  July  1B6].  He  received  bis  doctorate  in  letters  at  [Ipsala 
n  1887,  and  mi  subsequently  iaaul  at  Upsala,  and  later  pro- 
fessor ol  lilersluri  al  Stockholm.  Eafotced  soiotlrDB  in  lOulhem 
~  ~  health  familiariied  him  with  foreign 

languages,  Hebeganbybeinganeilremefollowerodhetialural- 
ist  school,  but  on  bis  return  in  iSgo  from  a  two  yean'  residence 
with  Ihe  poet  C.  C.  Vcmer 
"ifiUibtelUf  (1B90),  which 
His  later  volumes  ol  ibon 
[  Suta  lUntUtT,  ara  fine  examples  of 
Tbe  lyrical  beauty  of  bis  poems, 
ZtttnirracJitii^  (1891),  placed  bim  at  tbt  bead  of  the  rBmaMk 
reaction  in  Sweden.  In  bis  poemt  entitled  Nja  DiUtr  (itg*) 
be  drew  Ua  mateiwl  ptnly  from  n  "      ~ 


his  life,  J, 
LBVEBTW.  OSCAR 


1  Davos  he  wrote,  in  adiab 
ooHeidenslimlb.  i«so).a 


!TO)'?Jil*' 


Mluntt  ol  poctir  in  i$«  tmubtei  hb  rqiautuia.     Hi 
pMlkal  mit  (t«<>{}  wu  KaMf  S^amtidiitfll,  pocidi  [ounded 

ku  bdoki  so  tkc  Cint&viu  igc  of  Siodkh  Iclun:  Tiala 
irama  <mAt  Cwla;  III.  (ilSg).  &c.  He  wu  an  utin  eo 
boalor  la  Ibc  Kvkw  (M  luh  itOd.  He  died  i*  i9«e,  M  »  li 
wbea  be  wu  tniiinl  on  ha  Litml,  poitiiiuBoutly  publitfaed. 


LIVLl 


(iSj9-i9i»). 
1  at  UKBCB  on  lh«  )lh  •( 

JewBhnbbi.    HbwuhI 


Ji  DcdieMnl  conductor, 
r  jfij^  and  was  tlio 

cd  al  Ibc  Lfipiig  CDDiennbiriuiii,  ind  alter  a 
whkh  took  him  to  Pam,  he  obtained  hti  6ni 
poft  at  Biutic  director  at  Saarbrtlcken,  which  post  be  eichanged 
(or  that  at  Maanbeim  is  iS6i.  From  iMi  la  1M4  be  wai  chief 
conduclor  oi  the  Gertnan  open  in  Kolterdain,  Iben  tiQ  iS;i 

when  ill-heillh  compelled  him  10  rciiin.  Levi't  ume  l>  io- 
diHolutdy  conneclcd  with  the  incnaicd  public  sppreciatkin  oF 
Wicncr'i  Diuik.  He  conducted  the  finl  pciJotmanieal  forir/al 
■I  BaytTulh  in  lUi,  and  *u  coancttcd  with  tbe  nuuicBl  liie 
«l  th^  place  dvtinf  the  rtnuiiiidtT  of  hi)  taieer.  He  viiitEd 
London  m  ilqs. 

LEVI,  LBOm  (iRti-iSSi),  English  jiirU  and  lUtiilitinn, 
va>  bom  of  Jewith  parrntion  thefilh  irf  June  iSii.at  Ancont, 
Italy.    Alter  irceivint  an  eati)'  training  in  a  buiinen  tmM  in 

and  changing  his  laHh,  joined  the  Probylerian  church.     Per- 

llie  English  bw  on  the lubjeciiforlheotiblishnitntolchinibcis 
and  tribunalt  si  commerce  in  England,  he  warmly  advociltd 
Iheir  iutilation  in  numeroui  pampblels;  and  ai  a  mult  ol  his 
labonn  the  Liverpool  Chamber  of  ConinKrce.Dl  which  Levi  wai 
made  lecrelary,  was  lounded  in  1849.  In  iSjo  Levi  published 
his  CimmtrcisI  Lam  ef  IHt  WvU,  being  an  ohaustive  aad  com- 
parative treat  tie  upon  the  laws  and  codes  of  mcECanlilv  countries. 
AF^Tointed  in  1857  to  the  chair  of  commercial  law  in  King's 
College.  London,  he  proved  himself  a  hi^ly  competent  and 
popular  instructor,  and  hts  evening  cluses  were  a  most  tucoessful 
innovation.  He  wu  called  to  the  bar  at  LinrtJn's  Inn  in  i8». 
and  meived  (lom  the  univer^ty  of  Tubingen  the  degne  of 
doctor  ot  pDlilioI  science.  His  chief  work— ifiifsry  ^  Briliik 
Cinnmmr  and  sj  Ore  Ecenemie  Fnpta  ef  Ikt  BHHili  Nalim, 
Ijt^-lKjo.  is  peihapi  a  rather  loo  partisan  account  of  Stilish 
econgmie  development,  b«ng  a  eulogy  upon  ibe  blessings  of 
Free  Trade,  bul  its  value  as  a  work  of  lefennce  catUHM  be 
gainsaid.  Amonghlsother  works  arc:  Wtrk  in^  Pay:  Wapi 
and  Earmtip  of  Iht  Wtrliiiii  Classa;  Itilintaliamd  lot,  milh 
Malaiah  for  a  Cede.    He  died  on  the  7tli  of  May  iSM. 

limATHAV,  the  Hebrew  nane  (KuyilUn).  occurring  in  ihs 
poetical  books  of  the  Bible,  of  a  gigantic  animal,  apparently 
(he  sea  or  w»ier  equivalent  of  behemoih  (g.e),  the  king  of  th« 
animals  of  the  dry  land.  In  Job  dL  15  it  would  seemlorepre- 
sent  the  crocodile,  in  Isiiah  nvii.  r  ii  is  a  crooked  and  piercing 
snpcnt.lhediigon  ollhe  sei;ct.  Fsalmsciv.  16.  The ctymotogy 
of  the  word  is  uncertiin.  bul  it  has  been  laken  to  be  connected 
with  a  root  meaning  "  10  twist."  Apart  from  Its  (criplural 
usage,  Ihe  word  is  applied  to  any  gigantic  matin*  animal  auch 
as  Ihe  whale,  and  hence,  figuratively,  of  very  large  ships,  and 
abo  of  persons  of  outstanding  strength,  power,  wealth  tit  influence. 
Hobbea  adopted  the  name  aa  the  title  of  hii  principal  work, 
applying  it  to  "the  multitude  so  united  in  one  petsen  . .  .called 
a  commonwealth.  . . .  This  is  the  gcnenlion  of  that  Leviathan, 
or  rather  ...  of  that  mortal  (}od,  to  which  we  owo  under  the 
imnx>nil  God,  our  peace  and  defence." 

'  LETIRATS  (Lai.  Jerir,  a  husband's  brother],  a  cnatom, 
somcliniea  even  a  law,  compelling  1  dead  man's  brother  lo 
marry  hit  widow.  It  seems  la  have  been  widcapieid  in  primitive 
lims,  and  is  common  tosla]'.  01  the  origin  and  primitive 
purpose  of  the  leviralt  maniage  varlout  eipUnalioDs  have  be^ 
put  forward^ 


LEVIRATE  jri 

I.  It  bat  been  utgcd  that  the  CBstm  Wkt  prbaarfly  boed  on 

the  Law  of  ioheiilance;  a  wife,  regarded  aa  a  cbtttdT  being 
inherited  like  other  pooesslois.  Hie  udal  advantage  el  pro. 
viding  one  who  should  nuintain  the  widow  doubtless  aided  the 
spread  ol  the  custom.  Tbe  abandonmenl  of  a  woman  and  bei 
children  in  the  nomadic  stage  of  civiiizacion  would  be  equiva- 
leot  to  death  for  tbem^  hence  with  some  peoples  the  levirate 
became  *'duly  rather  than  a  tjgbt.  Among  the  Thiinkcts, 
for  eumple,  when  a  man  dies,  his  brother  or  his  sister's  son 
must  marry  the  widow,  a  failure  in  this  duly  occasioning 
feuds.  The  obligation  on  a  man  to  pnvlde  for  fa^  sister-in-law 
is  anakpjua  to  olher  duliea  devolving  do  kintfdk,  sudi  as  Ihe 


n,  however,  would  ai 


K  the  levlrtle  lo 


I.  J.  F.  McLcnnai 
a  Tclicof  pcjyandry,  and  in  his  argumenl  lays  much  stress  on  the 
fact  that  it  is  tbe  deid  man's  hrslktr  who  inherits  Ihe  widow. 
But  among  many  races  who  fdlow  the  custom,  such  as  Ihe 
Fijians,  Samoans,  Papuans  of  New  Cuine*,  Ihe  Caroline  Islandeis, 
and  some  tribes  in  tbe  inleriot  of  Western  Equatorial  Afiio,  Ihe 
rule  of  inhe'ritance  is  to  the  brolber  finl.  Thus  among  Ihe 
Santols,  "  when  the  elder  brother  dies,  the  next  younger  inherits 
Ihe  widow,  chiMiu  and  all  the  pmperty."  Further,  there  is 
no  known  race  where  it  is  peimillcd  lo  a  son  (0  marry  hi*  own 
mother.  Inheriting  a  woman  in  primilive  sodeliet  would  bo 
always  tantamount  to  marrying  her.and,  apart  from  any  special 
bns  of  inheritance,  it  would  be  natural  lot  Ihe  brother  lo  lake 

many  widows  the  son  would  have  a  right  of  ownership  over, 
these,  and  could  dispose  of  them  or  keep  ibem  as  he  pleased,  his 
own  mother  alone  eicepled.  Thus  among  the  Bakalai,  to 
African  tribe,  widows  may  marry  the  son  of  their  dead  husband, 
or  in  default  of  a  sen,  can  live  with  Ihe  brother.  The  Negroes 
of  Benin  and  the  Gabun  and  the  Kaffirs  of  Natal  havesimiltr 
customs.  In  New  Calednnia  every  man,  married  or  single, 
must  immediately  marry  his  brother^  widow.  In  Myneaia  the 
levirate  has  the  force  of  law,  ud  it  Is  common  throughout 

J.  Another  eiplanalion  of  the  custom  has  been  sought  in  a 
semi.religiaus  motive  which  ha*  had  eilraardinary  Influence  In 
couniriea  where  to  die  without  Issue  is  regarded  at  » terrible 
calamity.  The  fear  of  [his  catastrophe  would  readily  arise 
among  peiqile  who  did  not  believe  in  personal  immortality,  and 
la  whom  the  eilinclion  of  their  bnc  would  be  lanlamount  to 
annihilation.  Or  it  Is  easily  conceivable  as  a  natural  result  of 
incestor.worsbip,  under  which  failure  of  offspring  entailed 
deprivation  of  cherished  rites  and  service,*  Thus  il  is  only  when 
Ihe  dead  man  has  no  oflspring  Ihat  tbe  Jewish,  Hindu  and 
Malagasy  laws  prescribe  that  the  brolher  shat!  "  raise  up  teed  " 
to  him.  In  this  sense  the  levirate  forms  part  of  the  Deuleronamic 
Code,  under  which,  however,  the  ohligiiion  is  restricted  10  the 
biolher  who  "  dwellelh  together "  (i.e.  00  the  family  estate) 
wilh  the  dead  man,  and  tbe  first  child  only  ol  the  levirate 
maitiage  is  regarded  as  that  of  the  dead  man.  That  the  custom 
was  olHolescent  seems  proved  by  the  enjoining  of  ceremony  on 
any  brother  who  wished  lo  evade  the  duty,  though  be  had  lo 
tubmit  to  an  Insult  fiom  his  sistet.in.lawj  who  dnws  ofl  hit 
sandal  and  sjuls  In  his  face.  The  biblical  story  of  Ruth  ei- 
empUGes  ihe  custom,  though  with  further  modifications  (see 
Rtmi,  Boot  or).  Finally  Ibe  custom  is  forbidden  in  Leviilcus, 
though  in  New  Testament  times  Ihe  levirate  law  was  still  observed 
ne  Jews.  The  ceremony  ordained  by  Deuteronomy  is  ilill 
red  among  the  ottbodox.  Among  the  Hindus  the  lair  did 
ke  his  bmthet'i  widow  at  wife,  but  he  had  inlercoutse  with 
This  practice  was  called  nlyiia. 

fel  another  suggested  oripnof  the  levirate  is  agrarian, 
thcmolivtbelnglokeep  together  undcrthe  levirate  husband  the 


(Muir'. 


i   Icoi 


the 


'''tIwhui 
And  gain  ih. 

When  Ihoui 


I  MUler  (GAord  LeettiiesJ.^tulreHegica; 


of  wedded  Life, 
I  to  Ml, 
thy  tpirlt'i  wsaL' 


)oj^k- 


S" 


LfeVIS— LBVITES 


pn^ierty  which  wouM  othtntiM  tuive  been  divided  unons  ill  tbe 
brallien  tt  nut  of  kio. 

S«  I.  r.  Miimiu.  SWiiri  IB  A^inU  Hillary  (London,  lUfil 
•ml"Ti«Leviran»nd*'Dly»ndi>,'inr*(  f wI«V(jW:»  «*mm»,  D.t. 
vok  nri.  (1877);  C  N.  Surcke.  Tkr  PriiMtt  FnKilf  in  ia  Oritm 
ani  DnOapimiii  (London,  1889):  Edward  WcilHTMrrk,  Hulary 
•fHrnmOH  ifcanap  (London,  iSmS.  "^f^J'*!  ^^."hS^^ 
Triiml^  tfSxiiiha-  ^  ^-  A-  H.  PoN,  £riiifariK*i  <■  ^ 
£|HJ.  ££lUi>li>|.  Jnrufnd.  iliX). 

[JVU  (fomierly  Poinle  Levi),  ihe  chirf  lown  o(  Uvii  couiilx, 
Quebec.  Cuada,  lituited  oB  the  precipiloui  loutb  bank  of  the 
Si  l**icnee,  oppoute  Quebec  city.  Pop.  (1901)  !7B3,  I'  i» 
on  the  iDiHcoloniiil  nilwiy,  uid  is  the  eulem  tetmiaiu  of  the 
Gnnd  Tnmk  and  Quebec  Cenlnl  nilwiyt.  Itconiiini  the 
Lome  dock,  >  Dominion  goveniment  gnv!ng  dock,  44J  It.  long, 
lOD  ft.  wide,  with  b  depth  on  the  liU  of  i6t  nod  lo)  It.  at  high 
water,  ipilng  ud  ocap  tides  reipectively.  It  ii  an  importanl 
cenlte  of  the  rivci  trade,  and  ii  connected  by  Mcani  (enies 
with  the  city  ol  Quebec.  Il  ia  nanud  aftei  the  oti&^il  due 
de  Uvia,lhelutcaiDmuide[oIthe  French  troopi  in  Canada. 

LEVITES.  or  lou  of  Levi  [ud  d  Jacob  by  Leah),  a  ucred 
CB5te  in  aacient  Iirael,  the  guardiani  of  the  temple  service  at 
Joru»lem.' 

I.  Plact  iH  JUluf.~lB  the  developed  hienKhii^il  lyaleoi  the 
miniiten  of  the  lanctuary  are  divided  into  distinct  grades. 
All  are  "  Levite*  "  by  descent,  and  art  thua  coirclated  in  the 
gineakigical  and  other  lilts,  bul_thc  true  priesthood  is  confined 
to  Ihesoni  al  Aaion,  while  the  maoof  the  Leviles  areiubordinslE 


y  strictly  priBJllylunction.   All  at 

cess  to  tb 

Deity 

ia  restricted 

the  one  prie 

thood  and  to  the 

arya 

Jerusalem 

subiectisthenatio. 

of  Israel 

ty.andth 

its  behalf 

bydiv 

nely  chosen 

csts.    Tbeoi 

tliniry  individual  may  not  intrude  ui 

det  penalty 

death;  only 

those  of  UviticaJ 

tigin  ma 

d  they  are  ei. 

«ntiallythe«rvan 

■dilarj 

serfs  of  Ih 

ronite  priest 

(see  Num.  iviii.). 

at  rcli^onin.tholight  of  which 


place  in  thenionardiyi  it  presupposei  a  bier 

the  priesthood  incitastd  its  rights  by  claii 

which  past  kinglhad  enjoyed;  il  is  the  01  ■- 

dcvelopmeBtinOldTt 

to  be  followed  [tee  Hebkew  keucion). 

Fint(s).  in  the  earlier  biblical  writings  which  dcutibe  the  stale 
of  aa*iit  under  the  Hebrew  monarchy  there  is  not  Ibis  funda- 
mental  distinction  among  the  Leviles,  and,  although  a  list  of 

details  and  Uic  evidence  of  the  hiitoHcal  boolu  render  its  value 
eatremely  doubtful  (i  ChroD.  vi.  3-15,  4tl-S3)-  In  Jciusitcm 
itself  the  subordinate  officers  of  the  temple  were  not  membcn 
of  aholy  gild, but  of  the  royil  body-guard, or  bond-slaves who 
had  access  to  the  saued  courts,  and  might  even  be  undrcumcised 
loieigners  (Josh.  ii.  17;  I  Kings  liv.  ai;  a  Kings  li.;  cf.  Zeph. 
i.gseq.i  Zich.  liv.  11).    Moreover,  ordinary  individuals  might 

deliberately  altered  in  i  Chron.  iviii.  i  j) ;  however,  every  Levito 
was  a  print,  or  at  least  qualified  to  become  one  (Deut.  I.  8, 
Iinii.  7;  Judges  iviL  j-ij),  and  when  the  author  of  i  Kings  lii.  jj, 
wishea  to  represent  Jeroboam's  priests  as  illegitimate,  be  doei 
Dtaay  that  they- ' '■-  "■■■■  ■■-■  '' 


the  so 


tJLevL 


le  mppFcuion  of  Ibe 


vouiolacenltal: 
This  involved  tbe  suppression  of  the  I«vitical  piiesli  in  tb 
country  (cf .  perhaps  the  alluiion  in  Deut,  ui. ;)  ^  atid  tbe  prclcv 
book  of  Deuteronomy,  in  promulgating  the  rcfoim,  represent 
the  Lcvita  as  poor  scatlered  "sojouineis"  and  recommend 
(hem  to  the  charity  of  the  people  (Deut.  lii.  i),  iSscq.,iiv.  1; 
19,ivi.  11,  14,  xrvi.  u«qq.).  However,  they  are  permitted  I 
congregate  at  "  Ibe  place  which  Vahwch  shall  choose^"  whei 
they  may  pertoim  the  usual  priestly  duties  together  with  the. 
brethren  who  "  stand  (here  before  Vahweh,"  and  they  ai 
'  For  the  dmvalioa  ol  "  Levi "  see  bdow  1 4  •«1- 


allowed  their  abaie  ol  the  oSena^  (DdR.'niii.  M).'  The 
DeuleroDOBic  history  of  the  monardiy  actually  aKribea  to  the 
Judaean  king  Joaiah  (fill  B.C.)  Ibitlippteuioiiaf  thebigb-placn, 
nd  states  lbs(  tbg  Iocs)  priests  were  btautht  M  Jenaalea  and 
xeived  support,  but  did  not  minister  at  tbe  altai  (>  Kings 
tiii.  g).  Finally,  a  scheme  of  ritual  for  the  second  temple  raise! 
lis  eidusioa  to  the  raak  of  a  principle.  ITie  Levitea  who  had 
ecn  idolatrous  are  punished  by  exclusion  from  the  proper 
riestly  work,  and  take  the  subordinate  ottcil  whldi  the  un- 
iicumcisedaod  pouted  foreigners  bid  foratriy  filled,  while  Ibe 
>RS  of  Zaduk,  who  bad  remaiaed  faiihlul.  are  bencefortb  Ibe 
'gitimate  priests,  the  otdy  descendants  of  Levi  who  are  allowed 
>  Bunister  unto  Vahweh  (Eick.  iliv.  6-ts,  cf.  il.  46,  iliii.  19. 
Iviii.  11).  "  A  thicefold  cord  tsnot  quickly  broken,"  and  these 
Tree  independent  witneves  agree  in  dcBCribing  a  aignificanl 
inovalion  which  ends  nith  tbe  nipcemicy  of  (he  Zadokties  of 
Jerraalem  over  their  brethren, 

at  stage  (c)  Iheeicliofoi}  of  the  ordinary  Lcvites  from 
Uie  prieslhoodof  the  sons  of  Aaron  is  looJted  upon  as 
course,  dating  from  the  institution  of  priestly  worship 
by  Msses.  Tbe  two  classes  are  supposed  to  have  been  founded 
ipantely  (Eiod.  uviii.,  cf.  uit.  g;  Num.  lii.  b-io],  and  so  far 
-om  any  degradation  bemg  attached  to  the  rank  and  hie  of  the 
nHtes,  their  poution  is  naturally  an  honourable  one  compared 
ith  that  of  the  mass  of  oon-Levilieal  wmslilpiKrs  (sec  Kum. 
JO'S}),  and  they  are  taken  by  Vahweh  SI  a  surrogate 
ir  the  male  fiisi-botn  of  Israel  ^L  ii-ij),  Tliry  art  inferior 
nlytotheAaroniteslowhomtheyare  "joined"  (aviii.  i,  a  play 
n  the  BSirK  Levi)  as  assislsnls.  Various  adjustments  and 
lOdilications  still  continue,  and  a  number  of  scattered  details 
ay  indicate  that  mtemal  rivalries  made  themselves  felt.  But 
the  diflerent  steps  can  hardly  be  recovered  clearly,  although  Ihe 
t  the  piiettbood  was  extended  beyond  the  Zadokiies  to 
of  Ibe  dispossessed  priests  points  lo  some  compromise 
(1  Chron.  uiv.).  Further,  il  is  subscquiinlly  found  that  certain 
clss&es  of  temple  servsnvsj  the  singos  and  porters,  who  had  onoe 
itside  the  Lcviticil  gilds,  became  absorbed  as  tbe  term 
B  "  was  widened,  and  Lhis  change  i^ formally  eipresBcd  by 
ealogiea  which  ascribe  to  Levi,  Ihe  common  "  anceiloi  " 
all.thcsingenandevencctUlDfainiliEtwhacehcalhcaish 
and  foreign  names  shew  that  they  were  once  nerely  servants 
ol  ihe  temfde.i 

3.  5if  JiijkHfe  0/  lit  Dadopmtni. — Although  Ihe  legal  bass 
for  tbe  fiosi  stage  is  found  in  the  Icgislalionollhe  limeof  Uoscs 
(latteipanol  thesecond  millennium  B.c.),il  Is  in  reality  scsnely 
eulier  than  the  slh  cenlury  B.C.,  and  (be  Jewish  (heory  hni* 
inalogieswheadevetopmentlaf  IhcLcviticai  service  an  referred 
oDsvid(iCtalOD.iv.seq.,i(iii.sqq.),Ueiekiah(iChioD.iiii.) 
■i>d  Jo^h  (aixv.) — ccntiasl  the  history  in  the  earlier  books  of 
Samuel  and  Kings— or  when  the  still  bier  hook  of  Jubilees 
(utidi.)  places  tbe  rise  of  i  be  Levilical  priesthood  in  Ibc  patriarchal 
period.  The  traditional  theory  ol  the  Uosaic  origin  ti  tbe 
elaborate  Levities]  legislation  cannot  be  msintsiped  save  by 
the  most  arbitraiy  and  inconsequential  treatineni  ol  tbe  evidence 
and  by  an  entire  indiflerence  to  Ibe  biitoiical  Gpiril;  and, 
although  numerous  points  of  delsil  sliU  remain  very  obscure,  the 
three  leading  stages  in  the  Lcvilicsl  institutions  are  now  recog- 
nized by  nearly  all  independent  scholars.  These  stages  with  ■ 
number  of  concooutaPt  features  confirm  the  literary  hypothesis 

the  Deuteronumic  and  the  Priestly  (cf.  [il  and  [1]  above),  which 
have  incArporsted  older  sources.*   11  the  hierarchical  aystem  as 

■  The  WKik  "  beside  dul  which  eometh  cf  the  sale  of  Lii  patri- 
moDy  "  (lit.  "  hii  Kllingi  according  to  the  faihen  "1  are  c^tcure; 
they  lecm  to  imply  some  additional  louice  of  inoinie  whkh  Ihe  Levitt 
rriDviat  the  central  laiictuary. 

iFor  the  •OltbilM  ("giveii";  and  "chiUm  d  Ihe  alivet  of 
Soknmn  "  (whose  hereditary  service  would  give  them  a  pii-tdUDtnce 
over  the  temple  slaves),  <ee  an.  NiTUimil,  and  Beniinger,  Enrj. 


•InM^ 


he  traditional  vii 


•LEWITES 


■i'l 


k  it  incipliablc  ih*i  (B  met  of  It  *u  »  wuplnttr  kst  \bti 
the  degiwluiaa  sC  llic  noa-Zadakim  In  EwkM  tm  ■  ntw 
leuun  •■d  ■  pvnuhmciit,  iriwnu  in  Ihe  H«uic  li«  tbc 
gfdiaU7  Levilo,  Da  the  laditknal  view,  vu  Klrady  forijldjeo 
pnitlrrijhisiiBdapaalljraldmh.  Hun  ii  In  icct  no  cku 
evidence  of  the  uiHaKir  tt  ■  diMinctloa  belvtca  prienit  and 
1y  cuber  thio  ibc 


CMtvtntion "  to  the  diyi  ol  UoIo.  wnl 
■Jwnd  cuficT  tcoonb   ol    Iho  hinory 

Na  HminiBtt  in  ■mpcMt  rf  Ihc  «_-«, 
v(  Kinli'i  nvok  (NgnL . 


from  the'mccaiiiil  gt  Kinli'i  Rvoit  (NonLin.  W.'sTl 3I  gc  W 
■he  UrilkilcillntNum.  xm.;  Jorfi.  mi.).  Soine  J  iIh:  litin 
■w  cttker  not  censMnd  by  Ihe  hiulha^nntll  loaf  ifter  Ibe  iih- 


. ja(/yd(HLII.19;cf.  I  Kii^iix.  16).«Ktm.__.  __ 

hurfuwD  how  far  Ihe  ciiJliu  at  iheK  diks  vu  nouml  Jim  Masis 
fcU|ian  and  ritual  aikd  how  kmt  ihe  smarr  rlcnHnu  persiled,' 
On  Ihe  other  hind,  (he  nnnuirln  obvioudy  liad  alnyi  tlwir  loo] 
■iuMen,  ■■  M  whom  in  time  «U  be  oiled  Levriical,  and  ii  ii 
only  in  tliit  mtm,  nM  in  Ihu  of  Ihe  lam  fiieKly  InUauen.  that  a 
placelifaSbcdemceuldrvvhavcbeaiincluded.  Funhv,  InMcad 
<t  hoMinf  dtka  and  puture^nounds,  the  LevilcB  an  mmilmtt 
dtKiibed  u  acalHRd  and  diAled  (Gen.  ilii.  7;  Dnil.  iviiL  6), 
and  liionak  they  Bay  nahmlly  poiw  prapeny  aa  prfraie  bidl- 
viduala,  Uiey  akse  <J  aH  the  tribet  d  lanel  phrb  nn  nihil  in- 
heritaii«([fuaujiviu.9i.ovi.6iiDeut.  LSI  joife.alv.j).  Tlile 
fliKIiHtioo  find!  a  panlld  in  ilir  aee  at  whidi  die  Levita-weie  to 

i^i^>l!^-'^'--''^  "  lS^.*^-^-'!  ^a^i  ^5ir"^ 

hi  *t.  74t  ^  the  low«  fi^re  h  ^v^a 

■nrdt  (or  acta)  ol  David.'*    In  !ium.  vfii.  Jyi 

aa  tkin^<dvep  but  tventy  hfcnmc  uaual  and  f ... . 

and  J  Cnnn.  naii.  17.  Tben  are,  howEver,  independemt  croundt 
I«  bdieving  that  1  Cbn».  uiii.  1^.  1^  a  Chiog.  mi.  17  bdiin(  to 


i  i>  rdativdy  late. 

When,  in  nccoidwice  with  the  nuai  method*  ot  Hefcnw 
genenlocloil  hialoiy.  the  Levitea  an  defined  aa  the  deaundantl 
of  Levi,  the  third  non  of  Jacob  by  Leili  (Oen.  six.  34),  a  LtenI 
interpretaiioQ  i>  luumiauty,  and  the  only  numlive  whrtrt" 
Levi  appcan  aa  a  pciMD  evidently  delineatei  under  the  fun 
of  penonifioiliall  tvenuin  the  Uitoty  of  the  Levjlei  (Cei 
luiv.).'  They  la^  Iheir  plan  In  Iirael  ai  the  tribe  let  apart 
toM  lacred  dutiei,  and  without  entering  into  the  laite  qucitioa 
bow  far  the  tribal  ■r'-™**  cso  be  uicd  lor  Ibe  earlier  hhlofy 
A.  vnn  Koonarker,  U  Sacaioa  IMIijh  (iln);  and  J.  Ott. 
Pntltm  ^  Ha  O.T.  (im)-  Thai  aad  other  api>l<i|M)c  wrilinia 
have  B  lir  biM  to  pniduR  any  idHjnue  alienaiin  hypubali, 
and  whilti  they  argue  for  Ihe  liadilional  theory,  lalcr  icviiion 
not  beini  eacfndcd,  llie  modem  critical  view  accepu  late  datn  loc 
(he  literary  aoureean  their  preientforai,  and  npliarlyrenviuia  the 
eioenceolnwdi  tlflUiaancicnt.  NoiBiliecaciaiiiDlillraditiaE  that 
Ein  wnta  out  iIk  law  which  had  bea  banc  (a  Eidr.  « 
11  nq.). 

>  Far  naniplc,  in  i  Klngi  viiL  4.  Itun:  air  many  indiationi  tha 
tbi  cDBlexi  haa  undeivone  CDruiderahle  cdilina  at  a  Taiily  liie  d^ic 
The  Septnaaiiil  tnnilalon  did  not  cmd  the  diuee  whkii  ifXalii  e 
**  prieiCB  ana  Lcvtiei."  and  iQiron,  v.  Jrendm"  thel.cvfte  pricat^ 
the  phraie  chiracIcriKic  of  the  Dcuteronomic  identification  c 
Kteitly  and  Lenlical  ninWtry.  1  SaK.  vi.  it,  too,  brli«i  In  di 
Levitea,  but  the  v*ne  breaka  the  mnnfiiwi  becweni  14  and  I( 
Foe  the  pfoent  diKrdiT  in  the  lot  li  1  San.  iv.  14,  aee  the  eon 

"^^T^athrr  H.  Vincnii.  O.P.,  Caam,  tafttt  Cafltntit 
■Anil  (10071,  pa.  iji,  100  will..  4£3K|. 

•So  Can.  >an7.|,IlaraDrhaawiH«lK  foUy  "  la  Inet "  (cf.  JudRi 
a.  4  and  nftcn),  and  in  a,  30  "  Jacob    ti  not  a  pereonal  Inn  a  coIkc- 


1,  A  may  be  eboerved  that  n 


te  tiueiiircIalSon 


of  llie  cthnolotieal  trad! 
of  Leah  in  Iheir  h!>laiicaln:UlloniaDneiinainior  to 
tb*  other  tnbei.  However  intelll^ble  may  be  the  notion  of  ■ 
'cuntd  Tor  prieftly  Krvice,  the  fact  that  it  does  not  app^ 
to  eaity  biblica]  hfitDty  ii  apparent  From  the  hererogeneoui 
detiili  ot  the  Levilicil  divisions.  The  [ncorporalloo  ol  linacn 
and  poiten  11  indeed  a  [ate  pnKes,  but  it  it  tyjaod  trf  ibe 
tendency  (0  co-oidinaie  all  the  tcligiaut  claiiei  (kc  GanALoci: 
BMkal).  The  geneahigiel  In  their  complete  form  pay  little 
bred  to  Moses,  although  Aaron  and  Moiei  could  typify  ibn 
priesthood  and  other  Levitea  CeDcnUy  (1  Chroo.  uiiL  14). 
Certain  piieilboods  in  Ihe  fini  ilige  (|  1  {a)}  claimed  deiteM 
Iheie  pmtDiypo,  and  it  ii  Intemtlng  to  observe  .(1)  the 
crowing  imporunct  of  Airop  in  the  laier  wurca  of  "  Ibe 
~  '  I,"  ud  U)  the  relatioB  between  Ifaibeh  iltetti  and  bii 
■  CenhoB  and  Elieaer,  on  the  oneilda,  lod  the  Levitical 
kfudn  11.1.  the  Maulle),  Cenhon  and  the  Auonite 
pricM  Elrjnr,  on  the  oihct.  There  are  linki,  alu,  which  uniie 
MoK*  with  Keniie,  Rechalule,  Calebite  and  Sdomiie  famiiio, 
and  the  LavitEcal  namei  thenaelves  are  equally  connected  with 
itben  Iribes  ot  Judib  and  Simeofl  ud  with  Ihe  Edomites.* 
o  be  infened,  iheielait,  thil  tome  reblioiuhip  subusled, 
.  thought  In  aubsiit,  among  (1}  Ihe  Leviiri,(i)  clans  actually 
d  in  the  lontb  of  Palatine,  and  (j)  lamtUes  whose  namea 
and  traditiona  point  to  n  loutberti  Drit<n.  The  exact  meaning 
if  these  features  is  not  cleat,  b*  if  it  be  lemembclcil  (g)  tbat  the 
[.eviles  of  poii-eallic  litenture  repicieni  only  <he  mult  ol  a  Ion| 
and  ioliicate  development,  (i)  that  the  name  "  Levite,'<  In  Iha 
:Iude  all  priestly  scrvinU, 
and  (t)  that  Ihe  priothoodi,  in  tending  (0  beiomc  hereditary, 
by  adoption  and  not  by 
deiccnl,  11  will  be  recogniied  that  the  exarnination  of  the  evidencw 
lor  th*  eariicr  itigei  aoDot  ciAifiM  iIxU  to  tbose  umlivo 
e  the  specific  tctni  alone  ocnin. 
.  The  Tradilumi  ij  Vu  lailti.—lB  ibe  "  Blatisg  ol  UtM)  '' 
(Dfut,  auiiL  S-ii),  Levi  is  n  coUective  nwne  to*  tb*  ptioihoed, 
probably  that  of  (north)  luaeL  He  ii  the  purditnof  Ibe  ncred 
fcMwina  »  Ub,  and  e^nylns  bin  privflage*  for  pmoii 
ol  fidelUy  at  Mawh  and  Unibnh.  TiM  tbne  pUcM  (bi  Ibi 
district  at  Kadob)  wen  tiadhloB^  anodated  wilb  th*  wifla 
ol  the  Lavite*  In  uggeitcd  by  vaiimB  Levlliol  MoriM,  ahboogh 
it  Is  in  1  namdt*  no*  in  a  ooMcn  poiMioi  to  Botch  *t  SInnI 
that  Ibe  LcviiM  are  Vadite*  wha  fae  aome  came  (now  f/M) 
levcitd  tbemielve*  fmrn  theic  paofila  and  took  1^  a  (tand 
an  behalf  of  Yahweh  (Es>d.  BodL).  Other  m{d*ace  tUom 
111  10  link  logetbar  (be  Kodte^  CnleUlct  ud  Dahilet  In  .■ 
mditiiu  st  loBe  nunmott  into  FikMlnt,  cvMenlly  qoiia 
distisct  fnMi  Ibe  (nnt  inukra  ol  biulil*  ttftie*  vhkh  pi*- 
doainMc*  In  the  tooMiiii  rccoid*.  TW  pikdhnod  ol  Dm 
cenalnly  tncid  ill  origin  to  Mono  (JudgM  xviL  «,  »iil.  jo);  Ibil 
of  Shikih  claimed  an  equally  high  nnoeMiy  (i  Sam.  Ii.  f  7  le*!.).* 

Some  Undition  ot  a  wid*w<~  "'  — " '"    """ 

uaibed  10  the  age  n(  Jehn,  w: 

pniphet  EtUia,  marki  the  aid  of  dw  emilBct  bi 

and  SaaL    Tkt  a  Rechabit*  (Uw  dan  b  aOM  to  Uw  Kenltei) 

ii  defiuMly  aiaibed  d  band  in  Jehn'i  angainaiy  neaniea, 

aad,  UMUgh  Ihll*  la  toU  nf  the  obriatBly  Booieuoai  «y*BIi,  one 

mitef  dearly  >IU1ii  U  n  bloody  poind  when  refonnt  wcR  id 

benSecttdbytbeiirKd<i  Uncanlx-  17)-    Sloilarly  the  Hory 

of  the  odginal  ackctioo  of  lb*  larila  in  the  wildencB  cncn- 

Ijona  an  unmnipniBiUBg  maaacn  of  Mobten.    Conie^eolly, 

it  It  very  neicwonhy  tbat  popular    Indition  pieservei  ibt 

itcoUectlon  of  lome  attack  by  the  "  brolkea  "  L«vi  ud  Simcoa 

'See  E.  Meyer.  finwUn  ■.  On  fAuUiriMinw.  pp.  >M  KM. 

(ouini):S.  A.  Cook,  Exy.  Ait.  col.  iHj  iBi.i  Ciif.  JVsIei  «  O.T. 
SiMry,  pp.  S4  ■».,  111-I25. 

>The  ■econd  element  ol  the  name  Ablathar  u  connected  with 
lelher  or  Jelhni,  the  lather-in-tiw  of  MoKa,  ud  even  Ichibsd 
Ii  Sam.  iv.  *0  eeenH  to  be  an  inlenlional  rediaplDs  of  lochebed, 
-  -  -   '    -'  ewhere  Ihe  name  ol  Ihc  mother  of  Hon.    Fhineha^ 

nmicsIahlerwililariihenanKcfapromincnIAaraBin 

in  the  dayiol  ibe  eudutlroB  Egypt,  ~  ■ 


LEvrrES 


tbc  tuDOui  holy  dty  oi  SbediMa  to  avcnta  it 
s  "  D'lBib  [Gen.  miv.).  and  tfau  a  dcuDsd  aunt 
i[  the  bhwdlhiiuy  ihough  ploui  Ouiitts  wba  titkti 
limile  ihrjoc  on  thtii  joumay  u>  i  new  bome  IJudfH 


Eg* 


T^iEioui  ttandpoiiili 


W*diu  prieMhood.    Tht  condmuliiHi  o(  Jdiu'i  Mw  h. 

L  4l  |Iv«  iiKKbR  view  .of  evenu  in  wEkh  bolb  Elijit  ha 

ivm  concened.  and  Ihr  clunEe  ii  mon  vividJy  natm  ii 

Imtliu  RliraB_*Bd  ritual,  h  aKribed  aa  oHnu  h  ry 

uiiL  gi).  The  a«Iiuriea''S'^loh'aKl*Dan  luled  un^£ 
dcpoRaliad  o(  Inel  (Judga  xvIiL  30  «.),  and  Bme  o(  Ibdr  hiiiaty 
la  idB  pwpfed  in  the  aoounc  of  the  hte  pRmonarcbkal  age 
(l)lli-IIth«BUirial.c.).  ShiMi'tpriallyiilducsndenuudCorllt 
niqiiiiy  (1  Sam.  iu-  11-14}.  ihe  laiictiiaTy  nufftenouily  diiappean, 
and  ilw  pTKfis  are  lubniuentty  fouiid  at  Neb  ouuide  Jetwalen 
(1  Sam.  mi.  leq.).  All  idea  of  hlnorieat  penptnive  haiWn  loM, 
■lace  Ihe  fall  of  Miloh  «aa  appaieolly  a  recent  e««nt  at  tbe  dov  of 
the  Tth  cealury  (Jer.  vU.  Il-ij,  axvL  t-i)).  Bui  the  len^*—--  '~ 
aacfibe  tha  dinoen  of  nonbcfn  liraet  le  the  prieHhmd 
Ho&ba)  taka  aoothcr  loon  when  aa  inserted  oropbecy  ~ 
__... . . .._  ',™t  fomd 


r«Te 


&i7-wV  Tiieiequcl  tofhisjilua^^placedui  IheieJii 

vhen  DKvid't  oh  prkst  Abmlhar,  lole  lurvivor  of  the  pri«ti  of 

Wloh.  b  opelM  ID  Authoih  (i»r  Jenselein  J,  and  Zadofbeoinin 

Iceof  the  DeuuionainK'tcgSlinc^i^'lhF  Rfacn 

aacMiHi  a  lomh.  or  of  the  principle  Inculcated  bv  Erckiel  («• 
I  t  [M).  The  late  ipedfic  tendency  bi  [awMt  uf  jRunlcm  apeea 
with  tfiaOnnBrnonBaditgr  of  K[i«>  who  mndemu  the  lancliiarin 
of  Dan  and  Beckl  («  «ilf-wo(Aip  U  Kwcaxji-ia-jl),  aid  doanot 
aclwDwlEdie  the  nsRhem  prieithnod  lobe  Lcviticard  Kiogi  ui,  31, 

Eilbc  clccl'kin  of  Ibc  faithful  Levitt*.' 
In  Ihc  third  neat  ataic  then  ii  aaotber  ehuge  in  ihe  tone, 
if  God.  ixav.  baa  practically 
ti  HandpaiDt  of  oppoaiilm  10 
.icob'i  cune  (G«b.  idii.  5-r) 
later  ItadltiHU  continiu  to  extol  the  alaughter  nl  tbiSbecbtmilel 
■1  a  pimit  dufy.  Potl^eiijk  nriilon  baaalio  hopdaily  obacurtd 
Uk  oHtoce  of  Moms  and  Aaron,  abbmigb  there  waa  already  a 
lendency  to  place  the  blame  upon  the  pec^fDeul.  1.37,  III.  16. 
tv.  11). '  When  two-lUrdl  ol  Ihe  prially  familia  are  uld  to  b( 
ZadokilB  awl  one-third  are  ol  tbe  families  o[  Ahtathar,  some 
ncondUatioD.  une  idjuatinent  of  rivalriei,  Is  to  be  rtcotnlad 
(i  Chton.  iiir.).  Again,  in  Ibe  compoaite  itory  of  Kotab'i 
tevolt,  one  venion  Rfledi  a  contesi  between  Aaronito  and  Ibe 
othet  L«vite$  who  daisied  the  pckat  hood  (Num.  xvl.  3-i  i,  ]6-4a), 
vhile  another  abowt  the  uprenacy  of  tbe  Levlta  a*  a  ame  either 
over  the  nil  of  the  peopla  (P  cf.  tbe  prayer,  Deut.  mlii,  11), 
or,  amce  tha  laltn  ate  noder  the  Imderitup  ol  Konb,  later  the 
tponym  of  a  giki  of  Bin<m.  pcthipi  over  ika  mom  tubordincle 
mlnitun  who  once  (aiided  a  Ecpante  claia.'  In  the  conpe^ie 
mik  (Hironiclea-Eara-NelKnliah  (dating  alter  tbe  poat-eiDic 
Lentical  l((i)Uiian)  a  peculiar  interol  ia  tilUB  In  tbe  Leviies, 
noce  put[culai(y  in  Ihe  liogen,  asd  certaia  paaaaju  even  reveal 
■V/iththiidenhipmeiilin  IwacHic  nliglan,  obieivelhat  Judnn 


u  the  I 


ioudy  allDWi  tTut  ai 

"^"HT  ™."K  .'V7*''  '"^'  ^  elKnthere  Edomite  (Gen,  n 
14.  tS)  and  Cakbite  (1  Chion.  ii.  4}).   See  fuy.  Bit.,  i.h 


■ORK  aninuB  afalnsl  the  Aaranita  (1  Ouvn.  irit.  U-  »*-  s) 
A  Levite  prolnbly  had  a  hand  in  the  wort,  and  lUs.  with 
Ihe  evidence  for  ike  Levilical  FhIou  (aee  [>UIja1  glvei  the 
caste  an  inteitiLing  place  in  ihe  iludy  of  ibi  iranHniaion  M 
tbe  biblical  lecoida.'  But  Ihe  iiiitDry  of  the  Leviira  in  the  eariy 
polt'exiL'cBlageaodonwardsiiaieparateproblera,and  Ihemri 
el  Cliliciua  bu  not  advanced  auSiciently  for  a  proper  enlmale 
o(  the  varioui  viciuiiudn.  Uowever,  Ihe  leeling  which  nai 
anHued  aoHinf  ihe  prists  when  lonin  ceniurfea  Uter  tbe  linecn 
obtained  Irom  Agrippa  the  privilege  -of  wfAring  the  pnfaily  tinea 
dreaa  IJoaephua,  Attl.  xi.  o-  6).  at  least  eoablea  one  to  appreciate 
looft  vividly  tbe  scantier  liinis  ol  inlemat  ^ealouaies  during  the 
preceding  yean.* 

4.  S*Kmary.—¥nlB  the  inevitable  condusion  thai  Ihere  are 
three  itagei  in  Ihe  written  sources  for  the  l^vlllcil  inttitnlinna. 
the  neit  step  is  the  correlation  of  allied  traditiona  on  the  baaia 
of  Ihe  gerealogicat  evidence.  But  the  proUeni  nf  fitting  these 
into  the  hisioiy  of  Inad  itill  nmaina  llie  assuinption  that 
the  earlier  sourcea  for  the  pre-monarchlcaHUstory,  m  incorportled 
by  Isle  compilers,  are  necessarily  Inistwonhy  confuses  Ihe  inquiry 
(on  Gen.  luiv,,  see  StUEOM),  and  even  the  probability  ol  ■ 
reformiBgjpiHiinJrhu'iage  dependavpon  Ihc  internal  criticism 
of  Ihe  related  records  (see  Jews,  {{  11-14).    The  view  thai  the 

vidian  that  there  Vahweb  had  hia  seal  (cl.  Deul.  iiiiii.  >; 
Judga  V.  4;  Hab.  iii.  j),  but  Ibe  latter  is  only  one  view,  and  the 
tradhkHia  ^  the  patriarchs  point  to  another  belief  (cl.  also 
Gen.  iv.  16).  The  two  are  recondlcd  when  the  Cod  ot  Ihr 
palriatcha  reveals  Hii  name  toi  the  first  time  unto  Motca  (Erod 
iii.  IS,  vi,  }).  With  these  variations  is  involved  the  problem  ol 
the  early  history  of  the  laniditc*.'  Moreover,  the  teal  Judacan 
tendency  which  associates  the  fall  of  Ell's  priolhood  al  ShUoh 
with  the  rise  of  the  Zadolrilea  invotvci  tbe  literary  problenis  ol 
Deuteronomy,  a  composite  mrk  wbcie  age  a  not  nnainly 
known,  and  of  the  twofold  Drjterooomic  redaction  dscwhere, 
one  phase  ol  which  Is  more  distbictly  Judiean  and  anli-Samariun, 
There  are  vicissitudes  and  varying  atandpobill  which  point  to  ■ 
complicated  literary  history  azKl  require  some  hlst«iaJ  back- 
ground, and.  apart  from  actual  changes  in  tbe  history  of  the 
Levila,  some  allowsnce  must  be  made  for  Ihe  real  character 
oi  the  circles  where  the  diverse  record*  originated  or  Ihrvngh 
which  they  passed.  The  key  must  be  aought  in  the  eiilic 
and  post-enlic  age  wfaere.  unlorlunaldy,  direct  and  dedstve 
evidence  ii  bckine.  Il  ii  dear  [bat  the  Zadokite  priests  were 
rendered  iegilimate  by  finding  a  place  lor  their  ancestor  in  tb« 
Levitical  genado0e*— through  Pbineba*  (cf.  Num.  nv.  rt  seq.), 
and  Auon — (here  was  a  icdrng  that  a  legitimate  piicsl  niust 
be  an  Aaroniie,  but  the  hiilorical  reason  for  this  is  unceitaio 
(see  R.  H.  Kennni,  JmriL  TJmhg.  SM.,  190;,  pp.  i6r  sqq.). 
Hence,  it  is  impossible  at  present  w  tnce  tbe  earlier  steps  which 
led  to  Ihe  grand  hierarchy  of  post-eiilic  Judaisni.  Even  the 
name  T«v1Ic  itself  Is  of  imccrtate  origin.  Though  popularly 
connected  with  JSriA,  "  be  joined,  allachcd,"  an  ethnic  Itoco 
Leah  has  found  some  (avour;  the  Assyrian  ri'B  "powerful, 
wise,"  has  also  been  suggested.  The  tern  haa  been  more 
phnsibly  identified  wiih  l-a-'  (fern.  t*-'-(),  the  name  given  in  tAd 
Arabian  inscriptions  (e.g.  at  al-'Oli,  south-east  of  Elilh)  lo  the 
priest)  and  ptiesleSHS  oi  the  Arabian  god  Vadd  (■ 
Homnul.'tac.Hat.  r>aif.,pp.>TS«9  ■    ~'     - 


miiy,  ai 


<   Ibc 


npud  Porphyry. 

Utndltommtmlsr 

•  Even  Ihe  lilhes  enj' 
were  Anally  tramfcmd  1 
nuVJI,  (ol.  son,  Carpsov. 


irpaov.  App-  ad  Coiv,  p.  614;  Hottinget 
Ihe  rdation  between  1 


■      ■    ■     elite! 


IK  L.  Cur 


LEvrriGUS 

i4»ir  nijalna  ooBfinutioB  mml 

- --.JBBtinJl.HWciniMIMIl.Pnikff 

91:  W.  R.SnHh,OMniL«Jfl>.  CbHtfJodti)^ 
*t™?™tie™^ 

u  b«n  f ndy  DHk  «< 
9ih  cdltiim  of  tlH 
SK7  -  ■ 

■(^- 

„rtHriii,         ..     ., 


Indci,  jj.  "  Levita 

"3  •<»';  IS  "'  '5  {nunc  IGchmcalj;  *]hj  ihi 
on  EKodu»-Joi]iiu  ind  tbc  oidioa^  critical  — ,»  ^ 
mtiit  literatim.  Tn  |  1  vnd  cert  of  1 1  i»e  Thu  bHn  vneiy  muie  « 
W.  R.  Snnih'i  unido  "  Lcvita  "  ia  the  9(h  atltim  of  thi  £an 
*r«i  (Ma  ihE  iwriiion  by  A.  BwtJiolm,  B1K7.  BO.  col.  ajjo  iqq.). 
Fot  the  hHiDTT  01  ttw  Lcvita  in  tlw  _poM-™lic  aitd  liler  ani. 
» t)u  Mnimrnurin  on  Numben  {by  Ci  B.  Cray)  and  Chronfcha 
!ld  spoiany  H.  VogtWrin,  Der  Kr — '  — -1— 

n>  Hi)  dm  rafn  Eimkiiii.  iritfa  Ku 

ti.  (hJ.  K.  Buddc,  i«9*),    S« 


iid  book  of  the  Peolalcuch. 
the  Sepluagiat  veniai  (t6] 
EngOsh  [orm  ii  due  to  tbc 


LEVltlCBB,  is  the  Bible,  the 
Tie  nunc  ii  derived  Imn  that 
W<Vn*fe  <«:.  piflXlar),  thtmjh  t 
Latin  rfndfiing,  Lnrilkus  tsc.  liber).  By 
called  Wajrrii'S  (i-*!!)  from  the  fiiM  woid  01  tne  ncDre*  ten, 
but  it  ii  aim  leleired  to  (in  tiie  Talmud  and  Mauonh)  ai  TatiaJt 
tUdwlM  (n-iDt  ir^,  law  ol  the  printi),  Slfitr  tMbitm  ('3-«e, 
book  of  the  priaU),  and  Stpktr  iorbanim  (o'jju  -V).  book  of 
oaeiingt).  As  a  descriptive  title  Lailittu,  "  the  Levitical 
book,"  ia  tiot  iniw>rap(iati*  to  the  conicDta  of  tbo  book,  vhich 
ohibiti  an  dabonle  systcto  of  nciifida]  mnhlp.  In  thn 
cODneiion,  however,  the  teitn  "  Levitical  "  ii  used  in  1  perfectly 
geoenl  aciiK,  lince  then  ii  bo  leletcnce  ia  the  book  IimII  to  the 
Leviiet  thenuclve*. 

The  book  ol  Leviticus  preMots  k  marked  contrast  to  the  two 
preceding  books  of  the  Hexaleuch  in  that  it  is  derived  from  one 
documcU  only,  viz.  the  Piietlly  Code  (P),  and  contains  no  trace 
ol  the  other  documents  from  which  (be  HexUeuch  has  been 
corapikd.  Hence  the  dominant  inlere!t  b  a  priestly  one,  while 
the  content*  aie  almost  entirely  IcgisUlive  u  oppaed  to  hlslori- 
caL  But  thou^  the  book  as  ■  whole  is  usigned  to  a  sutile 
doctunent,  iti  amienta  kic  by  no  mcun  bomogtacous;  in  fact 
Ibe  critical  probiem  presented  by  the  legislative  pottiDni  of 
Levldcui.  though  more  limited  in  scope,  is  veiy  iimiUr  to  that 
of  the  other  booki  of  the  Heiateudi.  Here,  too,  the  occuneoce 
of  lepetitlona  ud  divcrgenciea,  the  vuiatloos  of  alandpaJBl  and 
practice,  and,  at  times,  the  linguistEc  peculiarities  point  no  lesi 
clearly  to  diversity  of  origin. 

The  historical  oamtive  with  which  P  connect*  bii  account 
ol  the  lacied  institutions  a[  Israel  <i  reduced  in  Leviticus  to  a 
minimom,  and  presents  no  special  feaiiuw.    The  coosecntlon 

il.,  uid  this  is  loUowed  by  a  brief  notice  of  the  death  of  Nadab 
md  Abihu  (1,  i-s),  and  later  by  an  account  ol  (be  death  of  the 
blasphemer  (uiv.  10  f.).  Apart  from  these  incidents,  which, 
lo  accoidance  with  the  practice  of  F,  arc  uiiliied  lor  the  purpose 
of  latrodudng  Ireth  iegiilaiion,  the  book  consbts  ol  three  main 
groups  or  coUeetloos  of  ritual  law*:  (i)  ch^is.  i.'viL,  laws  of 
sacrifice;  fi)  chaps,  li.-iv.,  laws  of  purification,  w^h  an  ip- 
pendli  (ivi.)  on  the  Day  of  Atonement;  (j)  chaps,  rvii.-jivi., 
the  Law  of  Holiness,  with  an  appendix  (xivii.)  an  vows  and 
Ihhes.  In  part  these  laws  appear  to  bidder  thaJ  F,  hot  when 
ecunlned  in  detail  the  various  collections  show  unmlstikebly 
that  they  have  undergone  more  than  one  process  of  redaction 
btiete  they  alsumed  the  form  in  which  ttiey  arc  now  presented. 
The  scope  of  the  pioent  article  don  not  permit  of  an  elaborate 
aJialysis  of  the  difleieni  sections,  but  the  evidence  udduced  wiB. 
it  is  hoped,  tflard  suScient  proof  of  the  truth  of  this  Udcnfeot, 
I.  Tin  latn  si  SairijUc.—Cht.tt.  i.-vii.  This  group  of  laws 
deariy  formed  no  part  of  the  original  narrative  of  P  ainet  it 
fntemipts  the  conneidon  of  chap.  viii.  with  Emd.  il.  Foi  chap. 
vilt.  describes  bow  Hoses  carried  out  the  command  of  Eiod.  il. 

i-3St  and  bean  the  suH  relalioo  to  ths  latter  passage  thai 
£it>d,  xtxv,  S.  bean  to  Eiod,  nv.  B.  Hence  m  can  only  con- 
dude  that  Lev.  i.-vii,  were  added  by  a  later  edilor  This  cim- 
cJuaioB  doe*  not  nectturily  involve  a  late  date  lot  the  law*  them. 
•dvata  laatqr  of  which  ban  the  appeaiaiKe  ol  (mat  antiquity, 


though  tlielr  original  fotnbai  been  mndderAIymodileit  Bift 
though  ihtM  chapters  form  an  independent  collection  of  Uw»,  and 
were  iocoiporated  aa  such  in  P,  a  critical  analysis  of  theit  cm- 
tents  shows  that  thsy  were  not  all  deiived  from  the  saiu  aouico. 
The  eolkcdod  fall,  into  two  divjaia_,  (a)  L-vi.  j  (Hdk  v.  M).  and 
t»)  vt.  B  (Ueb.  vl.  D-Mk,  tha  fonaer  bdag  addressed  to  Iba  penile 
aadthelattaiolbspfieats.  The  laws  coraaiaed  In  (a)  itler  uli) 
bivnt4fleri^  Il  (a)  ■ual^fleringa,  ii.;  Q)  Beac»4a«ria|a,  U.; 
<4)  dn-pSenras,  Iv.  (on  v.  i-ia  m  bekrw);  (si  tfespaMOHlin, 
V.  14-vl.  T  (Heb.  ».  14-1^    rta  laws  in  JH  cover  pcaetkaUy  tC 


13) ;  tS)  tteipa««fferin«fc  vu.  t-7,  M(ethec  whb  cettaia  rcgulatioM 
Kr  the  pnesc's  share  ol  the  bunit-  and  neal-oSerliig*  (w.  g-iol; 
(fi}n3C«i<Icrinn,vii.it-it.  Then fblloiv the erohlbition ef eaiin 
tlH&it  «  bloodV'  »-iS).  tbr  prlest^s  ihan  alflie  pe«e-offeriin 
gjportioo Jw.  Mi  36>.  and  the  «£ 


collection:  for'Calthe  or 


•m'ptfon  f^iii/'''-  "'"'" 
iUE:h  by  the  KlitM  of  chn"* 

formed  part  of  the  tame  ._. 

that  at  the  Hcond  group  being  anpponed  iq ,„-,p 

(Althe  law<  in  vl  B-vii.  are  revularly  intnidured  by  the  fe 
'■  This  Is  the  Inw  {Wrall  of.  .  .?■  Most  pnbaUy  the  second  ..„, 
wu  ticeipted  by  the  editor  of  chaps,  l.-vil,  from  annther  colleclioa 
for  the  piiTpoae  of  suppleaientfiig  the  laws  of  i.-v.,  more  eipedally  on 
pinnli  cTHiBfcted  with  (he  f  unctioru  and  dues  of  ihe  officiating  priests, 
CUaer  Invtaiigatlon,  however,  shows  that  b«h  groups  of  laws 
contain  heterogeneous  ekmcnts  and  that  their  preKoi  form  is  the 
result  of  a  kmg  pracess  ol  development.  Thus  L  and  iii.  seem  to 
contain  genninely  old  cinetmns,  though  i.  tx-if  b  psobiibly  a  later 
addition,  nnce  there  b  M  relennc*  to  bkda  In  tbe  geaeral  beadini 
t.i.  Chan,  ii,  1-3.  Bathe  odKt  land,  though  it  coriespandi  in  lorm  to 
i  and  <iL,  Interrupts  the  dose  conDeiion  between  those  ehaaien,  and 
should  la  any  ease  stand  atHr  iH :  the  use  ol  the  second  for  the  third 
persaninlherenaioIngvenetpglnisIoadiSnentsource.  Asnlsht 
be  expected  Imm  the  nature  of  the  lacriGa  with  which  It  (bakV. 
(sionilcrii^)  aeeois  to  belong  to  a  lelAtlvely  later  peilod  al  the 
sacrificial  systcitL  Several  featurta  confirm  this  view :  ft)  :he  blood 
of  tbe  lin'Offering  of  the  "  anolDted  priest "  and  of  the  whole  con. 
gregation  is  brought  within  the  veil  and  sprinliled  on  the  altar  ol 
incense,  (1)  the  sm^Serlai  of  the  congregation  Is  a  bullack.  and 
not.  as  etsewheie,  a  goal  (Il  15 :  Num.  iv.  94},  (j)  the  ahar  of 
incense  is  distinguished  liom  the  jiUu  of  humt-oflenoi  (as  opposed 
ID  Etsd,  ixiK.;  Lev.  vuL  Ii.).  Chap.  V.  1-13  have  usually  bees 
regarded  as  an  appendix  to  Iv..  setting  forth  (nra  number  cf  typical 
cues  for  which  aain^fferina  is  requindln.  I.C).and  (t)  certain  con. 
cessions  for  those  who  could  not  afford  the  ordinary  sin-offeriag 

treating  of  another  question  and  interruptlu  w-  t,  4,  5  f,).  cannot 

theory  of  the  un.alering  (contrast  v.'i  f.  wllh  iv.  t),  (1)  It  ignores 

the  fourfold  diviaioa  of  onerlngs  corresponding  to  tbe  rank  of  the 

offender,  (3)  it  fail)  to  observe  the  distinctlDn  between  ain'  and 

ticspasA^ncring  (in  n.  6.  7,  "his  wilt^freriag"  (t^  ■ppcsnio 

have  the  sense  of  a  "  pn^ty  "  or     lorfeit,"  unlas  wiifa  Baentlch 

we  rcadlmj  "his  oblalion"  in  each  caseicl.  ».  ti.  iv.  ji  B. 

Vtnes  7.1].  on  tbe  other  hand,  form  ■  suHaUe  contlnuaiion  of  it.; 

thaugh  pr^ably  they  are  secondary  in  character.    Chap.  v.  14 

(Heb,  V,  26)-vL  7  contain  regulations  for  tbe  ties(ass.cAiiBg,  in 

—Hich  the  dislinctivc  character  of  that  offering  is  clearly  hranght 

I.  Tho  cun  cited  In  vL  1-7  <Heb,  v,  K-3A)  arc  dearly  analctaas 

those  in  v,  14-1&  (ram  which'  they  are  ai  pment  separated  by 

17.19,    Thrte  latter  ntascrihe  a  tiespassHiVerlni  for  the  same 

le  lor  which  inlv,,u  I.  a  sio^lteriny  IS  requiml:  ti  Is  noticeable 

jirCBcribKi,    [t  is  kardly  douTHfuI  that  the  verses  are  derived  from  a 


:ipn(vii.Jr.jS)lsourcMc 
it  the  secood  group  of  laws 
a  that  otit^nally  the  colli 
iaa,  (vi,  S-13:  14-if    -- 


ji.36)- 


iSenng  is.  j7|  is  prohably  due  tothe  tame  redactDm*o  introduced 
jie  glDsa  ''^n  (he  day  when  he  is  ansintad  "  in  vL  »).  Of  (he 
.-emwiiiq  scctieas  vi.  i^-ij  tHnb.  12-16},  the  dsHy  mol-offering  nf 
the  (high-}  priest,  betrays  itt  secondary  origin  by  its  ahtence  from 
the  subscription,  cl,  also  the  different  introdiKtHm,  Chapa,  vi 
>C  (Heb.  10)  aad  vii.  7  aaskn  tbe  sAenag  10  tba  offirUtiag 

-^— ■ — ■  i*(H£.  iH,»9(Heb.  as),  vH,  6("ever^ 

'ILand  pcKHHy  beioiig.  (ooether  irilh  vii, 
ctlon  which  deah  espeeiany  with  priestly 

"the  eating  aflat  and  blood, 

and  wtn,,clautathA 


It  sacrificial  meal  w3 


5i6  LBV 

tin  iMul  irtmiiTiilBiiii  al  ihi  pmac  .tittnm.  Qup.  vii,  it-; 
ait  alaa  addianl  n  dm  jieeplc  tod  cusoi  tSercfm  hive  lotm 
put  df  [be  orifiul  ptieaay  bouiuI;  t.  33  beiAyi  Ihc  smF  htod 
vi.  16  f  Hcb.  10)  ud  vii.  7,  uhI  with  u>  my  be  uiltMd  u  the  im 
GoHcctHa  u  aoee  Ttnee;  to  tbc  EiKlor  mtdC  be  iMiimil  ■*. 
U  doubkt  o<  •;  u),  34,  jjt  Hd  36. 
Cbipe,  viiL'4.  Aa  lUlvd.  tbtec  chaptn  fona  the  orJ|Jaa]  lagiicl 

■  OFmK»vwliic£ luted *Ev«idiiy>(™E.), and  (1)  Ibeniblic wonhip 
on  tl»  a(bih  dir.  11  trhich  Airoa  ud  hW  hw  cHifiimd  (m  tbe 
firai  tint  M  priBK  (ii.) :  thai  blloa  (c)  *B  •coounl  of  Ihe  death  of 
Nadib  ud  Abiljii  («  nfierint  auute  £ie  (i.  1-5J:  W  nnoui 

in  Bundn  Fona.  of  the  defartun  io  iL  15  Inn  the  ntit  lot  the 
iiiHiBcmjg  (ivaa  in  vL  H  (n.  i6-)0). 

TubenVKk  (ad  to  cawcnlc  &  ivintii  ud  the  •ucaadigg  venei 
(ifr-jStJdBcribe  knv  ibe  latma  itmiBUnd  n*  cankd  out.    Tbc 

Lev.  viiL,  ud  liaa  the  intcrveiuiig  i±apten  eidiiUt  obviotu ' 
c/bdoagiBg  taaooibr-  ■-  — '■■■' — ■'''■ ■ 


Dou.)  a, 


naliv*  g|  P.    Bui  it 


■  later 


inproblMc  ihil 


EjEOd.  mv  -xL  ban  lupeneded 

iiv.  S.  alia  bdooiol  U  a  later 

Svm  DO  pift  of  tbeininal 

I 1^ —     Ti-ae  iddillan 

iR(l).K  lo.tlK'aiHiDtin((if  tbeTabetnacie 
-1.  xxx.  M  a. :  it  b  KM  enjoined  Id  End. 
ointiDC  ol  thf  ilur  ud  the  laver  (cf.  Em). 
^ff.);{3 -—--..■-. 


k>  ol  later  ai 
.    Tbeae  eddidonir  tbe  KODadafy 


—trr.  I.  to  Eaod. 

nnlun.    But  Lev.  vw.,  iinUke 
■Itar,  and  Iboiieh  b  lt>  pnaent 
'  '' "    avtbonnip,  tbcae  mariia 
deaiiy  the  imk  ol  a 


my  in  which  they  loiemipt  the  coi 


..  JO  the  ip 


niitify- ... 

in.  17 1.)  ai  in  Exod.  xxii.  ^, 

of  blood  and  oQ  OP  Aaron  aad  hiL  _,._  __,_, ,_^ 

clement*,  vbich  readily  admit  cf  exciviDD.  Ihe  dUfMer  a  in  romplete 
accord  with  Paeraarde  point  <jf  view  afldJJgyiuge,  and  iitberefoje 

"^  of  Aaroa  and  hit  tone  wai.  according  to  P  a 

~   '       A  Hcrmcc,  and  chap. 


■loryaT^hlieh.  acconpuicd  by  a 
lies  on  tbe  altar.  Apart  (mn  a  tw  1 


'.   TIk  panUmveni  of  Nadab  ud  Abihu  t^ 


"  tti-S)*"" 


aiawholebdDivi^ 

chap,  iif  To  ffii .,._.. 

affcctiPE  tbspriciti  have  been  iiuchnl.  sf  whicfa  ibe  fiis.  vir 
prohibition  01  iiiaiirDtnc  to  Aanaand  hhiaii  (tv.  6,  J),  akine 

oTtle  in  fotm  tcf.  MJi  lo  ff.).    The  lecancl  POHaat,  m  S,  g.  -i 
prohibita  tile  uae  of  wine  and  itropg  dnnW  to  toe  peicat  when  on  di 

la  clearly  >  later  additiofl.   Theconnedonbetwr- -■ 

the  loUoving  it  catr«ndy_  harib,  apd  aince  at. 


entirely  dWemil  iublRi  (d.  li.  47)>  the  latHr  venea  mutt  be  r 

■ardedaaa  nii^Bcr-" ■    " "ale  10  Ibe  pnnioi 

of  pic  meal-  and  pe  1«  of  Ibe  prie« 

ol  tbe  laled  tyi 

!i  lud  been  offeri 


ritual  af\l  14'^.: 
flerinp  ahouid  be 
Ibe  pan  of  Aaron 


wrongly  trurfened 
m(*,  ^  16-JO,  we 
of  additnna  to  the 
prualahad  bOrnl  thi 

perfectly  lejpliniale  I 

and  ihia  ia  f umlihcd 

n.  Tlu  Lata  rf  PwlJhaHni.—Clmfit.  iL-xv.  Tha  collection 
^  lam  compDies  foui  loalD  MCtloas  rditing  (0  (1)  dean  and 
wdean  beaiu  (li.),  (>}  ckiMblnh  («.),  (j)  leproiy  (lUI.  >!v.1, 
nid  {4)  cenaio  Mintal  NoatiaBa  (av.).  Thtw  lam,  oi  ifrUk, 
are  lo  doiely  ilHfd  to  eacN  Dthn  1^  lb«  utiue  b(  their  conient* 
and  thdr  literary  form  {cf,  eipecially  the  recurring  fonmila 
"This  ii  Ibe  law  of..."  id.  46,  tiL  ;,  liii.  ig,  ilv.  31,54,  57, 
xv-  31)  that  they  must  origiuUr  have  formed  a  Doile  cdlcclion. 
The  collection'.  bowcvR,  haa  deally  aiMlt*t">c  ■»**  tti*"  ™^ 


ndanina  bcfim  rEuhihi  ila  final  fom.  IVi  b  nada  nldau 
nol  only  by  the  prewnl  position  of  chip.  liL  which  In  *  i  pn- 
■iip|Kae>clitp.».  (cf.nv.  i«),  and  nuiU  origiDally  have  loUtnnd 
alter  that  chapter,  but  ilai  by  (he  cootenti  of  tbe  dlSemit 
sKtions,  which  exhibit  dear  trsccs  of  repeated  revision,  Al 
the  ume  time  it  lecnii,  lilie  chaps,  i.-vii,.  ivU.-rivi.,  to  have 
been  formed  iadepcndcnJy  of  P  and  to  have  been  added  M  (hat 


It  by  a 


r;  for 


lerrupli  the  main  thru 
natural  continuatiDD  of  chap.  i. 
of  Aaron  ai  well  aa  Moaei  in  the  fo 
dv.  J],  IV.  i)  ii  doBtcary  lo  the  m 


if  addles  (li.  i.  liii.  1, 


after  death  ia  alio  forbidden), 
cat:i>n.  Tbc  main  ioHieat  of 
litermiy  crificiwi.  ccnlrta  In  I 
Law  ci  Hollm  (xvii.-nvi.) 

that  U.  or  Ibe  Uw  of  HoUoH 


ihe  chapter,  from  (he  poir 
he  lelmion  of  tbc  Am  ae 

InlefTod  with  cwiiideiaUi 
a,  ori^oally  contained  k| 

and  niaay  aebDian  luvehel'd  that  tbe  linl  lection  (t> 
and  41^)  ceaUy  bdoa(a  in  that  code.    Bui  while  n 

uy  of  the  danctenKic  Icaiu^  oT  thai  udc.  We' 
then,  (heitlare,  to  anolbcr  Bum.  ihoueb,  in  vien  ol 
f'-.^H*'  ','  ,■■  '^'*>  f«*«l*  ""'  "«V  h«w  aupem 
leoUatiDn  be)iHi(inc  10  H. 

ThtRlalioa  of  Lev.  n.  J-33  to  DeuL  liv.  4.*)  b 
detcRDioe,  Hnce  the  phenDmeoa  picicnted  by  jthe  " 

verbally  identical,   but   while  Dent.  nv.  1»,   s  h: 
__ jfK-  .t.  J :— 1.  / j^  ioLct.  n 


Df  a  ptiady  origi 
,  But  Ibe  Dauler 
o  loVwhUeLev „  ., 


0  rW  irUiUHe  Hint,  and  it  u  al  leaal  equally  posible  1 
lonier  vwtioB  et  Levninia  aa  an  opunoi  of  D^t.  «iv.  a-ia 
ne  bet  thai  Denl.  liv.ii  p^^ialheatiaiwr  (i)io(atlbeSnh 
imal  that  diea  a  natuni  death,  while  Lev.  ivii.  it  pUcea 
equal  footing  with  Ihe  laaeliu.  cannol  be  cited  in  laniui 
mlyofDeuletpnomyrinceKii  iadniHy  inpplcnicntary: 
n.^.ji.   On  the  whole  il  aeena  beet  to  Mxrpt  the  view 

f ■  namiilylnmmB  eailiErmum. 

gutiliona  for  Ibe  puiilicaticH  el  a 
"  ■male  child.    It  baa 


7.  Chap.  ni.  pnacnhea  rrguuiioni 
woman  after  the  bwtfa  ol  (oj  a  mate  an 
beenalready  pMi  "  "     ""'   " "' "    ' 


Kiitably 


lb  which  it  La  doaely  allied  In  r^ard  to ,^-. 

a.]du-,xiv.  The  rcyulationi  cooc^ming  Icproay  Fail  readily 
......   main  diviwini;  6)  aiii.  t-469.  an  eiabarato  doacrip- 

ol  the  qrmptsina  ODmaua  (b  the  carliec  alagea  d  leproay  and 
other  akin  d>ieaaa  to  guide  the  prieai  in  deciding  as  to  (be  cleannca 
a  unclonnea  of  tte  palioit;  (J)  liiL  47.54.  a  luriher  deacripiian 
ol  diiTer«nT  lands  of  moold  or  Fungus  growth  alfectiitt  amlfa  and 
leather;  (i)  i6y.  i.j),  the  rites  ol  potibxlion  to  be  enplo/ed  alter 


pniaalBDwUL   Tbciw  la,  bowevtr,  K>  reaaon  to  dovU  that  a  lBf)e 

psrtlga  of  the  lam  ■genuinely  oU  since  Ihe  Wibiecl  ia  one  that  miM 

■BUually  can  lor  Mily  kgidalioa;  Boeeow,  Dtut.  niv.  ■  pre- 

tupinte;  (be  ealimceal  lefulatvna  omceraing  tnnnv,  preiunublv 

ofiLwhlchweRlatbepoaaciiKiBirtheprieiia.  Tlie eaificit lenioat 

are  admittediT  rilL  1-4^  ud  xhr.  a->a,  the  riluil  of  the  latter  beiiH 

^frioBdy.el  a  vety  Mlalc  t|rp&   Tbe  aecomlaiy  chaiaewr  ol  aM. 

47-n  It  evident:  il  iatHiupla  the  dote  coBoeiion  bttwaen  liiL 

t-4°a  and  aiv.  1.14.  and  Funber  it  It  provided  with  iu  own  cdophoir 

S9.    A  lanillar  character  must  be  ajdened  lo  the  lemalnlng 

a  ol  chap  nv.,  with  ibe  noption  el  the  rotophon  ia  w,  57b: 

attar  has  btbi  ■Kreadvely  eapaoded  in  ».  54-574  to  as  to 

de  Ih*  law  addiiiona.    Thus  tn.  9.30  piolaiba  a  second  tad 

eltbotale  ritual  0/  purification  alter  the  healing  ol  leprcty. 

though  the  Isvr.  according  to  w-  ^.  is  alitady  clean ;  ita  arcoodary 


nth  R|pu4  to  the  buod  and  <riL  The  tuomlinc  i 

aoMl^  oSnfa^  of  n.  »m,  uid^lifci  v.  7-i^jil.  ij  efcirly. 


LEVmCUB 

-ttieirliidcpmilFptt^R.  / 


«u£td. 


i"*!il,i.__ 


te 


4.  Cillp.    nv.    daU    with    Aenla    al    puril.._ 

nluad  to  chip.  u.  CW  the  maaiary  al  IhE  aOirt  km  it  k  prciialjlc 
tlul  [he  old  MnU.  whicb  ti™  [be  baas  el  the  dBpln.  hu  bmi 
■ibaiiiKatly  csciiaHM,  but  emni  in  Ihc  cotspboa  (n  i^H}, 
wbich  diipUyi  mula  o(  kitr  ndidian,  then  it  mlliiiif  [o  fuide 
■ '  -""TriUng  the  additioiul  hl 

111  oi^  Day  dT  Al 

^ al  HaSi^miT^ZATW  (i8*»).'aib^in'tbeaute 

have  KCnud  tbe  dtvUn  of  the  duiNcr  JntD  IhiH  iadaaaJait 
■kiIdm:  (i)  h.  1^  6,  II,  13.  34»  (probably  M  u.  ■«  aln  kiB 

En  a(  [hli  iKtkMi).  rctuktioaa  to  be  obtnvrd  tij  Sma  whenever 
mieht eater  "the htSypbcevilhiDtlie nil."  Thae Ktidatlen* 

■- -' -iKoflbedntboiHiBUbwidAbain  it.  l-A 

■     D  ■  limOu  fete;  the  «tua 
'  chali  i!   M    »  »»W 


hairlly  doubtful  iIh  Ihil  ll 

aider  Maee  ct  leriildtw*!  thj 
•AH  (-Lawot  HoliiKm)! 
particular  abowa  no  IuktwIi 
the  bitth  orieat  ia  only  btihti 
(cf.  Lev.  tf  - '^- 

(NiUB.  itv_.  ., _. 

■ddiHiM).    It  laiHBt  be  • 


It  It  hUity  KoMIe,  thenfoie,  that  tba 
a^nfiT  ta  aeeowfibr  laho  eocabiaed  K 
■«  lenided  at  certain  that  H  ciiMed  »  an  11 

notbeimlnHiiwl  thM  OelawawMdl  Tt  ci 
me  oritiii  or  bdoiK  to  the  aane  aje.  TIh 
that  iGiy  mn  SrM  eolleeted  by  an  ediur 
oKediiP.  Thotlbmii  a  narked  dWcnna 


uny  it  the  coal  which  ia  teat  amy 
.  The  ttJlT^an  to  the  fitW  »» 
ntnUlbeHolyofHtfia, 


jfcg'prit*  — 


ocifJDaUy  han  bco  qail 

attract,  the  litct  to  b*  Pu,v«hiw4  ■*/  *-^  vmh_*-'v  -.y-  i. 
tba  annual  Day  dAtoneniob^ikhaieiHitpitatrlbed  iai*.19-ua, 
w«f  idcDiksr  iritb  IhsH  kad  dowa  la  chip.  ii.  That  the  lEsd 
aectHH  bcioontoa  latex  ataga  el  devekifHaent  and  waa  added  at  a 
later  date  it  Mown  by  (a)  the  laconfruity  of  ih  14  ff.  with  il  b-'tie- 
cordiav  to  the  latter  the  purification  of  Aaron  it  a  prtUiainary  coadl- 
lifUi  oinit  entrance  withaa  tba  veil— and  W  thaclaboTatecERiBonial 
w  caanessan  wiLh  the  tpnuktiag  of  the  blood.  The  Gnt  arction, 
doubllM.  belMt  to  the  mua  narrative  of  f:  it  CDnnecu  directly 
with  chap.  X.  and  prtiuppotctonly  one  altar  (cf- a.  la.  EuhLuviu. 
iii.  The  tecond  and  tEtfd  lectiona,  howevn',  iBuM  be  ■■■pifd  to  a 
laler  ttnlum  of  F.  iJ  only  becauit  Ihty  appear  to  have  been  unkoevn 
to  E«a  (Neb.  ix.  1)  itlie 'Kt  that  Em  •  lait  day  took  place  on  the 
tventy-fourtb  dby  of  the  aeveath  mootb  (at  oppoted  to  Lev,  rvi 
19,  uiii.  36  f.)  acauiiei  an  additioaal  iBporance  ia  view  of  the 
aEitemenl  between  Neb.  viiLaj  Land  Lee.xxliLur  at  to  Ibe  dale  of 
Ibe  Feau  at  Tabemaclei.  No  meation  u  nude  oftha  Day  of  Atone- 
ment 'iR  the  pre-cailic  period,  and  il  it  a  plautgile  conjectun  that  the 
present  law  ansae  liam  the  desre  10  tun  tha  tpootaneout  bttint  of 
Neb.  b[.  J  intoananou^ccnmoayfuiany  cMtdlmctianaaa  to  the 
annual  performance  at  Ibe  rile  niDit  orinnalti'  have  preced  ' 
»9  II.  FOitibly  the  oaiWoa  of  thit  btmduetiaa  It  due  to  tl 
daclor  who  combined  (1)  aad^)  by  IranCernnc  the  regiilati 
(i}to  therTlualoClbeaimualDayef  Atoneaient.  Atalaterj 
the  ritual  waa  further  dcvdopcd  by  Ibeiadiui 

HI.  Tki  Lam  0]  Heliita.~-Cbafit.  ivli.-xxvL  Hu  (roup  of 
lawi  conUiBcd  in  these  chaplen  hu  long  been  recogniied  ti 
■uodinf  apart  from  Ibe  ml  of  the  te^ilalioB  let  fortli  in 
Leviticus.  For,  though  tbcy  ditpliy  undnuable  affidly  wilb  P, 
they  alto  exhibit  certain  (eiturtt  which  clotely  dittinfuith  ihem 
Iron  that  doeumetit.  Then  .--■-.. ._ 


of  the  additional 


deis  and  iDOtivci,  capedtlljt 
nets,  Indeed,  il  10  diintcuriidc 
"  Lair  of  Hdiocaa."  int  ^vtn 
(1S77),  has  beoi  leDenliy  adopted.  '™~ 


that  of  kollrusi.    The  Idea  of 

at  the  enlire  troup 

to  it  by  Klotltnnai 

term  '■  h(«n™ "  i  ,  , 

fDlGlniFDt  of  cQcmonial  obligations  and  negatively  In  abstaining 

from  the  defilement  •-     ■       ■ 

but  it  also  ibdudea 

nlition  of  Vahweh. 

On  the  tilenry  dde  (In  the  chapters  are  diuini 
paraeaRlc  tetling  In  which  the  lawt  aie  embeildHl  i 
of  a  ipedal  termtnolrwy.  many  of  the  words  and  pin 

tartly,  If  ever,  in  P  (foe  a  li«  of  characlerittic  ptini —  ... .,, 

£.0.r>,  D-M).  Further,  Ihetlrucluteol  then  chapictt.  which  ckwcly 
retraMet  Sat  of  the  olh«  two  Hcateuchal  cortei  (feind.  xi.  »- 
■bU.  uA  Dtui.  liL-Bviii.),  may  reaioaabi)'  beadductilui  Hipponol 


5'7 

t  Itine  codes  ronton  nam  ■fill  miiccl- 

'l«e  with  an  udiortarioa.  Lsttly,  bobk 
B  Which  have  been  ali^dy  dealt  with 
.  M  f „  xu.  6-a  and  viL  15-18).  It  ia 
«  group  of  iawL  aMcfa  fonn  the  buli 
I  being  irtdependent  of  P,  rcprocnt  an 
n  that  coda  For  Ihe  Dciificial  tyilem 
Int  dcvekiped  than  that  of  P,  and  In 
itoe  of  the  tin-  and  Irtipan-oScrfiiiit; 

idcd  toall'ihc 
_.__  holy"  Ihlnti 


?JKi?i'; 


F,  both  in  language  and 
body  of  the  h^ilaiion- 


Wa  have  aheady  accepted  xi.  u  fl.  aa  ai 
B  M,  hot.  whh  the  euepliaa  oTNub.  x 
'Other  luafctof  Ihe  Heaatench  nWch  have  oeen  aar* 
to  aol  faraiih  tufcitnt  evMam  to  Inttlty  ua  In  attignlna 
■  ceKectkia.  Uoon  (Em  KU  al  1787)  r^tly  point) 
rrwmblann  m  Ihe  tubject  nr  fomqIalioB  of  liwt  U 
poimltd  in  H  may  poijEt  to  a  relatkm  to  Ihe  rearuj 
sot  evidtacc  that  tbae  lawt  were  ever  included  in  thai 


L  That  chant.  xvu.-uvL  dinky  a  marked  aOnily  Is 
If  onnot  he  denied.  Like  D,  xhty  lay  great  ttreta  on  the 
maaitj  and  charily  both  to  the  liiaelite  and  to  tbe 
ml.  xxiv.;  Lev.  nil.!  compat*  alto  lawt  afiCctlnc  lb* 
t.  sv-i  Lev.  XXV.).  but  la  toa*  letpecta  tbe  Iqnilaiioa 
t  to  nfled  a  more  advanced  tlate  than  that  of  D,  u. 
Ihe  pneKhmd  (cb^L  xxL),  the  fcaaU  (xiiE.  9-10.  Jo-u), 
al  yoir  (iiT.  1-7,  tS-n),  w^hit  aad  mcHuret  (iXc, 
nwt  be  nmembeied,  however,  that  theta  kwt  have 
ih  narc  than  one  Race  of  rwitioa  and  that  the  origjaal 
avebn  nndi  obiautd  bybter  (kiaiea  and  addiUoiii: 

L  "  The  mntaal  in(£pwdenca*7lhe  two  (indei)  ia 
HgudftuB  tha  abaeMrf  bwi  ideatkally  fomukted,' 

i  the  fact  that  of  the  peculiar  tnodvet  end  phraiea  ol 
LD  trant  in  H  (Lev.  xxilC  4n  it  almoal  tDlitary).    It  it  an 

aHimcaiao  that  all  the  fragnenu  ol  luxellte  kglf 

latjoa  which  have  been  ntwed  lie  in  one  teriil  devetapmeol " 
{Uoote.£acy.Ali:cDL3794. 

Tbe  r^lkn  of  H  to  Eadiel  !•  remarkably  dote,  ihe  tcieablawa 
betwean  the  two  bdeg  to  tuiUag  that  many  wrilcn  have  retarded 
Eaekkl  aa  the  aothor  of  H.  Such  a  Ihcoiy.  tmmrw,  la  o^idtd 
by  tha  oiiitefie*  of  area  areater  diffireocet  cf  atyle  and  natter; 
to  thai  tha  Hupnbkm  to  ba  daciltd  it  whether  EseUel  it  ptier  W 
K  or  vice  vent.  Tha  aiiin  arguncots  broatfit  forward  by  Ihoaa 
wbomtiatainlhaptiotiiyof  Eirtdrfan{i)uietae<>>>M  tt^a^^ 
meatioa  of  a  hkb  piictl,  wbsctaa  Eidicl  betrayi 
of  HKh  an  officHl,  wid  (1)  that  the  author  of  Lav.  XI 

Too  much  wwglu,  however,  msat  not  be  altachsd  to  thoe  pointt; 
for  {1)  tbeph^ieuted  In  Lev.  xxL  10  liit^aliy,  "  he  who  it  greater 
than  hu  bmhrea "}  csnnc*  be  lepided  aa  Iha  iquinleat  of 
Ibe  dcSniuiie  "  chief  prial  "  of  P,  and  it  lalker  ooaqiaiable  wlik 
Ibcuiaacof  3Kinpa]BL4ff..xav.  Ai,"  the  chief  prieK  "),  cf, "  tha 
□iieit''^in  xi.  9  C,  ivL  10  ff.;  and  (1}  the  jiaraigra  la  Lev.  nvL 
!«'.  34  f~  39:4$},  which  are  eapedally  cited  In^nt  of  Ibe  erilie 
lUndpoinl  of  the  writer,  are  juit  Ihoae  whkh,  on  other  gioundh 
•bow  alint  of  later  inlerpolaekm.  Tbe  loUowhig  cacuidciutami  un- 
doubtedly siggeK  Ibe  prwrily  of  H:  |i)  ilKe  it  no  mm  hi  Hot  tht 
diHintrinn  beiwren  pneMsaad  Lcvhct  bit  intndiced  in  Eaekieh 
,.,  r-__.j_.  __-i.   _   ^,   .^, tiekwioC 


Si8 


XEvrricuB 


, illy  in  Enk.  iviii..  n..  sdL  (..  iaduds  bgib  ths  pane- 

MtinEand  Ibc  Uwi;  uid  lully.  (6)  a  GaTnixiann  nl  Lev.  nvi. 
"EldelpunlilodirsieiicTiiritinilityiilbelaRiKr.  BMSUch. 
Botbokl,  uliipli  ihc  view  Ihal  Lcv. 


fu^cioiu  to  outweigh  the  coinL 


Z'iSS 


iepanitedeniml»,vk.iha}>i.i™.;iviii.-ii.,»hh' 
jn  chapi.  nciijp-^iv.;  ana  saL,  jniL,  44  whid>  th 
later  Uiui  Eicldel,  vliHe  the  •ecood  h  in  the  m 
■ulhor.     But  the  ■rpiineiits  which  he  adduce* 

thmfiM  oriiui  si  H  ue  lut  luQciaal  " 

Impreuion  oT uiuty  vhkh  the  code  pmeal 

Chap.  ivii.  compraca  tear  nun  leci. . 

marked  off  by  anmi  intnductocy  aad  dadtif 
3>7,  prohiUtiaii  at  Ihe  daughter  gfdoneitioaai. 
presnledtayahwEk;  (1)  n.  S,  9>  •acriSeci  t«  be  1 
alone:   (3)  n.  lo-ii.  pnthitutlonof  tbeealiof  oil 

14.  Uie  Nood  cl  (nimala  acit  uaed  in  acrifice  ta  _  , 

rouuL  The  chanUT  a>  a  Vbtlt  b  to  be  tdned  Is  H.  Al  tha 
ume  time  it  eihilnii  maov  aarln  o(  nffiidtv  wtth  P,  ■  phenomonn 
meat  eanly  eiplainal  by  UN  Hlnxiiltiaa  tbt  alder  laiii  ot  H  have 
bceaeapasded  and  mncGSed  by  later  handaiathBHiiTildP.  Clar 
iniuncti  at  mdi  nviiiiiB  mnr  be  aaiB  In  tba  nCeRucea  to  "  tbi 
dene  of  the  tent  ol  ncttinc  "  6i- 4f  S.  6. 9)  and  "  the  anp  "  j*.  3), 

animaLthaldieaiialivsldaiuoratitteniwbaiu^diierftnnaUy 
rinm  the  nrmding  paTagnpln,  and  ate  to  be  anigwd  In  P.  What 
Rmaiiu  illcr  the  cidusa  el  later  adiUlioaa,  homevrr^  not  nitely 

cnn^rilei  ol  H.    Thu>  f>.  J-I  leBect  two  poinu  e<  Tiew.  m.  s,  4 
dravinf  a  conlisu  betwcsn  pmlane  glauchur  and  acrikt,  abile 
■■.  s-7  diHinpiiih  bawten  •acriicea  stbnd  t»  Vafainh  and  tbuM 
offered  to  denona. 
Chap,  iviii.  tontaina  bm  on  pnhihlteil  mama^a  (p>.  6-iS) 

•ettiag  (ft,  1-J  and  14-30],  the  lam  brini  pvn  in  the  ind  pen. 
■Kg.,  whDe  the  [rancwork  oapliyi  the  aid  iien.  plmL  With  the 
CMnptioa  of  V-  ^1  (wi  Molecb  vonhip),  which  ie  hen  out  cf  place, 
and  hat  pouibly  bno  intmduced  [toniu.  7-5,  the  chapter  dtipliyi 
all  the  charactrrinici  d  H. 

Chap.  lix.  H  a  coOeOlaa  al  ruiKxllwiaaua  lawh  paidy  naral, 
oajtly  rcLiEioiif,  of  which  the  fundamenta]  prineipl*  la  stated  in  w.  3 
("  Ye  iball  be  holy  "1.  The  variDua  Ian  aie  cleady  defined  fay  the 
(orniuU  "  1  am  Yahwdi."  or  "  1  an  Vafaweh  your  God,''pt^a« 
which  are  etpeciallv  chaiauBiMii:  of  chapa.  inu.-ai.  The  finl 
noiip  of  hwi  (fv- 3  l.)GDrTdpoadalatbefinltableof  thafk^attae, 
while  n.  li-tB  an  anali^w  m  the  acoind  table:  m.  j-B  (on 
peaix-alerinet)  an  nbvioudy  out  of  p^ca  hen,  and  are  poaibh' 
to  be  lettored  to  the  eognau  paAKC  aau.  39  f.,  while  the  human' 
lariaa  proviHDDt  of  la,  9  and  xo  (cf.  aiiiL  aa)  have  n*  iww**-:™! 
with  the  Inunediaie  ouitsRi  wnilafli'  *.  »  fio  wl 
iBtactor  baa  ad<kd  i^  ai.  11.  in  acixadaafa  with  vL  0 


lxL7a-,a'HiIheDSi 
ef  the  puniihDient  b 

"'chap.  ■ 


ing  poasibly 


blH^iad' 


al'Sthl 

■  foriSEtdi' 


_      ,         .     Pnihibitioaa  anlmt  M 

mil,  n,  6  and  ij.  ualawfuf  Dutnae 

■■■      'ip.iv>iL.  thcmaiabodvollawalf 
if.ia.  7,  a  and  u-M:  R  diOei*  In 

'_..-, ,.- 1^ cnbijii:  Ihc  death  psully  in  each  c 

us.  Owief  to  the  cW  iiKinblancz  bLmih  the  twv  chaatcn, 
any  critic  luTa  caHuned  that  they  an  ikilvad  froB  the  lane 
.juice  and  that  the  Uiier  chapter  waa  added  ter  the  putpoic  of 
aapiilyiiic  the  pegallka.   Tbia  vba.  bawenr,  ia  nK  home  out  by 

toompamoa  of  the  two  rhapteea,  for  lour  of  tba  cane  Dtentisaed 
chap.  niii.  (n- T,  to,  ■;».  18}  an  ifHnd  in  chap,  na,  whHe  the 
ankr  and  ia  part  the  tenniniitaiy  an  alM  diflannti  farther,  it  la 
dlAcuh  on  Ihlt  view  to  aplain  (Ay  Ihe  two  cfaapunan  leparated 

Schap.  xia.  A  msR  pnbabla  eiplBDatloB  la  that  the  eomnilei 
Hhaadnwnln>i>>tw»pBnlU,butbalepcndBm,Beu«*.  Sen* 
of  ntiflca  an  net  hytim.  e^wfiilly  ui  iK»-5^whe«  hi.  4  f.  an  a 
w,  3  <Ra)i  t-  61  winch  i>  doady  eanaieled  wkh  tbL  31,  appear*  to 
be  leia  oiiikBl  than  a.  >7,  and  Mv  be  antbed  *•  the  iwie  hand 
aaa.31  •■  9  eaa  hardly  ba  ia  Ua sritjad  cOM^t— it  woaU  be  laan 
■aiaUaaturui*.  13.  Tba  panenetic  eettlni  ta.  T,  >  and  M-ix) 
k  to  b*  awioed  IB  the  oocopUer  of  H.  wbo  doubtka  pRfeced  the 
panBel  veiiiDa  iriib  tka  adiaUanI  law*  of  •*.  i4.  Vene*  >3. 16 
BppBCBtl*  (ataed  tha  cooshnioa  id  a  law  on  dtan  and  nnrkaa 
aiiBBb  liiBllar  B  that  ot  chap.  ■!.,  aad  very  probably  oaik  the  pl» 
when  H'l  re|Blilioa*  on  (hat  eubjeet  orlfiaaliy  ilaod. 

Cbapa.  aXL,  nil.  A  xiie*  cf  law*  aflcctbii  the  ptiMt*  Bad  cSer- 
iea*,  via.  (i)  ngulation*  eaiariiH  the  heaaa*  e(  le)  oadimry 
pneeCik  ni.  1-9,  >nd  (t)  the  diWr prim,  m.  lO-IS;  (>}  a  Hn  of 
flilBiid  ddaiaa  aikich  eMChld*  a  print  freai  aKrcUaf  hi*  aKce. 


oereauniany  clean. 
-..  I0.i6i  U)  anin 

n.  M-30,  wiui  a  j 


i-9.  and  (*)  noibar. 
J'-3J-    .. 


my  rlnrly  iliuKialc  the  appU^Aion  af 

— and  In  iba  main  ediibit  th*  daneter 

of  II.  they  al»  diwUy  many  etrildna  poh 

the  later  «n>ta  af>.  which  bava  beea^ 

oti^nal  law*.    Hkk  pbeaonnaa  caa  be  om  aipii 

*uppo*ition  that  we  have  hen  a  body  af  eld  law*  whL.. ._...  ».^ 

wilhwbidi  they  dial  1*  one  that  naiimlly  appnM  totheprienly 
echoslh  aad  owlac  10  thla  fact  the  law*  wen  eifiedaly  bUe  to 
oiodificatioa  and  expan^on  at  the  hand*  of  lave'  i*^*!**"*  -*^ 
wiihed  to  brinf  them  into  coafora^  with  later 


Vibe 


'  w)lb  later  uiuK.    Sipu  of 
ibe  DDMpilR  «t  H.  but  the 

^  .  a'^^mal'ti^  ■■  (S. 
t  AaroB  "  QoL  >i ,  aiii.  4  and  "  thy 
oflerinn  at  the  Laid  made  by  En '' 


'  "  the  offrrintn  nude 


the  laleM  period  of  cdboiial  acihrityi 

of  the  echool  <tf  P  belonc  Hieh  ^r- 

1, 14,  uiL  I,  tS).  "  the  aeed  al  / 

eeed,"  *.  17;  d.  udi.  3).  "  the  0*       ^ 

Coa.  6.  at.  niL  »,  ai), "  the  natt  b^  lUnn     irA.  »;  1 

3«.  ■'  bofy  tkiap  "  only). "  thnaihaot  their  ftr  your)  fmen 

(jod.  7.  hsi' 3).  the  nfeiiencea  10  the  anointidf  cf  Aaron  (axi. 

and  the  Veil  6iid.  13).  the  hittoduetory  fermolat  (ni.  i,  iG  f.,  uii. 

I  f.,  17  f.,  i«)  and  the  ubiaiptiDa  Cod.  lal.    Apart  from  the* 

ndualeiB^  addklona,  chap.  bL  >•  to  be  aicnbcd  m  K,  n,  6  and  B 

banc  pomiUy  the  work  of  Ra.     Moat  eriiio  deten  a  itronttr 

influence  of  P  bi  cbap.  ixH..  mon  e*H«tally  in  *r.  3-7  and  17-15. 

19,  30!    moH  pnbably  tbeu  wm  have  br«i  Urtely  ncut  and 

expanded  by  later  edkon.  but  it  i*  notinabLe  tbt  tbey  contain  no 

mention  of  citha  ain-  or  tieraafl^offerinE*. 

the  lormcr  bdongi  the  Fuller  and  more  elaborate  dncrintion  of  w. 
4.S.  11.  33-Jfl;   la  the  iallel.  k.  9-10.  : 
the  FeieHfy  calendar  anji )  (he  ennmeia 

£1  the  pfohUatlon  of  aH  work.  {3)  the 
ee  t^  the  day  and  month.  (4)  the  mei _ 

bit  fin  to  Yahweb,"  and  (jl  the  rtereolyped  ft 
"nie  older  calendar,  on  the  other  hand,  kno 
Fonvocatiana,"  nor  of  abrtinence  from  work;    the  time  ol    the 

defined  with  reference  »  the  harveit  (cf.  Exod.  tuii,  14  H.,  miv. 

The  calendar  of  P  campriM  (s)  the  Feau  of  Pueover  and  the 
Unleavened  Cakch  n,  4.S;  (t)  a  fracmeni  of  Pcniecon.  >.  it: 
(t)  the  Feas  of  Tnjmpeia,  n.  M-iSi  M)  die  Day  of  Atonement, 
la.  ib-J»-,  and  W  the  Feaal  of  Tabemule*.  n.  33-36,  with  a  aub- 
■eriptian  In  tv.  37. 3S.    With  then  ba««  been  iaeoiporaled  the  olrW 

Xlaiinm  of  H  an  the  Feait  of  Weeln.  or  Pentecoat,  «.  Ch-io. 
«  have  been  iHalned  in  place  of  fa  acconnt  (e(.  *.  zi).  and  on 
-■-  ^ '  '^-' ■ 39^4.  the  latter  be]n(  deuly  inieadcd 

addrtion*  dedgned 
a.  394. '"  on  the  fiftv, 

„. ^ a-^, d  on  the  eighth  day ..  „., 

a  irfrran  n«  ").  partly  In  tl«  bter  expannon  urreiponding  to 
later  u»(e,  te.  11  [..  IB,  190.  lit.  41.  Fnnher.  le.  3«-3>  (on  the 
Day  of  Atonement,  cf.  Tvi.]  an  a  later  addiiion  10  the  P  nctioBa. 

Chap.  uiv.  aHordi  *n  intenainf  illuairation  of  tbe  manner  In 
which  the  Todactor  of  P  baa  added  later  elemenli  to  tbeoriiinBl  code 
of  H.  For  the  hnt  pan  oC  tbe  diapMt.  with  rta  ceanlailiina  aa  to 
(a)  th*  lams*  in  the  ^ibemacle,  tt.  1-4.  and  W  the  Sbewbcead,  i*. 
3.9.  u  admiiKdly  derived  from  P,  n.  1-4.  fomint  a  luppleaicnt 
to  Etod.  «v,  31-40  (cf.  xiviL  jof.)  and  Num.  viii.  1-4.  and*,  s-9 
to  Eind.  ixv.  30.  The  real  of  the  chapirr  ronlaina  old  kin  fn. 
i3h.»^  derivvTfntB  ti  on  blaaphemy.  manilaiithter  and  In^unea 
to  the  pensn,  to  which  the  ledacior  ha*  added  an  britorical  tetttaa 
'-   ■-I4.1,)a..ell».arew,l«e.. 


ipplcmeni  re.  33-36.  Tbe  haiid  of  the  redactor  who  cnmbined 
WD  elcmeni*  may  be  leen  panly  In  addrtion*  dedgned  toaccom- 
iie  the  rejuLitioni  of  H  to  P  Jt.(.  a.  394,  '■  on  the  fifteenth  day 


Cha> 


„.  layad. 


II  for  the  obierviTin 


the  SI 


■oljubi 


5,  S-.8. 


13.  and  tbea  apphe*  the  onec 
property,  1*-  )4-34i  and  U} 
atbtatical  year  (n.  1-7)  an  aamiiieoiy  ncnvea  jrom  n^  ana  iv. 

ihed  to  apply  theeame  rule* 

,_. ^,  - .al«4itcd^^  oTK 

aba  nSciently  marked  to  warrant  '  ~ 


Sabbatical  ycv  (> 

I9->I  lie  alto  Ira 

id' the  rear  af  Jubiicc.'~'Bai"tb«u(h'(be  lo 

on  the  year  of  luUlec  C-.  B-lB.  33)  eihibi 

.1 1.  ju  ; ■_  L.<c.;„,|„"„„rt-I  1 ...  ,..w— ,™~ 

year  of  Jubitee, 

the  ncutation*  f<B-  the  Sabbalicat  year.  Sign*  of  the  redactor'! 
handlwia^  nay  be  Ken  in  le.  9,  11-13  fibe  >«r  of  Jubilee  treated 
a>  a  fallow  year)  and  13.  i6(cf.  theiepetitiDnnf  "yeiball  notwrons 
one  anahcr."  n,  14  and  17).  Both  on  bisorlcaT  and  aa  critical 
(mindi,  however,  it  i*  impnbible  that  the  piinc^  cl  leniiution 


LEVY,  A.— LBWANIKA 


5>9 


SSt"j 


itlen*  for  the  yar  of  JubA*  «»  orii 
a  Ibe  euiier  code.  For  it  u  difficvll  it 
I  ihe  nleue  oT  Krbrew  ilavti  with  (tie 
IF  BibiMI  (Eaod.  ud.  1-6:  Dcul.  j^.), 

__ ,  ,  HilKin  which  Ebey  occupy  in  llut  du|>te 

their  nun  elabonte  and  lomtl  cbmcwr  pout  M  *  lewt  on: 
w-  35-S^    Hence  then  vena  in  the  nniii  nuK  be  UHgiml 

IntB.eonnenoiiitiinodfBaMelhatw.---'' - 

wbicfa  ibow  Ehe  cheracterittic  marki  oT 

to  the  veuoi  lutillee,  but  meielir  loci 

menl  of  tboiF  fiAelitee  «ha  are  coBpeKu  uy  uxomuMiKa  tu  mk 

Ihenudveeeithci  totbeiibielhiicBor  laBnrtrnL    It  la  (nriBblc. 

thcRfore.  that  tbey  tona  dq  put  of  Ihe  onEuul  ImilatiDa  al  tbf 

fornl  oft*.  W-M  is  Itrgtly  ouc  '0  Rr,  who  Gi  ctrtiinly  wlded 
le.jp- jt  (ciliei oyje  Levitt*)  ind  i«ili«blc  I ■■ 


In  of  Ht  bear  do  ucdu  rmiLon 


■e.  u-}f  (dtiei  oi  the  LcvRe*)iiid  imbiblyrr.  39-11 
Oup.  uvi.  The  cooiludiDi  abonaiiop.  Alt 
cotnpundi  Id  abUAid  fnm  idoHtty  and  to  (Aeervc  lae  btbtutb, 
m  i,i.thechiplertetifoflh(a)lherewant>ot  obedltnce.n.  JiJ, 
■ad  W  the  pcmllin  hicvRBd  b*  dwibedlence  to  the  prtcrdinE  Uwi, 
H.  14-46.   The  diiuuTM,  which  li  ipalm  lliroa^haiil  la  (he  nime 


si  Yahweh.  i*  eiodu'  in  chancier  ta  Eiiid.  laiii.  eo-jj  eiiil  Dnn. 
nviiL.  noie  eqacially  to  the  kller.  Th«  it  loniu  M  integnl 
pan  of  H  it  ihown  both  by  the  ncumiice  of  the  HDie  diuiKtive 
phraiealBcy  and  by  the  mphuii  laid  on  the  ume  moiivea.  Ai 
the  niM  lime  it  la  haidlr  <[«ibtlBi  Ibu  the  oripiiat  diaccune  hai 
bm  Bediiicd  awl  cuaDtled  by  later  faandi.  capKially  in  the  caa- 
chadini  (Bnfnphi.  Thua  ee.  M,  u,  whidi  refer  bacli  to  uv.  3  n„ 
InlemiptlkeconnniiaaaiidmuitbeainenedialbeprieKlyiTibctor, 
while  ti.  40.45  diaplay  ob<^oui  iIeiu  of liitetpolatlon.  With  rrsard 
to  the  literary  rcbllM  o(  tUi  chapter  with  Eackicl,  ' 


«arda  phnsec^osy  and  Kibjvct 
It  &  iBipoiiible  leh^  that  Etehic 
of  thb  chapter. 


H  deMFfapment  than  Nun 
•  and  devoted  thinp)  ai 


I  ether  the  author  «  coiaaikr  1 
^liaii.  iBviL    Oa  «■ 

white  o.l-ij  (on  vcwi 
on  liihei.  n.  SB-IA,  naihi  a  lad 
ariii.  II  a.  (n-,  f*.  16-19  (on 
tupplnaeataiy  icBrictioM  to  ».  •-•> 

tlTUKIUH. — CtMimnumi:  DillmaiiB-RyBfl,  Dit  Btrlur 
Eadn  aid  Lmlicti  (1897);  Driver  and  Whue.  SSOT.  Lailicni 
(EnilMl,  IM):  B.  BaiMiIadi.  find.  Lrt.  ■.  Num.  (HK.  1900) 
BertMet.  letiiinu  (KHC,  1901).  CnHrUM:  The  InimductimH 
IS  the  OU  TeHameat  by  Kuenen.  Holiinter,  Driyec,  Comill.  KOnn 
and  the  arcliaeolocical  worki  of  Bconnnr  and  Nowack.  Wtl^ 
bauien,  Da  CemfeiMim  ila  flualcu*!,  Ac.  [1S99]:  tCiyirr.  Dai 

..-..I.    Bmi  dff    WpwWrjKj    Itr.    (187.));    Klmiennann. 

■      --    —    ■■■-■,.  nam.  Ln.  bA.-mW.  ■arf 
"     ■     "  'i.  Dai  arUit- 

.'•  JBL 


Hmkuf  (lUi):  Wmur.ZATW  (iSi,, . 

lialHuilM  (rB9]);  L-  P.  Palon.  "The  Relali. 

17-19."  «c»™kb  (iS«);  "The  Original  Fonn  of  Uvil  ._.,  .__ 
(1B97.  I»9B);  "The  Holin™  Code  and  Ezekiel,-  Prci.  gad  Rrt. 
Rnir^  (1B96);  Carpenter,  CamfatiUim  af  Ikt  Htxauaih  (1901). 
Articlea  on  Levllicui  by  G.  F.  Moore,  Haitlnti'i  Dul.  BA.,  an* 
C.  Harford  Battcnby,  £>iy.  BO.  (].  F.  Si.) 

LKVT.  AMY  (iS6i-tS84),  Engli^  poctcM  aui  norelist, 
KTWid  daughter  ol  Lewis  Levy,  irat  bom  at  Clapham  do  the  loih 
of  Novtmbei  1861.  and  wu  educated  at  Mewnham  Canege. 
Cambridge.  £bc  ahowed  a  prccociout  aptitude  for  writing  vene 
of  eicepUinul  merit,  and  in  1164  (he  pufalithed  a  roliuDc  of  poHu. 
A  Uinar  Put  and  OUtr  Vtrie,  ume  of  the  piccea  in  which  had 
already  iieen  printed  at  Cambridge  with  the  title  Xantipfe  ttd 
atcr  Pmm.  The  high  level  of  thii  fint  publication  wu  main' 
tained  in  A  laulait  Plane  Tra  and  Otka  Pttmt.  a  coUettiM  ol 
lyrici  publiihcd  in  1SS9.  in  which  the  pttvailing  peMimiam  of 
the  wrilei'a  lemperanvm  w»  cooapicusua.  She  had  airaady  in 
iSSS  tried  her  band  ai  prcoe  fiction  in  Tki  BnrnaKt  tf  a  Sluf, 
which  wai  loUowod  by  Xr»6cn  Saclu,  a  powerful  novd.  She 
commitled  niicide  on  the  to(h  of  SqXtiobei  iSSq. 

LEVY.  AUOUETB  MICHBL  <i844'  ),  Fnnch  gndotfR. 
vat  botn  in  Parii  on  the  7tfa  ol  Auguit  1S44.  He  becinie 
inapecioi-gencTal  ol  mine*,  and  director  of  the  Ceolopcal  Sumy 
of  Fiance.  Ho  wa*  diuingoithed  lot  hit  roeardiei  on  eruptive 
locki.  their  micrcacopic  stmcLuie  and  origin;  and  he  ea^y 
employed  the  polariring  micTDacope  for  the  determinatiDa  of 
nineiala.  In  lii)  miny  coniribulioin  10  tcieniific  Joonuls  he 
described  the  graiiuTile  group,  and  dealt  w!(h  pegmatltei,  vario- 
lito.  euritea,  the  ophltn  of  the  PytcDeca,  the  titincl  volcanoea 
ol  Cantnl  France,  gntinta,  and  tlic  oiifiii  d  ayitallute  acUitk 


He  VRH*  Stndara  a  tUtilftMitn  iU  racto  tmfUtf  (iSt^), 
but  fab  nine  elabonte  ttodjta  were  carried  on  with  P.  Fouqnf . 
Together  they  wiMc  on  the  artificial  production  o(  (dspir, 
nepheline  arul  other  Tnioemts^  and  alao  dF  tneteorita.  and  pro- 
duced Uimli'Jtpi  mkHpaptiqat  (1879)  and  SyaUiiH  da 
■liuiniutf  tl  da  ncktt  (iSti)-  Levy  ^w  coUabinattd  with 
A.  Lacmii  la  La  MitOraia  da  rxia  (itSS)  awl  Taikaii  da 
minlraia  da  raeJtcl  (1SS9)- 

LEVT  (Fr.  laic,  from  Imr,  Lat.  loan,  to  lift,  niu},  the 
laising  of  money  by  tht  coUecciDnof  an  suoBnonti  tic,  a  In 
or  compulsory  contribution;  also  the  coUeciion  of  a  body  of  mep 
fot  military  or  olhi^r  purposes.  When  ill  the  able-bodied  men 
lion  are  cnr^ed  lor  urrice,  the  French  (erai  ioft  n 


iafrM 


LEWAlb,  PANMT  (1811-1889),  Cennaa  author,  vai  bom  It 
KonigsbcrginEaitPiuuiaonthe  ulh  of  Uarch  tRii,a(  Jcwnh 
paientage.  When  icTenteen  yiati  of  age  she  embraced  ChHs- 
tianity,  and  aflet  trayeUing  ih  Cerniny,  France  and  Italy,  settled 
in  1845  at  Berlin.  Here,  in  1B54.  she  married  the  author,  Adolf 
WilhelmTheodor  Slnhr  (180S-1BJ6),  and  removed  after  hi!  dealh 
in  1B76  to  Dresden,  whett  she  resided,  engaged  ia  Lteraty 
woik,  until  her  death  on  the  slh  of  August  18*9.  Fomiy  lewald 
is  less  lematkable  (Or  her  *^tings,  which  are  oiosily  wber, 
m»iter-of-(»ct  worls,  though  diaplaying  oonsideable  talent  and 
mllute,  than  tot  Iter  championship  of  "  woaien's  lighw,"  a 
cjuestioti  which  the  was  ptaclically  the  6nl  (^rnian  woman  lo 
take  op,  and  for  bet  icalhing  utirt  on  Ihcicntimentalism  b( 
the  Grtfin  Haha  Hahn.  This  aulhoreai  (he  luihlcnly  utiacked 
in  the  etqulute  parody  {Dietena,  Rffman  ton  Iduna  CrItfiA 
H  .  .  .  .H.  .  .  .  («id  ed.,  1847).  Among  the  best  known  of 
her  Bovelt  ate  Klrmnliju  (1841);  ftini  Lohii  Ftrdiannd 
(1849;  >od  ed.,  IBs?);  Be'  UOdckm  ten  Hda  (i860);  Va» 
GadilaU  iw  CaMtiht  (8  vols.,  1863-1863);  BatratiUB  (igjs). 
■!indSWIfl(i88];Entfi»hbyB,  Marshall,  1884).  CM  her  wridngj 
■  '  (cBce  of  ihe  emancipation  of  women  Oilcrhicji  Jitr  dit 
n  (1B6])  and  Far  and  wider  die  Fraatit  (1870)  are  con- 
lua.  Her  autobiography,  tttitit  LebtnigtsckiiAli  (6  vols., 
i&£i),  B  brigbtly  wtittcn  and  aSords  inleicsling  glimplcl 


(isJo-i'Sir  Cf-  K.  fUi^,  K 


the  title  Ctm 


M-»v>>  (I>»9). 

LBWAMliU  <e.  liSo-  ),  puamounl  diM  of  tlie  Barotl« 
nd  lubjccl  ttflKi  occupying  the  greater  pan  of  tht  upper 
ambed  basin,  was  the  twenly-Becond  of  a  long  line  of  lulen, 
boie  founder  Invaded' the  Batoue  valley  about  the  beginnliig 
of  the  i7tli  lentury,  and  accordhig  lo  tiaditloa  waa  the  no  d 
'  "  "  mboa  by  a  god.  The  gnn*  ol 
to  thli  day  respected  and  objectt 
□1  anceuor  wonhip.  Lewinili* 
wu  txm  on  tba  upfier  Kaboapo  In  troubloua  times,  vhere 
hit  iBtlieP--L«tia,  a  »a  ol  a  lomet  rula>~livcd  in  eiOe  during 
thotoeingiiM«rt«feiidgDdynany(Makd<Jo),  which  remained 
in  J  niamloa  Irom  abonl  iSjoto  1B65,  when  the  Hakcdola  were 
pranhmHy  aatominated  In  a  night  by  a  well-oiganlicd  revolt. 
Oiks  BtoM  nadeti  ol  thdr  own  country,  the  Barotse  invited 
Stpo^aanlidealLewanlkB.toruteover  them.  Eleven  yean 
ol  bnUlilT  ind  lieeaca  tenlled  in  the  tyrant's  ripulaian  and 
ibatquantaaauhiation,  Us  place  being  taken  byNgwana-Wina, 
nephoT.'  WilfaiB  a  year  abuse  of  power  brought  about  thii 
chidTi  downfall  (1877I,  and  he  wBi  succeeded  by  Loboii,  who 
"  "  natneof  Lewaolka  IniSSs-  The  early  years  c<  hia 
leiga  wen  aho  stained  by  many  acts  of  blood,  until  in  18S4 
the  tortare  and  murder  cd  his 
lad  it  w»  only  throi  _' 
:hicf  eacijwd  with  hit  life  into  eiile.  His  eooiin.  Afcufuna  « 
rstcla,  wai  then  piDdalmtd  chief.  It  was  during  hii  brief 
reign  Ihat  f^ncois  CoillanI,  the  eminent  mlaiionary,  arrived 
It  Lialui,  the  capital.  The  foDowing  year  Lewanika.  having 
collected  his  partfsant,  depoaed  the  usurper  and  rc-Mtabliahed 
r.  Riithleia  itvenge  not  nntnlMd'  with  treadieiy 
D  u  pmar,  bat  fndually  ib«  suaac 


5  BO 


LEWES,  C.  L.— LEWES,  G.  H. 


penonility  of  tbo  hl^'Sifaukil  Fnncola  Cnillsid  >o  (» inBiKnced 
him  for  gCKid  IfaU  [ioid  about  iSSt  odwbuI  be  ruled  lolcmitly 
4nd  ihoired  a  coiuiitcnt  dcure  to  better  tiH  ooditnit  ol  hb 
people.  Id  iSgo  Lcwmikm  who  two  yean  previously  had 
piopceed  to  placs  himaeU  uzuler  the  protection  of  Gnat  fiiitaio, 
CCD^ttded  a  tnal7  with  the  BritiAh  South  Africa  Company, 
Ackbowtedgiiic  ill  uqiremacy  and  coocediog  to  it  ceitain  miDcial 
lighu.  In  i807  Mr  R,  T,  Coi>ndon  took  up  hia  poiilian  at 
LiaJui  u  Britbh  agent,  and  the  country  to  tbc  caat  of  bj*  E. 
wu  tbjDwn  open  to  aetllcn,  that  to  the  Test  hang  reaoved 
to  the  Baiotae  chief.  In  i^j  the  hiaf  of  llaJy'i  award  in  the 
Banlie  boundary  dlipute  with  Portugal  deprived  Levanika 
of  half  of  hii  dominjona,  much  oi  which  tiad  been  ruled  by  ^ 
anceiton  for  many  generatEcu.  In  1901  Lewanlka  attended 
the  cennalioD  of  Edward  VIL  as  a  gueat  of  the  nalloo.  Kii 
lecDgniied  heir  wai  his  eldeit  wn  Leila. 

See  BAIOTSt,  ami  the  worki  then  ciled,  enciaHy  On  On  TkmiM 
Hi  Cntlml  Ajria  (Londoa.  1S97),  b^  Fcan^ui  Cdliard. 

LEWBS,  CHARLES  LBS  (1140-1803),  Engliih  iciar,  wi*  the 
ton  of  a  houer  id  London.  Alter  aiicading;  a  Khool  at  AmUaide 
he  returned  to  London,  where  he  (oundemploymeDiuaposimaa; 
but  about  1 76a  he  went  on  the  itage  in  the  provmcei,  and  lome 
thtee  yean  later  began  to  appear  hi  minor  parti  at  Covent 
Cardea  Theatre.  His  £nt  rdle  of  impoitance  wai  thai  of 
"  Yooni  Mallow  "  in  5^  SUepi  la  Cmfiier,  at  it«  production 
of  that  comedy  La  i77},wheoheddiveredaDepilogue>pecialIy 
written  for  him  by  Goldunilh.  tie  remained  a  member  of  the 
Covent  Gardrn  company  till  1783,  appearing  in  nuny  parta, 
among  which  were  "  Fag  "  in  Tit  Riiali,  which  he  "  creeled," 
and  "  Sir  Anthony  Absolute  "  in  the  lame  comedy.  In  i;ftj  he 
removed  to  Drury  Lane,  where  he  aaaumed  the  SiialLcspearian 
rUei  of  "Touchstone,"  "Ludo"  and  "  Falitalf,"  In  ijSj 
he  left  London  for  Edinburgh,  where  he  gave  redtationi,  include 
ing  Cowper'i  "  John  GUpin."  For  a  ahon  time  in  1793  Lewei 
auittcd  Stephen  Kembic  in  the  management  of  tbc  Dundee 
Theairej  in  the  following  year  he  h^ehI  to  Dublin,  but  he  wu 
fo)ancia]Iy  unsucceaaful  and  euCfered  imprisonment  for  debt. 
ftp  employed  hii  time  in  cmnpilicg  hii  iffveirj,  a  wonhleaa 
production  publiihcd  after  hii  dca.ib  by  hii  un.  He  wai  alu 
Ifae  author  of  ume  poor  dramatic  ilauhra.  Lewes  died  on  the 
jjrd  of  July  iSoj.  He  waa  three  lima  married!  the  ftilciophe*, 
Ceot(C  Heniy  Lewes,  was  bii  puritoa. 

See  JahD  Genes,  .^mc  .(cuuil  g/bbe  Eafliil  51lg(  (Bith.  1S3:). 

LEWES,  OEOROB  HEHRY  (1817-1S7S),  Britidi  philoiopbet 
and  litenry  critic,  was  bom  in  London  in  181].  He  wai  a 
gnmdBoa  of  Charles  Lee  Lewes,  the  actor.  He  was  educated 
In  London,  Jersey,  BTiltany,  and  hnally  at  Dr  Bumey's  school 
in  Greenwich.  Having  diandoned  tucteiuvely  a  commercial 
and  a  medical  career,  he  seiioualy  Ihnught  of  becoming  an  actor, 
and  between  1841  and  iSjo  appeared  Aevcral  times  on  the  Rtage. 
Finally  be  devoied  himsell  10  lileraiuie,  acience  and  philoiophy. 
Ai  early  as  1836  be  belonged  to  a  club  foirncd  for  tbc  study  of 
philosophy,  and  had  sketched  out  a  physiolDgiLnl  treatment  of 
tlie  philosophy  of  the  Scolllah  schooL  Two  years  later  be  nent 
lo  Germany,  probably  with  the  inieptianofUudyingphilosopliy. 
lo  iSfO  he  married  •  daughter  of  Swyufen  Stevens  Jervis 
Un^iStj),  and  during  the  neil  ten  years  su[^rted  hinteU 
by  contributing  to,  Ibe  quarterly  and  othet  reviews.  These 
■rtkles  discuss  a  wide  variety  of  subject,  sad,  though  often 
chaiicterlied  by  hasty  impulse  and  Imperfect  stwty,  betray 
a  singularly  acute  critical  Judgment,  enlighteoed  by  ^ikisophic 
study.  The  most  valvaUe  lie  those  on  the  drama,  allerwaids 
republished  under  the  title  Aclari  and  A{li»t  (1875).  With 
Has  may  be  taken  the  volume  on  Tin  Sfomik  Drama  (1S46}. 
The  combinilioD  of  wide  scholarship,  philosophic  culture  and 
pnclical  acquaintance  with  the  theatre  gives  (hcie  esuyi  a 
high  place  Bmong  the  best  ellorts  In  English  dramstlc  crUicism. 
In  1845-1846  he  published  7'*e£iD{riipfiI<:aJffil(sryer'''K'«^'i?. 
■a  attempt  ta  depict  the  life  of  pbiloeophera  ai  an  evet-nmeired 
fniltles*  labDui  to  attain  the  unattainable,  In'i847'rS48  he 
aade  two  aiUnvt*  in  l]u  field  ol  £ctif>a— Jieix^oM  tad  Jtw^ 


•tht  and    Vidil — ahich,  though   displaying  conslderaMe 

I  both  in  plot,  construction  and  In  characterisation,  have 

IP  DO  peimancnl  place  in  literature.     The  same  is  to  be 

of  an  Ingenious  attempt  to  rehablhtate  RDbespIerre  (1849). 

1850  be  collaborated  with   Tbamton  Leigh  Hunt  In  tbc 

idalion  of  the  Ltadtr,  of  which  he  was  the  literary  editor. 

In  i8j]  he  republished  under  the  title  of  Canlc's  .PkSutpky 

tj  At  Sdaaa  a  series  of  papers  which  had  appeared  in  that 

journal.    In  1851    he  >**■■"**  acquainted  with   UIss   Evans 

(George  Eliot)  and  in  1854  left  his  wife.    Subsequently  he  lived 

wlih  Miss  Evans  as  her  husband  (see  Euot,  Gioice). 

The  culnunation  of  Lewcs'i  work  u  prose  Uteriiure  Is  the 
£i/e  0/  Gottiit  (1855),  probably  the  best  known  of  hia  writings. 
Lewcs's  tnany.eidedncas  of  mind,  and  his  combiqaiion  of  sci^tific 
with  liictaty  tastes,  eminently  fitted  him  to  appreciate  the 
large  nature  and  the  wide-ran^ng  activity  of  the  Gennan 
poet.  The  high  position  this  work  has  taken  in  Ceimany  itself. 
Dot  withstanding  the  boldnes  of  ita  oitidsm  uid  tbe  unpopu- 
larity of  some  of  Its  views  (e.j.  on  the  relation  of  the  second  to 
the  first  part  of  Fom(),  is  a  sufBdcot  teslimony  to  its  general 
eicdlence.  From  about  1S53  Lewes'!  wriiui^  show  that  be  was 
occupying  himself  with  iclentibc  and  more  particularly  btologica] 


He  I 


prays  m 


[esled  a  disii 


was  but  the  followmg  out  of  early  impubes.  Considering  that 
be  had  not  had  the  usual  cnuse  of  teduicil  training,  these 
studies  are  a  remarkable  teslimony  to  the  peneiraiion  of  hb 
intellect,  The  most  importunt  of  these  essays  are  collected  in 
the  volumes  SvaUt  Slitdia  (iSjS),  Fhyiialosy  a{  CamuiuM  Ufa 
(i8sg),  Smdia  ia  Animal  Life  (1861),  and  AriUalU,  a  Chapur 
fnrm  llie  Hillary  af  Scitnce  US6i).  They  are  much  marc  than 
popular  eiEpositions  of  accepted  sdcniihc  truths.  They  contain 
able  criticisms  of  authorized  ideas,  and  embody  the  results  of  in- 
dividual research  ajui  Individual  reflection.  He  made  a  number 
of  impressive  suggestions,  some  of  which  have  since  been  accepted 
by  physioIogisLs.  Of  these  the  most  valuable  Is  that  now  knows 
as  Ihe  doctrme  of  the  (untlional  indifference  of  tlie  nerves— 
that  what  are  known  as  the  specific  energit*  ol  tbe  optic,  auditory 
and  otha  nerves  are  simply  differences  in  their  mode  of  action 
due  to  the  differences  of  the  periphcTTd  structures  or  Kense^Tgans 
with  which  they  arc  connected.  This  idea  waa  mlscqucnlly 
arrived  at  independently  by  Wundt  IPiyiialatiuJK  PtyMaik. 
lad  ed.,  p.  311).  In  186;,  on  the  starting  of  the  Fcttniilidy 
Raiae,  Lewes  became  its  editor,  hut  he  retained  the  post  for 
less  than  two  years,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  John  Moiley. 
This  dale  marks  the  traosilion  from  more  strictly  acienlific 
to  philosophic  work.  He  had  from  early  youth  cherished  a 
strong  likmg  for  philosophic  studies;  one  of  his  earUtat  essays 
wsa  an  appreciative  account  of  Hegel's  AaOaiui.  Coming  under 
the  infiuence  of  poutivism  as  unfolded  both  ut  Comle's  own  works 
andin  J.S.MiU's  SyUtm  i/  £f fi'f, he abmdnoed  allfajih  In  the 
possibility  of  mcuphysic,  and  reconted  this  abandonment  in 
tbe  above-mentioned  Hiiury  a/ PAildiD^.  Vet  be  did  not  at 
any  Lime  give  an  unqualified  adhesion  to  Comic's  Icachinp, 
and  with  wider  reading  and  refleciion  hb  mind  moved  away 
liuthei  imm  the  pouilvial  standpoint,  in  the  preface  to  the 
third  edition  ol  his  Hillary  0/  PhOasa^f  be  avowed  a  change 
In  this  dinction,  arul  this  movement  is  still  more  plainly  di^ 
cemible  in  subsequent  edilinns  oi  the  work.  Ilie  final  ontmine 
of  this  intellectual  progress  is  given  to  us  in  The  PrvbUms  a/ 
Lije  and  Mini,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  crovming  wuik 
of  his  hfe.  His  sudden  death  on  tlie  iSib  of  Novcubs  1878 
cut  short  the  work,  yet  it  is  comi^eleenou^  to  allow  ualo  judge 
of  the  author's  matured  conctptioiis  on  biologicsl,  ptycbologitil 
and  metaphysical  problems.  .01  his  three  SDiis  only  one,  Charles 
(i343'i89r).  survived  him;  in  tbe  first  London  County  Council 
Election  (>S88)  he  was  elected  tor  St  Pancns;  be  wns  also  much 
interested  ui  the  Hempstead  Heath  extension. 
Ftlfuipliy.— The  fiisl  iwovaluneaon  Tkc  Fcundatim  ^ a  Ctat 


bydow 


rfTcct  s  rippratlumtKi 


fti  lo  bv  wicepdUe  of  a  pRciie  fdutuo  by  KJeniific  p 
iiBce  (be  Rhiian  of  Bibjcct  to  objtct  mUi  within  < 

qiiiniiiiKrl  wbalha  Ltw  itiMu  ia  tbln  idcu^if  i 

■cicntific  bDOwled^:ili«mni(ivcu^tioiiof  the 


ind  validity 

t  be  sM  to 

^Jpnlr  pbDoHftiiBl 

qootHii*.  Hif  vbolc  trotnciu  id  thv  qiKMioa  td  tbe  nbDDn  ot 
nibicct  (a  objnl  ia  viiiaud  by  ■  coofoKn  buween  tbe  KiHUik 
Initn  thai  muid  and  body  cwdat  in  the  living  ocgAaba  ud  the 
pWlaiuphie  truth  that  aH  knowLcdee  of  obiecta  impHei  a  knowinE 
■obiect.  la  etbec  wonb.  u  ate  SliadiHinli  Hodaion^  phiaae,  be 
matt  IIP  the  quertioa  of  the  (•Miu  af  laeMal  lonai  wilb  the  aBcadoo 
of  th^  Ktlun  (k>  FUlMtfty  if  liQhsdi.  iL  40-59).  Thai  ha 
nacbet  the  "  nmistic  "  dodriDe  that  mind  and  matter  an  tm 
aipecti  of  the  Bine  eidttence  bv  atlcnifinf  wnpty  to  the  panUdtnn 
btna*ea  paychfcal  and  phyiieal  ptoeew  liw  aa  a  fact  {orapnlH 

thia  fact)  of  OIK  otperieaee,  aad  by  teaviat *''- 

rctatioa  aa  ub>ect  and  obiectla  tiiecafiiitive  a 
oT  the  two  aa  phast  of  ooe  cnitence  la  open  1 
' —  "*" "nt  of  vlcvof  phno»i*y,  *"~"  '""" 


SSi," 


, ^  hetMM^I^iaH ol  nnve-vtionan 

.^-.^K,  and  by  holdinK  that  Iheac  ate  but  diffrmt  miprttt  oi  or 
|.  he  it  able  to  attack  the  dcclcIiK  of  aninial  ami  huiun  luK 
'    -*-'-■-  affimn  that  fedina  or  coQadouuine  ia  mnrty  1 

cluia  of  phyiica]  oventi.  l^w*t'aviewainpwc)iolary,Bariiy«KDcd 
Bp  in  the  earlier  votuma  of  (he  PrMimi.  arc  monTuUy-orlcid  out 
in  the  lau  two  voiumo  Ord  Krin).    Hedi  '    '    ' 

ptvchokifr  with  mi-"-  =--=*•     "-  -*■■ 

FoUowen  a  pjace  U 


,    iDHlht.     Mr  Aim_  _. ,_. 

a  place  fv  introipection  [a  paychohlciral  n 
iPDWthiatubJKtiveiDnhoi'-' ■- "-'- 


i"S,'3 


liDhvicaf  know> 
_-. - . wmia  only  help 

set  *m»  i»  19  andnrtand  diflercncBol  mental  fttiUly  u  naal- 
feBed  in  diAcRnt  lam  and  BB«e*  of  human  devdopnient.  The 
orpaic  conditieiu  of  theie  ^Ifercncei  viU  prohably  tor  ever  ncaw 
dnecttao-  Hence  they  can  be  eipUned  only  ai  the  producii  0I  the 
■acial  efnimaneM.  TMt  ideaof  dealinf  with  menal  pheoDmeu  in 
Ihdr  fdatloB  to  Kiclal  aad  Mitorical  csoditioiu  ia  probably  Lewei'i 
nuM  important  contributiaa  to  piycholoiy.  Amooc  other  pmnta 
■hichheenphadmlfthecomplniiyof mcntalpheiionicna,  Evrcy 
mental  Kate  ii  rtfaidcd  ai  cominuniled  of  three  [acton  in  diffmnt 
proponion^'-namcly»  a  proceia  of  leuible  alTectioai  of  loaical 
grouping  aad  of  laotoc  inpuiie.  But  Lcwei'i  wdtIc  in  peychokwy 
Qooiliti  lata  in  any  definita  diacoreriei  than  in  the  incukwion  oTa 
■  — -■  =■'-"  — '^ — '      Hia  bioloffical  Irainina  orcoared  him  to 

nloul  of  the  lont,  _Tha>  the 

and  intti 

of  the  J^ _, 

._  _ __ It  la  a  nluabit 

rrpoHtory  of  piycbolocical  facta*  I 

ofcicure  refiou  of  mental  Kfe  aim  hvph  ^wimumi  eapviicuw.  ai 
ii  throughout  auucAite  and  atlnulatio^  To  auggnl  and  ' 
Mlmulate  the  nlnd,  rather  than  to  upply  it  with  any  complr 
mtem  of  knowlDdtr,  may  be  laid  10  be  Lewn'a  terrlra  i  n  phiLoioph 
Tba  eacvptional  rapHKly  and  venatility  of  hit  intellifencc  iccmi  1 

O.S.1X.) 


It  method.    HI*  biological 

I  a  complex  uitity,  in  whi.     .   .     . 

n  the  other,  and  <A  which  tba  bighcM 

nenEKai  wKB  and  efulaul  out  of  tb«  lower.   Thai  the... 

thought,  "  or  the  logic  of  iHna,"  am  merely  a  more  cumplkated 
form  of  the  elcmenuty  openliont  nf  itnutioR  and  inttinct  or  "  the 
kigk  of  feeling."  Tlie  whole  of  the  lad  volume  of  the  iVoNrmi  ma) 

■ ij  .-  t-  -J  iiiuitcation  of  tbia  poriiion.    "    ' 

nanyotlhemdr 


rbaeaeeptionalfapidily  aT._ ,  _.    ._ 

mount  at  once  (or  the  rrcahiMH  In  hit  way  of  en 
atier  of  philonphy  and  piychology,  an  ' ' 


,  la  the  Lewet  patiiamentar]!' 
.  .  S.  Enm  London  by  the  l«Ddea,  BrifhtDn  ft 

SoMk  Coaw  Rilway.  Fop.  (1901)  11, >4q.  It  it  picluteMiiKty 
illiuled  on  Ibe  tlope  ot  a  ckalk  do*D  falling  to  the  river  Ouie. 
Roloi  ol  the  oM  (Ml«,  nppOMd  to  have  been  toDndcd  by  Kini 
AUitd  >Dd  nbirilt  by  WflHui  <k  Wircmie  ihoRly  aftet  (he 
CoDqueu.  liw  from  the  bdcht.  Tbtre  an  two  notnd*  whkh 
bDnkeepi,aBimconBianfeaiiac.  The  ctMie  giurded  the  pan 
thm^thedowttiloiBKdbytbevalkyattbeOiiM.  Inoncof 
tha  towen  b  lbs  coUactka  «l  tlieSwHiAidiieolotiat  Society. 
StMkbid'idnuchiiwitboalarchitectanltDerJl.butcc  ~  ' 


Jotm*!,  Soothavcr,  ot  mind  u^teetun 

Monan  poitkiiia,  aad  ba*  nmc  tttk*  1 

In  tba  gtwnda  of  tba  Onnlac  priory  ot  St  Faomu,  fOdnded  in 

iotS,  tba  toadea  coSna  of  waiiain  de  Warennc  and  Cundtada 
icavation  for  the  railway  in  iS«s. 
datintfiom  tjit,  and  amooc  the 
e  toam  hall  and  eon  exchange, 
ity  ball,  pritoo,  and  tbe  Fitiny  memorial  libfwy.    The 


m  and  iS  coUDciUon.   Ana, 

ly  haolitUc  and  bionie  lm[JemeBti  that  have  been 
aiacDveno,  and  the  Bumerona  tumidi  and  eajthworki  *hlcb 
Hnoond  Lewe*,  indkate  iu  remote  origin.  The  lam  Lewta 
(Loewaa,  Loenrcn,  Lania,  Laquia,  Latitaquenitl)  wu  h  the  royal 
dtBWitie  of  the  Saxon  kingi,  from  whom  it  received  the  piivilega 
of  a  market.  i£the1ilan  aCablithed  two  royal  minti  then,  tmS 
bylbcnigtiof  Edward  tboCoolcaier,  and  pn>bablybe(oR,L«iH* 
wu  CMtdnly  •-  baraufh.  WilUam  I.  granted  the  wbole  barony 
of  Lcwei,  iocludint  the  revenue  anaing  from  the  town,  ta 
William  de  Witenne,  who  converted  an  already  uiiliug  [ortiGci- 
Lion  into  a  place  of  reaidence.  Hit  detcendabtt  con  tinued  to  hold 
the  barony  until  the  beginning  ol  the  [4th  centuTy.  In  default 
ol  male  iuue.  it  then  paaed  to  the  carl  of  Arundel,  with  vbaaa 
docrndanli  it  remained  until  i4}q,  whenil  was  divided  between 
IheNortoIki.DonetiaDdAbergavFiuiyi.  By  laSA  the  horougb 
had  increased  30%  in  value  lince  tbe  beginning  of  the  rdgn, 

teaday.     A  gild  merchant  aeema  to  have  exiited  ■ 


trlydi 


.  Thef 


eroIR 


wfaich  he  teatoEed  to 
privxlegca  they  had  enjoyed  in  the  time  of  bil  giancUatheT  and 
father,  but  of  iriiidi  Ibcy  had  been  deprived.  Iai»sa"  Ftlhiw- 
ibip  "  look  the  |dace  ot  (be  old  gikl  and  in  conjimciian  witb 
tafoeonwable*  governed  the  lawn  until  the  beginning  at  thtiStb 
century.  The  borough  teal  probably  dates  from  the  14th 
century.  Lewet  wal  iaCDiporatod  by  royal  charter  in  i8Ji. 
The  town  leturgcd  two  lepreienlatlvea  to  parliament  (ram  itgs 
until  derived  of  oik  member  in  1S67.  It  waa  ditfranchited  in 
it&i.  Eail  Warennc  and  hi!  detceDdanti  held  the  faira  and 
markell  Irom  I06&  In  1791  the  fu>dayc  were  IJk  6th  ei  Uay, 
Whit-Tuetday.  the  ibth  ot  July  (for  wool),  ind  the  »d  of 
October.  The  muitet-day  waa  Saluiday.  Faira  lie  now  brid 
on  Ihe  6lh  of  May  ftu  hone*  and  cattle,  the  10th  ol  July  (or  wool, 
and  tbe  iiit  and  iStb  ol  September  for  Southdoim  ifaeap. 
A  con-market  in  beU  evoy  Tueiday,  and  a  atocfc^aatkct  every 
altaraat*  Uaad^'.  Tbetnde  IsweplhubcealmpaiUBttiDG* 
the  141b  caalury. 

LeatetntthcKeneaf  tbe  battle  (ought  on  the  141b  at  Hay 
1  >C4  bclwtea  Uonty  IILtad  SiiBMide  Uwitlart,  *ul*l  Lalniler. 
Ltd  by  tbe  Ung  ant  by  Ui  ■■.  the  tninn  king  Edward  L,  tba 
royaliita  left  Olford.  toiA  Nor^ampton  and  drove  UoBlfblt 
from  Rocbtdet  law  I-ODdoa.  Thra,  b»U«d  on  tbe  raol*  by 
theii  foot,  tbcy  marched  tbioogh  Kent  into  Sunax  and  look  i« 
their  quartenat  Le«eB,aBUODgbold  of  Ibc  royaliat  Earl  Waienat. 
Meanwhile,  rtlnfoKcd  by  ■  oumbct  of  Londoaen,  Earl  Simoii 
Ml  LMdan  and  taaihed  FUtcbla^  abouL  g  ■».  nanb  oi  Lewa^ 


$M 


LEWES— LEWIS,  SIR  G.  C. 


U  wnmriliiliiw  btvJDg  fllM  b 


oa  the  ijt^  irf  U»y.   ES«na 

kd  hH  anny  i^uiut  Uk  town,  wmca  dc  wipca  i»  wirpiMg,  €uiy 
<m  Um  foUowins  (Ujr.  Hii  pUn  vu  to  tlucct  hk  Biin  >tuck 
■(aioit  llie  pnofy  of  St  Fuctu,  which  tb«(lei«d  the  kkif  uA 
hit  bratlHt  itk£ud,  Mil  of  Comv*U,  kiqf  of  ttid  Xomuu, 
white  tainiiil  the  enemy  to  bcticve  tint  hit  prindp*]  objective 
wu  the  culle,  wben  Pdnc*  Edwud  w>«.  But  the  iuipciae 
wu  not  complct*  ud  the  loyiUiu  nohed  Imm  the  xnm  to 
meet  the  eneniy  in  the  open  6dcL  Edwud  led  his  FoUowen 
Ksinil  the  Londoncit.  who  were  gilbered  irouBd  the  lUiuUrd 
ol  MoAtfort,  put  thcpi  to  flight,  punued  ihem  lor  leveikl  oiikt, 
and  ItiUed  ■  gtut  numbei  of  them.  MontfoR'*  nue,  howevn. 
kid  bccD  uccatful.  He  wu  dm  with  hit  lUndird  u  hit  foei 
thoufid,  but  with  the  pick  of  hit  Bten  he  ntt&cked  Uenry'i 
Mkiwen  nod  look  pritooet  both  IliD  king  and  hk  bioUier. 
Bdoce  Edwutl  letunud  from  hit  tbtae  tb*  cul  tmin  pOMdBon 
«<  tba  torn.  In  iti  HncU  Ub  piiace  tuova  la  Mtieve  his 
tntunta,  but  Id  vain.  Many  cl  Ui  ntea  pecbbsd  in  the  rivet, 
but  olbere  etcipail,  one  band,  conaiHiof  of  Ead  Waitntw  and 
otben.  taking  tcjiiga  in  Pereoaey  Cattte.  Edwud  hbiucK  took 
iaacluaiy  iiultia  Ibe  foilowinf  day  peaca  waa  mufa  between 
tte  king  and  Ibeeul. 

lEWia,  a  town  In  Suaei  coanty,  Ddawaie,  U^^,  in  tbe 
&£.  part  of  the  ttUe,  on  Dellwaie  Bay.  Fcii.  (1910),  iijS. 
Lewn  ii  aefved  by  the  Fhiliddphia,  BiitlDOR  &  Wubiniton 
(Penniylvinli  Syilem),  and  ihcMaryUod,  DeUwue  &  Virginia 
■ailWay*.  It*  bubour  i*  foroicd  by  tb*  Deliwaie  Breakwater, 
built  by  the  natienit  gavenmeu  and  completed  in  iU«.  and 
il  ra.  above  it  another  bieikwatet  wet  comideted  in  Decenbet 
1901  by  tbe  govenunent.  The  cove  betweot  tlmn  itam  a 
hubouTDlieluiBOfabauli^icTei.  Mlhemootbof  Delaware 
Bay,  ^nut  1  ra.  beiow  Lews,  i>  the  Henkipen  Ught,  one  ol 
tbe  oklot  tightbouita  in  Amnica.  The  Ddawiic  Bay  pQoit 
Bako  t  bdi  htulqiiaiten  at  Lewct.  Ltwc*  hat  a  Urge  Hade  with 
■aithera  citiet  in  Iniila  and  vcgctablei,  and  ia  a  lubpoit  of  entry 
of  tbe  WilmiBgloa  Cuttooi*  Dittrict.  The  fitit  iitlltnent  on 
Delawan  iiril  by  Europtam  wat  nude  neai  hen  In  1431  by 
Dutdi  cnloniBta,  lent  by  a  company  oiganiaed  in  HnUand  in 
the  pmiaut  year  ^  Samuel  BloomacM,  KiUian  van  Reueelaer, 
David  KMenien  de  Viiea  and  Mbett.  Tbe  tetilen  called  (be 
place  Zwaaoeodad,  nUey  of  iwtnt.  The  lettlement  wai  aoon 
enlicdy  dotfoyed  by  the  biifiint,  and  a  lecond  body  oi  lettlert 
whom  de  Vriea,  who  had  been  made  dinctor  of  tbe  cokmy, 
broogbt  in  i6j>  imiained  ior  only  two  ycata.  The  fact  oi  tha 
MttkncBt  ii  tanpeatut;  becania  of  it  the  EnifUh  Hd  not  unite 
(be  Ddawaia  cmmuy  witb  Mainland,  (or  ih*  Matylaad  Charter 
«f  1651  Rttrktcd  coloniutioa  10  lead  within  tlie  procribed 

.  liivated  and  either  uninhabited  or  inhabiled 

idlanl.  In  i6sS  the  Dutch  eUtbtishcd  an  Indiin 
It,  and  hi  1654  ertded  a  fort  at  Zvaanendad.  Alter 
of  the  Ddaware  eountiea  to  ftnnaylvama  in  tASi. 
II8  same  wat  chioged  10  Lewea,  aliv  the  town  of  tlat  name  in 
Suoei.  enflaad.  It  waa  pillaged  by  French  pirats  in  1698. 
One  <rf  lb*  latt  naval  battles  of  tbe  War  ol  Independence  was 
feaghl  b  the  bay  near  Lcwa  on  the  Stb  of  April  i|St,  when  the 
American  privateer  "  Hyder  Ally  "  {16),  cocimandod  by  Captain 
joahw  Barnes  (ifn-iSiB),  ddaUcd  and  capUind  the  Biiilih 
■loop  "General  Monk-  (»o),  which  had  been  aa  American 
privateer,  the  "  Genaal  WaaUngtwi,"  had  beea  captured  by 
AdnUral  Arbntbnot'a  iquadRin  ia  ijto,  aad  wta  dow  pur- 
cbiiad  by  the  United  SUls  govemnmt  and,  at  the  "  General 
WMbhgton."  waa  commanded  hf  Captain  Bmwa  in  it8>- 
I7B4.  Ia  March  1S13  the  town  waa  bombarded  by  a  Britlth 
fttgate. 

S«  the  "  HifWirT  ofliwet  *  in  tbe  IVp*rv  ol  tbe  Hlilertal  SodttV 
^  DdawH&  No.  lOBviii.  (WlbsiHIoa,  loD^i  and  J.  T.  Sdiaif, 
fiimry  •/  Mamvt  (1  vob.,  PUted^iUa.  tM). 

,  Bun.    daefr-iUj), 

„, „in  of  letters,  was  bora  In  LoadoB  on 

theiiMof  Afi^iSod.  HItfa(ba',TbomatP.Lewit,o(Ha(pMi 
Conrt,  ItadnarAb*.  aft«  bolifint  tubocdbiala  oSco  la  varloa* 


intkiB,b«caB 


■aritpi 


a  bannet  ta  il**.  Yo¥nf  L*wk  was  (dacutd  al  BUd  and  U 
Cbtin.  Church.  Oxford,  where  ia  ilil  be  took  a  fiitt-diis  in 
daiaica  and  a  leoood-dats  in  maibemalicL  He  then  aileted 
tbeMiddlcTanple.andwtacaUedlotbebariniSji.  In  iSjj 
he  ondcrtook  bn  brat  public  work  as  one  ol  the  comniMloncn 
to  inquire  Into  the  conditioo  of  Ibc  poor  Iriib  residcntt  In  tbe 
United  Kingdom.'  In  iS^  Lord  Altborp  iriduded  him  In  tbe 
commiision  to  inquire  inlo  the  stste  of  church  properly  and 
church  aEain  genoally  in  Ireland.  To  this  iact  we  owe  bis  work 
on  Lttal  Disla^tuei  in  Irdoiid,  snJ  Ue  Iriih  Ckurck  Qmaliim 
(London,  1336],  in  which  he  condemned  ihc  cxitting  conneuon 
belwecn  church  and  state,  proposed  a  slate  provision  for  ibe 
Catholic  ckrgy,  and  maintained  the  necessity  of  an  ei5cient 
workhouK  otganiiatian.  During  this  period  Lewis's  mind 
wu  much  occupied  with  the  study  of  language.  Before  leaving 
college  be  hsd  published  tanKohwrvaliwu  w  Wbuely's  doctrine 
ol  the  predicablo,  and  toon  aJterwinb  be  asiitled  Tbirlwall 
and  Hare  In  siariing  the  Pkileliipiiil  Jtfwnmi,  lis  laccesBor, 
the  OrusUtil  Uustum,  he  alfo  supported  by  occs^^cnal  coplrihu- 
lions.  In  iflj5  he  published  an  Etiay  at  ike  Orifui  and  Fatma- 
lat  af  Ikt  Rtmtna  Lamttata  (re«diled  in  1861),  tbe  first 
effective  criUdim  in  England  ol  Raynouard'i  theory  oil  s  unUonn 
romance  tongue,  rcprncnLed  by  ibe  poelry  of  the  troubadours. 
He  alto  compiled  a  gloasary  of  provincial  words  used  in  Hereford- 
shire  and  the  adjoining  countica.  But  the  most  important  mrk 
ol  this  earlier  period  wu  one  to  which  hit  logical  and  phi)ola)^ca] 
lastcs  contributed.  Tin  gimarii  tulit  Uuani  AiiaiiJ '""t 
PsIUial  Ttrmi  (London,  iSji}  may  have  been  suggested  by 
Benlham't  BBBh  */  Parliamenlary  FaUaiia,  but  it  shows  aU 
Ihal  power  of  dear  sober  original  thinking  which  marks  his 
lugcr  and  later  political  norks.  Moreover,  be  tnnstatcd 
Boeckh't  PiMic  Eaturmy  oj  Alkau  ud  MUlel's  Hillary  af 
Gntk  Lilenlart,  and  ha  assisted  Tufnell  in  the  ttantlation  of 
MUler's  Dericni,  Some  lime  afterwards  be  edited  a  leit  of 
the  Foblu  of  Babiius.     WhDe  bis  friend  Haywatd  conducted 


kc  Lsr  Uetai 


■.hewi 


Irequently  q. 


isubjKl 


indary  pumahntfntB  and  the  peiutentiaiy  S) 
at  Ibc  requoi  of  Lord  Glendg,  he  acconpaoled  John  Austin  to 
Malta,  where  they  spent  neatly  two  yeais  repotting  on  the 
condition  of  tbe  island  and  fiuning  a  new  code  of  laws.  One 

in  the  reqwnsible  government  of  the  island.  On  his  return  to 
England  Lewis  succeeded  his  father  as  one  of  tbe  pdndfal 
poor-law  coniDuuiDiiers.     In  1S4T  appeared  tbe  £iuy  on  lire 

cussian  ot  the  vsrious  relations  In  which  colonlea  may  stand 
tawardsthemothercountry.  In  JB44  Lewis  married  Lady  Maria 
Theresa  Lister,  sister  ol  Lord  Clarendon,  and  a  lady  0/  literary 
tastes.  Much  ol  their  married  life  waa  spent  In  Kent  House, 
Knlghttbridgc.  They  had  no  children.  In  1847  Lcwja  TCtigncd 
bis  oflice.  He  was  then  returned  for  the  county  of  Hetriord, 
and  Lord  John  Russell  appointed  him  secrelary  to  the  Board  of 
Contml.  but  1  few  months  afterwards  he  became  under-secreiary 
to  IheHomeOfbce.  In  this  capacity  he  i  nl  rod  uecd  two  imporuat 
hini,ane  for  tbe  abolition  of  turnpike  tnats  and  Ibe  management 
ol  highways  by  a  mixed  county  board,  Ibe  other  lor  Ibc  purpose 
of  dining  and  regulating  the  taw  of  parochial  asaesloienl.  In 
1850  he  succeeded  Hayter  as  financial  aecrctaiy  10  the  UCBSiuy. 
About  this  time,  also,  sppeared  his  Eiloy  m  Ut  InfitHia  tf 
AalJarUy  in  UcIIbi  ej  Opiniai.  On  Ibe  diuoluiion  of  psrlla- 
meni  which  loUowed  the  leaignatloa  of  Lord  Jobs  RusscU'a 
Ddnktiy  in  t8;>,  Lewis  waa  defeated  for  Heirfoidabire  and  then 
for  FeieTboraugh.  Eiduded  from  puHamenl  he  accqHed  tbe 
editorship  ol  the  EiMatth  Sait»,  and  remained  edUor  imlll 
■S55.  During  this  period  he  saved  on  the  Oitard  comnusaioa, 
and  on  Ihecoundttlon  to  Inqnhc  into  Che  govenimeiit  ol  Loodni. 
BW  iti  chief  ftnfta  were  tbe  Trattn  m  lit  UelliaJi  ifaunaHtm 
ami  Rtaitnht  ot  Pelllia.  and  the  Bn^in  itf  In  CndihUUj 
ff  Dh  Etrly  Rtma»  HiilKtyf  in  whicb  he  vigorously  attacked 
bJ  fitat  Si/ytrl  ctCimmistiomn  tj  Irttk  tmt 


Bur^rt,  Ac,,  by  C  C 
'Truthlod  laui  Ci 


«.(l837)- 


""^tlgle 


LEWIS,  H.  C— LEWIS,  M. 

I*  tbaocy  id^iehyni  oOm  dwaia  ca  which  Niebohr^ 


ncDnKrBCtlM  al  that  hittoty  bid  pncndcd.  In  1855  Lc«b 
nKcaedcd  Ui  (ulMr  bi  tbe  bannelcy.  He  wat  u  «or  ekded 
mtmbcr  lot  tha  Rufawr  barau^n.  ud  Lord  Pilmemon  nude 
hfan  thiBcdhr  cf  the  enbcqncr.  He  had  t.  w  loin  lo  omtiut 
iDd  btftvy  addjtioiu)  uiMioa  to  impoM,  but  hu  indiuuy, 
'    '  '  '  n  cirried  huD  sifely  throu^     Afur 

^  Sir  George  bc^me  home  KcreUrr 
id  in  lUi,  much  igsiaU  hii  wiih, 
he  lucneikd  Sidney  Ucrtwrt  (Loid  Herbcit  of  Lea)  tl  Ifae 
Wu  Office.  The  doting  year*  al  bi*  life  vue  marked  by  in- 
ciminc  intellKluil  vigour.  In  1859  he  publithed  an  able 
Bmy  on  Foreign  Jariidutiom  ami  tJu  Extradiiion  of  Crimwali, 
a  Mbjett  to  which  the  attempt  OD  Napoleon's  life,  the  diKuftiom 
oa  the  Coupiracy  Bill,  and  the  liiiil  ol  Bemacd,  bad  drawn 
gmerai  attention.  He  advocated  the  eKlenskm  ol  extradition 
treaties,  and  condemaed  the  piindpal  idea  of  WdlrtcMlminiait 
wbicb  Mohl  o[  Heidelberg  hid  proposed.  His  ivo  latest  waibi 
«cie  the  S*nry  0}  ilm  A^mamy  oj  Uu  AHdenli,  in  which, 
■ilbout  proteasing  any  knowledge  ol  Oncntal  languages,  he 
«p(died  a  iceplicil  analyiii  to  the  ambitious  £g)^tok^  of 
Bunen;  and  the  Ditlagkt  em  lit  Bat  Firm  tf  Gmrnmml,  in 
wfaii^,  widlt  lb*  name  of  Crilo,  the  nilhor  point!  out  to  (he 
.  Item*  that  then  is  no  one  abstract 
It  which  ii  tbe  heit  possible  loi  all  tines  and  places. 
An  ttsay  on  the  Ckancliriiaa  ej  Fiiaal,  tfalitaal,  Frniiuial 
and  Mwwipal  GtvfKmeitidoa  not  seem  to  hsve  been  pubtiihcd. 
Sir  George  died  in  April  liiy    A  marble  bust  by  Weekee  stands 


Lewis  wsi  1  man  d  mild  and  sffectionale  disposition,  much 
beloved  by  a  targe  circle  ol  friends,  unong  whom  were  Sir  E. 
Re^  the  Gfolei.  ihe  Austins,  Lord  Slanhope,  J,  S.  Mill,  Dean 
liilmin,  tbt  DuS  GoMoni.  In  public  life  he  was  distinguished, 
a*  Lord  Aberdeen  said,  "  ior  candour,  modsslion,  love  ol  truth." 
He  had  a  passion  for  the  systematic  icquireTnent  of  knowledge. 
■ad  a  keen  and  soand  criu'cil  faculty.    His 


a  hMory  a*  that  ol  a 


idaboun 


ji  judgmc 


ing  in  practical  good  se 
1  appealed  in  1864.  '    ' 


LEWIS,  BENRT  CARVILL  (iSsj-iSSS),  Amtrfcan  geologist, 
wu  bom  in  Philadelphia  on  the  Mh  ot  November  1S5]. 
EduciLed  in  Ihe  universityol  Pennsylvania  be  Eook  tbe  degree  of 
M.A.  in  1876.  He  became  attached  10  the  Geological  Survey  U 
Pennsylvania  in  iS7q,  serving  lor  three  yean  as  a  vdunteer 

study  of  glacial  phenometia.  In  iMo  he  was  chosen  pmfeaorfrf 
mineralogy  in  the  Philadelphia  academy  of  natural  sciences,  and 
fn  iSSi  he  was  appc^nted  to  tbe  chair  of  geology  in  Haverford 
College,  Pennsylvania.  During  the  winters  ol  igg;  to  iSS?  he 
studied  petrology  under  H.  F,  Roienbusch  at  Helddberg.  and 
during  Ihe  summers  he  inveiLlgated   the  gkctal  geology  ol 


Hi*  ol 


tn  North  Amefic 

ere  he 

had  SI 

idied  under  Prol«aor  G 

Wright,  P 

mlesKM 

T 

C.  Ch 

amberii 

uA  Warren  Upbam. 

demcmMra 

edihe 

land-Ice,  and  the  exist 

ol  great  le 

rminil 

lines. 

IniSg 

his  Kifart  anUuTtrm 

ijy 

■    Y>r»  was  published 

work  ton 

jning 

hinio 

on  the  limits  ol  the  N 

nBrit 

in  he  sought  to  trace  hi  like  ma 

G.  r. 


K  North 

_.._.il  ol  the  (ermln*!  moraines  lortned  by  British 

I,  but  before  his  cflndiaions  were  matured  be  died 

hester  on  the  list  ol  July  igM.     The  result*  ol  his 

obiervatlont  were  published  In  i^4  emitted  Faftrt  ami  NtUi 

en  Iki  Claciil  Gtelety  "J  Gral  Brilaim  and  Itdamd,  edited  by 

Dr  H.  W.  Cnsskey. 

See  "Prol.  Henry  Cii 


elected  fn  1S17  isiociate  of  tbe  Society  of  Fiintcn  in  Witor 
Colours,  of  wMch  be  became  full  member  in  iSigandpre^dent 
in  1855;  be  risigned  in  iSj8,  and  was  made  associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy  in  iSsg  and  academidu  in  iSA;,  Much  ol  his 
earlier  life  wis  q>ent  in  Spain,  Italy  and  tbe  But,  but  he  a- 
turned  io  England  in  i&^i  and  for  the  rereainder  of  bis  career 
devoted  himself  almost  cidusively  to  Eastern  subjects,  which 
be  treated  with  extraordinary  care  and  minuteness  of  finish, 
and  with  much  beauty  of  technical  method.  He  is  represented 
by  a  picture,  "  Edfou:  Upper  Egypt,"  in  the  National  Callery 
o[  British  Art.     He  achieved  equal  emioence  in  both  oit  ind 

LEWIS,  MATTHEW  aBBOORT  (i77s-i8ia),  Engliih 
romance-writer  and  dramatist,  often  referred  to  aa  "  Monk  " 
Lewis,  was  bom  in  London  on  the  gtb  of  July  1 775.  He  was 
educated  for  a  diplomatic  career  at  Weslmmstcr  school  and  al 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  qiending  most  ol  his  vacations  abroad 
in  the  study  of  modem  Unguagcs;  and  in  17m  he  proceeded  to 
the  Hague  aa  attach*  to  the  British  emhassy.  His  slay  there 
lasted  only  a  few  months,  but  wu  marked  by  tbe  composition, 
in  ten  weeks,  of  his  romance  Ambraie,  or  the  Uenk,  which  was 
publohed  in  the  summer  of  the  following  year.  Itimmedlaldy 
achieved  celebrily;  but  some  passages  ft  contained  were  of  such 
a  nature  that  about  a  year  alter  its  appearance  an  injunction  to 
reatraio  its  iila  was  moved  for  and  a  rule  tiiji  obtained.  Lewis 
published  a  secimd  edilion  from  which  he  had  expunged,  as  he 
thought,  alt  the  objectionable  passages,  but  the  work  still 
remains  of  such  a  character  aa  almost  to  juilily  the  severe 
language  in  which  Byron  in  £ii^uil  Bardt  amd  Scelck  Xaittotri 


addtei 


Ff-workimF  t^vli.  Monk  or  Bard, 


wItodwS.' 


Whalevee  its  demerit*,  ethical  or  aealhetic,  may  have  bean.  Tit 
Mtnk  did  not  nterfete  with  the  recquion  of  Lewis  into  the  best 
English  Mdety;  be  «a*  favooiaUy  noticed  at  coiot,  and  alinoN 
>s  awn  as  he  came  of  age  he  obtained  a  acat  in  tbe  Home 
of  Comnions  aa  msnba  lot  Hiadon,  Wilta.  After  lame  yeai*, 
however,  during  which  be  never  addressed  tbe  House,  be  finally 
withdrew  from  a  pailiameotaiy  career.  His  tastes  lay  wholly  in 
Ihe  dbtfiioB  ot  liieratnre,  and  Tke  CaslU  SftOn  ( 1796,  a  mnsial 
drama  of  no  great  literary  merit,  but  which  enjoyed  a  long 
popularity  on  the  stage).  The  Minister  (a  translation  fnun 
Schiller's  Kabali  K  Lklt),  Raila  Uj97.  a  traudaiioa  from 
Kottebue),  with  Bunerous  oiber  operatic  and  trajpc  pieces, 
appeared  in  ttpid  succession.  TMt  Brme  ef  Venice,  a  nmancs 
translated  from  the  German,  was  published  in  1804;  next  to 
T*i  iiemk  it  is  the  bat  known  work  Ot  Lewis.  By  the  death  of 
his  father  he  succeeded  to  a  large  fortune,  and  in  1815  Mibarkcd 

tour,  which  lasted  lour  months,  tbe  .'•nnat  */ a  Wtit  Imiim 
Fteftitler.  publithed  posthumously  in  iSj],  was  wiilten.    A 

he  rnlgbt  become  further  acquainted  with,  and  able  to  amelio- 
rale,  the  condilioo  of  the  slave  poptdatiao;  the  fatigue*  to 
which  he  exposed  biisadf  in  the  tmpicil  dimale  brought  on  a 
fever  which  terminated  fittlly  on  the  boMciiard  voyage  on  the 
I4lta  of  May.iBiS. 

puMribedin  18..  

LBWU,  MUIWBTHSR  (1774-1809),  American  eipk>reF, 
■as  bom  near  C^harlottesvOle,  Virginia,  on  Ihe  18th  of  August 
177*.  In  17CM  he  volunteered  with  the  Virginia  troops  called 
out  to  suppress  the  "  Whisky  Insurrection,"  was  cominiuioned 
at  ensign  in  the  regular  United  Stales  stmy  in  179;,  served  aritb 
distinction  under  General  Anthony  Wayne  in  the  campaigns 
against  the  fndians,  and  attained  the  rank  ol  captain  in  1747. 
From  1801  to  iSoj  he  was  the  [mvate  secretary  of  President 
Jefferson.  On  the  iSth  of  January  iSoj  Jeffenon  lent  a  oon- 
*'      ■■   "  Congress  urging  the  devdopmenl  of  trade 


"i.  Lewis,  in  two  voluna 


h  the  1 


«  party  be  Kot  ii 


Valley  ar 


52+ 


LEWISBURG— LEWISTON 


tbe  fut  thai  it  wu  thes  held  by  Spijn  ud  owns}  by  Prance. 
CoD^ren  appropruEed  fundi  for  the  expedition,  and  the  ptsidenl 
bitmcted  Lewia  to  piwad  to  the  had'waten  ot  Ibe  Hluouii 
Hvei  aad  Iheace  taoa  the  awuntalni  to  the  FadGc  Octaa. 
With  JcOcnon'i  coptcat  Lewia  choM  u  a  cocnpaiilDD  Limi. 
Withatn  Clark,  an  old  fnend  and  army  a>mnde.  Tic  prepara- 
tiou  were  made  ondei  the  orden  of  the  War  Dcpartmenl,  and. 
until  the  nen  anived  that  France  had  utd  Louisian«  to  the 
United  Slalei,  they  wen  conducted  in  icciecy.  Lewis  spent 
lome  time  in  Philadet[^iia,  gaining  additbnal  linowledge  of  the 
tuliinl  sdencci  and  Jeanung  the  use  o(  instruments  for  deter- 
milling  poaitions;  and  luts  in  iSej  he  ud  Ciark,  irilti  twenty- 
nitre  men  fiom  the  umy,  wtnt  tnio  wintn  quatien  near  St 
Louij,  where  the  men  were  lubjeOed  to  rigid  traiiuog.  On  the 
i4tfa  of  Uay  i5a4  the  party,  with  airtcen  additioBal  members, 
who,  howevefj  were  to  go  only  a  part  of  the  way,  started  op  the 
Missouri  river  in  ttiree  boats,  and  by  the  ind  of  NovembCE  had 
made  the  difficult  ascent  of  the  itrcam  as  far  as  (7*  >i'  N.  lat., 
HFit  the  site  ot  the  piesenl  Bismacch,  North  Dakota,  vh«e, 
among  the  Handan  Indiana,  they  passed  the  second  winter. 
EaHy  in  April  1&15  the  ascent  of  the  Missouri  was  coniinued  ai 
fat  u  the  three  forks  of  the  rivtt,  which  were  named  the  JefTct- 
>on,  the  Cailatin  and  the  Madiun.  The  Jefferson  was  then 
followed  to  its  source  in  the  south-weatein  part  of  what  ii  now 
the  state  of  Montana.  Procuring  a  guide  and  horses  from  the 
Shoshose  Imlians,  (he  parly  pushed  westward  through  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  SeptEmber,  and  on  the  yih  of  October  embarked 
In  tuKcs  on  a  ttibutuy  of  the  Columbia  river,  the  mouth  of 
which  they  reached  on  the  IJth  of  November.  They  had 
ttmvelled  upwards  of  4000  m.  from  their  starling.poinl,  had 
encounleted  various  Indian  tribes  never  before  seen  by  whites, 
had  nude  valuable  identiSc  coUections  and  obiervalions,  and 
were  the  first  expkiren  to  read)  the  Pacific  by  crossing  the 
CDnlinenl  north  of  Meidco.  After  spending  the  winter  on  the 
Pacific  cout  they  started  on  (he  ijrd  of  March  iSofi  on  their 
fttum  joomey,  and.  after  Closing  the  divide,  Lewis  with 
one  party  eiplored  Muu'i  Hver,  and  Clark  with  anoIbR  the 
Yellowitone.  On  the  nth  of  August  the  (wo  eiplorers  reunited 
near  the  junction  of  the  YeHowstone  and  the  Missouri,  and  on 
the  ijrd  of  September  reached  St  Louis.  In  ipiie  d  eipoaure, 
hardship  ud  peril  only  one  memher  of  the  party  died,  and 
only  one  dtsoted.  No  later  teat  of  caploralion,  perhaps,  in 
any  quarter  of  the  globe  has  exceeded  this  in  romantic  inlereat 
The  eipeihtiia  wu  ccimmemora(ed  by  the  Lewis  and  Clark 
Cen[ennialEipoii1ioaltPonlind,  Oregon,  in  1905.  The  leaders 
and  men  of  the  eiploring  party  were  rewaided  with  liberal  grants 
of  Und  from  (he  public  domain.  Lewis  receiving  1500  acres;  and 
in  March  iSo;  Lrwii  wu  nude  governor  of  the  nortbtm  part 
of  the  territory  obtained  from  France  in  iSoj,  which  had  b«n 
orgamicd  as  the  Louisuu  Tenilory,  He  performed  the  duties 
of  (his  office  wiih  grcK  eScieDcy,  but  it  is  said  tha(  in  ihe  un- 
wDoicd  quiet  of  his  new  da(iei,  his  ramd,  always  snbjeci  to 
melandiDly,  became  unbalanod,  and  that  while  on  his  way  10 
Washington  he  committed  suicide  aboui  6e  m.  >0Bih-«a( 
ofNashviIle,TennesKC.«nthetilhaf  October  iSoQ.  II  is  not 
d^niteiy  known,  however,  whether  he  actually  commilled 


SMif 


.  Std  Kncr  anil  IVaAUa  by  Caplaio^    '      '         r-l-    *    - 
JU.  Dm*a,  (Wuhiivlon,  tM.  an. 


•.!3^Ai 


.,  PUIvldphia, 


is'i  Jemal  c]  On 

....  -, ,.  ., J  ,.J„  OHCtmimaAto! 

.     _._  .  CnM  Clvk  (Piltiburt.  lio?)  is  (he  ■crount  of  ■ 

•cneaM  m  Ihe  party.  Bkldle  and  Alloi'i  HtMry  ^  fi 
UJB  Uk  Cnuua^  a/ Ci^iai  LnHliW  Clsit  (l  vDb., : 
Ill^)uaconilenM[«n  of  (he  original  journals.  There  i.B.,unK,uu. 
repnnti  of  iSi>  work,  (he  ben  bcinc  (hit  of  Eniolt  Coun  (1  voU. 
New  York,  i<9j).  ririch  rontain.  3di.™  .  frSJirte  irii,".rniZ: 
Knpls  aMi  ■  «w  chapter,  in  the  style  ol  Biddlc,  hwrtrd  aa  though 
a  pan  c<  the  orainal  lot    Aa  ■  final  aulhorlly  conwli  «.  G. 

KTh""",.!"!).  l*  Oril'aa;  jMmall  tl  Hi  Limt  Mud  Ock  Ex- 
Jwa  W  vnjt.  New  Ybrt.  I904-i«s5;  eantnlning  an  (he  known 
nrynesRlaaCtheaipeditBi.    For  popular  aceoiBta  sec  W.  R. 


1901). 


'V^i^iS 


•IfNew 


zghand  the  county-seat  of  Union  couply, 
Pennsylvania,  U.S.A.,  on  ihe  W.  bank  of  West  Branch  of  (be 
Susquehanna  river,  about  Jo  m.  N.  ol  Harrisburg.  Pop.  (1900) 
J457  (60  foreign-b3m>;  (1910)  joJi.  It  fs  served  by  Che 
Pennsylvania  and  <he  Philadelphia  &  Reading  railways.  Ii  is 
the  seal  of  BuckneU  Univenity  (nediKalianal),  opened  in  i&4fi 
aa  the  unlreraity  of  Lewitbuig  and  renamed  in  iSSfi  in  honour 
of  Waiian  Bucknell  (iga^-it^o),  ■  hliertl  beneFacKV.  The 
university  comprises  a  College  of  Liberal  Arts,  an  Academy  tor 
Young  Men.  an  Institute  for  Young  Women,  and  a  School  of 
Music,  and  in  rqoS-iQOii  had  50  instructors  and  77]  iludeno, 
of  whom  547  were  in  (he  Coll^  of  Liberal  Arts.  The  dly  is 
siluated  in  a  fuming  region,  and  has  VaHom  manufaclurea, 

products  and  carriages.  Lewfsburg  (until  ahou(  1805  ctHed 
Demlown)  was  founded  and  laid  out  in  iiS;  t^  Lodwig  Dert, 
ft  German,  and  was  chartered  as  a  borough  in  iSii. 

LBWISHAK,  a  south-eastern  metrop^lan  boiou^  of  London, 
England,  bounded  N.W.  by  Deptlord.  N.£.  by  Gnenwicb,  E. 
by  Woolwich,  and  W.  by  Camberwell,  and  eileniSng  S.  to  (be 
boundary  of  Ihe  couniy  of  London.  Pop.  (rjoi)  117,49).  lu 
area  is  for  Ihe  most  part  occupied  by  villas,  I(  inchidet  (he 
districts  of  Blackhealh  and  Lee  In  the  north,  Hither  Green, 
Cuford  and  Bmckley  in  the  ccnli^  pans,  and  Forest  HiH  and 
part  of  Sydenham  in  the  south-west.  In  Ihe  districts  lasl  named 
well-wooded  hills  rise  above  joo  ft,,  and  this  h  an  especially 
favoured  roidential  quarter,  its  popularity  being  tdimerly 
increased  by  the  presence  of  medicinal  springs,  discovered  In 
1640,  on  Sydenham  Cammen.  Towards  the  south,  ip  spile  of  (he 
constant  eilcnsion  of  building,  there  an  considerable  tracts  of 
ground  uncovered,  apart  from  public  grounds.  In  the  north  (he 
borough  includes  the  greater  part  of  Blackhealh  (f.c),  an  open 
common  of  comlderable  historical  inlcresl,  the  other  principal 
ptcasure  grounds  ate  Hilly  Fields  {46  acres)  and  Ladywell  Recrea- 
tion Grounds  (46  acres)  in  (he  norlh-wesl  part  of  the  borough; 
and  at  Sydenham  (hut  ouDide  the  boundary  of  the  county  ol 
London)  is  the  Crystal  Palace.  Among  institulioiis  are  the 
Homunan  Museum.  Forest  Hill  (i9ei>;  Uorden'a  College,  on  the 
soulh  of  Blai^healb,  founded  at  the  close  of  the  (jih  century  by 
"    "  rcbants  who  were  received  as 


ended  ii 


schools  in  the  same  bcality;  and  the  Park  Fever  Hc^ital,  Hither 
Green.    The  pailiameitary  borough  of  Lewishun  rctums  one 
member.    The  borough  oauncilconiisu  ol  a  tnayot,  7  aldetiaeB 
and  4?  coancjllors.    Area,  7014-4  acres. 
LEWISTON.  a  city  of  Apdroscoggin  county,  Maine,  U.S.A., 

conDeclcdbyfoursiol  bridges,  and  about  jfim.N.E,  of  Portland. 
Fop.  (igoo)  Ij,;6i.  of  whom  9]i6  were  foreign-born;  (1910 
census)  16,147.  I'  is  served  by  the  Maine  Central,  the  Ciud 
Trunk,  the  Pocllund  &  Rumford  Falls  and  the  Lewiston.  AugosU 
It  Watarville  (electik)  railways.  The  surrounding  caontry 
is  bUiy  and  (be  river  is  picEuresquc;  in  the  vicinity  there  aie 
many  lakea  and  ponds  abounding  in  ulmon  and  (lutit.  The 
MiiM  fiah  hatchery  is  on  Lake  Auburn,  3  m,  above  (he  city. 
LewistoBlslheaatof  Bates  College,  ■  non.sectarian  iostiiutioB, 
wbichgrewontof  the  Maine  State  Seminary  (chartered  in  iS;;], 
and  was  chartered  in  rB64  under  its  present  name,  adopted  in 
honour  of  BeBJamin  E.  Bales  (d.  1877),  a  liberal  bcnefaclor. 
In  i«oS-i9o9  the  college  had  ij  instructors  and  440  studcnis. 
and  its  Ubnsy  contained  34,000  v^ucnes.  The  campus  of  the 
eclkge  is  about  I  m.  from  (he  business  portion  of  Lewiston  aad 
covers  JO  acres;  among  the  college  buildings  are  an  auditorium 
(i9B«)  given  by  W.  Scott  I>Uibey  of  Lewiston,  and  iheLihbcy 
Fonun  fdr  the  use  of  (be  three  literary  societies  and  (he  iwo 
Chriuian  associalionl  of  (he  college.  The  literary  aocieliiB 
give  ncellent  (raining  In  foren^cs.  The  matriculaliDn  pledge 
rei]utrct  Imm  mak  stsdenu  total  abHinencc  Iron  intoiicBiiU 


tEWIN  WITH-HARRB 


al  FuvHifidd  Senwuty,  ud  wu  liiuucd  in  tt44-i(44  at 
CnciU,  UuuchiuetU,  in  1844-iSM  u  WhiUMown,  New  Ywk, 
md  in  i8j4-i8]a  u  New  Htinptan,  Mew  UanqBhile.  WH 

removed  to  Lcwbuib  in  1870  and  becwna  ■  dnnnmmi  (known 
u  Bita  Tbeolosiul  Seminal)'  until  lUB)  tl  Bale*  Coliim. 
Willi  which  it  wu  metfed  in  iqbS.  Lewiitsa  hii  n  fine  dij 
hiJl,  1  Cuncgie  Utuuy  (sd  >  publit  park  «1  lO^  ncm.  wilb  1 
bniue  uldicn'  monumeM  by  FnnkliB  Simiaaoi.  obo  wu  boa 
in  J^ig  at  Webster  neaz  Leviaton^  and  ia  knowp  ten  hit  Ataincs 
«(  Iti«:i  WilUann,  William  king,  Fnncia  H.  Plecpont  and  U.  S. 
CcaDlilitlieutiaiHlCatHtal.andl'or"  Cnef  "and"  lliMat)r"aa 
the  Peace  Monument  at  Washington.  In  Lniilon  an  the 
Cealnl  Maine  Senetal  Ha[^uI  (iftSal,  IIh  Siten'  UmgliUl 
(iSSS), underihc  charge  efihc  French  CMbolicSiMcnolCha^ljt 
a  bome  lor  aged  woBien.  a  young  wbowo')  Iwaw  asd  UM 
Hnlcy  Atylum  l(a  boys.  The  Shiiw  Building  (Km  TeDpkJl 
dedicaud  in  1909,  is  ihc  headqtianen  of  tbe  Shriaen  ol  di* 


.     Them 


>■  Unrilli 


,  Ibe  moral  (aU  of  40  ft.  having  be 
mon  than  50  ft.  by  a  Mnifig  granite  dui.  and 
dty  at  Deer  Ripi  a  cement  dajs  IimuKbo  iOv° 
The  water-power  ihui  obtained  ii  distributed  tiy  canaii  troca 
the  nearer  dam  and  transmitted  by  wire  from  the  tapper  daoa 
The  ououfaciUR  ot  cotton  goods  is  the  principal  industry,  and 
Is  iQOj  the  product  ol  the  city's  cotton  oiills  was  valued  M  about 
aoe-thirdof  that  ol  the  mills  of  the  whole  alata.  Among  other 
iodnalriis  are  the  manufacture  of  wBoUcn  gooda,  shina,  diy- 
pUlm,  (iniBtca,  spools  and  bobbing  and  boots  arid  shots,  and 
the  dyeing  aad  finUilng  o(  tcaika.  The  total  laclay  imdmt 
in  1905  vat  valued  al  t8,j>i,dM.  Tk*  wiinlripalhy  own*  its 
ntcr  works  and  elictik  lighliag  ^ant.  Uaisloa  n  aettled 
ia  I  no,  iiHBtporBted  a*  a  township  la  in%  aiid  cbarteicd  as  a 
«ily  in  1(61.  It  was  the  home  of  Nebeu  Diogley  (iSji-iBm). 
wbo  from  iSst  until  his  deilh  controlled  the  Lewiston  Jawiial, 
He  was  governor  o(  the  state  in  187^1876,  Kepobiiian  repre- 
sentative in  CongTEsain  18S1-1S90,  and  the  driller  of  the  Dingley 
TkriS  BiU  {iSqT>. 

UWU-WITH-HARIUI.  the  mot  nonheriy  island  of  the 
Outer  Hebridea,  Scotland.  It  is  sometiiiKS  called  tha  Ij»g 
Island  and  is  14  m.  from  the  nearest  point  of  Ibo  mainland, 
liom  which  it  is  separated  by  the  atnit  oUol  The  Minch.  It 
k  te  m.  kog  and  has  an  otreniE  bmdth  of  jo  m.,  its  avenge 
bradih  being  ij  m.  It  is  divided  into  two  portimis  by  i  line 
TougUy  dmwn  bnween  Lech  Resort  on  the  west  and  Loch 
Seaforth  on  the  east,  of  which  the  larger  or  more  Donberty  poitioD, . 
known  as  Lewis  (pron,  Lmi),  belongs  to  the  ooonty  al  H«  and 
Cnmaray  and  the  leaser,  known  as  Harra,  to  lovmiesi-^te. 
Hie  ana  of  the  iriiole  island  is  441,800  am,  ar  7)0  sq.  m.,  of 
which  j68,ooo  acres  bckng  10  Le*^  In  igi)i  the  population 
ol  Lewis  was  37,a(S,  ei  Hania  j68ii  in  1901  the  pojula- 
tlonofLewiBWa3>SjJ7.o[[larria3So3,or3],i6olor  theiilanfl. 
ol  whom  17, 17*  were  females,  11,109  tpokt  CaiJic  only,  and 
■7,68{  both  Ga^c  and  En^ish.  There  is  oomrannication  with 
(tnain  ports  of  the  Western  Hi^dands  by  steamer  via  Stomoway 
every  week — oflener  duriog-lbe  toarisl  and  special  seasons — 
the  steamers  frequently  calliog  al  Loch  Erisort,  Loch  Sezlg, 
Aldvouriie,  Tarbert,  Ardvey,  Rodcl  and  The  Qbe.  The  coast  is 
indenUd  to  a  remarkable  degree,  the  principal  sea-lochs  in 
Harris  bong  East  and  Wot  Loch  Tarbert;  and  in  Lewis,  Loch 
ScaiKth.LtKhEriiort  and  Broad  Bay  (orLdcbaTuathJonibe 
cut  ata  and  Loch  Roag  and  Loch  Resort  im  the  west.  The 
maiBtand  ia  dotted  with  innumcraUa  fvesh-waler  lakes.  The 
IsIaBd  is  composed  ol  gneiss  rocks,  eicepting  a  patch  of  granite 
near  Carloway,  small  bands  of  intrusive  basalt  at  Cios  and  in 
Bye  Peninsula  and  some  Torridcoian  sandstone  at  Stomoway, 
Tong,  Vitsklr  and  Cailoway.  Most  of  Harris  is  mounlainodl. 
there  being  more  than  thirty  peaks  above  looo  It.  liijth.  Lewis 
is  comparaiively  Bat,  save  ii 


It  of  Uass,  m 
.  jc.  II.  Ugh  and 
li^thoMc,  the  tight  o(  whidi  is  Tiaible  ke  ig  n., 
Tebla  Head,  Tlompu  Head  whI  Cabag  Head,  on  tba  easa-, 
Rtimk  P061I,  ID  the  stmne  sontk;  and,  an  the  weat.  Toe  Head 
and  Gallon  Head.  The  inqnring.  iahaUted  Wmk  In  the 
iBTemen-ihfn  drifaiga  bekmg  to  the  paiisb  ol  Hanjs:  ot  ihe 
S.W.  ceaM,  BciiMn  (pe^  j>4),  Etmr,  Killigt^  and  rabbay; 
III  the  W.  eout,  Staip  (ito),  Stmf  and  Tarrenaty  (7>}iOlI  tba 


>  (587}  « 


of  Rcaa  and  Cromarty  are  Cmt  Baciwea  (sSo)  10  tba  W.'c 
in  the  parish  ol  Dig,  and  Ibe  Sbiant  bin,  about  i 
Stonuway,  in  the  paifali  a"     ' 
bI  It*  lea  loda  and  fi    * 


Lewis, 


anidaBd.  Much  of  the  surbce  o(  boll 
Lewis  and  Hants  la  eoanposed  d  paat  and  swampg  then  are 
acasty  IragmaDMof  anandnit  toist.  Tlie rainlalL Ibt4l>e  year 
avenges  4i>7  in.,  autniM  a«d  wintet  Ub%  very  wet.  Oaist 
ta  the  inflaOKe  of  Ibe  Cnlf  Sinan,  howenr,  ike  Iclnpeniuta 
is  fairly  hl^,  avenging  foe  the  year  46-6^  F,,  tor  Januaiy  39' 5*  F. 
and  for  August  56-5*  F. 

The  econoaic  condiliaiis  ot  the  idand  cotreqiaiid  with  111 
physical  conditioas.  The  aiaoiiM  oi  cultivable  land  ta  email 
and  poor.  Sir  James  Maiheson  (1796-1178),  who  purchased 
iIk  island  in  1844,  is  said  to  have  spent  niarty  £jjo,eaD  In 
leclanaiion  and  impniviBicnta.  Barley  and  potaioea  are  the 
chief  crofnt  A  Urge  Hunbte  of  bladi  cattle  an  leaMd  and  same 
shap-larming  is  carried  on  in  Hinis.  Ktlp-making,  one* 
ia|iDitanl,liaabeciieitinctformaByyeaTB.  Harris  has  obtained 
great  reputatloB  for  tweeds.  The  ckith  hsa  an  amna  of  heather 
■ad  peat,  and  is  made  in  the  dwdlin^  of  the  cotters,  srtio  use 
dya  of  loag-nUblBhed  eieeflcncs.  The  fisbertes  sre  Ih* 
priiKipal  mainstay  of  the  people.  In  ^te  of  the  vary  coasidtr- 
able  ledoetloas  In  itnt  efiectcd  by  the  Ctolten'  ComoiisiiM 
(appointed  In  1886)  and  the  suma  expended  by  govemmeni, 
ODst  of  the  cialtos  still  live  in  poor  huis  amid  dismal  sorround- 
iaga.    The  island  aflorda  good  spoRlng  facUiiio.     Many  of  the 


pfentif  ul,  and  dan  and 


I  chapels  ai 


11  while  bird  life  indudM 
.  .  tn»,  widgeon,  teal,  eider 
geae  and  gulls.  There  are  many 
uns,  indudiog  duns,  mcgaUtha,  ruined  towerl 
the  like.  At  KooBt,  in  the  extreme  south  of 
h,  aUth 


is  Norman  and  tbe  tupenimcture  Early  English. 
On  the  lowers  are  curious  carved  igurcs  and  in  tbio  hlerixt 
several  lomba  oS  ihe  MacUods,  the  uoai  remarkaUe  being  that 
of  Alastair  (Ateiandei),  Ion  of  William  Madeod  of  Dunvcgan, 
daled  1518.  The  moaamenl,  a  fnll-Iengtb  recumbent  ^gy 
ol  a  knight  in  umoor,  lia  at  the  base  of  a  taUrl  in  the  sbipe 
of  an  artb  divided  into  companmeDis,  fn  which  an  carved  in 
bearing  of  the  deceased  aiM  a 
aevrral  symbolical  scents,  one  of 
in  the  batance  the  good  and  evil 
Alsslnr  Hackod,  the  good  obviously  pnpondcrallnit 
Slonieway,  tbe  chief  town  (pop.  385  j)  is  treated  under  ■  separate 
heading.  At  CALLiamsH,  rj  m.  due  W.  of  Slotnoway,  are 
several  slone  cirdes.  one  of  which  Is  pnhably  the  most  perfect 
enmpte  ol  s&cniled  "  Dn^dleal  "  (Inicluret  in  the  British  Isles. 


locks  el  gneisa.     Twelve  ol  such   monoU 

ide.  in  Ibe  oeitre  id  which  stands  a  pUlat 

leciidethocnintnanhwardsati  avenue  ol 

1  the  lighi-haDd  Mt  nine  Uocki  and  on 

hesc  alio  branch  oS  from  Ihe  circle,  on  the  east  ana  ins 

ngle  line  ol  four  Hones  and,  on  the  south,  a  single  Una  of 

ooea.     From  the  eatichM  point  ol  the  snuib  file  to  tbe  lari 


.laole  the 
ita.  Fmn. 
mmprlsing 
.hand  ten. 


526 


LEXICON— LEXINGTON 


■ndthfromUplstipof  Ilicasluid'*aiarmiii4i  ydi.  Viend 
Inn  tke  nn^ti  aid  oi  Ibe  neooB,  the  dnifD  is  tlul  ol  a  aom. 
Tlw  HHit  impsruel  fithny  cBtR  Ml  thi  wot  cout  ii  Cutonny, 

irbcictbertiithebateiimiilcDfibnicb.ocfoit.iniluHchrida. 
Koir,  Ibc  bliul  hMipa  who  Inniktcd  tbc  Pulmt  inio  Gulk. 
mi  bora  in  tbs  villigt.  Ttrbcit,  U  ihe  bead  of  £ut  Lsch 
THben,  is  >  BCMt,  doa  viUicc,  in  CDmrauDicatun  by  mail-cu 
At  CoU,  a  lew  milei  N.  by  E.  ol  Slomcnray, 

fUitttioii  UKt«  h  %  ftmoui  scsls'  cave,  idonwd  with  fiiw  ital- 
Miilcs.  Fan  of  Nat,  wbcie  Ihcre  U  >  batbour,  ii  tbc  b»d- 
quanen  oi  the  liui  Aiheiy.  Locb  Suforth  (ave  [he  title  of 
c*[llo>bnnc)ioftbt&Udieniles,buliii  1716  th't  ;tb  oH  nn* 
attalnttd  In  Jacobitfim  sod  [he  [itJE  lortdltd.  In  i;«i 
Fnncii  UumbcnioB  Madieiuie  (i7m-'>>s).  '^''tt  of  Ibc  Ctan 
)lacluiaiia>  waa  created  Loud  Seai«ib  and  Biran  Mackcaiig 
e(  Kiattil,  and  made  adoncl  of  Ike  ind  hauaUm  of  the  Norlb 
Britiib  Militia,  aficiwudi  the  jrd  baiialion  ol  Ibc  Sufnnh 
Hiihknden.  Itv  ind  baltaUon  of  the  Sufonh  HighlaDden 
«u  fomeriy  tbc  I((n»«hin  BvBa,  wbicbwat  nltcd  in  1171. 

IZKICOll,  ■  dictiouly  Cfj.)-  TbemdlitheLatlBiHdfocm 
oi  Gr.  ittudr,  ic  fifiUe*.  a  wont-book  (U(»,  void,  X^>.  10 
apeak).  Lexicon,  nlbcr  than  dicliooiTy,  a  used  e<  word-booki 
oi  (he  Crack  hntuite,  and  samciimci  ol  Anbk  and  HcbreK. 

IKUHaTOll,  BAROV,  a  [ille  borne  fn  the  En(lidi  family  ol 
Sultoa  frOB  1A4S  to  17I}.  Kobeil  Sutton  (1504-1668),  ion  al 
Sir  William  Sutton  or  Averham,  MMtinghainahire.  wu  t  member 
o(  padiajDinl  foi  bit  luiirc  caunty  in  iSij  ud  M'in  'o  1640. 
Be  Kived  Charita  I.  during  Ibc  Civil  Wu,  miUni  gral 
monetuy  lactibRs  for  the  royal  cmie.  and  in  1645  (he  king 
ticUcd  hin  Bum  Leiinclini,  (hit  bein|  a  variant  of  the 
ume  of  tb*  NoUinghanriiin  viilMge  of  Lanon.  Hii  olale 
(uSeredduriBCLbeliiHiii  Ihe  Comnwovaitih.  but  mok  tooDcy 
WIS  letuned  to  bin  by  Chades  U.  He  died  on  (he  ijlh  of 
OctobtfiMS.  HiaonlyiOD.Rabeit,(be»dbann{t6fir-i;i]), 
iUK>0fted  in  Ibt  Hstue  of  Lords  (he  devation  «l  WiUiam  of 
Onuc*  (o  Ibt  ttmw,  and  wu  trnptoynl  by  (hat  king  at  coon 
and  OB  diploBBtk  boioas.  He  alio  Mrnd  «a  ■  loldin,  but  he 
ii  <U«fly  known  as  (bt  fiiitiA  envoy  a(  Vienna  duiteg  the 
'  B  of  the  tiMly  oC  Ryiwidi,  and  at  Uvliid  dorinf  the 
an*  which  led  to  (be  treaty  of  Uticdit.  Ho  died  00 
the  lOlk  of  SeptenAer  i]ij.  Hb  letun  Iran  VieaM,  edected 
and  edited  by  the  Hon.  H.  it.  SWioo,  vera  pabUAed  as  the 
laiKgtn  Ptftn  (iSji).  Leifaistsi'a  faaniny  becaaie  eninet 
on  hia  death,  bvt  hii  eatalt*  dtKended  to  the  yowiger  ions  of 
Us  daolhtei  BridfCt  (d.  1734),  the  wife  of  Jobs  Uarinen,  jid 
duke  d  Rutland.  Lord  CeeigB  Mannen,  who  inhelited  Ibeie 
tMatta  in  i;6i.  is  Ibc  anctctor  ol  the  family  of  Maanen-Sultoa. 
An  earlier  mcDibet  of  Ihia  family  ia  OUvei  Snlloh,  biihap  of 
Lincoln  from  iiio  to  1199- 

LmaOTOI.  a  d(y  and  the  county-ecal  ol  Fayette  county. 
Kestuckr,  U.S.A.,  about  ys  m.  S.  of  CincimtttL  Pop.  (looo) 
i4,jfig,  of  whom  io,i^wCTt  negroes  aul9f4wera  foreign-born, 
((910  censo*),  iifi^.  It  ii  cervod  by  (he  LouisnUe  &  Nash- 
ville, (ho  SoBthem.  Ihe  Cbcaapeake  &  Ohio,  the  Cuidnnati, 
New  Orleana  &  Texas  Ped&c,  Ibe  Lolnilim  &  EtMern, 
Ud  electric  railways.  The  dty,  which  lia  at  an  ihitude  of 
about  9sa  h..  It  •tua(cd  neat  (be  centre  of  the  celebrated  "  Uue 
(rasa  "  region,  into  which  eitend  a  number  of  turnpike  roads. 
Id  public  buildings  include  the  court  house  and  ibe  Federal 
building  both  built  of  Bowling  Green  oolitic  limntone.  Among 
(he  public  InMltuUoni  aic  two  gcnenl  boipitali— St  Joieph'i 
(Roman  CalboUc)  and  Good  !?-'■»■■<»■-  {controlled  by  the 
ProteMut  dnucbe*  of  (be  d(y)— Ibo  Eai[em  Lunatic  Asylum 
(iSijra  sU(e  iniiltntioo  since  iS>4l,  with  150  acRa  of  grounds; 
%  Hate  House  of  Refotu  ior  Cirli  and  a  Ma(e  HauMof  Reform 
for  Boyc  (bo(h  at  Creendaic,  a  iabnib)j  aa  orphan  induMiial 
school  (for  BCtrocs) ;  and  two  Widows'  aad  Oi^iaas'  Hones. 
ODcenablidied  by  tbe  Odd  Fellows  ef  Kenludyand  the  other 
by  tbe  Knighu  of  Pythiaa  of  the  Mate.  Lcii^ton  ia  the  acal 
•f    Tiaaylwiia    VnivBrfty    (awm.iMlii      coedua(ioaal), 


sly  Kenlacky  Um'veisKy  (Diaijplei  of  ChiiU),  wMA  pew 
il  Bacon  CoUegc  (opened  al  CeOrptown,  Ry.,  In  iS]6), 
wa>  char(c>td  b  i8sS  u  Kentucky  Univtniiy,  and  wai  opened 
at  Hiiradaborg,  Ky.,  In  iRso,  whenn  after  a  fin  In  iSi4  It 
reraoved  to  Lexington  in  ifidj.  At  Lexington  it  was  conaolidatetf 
with  the  old  Transylvania  Univenlty,  a  well-known  InititDtion 
which  had  been  chartered  ai  Transylvania  Setninuy  in  i)B}, 
was  (^ntd  near  Danville,  Ky.,  in  1785.  wu  removed  to  Lexing- 
ton in  1780,  w»  tc-chailcred  al  Transylvania  UnivenilT  In 
1708.  and  virtually  eeesed  to  exist  in  iSsO''  In  140B  Kentsdiy 
UnivEtsity  resumed  the  old  name,  Traneyivanla  Unfvertity. 
It  has  a  college  of  Liberal  Arts,  a  College  of  Law,  a  PreparBtory 
School,  a  Junior  College  for  Women,  and  Hamifton  Colkge  foe 
women  (founded  in  i36o  as  Hockel  Female  College),  over  which 
IbcunivenitynBUmedconlrolin  looj.tnda  CoHege  of  Ihe  BiUe, 
oegaDiud  in  iMj  IS  one  of  ihe  colleges  of  Ihe  univenlly.  bat 
now  under  independent  omlrol.  In  1407-1908  TtaM^vania 
University,  including  Ihe  College  of  the  Bible,  bad  iif9iludents. 
Al  Leiington  are  the  State  University,  two  coUefes  for  ^rk— 
the  CiaipbeU-HagenBan  CoHego  and  Sayie  Coliege— and  St 
Cathetine'iAraderay  (RominCslhollc),  Tbedlyisthemeednf- 
pfauof  a  Cbalauqua  AuemUy,  andhaaa  pnUiclibnry.  Tte 
Stale  University  was  founded  (under  Ihe  Federal  Land  Cntit 
Act  of  1861)  in  i86j  u  the  Stau  Agriculiunl  and  Mecbuiiol 
College,  wst  opened  In  1866.  ind  wis  a  coUege  ot  Kentucky 
Univenlty  unlll  1878.  In  1S90  tbe  college  rtcdved  a  KCOBd 
Federal  appropiiitloa.  aod  it  received  varions  gnnti  from  tbe 
state kgisliturcw-'-" ' "    ' 


Sdence,  a  Collegeol  Law,  a  School  of  Civil 
fliMcchinialuulElecltlail  Engineering. 
Engioreting.    Tbe  university  campot  li 

in  the  foutbern  partof  the  dty.    In  J9  .  _. ^ 

had  1064  students.  The  dij  ti  the  see  of  a  PreUitant  EpiMona] 
bishi^iric. 

Lciiogtoii  wu  the  borne  ef  Heuy  Clay  inm  1 T9T  natll  hb 
death  (b  iSji,  ud  in  tali  mcnoey  a  motmnunt  haa  been  erected, 
consisting  of  a  mignesiaD-limestone  column  (about  i»  ft.)  In 
the  Corinthian  Ajiit  and  anmouated  by  a  itatue  of  Cliy,  tbe 
bad  of  wluci  waa  ton  08  In  1901  by  a  thnnderbolt.  CHay'i 
(Male.  "  AsUuid."  ii  sow  one  of  the  best  known  of  the  itail- 
farnu  in  tbe  viduliy;  tbepreeesi  house  b  i  lepHci  of  Clay^ 
home.  The  finest  and  most  enenaive  of  then  Block-farme,  aod 
probably  the  finest  In  Ibc  world,  is  "  Elmcndorf,"  6  m-  from  the 
eiiy.  On  these  firtns  miny  fimooj  trotting  ind  ruiming  hocKi 
have  been  niied.    Therein  two  race-Iiscki  in  Lexington,  ud 


I  large  trade  b  tobacco, 
large  scml-tnnual  borat 
ulei— and  in  the  mamifictuTc  of  '*  Bombon  "  wfdsky,  tobacco, 
flour,  dtcHcd  Bai  and  benp,  cirriiga,  baraoa  and  aaddlea. 
The  lotaf  value  of  the  dty'i  factoly  ptodocta  In  190}  waa 
1^-774.3*9   (4^'9%  more  than   in   1900). 

Lexincton  was  named  from  Lexington,  Musacbusetts,  In  t^JS 
by  a  party  ot  hunteti  who  were  encamped  here  when  they 
recdved  the  new)  of  the  battle  of  Lexfcgton;  the  perwianait 
letllement  dxtca  from  1779.  It  waa  laid  out  in  1781,  Incor- 
porated as  a  town  in  i;8i.  and  chartered  al  tdly  ia  iSjj.  The 
first  newspaper  pnbli^ied  weit  of  Ibc  Alle^uuiy  Howi tainSr  the 
Knituty  C<aelU,  was  ertabUated  bera  b  1787,  to  promote  tin 
KpanllooofKfnluckyfioin Vsginit.  Hie Gnt italo Icfl>lB(w« 
net  heie  in  iTgi.  but  later  In  tbe  lame  year  Frankfort  becaaw 
Ihe  itale  capitel.  Until  1907.  when  (he  dty  wai  enlarged  by 
iithcy  w        


'See  Robwt  Peter, 


tia  Vnitttiily:  Iti  Orifie.  JHtt, 
■).  aod  his  AuMfy  H  m  MJH^ 
-    ■■    ■laviBt.iwp. 


LEXINGTON 


muoiWI.  ■  UHnatlfnt  MlJJtwM  vxaar, 

VSA,  nbonl  ti  m.  N.W.  of  BoMin.    ISip.  (1900)  jSst,  (into 
U.S.  cmui}  Mia.    It  it  Inmned  ^  tb*  BoNoB  '    " 
aJboBd  awl  by  tin  Lowdl  ft  Boatoo  tfactric  nilwqr- 


.ccnoTtiniiDoiiof  ihsvilUcctbU  the  tail  umcd 
anflkt  ol  the  Amcricui  Wu  at  iBdepcaiileace  ocewred.  On 
the  ircCD  itud  1  noBiuunt  enctcd  in  {he  itMe  In  1199  la  ^ 
BMBwrr  of  (ha  omute-mcB  vbd  fcfl  ia  thU  aicvneal,  ■ 
drioUnf  louiitaiii  mmBiiiitcd  h^  m  tmoie  iUiih  (igoo,  by 
Henry  HodKU  KllHn)  et  Cipttio  John  Puka,  who  ma  In 
conmuid  et  Uw  minate-mai,  ud  1  luxe  boulder,  which  nariu 
ibe  pn^iion  Dl  ibe  minute-men  when  they  mie  fired  Bpon  by 
the  Briliih.  Neu  Ibe  green,  In  Ibe  old  buryiDj-gronnd,  lA  Ibe 
p«vei  of  CipUin  Puker  and  olber  Americin  pilriol*— the 
nideit  invatotie  ii  dued  1690.  The  Huicock-CltrlK  Kouk 
(hdill  Id  put  In  i«o£)  b  now  owned  by  the  Lauiglaa  Hcrtoricil 
Society  ud  cootJuni  •  muKum  of  revolulkmuy  uid  other  relio, 
whkh  were  Ibrmerly  etbibited  in  (he  Town  HaJl.  "Hie  BDckintin 
Tavern  (bnQI  about  i6go},  Ibe  toidavoiu  of  Ibe  minutr-mcn, 
and  the  Munroe  Tavern  (1(91),  the  he»li(iuDtera  ot  (be  British, 
an  iiill  ilandins,  and  (wo  other  bomet.  on  Ibe  ramnwo,  anlcdate 
the  War  d[  Independence.  The  Caty  Ubiary  in  1hi>  v3la|e,  irilh 
.  >5,000  volnma  (1008).  wai  fonnded  hi  1II6S,  and  wai  boiBed  in 
(be  Ttnm  Hall  from  iS7r  uniil  i«o£,  when  it  wai  removed  lo 
the  Caiy  Uemoiiil  Libniy  buQding.  In  ihc  libniy  are  porttaili 
ol  Paul  Revere,  William  Dawei  and  Lotii  Percy  The  Town 
BaU  (1871)  contain,  italuet  o(  John  Hancock  (hy  Thomas  R. 
Could)  and  Samoel  Adams  {by  ManInMilln»re),Di  the"  Mlnute- 
Manof  1775  "and  the  "Soldier  oIiBfii,"  and  a  pahll{n(  by 
Henry  Sudham,  "  The  Battle  of  LeiiniLon." 

LciingtMi  was  Killed  as  a  part  of  Cambridge  as  earl;  ai  1641. 
It  was  orfioilcd  u  a  parish  in  1091  and  was  mode  a  (ownthip 
(probably  named  in  bonourol  Lord  Leiinpon)  in  1713.  In  1)4 
cveninf  ol  Ibe  iSlh  of  April  1775  a  British  force  of  abaui  Boa 
men  under  Lieal .-Colonel  Fnnds  Smith  and  Major  John  Pii- 
cairn  was  sent  by  Geoetil  Thomas  Cage  from  B«tan  10  diMroy 
militaiy  atoret  collected  by  the  colonists  at  Concord,  and  to 
seiie  JiAn  Hancock  and  Samuel  Adams,  then  at  Parson  Cla4e'a 
house  (now  known  as  ihc  Hancock -Ctaike  House)  In  Leilnron. 
Allbough  the  British  had  tried  lo  keep  Ibis  movement  ■  secret, 
Dr  Joseph  Warren  discoveied  their  plans  and  (ent  out  Paul 
RcveiT  and  William  Dawes  to  give  vamJDK  of  Ibeir  ipproicfa. 
The  eipediUon  had  not  proceeded  far  when  Smith,  discovering 
that  the  coitalty  was  aroused,  despatched  an  eipms  to  Boston 
for  reinforcementt  and  otdeitd  Rlcaim  (o  hasten  forward  with 
a  detachment  of  U^t  Infantry.  Eaily  in  the  morning  of  the 
i^th  Piicalm  arrived  at  the  green  in  ihe  village  of  Lexington, 
and  there  found  between  siity  and  seventy  rainute'men  under 
Capiain  John  Parker  drawn  up  In  line  of  battle.  Kteaim 
ordered  them  to  disperse,  and  on  their  refusal  to  do  lo  his  men 
Gred  a  v<rfley.  Whether  a  stray  shot  preceded  (he  Crst  volley, 
and  from  which  side  it  came,  are  questions  which  have  never 
been  determined.  After  a  second  volley  from  Ihe  British, 
Paitet  ordered  his  men  lo  withdraw.  The  engagement  lasted 
only  a  few  minutes,  but  eight  Americans  were  kiDed  and  nine 
were  wounded^  not  more  (ban  Iwo  or  ihree  of  the  British  were 
wounded.  Hancock  and  Adams  had  escaped  bcfote  the  British 
(toopi  reached  Leiington.  The  Brilish  proceeded  from  Leiing- 
(on  to  Concord  Iq.r.)  On  their  return  they  were  coniinually 
Gred  upon  by  Americans  from  behind  trees,  rocks,  buildingi  and 
other  defences,  and  were  threatened  with  complete  destruction 
until  they  were  rescued  at  Leilnglon  by  a  force  of  1000  men 
under  Lord  Hugh  Percy  (laler,  17M,  dukeof  Nonhumberiindl, 
Percy  received  (he  fugitives  wiiUn  a  hollow  (quaie.  checked  . 
the  onslaught  for  a  time  with  two  Geld-pleces,  uied  the  MumM  ' 
Tavern  for  a  hospital,  and  laler  in  the  day  carried  his  command 
with  bide  funber  iniuiy  back  lo  Boston.  The  Bri(ista 
loaici  for  (be  eolin  day  wen  7}  LiDed,  1 74  wounded  and  t£ 


mImSkt;   tW  Amotan  loMi  wn  w  kOM, 

Ir  iSn  ■  ■(■>■  Bonnai  Mteol  hr  wooM  ((I  

chutccti  and  thi  &ti(  pnblic  ualning  acbool  for  tMchera  in 
Unhed  StMtt)  Vtt  opeiMd  ■(  Lainglosi  it  ■      ' 
to  Wot  Nowtoa  la  1844  and  to  Pnminghaa  ta  1S53. 

Sx  Charh*  Hudsoa,  mmty  4  lb  Turn  if  ZMlnptK  (BotUL 
■M),  and  tha  pubUatin  <t  the  Ledoitea  Hiuwio)  Socieiy, 
(ItjDBtq^ 

l2ZniBnB,aci(yud  thecBonty-sfat  of  Latayetto  county, 
MhMuii,  R$.A.,  situated  on  thi  S.'hank  of  the  MIsMuri  river, 
ibontnn.E.trfKansBaty.  Pop.  (rgoo)  4100, including  iiro 
Dtpocs  and  >l3  lonigB-barB^  (1910)  SMt.  It  b  served  by  ihe 
AUUsoa,  Topcka  k  Sana  Ft,  (he  Wabash  (at  Lciingtan 
JUDclioB,  4  Bk  N.W.),  ud  (be  Uiasouri  PaciAe  railway  sysKBS. 
The  city  Ik*  fcr  Ibe  nau  part  on  high  broken  pound  at  lb* 
sanimiloflbe)<verbtallt,bu(inpattDponthcIrface.  LeiiDgtoa 
it  Ibe  sal  «f  the  Leiingto*  College  for  Young  Womm  (Bapiiat, 
esiablbhcd  ils5>.  the  Central  CoUege  for  Women  (Hetbodfat 
EpbcafBl,  South!  opened  lUg),  and  the  Weniworth  Milttafy 
Acaderay  (iSBo).  Then  ate  t(aam  flour  mills,  fgmlture  factoeiei 
and  varieut  other  arnaU  manufactories;  but  (he  main  ecooanic 
inierealof  lb*  tity  it  inbricfcyardtandcaal-mlnesiniiiinniedt 
ale  vidolty.  Il  h  ■»*  of  Ibo  prindpd  coal  centres  of  Ihe  aiaic, 
Higglntvillc  (pop.  in  191a,  .CiS).  about  11  m.  S.  E.,  in  the  same 
county,  alto  being  important.    Lciington  wu  founded  in  ilig. 

Bsa  cliy  In  1845.  A  newchaner  wasieeeived  in  1870.  Ltalng- 
lon  (Kcnded  Sibley  aa  the  eastern  tcrrainu  of  the  Santa  Ft 
(rade,  and  waa  in  turn  diiplaced  by  Independence^  it  long  owed 
itspnoperity  tothe  frelgbting  tmdB  up  theUistouri,  awl  at  (b* 
openingof  the  Civil  War  h  wat  the  most  Important  rfvet  town 
between  Si  Louit  and  St  Joseph  and  csmnuuHled  the  approach 


iMi),  General  S' 


lerate  Hicceu  at  Wibon's  Creek  [Aug.  ■«, 
eriing  Price  advanred  northward,  and  with 
arrived  in  the  vkiaity  of  Islington  on  the 
I  lib  of  September.  Hera  he  found  a  Federal  force  of  about 
jSoo  men  under  ColoiMl  Jtmtt  A.  Mulligan  (1B30-1B1S4}  throwing 
up  int  renchmentf  on  Mamnic  CoOege  11  iU,  an  emfnence  adjoining 
Leiingten  on  Ihe  N.E.  An  attack  wat  made  on  (he  lam*  day 
and  Ihe  Ffderab  w«  driven  wilhln  (heir  defeBoi*,  but  at  night 
General  Pr^ee  •ithdrew  to  the  Falr-graandi  not  far  away  and 
remained  there  five  dayi  wiUiiag  for  Mi  wagm  train  ud  fn 
reinforcements.  Ob  theiSthtbeatsault  wat  tenew«d,andontha 
loih  the  Confederate*,  advancing  behiad  nonUe  bnastwoiks 
of  watei4oahed  bale*  of  hemp,  torad  the  berieaed,  now  long 
without  water,  to  surrender.  The  losMa  wna:  Confedente, 
15  kiDed  and  7;  wounded;  Federal.  39  killed  and  110  wouBded. 
At  Ihe  end  Of  S^lember  tJwieral  Piice  withdrew,  leaving  a  guard 
of  only  a  few  hundred  In  Ibe  town,  and  on  the  i6lh  of  the  next 
month  a  party  of  no  Federal  scouts  under  Major  Ftank  ;.  White 
(1841-18^;)  iui]>rised  Ihls  guard,  relased  about  i;  prltenert, 
and  caplured  60  or  more  COnfedenles.  Another  Fedenl  raid 
on  the  town  was  made  in  December  of  the  same  year  by  General 
John  Pope's  cavalry.  Again,  during  General  Price's  Mimouri 
eipedit  ion  in  1864,  a  Federal  force  entered  Lexington  on  Iba  i6(h 
of  October,  and  three  days  later  there  was  tome  fitting  about 

ind  Ihe  connly-seat  of  Rockbridge 
county,  Virginia,  U.S.A.,  on  the  North  river  (a  branch  of  Iha 
James),  about  jo  m,  N.N.W.  of  lynehbutg.  Pop.  (1000)  not 
(usi  negroeslT  do'o)  193'.  It  is  ie«ved  by  the  C 
k  Ohio  and  the  Baltrmore  ft  OUo  railwayi.  The 
Nalurai  Bridgeisabout  i6m.  S.W.,  and  there  an  mineral  tprinci 
in  the  vicinily— at  Rockbridge  Baiha.  lo  m.  N.,  at  Wlbon't 
Springs,  11m.  N,tnd  al  Rockbridge  Alum  Springs,  17  m,  N.W. 
Leiingion  it  best  known  as  the  seat  of  Washington  and  Lea 
Unlvcrtliy,  and  of  Ihe  Virginia  Military  InsiitiMa.  Tbc  former 
grew  oot  of  Augosti  Academy,  which  wat  eilabUibed  En  1749 
in  Augusta  county,  aboul  I J  m.  S.W.  of  what  it  now  the  city  of 
Siaualon,  was  renamed  Liberty  HaU  and  wi 


5«8 


LEYDEN^LEYJDEK  JAR 


LodngtoB  IB  ijBo,  tod  «w  chwtand  •>  lAcrtgr  Sill  Amtaoy 
iniTtli.  Ini;98ilinuiiein*ch>n|edbiWuliiiigti»AE»d«Diy, 
in  nogsahtoB  •!  ■  fUt  fraa  Goiga  WMhiactra  el  loeie 
rittrt*  ol  anal  Nock,  wliicta  In  itlnwd  lo  nutn  (ion  the 
Vu^nii  kfidaiiuk  In  i&u  tin  Vi((inia  hnnch  of  tbe  SodMy 
of  the  OodnMti  diibuided  and  tHiBsI  over  to  Uw  Kida 
fundi,  *boiil  tiSiOee;  in  iSij  tkc  Hadamy  took  tbe 
WuhingtonCidfctclMlidlaiS?!  iU  uiponts  name  wu  chuged 
to  V.uliinctcni  lod  Lte  Univenjly,  the  uidilion  to  tbe 
beins  Dwk  In  boDOur  df  Gentnl  Robert  E.  Lee,  who  wi 
pieiidenl  tt  tbe  college  from  AufUtt  1865  until  ha  deaUi  In 
He  wu  uicceeded  by  bit  ioD,  Genenl  George  WuhinKten 
Cia<iiI,e*Cb.iSji),E>ieudciU  Innni^i  loiSvTiSnd  Dr  WiUi«ni 
Lynt  U^lun  {T84J-1900],  the  eminent  political  ieidei  and 


Ufnu 


(8S!  til 


.    In  I90&-1»> 


nity  compiiied  a  college,  a  Hboo)  d<  cunmetu,  a  (chocl 
'  eetint  and  a  achoid  o(  lai,  and  bad  a  librvy  of  4 . . 
,  ij  InMiucton  tnd  565  Uudents.  In  [he  L«  Uemoriil 
cnapai,  on  the  carapw,  GenenJ  Rvbert  £.  Lee  ii  buried,  and 
over  hii  gnve  ii  a  notaUe  itcumbeDI  Itatue  ol  him  by  Edwi 
Vitijaiui  Valratine  (b.  iSj8).  Tlu  Virginia  Hilitary  Inatiti 
WM  alabliihed  in  March  iSjq,  vben  iu  cadet  c«p«  Hippiuled 
tbe  compuy  o(  uldien  maintained  by  the  lUle  to  ganiui 
tb*  Weatcm  Anenal  11  Lainfton.  The  Brat  luperintendem 
(iBjQ-ll«o)  vai  General  Fraudi  Hemicy  Smith  (1811-1S90}, 
a  riduate  (iSjj)  of  tbe  Unii«l  Slitcg  Milituy  Acai' 
and  (com  i8]i  until  the  oucbrealt  of  ihe  Civil  War  "  Stonewall " 
Jack»n  oa*  a  profcBoi  in  the  luiiiule— be  ii  buiieit  i 
Lcxintton  cemeleiy  tod  hii  pave  ii  mukcd.  by  a  monu 
On  the  campua  of  the  in«iiiute  it  a  line  ttatue,  "  Virgima 
Houning  Her  Dead,"  by  Mout  Enkiel  (b.  1S44).  which  com- 
■ncmoralet  Ibc  gallantry  dI  a  btttalion  ol  150  ciideti  from  the 
iutitote,  mote  than  so  of  wtam  were  killed  or  wounded  during 
the  enjugement  at  New  Market  on  the  IJth  o(  May  1364-  In 
i9»t-ioeQ  tbe  biilltule  bad  ii  initruclor«  and  jja  cadeii. 
Flour  ii  mtnulactund  in  L«alngtan  and  lline  in  the  vicinity. 
The  town  own*  and  operalet  itt  mter-wotfcai  Tbe  £rtt  lettlus 
el  Rnckbridga  county  cMabliihed  tfceaudvea  ia  1737  near  tbe 
Nortb  fiver,  a  Ant  diUaoce  below  Lodngtoo.    The  Ant 


On  the  nth  ol  Jnase  1S64,  during  the  occupation  ol  the  town  by 
PcdtnltrooiMUnderGeDavl  David  Hunter, 
in  the  tovn  and  tboae  of  tbe  univtnity  * 
thOK  o(  the  iutitiut,  ewxi:    " 

LBTDEH.  JOHK  (t77^i8ii),  Britiih  orientaliil  and  <uji  of 
letttn,  wat  bom  on  theSih  of  September  1775  at  Denbc^  on  thv 
Teviot,  not  far  fcm  Hawick.    Leyden'i  faihcr  wa>  a  thepheid. 


LoEdint 


ihUnii 


«tyU 


for  the  ministry.  Leyden  wai  a  diligent  but  tomewhal  duksI. 
tanooua  itudcnt,  reading  everything  iLpftaieoIly,  except  theology, 
for  which  he  leema  to  haTc  had  no  tait&  Though  h<  completed 
hii  divinity  coune,  and  in  1 708  received  licence  to  preach  dam 
tbe  pmtaytery  of  St  Aodrewi,  It  soon  became  dear  that  tbe 
pulpit  wai  not  hit  vocation.  In  1794  Leyden  had  loimed  the 
anuaintance  of  Dr  Roben  Andtnoo,  editor  of  Tki  Briliih  FitU, 
and  of  Tht  mtmy  Mitimiu.  It  fru  Andenon  wboiolroduced 
him  to  Dr  Alexander  Murray,  and  Murray,  probably,  who  led 
him  to  the  study  of  Eattem  languago.  They  became  wafm 
liiendt  and  gtneroui  rivalt,  though  Leyden  excelled,  perhapi,  in 
tbe  rapid  acquiiitioa  of  new  longuei  and  actiuainiance  with 
their  limature,  while  Murray  wat  tbe  more  identiGc  pbilologiit. 
Thiou^  Andnfoo  alto  he  came  to  know  Richard  Hebei,  by 
whom  be  wia  broufhl  nnder  the  notice  ol  Sir  Walter  Scott,  who 
w«a  then  collccling  maleiiak  for  bit  itimlriliy  a/  At  SaUak 
ttia.  Leyden  was  admiiatdy  Gttad  lor  helping  in  thii  kind  of 
work,  <ot  he  wai  a  b«dele[  Umielf,  and  an  enthutiattic  tover  of 
oM  balladt  and  folk-lore.  Scott  lellt  how,  on  one  occuion, 
U^en  miked  40  m.  lo  get  the  lait  two  venet  of  a  ballad,  and 
Rturwd  at  mldnighi,  lingiog  it  iD  the  way  with  bis  loud,  banh 
*^e.  10  ibe  wonder  and  tciuifrnalien  of  the  poet  aJid  hit 


Icydffi  BcuwhOig  conpibd  a  woA  on  tbe.  fliwupta  otJ 
SeWnmli  i4  Sunptau  in  IftMan  md  Wutn  ijrka,  tar-, 
geitedtty  Mungo  Park')  tiavcii,  edited  TIh  Cumflaiiii  i/Salioad, 
pilated  a  volume  ol  Scotliib  dasctiptive  poem*,  and  ncaily 
finithed  hi)  Sana  •/  ittfomy,  a  didute  poem  bucd  on  border 
sccnea  and  traditiocia.  He  alio  mada  come  trantlaiiont  from 
Eastern  poetry,  Peraian  arul  Arabic  At  lost  bit  friends  got 
hijn  an  ^qxHntment  in  India  on  the  medical  stall,  for  which  be 
t[ualificd  k^  a  year's  hard  work.  In  JS03  he  sailed  for  Madias, 
and  totJ;  his  place  in  the  general  hoepilil  there.    He  was  pro. 


igo]  his  knowledge  oi  the  Uuguign  of  India. 
t  appointment  as  piofttaor  of  Hindustani  al 
B  soon  alter  resigned  lor  a  judgeship,  a    '  ' '    ' 


Mysore,  and  in 

_  n  the  court  ol'ieqiiesU  in  1B09.  a 

post  which  required  a  lonibarity  with  seveial  Eastern  tonguea. 
IniSit  he  joined  Lord  MinLo  in  the  eipediliou  to  Java.  Having 
entered  a  litifary  which  was  said  10  contain  mai^  Eastern  MSS., 
without  having  the  place  aired,  be  was  tclied  with  Balavian 
fever,  and  died,  after  three  days'  illnen,  on  the  iStb  of  August 
iSii. 

LEYDBH  JAR,  or  CoNiKNacB,  an  elKtrical  appliance  con- 
sisting in  one  form  ol  a  thin  gUsi  ju  partly  coited  intide  and 
outside  with  tin  Foil,  or  in  another  of  a  numbei  of  glui  plate* 
timilaily  coated.  When  tbe  two  metal  surfaces  are  connected 
for  a  short  time  with  the  terminals  of  some  source  of  electn> 
motive  force,  tucb  u  an  electric  machine,  an  induction  coil  or 
a  voliak  battery,  electiic  eoeigy  it  aloied  up  in  the  coodensct 
in  tbe  lorm  ol  electric  stiain  in  the  glut,  and  can  be  iccoveted 
again  in  the  form  of  an  electric  discharge. 

The  earliest  form  of  Leyden  jar  consisted  of  a  glass  vial  or  thin 
Florence  Aatk,  partly  full  of  water,  having  a  metallic  naD  in- 
sened  through  the  cwk  which  touched  the  water.  The 
bottle  was  held  in  the  band,  and  the  nail  presented  mwtl 
to  the  prime  conductor  of  an  elcciiical  machine.  Tf 
tbe  person  holding  the  bottle  subsequently  touched  the  nail,  be 
experienced  an  electiic  shock.  This  experiment  was  £ist  made 
by  £-  C  VOD  Klcist  of  Kammin  in  Ponbcranla  in  174$,'  and  it 
was  repeated  in  another  form  in  1746  by  Cuneeut  and  V-  van 
Musschenbroek,  of  the  univenity  of  Leyden  (Leiden),  whence  the 
term  Leyden  jar.'  J.  H.  Winkler  discovered  that  an  iron  chain 
wound  round  the  bottle  could  be  substituted  for  the  hand,  and  Sir 
Williun  Watson  in  England  shoitly  afleivaid  showed  that  iron 
filings  or  meicury  could  lepbce  the  water  within  the  jar.  fo 
John  Bcvit  of  Londoa  suggested,  in  1746,  the  use  of  sheet  lead 
coating)  within  and  without  the  ju,  and  lubsequeitly  the  use 
ol  tin  fful  or  silver  kaf  made  closely  adherent  to  the  l^ass. 
Benjamin  Franklin  and  Bevis  devised  independently  the  form  ol 
condenser  known  as  a  Franklin  or  Leyden  pane,  which  consistt 
of  a  sheet  oi  glass,  partly  co^itcd  on  both  sides  with  tin  ful  or 
silver  leaf,  a  margin  of  gloss  all  round  being  left  to  Insulate  tbe 
two  tin  foils  from  each  other.  Franklin  in  1747  and  174S  made 
numerous  invesligationt  on  the  Leyden  jar.  and  devised  a  method 
of  charging  jart  in  scries  at  well  u  in  parsllel.  In  the  former 
method,  now  commonly  known  as  charging  io  canaJt,  the  jars 
arc  insulated  and  the  outside  coaling  ol  one  jar  it  connected  lo 
the  inside  cooling  of  the  next  and  so  on  ictf  a  whole  series,  the 
inside  coaling  of  the  Ant  jar  and  the  outside  coating  of  the  latt 
ju  being  the  Iciminnls  of  the  cendrnser.  For  charging  in 
pinllel  a  number  ol  jijt  are  coUecicd  in  a  bat,  and  all  the  oat- 
side  coatings    are  connected  togcitier  metallically  and  all  the 


11  logs  brought  "lo 


imonly  called  a  battery  ol  Leyden  Jan.  To  FianUio 
e  the  imponant  knowledge  that  the  electric  charge 
ly  in  the  glass  and  not  in  the  mclil  coalings,  and  that 
idenser  has  been  charged  the  metallic  coatipgt  on 
ed  lor  fresh  Dna  and  yet  the  electric  charge  ol  tha 


In  ill  modem  form  the  Leyden  jar  ct 
ouihed  botlle  of  thin  English  flint  glass  of 
I  Pork  Bcnjaiain 
•/W.p.St?. 


,c,.,Gooj^ 


at- 


LEYS— LHASA 


Im  IMo  im.  AbMt  hiH  tlw  outride  tod  b*ir  Ibe  lodde 
liafUc  b  coBtciI  uDOOthly  with  tu  loil,  and  the  nmaiadcc  of 
^  the  Bl««d  Hiriaciii  p«inied  wiihibelUc  vitniih.    A 

***"  _  troodtnitopper  doaa  the  mouth  of  the  ju,  uid  Ihcough 
^-  it  a  bnua  nd  pasKs  which  lerraiiBtea  In  a  diain,  or 

better  stilt,  three  elutJc  brass  springs,  whfch  OAkt  good 

in  *  knob  or  screw  (eitninaL  The  jar  has  a  certain  capadly  C 
which  is  best  eipmsed  in  rainofands  oc  riectrosiaEic  units  (ate 
El.ECT>(»T>Tics),  aoit  is  deteimincd  by  the  surface  of  the  tin 
foil  ud  thicLness  aiiil  quaiily  ol  the  ^ais.  Tie  >ai  can  be 
ckuied  >■>  thai  a.  cBtaia  polenlial  difieteoca  V,  nchODed  in 
rotti,  eilsts  belveen  Hk  two  oiatinip.  U  ■  certain  critical 
poteaiiAl  ia  etceeded,  the  glus  gives  way  under  the  electric 
strain  and  is  ^nerccd.  The  sale  volta^  £br  moat  ^ais  jars  is 
about  jo^ooo  wJta  lor  ^ass  ^^th  in.  in  (hiduKsa^  this  corre- 
sponds with  an  electric  apvt  of  abonl  7  miltimetns  In  leogtb. 
When  the  Jsr  Is  chSTBcd,  It  Is  usually  dlscbaiEtd  through  a 
metallic  arc  railed  the  discharging  tongs,  and  this  discbargi  la 
Id  the  (arm  of  an  (BdlLalory  currcnl  (see  ELEcnoEIHCTia). 
The  energy  stored  up  fa  the  jar  in  joulo  b  etprejsod  by  the  value 
of  )  CV.  where  C  is  the  capadly  measured  is  lands  and  V  the 
pMential  dlSeitDCC  of  the  coalings  in  volts.  11  the  upadly  C 
is  rcclcoMd  in  micmfaiadi  then  the  acrgf  ttonfe  is  equl  10 
CV"/iXioS  joules  or  0-737  CV/iXio"  foot^mmda.  -nic  siie 
ot  jat  commoily  biawn  as  a  quart  sin  may  hive  a  capidty 
from  ii«lh  to  rtftb  of  a,  micioland,  and  if  chaigfd  to  u,ooa 
■oils  stona  up  energy  fiam  a  quarter  to  hall  a  {sale  «  Irom 
^Ihs  to  |tfis  of  a  foot-poimd. 

Leydeo  jan  are  now  mudi  employed  for  the  production  of 
the  kigb  frequency  eleclrk  currents  used  in  wireless  telegraphy 
(MeTiuourai,  Wiaaixsa).  For  this  purpose  they  an  made 
by  Hoadcfci  in  the  form  of  glass  tnbcs  partly  coMnI  by  silver 
chemically  deposited  on  the  glass  on  the  inner  and  outer  surfaces. 

aa  the  tovleQcy  to  puncture  the  glass  is  greatest  at  the  edges  of 
the  coating  In  other  cases,  Leyden  jan  or  condensers  take 
the  form  of  sheets  of  mica  or  mkanile  or  ebonite  partly  coated 
with  tin  foil  or  ailver  leaf  an  both  sides;  or  a  pile  of  sheets  of 
ahefsate  tin  foil  and  mia  may  be  buUl  up,  the  tin  foil  sheet* 
having  lugi  piojec ting  out  Gnt  on  one  side  and  then  on  the  nlher. 
All  the  lu^  00  one  side  are  coanecled  together,  and  w  also  are 
all  the  lugs  on  the  other  side,  aiKl  the  two  sets  of  tin  foils  sqiar- 
aled  by  ibeelk  ot  oic*  coutitule  the  two  metaitk  aurfaces  of 
the  L^den  jar  condenser.  For  the  putpoees  ot  wireless  teie- 
gnphy,  when  latge  eoBdeosen  are  required,  the  otdinaty  Leyden 
„^  jar  occupies  loo  mud  space  In  comparison  with  its 

iMiMa  deetfjod  capanty,  and  bence  the  best  lonn  of  coo- 
"■■*"  denser  consists  of  a  number  nf  sheets  of  crown  ^ass, 
"^  each  partly  coated  on  both  aides  with  tin  foil  The 

tin  foil  sheets  have  lugs  attached  which  project  bcyood  the  glasa- 
Tbe  ptales  an  placed  in  a  venel  full  of  imulatlng  oil  which  pte- 
vcnts  the  gjow  or  brush  discharge  taking  place  over  their  edges. 
AH  the  tin  loils  on  ooe  side  ei  the  glass  plates  are  connected 
legetbel  and  all  the  tin  toils  on  the  i^ipositc  sides.  10  as  10  con. 
•Inict  a  condenser  of  any  required  capadty.  The  box  should 
beo(  glassor  stoneware  orotheroon-ninducting  material.  When 
glass  lubes  are  used  It  is  better  to  employ  tubes  thicker  at  the 
ends  than  in  the  middle,  aa  it  h>*  been  found  that  when  the  safe 
voltage  is  exceeded  and  theglais  gives  way  under  electric  strain, 
the  plerdng  ol  the  glass  neiriy  always  takes  place  at  the  edges 


high  dielectric  iireagth  or  lesistam 
luncture,  and  its  high  dielectric  constant 
TATics),    It  hai  been   found,  bo»evi 


t  of  metal  plates  separated  by 


full  of  air  to  a  ptessure 
strength  ot  the  air  isgr 
(tn  be  biauflit  eery  nc 


of  this  kind  have  been  omplorrad 
I7  R.  A.  Fssendenin  wireless  idegtiphy,  andihey  liirra>*tt]> 
endlent  arrangement  for  iiandatd  oandenseti  with  whkh  t« 
compaie  the  capadty  ol  other  Leyden  fan.  Owing  is  tbt 
variation  fa  the  nlue  of  the  diehctik  eoMtant  of  gbaa  irith  the 
terapeiaiuR  and  with  the  frequency  of  the  appltsd  elecmmmUt 
lorn,  and  also  owing  to  alfCtric.  glow  <Bsdiuge  Irmb  the  cdgM 
of  the  tfa  foil  toatiags,  the  ca|Hdt)r  of  an  otdiury  Leydw  jai 
b  not  an  abaohiiely  fiied  qnaniity,  but  Its  nunsolcal  value  nriei 
tomeiibal  with  the  method  by  which  it  It  mcaaaitd,  aod  whh 
IbeMberdtnuutaacea  above  mentioBcd.  For  the  pBipow  ot 
a  ftaadird  ooBdMaeT  >  number  of  conceurtc  met^  lubea  may 
be  unaged  on  u  Intdkllng  stand,  alternate  tube!  being  con- 
nected together.  One  coaling  of  the  cmdeaur  b  fonnBd  by  obi 
set  of  tubes  and  the  other  by  the  other  set.  the  air  between  hdag 
the  diekcttic.  Paraffin  oil  or  any  liquid  didectric  of  coutant 
inductlvity  may  replace  the  air. 

See  T.  A-  Fleming,  ElaMc  Wapi  TVirrapty  (Londos,  not); 
R.  A  FesseKlen,  "Compnnd  Air  for  Candenaen."  Eitcuitiam, 
I4°5-  iS-  !>■  795!  MsaHcki,  "Constfucliaa  of  High  T  '  " 
dennn."  LMi^  IlKltitf,  1904-  4'.  P- 
190*.  p.  Mj- 

LETl.  HEIDSIK,  SsaoH  filij-sUf),  BelgUa  pi 
bora  at  Anlweip  aa  the  iSthof  February  iSiJ,    1 
under  Wappetv  at  the  Aatwerp  Aademy.    In  1S3J  he  pi 
"  Combat  d'ungnoadietald'miCMaqtie,"  and  In  the  foUowmg 
year  "Combat  do  BourgoIgBaiB et  Fluiaiids."    Id  1835  be 

Paris  wbeie  be  was  inRveoced  bjr  lb<  Romintk  inom- 

Eiimples  of  this  period  el  his  pafattog  are  "  Mmicre 
da  (chevin  de  Loonfa,"  "  hlariage  flaniand,"  "  I«  Xei  de* 
arbal^riera"  and  other  woilts.  Leys  waa  an  imitative  palmer 
fa  whose  works  may  npldly  be  detected  the  Bcboob  wUch  he  had 
been  studying  before  be  pafaled  them,  thus  after  his  visit  to 
Holland  fa  iSjq  be  reproduced  many  of  the  cbaractetistic*  of  the 
Dutch  genre  pafatert  fa  such  works  as  "  Frani  Floib  le  lendsBI 
1  use  f«te"  (iM;)  and  "Service  divin  en  Hollande"  (1850). 
So  too  the  methods  of  Quentin  Malays  impressed  ibeinselvn 
upon  him  after  he  had  travtUed  fa  Germany  in  1853.  In  t84> 
Leys  was  cieatod  a  baron.  At  the  lime  ol  his  death,  which 
ocetiried  in  Angujt  1869,  he  was  engaged  fa  decwaifag  with 
fresco  the  lar^  hall  of  the  Antwerp  RStd  de  VQle. , 

irban  dbtrid  forming  one  of  the  nonh-easttnt 
idon,  Es^awl,  In  the  Wahhunsiow  (S.W.) 
parhamcntary  divisian  of  Esse*.  Fop.  (1841)  fij,ioS;  (1901) 
l8,pii.  It  lies  on  the  east  neft)  bank  of  the  Lea,  along  Iheflat 
ipen  vaUey  of  whkh  runs  the  boundary  between  Essex  and  the 
ounty  of  Lonifan.  The  church  of  St  Mary,  mainly  a  brick 
contains  several  InteRitlng,  memorials;  induding 
Bowyer  the  printer  (d.  1757),  erected  by  his  ion 
mon  famous  m  the  same  tnde.  Hen  Is  also 
buried  John  Slrype  the  historian  and  biographer  (d.  ijjj), 
who  held  the  position  of  curate  and  lecturer  at  this  church. 
l.eyton  b  fa  the  main  a  residential  as  distinct  from  a  manufactur- 
ing locaUiy.  Its  name  b  properly  Low  Leyton,  and  the  parish 
indudes  the  dbtiict  of  LeytonsloDC  to  the  east.  Roman  remains 
have  been  discovered  here,  but  no  identification  with  a  Roman 
station  by  name  has  been  made  with  certafaty.  The  ground  of 
the  Essex  County  Cricket  Club  b  at  Leylon. 

LHASA  (Liussa,  Unsn,  "  God's  ground ").  the  capital  at 
Tibet.  It  lies  in  •«*  30'  N.,  91'  5*  £..  itSv>  ft-  above  sea-lcveL 
Owing  to  the  ioacnssibility  of  Tibet  and  Ibe  political  and  religious 
xdusiveness  of  the  lamas,  Lhasa  was  long  closed  to  European 
lavellen,  all  of  whom  during  the  latter  halt  of  the  igtb  century 
rere  slopped  fa  thdr  attempt*  to  reach  it.  It  waa  pcfnilarly 
:nawn  as  Ibe  "  Forbidden  City-"  But  It*  i^ief  fiatutt*  were 
Lnown  by  the  accounts  ot  the  earlier  Romish  mis^naticB  who 

Indian  semt  a^iortn,  and  othen,  and  Ifaa  British  armed 
livkn  of  1004  (see  Tnar]. 

Sill  and  Gaunt  AipicL—Tbe  dty  Maud*  in  a  loIeraUy  kvd 
plafa,  which  b  suiroonded  on  all  sides  .bjr  Ulls.    AioDg  U* 


53° 


KHitfatn  ode,  abOBl  )  n.  toalh  of  Ltom.  n    . 

Dvctulk<liluRxidiu(Ki-cbu)t>iKyi.ai»U«)Kn[naiE.N.E.. 
■ml  foioinc  Ihc  great  Tuofpo  (oi  upper  oounc  of  Ibe  Bnlmi^ 
pulrt)  loiDe  jS  m.  lo  >be  soulh-wol.  Th*  hilb  round  ihetily 
IR  bunn.  The  pUin,  bonever,  is  fertile,  tbougk  in  pani 
man^.  TbcniregirdcniacUlerKlavei  it  rouiul  Ibec' 
tbcae  *R  pUoled  with  fine  imi.  Tlierity  liicRcnedIn 
fnim  lit  veit  by  •.  rocky  lidge,  Mty  uid  ninOH,  with  ■ 
U  ibe  Bonh  and  louth,  lie  me  fiuilinl  tad  crowned  by  the 
Dujatic  building!  of  Potali,  Ibe  duel  midenn  ol  ib«  DalaJ 
limi.  titf  other  by  the  lemplc  of  nedidae.  Grovs.  (iKkDi 
ud  open  srwnd  iBtcTTCne  betwnn  this  ridse  I 
'    ■     ■ A  gile  througb 


LHASA 

S«,  luBpi  ud  a  nriety  «f  nfltflan,  Md  ricMy  |n«B«L  tfMHh 
worliiuiuhip  ol  the  whak  li  tniit.    In  the  ncrad  wid  diird 

oT  EDili  aitd  loddimtt,  The  temple  coniaiiu  i  vui  nxuiniilatigB 
o(  imus,  fold  and  laNer  vniela,  lamcia,  reliquariea  and  prrcicHii 
bric4-bnc  o' «wv  kind.  The  daily  oAcei  an  aiiended  by  uowdt 
oi  wDnhippei^  and  a  kacitd  way  which  lead*  ntund  the  mau  buik}. 


Bthewi 


<  Yutok 
oottd  b 
t«Kyi,( 


oonb 


Ibe  road  to  the  cenln  of  Ibe  t< 

The  dly  ii  Beaily  circular  in  (arm,  apd  Usi  (ban  i  m.  in  dia- 
meter.   It  wu  wilted  in  the  laller  part  of  the  I7tb  centi 
but  the  whUa  were  dcslToyed  during  the  Chinne  occnpalioi 
1)11.    The  chlel  ilrecls  ate  [aiily  ilTaight,  but  generally  d 
(leal  width.     There  ii  no  pavin(  or  meliil,  nor  any  drainage 
tyuem,  u  that  Ibe  ilrtcU  are  dirty  and  in  put*  oila  flooded. 
The  inferior  quuleri  an  umpcafcibly  Gliby,  and  ut  rilt  wiib 
evil  (mella  and  large  maney  dogi  and  pigs.    Many  of  the  bousa 
amof  dayindiun-diinl  brick,  buitbwc'  Ibe  licberpei^ 
of  IKHX  and  btick.    All  are  frequently  whilc-waihed,  (be  do 
midawa  being  framed  in  bands  of  red 


.tirely  bi 


\t  horni  of  aheep  aj 


oien  Ht  in  day 

rwghly  carried  out,  but  in  olhen  it  ii  solid  and  highly 
pictureMpiB,  Some  of  Ibe  inferioi  huU  of  tliit  type  are  inhabited 
by  the  Etiiiyabt  or  Kav«nger>,  whote  chief  occupation  ia  thai  of 
diipoiinf  ol  corpwi  according  to  ihe  piaciice  of  cutting  and 
expoaing  them  to  the  dogs  and  birds  of  prey.  T^e  bousea  gener- 
ally are  of  two  or  three  storeys.  Externally  the  lower  part 
generally  prc^nli  dead  walls  (the  ground  Boor  bdng  occupied 
by  llables  and  almllar  apartmcDtsj;  above  these  rise  tien  ol 
large  windows  with  or  without  projecting  balconies,  and  over 
all  Bat  brcod-eaved  roofs  at  varying  (evcls.  In  the  belter  bouses 
there  are  often  spacious  and  wdl-finished  aparlnlEnls.  and  the 
ptiodpal  haUs,  the  veiaAdaht  and  itttues  are  often  highly 
onumenled  in  briUianl  colours.  In  every  house  there  is  a  kind 
oi  cbspd  01  duine,  carved  and  ^t,  on  which  are  set  images  and 
sacred  book*. 

Trmf^i  vtd  Umuulrriti- — In  the  centre  of  the  city  is  an  open 
•quarcw  k^  orniii  oc^  le^nai^  ludd'ha.  ailed  'lJI"jot*an,.' 
jUJfu     "(■"M  u  tbecenin  ulall  Tibet.  Inni  which  all  ihe  mail 

polliaa  aaaciuar;^  and  diutch^entre  of  Tittct.  ihe  &i  Peter's  or 
Laieran  of  Lamajsm.  It  is  believed  to  have  been  founded  by  the 
Tibrun  Coniantine,  Scon^tun-^mpo.  in  6jj.  as  the  <irine  cl  one 

'  '  thefoundaiionoflheciviUsnliBOnaidiy 


in  Tibet.    The 

little  above  the 
and  the  tUm  nl 
HHklng  Ii 


rooT.  thougb  conspicuoui 


The  nana  building  d  the  Joichang  is  three  stoccys  high.    The 
entrance  consists  of  a  portico  supported  on  limber  columns,  carved 


Tibetan  charaoets. 


the  iky.  On  either  side  of  it  are  ili 
Is  the  Rela,igu1ar  "  holy  of  holiea 
of  the  cominf-  Buddha,  and  screer 


1.  thouch  ilt  c 
'llink^'bj  t. 
af|aky'''^° 


''in.itTE 


'The  name  given  by  KAppen  {Dii  lama 
<(59.  p.  74)  is  "  U  Bnng,"  by  which  it  is  •DBK 


wa.  wl 

•an  of  the  British  m 


iva  admii 

~'ie  night  within  the  pcrdm 
Inl^onlofthemaineDi. 


J  ot  t  m'lre'lJ^upt/^™ 


Lhe  night  within  the  pcrdncl. 


Jokhanf ,  in  the  shadow  of  a 
vu  «aiuv  tnViauDiBifl  ■■mills  QHinunient.  the  Dofing  Aoooliib. 
ch  bears  Ihe  Inscribed  itcord  of  a  treaty  of  peace  nsduded  ia 
(ot.actmdingtoanothervicw.  in78t)  beiween  the  king  of  Tibee 
the  empcTor  of  China.  Before  this  moniinieni  the  apostate 
a  Lamaiiai,  Langdhanna.  brother  an ' 
I.  b  said  to  hava  been  i~ 


i,  and  from  this  giaat 
lis  vscatin  la.  bSow. 

hauti  and  ihriKs  of  past  Dalai  lama*. 

Ii  decorative  painting,  wiih  iewetled  wock. 
rnl.  but  the  uiierior  of  Potals  as  a  whole 

I  ol  note  on  or  near  l>ouls  hai,  on*  is 
nese  as  one  of  the  principal  beauties  of 
il  surround^   by  Irfes  and   shrubberin. 


le  dty.    This  Is  also  regarded  i 


Rimo-cM.  at  the  mtb  side 
a  foundation  of  Srosg-iiaa- 
ol  hii  Chinese  wife  and  the 
•be  broujht  with 
■  small  jAhang." 


of  magical  ana    Its  buildi 


in  tbe  city  Is  that  of  Moni,  also  on  tbe 
aeaiemal  order  and  ckranliness.  Though 


iling  at  Ihe  north-west  coracri  theTanni  Ling  or 

west  of  the  city;  Ihe  Kundt  Ling  orlCundeKra  abo..  . 

west  of  the  city,  at  the  foot  of  a  biw  isolaled  hill  called  Chapoi 
Thiee  nules  south,  beyowl  Ihe  river,  ia  Ihe  Taemcbeg  Li«  or  Tied 
in*.  The«  lour  tnnvenu  are  known  as -The  Foot  iSg."  Fr 
heir  inmates  the  Dalai  lama's  regenl.  during  his  ninorily,  i 
ormerly  ehoien.  The  [emple  of  medicine,  as  already  lUled.  crti 
he  lumndi  [Chagpa)  at  the  end  of  the  ridge  wen  of  Uve  eiiy.  sppoi 
f.  rKBi  AA  uihMi  iHBrl*  rh*  PmaIs  tt  ig  natural  that  In  a  cdvtt 
of  Tibet  the  nedieal  pt^fm 


tit  priesthood.   "  The  ti 


ilitioH  a  people,  satunted  with  at 

The  ihiee  ptai  monaileriei  in  the 

i°d'''"'"^til:'r'°o"f'?he''i3e''rn'[?l{i!^o 
^rertifotloiini:— '" 
'sAnng  f wriltea  '0ror  tpi'iiv)  is 


seoflheo 


vitable  amongst  so  super- 
"(WBddeU,Uuai»ftu 

^  of  Lhasa,  all  claiming 


be  hiUa  vUck  bik  Dm  Bhia  on  tW  Biiith.    It  k  v*  «( 
M  nonutaNi  [p  Dm  ■orht^vjni  khih  tteo  DunJt*.    Is 
He  of  tha  comneat  bidMunrin  >  Hud  o(  nvCUoa,  br:" 
iir  aBd  lildiiic.  ulikk  i>  nxupied  by  the  Dthl  Lain 


ji  tbea 


K  In  luclf  ud  In  A 


inolTa>R.i 

JudlniinBUiin. 

).  ^(n  It  j  m.  Hib  of  ilw  dty  so  tba  Bcdmtjt  of  the 
doee  to  the  md  by  wbich  pUfriBU  ente  Inmi  MongiJia. 
qhtince  the  crowd  td  buDdir^  utd ' 

iTlhe  '  ~' 


I,  fonei «  i*««nt  pictur 


In  the  leamet  of  ih«  hill,  lurii  abmre  the  omcM.  m  nttned 
cxNt  of  kaiu  adsiiiiiH  tbc  sriitaiy  life.    The  chU  tcn^  tt  Sen, 

■  hj^y  onun  buUiPc,  bu  ■  ineckl  icsatailDii  «■  the  teMiei- 
pbcc  of  e  buKni  D^jf,  U.  the  V^t  ot%indnt>ok  ol  jupilR. 
the  lymbol  s(  the  Mnnf  and  indeKnialble.  wbjch  llie  prie«  iraitn 
iiod  iMBipiilitg  in  nnoui  «*■  durini  iwpT.    The  emblem  ii  * 

ud  ii  i>  cniied  •olennly  In  procewn  le  the  Jokbuc  duini  ibe 

The  biU  (djoinini  Sen  li  hellmd  to  be  rich  U  inver  oie.  but  it 
leaodlloHltobeirofkcd.  On  the  uumDit  it  ■  uirini  and  i  holy 
piMie  <i  tbe  Lhan  MaluBinidiuii,  vho  man  thriher.  Neat  Ihe 
moatetify  then  ia  lald  la  be  foM,  which  ■  w«ked  by  itm  nuoki. 
"Should  they.. .  diicovira  ■ubfi  of  lirie  uk.  ii  a  immedulfly 
replaad  la  the  canh.  undtt  the  imprmion  that  ibe  latir  nuggcti 

■  ■  ■■wndule  la  thne.  jmdudiv  the  (null  liiupe  ■bkh  ihcy  ire 
prMbnd  to  Hich  fdr  "^  (Niin  JoHh). 

3.  (&Uu.— ThH  Enat  conveni  u  uae  »  a>-  tut  of  Lhaa.  on. 
ihe  other  Kle  si  the  Kjrichu.    It  U  the  eldnt  mcnutery  ol  the 

■  Yellow  •«,  havtiw  been  founded  by  TnnfUiiiB  end  having 
had  Mb  for  ii>  Ant  Hipefisr.  Hen  hi>  body  ii  aid  to  be  prcicrvtd 
"^^  — I— .-■ : mtancea;  hen  ia  hb  tgnb,  oj  purWe  and 

ilitine  aid  ID  be  »f  fold,  and  heie  an  other 

u  the  impRaion  of  hia  handi  and  (eet. 

.1 '— Imaielyujiuwcted  wIthUlUB, 


Simyt  ii  another  li 
beini  aid  to  be  lueu  . 


UBSHh^  Wl 


biieh.    One  « 


f  lane  temple  ttcrupin  the 

-lit  (191  kite  loapla.    Many 

of  the  idob  an  Bud  to  be  at  Dure  nld,  and  the  waalih  Itvery  imt. 
The  intetiiin  ol  the  templee  are  covered  with  bauiilul  wnling  in 
eiHrmoua  chancten,  which  tbe  vnlear  beHeve  10  be  the  writinr  of 
Salty*  hinaeir. 

Pe^aHmi  and  Trade. — Tbe  total  papnlatkRi  oT  LIiub, 
iBclii£ng  the  lamu  in  the  dty  and  vidnity,  ii  pnibibly  about 
30,000;  t'ctDt/m  in  il 54  made  tbe  fi^re  47,000,  bat  it  [ikDown 
IS  hire  grrmlly  decrcued  unce.  There  an  only  lome  1500 
rcMent  Tibetan  laymen  and  about  J500  Tibelin  wmneo.  Tlie 
pennanent  popohtion  embratea,  bnlda  Tibelato,  so  tied 
familiB  ol  Chlneie  (about  moo  penoni),  as  well  a*  people  fiom 
Nepal,  fiom  Ladak,  and  a  lew  Irom  Bhotan  and  Mongdis.  The 
Ladakit  ud  »««  of  Ibe  other  fareigners  are  Mahomraedani, 
■nd  much  of  Ihctnile  is  in  their  htndi.  Doideri  (1716)  ipeatu 
Bho  e(  Atmenltni  and  even  "  Muirovites."  The  Chinese  have 
a  crowded  hurUl-gitHiad  at  Llien,  tended  carefully  alter  Ihelr 
manner.  Tbe  Nepslne  (iboul  Soo)  nipply  the  mechanln  and 
metal-woAera.  There  are  among  them  eicelleni  gold-  and 
(Hvetimitbi;  and  they  make  the  eUborate  (ilded  canopin 
erowafag  the  temple*.  The  chief  Indiolria  are  the  weaving 
of  ■  cnal  variety  of  ilnfft  fivm  tbe  fine  TTbeton  wool;  the 
nuking  ol  eanhenware  and  of  [be  wooden  porringers  (varying 
hnmemely  In  elabotalion  and  price)  o(  which  every  Tibetan 
carTJci  one  about  with  him;  also  the  making  of  certain  ria^rajil 
Uicka  ot  InrenK  mucb  valued  in  China  and  elsewhere. 

As  Lhasa  ii  not  only  ibe  nucleui  ol  a  cluster  of  vut  manaUlc 
CBtablBhmnili,  wbich  allinci  atudenta  and  aipirnnli  to  tbe 
reli^otti  life  from  all  pant  of  Tibet  and  Mongolia,  but  is  also 
1  great  place  o(  pilgrimage,  tbe  Ureei)  and  public  places  twirm 
irlih  vfalcon  from  every  pan  of  the  Himalaywi  plateau,'  and 
froin  an  tbe  tl  tppo  of  Ada  between  Manchuria  and  Ibe  Balkhash 
Lake.  Natutally  a  Ercat  tnEEc  arises  quite  apart  [com  the 
'  Among  ankle*  lold  in  the  Lhaa  baiun  an  fonil  boaei,  called 
-  ■*"  peopk  -  lighlnlng  booo*".  and, believed  .lo_hav»  traliii« 


&,£ 


«JA  531 

|)il|rtiU|B.  The  dty  thta  swum  itlih  cimnb  allneted  by 
devotion  and  tbe  love  of  giin,  and  prewnts  a  great  divcrtity  ol 
laafUBge,  coaiume  and  pbytiogiiDmyi  Ibough,  In  regard  to  tin 
•  ■  -  •  -  '  is  of  the  broad  la«  and  nairaw  eye  gtiylly 
uch  of  ihe  retail  Inde  o<  tbe  place  is  in  the 
of  ihe  women.  The  curicau  practice  ol  the  women  in 
plaiieriogiheirEaceawiibadaik-coIouiedpisiaBniiBleiicamiiMa 
in  Lhasa  than  In  the  provincea. 

l>uring  December  e^ieclally  tratei  tnive  from  westcra 
China  by  way  of  Tachieclu  bringing  every  variety  of  lilk-aiuSt, 
carpets,  duna-waie  and  let;  fmm  Sioioglu  oome  ulk,  gold  lace. 


boncfumiture,  bonea  and  a  very  large  breed  of  fa ,., 

from  eastern  Tibet,  musk  In  Urge  quantities,  whicb  eventually 
Gads  its  way  to  Europe  Ihtougb  Neptl;  liaai  Bbotan  and 

ol  Indian  and  European  gootb  frmn  Nqwl  and  Darjeeling.  and 
(torsi  (resinous  eiudatlin  ol  hemp)  and  laSion  from  Ladakh 
and  Kashmir.  Tim  meKhantt  leave  Lhasa  in  Maicb,  Wore 
tbc  setting  in  ol  tbe  rains  rendeia  Ihe  riveta  Inspaaabk. 

Tbc  tea  Impottaiion  from  China  ia  considerable,  for  lea  is  in 
■baolu  te  necetsaiy  to  the  Tibetan.  The  lea  Is  ol  various  quaUliea, 
from  the  coarsest,  used  only  ior "  buttered"  lea  (a  sort  of  broth), 
to  tbe  fine  quality  drunk  by  tbe  wealthy.  This  Is  presaed  ialo 
bricksorcokei  weighing  about  5I  ft.  and  often  pasoes  as  curretMnr- 
Tbe  qoantiiy  that  payi  duty  al  T^ducnlu  ii  about  10,000.000  Si, 
* '  3  tome  amount  ""■•tg'*-<     No  doubt  a  large  pan  of  thjt 


liva  ndailin.— Tbe  gnBIcst  of  thea  it  at  the  new  year. 
Umi  fifleeo  dtyt,  and  k  t  hind  o<  kmaic  carnival,  in  which  „ 
and  munugiiin,  wbemD  tbe  Tibetans  take  eqiedal  delight,  pky 
gnat  tart.    ThB  — ■-' — ' _ij-;j..  -j-l  j. — 


TUa 


d  native  autboritka  ae 


descending  with  the  rapii^cy  of  In  arrow-fllgfal-    OccuuotUy 

1  accidentt  occur  in  this  periomaoce.  which  »  called  "tlw  dance 

lie  ndi " !  but  the  torvivon  are  nwinkd  bythe  eoon,  and  the 

■dXaat  hkaelfk  always  a  wiinettolii.   Thii  poctlB  ocean 

E  n  ka  ova  [be  Hiaul^na  ptaitan,  and  k  kaown  io  ih*  nei^ 

rhood  ol  the  Cangtt  at  Benl.    It  k  employed  at  a  kind^ol 

atory  rite  In  luet  of  pestDeoce  and  the  like.    Exactly  Ihe  nme 

,. .  .ormancc  k  detetlbed  at  having  been  eddbiledln  St  Pant'a  Chutch- 

yaid  before  King  Edward  VI.,  and  wb  before  FMHp  ol  Sodii, 

ai  well  at.  about  t7Sa,at  HetilaidaBdoEber  pItcaiD  EaglaMlla* 

°-.ruic't  Sptru,  &C..  ind  ed.,  n.  198). 

Tbe  nott  remarkable  cdebrntbfl  of  the  new  ycar'a  letttvilia  U 
the  ti^t  iublke  of  Ibe  Jf#«ka  <rV#*Jani,  "*  prayer  "),  instituted 
l»f»i^fta»hinalllB140l.  LautlfSDafipaniafTihct.bM 
chiefly  Iism  ibe  neat  caovaait  In  ibe  otigbbDurhoad.  flock  to  Lhaa. 
and  every  read  kading  thiiher  k  Ihienged  with  troop)  of  Doakt  on 
foot  or  hmebach,  on  ytlu  or  donkeyt.  eairying  with  ibcm  iheir 
breviaries  tad  tbck  cooUng-pon.  Thoie  who  cannot  6nd  lodging 
bivouc  In  Ihe  itnela  and  iqiun.  or  piuA  tint  little  Mack  tenia 
in  the  plain.  The  leatival  katt  »  dajra.  donig  whkh  there  reigm 
a  kind  ol  alumalit.  Umpeokable  confuwn  and  djtorder  reign. 
while  ^UKa  of  kinai  parade  the  At  recti,  thouting,  singing  and  coming 
tg  blowi.  The  DbJKI  ol  Ihk  gathering  is.  however,  tuppoted  id  be 
devetimal.  Vatl  proetHlooi  takepbeC,  with  Btytlle  oneringitiHl 
hiiM-niuaic.  to  tbc  Jokhang  (nd  Man  eoavenni  ihe  CnirlLtiao 
hinifielf  aautt  at  iba  festival,  and  Iron  an  elevated  throne  bcadt 
the  Jokhang  ncdvet  the  oflcrings  ol  ihe  muliitudc  and  beslowi  bis 


On  Ihe  tnh  of  the 
ikae.  wUch  lighiea  l 
teriur  ol  ihe  Jekhtng 

fnnxd 


.kudo  I*  totthet  an  keM 

Dp  the  city  to  a  great  distance,  whilti  the 

-  .n  iUuimiuted  ihniughoiit  the  nkht  by  in- 

ing  light  on  cniound  figiim  in  tAs-itUeT. 

limalc  Irirdt  andAowen.and  repmeniing 

Hher  suMeets,  all  modelled  in  better. 

Itrn  Kale,  and.  at  deoerlbed  by  Hue, 

.  .„  .......  .t  Kuabaa  m  the  fiaaUcr  of  China. 

inary  tcuib  and  riiilL    Thea  lingular  wiab  of  art 
noaOu  tn  prcpaiulon,  and  oo  the  saonow  am  thiMra 


L'HOnTAL 


ihc  hoty  Dorfi 

a<a%fr  (imt  ■onu^faim  w.  in  Uu  lounh  Bcoiti.  Ii  uil(ii») 
lo  iba  twKipiloa  of  Siky»,  but  Ufian  lo  cooncn  iueIC  with  the 
old  MtuR-(tU  ol  the  cslcnill  of  (pnng,  lod  10  be  moir  or  leu 
i(!tii«ail  wilh  die  MS  ol  In**.  A  iwond,  ihecoiumiiinnot  the 
ntn,  hi  Scptembec-Oember,  ippwx  on  tlw  canaaet  of  InBi, 
ta  be  uBdned  wkh  tb*  Dwhn. 

On  thB  3Dib  diy  «  tbv  lecoiid  mmtb  tben  ukn  pMce  a  iciiui^ 
cereiDonvi  kkin  lo  tbat  of  ue  impcffoat  (wbich  it  tioc  unkiHWD  m 
Indli).  11  ia  called  the  drivini  out  oTlhe  deman.  A  man  ii  hind  to 
perfann  tbetBR  of  demoB  (of  viclim  rmther), »  part  which  tometime. 
eiidilwiiUy.  He  it  futullciUy  dicwd,  kia  Eia  mollled  wiik  while 
and  black,  aod  ia  Ihen  bcDught  fonh  from  the  Jokhang  to  epgagc  in 

Sui-tbrolo^fal  CDalrovcfw  "'**  "-*-  -'■"  «"«—'-  •>'-  /"-'--*-i 
ma.    This  enda  in  tbelr  tBi 


■action  for  the  fint 


jcal  Of , 

•  oraea  would  be  appalHaj^  aa  Ihia  fa  e5ectufly  bsrnd  by  lalae  dice- 
Tbt  victim  i*  tbea  aucbed  oiHalde  tbe  diy,  loUawJ  by  the  mop* 
and  by  the  whok  populace,  hootiiigi  ihoutuig  and  firing  voUeyi  after 
biui,  Chice  he  it  drfven  on,  the  people  ntum,  and  lie  I«  carried  olT 
lotiieSaniyC  convent.  Sliaiildhedleibartl)'aftei,thi>laauqiicioiia; 
If  not,  he  la  lap!  In  vatd  at  Sasiy*  lor  a  IvriroiBnth. 
NiiD  Sinili,  wboiC  habitual  aocBtaqi  ia  atteaKd  hv  many  tKtt, 

to  i^ticli  >h«  dvS  power  la  the  dty  ii  pat 
twenty-thnc  daya  of  the  new  year.  The 

■i*w»i»r  fj  <be  D^MUiy  iBoiiaateTy,  and  ia  I 

■vl*  whnHMvuHuUtiaiyauIbplitytHHiiiBiw k 

ta  and  oqifkiDui  fiuea  upon  tbe 

Hiilgry.— Tbe  tat  at  the  princa  wfaoK  fsmily  niud  Tibet 
to  ■  poeiiioa  among  tbe  powtn  <d  Alia  wu  origiiiilty  oti  (he 
Yailung  river,  in  (he  eittcmie  eaal  of  the  region  now  occupied 
by  Tibetan  ulbes.  It  was  tianaplanted  to  Lbau  in  Uie  7th 
century  by  the  king  Srong-tian-gaoipo,  coDqueror,  dviliici 
■ad  proaelytiier,  the  founder  of  Buddhiiin  fn  Tibet,  the  Intro- 
ducer □[  the  Indian  alphabet.  On  the  three-peaked  crag  now 
occupJed  by  the  palace-monnatery  of  the  Grand  Lama  thia  king 
a  aaiU  to  have  catabllihed  hia  fortress,  while  bo  founded  in  the 
plain  below  temples  to  receive  tbo  saciod  inutgcs,  btuughl 
napectlvely  from  Nepal  and  from  China  by  tlie  brides  to  whoni 

Tibet  endured  aa  a  con^ueriog  power  BDme  two  centuries, 
and  the  mon  famoos  unong  Chs  dcicendanta  of  the  l<nindeT 
added  to  tho  city.  This-iong-de-tsan  (who  reigned  740-786}  is 
said  lo  have  erected  a  great  temple-palace  of  which  the  basement 
follawid  the  Tibetan  style,  the  middle  Itorey  the  Chinese,  and  the 
upper  storey  tbe  Indian-'-a  comtHnation  iriiich  would  aptly 
symbotiie  the  dements  thai  have  moulded  the  culture  of  Lhasa. 
His  ion,  Ihe  last  of  [he  great  aithodoi  kings,  In  the  next  centuty, 

among  many  splendid  foundations  to  have  erected  a  sanctuary 
<at  Sasyf)  of  vast  hdght,  which  had  nine  ttoreyt,  Ihe  three  lower 
of  atone,  the  three  middle  of  brick,  the  three  uppertnosl  of 
limber.  With  this  king  the  glory  of  Tibet  and  of  ancient  Uasa 
reached  its  aenith,  and  in  811,  a  monumtnt  recoidmg  his  treaty 
on  equal  tenna  vith  the  Great  T'ang  emperor  ol  China  was 
erected  in  the  dty.  There  foUoned  dark  days  for  Lhasa  and  the 
Buddhist  church  in  the  accession  of  thia  king'a  brother  Lang- 
dharma,  who  has  been  called  the  Julian  of  the  lamas.  This 
king  rejected  the  doctrine,  penecuied  and  scalteitd  iia  minislen 
and  ihreB  down  iis  templa,  convents  and  Images.  It  was  moi 
than  a  century  before  Buddbiun  recovered  its   hfjd  and   it 

then  split  into  an  m£niiy  of  petty  states,  many  of  tbem  nded 
from  the  convents  by  warlike  ecdeslaalics;  hut,  though  the 

'■  ■  ■  lained 


0  have 
•ome  auprenucy,  and  probably  never  loM  its  daim  to  be  the  ch 
city  of  that  congeria  o[  principaiilie*,  with  a 
and  a  common  Unguage,  which  wu  called  Hbet, 

The  Arab  geographtn  of  the  lolh  century  speak  ol  Tibet, 
but  without  real  ^owledge,  and  none  apeaks  of  any 
we  can  identify  with  Lhasa.  The  lint  paaaage  in  any 
author  in  which  such  idenliAcaiiOn  can  be  probably  traced 
occurs  In  the  narrative  at  Fiin  Odoric  d  Poidcsoue  (c.  ijjol. 


This  Tcnailabile  ItavelleT^  route  from  Euiepe  lo  India,  and 
o  China,  can  be  traced  laiisfictorily,  but  of  hia 
ard  through  Asia  the  indications  ore  veiy  Irat- 
mentary.  He  apeaks,  however,  aa  this  return  journey  of  the 
Im  ol  l^bet,  which  lay  on  the  confins  of  India  proper: 
"he  folk  of  that  country  dwell  in  tents  made  of  black  fdt. 
1  the  chief  and  royal  city  b  all  buflt  with  walls  of  black  and 
ite,  and  all  its  streets  are  very  vdl  paved.    In  lliis  cky  no 

for  thereverence  they  bear  a  certain  Idol  tbat  la  there  worshipped. 
I  that  dty  dwcDeth  the  Abash,  ij.  In  their  tongue  the  pope. 
bo  it  the  bead  of  all  the  idolaien,  and  haa  the  dispasal  ol  all 
leir  beneGna  such  aa  they  are  alter  their  maunet." 
We  know  thai  Kublai  Khan  had  constituted  a  young  prince  d 
the  Lama  Church,  Hati  Dhwaji.  as  bead  of  that  body,  and 
ibutaty  tiller  of  TUbcl,  but  beside*  this  all  i*  obscuiE  lot  ■ 
ntury.  This  passage  of  Odoric  ahawi  thai  Mch  authoriiy 
nllnued  under  Kublai'B  descendants,  and  that  some  foreshadow 
the  position  since  occupied  by  the  Dalai  Lama  already  ejiisted. 
at  it  was  not  till  a  century  after  Odoric  that  the  Strang! 
heredity  of  the  dynasty  of  the  Dalai  Lamaa  <tf  Lhasa  actually 
began.  In  the  first  two  centuries  of  its  existence  Ihe  residence 
of  these  ponllfb  wis  rather  at  Dcbung  or  Sera  than  at  Lhasa 
itself,  though  tbe  latter  wax  Ihe  centre  of  devout  loort.  A 
great  event  for  Lbasa  wu  tbe  conversion,  or  reconveniDe, 
of  the  Uongola  to  Latnalani  (c  1577),  which  made  the  dty  the 
focus  of  stnctity  and  pilgrunage  to  so  vast  a  tract  of  A^a.  It 
was  In  the  middle  of  the  17th  century  that  Lluoa  became  (be 
residence  of  the  Dalai  Lama.  A  native  prince,  koowo  aa  the 
l^angpo,  with  his  seat  at  Shigatte,  had  made  himself  master 
of  southern  'Hbet,  and  ihTeiiened  to  absorb  Ihe  i^le.  The 
fifth  Dalai  Lama,  Nagwang  Ijihiaug,  called  in  the  aid  of  • 
Kalmuck  prince,  Gushi  Khan,  from  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
Koko-Doi,  who  defeated  and  alew  the  Taangpo  and  made  over 
full  doraihion  In  Tibet  to  the  lama  (1S41).  The  latter  now 
first  eslabluhed  his  court  and  built  his  palace  on  the  rock-site 
of  tbe  fottrot  of  the  andent  monarchy,  which  (fipareotly 
bad  fallen  into  niin,  and  to  this  be  gave  tbt  name  of  Polala. 

Tbe  founder  of  Folala  died  in  1681.    He  had  appointed  as 
"  regent  "  or  dvi!  administrator  {Deiirt,  or  Dtba)  di 


still  re 


,  who  leagued 
se  (Manchu) 

was  marching 


Gyamtso,  of  great  ambition  and  accompH^ment 
in  Tibet  aa  the  author  of  soipe  of  the  most  valui 

that  the  latter  had  retired,  in  mystic  meditatio 
the  upper  chambers  of  the  palace.  The  govern] 
to  be  earned  on  in  the  lama's  name  by  the  regei 
with  Galdan  Khan  of  Dzungaria  against  the  Chi 
power.  It  was  not  till  the  great  emperor  Kang-l 
on  Tibet  that  the  death  of  the  lama,  sixteen  yc 
aduutted.     A  solemn  funeral  was  then  performed,  at  wbich 

person  of  a  youth  of  fifteen,  Tsangs-yang  Gyamtso.  This  young 
man  was  tbe  scandal  of  the  Lamoist  Church  in  every  kind  of 
evQ  living  and  debauchery,  so  that  he  waa  deposed  and  assassin- 
ated in  1701.  But  It  was  under  him  and  the  regent  Songya 
Gyomtao  that  Ihe  Fotala  palace  attained  its  present  scnlc  ol 
grandeur,  and  that  most  ol  the  other  great  buildings  of  .Lhasa 
were  extended  and  embellished. 

For  Further  hlBoiy  aad  bibliography,  aee  Tmr.  Coniult  alia 
Lahaish.  (H,Y.;I.A.W,J 

LltflPITU  (or  VSostniit).  HICBBl  DB  (c,  iiOi-iS7i), 
French  ilatesman,  was  bom  near  Aiguepene  in  Auveifxe  (oow 
Fuy-de-DAme}.  His  father,  who  was  physician  to  the  constabla 
Charles  of  Boutbon,  sent  bim  to  study  at  Toulouse,  whenct 
at  the  age  of  eighteen  be  was  driven,  a  consequence  of  tbe  evil 
fortunes  of  tbe  family  patron,  to  Padua,  where  he  studied  law 

hiving  died,  went  to  Rome  in  Ih'c  suite  of  Chsrle^  V.  For  lonM 
time  he  held  a  pontion  in  the  papal  court  at  Rome,  but  about 
>5J4  ha.tetanied  to  Fnoce,  and  bicoaung  an  Mbrgotat  Ut 


LIAO-YANG— LIAS 


tmriige,  in  tsu,  pcacund  Ibr  Mn  llttpaM.o(  (oonidtar  M  tht 

pulenwnt  c4  P«rti.  This  olIic«  be  held  UilU  iS4},  when  h«  wu 
tent  by  Heniy  II.  on  a  mliuon  lo  Bolngna^'irheR  the  cckukiI 
ol  Trent  wu  at  thai  tEme  liullic:  tllR  ihitno  imnthi  <4 
wcuinme  inaclivitx  there,  be  wu  by  bli  a«n  deiire  recalled 
at  tbe  cloia  ol  imS.  L'lUpiUl  now  for-Bim  time  held  (he 
pocitioa  el  chancellor  to  the  king'i  uiiei,  Maigiret.  duchcu 
o(  Berty.  In  iju,  on  the  recommendgtioD  of  tbe  Cardinal  ol 
Lomiike,  be  was  named  mutec  ol  the  requcits.  and  alterwardi 
prtvdeniof  Ihechainbndaconipla.  Inisjg  he  accampanicd 
(he  prlnosa  Mirgarei,  now  dochm  of  Savoy,  to  Nt«,  where, 
IB  the  [ollowing  yen,  tiding!  reached  bim  ihai  he  had  been 
cboacn  lo  (ucccid  FraofaisOIiviei  (1487-1^60}  in  (he  cbuicelloT- 
ihip  of  Fiance. 

One  dI  bia  Grit  acta  after  entcTing  on  tbe  dultes  of  hii  oftice 
WB*  to  cauM  the  paileincnl  of  Faiii  lo  RKliter  Ibe  edict  of 
,  ol  which  he  Is  lomctimtj,  but  etroneouil)',  »id  lo 
been  the  author.     Deaigned  10  proEeci  heretta  from  (he 
t  and  aummary  methods  of  Ihe  Incjuisilion,  il  certainly  had 
/mpalhy  and  approval.    In  accordance  with  the  ct 


if  incl 


d  lolerat 


assembly  of  notabla,  which  tn< 

and  agreed  Ih«t  the  Stales  C 

proceed!  ngiagalnslbf  relic*  be 

the  leformaiion  of  the  church    ,      _ 

The  Staiei  General  met  in  December;  (be  edict  ol  Oilcans 

(January  1 561)  followed,  and  finally,  after  the  cdloquy  of  Poiuy, 


1  while  Buppresscd.  pending 


tofJanuaiyis6i,tberi 


lined  by  the  Frotratants  of  Planci 


L  liberal,  except  lb 


'  which  wi 


tofNani     , 


liable 


result  of  the  massacre  of  Vassy  In  Match,  LIlApital,  whose 
dismissal  had  been  for  Kme  time  oised  by  the  papal  legate 
Kippotyiiu  of  Eite,  found  it  necesaiy  lo  retire  lo  his  Klaie 
ai  Vfgnsy,  t)»t  Etampes,  whence  he  ^d  not  retora  until  after 
the  psciEcilion  of  Ambolse  (March  ig,  i^j).  It  wu  by  bis 
advice  that  Charles  IX.  was  declared  ol  age  at  Rouen  In  August 
1563.  a  measure  which  really  increased  Ihc  power  of  Caiherine 
de'  MediH;  and  It  was  under  his  InBuence  also  thai  the  royal 
council  In  15A4  refused  to  aulhorize  the  publication  of  tbe  acts 
of  tbe  council  of  Tient,  on  account  of  (heir  inconsistency  with 
the  Galilean  liberties.  In  1564-isM  he  accompanied  the  yonng 
king  on  an  eilcndcd  lour  (hrou^  Fiaoce;  and  ill  1566  he  was 
loM[uinen(al  in  the  promulgation  id  an  important  edict  for  the 
lefomt  of  abiues  in  the  admin isl ration  ol  justice.  Tbe  lenewai 
of  iJie  religious  wai  in  September  1567,  however,  wa»  at  once 
a  lymploia  and  ■  oute  of  diminiihed  InEuence  to  L'Haplid, 
aodin  February  tjW  he  oblained  his  letters  of  discbarge,  which 
were  reglsleted  by  the  pariement  on  (be  nth  of  May,  bis  (ides, 
honours  and  emoluments  being  reserved  to  him  during  tbe  re- 
mainder  of  his  life.  Henceforward  he  lived  a  life  of  unbtolcen 
■edusion  at  Vignay,  hia  only  subsequent  public  appearance 
being  by  neans  ol  ■  mAiwin  which  he  addneosed  to  (he  king  is 
iS)o  utider  (he  title  Lt  Bui  di  la  giicrrc  adtla  faix,  m  Jiicmri 
iu  fhanciiUr  fllmfilal  pour  aheilcr  Cliarla  IX.  i  ionna  la 
paix  i  HI  ngcli.  Though  no(  eiempt  from  considerable  danger, 
hepaased  in  sale(y  through  ihe  ttoublesof  St  Banbolomew's  eve. 
His  death  took  place  cither  at  Vignay  or  at  Bellibat  on  the  ijlh 
of  March  1573. 

After  his  death  PIbrae,  assisted  by  De  Thou  and  Sc4vote  de 
Salnte-Manbe.  collecicd  a  volume  of  (he  Peimati  at  L'HApital. 
and  la  ISBJ  his  ctandion  publjriied  feiiUmai  im  Smmmm 
libri  ut.  Tbecomplele  (Emra  de  rHIpSal  wen  puUlthed  for  (he 
£nl  tboeby  P.J.  S.  Dufey  (S  vola,  Paris.  lBu-1t3().  They  include 
his  "  Harancues  "  and  "  BenumitrBncea."  (he  Eptilla.  tbe  Jfteetrt 
(o  Charle*  IX.,  a  TraiU  it  It  rtftmall-m  it  la  jHOiei,  and  his  wiH. 
See  ate  A  F.  VillciHln,  Fie  da  CAMuKir  de  fAMitot  (Paris,  l>74) : 
R.  C.  E.  T.  Sl-B«i«  Tlilkiidier.  U  OuHutir  HlHitpUal  (Pans. 
i86r};  Duplt-LasBlle.  Mtikdit  nfnpilal  -bmi  urn  Mmlltii  a% 
Mill  it  duauaitr  it  Fmu  (F^ris.  l>7S-r«go):  Amphoui.  JficM 
it  rH-apihd  It  la  liiml  it  rnirJmn  aa  X  VI'  lOiii  (Paris,  1900): 
C.  T.  Aiktnun.  MItM  it  rHtitiUl  (Londea,  t^oo).  eoniaininc  an 
appeiidbt  oa  blbUicnphy  and  Kirrcesi  A.  E.  Shaw,  MitM  it 
I'Utifiut  Odd  kii  Fsiity  (London.  190s):  and  Eugtne  and  Entile 
Huc^  Fmmi  frtUmnlt  (Jnti  cd..  1877  mi.}. 


UW-TiWO.  B  cfly  olChliHi,  hiniKTly  ihe  chief  iBvn  of  Ibc 

province  ol  Liaivtung  or  Shtng-hing  (southern  Manchuria}. 
}i  m.  S.  ol  Mukden.  It  is  situated  ia  a  rich  cotton  dislrici  ia 
the  fertile  valley  of  (he  Liao.  on  the  toad  between  Niuchwang 
and  Mukden,  and  cnnies  on  ■  eon«denble  trade.  The  walls 
include  an  area  about  ij  m.  long  by  1  m.  broad,  and  then  are 
fairly  eatemivc  suburbs;  but  a  good  deal  even  of  Ihe  en  ' 


jo-Japane! 


L  objecl 


naledat 

I  of  (be  Japanese  i 
lure  by  them    re 
itnpalgn,  fro 


fiercest  Ggh(ing  during 
i4ih  of  Augiis(  LO  the  4th  of  September  1404. 

LIAS,  ia  geology,  the  lowtrmost  group  of  Jurassic  strata. 
OilgiEUily  (he  naine  seems  (o  luve  been  written  "  Lyas  ";  il  is 
n>os(  probably  a  piovindal  lorm  of  "  layers,"  etnla.  employed 
by  (laatrymen  in  th*  writ  of  Enghuid;  i(  has  been  sugge>(ed, 
however,  that  the  Fr.  (wb.  Breton  J«K*-a  stone,  Qaeliciioe- 
B  flat  stone,  may  have.giveDiiH  to  the  English  "Lisa."  Uauic 
strata  occupy  an  imporlant  portion  in  EnglatKl,  where  they  crop 
out  at  Lyme  Regis  00  tbe  Dorsetshire  coast  and  extend  thence 
by  Balh,  along  the  western  flank  of  the  Cotswold  Hills,  forming 
Edge  Hill  and  appearing  alBanbury,  Rugby,  Mellon,  Cnntbam. 
Lincoln,  to  Red<^  on  the  coast  of  Yorkshire.  They  occyi  also 
in  Clamoiganshlrc,  Sbrc^Bhite,  near  Carlisle,  in  Skye,  Raasay 
(Fabba,  Scalpa  and  BioadXDOl  beds),  and  elsewhere  h  the  north 
ol  Scotland,  and  ia  the  north-east  of  Ireland.  East  of  the  belt  of 
outcrop  indicated,  Ihe  Lias  is  known  to  occur  beneath  the  younger 
mcksforiamedistancefaitfiereast,  but  itis  absent  ItombeHBtb 
London,  Reading,  Ware,  Harwich.  Dover,  and  in  the  aouthem 
portion  of  Ihc  area  in  which  these  towns  lie;  the  Liassic  rodls 
arc  probably  thinned  out  against  a  concealed  lidgc  of  more  andent 
rocks.  The  tabb  on  following  page  will  serve  to  Ulusdale  the 
general  charaders  oflheEn^lsh  Uu  and  the  tub^visioiiB  adopted 
by  Ihe  Crfological  Survey.  By  the  ^d*  att!  shown  ihe  principal 
lonal  ammonites,  and,  for  comparisOD,  the  subdin^ns  preferred 
by  Messrs  Tale  and  Blake  and  by  A.  deLappatent. 

The  important  (act  is  clearly  demoiuUKed  ia  tbe  laUe,  (hat 
where  Ihe  Lias  is  seen  in  con(ac(  wlih  tbb  Trias  below  or  the 
Inferior  Oolile  above,  Ibcre  is,  as  a  rule,  a  gradual  passage  from 
Ihe  liassic  fonnatlan,  both  downwarda  and  up«ards;  hence 
Professor  de  Lapparent  Includes  in  his  Liatstqut  Sytltm  the 
zone  ol  .fmiuiiilei  apdiina  at  Ihe  (op,  and  (he  RhMtk  beds 
at  the  botlom  (see  Oolite;  Rbaetjc].  Owing  to  the  Irans- 
gmaioa  of  tbe  Liasiic  MB  Ibe  tlrata  rest  in  places  upon  older 
Palaeoioic  rocks.  Tit  thickness  of  the  Lias  varies  considerably; 
in  Dorsetshire  it  is  900  ft,,  near  Bath  it  has  thinned  to  jBo  ft., 
id  benealh  Oiford  II  is  further  reduced.  In  north  GloucesUr- 
lire  it  is  IjAo  ft.,  Nailhiniplon  760  It.,  Rutland  Soo !(.,  Liacoht- 
lire  gse  ft,  and  in  Yorkshire  about  joo  f(. 
The  Lias  of  England  was  laid  down  in  conditions  very  simtlat 
I  those  which  oblained  at  the  same  time  in  tiotth  Fnnn  aad 
inh  (Germany,  that  is  10  say,  on  the  Ooor  of  a  shallow  seal  but 
.  the  Alpine  n#in  limesIODea are devekipcd  upon  a  much  greater 
sle.  Many  of  the  limestones  are  red  and  cryiiaUine  marbles 
u±  aa  the  "Bmmoniiico-rosso-inlerioie  "  of  the  Apennines; 
grey,  laminated  limeslone  is  known  as  the  "  Fleckenmergel." 
thcAdiK(bedsiuid(he"  Grcatcner 
d  Balkan  Mountains  are  Impenant 
phasa  of  Alpine  L<aa.  Tbe  Gmtener  beds  contain  a  considerable 
amount  ol  coal.  The  Lias  of  Spain  and  the  Pytenees  conlalns 
much  dolondiic  limeMMB.  This  foimatioo  is  widely  spread  In 
western  Europe;  besides  Ihe  localities  already  died  it  occurs  in 
Swabia,  the  Rhenish  provinces.  Alsace-Lorraine,  Luxemburg, 
Ardennes,  Noimajidy.  Austria-Hungary,  the  Balkaa  Stairs, 
Greece  and  Scaoia.  I(  has  no(  beoi  fouod  north  of  Kharkov 
in  Russia,  b(i(  it  l<  present  in  the  soutb  and  in  the  Caacasus,  in 
Ana(olia,  Persia  and  the  Himalayaa.  It  appears  on  the  eastern 
side  of  japan,  in  Borneo.  Timor,  New  (Caledonia  and  New 
Zealand  (Bastion  beds);  in  Algeria,  Tunisia  and  elsewhere  in 
North  Africa,  and  on  tbe  west  coast  ol  Madagascar.  In  South 
America  it  is  found  in  the  Bolivian  Andes,  in  CHilleand  Argentina; 
It  appears  also  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America. 


534 


LIBANIUS— LIBAU 


TlM<nB0iiiicfra4iKt>a(th*UHUi«'«*iid(nblei|n«Uiin.  I  Ha  nmorcd  hi)  icboet  lo  NkoiKdla,  wfaoe  ha  twiuiiMil  fiK 

itheUiwerlJua(U«o|MhLre.ridlheMi*ll*ljMo(0«tordU.ire.l  j^^    Alter  uiwha  .Itempl  to  fettle  in  CoaUiUiDaple ,  be 

at  hivt  been  naverted  InID  iron  arbniuie  viih  Hoe  adiniitiiR  I  ihe  Eivour  oC  the  ChcBliin  empciDn.    When  JuJiui.  his  ipKnl 
■lialn;  they  weiihet  ne*r  the  wirfw  inia  hydnied  pemiide.  I  patron,  reuortd  paganlioi  u  the  ilile  religion.  Liban!ua.ili«wed 


S.W.  England  and  Midbndi. 

V««hire. 

Aflimwiite  ZoiKt. 

Diviiioni  aoKidiiii  u 
A.  de  Upp.m.1^ 

u 

Midlatd  Sind>  (piHije  bedi> 

&^ 

4m.  j.,^,.  • 

U. 

(iKludiM  Ihe  tpalinu  mne 

u 

M>ri««K.ndSind> 

(R«k  Bid  end  litMKcmn) 
Micaceout  Clayi  and  Saudi 

SaAdrSeriei 

Am.  l^nnU. 

., 

J 

dan  with  ocauini*!  biwb 
LimeaiNWi  uul  Clain 

and 

.,    plawrbii       J 

Ileilan^n  incUuEni  "White 

Rhflicn. 

it  Troduilhaiii  in  tincalnihii 


e(  the  Middle  Uai  is  thi 

Fawkr  ii  Mmeliniei  known  as  Blenheim  ore.  The  om  of  the  Cieve- 
landdlilrin  in  Yorkihire  have  a  gmt  repuutlon;  Ihemainieam  it 
II  It.  thick  at  Em™,  dhcte  it  reiu  tfinctly  upon  Ibe  Peclen  Seam. 
thetwotocethcriBrntiniislt.Ain.  Similariroaaceiadhiiate 
are  worked  at  Mnnfe^t-Moielle,  MderuiK.  Maihache,  Loniay. 


Champagnculbs,  Sc.    Some  o(  the  Li 
liuitdinE  «iDn«,  the  moR  imponant  onea  bcinE  the  L( 
Sutton  Hone  o(  Clanoifamhlre  and  Middle  LiuHomtoa 
br«  DJ  (he  Uu  IwikUng  noiia.  from  Edge  HiU.   TheNr- 


"  ^rpcntinot  "  htai.  but 
"  boMard  "  or  w<i  jet  is  [miiul  in  many  of  the  other  nraia  in  the 
Yorkshlil  Liai.    Both  Lower  and  Upper  Liaiclayi  have  been  nicd 

Rui^  R^n  Hood'" Bay.  Ill  r 
Oun^th  an  well-hnoWn  hx 

uaru  and  FUiioaurus.  an  I 

with  the  Pieeodaetyl.    Amot  r. 

PkKliinHarui.  Amdui.   The  i 

bedi.    Many  ammoniiM  occu  e 

Idla  and  Blijnilimlla  Ulroh  e 

brachlopod.. 

Certain  dark  limeMonet  with  leaular  bdddbf  vUdi  occur  Id  the 
Carboaiferout  SyKem  are  «Kiictunea  caDed  "Black  IJaa"  by 

'''sJ?''^  Lii.  ol  Ensland  and  Wale."  tVorkdilie  CKeptcd). 
byH.  B.Woodward.  G»r:5xwyMm9>r  (London.  1993):  and.  for 
Voritahlre.  "The  Juraaic  Rockiol  Brilaia,"  vol.  I..  "Vork^irc," 
by  C.  Foa-Sliangwaya,  Caul,  ainey  JUeiHir.   See  alio  Juautic. 

IIBAKIDI  (*.[>.  3i4-3g3},  Cnik  uphut  and  iheeoHcian, 
waiboniat  AntJoch,  the  capital  of  Syria.  He  iludied  at  Alhpu, 
and  apenl  moat  of  his  earlier  manhood  in  Constaniinople  and 
Nicomedia.  His  ptivale  classo  at  Conilanlinople  were  much 
more  popular  than  IhoH  o[  Ihe  puMic  profcuon,  who  hid  him 
eapcUed  in  34O  (or  cailier)  on  the  charge  of  studying  magic. 


unbtted  John  Oiitid- 


Tate  and  I.  F.  Blake. 

1906). 

ice.    Among  bii  pupilt  be  ai 
il  (bishop  of  Cieaatea}  and  / 

'  .Ibig  chicHy  of  orations  (including  hlaaulobio- 
:Jons  on  set  topics,  letten.  lite  of  DcmoaJbua, 
<  all  his  orations  are  voluminous.    He  devoted 


e  light  ■ 


l»yi  lelion.  J.  C.  Wolf  (i;j8|;  1 
R.  Finler  (Hrmei.  i..  11.  in,  117).  w 
lion  of  acompletf  edition;  Apaiopa  . 
See  alK>  E.  licnniti.-IIuuin  i4  liba 


His  spe«cbea  and 
political  and  lilerary 
'       '      '  :  Greek 


:ari  (ijlh  rtnluiy). 
ioofc  J.  J.  RfiJie  (T79 
Din  190J  began  the  pubT" 
ocra^M.  ?.  H.  Booge  (189 

■     ■  "■■■    L,  PmU.  r 


lu'  U  m  CI  la  mneiiKiidaiia  <■  loatiur  Libtmiui  (iSMI;  C.  R. 
Sicvcn,  Coi  Ubct  iii  Libaniti  (isiisi:  R.  FSntcr.  F.  Zambtiian 
aad  ili<  BTi,li  in  UboH,.,  (1B7B).  Some  leiten  Irom  the  emperor 
Julian   to   Lifaaniut  will   be   found   in    R.    Hercher.   EpitUlttfOpU 


us  will  be  found  in   R.   Hercber.  _,_„..-,-. 

_ .--,^,-    ^xteen  letters  (o  Julian  have  been  iranilaEed  bv 

I.  Duncombe  {Tie  Wfki  tJiMe  Empirer  Jolioa.  i.  loj-^i.  3rd  ed., 
London.  1798).  The  oration  on  the  emperor  Julian  ii  translated  by 
C.  W.  King  (in  Bohn'i  "  Classical  Library."  London.  1MB),  and 
that  in  l>clence  o(  ihe  Temnlet  of  iht  Kcaihen  by  Dr  Lardner  (in 
a  votomc  ol  Innslalioas  by  Thanus  Taylor,  fmin  Celaut  and  scheia. 
I»JD).  See  funhcT  J.  E.  Sandys.  Hiil.  ef  Oarruaj  ScMnirWtf,  i. 
(1906),  and  A.HarreaI.Lri&ii«f  .liUucJIe  (1898). 

UBAnOlt  (Lat.  libalia.  from  tiian.  to  take  a  portion  of 
something,  lo  lasJe,  hence  Lo  pour  out  as  an  offering  to  a  deity, 
&C.1  cf.  Gr.  U^Hf).  a  drink  offering,   ihe  pouring  out  o(  a 

Such  an  acl  was  performed  in  honour  of  the  dead  (Cc.  xoal.  Lat, 
frtjiuwiei).  in  making  of  treaties  (Cr.  inro>«i.  vriiitir-libarr, 
whence  mwiof.  Irealy),  and  paniculaHy  in  honour  of  the  gods 
{Gr,  Xac04,  Ut.  liboHir.  IiAonvntHiw,  Iflunoi).  Surh  libations  la 
IhegodsweTcmadeasparlDf  the  daily  ritual  of  domoiic  worship, 
or  at  banquets  or  feasls  to  Ihe  Lares,  01  to  special  deities,  as  l^ 
Ibe  Ciecks  10  Hermes,  the  god  of  sleep,  when  going  10  rest. 

LIBAU  (Lellish,  Lafaya),  >  seaport  of  Russia,  in  the  govem- 
rnent  of  Courland,  14s  m.  by  rail  S,W.  of  Riga,  at  the  nortbtm 
eilremity  of  a  narrow  sandy  peninsula,  which  sepania  Lake 
Libait  (11  m.  long  and  >  tn.  wide)  from  the  Baltic  Sea.  Its 
population  ha*  more  than  doubled  tlnn  iMi  (jo.oco).  being 
A4.50S  in  1S97.  Tlie  lovn  is  well  built  of  stone,  with  good 
gardens,  and  has  a  naval  cathedral  [igo]).    The  huhour  ni 


UBEL  AND  SLANDER 


535 


ti-  and  ii  mMly  fm 

tt-  la.  1871,  into 


I  B.  S.  ot  the  I 

tn  i69Tli<  ill  .      . 

ke  throughout  ibe  jw.  Sua  brinj 
nilway  conneiion  with  Mcumi,  Or) 
becsmc  to  impotuai  pon.  Ne*IJbMponaM*b^I*ctoife* 
toroiloun,  n[da>iva,  michlDciy  behi.  Hib  and  ropo,  (obKco, 
furniture,  nuicbn,  13  »cU  u  iron  woriii,  (sriculluni  laidiinery 
vorkj,  (in-ptite  woikB.  >o*p  wocfc*>  uw-iniUt,  bRwerio,  oil- 
milli,  roik  and  liuolnjia  (wtoria  aod  flmu-milk.  Tbt  eip«u 
tttch  the  uinual  valiK  ot  £],i}o.ooo  (0  £5.500,000,  oiu  bring 
Iht  thief  eipon,  viih  Hour,  wbol,  <yei  butlfr,  eni,  apirii 
Su.  liOKtd,  oriaike,  potk,  ttmbci,  hoiM*  and  petroleum.  TV 
Inpon*  >VHi|c  £■ ,  joo.eee  to  £1,000,0011  inn  uilly.  ShipbuDdioc 
iBdudlng  nMBwn  for  (^m«  mvigition,  is  on  the  inr 
North  at  the  rommercii!  harbour  and  enclosing  it  the  Ri 
governmenl  made  (iAqj-jQo6)  a  very  ealauivc  fortified 
port,  protected  by  noLa ,     '  ' 

The  port  of  Lihau,  iyra /ofhu,  .         .  .     ,    .        ,. 

il  tben  belonged  to  the  Livoniaa  Order  or  Btothen  ol  Iha  Sword. 
In  141S  it  wai  bumt  by  the  LithoaniaiB,  and  Id  rjfa 
■nongaged  by  the  grandinaiteT  of  Ibe  Teutonic  Older,  la 
it  had  paned.  la  the  Prussian  duke  Albert.  In  1701 
captured  by  Chadei  XII.  ot  Sweden,  and  vat  annexed  to  Ruuia 
in  1755. 

See  Wtgnei,  CaiUekU  itr  SMI  Litaa  (Libai 

UBKL  and 

pecuniary  lou,  which  oay  be  compenaated  by  daffltflea,  but  in 
the  pcnonal  iniutt  which  must  be  atoned  [or — a  vindkliTe 
penally  coming  in  the  place  o(  pcnonal  reveagt.  By  tbe  law 
of  tbe  XII.  Tables,  (he  composilkm  of  tcurtilraa  sonp  and 
ffan  rwHiy  public  affronts  were  punbhed  by  deatL  Minur 
oAences  of  the  same  claia  seem  to  have  found  their  place  undn- 
the  genenl  conception  of  injuria,  which  included  ultimately 
every  form  o(  direct  penonal  aggression  whfch  lovolved  con- 
lumcly  or  insult.  In  the  hiler  Roman  juriiprudence,  which  hu, 
on  tlris  point,  oerdscd  considerable  influena  over  mode™ 
syitenu  ol  Uir,  verbal  injuries  are  dealt  viib  in  the  edict  under 
two  beads.  The  Ant  compiehended  delamaiory  and  injurioui 
sUlenwolt  made  in  a  public  manna  (lemiiiam  canlra  ienat 
Mim).  Id  this  c*m  the  essence  of  the  oflence  lay  in  the  un- 
■arraiuable  public  prodamailan.  In  ench  a  caie  the  truth  of 
the  itateneBIt  wii  no  juttificaiion  for  the  unnectsurily public 
and  intuliiBgrunnerin  which  they  hid  been  made.    The  second 


included  defimatoiy 
this  caae  the  offence  lay  in  the  imputation  Itself,  not  in  the 
nuinnec  of  its  pubh'cation.  The  truth  was  ihercfoie  >  euSdeni 
defence,  for  no  man  had  a  tight  to  demand  le^  proleclion  (or 
a  labs  rcputatkib.  Even  belief  in  the  truth  was  enough,  because 
it  took  away  tbe  inlenlion  which  wu  eiMnlia!  10  the  notion  oi 
B^iris,  The  law  thui  aimed  al  giving  sufficient  xope  for  the 
(bcBision  aS  a  man's  cbancter,  while  it  protected  him  from 
Denllcss  insult  and  pain.  Tbe  remedy  (ot  verbal  Injan'et  was 
long  conAned  to  a  dvi]  aclion  for  a  money  penalty,  which  waa 
estimated  accordrng  to  the  gravity  of  the  case,  and  uhich, 

cally  the  tlernenl  oE  compensilion.  But  a  new  remedy  xas 
introduced  with  ibe  eiLension  ol  the  criminal  law,  under  which 

At  the  lame  lime  increaied  importance  attached  10  the  publica- 
tion ol  defamatory  book»  and  writ! ngi,  the/jfrior  frbcffi/aiiurr. 
fRHD  wUch  we  rierivti  our  modem  uae  of  the  word  Hbel^  and 
under  Ibe  later  emperoia  the  latter  term  came  10  he  ipecially 
applied  to  aDonymoui  accuiaiiant  or  pasquils,  the  diaseminailon 
of  which  was  icgirded  u  pecoliatly  dangerous,  and  vailed  with 
very  seren  puoisbtaenl,  wbether  tlie  nutter  contained  in  lb«m 

71w  earilcr  Uitorv  ol  the  Engliab  law  ol  ddamation  i*  wme-  . 


■litl  obKuic  Ova  KliMt  tar  danam  teen  to  baw  be«n 
tolenUy  fraqucal  so  far  back  m  tba  rtigD  D(  Edwvd  L  Then 
was  BO  diuinclion  dawn  betertea  words  written  and  spoken. 
When  no  pecanlaiy  luoalty  was  iavolved  luch  caaea  led  within 
(be  old  Juriidiclion  oi  tb*  acckaiaalieal  oourts,  which  vai  only 
finally  abolisbed  la  tbe  iglli  ccMMy.  Il  leenu,  to  say  the  lean. 
uncertain  whether  my  tencnlly  i"""  " 
«u  in  use.  Tite  crime  el  icandatum 
reporti  sboal  tbe  Bacnales  of  the 

statutes,  but  the  firsi  luOy  reported  caa*  in  wUcb  EM  ■ 

generally  to  bt  pumthable  at  common  law  is  one  tried  in 
star  dmimbcr  in  the  reign  ol  James  I.  In  ibu  case  hd  EngUita 
aulhorilita  are  dted  except  a  prevnus  cue  of  the  nme  oature 
before  tbe  same  tribunal;  the  bw  and  termliiolofy  appear  10 
be  taken  dlicclly  from  Roman  touicta.  with  uie  iniertioD  Ibat 
libefa  tended  to  a  bteacb  of  tbe  peace:  and  il  seems  probrtk 
that  thai  001  very  scrupuLw*  tribunal  had  simply  found  it 
convenieni  to  adopt  tbe  very  iiringent  Roman  pn>viiioni  regard- 
ing the  libilli  lamaii  without  paying  any  legaid  la  the  Roman 
liraiiaiiont.  Fnom  thai  time  we  find  both  tbe  criminal  and  civil 
remedies  in  full  openlion,  and  the  law  with  rcfitd  ta  each  at 
the  present  lime  may  no*  be  considered. 

Cml  Z-rv^-^The  bnt  important  dislinctitm  encounlered  is 
Uial  between  slander  and  libel,  between  tbe  oral  and  written 
promulgation  of  defamitOTy  Maleoienit.  In  Ibe  lamer  caae  the 
remedy  it  limited.  The  law  will  not  take  oolieo  of  every  kind 
oi  abusive  or  defamatory  language.  It  must  be  shown  cither 
that  Ihe  frialniia  has  suffered  actual  damage  at  a  dlrecl  cmae- 
quence  of  the  slander,  or  thai  Ihe  imputation  b  of  such  a  nstun: 
that  we  are  entitled  to  infer  damage  as  a  necessary  consequence. 
The  special  damage  oa  which  an  action  i>  founded  lor  aUndeiuuB 
mist  be  oi  the  nature  ol  pecuniary  loaa.  .Loss  of  repyla- 
oE  pc«Ition  in  society,  or  even  ilLnesa.  however  dearly  it 
;  traced  to  the  slander,  is  insufficient.  When  we  cannot 
pccial  damage.  Ihe  action  fnr  slander  u  only  allowed  upon 
strictly  defined  gmuatls.  These  are  the  in^ntation  of  a 
ir  misdemcanaur  which  it  puniihabte  corporeally,  (.g. 
rboomenl;  tbe  imputalioii  of  a  contapoug  or  infecliou 
;  atalemcnta  i4kh  tend  to  the  diahoiaon  of  an  apparent 
heir  (othercasesolalandei  ot  litlewheB  the  party  it  in  poasenioii 
requiring  the  allegatloa  of  4>ed(l  damage);  the  accwdBg  a 
womtnotunchattliy  (Slander  of  Women  Act  iSgi);  and.  lastly, 
ilaoden  dii«led  against  a  man's  profestioDal  or  busincas 
character,  whidi  tend  tlirectly  to  prejudice  him  in  his  liade, 
pTofeation.  or  meant  of  livelihood.  In  Ihe  latter  case  the  words 
mutt  ehher  be  directly  aimed  at  a  man  in  his  businets  or  official 
character,  ot  iJiey  mu«  be  such  aaneceitaTilytoinyilyunfiLnett 
for  his  particular  office  or  occupation.  Thus  words  which  merely 
reflect  gcoetally  upon  the  moial  character  of  a  tradetman  or 
ptofntional  man  are  not  actionable,  but  tbey  are  actionable 
"  dirrcled  sgainii  bit  deelinga  in  the  course  of  bis  trade  or 
'otDsion.  But,  in  the  caie  of  a  merchant  or  iiader,  tn  tUega- 
m  which  a9ef  M  hit  credit  generally  is  enough,  and  it  bat  been 
■M  that  titicountt  are  acfionahie  which  aSect  the  thiliiy 
'  mora]  charactett  of  peraont  who  bold  oDkes,  or  exercise 
Tupalioo  which  require  a  high  degree  ol  ability,  or  infer  peoili^iT 
confidence.  IneverycasclheplainiiHmuslhave  beenu  Ihe  time 
of  the  tlander  in  the  actual  exercise  of  tbe  ticcupation  or  enjoy< 
iient  of  the  o^e  wltb  reference  to  which  tbe  slander  b  supposed 
o  have  affected  him. 

The  acUon  lor  libel  it  not  restricted  in  the  same  way  aa  that  for 
.lander.  Originally  there  appetrt  to  have  been  no  esaenlial 
listlnction  between  tbetn,  but  Iht  ettabliahmeni  of  iibd  as  a 
Hminalollence  had  probaUyconaidcttbtc  influence,  and  il  soon 
lecame  leiilcd  ;bat  written  delamalDiy  stalemenli,  or  piciurei 
end  other  signs  which  bore  a  dcfamaloiy  meaning,  implied 
^eaitr  malice  and  deliberation,  and  were  generally  fraught 
vith  greater  injury  than  those  made  by  word  of  mouth.  The 
ctuli  hat  been  that  the  action  lot  libel  is  not  Kmited  to  qiccial 
gtoundt.  or  by  tbe  nccettityof  proving  special  damage. 


unded  DO  any  itaieraeot  which  ditpi 


■%  privaii 


:  proftnioiulchancltr,  or  artiich  tgnda  10  hold  him  up  Lohatitd, 


536 


UBEL  AND  SLANDER 


ODnttmpt  or  lidlnde.  In  otw  of  (he  Imding  cam,  for  tttm 
Ihe  ptiiniiS  obiiincd  dimiga  hHssie  i[  wu  nid  of  bin  i 
he  vua  hypooilt,  and  btd  lued  Ihc  doik  of  reli^n  for 
wonhf  ptupotn.    In  uuxber  cue  ■  charge  ol  ineniit 


without  delibeme  inteniioD  to  publiih. 
Every  penun  ii  liiUc  to  ui  aclian  who  ii  canceiDcd  in  the 
publialkiD  of  1  libel,  nbethet  be  be  the  Builur,  printer  or 
piiUiiheTl  ind  ihe  txtrnl  uid  maimei  ol  the  piibUcilion. 
alibough  not  allccting  Ihc  Eround  of  tbe  acLion,  a  a  miterul 
elemeni  in  Btlmilini  Ihe  dime^et. 

Ii  i>Dot  nccoury  tlul  the  delanutory  chancier  of  the  wordi 
or  writing  compUined  al  ^ould  be  iniarcnt  on  Ihrir  face.  They 
may  be  eoudlKl  in  the  lonii  ol  an  iniinuation,  or  may  derive 
ibeir  ulng  from  a  reference  to  crircumstances  ondentood  by  the 

mutt  iiuk«  the  injarloin  ien»  cJear  by  an  averment  calkd  an 
innuendo,  and  it  is  for  the  jury  to  uy  whether  the  worda  bore 
the  meaning  ihui  aKribed  to  them. 

In  all  dvil  aclloni  Tor  dander  and  libel  the  Ealiily  o(  the 
injurwui  Ualementi  i»  an  etuntial  element ,  ao  iliat  the  defendant 
ia  always  tnliltcd  to  juillfy  hi<  itatementi  by  their  Inith;  but 
when  the  Matenient»  aie  in  themselves  defamatory,  their  fabity 
iipmumed,  and  the  burden  ol  proving  theii  truth  i>  laid  opon 
the  ikFeiidant.  There  are  however  a  large  clao  d(  fake 
defamatory  ftatemenli,  commonly  called  privileged,  which  are 
not  actionable  on  account  of  the  parllcnlBr  dicumitmcH  in  which 
tbey  are  made.  TTie  general  Iheory  of  law  with  regard  to  tbeae 
caiei  ia  ihiL  It  il  auumed  that  in  every  cue  ol  defamation 
intention  [s  a  neceuary  dement;  but  in  Ihe  ordmaty  case, 
when  a  Halement  is  lalle  and  defamatory,  Ihe  law  presumes 
Ihal  it  has  been  made  or  puhliiheil  with  an  evil  intent,  and  will 
''       '     '>e  rebutted  by  evidence  or  aub- 


a  Jury.     But 


and  which  may  be  falie,  but  which  i 


by  Ii    , 

nlifl  to  ihow  Ih 


turally  suggest  that 
perfectly  proper  mc 
In  the  cases  of  this  : 


uated 


o  do  harm, 

court,  bul  a  matter  of  fact  lobe  decided  by  the  jury.  Although, 
however,  the  theory  of  the  law  seeon  In  real  entirely  upon  natunl 
preHinptlon  of  inlentkin,  it  is  ptelty  dear  that  in  deienniiiing 
the  tlmila  of  privilege  the  courts  have  been  almost  whcdly  guided 
by  con^dctalwrn  of  public  or  general  opediency. 
In  some  cases  the  privilege  is  absolute,  so  that  we  canuU  have 

Thiu  no  action  of  Ihis  kind  can  be  maintained  (or  tlitementa 
made  In  Judicial  pnceedinp  if  ihey  are  in  any  sense  teicvant 
10  the  matter  in  hand.  In  the  same  way  no  sUteinBita  or 
puMkalion*  are  act  ionible  which  are  made  in  the  ordinary  course 
ol  pai^mtntary  proceedings.  Papers  published  urtder  the 
aaihotily  of  pitliameni  are  protected  by  a  special  act,  3  &  «  Vict, 
c.  q,  1840.  which  was  pisied  afler  a  decree  of  the  law  court} 
advene  10  Ihe  privilege  claimed.  Tbe  reports  of  judicial  and 
parliamentary  proceedings  sland  in  a  somewhat  diSerenl 
position,  which  haionly  been  attained  after  a  long  and  interesting 
confHcl.  The  gtntnl  rule  now  it  thai  all  rrpont  ol  pariiataentary 
or  judicial  proceedings  are  privilegod  in  ■□  far  as  tbey  are  honest 
and  Impartial.  Even  B  ^lE  proceeding!,  in  lo  far  as  they  lake 
ptace  in  public,  now  fall  wilhin  the  tame  rule.  But  if  the  report 
il  garbled,  or  if  pan  of  it  only  it  published,  the  party  who  is 
injured  in  coDscquencc  is  entiiled  to  ruinlain  an  aciioa,  and  lo 
have  the  iiaesllnn  of  malict  aabttutted  10  a  Jury. 

Both  afaolnt*  and  qualiBed  privilege  arc  given  to 
iqwelauodei  certain  osBditina  by  the  Law  of  Libel. 


:SSS.    The  reports  mual,  hoawver,  ht  publiihed  ia  a  oei 

paper  as  deaaed  in  the  Newspaper  Libd  and  Rtgislntian  J 

Under  this  act  a  newspaper  muH  be  publlibtd  " 

fals  not  exceeding  Iwenty-jii  d»y«." 

By  1. 3  of  the  act  of  lAM  lab  and  accualc  lepacla  of  jadklat  e 

oKdui(i  an  -•—■■—■ --^ ■ --■-■  -'■—  ->■ ■-  - 


ly  wilh  Ihe  pi 


By.  4  a 


limited  privilege 


fiJi  Bublic  neeiinE  la^ully  held  lot  a  lawful  pocpaic  aid  lor  thw 
[uitlieniKt  and  diKUHion  of  any  mailer  of  puhOe  cooeem.  tvwm 
when  the  idniisHan  ikemo  ii  restricied:  (1)  of  any  meeilBi,  opcw 
lepublie  or  to  a  reportn\  ol  a  ve*try.  town  eounciTiCBODl 

COiutiluled  under  the  pniviKO 

"  " '.?'". 


ol  a  duly  ml  merely  legal  hut  moral  or  social,  ar 
^  inquiriea,  nunmunicalions  made  by  personi  hi  coD&ikDtia] 
idations  regarding  mallera  in  which  one  or  both  are  iatenated. 
and  even  slatemeuls  made  within  proper  limits  by  penoDS  in 
the  hvna  fide  pmoecution  of  their  own  inlercat,  Counwil  cir 
amides  of  this  kind  of  privilege  are  to  be  found  in  anaweT  to 
inquiries  as  lo  Ihc  charaeler  of  aervants  or  Ihe  solvency  ol  a 
trader,  waminp  to  a  Iricnd,  commonicalioas  belweea  persons 
who  arc  Jointly  iotercnled  in  some  mallen  of  busiticsa.  Bul 
d  Ihe  r    ■       - 


y  be  privileged  who 
LOt  when  published  to 


publicatioo  tequired  by  the  occasion 
is  losU  Thus  defamatory  staleoieni 
made  to  a  meeting  of  aharebolders, 
olbera  who  have  no  inmediale  concern  m  me  cnisinesa. 

In  a  few  inslancea  hi  which  an  action  cannot  be  malnlaincd 
even  by  the  averment  of  malice,  Ihe  plaintifl  may  naiatain  an 
Eclion  by  avening  not  only  malice  bul  also  want  of  retsonablc 
and  probable  cause.  The  mosl  common  instances  of  this  kind 
are  tnalidout  charges  made  in  the  ordiTiary  course  ol  justice  and 
mtlicioul  prosecutions.  In  sucb  cases  il  would  be  contrary  lo 
public  policy  to  punish  or  prevent  every  charge  which  wa*  rnade 
from  ■  purely  malicious  motive,  but  there  is  iw  reason  for  pso- 

of  ail  reasonable  probability. 

CriniaoJ  Lav. — Publicuiani  which  aie  blaapbenuna,  immoral 
or  seditious  are  frequently  lermed  Gbels.  ai  ' 

however,  which  constitutei  Ihc  offence  in  these  publicatioi 

beyond  our  prcKnt  scope.  Libels  upon  individuals  may  be 
prosecuted  by  oriminal  irilDnnaiion  or  indictineni,  bul  there  can 
be  no  cHniinii]  jswecution  for  slander.  So  lar  as  concerns  the 
definit>«i  of  Ubel,  and  iis  limitation  by  ihe  necessity  of  proving 

between  tbe  ruin  which  ap|^  10  ccimliad  pmeailiau  ud  U 


niBELLATICI 


ddcflr  due 


cMltcdoBiiWfthl 

oudlfiMt)  tlut  tb*  fdiit;  d  k  libd  !• 
■MtnlUI  e]«B«M  ol  Ibe  * 
ttialf  dslaiBMgiy,  llu  o 
tintb.  The  ■wcepinf  ^iplicUloB 
Is  [he  Indlscriraltute  luo,  Ii 
which  wu  only  ippUaME 
hu  been  luppocted  bj  v* 
MpMuUy  by  the  view  thiL  em 
libel  wu  it!  tendcDcy  to  proveke  i  bmch  of 
An  Impoitut  diqiute  ebout  the  pDWen  of 
of  libel  nose  during  the  igth  ceiituty  Id  cannenoD  witu  lome 
well-knowa  tridt  foi  seditious  libeli.  Tile  point  iiramUiir 
ts  raulen  of  MicmUliy  in  conneiioB  with  the  Idil  ol  (he  leven 
biihi^,  but  the  t«»e>  in  which  it  wisbrougbi  tnott  pforainnilly 
(orwud,  Ukd  whlcb  led  to  its  final  setttemaat,  weie  those  ictinit 
WoodfaU  (the  pilatet  of  /wihu),  Wilkes  end  oihen,  ud  especi- 
ally the  case  acaliut  Shipley,  the  dean  ol  St  Auph  Ci  St.  Tr. 
ps5),  in  which  the  queiibn  was  fought  by  Lord  Etskioe  wlih 
eitiaanfinary  eneigy  and  abUliy.  The  eon  tioversy  turned  npon 
■he  qneslion  wlnetbei  the  Jury  were  lo  be  strietly  confined  to 
malien  of  fact  which  rHjuiied  to  be  prarcd  by  cridence,  or 
whether  to  erery  case  they  were  entitled  to  form  their  own 
opinlotl  upon  the  llbeDous  character  of  the  puhKaition  and 
the  intentioa  of  the  lotbor.  The  jury,  if  they  pleased,  had  it 
bi  their  power  to  return  a  general  nrdlcl  of  guilty  or  not  guilty, 
but  both  Id  theory  and  practice  they  were  subject  ia  law  la  the 
ifiiectloiu  of  the  couit ,  and  had  to  be  informed  by  it  as  to  what 
they  were  to  take  Into  eonjidention  In  determining  upon  thor 
verdict.  There  is  no  difficulty  about  the  general  application  ol 
this  priucipte  in  criminal  trials.  If  the  nime  i>  one  which  ti 
Inferred  by  law  from  certain  facts,  the  jury  »re  oaly  conceraed 
with  these  facts,  and  must  accept  (be  construction  put  upon 
them  by  Uw.  Applying  these  piindplci  to  the  cascofblMl, 
juries  were  diiecfed  thai  it  was  for  the  court  lo  determine 
iriiether  the  puMication  feO  wltUn  the  definition  of  hbel,  and 
whether  the  case  wu  me  fn  which  malice  was  to  be  Inferred  by 
conitroction  of  law.  If  the  case  were  one  in  which  maHce  wu 
Inferred  by  law,  the  only  facts  left  to  the  jury  were  the  fact  of 
publication  and  the  meaning  averred  by  Innuendoes;  they  could 
out  go  into  the  question  of  intention,  unless  the  case  were  one 
of  privilege,  In  which  eipren  malice  had  to  be  proved.  In 
lerwral  principle,  therefore,  the  decisions  of  the  court  wen  hi 
■ixordance  with  the  ordinary  principles  of  critelnal  law.  But 
(bere  wen  undoubledly  lonie  peculiaiitle*  in  the  case  of  libel. 
Tke  *enM  of  words,  the  Inferences  to  be  drawn  from  them,  and 
the  effect  which  they  produce  are  not  to  eaaly  defined  u  gross 
maltei*  of  fart.  They  leem  to  belong  to  those  cues  to  which 
the  Impression  made  upon  a  jury  is  more  to  be  trusted  than  the 
dcddon  of  a  judge.    Further,  owing  to  the  mode  of  procedure, 

was  determined.  But,  nevertheless,  the  question  would  scarcely 
have  been  raised  had  the  libel*  related  merely  lo  private  mat  ten. 
The  tell  ground  d{  dispute  was  the  liberty  to  be  accorded  10 
political  discussion.  Had  the  judgra  taken  as  wide  a  view  of 
privilege  in  discussing  matters  ol  public  interest  as  they  do  now, 
the  queatiou  could  scarcely  hive  ansen;  for  Erskiiie's  whole 
csntention  really  amounted  to  tbis,  that  the  Jury  were  entitled 
to  lake  Into  consldctaiian  the  good  or  bad  intent  of  the  authors, 
which  b  precisely  the  question  which  would  now  be  put  before 
tbem  in  auy  matter  which  concerned  the  public.  But  at  that 
time  the  notion  of  a  special  privilege  attaching  to  political  discui- 


nbadK 


of  free  political  discussion  seemed  to  be 
more  safely  entrusted  lo  juries  than  to  courts.  The  question  wu 
finally  settled  by  the  Libel  Act  1791,  by  which  the  jury  were 
(Dtitled  to  givea  geiieii]  veidkloD  the  whole  matter  put  in  issued 
Sou  tmt^—la  Scots  law  then  were  ori^nally  thne  remedies 
(or  defamation.  It  might  be  protKuted  by  or  with  Ibe  coocurreocc 
of  the  lord  advocate  before  the  court  o(  Jiuticiaiy;  or,  Kcondly,  a 
criminal  remedy  might  be  obtained  ii)  the  comniiair]'  (ccete»wtKat) 
courts,  which  originally  dolt  with  the  defender  by  public  irtcactation 


oDuna  beioff  ww  abahslicd)  an  Kwuntgd  by  the  Bf«ii 
f  or  damagea  ot  aalatiiw.   OagMally  Ik*  wdon  belen  th 
Bww  was  Miictly  Inr  daasgp    lanadeiL  not  uppn  tl 
iHjmritnit,  but  upoB  culpa,  ud  could  be  defended  by  proving  the 
tnith  of  (he  uatenema.    But  In  time  the  court  ol  iMaSn  bano  to 
asmytli«oogaialhiri»dletia«altbecoBitiijigryc»imi^»i^eiile^ 

neecniy  chuwot,  aid  to  which,  u  ta  Ssoaa  law,  the  tiMh  was  sot 
oecessaijly  a  dcfoica.  Ultimately  the  (wo  actiou  got  very  nuich 
confuaed.    We  Sad  cootioual  dnitea  u  ts  dm  imiiitr  for  the 

■w*iiiiifnMs»<iiogth.«pplicaBiteyelih»ph»<i(r 

whieh  araw  (loai  (ha  tact  that  the  OHMU  were  RM  all 


iiiR.'p<SdcdonrbTi 

ir  inllag  nn  Tinr  f  Irai  dliciiii  iliiii  iishiialiiiiHiiiaii  t 
obtlam,  apelM  tb*  fingUA  idia  tt  inith  u  •  lusi 
By  case,  and  retaiasl  tfc«  nimmi  iaterindi  both  In  < 
-■  cases  ot^Sege.ia  the  •ameahapeu  the  F    "  ' 

•haad  Scot*  law  BOW  aie  that  the  latter  mak 

'  id  written  dafamatioa,  that  it  petcti^ally 
an  il  difamatioa,  «nl  or  wtfittai.  BpiM 
iction  aught  be  maialaiaed  lor  UmL  aod 
al  renecn.  In  cwwiqutiKie  cf  the  latter 
--»  ■ppflcaiioa  of  tba  plia  a<  vcrllai  U 
•ad  eehdum,  then  aspanto  be  aa 
aad  iMi(  nnjltii  pubUcatkn 


!ly  S  at  all  diffas  fram  that  el 
.pn  law  is  coKemed,  they  may 
The  priBdiyl  ttataf  which 


omI  SaniB-,  Fraact.  Lam  tj 
t  dan  of  penona  who, 


._ .imeiicaa  A 

generally  W.  E    ~  ' 

UII[UTICl,'lhe  Duna  given  to 
diBfng  the  persecotlon  of  Deflus,  a 
(eqneneei  of  thdr  Chrbllan  belief  by  procuring  docnmenls 
(liMfO  irtddi  (Citified  that  tbey  had  wtlified  the  authorities 
of  tbeir  nbmiahia  to  the  edkt  requiring  them  to  offer  iaccnae 
or  saerific*  to  the  impeiial  gecb.  As  thlrty-d^t  yean  bad 
cbpsed  daa  the  last  period  of  penecution,  the  churchei  bad 
become  In  many  my*  lax,  and  the  number  of  those  w'  ■  ~  ■ 
to  bc^  ont  under  the  penecuthm  w] 


by  DO  mcau  strict,  aad  the  judges  and  aubordinate  oSidab 
were  often  not  ilMispoted  towirdi  Christiana,  ao  that  evarion 
was  lalriy  euy.  Uuty  of  Hum  who  coiM  not  hold  out  were 
abls  to  *ectD«  cattlfictte*  wUdi  gave  them  Immnhy  tiom 
ponishiBcnt  witboM  tctimlly  wpotiacfcig  the  faith,  fnat  *• 
"  patllamentaiy  ctrtificata "  of  aMdonnlty  used  to  be  given 
Id  Xoghutd  wHfaoW  any  pceteM  of  fact.    It  b  la  the  penona  vIm 


(those  who  actually  fulfilled  the  edlR  bcfaig  called  ttarljtcafi 
or  HcrificiMi,  To  calculate  tbclr  number  wndd  be  ImpoaOde, 
but  we  know  from  the  writings  of  Cypilan,  DIonyaius  of  Alex- 
andria and  other  coUemporariH.  that  th^  were  a  nUBenot 
diss,  and  that  they  were  to  be  fonnd  to  Italy,  In  ^ypl  and  fn 
Africa,  and  among  both  clergy  and  lilty.  ArdiMshop  Benson 
f*  probably  right  to  thinktog  that  "  there  wu  no  syttemalic 
atid  regular  procedure  to  the  matter,"  and  that  the  tibtlU  may 
have  been  of  very  dISeient  kind*.  Tliey  must,  however,  u  a 
general  m)e,  have  consisted  of  a  certiScate  ,^(ia  On  aaUtrilia 
to  the  effect  that  the  accused  person  bad  utiafied  them.  [The 
name  liMIu  hu  also  been  applied  to  another  kind  of  docunieiit 
—to  the  letters  given  by  confessors,  or  by  those  who  were  about 
to  snffer  martyrdom,  to  persons  wbo  bad  fallen,  to  be  used  (o 
secure  forglvencn  for  them  from  the  authorities  of  the  Church. 
With  such  libdlt  we  are  not  here  cODCcmed.]  The  subject  hu 
acquired  *  fresh  Inlereit  from  the  fact  that  two  of  these  actual 
UiiBi  have  been  recovered,  in  Itt4j  and  iB^  respectively,  both 
from  Egypt;  one  is  now  in  the  Biugsch  Pasha  collection  to  the 
Berlin  Museum;  the  other  isfn  the  collection  of  papyri  bclongtog 
to  Ibe  Archduke  Riioei.    The  fomei  toon  >  papyKi*  kaf  abotn 


jjS   LIBER  AND  LIBERA— USER  ROMANORUM  PONTIFICUM 


8  b]'  J  ia-i  1^  \UUt  OD  BOB  Intntati  ol  papynti  which  hsn 
bccB  pieced  Ufcthn.  The  (onwr  ml  Gnt  deciphered  uid 
dctcribcd  Iv  Di  PriU  Knba,  the  UtUr  by  Di  K.  Wewly: 
botb  uc  tfvin  uid  comincDtcd  upon  by  Dr  Btuon.  That  Ii  i 
'  "  '  '  'ly  bctHCca  thimiiBcmchlhelbnnli  thuN, 
In  Mcrlfidog  to  tlw  lodi" ;  tad  that  be  now ,  in 

r .'omminlaoen  d  the  aacrificd  (tl  b>U>fK"v> 

tvrOr),  bu  both  ucrtGced  uul  diunk  W  bw  poucd  Irbaiiopij, 
udhuuistedof  tbevkttnu.ialritaMiwbutolhcbe(i  tben  u 
rigs  tbl>  anificUe.  Tbea  foUgwi  tbe  ilanture,  wilb  ittau- 
lioni.  Hie  foniKT  of  the  two  ii  dated,  and  the  date  must  fall 
Id  the  yeai  350-  It  is  ImpossitJe  to  prove  that  eltbei  of  the 
documeatl  acluidlj  rcten  to  Chrliliana;  tbey  may  have  been 
liven  ID  ptfass  who  bad  been  accUMd  and  had  dcand  Ihciti- 
•dvei,  or  to  Conner  Cbrisdau  who  had  epasiitlied.  But  no 
doubt  tib4Ui  In  this  same  lonn  were  delivered,  in  Egypt  at  least, 
to  Cbiistiant  vbo  secured  immunity  wilbout  actual  apostasy; 
■nd  the  (onn  in  luly  and  Aliia  piobaUy  did  not  difier  widely 
from  thii.  The  practice  gave  rise  to  coopUcsled  ptoMetnJ  o( 
ecclesiastical  discipline,  which  are  reflected  in  the  coree^iocideace 
oC  Cypnan  and  eapeoally  in  the  Xovatlan  controversy. 

See  E.  W.  BeMo.  OfiiH  (Laa^a.  1897)  1  l^tf. .  Librafw. 
MiAnf.  (oth  lit  JwMwy  and  iM  ol  Hiidi  i*M.    (W.  E.  Co.) 

UBB  and  UBBKA,  in  Romaa  mytholoor,  deities,  male 
and  fmale,  ideoUfied  witb  the  Cieek  Dunysus  sad  Fen^ihane. 
Id  iMHWur  o(  liber  (also  callsl  Libs  Patet  and  Bacchus)  two 
feitlvala  wen  cdebnted.  In  the  country  tent  of  tbc  vfnute, 
held  Bl  the  time  of  the  galheiinf  of  tbe  giapet,  and  the  diy 
featival  ol  Hatch  17th  called  Libaalia  (Ovid,  Fma,  iii.  711] 

Ibe  cotmliy  leiUvsl  was  a  great  meny-intkint,  what  tbe  Gnt- 
fniiu  of  the  new  must  were  offend  to  tbe  godi.  It  was  cbai- 
acteiiud  by  the  grossest  lymboliim,  in  honour  of  the  feitilily  of 
1u  dty  festinl,  growing  dviliaatioa  bad  Imprased 
wuiecteir  ■ 

le  (nuMwgck  ol  .todety.  At  this  Time  the  youths  ta 
the  boy'l  difii  frddnlo  and  aasumed  the  man's  liia  liters  01 
tirifii  IFMk  iii.  171).  Cake*  ol  tneal,  hmey  and  oil  wen 
oBered  to  tbe  two  deities  at  tbii  falivsl.  Liber  *u  ocigiiully 
aa  old  Italian  god  of  tbe  productivity  of  nature,  especially  ol  the 
vine.  His  name  indicated  tbe  free,  unrestrained  character  of  his 
worship.  When,  at  an  early  period,  the  Hellenic  rehgion  of 
Dcmeter  spread  to  Rome,  Liber  and  Libera  were  idenlihed 
with  Dkmyius  and  Fenephooe,  sod  aftodatcd  with  another 
Italiaa  goddeaa  Cera,  who  mu  IdeoiiGcd  witb  Dcmeter.  By 
order  oS  the  SibytUne  books,  a  temple  was  built  to  iheie  three 
deities  near  the  Circus  Flaminius;  the  whole  cultus  was  borrowed 
from  the  Greeks,  down  even  to  the  lenniooloay,  tod  pricstoiea 
wen  brougbt  fnun  the  Greek  dties. 

LIKBAL  PABTT,  in  Great  Biitain,  the  ume  given  to  ud 
accepted  by  tbe  mcccMon  of  the  old  Whig  party  (tee  Wmo  akp 
Toiv),  icpraanting  the  political  parqr  opposed  to  Toiyisa  01 
Conaetvatitm,  ami  Hatntrng  to  be  the  originators  and  champions 
of  poUlictl  nfocm  and  profrasive  legislation.  Tbe  term  came 
into  tcnml  um  de&nit^y  u  the  name  of  oi»  of  tbe  two  great 
panics  In  the  atate  wbaa  Mr  GUdstone  became  its  leader,  bat 
befon  (his  It  bad  already  become  current  coin,  as  a  political 
appellation,  throu^  a  oitural  assodation  witb  the  use  of  such 
phrases  as  "  libenl  ideas,"  in  the  sense  of  "  favourable  to 

In  ttui  reject  it  was  tbe  outcome  al  tbe  Fraidi  Revglutjnn, 
and  in  the  early  years  of  the  191b  century  the  tern  was  used 
in  a  Fresch  form;  that  Souihey  in  1S16  wrote  about  the  "  British 
Litmala."  But  tbe  Refonn  Act  and  tbe  work  of  Bentbara  and 
Mill  resulted  in  the  crystalliiation  of  tbe  term.  In  Legh  Runt's 
autobtography  (1S50]  we  read  of  "  newer  and  mon  thorough- 
called  Ubenh"':  and  J.  S.  Hill  in  iS6j  wrote  (from'h'is  own 
Liberal  point  of  view),  "  A  Liberal  Is  be  who  looks'  forward  for 
U>  piiadplo  of  govenuoent;  a  Tory  looks  badiward."  "Da 
ftaduBl  adoption  of  tbc  term  for  ODC  ol  the  great  ptrtitt,  tupet- 
aedioii "  Whig,"  wu  bdpcd  by  the  liansUion  period  ol "  Liben] 


(^otcmliMi."  dociibifig  th*  podtlDa  of  the  latn  F 
and  U(  dadstme'somi  career  It  the  beat  iK 
sigtufkalMOi  n 


inieresli  of  tbe  Church  ol  En^and;  and,beingBpI  tobel^waitcd 
by  the  House  of  Lords,  with  (Itenpu  (o  ovcrriik  tba  veto  ol  that 
house,    lu  old  watchword,  "  Peace,  leireochaient  aitd  ntom," 

indicated  its  teitdency.  to  avaidance  of  a  "spirited"  lonigB 
policy,  and  to  parsimony  in  expenditure.  But  tbrougboul  iti 
career  the  Libenl  parly  haa  always  been  pushed  forward  by  its 
alremc  Radical  wing,  ud  economy  in  tbe  speading  ol  piriilic 
money  b  no  laager  cberiibed  by  those  who  chiefly  itpfmt 
tbe  non-laipaying  daste*.  Tbc  puty  oiiuiiaatioa  kodi  itself 
to  the  induence  of  new  force*.  Id  iWi  ■  ceatnl  orgisiutioB 
was  started  In  the  "  Liberal  Rcgbtrattoa  Awodnton,"  cwapnicJ 
"of  gentlemen  of  koown  Libenl  oplaiou";  and  a  number  tt 
"  Liberal  Associations  "  soon  rose  throu^iout  the  caaiitrjr.  Of 
thcae,  that  at  Birmingham  becaiae,  under  Ur  J.  rhsmbirt^'H 
and  his  active  tuppratct  tii  Schaadhont,  ptttlcalatl]r  attivo 
in  the  'seveDIIes;  and  il  wu  due  (0  Ui  SchaadhocH  that  i> 
1S77  a  caBfereaca  was  bekl  at  Binninghsri  which  naulled  in  tbc 
formation  of  the"  JfatiooalFederatiag  of  LibeealAsandstiaws." 
or  "Kalioaal  Libenl  Fodention,"  repnaeallag  a  rjnUn  of 
oixaniation  which  was  dubbed  by  Lord  Baacoosbld  "  the 
Caucus."  Tbe  Binuinghtun  Caucus  and  the  Centul  Liberal 
Association  thus  coeiisied,  the  Best  aa  an  iad^endeat  deowcntic 
"  ■  "  ■ '  representing  tbe  whifo 
party,  tbe  but  more  advanced  and  "Radical,"  the  second 
bclioed  to  Wluggiihj>ess,  Friction  naturally  reaultcdi  hut  the 
lESo  dectiniis  ceo&rmed  the  success  of  the  Caucus  snd  con- 
solidated its  power.  And  in  qiile  of  the  Home  Rule  crisis  in  iSU. 
resulting  in  tbe  spUtling  off  of  tbe  Libenl  Unionists — "dis- 
sentient Liberals,"  as  Mr  Cladslone  called  thcca— from  the 

Tih^r^rpTly_  I  h^  rtr^nJuftnii  rtf  rli^  Mnf  irtn*1  T  ■Kj.f*!  F*A^r*tu^ 

icmsined,  in  tbe  dark  days  of  tbe  party,  its  main  support- 
Its  hesdqujuten  were,  however,  Icmoved  to  London,  and  under 

Central  Associulon. 

It  is  impossible  here  to  write  in  detail  the  later  biitory  c^  tbe 
liberal  party,  but  the  salient  facta  will  be  found  in  such  artidcs 
aa  those  on  Hi  GUdsIone,  Mr  J.  Chamberlain,  Lord  KoKbery, 
Sir  Heniy  Campbell-Bannetmin,  Ut  B.  H.  Asqujtb  and  Ui 
David  Lloyd  G«>rge. 

See,  apart  from  lenent  histories  of  tbepeilad,  M.  OrtrotunkiV 
Dtmatnej  and  At  Orcvtimtiamt!  Ptiilial  ParUa  (Eng.  Craiu.i9ai). 

UBBB  Dnremn  BOHAMmini  POIITIFICUM,  or  "  Jotmial 
Of  the  Roman  PonliHt,"  the  name  given  to  a  coUectloo  of  forraulsc 
used  b  tbe  papal  dtincdlery  In  preparing  offidal  documents, 
such  as  tbe  inslallatioB  of  a  pope,  the  bcMownt  of  tbe  palUun 
and  tbe  grant  of  ptjal  privHegea.  Ii  was  PompDed  between 
Ms  and  751,  and  was  constantly  employed  until  tbc  nth 
century,  when,  owing  to  the  changed  circumsiances  al  the 
Church,  it  feil  Into  disuse,  and  was  soon  forgotten  and  lost. 
During  the  iTih  ceniuiy  «  inanusctipt  of  (he  Lihrr  was  dis- 
covered in  Rome  by  the  humanist,  Lucas  Hoblenius,  who  pre- 
pared an  edition  for  publication;  for  politic  reasoni,  however, 
the  papal  authorities  would  not  allow  this  to  appear,  is  the  boiA 
asteited  tbe  superiority  of  a  general  coundl  over  the  pope,  tt 
was.  bowiver,  published  hi  France  by  tbe  Jesuit,  Jean  Gander, 
ia  1A80,  and  otbei  editions  quIcUy  followed. 

The  best  nodem  ediltaat  are  one  by  Eugtne  de  Rodin  (Paris, 
rBfi9).aBd  anolher  by  T.  E.  voB  Skbel  (Vienna,  1U9!,  both  of  whidl 
contahi  critical  inttndueiiont.  The  two  enstjog  nanascripts  ol  Ibc 
LOir  an  In  the  VaUcao  Bbniy,  Rome,  udh  the  Hmr  of  St 


u  Cidao  iboat  yxs  m.,  betiRsi 
aloay  ol  Siena  Lcoiic  on  the  N.W.  uxj  liu  French  colony  ol  the 
Ivoiy  Coul  on  the  S£.    The  wMtsBmori  poiat  ol  Lthow  ' 
the  mosth  cf  tbt  rivCT  Uioo)  lia  in  ifaout  6*  j^  N.  ud 
jj'W.  IlKMatheramoM  point  of  UMttaiUdM  the  nmet 
atmoM  It*  mott  cuttn  eatcndoo,  b  u  the  nouth  of  the  CkvalU, 
bejood  Cwc  F*bM^  ody  4*aa'N.  )>Itb«cqiiMat,*ailiBiiio<il 
T*j)'W.  llwKidthciLlbBlitali^rarita'nfj'auUefablri 
fli*(R*ltsl,^amMom^boBN£.loS.W.  Tha Ubcifa'Siem 
Leon  boBodaiy  au  detetdiiiKd  by  a  tioDtiei 

lb*  Mano  q>  nnui  till  that  ii*n  cut*  lo^  V  W.  It  then 
foOowtd  tMtHDC  of  lonihudB  to  lu  btenectiod  irith  N.  latitude 
9*  6',  but  by  tbe  Fraoco-Uberias  uudoataiidiiis 
faootiec  on  Ibb  ride  ini  withdiawB  to  8°  15*  N^  nban  the  ilvai 
llakpna  ocno  16*  40'  W.  lb*  Ubtrita  fraotia  with  tba 
adjacent  FreiKh  pwifMioin  waa  defind  by 
traitr  ol  i8«>,  but  «a  the  defJullloB  thmin  giveD  waa  found 
10  be  veiT  difficult  of  ittonciliitioa  with  gMgiphical  ftatuca 
(lor  in  )8«i  the  «hde  <4  (he  Ubolvi  interior  ww  ttnnwpped) 
fnitbei  Mgotialioo  wen  >M  00  fdoC  Id  iqoj  lOieria  profuaed 
to  PnuKe  that  Ihe  boundary  line  drauld  IdW  the  rivet  Mo* 
' 'w  Bdtith  fmilier  ol  Siena  Leoae  up  Mtan  to  MU  tba 

u),  aul  that  tan  tWi  Vint  tba 

li  along  the  line  ol  mter-putiiig 
Ell  the  Ni«er  on  tbe  Hottb  and  thai  of  the 
It  liven  (Mna,  Lola,  A  Paul'*}  on  the  touUi,  until  the  8th 
decree  of  N.  htitade  *a*  reached,  thetxe  loUmriiw  tbk  Sib 
deinc  MMwanb  to  where  it  cota  the  bead  Urasa  of  the  CavaUs 
rivis.  From  lUa  point  tbe  boundary  bclween  France  and  Liberia 
■toold  b*  Ihe  couiK  ol  tbe  CavaSa  river  Iron  neat  ils  aource  to 
the  MS.  Within  the  Uraiu  abovt  detcribed  libeiiB  would 
powm  ■  total  area  of  about  4j,ooe  to  45,eoe  sq.  m.  But  after 
u  the  rtmlt  ai  renaln  "  fiontiec  inddeot*  " 
I  1997,  and  tbe  actual 
«  of  the  nortbcni  and  eaMttn  frantkn  cd  liberia  ii 
a*  [oHowi: — 

Surtfni  fnnn  tbe  point  on  the  fniptier  ol  the  Sritith  cokmjr  ol 
Sierra  Leooe  where  the  river  Moa  or  Makona  cronei  that  frooticr, 
tlie  Fnnco-Libeilai  fnotier  ihall  Conow  the  kit  bank  d  Ihe  river 
Makona  upttreani  to  a  pvnt  5  kilometm  to  tlie  ■outh  of  the  town  ol 

Bdom.      r  [Om  thia  pvnt  the  fmnlvr  whaB  Ipbvt  rTie  ii^  f/  Ihr 

Makona  and  be  carried  In  a  vul 

lu  Imtta/b „ 

dary  Ibe  foUovini  lovu;  Kulumai.  Kid  KDiumal, 

Sundibd.  Zuapa,  NiiUla,  Koianta^ivindu  aad  Lola.    Fnw  Ibe 


A  Use  ihall  then  be  dnwn  fr 
olTuleplBa  ihie  E.  to  the  Cat 
right  banb  al  Ihe  Cavalla  rtver  id  tne  tea. 

CTbe  deflmElation  conuniiaiad  proved  thai  the  riuoa  doei  not  0ow 
into  the  Cavalla.  bat  about  6*  30'  N,  it  Itowi  vciy  Bcai  the  aorth- 
weilcmmoat  bead  al  that  river.  Tuleplan  kinaboul  be  6' Jo' N, 
TbeiiverMakoaatakeianiucbDiaRacirthcHy  coune tbui  had  been 
eitiraatcd-  Tbe  river  Nuon  alio  Li  litualcd  so  or  30  ic,  luther  ta 
the  eait  than  bad  been  upomed.  CaniR|unily  ibe  tcnilorr  al 
Liberia  ae  tbdi  deoiarcated  u  rather  laign  dun  il  would  appear 
OB.the  uaoociecttd  Eagliib  aapi  of  1907— aboui  41 ,000  iq.  a.) 

Il  is  at  the  nuthetn  eitreinity  ol  Lrberii.  Cape  Palmai,  that 
tbe  West  Aliican  cout  from  Morocco  to  tbe  Bulbenunort 
eilieiDity  ol  Guinea  tunu  lODiewhit  abruptly  eaalwaida  and 
DonhwanltaDdlaceatbe  Gidf  of  Gaioaa.  Ai  the  whole  coaMKae 
of  Ltberfi  thus  f ronti  the  m  route  from  Europe  to  South  Africa 
it  it  always  likely  to  poaeu  a  ccniin  degree  of  itrate^al 
iiaporlaDce.  The  coait.  however,  ia  unprovided  with  a  single 
goad  haAour.  The  ancJHrage  at  UoorDvia  ia  lafe,  and  with 
■ome  ekpendrlure  of  raaney  a  frnootb  harbour  could  be  made  in 
front  of  Ctaod  Baaa. 

Ctm  Fialaw.— The  coaal  it  a  good  deal  twlnited.  ahacat  alt  the 
haadlandt  projeeliag  Irom  nonh.tnM  ts  inath  naat.    A  goad  dal 


KIA  539 

ol  Ike  ■abevd  ia  dHftWM  hv  HMM  al  iha  Aarp  iocha  i«ich  Ik 
near  the  luiBee.  Aaaaatof  ^rtvnhnwiapikorlaMaaciMly 
a  t  the  aH  aaaat  or  dw  to  k.  tfeer  a...  with^>reBt>Iia.  eliS 
Cavalla,  aiBkB  far  pHteta«ii«  iar  Uaiid.  aad  the  ^eib  al  tUi 
pan  al  Aftiea  Iram  Cape  Mau  nsnh-wen  to  the  StHul  loRtMa 
aMnknland.  In  iH  |iiiilialillllj  llii  aiiiii  iiiijiiiliia  irjUiiia 
wtaoawKctcd  by  a  land  heidB  wilh  tba  appaiia  lead  al  Bntil 
••  tan  la  the  Eooan  period  oTtha  TmiaiT  •(«*.  The  Lit_ias 
OMt  haa  lew  laaaaaa  oao|]aicd  with  tbe  ididaiBg  UttBrel  <f  Slora 
Lena  01  that  al  the  Ivary  Caaal.  The  cout.  ia  laci.  riiea  hi  aaa* 
phcB  rather  ahnptly  Iron  the  ■«.  Cape  Hoonl  (an  the  aurthifB 
fide  of  whkh  !•  a  large  l^aan-^irtMruii  Lake)  at  k.  blgbeat  Hint 
-k  logo  ft.  abDK  ae*  levci  C»ft  IliniaJu  ia  ^out  mh  It-  Cm» 
PalaaaabaiitMOlt.  above  thaaa.  Than  ■  a  aak  Uie  orlua 
hetwaaa  the  Cue  Pakata  river  aad  the  vicjaky  al  tbe  Cavalla. 
Altbsuch  m  Unk  al  "  .... 


ia  iaoa-l90»  ckand  ap  many  palaB  eossmtid  with  the  hydis- 
giapliyelihacauatiy.  Hatably  it  traced  Ibe  ann  Canlla.  pnviiB 
that  tUt  rinr  waa BottoniHted  either  wkhdK  Nuon  nn  I&  wan 
or  the  Ko  or  Zo  OB  the  <bM.  Tht  apper  fiver  a>l  the  kit  bank  af 
Ihe  lower  rivar  ol  the  Cavalla  an  io  French  terriney.  It  iw>  '» 
about  ;•  so'  N..  B*  •a'  W.  in  tbe  NiaiU  mouatakia  where  ako  ite 
the  liacH,  Si  Jobn'^  aod  Dukwia  lim.  Alter  dnkig  S.E.  tbe 
Cavilk.  between  7*  and  6*  N.,  u>ler  lb.  uiae  i/Di£?,  laakca  ■ 
—  -MiiidBable  elbow  to  the  weet,  thiaiifiii  leeu^inu  iaaoatb- 
yamv.  liiaaaTitablefmaMiaanlarBanetoB.lraBk* 
and  alter  a  long  aerie*  ol  tapidi  k  a^  aavigabl*.  Ub- 
uHy  ihc.CmlU  doe*  pet  a5efd  a  laenaa  of  in»  peaetalki* 


foRiuwHy 

"lib.  TheMu^ -, ,_ , 

ibe  Si  John'*  rinr,  baa  beaa  ikons  to  b*  the 

Gaatoa.  Mnute'io' N.  itappaDochcawithiB  1 

It  rite*  hi  the  Nhnba  axxtalafaii  aoBa  la  m.  &  at  th*  1 
CavaHa,  and  liha  til  Ae  Liberian  riven  (aieeM  the  O 
■naral  S.W.  Idw.  TIb  St  PaaL  tha^  InloiDr  la 
leaglh.  B  a  larg*  river  with  a  eoeaidtnlik  vakiaie  Oi  wkvb.  >■* 
_^.  l_Beh  lina  in  tbe  Bail*  aauntiy  neatly  aa  lar  narth  aa  9*  M. 
inaBc  af  Diani.  BMwcaa  8*  and  7*  N,  k  k  taind  by  tba 
Ike  weat  and  the  Walt  fioiB  the  eatt.  The  ufonuirivar 
IB  Maiiy  mialU  with  the  St  Paal'i  river  and  eman  th*  aen 
abau  MB.  to  lU  wot,  aadir  tlB  HBitf  Link  Cape  Mount  river, 
Tbe  bUiB  or  Bern  liver  (kae  in  the  den*e  Cera  loreM,  bat  k  el  no 
gnat  inpamuae  uatil  k  '**''™"^  the  f  rautier  betwna  Liberia  aad 
Skna  LaDBai  Tbe  Dukwia  aad  Farakigli 
J  5Pri 


CCMi,  BKlh  of  Ibe  BBORaaf  di 

St  letm't  liver  of  the  Baa  t« ,  ^ 

iapatnaca  aad  valani.  IWSinoriwiiiaBkitbeNMeH. . 

'  lian  down  ■  gnat  vohiat  af  water  ta  the  eea.  though  k  k 
river  alaanwdHaUaleogth.  Tba  Daobe  ran  at  the  huk  ai 
ittv  MouDtaini  and  Bow*  aaarly  paialld  with  the  Cavalla. 
ilioiat.    TbeUoaorUajnnaiiwkatDeetnBtB^csa. 


OiBak  oad  JtaniM'^^Jbaiia  k  ahaoat . 
he  dlaate  airi  n&lall  «nr  the  whale  al  I 


couatry  betas  abon  igp  ta.  p*r 
abaWtaohk  Nanh  al  a  diMaace  i 
it  not  qidt*  eo  rator^aad  ibe  1—' 

SjtbiStyabeut  30 n.  and  mith  al  a* N. 
thekad'ivcuitivBtiaa.   In  B^Miicu  tbe  land  hat  bna  ckand 


.'  UBITINA— LIBO^ 


Aft«  iS^  tho  XUnipt  bcgia  ia 
LibBty  Puty  tbenMtihly,  and  nnhe  all  uti«l(veiT 
The  Nonkvat,  ubin  "  thtn  *u,  iiadr  1840,  voy  Utile  koom 
DlGainiiinuiilhitanfa>di"(T.C.SBillh},*ut>M(aoMpraDito- 
lii(  Md,  bat  tboxfb  lb*  contett  si  MM*  *md  lool  ctmpalgu 
|U«  iKuala  M  lit  puty.  It  made  Kuit  poUlkal  giiM  (In  1(43 
itcuthudljr  10%  efUu  total  vaM);kaHdd  not  cwivincatba 
paofik  that  tlavCTy  ihaold  ba  mada  the  paiamount  qutatioa  In 
poUlici.  In  1844,  bonevei,  (he  Tnua  qwMioo  gava  ilavtiy 
pnclKljrthiip(e«niiDaieeln  thapnafaiaatialiamitdgD.  Until 
tbaa,  adtbcT  WUp  aar  DaaMCfats  kad  itcanted  the  LOwly 
Party  ieriouriy;  now,  bowemi^  aacfa  pany  thaiged  that  tha 
UbertjmovemcntmacDiniptb'aadHaTy tothaotber.-  Aathc 
campaign  ptagmtcd,  theWlrii*  (Jtanaltlyabaaed  the  Libntr 
men  ud  made  frulic  apptili  for  thdr  mppoit.  But  the 
Liberty  men  were  itrongty  oppoied  to  Cl»y  pertuiuliy;  and 
e<RB  if  hii  eqalvcml  cunpaign  letun  {uc  CukV,  Hcniv)  had 
not  left  evGcedui^j  rnnaH  ground  for  belief  that  he  would  naict 
the  aoDeulion  of  Teias,  sliH  Ihe  Ubeny  men  wen  not  (uch  u 
to  edmit  (hat  an  ntd  fmlifteg  the  means;  iherefore  tfae;y  aetin 
nomiuied  Bimey.  He  rereivcd  6i,jfij  voiei' — many  more 
Ihin  enough  In  New  York  to  hive  carried  that  iiue  >nd  Ihe 
pmiilcncy  for  Clay,  had  1  hey  been  (brown  to  hlmipport.  T)it 
Whi«>,  therefore,  blamed  the  Liberty  Parly  for  Dtmocnitii: 

Ihe  Blue  of  political  ethic^^il  ia  afanoaC  ccttain  that  though 
Clay'a  ohaima  woe  injured  by  the  Liberty  Itcket,  they  were 
lajorcd  much  moie  outside  the  Liberty  ranlca,  by  his  own 
quibbln.*  Alter  1844  Ibc  Libeity  Faity  made  Lillle  piogrcsi. 
U*  leaden  wen  never  vcty  tiiong  u  pnjiiicliiu,  and  its  ablest 
olginiMT.  Binxy,  vat  about  Ibi*  time  lompeUcd  by  an  accident 
tB  abaiidon  public  life.  Uoreover,  iht  elcclian  of  1 844  was  in  a 
way  fatal  lo  the  pany;  foi  it  aetised  to  prove  that  Ihough 
"  abolition  "  was  not  Ibi  party  prscTaiame,  itill  its  anlccedeDU 
and  penonnel  weie  too  [idJcal  to  twite  the  Northi  and  above 
all  it  could  not,  alter  1844,  draa  tbe  disalteclcd  Whl^  lor 
though  their  pany  ws*  ileadily  moving  towaid  anti^Uvtry 
Iheii  dislike  oi  the  Liberty  Party  efleclually  pieventtd  union. 
Indeed,  iw  patty  af  one  idea  could  biqic  to  satisfy  men  wbo  had 
been  Whig!  or  Deinociats.  At  the  lame  Iidid,  anti-iUveiy  Whigs 
and  Democrats  were  wgiegMiDE  In  tlale  poUtia,  and  Ilia  iswt 
of  excluding  ^aveiy  (tom  the  new  territory  acquired  fiooi  Huico 
aSocded  a  gi^en  opporiuuity  to  unite  all  anti^livery  men  on 
Ihe  principle  of  the  Wilniol  Proviso  (.ii*6).  The  Liberty  Party 
reached  its  greatest  strength  (casting  ytfitj  votes)  in  the  suie 
elaclions.of  1846,  Thereafter,  though  glowing  toniewbat  in 
New  England,  it  rapidly  became. ioefectivE  in  the  teil  ol  tbc 
North.  Many,  including  Bimey,  thought  it  should  cease  to  be 
an  isolated  party  ol  one  idea— sitiving  for  mere  balance  oi 
power  between  Whigs  and  Democrats,  wclconung  sniail  coMe»- 
tions  from  them,  iJniMt'  d^iendenL  upon  them.  Some  wished 
to  revivify  it  by  nuking  it  a  party  ol  genend  refotm.  Ooeresult 
was  the  secession  and  larrnatioD  ol  tbe  Liberty  League,  which  in 
1847  nominated  Gerrit  Smith  for  the  presidency.  No  adequate 
efiort  was  made  lo  lake  advantage  ol  Ihe  disinlegralion  of  other 
parties.  In  October  1847.  at  Buflala,  was  held  the  third  and  last 
natioitBl  convention.  John  P.  Hale — whose  electitm  10  the 
United  Stales  Senate  bad  justified  the  fiist  succoalul  onion  ol 

'  Birrey' 
the  Whip  I 


Libntr  nea  with  otbet  aati-ila*«ma  fal  aUU  pdUlfei— «■* 
Dondnaud  for  tbe  presidency.  But  Ihe  aominulon  by  Iba 
DcmocmUof  I«wa  Can  shattered  the  Democratic  orgaalaation 
in  New  YoA  end  the  North-west  land  wfam  Ike  Whip  nomhwled 
Gcnenl  Tajior,  adopted  a  non-conunlltal  platform,  and  showed 
hcaliSty  to  ibe  Wibnat  Pnviao,  Ihe  way  was  cleared  for  a  union 
of  a!l  anti-tUveiy  men.  Tbe  Liberty  Party,  abandoning  there- 
fore Its  Independent  nonlDalKiBS,  joined  in  Ihe  Hiit  conveatlon 
and  nooinadoniot  tbe  Free  Soil  Party  (f.*.),  thereby  practically 
kxiiig  its  identity,  allhou^  it  continued  until  af  lei  tbe  oeganiaa- 
tlon  of  the  Republican  Party  to  maintain  something  ol  a  sent- 
lodependent  organlutinn.  The  Liberty  Party  baa  the  naique 
honour  among  third-puiies  In  Ibe  United  States  irf  feeing  iu 
prlnd|de*  rapidly  ad<^tcd  and  realiied. 

See  T.  C  Smith,  IfiHury  0/  like  Zifety  anf  fitt  Sua  Ptrtia  n  Ijka 
Kcf^mm  (Harvard  Univeiuty  HiBoricil  Studies.  New  Yortt,  tin). 
and  lives  ai>d  vrilinn  of  all  tbe  puttie  men  mentiooed  above;  also 
of  C.  W.  Julian,  J.  8.  Ciddings  and  S.  P.  Chaae, 

iB  old  Roman  goddeia  of  funerals.    She  bad  a 
sacred  grove  (perhaps  on  the  Esqniline),  where, 

IMUiiat)  was  deposited  whenever  a  death  look  place.  Here 
the  undertaken  (liMiflorri),  wbo  carried  oat  all  lunetal  arrange- 
ments by  contract,  had  Ibeir  offices,  and  everything  necesaajy 
Wat  kefi  lot  sale  or  hire;  here  aB  deaths  were  registered  for 
statialical  purposes.  The  word  Lililtiiui  then  came  lo  be  DKd 
lor  tbe  business  of  an  undertaker,  funeral  requisites,  and  (in  tbe 
poets)  for  death  ilaelf.  By  later  antiqnarians  Libiliiia  nm 
sonellraei  identified  wilh  Persephone,  but  more  oommonly 
(partly  or  completely)  wilh  Venus  Lnbenlia  or  Lubeotina,  an 
Itallangoddesaef gardens.   Thesii    "  '  ..... 


II  Lubcnti 


ittuary  m 


tioltliedi 


(A.  of  tomba-Ventu  Ubilina),  lo 


in  t  h*  lonple  of  Libilina.  seeing  that  Ibe  a  identified  wi 

isexplalnedbylrini  aiindicaifngthatonaar  ' 

pnaidn  over  Irirth  and  death;  or  Ihe  ai 

with  tbe  ^deia  of  love  and  pleamta  is  iniendea  in  snow  tuat 

death  is  not  a  calamity,  but  rather  a  coniummatlon  to  be  dcsred. 

Libilina  nuy,  however,  have  been  oiiginnUy  an  earth  goddeii. 

(cl.  lub-il,  HMJt);  Ihen,  all  such  ddljes  being  connected  with  tbe 
underworld,  the  also  became  the  goddess  of  drith,  and  that  side 
ofbeichincter  predsirrinated  In  Ihe  later  concepllom. 


Iioi  Camaiinea. 
r,itm.  N.W.of 
:6.    It  ii  about 


Luion,  PhilipinH  Iilandi.on  the  Llbmi 
Nueva  Ciceies,  the  capita).  Pop.  (19 
4t  m.  N.E.  of  the  Bay  oi  San  Migael. 
Indian  coin,  ngatcane,  bejuco.  arica  nuts  and  camolea,  are 
grown  in  the  vicinity,  and  the  manuiocturci  include  hemp  goods, 
alcohol  (fram  coco-nul-palm  sap),  cnpra,  and  baikeli.  chain. 
hatnnociu  and  bats  of  bejuco  and  bamboo.  The  Libvanan 
river,  a  tributary  oi  the  Bkol,  into  which  it  emptlB  )  «.  bdow 
the  town,  ialimoui  for  Its  dcarcold  water  and  lor  iti  Bdpbur 
springs.   The  language  is  BicoL 

UBO,  in  ancient  Kome,  the  name  oi  a  family  belmgmg  to  Ibe 
Scribohian  gens.  It  ii  chiefly  interesting  loi  in  conneiion  with 
the  Puteal  ScriboniaBum  or  Pnteal  Liboois  in  the  forum  at 
Rome,'  dedicated  or  restored  by  one  oi  its  members,  peifaapt 
the  praetor  ol  ten  n.c-.ot  the  ttibnne  of  (he  people  in  140.  In 
ill  vicinity  the  praetor's  tiibunal,  removed  from  the  comitium 
In  the  md  century  BX.,  held  its  sitings,  which  led  to  the  place 
becoming  tbc  haunt  of  litigants,  noney-tenden  ami  huAiess 
people.    According  to  ancient  authorities,  tbe  Puteal  libonis 


t  wa>  »  callKl  if. 

Te«|ndawtl  (fuMu). 


UBON— LIBRARIES 


mi  bctmta  tlM  tci^tln  of  CmXv  ud  VMi.  M 


covutd.    Tlieide 

■  th 

t  ID  impilu  didc  of  invi 

cnlHbtKks, 

fouad  iKu  ihc  temple 

oTCmIdt 

f  oimtd  put  Of 

he  puted  il 

DOW  ibudoiied. 

teHonccAH. 

!.& 

J].  £m.  i 

Sali..a:ht 

.,  Scnbonim  Libo,  reprMHiti 

OK  ih.  piitcal 

tonfn  iMkw  the  wiMthfl  (prrham  synibolicAl  *rf  vtilcanu*  u  foncr 
bE  G||kliuiv),  w  C.  HOlKn.  flu  Xtmam  r-rmm  (Eii(.  (u«.  i>^ 
f.  B.  CutR,  igofr),  p.  ISO.  when  >  suible  imiMtioi  found  M  Veii 

LIBOH,  1  Greek  archittct,  born  it  EUi,  nbo  nii  employed  to 
build  the  gnat  temple  of  Zeus  at  Olympit  (f.t.)  a.baut  460  B.C. 

UBODHHE,  1  town  of  loutfa-veslen]  Fiance,  c^iiliJ  si  tn 
■riondiiKDunt  of  the  depBitnent  of  CiKiDde,  situated  at  the 
CBiiflucDce  ol  the  Isle  with  the  Doidogne,  >i  m.  E.N.E.  ol  B«r- 
deaui  OQ  the  railway  to  AncDul^me.  Fop.  (1906)  town,  I5,a8e; 
commune,  i94'i-  The  let  is  st  m.  dislani,  but  tbe  tide  aSects 
the  liver  so  ai  to  admit  of  veucls  drawing  14  ft.  icaching  the 
town  at  the  highest  tidei.  Tbt  Doidafne  is  here  crossed  by  a 
■  in  bridge  across  the  ir 


IS  LibouEi 


with  Fro 


«hich  i. 


Liboume  is  regularly 
built.  The  Gothic  cliiiEcfa,  lettored  in  the  igih  century,  has  a 
Mane  spin  iji  ft.  high.  On  Ih<  quay  there  is  a  machicolated 
clactlawer  which  is  a  lurvival  of  the  ramparts  of  the  i4ih 
tenluiy;  and  the  tavm-house,  contain  mg  ■  imall  museum  and 
a  library,  is  1  quaint  nlic  of  the  i6th  century.     There  is  a 

Thewib-pretecture,  tiibunak  oC  £rst  instance  and  of  conunecce, 
and  a  conununal  college  ue  among  the  public  institutions. 
The  principal  srlldo  ol  commerce  are  the  wines  and  brandies 
of  the  district.   Printing  and  cooperage  arc  among  the  industries. 

Like  other  sites  at  the  conHutnce  of  imporunt  riven,  that  el 
Ijboyme  was  appropriated  at  an  early  period.  Under  the 
RoDiaiu  Ctndali  stwd  rather  more  than  a  mile  to  the  couth  ol 
Ibc  piCHni  Liboume;  il  was  destroyed  during  the  troubles 
of  the  jtb  cenlury.  Resuscitated  by  Cbarletnagne,  il  was 
rebuilt  in  ii6(h  under  its  present  mine  and  on  the  siteaiul  plan 
it  slill  retains,  by  Roger  de  Lcybourne  (of  Lcybourse  in  Kent), 
icneschal  ol  Guienne,  acting  under  the  authority  ol  King 
£ilwaRl  I.  of  En^and.  It  suEeted  conalderably  in  the  struggles 
of  tbe  French  and  English  for  the  poutsaion  of  Guienne  in  the 
14th  ceolury. 

See  R.  Cuinodie,  HiA  it  IJkmnit  (Md  ed.,  1  vols.,  Libounie. 
1«J6-1877). 

UBRA  ("  The  Bilakcc  "),  in  artionomy,  the  7tli  lipi  of  the 
lodiac  (q.T.y,  denoted  by  the  symbol  *■,  resembling  a  pair  ol 
Ksl«,  probably  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  when  the  tun  enters 
this  part  of  the  ecliptic,  at  the  auti:innal  equinai,  [he  days  and 
ni^I)  are  equal.  It  is  also  a  oinatellalian,  not  mentioned  by 
Eadoius  ot  Aratus,  but  by  Manetho  (jrd  century  B.C.)  and 
Geminui  (1st  cenlury  B.C.).  and  included  by  Ptcdemy  in  his 
4B  uterisnu;  Ptolemy  cslak^ed  tj  stats, Tycho  Brahe  10,  and 
Hevdius  ».  1  Ittrw  il  an  Algol  (g.t.)  variable,  the  range  ol 
magnitude  bring  5-0  to  «- j,  an'l  the  period  i  day*  j  tin.  si  min. ; 
and  the  duster  if.  j  Librot  h  a  faini  globdai  cluster  ol  nMch 
only  about  one  star  in  eleven  li  viiiiblc. 

UBRAfUBS.  A  libraiy  (from  Lat.  liUr,  book), in  the  modem 
tense,  is  1  cnllecLion  ol  printed  or  ■ttllen  literature.  As  such,  il 
implies  an  advanced  and  dabomte  cfviliiallan.  II  the  term  be 
eitended  to  any  considerable  cotlecilon  ol  written  documents, 
it  must  be  nearly  aa  old  as  clviliiation  llsell.  Tbe  earliest 
use  10  which  the  invention  of  inscribed  or  written  signs  was  put 
was  probably  to  record  important  religious  and  political  Irans- 
iclions.  These  tecordi  would  nslurally  he  preserved  In  sscicd 
places,  and  accordingly  the  earliest  libraries  of  the  world  were 
probably  temples,  and  Ihe  eariiest  librarians  priota.  And 
indeed  before  the  eitensioa  of  the  arts  ol  writing  and  reading  the 
prints  were  the  only  pcnoas  who  could  perftirm  audi  work  as, 


(.g.  Iho  compilation  ol  tbe  il>iiial(iJf<iitiiii,  which  ■uibcdoly' 

ol  the  ponlifiCBt  In  ancient  Rome.  The  beginnings  of  Kteralura 
proper  [a  the  shape  of  bslkds  and  songs  may  have  continued  to 
be  toaveyed  orally  only  liomonegeneratioD  toanother,  long  after 
the  record  of  important  leligioui  Di  dvil  events  was  regidarly 

know  anything,  thereforcrWcra  cellectioni  ol  archives.  01  this 
character  appear  to  have  been  such  fanious  collections  as  that 
of  the  Medians  at  Ecbatana,  Ihe  Fersiai;!  at  Susa  or  the  hiciD- 
glyphic  archives  of  Knossos  discovered  by  A.  j.  Evans  {Scrifla 
lima,  19119)  of  a  date  aynchroniiing  with  tbe  XUlh  i^ttan 
dyuBly.  It  is  not  until  the  developHient  of  aila  and  sciences, 
aod  the  growth  of  a  consdcmble  wrillcD  bterature,  and  even  of 
a  distinct  litenuy  class,  that  we  find  collections  of  booka  wlilch 
can  b(  tailed  libraries  in  our  DOdera  sense.  It  is  ol  libraries 
ID  the  modem  aense,'aod  rut,  except  inddentally,  of  arehives 
that  we  an  to  apeak. 

Ksattn  liiuaiEt 
Ihe  researches  which  have  followed  the  discoveries  of  P.  E. 
Botta  and  Six  H.  Layaid  have  thrown  unexpected  ligbt 
not  only  upon  the  history  but  uLwn  the  arts,  the  j^  , 
sciescesand  the  literatures  of  the  ancient  civiliiationl  ""^^ 
of  Babylonia  and  Assyria.  In  all  these  wondrous  revcllliont  ho 
facts  are  mori  iaterettlng  than  those  which  ihaw  the  eistence 
of  citensive  libraries  10  many  ages  ago,  and  none  are  more 
eloquent  of  tbe  elaboratencts  ol  these  forgalten  civilizaliou. 
In  the  course  ol  bis  euivaiians  at  Nineveh  In  iSjo,  Layaid 
tame  upon  tome  chambers  in  the  soul h-wesl  palace,  tlteOaorof 
which,  as  well  aa  the  adjoining  rooms,  was  covered  to  tbe  depth 
of  a  loot  with  tablets  ol  clay,  covered  wiihcundfarm  characters, 
in  many  cases  so  small  as  to  require  a  magailying  glass.  These 
varied  in  aize  Irom  1  10  12  in.  square.  A  great  number  ol  them 
were  broken,  as  Layard  supposed  by  the  falling  in  of  the  rool, 
but  as  George  South  thought  by  having  lallen  Irom  .the  upper 
storey,  upon  which  be  believed  the  collection  to  ha ve  been  placed. 
These  tablets  formed  tbe  libraiy  of  tbe  great  monstch  Assur- 
bani-pol— the  Sardaoafialui  of  tbe  Creeks — the  greatest  patron 
ol  literature  amongst  tbe  Assyrians.  It  is  estimated  that  this 
libraiy  oanslstcd  of  some  ten  thousand  distinct  works  and  docu- 
ments, some  of  tbe  works  eitcnding  over  several  tablets.  The 
tableta  appear  to  have  been  methodicdiy  arranged  and  cata- 
logued, and  the  iibraiy  aeems  to  have  been  thrown  open  lor  the 
general  use  ol  the  Ling's  subjects.'  A  great  portion  of  thb 
library  has  already  been  brought  to  England  and  deposited  in 
tbe  British  museum,  but  it  is  olculated  that  there  still  remain 
some  10,000  fragments  10  be  gathered  up.  For  further  details 
as  to  Assyrian  libraries,  and  the  still  earlier  Babylonian  libraries 


ind  imperfect,  b 


w  their 


ilNip, 


ncient  Egypt  our  knowledge  is  sc 


cribcsof 


whore 


corded  olSciil  events  in  the  life  of  their  loyal  nasi 
or  details  ol  their  domeatic  aflairs  and  buKness  trans-  Ti^^, 
actions-  Beudes  this  oflicial  tilerature  we  possess 
eumples  dl  many  cammenlarits  on  the  sacerdotal  booka,  aa  well 
aabistorical  treatises,  works  on  moral  philosophy  and  proverbial 
wisdom, science,  collections  ol  medical  receipts  01  well  as  agreat 
variety  of  popular  novels  and  humoristic  pieces.  At  aa  early 
date  Heliiqiolis  was  a  literaiy  centre  of  great  importance  with 
culti)re  akin  to  the  Babylonian.  Attached  to  every  temple 
were  pmftBional  scribes  whose  lunciion  was  partly  rcli^otis 
and  partly  sdontific.  The  sacred  booUolThothconslilulcd  aa 
it  were  a  complete  encyctopaedia  of  religion  and  science,  and  on 
these  books  was  gradually  ai  ■--  ■  —  -  ■ 


entary.    We  | 

"  ihe  land  of  Ihe  collected  works  |1ib 

of  the  IVtb  dynasty,  and  a  simflai 

library  ol  Khalnj  the  builder  of  the  secoiK 

>  See  Menant,  KWislUiu  impahliiU  Hi 


iry)  ol  Khulu.' 


record  relating  to 


546 


.    ..    .    Then 
I  thai  of  King  OiyErundyai.  de 


the  Ubmy  yhX  i.  final!  chunbtT  to  the  temple,  an  the  inU  of 
which  B  I  liu  oi  bgnki,  nmong  Ihesi  i  minual  el  Egyptian 
geogniphy(Brugjch,  Hutoyo/£c^,  iMi.i.  140),  Thttutt 
pWtlioa  of  AkhMialen'i  library  («  itchives)  ol  djy  IiblKi  is 
known  mad  (he  natne  of  the  room  hu  been  md  on  (he  booka 
of  which  it  hai  beeo  built-  A  library  of  charrr^l  booki  haa  bevn 
found  at  Meodo  (Egrpi  ^xpl.  Fund.  Ttfo  Hiinilyphk  Papifi), 
and  we  have  nfcreocs  to  temple  libiarie*  in  the  SiliUeb  "  Nile  " 
ateLae  and  perhap 
of  (he  Egyptian  1 

which  he  mden  by  the  Creeh  wotda  t^XHS  lATPEtON  "  (he 
DispeiBUy  ol  tbe  Soul."  Oaymaadyai  bai  been  ideniihed  with 
the  gnat  luagRanieM*  U.  (i]oe-ii]6  s.c)  and  the  Kat  ol  (he 
libiaiy  It  wppined  to  have  been  the  RanKtaMum  ai  Wealem 
Tbcbea.  Anwa-era-hant  waa  (he  name  ol  one  ol  the  directon  ol 
(he  Theban  tihrarieL  Papyri  from  the  palace,  ol  a  later  date, 
have  been  diicoveiHl  by  Prafeaaor  W.  F.  FUndera  Petrie.  A( 
Thebei  the  icribea  of  (be  "  Foreign  Office  "  are  depicted  at  worlc 
in  a  room  whkh  wu  perhapa  rather  an  office  than  a  library. 
The  {amast  Tel-el-Amuna  lablcU  (u^J-U'S  B.C.)  were  Uored 
in  "  the  place  ol  the  retoidl  of  the  King."  There  were  record 
olHco  attached  to  (he  granary  and  (reaiury  depart menta  and 
we  know  ol  a  achool  or  aillege  for  the  rcproduclion  o(  booka, 
which  were  kept  in  boiei  and  in  \m.  According  to  EuHathiua 
there  waa  a  great  coUectioa  ul  Mtmphii.  A  heavy  blow  waa 
dealt  to  (he  old  Egyptian  literature  by  tbe  Penian  invaalon, 

Egyptiana  were  only  ddivered  from  the  yoke  ol  Penia  to>ut- 
cumb  to  that  ol  CrKce  and  Rome  and  henceforwaitl  (heir  civilita- 
(ion  waa  dominated  by  foreign  influencea.  Of  the  Greek  libraries 
under  the  Ptolenuea  we  ihall  apeak  a  lidle  further  on. 

or  the  libnriet  of  ancient  Greece  we  have  very  Ii((1e  know- 
ledge, and  (uch  knowledge  a>  we  posaesa  corns  (o  u>  for  (he 
„  Dui(  pan  Inim  late  compilcn.    Amongit  (hoae  who 

an  known  la  have  collected  booki  an  Plala(nlu>, 
Pe)ycia(ea  of  Samoa,  Euclid  (he  A(henian,  Nicocrales  oi  Cyptui, 
Euripides  and  Aristotle  (A(henaeui  1,  4).  At  Cnidua  (here  ii 
aald  to  have  been  a  special  collecllon  of  worka  upon  medicine. 
Piaiitralua  b  reported  lo  have  been  (he  £ra(  ol  the  Greeks  who 
lallecled  books  on  a  targe  icale.  Aulus  CkUiua,  indeed,  (elli  us, 
in  language  perhaps  "  Pol  well  suited  to  tbe  6lh  century  m.c.,"' 
that  he  was  the  fint  to  cstablsb  a  public  Ubiary.  The  au(botity 
ol  Aulas  Oellius  is  hardly  aufSdenl  10  secure  credit  for  the 
story  that  (bia  library  was  Clnied  away  into  Persia  by  Xencs 
and  Bubeequendy  realond  to  the  Athenius  by  Sdeucus  Nkator. 
Plato  a  known  (o  have  been  a  collector;  and  Xenophon  (ells 
us  of  the  library  ai  Eu(hydemus.  The  library  of  Aristotle  was 
bequeathed  by  him  to  his  disciple  Theophnslus,  and  by  Theo- 
phiastui  to  Neleut,  who  carried  it  to  Scepab.  where  i(  Is  said  (o 
have  been  concealed  underground  to  avind  the  hieiaiy  cupidity 
of  the  kings  of  Pergamuin.  Its  subsequent  late  has  ^«n  rite 
lo  much  coD(n>veny.  but,  according  lo  Slrabo(iiii.  pp.teS,  609), 
it  was  sold  (0  ApcUicon  of  Teoa,  who  carried  it  (o  A(bens,  where 
alter  Apellicon'a  death  i(  fell  a  picy  to  (he  conqueror  Sulla,  and 
was  transported  by  him  (0  Rome.  The  story  told  by  Athenaeus 
(i,  ii  is  that  the  library  ol  Neleus  was  purchased  by  Ptolemy 
PhUadtlphus.  Tlie  names  of  a  few  olber  libraries  in  Greece  arc 
baidy  krKiwn  [o  us  fraio  uaciip(ionB;  ol  (heir  chaiac(er  and 
contents  we  know  tuKhiog.  U,  indeed,  we  are  (o  (mat  Slrabo 
entirely,  we  must  bdieve  that  AristoUe  was  the  tiis(  penon  who 
collected  a  library,  and  that  he  cammunicalsd  the  (aste  tor 
collecting  (0  the  aoveieigns  ol  ^ypt.  It  is  at  all  evenu  certain 
tlu(  the  libnries  of  Aleundiia  were  the  moat  importaM  as  they 

were  (he  iiaostulebra(edoi  the  andent  world.  Under 
,,fL        the  erdightened  rule 

Bcbolan  and  men  of 

Lain  that  Plokmy  Soter  had  already 
it  was  in  the  relga  of  Ptolemy  Phila- 
re  properly  orgBniied  and  cKablished 
n.iepante  building     Ptolemy  Philadelphus  sent  : 
'  Crott,  BiiltTjeJCrua.  iv.  37,  lolktwiiif  Becker 


begun  to  collect  books,  b 


lemineichange.  Nor  did  the  Al 
t  e>ni(H(  lie  usual  Hellenic  eiclusivenas.  and  many  of 
aaurcs  of  Egyptian  lod  even  of  Hebrew  literature  wen 
ir  means  (ranslated  into  Creek.  There  wen  two  Ubnria 
landria;  the  larger,  in  (he  Brucheum  quarter,  was  in 
ion  with  the  Museum,!  sort  of  academy. while  the  smaller 
iced  in  Ihe  Serapeum.  The  number  ol  volumes  in  (hcK 
3  was  very  large,  although  it  is  difficult  to  attain  any 
ly  as  (0  the  real  numbers  amongst  tbe  widely  varying 
'    "     I  of  Tsetses,  who  appeaia  lo 


n  froi 


who  hac 


(he  au(hori 

a  in  the  Serapeum  and  4g 
reler(o(he; 


ol  CaUimachus  himself  under  Pfolemy  Euergetca.  In  any  a 
(he  figures  agree  tolerably  well  wl(h  Ihoae  given  by  AtdiB  GeUha' 
(700,000)  and  Seneca' (4«i.ooa)>  It  dwuld  be  ^Mervtd  that,  n 
(he  anden(  n^  or  volume  uaiuUy  contained  ■  much  m^tt 


"  books  "  or  vciumc*,  lad  tbe 


of  HeRxlo(ua  migh(  fom 
Iliai  of  Homer  Iwenly-lo 
for  tbe  purposes  of  compaiison  with  nwdecn  tnlkctioBa.  Tbe 
series  of  (he  hnl  five  librarians  at  Alcwidrii  appeal*  to  be 
pretty  well  eslablbbed  as  foUowa:  Zenodotus,  CailiDachm, 
Eratosthenes,  ApoUonius  and  ArlstopluMai  and  tbcit  adivily 
toveiB  ■  period  of  al 

biWiography  appear  t  .  _  . 

of  the  Aleiandrian  libraifea.  Amonpl  other  Usts,  lira  o 
logues  were  prepared  by  order  of  Ptolemy  PfaUlddpfaoi,  ODe  of 
(he  (ragcdiea,  (he  other  of  (he  comedies  eon(aliied  in  tbe  coUec- 
(iona.  ThelUnanof  CalhauchuilonMdacMikiCMaf  ■>  the 
principal  boolo  tnangtd  in  ■: 

eatcoded  (0 

des(royed.' 

to  Cleopatra  tbe  Ubcary  irom  Pogunon.  Thiiwaivery|M«l»bly 

placed  in  tbe  Bncheum.  »  Ihb  contioiKd  10  be  tl 

quarter  of  Alenndria  until  th*  time  of  Ai 

the  SerapcvmbecatBetheprirudpallibcary.   ' 

that  from  ll      '         '    '  

Cleopatra  the  libraries  continued  in  a  flourishing  CDiiditjDa  until 
they  wete  datroyed  after  the  conqucM  ol  Akaaodria  by  tbe 
Saracens  in  i.M.  640  can  hardly  be  supported.  It  b  rety  pMilb)* 
that  one  of  Ihe  libnms  peibhed  when  the  Bndteua  qoaittc 
was  dolrayed  by  Aurelian,  k.D.  ij].  In  3S9  or  jpi  an  edict  of 
Theodoaiu*  otdercd  (he  dea[ruciioD  at  (be  Serapeum,  and  iu 
book*  weie  pillaged  by  (he  Chris(ians.     When  we  Uke  into 

into  wbich  lilcnliuc  and  acienoe  had  ialleu,  there  tan  be  Utde 
diStciilly  in  bdieriBg  that  there  were  hut  few  book*  lef(  to  be 
douoyed  by  the  soldten  of  Ainru.  The  laoiiliar  anecdote  of 
(he  caliph'i  mestage  (o  hit  general  lettt  mainly  upon  (he  evidence 
dI  Abulfaiaj,  so  tha(  we  may  be  (empted  (0  agree  with  Gibbon 
(ha(  (he  lepon  of  a  sLfanger  who  wrote  at  the  end  of  six  hundred 
yeartisovFihalancedby  the  silence  of  earlier  and  native  annalists. 
It  is,  however,  so  faf  from  easy  to  settle  the  question  that  a 
cloud  of  narnes  could  easily  be  cited  upon  either  side,  while  some 
of  the  meat  careful  iniiuirera  "^pf*M  the  di^cully  of  a  decision* 
(tee  Auuxnau,  III.). 

The  Dtagnificence  ajid  renown  of  the  libraries  of  the  Ptolcmita 
eadied  the  rivalry  of  (he  kings  of  Pergamum,  who  vied  with 
the  Egyptian  ruler*  in  their  enCDUia^ement  of  litciaiuic     The 

■  RluchI,  Dit  akatirmtclu*  SiUiMMn.  p.  n;  Opatc  fUL 

'la..,,,,. 

•  Parthey  (Ala 
lor  doatnina  thi' 
'5Bae«rihi 


«  b.f.a|)«f«l)l|y)R^.  f^  d 


ANCIENT)  LI 

Cmnui  raanbe*  in  lie  unpotia  ol  PafuoiRn  tclimo  i);S 
uid  iSM  Rvcilod  loui  nxHu  whkh  bad  aii^BMUy  beta  ipprv 
j^^  pri«ied  to  the  libniy  (Alex.  CoiUB,  Dii  taianuM. 

,,,„       BiiliMii,  ilM.    Dapilc  the  otnUcki  ptaentcd  by 

Uic  embugo  pliiccd  by  the  PlolemKi  upon  the  < 
of  papynn,  the  libnty  oi  the  Altiti  Uliuiail  csiuidi 
imponuice,  and,  u  we  b«ve  kcd,  whea  it  wu  [niupon*4 
to  Egypt  Dumbmd  laofiao  vob.  Ws  leani  Iram  ■  not' 
SbMu  that  in  »i  B.C.  AntiDchui  the  Gnu  nmunotitd  tb< 
■nd  graaimatUn  EuphorioD  of  Chikii  to  be  hu  libiuioo. 

The  cutjr  RomuH  wern  far  too  miiike  aad  practical  a  people 
to  devote  auch  attealioa  to  lilenlun,  ud  it  it  not  oniil  the 
^„,  last  cinluiy  ol  the  lepublic  that  ve  beu  o(  Ubiaiiea 

ia  Rune.  The  mlkctioau  ol  Cawhaje,  nhith  fcU  into 
thcii  handi  nbea  Sdpio  aaiied  that  dty  (146  nx.),  hwl  no 
altnctioiu  lor  Ibeni;  and  with,  the  eicepiioD  of  (he  writing)  of 
lI«go  upon  airicukuie,  which  the  lenaie  naerved  for  tmulaiion 
into  Latin,  they  beitawnt  all  the  booka  upon  the  kinglet*  of 
Africa  (Pliny.  BJI.  iviii.  s).  It  it  in  acowdance  with  the 
■nilituy  character  of  the  RoBaaa  that  the  fimi  contidenhle 
csllectiant  of  nhicfa  irrlKai  in  Rome  wen  biougbt  then  >a  (h« 
Voilt  of  war.  The  £nt  ol  theaa  WM  that  bnw^i  by  Aemiliw 
Ptnliu  FiDDi  Macedonia  after  the  conqiuu  of  Pencw  (lO?  ■.&). 
Tbe  libtafy  of  the  conquered  monaich  waa  all  that  bo  mccrcd 
(i«m  the  ptiia  of  victory  for  hinnelf  and  hU  Wot,  wbo  woe  iond 
ofktien.  NeitcaiK  thehbniyofApeUicoatheTeiiB,b>a«gbt 
fiom  Athtni  by  SuUa  {M  Bx:.).  Thia  paaad  at  bia  dealb  into 
tbe  lianda  of  his  aon,  but  of  ila  later  hittiny  nolhinc  it  hoowK. 
Hie  rich  uortt  el  lilenture  broD^l  boBM  hy  LucuUui  froai  h^ 
eaMem  oonquesU  (aboDt  6^  >.c,)  were  freely  Ihnnni  opes  to  hit 
friends  aikd  to  men  ol  ktlen.  AcaMdinfly  hit  library  and  the 
neJKhbouiinf  walki  were  much  rooited  to.especialJy  by  Greelii. 
It  was  now  becanung  bihiooaUe  ka  rich  men  to  lumiah  their 
bbrariet  well,  and  the  fuhion  prevailed  until  it  became  tbe 
(uhjeci  of  SeiKci')  Kora  and  Lucian's  wit.  The  real  of  Cicero 
■nd  Attic<)t  in  adding  to  their  collectiona  it  well  known  to  every 
texder  of  the  daasia.  Tynnnion  It  laid  to  have  had  30,000  vols. 
ol  hit  own;  and  that  M.  Tereniiui  Varro  had  large  coUeOiont 
*•  Duy  \DSa  fium  Gcero't  writing  to  him :  "  SI  butura  in 
hibliothcca  lubes,  nihil  deeril."  Not  lu  pndong  the  Hit  of 
'        '    uid  to  have  left  to 


his  pupil  Ihe  young  Gotdian  nc 
them 


Q  Rome  with  public  libnties,  though  it  Itdouhifulwheihet 
any  atepi  wire  actually  taken  lowardi  its  exeraiion.  The  talk 
>f  collecting  and  omnE 


nfoni 


11  for 


bave  led  Vaim  to  write  tbe  book  upon  Mbi 
words  only  have  come  down  to  ua,  jscaerved  by  a  gnmmarian. 
Tbe  honour  of  being  the  firtt  ictuiUy  to  dedicate  a  library  to 
the  pabUc  is  laid  hy  Pliny  and  Ovid  10  have  Faikn  lo  G.  Asiniui 
PdIBd,  who  erected  a  library  in  Ihe  Atrium  Libertatii  on  Mouol 
Aventine,  defraying  Ihe  cott  fiom  [he  ipoili  of  bis  Uiynu 
campaign.  The  library  of  Pollio  was  followed  by  tbe  public 
mmries  ettAbliihrd  by  Augustus.  Tliat  effipepor,  ytbo  did  10 
much  for  the  embellish  meni  of  the  city,  erected  two  lihrariei. 
the  Octavian  and  the  Ptlatine.  TTw  (otmer  was  founded 
(33  >'Cj  in  honour  of  hit  sister,  and  wu  placed  In  the  Potticus 
Oetaviie,  a  magnificent  structure,  the  tower  pan  of  which  servKi 
■t  s  ptonienade,  while  the  upper  part  conttined  the  library. 
The  charge  of  the  books  was  commiiicd  to  C.  Meliisus.  The 
othcf  library  formed  by  Augustus  wu  attached  to  the  temple  of 
ApoQo  00  the  Palatine  hill,  and  appean  frum  iniciiptions  to 
have  coniisled  id  two  departmFnIt,  a  Greek  and  ■  Latin  one, 
which  leem  to  have  been  aeparaiely  adminitlered.  The  charge 
ol  the  Palatine  collections  was  given  to  Pompelut  Macer,  who 
waa  Bicceeded  by  Juh*us  Hyglnui,  the  gnmmftrian  and  friend  of 
Ovid.  The  Octavian  library  perished  in  Ihe  fire  iriiich  raged 
at  Rome  lor  three  days  In  the  reign  of  Tltua.  Tlie  Palatine  *ai, 
at  all  events  in  great  part,  destroyed  by  £re  in  the  reIgn  of 
ComnoduL  The  story  that  Iti  collections  were  deitniycd  by 
Ofdei  of  Pope  Ongory  the  Great  In  lbs  6tb  ctnluor  it  now  . 


gcoaally  reacted.    Tlw  toccenoit  of  Augutlu,  thoiugh  they 

did  not  equal  him  in  their  patntuge  of  learning,  maintained  the 
tradition  ol  forming  libraries.  TIbcriut,  hit  immediate  auc- 
GCasor,  established  one  in  iili  ipleodid  houia  on  the  Palatine,  to 
which  Gdlius  refen  as  the  "  Tibetian  Ubnty,"  and  Suetociua 
relate!  that  be  caused  the  writings  and  images  of  hit  favourite 
Greek  poeta  lo  be  placed  in  the  public  librarica.  Vespsaian 
established  a  library  in  the  Temple  of  Peace  erected  titer  the 
butning  of  Ihe  dty  under  Nero.  Domilian  restored  Ihe  libtariet 
vrhich  had  been  destroyed  in  Iho  aamc  conBagration,  procuring 
bookt  from  every  quaiiei,  and  even  sanding  to  Aicaaodria  to 
have  copra  nude.  He  ii  alto  taid  10  have  founded  the  Capitohno 
library,  thou^  otben  give  the  credit  to  Hadrian.  Tbe  nwat 
famous  and  important  of  tbe  imperial  librariea,  however,  waa 
that  created  by  Ulpiui  Tnjanos,  known  as  the  Ulpian  library, 
which  was  fint  eitabliihed  in  the  Fotum  of  Ttajan,  but  was 
tflerwaids  removed  to  tbe  bath)  ol  Diodclitn.  Id  this  library 
■en  dqieailcd  by  IVajan  the  "libri  lintei"  and  "  libri  ele- 
phantiiu,"  upon  which  the  tenaliu  consults  and  other  trani- 
actioiia  idating  to  the  empenirt  were  wriiieik  The  Ubrary  of 
Doatitian,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  £ie  in  the  rctgn  of 
CaBiiiDdu,waatBit«redby  Gorditn,  who  added  lo  it  the  booki 
bequeathed  to  him  by  Serenut  Samnuoicua.  Altogether  in  tbe 
4th  century  thera  ore  aaid  to  have  bean  iwtnly-cighi  pubUe 
tibnrka  in  Rooa. 

Not  wen  public  librariea  confined  to  Rome.     We  poneia 
cecoida  ol  at  least  14  ptacci  in  Italy,  the  Grecian  ptovincei, 
Atia  hUnor,  Cyprat  and  Africa  in  which  librada  had 
been  established,  most  of  them  attached  10  temples,   **~n 
OBually  thiongb  the  Hberality  ofgenerois  individuals.    anMnT' 
The  library  whirti  tbe  younger  Pliny  dedicated  to  his 

"  mum  CMI  a  million  tetteiws  »ed  hecoolributid 
UCE  turn  ID  tbe  support  of  a  library  at  Mibn.  Hadrian 
ibliihedone  at  Athens,  docribed  by  Pautanias,  and  recently 
Ideniiied  with  a  building  called  the  Stoa  ol  Hadrian,  which 
abowi  a  itrikiog  similarity  with  the  prednct  ol  Athena  at 
Perganum.  Strabo  menliona  a  library  at  Smyrna:  Alius 
"  'bus  one  at  Patrao  and  another  at  Tibut  ftorn  which  hooka 

wr  and  Timegad  in  Algeria  have  furnished  ptedie  inlannation 
10  Ihe  tiructuut  plan  of  these  buildings.  The  library  at 
icsui  wu  founded  by  T.  Julius  Aquila  Polemaeunia  in 
nory  of  his  father,  pro-consul  ol  Asia  in  the  tine  of  lYajan, 
ul  «.D.  106-107.  Thelibnry  at  Hinegsd  wucaUbtiihedat 
Dsl  of  400,000  leiterces  by  U,  Julius  Qtiinlianus  Flaviua 
Rogiiianui,  who  probably  lived  In  the  yi  century  (X.  Cagnal, 
"  La  Bibliothiques  munidpeles  daas  TEinpire  Romain,"  i()o6, 
iltm.  it  I'Aad.  ia  Itac,  torn,  niviii.  pt.  i).  At  Ephcsus 
thiough  a  circular  opening  in  Ihe  nxd;  the 
librury  at  Timegad  greatly  roe  mbles  that  diacovered  at  Pompeii 
ind  possetsea  a  q^tcm  of  book  slorci.  All  these  bailings 
followed  Ihe  same  geoeral  plan,  consisting  of  a  reading-room  and 
nocc  or  lest  ample  book  stores;  the  former  wot  either  rect- 
angular or  semr-drcular  in  shape  and  vu  approached  tiddcr  a 
tUldy  portico  and  colonnada.  In  a  niche  facing  Ihe  entrance  a 
itttue  wiB  always  erected;  that  formerly  at  Pergamum — %, 
figure  of  Minerva— B  now  preserved  at  Berlin.  From  a  well- 
*  nown  line  ol  Juvenal  (5a(.iil.  iig)  we  may  aisume  that  a  ilatne 
I  the  goddna  wu  usually  placed  in  libraries.  The  readlng- 
Knn  wu  also  ornamented  with  busts  or  life-iized  Imaga  of 
:IebMted  writers.  Tbe  portraiti  or  authors  were  also  painted 
n  mcdallioiu  on  the  presiei  (timurja)  in  which  the  boiAs  or  rolls 
ere  preserved  as  in  the  librtiy  of  Isidore  ol  Seville;  tome- 
met  these  medallions  decor^Ied  the  walls,  u  in  a  prf  vite  library 
iscovered  by  Landani  in  1SS3  at  Rome  I^ncirnJ  Rsmi,  iSSS, 
.  103).  Movableseals,  known  to  ui  by  piciorltl  r^resentationt, 
were  in  use.  Tlie  hooki  were  daitified,  and  the  pretiei  (framed 
of  predoui  woodi  and  highly  ornamented)  were  numbered  lo 
fsciKiate  reference  from  tbe  catalogues.  A  privale  Ubiaiy 
dlsoDvered  at  KeccutaneURi  contained  i;j$  MSS.  placed  on 
ihelvet  round  the  room  to  a  height  of  about  6  ft.  with  a  cinlial 
prca.    In  the  puUic  roomi  aome  ol  the  hoi^  were  anauftd 


5+8 


LIBRARIES 


In  the  mding-nom  and  unie  [n  tht  tdjteat  beOk  ilom. 
The  Chriitiui  libnna  of  Iitu  fOundntlon  dowly  foUowRl  the 
diuial  prototypes  not  onlr  In  Ihar  ttnictuif  buL  ■!»  in 
■miller  delnill.  The  genera!  >ppM«oce  of  i  Ronun  libniy 
I*  preserved  in  the  library  of  tbe  Valitm  Sited  up  by  Sains  V. 
Id  I J87  with  painted  prtuts,  hints  and  iniiqDe  vases. 

X>  the  number  of  libraries  In  Rome  Inneaied,  the  Bhrallan, 
who  wia  generatty  a  alavc  or  frccdman,  became  a  recognised 
public  functkmory.  The  names  ol  several  librarians  are  pre- 
served lo  ufl  in  inscriptions,  including  that  of  C.  Hymenaeus, 
who  appears  10  have  futhlled  the  double  function  o(  phyvdan 
and  librarian  to  Augustus.  The  general  superintendence  of  the 
public  Kbrariei  was  committed  10  a  apsdal  offidil.  Thus  frflm 
Nero  to  Trajan,  DIonytluB,  an  Aleondrian  rhetorician,  dis- 
charged thb  function.  Under  Hadiiao  i1  was  entrusted  to  hla 
former  tutor  C.  Julius  Vestlnus,  vfao  aftennida  became  ad- 
ministrator of  the  Museum  at  Aleiondria. 

When  the  (eat  of  empire  was  mnaved  by  Constanlfne  to 
his  new  (apltil  upon  the  Bosporus,  the  empeira'  established  a 
^^^^  eoliection  (here,  in  wUA  Christian  literature  iras 
^H^S^  probably  admitted  for  the  fiiil  lime  Into  an  Imperial 
libraiy.  Diligent  search  waa  made  after  the  Christian 
books  which  had  been  doomed  to  dettruction  by  Dbdetian. 
Even  al  thedeathofConttantlne,  however,  the  number  of  books 
which  had  been  brought  together  amounted  only  to  6901s.  The 
smallnss  of  the  number,  It  haj  been  suggBted,  seeina  10  thaw 
that  Conalanlbe's  library  wu  mainly  intended  as  ■  repo'Itory 
of  Chrislian  literature.    However  this  may  be,  the  oilleciion 

especially  by  Julian  and  Theodoaius,  at  whose  death  it  it  soM 
to  have  increoMd  to  100,000  vols.  Julian,  himself  a  cloce  student 
and  vDluminoui  writer,  though  he  did  his  best  to  discourage 
learning  among  the  Christians,  and  to  destroy  their  libraries, 
not  only  augmented  the  libraiy  at  Conllantlnople,  but  founded 
others,  including  one  at  Nisibis,  which  waa  looa  afierwaidt  de- 
stroyed by  fire.  From  the  Theodasian  code  we  learn  that  In 
tbe  time  of  that  emperor  a  staS  of  seven  cxtff/liti  was  utoched 
to  the  Kbmry  at  Constantinople  under  the  direction  of  the 
librarian.  Tbe  Itbraiy  was  burnt  under  the  emperor  Zeno  In 
<7J,  but  was  again  restored. 

Meanwhile,  as  Chrisiianily  made  its  way  and  a  distinctively 
Chiiilian  literal  a  re  grew  up,  The  insiiiuiion  ol  Hbnries  beaune 
part  of  the  ecclesiastical  organization.  Bishop  Alexander  [d.  aj>. 
}^)  established  a  church  library  at  Jerusalem,  and  it  became 
the  rule  to  attach  to  every  church  a  collection  necessary  for  the 
inculcation  of  Christian  doctrine.  There  were  libraries  al  Cirta, 
at  Constantinople  and  at  Rome.  The  basUicaal  St  Lantcnceal 
Rome  contained  a  library  or  arcHsum  faunded  by  Pope  Damasus 
at  the  end  of  the  ith  century.  Most  of  these  coUeclions  were 
housed  in  the  sacred  edifices  and  consisted  largely  of  ccpies  of 
the  Hdy  Scriptuiea,  litcrgical  vtdumes  and  works  of  devotion. 
They  also  included  the  Gesia  Uailyrkm  and  liBlriadat  Paupcrxm 
and  official  correspondence.  Many  of  the  basilicas  had  the  apse 
subdivided  into  three  smaller  hcmicycies,  one  of  which  contained 
the  library  (Landani,  tp.  cil.  p.  187),  The  largest  ol  Ihese 
libraries,  that  founded  by  Pamphilus  (d.  AJ>.  joq)  al  Cacsarea. 
and  said  lo  have  been  increased  by  Eusetuus,  the  historian  of 
Ihs  church,  to  ]e>,ooo  vols.,  is  frequently  mentioned  by  St 
Jeronie.  St  Augustine  bequeathed  his  cDlIeclion  to  the  libraiy 
of  the  church  at  Hippo,  which  was  fortunate  enough  to  escape 
dttiruclion  at  the  hands  of  the  Vandak.  TTie  hermit  cam- 
munities  of  the  ^ypUan  deserts  formed  orsaniialioiB  which 
developed  into  the  tatet  moustic  onhn  of  Wesleis  Europe  and 
the  aaumulation  of  boobs  foi  tbe  brethren  mu  one  <^  their 

The  removal  of  the  capital  to  Byianlium  waa  in  lU  result 
a  serious  blow  to  literature.  Henceforward  the  science  and 
[earning  of  the  East  and  West  were  divorced.  The  libraries 
o(  Home  ceased  10  collect  the  wrilingl  of  the  Greeks,  while  the 


of  learning  ar 


soon  swept  the  old  leanhig  and  Hbrarfea  alike  from  Ike  soil  of 
Italy.  With  the  dose  of  IheWeMera  empire  in  416  tbeancieDt 
history  of  Ubraiies  may  be  said  to  cease. 

MiDUtVU    FSUOD 

During  the  Gnt  (ew  centuries  aTler  the  fall  of  the  Westera 
empire,  Hterary  activity  at  Constantinople  had  fallen  to  ill 
In  the  West,  amidst  the  general  neglect  ^^ 
and  liteTalurc,  tbe  odlecling  of  bookl,  ^^ 

lily  forgotten,  was  cared  foe  by  few.  Sidonim 
AptdUnaris  tdls  us  of  the  libniics  of  several  private  collectors  Iq 
Gaul.  PubUtu  Contentius  possessed  a  library  al  hla  villa  near 
NarboMie  yAatk  was  due  to  the  labour  of  three  generatna. 
The  moat  noiabte  of  these  appears  lo  have  been  the  prefect 
Tonaniiua  Fetiedia,  who  had  formed  In  his  villa  of  Pruuani, 
near  Nfmea,  a  coUeclkm  which  his  friend  playfuUy  compares  to 
that  of  Aleiandria,  The  Goths,  who  had  been  inlmduced  to  the 
ScriptURi  in  Iheir  own  language  by  UllilaB  hi  tbe  4lh  century, 
began  to  pay  tome  attention  to  Latin  literature.  Cassiodorui. 
the  favourite  ndnisler  of  TTieodoric,  was  a  coDectoc  as  well  ai 
an  author,  and  on  giving  up  the  cans  of  ^vemment  ntind  loa 
monastery  which  he  founded  in  Calabria,  where  he  employed 
bismonhsin  the  Iranscriptfon  of  books. 

Henceforward  the  diarge  of  books  ss  well  sa  of  education  Ml 
more  and  mon  exdosively  bito  the  hands  of  the  church.  While 
the  oM  schools  of  the  rhetoricians  died  out  new  mnnanerics 
arose  everyid^cre.  Knowledge  was  no  longer  pursued  for  ita 
own  sake,  but  became  aubaidiaiy  to  religious  aivl  theological 
teaching.  The  pto^cripilon  of  the  old  clasiicd  Mienlure,  which 
is  lynboltied  in  the  faUe  of  the  dalruction  of  the  Palatine 
library  by  Gregory  the  Great,  was  only  loo  effectoal.  The 
Gregorian  tradilion  nf  oppcsitlon  Id  pagan  learning  long  con- 
thiued  10  dominate  the  literary  punuiu  of  the  monastic  orders 
and  Ihe  labours  of  the  scriptorium. 

During  Ihe  Ath  and  71b  Rnlariea  the  leanhig  whtdi  had 
bMn  driven  (rom  the  Continent  look  refuge  in  ihe  BriiU  Uands, 

of  Ihe  mainland.  In  the  Irish  monasteries  during  this  * 
period  ihcre  appear  to  hare  been  many  books,  and  the  Venerable 
Bcde  ms  suptrior  10  any  achoUr  of  hia  age.  Theodore  of  Tama 
brought  a  contidcn^le  number  M  books  to  Canterbury  from 
Romein  the  JIh  century, indudingseveial  Greek authora.  The 
library-  of  York,  which  was  founded  by  Aichhehop  Egliert,  waa 
Imost  more  famous  than  that  of  Canterbury,  Tbe  verses  sn 
lel!  known  in  which  Akuin  describes  the  eilensive  librsry 
ndei  his  charge,  and  the  long  list  of  aulhora  whom  he  enumerates 
1  superior  to  that  of  any  othti  library  possessed  by  either 
England  or  France  in  the  i«h  centuty,  when  it  was  unhappDy 
lumt.  The  inroads  of  the  Northmen  in  Ihe  gtfa  and  lolh 
enturies  had  been  fatal  to  the  monastic  libraria  on  bolh  sida 
of  tbe  channel.  II.  was  from  York  that  Alcuin  came  to  Chaile- 
pic  to  superintend  tbe  school  altachcd  10  bis  palace;  and  it 
doubllesB  inspired  by  Aicrrin  that  Charles  isanrd  the  memor- 
able document  which  enjoined  that  in  the  bislH^wica  and 
tis  realm  care  should  be  taken  thai  there 


e,  but  also  tlH  study  d 


len.   When  Akuin  finally  retired  from  the  court  ID  theabbacy 

Touts,  there  Io  carry  out  his  own  theory  of  moniKlc  discipline 

i  mstruciion.  he  wiute  la  Charles  for  leave  to  said  lo  York 

copies  of  the  books  of  which  they  had  so  much  need  at 

uti.    WhQe  Alcuio  [has  increased  Ihe  hlirary  at  Tours. 

Charlemagne  enlarged  that  at  Fulda,  which  had  been       chttif 

cdin  174,  and  which  all  through  themiddleDges       ,^,, 

in  great  respoct.    Lupua  Servalus,  a  pu|bl  of 

Hrahonnt  Maurus  at  Fulda,  and  afterwards  abbot  of  FeiriireB, 

devoted  student  of  the  classics  and  a  great  coUector  of 

books.     Hit  cDrrespondence  QlustraUs  the  difTicuIliet  which 

ittended  the  study  of  literature  through  Ihe  paudly  and 

deamesi  of  books,  ihe  docllning  care  far  learning,  ond  Ihe  in- 

1^  iroublts  Hi  the  time.    Nor  were  ptivaic  coUeiiiont  of 

booki  altOBClher  wan  ting  during  ihe  period  in  which  Chartcma|i>e 

and  bit  tuccesMit  laboured  to  nxion  the  kisl  I'^iB'i^t  ai 


literal  cducaliM  and  litentiiN.  F«pja  It  Bnf  h»d  Indeed  net 
oilli  icaiiu>  mpoue  lo  Lhe  icqueH  («  book*  vluch  he  utditned 
to  tbe  poDtifl  Paul  1.  Chulenufne,  howvcri  coJIcctcd  a  can- 
lidefftblc  DuDibcT  of  cboia  boolu  for  bia  privmtc  ubo  Id  two 
plwo.  Altbousb  thoe  coUcaioiu  wen  dupcncd  U  tail  datN. 
kU  KHi  Louii  (Mined  »  libnuy  whii;!!  cantinusl  lo  ciiit  under 
Chuks  the  Bald.  Aboui  ibc  ntne  tiow  Ennrd,  oount  of  FriiG, 
lonncd  a  contidenble  colkciioa  *hicli  he  bequeuked  to  t 
Bonuttiy.  But  Uw  snalat  pijviu  oallcctu  of  lb*  middle 
a|a  •!*  doubiloK  Gcibcit,  Pope  Sylvciter  U.,  vbo  abowed  the 
utooet  itfl  aad  ipciit  kigc  vujh  in  colkcting  bookie  bit  only 
in  Rooic  uid  Italy,  but  Inn  Gcrmuiyi  Bel^um  and  Even  fiom 
Spun. 

Thehopaafinvivalolicculai  Uteralun  fcU  with  thededlne 
oi  ibc  Kboolt  ettablisbed  hy  Cbulei  nod  fail  hkcoboii.  The 
^  kODMledgt  ol  ktlcti  nmiined  Iba  pienigativc  of  tbe 

j,„^l^  dnucb,  aod  fol  the  neit  lour  oi  five  centuia  Ibe 
coUectinf  and  mulliplicatioD  ol  boolu  vtre  llnHOI 
entirely  roafiaed  to  tbe  moni^eria-  Sevcnl  of  ibc  gfcater 
orden  made  lluse  an  ejqircaa  duty;  Ebii  was  especially  Ihc  case 
>ilh  the  BenedittLncs.  It  was  tbe  fint  care  d  St  Benedict, 
ve  are  told,  that  io  each  oewiy  founded  monaiteiy  there  iboald 
be  a  library,  "  el  velut  curia  quaedam  itluMrium  auclaium." 
Monte  Caiaiao  became  tbe  sutting-poict  of  a  long  line  of  lo- 
MilDtwu  which  were  destined  to  be  tbe  centres  of  reli^n  and 
ol  literature.  It  must  indeed  be  lemembaed  thai  literalure  in 
Ibe  lena  of  St  Benedict  mont  fiiUical  and  tbeoki(ical  mrks, 
and  wtilinci  of 
leCaithuiiam 
erary  pursuila. 

The  ahbeyi  of  Fleuty,  of  Mdk  and  <<  St  Call  vere  tcmaikable 
foe  the  vkndoui  oi  Ibeir  libraries.  In  a  later  age  the  iaboun  of 
the  coOiKiatlon  of  St  Maur  form  one  of  the  mat  urifcing 
duplets  in  the  hitteiy  of  Itamina-  The  AuguUiniani  and  the 
Dominicans  rank  nent  to  lhe  Benediclioes  in  their  cire  for 
Uteratun.  The  librarin  of  St  Genevieve  and  St  Vicior,  bdong- 
lat  to  Ibe  former,  were  amongst  the  lugeti  ol  tbe  monastic 
eoUectiou.  Alihou^  their  poverty  might  seem  to  put  then  at 
a  (Esadvantage  ai  collecton,  the  mendicant  orders  cultivated 
litenlute  with  mucb  asaiduity,  and  were  cksely  connected  with 
the  intellectual  movemenl  to  which  the  tuiiveisitles  owed  their 
rise.  In  Zn^aod  Richard  of  Boiy  praise*  them  for  ibeir  eiira- 
ordinary  diligence  in  collecliog  boolii.  Sir  Richard  WUltington 
buill  a  lariB  libniy  for  tbe  Grey  Ftiaii  in  LondoD,  and  Ibey 


c<  Leuii  Ibe  Pioui  on 


ll  would  be  impossible 


the  Ul 


d  by  the  i 


Id  Italy  HoBle  Canioo  It  a  iltlkiag  eunpl*  of  tbe  dangen 
aad  Tidmitudn  to  which  monaniic  collealan*  vere  eipowd. 
Ruined  by  tbe  Lombards  la  tba  dth  century,  the 
JJ^JUJU'  monastery  was  rebuilt  and  a  lihtary  eitabUsbcd,  to 
fall  a  prey  to  SaiactM  and  to  6n  Id  the  glh.  Tbe 
collection  then  reformed  luivived  many  oiIkt  cbancti  and 
cbango,  and  still  exbts.  Boccaccio  glvei  a  melancholy  de- 
•crtpuon  of  its  condition  in  his  d^y.  It  affords  a  conspicnoiB 
cumple  of  monastic  industry  in  tbe  tfanMtfptlOn  Dot  only  of 
Iheolajjcal  but  abo  of  ciavieal  woek*.  Tbe  Ubniy  of  Bobbio, 
which  owed  its  existence  to  Irish  monks,  was  famous  { 
palimpMSts.  Tbe  coflectioD,  of  which  a  catalogue  of  the 
century  is  given  by  Mnnlotl  MiKtf. /loj.  ifid.  .4».  Hi.  Si  7-«i4), 
was  mainly  Iramfened  to  the  Ambraaian  library  *l  Milan.  Of 
the  library  of  Pampoda,  near  Kaveima,  Monlfaucon  ba*  ^Hinted 
a  caulogoe  dadng  fnm  Ibt  iilta  century  {Dfcrium-  ItolioHii, 
chap.  adL). 

Of  Ibc  monastic  h'brsiie*  of  France  tbe  pilndpil  wen  (boie  of 
Fleury,  of  Quny,  of  St  Riquitt  and  of  Corbie.     Al  Flcury 
Abbot  Macfaaiiut  In  1146  imposed  a  conlrfbuiton  fat  library 
purpoaej  upon  the  oEcttj  of  the  cDmrnuniiy  and  its  dependent' 
an  esariplt  which  was  toUowfd  elicKheie.    Alter  many  vid 
tudea,  its  MSB.,  numbering  ijB,  ware  depodted  [a  iT«3  in 
towa  library  of  Orleam.    Tbe  Ubiaiy  cl  St  Biqidei  in  tbe  t 


t5«  HSS.,  with  over  joa  wor^ 

I  Picardy  we  have  also  cataloguti 
n  the  i;tb  centuries.  Corbie  was 
transcriben,  and  appears  le  have 

StGaimaio- 
after  ij^,  panly  to 
'■^     ■  iwn  library  of 

The  (bid  aooastk  libfariea  of  Germany  were  at  FuMa.  Corvey, 
RelcbeoauandSpoohein.  The  library  at  Fulda  owed  mud  lo 
ibbot  Hrabanus  Miunis.  Under  Abbot 
Stnrmiua  four  hundred  monks  were  hired  as  copyists.  In  1541 
Uectioo  nualbered  114  volumes.  Tbe  library  ol  Corvey 
Weser.atterhtingdeqxiiledof  someof  ilslrcssures  in  the 
Refoimatian  age.  was  proented  to  the  tmivenily  of  Marburg  In 
)  vols.,  with  400  or  joo  titles.  Tlie 
Ubnuy  d  Reicheiiau,  of  which  several  csIuJogues  an  eilani, 

the  Thirty  Years'  Wit.  The  library  of  Sponhelm  owes  Us  great 
John  Tiitbeim,  who  was  abbot  at  tbe  dose  ol  the 
ly.  Ha  fODnd  It  reduced  lo  10  vols.,  and  left  it  with 
(  Noo  at  his  retirement.  Tbe  Ubiary  al  St  Call, 
lonned  as  early  as  !i6  by  CMbfit,iis  second  abbot,  siill  eriiLs. 

England  the  principal  collections  were  'those  of  Canter- 
bury, York,  Wearraoutb,  Jarrow,  Whitby,  Glaslonhuiy,  Croy^ 
land,  PHerboiough  and  Dnihim.  Of  the  library  of  -.^^ 
Ibe  monaKetr  o(  CbriilChurch,  Canterbury,  originolly 
loandcd  by  Augustine  and  Theodore,  and  restored  by  Lanfranc 
'  pelm,acatalogueliasbeenpreserveddatiiLgfrDm  tbe  13th 
century,  and  containing  60S  volumes,  with  about  jaaa 
Bennel  Biscop,  Ihefini  abbot  of  Wearmouth,  made  five 
.  t  to  Rome,  and  on  each  occasion  leturtKd  with  a  itore  o( 
books  lor  the  tibiaty.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Danes  about 
16t.  Of  tbe  library  a<  Whilby  there  is  a  citakigue  dating  from 
the  inh  ceniuiy.  The  catalogue  of  Glastanbuiy  baa  been 
piinled  by  Keame  In  his  edition  of  John  of  Glastonbury,  When 
libraty  of  Croyland  perished by£re  in  lotji  ft  contained  about 
]oo  vols.  The  Ubraty  al  Peterborough  wis  also  rich;  from  t 
lalsgue  of  about  the  end  of  the  i^Ih  centuiy  It  had  m  vols,, 
th  nearly  1700  titles.  The  catalogues  of  the  libraiy  at  lhe 
inaslery  of  Durham  have  been  printed  by  the  Suttees  Society, 
and  form  an  interesting  series.  These  catalognes  with  many 
sflord  abundant  evidence  of  the  Smiled  chaiacter  of 
ikisb  coHeclions,  nhelher  we  look  at  the  number  of  Iheir 
I  or  at  Ibe  nature  of  their  content!.  The  icilplorfa  weie 
ctories  of  books  and  not  centres  of  learning.  That  in 
lhe  labours  of  so  many  transcriben  the  costliness  and 
scarcity  of  books  remained  10  great  may  have  been  partly,  but 
cannot  have  been  wholly,  due  to  the  scarcity  of  writing  materiab. 
It  may  be  suspected  that  indolence  and  caiclejsne!!  weie  the 
rule  in  most  moniuleries,  and  that  but  few  of  the  monks  keenly 
realiied  the  whole  force  of  tbe  sentiment  eipiessed  by  one  of 
their  nuTdber  in  the  irth  century-^  Qauslrum  sine  annario 
quati  castrum  siae  armamcntario,"     Neverlheleu  it  must  be 

>  The  oldest  eatakigw  of  ■  wetteni  library  is  (hst  of  (he  nyHiistery 


_,.  ,_,  See  alio  G,  Becker.  Calalaa 
TiiaS^There  air  aaid  Id  be  over  sb  hundn 
tt^  Libraiy  at  Munich.  In  Ibe  14th  < 
eDnpiMafenalau!g|[ueafdieHSa.in  ,    „ 

aboul  the  year  1400  John  BoMoo,  a  Benedtctios  (nonkoi  Boij, 
travelled  over  E^land  and  a  part  of  Scotland  and  cumlMd  Ibe 
Kbtsriet  of  14*  leniiDus  hooiea  [Tanner,  SiHIMtrB  BHL  UOtrn. 
iTlsi.  Lftiiid'i  liR  of  lhe  books  he  found  during  his  visitation  of 
■he  houK*  in  IHV-rMS  i«  printed  In  bia  ClBtiuta  (id.  Hiame, 
mj.  fi  *^|iJYii.^^^''Jl^  tmied  CloiKeuenbiR  and 


to  thm  liboun  of  (he  aauUh 
lie  procmlioQ  oF  Lalm  Utcnl 


The  mbiccl  v[  liic  crdulion  ol  the  unDgenieat  «1  itbtvy 
nxHoi  mi  filliofi*  ti  sa/latily  dcvckfitd  ihtogthout  medieval 

Europe  ibould  not  be  puscd  over,'  The  real  oriftn 
JjZjl^,  of  LihnryoffuU^ioit^iheChiiitdji  troild.aiieDUy 
^gmlmi  aIduhI  lAy  Ihe  oiigin  of  modem  libmy  methods, 
mnrr  begu  wllb  the  rule  ol  St  Benedict  early  in  the  Mh 
*™^     century.    In  tbe<ath  chipler  Ihemonkiwereordered 

to  borrow  m  book  apiece  and  to  read  it  Mriight  thiougb. 
Tbett  tiu  no  apeciil  ipartmeni  [or  the  bmkt  in  ibe  primitive 

in  the  doiUcr;  have  the  Had  trmariiu,  the  BeKdktbe 
librariu,  who  ml  Gut  joined  with  it  the  office  of  pnctniai. 
The  Benedictine  ngulaliont were  developed  in  the  stricter  otwl- 
vanceiof  the  C1ud>c(,vhi(h  provided  Ion  kind  ol  uiouil  report 
■ad  Modctaklng.  The  Cutbiuluu  were  perhipi  the  £r>t  to  lend 
booki  aay  Irom  Ihe  conventi  ud  the  Cluercluis  to  poues  i 
■eparmie  libiaiy  ofitcial  u  weU  u  i  room  Ipeciilly  devoted  to 
book).  The  oUetvancet  oC  the  Ai^iuatimini  conujned  tuto  fat 
Ibe  binding,  repairing,  cauloguing  ud  urahfiiig  tbe  booki  by 
Ihe  librarian,  aa  well  as  a  preicriplioD  of  Ihe  eaact  kind  of  chat 
to  be  iBcd.  Among  the  Plcmonltnleuianl  or  Jtelonned 
Augiullniani,  it  wuaaeef  lbedul)e*o(  IheUbntiu  to  provide 
for  the  borrowing  of  booki  elsewhere  for  Ihe  uk  qI  (he  mookt. 
The  Mendicant  Frian  found  bookt  so  necetauy  that  at  last 
Richard  de  Bury  IcUs  ui  with  aome  eiiggeralioB  (hat  their 
libraries  exceeded  all  others.  Many  volumes  atiU  exist  which 
belonged  to  (be  bbnty  at  Aiaiai,  (he  paten(  bouie  of  the  Ftancis- 
canSpOl  which*  catalogue  wudnwn  up  is  i]8i.  Noauibentic 
monastic  bookcase  can  ttow  he  found;  (he  doubtful  example 
shown  at  Bayeux  probably  contained  ccdeaiaaticai  utcnells- 
At  (he  Augustinian  priory  at  Barnwell  the  pTencs  were  lined 
"■■      -    ■  -    •  n  the  damp  and  were  pittitioned  oH  '     '" 


ilaUy.    Some 


3  (hen 


I  and  ck»ed  wit 
>,  Ki(k9Mtl,  Foui 


Js  of  (be  doistei 
door.  These  recesses  developed  into 
in  the  Claterciui  houses.  At  Clairve 
Tintem,  NttJey  and  elsewhere  this  small  chamber  wu  pUced 
between  the  ciupter-houie  and  Ihe  transept  o[  (he  church.  A( 
Mcaux  in  Holdemeu  (he  books  were  lodged  on  shelves  against 
(be  walls  and  even  over  (he  door  of  such  i  chamba.  In  muiy 
bouses  the  treasury  or  Hiendimcnt  (SBiaiocd  two  classes  of  book* 
— one  for  the  monks  generally,  others  more  cioaely  guarded.  A 
press  near  the  In£mary  contained  books  used  by  (he  reader  in 
(he  reicctory.  By  Ihe  end  ol  the  ijth  century  the  larger 
monisteiies  became  potscsaed  of  many  volumes  and  found 
themselves  obliged  to  store  the  books,  hitherto  placed  in  various 
parts  of  the  building,  in  a  separate  apartment.  We  now  £nd 
L'brarics  being  specially  built  at  Canterbury,  Duibaai,  Citeaui, 
Oairvaux  and  elsewhere,  and  with  ibis  specialiiaiion  there  grew 


were  admitted.  Even  ad 
to  borrow  from  the  Benedi 
of  which  ■  later  fouodai 
erected  over  the  south  wall 
vety  acceauUe 


St  Ccrmain-des-FrJa  at  Paris 


doisler,  and  enlarged  and  Hade 

:thDds  and  fittings  of  college  libraries  of  early  foundation 
aeiy  resembled  those  of  tbe  monistic  k'biaries.  There  was 
both  the  aimual  giving  out  and  iiiq>e(lioii  ol  what  we  would 

"  ''     '  department  for  itudenla;  while  Ibe  book*, 


itbycl 


■*  kind  of 


It  kept  ill 


desk*  or  lecterns,  to  wbic 

'  This  subject  has  been  speciatlv  ti 
BmIi  [iwt}.    See  alio  Dom  Caaaut..      . 
LibrarW-  in  hU  OW  Em^M  BMt  ll«9?).. 


"  6a  Mcdkval  Uoaulic 


iRIES  (MBSinrAL 

boritontal  bar.  A*  thi  beokl  incRased  the  accoraBodalion  waa 
angmcBtcdbyoBeor  (wo  sbelvet  erected  above  the  deAii.  The 
libnry  at  CeacnainNartbJialynayuiUbeaecntaitxiTitinal 
cenditioB.  The  Laureniian  library  at  Florence  was  deslined  by 
Michclugelo  on  tbe  mooasitc  model.  Anothct  good  eomple 
of  Ihe  idd  foira  may  be  aeen  fa  (he  library  of  Ueitoa  CoOefc  at 
Oxford,  a  long  turra*  mm  with  bookmei  sliaitim  bdweea 
(he  ndDdows  at  i<gh(  anglei  (•  tb*  w*b.  I>  Ike  falling 
srs(em  oa*  end  ■**  Mtacbed  lo  tb«  moden  covn  o(  Ibe  book 
while  the  other  taa  freely  on  *  b*r  Gied  by  a  method  flf  doaUt 
loek*  U  tbe  Icoet  ef  Ihe  IbeU  or  itA  on  which  (he  book  NMcd. 
The  foR  iilji  of  the  mbiBas  faCMl  (he  iiadec.  Th*  Mt  aad 
shelf  wen  Bometimes  combmed.  Low  tuei  wen  aubtetpMatly 
intndnced  between  the  Ugbei  oki,  uid  the  seat  rei^aad  by  ■ 
*lep.  Saetf  lials  mere  placed  at  tbe  cud  of  each  caM.  TlRfe 
were  no  cbiiot  in  Ihe  library  of  tbe  Eacoriat,  erected  in  i  sS4, 
which  abnwed  for  the  £rst  time  bookcase*  placed  agaiast  (be 
walk.  Although  chains  were  no  longer  part  of  Ibe  appliaDcea 
in  the  newly  emted  iibnries  they  toDtlnued  la  be  used  and 
were  ordered  in  bequciu  b  EDf^aad  down  to  the  early  part  of 
tbe  iSIb  century.  Triple  dedia  and  revolving  lecterns,  taiMd 
by  a  WDodm  screw,  formed  part  of  ihc  hbTBfy  funltuie.  ne 
English  cathedral  hbraiiei  were  lasUooed  itlef  Ibe  *a«e  prindpte. 
The  old  methods  were  fuUy  tepnduced  In  the  fittta^  at  West- 
minsler,  eiECled  at  a  late  date.  Herewenuyieeboi&aonshelves 
agains.  ike  walls  as  well  aa  in  cases  at  right  angles  to  lb*  wall*-. 
Ibe  desk-like  abelves  for  the  chamed  vidnmcs  (no  longer  in 
existence}  have  a  slot  in  which  (he  chahis  could  be  siupended, 
and  art  hinged  to  alkiw  access  to  shelves  below.  An  onamental 
wooden  tablet  at  the  end  of  each  case  Is  ■  survival  of  the  old 
shelf  list.  By  Ihe  end  of  tbe  i;lb  century  (he  type  of  the  public 
library  devek>ped  fran  collegiate  and  moBaatie  piotatypea, 
became  hied  aa  it  wen  throughonl  Europe  (K.  R,  TMder, 
"  Evolution  ol  the  PuUicIibnty,"  in  Trtiu.  af  nilu.  Litrvy 
C«.Ma«.  .So;,  1898}. 

The  Gn(  conqueata  of  the  Arabians,  as  we  have  already  Men, 
threatened  hostility  lo  Llerature.    Bui,  aa  soon  as  (heir  eon- 
queB(s  were  secured,  the  caliphs  bocame  tbe  patmos 
il  Icaraing  and  science.     Cntk  manustiipt*  were 
eagerly  sDU^t  for  and  tanslaied  iaio  Arabic,  and  colleges 
iverywbere  arose.    Baghdad  in  the  east  and  Cor. 


dova  in  the  w 


«  the  1 


le  (ten  and  science  during  the  age  when  the  civilintion  of  Euiopa 
was  most  obscured.  Cairo  ind  Ttipoli  weie  also  distincuished 
for  their  librariei.  The  toyal  hbraiy  of  the  Fatimites  in  Aftic* 
is  said  to  have  aaiabered  100,000  manuscripts,  while  (hat  col- 
lected by  tbe  Omayyada  of  Spain  is  reported  to  have  contained 
sir  timca  as  many.  Itissaid  that  there  were  no  less  Iban  seventy 
libraries  opened  in  tbe  <i(ies  of  Andihoia.  Whether  (hese 
figures  he  exaggerated  or  not — and  ihey  are  much  below  (hose 
given  by  some  Arabian  writeis,  which  are  undoubtedly  so— it  is 
certain  tbat  the  libraries  of  the  Aratuana  and  tbe  Moon  of  Spain 
oRer  a  very  remarkable  contrast  to  those  of  the  Christian  nations 
during  (he  same  period.* 

The  literary  and  adenlific  activity  of  the  Arabiaia  appears 
to  have  been  the  cause  of  a  revival  ol  letten  amongst  the  Gredis 
of  the  Bysentine  empire  in  the  9th  tcntury.  Under 
Leo  the  Philoaopher  and  Constaatine  Poiphymgenilns  .f^^' 
tbe  libraries  of  Coaatantinople  awoke  into  renewed  life. 
Tbe  aXEpilatioDs  of  such  wriiera  as  Stobaeus,  Fbotius  and 
Suidai,  a*  well  (3  the  labours  of  inranneiahle  critics  and  com- 
mentators, bear  wi(ness  to  tbe  activity,  if  not  to  the  bfty 
character  of  the  punuils,  of  tbe  Byuntine  schoUrv  The 
Uboun  of  traucntition  wefe  indoslriously  punuoi  in  (he 
libraries  and  in  the  monatieiics  of  Mount  Atbos  and  the  Aegean, 
and  it  WIS  from  (hese  quartets  (bat  the  restoten  of  learning 
bmugbt  Into  Italy  >o  many  Greek  manusripla.  In  this  way 
many  of  the  Ircaanns  of  ancient  literature  bad  been  already 


mn  Ubnryof  Cordr... 
lot  orthadwy,  97*  a,d. 


y  AjBVnaor  to  Ida  mnit 


MODEKNI 

coavtycd  (a  tlie  WeH  b«ton  Ibe  fill  wblcb  ovtnook  tile  nbnrin 
tl  CoulaniiDoplc  oo  the  [all  of  ihc  city  in  145}. . 

Mtuvhile  id  the  Wm,  vitb  t  be  FFviviag  intonl  in  lilnMui 
vhtcb  ilieidy  nwrk)  ihe  14th  nniuty,  we  flnd'triilng  oulitd 
tbe  nwnasteriei  t,  lule  [or  collecting  biMks.  St  Louii  al  Franc 
mnd  bit  tucccMor*  had  foimed  uwU  calletLioiii,  noiie  at  whic 
ntnrived  lis  pnueuor.  I[  iru  rrierved  inr  Cbatls  V.  to  (on 
■  cemidenble  Ubnry  which  he  intended  to  be  permanenl 
In  1373  be  bad  unauedgro  volumes,  and  had  a  catalogue ol  thee 
prepared,  from  which  ve  Ke  tbat  il  included  a  good  deal  of  tbe 
sear  tort  of  literatare.  In  England  Guy,  earl  ol  Warwick, 
Ibiined  a  curiaui  collection  of  Freitcli  romancci,  wMch  he 
bequeaUiEd  to  Borduley  Abbey  on  his  death  in  ijij.  Richard 
d'AuDgervyle  o[  Bury,  the  author  of  the  PtilMblm,  ai 
noUe  collectiDn  of  twokt;  and  had  tperial  c^portui 
doiat  so  at  Edward  IIL'i  chancellor  and  ambauad 
fuunded  Durham  College  at  Oiford,  aad  equipped  it 
library  a  hundred  yean  before  Humphrey,  dukeot  CI1 
.no!  boots  lo  the  university.    Tbi 


StaU  LOnria.—The  Brillib  Mum 

before  all  the  great  libraries  of  tbe  < 
arranEcnwnl  and  acceHibUily  of  III  1 


0  pnnti 


Tbe    , 


ir  lileri 


d  the  ei 


>r  the  andenl 


gave  a  fresh 

portion  (0  encourage  literatare  began  la  show  itseU  amongst 
ETOl-     This  was  most  notable  amongst  the  Italian  prim 
Cotimo  dc'  Medici  formed  a  library  at  Venice  while  livirig  lb 
in  elite  <R  1433,  and  on  hit  return  to  Florence  laid  the  louiidai 
of  the  great  Medicean  Ubrary.    The  honour  of  etlabliibing 
Grit  modern  public  library  in  Italy  had  been  already  secured  by 
Niccolo  Niccoli,  who  left  his  libra  ryoF  over  800  volumes  lor  the  us 
of  Ibe  public  on  his  death  in  1436.    Frederick,  duke  of  Urbiito 
collected  all  tbe  writings  in  Creek  and  Latin  which  be  couh 
procure,  and  wc  have  an  interesting  account  of  hii  collectioi 
written  by  bis  £is(  h*bra[ian,  Vespasiano.     The  ardour  fo 
clusical  Btudiea  led  to  those  active  researches  Cor  the  Lalii 
writen  who  were  buried  In  the  monastic  libraries  which  an 
eqiedtUy  idcnliGed  with  the  name  of  Foggio,    For  some  timi 
before  the  fall  of  Const aollnople,  the  perilous  state  of  tbi 
EaaCcra  empire  had  driven  many  Creek  scholars  from  that  capita 

formed  tht 


id  liters 


nc  Hall 


.ended 


itself  beyond  tbe  Alps.  Matthias  Corvinos,  king  of  Hunga  . . 
■massed  a  collection  of  splendidly  executed  and  magnificently 
bound  manuscripts,  which  at  bis  death  are  said  to  have  reached 
tbe  almost  incredible  number  of  50,000  volt.  The  library  was 
not  destined  long  to  survive  its  founder.  There  is  reason  to 
believe  that  it  bad  been  very  seriously  dcspdled  even  before  it 

A  few  of  its  treasures  are  stilt  preserved  in  some  of  the  libraries 
ol  Europe.     While  these  munificent  patrons  ^  learning  were 

ancient  Gterature  by  the  patient  labour  ol  transcribers  and 
calllfrapbcrt,  an  art  was  being  elaborated  which  was  destined 
to  revolutionize  the  whole  condition  of  literature  and  libraries. 
With  Ihe  invention  of  printing,  so  happily  coinciding  with  tbe 
revival  of  true  learning  and  sound  science,  tbe  modem  history 
ol  librariei  oiay  b«  said  to  begin. 


In  most  ol  Ibe  £1 
librariei  of  tU  kinds  lave  during  Ihe  last  (weoty  years  been 
undergoing  a  process  ol  development  and  imp^vcment  which 
has  greatly  (liemt  their  policy  and  nelhodi.  At  one  time 
libraries  were  regarded  almost  entirely  as  TepOsilorles  lor  Ihe 
storage  of  books  to  be  used  by  the  learned  alone,  but  now  they 
arc  coming  to  be  regarded  more  and  more  as  workshops  or  as 
places  for  inlellcciual  recreation  adapted  for  every  depart- 
ment of  Ufe.    This  Is  psrlicuUriy  to  be  found  at  the  ideal  in 

le  pablic  libraries  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  races  ihroughout  the 


and  sA,ooo  manuscript!, 
not  include  pamphlets  and  other  tmairpoblicaiioni  which  are 
usually  counted  in  other  libraries.  Adding  these  together  it  b 
probable  Lhil  over  5,000,000  ilems  are  comprised  ia  Ibe  coHee- 
tiont.  Thia  Htraordinary  opulence  is  principally  due  lo  Ibe 
enlightened  energy  of  Sir  Anthony  Paniiii  (qt.).  The  nomber 
of  volumes  in  the  printed  book  department,  when  he  took  Ibe 
keepership  in  iBjj,  was  only  140,000;  and  during  the  nineteen 
years  h«  held  that  office  aboul  400,000  were  added,  mostly  by 
puTThaM,  under  his  advice  and  direction.  It  was  Paniui  bite- 
viw  who  first  serfouily  act  to  work  lo  see  that  the  nationi 
library  reaped  aH  Ibe  bnieliti  bestowed  upon  II  by  the  Ct^yrighl 

The  foundation  ot  the  British  Museum  dates  from  1753,  when 
effect  mt  given  lo  the  beqursi  (in  eichange  for  £10,000  lo  be 
paid  lo  his  eiecutors)  by  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  of  his  books,  manu- 
scripts, curiosities,  &e.,  to  be  held  by  trustees  for  tbe  use  of  the 
nation.  A  bill  was  passed  through  parliament  for  the  purchate 
ol  Ihe  Stoane  cotlections  and  ol  the  Harleian  MSS.,  costing 
£10,000.  To  these,  wiih  the  Cotionian  MSS.,  acquired  by  tbe 
country  in  1700.  was  added  by  George  11.,  In  175;,  Ihe  royal 
bliiaryofiheformerkingsof  England,  coupled  with  the  privilege, 
which  thai  library  had  for  many  years  enjoyed.of  obtaining 
a  copy  of  every  publication  entered  at  Stationers'  Hall.  This 
addition  was  of  the  highest  hnportance.  as  it  enriched  the 
museum  with  Ihe  old  collecilpus  of  Archlnshop  Cranmer,  Henry 
prince  of  Wales.and  other  patrons  of  lileralnre,  while  the  transfer 
of  the  privilege  with  regard  to  Ihe  acriuisition  of  new  books,  a 
right  which  has  been  maintained  by  successive  Copyright  Acta, 
secured  a  large  and  conlinuoui  tugTnentalion.  A  loiteiy  having 
been  authorized  to  defray  the  expenses  of  purchases,  as  weQ  as 

were  established  in  Montague  HouK,  and  opened  lo  Ihe  public 
151b  January  itso-  In  1763  George  III.  preteaied  the  weB- 
knowB  Tbomason  collection  (in  iiio  volumes)  of  books  and 
pamphlets  issued  in  England  between  ifi^o  and  1661.  embracing 
all  tbecontreVERiallileralurewhich  appeared  during  that  period. 
The  Rev.  C.  M.  Cracherode,  one  of  the  trustees,  bequeathed  his 
I  of  choice  books  in  i7OT;andin  iSwSit  Joseph  Banks 
e  nation  hit  important  library  of  16,000  vols.  Many 
other  libraries  havcBnce  then  been  incorporated  in  Ihe  museum. 
Ihe  most  valuable  being  George  III.'s  royal  colleclion  (is,eoo 
rols,  of  tracts,  and  6j,i;o  vols,  of  printed  boidis,  including 
many  of  the  utmost  rarity,  which  bad  cost  the  king  ibmit 
(ijo.ooo),  which  was  presented  [for  a  pecuniary  consideration. 
by  George^IV.  in  i8ij,  and  that  of  ihe  Bighi 


leThoir 


s  Grenville  ( 


linding), 
in  iS4l<.     Tht  Crachtrode 


s.  alt  in 
uiied  under  bequest 


collttlioi 


■ay. 


,  at  Inst  since  ibe  lime  of  Paniati,  no  opponunily  hi 
neglected  of  making  useful  purchases  at  all  the  British  and 
"ontinental  book  auctions. 
Tbe  collection  of  English  books  it  far  from  approaching 

ie  library  contains  an  extraordinary  qtiantily  of  rarities.  Few 
braries  in  the  United  States  equal  cither  in  nuTT her  or  value  the 
merican  books  in  the  museum.  The  (oIlcilioB  of  Slavonic 
literalun,  due  to  Ihe  iniiiitive  of  Thomas  Watts,  is  aho  a  rt- 
■rkable  feature.   Indeed,  in  cosmopolitan  intemi  ibcuiuteimi 


The  fallowing  delaili  comprite  the  chief  poinli  in  I 
equipment  aad  methodi  of  the  viriout  librariei  apd  systcmi    | 

noticed. 


wilhou 


in  any  European  languafc  01 


In  which 


552 

foiKOIlcn,  ind  Ihc 
Ihe  (opicl  of  the  di 


LIBRARIES 


it  nemiuptrs  i)  of  gtnu  eiltnl  and 

11^  publiihtd  in  Ihe  Uniinl  Kiutdam 
1  by  ihe  pravitiani  of  the  Copyright 
All,  iiod  upwud*  ol  34«  uc  (nnually  collccied,  tkj  ind 

The  dtptutmeiil  ol  MSS.  itilmou  tqual  in  imporiince  lo  th»t 
at  the  prialed  booki.     The  coUectian  ol  MSS.  in  Eunipean 
languiges  nngn  fiam  the  3rd  century  before  Christ  down  to 
own  times,  Bjid  includes  the  Cidts  AUxandiinui  of  tJie  Bi 
The  old  hi&toric^  chronicles  of  Engbnd,  the  charlen  ol 
Anglo-Suon   kings,   and  th*  '    '  -■ 


e  has  b 


1  taken 


English  writers.  The  famous  collections  ol  MSS.  made  by  Sir 
Robert  Cotton  and  Robert  Harley,  earl  ol  Odocd.  have  already 
been  mentioned,  and  from  these  and  olher  sources  the  museum 
has  become  rich  in  early  Anglo-Savin  and  Latin  codices,  some  of 
them  being  marvels  of  skill  jci  calligraphy  and  omamenlationt 
such  as  the  charters  of  Kjng  Eilgu  and  Henry  I.  to  Hyde  Abbey, 
which  ue  written  in  gold  lelten;  or  Ihe  Undislsine  gospels 
(•Ji.  700)  (onlaining  the  earliest  eilant  Aoglo-Saion  version 
of  the  Ulin  gospels.    The  Burney  rtmcclion  ol  classical  MSS. 

Society  in  iSji),  the  museum  can  boast  of  an  early  cofiy  of  (he 
Iliad,  and  one  of  the  earllesi  known  codices  ol  the  Odyiiiy. 
Among  tbe  unrivalled  colleciiaa  of  Greek  papyt)  are  the  unique 
MSS.  ol  several  works  of  ancient  literaLute.  Irish,  French  and 
Italian  MSS.  are  well  represented.  Special  reference  may  be 
made  to  the  celebrated  Bedford  Hours,  illuminated  lor  the  duke 
of  Bedford,  regent  t>l  France,  to  the  Sforza  Book  of  Hours 
and  to  Queen  Clary's  Psalter.  The  Oriental  collection  is  also 
eniremcly  valuable.  Including  the  bbrary  formul  by  Mr  Rich 
(consul  at  Baghdad  in  the  early  pari  of  the  iqlh  cemury).  and  a 
vaslquantilyol  Arabic,  Pei^an  and  Turkish  MSS.,  the  Chambers 
ccUecLion  of  Sanskrit  MSS.;  several  other  collections  of  Indian 
MSS.:  and  1  copious  library  of  Hebrew  MSS.  (including  that  of 
the  great  scholar  Mithadis.  and  codices  of  great  age,  recently 
brought  from  Yemen).  The  collection  ol  Syriac  MSS..  embrac- 
ing the  relics  of  the  famous  library  of  the  convent  ol  St  Alary 
Dcipara  in  the  Mitrian  dESCIt,  formed  by  the  abbot  Moses  ol 
Nitibis,  in  the  loth  century,  is  the  most  important  inctisience, 
of  the  large  store  of  Abyssinian  volumes  many  were  amassed 
after  the  campaign  against  King  Theodoie.  The  number  ol 
genealogical  rolls  and  documents  relating  to  the  local  and  lamily 
hiiloty  ol  Great  Britain  is  very  latgc.    Altogclher  there  are 


re  than  ;j,ooo 

hirtdis  and  rolls.    There  is  a  very 

the  Board  ol  Trade,  and 

valuable   collec 

ion  of    printed    arid    manuscript 

for  office  use  and  palcnlecs 

1  kinds,  and  it 

freely  open   to  anyone. 

nearly  200,000. 

The  catalogue  ol  music  is  partly 

teadcnisaugnatureina 

ipt  and   partly 

primed,  and  a   separate   primed 

this  readers  have  complei 

1  the  MS.  music 

has  been  published.     The  number 

contains  considerably  over 

also  very  large 

and  a  printed  catalogue  has  been 

KilfcS'T.;?:? 

supcrvded  by  the  « 


graphical  names.   It  is  being  eomiaiitly  supfdem 
invaluable  biMiggrairiiical  work  of  inference. 

The  ot  her  prinicd  calaToguei  of  books  commenc 
in  1  vots.  fofio  (iTllr).  followed  by  that  of  1S11- 
iBIkaiot  the  library  of  George  III.  (iSx 


eribhiB  ihegeofliHphical  and  lopogranhic: 


The  Riitifor  i/mfiliHt  talalctuci  in  Iki  itpvlmtnl  ^  finltj  taah 
were  revised  and  pubU'died  in  1906. 


circular  reading-room  designed 
IS  and  sketches  suppbed  by  Sir 
8S5  and  opened  in  1857.  The 
H  placed  in  galleries  with  iron 

y  a  han^ng  and  roUing  lorm 
ises  inside  the  reading-room, 
10  vols-,  those 


table  lilted  with  ' 


00)  being  books  ol 
cess.    Theacco 
ly,  each  per»r 


imodation  for  readen 
nent  here  is  Ihe  presence  of  the  stafl  id 


Ino<d< 

Jj/Mi 

ram  a  houKhoUcr  addreticd  to  the 


enjoy  the  privilege  of  reading  a 
ticket  of  adntiHiDn''<£n>i 


of  »g>"P" 
bbrary  has 


1  great  that  additional  land  at  the  rear  and  sides  of  the  Kiiai.., 
igs  was  purchased  by  t  be  jovernmeni  for  the  further  eilennni 
MuKum.  One  very  imponani  wniE  facing  TotTington 
iwuncartycampletediniaiCL  TheNaiural  HinoryMumm. 
Kensington,  a  department  of  (he  Briii^  Museum  under 
Le  managcnwni.  has  a  library  of  books  on  (he  natural  icieiicei 
ring  neariy  100,000  vols. 

t  in  importance  to  the  British  Museum,  and  superior  to 
ecesiihilily,  is  the  Library  ol  the  Patent  Office  In  South- 
n  Buildings,  London.    This  is  a  dcpanmc 


really  a  publ 


ended        JJ^ 

only  lormality  required  Irom 
ikkept  iniheenlrancehall.  After 
ccess  to  the  shelves.  The  library 
0.000  vols.,  and  possesses  Complete 
ons  of  all  countries,  and  a  r^mark- 
cbnical  and  ecieniiric  periodicals  ol  all 
.  The  library  was  fini  opened  In  iEj5,  In  somewhat 
e  premises,  aod  ia  iSg;  it  was  tnnslened  to    ' 


ualogucsj 
i^      '^i( 


IS.   A  printed  < 


euakigue  in  ainhs-aliAabi 


id  the  major 


it  ctlcbrai 


dsl  library  £s  the  National  Art  Library, 
bunded  in  1841  and  tran!FerTed  10  Soulh  Kensington  in  1856. 
^1  contains  about  half  a  million  books,  prims,  drawings 
ind  photogiapio,  and  is  used  mostly  by  the  students     2It' 
itlending  the  art  icJiools,  though  the  general  public     MranM 
:an  obtain  admission  on  payment  ol  sixpence  per  week- 
A  loinewfaat    limilaT   library  on   the  Kleoce   dde   is  the 


HODERNI 

Science  Ubniy  ol  lb«  Victoria  ud  Albcn  Uusran,  Soutb 
Kcuinitoa,  which  <ru  loaitded  in  iSj).  It  ii  ■  leneral  Kicnce 
coDtetioD  ud  incoquntea  mcH  ci  ibt  bookt  iriiicta  ■[  one  tint 
mrc  lo  Ibe  Miiseum  o[  Pnclicil  Gcolaiy. 

The  only  other  Date  libraiy  which  I>  opn  to  the  publk  b 
llut  ol  lb*  Baud  of  Eduuiioa  in  Whiichiil,  which  wu  opened 
in  t,  am  building  in  igoB.  It  coniuia  ■  krfc  mlkdian  al 
worki  on  educational  lubjecti  lor  which  ■  ipeciil  cjiaihcaxion 
bM  be£n  devised  aod  printed. 

The  olticr  uale  Ubrariet  ii  Umdon  may  be  bncAy  noted  ai 
tntkisi:  Admiialty  (1700),  40,000  voli.:  CoUeie  o(  Arnu.  at 
HenMi  Collne.   15,000  volt.!  Colonial  Ofhce,  c.    |J,000  voli; 

.r_-_,T_  ,  c ..... OScetiSooJ  I,  10,000  voli: 

rail.:  HouKofLonli  (1934). 


LIBRAIilES 


:  India  Office'  (luo) 
■dena  ('853)    »2,ooo 


and  Royal  Obicr 
iponant  tuie  Ubrvjr  it  the  Natl 


t.  Dublin,  (oundcd  in  1S77  and  in 


bafuConie 


it^lLcin  iSoo.  Practically  every  dfparfmcTii 
CO  horary  of  urM  klnffor  the  uk  o(  the 
H  made  iof  Irodiof  fibranes  and  rrjdiiiE- 


Ubniyc^the  R 
buiMiiw  (1«9<>1 
MuKum^  S^ 
voli..«»a|wHl 
of  the  Ulte  hai 
•UH,  w>d  urovii 

Ne  (soleniaul  quilificilioni  ate  nquirtd  for  posiliotu  id 
Btllbh  Male  Nbnria,  non  of  the  auistanu  being  nettly 
lecond-divislon  clerks  who  have  paned  the  CIvD  Service  «- 
■minationa.  It  would  be  an  advantage  from  an  administrative 
point  of  view  if  the  pfofesdonal  certificBtes  of  the  Libraiy 
Association  tnn  adopted  by  the  Civil  Service  C<nnin{9Hoiler3  as 
CDinpalwry  lequircmenti  in  addition  to  their  own  eumiMtioa. 
The  official  recognition  ol  a  grade  of  properly  trained  Ubnritm 
would  tend  ID  improve  the  methoda  and  eflielency  of  the  iiue 
Ubraris,  which  are  genenlly  behind  the  munidiul  Uhrarits  in 
oiganluiion  and  admlniitntion. 

Umimiiy  and  C-Mt^oU  /ilraivi.~-The  Bodleian  library, 
Onfoed,  tbnogh  it  had  been  preceded  by  varioaa  efforts  towards 
p^i^j  a  onlversty  Ebnry,  omd  it)  ortglii  10  Sir  Tborats 
Bodky  (f.i.).  CDntrlbining  Urgely  hiateU,  and  pro- 
cvifng  contribution*  fmn  olben,  be  opened  the  library  with 
tipwanb  of  tooo  vol*,  hi  iCei.  !n  t6ia  be  obtained  a  grant 
[hibi  the  Sutioneti'  Company  of  »  copy  at  evwy  worii  printed 
in  (he  country,  a  priviiefe  stUl  enjoyed  under  the  proviiions  of 
the  various  copyright  act*.  The  addltioni  made  to  the  library 
soon  Borpaased  the  capadty  of  the  room>  and  the  founder  pro- 
ceeded 10  enlarge  U.  By  Sis  will  he  itft  considerable  property 
to  the  nnfreraity  for  the  maintenance  and  increase  of  the  hbrary. 
The  emmple  set  by  Bodley  found  many  noble  imitators. 
AirK>n^  the  chiel  benefactors  have  been  Archbbhop  Liud, 
the  eiecuton  of  Sa  Kenelm  DIgby,  John  Sddcn,  Sir  Thomas 
(Lord)  Fairfu,  Richard  Gough,  Francis  Douce.  Richard  Raw- 
LinsoD,  and  the  Rev.  Robert  Mason.  The  library  now  contains 
vols.,  and  about  4t,oaa  manuacripis. 


But  the  ni 


nber  of  volun 


a  very  11 


■  of  the  site  or  value  o(  the  coUecli 
depanmat  of  Oriental  manitscripu  it  ii  perhapa  superior  to 
any  other  European  library;  and  it  Is  eictnlintly  Hch  In  other 
■nanuKrlpI  Ireaaures.  It  poasenes  a  ipleiuild  series  of  Greek 
and  Latin  iditMwi  friiaifa  and  ol  the  euliot  ptodudiohs  of 
EngUah  pmsei.  Its  hlsi«lcal  mamacripti  contain  most  valu- 
able maleriali  lot  the  general  and  literary  blMory  ol  the  coutitry. 
The  last  general  catalogue  of  the  printed  books  was  prinied  In 
■  ■  MollSaJ-HsO.  In  t»S9  it  was  decided  •- -—~  -  ~ 
- '  ealalopie  on  the  plan  tt  that  then  '  -  - 


4  Toh.  ft<hi7t 

HusHBLai? 

beiag  aoibidRl  with  ■ 


■nthar.ialakiEiie;  and  the  Bodleiaii,  like  the  British  Mi 
■0  complete  aubiect-indei.     ^  dip-atatnfue  or  — i-i— ~ 

kaiiii-liBx'aaxsiioBs'aiinlUj.  There'areah 

d  the  Ivoki  belooeiog  to  eeveral  of  the  vparx 

MSS.  are  in  feneralcatalogurd  accaniini  talbeconecti 
Ihey  brioiw,  and  they  are  all  Indeaed.  A  number  of  t1 
ol  mannicnpts  have  been  printed. 


UwBritMi 
ilphalieiical 


ibjccn  w 


l"^ 


553 

asthe-'RadcUfCe 


In  i84o  the  betntiful  Oxford  building  known  1 
Libraiy >"  bow  called  the  "  RadcUSe  Camera.''  was  onered  lo 
the  curatOTi  of  the  Bsdhiin  by  the  RadcliSe  trustees.  The 
Raddiffe  Library  was  founded  by  the  famous  physician  Dt 
John  Raddiffe,  who  died  lo  IJ14,  and  bequeathed,  besides  > 
peimaoent  endowment  of  £150  a  year,  the  sum  of  ^40,000  for 
a  building.  The  library  wu  t^wned  in  1149.  Uany  yean  aga 
the  trustees  resolved  to  canline  theii  purchases  of  bot^  to 
work)  on  medicine  uid  natural  sdence.  When  the  univenity 
museum  and  laboratories  were  bu£t  in  iKo,  the  trustees  allowed 
the  books  to  be  transferred  to  the  niiaeum.  It  is  used  ai  a 
storehouse  for  Ihe  more  modern  books,  aod  it  also  Mrves  as  a 
reading-room.  It  is  the  only  room  open  after  the  hour  when 
the  older  building  Is  closed  owing  to  the  rule  as  to  the  eactusiMl 
of  ariiScial  light.  In  tSSa  the  gallery  of  the  RaddiBe  Camera 
was  opened  as  ui  addition  to  the  reading-room. 

A  S^f  JCdJniiir  has  been  imicdiince  1901.  whkJi  with*  Supplt- 
mtml  cutiiaini  a  complete  llx  of  cauloguLng  lutei.  routine  work  ci  t  he 

Ihe  library  methodi. 

The  Bodleian  library  ti  open  by  right  to  all  graduate  memben 
ol  the  univenity,  and  to  otheis  upon  producing  a  satlsfaaoiy 
recommendation.  No  books  arc  allowed  to  be  sent  out  of  the 
library  except  by  special  leave  ol  the  curators  and  convocation 


>ard  of  th 


unalli  tl 


i.    The 


£10,000.       Within 


ineuage..      H  con» 
tillokigy.  wilh  ■  ■p 

ilveruty  lo  lajo.  ii  al 


I.    The  Finch  c^Ik 


chineter.altbouih.owincUcffy  lotlmHed  fundv  Ihechannand 
powth  el  al  an  in^pwant.  Tliat  of  All  Soah  waa  cMahhslied  ia 
'4*1  by  Anhbiihop  Chlehde.  and  enlaned  in  tyioby  ihcnmnificent 

jqn^ruE 

^libK 


a  and  iod'msS-,  ^iidli 
■" eiCDlkte' 


,^Th':'^ 


tr^fui 


cofle^iop  oi 


Foi.  no 

Iheologkal  arid  poll 


a  I  lie  basilica 
Corpus  possesses  a  fine 
idbyiiabiindeT,  Bfihin 

,   .-«!•  calakwuvl  by  Mr 

.    Eietec  (Tolletc  Library  has  as,osit 


inus  at  Rome,  now  the  timvi 
of  AMInes.  many  of  them  pieie 

M^"*! . , .„ — 

.  of  clanieal  dlBHtatlooi  and  Eiq^ieh 
The^ibtwy  of  Jesua  CoHege  has  lew 


M%  ^'. 


ihen  an  ficm  tba  btauest  et  Sir  Lcollnc  Jeoldnk  who  built  the 
eiisini  library.  There  are  akii  asna  valuable  Welsh  MSS.  The 
library  of  l^ble  College  coniUli  tinely  of  Iheokiiy.  includlni  the 
MSS.  of  many  of  KeUe'l  works.   The  Kbnry  of  Maidalen  Coltege 


fhiduding  many  velunies  of  pam( , 

..^., ntlite  and  topographical  eolleeHona.   The 

library  of  Mertoa  College  hai  of  late  devoted  Hsdf  to  forabn  nbdcrw 

■■ New  College  Lihrtfv  hei  about  17,000  •rimed  MlanMS 

MSS..  several  ofwhieh  were  praseBteabv  its  loundl*, 

.fyfcehsm.    Oriel  CoUin  Lihr.iry,  beiMei  ■»  a(h«r 

xmnaiona,  has  a  ipecial  colkctiofi  of  Moka  on  cvnoarative  pMMogy 
ind  mylh<4cisy,  wftfa  a  printed  cauk^^  pie  ffnelibraiy  c^ (fine's 


and  ijo  MSS.    It  has  KJ 
"TaryofMe '■-"— 

1017.    Ne 

ia6ouiis 


ly,  wftfa  a  printed  cataknc.  The  line  li 

iTOng  In  Iheoiogy,  In  Enatbh  and  m ,. — 

■lorj,  »nu  in  Enrfiah  county  hiKDiM.  St  John's  College  Library 
II  [ariety  com(iD«ed  of  the  literaiuie  of  Iheofcgy  and  junapradence 
brforr  1TW,  and  noHeasef  a  collection  of  medical  books  of  the  iCek 
and  trih  «iutie*.    The  newer  hall  of  the  EbniT  buMinc  «n 


SJ4  LIKKJ 

cRttieiJ  by  Iidfo  Jciia  at  Ibe  expcoM  «(  Liud.  «te  alio  nve  bu)' 
printed  and  manumipt  boMo.  Tht  it»iB  lutd  at  a  ilbnfy  at 
TrinilT  CodctE  [armed  pan  of  Ditriian  Colkce,  the  llbniy  o(  AMi 
m  en^iUilicd  by  Richard  tt  Burr.  Wadhwn  CoUcia  Libnrr 
iKhnkt  a  colbcliiM  of  botaaical  bmka  bequeathed  bj  Rkhaid 
Warner  In  i;7J  and  a  collection  oC  booka,  Rbliaf  chiefly  to  the 
Spuiiih  Reformen.  trmented  by  the  eucuton  al  Brniimin  Wiflen. 
Womtec  Ccille«  Library  hai  tl  kle  ■peciaUy  drvoled  iHeU  to 
cUwecai  archacdlasy.    It  it  alia  ricli  in  old  plari- 

desETve.  and  a  |«xl  deal  mutt  be  dor>c  before  they  caa  be  said  to  be 
at  luelul  and  efficient  at  they  mifht  be. 

The  history  of  tbe  Univenily  Libmy  at  C^rnbridgc  dalca 
from  the  earlier  pan  of  the  ijlh  century.    Tw)  early  lilts  of 

f^  dalini  (tDm  about  MiS.'tbe  second  I  sheU-litt,  a!>^ 
parentty  o[  jjo  vols.  .(iMMnuphyiheDutgauifpiocton 
in  147],  lis  first  great  bentCaclot  was  Thumu  Scott  of  Rothcr- 
ham,  atthbisbop  of  York,  trho  envied  in  1475  tbe  building  in 
which  the  library  conifnued  until  1755.  He  also  gave  more  than 
300  t»oks  and  [nanuscripts  to  the  library,  )om>  of  which  siill 
remain.  Tbe  b'brary  received  other  bcDefactiona^  but  neverthe- 
leas  appcated  "  l>ui  (Bean  "  lo  John  Evelyti  when  he  visited 
Cambridge  in  16 34.  In  1M6  Tobias  Ruital  presented  a'sum  o[ 
money  to  Ix  invested  10  buy  the  choicest  and  most  useful  books. 
In  171s  George  I.  presented  Ihe  binary  o(  Bishop  Moore,  which 
w«»  very  rich  in  early  English  printed  books,  forming  over 
30,000  vols,  of  printed  booki  and  manuscripts.  The  funds 
bequeathed  by  William  Worta  and  John  Manistre,  together  with 
that  of  Rustal,  produce  al  present  about  £1  joo  a  year.    Hie 

Dew  books  under  the  Copyright  Acts.  The  number  of  printed 
volumes  in  the  library  cannot  be  eiactty  stated,  is  no  recent 
cakulallon  on  the  aubjecl  eiista.  It  hu  been  estimated  at  hiJI 
a  milUan.  It  inciuda  a  fine  aeries  of  tJilina  prlmipa  of  the 
dasdcs  and  of  the  early  productions  of  the  En^h  prcia.  The 
MSS.  number  over  6000,  in  which  sic  inchided  >  considerable 
number  of  advenaria  or  piinted  books  with  MS.  notes.  »hich 
form  a  leading  feature  in  the  (sUection.  The  meat  bnous  of 
the  MSS.  !s  the  rriebnted  n^iy  of  the  [our  gospeb  aixl  the  Acta 
of  the  Apostles,  iriildi  Is  known  as  Corfei  Boat,  and  which  was 
pniented  lo  the  university  by  that  Heformer. 

A  caulogue  of  the  MSS.  has  bnn  published  in  4  vols.  ((BJ6-1M1). 
aad  (Us  las  been  (bUowed  up  by  the  puUicslioq  of  a  nninber  of 

■ '■^-■—  '^cllrtmw,  Chinete.  ScMSS. 

It.  although  the  caialone 


aepaiate  calaloouea  of  l^niaB,  Syriac  Hebnn 
There  it »  pobUtbed  catalogue  0)  (he  books,  al 


publiaiikHL    The  regulatioiu  of 
lendioi  of  boeks  are  very  liberal. 

it*baui£7M0. 

There  is  a  libruy  attached  to  the  Fitniliam  Museum,  be- 
queathed to  the  univenity  in  iSiO.  It  eansisl*  of  Ibe  entire 
library  of  Lord  FitswiUism,  with  the  addition  of  an  archaeological 
libraty  bought  from  the  executors  of  Colonel  Leake,  and  a  small 
number  of  works,  chiefly  on  the  history  of  art,  since  added  by 
purchase  or  bequest.  It  contains  a  coliection  of  engravings  of 
dU  masters,  a  colteetion  of  music,  printed  and  MS,,  md  i 
tnlleclion  of  illuminated  MSS..  chiefly  French  and  Fleiniih,  of 
the  14th  to  i6th  centuries,  lie  books  are  not  aHowed  to  be 
taken  out.  Catalofuea  and  reprint!  of  sane  of  the  music  and 
other  cdltections  have '' 


hsD  bulk  by  Sir  Chriiopher  Wren, ,.. 

1410  MS.  voIl,  aad  is  apccaally  strong  in  thcolc^.  clattict  and 

ol  ■  gnsi  Dunber  of  rare  booki  and  manutcripli.  AmoDBil  Ihnc 
special  coUcciiimt  are  the  C^>el|  CDUectua  of  caily  dianuiic  and 
eipecially  Shakeneariaa  IhoniuR.  iiie  cdUectioD  of  Gcrnian  Ihcok;^ 
and  phikvophy  bequeathed  by  Archdeacon  Hare,  and  Ihr  Ciyl& 
bequsn  in  lUj  of  9600  volt.:  includini  nuny  cariy 
There  ace  printed  r:atatofiiei  of  the  Ssntlmt  and  . 
HSS.  by  Dr  Autrccht  and  ProfenDc  Palmer,  and  of  the 
Ihe  lata  lihniian,  Mr  Sinker,  The  Uhiaiy  is  opi 
<A  tbe  cofteic  and  the  priviicic  of  uiiiw  it  it  Qbc 
properly  aociedited  Kudeala.   Oae  ol  ihc  bhm  it 


dbo^ 


il  gE^i' ) 


it  thai  of  Trinity  Hal.  ia  wMd  (he  origlMl  bg 
are  preserved,  and  many  books  are  seen  chained 
fortnerly  to  be  the  praerice. 


books.  The  klnry  ol  CCnil't  Coileg*  necivHl  ill  fiiK  boakt  Imn 
Ihe  fotindresai  Clare  College  Liljrary  includes  a  number  of  Italian 
and  Spanish  pbys  of  the  end  of  Ihe  iMh  century  left  by  Ceerte 
Rsggle.  Tbe  Hniy  oi  Corpus  Cbritii  Colleie  tnl  became  Bolalile 
IhiDugh  the  bequsH  of  booksind  MSS.  ma^  by  AnUMiDp  hrfar 
In  I37S.  Tbe  printed  boohs  are  leia  Ihas  SHOO  ia  nmbs.  aad  the 
addicuHU  DOW  nude  are  chiefly  in  such  bnncbet  as  throw  lighl  on 
Ihe  eiiremely  vikisble  collccOon  of  ancient  MSS..  which  attraeis 
scholars  from  al!  pans  ^  Eumpe.  There  is  a  printed  catalofue  of 
these  MSS.  ConvmrandCaiuiCollrnLibniryisoresrlyfooii^Iioo. 
A  caulcguc  of  the  MSS.  wu  printeJin  1849,  nith  picloriil  illuHra- 
rioni.  and  I  1lK  of  rhe  incunabula  in  rSjo.  The  printrd  books  of 
King's  Collcn  includes  the  Ane  colleclion  beqocitM  by  iKob 
Bryant  in  1S04.  The  MSS.  >ie  slmoit  wholly  Oriental.  cWHv 
Persian  and  Arabic  and  a  oukgue  of  them  hu  been  printed. 
Majdalene  College  possessei  the  curious  librsiy  formed  by  l^pys 
aoCbequeMhed  by  him  to  the  coHege,  tofCther  with  his  cahcIioBS 
ofpriocsanddrawiagiandefrareBntishQpnnu'tB.  RIs remarlable 
for  its  treasures  of  papular  literature  and  EngEtb  bunads.  as  well  as 
for  tbeSconlih  maauscApl  poetry  collected  by  Sir  Richard  Mnitbnd. 
The  books  are  kept  in  FCoys's  owa  casr^^  and  remain  just  as  he 
arranged  than  hlniseir.  The  Hbraty  of  Peterbouie  Is  the  oUesI 
lituary  in  Cambiidge,  and  pcmeaas  a  catalogue  of  some  600  or  TOO 
bookadailagfrom  t^tS.  In  wUch  year  it  was  completed,  tt  is  chiefly 
thecAogkaL  though  It  poaaesaesa  valuable  collection  of  modcnl  works 
on  geolafy  and  naluralidence,  and  I  unique  collecl  ion  of  MS.  music. 
Queen'i  CoHege  Libr^  conuint  about  30J>oa  vols,  minty  ia 
ihtoloty,  riasJct  aad  Sonitic  Utenture.  smI  hat  a  printed  Am- 
catakifue.  The  lilirary  of  Si  John'a  College  is  rich  in  early  prialed 
books,  and  potteiact  a  brje  coliection  of  English  hlalorical  tracts. 

The  library  of  the  universlly  of  London,  founded  in  iSj7, 
has  over  60,00c  vola.  and  inchidcs  the  (irtildsmith  library  ol 

collections  ue  De  Morgan's  colleclion  of  maihematicsl  ''"*" 
hooks,  CtDie's  ctastinl  library,  tic  That  is  a  primed  caialncue 
'  1*^7,  with  auppleme  ■       -'  .  .    .^     ..  «.       . 


I,  this  li 


■eaUy  i. 


Uiuvenity  C^cge  Libiuy,  Ciower  Street,  established  in  iSip, 
haa  cioeo  upon  1  zo,ooo  vols,  made  up  chiefly  of  aeparate  collec. 
tiooa  which  have  been  acquired  from  tine  to  liine.  Many  of 
these  collctlions  overlap,  and  much  duplicating  results,  leading 
to  congestion.  These  colleciiou  include  Jeremy  Benlham's 
library.  Mortitaa'i  Chinese  library.  Barlow's  Oiiic  lihtaiy, 
coUectioni  ol  law,  mathematical.  Icelandic,  tbeologicB),  sit, 
oriental  and  other  books,  some  of  them  of  great  value. 

King's  College  Libraty.  founded  in  iSrS,  has  over  jo/iod  vok. 
chiefly  of  a,  scientific  character.  In  dose  associition  with  the 
university  of  London  is  the  London  School  of  Economica  and 
Foliticil  Sdence  in  Clare  Market,  in  which  Is  housed  Ihe  firjlish 
Library  of  Political  Science  with  50.000  vols,  and  a  lar^  number 
of  ofhdal  reports  and  pamphlets. 

The  collegiate  library  at  Dulwich  dates  from  i6i«.  and  ■ 
list  ol  its  earliest  accessions,  in  the  handwriting  of  the  founder, 
may  stiU  be  seen.  There  are  now  about  17,000  vols,  ol  mis- 
ccllsncous  works  of  the  I7ih  and  18th  centuries,  with  a  few 
rare  books.  A  calikiguc  of  them  was  printed  in  i83o;  and  one 
daciibing  the  MSS.  Isfij)  and  Ihe  muniments  (te6}  was  issued 
during  the  succeeding  year.  The  last  two  classes  arc  very  Ira- 
portanl,  and  include  the  well-known  "  AUryn  Papers  "  and  the 
theatriol  diary  oi  Philip  Menslow.  Sion  College  is  a  gild  of  the 
parochial  clergy  of  Ihe  city  aiul  suburbs  of  London,  and  the 

read  (but  not  barrow]  the  books  when  recommended  by  some 
beneficed  metropolitan  clergyman.  The  library  is  tspeciaify 
rich  in  litutgies.  Port-Royal  authors,  pamphlels,  Ac,  and  con  taina 
about  100.CO0  vols.  ciastiAed  on  a  modification  of  the  Decimal 
syiTcm.  The  copyright  privilege  was  commuted  in  1S3S  for  an 
annua!  sum  of  £36],  15s.  id.  The  present  building  was  opened 
in  iSSS  and  i>  one  ol  Ibe  striking  buililingi  of  the  Victotia 

Most  of  the  London  colletiale  or  inching  tniHtuilent  have 


10  vols.;  Bedford  CoHege  (Tv 


555 


uiahif  iK'niiiwy  oi  tCs  dclunci'  S«ciid  HMrmoiifi  SotiMy ;  Royal 
Kt,<M<kHtf  (Grnnitidi,  1973}.  7000  v<])i:  Sc  BwtkAMHW^ 
Houhdil^n),  i},caml>.;S<hul'>Scbiiiil(iJ(i9l.  ioads  vali.i 
thcWorioni  M«%  Ccrilcfc  (i«h).  s«»  ooU.:  uhI  alt  iht  Poly- 
tFclmk  KhooU  io  thr  MttnipoUlan  im. 

Tbe  uniwtsily  library  of  Dnrhxfi  (1831)  cooUim  »hoiil  35,oi» 
volt.,  tnd  bH  Ibe  modem  EngUsb  univeriiiiei — Bimlngbain, 
Maaon  Uolversity  CoUcfc  (iS8e),  17,000  volt.;  Lecdi, 
^^T^       Livtipod  (i8»i),  s^fioo  vol*.;  HanclnteT.  Victoria 
'  Univmily,   which  abiotbed  Owens  CoUtgt  (i<si), 

iij,eM  vols.;  Newnulle-npon-Tynei  Shtffield  C"«ot).  *e- 
—has*  coDertions  of  boolj.  Tht  libraries  in  connnuon  wiih 
thcolosical  coUcgct  Kud  public  Kbools  throu^oul  England  an 
oftn  quite  eitcsiive,  and  reFerMiFc  nay  be  made  to  EIod 
CoUeg(  (1441),  JS.ooo  vols.;  Halltybniy  (iMi),  n.ooo  voh:; 
Harrow  CVaughan  LIbrsty),  11,000  vol>.;  Mill  Hill;  Oitolt 
Colk^.  Eriinglon  (iSjS),  ]6,ooo  vob.;  Rugby  <ig78).  Bocxj 
vols.;  Stoa^urrt  College  (ijw).  e-  V.ooo  volt.,  &c.  The  ne* 
building  for  Ibe  univerjiiy  of  Wales  al  Bangor  has  ample 
■ccommodatlDn  for  id  adequate  library,  and  the  Untreralty 
College  It  Abetyslwlth  is  also  equipped  with  a  library. 

The  origin  of  the  University  Library  of  Edinburgh  i>  to  be 
fotuid  In  a  bequest  of  his  booiu  of  theology  and  lav  made  Io 
the  lomi  In  is*o  by  Clement  IJttle,  advocate.  This 
was  two  yean  before  the  foundation  o(  the  university, 
Bid  In  IJ84  tbe  town  cotncil  caused  the  collection  to  be  removed 
to  (he  college,  ol  which  (hey  were  the  patrons.  As  it  was  the 
only  library  in  the  town.  It  continued  to  grow  and  received  many 
benefaetiOEi,  so  that  in  ifiij  it  Became  necessary  10  erect  a 
library  bttilding.  Stimulaicd  perhaps  by  the  eiimple  of  Bodley 
at  (Mord,  Dmmmond  of  Hawihoniden  made  a  large  donaEion 
of  books,  of  which  he  primed  a  catalogue  in  1617.  and  drntlaled 
mn  appetl  for  astlsisnce  from  othen.  In  1678  the  bbraty 
received  a  bequest  of  1000  vols,  from  the  Kev.  James  Nairn;. 
Id  1709  the  library  became  entitled  to  the  copy  privilege,  whitft 
ha*  since  been  commuted  for  a  payment  of  £sii  per  annum. 
la  iSjr  the  books  were  removed  Io  the  present  library  buildinp. 
for  which  a  parliamentary  grant  had  been  obtained.  The  main 
Ubnry  ball  (190  It,  in  length)  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  apart- 
tnenu  in  Scotland.  One  of  tbe  roonts  is  let  apart  as  a  memorial 
to  General  Reid.  by  whose  benefaction  the  library  has  greatly 
benefited.  Amongst  the  mote  recent  accessions  hive  been  the 
HamweU-PhfllipsShakeipean  collection,  the  Laing  colli  "-  ' 
Scottish  MSS.,  the  BaiUie  colli    '        ■" ~ 


wp^lic 


ue).» 
.   TheUt 


il  MSS.  (some  of 
le  Hodgson  collection  ol  wodis 


voli.  of  printed  book* ' 
found  neceswry  to  make  considerable  additions  to  the  abelving. 
The  library  of  the  university  of  Glasgow  dates  from  the  ijih 
century,  and  numbers  George  Buchanan  sod  many  other 
diatinguiibed  nen  anwngst  its  early  beocfactors.  A  clasaiGed 
•abject -oitdogve  has  been  printed,  and  there  Is  also  a  printed 
dictionary  otaloguc.  The  annual  accessions  are  about  1500, 
■■d  the  cammuiation-grant  C;07.  Connected  with  tbe  uni- 
verdly,  which  is  Irustea  for  the  public,  is  the  lilxary  of  the 
Hnolcrian  Mueum,  formed  by  the  cninent  anMomlil  Dr 
Wiiliam  Hunter.  It  ii  a  collection  of  great  bibliographical 
intetesl,  u  il  is  rich  in  MSS.  and  in  hne  specimens  of  early 
printlng.evwciallyiDCicekand  Laiindauica.  There  ate  about 
toofioo  vols.  Id  the  librvy. 

The  lim  mention  of  a  library  at  St  Andrew*  it  at  eady  a>  I4S6. 
The  Ibne  collegM  were  provided  with  libra  tin  of  ilielr  own  about  the 
time  of  their  foundalioa— Si  Salvaior't  I«J5.  Si  Leonard'!  1511.  St 
MajVi  IU7.  The  Unlveniiy  Library  was  eitabliihed  iboul  i&io 
by  mncramei  VI.,  and  in  Ibe  counc  ol  the  iSth  century  ilie  collcjc 
librarle*  were  nKncd  in  it.  The  copyright  privilege  was  commtiied 
hiiS]7.  The  collection  numbers  IIOMO  vols,  achiiivearpaniplilcii, 
wilhaboul  TOO  MSS..  chiefly  of  local  bilerest.  A  library  fi  lUppoied 
to  have  eiiited  at  Aberdeen  tince  Ibe  Foundation  of  King's  Colleie 
by  Bishop  Eiphlmtsne  In  1404.  The  present  cslleciian  combinei  the 
Bbiariei  of  Klng'i  College  and  Maiiiclul  College,  now  incorporaled  In 
the  nnivetiDly.  The  laller  bad  in  oriein  in  a  coHectlon  of  booki 
formed  by  the  town  authorities  at  the  tinN  of  ihe  Reformatkiii.  and 
for  BOOK  time  kept  bi  oneolthcchunhH,   The  library  has  benefited 


Library  Is  locatHl  Ln  Old  Aberdeen  in  a  nora  of  impceinc  desln. 
whHe  the  medical  nd  lav  books  an  in  the  New  Town  in  Baridil 
Collega.  Tbe  libnrv  hat  a  graat,  is  Ben  of  tbe  eopyright  prtvUm, 
al  ilM.  Tte  aimiial  umnw  of  the  libniy  is  £lsoi>,  and  it  ctinuia* 
nvH  itoaoa  vol*.  The  boiAt  an  cUiBfied  on  a  modlGaliaa  of  ibt 
aad  then  ace  erinted  antbor  asd  MS.  auUecKatB- 
oseBentirith  tht  muilelnal  Uhianr  aulhceltv.  bo^t 

iiiiihiiiii    Al  Aa  •aAnfeal  •chooW pubHc  tcheoku 

the^;«ical  and  otbci  colesea  la  Smtaodanwdegslppad  Willi 
noruie*  at  Ihe  loUowing  litt  hH  tbow!— Aberdeen:  Free  Church 
Collie,  i7/)oo  vols.  Edlnbdrgfa:  Fette*  CaDHe,  c  sooo  vols.: 
Herioi'i  Hmpilal  (i74l),  i.  9M»  voli.|  New  College  (iSu),  ap^ido 
*sli.  ClkisDW;  Aadenon'i  CoUn  (eonlalBlac  Ibe  valvXte  £«■■ 
miuic  lilHary).  i6«oo  vola.s  United  Fice  Church  •"■— l-irrsl 
Colleie,  J3MW  vol*.   Trinity  College,  Cleoalmond,  JDOO  vol*. 

The  e*tabliihment  of  the  library  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
is  contempotaneous  with  that  of  the  Bodleian  at  Difocd,  audit 
is  an  intciQling  ciicuraitince  that,  when  Chalhmer      ,„,—^ 
and    Usshcr    (aiterwardi   the   archbishop)    were  in 
London  purchasing  books  to  form  the  library,  they  met  Bodley 

was  given  to  Uisber  and  Cballoner  as  truiiees  o(  the  Angular 
donation  which  laid  the  foundation  of  the  library.  In  ibe  year 
1601  the  English  ttmy  determined  to  commemorate  their  victory 
over  the  Spanish  troops  at  Kinsale  by  some  permaoent  monu- 
ment Accordingly  they  subscribed  the  sum  ol  £r  Soo  to  establish 
a  library  In  the  univenity  ol  Dublin.  For  Usiber's  own  collection, 
consiEling  of  10,000  vols,  and  many  valuable  MSS.,  the  coIle|e 
wasaliO  indebted  10  military  generosity.  On  hit  dealh  in  165J 
the.  officers  and  iddiers  of  the  English  army  then  in  IielaDd 
purchased  the  whole  collection  for  fii.ooo  with  the  design  of 
presenting  it  to  the  college.  Cromwell,  howeVer,  interfered, 
alleging  that  he  proposed  to  found  a  new  college,  where  the 
books  might  more  conveniently  be  preserved.  They  vera 
deposited  therefoR  In  Dublin  Castle,  and  the  college  only 
obtained  them  nflet  the  Restoration.  In  1674  Sir  Jerome 
Aleiander  Mt  his  lav  books  with  tome  valuable  USS.  to  the 
college.  In  1716  Dr  Palliser,  aichbiibop  of  Cathd,  bequentbod 
over  4000  voti.  to  the  library;  and  ten  yeari  later  Dr  Gilbctt 
gave  the  library  nearly  ij,ooo  vdIi.  which  be  had  himself  cd- 
lecled  and  arranged.  In  174S  the  library  received  a  valuaUe 
collection  of  MSS.  as  a  bequest  from  Dr  Steame.  In  iSoi  the 
collection  formed  by  the  pensianary  FageL,  which  had  been 
removed  to  England  on  the  French  invasion  oF  Holland,  was 
acquired  for  £10,000.  It  conusted  of  over  10,000  vols.  In 
iSoj  Mr  Quin  bequeathed  a  choice  cotlecllon  of  cliasical  and 
Italian  books.  There  have  been  many  other  smaller  donation!. 
Id  addition  to  which  Ihe  library  is  continually  increased  by  tbe 
books  received  nndec  the  Copyright  Act.  The  libniy  Don 
contains  ]sa,ao9  vols,  and  over  loao  MSS.  There  la  no  ftt- 
mauent  endowment,  and-purchases  are  made  by  grants  from  Ibb 
botrtL  The  whole  coUeclions  sic  contained  in  one  building, 
erected  In  17JJ,  consisling  o(  eight  roomi.  The  great  libniy 
hall  is  a  magnificent  apartment  over  100  ft.  long.  A  new  reading- 
room  was  opened  in  184B.  A  catalogue  of  Ihe  books  acquired 
before  iSjihaibeen  printed  (1887).  There  is  a  printed  catalogue 
of  the  MSS.  and  Incunabula  (1S90].  Craduain  of  Dublin, 
Oxford,  and  Cambridge  are  admitted  to  read  permanently,  ind 
temporary  admission  is  granted  by  the  board  to  any  fit  person 

The  library  of  Queen'.  College.  Belfast  (1849).  contains  about 
&U100  vols,,  whit  Queen'i  Colleie.  Cork  (184D),  bat  over  31,000  voU. 
St  Patrick's  College.  Mtyncnih  (I7V3).  hat  about  60,00a,  and  other 
collegiate  libnriit  are  well  mpplied  with  booki. 

With  one  or  two  eiccpliont,  librarie*  are  attached,  to  Ihe 
cathedrals  of  England  and  Wales.  Though  they  are  of  course 
intended  fot  Ibe  use  of  the  cathedral  or  diocesan  cmti*ml 
clergy,  tbey  are  inmost  cases  open  to  any  respectable  m-4 
person  who  may  be  properly  introduced.  They  seldom  *  w' 
contain  very  much  modern  literature,  chiefly  cantlsting  "'*• 
ol  older  theology,  with  more  or  leii  addition  ol  classical 
and  hiitorieal  literature.  They  vary  in  eiieni  from  a  few 
voluine*,  u  at  Llandaf  or  St  David's,  10  »,00B  volt.,  » tl 


556 


LIBRARIES 


.    Together  t! 


ry  little  is  spe'ni  u 


they  ira  very  Ultle  used.  The  chunlier  in  the  old  doiilen,  in 
wbkh  tbs  libniy  of  ihe  deu  end  chiptu  ol  WalminUci  a 
prelerved,  Is  well  Itnowo  fiom  the  charming  dtKription  by 
Wuhington  Irving  in  bii  Shkli  Boot.  Tliere  »re  ibout  14,600 
voLi..  mo6tly  of  old  theology  lod  hiUory,  including  miny  riie 
Bibkt  and  other  viluible  book*  The  librtiy  of  the  deu  ind 
chapter  o{  St  Piul'i  Cithedral  wu  founded  in  very  csHy  iXam, 
and  nov  Dumbcni  ume  91,000  voIl  and  pamphLtl),  mainly 
theoJDiical.  with  1  good  coUeclIon  oi  early  Bibles  and  Testa- 
menu,  Paul's  Cnsa  Scimons,  and  Irorka  connected  oritb  the 
cathedral. 

Ferbapi  the  bnl  library  of  Catholic  theology  in  London  Is 
that  of  tbe  C^tory  at  South  Kensington,  cslibUabKl  in  1B4Q. 
■nd  now  containing  nearly  35,000  vols.  The  Catholic  Cathedral 
si  WHtmtoster,  of  reccai  foundation,  contains  about  t  t,a<Bo  vols. . 
The  archicpiscopal  library  at  Lambeth  was  founded  in  t6io 
by  Archbishop  Bancroft,  and  has  been  enriched  by  the  gifts  of 
Laud,  Tcnison,  Manners  Sultan,  and  otheis  of  his  snccessors; 
it  is  now  lodged  in  the  noble  hall  built  by  Juion.  The  treasures 
coniist  of  the  iltaminated  MSS.,  and  a  rich  stote  of  early  printed 
books;  of  (he  latter  two  calaloeues  have  been  issued  by  Samuel 
Rofiey  Maltland  (iTg>-t«6S).  The  MSS.  an  described  in  H.  ]. 
Todd's  catalogue,  i3ii.     Tbe  total  number  of  printed  books 


The  libm 


of  Chriit  Church,  Oilord.  bclones  alike  lo  itie  coHcge 

vtd  pouesw  many  of  the  books  which  bcJonicd  to  the  monatlery. 
Thise  went  added  to  by  Dean  Sudhuiy.  ihe  second  loundirr  o(  the 
library,  and  Bishop  CoBB.  The  colleclion  has  been  considerably 
tocreasedin  more  noden  times,  aod  now  contains  15,000  vols.  Ei  is 
e^xciilty  rich  in  MSS,,  aane  ol  which  an  ot  great  beauty  and  value : 
A  catalcMe  of  ibcm  was  printed  in  tiifi^  The  library  has  good 
topogiapkiicBl  add  entoidtHogical  coUections.  The  chapter  spend 
£370  per  annum  In  labrles  and  in  books.  The  libmry  it  York 
numbers  about  II  jno  vats.,  sud  bsa  been  very  tibcially  thrown  open 
r  chapel  of  the  archbishop's 
id  early  printed  books.  The 
ry  datca  probably  from  the 

^ .  -Ithougb  the  library  docs  not 

retain  any  ol  the  books  then  brought  over,  or  ewn  of  (be  booki  said 

to  have  been  tent  by  Pbpa  Grefoty  to  the  fint  aichlHihop  sii  601 , 

It  is  reeoeded  thai  among  Laalraoc's  buitdings  wasa  new  library,  aod 

Beeket  ia  aald  le  have  coltcclcd  hooka  abroad  to  pmcnl  to 

Ubrary,  ThecaUeetloanawnuinbenabautmooprintedbaDki, 

sent  btulding  was  ece 


to  the  public.  It  )b  kept  ia  the  ton 
palace,  aad  has  manv  valuable  MSS. 
foundation  ol  the  library  at  Canter 


Ihe 

, vith 

.-.  ..-3,  vols.,  and  between  ton  an'  '      '    ' 

eatakfoe  was  printed  in  1002.  Thepreaenl 
lUjea  part  ul  Ibeilteof  the  nanasIicdaRnltaiy.'The  libiaiy  at 
Liacola  contsim  7400  vols.,  ol  which  a  catalogue  was  printed  ia  Ittu. 
It  possesses  a  fine  colleclion  of  political  tracts  of  the  age  of  Entahetb, 

tames  and  Charica  I.  The  present  eoUeetioa  at  Chkheiter  date* 
'oni  the  Restoration  only:  that  at  Dy  is  rich  in  books  and  tracts 
Rbrine  to  the  nonjurors.  The  libran  at  Exeter  possesses  many 
Sssan  MSS.  of  calreae  iolenst,  oae  of  inem  being  the  tf  ft  of  Leofric, 
the  Brsl  bishop.  The  treasures  of  Lkhfield  wen  destroyed  by  the 
Puriians  during  IhC  ehril  war,  and  the  eiisllng  library  is  of  later 
lacmitian.  Fiances,  ducbess  of  Somcnet.  bequeathed  to  It  nearly 
looa  vols.,  includiag  the  lanoua  Evangellary  of  St  Chad,  The 
odlKlioo  at  Norwidi  la  chle^  loodem,  and  was  presented  bv  Dr 
Sayen.   Hie  earlier  librav  at  Feleibonugh  having  almost  wholly 

Erished  in  the  civil  war,  Bi^iop  Whin  Kennctt  became  the  virtual 
jodtr  of  the  picatnt  coUtclion.  Saliteiy  is  rich  in  iacuaabula, 
sad  a  catalogue  has  leecntly  beea  printed.  Wincbesler  Caihedtil 
Library  is  majnhr  ibc  bequest  of  Bifhop  Morley  in  the  iTthcentury. 
The  Hhrsry  at  Kistol,  (hen  numberiugfioonor  700a  vuls.,  was  burnt 
and  idtla^  by  the  mob  in  the  riots  of  IB31.  Only  about  looo 
vols,  were  saved,  many  of  which  were  rtcovcnd,  but  lew  additions 
have  been  nude  to  them.  At  Chester  In  l«gi  Dean  Ardeme  be- 
queathed his  books  and  pan  ol  his  esute  "  aa  the  berinmng  of  a 
'  city."  The  library  of  Henfoid  is  a 
ic  libAiyi  the  books  are  placed  in 
re  chained  10  oaken 
iges  outwanls  Dpon  open 

...„ , ,  .aain  and  ban.    Another 

sa  Intereatinf  "chuned"  Kbaur  ia  that  at  Winbome  Minster, 
mt.  which  contains  about  tto  beoln  in  their  original  eondiiion. 
p  four  Welsh  calhediab  were  supp^  with  libtarieslv  a  deed  ol 
ilemrntin  1700.  Thelargestotlbem.lhitofSlAsaph.hssabout 
:o  vols.  Tlie  Hibfiotheea  Leightoniana,  or  Leightonlan  Library, 
Tided  by  Aiehbiilliop  Lrighlon  in  I6g4  In  DunblaK  Caihcdral. 
alaadj  ccMaias  about-  moo  vols.,  sod  ia  the  only  cathedral  library 


ipedmHi  of  an  old  m 
adv  Chapel,  and  abou 
.    The  books  are  rani 


jochoice  MSS 


DubluLegn 
established  ■ 


tion.    The  public  library  la  St  I>airkk's  Caibeibal, 

'   es  calkd^Harsh's  Libniy  alter  its  loundei,  waa 

'  1694  by  AKhUsbop  tlarsh,  was  incorpoiaied  |w 

in  1707,  and  endowed  by  Jls  founder  at  his  diaib  ia 

and  a  large 


iw  of  purchase 

funds  of  Ihe  libiary.  so  that  h  still  retaiitt  tbe  chajacier  of  a 
ceofuiy  libiary.  The  boc^  are  ehicdy  iin^lo|rical,  and  ir 
Icanwd  languages;  they  include  Ihe  Kbraxies  of  Bishap  Stillin] 
and  oi  Ellas  Boubereau,  a  French  refugee,  vho  was  the  first  libri 
Endowed  libraries  may  be  defined  aa  those  which  have 
directly  established  by  the  bequesta  of  iodividuals  or  eorpi 
bodies,  eadutbng  thwe  which  have  been  asaislcd  by 
donors  or  are  meitly  named  after  Ibejiii.  As  com-  £? 
pared  with  the  United  States,  the  endowed  iibrarica  of 


dbyi 


dividual  dono 
celebrated  lor  a  fine  cotlcci 


n  librai 


The  Cripplegate  Institute  (1S96I  in  Golden  Lane,  also  founded 
out  o(  charily  moncya,  baalbree  branches— Si  Bride's  Fomdalkn 
Insliiule  t<8,aoa  vols.),  jointly;  Queen  Street,  Cheapside, 
Branch  (gooo  vols,];  and  St  Lulu's  InstitlUe  (jooo  vols.)— ud 
conlaioa  18,000  vols.  Lectures  and  other  enlerlainmenis  are 
fcaluna  ot  both  these  libraries.  Dr  WilUana'  library  wa* 
founded  by  tbe  will  of  an  eminent  Presbyteiian  divine  of  that 
name;  it  was  opened  ia  171$.  The  booLs  [jo,ooe)  aie  boused 
in  a  new  buildingin  Cordon  Square, complctedini87j.  Theology 
oi  all  schools  of  opinion  is  represented,  and  there  are  apedat 
collectionsof  Iheoiopbical  books  and  MSS.,  the  woiksofBoehme, 
Law,  and  other  mystical  writers.  The  MSS.  include  the  original 
minutes  ol  the  WesUDinaler  Assembly,  leiteii  and  treatises  of 
Richsrd  Baiter,  &c.  The  St  Bride  Foundation  Tecboical 
Reference  Library  (iS«s)  is  a  very  complete  collection  of  books 
and  spetimcas  of  printing  and  tbe  allied  arts,  including  the 
libraries  oC  William  Blades  and  Talbot  Baincs  Reed,  and  a 
QURibec  of  tnore  modern  books  presented  by  Mr  Fassuiore 
Edwards.  It  containa  about  iS.ooo  vols.,  and  k  open  to  all 
persons  iijtcresled  in  prinliog,  lithography,  &c,  and  also  to  llie 
general  public. 

The  mosi  notalile  of  the  English  provincial  endowed  libraries  are 
iboseestabluhedlnMaocbesier,  The  fine  old  library  esublished  by 
Humphrey  Chelhani  m  1653  Is  still  housed  in  the  M  eolleciaw 
bniUiiws  where  Sir  Waiter  Raleigh  was  oiiee  entertained  by  Dr  live. 
Theioltccllan  eousiats  largely  of  older  liieratun,  and  auoibeia  abaat 
60.000  vulumes  and  MSS.  ft  is  freely  open  to  tbe  public,  and  may 
be  said  to  have  been  Ihe  first  fne  fibrary  in  England.  Caialoeues 
in  broad  clasdfkid  form  were  issued  in  t79i-i»ej,  and  ihrrr  have 
en  supplenienls  since.  A  icmarkaWe  lasunce  of  a  great  libiary 
jablishedby  pnvale  muniAcence  is  that  of  Ihe  John  Rylanlb 


unded,  ei 


ctedar 


ouaht  logelher.   The  present  r 

a..  aMi  one  of^ilish  books, 

special  catalogues  and  dcscripti 


A  shCEi-ilile  catalogue,  3  vols. 
•-  been  puUlshcd,  and  a  manu- 
a  provided.     Several  VBluable 

J,. — .  .; , —  -. ,...,  .^ishavebeenissued,  oneof  the 

latest  being  a  special  catalogue  el  the  architectural  work!  caalaiiwd 
in  all  the  Manchester  libraries. 

The  William  Salt  Ubrary.  a  special  Slaflorrfshire  library  with 
iiHnieroo*_MS^  and  other  colleclions,  tormed  to  bring  loeethcr 
materials  for  a  history  of  Stanotdshire,  ^ss  opened  to  tlw  public  in 
iB74lnthelownofStafFonJ.  It  conuinsaearVio,ooo  books,  [xlnu 
and  other  Items. 

Other  endowed  libraries  in  the  English  provroces  which  deserve 
mention  are  the  Bineham  Public  Library  (iqdj)  at  OrHirvstcr! 
the  Cuille-AIlJs  Library  ( I «S6),  Guernsey;  St  Dehiiol's  Library 
(tB94l,HawarA:n.  founded  by  WlKamEmrtC'-' -' ' 

(ilTj)  at  Stratford'upaa-Avoa. 


1  Mamocid  Ubctiy  aad  iheatn 


iliL  »nd „ 

rowing  pnvi1«a.    Still  aiulhix 

ituiion  Free  Rifcnnce  LLbaiy, 

)(  Ccoigc  BaiHic  (I863),  •-■  — 


HibKripdon  ii  charnd 

CUkow  ifutitullao  it  Ba.Uk 
oUbUiIiMl  undw  the  bequt 

iwenlcl  tin   IM7      [t  conlli ., 

■ndoMd  Ubnric*  an  tbg  Aadtnoa  Ldiruy.  WoixWdb  AbB 
(iSWi  tht  T*ykic  Fn  Libnry.  Cadi  (1890],  the  Elda 

'  ■■- ■" — m  (iwa);  »!■■  ■'—  "■ — ' —  '-   " 

9I  by  WiltiaiD 


(18^. , 

Ubniyi  Cans  (1900) 
(.a»),  (oundcd  •"■  "* 
riHpalilicBbnr, 


„f,  ».....*».  »j  ..H»Hw  Cbuibert,  the  w«1t-knovn  publialii 
:palilicBbniyol  Annagli.  trebnd,  nsfosmMbyLoid  Prima 
iiiiMia  In  im.  iriw  gmv*  ■  amiidenbbi  namber  st  books  and  1 


^  Thtce  •!•  Tuny  libnrlc*  bdniEing  to  ■ 
.  dtvoted  to  llw  iludy  of  cverj'  lilad  of  nib)r 
t  It  ii  only  ncmury  to  nuBiion  i  Itw  ol  ih«  pi 
'  Full  pinkalin  nf  moat  of-  tbem  wit[  be  ft 
Rc|<n>ld  A.  Kyt'i  Litnna  ^  Laiden:  a  G 
Iff  (t^io), »  work  of  »ccuimcy  UHi  nZue. 


:h,  put  of  iriudk  Wto  Ii 


.andlbelargm.   lidatnlrarn  1407 

ol  the  KCRty,  mule  a  b«qu»t  tJ  l,.._,  — , —  , . 

bi  dcvottd  to  Ibc  buildini  il  b  Ubniy  fee  the  bciwlit  ol : 

'    '     '    m  al  EncUuid.    A  ouLdsu*  a(  lh>  priBlcd  booki  wu 
, J.! J     -id  tie  MSS.  i«n  uli- 


Br'^' 


in  1859  and  lisce  lupplFmemcd,  ind  the  HSS.  ircn  i 
the  Rev  loMph  Hunter  in  18)7.  Tbm  are  ibout  7s 
Ubrary  df  the  Inner  Temi^  u  k>~-  —  ^—  — >"' 
■'^-  middle  oi  the  iTlh  ee '- 


bcncdctiea  fRMs  WiUia 


it  fficcived  a  con^denble 


ird(,  Therearenow about  6a,oiwvol>..  includiaithepamphleti 
(ctnl  by  John  Adohihui  for  hli  Hiilin  ^  £i»liW,  boob  on 
ne  and  prirtM  bimighi  tmellm'  by  Mr  Cmwfoni«  and  a  ■election 


Henn  Viil..  but  Wdate'^muallyu^ 
«hen  Robert  AiMey  left  Mi  booli  to 


unco  duiiiH  the  Rtga  oC 
to  he  ftntodatloii  ie  1641, 
nn  of  which  he  had  beeu 
.   Cny-a  Ii     "  ■ 


.■-  There  are  BOW  about  5D,aoL     ._.     . 

011000  voh.)  *■■  peritafiaeiulilfihed  btien  tsss-  In 
■ude  the  Got  ciIaliiEua  of  the  booke.  and  tha  nan,  itBl  enaiH,  in 
1689.  The  Law  Society  (iSig)  hai  a  good  lair  and  (eneialUbnry 
(50,000  vole,),  bidudlni  the  beat  collection  of  private  act!  of  Badia- 
nent  in  Enaliad.  The  Ebnry  of  the  Royal  Soelely  {Itt?].  Dow 
bouMd  In  Diufinitoa  Home,  contalm  over  a>,oi»  vdls..  ot  i^ikh 
nanyan  the  tianiactloni  and  other  pubUcatlone  of  aelentific  bt>dlea. 
The  Royal  InitttiRlsn  of  Great  Britain  (IMS)  pniiEim  a  icfeRnce 
Ubnry of 60AJO oola.  Soneolltieaify catdogueaimcindaerified 
foro.  The  London  InatltiitloB  (Itos).  In  the  City,  la  a  jenenl 
Bbrary  ol  lalereng  and  JeuUng  boola  open  to  inembenoBly.  Tbira 
veaboot  iy»jaoovolg.^pd  lecturca  an  ^ven  In  connesdon  wtth  tbo 
Inuillrtion.    The  Ro]FarSociety  of  fete  hat  a  llbtaiy  niimbetrni 

and  Uodrcd  eublectt  le  Oat  of  Ibe 
—  " — ---^  of  nolriy 


it»n.    Th«  IbnFar 

■iMov^.chM] 

ThebeHlibiaryefi 
Sodety  of  Aniiquari 
40,000  printed  vole,  nil 
(upmti'aphy,  heraldry 


iblage  of  lei 


itB  pie?*nfed  by  ?dl 


'n  oriy  prifitei 
I  liKlitdce  1 
vy  ?dr  Falrhoh.  aiH  ine 
woricf  formcriy  belonginf 

nitorel  adencee  may  be  mentioned 
'  of  London  (1B07).  wOh  over  jo.ooa 
n_^  —^  mape;  the  LEnnesn  Society  (17*8),  JSfloo  voli.;  the 
ZoolacIcalSodely  (i8i9).nbotit  Ji.BoavoU.  Of  librarice uaociatcd 
with  medlelne  there  ant  thoK  of  the  Roynl  Society  of  Mtdiclne(i«)7>, 
faeorpontlnff  a  Runber  of  medical  eonetiei,  over  95 jioavo1&,,MbDut 
10  be  boned  In  a  new  bnlMinr;  the  Royal  CaneR  of  Physdiui* 
(tJH),  iSaoo  vok.:  the  Britiih  Medici  Awdation,  3o,0in  vok.; 
the  Royal  College  of  SurgeoM  of  England  (1*00),  60,000  voli.,  vdth  a 
MS.  calalotuc  on  cards  i  the  Chemical  Society  iilki),  oveTIS.000 
vole.1  and  tb«  Pharmarenilal  Sodrty  of  Cnat  Bntafn  (1841). 
about  IfjBO  vote.  CMier  Important  London  eodcty  Ubraris  arc— 
Ih*  Ka^  G««npliica1  Society  ti8yi),  50,000  vide.,  aod  numcrmu 
niape  in  a  ipecial  room,  open  to  the  public  for  nfetence;  the  Royal 
Cotontal  InMHule  (t868),  njuovolt.  e(  Brilieh  colonial  Gtenlure : 
tbt  Royal  Uidled  SoilH  Whution,  WUlrfull  (1831],  hae 


557 

--, J  maaeaaL    Lena  and 

- _  _ro  owned  by  the  Brltiifa  and  Foeeign 

iiDie  SocKty.  the  Initituaaa  of  Gvii  Edgineen,  the  Inuiiutlon  of 
:iKUKal  Eivneere  (tmtaiidnf  tbe  Roaaldi  Libimry},  the  Royd 
todeny.  tbe  Royal  IneiltDte  of  Scitali  Anblieca,  and  piactio- 
illyjtvery  other  worUn*  eociety  in  London. 

The  Englieh  ptoviMial  Kbnnet  connected  with  tocietiei  or  hamed 
lodw  aiv  iBcatly  attacbed  to  thoae  c«nccmed  with  law.  medicine, 
ind  varioa  Bntlquaiian,  litcnry  and  *:ientific  lubjecta.  The  head- 
i  being  in  Ldndoo  to  — —  — 
null  number  of  I 


of  the 

Mackb. 


tde  rapid  progtoee,  eincc  it  appearefrona  Ihe 

.  that  In  l&U  tbe  booki  and  Cuniitun  wen 

R  npwndaol  fiiAOoScgtiitKlBHVeof  donatlona,  tn  the 
;«o.  UK  rgoeaa  m  the  Exchange  Suin.  Pedianent  Cteae.  in 
the  library  waa  kepi,  being  oeirly  deetroyvl  by  An  the 


priviluc  conferred  upon  it  in  17O9.  Ol  the  iperial 
mout  importau  are  the  Axtoria  collection  of  old 
puEtluiedby  the  [acuity  in  j8j4  for  ^4000;  the  Thor 
ronuitlng  a  about  ijoo  vo\9.,  relalin^  chiefly  to  1 
anligultieeof  the  northern  naiioni,  aod  including  ton 
old  ScDItiih  poetry :  ihc  Dietrich  coHeciiDn  of  over  i 

KDphlete  and  ttaaeftationa,  indodlng  mar 
ther  and  Mclaochthon, '■—■'  ' — '--  ■ 

the  Combe  collection. 


purchased  lor  Ihe  small  «um  of  ifo\  and 


maitlc  chaitulartea 


The  faculty  appear  cariy  to  bavo  turned 
coUeeHon  of  M^.,  and  lM>  department  of  t 

abauE  jODO  vela.    Many  nl  tfcem  an  of  v 

especlany  fee  the  civH  and  ecdeaaetjcal  hiatory  of  Scotland  bef Of! 

after  the  Reformation.    There  an  thirteen  1 ■'-  -■■—-' 

which  esaped  the  dcttniction  of  the  rdigiaus 
belonged-  The  hl55.ndattngtoScnttlifachDn.u  ununj  iujvwiMv 
GOUectiona  of  Spottinmade,  Wodrov  and  CaUerwnod.  Tbe 
Wodniw  eoUeclkin  consite  of  154  vole.,  and  locludia  his  comspond- 
ence.  extending  [nai  1694  to  I7i«.  Sir  Tama  Balfour's  colleciioa 
and  the  Balcanea  papere  consst  lailtly  of  odginat  state  papers,  and 
Include  many  intensting  royal  ktten  of  Ihi  thnM  of  Jamea  V., 
Queen  Maiy  aid  JanwVl.  Tha  SUibaM  ptpn,  Dombaii^ om 
10  vab..  an  largely  topognpUcaL  IIb  Rkidd  HNcboolis.  nanAav- 
ipg  ijfi  vole.,  eoBiain  oollcctioBs  to  ilhKtfate  the  geoeakay  ot 
Scottish ffeniilka.  TbenanaboulooehinidndvoluiDCaof keundfE 
MSS..  poitiuedln  Hagfroai  Pnifeeaec  Finn  MaanuiaDn.  and  lontt 
Finiaa  and  Sasskriti  with  a  lew  -'•-'—' ,  aaBuscripi*.  Tba  dt- 
putnuni  baa  aone  inteceatlng  tnuures  of  old  poetry,  extendint  <n 
73Vola.  TheDoetimportant aretlicBannatyiioMS-,inlvob.folu>, 
written  by  Geone  Bannaiyne  in  ijAg,  and  the  Auchinleck  MS.  a 
coOectlon  of  ancient  Entfiah  poetry,  nuned  after  Alexander  Boawel 
af  AKhinUek,  who  pnienteirit  in  177^ 

Tha  Et«  Atalofue  of  the  printed  boou  wu  oompiled  in  ifi9a.  and 

-'^'-^  ^--^'-GeorveMackeAxic.  Another  wu  preuRd 

—  in  1141-    IniButbelateMt  Hallxtt 

.di  ha*  bean  printed  in  A  vols,  ato,  with 

„ all  the  printed  hooks  in  the  liteaty  at 

tha  end  td  |87I>  cnnlainlng  about  160,0110  enlilea.  The  library, 
nan^ad  by  k  beeper  and  tiaf ,  under  a  boaid  of  lii  cuiaton,  W 
aaiily  accnsbk  to  all  penona  aagaged  in  IlKniy  woric,  and  now 
eootaiiB  about  saoJXM  voUi 

Tbs  Ubiary  of  tfae  Writan  to  tba  Signet  was  enaMiihed  by  the 
Sodeiy  »t  S^nburgh  In  lyg.    At  ^rttjt  con«iiod  tif  law  b( 


ni788tht, _     .  .. 

a  other  depanmenla  ol  Uterature-  Dunna  the  hbt^Tu 
klacvey  Nipler  (iBoJ-lfo?)  the  number  id  volum™  wxs  m 
eitupled,  and  hi  iBi*  tlie  Kbtary  was  mined  to  the  i 


tioB.  liis  b  a  fionifieeBt  apartment  141  (I. 
ul  cupola  painted  by  Stothard.  TheUbniynow 
n  vols,  and  Indodea  soon;  fine  ipecimeni  of  eariy 
nng.uweuasiaanyotliemnandioKlywnTkB.  li  ieeapcdally 
in  cDiinty  hUmlee  and  Btiiieh  topogn^y  and  amiquiiie*.  A 
.kigue  of  Ih*  law  books  was  prinled  in  18(6.  The  late  David 
in.  whs  became  libtatlan  in  1837,  published  the  <im  veluoK  of  ■ 
catalc«n*ini87I,andliil89I  tbil  wu  completed  irith  a  Kibject 


558 

The  library  oC 


Rlntou 


It  Dubba  V 


LIBRARIES 

,  chiefly  Id 


fUODESM 


,  _  Jl*  Roy»l  Iruh  Ari 

betonnUioAofttieAcJdFiiiy ID  [ySjft.  ...-,_,...  .   ,  . 
LbB  ItUdy  of  Kieiicc,  literalure  aird  aiui<iuilin  in  IrcUnrL    The 

u  lelilini  to  the  hiMory.  ancient 

iDiuiuim  a  uEiind.    They  inciude  the  Bechim 

Jred  fanly  b;K  public  lubicriiWion  m  iSji      The 

Kipponed  bya  pivmiincni  jnM  «ik1  ii (rnl]f  open 

«n  a  pnpcr  inlroductioo-     The  pubUcuiod  of  [nih  MSS.  m  the 


nLynjppDftHI  by  a 

_.  JffS 

cMMlogat  a  in  nuBuicnpt  fctpi. 

Tlielibnrv<'  King"*  lane  wm  (ouoded,  otimunl 
baokiaiid  ■((■■  MSS.  under  the  will  of  Mt  Junice  Rohunn  id  1787, 
•a  [ana  tb«  aaclHii  of  ■  lihnry  loc  Ie*  HudentL  It  it  pMtly  lup- 
pofted  tiwa  th«  (uodi «( the  bencheii,  but  putly  alao  by  a  tKMnrjr 
^"^  "''?'  •*  thempyright  privileje.  ^^ 

•re  demibtd  in  aaauili  lite  the  Liltrarj  Vtar-btok  and  UDiilar 
pubLicuiaDi,  *ich  HallHln  c4  Mode,  lnura,  Ac,  bnnigbt  up  to  date- 
Proprietary  and  lubscriptJon  librqtiei  wen;  at  one  time  iDorc 
common  Oian  ion,  ai,  owing  Is  the  Heady  advance  of  the 
lfc  u  municipal  libnty,  the  minor  lubactiptioa  libiarie* 
(BT^  have  been  gradually  etticguiihcd.  A  striUng  cample 
uliiiil)  of  Ibis  1>  furnished  by  the  mcchanin'  bililutei  which 
^>  t;sed  to  Soutiih  all  over  Ihe  country.    Id  matt  casu 

■™**  thtM  have  been  handed  over  to  the  local  aulhoiitia 
by  Ibt  owntn  to  foim  Ihi  ducIfui  of  Ih«  public  nle-iuppolted 
library,  ind  in  this  way  the  older  libraries  have  heia  preserved 
and  viluahle  aid  has  been  given  to  llie  popular  library  move- 
meot.  Somewhat  aJun  to  the  mcchuiici'  lutitolca  ar«  Ihe 
libraries  established  in  comienon  with  various  co-operative 
lodeties  in  the  north  of  England.  Together  with  working  men's 
dub  libraries,  tbeie  rauit  he  nearly  100  librsriea  of  the  dau  jusL 
ucntiODCd,  rangiDt  in  liae  from  a  few  hundred  vols,  lo  jo.ooo  or 
40,oaavdl.  The  aSiliaUd  clubs  of  Ihe  Working  Men'iCluband 
ImlilulB  Union  possess  among  Ihera  over  100,000  vols. 

Among  subscription  libraries,  the  London  Library  slanda 
Got  in  order  of  importance.  Ilwulounded  in  1S41  uakndiDg 
libiaiy  lor  Ihe  use  of  sdiolail,  and  Dean  Uihaan,  Sir  G,  C.  Lewu 
W.  £.  CUdsIDne,  Thomas  Cailyle,  Henry  Halisn  and  olhi 
eminenl  men  look  part  in  its  formalion.  By  means  of  s  rooderal 
aubsciiplion,  fund*  were  raised  for  Ihe  purchase  of  books  o 
general  (ubjeclt,  which  now  amount  10  about  ijo,aao  voti 
Of  these  elabonte  and  eiceUenI  author  and  lubject  catalogues 
hive  been  printed.  The  last  is  valuable  aa  a  clisiiGed  guide 
the  CDDltots  of  Ihe  library. 

Some  meatlon  diauld  be  made  ibo  of  the  more  Ii  i 

th»  or  profirietary  Ubraric*.  which  were  formed  ft 
•be  latter  luKc4  the  ittheenlury.  The  earlieu  d 
the  metnpolif  waacBabUthed  about  the  middle  a  j 

The  fine  ID  Birmiiwham  was  opened  by  Hulton  I 

el  a  ptoprletary  library  appean  la  have  b«n  f 
livtipoiil  la  175B.    Tlie  bMry  then  fanned  tti  t 

Lyceum,  and  poMes  a  cdkccioa  of  ssxm  volt 
nan  a  year.    In  1760a  libnir  ni  lomied  at  i 

iaa  been  raernd  in  tlie  WarriDgion  Muieum.  1 

watettaUitbed  in  1768,  and  ddv  hat  64.000  voli. 
■Hseum  and  Uhnry  wau  lonDed.  and  numbered  *  1 

(he  referem  collection  of  the  Bristol  publiclibrai —    1 

ham  (old)  Ubiary  wiu  formed  In  1779,  and  itt  rulei  were  drawn 
byDrPiicMlcy.  The  Bbrary  baa  sow  about  80.000  vola. 

Other  EB|Gib  piaatiKwy  libtarie*  have  been  eaubluhed 
UiecMcr.  UnrvKt  tAthiiatiia,  179*)'  MancheMer,  Noitinghj 
a^eUnrben.  UltatUndihefint tuhict^i(»nUbrary w»iur 
by  Allan  Ramtay,  tbe  poet,  at  Edinburgh  inlT35,  >Dd  BDn  that  til 
commercial  nibictlpliDn  Gbrariet  have  Incrtaied  greatly  in  iiuml._. 
and  tiie,  Madie*!  ud  Tin  Tima  Book  Club  beipg  typical  medem 

Many  of  the  principal  cIuU  possess  libiaiies;  thi 
Athenaeum  (London)  is  by  f ac  the  most  important. 

pumhcti  about  TS^Ooo  vols,  of  books  in  all  departments 
?|*  of  llleTilnre,  and  ll  especially  rich  In  well-bound  and 

fine  copies  ol  works  on  the  fine  arts,  archaeology, 
topography  and  hialoiy.  The  pamphlela,  of  which  there  it  a 
complete  printed  catalogue,  u  well  ai  of  the  books,  form  a 
rnurkafale  leries,  induding  those  collecled  by  Gibbon  and 
Uaduotodi.    Neil  comes  the  Reform  Oub,  with  about  ' 


I,  with  a  fair  proportion  of  parlia. 

■ks.     The  NaliDual  Liberal  Hub, 

Uainlng  the  Cladslone  Libraiy,  has  about  45,000  vols.,  and 

ly  be  used  occasionally  by  non-members-    The  Oxford  and 

imbridge  Club  has  jo,ooo  vols,  in  general  and  dassical  liletatnic 

the  Garrick  there  is  a  small  dramatic  coDeclion;  and  the 

(Senior)  Uniled  Service  Club,  betides  a  number  af  books  on 

ibjecti.  poiiesses  Ihe  fine  libtuy  whicb  formerly 

belonged  ID  DugaM  Slewitt. 

Other  Umdcn  clubi  which  pDstHi  librarict  are  the  Caitton  witl 


:   Alpin 


The  first  act  of  parliament  auihoiiiing  Ihe  eMablishment  of 
public  libraries  m  England  was  obtained  by  William  £wart, 
DumfriesBur^is, in  1850.  Thisaroncout  -^^^^ 
of  the  report  of  a  apecial  parliamenlaiy  commillee  ^^^^ 
appointed  to  enquirt  into  the  management  of  the 
British  Museum  in  iSjJ,  and  a  mom  general  RpoR  OS 
libraries  in  184(1,  at  which  much  evidence  was  subn^ted  to 
prove  the  necoaily  lor  providing  public  librttica.  Ewan 
obtained  both  commillecs  and  also,  in  1845,  procured  an  act 
for  "  cncounging  the  eslabUihmcnl  of  museums  in  large  towni." 
Ndlber  Ihe  1845  nor  iSjo  acts  proved  eflectiw,  owing  ddefly 
to  the  limiuiioa  of  tbe  library  rate  to  |d.  >n  the  £  of  tenia], 
which  produced  in  most  cases  an  iniiiflirifni  revenue.  In  iSjj 
tbe  Libiaiy  Acl  of  i8jo  was  eitended  to  Ireland  and  Scotland, 
and  in  r854  Scotland  obtained  an  act  increasing  the  rale  limit 
from  )d.  lo  id  in  Ihe  i.  In  iSsj  Ireland  also  obtained  a  penny 
rate,  and  later  in  the  same  year  England  obtained  Ihe  same 
power  by  an  acl  whidi  renuinfd  the  principal  library  act,  with 
some  iniemiediale  amcDdmenU,  till  iS^i,  when  a  Public  Library 
Consolidatioa  Act  Wat  patted.  In  Ibe  fallowing  year,  1843,  tbe 
power  of  adopting  the  acts,  or  putting  them  in  operation,  waa 
Itinsfeit^  from  the  ratepayers  10  the  local  authority,  save  in 
the  case  of  rural  parishes  nod  the  metropolitan  vestries.  By 
tbe  London  Government  Act  of  1894,  however,  the  metropolitan 
boroughs  wen  given  (he  power  of  adopting  the  acts  of  iSgi-i&os 
without  consulting  the  ratepayers,  so  that  as  Ihe  law  at  present 
stands,  any  urban  district  can  pul  Ihe  public  libraries  acts  In 
force  without  reference  to  the  voten.  Sural  parithe*  are  still 
required  by  Ihe  provisions  of  tbe  Local  Government  Act  1S94 
(0  adopt  the  1891  Ubiarics  Acl  by  means  of  a  pariah  meeting, 
or  il  a  poll  is  demanded,  by  means  of  a  poll  of  the  voter*. 
The  iDBJn  point!  in  Bn'liih  library  lt«itlation  are  aa  foBowi:— 
fdl  Thr  ar.ta  arc  nmniujvE  in  character  and  not  computsory,  and 

of  a  maioriiy  of  voters  in  riual  districta. 

tc  which  can  be  collected  it  Hmiled  to  one 

Ihe  pound  of  the  nieable  value  of  the  district,  IbDugh  in 


^AS 


r  hat  been  obtained 


i^  librar 


been  obtained  by  •wdal  kgudation  for 
led.    The  incoinHpraduced  by^  Ibe  penny 


re  nunaged  by  cnminiltcea  appnnled 

England  have  alan  power  tt  appamt  penmi  on 
■OarenolmeinbenorthncaunciL    By iIm Scotlith 


a  uceed  a  iDUl  of  »,  and  tbne 

•r .   I  n  Ireland,  conunitteca  are  appointed  mudi  on  the  tame 

(if)  Power  it  given  to  provide  librarica,  muscumt,  i^aalt  for 

meant  provided  by  tbe  acLt,  althqugh  tome  towns  have  attcupled 
10  da  to.  The  Muieumi  and  Gymnaiiunu  Aa  of  Itgi  enables  an 
additional  rate  of  4d.  to  be  raited  for  either  purpoee,  and  many  pkrea 

vliioni  of  Ihe  Libraries  Acta  have  alto  adopted  the  Uiunnit  Act  to 

(i)  Vit  regulation  and  managcDient  of  pubGc  Ubraiica  *(C  n>- 
I  liuBed  19  the  libaiy  authari^f,  wbidi  may  dtbci  bs  tha  locM 


UODKUQ  LIBKj 

Tbe  wuy  tathoohr  on  buy  book^  pcriodiaK  apeaaaiA  of  an 
alid  icitan,  uid  uiaH  ftU  iihhmij  rus  fur  the  proper  vorUni  of 
tha  Ebnriei  A  MaS  aa  be  apcolntid,  aad  aniui(«D«u  my  be 
ndi  Kith  BdMninf  local  wthnWi*  for  the  ioiu  ne  of  one  er  mote 
Ijliivx^  Buildofi  oiay  alao  ba  erected,  aad  atoaey  borrowed  for 
lie  purpose  on  tbe  iMurily  of  the  loal  latei.  Tine  are  Ibe  main 
— ij —  J  (1^  library  MdatioD  ol  the  Unitsd  Kinidom  a>  at 
,     B^.i»  .^  — Hlinait  ai*  mMecrai  ryrti 


■II  klmbulopttd  Ibe  Public  Libwk*  Act*.   Of  thoe  a  coiuideT- 

■ble  aumber  bad  In  ipio  not  yH  put  the  acU  in  openUoD,  whllu 
th  London  Govenuneiit  Act  1849,  by  jcrinins  vaiiaui  previouily 
indcpcndtmt  vauit%  or  boaida.  minjiiiahrd  about  13  library 
aim.  Tbe  Uelropidttaa  County  of  Laado)!  is  iqio  omprtHl 
as  Ubniy  ucu,  ot  coPDtlni  alio  (be  Cily,  >d,  and  only  Maiyli- 
bonc,  Beilmal  Gieoi  ami  pan*  ol  Finibuiy  and  Paddinglon 
nraaiaed  onprovided.  FiactkalLy  every  largo  diy  or  diat^ct 
ceuDcH  hax  adapted  tlie  Public  Libnrici  Act*  or  ebtuncd  apedal 
Ugislallon,  and  the  only  ImporUnl  ptacti,  in  addition  to  Maiyle- 
bonc  and  Bethnal  Creen,  unprovided  in  igio  mere  Bacup, 
Crescr,  Dover,  Jairow,  ScarboiouKh,  Swindm,  WeymDuth. 
UaDdndoo,  Ocma,  Ldtk,  PoUokduwa  and  Wiahaw.  In  all, 
556  place*  bad  library  lynemi  in  opentkis,  lod  anung  tfaem 
tbey  pouened  about  91  j  buildinga. 

1M7.  S^jS^vl  i3i«r«ttMia^SISSI^™^7.  hSiSI^ 
wlicn  manv  divtiicta  t^abliifaed  librariea  aa  aieflional*  to  Queen 
Victoria,  m  profiua  bai  been  much  more  rapid.    An  imRvnu 

Andnv  Carni*  («.*■)  began  tn  nnnrnt  UbnrybnOSantatowiii 
in  Eaflawl  a*  nil «  M  ScMla-d  aad  the  UaHrdSt^Triw  rewll 


er  than  163  placei 


■  46  in  1886  W  JS6  in  1410:  and  in  I 
which  Mr  Camqpc'i  liftt  had  l>«n  a 
bad  pot  Ibfl  act*  In  oparatioa.  a  ycariy  Mvmgr  iH  wb  laHuupuuu, 

Tbere  b  one  feranidpai  Iibrai;  wbow  Inpoitance  demands 
^edal  mention,  iltbough  it  is  not  nie-iupported  under  ibe 
protons  of  the  Public  Libraiie*  Acts.  Thii  li  the  Guildhall 
Ifbniy  of  the  Corporation  of  tbe  City  of  London,  which  Is  a  free 
pnblic  rrference  library  with  i  periodicali  reading-room,  and  a 
lending  depattioeni  for  oSidaJs  and  member*  of  the  corporation. 
A  library  waa  aiabliihed  lor  London  by  Sir  Richard  Wbillington 
between  i4>i-i4'iSi  aad  levnal  notice*  in  the  civic  records  ihon 
bow  well  b  Ihoie  linn*  tlic  dtiiena  cared  Ibr  Ihdr  book*.  But 
it  did  not  remain  without  accident^  in  isii  the  Lord  Pmtector 
Somerset  carried  oQ  three  caTt-lnada  of  boolts,  and  during  the 
^real  fire  of  i£6i  the  renuiindcr  wai  destroyed  together  with  the 
library  building*.  Nothing  -m  done  10  repair  the  loi*  unlil 
1S14,  when  a  committee  wa*  appointed,  and  room!  act  apart  for 
library  puipo*e>.  In  ,1840  a  catalogue  oE  10,000  vols,  wa* 
printed,  and  in  iSjg  a  *econd  was  prepared  of  40,000  vol*. 
In  consequence  of  the  large  and  increasing  numbec  of  ibe  teadcn, 
the  preaent  Sue  building  was  commenced  about  ten  years  later, 
and,  aftei  having  coal  £(10,000.  was  opened  in  1S73  a*  a  free 
public  Ubraiy. 

There  are  now  upwardi  oF  136,000  printed  vol*,  and  uoo  MS5.  in 
tbe  CuDdhali  Ebnry.  Tbe  conlentt  are  of  a  scnenl  chinclrr,  and 
iodude  a  necial  cvHectwD  ot  boola  abour  London,  the  SolonHHii 
H^hh  aaid  nbbinicBl  Hbiary,  and  the  hbtarie*  irf  the  CkKkmaken 
Company  and  the  old  Dutch  church  ia  AuHia  Friirs,  Recently  Iba 
fine  cdlection  of  boolu  by  and  about  Charles  Dickeni,  caRed  the 
National  Dkkeni  Library,  wai  added,  and  other  icecial  tibrariei  of 
a  valuable  natare.  at  well  ■■  an  ealernive  and  wdHared-forcollecliHi 
of  London  prints,  and  drawing*. 

SrtM  There  Is  inch  a  variety  of  library  buHdlngt  in  the 

J*rw7        ttnitrd  Kbigdom  thai  It  is  not  possible  to  lingle  out 
'^l'*      erample*  for  ipedal  description,  but  a  brief  Jlalement 
of  Ihdr  work  and  method*  irill  help  lo  give  some  idea 
of  the  eiteni  of  thdi  ictivliies, 

TIjc  total  number  of  borrowers  enrolled  in  1510  was  '  about 

i,too,ooa,  ji)%  male*  and  41  %  females,  iS%  under  >o  yean 

■  ChA  U  LOrariaiislHf  by  J  D  Brown  (1409) 


iRlES  559 

otageand  js%aveii«.  InJitriit and WMuawdal BcoipMJBBt 
woe  iGUDwed  t^  49%  of  the  bofioweii,  tbe  balance  of  11% 
being  domestic,  prof^onal,  unstated,  aod  Including  10%  at 
stodenls  and  icliolaia.  lb  thesa  borowen  60,000,000  volt. 
ara  cjiculated  every  year  for  homfricading,  aad  of  tlus  largt 
number  54%  reprcaented  BctioD,  indudlpg  Juvenile  literature. 
Tbe  Refsence  libiariB*  iaued  ever  11,000,000  vidi,,  exclulve 
of  boeka  consolted  at  open  tfadvea,  and  lo  tba  Retding-mom*, 
Hapiina.  Kewapapen,  Dlrectotiia,  llme.tablea,  &c,  allowing 


per  annua.  Allowing  5%  lor  tbe  reading  of  Gction  h  cuncnt 
magaiine*,  it  anteais  that  tbe  pctcentate  of  ficlian  lead  in 
British  municipal  librarie*.  taking  into  accovat  tbe  work  <i 
every  iiaaing  or  ounilung  deparlsaent,  b  only  about  >4%. 
This  fact  abould  be  carefully  recorded,  aa  in  the  past  municipal 
librarie*  have  suSertd  in  the  csteon  of  all  mcUons  of  the  puUtc, 
by  being  ertDncouily  described  aa  mere  centres  lor  tbn  dUrihu- 
lion  of  common  novita.  Hie  quality  of  the  fiction  selactoj  is 
the  beat  obtainable,  and,  aa  shown  abova,  it  la  not  tead  to  an 


character,  policy  and  mctbodt  whicb  have 
marked  library  administration  In  the  United  Kingdom,  have 
aflecled  libraries  of  all  kinds,  but  on  the  wMe  the  municipal 
libraris  have  been  most  active  in  the  promoiian  of  Improve- 

thit  a  complete  revolution  in  hbrary  ptaclice  haa  been  effected 
since  18S1,  not  only  in  the  delaila  of  administration,  but  in  the 
initiation  of  ideas  and  experiments.  Onn  of  the  moat  notable 
change*  has  been  the  padual  diBa{^iearance  o[  tha  unda*ii6ad 
library.  Previous  to  i&3i  very  little  had  been  accomplilbed  in 
the  way  of  scienii&c  cla**ilii«tion  tchtmea  equipped  with  suitable 
nolalions,  although  tbe  Decimal  method  of  Hr  Mdvll  Dewey 
had  been  applied  in  the  United  States.  Afid  that  date  this 
system  began  to  be  adopted  for  reference  departiqfnl*  In  British 
municipal  libraries,  till  in  igio  at  least  110  places  had  been 
clasiiSed  by  mrani  of  the  scheme.  An  English  tcbcme,  tailed 
Ihe  "  Adjusiable,"  with  a  noialion,  but  not  fully  eipanded,  has 
been  adopted  in  53  place*,  and  a  very  complete  and  minute 
scheme  called  the  "  Subject."  also  English,  hat  been  UMd  in 
nearly  40  librariea,  although  it  only  dates  from  Tgci6.  Tlut 
much  rcmaioB  to  be  accomplished  in  this  direction  is  iodicsted 
by  the  fact  that  ovei  340  municipal  hbiariea  wen  in  1910  not 
closely  classified,  but  only  arranged  in  broad  numerical  oi 
alphabetical  divisions.  Tlie  adoplioD  of  exact  scheme*  of 
classification  for  books  in  librarie*  may  be  said  to  doubts  Ihdr 
utility  almotl  mechanically,  and  in  course  of  time  an  undaisified 
munic^ul  library  will  be  unknown.    The  other  kinds  of  library^-.' 

but  some  use  Ihe  Decimal  lytlcm,  while  others,  like  the  Patent 
oaice,  have  syslems  pecuUu  to  themselves. 

The  catalogue,  a*  a  means  of  making  known  the  contents  of 
books,  hat  atoo  undergone  a  succession  of  changes,  both  in 
policy  and  mechaiucal  construction.  At  one  period,  before 
acces*  to  the  ahelves  and  other  methods  of  making  known  the 
conlenls  of  Lbrsries  bad  become  general,  the  printed  catalogue 
was  idicd  upon  aa  practically  the  sole  guide  10  the  books.  Many 
ciccUenl  eiamplea  of  such  dialogue*  etitt,  in  author,  subject 
and  dasaiScd  form,  and  some  of  them  are  admirtble  contributions 
to  bibliography.  Within  recent  years,  however,  doubt*  have 
arisen  in  many  quarters,  bath  b  Europe  and  America,  aa  to  tbe 
wisdom  of  printing  the  caislogues  of  general  popular  libraries 
which  possess  comparatively  few  rare  or  utraotdinary  book*. 
A  complete  tattlogue  of  such  a  library  is  out  of  date  the  mameol 
it  ii  printed,  and  in  many  cases  the  cost  is  very  great,  while 
only  a  small  rwrnber  is  sold  For  these  and  other  reasons, 
modem  hbtaties  have  begui  to  compile  complete  cataloguct 
only  in  MS  form,  and  lo  issue  comparatively  cheap  dast-lists 
at  intervals,  aupplemenled  by  monthly  or  quarterly  bullelina 
or  list*  of  recent  secessions,  which  In  combination  will  answer 
most  of  the  questions  llkety  to  be  put  to  a  catalogue.  Various 
improvements  in  the  mechanical  conslruclion  ol  maDuscript 
cataliigua  have  canlributed  to  populaiiie  them,  and   many 


56o 


e  tht  cud,  dM*f  Ud  etkr  (fitcfni  wliidi  anoii 


oaiMtiai 


cue  in  nuking  additioiB. 

The  idei  ol  labt  •epanteiUpaoraidifoccaUtoimngliiMki, 
in  oida  to  obuin  taapku  pomn  lA  anugcment  lad  mrlsaa 
is  not  new,  hiving  been  applied  duiing  the  Fiench  revottitknury 
period  to  the  ouloguinB  ollibmiei.  Mora  ietzntl)i  Ibeiysiem 
hH  bcca  applied  to  vuioiu  commerdil  purposet,  ncfa  u  bool:- 
kteping  by  vhil  ii  knomi  u  the  "  foaee-leaf  ledger,"  ud  in  (his 
ny  greater  public  iltentiMi  hubccn  dinned  to  IheponibiliLia 
of  ndliuUblB  Dielhods  both  in  Gbniiea  and  for  tnuineis.  The 
can)  lytlea  h  perbapl  lbs  tnoet  genenlly  uied  at  present,  but 
OMBf  impniveni(nt>  in  the  adjustable  bioden,  called  by 
libmluu  the  "  thai  tyttHn,"  milt  pmbibly  Ksuk  in  thii  btter 
form  baconlng  a  mHoui  rivaL  The  CBtd  method  coiuista  oE  a 
acriea  of  cards  in  alphabetical  orotherordcrkeptonedgein  traya 
or  drawera,  to  ^hkh  pm)ecilng  guides  are  added  in  order  to 
facihlale  iclennce.  F^irici  an  usually  made  on  one  side  of  the 
card,  and  one  rard  servn  for  a  single  entiy.  The  sheaf  method 
providra  iot  alips  ol  an  unifoim  slu  being  kept  in  book  form  hi 
YOluKiM  capable  of  being  opened  by  meuis  of  a  saew  or  other 
fastening,  for  the  purpose  of  adding  of  withdrawing  slips.  In 
addition  to  the  advantage  of  being  in  book-focni  the  sheaf  system 
allows  both  sides  of  a  slip  (o  be  used,  while  in  many  cases  from 

etonomy  and  leads  to  considerable  saving  of  spice.  A  great 
advantage  naulting  from  the  use  of  an  adjuiUhle  manuscript 
cataJoguci  in  whatever  form  adapted.  Is  (he  simplicity  wilh 
which  it  can  be  kept  up-lo-date.  This  is  an  advantage  which  In 
the  view  of  many  Ubrarians  outweighs  the  undoubted  valnable 
qualities  of  comparative  safely  and  nulriplicailon  of  copies 
panesaed  by  the  printed  form.  There  an  piony  ditferenl  forms 
o(  both  card  and  sheaf  systems,  and  practically  every  library 
now  uses  one  «r  olhet  oi  them  for  cataloguing  or  indeiing 
purposes. 

One  other  modification  in  connexion  with  the  complete 
printed  catalogue  haa  been  tried  with  success,  and  seems  worthy 
of  brief  mention,  Aflet  a  complete  manuscript  catalogue  has 
been  provided  in  sheaf  form,  a  select  or  ecltclic  catalogue  a 
printed,  comprising  all  the  most  Important  books  in  the  library 
and  those  that  represent  special  subjects.  This,  when  supple- 
mented by  a  printed  list  or  hullelm  of  additions,  seems  to  lupply 
every  need. 

The  most  striking  tendency  of  the  modern  Ebrary  movement 
is  the  great  increase  in  the  freedom  allowed  to  readers  both  m 
ttference  and  lending  departmenu.  Although  access  to  the 
shelves  was  quite  a  mmmon  feature  !n  the  older  subscripllon 
libraries,  and  in  state  hliraries  like  the  Brilsh  Museum  and 
Patent  Office,  II  is  only  mlhin  comparatively  recent  years  that 
lending  library  borrowera  were  granted  a  similar  privilege 
Most  municipal  reference  libraries  grant  access  to  a  large  or 
imaU  collection  ol  books,  and  at  Cambridge,  Birmingham  and 
elsewhere  in  the  United  Kingdom,  the  practice  is  ol  long  standing. 
So  aLn  in  the  Unhed  Stales,  practically  every  library  has  its 
open  shelf  collection.  On  the  continent  ol  Europe,  however, 
this  method  is  not  at  all  genenJ,  and  books  are  guarded  with  a 
(calonsy  which  in  many  cases  must  militate  against  their  utilily. 
The  first  "  safe-gutrdcd  "  open  access  municipal  lending  Ebrary 
was  opened  at  Clerlcenwell  (now  Hnibury),  London,  In  rgpj.and 
sirKC  (hen  over  one  hundred  cities  and  districts  of  aO  siies  Ii 
Britain  have  adopted  the  system.  The  British  munldpa 
libntries  differ  considerably  from  (hose  of  the  United  Slile)  It 
the  ufeguatds  against  abuse  which  are  employed,  ud  the 
result  is  that  their  losses  are  insi^iflcanl.  nhijst  in  Americi 
they  an:  sometimes  enormous.  Pawlucket  and  Cleveland  n 
America  were  pioneers  to  some  eilcnt  of  the  open  shelf  lyslen 
for  lending  libraries,  but  the  methods  employed  had  little 
resemWance  to  (be  safe-guarded  system  of  British  librai' 
Tbe  main  features  of  the  British  plan  are:  encl  classificatl 
class,  shelf  and  book  guiding;  the  provision  of  aulont 
locking  wickets  to  regulate  the  entrance  and  eiil  of  borrow 
aod  the  nle  that  borrowen  must  be  centered  before  (hqr 


RlES  rMODERN 

ibtain  admlssien.  TUl  tut  inle  la  not  alway*  csnent  In 
Werica,  and  in  cnuequence  abuses  are  liable  to  talc  place. 
rbe  great  majoiity  of  British  and  American  libratiea,  whetbcr 
lUowing  open  access  «  not,  use  cards  for  chsigiiig  or  regiilcrina 
books  loaried  (o  borrowers.  In  the  United  Kingdom  a  conrfder- 
able  number  of  placo  aUD  use  indicalan  for  this  purpose, 
although  this  tDCcbtaiciI  DKthod  it  graduillr  being  wslocwd 
6oioD,  save  ia  vcty  bmJI  jdacei. 

Ivitia  ol  modem  Ubrariei  wUcb  are  eoatnoa  U  both 

-      Douraet  of  kemrea.  book  ahiUtkas,  work 

rf  baoki  fur  (bi  U1»I  lad  feTJaniri 

Is  and  the  cducidan  of  Unary  asdnanta. 

n  baUdUw^  caneclaly  in  these  Bictid  fna  tbe 

CatB^.iacdBlisaaalctkctuRaaBdahihi- 

.  ihiMrea  are  provided.   Counes  of  lectures  In  coonnioa 

LlverpoDl  and  Manchester  publk:  Ubiaries  dale  Irhu  1860. 

but  during  the  years  l9ai>-I9to  (here  was  a  very  rnu  Brteiuwa 
□I  this  walk.  AaaruletheaeanincsiielnteadcdtoanetattcBtiaa 
1,  u  lepmeated  In  thi 
It  of  mutual  advaougt  is 
'-'t  In  aiuelatiao  *dlh  the 
._ , pD^Ue  (o  keep  aebods 

-iperviricB.  Thsmueiisa.bctvcenlibriiriasaiKlscbDDiskuui^ 
wcommoniniheUniledKinEiUim  thanin  thcBridihcolaDieiaDd 
le  United  Slates,  where  the  llbrariei  are  regirdcd  as  part  of  the 
KlDnal  itMcui  U  edueadon.  Excellent  work  hii  been  aceoni- 
'  wiuiiB  reoent  years  by  ehe  Ijbrary  AHDciatHHi  la  the  tiainini 
■  .1 .  .„  .1 1^.. ifcmiJ 


gifUolMi 


pulilic  Kbniia  ha 

.„ , y  Amxlalida,  fou-~ — ^  ...  .-,,■  . 

loDBrdatindal  Ubrsry  COdEefenev  held  in  London  in 

'" •  imual  iiiminii,  pabtjihea  a  joi 

sniAatea.  holds  chases  (or  Instructioa,  !..._ 
nprove  (he  puhUc  Dbiuy  law.  Tbe  Ubniy 
(■■us)  pubkshcs  ■  journal,    *  — ~>~i  i-i— 


hai  gnuly  bdpFd 
rutional  Librvy  Cc 
ofth^i™nir«o(E 
TbcK.  "    ™" 


:B97,anda  tfaiid 

the  American  Library  Asueiaiion,  the 
ihiuntial  aid  ii  the  dnvbpmest  wid 


.  _,. icnt  ol  library  nietliads, ..._ , ^ , 

is  certain  that  (heir  influence  will  in  time  produce  a  more  sraentific 
and  valuable  type  of  tibtary  (han  at  preicQI  generally  esidis. 

BrUuk  CtttHitt  imd  India 
The  majority  of  the  British  Colonies  and  Dependendei  haw 
permissive  library  laws  on  lines  vay  similar  to  those  in  force 
in  the  mother  country  There  are,  however,  several  points 
of  diBerence  wMch  are  worth  mention.  The  rate  limit  is  not 
so  stnct  m  every  case,  and  an  effort  is  made  (o  bring  the  libraries 

colony  There  is,  for  eiiam[4e,  no  rale  hmlt  in  Tasmania;  and 
South  Australiamay  raise  a  hlirary  rate  ef]uivaJenI  to  jd.  in  the 
i.  although,  in  both  cases,  owing  to  the  absence  of  Urge  towns, 
(he  legislation  existing  has  not  been  adopted.  In  Afric*, 
Auittilia  and  Canada  the  governments  make  grants  to  public 
Lbnnes  up  lo  s  certain  amount,  on  condition  that  the  reading- 
teoms  are  npen  to  the  public,  and  some  of  the  legislatures  are 
even  in  closer  touch  with  tbe  lihrarica.  llie  Canadian  and 
Australian  libraries  are  adndnlatemj  more  or  leal  on  American 
lines,  whilst  (hose  of  South  Africa,  India.  &c.,  are  managed  on 
the  plan  fbjlowcd  in  England. 


A!r«, 


a  South  Africa,  and 


qual  to  the  s 


ns  of  the  i 


:etd  £isn  for  any  one  library  in  one  year. 
These  grants  fluctuate  conHdecably  owing  lo  the  dunges  and 
temper  of  successive  governments,  and  aince  the  Ust  war  they 
have  been  considerably  reduced  everywhere.  Oni  of  the  oldest 
libraries  is  the  South  Africin  Public  Library  al  Cape  Town 
cMibliihed  in  rSiE,  whicb  enjoys  tbe  copyright-privileg*  ol 


56l 


td  in  Cipe  Cahwy. 
TU>  KbMcy  """'■*  the  pcM  eoUecUsa  U  odoaiil  boaki 
bequeathed  tv  Sit  Ceoise  Cicr-  Tbe  Ubruk*  ai  the  virioui 
lif^dMUM  ue  p«Aap«  Um  bcM  *upp«cled  wmI  raoM  imponant, 
but  nuuloii  ihould  bs  mula  of  Ibe  public  libnrict  of  Foci 
Eliubclh,  CipeCokin]',  which  publiihed  an  accUenl  nlalocuc, 
uidlbepuhJiclibnriau  Kimbciler;  Ducbu,  Niul ;  BliKnifon- 
lein,  Oiiige  Kivu  Colony;  Bulwayo,  Riiodc  ~ 
Tnnivul;  and  liie 


AD  tht  pablic  Ubrarits,  mecbania'  Usliluln,  Khoola  of  an! 
and  ^milat  ioillitita  receive  aid  fnin  the  EDvemmeni,  e[ihci 
in  the  totm  of  gnino  of  money  ot  boid  of  boakt  unl  [nn- 
IODIC  CERlre.  The  public  libnu?  of  New  South  Wales,  Sydne) 
(1869),  which  Induda  the  Mitchell  Libmiy  of  over  jo.ooo  voh., 
RDir  poraeues  a  total  of  neitly  >sd,oi»  voEi.,  and  ciiculain 
booki  to  oiuniiy  libtaTiei,  Ughihou»t  lod  leadien'  anociationi 
(o  the  numbM  of  about  10,000  vols,  pet  annum.  The  publit 
library  of  Victoria,  Melbounie  (iRsj),  with  abotti  iw.ooo  volt., 
abo  »ndA  booka  to  443  country  libraria  of  vanoua  kinds,  which 


\g  them  possess  750,000  vols.,  and  cirrulati 


Tably  01 


.tm 


le  (.8ss)  hi 
he  pubDc  libraiy  o[  South 


vob.    Thei 


Tsilylil 


nnuaUy  « 


Tots.,  and  the  Ubraj 


ustralla,  Adelaide,  has  about 
ic  Ibc  distiibuilon  of  books  t 
a  throughout  the  colony.  These  institutes  possei 
_  __  r>  vols.  Tliere  Is  a  jnod  public  Library  at  Biiibani . 
Queensland,  and  there  are  a  number  of  Mate-aided  schools  of 
arts  with  bbtarin  attached.  The  Library  of  Parliament  in 
Brisbane  possesses  over  40,000,  and  (be  Rockhamplon  School 
of  Arts  has  10,000  vols.  Western  Australia  has  a  public  hlirary 
at  Perth;  which  was  established  in 


Tasmania  has  se 


sisted  ai 


al  good  libraries  in  the  larger  towni,  but 
none  or  mem  nao  m  igio  taken  advantage  of  the  act  paaied  In 
1867  which  gives  munidpalities  practically  unlimited  powers 

public  libraries  arc  concerned.  At  Hobart  the  Tasmanian 
Public  Ubnuy  ItBtgij  b  one  of  tlM  ntm  inpottant.  viih  15,000 
vob. 

New  Zealaitd  la  weft  equipped  with  public  librarici  cstablbhed 
under  acts  dating  from  iS6g  to  1877,  u  well  as  subscription, 
college  and  government  libraries.  At  Auckland  the  Free  Public 
Library  (iSSo)  has  50,000  voli.,  including  Sir  Ceoige  Ciey'i 
Australasian  collection;  the  Canterbury  Puhh'c  Library, 
Chrittchurth  (i87(},  baa  40,000  vols.;  the  University  of  Otago 
Library,  Dunedin  {1871),  10,000  virfa.;  and  the  public  library  al 
Wellington  (iBflj)  contains  10,000  vols. 
jHiia  and  iJu  EaiL 

Apart  from  gnvenmcnt  and  royal  librariea,  there  are  muy 
eoU^e,  Bodety,  Bubscriptioa  and  ethem,  both  English  ^nd 
acknlaL  It  is  ImpcBible  to  do  won  than  nans  a  few  or'lhe 
■uat  Botahls.  Liita  of  toany  of  the  libiarits  In  private  hands 
isduding  deicriptioDS  of  their  HS.  coatcnts  have  been  issued  by 
the  Indian  government.  Al  Calcutta  the  Saoskiil  college  has 
i6s>  printed  Sanskrit  volumea  awl  17^  Sanskrit  MSS.,  some  as 
old  aa  the  14th  centuty;  lliere  is  alu  a  large  cnUictian  of  Jain 
ilSS.  The  Arabic  hbiary  altacbed  lo  the  Arabic  depanmeM  of 
the  Madrua  waa  (ouaded  about  1781,  and  now  includes  iji 
piioted  volume*,  i«]  original  MSS.  and  151  copies;  the  EngLish 
libraiy  of  tlie  Anglo-Periiaii  d^iartment  dates  from  1S54,  and 
aileiub  to  3354  vols.  The  library  of  the  Astatic  Society  of 
Bengal  wat  louiided  in  17S4,  and  now  nnlalns  15,000  printed 
vola.,  chiefly  00  eastern  and  philological  subjects,  with  a  valuable 
eollection  ol  9500  Arabic  and  Fenian  MSS. 

At  Bonbay  the  library  of  the  Bombay  branch  tl  the  Royal 
Asiatic  Society,  esubltihtd  in  1804  aa  the  Literary  Society  of 
Beagal,  Is  now  an  exceUcDt  general  and  oriciMal  (oUcctioB  of 


M  printed  vola.  and  M 


Moolla  Fcro 


desalbrd  In  printed  catakgoei. 
.juiirj'  was  bequeathed  [or  public  use  by 
priest  of  the  Paisis  of  the  Kudmi  sect  in 
iH]i,  and  consisted  ctaielly  of  MSS.,  in  Arabic  and  Peruan  on 
hisLory,  philgaophy  and  actnoomy;  Mme  additions  of  Enghsh 
and  Gujarali  works  have  been  niade,  as  well  as  of  European 
books  on  Zoroastrianism,  The  Native  General  Library  (1S45) 
has  ii.Doovols.,  and  there  art  libraries  attached  to  Elj^unsione 
College  and  the  onivenity  c^  Bombay. 

The  library  of  Tippoo  Sahib,  consisting  of  1000  MSS.,  fell  into 
the  bands  of  (he  British,  and  a  descriptive  catalogue  of  them 
by  Charles  Stewart  was  published  at  Cambridge  in  1809,  4I0. 
A  few  were  presented  lo  public  Ubrariea  in  England,  but 
the  mafority  were  placed  In  the  college  of  Fori  William,  tbea 
recently  established.  The  lilU  volume,  containing  Fenian  and 
Hindustani  poetry,  of  the  Co/efirw  'f'^  Lihraria  ejlit  Kint  i4 
O^k,  by  A.  Sprenger,  wat  published  al  Calcutta  in  1S54.  The 
compiler  aborlly  afterwards  kit  the  Indian  service,  and  no 
meuures  were  taken  to  complete  the  work.  On  the  anneiatign 
oi  the  kingdom  b  1S56  the  ei-king  is  bcUev«d  to  have  Ukea 
some  of  ilie  nwel  valuable  MSS.  to  Calcutta,  but  the  Utgett 
portion  wa*  left  behind  at  Lucknow.  During  the  ilege  the 
books  were  used  10  block  up  windows,  &c.,  and  those  which  were 
not  destroyed  were  abandoned  and  plundered  by  iBe  soldiers. 
Many  were  burst  for  fuel;  a  lew,  however,  were  rescued  and 
sold  by  auction,  and  of  these  ioibk  were  purchased  for  the 
Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal. 

Perhaps  the  most  remarkable  library  in  India  is  that  of  the  tljl 
of  TanJQie,  which  dales  from  the  end  of  the  i6th  or  begmning 
~anjore  was  under  the  rule  of  the 
Telugu  Niiks,  who  collected  Sanskrit  MSS.  written  in  the 
Tel ugu  character.  In  the  i3th  century  the  Mabraltas  conquered 
',  aod  since  that  dale  the  library  increased  but 
,  far  the  greater  portion  of  the  store  waa  acquind  by 
Shaiabhojl  Rljl  during  a  visit  to  Benares  in  iSio-igjO]  hia 
"'  ijl  addL'd  a  few,  but  of  inferior  value.  Thei«  ate 
now  about  18,000  MSS,  writicn  in  DevanAgatt,  Nandinlgarl, 
ilhl,  MaUyllam,  Bengali,  Panjlhl  or 
Kashmiri,  and  Uriya;  8000  are  on  palm  leaves,  Dr  Bumell'l 
printed  catalogue  describes  is.375  articles. 
The  Royal  Asiatic  Society  has  branches  with  Llinria  attached 
I  many  of  the  large  cities  ol  India,  (be  Straits  Selllemenls, 
Ceylon,  China,  Japan,  &c.    At  Rangoon  In  Burma  there  are 

es.     The  Raflles  Library  at  Singapore  was 

iprietary  Institution  in  1844,  taken  over  by 
the  government  in  1874,  arid  given  legal  status  by  an  ordinance 
assed  in  1878.  tt  now  contaiiu  about  J5,ooo  vols,  in  general 
Icraturc,  but  books  relating  to  the  Malayan  peninsula  and 
rcbipclago  have  been  made  a  special  feature,  and  since  the 
cquisllion  of  the  collection  oi  J,  R.  Logan  in  1879  the  library 
as  become  remarkably  rich  In  this  department.  In  Ceyloa 
lere  ia  the  Museum  Library  at  Colombo  (tS;;),  which  is  nuin- 
lined  by  the  Bovemment,  and  there  an  muy  (ubsctiplloo  lod 


The  public  bliraria  of  the  various  provinces  ol  Canada  have 
grown  rapidly  in  importance  and  activity,  and,  anistcd  aa  they 
are  by  government  and  mum'dpal  grants,  they  promise  to  rival 
those  of  (he  United  States  In  generous  equipment.  Host  of  the 
Ubiaiy  woik  In  Canada  ia  en  the  same  lines  as  that  of  the  United 
Slates,  and  there  an  no  special  points  of  difference  worth 
ncniion.    The  library  laws  ol  the  Dominion  are  embodied  in  ■ 

iR  conferred  on  local  authorities  as  by  the  legislation  of  Britain 
ind  the  United  States.  An  important  feature  ol  [he  Canadian 
ibiary  law  a  the  close  anodation  mainlaioed  between  scbooti 
and  libraries,  and  in  some  pmvincet  the  school  libraries  are 
ilablished  by  the  school  and  not  the  Ebrary  laws.  There  i* 
bo  an  important  eilcnsion  ol  libraries  to  the  rural  district^ 
I  that  in  every  direction  lull  provision  is  being  made  lor  lb* 
aflei-school  education  and  recreation  of  the  people. 


::mzt 

(('•■■yixii-fri 

■j.'ii,.if 


|...|.,i/.,.-U 


' l...j.,J, 


■(.fcu™....... /...«... 


,KT 


;""n%;tfc 


r/ji, 


IVlCS 


Hi* 


^'"r'3?Jv!""il!,iii""i 


iiiiiiiiiiif  r>H  ikrii 


r'llun  of  buuki  iwl  dwun 


KB  uRkoI  bbmks     ^ta^^ 

n.     It  ii  eiKcuIIr 

r  niunbcr  el  lliiiu  kibfants  b» 

s  for  oILcial  Aibd  puUk  r-;:7- 


vuli.,  and  <*  cam 
■ruj  MM.  rani  c* 
■nlllirarlnalni 


I  puMiciLioiu  ol  ibe  gcncnl  govin^iiK'J 

>E  Aibuiy,  vhich  fODlaim  itpMtiy  500,000 
'  L  ffcncnl  and  a  law  iibrarf.     Piinlrd 


,indonlym 


uucd.    Theu 


tlihou^h  aDy  wcU-bchavcd  pasiK 
In  Ihe  llbiarici. 

■tin  loRncd  wera  in  ccuineiian  niih  iduca- 
and  ihc  oldnt  b  thai  of  Harvard  (ifijS). 
by  fini  in  1/64.  but  aci[ve  Mtpt  ■«•■ 
11  ralonllon.  From  that  liioe  10  „  ,  , 
:«  donitiona  have  b«n  the  gr«u  iSn!^ 
t  Iha  library.  In  iho  the  rollcclion  was 
>  Gnrr  IlaU.  fitncd  (or  the  puipoai  with  a  doUc  be- 
iinl  (nun  ('hifu<i|ihrf  Go«  (17SJI-18J9),  larmeriy  (bvcnur  fif 
Inui'hiiwtit.  TliTrr  an  al»  icn  ipcriil  Ubnrics  conwcicd 
'llh  Ihr  illHrrrni  drtwronMiti  ol  ihc  univRiily.  The  lolal 
ilinlwniil  \ii)<  Inall  Ihnc  niUrclHiniuiiverloe,caD.  Tlierc  b 
WS  nnl^iulntiM  in  Iwo  pani,  by  aulhora  ud  aubjectv 
linh  h  iirruiliW  l«  ihr  mulrrt.  The  only  nmUtinii  tl  ad- 
Hwoa  la  UM  Ibt  t«oU  in  Con  Hj«  it 


A-iOot^ie 


(I«61), 


UODSHNl  LIBR. 

noAtn  ol  tlw  mlvenlt]'  ud  jclTButd  pmou  my  bDcraw 
boekt.  The  libm7  of  Vmle  Coflice,  New  Haven,  wu  (aunded 
in  ifot,  bnt  9e*M  doiriy  that,  nm  with  ike  ioob  vob.  leceived 
fnn  Biibcip  Bokdey  In  itjj,  it  had  naly  incnaHd  lo  4000 
vob.  in  itM,  and  tooe  ol  thcte  wen  kat  in  the  levointiaiiaiy 
war.  Onring  the  iqtb  cenliDy  llie  mlleeiion  (rcw  nwn  qieetbly, 
and  DDw  the  lilMuy  nianl>en  oyer  iSofxio  volL 

Olbtr  tn^anaat  aaivenicy  ud  <:(>lk(e  libnrke  am  Anbent 
_-...___  ■■--1^  (!8»l), 93.000  vol».j  BioBB  Univenily,  K.I,  ti76j). 
,;  ColirailMi  Univenily,  N.Y.  (17b3),  uo.ooo  voli.; 
Tnity.  N.Y.  (iSM],  ISSJJOO  volt^  Danmouih  C(4Icec. 
n.n.  IIID9J.  loOoo  voU.;  Johnftlopltint  Univenity.  Bihinate 
jItT*)'  190,000  vob.  1  Lehigh  Univenily,  Pa.  (iBtt).  lso.oa>  vob.; 
Ldaad  Staalord  Uaivcnity,  CaL  (1*91}.  iiuno  vtib.:  Pclneenu 
•■-■-—'■  "•  {I74«t,  160.000  v^;  Univenily  at  Calilornia 
ill.!  Univenity  ol  Chicato,  III.  (Itei).  4S0.0CX1 

- _.,  j(  Michiian  (lti]2i'  *S''°°o  volt,:  Univenity  ol 

Pfnniylvaiiia(i749),>t5.ooovoiB.  TliefeaRnHBwrcHitalhar«lW{q 
libnrio,  aennl  ol  Otia  evn  Iucit  tbaa  aaaic  ol  time  nuned 

the  eMablithnwnt  of  prapilettry  of  lUbicTiptlon  libtaiiti  nmi 
bach  ioto  the  bnt  ball  of  lb*  iSlh  ccotury,  and  b  nnneited 
T,lMi^  with  the  naow  of  Bcnjunln  Fnuiklin.  It  m  at 
UH04  Philadeljdiia,  ia  the  year  ijji,  that  he  let  on  foot 
'"J^l**  what  be  called  ■'  hlifini  project  ola  public  naluic,  that 
^^"^   lor  a  lubecrtplion  library.  .  .  .  The  Inttitution  won 

other  province!."  The  Ubrary  Company  ol  Philaddphi*  wm 
aoon  regularly  Incorporaled,  and  gradually  drvw  to  iU«U  other 
collcctioru  ol  books,  Including  the  Loganian  Library,  whkh 
wu  vested  In  the  company  by  the  Mate  legialiiure  ia  1791  ia 
tnut  loT  public  UH.  Hence  LhecoUcction  combina  the  character 
ol  a  public  and  of  a  prt>prietary  Hbraiy,  being  Irecly  open  lor 
reference  purpoaea,  while  the  booki  circulate  only  among  the 
■ublcribing  membcn.  It  numbers  at  present  i]4,ooo  vob.,  ol 
which  11,000  belong  to  the  Loganian  Library,  and  may  be 

million  doUac*  lor  the  purpooe  ol  erecting  a  building  to  be  called 
the  Ridgeway  branch  of  the  library.  The  building  ii  very 
handtomc,  and  haa  bean  very  highly  apokcn  ol  as  a  library 
•tructure.  Phibde^ihia  baa  another  large  propnctary  library — 
that  ol  the  Meicauile  Library  Company,  which  was  esIaUiihed 
b  iSii,  It  posKBes  100,000  roll.,  and  its  nKmben  have 
always  enjoyed  direct  acceu  lo  the  shelves.  The  Ubrary  ol  the 
Boalon  Athenaeum  was  established  in  1S07,  and  nuaben 
•IIiOOD  vob.  It  has  published  an  admiitble  dictianary-caia- 
logue.  The  collection  a  espedtUy  rich  in  art  and  in  hiiiory,  and 
pooewet  a  part  of  the  libniy  ol  George  Washington.  The 
Mercantile  Library  Association  ol  New  Vack,  which  wu  founded 
[a  iSio,  has  over  >io,ooa  vob.  New  Ynifc  poucswa  loo  other 
large  proprietary  libraries,  one  of  which  claims  lo  have  b«n 
formed  at  esriy  11  1700  si  [he  "  public"  library  ol  New  York. 
It  wla  otganiatd  ■>  the  New  YoA  Society  Library  in  i;;*,  and 
hsi  been  opecbDy  the  library  o(  the  old  Knickerbocker  families 
and  their  docendanli,  Iti  contents  bearing  witness  to  iit  history. 
It  contaiai  about  100,000  vols.  The  Apprentices'  Library 
(iSio)  hu  about  loo.ooe  vols.,  and  makes  a  qKdal  feature  ol 
•orki  00  trades  and  uielul  arts. 

The  Aitor  Library  in  New  Vorfi  wm  founded  by  a  bequest  of 
John  Jacob  Altar,  whoae  example  was  followed  successively 
by  his  »n  and  gnndton.  The  h'bnry  wai  opened  to  the  public 
In  list,  and  consists  of  a  careful  aelection  of  the  moat  valuable 
books  upon  aH  tvbjccti,  II  ii  a  library  of  reference,  lor  which 
purpjie  it  is  fredy  open,  and  hooks  are  not  lent  uvt.  It  b  "  a 
working  libnry  lor  studloiii  penom."  The  Lenox  Library  was 
established  by  James  Lenot  In  1870.  when  a  body  of  tnisten 
WIS  fncorporsled  by  in  act  of  the  legisbture.  In  addition  to 
the  funds  intended  for  the  library  building  and  endowment, 
amounting  to  11,147,000,  the  private  coIlKtion  of  books  which 
Mr  Lenox  had  long  been  accumulating  b  extremely  valuahle. 
Though  11  does  not  rank  high  in  point  of  mere  numbers,  it  Is 

ooksonAmerica.  in  Bibld,  inShikc- 

ni  in  Eliiabcthan  poetry.     Both  those  libraries  an 
d  U  Iba  New  York  Public  Librarr.    Tbi  Peabody 


5«3 


.857,  a. 


The  in 


nt  of  Si,a 


ch,  ban 


support,  besides  the  lihniy,  a 
art  gallery,  and  couiKi  of  popubr  Ic 
printed  dictionary  ataloguc  and  noi 
vob.     In  the  lane  cily  a  the  Enoch  Pratt  Frv 

with  117,000  vols.     In  Ihe  1    .  _  .    _   .  . 

portant  endowed  Uiraiia.  the  Ncwbeny  Library  (iSt;)  w 
over  100,000  vob.,  and  the  John  Croai  Library  (1894),  w 
iIS,ooo  vob.  Both  of  these  are  reference  libraries  ol  gr 
value,  and  the  John  Crerar  Libnty  Ipecialiies  fa  scieKe, 
which  purpose  its  lounder  lelt  tt.ooo.oco. 
It  will  be  tuKciot  to  aaiDc  a  lew  ^  cbc 
to  nve  on  idea  of  the  larzc  cum '       '  ' 

lolibrariet,    Slai  Brunion  (\\ 

Orlnni),  loihua  Bolci  (Bnlon),  Charles  E.  Foi^KS  (NwHiampton 
k),  Monimcr  F.  Reynolds  (Rocheuet.  N.Y,).  LeoHid  Cia 
-'—- "  1.0BcH»uLlWilke»-Bjii*,  Pa.),  and  aboveall  Andrew 
library  bcncfaclions  cuceed  lsj.aoo.ot)0. 
menlion  inolhei  group  ol  propiictiiy  and  lociety 

hi  ITB9.  no  IcH  thai 


le  Library  (iMi) 


be  other  endowed  libnries 


ie  T.  Hdwi 


(Cievcbad],  1. 
ooe  huadRda 


1  hive  b 


.    Man 


The  oldest  ol  Ih 


Sociciy!ij«).haj^jM>«^_  1 
pcultnional  UbnHes  of 


The  mi 


inlmmi 


Sutei— ihctAogieat,  lent  and 
B  the  authonlia  qiioud[  bckw. 
In  no  cooDlfy  bu  the  movmint  for  the  devekipment  o( 
municipal  libnrlta  onde  md>  pragicn  as  in  the  United  Stales; 
these  iulilatiom  called  free  or  public  as  the  case  may 
bearedlitlBgubhedfor'UKlrwock,  eotcrpriieand  the  TlS^Hf, 
libenlity  with  which  they  ve  supported.  They  are 
established  under  laws  pssKd  by  the  diSerent  slates,  the 
brst  to  pus  Mch  sn  enactment  being  Maiaichusetti,  which 
in  1S4B  empowered  the  dty  of  Boston  to  establbh  a  free 
public  library.  This  wsi  subsequently  extended  to  the  whole 
state  in  1851.  Other  sutes  followed,  sll  with  more  or  lev 
variation  In  the  provisions,  till  practically  every  state  in  the 
Union  now  has  a  body  of  hbraiy  laws.  In  genera]  the  American 
libnry  bw  ia  much  on  the  same  lines  as  the  En^ish.  In  most 
slates  the  acts  are  permlisive.  In  New  Hampshire  aid 
la  granted  by  the  slate  to  any  libnty  for  which  a  town' 
ship  craitncls  to  make  a  de£nite  annual  approf^datlon. 
A  Hmil  Is  impooed  tn  moM  Kales  on  ihe  Ebrsty  tii  which  may 
be  levied,  illhough  thete  ire  some,  like  Kfauachuieltt  and  New 
Uampshire,  which  hi  no  limit.  In  every  American  town  the 
amouni  derived  liom  the  llbtaiy  lax  uiualty  exceeds  by  double 
or  more  the  aame  nte  laised  In  Briinin  in  towns  ol  simibr 
liie.  For  example.  East  Orange,  N.J.,  with  a  population  ol 
iifxa,  eipeiub  £1400,  while  Dumfries  in  Sooiland,  with  i],ooo 
pop.  expends  J50D.  Cindtuuti,  j4S,oea  pop,,  etpendituie 
£16,000;  Islington  (London),  310,000  pop.,  expenditure  £8900, 


niiked,   I 


L   genenlly  the  average  American   municipal 
b  considerably  lo  eaceis  ol  the  British  one. 
1  municipal   libraries  have  abo  cadowments 
which  add  10  IheiT  incomes. 

In  one  respect  the  American  libraries  differ  from  those  ol  tht 
United  Kingdom.  They  are  usually  managed  by  a  small  com- 
niliee  c«  body  of  Irusteca,  about  five  or  more  In  fli.i.t,, 
number,  who  administer  Ihe  Uhnry  independent  ol  L»tmrr 
Ihe  city  council.  This  b  akin  10  the  practice  in  ^!^^ 
Stolbnd,  although  there,  the  committees  are  brget.  """'*• 
'"  '  11  to  Ihe  legislation  auihoriiing  town  lihrariea  lo  be 
.  lliirly-two  states  have  formed  stale  library  cnm- 
Theie  are  iioill  bodies  ol  three  or  five  tniiied  persons 
appointed  by  the  diHeient  states  which,  acting  on  behalf  of  Ihe 
state,  encmirage  the  formation  of  local  libraiies,  particiilarly  In 
towM  and  village*,  and  ia  ousy  ciais  have  pabotily  lo  (id 


SH 


LIBRARIES 


their  ntablkhmcDt  by  Lbe  [nDC  out  ol  the  itile  [uDcIi  of  i 
certiin  turn  (uuuUy  tioo)  lowirds  the  punhmie  of  books,  upon 
the  eppTopTuilion  of  a  umiUr  sum  by  Lbe  loct]  lutboritis. 

of  dniiibb  books^  uid  wilh  3uu<^™s  or  iulvi«  in  the 
problems  of  cons!  ruction  ^d  nuijiicnuice^  Such  mmmiuions 
lie  in  eiiflleDce  in  Akbims,  CiUfornijt,  CtJorvlo,  ConnccIicuL, 
Delann,  Ceorxia,  Idaho,  Illinoa.  Indivw,  Igw*.  Kwuu, 
Mune.Marjknd,  MuHdiusellt,Michlgan,UinDaoU,Miiiauri, 
Nebiuka.  Nev  Hunpthire,  Ne»  jeney,  New  York,  Nonb 
Cirotin*,  North  Diliolii,  Ohio,  Oregon,  Pt^n•ylvulll^  Tenseuee, 
Teiu,  Ut*h,  Vermoni,  Wtthinsion  ud  WiKonsui. 

The  reports  and  other  docunienU  blued  by  sanie  of  these 
commisaioncn  ace  vecy  iDlerestiag  and  valuable,  especially  as 
rtgardi  the  light  ihcy  throiv  on  the  worklni  of  the  travelling 

reviva]  of  the  "  ilinerating  "  library  idea'oF  Samuel  Brown  of 
Haddington  in  Scotland,  who  frnm  1S17  to  rSjfi  farried 


At  ll 


riling 


The  American  (nvelling  lil 
u«  well  0(g(niied  ind 
bled  free.  New  York  w 
DOW  eitends  lo  moat  o 

library  commisiions,     TI 


lubscrip 
h  there 


a  h'biariD 
te  jBio  VI 


in  4;  libni 


unlry. 


ig  people  in  oullying  distrids  into  touch 

vies  of  the  United  States  work  in  con- 
lOols,  and  it  b  gencntly  considered  that 
;  educational  machinery  of  the  country. 


Unit 


re  cultivated  in 


:  librariea  a[  ihe 


»  the  lil 


collections  ol  books  to  the  icboola;  in  othen  provi 
tor  children's  reading-rooms  and  lending  depanments  at  the 
library  buildings.  At  Clevriaad  (Ohio),  Pitiiburg  (Pa.),Nc* 
York  and  many  other  place*,  eUborale  arrangements  are  in 
forte  for  the  convenience  and  amuaement  of  children.  There 
i>  »  ipeciil  school,  tbe  Camcgie  Library  mining  achool  for 
children's  bbrarians,  at  Pitlsburg,  and  vrilhln  recent  years  the 
iuttuction  has  included  the  ait  of  telling  Moriei  to  children  al 
■he  libraries.  This  "  story'bour  "  idea  has  been  the  cause  of 
conliderable  discussion  in  the  United  Stales,  Ubrariana  and 
Itacheis  being  divided  in  npioiun  aa  la  the  value  o(  the  service. 
The  chief  facLor?  in  children'*  worii  in  American  libraries,  often 
overlcwked  by  critics,  are  the  number  of  non-£ngliah  reading 
adults  and  the  large  number  of  children  of  lonign  oriB'n.  The 
adults  do  not  UM  the  libraries  to  any  large  citeBt.  but  the 
children,  who  learn  English  il  the  scbools.  are  brought  into 
close  touch  with  the  juvenile  depaTtmenli  ol  the  libraries.  In 
this  iray  many  libraria  are  obliged  to  undertake  special  work 
\m  children,  uid  as  a  rule  it  is  performed  in  s  sane,  practical 
and  economical  manner.  The  preponderance  of  women  libnriani 
ud  their  natural  Kntimeotal  regard  for  children  ha*  tended 
to  make  this  work  Ioobi  rather  largely  in  tome  ciuariert.  but  with 
these  eicepiioDS  the  activity  on  behalf  of  children  b  justified 
on  many  groundi.  But  above  all,  il  is  manifest  that  a  rapidly 
glowing  nation,  finding  home*  lot  tbouiands  of  foreicnen  and 
Iheir  children  annually,  muu  uw  every  mean  of  n^iidly 
educating  Iheir  new  citiaena.  and  the  publk  libraiy  b  mm  of  th< 
nosi  elGcient  and  nady  way*  oi  accoapiiihim  thia  sieat 
natkmal  object. 

Wilh  rr^rd  to  methods,  the  American  libraries  are  working 
en  much  the  same  plan  as  Ihcae  ol  the  United  Kingdom.  They 
allow  acccB  to  the  shelves  more  nniversally,  and  there  is  much 
more  alandardiiation  in  clasiiBcalion  and  other  internal  matters. 
The  provision  of  books  b  more  profuse,  although  there  b,  on  the 
whole,  more  reading  done  in  the  United  Kingdom.  The  largest 
maatdpal  library  system  in  America,  and  (bo  ia  lbe  wetld,  b 


leathcd  a 


In  thai  year,  the  Astor  and  Lenox  lihrado  (see 
en  over  by  Ihc  city,  and  in  addition,  11,000,000 
ic  of  the  beiis  of  Mr  S.  J.  Tilden,  who  had  be- 
l4.ooo/)oo  for  Ubrary  purpoaa  in  Mei^  York 


r  Andrew  Carnegie  gave  about  {i,joo,Doa  lor  the  pi   , 

providing  65  branches,  and  these  are  now  nearly  all  erected. 

very  fine  central  library  building  has  been  erected,  and  when 
e  organiEalion  a  complelcd  there  will  be  no  system  o( 
unicipal  libraries  to  equal  that  of  Ne     "    ' 


MOO,oo 


■  York,  h 

1  about    S' 

iodudlng  tbe  0 


ooklyn, 


although  ti 

pendent  library  lyslem.  and  possesses  atuul  500,000  vols. 
Brooklyn 
U(U  uas  Deen  absorbed  in  the  municipal  library 
1  Boalon  (tdoss.)  b  one  of  the  most  renowned  public 
libtarics  in  the  United  Stales,  and  aba  the  oldest  established 
by  act  ol  legislature,  ll  was  first  opened  la  the  public  in 
1S54,  and  u  now  housed  in  a  very  magnificently  detoralcd 
building  which  was  completed  in  iB«s.  The  central  librarir 
coatainl  many  fine  special  coUectiona.  and  Ibeie  are  iS  branch 

about  i.ooo,a»  volv  altogether,  ill  annual  circulation  ia  about 
1,500,000  vols.,  and  its  annual  eapeodilure  b  nearly  It^fioa. 

Other  notable  nniniciial  libraries  an  ibiM  al  Phibddplda  (1(91). 
Chicago  (lli7l)l  Los  Aagriei  (Cal.).  1S71;  IndianapoUi  (l»6S). 
Dclrinl  (iMj).  MinnapJii  (iHSj).  S(  Louis  (1S6O.  Newark.  N.I. 
(rWo).    Cinclniiali    (1»J61.    Cfcviland    {isesl.    AWhcny    (l*jt 

piiiiufg  (1800,  r    "  " 

Waihin^.0.i:.<i 


61.    tfcv 

iifcnce.  ....  .     .... 

fi£.  flBgB).  Wonmrr.  Mail.  <l8u).  Buflilo  (ri37l, 
lOS.— rikt  AntMol  LtUmrj  ImUi  (New  York.  1908)— 
a  kIccI  liU  of  liLniin  in  the  United  Slalci^  Arthur  E. 
:.  rtl  Amtria%  FMIt  Library,  illuu.  (Ni.'W  York,  1910I— 
•  nvn-w-hrniive  general  booli;  Bureau  of  £d  ration, 
Lihraria  or  Ikt  Umiiti  Slala  ani  Cam^  (iBu) 
c.  ..inedcd  by  a  liN  of  "  Pulilk,  Soiiely  and  School 
sprinted  al  irregular  inlcrvali  from  the  Deport  of  Ih* 


Suliaui  if  Pi 

—this  h«  been  swnedcd  by  a  liN  of  "  Pulilk,  Soiiely  and 
Libraries,"  leprinivd       '  '   '  ' 

Commiuioncr  of  Edw~ »-.  -.,...  ^"'"b  -  -»-  —  ..^..-...- 
owr  jaoo  vols,  with  various  other  paitieuhrsi  CIcgg.  /■ 
DiTKUry  if  Bmlniiirn  (igio)  and  earlier  iwi  contai. 
American  tbories  with  biwf  partinilan;  John  C.  Ebna, 


ed..  Minncopolit,  looSl— a  brief  Km  of  auo  Kbratics,  will 

lion  of  Ike  annual  income  of  CKhiWm.lTF1etcber,i>alNc, . 

in  Amtrita  Ond  «d,.  DoMon.  iDh),  illus,:  T.  W.  ICoch,  PBriJitit 
>/  OirutU  Ubnria  (190II):  CDmcIb  Marvin.  SmiU  LiWary 
BmiMitv  iBonoh.  tif*)-.  A.  R-SfOHori.  A  BiKk  far  aaHtaiiri... 
lit  ftrHtlim  el  PuMie  and  Priaau  Librariti  (19OJ). 

French  libnrin  {other  Iban  those  In  private  hands)  belong 
either  to  lbe  state,  to  the  departmenls,  to  the  communes  or  lo 
learned  sodetirs,  educational  establishments  and  other  public 
iDMllutioos:  the  libraries  ol  judicial  or  adminisualive  bodies  arc 
□at  considered  10  be  owned  by  then,  but  to  be  state  property. 
Bnide*  lbe  unrivalled  library  acromnioduien  of  the  <i|»lal. 
France  poatetses  a  remarkible  anenblage  of  piovindal  libiaries. 
The  communal  and  school  libraries  abo  form  Hriking  features  of 
the  French  Free  library  system.  Taking  a*  a  baab  for  tompari- 
lon  the  TfUtam  tiatiuiqtM  da  MAIiMUfiu  patl^ui  {1857), 
then  were  at  thai  date  mo  departmental  libraries,  with  a 
101*1  of  3,7]4,i6o  vols.,  and  i*ris6  MSS.  In  i^  the  number 
of  volumes  In  all  the  public  libiaries;  communal,  imivirsiiy, 
learned  societies,  educational  and  departmental,  waa  more  than 
■0.060.148  vols.,  «],o8(  MSS.  and  is,sy>  Incunabula.  Parii 
abne  now  posicsics  over  to,j;a,aaa  printed  vob.,  147.S43  MSS., 
Sooo  incunabula.  6og,4M  a^ft  aiid  plana,  1,000.000  print* 
(deigns  and  reproductions). 

The  Btbliothique  Naiionale  {one  of  the  most  titcnsive  librarie* 
in  the  world)  hoa  had  an  advantage  over  other*  in  lbe  lengih 

laling.  and  in  the  great  seal  shown  for  il  by  several 


LIBRARIES 


56s 


<irithnl-"Mth'VrfT¥*^*"  "«""•'' -J  rk-'i—-l~"—i 


[luMLUn  hive  becD  uquJRil  at 
Ilti[u7  which  St  LoBB  IsnnHl  in  tfaii  iith  ctntmy  tin  '-^"J™- 
oC  wb4t  he  had  len  in  the  Eut)  mrlhin;  hia  fallen  Into  tlid 
poocMloaoI  tte  Bibliothiqae  Natknale,  bM  mndi  haa  itmilacd 
of  the  rojral  coUiciions  madt  bjr  kinp  ot  the  later  dynaatiti. 
Tie  naJ  fouAdatioQ  of  the  institution  (fonneily  kaom  aa  tha 
Bibliotb^ue  du  Roi)  may  be  uid  to  date  Iron  the  idgB  of  Kjnf 
John,  (he  BLufc  Prince'*  captive,  who  had  a  conadeiable  tiite 
tor  booki,  and  betjueathed  hi*  "  royal  hTitaiy  "  of  MSS.  to  hb 
tuccoioi  Chult*  V.  Cbaika  V,  oiianiied  hii  library  in  a  very 
eSeclive  nunotr,  reraovinc  il  [lom  the  Faiaii  de  la  Cilf  to  the 
Louvie,  where  it  wu  itranced  on  deiki  in  a  lar|e  hall  of  thiee 
Hoieya,  and  pliced  itDder  the  minasement  of  the  finl  Ubniriu 
and  cataln^er,  CUude  Mallet,  the  kin^i  valet-de-chambrt- 
Hift  catalogue  wai  a  meie  ahelf-IIal,  cnLitlcd  lnm»iaire  dv  Lxvrti 
t»  key  »atn  Sapuxr  alans  a»  daM  du  Lenri;  il  il  tlill 
extant,  ai  well  ai  the  further  jnvenloiici  made  by  Jon  Blanchet 
in  ijSo,  and  by  Jem  le  Bigac  in  1411  and  H14-  Cbarla  V. 
wu  very  Uberal  in  hia  patronage  ol  litcnlure,  and  many  <^  the 
Mrly  raoowBenta  of  the  French  language  arc  due  to  his  having 
anplayed  Nichalai  Omine.  Raoul  de  Prole  and  other  Kholan 
to  oahe  tranilalions  Irom  ancient  leitL  CbulaVI  addnlwiafl 
hundred*  of  MSS.  to  the  royal  library,  which,  bowever,  wu 
iold  10  the  regent,  duke  ot  Bedford,  alter  a  valuilioii  had  been 
cstaUiahed  by  the  inventory  of  t4i4.  The  ngent  traoifared  it 
to  England,  and  It  wsa  finally  diipeiaed  at  hi*  death  in  143s. 
Cbarlei  VIL  and  Louk  XL  did  little  10  repair  the  ioia  ol  thfl 
predou*  Louvre  libnuy,  but  the  new*  of  the  invention  ol  prinUng 
■erved  ai  a  itimului  to  tha  crtaiioa  ol  another  one.  ol  which  the 
Grtt  librarian  was  Lauceul  Pauhnier.     The  famoui  miniatuiiat, 

although  Louis  XL  neglected  to  avail  hinuelf  ol  many  precioui 
opportunitie*  that  occuired  in  hia  rogn,  itill  the  new  library 
developed  gradually  with  the  help  ol  conGacation.  Chailt*  VIIL 
enriched  it  with  many  fine  MSS.  eiecuted  by  hia  order,  and 
alio  with  most  ot  the  book*  that  had  lormed  the  Ubnry  of  the 
kinp  of  Angon.  uiied  by  him  at  Naples.  Louii  XII.,  on 
coming  to  the  IhiniiF,  innorporaled  the  Bib1iolhi<Iue  du  Roi 
with  the  £ne  Orleans  library  at  filois,  which  he  had  inherited^ 
The  Bloia  libtafy,  thus  augmenled,  and  further  enriched  by 
plunder  from  the  palaces  of  Pavia,  and  by  the  purchsu  ol  the 
famoui  GmlhDyie  collection,  was  deiaibed  at  the  lime  u  one  of 
the  fOoi  marvel*  o(  Fnoce.  Franrti  1.  removed  it  to  Foniaine- 
Ucau  In  IU4,  eulirged  by  the  addition  ol  hii  private  Ubrary. 
He  wai  the  Ant  to  set  the  fashion  ot  fine  artistic  biodiagt,  which 
WBS  aliU  nnre  cultivated  by  Henry  11.,  and  which  hs*  cever 
died  out  in  Frauce.  During  the  librariansbip  oC  Amyot  (the 
tianilator  of  PluUreh)  the  library  was  Uanslened  Irom  Fontaine- 
bleau  to  Paiii,  not  without  the  Ion  of  leveial  books  coveted  by 
powerhil  thieves.  Henry  IV.  removed  It  to  the  CoUige  de 
Dennoat.  but  In  1604  another  change  was  made,  and  in  ifiii 
Il  was  initiJlcd  in  the  Rue  de  la  Harpe.  Under  the  lihniianihip 
ol  J  A.  de  Thou  it  acquired  the  lihiaiy  of  Catherine  de'  Medici, 
•od  the  gkHfon*  Bible  ot  Charle*  the  Bald.  In  ifit;  a  deem  was 
poised  thai  two  co|hcs  ot  every  new  publiciiion  should  be 
dcpcoiled  in  the  Ubnry,  but  tbia  wa*  not  tiddly  enforced  till 
Lout!  XIV. 'a  time.  The  £r«  catalogue  wocthy  ol  the  name 
wa*  Cobhed  in  1611,  and  cODtains  a  dcsoiption  of  loDie  6000 
vols.,  chiefly  MSS.  Many  additions  were  made  during  Louis 
XIIL's  teign,  notably  that  of  the  Dupuy  collection,  but  a  new 
era  dawned  for  the  BlblialUque  dn  Roi  midei  the  patronage  ol 
Louis  XIV.  The  enlightened  acthdLy  ot  Colbeit,  one  ol  the 
greatest  of  coUecton,  so  eniicbed  the  Ubrary  that  It  bccune 
necessary  for  want  of  space  to  make  inothet  removal.  It  wai 
therefore  in  ibM  installed  in  the  Rue  Vivien  (now  Vivienoe)  not 
far  Irom  its  pre»ent  habitat.  The  depanmenti 
and  medak  were  now  created,  and  bdore  long 
eqoit  importance  witli  that  ol  books.    MaroBes' 


the  collectioa,  and,  In  iboR,  the  BibliotUqae  du  Rcl  had  lu 

'  "  undoubtedly  secured.    Nic  Qiment  made 

(that  b,  in  twenly-three  daaaes,  each  ooe 

deilgDtted  hy  1  letter  d  the  alphabet),  with  an  atpbabclical  uidex 

to  It.    After  Colben'i  death  Louvola  emulated  bis  predeceiaac'i 

libouii,  lod  employed  Mabilloii,  Tlievaiot  and  otboi  to  ^Kocure 

'"~h  accenioos  Irom  all  paru  lA  Ihe  world.    A  new  catalogue 

compiled  in  168S  in  S  vols,  by  several  distinguished  scholar*. 

The  AbU  Louvoia,  the  minister's  son,  became  head  ol  the  Ubrary 

'  jtt,  and  opcood  it  to  all  studcnla — a  pdvilage  which  although 

witbdnwa  was  afterwardi  restored.     Towaids  the  end  of 

Louis  XIV.'s  idgn  It  contained  over  70,000  vols.     Under  (he 

oflheAbbiBi, 

in  the  Roe  Richrika.  Among  the  it 
hnu  were  6000  HSS.  from  the  piivate  library  of  the  Colbert 
family,  Bishop  Huet"*  forfeited  collection,  and  a  laige  number 
of  OiiMtal  book*  imported  by  missiooaiies  fton  the  faithec  East, 
and  by  (pedal  (gents  fmn  the  Levant.  Between  ijn  and  17  S] 
catakigne  (a  ti  vols,  wu  printed,  which  enabled  the  idminis- 
rallon  to  discover  and  to  sell  its  duplicalca.  In  Louis  XVT.'a 
iign  the  aale  ol  the  La  Vallito  library  fumiabed  a  valuable 
icr—e  both  in  MSS.  and  prinlid  boi^  A  fe*  yeui  before 
the  Revolution  broke  out  the  latter  department  contiined  over 
1  vols,  and  opuscules.  The  Revolution  was  serviceable 
Ulnary,  now  called  the  Biblioth^us  Nationale,  by  is- 
g  it  with  the  forfeited  coUectiOBS  of  tbe  fndfrfc,  as  weOlI 
suppressed  religious  communities.  In  the  midst  of  tbe 
difficul  ries  of  placing  and  cataloguing  these  numerous  acquisitions, 
name  ol  Van  Praet  appear!  a*  an  adminislrator  el  the  first 
T.  Napoleon  increued  the  amount  e(  Ihe  gwenBtnt  giant; 
by  the  strict  enlorcemeot  of  the  law  concerning  newpuhlici- 
s.  as  well  IS  by  tbe  acquiiitioD  of  several  special  collection*, 
the  Bibliolbique  made  cootiderablc  pn^HU  during  hii  reiga 
'  reatiiing  bis  idea  that  it  should  be  univeiial  In  cbaneter. 
beginning  ol  U>t  century  the  recorded  numben  were 
printed  vols.,  Ss.aoo  MSS,,  and  i,soo,oco  eognving*. 
After  Napoleon's  downlsU  the  U5S.  which  he  had  tramkned 
'rom  Berlin.  Hanover,  Florence,  Venice.  Rome,  the  Hague  and 
ither  places  had  to  be  relumed  to  their  proper  owners.  The 
MacCanhy  sale  In  r8i7  brought  a  tich  stole  of  MSS.  and 
incunabula.  From  that  time  onwards  to  the  preaent,  under  the 
enlightened  administralion  of  MM.  Tascherean  and  Deliile  *bA 
Marcel,  the  accessioni  have  been  very  eiiensive. 

■tionale'may  be  eoumo^t^  u  (qIIdi^  (1)  D«panemeol^ 
iprimts.  mon  than  J,«ia,ooo  vols.;  Mips  and  plans.  JOO/no 
IS.OOD  vols.  (1)  Ofpirtement  des  Manusiriu;  IIO.OOO  MSS. 
...us  dividid :  Creek4geo.  Latin  >i,;44.  French  14.9 13,  Oriental  and 
nuKell.ii~u.i8.sSj.  Cj)  I>Sninen«nI  des  EiLimpe.:  1,000,000 
pieces.  (4}  Dqiartenient  de*BilcdaiDea:i07A96  pieces. 
Admittana  to  Ih*  "  salle  de  travail "  Is  efauiiied  ihnHiEh  a  card 
tbe  ercrelaiial  office;  the  "  ulle  piihlique    contaiiis 


_i , ta,  Fou. 

qoet's  hooka,  ami  many  Iron  the  Haurin  Ubraiy  wen  added  I 


si  lata  the  sa 


le  publkgue  "^l>  free 

indinvaluaiesdatesfrom  tUtand 

B  that  date:  it  is  divided  into  two 

lolantlianandtheotherforiubiccts.   Thine 
.....     ?°!       ^,„ 


ctiol  catalogDe  I 

'lSi)T^ir'Calalii[ia  ^HreTiti'lBiftrimlinmii  hai  been  b^ua.  In 
1909  the  jSlfi  vol  containing  letteim  A  Is  Delp  had  appeared. 
Some  volumes  are  published  each  year,  but  the  eailia  volume*  only 


piihliihed  ea 

-  tI  Ihe  booU,  ^M.  ™,-. 

Ibe  other  catalogue*  publidnl  by  the  Printed 

, Ihe  following  may  be  menlkmod:  WWWW 

^aplKiHUtiuialhramuilaSiifiaiHtmiaiitltiirtitialai^ti 
(rend  (itofc  Svo) ,  Liito  Aj  ;*iail>liwi  >aiuBU  i«  Mufvi  RU 1  Ja 
UttntHai  ia  Ua-n  (i«oi,  4to.  autecr.).  U*  4u  fffv^S^i 
tangsn  (new  ed.,  1S96.  Ivo)  and  SuftOiuid  (1901.  >n),  BaMui 
ioTkHlB  »rttfe»Hw»  fHmtilia  (from  iU>.  SvoL  CUatogM  >b> 
JuurtetJSH  1*  Icrili  ocaJlaifsHi  /ratnumi  ia  ttitntu  a—c  «> 

■ateniUi  Unrfnt  (Irom  iMi,  »voj.  Tbe  other  extens 

ksne*  init  Iron  those  of  tbe  iSOi  lentuiy  are:  est 
tStUttt  i*  fmm*  [ilS5-iU^  41a,  11  nla.};  TUb* 


566 


LIBRARIES 


fill  P.  Marchat  (tt9S.  4to}-  >ith  1^  loIlBviat  uitocnplacd  kippIc- 
mcnti-  HtUovt  loaat  (iSBo).  Hutowe  fitualomi*  d  hugrapims 


■HiUm  £iAnt  (i«M)l  BtoSiH  it  FAfntiu  (l«fs,  (ulogr). 
BtMm  ii  FAmiripH,  par  G.  BunsfO'  {I90}-I9»>  lutoGr). 
Rvi-Bi  d  aaird  iiiiuiuau  JtiitiaiHi  anUnnri  i  1790,  pir  Corda 
"*"  Onnci  (itoo-iqDTi  ft  voIl.  flvo),  Cat^ptt 

a  ia  tiUt^ifM)  ftiUitwi  it  Ftana.  pr  M 

rt  L.  Polaln,  L  1,-iE.  (1897-1905.  Svol;  Lara  ituxiu 

mXV  ibSi  Cflwnlt  <l<nu  la  MhtMjuapMmis  it 

I,  nr  P.  Licanbe  (too;.  Bva).  Ac.  la  the  CHgrapbicil 
HD  then  i>  L.  Villfa'i  CiWi%w  ia  aum  a  flami  nbUils  t 
7ilaMsamnmiiisParutta4,»vo}.   The  foUoiiJiii  diauld  be 

ioDHl:  BiitopafWe  ((.liofc  J«  ' '' '  — "- 

ua  t^Mi  ft  to  I  -"•- 


•bUraldi    ' 
Pellecbn 


K  b  olibcmtkin  d'E.  Ultvn-Pciiii 


ropaju)  iiby 


itic  mvilua  d  ihil 


A.  Vidia.  t.  l-A  (i8>s-i«>a,  4(0  . 
.  , -i)ii6*D«iker.   ' 

icript  UtUol , 

B  tad  E'vvlly  tHoLhate  rtsmeh.    For 


fru<«i  {l*9S-i 

(coatrnmuoa  a. 

OiDoiit»  AiKitiu  /nnAii 
*  vob.  8m)j  E.  Coyec|i 


itisutloB  of .,-„  — „  -,— .  „ , 

,™..«o-^"  ue   j«rJ!^  «  »  1— .™  i'J^' 

f jJSllwSViM^riSSiild^ lalSmi (Tyw. a^^l^)-  Wiihout 
npeadof  the  caulofuca  mcodoiicd  in  tJn  Icpih  oiitioD  cf  the 
£iic]iebp«iia  JriWiuHW.  it  u  yet  Beamni  to  mniiiaa  ihs  lalln- 
lii|:  CMhpit  it  (s  aUtaitm  Btliati  Amlairf  du  uuiu  dt 
It  ctBtcHtm  OstnmteiiU;  QMIopte  it  la  alfuhn  dei  cmg-«irif 
I*  to  ngifB  CWttrl:  dwipni  Ju  alUclmu  Buikunt  ^  it 
Sri^apiri  tua  g(  the  Dupuy.  Jiily  de  Fkury,  ud  Mmau  «Uct- 
tkHUi  aod  t^t  ol  pvoiriDciu  hiitoryp  Sa^  For  the  Greek  collcctkni 
the  iDoet  impoTtant  cmtaloiun  have  beep  madr  by  H.  Omart,  the 

'""'^  iatiss.  ma  (iWHlSs,  4  «>U.  Svoh'ciuiitoiiu  a  '"^ 
■    (i«94,  8vp)_!    fna-"-    '- 


italonloi 
cSTTbe-.. 

iticmir  E.  BiibeisB,  CdUbpiii—  nHmuJu  picnu  (itgo- 

(iMi);  JMatUHhwIunnMillHi,  tarHofliuui  (1901):  Muretet 
Oubouillet,  Cttalttm  iu  mnmiD  iniMiu  (IMO-IUI):  Pnn, 
CiAibfW  ia  MflUHiH  jrHKiwH  (1&-1MJ:  H.  de  h  Tnii, 
Calalapit  it  la  ctBtclitm  Komyir,  r*  tarUt  ItSMl :  CUofatna  <{u 
■umxAci  d  mUaOti  SAiuit  (igoaji  Cil.  Jb  wnafa)  it 
tAmti^  dm  Nad  (iKl);  Cht  to  maaiaiti  marinmm  (i»T- 
1B9O:  cm.  to  ftnii  (1900)1  Ol.  to  tHHu  onibMi  (^J: 
Cii.  to  (OHto  oligiia  a  nuitnti  (1197-181)9);  Cot.  4o  •■ni 
bcndt  (i9iB-iga4, 1  vcdaj.  In  the  MpaneoMiit  da  EMUspn  the 
lollawiat:  ihmdd  be  meuuwrt:  F.  Onvboin,  Caltlmt  wmmtin 
to  (ronru  m  UAtpapkla  it  to  Rten*  {lyoa-iiot}-,  Duploili. 
Cat.  it!  tatlnitt  paitait  tt  ttramtiri  (iu6-tD07.  i  wIi.):H. 
Boucbot.  Iti  PertnOt «  irtyn  ittXYf  it  XVTs-  atdti  (1881): 
Cal.  to  toriai  nfU^i  1  Fialtin  iu  MUn  (1S9S):  F.  CoutWh, 
Iiatmavt  its  dtuvu,  p^tttrropltiti  tf  tniBXrtr  rdatma  A  i'Utfoin 
iMuXt  ^  Tori  (189s,  1  vol^,  ilc. 

Tlw  Blbtioib^e  de  VAntnil  *u  fbuDded  by  tl»  mirqnb 
d<  Piulsiy  (AsIaine-RfoC  d'ArgoaoD)  in  llie  iSth  cenlsiy:  it 
rei:iivcdiDi;S6  8o,oix>vcili.Iromtli«diH:deL4iVi]liite.  Before 
it*  CDDStcatkm  u  miinnil  pnqitrty  it  lud  bdooftd  to  llw 


comte  d'Aitois,  wbo  bid  boo^l  It  fram  the  surqnii  de  Pintan^ 
in  his  lifetime.  It  eonlaini  tt  tbe  pnenl  time  aboul  teo,eBa 
vol>.,  io.ix»  aaDuacrfpti,  tK>,eea  pnnu  ud  tbe  BuiHk 
(sUecliOD  (1500  patifoUoi)  of  whkli  the  iiiv«iitoiy  li  completf ; 
it  11  tbe  ncbot  hbnry  for  Ibe  liteniy  bntoiy  ol  Fniwe  ud  hu 
more  than  10,000  theatrical  pi 


>.  the  OlllI 


4a  talaitptt 

BuUeuada 

BushOt.  par  F  Funck- 
V  la  Hpiu  Uulnnt 


F^r  J  B  iJi^obe  tttSa,  8vd>,  Calalormt  ia  alamptt,  tosMJ  It 
carta  comboiant  tt  tabaui  da  atom  pa  it  ta  ttibitatltijitt  dt  CAntmt^ 
par  C   Schcfer  (1994-1905,  8  pti  8vo). 

Hie  BIbhothfapie  Matarlne  ones  its  origin  to  the  grat  csrdiBil, 
wbo  cODfided  the  dircclion  to  Gibriel  Naudi,  ii  iraa  i^cn  to  the 
pubhc  is  1&41.  uid  *u  inmfened  lo  Rue  de  Richelieu  in 
164B.  Dispersed  duiinj  Ibe  Ftoade  in  the  liftllme  of  UaiariD, 
ll  ni  ntnnstlluted  iftet  the  death  of  the  urdiiul  in  lUi, 
vhen  il  contaiaed  40.000  vols,  which  mre  left  to  the  CoDige  de* 
Qnaiie-Nations,  whidiio  iS^i  made  it  again  public.  Ilnowba* 
350,000  voR;  with  emUenl  manuscript  catalogues- 

The  ealalocuei  of  IiKunabub  and  mamiKriolj  ate  printed:  P, 
Marau  «  A,  I>ulieaK  de  Sainl-LAon,  Cutleft  ia  <«MuWa  it  U 
UUielUJu  Uatarimt  (iBg],  Svo):  Suflilmat.  aiduiau  u  amti- 
hens  (1898.  4  voIl  Bvo)  ;  Caialttut  dit  MSS..  )B[  A.  Molbiier  (lIS;^ 
1S91,  4  vola.  Svo);  Imiuaiit  Kumuin  to  USS.  pea,  pu  H. 
Omonl. 

Tbe  first  hTiraty  of  lie  CenovHains  had  nearly  disappeared 
owing  to  bad  adminislraltan  when  Cardinal  Franks  de  la 
RocheioucaQld,  who  had  charge  of  the  reformation  of  that  r^ 
iigjoua  order^  cf>iuirtuled  iit  1642  a  new  library  wllh  hii  own 
boohs.    The  Bibliolhjque   Ste-Genevijve   ii 


e  vols.;  i 


icrcaMd  it  atill  more.  It  becamo 
nalionai  properly  in  1791,  and  waa  caBed  the  DibliotUqae  dn 
Paolhten  and  added  lo  tbe  Lycfe  Henri  IV.  under  Ihe  empire. 
In  190S  tbe  blinry  matalned  ]S0,ooo  printed  vcda.,  t»s  incuna- 
bula, 3510  muHisdipta,  to.ooo  prinU  (induding  7357  portnitt 
and  jooo  maps  and  plana). 

Tbi  printed  cataloguB  M  pmnt  compriic:  Poufc  et  tvnafoirm, 
CaUdtpu  cMfi  it  I*  MWMUfw  Sit-CiKttitH  (1801.  Svo):  s 
■uppleniBila  J]e9i>-|89&.  1B97-1899,  igaD-l«n):  Colalofw  da 
imiBiiEtla  dt  Ik  bOHtlliipiI  Slt-CnaOt*.  itdiil  par  Danitaii,  publi6 
paf  M,  PclkchM  (1891,  Svo);  CaJaltrmt  itxlrat  ia  MSS.,  mr  Clu 
kohler  (I8a4-l99&,  1  voIl  8voJ;  /noiUin  mnun  Ja  USS. 
-'^-         ;  Nalua  nir  ^tlva  USS.  aarmtait,  f  e. 


a  oalioaile*,  loonded  in  il 


8a«-l! 
mcj,  par  H.  Oc 
DtviDe  (I9a4-r900,  10  pia.  e 
Tbe  fiibliolUque  de*  A 

history.     It  iiosly  sccealible  to  theoffidali. 

II  would  be  impoHible  to  dnoibe  all  the  offieiaK  mnnklFatapd 
uademii:  libraiio  of  Paris  man  or  leB  open  to  the  public,  which 
juc  about  100  in  number,  and  In  the  following  lunny  we  deal  only 
with  thoie  havuii;  10,000  vols,  and  over. 

The  BibUathlque  du  MinishT  dBafhins  HniKina  waa  fonded 
by  the  marqaia  de  Torn,  ainiatcr  lor  lonifD  aiair*  mder  Leala 
XIV.;  k  mntaini  8o«oa  voli.  and  i*  lot  o&Sal  uae  only.  The 
ffibUothtque  du  Mlnlittn  de  I'Atriailture  date*  from  ttgi  and  haa 
only  4000  vols.  At  Ihe  Mlnletiy  for  the  Colonic*  the  bbnry  {il 
lajBo  vols.)  data  Imn  1897;  the  atalani  wa*  pabUabed  in  im: 
thelttayy  ol  lb*  Colonial  oOc*  i*  atocbid  to  tbia  ■hlanyi  aup- 

vol*.,  7400  periodiola  and  5000  photonapba;  It  la  osen  la  lb* 
pnblfc.  Then  an  y>,aoo  vat),  in  tbe  BibBi&faue  du  MinlactR  dn 
eoniMni  at  da  feiduatifei  th*  BMiotMnaa  dn  M|;^^*«  de* 

iM^t  af^^ .I.*..:—  J.__    ^^^.,^.  ,.j, 


lour  libnile*  mite  a  total  of  11,(00  vob.'  Tbe  BihGotbtqne  da 
UialatlRd*  la  CMcn  wa*  toned  by  Loavotoaid  poMtMH  inoa» 
vol*,  and  Sao  tlSS.  and  as  inoan*  ol  Jtwno  liuai  tb*  cndniM 
are  SilMxUnw  im  UfU  it  b  tatm:  CaUipit  (iBSv-i^): 
SMfpUmtSTiia^y-jMi-  CaHtazii  ttt  USS.,  pa  j.  LiiboId* 
(r9ro).  The  MtoMnfUbiwfa*  an  eonaected  with  lUi  department: 
Comht  de  ian(  (10,000  wall,).  Eecl*  auplitew  da  gacm  l7O.0<» 
vola.).  Csoiiii  nchniqo*  d*  raitillai*  (luno  «ala.}.  Tin  BtMo- 
tbbiue  dv  Minialin  de  ITotfriear  wu  finaded  ia  1793  and  haa 


SoAoovsii.  TbaS 


mpllEd  In  1007.    i^  Bfbtk 


(auloric  iBjB-isij);  h  a 


Tbe  MliilKMcdBTii 


Cl(ihlwfciiifMj«j«»i*f«toia.J'faMiifcHriJM.J»J(iM-«i, 
■t  f aiiBMmtiM.  iSSt).  Tlw  BiiliotUiw  du  S«m  (ilisl 
CMtaiiul5iM)invoU.uatM3MSS.  TteMbUatUqiKda Csueil 
i'Eat  hu  saino  *«1>.  M  thae  Sbnilia  an  noly  ■cMlhh  1- 
•ScWi  omt  by  ncW  n»r.ii»J  ■  - 
The  BibSalUgw  Hii 

a,  but  Juki  Cooria 
J  3Spa  MS&  ud  i< 

, , .,„.     --TaMMtiifciiii'. ■ 

prfftcUR  d(  b  Seine  u  dividid  into  twa  laaiBu;  Fnnck  Ua/ioo 
volt')  and  fonifn  (M.000  voU.)  ^  h  »  ooly  KtwwbW  lo  officuu  and 
topenonahavinf  lordof  Intrwluction:  tbecai'ltKuwepriptcd- 
'nc  other  mtnria  eoniKcted  nth  (he  ritv  of  Parb  an  that  of  Ihe 
Coiweil  nMAitifal  (bmxB' nla.),  tbe  Blbliothtqua  Munidcales 
hputairca.  to  in  number  with  a  total  oE^goJioobaDks^ihDKijl  the 
u  Heipiiab  (9i,W;  voli.),  tbe  Pi^eciun  de  police  (10.011a  voU.), 
The  Kbliothtaue  Fonry  (10.000  voli.  and  lo,ooo  pniiuj.  the  Eve 
Ecola  manic^alB  euperfam  (19.TOD  mla.).  the  eU  tMiMfaml 
•cboolt  (14J00  vala.). 

The  libnrit*  oi  the  nniverdty  and  the  inoitvlioii*  daaUaa  with 
higher  education  m  l^iia  are  well  of^aalied  aad  their  cataJofuea 
fcnerally  printed. 

The  Bibliothtque  de  lIFidrenltl.  akboagh  a(  pnient  fimped  ai 
a  Byitem  in  four  iectima  in  differem  pbcea»  hiMoriEaUy  conadend 
fa  Ihe  library  of  tbe  SoibannE.  ThkvaafouadedUiTfiiby  hlBBlaBH 
puit  and  only  included  the  lacuhlea  ol  Ana  and  Tbechin  It 
chaniEd  III  name  irven]  liinei;  In  iloo  H  an*  the  Bibilotlitque 
du  I?yti.nfc.  in  iSol  BiUigtbCgoe  dea  Qnatre  Lyefea  and  In  181* 
BiblHNhfcguedel'UniwnhtdeFnuec  TheMRknatniawUehthB 
BibliDthtaue  de  I'llnivcniK  k  tow  dividid  an:  <il  FaodM  dt 
Scieacea  et  dn  Leniea  1  la  Sorbonoe.  (i>  Factdti  de  MUecine,  (3> 
Facullt  de  droit,  M  Ecde  Hipftieure  de  pharmade.  Brfon  tie 
•epuaiiDa  ol  Cburcb  and  Stale  there  vaa  a  fifth  aeetlaii,  that  of 
PmWiant  iheoloty.  Alter  the  BibUotbtque  natfonale  11  1>  tbe 
■khot  in  ipaciat  cnDecIianh  and  above  all  aa  racwb  fliednl  phDo- 
iofv.  arcfaKolofy.  Fmch  and  fcai^n  literature  and  Uteraiy 
cntkin,  juat  aa  the  libnry  of  the  Faeultt  dca  Sdenn  M  dee 
Lcttne  la  notable  for  philoaDphy,  TnaibeoAiIci  and  cbeadcfrphyricsl 
irifnrfa.  Tbe  gnat  devrlopovnt  which  faai  taken  plaoe  darlaa  tba 
IM  lUny  yean,  etpei^Uy  under  tbe  adoiinitaaliDn  af  M  J.  da 
Chantcpia  da  Meeft,  iu  inataUation  eince  I«g7  la  tbe  buildlngi  of 
dM  New  Sorbonne.  have  nude  it  a  libnrv  at  the  very  Itnl  rank. 
The  readinf-roem  only  eeattdxwt  300  penooa.  The  mrage  attend- 
ance pet  day  la  1x10,  the  nuaiber  of  booki  cmmillad  v«ria  fnm 
ijDOta 'tooDnili.kday,  and  the  loani  aooant  to  i4,o»vola.  pec 
ytu.  The  etot^nnma.^  althoo^  Ibew  contain  man  tban  1100 
mttni  of  ibelvet  and  txKnpriie  two  bnildinci  of  five  Koreya  each,  an 
InauSeient  far  the  annual  accanoni,  which  rttA  nearly  10,000  vola. 

nataa  an  the  hequeata  of  Latec  Pb 
Btijaml;  the  laat-samed  heqpeatbed  a. —  __  ..- 
anmpMtanlSbalsesMareanlibraiy.  Tbcfinteect 
than  sjoiooo  vole.,  noo  periodlcala  whkh  indode 
uo  ■■™--*-^i  1106  MSa.  ware  than  MOO  mat 
BBepiiatB.    TtealplwbeticalcalakifoaBaRlect 
on  Ittpa.    Tbe  -*-— ^-'  eatahnt*  wen  in  lata 
prindncaal  BBDehad  alMdylaMI  pubUtbcd:  P 
rnnaMiii  (1407};  uatmta  inMiint  *  twUla 
>M*(i9oS):  Anlaipadui/ss.,  byE.Chai*la      . 
oKe).  by  E.  Chattlaln  (1901);  and  SuttOmmU.  Uurm 
Mtm  i4in-tS4i>.  by  Ch.  B<udieui7i  w)  i  Snmtlkt 
(ifM-iwt);  Qntafafai  du  Imrtt  dr  C,  iJafbuu  dflM 
tirak  A  Ptni  dw).  CataUrm  aBam/  ■'-  ^"■-'■^- 
Itirti  fay  Ffcamp  (iaaB-1901)     For  Fm 
library  pomimtt  a  nn  collection,  the  ci 


Fnsdi  lbt«a.  of  which  the 


Mtin,  RiftrlBm- 

" at,  aUtpm ' 

ar  flUl,  ftt). 

beSoifaonnean 


.  CtUUpu  iti  Mm  it  IH^it  (iSo«,  Acti  A. 
a  Mmi  dt  IrUru  (iSoo-ianol,  A,  Maire.  CUo- 
tncs  (1809-iSoo)  with  S'fpUrmt  to  1900  by 
v„  •"--  ■-"-'  pa,  fa  Umulirt  it  tlmtlrmUiim 


..5s 


Ufararla  conneclrd  whh  higher  education  [ndude  that 
_  .  '  dta  Bran-Arta  (401000  voht,  ioiv>oo  repTDductiona, 
■uoo  dmiiv).  The  libnry  <4  tba  Eisla  omnale  aupMeun 
(17W.  aotaUubed  U  U(  Kne  d'Ulm  in  lM<  haa'ranlvedle^clea 
(the  Verdet  [1%),  Cabocba  <lMr],  Lcnmbetl-Whilconib  {1S90), 
and  a  portion  e(  Ctivia'e  bbniy  1  the  lyiiem  of  daidficatlon  {n  ue  it 
nneticall|F  the  iBBe  aa  that  of  the  Sorboone,  b(in|  devlvd  by 
PUllpfe  Lrtaa  (llbarian  «f  the  Soibcand  ibon  lAs:  than  an 
HM>oo  vola.  Tb*  libnuy  tf  tha  Miiiiian  dluetein  nttonUe  dates 
fromth*  iBthceDIuiy>udci)niBiBii»UM»vala.,«!O0  MSS..  8000 
odaiDal  dnwbn  on  teUun  bisinniDC  in  1611.  The  Biblioihlque 
d*  ItlCc*  «t  Moete  da  I'tntnictioa  pubKqua  (fomerly  Un(e 
pMnMahiut),  femided  ody  la  iMe,  haeMwoovBla.  InlTtewae 
buDdid  lbs  NhliMbtqiH  de  I'laBitBt  de  FiaBES.  whU  la  very  rich; 
its  acquiatioaa  cone  partiqilarly  bom  fifta  aad  cadtaana  UoOiMO 
mlt.,  nuDenut  and  enReinlaable  MSS.,  opedally  onden  once). 
Tin  rillinliii  ma  I  Ijitiilinj  inMllnad  fwi  laiiiliii  aallriiial 
^  udqaa  (ins),  wU^k  norfw  nvytU^  pnblUitf  la  Fnaca 
rdatlnf  to  auauG  (mMwa  volaj;  the  BiUHliiVM  ihi  Ihlltn  da 
I'Opdim  {15.000  vela- sooo  eoaca,  MOM  noaaDeLaad  a  lunatic 
library  (d  ii^xB  vok  and  »«oo  prinlaji  tbe  Tbiln  baofaia 
UD.oaDVola.);tboA(adfa^d*DiUeeine  (iSMowola.,  10,000  vola. 
of  periodiaoe.  saoa  ponnita),  I'ObairvaiDute  (it4<»  vola.):  tha 

D -^LoontudB  (15,000  vote,  and  ajoUSS.).  Tbe  lehiilaiiie 

11  LTEolecaau>lcdit>[ttMinaDu(Knin((i6Aaovoli.>i 
'  i^BO  ndajj  UEcole  d'appUouion  du  aenriee  de 


ie  ptoleitante  (a/tMO  volej;  CLiunriwtoite  dee  ant  et 
(46ma  wU- ajoo  mapa  and  plaaaj :  BiUiMUque  peloMue, 

r'tll  liy  1  >t  *'—«*■"'- ■>— °>i—r..,U  l~mi»ii.  flnVvm viil.., 

uooo  vrioti):  Sfcalnalra  dia  Minion  knnatna  USAOO  voli.)i 
rJjUHaltM  Valeaiia Hatty, otabliihed  iSSj&ioo nb. printd,ia 


tnc  (jrOMO 


II  BibUsthtqae  da  ,h 
•lofMioIirtdilwet* 


Hintad  la  iSig.  lUg  andioDii  the  SooM  aationala  d'luituUun 
^afin  ToU.];  tha  5ocift<d'anthiinili«it  b>,ooo  v3s.)i  Ih* 
SodM  oMtiqoe  (ii«oa  vda.,  aoo  U^)  i  the  S&M  diralvM  do 
yraaca  (lOOTO  vob.),  the  catalocua  o<  wUck  WB8  pnUlriied  in  loini 
!be  SscMM  dtcUrur^,datiw  (Fob  1843  <Muo<tvsh.):tbeSoo«Tt 

iB»  jtodua  voC,  uoo  nafa,  aimo  plietgfrwhe,  uoo  portraitL 
Jo  MSS.  of  whkk  the  iaiak«Be  waa  ntettdU  1901):  tbt  SociM 
Bieic^^qoeda  Fnnct  (IJMO  vda.,  30,oaoivadiB*na,  loaperiodicab)  1 
thsSoM  do  l-hiat^  du  prenstaatiaDtt  baacali,  lenndal  in  iSji 
(50,0110  tvls..  1000  HSS.;iieoDeiSMO  It).):tbeSodMdencsmif»- 
neat  soul  I'bidiBtti*  oationale  (JMOO  v^.  biceoB  (ooo  fre.>;  On 
SociM  dea  lagUnnvdidb  UTiBOn  vol*.;  catalogue  made  in  189^; 
tbe  SeeiM  de  le^dation  eoniiarte  (i5Ma  vola.,  uoo  iianphleuli 
and  lanhr  tbe  BbHatbtque  de  la  SoSM  de  Staifailqua  <b  [^ns, 
foundidia  iS6e  (fiOMO  volt.,  with  a  printad  eualocut], 
Belon  [ht  Revolution  there  were  in  Paiii  alone  1 100  Ubraiiea 

utainiDg  allagcibet  1,000,000  vol  ' 

the  leligiouB  ordcn  the  libnriet  ni 

t^D  800,000  vob-  were  aeiaed  ui  102  Tujgioaa  oouien  ana 
[erred  to  cifbt  lilenuy  foiindalloni  in  accordance  with  > 
decree  of  November  14,  178^  In  the  provincei  6,000,000  vola. 
!  jeiied  and  liBiBfencd  to  local  depoilLoiies.  Theorganua- 
...  (4  the  central  libniiee  onder  tbe  decree  ol  j  BiumalR  An 
rV.  [Ocloher  15,  1795)  "me  to  nothing,  but  tbe  conaulai  edict 
of  Juiiiaiy  iS,  iSoj  gave  definitive  oixinjmion  to  tbe  books  in 
the  kml  deposiioiies.  From  Ibat  time  tbe  libnuy  syMem  waa 
recDUtituttd,  atilce  in  Paiii  and  the  pnrnDOt.  Unfoitunateljr 
itiany  piedoua  boolu  and  MSS.  were  burnt,  since  by  the  decrea 

■      BtoDudre  An  II.  (October  15,  1393)  the  Commitlee  of  lo- 
the  ptDposItlon  of  iu  preaideot  the  deputy 


[  the  prcteit  tlM  they  KolM  the  outwitd  ii(Di  of 

The  books  in  the  provCncial  libniles,  tut  IncluiBDg  thoae  to 

ok.,  15,540  Incunabula  and  91,986  MSS.    Tbe  number  in  (be 

colonies  and  protected  slate*  outside  France  k  uncertain,  but 

eitenda  to  mon  liaaa  300,000  vols.;  to  this  number  must  be 


;68  LIBR> 

■dded  the  1,438,9^  vob.'  conulncd  in  Dm  UDlvcroty  Ubruia. 
llien  ue  ova  joo  dqiutitieDUl  libnria,  ud  u  mmy 
I  »!■<>«  txloiV  to  leuaxl  udetia.  Tbc  Lacreue  la  the 
•rito         pnvincul  libnria  ii  down  Ihia  tlul  of  Ibe  Piiiiiu 

■'■"  Mclet!  ipedilly  with  Uit  lUle,  the  othen  ue  reuddpal 
tnd  tn  ■dmloittcred  under  lUte  coDUalfaymuaidpsmbwiuu. 
Th«  oripnil  foundalioo  ol  mal  of  the  libmiei  dita  but  >  ihoit 
time  b^ore  Ihe  ReraluliiiD,  bul  then  ue  i  few  oceptiou. 
Tbua  the  BibliotUquc  d'Aagcn  owa  its  finl  coUcction  to  AUin 
de  U  Rue  »l»ul  1376;  it  now  contiiiu  71^85  vols.,  134  Incuna- 
buU  uid  »JQ  MSS.  Hut  of  Bourgd  d^tci  from  1466  iibfiii 
val).,sisi°cu™bula,74TMSS.)-  The libniy of Cupcotm m* 
aUbUsbed  by  Ulchcl  An^id  between  14J1  and  1474  ($0,000 
vols..  USA  MSS.),  Mathieu  deUPoNcisuid  to  be  ihcfoundei 
of  llie  libiuy  at  Ocrmont-Fcmnd  u  the  end  of  tlie  ijtli  century; 


niber  m 


D  4g.ooo  vols.  ■] 


union  wiib  the  BIbUoib  jque  Univenii 

meniioned  Ihtl  al  Lyons '       .  . '     - 

1 13.1U  nb..  S70  incuoak 

Am  haa  Bi/m  TtiL,  64  i 

la  the  171b  cenlDv  wtn  mabUilwd  the  foUnriiw  libnili.-. 
Abbeville,  by  CharkaSanaon  la  IM)  M/ttt  n^  4a  bminabula, 
143  MSS.);  BoancsB  hv  Abbf  BoiiM  In  1496  (fJiSKi  vofa.,  1000 
incunabula,  1147  MSS.f.  Id  1M4  the  Cauiuslre  rtlomt  de  ;■ 
RDdwDe  «y-Mi.fc»<i  (  Bbraiy  wMdi  pon^Mi  I»day  sB.ooo  veb., 
14  iDCOaabula.  171J  MSS.  St  Btienne,  (ouoded  by  Canliaal  de 
Villnni,  hai  vi,ooovii1i.,8iiiciinabuli,  U]  MSS. 

The  pnndpa]  libmiH  founded  dunna  tbe  iStb  cnitu^  an  the 

I70S  (ifeooo  voii,  Jto  ii^nabula,  IJ51  MSS,);  Banlnai,  173* 
(100,000  mb..  lUI  MSS.);  ChambiiTy.  1716  (64JOD  voU.,  47  in- 
CUBabuh.  lU  MSS.);  Dijau.  ttoi,  fouixMby  PTFrvm  {19J.000 
■nit.,  Ill  lanmabula,  ihta  MSS.);  Cienable.  1771  (160,771  vdLl, 
63s  incunabula,  14BI  MSSJ;  Maneilla,  1799  [iii.«7>  voIl.  143 
ilKDnabwla,  1(191  MSS,);  Nury,  founded  in  17JO  by  Staniiku 
(ri«.l49  vol*-.  »S  ioRinabula,  169]  MSS.);  Nantra.  17;}  (toJ.llS 
vols..  Iioinranabula.  3750  MSS);  Nin.faumlKl  in  17fi6by  AbM 
Mua  0(9.000  nk.,  100  bcuBabuta.  igOMSS.1;  Ntniei.  founded  by 
J.  T.  dTStg^  in  IT7S  («o,oao  voIk,  61  incunabula,  673  MSS.); 
NloR.byliuidcDieuaadR.Kon  In  1771  (49.411  vub,  67  incuna- 
bula. t«9  MSS.):  PHpltnaa  bv  Mar«chai  deMaify  in  1739  (37.»o 
vote..  So  incimabuta,  137  MSS.):  Rennei.  1733  (110,000  vola,  lib 
iocuBabuli,  tea  M&.  ucone  Smo  In.) ;  IVnilaoie.  by  ■rchbiahop 
ct  Drlenne  in  ITlI  (113,000  nb.,  Sn  incuubula.  ION  MSS,). 

Nearly  all  the  other  munidpil  libniica  date  Iron  the  Revoludon. 
at  rather  tn»  the  period  of  the  ndiorihatian  o(  ihe  booka  in  ilai. 
Tbe  (oUowfav  imnidpal  Ubruk*  rniiew  more  than  100,000  vols. : 
Av^iKiii{l35.aoovs1a..69tuinuiibula,4lSl  MSS.).  oT  which  Ihe  firic 
eolleclian  waa  the  Inncy  <d  Calvm  in  ISIo:Caen  (111.000  vol*.,  109 
iocHiiabalB.  Uj  M&);  McntpdUer  (IJOJOO  vola,  40  incunabula. 
151  MSS,):  Rouen  (<40jJ00  *o<a.,  400  fKimabula.  4D00  MSS,); 
-foaD(II3.00ovob..4SiiiKai>abulih  1999  MSS.);  VerauUea  [161,000 
vob..4J6lr>cnnabula.  iitjMSS.), 

The  foUowioE  towns  have  bbrarica  ii4th  more  than  50,000  volunset; 
Amieni.  Auxerre,  Beaune,  BreB,  Douaf,  le  Hk—  '  "  '  "" 
Oriiana,  P»u,  Poitieri.  Toulon 


Hlvre,  Lilte,  le  Mau, 


■he  MSS.  <rf  FUis  Ul  iS  octavo 
The  tibruiea  of  Ihe  provincial  ui 


sx.* 


;sff,iy! 


173,000;  Dijon  I17.S14;  Grenoble  117.4DO:  Ulle  113.417;  L^n* 
uj.bit;  Muwilla  53,763;  MonlpcUier  110,938;  Nancy  139,036; 
POititTt  1*0,000;  Rennei  ifejariToulouiciji.DOO. 

Since  iW)  the  educational  librariea  have  largely  developed;  In 
Ut7  they  me  17.J64  in  mimber;  in  i on  they  wen  44.011.  con- 
tainioi  7,7S7.9i7  vols.  The  puMy  acholutic  bbnria  have  de- 
ereued:  m  1901  ihne  were  1674  Ebnriea  with  1.034.133  vdIl, 

..i:.-  .,._  ... :-.:..  '^>^^i„  ^  March  14.1904)  there 

.  ."nte  Socif(<(  FnnUin  pour  la 

-_-—_-.  _. „. ihe  'olkTwing 

w  JVniHaafe.- 1.  B4iimna.  allrilimi.  oriMMItBii. 

afmpa.  4tptntmnl  ia  mtdrntOa  «  nJifwi,  pv 

lenri  BoitchM  el  Emefl  Babekn.     II.  U  Dtparli- 

foJt  tieiftfkit.    Lt  DiparUmnl  4a 


iRlES  (UOKKM 

mammria,  par  Paul  Umlal  M  CatMi  Coodne  (hria,  1907.  j 
voli.);  FOx  ChamboB,  Hta  lar  la  tiUiliif  it  rt/r'— '-■  '- 
Porii  it  ij6t  d  lOM  K^anai,  laoj):  Fo** 
iu  Ufilamt  3i  l>am (Rwucdea NI^BtMqi 
Fnnklin,  Oadt  ia  acnUi.  do  MUralnri  •  <w  vwu  ••«  w 
tiiliolUtaii  it  PariM  (ParIa,  1908};  JiubmUaa  da  7  Uart  i$m  jar 
ririnuiAfli  in  tiilitiaeti  mOitatrt  (Pant,  1S99);  Keeri 
Jadart,  Ln  Amitiata  MUM%ao  dt  Rnw,  laarmtm  IT9^IT9i 
tt  la  ftraieliaa  it  la  HiliaMaat  paUigai  (ReiuH.  t»tlU  Hoiy 
Maml,  Ka/farl  airtiH  aa  MiniOrt  it  rivlrKtiim  talifmi.  tar 
rnmilt  its  KTtiat  itla  MtiaMfat  ■utiMuIt  ■■  IpM  QoBnal 
Ofleiel,  1906) :  Henry  Martin.  Hul<wi  d(  la  MJMUmi  £  rkiwul 
IPatia.  i«99li  E.  Morel  U  gtefoMmiiH  dta  MWlftBaa  pailiiaa 
(Paria.  1909)!  Tbfad.  MomeiuC  La  BitUMttaw  MltMOk  u- 
•nnu  «  »  attn%anaiaOj  ihMw  UiMew  (nria,  1*7S);  AIM 
L.\.Jttl>aiir.HultiniaiMiaatgati^lUaaiiiaitpaitiamaHt 
lAint  ttiOaal  i  Stitmu,  Lata  H  Saim^Qaialla  ^aiatoaa,  I««4>i 
M.  Poke.  E.  Benurepaln  aod  E.  Clouiot,  IfiH  aliiUilaUilieMam 
it  la  adit  it  Pawit  (Parii,  1907);  E.  de  Sainl.Albia.  Lei  BMia- 
Mfati  laaaiapalti  it  latilUir  Pvit  (Puis,  1196):  B.  Subercaie, 
Ltt  BHIillktqaat  pafalahat,  utiaira  rt  fMatJpipM  (Paria,  Itfl). 

C^auny  (laiik  Aattna.Sanfflry  and  Switafftandi. 

Cennany  is  emphalically  the  borne  of  latje  librarie*;  ber 
former  want  of  political  unliy  and  consequent  multifdidty  of 
apitils  have  had  (be  eSect  of  giving  her  many  laiss  ^^_^ 
slate  libtiries,  and  Ihe  number  of  ber  univeniliu  hu 
tended  to  multiply  considerable  collections;  1S17  librarfa  were 
tegislered  by  P.  Schwenke  in  1891.  As  to  tlw  conditions,  bour» 
of  opcnini,  &c.  ol  100  of  tbe  nasi  io^iortant  of  them,  then  is 
■  yearly  stalement  in  tbe  JaJirbatk  itr  dnUetos  Biitiatkittm, 
published  by  the  Verein  denucbcr  Blblioihefcan. 

Tbc  public  libraries  of  Ihe  Ckrmao  empire  are  of  foor  distinct 
types:  state  libiaries,  university  libraiie*.  lows  libniles  and 
popular  libnijea.  The  aditiinlstntioo  aod  ftnancisl  afiain  of 
the  state  and  unlvetsity  libnuiei  are  nnder  Mate  COntiaL  The 
earlier  dtitinciion  between  these  two  cluae*  hu  become  Iem  and 
less  marked.  Thus  the  univcnlty  Gbcaiici  an  no  longer  re- 
stricted to  professon  and  sludenls,  but  they  ace  wUeljr  laed  by 
sdenliSc  woiken,  and  books  are  bonowed  exteoilvrijr,  especially 
in  Pius^  In  Prussia,  as  a  Uak  between  the  ftate  and  the 
Ubraiics,  Ibeie  baa  been  since  1907  a  spedal  oSice  which  deals 
wiib  library  malteis  at  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instnictiod. 
Ccncmlly  ibe  state  docs  not  concern  itaeif  with  the  town 
libraries  and  the  popubr  Lliraiies.  but  there  is  much  in  CODUDOd 
belween  these  two  classes.  Sometimes  popular  libnTiea  are  Ulkdcr 
the  supervision  of  a  sdenli£cally  ac^ 


Only 


mtaig,  frc.;  elsewhere,  as  at  Magdeburg, 
foundation  lake  up  ibc  obligaltons 
1  Frmsia  and  Bavaria  are  regulatior 
of  Lbrar' 


[be  Prussian  si 


ibHc  hi 


been  obliged  to  complele  their 
■-  up  their  doctorate,  aher  which  they 
library  a)  volunteers  and  Uien  utider- 
(echnical  eumtnalioD.  Tbe  lecreuiial  oSdalt  noce  1909 
sve  to  reach  a  certain  edncational  standan)  and  must  paM  an 
uminitioB,  Tliis  regulation  baa  been  in  force  as  retards 
bnrians  In  Bavaiia  from  igsj. 

Berlin  it  well  aunilied  with  librariea.  96S  beiiw  re^stetcd  by  P. 
rhwenke  aiuj  A.  Honnchansky  in  1906,  Willi  about  5,000,000 
'inlfd  vols.  Ttv  largm  of  ihem  Is  the  Roya]  Library,  _  _ 
hieh  was  foended  1^  ite  "  Cmi  Elictar^'  Fitdeiick  "^ 
public  tibmiy  in  a     ' 

iua^HI 

.  ,130,000  printed  vols,  and  over  30^0  MSS.   The  an 

yearly  ^perided  upea  biadia*  and  the  aequiillloe  id  hoc^  Ac,  Is 
fiMKS.   ThccataMgoasRU  iuanuaa)H.  aad  indialetwoieaenl 

-i £ir -■ .—T  -..-r--    -, nannSi 

lied  calangue*  an 


[649  the  library  became  entitled  Eo  a  copy  ai 
Hhtn  the  royal tetritorie*.  and  it  ha*  nccned 
AS  by  puichaae  and  otherwisa.    It  aow  ia- 


ilone  In  velunea.  'The  MkiwlBg  anaosi 

jTytratithtiiiB'taiitraiatriAiiarmta 

tea  itr  K.  BiUuUitt  aai  dm  Praautitkia  Umairn$ia- 

'  drrijtaa  (since  |89>)!  Jaknrramtduat 

'sUatta  tiKltiaitaim  St^rmta   (^nte 

I    dn    Dtattcita    SchdaaUaUra 

r«S9).   There  ti  bewles  a     ' 


Bitlittlutni  cr 

irr  aa  ita   Dralidm    Uaia 

tSflr);     JoiirrnrraeidMr    it 

miMrwwn  A  bkaaHaatta  (line*  1M9).   There  ti  besides  a  printec 

Viruitkaiiii'  11  pimni  Ltttaaaiaaftriuartt  HamiUHiMlut  fab  ed. 


,  ,90»).  and  1 


:  clavikd  Virttidiaii  itrla^tnitm  ZauHii/lim 


UBBARIES 


Mrdi  AutgCT*pfa«>  litt  buUdinf.  cnctad  ■boul  1780  by 
the  CRfct,  bAB  latw  been  too  vulU  uuj  ■  nrw  vot  wta  CO 
J409.     The  buiiduig  occupin  the  whole  ^lux  bctmci 


libenL  Any  uluLt  pcrna  i<  aUt^vd  ij>  have  bcnb  id  the  nLixp.g- 
nom.  Boola  ur  lenl  out  to  ill  higher  offkKlCi.  including  IhoK 
holdini  oducit»oii>l  offir«  in  the  univcnityr  ^-^  tnd  tiy  euvintH 

Klheni.    Inloni-190qi44.ouoyoli>imu«d 

r-     ,— --  -  a  RguUr  tyitcm  oJ  ntchange  belivHO  Ibe  Roya! 

LibrAiy  «nd  I  fint  number  iri  PniuioD  Ubnnei.  It  ii  the  ame  in 
Bavuia.  WOntenibeil  Ud  BulEnitlieiildeBiyiteiniithil  between 
Darmiuilt  and  Gieaen  (dating  from   18};).     There  !■  either  no 


I  inlht  Boyil  Library  and  the  - 

*    eencral    cntnlDf;Eic    upon    tlips}.    the 

Kilb^ii^"lSU^  ^i^br  book  rany  be"coiiMlMd).  mlidlte 
KoRimiwan  fUr  den  OEHmlluulog  dei  Wie^ndrucb  (to  dnw  up  n 
oimpjete  dtnlofue  at  boakx  printed  befon  1 500), 

Tbe  Univcniiy  Ubnry  (iBii)nuinbetBi».ooi>voli.tote<lier*ith 
ISDjOooaademicaluidKhooldiiKiutiiini.  The  number  of  valuinei 
lent  out  lA  1903-1009  Vlt  104,000-  The  libnry  pooenei  the  rivhE 
IDRcriveacopyolevcry  vorlLpubiidudidihepruvinceof  Bianden- 

Soae  ol  tbc  gowrnmantai  libnnes  are  important,  ntxciaJly  tbuie 
of  the  Scaliitiidw*  LtaAtmmt  CiB4,o(X)  vok.};  ReichjiaE  (1^1,000 
voU.)  i  Patem-AiDt  (lltMovol*.);  HainderAbgeocdnelen  (100,000 
voIl J t  AaiwftrtLgcft'Anit  (iiBaoo  vdIl)- 

The  pubic  HBnn  ol  Birba  eemaiiu  loim  nJ.^-  r«.»rtHJ 
IhernHh  iS  Buakiiid  VolbbihUathilcn  1 
nonu.  Tbe  il  VoU^ibllDiheken  coauin 

~      ~  inivcnlly  Gbnrie*  s 


lyodbi  Idhcentury 

USS-l;  CieUmnld  laatdxo  nrintHl 
^61,000  HiDted  vol*.,  KKO  MSS-  " 
iieo  Mffi.)t 


,'?4^Ts 


Kiel  Uj&Mo  pi 
printea  voIl.    iyjv   m^f^r- 

,   , .  .         _  (bout  Soo  MSS);   Manner 

(i9i«iiajifuted  vob..  too  MSS.).  Undn  ptwrincial  adniininntiin 
■n  the  KtB^ilichc  ud  Pniviniialbibliothtk  it  tbnover  {nj^m 
printed  vote..  4000  M5S.)i  (he  Ljmdnbiblialhcb  >t  C'lwt  lijo.ono 
printed  rait.,  uoa  M5S.1:  and  the  Kaivr-WUhelm-BibliDtlTeli  at 
Poien  tl^l.mopilniedviiU.).  A  nnmber  n(  the  larger  townt  pD«M 
excetkni  — -wp.!  ubniin:  Aii-b-Clnpdle  Ititdoo  nU.). 
■>~^ii  (164.000  volt.,  aooa  MSS.)i  Dintng  lni,baa  vola.  1400 
.):   Ftank(oTt_  a/ifjM^Jioo  »rfi.   besdn  _  MSS.J ,   Ci«.l 

.):  'Wic^aSen 


'■?! 


.  helibcarictot  Munich,  though  not  10  numemiiai 
include  two  o(  freat  importance.  The  Royal  Library, 
^  -  -  the  urgett  colkction  o^  boot*  In  Cermani 
"■"  by  Date  Albnchi  V.  o(  Bivaria  dsso-ij 
numeiH*  punhatet  Im  Italy,  and  incanenied  Ike 

NuKoberg  phyKian  and  hiatucian  SckeJel.  el  Widii 

of  J.  J.  Fugier.   The  number  of  printed  volt.  It  cttimalcd 
'  '30,000  and  about  50,000  MSS,    The  Ubrary  li  e^pecL  " 

— i.„i.    J  .1 i_: 1— i-ed  from  Ihe  tlbrar 

■ntalMSS.! 


:i3lly  ri( 


■ID  BoaaMeriet  c^iHd  in  1801.  The  oriental  MSS,  are  nunerouiand 
valuable,  and  include  tbg  Ubiaiy  of  Martin  Kiof.  The  araoum 
annually  spent  upoa  booki  arxl  binding  ia  Isooo.  The  calalo|un 
of  (he  printed  bookt  are  in  nunuicripi,  and^incliute  (i)  a  airneral 
alphabetical  ctlalonc.  (>)  an  alphabetiial  leperlorium  of  each  o(  the 
19S  HdidivlHoat  of  the  kbtary.  (3)  bionaphical  and  ethrr  nibjetl 
cactlogata.  Apri>tadcttalcfiHOIMSS.inBvolLwuin  igiowarly 
complete:  the  tint  wtt  pobEthed  in  tBsB,  The  library  ia  open  on 
veekdayi  from  S  to  ■  {November  id  March  B  jo  to  1 ),  and  on  MDnday 
to  Friday  (except  irom  AoguM  1  to  September  1 ;)  aim  from  i  10  B, 
The  nfuhiiaat  lor  the  »  of  the  Ubrary  am  very  Bmllar  id  IbiHe  of 
the  ftoyal  Library  e(  Berlin.  The  buildinf  wai  ere 
coHeclion  under  King  Loult  I  in  iB}i-iB4i,  The 
Unowtd  oa  tbt  ground  floor,  and  ■'■ ■ — 


er  Ooonare  devoted 


569 


riiito^ 


Furtded  at  [ngoliiadl  in  1471,  and 

lUlmher  al   vola,  auuunta  'lo   550A«:   the   MSS,    n      ' 
Fony^ii  Munich  libtariei  an  deKribeJ  in  Schmike' 
IS  of  which  pnasened  in  1009  about  1,000,000  ptini 

about  60,000  MSS.    Afler  the  two  nvntioned  above  iL _.  _>.,- 

wonhy   li  the   KSn^lch   Bayriiche   Armee-Bibliotbek   (loo.ooo 

The  chiel  Bavarian  Ubiaiiei  outilde  Munich  are  the  Royal  Ubrary 
Bamberg  (JSa.DOD  volt,,  4JD0  MSS.)  and  the  Univer^ty  Library  at 

"-'■   — -'-      1500  MSS,)^  both  include  rich  mooanic 

'  Library  at  Erlangeu  haa  1^7,000  vnla. 


Si's?™,;: 


a  Utanry^in  Dniidm,  iIk  Kblioihek  det 


jjsc  MSS.)  and  t'he SudtbibUothek  [1'04^'volT aunlvl^.). 

In  iqofi  there  wen  hi  Drevkn  7B  pubBc  libnriei  with  about 
1499.000  vult.  The  Royal  PubHc  Libnry  la  Ihe  Japueai  Pabca 
wai  loundcd  in  the  lt*h  ciituty.  Among  lu  aumuoaa  -  ^ 
acqulAiiiona  have  bi,«n  the  libnry  of  Count  BOnau  in 
i764.'"''>'K>^^^o[Dicrt.  Spcdalattentioii  It  devoted  Mhlnon 
and  literature.  The  libraiy  poneweinHrethaa  SMmovoU.  (1909); 
(he  MSS.  number  booD.  Miaiiiiop  to  (he  rcaiEng-roani  b  iran(ed  u 
any  le^jectable  adult  on  giving  hia  lume,  and  hookt  are  lent  out  (o 
pcTHDtqualifiedby  thcirpoaitunorby  aauiiablegua/aruee.  Here, 
ai  at  other  large  librarica  m  Germany,  works  of  bellea-lctlre*  arc  only 
npblicd  lor  a  literary  purpoie.  The  number 
reading-room  In  a  year  it  ibi 
lent,  ^hc  inond  Uugnt  lil 

iSiiooo  vnla.  the  ^daMiKhe  Centnl-llioliotbek  der  Comeniui. 
Siifiuni  iUMBO  vola,  aad  the  S(adibiblioibek  135,000  vola,  with 
ijooMSS, 

The  Royal  Poblic  Library  of  St  ultgan.  although  only  ealablithcd 
in  176}.  haa  grown  10  npidly  1ba(  k  now  poueaiet  about  J74.000 
vob,  of  priaud  work!  and  uoo  MSS.  There  It  a  famoua  —  „  , 
colknioa  of  Biblea.  contaliilnE  over  7M0  vab.    The  " 

annual  eipendidue  dcvo(cd  to  lioolit  and  biiidiiii  it  tU7S-  The 
libnry  abo  enjoys  tbc  cnpy-privilcge  in  Wbrttembcrg.  The  anotul 
number  r>f  borrowers  ii  over  3<ioo,  vhouae  pearly  3^.000  vob.  The 
number  iteuc^  in  (he  reading-room  b  41  ^no-  The  number  of  paicelt 
deipauhedfruBiSditt^  itnisriyljjMO.   AdmiHKKiii  alio  gladly 


TCkbin|ea  (yv,o( 


The  ^and^Uical  Ubrai 


'tl  Private  Library,  louadod 

Wamcmbeig  (he  Ui 
■  -SS.l  I      ■ 


abrary  formed 

vola,  and  about  j6oo  M^  I  looq ) 

in  t  he  cdune  o((he  )tw  it  abou  I ' 

nrmatkafco  ...  ,._   „,   -  - 

■  SnnMSS).anritbrSladibibl>oikckat  Maii 
USS I  in  whxk  it  attached  ibcCu(    ' 
In  ibe  r.raad  Dw  hy  of  Badrr  -  - 


Library  of 
d  Darmnadl  wat  calabliihcd  by  (he 

l"Tiienun.'^</Ioli*^        *"* 


neof  (he  year  it  aboui  90,( 
(he  o(lier  librarict  of  ibe  < 

'"    """    (he  Univpr^ly    Ubraiy    ai    ijHWfn    IJjUAWw  w^'m., 

■■    -     "  iblioikck  at  Maim  (iMdoiivDla.,  1100 
'     "      nberg  Muteun. 

, ihtHof.undLandea-lnTillothek 

CarliTube  (jai,noo  voU..  jBoo  MSS  ).  the  Univcriity  Libnry  at 
l-reibur«  i/B  (jon.ooo  volt,  700  MSS,(.  and  the  Univcriiiy  Library 
al  Hridelberg.  Thn.  (he  oMi^  ol  Ihe  Crrman  University  libraiir], 
•lai  lounrMin  1]«6,     In  IfiiJ  the  whiile  coHrcIion,  deaeiibcd  by 

Vsiican.-i.'"  "a*  carried  aa  a  lili  10  the  pone  and  only  the  German 
■      —■  library  wja  ri«labliJlfd, in 

rariwrf  nther  cS^alTiiaiea 

Jcuurcliti  (ijo.aoo  voIlI;  OlilcAbuir  (iib.oon  yoli,);  RMlocli 

Jl  pOHeving  rich  collectionB  of  MSS. 

TheDHCalUhraryoKxilha  witeatabliihedby  DukeEneu  Ihe 
lout  in  (ho  17th  century,  and  conuini  many  valuable  bookt  and 
■tSS.  from  nHinaitk:  colkcliooi.  It  nunben  about  a.^. 
<)imo  vols,,  with  7400  WSS.  The  catalogue  of  Ihe  ""^ 
■iental  MSS,.  chieSy  collected  by  Scelaen.  and  loming  one-half  el 


iiSJ'i'™™^ 


il  in  Ibe  19th  century;  1 


The  chid  lihtarie 


ic  moai  imponant  being  (he  Stadib 
Mit  dnce  164II  (jBj.ooo  volt.,  7»0  Ml 


voli.)  a  valuable  tr 


ibiUioIhek 


570 

Ubout  ia»an  vob.)  afta  th* 

auii  nccuiy  linaa]  of  lb*  ^ — 

vcniLtu-  und  LaddobibliollKk  u  SHuiburt.  which,  thoiicb 
founded  only  in  iSti  tonpUcctlut  which  hid  b«n  dstroycd  in  the 
iie«.  iliwdr  nniu  amHicit  tho  lugal  librana  at  the  cmptn. 
luboolu  ■nwanl  to 921/DO  nU^  Ehc number  of  MSS. ■■  5900. 

Tlie  Aifissbiuk  der  Biiiialkektw  itr  OakrTadhUnganiJien 

Mtnarlkit  by  Bobatta  and  HoUmarui  (igoo)  docnba  1014 

Ubniici  b  Aiulris,  6jA  in  Kungvy,  tod  ij  in  Dotoia 

ind  RcncgDvinh.     Included  is  Ih^  list,  howtvei,  ue 

private  lending  libraiio. 

The  lugat  libiuy  in  AuBtrii,  ind  one  c4  the  OMU  impattant 
collectiou  in  Europe,  i*  the  Imperial  Public  LIbnuy  a(  Vienu, 
^ipuemly  founded  by  the  empoDr  Frtdcriiik  III.  in  144a, 
(llbough  its  niuitrioui  Ubisiiui  Lunbedul,  in  Uw  wtU-hnown 
iniciiption  ovci  the  ealrsace  to  the  library  which  tununariici 
its  hiiuiy  iltributei  this  boooui  to  Fmlerlck'i  bob  Mitimiiiin. 
Howevei  thii  may  be,  the  muni&aiice  of  iucctediii(  empoon 
greatly  added  to  ibe  iicatih  of  tbe  callcction,  including  a  not 
incoDsidcrsble  potlioa  of  the  dispelled  libiuy  of  Cwviniia. 
Since  i5aS  the  library  hai  alio  been  entitled  to  the  cc^-priviicffr 
In  reapect  of  all  books  published  in  the  empire.  The  suni 
devoled  to  the  purchase  and  hlndlng  of  books  is  £6o6S  annua lly- 
~~  imbcr  of  printed  vols,  ia  1,000,000;  Soeo  incunafaula. 
J  77,000,  ^th  roo,ooo  papyri  of  Ihe  coilection 
.  Tie  main  library  apurtmenl  ii  one  of  the 
most  splendid  halls  In  Europe.  Admisaion  to  the  reading-room 
is  fret  to  eveo'body,  and  books  aiealso  lent  out  under  striclei 
limitations.  The  Umveniiy  Library  of  Vienna  wu  established 
by  Maria  Theresa.  The  rcadinj-rDom  ia  open  (o  all  corners, 
and  tbe  library  ia  open  from  ist  Oct.  lo  jolh  June  from  9  Im. 


TheMSS-ai 


IS  lor 


447.jgi  vols,  were  used  in  the  library,  4j. 
Vienna,  and  A519  vi^  acnt  carriage  free  to  Donowets  ouisiae 
Vienna.  The  number  of  printed  vols,  is  157,000.  For  the  pur- 
chase of  books  and  binding  the  Vienna  University  Library  bas 
annually  6c,oob  crowns  ftom  Ib^  itale  11  well  aa  44,000  oowns 
from  matriciUalion  feis  and  oootributlons  from  the  ttudenis. 

The  total  niunbcr  of  libraric*  in  Vknoa  munmted  Yn  Bobatt> 
and  Holamann  It  16s,  and  many  of  them  an  of  contideTubte  extent. 
One  of  the  oldest  and  rnou  Important  librartca  of  the  monarchy  ii  tbe 
Univenity  Libnrysi  Cracow.  iriih^o«oavpli.  and  I164  MSS. 

Thty  poiieii  altonctker  mofe  ihan  i.soo.ono  pHnicd  voli.,  ij.ooa 
iocunabula  aiwl  35,000  MSS.  Thr  old«t  of  Ihcm.  and  the  oldest  In 
Auvria,  Is  that  of  the  rnonutrry  of  St  Peter  at  Salitxirg,  whkh  wm 
otabliihed  by  ArchbisKop  Amo  1785-ait).    It  includa  70,000  voli, 

KrcnumuntteT  {loo.mo),  Admont  (te.ooo)  and  Mellt  170,000],  all  of 
them  dating  from  the  11th  cmtury.  Many  of  the  lihrariirn  of 
these  monastic  librariea  are  trained  in  the  iieat  Vieima  librarie*. 

Information  about  income,  adrninislratbn,  acces^ns,  Alc,  of 
the  chief  libraries  in  the  Hungarian  kingdom,  are  given  in  the 
j^^  Hungarian  Slcliilical  Yiar  Buti  annually.  The  largest 
""*"'•    library  in  Hungary  Is  the  SiArbenyi-Nntionalbibliot  bek 

~    ■  '       '   ■■  1  1  ioi  by  the  gift  of  Ite  library    '  " 


,enyi.   . 


-inlcdvoLs,  i6,oc 


lUSS., 


The  Univenfly 
ncludcs  I7j,ooo  printed  book!  and  more 
c  i3q7  there  has  been  in  Hungary  1  Chief 


aU  public  iDuicums  ai 


Catholic  Chunh  are  many  in  number  but  not  u 
St  MiiliniliciB.  it  the  central  library  of  the  order  i 

re^stabliihment  ^  the  r>nkT.  The  principal  treasni 

iii:h  century)  wen.  on  the  ■ecutaniation  of  the  mi 
Dieph  IL.distribuKd  among  tbe  sUtt  libcariea  in  B 
AiBong  the  Swiss  libraries,  which  numbered 
then  b  none  of  the  hisl  rank.     Only  ih 


es  of  this  abbey 


vols.'  -the  University 


e  fou 


Ju£S  fucxnam 

CanioDal  Ubnry  U  T<iMiBi»a,  and  Ihe  Sudtbibliothek  at 
Berne,  which  since  1905  Is  united  to  the  University      _  ^ 
Library  of  that  dty.    One  great  advantage  of   the     a«L* 
Swiss  libraries  is  that  they  neariy  all  possess  printed 
catalogues,  which  gnatly  luitbcr  the  plan  of  oompihng  a  gnat 
general  catalogue  ol  aU  the  libraries  of  the  republic.    A  valuable 

literature  since  1S4S  is  collected  by  the  Landes-BibLiolhek  at 
Berne,  (atabliahed  in  tSos  for  this  ^ledal  object.  Tbe  older 
lilenture  is  brought  together  in  the  Bilrgetbiblialhel:  a(  Lucerne, 
for  Hhich  ll  has  a  govemnient  grant.  The  mgnatiic  libraries 
of  St  GtU  and  Einsiedeln  date  ropectlvely  from  the  yean  gjo 
and  9«t,  and  are  of  great  histotiol  aad  literary  intcieti- 

■■   ■forthi.accouniby 

Pr  he  Royal  Library, 

Be  tlicllititn  by  Paul 

Scl  Uitcn  omeUukoi 

(L  I.  by  P.  Sch»-enke 

an.  :Bchan.ky,  D,i  K. 

Bi  e,  Letpam  Bitiio- 

iti  jiiTrvUnna,  r'900); 

Ri  «(r905):A.  HDbl, 

Di  ■rJ4«-roaS(iooB); 


r,  niL  L  [1901). 


my. 


.  Its]/  is.  of  couisa,  the 

coiuitry  in  which  theoldcat  ciistinglibtartcs  mtist  be  looked  for, 
and  In  which  (he  rarest  and  nnat  valuable  MSS,  art  preserved. 
The  Vatican  at  Rome  and  the  Laurtntiao  Library  at  Florence 
are  tufGdcnt  in  themselves  10  euiiile  Italy  to  tank  before  most 
other  sutes  In  that  respect,  and  the  venerable  relics  at  Vercelli, 
Monte  Casino  and  La  Cava  bear  wilneis  to  the  enligbtenmnt 
of  the  peninsula  while  other  nations  were  slowly  taking  their 
places  in  the  drile  ol  Christian  polity.  The  local  rights  and 
interests  which  so  long  helped  to  impede  the  unlficstion  of  Italy 
wcro  useful  in  creating  and  preserving  at  numerous  tninor 
centres  many  Libraries  ohich  otherwise  would  probably  have 
been  lost  during  the  progress  of  absorption  that  lesulls  from  such 
ceatnJiulion  as  citsia  in  England.  Id  spite  of  long  centuries 
of  BUfTcring  and  of  the  aggrosion  of  foreign  swords  and  foreiga 
gold,  Italy  is  ittU  rich  in  books  and  KISS.  The  latest  oClicial 
statistics  (iSoA]  give  parlicidars  of  tSji  libraries,  of  which 
410  an  provincial  and  communal.  In  iSoj  then  were  541 
libraries  of  a  popular  character  and  Indtiding  circulating  libraries. 
The  governmental  libraries  {bibiicttcke  tnerna/iae}  number  36 

The  Jittilamta,,  conlralling  them  was  issued  in  the  Bul- 
fUiMf/^jo/r,  S  Dec.  1007,  Theyconsiiloflhenational  *™* 
central  libraries  of  Rome  (Vitlorio  Emgnuelc)  and  SHaSm. 
Florence,  ol  the  national  libraries  ol  Milan  (Braidenw), 
Naples,  Palermo,  Turin  and  Venice  (Marciana);  the  Blbliotoca 
govemativa  at  Cremona;  the  Marucelliana,  the  Uedice«-Lau- 
reniiana  and  the  Rlccardiana  al  Florence;  the  govenativa  at 
Lucca;  tbe  Esteuse  at  Modena;  the  firancacdani  and  that  of 
San  GiacoDio  al  Naples;  the  Palatina  al  Parma;  the  Angelica, 
the  Casanatenae,  and  tbe  Landsiana  al  Rome;  the  university 
libraries  of  Bologna,  Cagliari,  Catania,  Genoa,  MeSAina,  Hodena, 
Naples,  Padua,  Pavii,  Pisa,  Rome  and  Sissari;  tJ 


o  the  ui 


irary  for 


purposes);  the  Vallicelliana  aiul  the  musical  library  of  the  R. 
Accad.  of  St  Cecilia  at  Rome;  the  musical  section  ol  the  Palatine 
at  Parma;  and  the  Lucchesi-Palli  (added  to  the  national  library 
at  Naples].  Then  are  provisions  whenby  small  coUecIians  can 
be  united  10  larger  libraries  in  the  same  place  and  where  then 
an  several  govemment  libraries  in  one  ciiy  a  kind  ol  corporal* 
administration  can  be  arranged.  The  libraries  belonging  to 
bodies  concerned  with  higher  education,  to  the  royal  scientific 
and  literary  academies,  fine  art  galleries,  museums  and  acholastic 
institutions  are  ruled  by  ipcdal  ngulilloas.  The  minutec  ol 
public  iiuiruciion  is  assisted  by  a  tedmial  I)Wd-| , ,  ■ 


hd  Inlo  (0  libruuiu 
lub-keepen  of  MSS.. 
Lubcn,  tic.    'noEe  of 


or  knpen  of  MSS,;  [>)  lub-IibianiiD],  oi 

(}}  ittEDduits,  at  book  diUiibuion;  (t) 

din  I  caoitlimc  (be  "  boud  ol  dinciios,"  wtucb  a 

over  by  the  libiulu.  sad  mccti  from  lime  to  time  U 

libruy-  Each  libniy  is  to  pouaa,  alike  lor  booki  ai 
a  Ccnenl  iaventoryi  an  acccaiioDi  rc^alcr,  aa  ilph&betjcal 
■uthoT-uUiogue  ind  ■  lubjcct-oiuliigue.  WIkd  ihcy  an 
nidy,  ciuloEuci  of  Ihe  ipcdal  cdUccUoib  an  to  be  compiled 
and  theu  the  gDvcmmcat  intends  to  pnnt.  A  gencraJ  caLalogui 
oi  the  USS.  was  in  igio  bcsog  issued  together  with  catalogues  tr, 
Ciienta]  eodicia  and  incunibula.  Variom  otbcc  imall  registen 
are  provided  for.  The  turns  granled  by  Ihe'sUtt  lor  tjbnty 
purposes  must  be  applied  to  (i)  salaries  and  the  catalogues  of  the 
USS.;  (j)  maiulenance  and  otiiei  expenses,  (j)  purchase  of 
books,  landing  ud  repaln,  &c.  Books  an  cboaen  by  Ihc 
librarians.  In  the  university  Ubmis  port  of  the  expenditure 
is  decided  by  the  librarians,  and  par^  by  a  coundl  formed  by  the 
professon  of  the  difiereni  laculties.  The  rules  ISaO  U^^cialt. 
Sept.  i;.  ifoS)  for  lending  bosks  and  MSS.  alkn  tliem  to  be 
~  [0  other  countries  under  spedal 


purcbaia.  their  acniaona  in  190S  w 
mon  than  the  previous  year.  The  number  of  readeis  i 
(Teaiing.  In  igoB  there  were  i.i;6,gi4.  vho  made  us 
■iASo,M'  vol*.,  showing  an  increue  of  30^ jb  readers 
tj.Sjg  books  uconliuted  wiib  the  statistics  of  the  prei 
year.  Two  monthly  publications  catalogue  the  aceei«oii 
these  libniies.  one  dealing  with  copyright  additions  of  In 
lileiatun.  the  other  with  all  foreign  books. 

The  minister  tS  public  instniction  has  kept  a  watcUnl  1 
the  Klerary  tressures  of  thi 
187s  there  wen  1700  of  ih<  .  . 
two  miUiona  and  a  hali  of  volumes.  About  6ja  ol  the  coUectiDnt 
wen  added  to  the  cmtenti  of  the  public  libraries  already  in 
existence;  the  msaining  lojo  were  handed  over  to  the  dlHerent 
local  authorities,  and  served  to  form  3;  I  new  coimnunal  libraries, 
and  in  iSjCi  the  number  of  new  libraries  10  composed  w>*4ij. 

The  Biblloteca  Vaiicana  stands  Id  the  very  6rs(  rank  among 
European  libraries  as  regards  antiquity  and  wealth  of  MSS. 
y^,,^^  We  can  tncc  back  the  history  of  the  Bihtioieca 
Vaticana  to  the  eariiest  recsrdi  of  (be  Scrinium 
Sidii  Apmlilicat,  which  was  enshritied  in  safe  custody  at  the 
Lateran,  and  later  on  partly  ia  the  Tunis  ChanuUria,  bul  of 
■0  the  Ihingt  that  used  to  be  stored  there,  the  only  sutvivil, 
■ibd  thai  is  a  dubious  example,  is  tbe  celebrated  Codex  Amiatinus 
DOW  Id  the  Lauientian  Library  at  Florence.  Of  the  new  period 
Inaugurated  by  Innocent  111.  then  but  remains  to  us  the 
Inventory  made  under  Bonilace  Vm.  llie  tibnuy  ihir«d  in 
the  removal  of  the  Papal  court  to  Avignon,  where  the  collection 
was  nnewed  and  IncRBsed,  but  the  Pontihcal  Library  at  Avigaon 
has  only  in  part,  and  Id  bter  times,  been  taken  into  the  Library 
of  the  Vatican.  This  Utter  Is  a  new  creation  of  the  great 
humanist  popes  of  the  15th  ceatuiy.  Eugenius  IV.  planted  the 
fint  seed,  but  Nicholas  V.  mult  be  looked  upon  as  the  real 
founder  of  the  hliraiy,  to  which  Sixtui  IV.  consecrated  a  definite 
abode,  ornate  and  splendid,  'm  the  Court  of  the  PnppagaUo. 
Siitus  V.  erected  the  present  magnificent  building  Id  ijBS,  and 
greatly  augmented  the  colleciioa.  The  library  increaMd  under 
various  popes  and  librarians,  among  the  most  noteworthy  of 
whom  were  MarcelloCervini,  the  first  CardiRo/eBiA'iff'KDHff,  Later 
Pope  Marcel  U.,  Slrleto  and  A.  Carafa.  In  160a  it  was  further 
enriched  by  the  acquistiioD  of  the  valuable  library  of  Fulvio 
Onini.  which  contained  the  pick  of  the  most  prcdoos  libraries. 
Ttipt  Paul  V.  (1605-1611)  separated  the  library  from  the 
tichives,  fixed  the  progressive  numeration  of  the  Creek  and 
Latin  MSS.,  and  added  two  great  halls,  called  the  Pauline,  for 
tbe  new  codices.  Under  him  end  under  Urban  VUI.  a  number 
of  MSS.  were  purchased  from  the  Convento  of  AssisI,  ol  the 
Minerva  at  Rome,  ol  the  CapranJca  College,  &c.    Espetiglly 


notPBForthy  an  the  awiait  and  baadlnl  MSS.  tt  Ha 
Donastery  of  Bobbio,  and  ibote  which  were  acquired  in  variout 
ways  from  the  monastery  of  Rossaoo.     Ci^ory  XV.  ( r6is) 

received  from  Maximilian  1.,  duke  of  Bavaria,  by  way  oi  com- 
pensation  for  the  money  supplied  by  him  for  tbe  war,  the  valuable 
library  si  the  Elector  Palaiioe.  which  was  seiied  by  Count  Till) 
at  the  capture  of  Heidelberg.  Alexander  VII,  (lAjS),  having 
purchased  the  large  and  brauiiful  collection  formerly  belonging 
to  the  dukes  of  Urbino,  added  tbe  MSS.  of  it  to  the  Vatican 
library,  The  Litrtria  dtUt  Scgina,  i.e.  ol  Christina,  queea  ol 
Sweden,  compoeed  of  very  precioui  manuscripts  from  andent 
French  monasteries,  frorn  St  GaU  in  Switaeriand,  and  other*— 
also  of  the  MSS.  of  Alexandre  Peitu,  of  gnat  Importance  for 
their  hiiioiy  and  French  literature,  was  purchased  and  in  great 
part  presented  to  the  Vatican  library  by  Pope  Alexander  VIIL 
(Ottobom)  in  i6S«,  whUe  other  MSS.  came  in  Inter  with  the 
Oltoboni  hbmry.  Under  Clement  XI.  then  was  the  noteworthy 
puttbaae  o(  the  »  Greek  MSS.  which  had  belonged  to  Pius  II., 
and  also  the  increase  of  the  coUeciian  of  Oriental  MSS.  Under 
Beoedia  XIV.  there  came  into  the  Vatican  Ubiaiy.  as  a  legacy, 
the  library  of  the  Marchese  Capponi,  very  rich  in  rare  and 
valuable  Italian  editions,  besides  185  MSS  -,  and  by  a  purchase, 
the  Biblioleca  Otioboniana,  which,  from  its  wealth  in  Creek. 
Latin,  and  even  Hebrew  MSS.,  was,  after  that  of  the 
Vatican,  tbe  richest  in  all  Rome.  Clement  XIII.  in  i;sa, 
decent  XIV.  in  i76g,  and  Kus  VI.  In  177J  were  also  bene- 
factoit.  During  three  centuries  the  vast  and  monumental 
Ubcary  grew  with  uninterrupted  pccspcrlty.  but  it  was  to  undergo 
ere  blow  at  the  end  of  the  18th  cenlniy.  In  ij^g,  as  a 
I  to  the  Treaty  of  Tolenlino,  500  MSS.  picked  from  the 
valuable  of  Ihe  different  caOecIions  wen  sent  to  Pari) 
by  tbe  victorious  Fnoch  to  enrich  the  Blblioth&iue  Rationale 
and  other  libiariea.  These,  however,  were  chiefly  restored  in 
iSt5.  Most  of  tbe  Palatine  MSS.,  which  formed  part  of  the 
plunder,  found  their  way  back  to  the  univenily  of  Heidelberg, 
Pius  VII  acquired  for  the  Vatican  the  Ubraryol  Cardioal  Zelada 
i&oo.  and  among  other  punbasea  of  the  igth  century  must 
eqiecially  noted  the  splendid  CItognan  coUeclion  ol  anhaeo- 
Jy  and  an  IiSij);  as  well  as  the  library  In  40.000  vols,  d 
Cardinal  Angelo  Mai  (i80).  Recent  mon  Important  purchases, 
during  tbe  Pontificale  of  Leo  XIII.,  have  been  the  Boighese 
MSS.,  about  jco  in  number,  npnsenling  part  of  the  andent 
library  of  lb*  popes  at  Avignon;  the  entin  precious  library  of 
ihe  Baibcriai,  tbe  Bor^  colieciioa  Dc  Finpatanda  Fi4t, 
»ntaining  Latin  and  Oriental  MSS.,  and  500  incunabula. 

Few  hbiarte  are  90  magiuficently  housed  as  the  Biblioteca 
Vaticana.  The  famous  Caftn  Vulicani  are  placed  in  the  lolone 
ir  great  double  hall,  which  is  decorated  with  frescoes  depicting 
indent  librariea  and  councils  of  tbe  chunh.  At  the  end  of  the 
great  haQ  an  immense  gallery,  s 


.,  opens 


n  right  ti 


preserved  in  diSerent  rooms  the  codid  Palatini,  Re^,  Olto- 

boniani,  Cappocuonl,  &c.    The  printed  books  only  an  00  open 

shelves,  the  MSS.  being  preserved  in  dosed  cases.    Tbe  printed 

books  that  were  at  fint  stored  in  the  BorgiB  Apartment,  now 

the  lilirary  ol  Cardinal  Mai,  constitute  in  great  part  the 

Nuota  Sola  di  CffnnlJdEtefie,  which  was  opened  to  students  under 

the  Pontificate  of  Leo  XIU.    Other  books,  on  the  other  hand. 

are  still  divided  Into  i*  and  i*  raccdii,  according  la  the  andent 

mominalJon,  and  are  stored  in  adjacent  balls. 

WcD-reuoned  calculations  place  tbe  total  numbei  of  printed 

nks  at  400.000  vob.;  of  incunabula  about  4000,  iritb  many 

ilium  cot^es;  joo  Aldinoand  a  great  nuniber  of  bibliographical 

ritiea.     Tbe  Latin  manuscripts  number  3'J73;  the  Grttk 

nonnt  to  414S;  the  Oriental  MSS..  of  which  tbe  computailon 

Dot  complete,  amount  to  about  400a.    Among  the  Greek  and 

Latin  MSS.  an  some  of  the  most  valuable  In  the  world,  alike  (m 

ity  and  intrinsic  importance.    It  it  sufficient,  to  mcnlion 

Dous  biblical  Coda  ValUam  ol  the  4th  century,  the  two 

Vlrfib  of  the  4th  and  5th  centuria,  the  Bembo  Tsoce,  th« 

paUmpsesI  Di  SefnUka  of  Gcero,  conjectured  to  be  (d  the  4tb 

y,  discovered  by  Cardiol  Mai,  and  an  eittaordinaiy 


572 

numbei  <i(  ncUjr  oi 


tlBRARIES 

y  lad  cosiU-     The  Bl 


c  iput  (rom  the  tibiuy.  and  ue  *ccaiililc 
public  undo  CDndiiiooi.  Leo  XIII.  ippoinied 
0  consider  whal  docnraenu  of  gentad  inicicM 
Dlghl  upedicDlIy  be  published. 

The  Biblioleca  Vxiouu  ii  now  open  [rom  Octobci  ill  to  Eulo 
every  momiDg  bclWRo  q  and  ■  o'dnck,  ud  Inim  Etnei  to 
June  19  irom  S  o'clock  to  11,  with  Ihc  eictpliDn  of  Suodayi. 
Thundays  sod  the  principal  fetit  dayi. 

Ciuloi^Es  ol  ipedal  cluaei  o(  USS.  have  been  publiibed. 
ThcOriesulMSS.bivebccndacnbcdbyJ  S. Aaaraia, Bihiiir- 
tiaca  orienuait  Clcmaitiiw-Valkana  (Rome.  1710-1718,  4  volt, 
(slio),  ud  BM.  VbI.  codd.  USS.  tauhfiu  ai  S.  E.  d  J.  S. 
AiHmano  rtdatlia  (ib.,  I7j6-I7SQ.  1  ■'ols-  'olio),  and  by  Cudinal 
Mai  in  5cn>l.  Vtl.  wh  ctHalin.  The  Coplii^  MSS.  have  been 
specially  trcaled  by  C.  Zocga  (Rome,  i8ie,  folio)  and  by  F.  G, 
Boniour  (Kome,  ifigg,  alo).  There  ale  pnnCcd  catalajtucs  d(  ihe 
Capponi(i747landtlieCiciigiiara(iBHi)lihTaries.  ThefoUowing 
caiilogua  have  lately  been  primed:  E.  Slevcnton,  Ceid. 
Palatini  Graai  Uias).  CiM.  (k.  Si[.  Stuiiat  ti  Pii  tt.  USSS); 
FeroD-Batli^ni,  Cadd.  OUoboa.  Graai  (iSoj);  C.  Slcrnaioki, 
Cadi.  UrbiniUa  Cr.  {iSgs],  E..Stevcn>on.  CedJ.  Paialiwi  lal. 
Urn.  1  (iSM):  G.  Salvo-Couo,  Cadiii  Cap/Hmiani  (1897), 
H.  Vattaiao  and  P.  Fnnchi  dr'  Cavalicri,  Ccdd.  Lot.  VhImki, 
torn.  I  (1901);  C.  Stomaiolo,  CaOcii  UrUnalei  Laliid,  tom.  1 
(1^1);  £.  Slevnuoo,  iHtnilarii  id  libri  slampati  Palaipa- 
"    '  ■  .;— .^  Egyptian 


K  NuioDak'^in 

■"•^     thenal 
hat  now.  by  put 

lalhi  Ddag  ai 


library  in  luly  fur  modem  requirv 
Viiiorio  EnuRu,'^.    From  ii>  fDiini 

i^th?  clSlPtio  ko'i^rm."",!?  °1mK.' 
.__  jf  iht  Pruvinda  Konuna 

JlUlhrOlwh  th^KUDnrnAianc 

jaihi  being  ami^isratei- 

and  AioD  MSS.   Notevonhy 
Setsonanl  MSS,  of  Sar"  *■— 

o(  ihe  6ih  to  Ihe  Sih  .._  . 

been  recently  reorganind.   IliirvhinibehisloryoriherniaJBiancr-. 
Italian  and  (DreigA  reviews,  and  Roman  lopography.    A  monthly 
BtlitthMO  b  iBWicd  nf  nudfrtt  foRign  lilenturs  ivuived  by  iJie 
libiarieiof  Inly. 
The  Blblioteca  CaODUrnw,  lonnded  by  Cardinal  CosnaTe  !n 

re  than  5000  MSS.! 


;h  had  drvotsTd  lo 
I'  RcliEioui  Ordcn. 

in'tnf^L.'and'  is 

Ji  1600  incgnabula 

amoiw  these  arc  (hr  Fdrfenn  anl  the 
ce  in  Jerusaiein,  and  sonv  of  these  bsl 


The  SiUioteca  Ai^ 
Rocca,  an  Auguilinii 


iialiwue  of  ihe  prinifd  books  by  A- 
nodti  ol  lu  kind  (Roiaa,  i7bI-17SS. 

lafoitndedln  tAos  by  MonsiBTior  Annlo 
_.  .L-  t.^,  i:i.r.».  I..  D.^^  i.^  .1.^ 


Tlte  BiblloMca  UniverMlaHa  AlHandrin  ns  founded  by  Pope 
AleurKltf  VII..  Tiihtbegrrater  parr  of  the  prioted  books  bcknEins 
■a  Iha  duko  ol  Urt>uio,aiKl  wuapenrd  in  1O7&  In  iBis  Piui  Vlf 
oraatad  to  it  the  rzRht  to  rrcnve  a  copy  of  every  printed  book  in  the 
btatea  el  the  Chordi.  vhich  rr^nt  at  the  pfeseot  time,  by  virtoe  of 
Ihekmsl  Italy.  Is  CDBtiflued.  but  hnulcdtothe  pnivimc^  Romv, 
TIk  lihiaiy  poeeeinea  ISMIDO  printed  books,  600  incoubula,  376  M  SS. 

The  Ubraiv  of  Ibe  &lnate  va*  established  at  Turin  in  iM.  I1 
contains  nea^y  87,aoi>  vola.  and  is  rich  in  munidjpal  hiKory  and  Ihe 
statutes  o(  liaUan  dties.  Ihe  tasl  conertianailendinc  ta2«igHaIuin 
ee  vols,  la  679  muwdpaKlia.    The  library  of  the  Cbmber  of 

vor^  and  npedaUy  in  juris[siideia.  native  aad  (ofii|a  history. 

*^Sr&bHMeta  VaHiajTian.  ma  lodndcd  br  Achille  Stario  (igi ). 

Ike  tth  ontiiTy  attributed  IB  Alciiin,  and  some  inediied  writings  of 
Barooiiis.  lloDwcan(aiusiSAoovi>U.aad  ijijMSS,  SincelMliil 
bi>  been  in  tbt  custody  ei  the  It.  SocieU  Romana  di  Sloria  Patna. 


UacWana,  (nandid  la  1711  by  &  M.  Lucol.  la 

iBiuavK  ivi  .i*  medical  coUcclions. 

In  1S71  Prolesnr  A.  SartI  pieiented  to  Ihe  chy  ol  Rome  his 
collKiLon  of  line-ari  books,  ro.ooo  vols-,  which  was  i^iced  In  charge 
of  the  Accadcmia  di  San  Luca.  which  already  pOBosed  a  saod 
■TtisiK  library.  The  Biblioteca  Centrale  Militin  (.iSfij)  inclvdes 
6A,ooa  printed  vols,  aad  77/100  aiapa  and  plans  relatina  to  military 
affairs;  and  the  Biblioteca  della  R.  Accad.  di  S.  CmTia  (ilij),  a 
valuable  musKal  eolkclion  of  40,ooo,vDliinir>  and  lyn  Msi 

(l060)cantainaI)/x»voli.and]g77M^.  ^lU Cordn'ianL founded 
byClcmcnl  XII.  (LorcuoCaninilii  rich  in  incunabula, ai^  includes 

Acodemla 


Calcppi  anif  Di  Pi 


The  BiMioteca  Kaiionale  Centrale  of  Florence,  famed  from  the 
union  ol  Matfliabechi's  library  ivith  the  PalsilH,  is  the  largest  after 
ihe  Viiioriofeinanucle  al  Rome.  The  Mijiiabechi  col-  - 
Icciionbnamepublicpropenyin  J7]A.andwHhac(T«aions 
from  lime  to  time,  held  an  independent  place  until  i86a.  when  the 
Palaiina  llormHl  hy  Ferdinand  II]..  Grand  Duke  of  TuuflyJ.  waa 
incorporated  wiih  11.  Auold  statute  by  wkicha  copy  olevsv  work 
printed  in  Tuscany  was  10  be  presented  to  Ihe  Magliabechi  library 
wfli  formerly  much  oe*lecie^  ^■■'  ^^^  *— "  — a*.*:-*j  -_— * 
neorously  inTorceunce  iSto. 

book  publiihed  In  ifat  kingdon.  > 


ub^ssJddl 


ihniy,  and  the  MSS.  indudc 

ponani  cnint  milici  of  f^otr  a--"  ' " 

Hiuonans  from  \'illanl  to  Machb 
iheprintedbooksisavnybigtasL.     . 
a  grcal  number  ol  ibe  JbipfrssmttsseiH 

100 books  printed  00  vcUum, and  am, 

histories  and  sututes,  ol  Irstt  A  Itiinia  and  of  mapa.  The  GalAn 
collfction  numbers  AOl  MSS.  The  MS.  ponoLsnl.  15  In  number.  M« 
for  the  most  part  oTgioat  ImportaiBc;  ine  oldest  b  dated  1417.  aind 
several  seem  to  be  the  otirinal  charu  executed  for  Sir  Roben  Dudbv 
(duke  of  Nonhumbcfiand)  in  the  pcepiralion  ol  hii  jfriau  iti  Uari. 
The  library  contains  111)09)  S7i.6i)8  printed  vols.,  jo.iaj  MSS.,  9037 


,|;^M5S^90g 


Chun'?. " 


w  3000  autographs.  It  to 


.  printed  in  the  isth  sealuiy  {iadisdiBg  the 

ilofilr  Sanu  dt  Die  ol  Bettiiu,  I4];),  413  AhUoe  imprtsBOns. 
-  — ■ *■"-  »-■"■-  "--  ■■ Amongst  the  MSS.  are  an 


early  C^nte  aiid  autognph  letters  ol 
aulogiafdi.  and  a  hnessncaol  illaB(n 
lures  repreaenUnc  the  advance  ol  Iti 


silury.  OaeroonbdavotcdlotbeworlaalManaHiL 
UbIlHtca  Naiionale  at  Naples,  though  only  opened  M 

.._.._.  ,.  .i_ , ~  "■-— ^-of  that  taty.   Thenudeusl 

loo  ol  Canllnal  Sal-       „, 


iS.udrrinMdbo 

. , D  Iron  other  si;^.^.., 

at  1B4S  many  private  and  eonvmtual  Gbniiea  were 
Ncseollun  maricel,  and  stiU  more  so  b  lUo.  The 
I  b  rkh  n  niftba,  comiMndni  wkh  the  Maini  BiUa 


of  l4b>.printedonirdlHm.  OtberiveeiBl f satutcn an 
of  Mli  A  Jiana,  that  ol  books  on  — ' — —  -"--  "— 

existence  of  the  publKatlons  ol  Italli 
and  a  nearly  complete  set  of  the  wi 


UBRARIES 

itnry.    Tb«l£nry 

■  inMrntiDv  booin  nUck 
ibcd  in  ■  ciUlona  stlBted  In 
al  ciuisiiiiHiriliB  iMh  uul 
KiiH  of  the  Sciliu  puUk^ 


573 


'iuia»aklti«c%latii 


iStj,  and  in  Aldi 

lioiuiililK  i6<k  ocDiury.  mui 
16TJ98  prioud  vgli.,  auo  in 

Th.  Btbliowa  NutoMk  Ui , 

tlw  doHtioa  ti  the  private  libmy  ol  lb*  Houk  o(  Shov.  whlcli  in 

Kl  m>  BHk  to  the  Uaivtnltyb*  ViRoriaAiBaJtall. 
dkutnHBireafJuiuuytQCHOHtroyfldnluut  34^000 
,.  _...-.. .^'. ...„£.?= -^,101. MSS., 

Uut  ptriilKd 

.„  .,_jTlifa£rinaiB 

f.    Whu nctHil lb* KnotiiElr w 

■'  ■  "  -       ths  be  the 


the  vxLii^le  o^lectioii  at  1095  i 

ii  the  ffuiMaJt  Dmnonm  01 

libnry  hu  boen  enrichal  by  new  nTt 
hhich  it  tlic  rDUrctioci  of  vt^too  vob.  ; 


PTwnted  bv  BwDB  Alberto 


cs, 


— , ,   —   tlie  Fmcb  Itev(itiitI-_ 

-iTv  V1U  in  i^ia  Bbovt  to  be  tnnsfecnd  to  the 

Ibe  PuluKi  c4  the  Dcblto  Fidilice.    The  BibliMcct 
••--■-'"■ ■■-■     lUyioqDded 


r  Ubtity  ol  5t  Mark  at  Venice. 
1  1361  by  1  danatioa  e(  M^ 
tU  of  tJKn  now  kiitE)  and  inmniiea  ai  ■ 
.     Tbe  printed  ynlk.  mirnti 
06  MSS.  of  rresl.vili; 

— ,^ a  on  Venetian  hialofy,  munc  ant 

thcatnr»  lare  lacuaabub,  and  a  great  number  ol  vDlumei,  unique  o 

In  Mbmei.  an  ■ — '*-'^-  ■'-•-  ■"•-<— 


■aict 


li  MS.  d[  Supi'i  Hiitnr;  a/  Uir 
I, kT! J  .L.,  igpmeiMDn 


of  the  Lombaxdat  ani 
Ctmitil  al  TraU.    Ui 

Jiave  been  iocorporaUd  with  the  Maniaaa,  wh         . 

■Bthe  Ubceria  del  SaiHDvinD,  Irani  lAickianmit  vutramlfned 

Pabuo  della  Zcoa  (The  MintJ. 

Anwog  the  univer^y  hbmrica  nndB*  garcmiDent  Gonniil  vme 
dewtva  (ptcial  mio.  Tint  In  hlitorical  Inpanaaa  cooa  tht 
...I  ,,.,„  BibUotacB  deUa  UntvcniH  al  Bokna.  faandtd  by  the 
jyTTf  aunnKu  U.  AldrovanA,  who  bHnialbtd  by  Ua  will  ia 
l<H  to  tbe  amata  ai  Bolasna  hb  tallecuoa  ol  sfiaa 
priand  booki  and  3«o  1435.  Count  Xui^  F.  ManlU  Incieaad 
the  libiary  by  a  iplnidid  lift  b  1711  and  tatabKibtd 


.aateoneiriae  a  lichOrieotalcolkclioaolwK— - 

,  J73  in  Turldvh,  and  lenta]  ia  PnlaD,  Ameman  and 

itew.    Amonpt  ihe  Latin  codicea  ia  a  Lactantiid  ol  the  btb  or 

lotewonhy  anidea  inchide  a  cofiy  ol  Ihe 


blishnj  Greek  tt: 


b  century},  the  Avfeenna. 

I  Monllaucon'i  Diariam  IlaUcum.  and  nme 
L  Amonrn  the  lulian  MSS.  i>  ■  rich  aoen- 
Hage  a  iniinicipai  buioriea.  Menolanli  wti  foe  a  Kmi  time  tbe 
cuitodiao  berc,  and  hii  own  caliection  ol  boofca  haa  been  incofporated 
in  the  library,  which  ia  TCBiariaiblc  bkewiae  for  the  Dumber  ol  eflriy 
ediiioBi  and  Al^nei  which  it  amtahu.  A  coBcctha  of  drawinga  by 
Agndno  Caimcd  ia  another  apecial  fMton  of  worth.  The  giand 
hall  with  1»  £ne  lumltnre  hi  wiln lit  wood  meriti  particular  attention. 
The  ffiUkitaa  delta  Unlveiritt  at  Napka  waaeatabGdied  by  Joachim 

Muiatln  ilii  In  the  buHdingaol  Monte  f"^ -...— -1 1 — 

■ometiniei  alied  tbe  "  Bibtioteca  Cdiaci 
lened  (a  the  Royal  Unlvenlty  ol  iCndi 

KblicioiSi?.  It  WM  IncKaacd  by  the  U . 
dies.  Tbe  mott  copout  coOectMoa  ndate  to  the  atudy  ol 
and  natunl  Kleiwe.  It  fa—ti  about  300,000  printed  bDDB,  aa* 
hmnabula,  >aj  Aldlnea,  *od  196  Bodaol  eifitioni.  but  tba  wen 
important  incunabula  and  MS&  about  tbe  middle  of  the  19th 
century  went  to  enrich  the  BibUotKa  Kaiionale.  Other  hnportant 
univerdty  Kbrario  an  thou  of  Cataiti*  (ins)<  iJOjOoo  voir-!  Genoa 
(I7;3).  IJ3J100  Till*,  15U  MSS.;  PaTia  (17*3).  »Jo.aoo  voia., 
1100  MSS.1  Padua  baa,ouo  wk..  luA  MSS.).  wUch  In  1910  wai 
houied  In  *  new  buS^ng;  Cagliari  ^.ooo  vola.1;  Suiart  (74.<»o 
voia).    Mesdna.  JcttToyed  In  (lie  nrthqualLe  of  1908.  proervtd. 

and  fitting*,  and  in  1910  wag  already  retfored  to  active  worlc  aa 
regard!  the  portioa  aervlng  for  the  leawakcncd  Faculty  of  Law  in 


ngtbem 


hniti  BUiliati 

contctiona  of  Codmo  the  Eklt 


ling  gDvemme 


e'  Mcdid.  and  Lonrnxo  the 


the  riBuMaa  <l  th«  Htdid  .„ 
in  Ijoi  bt  Cardinal  Ciavaanl. 
eooMltiited  ai  a  public  libcary  .. 
VII.,  who  thaigea  Michclattgeki 


^' 


Ucta  ijt 
olMS£, 


by  Cierpent 
n  a  nilaUe     ..   .  . 
opeacd  10  lb*  public  Ijy     ....  J 
■— g»«  JncefooeooincnMBwIa     ""^ 
ia  tbe  ink  ceatHiy  alone  bAig  (naugb  10 
lettaocc    The  prialed  booht  it  coataias  art 

, n  11.000  In  nwaber,  but  arealnoat  allof  tbo 

rarity  and  inteicM,  hichidiiw  141  incunabi " 

-—'-9^.  Iiii.bpweve7tkeprecieaaail 
9t9J  artklei,  wluek  givea^  cUel  in 
y.conprii*  nun  Iban  700  ol  datea 


Iith  enniry.'  Soma  ol  then  art  tbe'  unt  valuable  codicea  in  th* 
wizld-lbe  famoua  Wriil  of  th*  Mh  or  Ith  oeMnrr,  Jntintaa'a 
Pnliti  of  tbe  6th,  a  Beaer  of  llw^ioth.  and  aewral  other  vary 
(^  Cnrt  and  Latin  daakal  and  Biblical  textt.  aa  well  aa  copiaa 
H  the  baadwritlaf  of  I>Knich,  about  100  cocHcea  ol  Daale,  a 
MsBUHrHco^cd  l^aeonlainpanry  tran  BoccBcelo'aowB  MS..awl 
Cellinl-aMS.olUiautobioginhr.  Bwdni'tatakneotthe  MSS. 
occunlta  13  vnla.  Mioi  printed  hi  I7S*-I77<-  Adnlalatrallvelr 
Dotted  10  At  UtRCMian  w  the  Rtetardiana  itch  1b  MSS.  of  Ilallaa 
litoatura,  ewedaRy  the  FlomtiDe  tUMn  vob.,  uos  MSS.).  At 
Fhireace IhcBiUiotK*  Manicemana.^nded  hi  I n},  RBarhable lor 
h*  aitiitk  wcahb  of  *ar1y  woodcnta  and  metal  eiinvl^a,  wa> 
opened  to  tbenibHe  In  17J3.  Tbe  number  of  tbeae  aad  of  orWnal 
dnwinp  by  the  old  maaten  ■mounta  to  tojBoa  piceea;  the  printed 
vohimea  ninnber  momo.  the  biconnbula  Gia.  and  Ihe  USS.  ijoo. 
At  ModenaBtbebnuBiBibBelceaEileiue.  BO  called  liwa  _  . 
having  bcea  founded  bf  the  Eite  fan^  al  Femra  In  "'"" 
■3931  ft  wai  tnulemd  to  Itodeoa  by  Cemre  D'Eaia  b  IS9L 
Muntoii,  Zaccaria  and  IlraboacU  wen  ffinariana  hen,  and  made 
food  ine  of  the  tninim  of  the  Ebniy.  It  la  patticulaTly  rich  in 
euly  printed  liteiatun  and  valuable  codicea.  nmniu  IBM  and 
■S67  i  n>  known  a  the  KUioteca  Palatiaa.  The  printed  voii. 
'jy-Sl^  ^^  bKuaabuIa  KSoo,  the  MSS.  jjjb,  beiidH  the 
ISS.  and  the  100,000  autogiapbi  of  tbe  Camped  coDactioB. 


"i«____.^ _.    . 

many  wluaMe  MSS. rdaltogtodle hhun of  KaplH.   T«o  pUal- 

io  1673  by  Carina]  F.  I^Bnncdo.  and  iniied  bv  Vt      ^~^ 
heinb  lers;  i«>MOvoli.and]aooMSS.  The  Regia  Bi 
nrma,faun(leddefinlt(velyln  1779,  oweellaoclgin  to  thai 
PhlGp,whoeatpkivedlbafai  "   '     ~    ' 

i>  now  ■  publk  Ubracy 
Amoogit  ita  tieaniea  ia  I 
and  nWnical  MSS.  Al 
govematloB  t4  Lucca  (161 
jagiMSS.Badth>tofC> 


e_  1600  iy  Card! ._   _   
ted  wa.  and  B400  MSS.    Ante. 
ik  Peotateucb  of  the  SIh  ceDluiy 
iplar  Imm  tbe  Nitrian  • 


indSyra-H( 
Vi^.wilE°M!D 


00  papyruBi  Buppoaed  to  be  of  the  5tk  ocntury, 
teiUk  inchidlnt  an  eaily  Flanlnt,  andSt  JamBiTa 
.ucPabwlnavoliiniacfnh-ccntuiyeiecutkHi.  full 
gloset  in  IiUi,  Gothic  nafmoiti  of  Uttlat,  and  a 

- '-  " "-  ■nndwritlnc.    bnHi^  Mai  «>a 

Pratener^  kleadnfer  pmanted 
iuf  of  1500  vola..  30a  mapa  and 
atore  and  lingidatlm  of  Ei 


s,  all  MMtk  10  the  Uleiatore  and  linndatli 

Tha  M*tir*nd  Trivulaio  libraria  ibukl  net  pam 

kM  here,  ■Ithooth  tbeyira  private  tai  Inacr  wMn  witnoui 

mdMioo.    TW  ibracr  k  wmirkihle  (or  Ita  coBecthm  of 

<«•  with  •ogration,  W'-'rg  the  Dante  ef  uSi,  with 

bv  B*GdoBS«iUBdlL    The  bttor  la  ild  in  MSS. 

I  ol  the  fincM  and  rarea  kind,  and  hi  piiMad  booka 

mBni*nmia>worMarl]>Bo.   ItoonriKaef  TOAoaiNiBled 

Genoa  the  EUfiUotaca  Fnnaoolana,  foundid  ^Mot  iWo  far 

nion  of  the  poorar  dweL  la  notcwactby  aa  bebg  ibc  tm 

Hbniy  Hibted  np  al  right  lor  the  «  of  nwhn. 

Ddatlon  ol  lb*  paonaaMiy  of  Mooie  Caaiao  ia  dot  to  St 

-——-.-.  who  anived  Iheit  in  the  year  519.  and  ettabliAad  lb* 

1^eUbnuvo(prinM]book>DDwcnciKbIoabo«it9a,D»     ?*^ 
vok,  chiefly  Ttlating  to  the  theebfical  scicBcaa,  but 
eluding  lonK  ran  edit" —     *  — '•^' '  -^  ' — ^ 


.    A  eoOectlon  ol  tin  bMki  bl 


„_  bdoociaf  ta 

iber  of  vohRMrBat  tbe 

itf  the  ordMa,  wbid  I*  Will* 


_~  _. _-_ oso  lij^eM^&HBthaCtll  COMrr* 

diTwowardi.    The  latter  comprehend  MRW  very  ariy  BtWa*  and 

■ — codkca  ol  patfhtle  and  other  medieval  wricintt.    Theta 

_:*•.«  M»b«HM   >•,!  ■■■^cTTptifloii  with  ejttncta  art 


hu  ■  totwtfv  cadi .-_ , 

CDdloaofDwiu.  At  VtRdUllK  Biblisua  dcU'  A... 

•l»  (wBiUlisiiai  wUch  can  beunf  iKit  u 

m  bt  nfond  lothi  wly  dftys  wba  1^ 


TirnaimtiieprL- 

^^j^^    of  lb*  abbw  itH 

nunibcr  <t  WSs!^  wn-  S 

Hh  to  th>  i^  etuwy.  Anniit 
I  iiiMlwiiilniiliiiHiiiihwl  innii  I 
alchut  «tuic  inh  ccMnry,  <mr  lo. 
ckuun  bnnniiic  with  III*  jiwr  >4ik  n 
to  tbt  Lanbvd  uid  Nonnwi  ptriodi 
lnuinttT,  the  ■Unt  holdiit  tli-  -" — 


It  La  Can 
rointtH(«iiKU< 
bcciiuUif  of  tbc  nth  Gcntury}' 
10.000  volt,  but  th«E  includ 
nritT  and  vmLuc  naauif  in 
-■-- -  ia  iba  ctkbraud 


Codn 

nm  ■nfraphl- 


It  uil'launic:  BolscnB  (lloi).  19IMO  voU,  SO60  ll^!; 
Eia,CrvIca(liuiiaiaBa,»5,ooovsU,l5iw""    "^ ' 


iiisBi-Boneui  IiTSi-i^i  uuiod  1^),  so-ooo'vok.:  Maatiu, 
TOMB  voli..  i»o  USS.  1  Novan,  Nccn>^  (  Ov^liHl  >«l  itoo). 
73MO  nb.;  fadui,  jKugo  wU~  i6ib  MSS.-,  Pakrina  (iiM. 
tliAoa  TOh.,  »6j  MSS..  colni  asd  Skiliaii  ceUecdoa:  fcmgia 
(1851),  (oundai  A  P.  Padianl.  7D,oc»  voU.,  1115  MSS.;  Sieni 
(iT5l),  (ouoikd  br  3-  Bandial.  fioe  an  csllactiaD,  81  Jto  vola,.  5070 
U.&  Vmicc  MiuB  Civics  Comr,  JOMO  voIl.  timo  UlS.: 
Vmoa  (irfi.  pibUeainoc  tloi),  i&uaivob.,iti$oM55.;V>ccnB, 
Bvtoiiaiia  (1708)4  locaf  litcratun,  BicAiva  ctf  rtligHhu  corponliDiu, 
I7SM0v<i1i..ioaoMSS. 
Fopvlar  libnria  haw  iufw  baea  1ar(^  oavelopad 

-t^ — I  ^' ^^  — -ludpal  eaHTpma;  ther  enjo, 

Die  toycrnmcnt  rapon  to(  190S  lUUd  Ihal 

td  MHtfttrb  ptp<Aari  numbcrini  alcDeelbc 

by  nunicipaUlie«>  ui  b 

ipao  to  tbe  public, 


,  JB14-1SJ6I:  NtOiiM  nib  UUiaMif  uKruIr 

/laJia  (Rama,  1*01):  U  ^"■-—•- ■—  '■■•■■■ 


■d  lips   (Roma.    1000} 

1896. 1  pu.);  U  HUiM—  ^,. 

MUPiM._     tUnaiau  (Roaa. 


'irSldinSi 


In  gtptlari  Tif 
»^ipo«[b 


MI4  HUitlBlu  (Roma,  1^3- 

xT""""' """ 

.  ...Jar-' 
■Slo}- 


£<iliii  .JjMrfea. 


lid  hiKodaa.  vUch  bai. . -—r 

piBKi]  n%ioin  bodica.  Tim  ia  •  hits  ninnba  of  KiantiSe  aod 
litcniyaKicialiouiiitbeRpablicaclipoHcwncboolii.  TbaSacluy 
at  Ccofiaphy  and*  StatiUKi,  lounded  In  iSji  in  Muka  Cily, 
ii  the  moB  impuitaat  of  thcia,  and  owns  a  fioa  lauanimand  cacaUeiit 
libisry.    Mat  Ihc  liiumph  of  Ihc  Libcnd  pariy  ihe  caibcdral,  unl- 

liiiiir  1111111  riF' 

vaa  taken  aad  fitted  up 

HI  Bibliotn  Nackuial. 

1  wo  copic*  oC  every  book 

Is  tbia  libmv.    Mom  tt  the 

an  HbacriiMiom  and  bdeof 


of  boela  anu  „  . 

lioo.  Tba  ouat  ouidenUe  ia  the  BiUiouo  Nacional  at  Bueua 
Aina.  irhidi  la  puaably  ricb  in  HSS..  M<n  o(  pMt  ialocal.  ma- 
«iiin(  ibe  aily  biBvy  of  tbe  Spaub  cohniea.  Then  ii  alaii  Ike 
Qibliotoca  Municipal  intb  about  15.000  TDb.  Tben  an  libniia 
m'.iacbcd  10  collen,  cburcbca  and  dub^  aod  noit  of  the  bv^r 
towAi  poMeii  public  librarie*. 

Tba  chiiJ  bbrary  in  Bnd  b  tba  KbUothaa  Publica  NKioail 
at  Rio  de  Janon  (1S07)  iwr  cni     " 
vok.  (ritb  oaiw  M^  Natint  IH 
coaaectcd  vith  Sogtik  Amarica  •■*  ep 


BibUolbaca  HuMba— .  Beaadktiaa  At 


a^^tyofbU . 

i|iieat  IHurtry  Clab. 

, Msaanaty.aad  tbi  BibUsttwi 

uaidpaL  Tbcfaanmnoua  pnvLadai  aod  public  librancatbnniBh- 
'  SiuL  doinz  |Dod  wait  aod  a  typical  maiapit  ia  ibc  pqblic 
vy  of  Haniuia& 

"     ~ at  Santiais  ia  the  cbief  libraty  la  Cbik. 

liilEeptHobyaaaualtuppte-         ^^ 

.  _-_„_  .- 100,000  voU.    There  it  t\*a  a         *^^ 

r^Librwy  it  Saiuiafo,  aod  a  fairly  good  BibUouca  Pabltca 

Tbe  Bibboteca  Nacional  at  Luoa  waa  round 

iMiRoflhcoldcanventatSanPcdro.    The  nu 
ibiarycanHSidaf  thneoflh         '        '        " 

The  libraiy 


■r  MSS.  and  ran  booki  rdaiing  la 


Stain  ft  Portati. 
.  stale  and  univervty  llbmlii  o(  Spain  and 
lament  cantrol  awl  wpport.    Id  Poilucal 


and  an  ofEcial  bulletin  u  publiihed  ia  which  Ibc  Uvi  and  accO' 

The  chief  library  in  Spain  ia  tb<  BiUiouca  NacioBal  (TonBecly  ibt 
BiUioieca  Real)  at  Madrid.  Thr  rrinrid  iTliiiaiiniimbnilnfi.nnfi 
with  300.000  panpbleta.     Spaniih  litecatiin  ia  of  eoune  irell 

TepreMnied,  and,  in  comequnce  of  the a aiiiiwi firiiii 

the  libimnet  of  ihe  wppflnad  convtnta,  the  lianii  of  tbcdocy. 
dnon  law,  biiiDry,  Ac,  aio  mrticukriy  coopkte.  Tbenanyk,oDO 
MS5«,  idclkidina  aome  fifiekjr  iUuninaccdcodkca,  hiiMrica]  daeitnm% 
and  nany  valuable  auiopapha.  Th*  coUeclioo  ol  printa  enendi  10 
lao/Bo  plceia,  and  wu  priiH4paBy  (omad  tnin  the  iaiponaat  laiea 
bouflbt  from  Don  Valentin  Ctrdcroa  in  IWJ.   Tbe  printed  baoka 

titlet^  the  departmenta  oiniidc,  mapa  aad  cbaxta.  uiA  prinu  have 
•ubicct-caiakifuea  a>  well.  Then  it  a  aenenl  iiidea  eftbe  USS., 
with  ipecial  catalo(uea  of  the  C»*k  and  Latin  codicea  aad  ttam- 
loflicaldocuatcnla.  Tbe  eaUnel  oI  nedab  ia  ouat  valuable  aad  well 
ananfcd.  O^lhe  other  Madrid  librariea  it  it  enoinh  to  nealioa  the 
BibliMcca  de  tl  Real  Acadeaiia  de  la  Hisaria,  iTSfUolooo  vola.  and 
tjoo  MSS.),  which  contaiu  tone  printed  and  Ml  ^wiiih  baoka  of 
Iitatvalue,iBchidin|lhcwell'knawnSalaiaTeii1IectioD.  TliehiBaty 
of  the  Ubrarv  ol  tiie  Eacorial  i^*.)  baa  been  fiven  cUewhen.  In 
1B0S,  bclbn  the  invation.  the  EhximI  i>  estimated  to  have  nuuuaed 
30,000  printed  vola.  and  3400  MSS.;  Joseph  removed  the  coUaetioii 
to  Madrid|but  when  it  waa  ntumed  by  Ferdinand  10,000  volt,  vem 
JnE.  Then  an  now  about  aofloo  primed  vsls.  The  Arabic 
. .  _>- have  been  detcribed  by  M.  Catiri,  1760-1770;  and  a  catalogue 
of  the  Greek  codices  by  Mailer  watitHcd  at  the  ejipeiue  of  the  French 
lovemment  IB  1848.  There  it  a  MS.  catalogue  of  the  printed  books. 
Pcrmitbon  to  ttudy  at  the  EacariaU  which  is  one  of  the  royal  private 
Ubcarie*,  mutt  be  obtuned  by  necial  appUcatiiHi.  The  BibUoteca 
E^vinoal  y  Univenitaria  of  Baiedona  {JB4E)  containt  about 
tUdoavalt.,andthatorSeville(i767)batSi.aoovalB.  Dtherdliei 
ia  Spain  poaaeta  provincial  or  univenity  llbtariea  open  to  ttudenta 
under  varioua  reatiictiofi%  anuaf  them  may  be  mentiooed  the 
Bibliotaca  UnivefHtatia  of  Salamanca  (liM)  with  aver8o.ooa  vola. 

Amoafthelibcarieaof  PortufaltheBiblioihecaNacdanalai  Liiboa 
fin£)BatutaltytakeatheGntplace.  laiB^iit waslaitetyiocrcaaed 
Iron  the  iDoaaKie  collectiant,  which,  however,  teem  10  _  . 
have  been  Bttlc  cared  Ear  acandini  to  a  npan  pre^rcd  ^'^^^ 
by  the  principal  librarian  three  ycara  later.  Then  an  bow  nid  to 
be  4oajxa  vols,  of  printed  baoka,  anunt  whldi  tbeelofy,  canon  law, 
biiuey  and  PonugDete  and  Spaidih  Lierainn  laritly  piWaniaate. 
The  MSS.  number  iGjbd  includini  niany  of  fait  valoe-  Then  ia 
alw  a  cabinet  «f  40,000  caint  and  aiedah.  Th*  KMiotbeca  da 
Aeademia,  (rxiadcd  in  1780,  iapRwrved  la  tba  HppNBBdaavcM 

.csByGoogle 


.^  ^  Aeadny  acqaind 

inberiiif  jOidoo  vob..  which  hivi  ibicE 

eamiM  Ih*  anhim  of  tka  Uifikio.  tmoilii  fam  alicr  tbc  i)e^ 
•uuokin  sf  Uw  Ton*  do  C^Mdls  dorinc  the  fiat  onhquiihi. 

Tb*  BibUotcis  PnUiea  Miujcqal  at  Opona  it  ibe  lEaiad  l*f|iM 
In  Portuiil,  illbauth  only  duuu  fnu  tin  odi  ot  ]i^  iSu,  tbt 
unimnry  o[  ihc  dcbuaiiea  o(  D- ndra,  ua  whn  ibc  BKnoiabk 
iic|c  ■*•  itUl  In  pntnaj  fms  dot  data  ts  i>74  it  wu  itiFlBd  tha 
Real  BUIatcci  da  Ports.  Thcngnt  (sHiBptnr9[Bniil}piiite 
tha  mm  the  Ubnria  of  Ih*  •anraiid  amvaati  ia  the  annlieni 
pnvliiai.  the  nunk^Iity  undotakiai  ta  difny  the  eipcaie  c4 
ucp^  Dp  the  csUeciion.  Recen  inMiioni  omriit  CHlnty  of 
PsrCBtune  ud  Fimch  booh*.  Uw  important  Cammna  collcctkiii  ii 
deKnb<dlBanriiU«daCalsciia(pparti),lUc4.  AasdceodbaMSS. 
inay  be  roun^ia  CKibfv  la  MSS.  ia  B.  PMka  Ettmut,  bf  «■ 
diCuiihaRinnCUdxw.iSjo-itTa)  ]—•-  '-■' '-■-» 


Since  1900  tlien  bu  bets  CMwdenUc  pn«r^  maik  in  bbtb 
bdciiuB  ud  Holland  in  llie  devdopment  of  public  Ubnriti,  and 
■evcral  lowm  in  the  tiiter  caunUy  have  csIaUiihed  fopalai 
librario  iifLcr  the  (uhioD  of  tbe  muiudpal  libtaiici  of  the 
Uniiid  Kingdoio  (ad  Ametlau 

Tbe  natioul  libnry  at  Belfiun  1>  the  BibliolbjqiK  Ronk  at 
BiuHtli,  d  which  the  bani  may  be  aud  to  coniiit  of  the  Umoiu 
^^^     BibllDibique  da  duca  de  BeuriiicDe.  the  Ubfani  at  the 

fradualFy  accumiilitcd  during  thrrcccnturvi.  ^ter  uEfering  many 
toatn  fran  tbievca  and  fire,  in  1773  the  Biblloth^ue  de  BourgoEiw 
Ktflved  cofliidenble  aBgaenntioiii  fnm  the  lUiisna  o(  tha  wp- 
piemd  order  of  Jeuili,  and  irat  thnwn  open  to  the  piibUc.  Oa 
tbe  occupalioo  01  Bruaek  by  tbe  Fnncb  in  ITManiunbitalbocika 
and  M^  wen  cenBiated  and  tnntfened  to  Pam  (wheoc*  tbe 
majority  mre  tetumed  In  ill j);  in  170s  tbe  mnaipdcr  wen  (onstd 
into  a  pabUc  llhcaijr  uadcr  tbt  OR  of  U  Sena  Saaiandcr,  wbs  ma 
aha  town  Kbimrfu,  and  *bo  *aa  Mhnnd  by  van  HuMna.  At  ibe 
end  of  the  admioisraiian  ol  vu  Kulthem  a  ttise  put  at  the  endoui 
CDlleetiiHiaoItheBaflindiiHwuacqulnd.  In tSsothe BibUolh&ilie 
4)e  Bovraiitne  wa>  added  to  tbt  itate  arctiivea.  and  tbe  nhslt  made 
available  £i[  RudeiHi.  Van  Hidthem  died  In  itjt.  lavii«oBt  ol 
the  molt  importaai  priinie  librariea  in  Eunpa,  ^mmrrihmA  |w  Vaiu 
in  BdfuUliu  Aattin  WH  (Bnneb.  tl3U.  t  vola..  and  extendina  to 
Co.an  pHnlcd  voIl  and  loit  HSS.,  moHhi  retalinf  to  Bdpan 
biiioiy.  The  odlecrtion  waa  purchaied  by  the  nvcnlment  in  lSj7, 
■nd.  havini  been  added  to  the  BibUothtqae  de  BoorEocne  (open 
■inn  i;7ir  and  the  Bibliotbiqn  da  la  Ville  [oaea  linct  1794]. 
[ormed  what  hai  unce  been  luiaini  at  tha  BiUiMBcqoe  Royale  de 

30,000  MSS.,  loj.ooo  printi  and  *c '  ---■-■-     ■"- 

uecial  coQectioiH.  each  with  a  prir 


n  Hulthem,  for  national  b. 


iced  cataiofuc; 


I^onda  Fflia.  U 


for  phy^ilon'.  ,  _, 
^  and  catalofiua  of  BcctBii 
of  publicaum.   There  a 

andibtnlnturyaf  the  interior.  I  j.ooovoIl  An 
■•  the  Bibliothiqiie  CoHecliw  da  Socittfa  Sannti 
to  anembW  in  one  ptact  the  bbraiiei  of  all  rhe  li 
BrOBCli.  It  contain*  about  40.000  vdi.  which  hai 


the  Fonda  MO  Iter, 

libntvE)  atlmched  to  moet  of  the  deparl- 

eatinc  Libnry 
I  Dded  10,1906 

^Miuoue 

I  which  an 


nd  aceondary  fchcoli     ... 

le  vahiable  collection 
«  ooou  la  tne  MJiee  raniin-moreiiu  (1640]  thould  alto  ix 
mentioned.  It  tontiini  tt,000  MSS.  and  15.001  printed  bonki, 
comptitinf  the  worfct  lamed  by  the  Flanlin  [amily  and  many  IJth. 

The  Univtnily  Libraiy  of  Ghent,  known  luccettlvcly  at  Iht 
Bitdiotbiqiie  de  rCcole  Centiak  and  Bibliolh^ue  Publioue  de  la 
Vine,  wai  founded  upon  the  old  blmrin  of  the  Conteil  de  PUndm, 
of  the  Ctllevt  dea  Echcvina,  and  of  many  euppmaed  nlifiaua  com. 
muniiiee.    It  wai  dtcbred  public  in  17M,  and  formally  opened  In 

XOn  tbe  foundation  of  the  univenity  m  1817  the  town  placed  the 
tion  at  iti  tHipDial.  and  (he  library  bat  unce  remained  under 
■tale  control.  The  printed  voknnet  now  amount  to  353.000.  Therev 
le  inpoflant  apecial  iqlleclioBt  on  irThaeolocy,  Netherlandi  liteia- 


lurt.  national  hiHDry,  b> , . ^ 

pamphlcttof  (he  t6thand  i7thcenturiei.  The  main  caulopieii 
MS.  on  cardt.  There  are  printed  cataloiiica  o(  tbe  worici  on  jui 
predcKx  (ilj9),  and  of  Ac  MSS.  (iBji).    Tha  Bibliothtquc 


.__ ate  eiieulated  In  I^  ei _ 

m  amoaa  the  aekool  ehUdnn.    The  BiUiothtque 
.  , « , , _-..  --■-.ni  mSS., 

-,.-J^TiM^l7Mo^^T^,1faiaat(italM^ 

il  (i;9t,  banted  in  dia  Hotd  dea  Ancient  PiCtm,  17;;), 

Ypeca  (ilj*)  aad  dtewbcft,  tU  conducted  OD  the  iwDe  lyitesi  aa  the 
French  conuminal  libtaric*.  UoM  el  tham  nnse  in  fim  fiom  gnoo 
to  40,000  wia.  and  tbty  ate  onuat  •  rule  only  part  of  the  diy. 

tivuct  with  moch  aAt  infomatipn,  w 
A  U  AtlMW,  KinMiu,  —-■-•-' —  - 

The  Daiioiial  libnry  of  Holland  It  the  Koi^nkliilK  Bibliotheek  at 
HagM,  which  waa  alablkhed  in  179).  when  it  wit  decided  to 
join  the  library  of  the  prinin  of  Oiangi  with  (booe  of  Iht  _  -,  j- 
defunct  toveroment  bodie*  bi  order  to  (onn  ■  library  for  *'>■•» 
tbe  Sutet.Ceiienl,  to  be  called  the  National  Bihliolhirle.     In  1B03 


'oraier  reeidence  at  a  bnnc 
ipwudi  of  joo^ooo  volt,  ol 
' —  cbieByliiiiotical,  but  I 


of  tbe  rieheit  collecthin  i 


id  the  MSS.  number 
'.    The  library  bwttt 


lince  lW6a  yearly  liii  of  addiiii 

,.ition  tf— '-"- .'--'-'- " 

iMidKd 

niaa  IflKduOO-Batavic,  woacn  aaia 

ivenity  of  Leiden  by  WiUiam  1.,  prii 

of  February ...-..—  ■-.. 


niention  thould  tie  made  of  Che 

;n  iSsft. 

.  libnry  in  numerical  Importar 


the  foundation  of 

3raaR,  on  the  Slh 

bit  additiont  from 

lokt  and  MSS.  of  the  diatinguithed  fcbolan,  Goliua.  Joseph 

!r,  litac  Von,  Ruhnkenandflemiterhuit.  The  MSS.  compre- 

hendmanv  of  BTeat  I  ntririaic  importance.  Tbe  libnry  of  the  Socienr 
of  NetberUndLilenture  haa  been  placed  heR  tincr  1B771  thia  la 
rich  in  the  lalionalhiilory  and  literature.  Tbe  Anbic  and  OiieDtal 
MSS.  known  as  the  t.esatum  Wanwtiapum  are  of  treat  value  and 
intercil;  and  the  collactioo  of  mapi  bequeallied  in  itTO  by  J.  I. 
Bodel  Nyenhuit  it  alto  noteworthy.  The  lilniy  it  contained  in  a 
building  which  waa  formerly  a  church  of  the  B^uinee.  adapted  In 
iBteeoniewhatifltrthtityKofthcBritithMuieura.  Thccauloguei 
(one  alphabetical  and  one  daitilicd)  are  on  ilipi.  the  titlei  beini 
printed.  A  catalogue  of  books  and  M^  wat  printed  ui  1716.  one  of 
Exxfki  added  between  1B14  and  1847  and  a  lupplementarv  part  of 
MSS.onlyln  iSso.  A  calalolue  of  the  Oriental  MSS.  wai  publidied 
In  6  voU.  11851-1877).  The  ffibhatheek  dtr  Rljki  Univtnileit  (1575] 

The  Univertlty  Library  ai  Utrecht  datei  from  i  jBi.  wbeo  cenaln 
conventual  collectioni  were  bnwght  lo(cther  in  order  to  Ion"  ■ 
public  libnry,  which  wat  tbortly  aliefwarda  enriched  by  ibt  be 
bequeathed  by  Hub.  Bucbellui  and  Ev.  PolUo.  Upon  tbe  lour_ 
lion  of  the  univenity  in  1636,  the  town  Kbiuy  poiacd  into  iti  cbarn. 
• 1..  Mce intereaUm doiUB M"  — ■->-• 


In  1887. 

ited  in  tTMett  and  patted  down  lor 

_._...     __.it  >sa,ociovid>.  in  tbe  librafy. 

The  baiit  of  tbe  Univenity  LiorarY  at  Amttcrdao  coiultti  of  a 
collection  of  boolu  brouftht  tocetber  in  the  15tb  ccntitiy  and  pn- 
lerved  inlheNieuweKerk.  At  the  timeof  tbe  Rdormatlonin  157B 
(hey  became  the  property  of  ihe  diy,  but  remained  in  tbe  Nieuw* 
Kerk  (or  the  uta  nf  tlie  public  (ill  i63>.  when  (bey  were  tranilerrcd 
to  the  Athenaeum.  Since  1B77  thecStectioo  hat  been  knownaithe 
Univenity  Library,  and  in  lUi  it  was  removed  to  a  building  d^ 
liaiied  upon  the  pun  of  Ihe  new  lil>rmry  and  readina-room  of  tha 
Bridih  Muteum.  The  libnry  includet  tbe  bettcollectKin  of  nidial 
workiin  Holland,  and  the  Biblioiheca  Roacntbaliana  of  HdMewand 
Talmudic  Iltenlurt  ii  ol  peal  fime  and  value:  a  catalocue  of  ibt 
ktt  wat  printed  hi  1B7J.    Tbe  Libruiet  of  the  Dutch  Ccopaphicat 


57* 


6-1877)1 


die  beaatatt  ol  I.  dc  BoKb  Ktmpcr,  E.  j.  ^cJHS  and  F.  W.  Rive, 
i>  iiAi.,  «*a.  (1«7S-i8n)!  >  aul«uc  d  ilic  MSS.  o(  Pfofaur 
Moll  *u  publiihHl  in  iMa.  (od  one  d  Ihn*  of  P.  Cimpcr  in  lUl. 
Other  al^ofuct  have  been  published  up  id  iwb.  includiiiE  one  ol 
(bcMSS.  TtielibTBrycsnuiniibiiuihiUininian volume*.  There 
irr  DDpuhr  •ubecriplHn  libnria  with  TadiH-rooau  in  all  parti  of 
Hotund.  and  in  RottenUm  there  li  a  uciety  lor  the  encour^ftemeDt 
at  tociat  culture  which  haa  a  luvc  library  aa  part  of  ill  equipmeot. 
Al  Hatue.  L^den,  Haarlem,  [urdrechi  aod  other  tana  popular 
librariaa  have  been  catabliihed.  and  there  <a  a  lantneal  al  nceat 
(rowih.  ia  lavoar  of  tnininc  Ubniiant  on  advanced  EnCliih  llnca. 

The  library  ef  the  Gcnootiuap  van  Kunaten  en  Wetenachapnen  at 
Batavia  CDinaiu  hooka  printed  b  Katbcrlaiidiab  India,  werlu  le- 
latuig  to  the  Indian  Ardupebco  and  adjacent  couatrica.  and  ibe 
hiitDiy  of  the  Dutdi  in  the  Eaat-  Tlien  an  Ii>,OdO  printed  vola.  and 
1630  MSS,.  td  which  143  an  Aiabic  MS  Malay,  303  Javaneae,  6a 
Baiak  and  517  on  lonar  leavci,  in  thi  ancient  l^wi,  Javaneae 
and  Bali  lanfuace*,  ftc.  Printed  cacalofue*  ol  the  Anbic  Malay, 
JavanaeaadKawi  MSS.  have  been  iwied. 
ScaiiJmoiitt. 

Owins  Urply  to  »>  many  Scandinavtan  librariun  luving 
bHn  trained  and  employed  in  American  librariei,  a  greater 
approach  haa  been  made  to  Anglo-American  library  ideab  in 
Norwiy,  Sweden  and  Domuuk  Uun  toywbcre  die  on  lb* 
toDliaent  ol  Europe. 

1  ationat  iniraiy  o( 

(Dct  Store 


C 


a  have  taken 


»)niHIian  of  Tycho 
riKianiborf  caBIlt) 

SlUd  (Bmo'voU. 
uealhed  6039  voli. 


(17  appeared  in  ia44j 

ofC  lB7J.avB.    Annual 

KibUabcdiinceiB&l. 
!  Iibtarjp  now  cnntaiu  over  7SO,000  vola. 
The  Univmity  Library,  lounaed  in  1483,  wu  deatroycd  by  £re 
In  17J8,  and  le-eflaWiihed  ihortly  aJterwardi.  A  copy  of  every 
Damih  publication  mus  be  d^wnted  bcie.  The  MSS.  include  the 
famoua  Aroe-Magnean  collcciian.  There  are  now  about  400,000 
voli.  in  thii libmy.  TVSiaubibnoteliet  eIAa[bui[ii|0])paM«o 
about  lOOjDOO  vola.  and  the  LandsbikasCu  lilandi  (National 
Library)  at  Reykjavik.  Ir^nd, haa  about  50,000 printed  bookiand 

with  public  librane*  and  in  vome  caiea  rcading-rooini.    An  auocia- 
pubUc  librarict  wai  formed  in  190^,  and  in  1909 


ithnubli 
m  for  pi 


y  malien.    About  800  to 


'..'/.S 


nr  chid  library  In  Norway  <a  IheUninnity  Library  at  Cbn«ianla, 


ly  Frederick  II..  1 
FOUHfldi   ef  (Ju| 

re  iaued  and  then  ar 


"^ — ^'      thouHndi 

Copenhagen,  and  riot- , ... _,  , ,,_— 

cataloguea  an  iaued  and  there  are  now  over  410,000  voli 
collection.  The  Deiehnanike  Bibliolbek  ia  Chnuiama  waa 
byCarlDddimaBalnijtoaaalrcclibtary.  InlSftitwaii 
lied,  and  in  1901  the  open  ihelf  method  waa  inatalled  by 

«lnu^  the  Ubif-—  ■^-  ■— ' ' —  —■ — ' '-  ••■-  ii-i— ' 
libr-  '-- 


I  partly  aupperted  by  endowment,  partly  by  iianii 
lunicipalilr.  It  now conuuni about 83,000 vob., andii a ty 
ipfc  oCa  progreaiive  libniy.  The  Free  Libiaiy  at  Betjen 


building.  A 


TrondiSem.    The 


library,* 


,  Rw*  ivRxnlly  been  re.hoiited  in  a  new 
[fa  open  fhelvet,  haa  ai»  been  opened  at 

., —     ,  ninnected  with  the  Kongetliie  Vklena. 

laben  Selikab  at  Trondhjem  now  contain!  about  i»^»o  voli. 

Owing  10  iheabrence  at  imall  lowni  and  villagei  in  Norway,  moat  of 

the  library  work  l>  concentrated  in  the  coail  lowoi. 
The  Royal  Library  at  StocUiolm  waa  irH  eatabGihed  In  I3I3. 

aiie  ori^nal  collection  waa  given  to  the  gnlvettlij  al  Upala  bf 


Cutavua  II.,  that  tonned  hv  ChriMba  It  U  th*  Vatican,  and  t 

library  brought  together  by  Chaxld  X.  waa  dertrov*d  by  fire  in  i6q 
Tbe  preient  library  waa  organiied  ihonty  afterwardi.  _  _ 
The  Benielitiema'EngeatrAni  Libcaiy  fu.uo  printed  ""*> 
vola.  and  1100  MSS.)  rich  in  materiab  lor  Wdiih  hinory)  ii  nc 

k   Among  iheM^.  the  t^irfciilamr  of  tbe  Mh 


7th  centur , 

larly  notewonhy.    The  caiakiguea  are  in  writing,  and  ai 


bSld'"''i 


The  UnivenBty  Library  at  Ujnala  w 

alas  provkled  an  fodowneot.  Tbe  MSS.  cl^y  ii^le  to , 

oftheeounliv.  but  include  the  Codei^rfrBtnu.cofllaioiiig  the  Gothic 
go^iufUlilaa.    The  genml  catakigije  il  in  writi 

Bibluhed  each  year  from  1850;  the  Arabic,  Pen . 
SS.aredFKHbedbyC.TTointeig,,ia46.   It  now  co 


d  by  Coatana 
eat  libnriaih* 

ofllaioidgihe 


as-^ 


:.  I  Tombeig, 
idM^.    The): 

:lud'e  tbe  d 


iknlial  libcaiy.  T 

and  haa  ■  printed  catalinfue. 


It  St  Fetetibutg  la  one  of  Ibe 


Tbe  imperial  Public  library  al 
largeit  libiaiiei  in  the  world,  and  now  poxeno  about  1,800,000 
printed  voli.  and  34.000  MSS.,  as  wd!  «1  large  coDectioni  of 
mapi,  aulognpha,  photographi,  &c.  The  begmning  of  thia 
magnifiCQit  coUectJoa  may  be  aaid  to  have  been  the  booki 
tbiedby  ilieCiar  Peter  during  hii  invaaion  of  Coorland  in  1714; 
the  library  did  not  receive  any  notable  auE">entiIion,  however, 
[ill  Ifae  year  1 795,  when,  by  the  acquiiition  ol  ibc  famous  Zaluiki 
coUectioD,  the  Impciial  Library  suddenly  attained  a  place  in  tbe 
6al  rank  among  great  European  librsrici.  Tbe  Zaliuki  Libniy 
wai  lormed  by  the  Poliih  count  Joseph  ZiluskI,  who  collcclcd 
at  bis  own  expense  during  Forty-three  years  no  las  thin  300,000 
vols.,  wbieb  were  added  lo  by  hii  brolhei  Andrew,  bishop  of 
Cracow,  by  whom  la  1747  the  library  was  thrown  c^mi  lo  the 
pubbc.  At  bis  death  il  was  left  under  tbe  coolrol  of  lie  Jesuit 
Collie  at  Warsaw;  on  the  luppression  of  the  order  it  was 
taken  care  of  by  tbe  Commission  of  Eduationi  and  finally  in 
>79i  il  was  transferred  by  SuwaioH  10  St  Petersburg  as  a  trophy 
ol  war.  It  then  extended  lo  160,000  printed  vols,  and  lo.ooo 
MSS.,  but  b  contequence  of  the  wiibdrawil  of  many  medical 
and  illutlrated  works  to  enrich  other  inslilulicni,  hard^  ijS,ooa 
vols.  restaiDed  in  1810,  Literature,  tustory  and  theology  formed 
the  main  fealuia  of  the  Zaluski  Library;  the  last  class 
alone  amounted  to  one-fourlh  of  the  whole  numbet.  Since  the 
be^nning  of  the  iglh  century,  through  the  liberality  of  the 
uvereigoi,  tbe  gifts  of  individuals,  careful  purchases,  and  the 
application  of  the  law  of  1B10,  whereby  (wo  copies  of  every 
Russian  publication  must  be  deposited  here,  the  Imperial  Library 
has  attained  ila  present  extensive  dimensiona.  Nearly  one 
hundred  diflercnt  ctjlectjons.  some  of  them  VExy  valuable  and 
eatfiitive,  have  been  added  from  time  to  lime.  Th^  include, 
for  e«mple,  the  Tolstoi  Sclavonic  collection  (i8)o),TTscheBdorr» 
MSS.  (i3sS),  the  Dolgorouaky  Orimlsl  MSS.  (1839),  uul  the 
Fitkowitich  Hebrew  (Karaite)  colltclion  (1861-1863),  tbe 
librarieiof  AddHng(i85SlaBdTobler(iB77),lhatorihe  Slavonic 
scholar  Jungmann  (1856),  and  the  national  MSS.  of  Karuntia 
(i$6;).  This  tystem  of  acquiring  books,  while  it  has  made  tome 
dcpaitments  exceedingly  rich,  has  left  otbeti  compuitivdy 
meagre.  The  libniy  *ai  not  Tegotsily  opened  In  tbe  poblic 
until  1814;  it  il  under  the  control  of  the  minlner  of  pubtk 
inslmctioD.  Tfaeie  are  fine  collections  of  Aldinet  and  Elaeviia, 
and  the  muneroui  incunabula  are  uiumciiveiy  arranged. 

Tbe  maniBnipli  include  .16,000  codicca,  41^40  autographs, 
4689  chatlen  and  576  mips.  The  glory  of  this  department  is 
(be  cdebiated  Cadri  SinailUia  nf  the  Greek  Bible,  brought  from 
the  onvenl  of  St  Catherine  on  Mount  Sinai  by  TlsckeBdorf  In 
tSjt.  Other  Important  Biblical  and  ptiriuic  oidiceB  are  to  be 
found  among  Ihe  CitA  uul  Latin  HSS.^  the  Hebrew  MSS. 


tadid»  fMBe  o(  tks  BWtt  udcni  tktt  aU,  >Bd 
"""'«  l>  EM  «i  Uw  luidt  Ib  Eorapci  th*  Unoui  u 
'  omny  lalubis  toU.  Mid  uwBf  lb*  Ftauii 
It  UttoDcal  nitw.    tie  teutai  aulagaa  tn 


LIBRARIES 

Sea  EL  T.  C  Wa 


577 


iH  tl  oc  lilncy  U  thi  HsmiOEi  Filua  ni  fomad  by 

, CubcriM  IL.  Mo  naduKd  the  bcuki  iai<  "™  -> 

Voltiln  Ud  DIdmK.    Id  Ibt  year  I«6i  ihi  coUstloB  lai 
ISMM  *«>•■.  <f  oUcb  Huly  all  bm  nhlisf  u  the  his 

vera  tbiB  traaaKmd  to  lb*  liii|iirial  LOmcy.    TbBv , 

■ufc  and  nhatlt  UbnriK  utKbcd  to  ibc  nnRuaDit  dcpiniiiniu 
hSt  Ptleibun^  ud  man  oi  tbe  tcajaakt  wd  eaSiy  and 
kuBed  HdctM*  ui  pnfidtd  witb  Ubnris. 
Tk>  mid  iHtMl  Bbniy  la  Ruaia  ta  nuitaiMd  [a  the  PnMIe 
It  Hoanw.  Tbs  daia  «(  Uitoiv  h  paRieulariv  rich,  and 
nwdlRpRaaitiarTte.MSS.BIuilbn' 


■■'Iiich  cuiiiBithtiid  tbBtwMvMiif  thelodiai  la  Rmtii  1 

ItlAaadiBii.  Tliinlia|«iMiilil|ilMla[lnlialiVaaiilaaililini[ 
"~>S.ba  baM  |iilaicd,aa  ma  a*  ikne  of  «M 
Da.    TUa  laaa  aad  nluabk  ubmy  km 


tan  wen  RpRaoit 

MSSL.wliEbi  '  """ 

«I  tbe  apcdil  tolknioDa.  lUa  Ine  auTnluabk  libiaiy  an 
coDiabuclaaeneoDi^aaJiaoopriDlcdEoiikiaDdMSS.  Tbeloiperial 
Uaifenhyai  Monni  li75S)nalibnnr<i(overiio.eooinila.  aod 
Ibt  DuchovMia  Aadenir  1Mb  laum  nk.  Tbe  lopetial  Rtwlaa 
HiMDrical  UinaitB  (1I75-1W}}  la  lIoKOv  coMaiai  aauly  KS,<i«a 
nb.  aad  dhm  of  tbe  itate  Eaitltuiiau  aad  acboola  are  Hipplicd 

*itb  Bbiarica.    All  tbe  RuhIbd  iminrdtiea  have  Ubianet, ' 

tbm  bciaf  both  kTie  aad  valuable — Dorpat  (ttot)  aiiOpOi 
Chatkov  (itof)  iSDiOOO  nia;  HeUutan  (1640-1817)  193^0 
Mlai  KaiaB  (i>04}  auMO  vcJa.;  Hew  (iSji)   115,000  —>-  - 

Odcm  (iM$)  ijo  Monb.;  aad  Wanaw  (ili?) '- 

ant  (bo  conuBDaal  or  poule  Ubrariei  at  CIut 
«ti.;  OJcna  (Ibo)  IJ0.00II  tdIl:  Reval  ( 

RifB.  90.000  TDb.:VitBa(ltsa)ltOMO  volt,  ini , 

*  "—■'---■-  —  '"- -ft  baaed  ooGiacaelaad  Bnnep.  w»» 

SaMm  Banpt. 

At  Athena  tlie  NaCtoaal  Vbaxy  (iSii)  poataaw  about 
j6o,ooi>  volt.,  and  there  ia  alao  a  coniidmbte  Ubnuy  at 
the  mlvtnit;.  Tbe  Pnhlic  Ubciiy  at  Corfu  ha*  about  40,000 
nh.  Bdpade  Univcnity  Ubnry  haa  fio,ooo  mb.  and  the 
Uafvenit)'  Ubnry  of  Sofia  haa  30.000  v^.  Canstaatltiople 
DDlvanitjF  In  1910  bad  a  libiaiy  in  procffii  of  fonoatuHi,  and 
then  an  libtviti  at  tbe  Om^  Litoaiy  Sodety  (10,000  vcda.) 
■Dd  ncala^cal  School  (i>>°^  vobj. 
CUna. 

ChiiuM  booti  were  Siit  inittai  on  thin  allpi  (>(  bamboo,  wUch 
were  tcpUod  by  ^  or  dolb  fcroUi  b  tbe  jtd  ceotaiy  i.e., 
paper  comiDs  inlo  uae  b)  the  IwginmDg  of  the  md  ccniuiy. 
Tboe  mctbodi  vcie  ciutomaiy  down  ID  the  latb  or  nth  cmtuiy. 
There  were  do  public  Ubraiia  ia  tbe  western  kdu. 

Tlia  pnctice  of  Eornuog  Datlonal  coRectbu  sT  tbe  native  Itterature 
ori^DBttd  in  iba  attcnipta  to  re 
"  buralDc  sf  tba  booki     by  the 
140  (aC.  die  taw  for  tbe  I 

bat  towardi  tba  Cloae of ^  __.         . _,.,  . 

mUiK  Hiiao  Wa  (IM-86  B.C.)  [otrud  the  plaa  of  RroDiitor 
ia  whkh  book*  raifbt  be  itaRd.  with  officen  to  traunibe  Ihi 
laiD  Kriani  (to-o  >.c)  waa  mdaUy  appolii     '  '     " 


Similar  DadoDUCallectlaBB  were  formed  by  aeaily  every  ucceeding 
dynaaty.  Tbe  Uib  eatlmatlDa  la  whldi  litecatme  haa  alvayi  been 
had  haa  led  IB  Ue  fonutlDBaf  very  targe  bBpctial.  eAdal  and 

E^Ihjo' 


Uw  irholt.  By  UBEyin*  aad  Mac  the*  laoea  the  i'oa  li  opeDid  aad 
tloinL  Th*  titk*  o(  iha  wbeb  work  aad  d  each  aiciIaB  aH  wiktaa 
tn  th*  edge  (dthcr  the  top  or  bottom  in  a  Eurofnan  book)  and  ao 
(tea  outvardi  u  It  lin  on  the  ihclf.  Calaloguea  an  Anjii  lim 
■ith  mnmniti  on  the  bcnkm,  not  the  lyiteinitlc  and  identlfc 
I  Wanem  CDunirig*.  There  are  dmlativ  Ubrariei 


n«r.,''Chlaew  OvOindaB"  Oa  H.  Spaanr^ 

Jafa-k. 

Tb*  tadant  hiatory  o(  librarica  In  Japan  ia  anatogoai  to  tbat 
of  China,  wilb  wboae  dviliuiioa  and  liteuEuie  it  had  clou 
nlatiotu.  Sine*  about  1870,  hawcvs,  the  gnat  dtia  and 
huliuthna  have  catabUihed  Ubrario  on  the  European  modeL 

FMiapa  (he  man  eandvc  nbrary  of  the  rmvin  >■  that  ol  the 
Impettal  Cabinet  (iBtg)  at  Tokio  wlih  over  soojwo  vola.,  nmBtini 
of  the  ooUecIiou  iK  ih*  vi  '  .  .    -  - 


,.        ,- Library  (i^)  it  the  tariCR  open 

to  Kadenti  aad  the  public ;  it  contalni  over  400,000  voii.  of  wHicb 
aSOaOaDanOiinevBDdTapaMte.  The  PnUic  Library  and  radinr- 
moa  (Toihe-Kinn)  at  (Jem  Park  (lira)  wu  Isnaed  ia  1S71  aad 
QHUauii  over  150,000  vdi.,  gf  which  about  ooe-Kfth  arc  Emopna 
booka.  AtToboarealwtobeloimdtheOhidHUbnrydocalwiih 
60.000  volt,  and  the  Hibaya  Library  (lOoS)  viih  iu.ooa  voli.  and 
tbe  NaaU  Ubraty  <ito»]  with  lim  voia.  The  library  of  tbe 
Imperial  Uaivemty  of  Kyoto  eoataini  aeariT  noMDvolia.  ol  which 
over  90,000  ate  in  Eunneaa  taoHana.  To  ibii  ia  auacbed  the 
hlKary  of  tha  Fukuoka  UedkalCdlegB  aiith  113.000  voli.  The 
MuBidpalUbr*iyo(KyotofiS9a)«oiiUuB>46,aaaval>.  Otheriin- 
portent  monicipal  hbtaneala  Japanare  chmeat  Akita  in  the  province 
of  U|o  (1S99).  47.000  vola,  at  Milo.  pnrvince  ol  Hitachi  (IjoS). 
JMoonilh,  NaritaiprsvliKCof  aiiiBoHi  (1901),  36«oa  vola.  chiefly 
BuddhlKB,  YamagucU.  provinre  el  Sui  (1907),  I3J»o  vob.  The 
ubniiEa  ct  tb*  large  templei  oflin  conUin  booka  of  value  to  the 
philsl«(i*t.   Leodinf  Bbrariea  ol  native  and  Chineie  literature  hive 

Ubiaey  AssocUTtONS  aMi  Teainino 
Tbe  fint  and  largest  auodatioa  otablisbcd  for  the  iludy  of 
librarianihipwaa  the  American  Library  Aaociallon  (1876}.  The 
Library  Aaaodation  of  the  Uslted  Kmgdam  irai  fonned  ui  1S77 
as  an  outcome  of  the  &nt  IntcnuUional  Library  CaofeieEo^ 
held  at  London,  and  in  1S9S  il  rccBved  a  royal  duutcr.  It 
publiihea  a  Ynr  Boat,  the  monthly  LSmrf  AisodnlioH  Record, 
and  a  number  of  profesiiooal  baodbooki.  It  alio  holds  eumioa- 
tioni  b  Literary  History,  Bihltograpby  and  Library  Economy, 
and  luue:  certlficaia  aod  diplomas.  There  are  alio  English 
and  Scottish  diurictlibraiyauodatioBi.  The  Library  Assistioti 
Auodation  nu  fonned  in  1S95  and  baa  branchu  in  diHerenl 
puts  of  England,  Wales  and  Ireland.  It  issuei  a  monthly 
magaane  entitled  Tkt  Library  AisiilaM.  There  is  an  important 
Library  Association  in  Germany  which  issues  a  year-book  giving 
inlormation  csnceroiiqi  the  libraiks  ol  the  country,  and  a 
similar  organizaiioD  in  Austria-Hungary  which  issues  1  maguine 
at  irregular  intervals.    An  Assodatiou  oT  Archivists  and  Lib- 

■odetiea  in  Franco,  Italy,  Holluid  and  d&ewhere.  Ia  every 
cauatiy  there  is  now  lome  kind  of  aisodation  for  tbe  study  <^ 
libraiianship,  archivei  or  bibliography.  IntenxationalcDnfcrtucea 
have  been  held  at  Loadoit,  1B77;  London,  1897;  Paris  (4t 
Exhibition),  1903;  5t  Louis,  1904;  Bnissels  (prdiminaiy), 
1908;  aed  Brussels,  1910. 

Uiuar  FaatoDicAU.— The  following  is  a  list  of  the  cirmit 
periodicnls  which  deal  with  library  matters,  with  tbr  dates  of  tbcir 
atablishnient  and  place  of  publication:  Tke  Library  Jn^m^l 
(New  York.  i8;G):  flu  LOrary  [Londoo,  ittg):  PMu  L 
iCiiaia.  iSifi):  Tin  Library  frtrii-  " --■•--  -■—  ■" 
AUHlamI  Umi;  Tb  liirvy  A 
War*  CMinneapolis,  U.S.,  19.^!: 
Aiuciahini  (BiHtoii,  1907);  : 
Boutin  ill  bMiitlitmui  f- 
BaaM»gmi  (Parii);  Balfa 
rtftii  (Bruosla,   lagj); 

Bitpqm  (Btusaelj,  1903);  -----  -.-  -— 

(KaEue,  1903] ;  Di  Bxlaiuu  (Hifiie,  1907) ;  A>(iaiiiluiiiUa<fEl 
(CopenhaFen,  1906)!  For  Faitt-ei  BambcimnUinirr  (Chriitianb, 
loof):  ^UMlicliikiliMit  (Stockholm,  i9>M)i  ZnuniUtU  /O 
SitlM^imm  (Leipdg,  1884}:  BlaUa  Jmr  VolkibMunbttm  tmi 
UitkaOai  [iBoo:  ooaJonal  upptinieiit  to  the  abave}i  Biblii. 
frapkU  ia  BOIvMtit-  and  Bmkittins  '  '   "-  ■  *■■■--  "  -- 


I  MWMWgw  a 


Biiliinitisaam    (Vienna,    1S96I;    CuM   OaOa    (Novy   Bvdiov. 

Bohemia,  190;)!  froiila  MU  titJioliclit  I  dieli  arilM^ (Florence. 

■  •~i^ '  Ballraiiu!  irlir  hilioUcIa  fcpiAiri  (Milan.  T907);  JImila  it 
ar.  BMiot€ais  y  Miatm  Madrid  (1907);  Thf  Coktia  (TDkia, 
,1897).  (H.R.T.t].D.B»^ 


57» 


LIBRATION— LICHENS 


&n,  ■  baluict),  I  itoir  tndllalion,  u  ol 
ft  bftUncCi  in  utronomy  aptdaHy  the  Bccnuaf  osdlUtion  of 
the  moon  irousd  ha  uii,  by  which  ponions  o(  her  aattue  neu 
the  edge  of  [he  diih  ue  ilieiiiatdy  bniu(ht  inlo  lighL  and  iwiing 
out  of  lishc. 

LIBYA,  the  Greek  name  {«-  the  northem  put  of  Una,  with 
which  iloce  Creek  ud  RoDua  history  are  ODocenieit.  It  is 
mcDtioncd  u  a  luid  ol  greit  fertility  in  HoBiFr  (Odyitcy.  iv.  S5), 
bat  BD  indication  of  iti  extent  is  ^ven.  It  did  not  ori^nally 
include  Egypt,  which  was  consideied  part  ol  Asia,  and  first 
uugncd  to  Africa  by  Ftolemy.  who  made  the  isthmus  of  Sua 
and  the  Rsl  Sea  the  bounduy  between  the  two  ajDiinenta. 
Hie  name  Africa  rarae  into  genenl  use  thiough  the  Ramuis. 
In  the  early  empire,  North  Africa  (eirludiDg  Egypt)  was  divided 
Into  Mauretania,  Numidia,  Africa  Propria  and  Cyrenaica.  The 
old  name  was  reintroduced  by  Diocletian,  by  wlum  Cyrenaita 
(detikched  fiom  Ciete>.  was  dividsi  into  Mannarica  (Libya 
Infeikir)  in  the  east,  and  Cyrenaica  (Libya  aupetioc)  in  the  west. 
A  funhei  distinction  Into  Libya  latetior  and  ederioc  Is  also 
koonn.  The  former  (4  hrla)  iadnded  the  ioteriot  [known 
and  unlukown)  of  the  cxmtinenE,  as  contrasted  with  the  N.  and 
K.E.  portion;  the  latter  (4  ({«,  called  also  simply  Libya,  or 
tibyat  ntmuiif  betweni  Egypt  and  Marmarica,  was  so  called 
.   u  having  once  loimed  an  Egyptian  "  nome."     See  Ajnica, 

UMTA,  a  seapact  of  Sicily,  in  the  province  of  Cirgentl, 
14  m.  S.E.  ol  Girgenti  direct  and  S4  m.  by  caiL  Fop,  (i«oi) 
11,931.  It  occupies  the  site  o!  the  town  which  Pbintias  of 
Acragas  (Agrigcntuin)  erected  illet  the  dntr 
about  iSi  B.C.  by  the  Mamntines,  and  nami 
The  river  Salto,  which  flows  inio  tbe  let  on  ibe  east  ol  the 
town,  is  the  andent  Himrra  Utridiaialii.  The  promonlocy 
at  the  loot  of  which  the  town  is  situated,  the  Poui'  di  SanI' 
Aiigda,  is  Ibe  Ecnomus  (fjbwnoH)  ol  the  Creeks,  and  upon 
Its  slopes  are  scanty  traces  of  andent  structures  and  rock 
tomba.  It  was  ofl  this  pnimontory  that  the  Romana  gained 
the  faaota  naval  victory  over  the  Carthaginians  in  the 
■prlng  of  356  B.C.,  while  the  pUln  to  the  north  was  the 
Kxne  ol  the  defeat  of  Agathodea  by  Hamikar  in  31a  B.C. 
Tbe  modem  town  Is  mainly  important  as  a  shipping  port  for 


_ ,  _  , ,  _  lomul  authority  tL 

lawful  act  Such  authority  may  be  dlbCr  verbal  or  written; 
when  written,  the  document  containing  the  authority  is  called 
*  "  Hcence."  Many  acts,  iawfu!  in  themsdvts,  are  regulated 
by  Ratutoiy  antbotity.  and  licences  must  be  obtained.  For  the 
nk  of  alcoholic  liquor  see  LiQUoa  Laws. 

ULHU  (Jiolea  mtrr),  in  medical  tenninology,  ■  papu- 
lar disease  of  tbe  skin,  consisting  of  an  eruption  in  small 
thkkly  set,  slightly  elevated  red  pohits,  more  or  less  widely 
distributed  over  the  body,  and  accompanied  by  ilicht  febrile 


.,  _  .  .  ._._ _ ous,  al^    The  fungal  part  ol 

tbe  organism  nearly  always  consists  of  a  number  ol  the  Diuf 
■yofei  or  Fyrenimycc/ei,  while  the  algal  portion  is  a  memba 
of  the  Schiiophyceae  (Cyanophyreae  or  Blue-green  Algae)  01 
of  the  Creen  Algae;  only  in  a  very  few  cases  is  the  fungus  i 
nembei  ol  the  Basidiuuiycetes.  Tbe  special  fungi  whicl 
take  part  in  the  association  are,  with  rare  exceptions,  not 
(otuid  growing  lepsratEly,  while  the  algal  forms  are  constantl) 
found  free.  The  reproductive  ortans  of  the  lidien  are  of  ■ 
typically  fungal  chaucter,  u.  are  ^nlhecia  or  perithcdi 
bee  FuMCi)  and  spermogonia.  Tbe  aW  cells  are  nevei 
knowik  to  (orm  spores  while  pan  of  the  licheo-thallus,  but 
they  may  do  so  when  separated  from  it  and  growing  free 
The    fungus    thus    clearly    takes    the    upper    hud   In    thi 


'>Mng  to  thai  peculiar  dual  nature,  lichens  are  able  to  live 


In  liiuations  where  neither  the  alga  not  funga  oonU  olst  aloat; 
The  enclosed  alga  is  protected  by  tbe  threads  (hyphae)  ol  Iha 
fungus,  and  supplied  with  water  and  salta  bimI,  poaaibfy,  OTganic 
lulrogenous  sutatances;  in  its  turn  the  alga  by  means  of  iti 
green  or  biue-grecn  coburing  matter  and  the  sun's  oiergy 
manufactures  cartwhydtales  which  an  used  in  part  by  tbe 
lungus.  An  association  of  two  organisms  to  thdr  mutual 
advantage  is  known  as  zymbtosis,  and  the  lichen  In  botanical 
language  is  described  as  a  syn^iotic  union  of  an  alga  and  a 
fungus.  This  form  ol  rdationship  is  now  known  in  other 
groups  ot  plants  (see  BAcnuDLOCV  and  Fuhgi),  but  It  wai 
first  discovered  hi  the  Lchena.  The  lichms  are  charac- 
teiiied  by  thtji  eiccsilvely  alow  growth  and  their  great  length 
oflUe. 

Until  comparatively  recent  times  the  lichens  were  oonahieRd 
as  a  group  of  simple  organisms  on  a  level  with  slgae  and  funcL 
The  green  (or  blue-green)  cells  were  termed  gonidia  by  WaUrath, 
who  looked  upon  them  as  ***""^  reproductive  cells,  but  when  It 
was  later  reaiiied  that  they  were  not  reproductive  element] 
they  were  considered  as  mere  outgrowths  ot  the  hyphae  of  the 
thallus  which  had  devdoped  chlorophyll  In  lU}  De  Bary 
suggested  the  posaibllily  that  such  lichens  as  CoUtma,  Efkai, 
frc.,  arose  asa  result  of  theattackol  parasitic  Ascomyceta  upon 
the  algae,  Nostoc,  Chroococcus,  Kc,  In  1867  the  observation* 
o[  Fasintiin  and  Baraneliky  showed  that  the  gonidia,  in  certain 
cases,  were  able  to  live  outside  the  Uchen-thallus,  and  in  the  caso 
of  Physcia,  Evcmia  and  Cladonia  were  able  to  form  locqiores. 
BaranelEky  therefore  concluded  that  a  certain  number,  if  not 
all  of  the  so-called  algae  were  nothing  more  than  free  living 
'  iSAg  Schwendencr  put  forward  tlie  really 
•ite  to  that  of  Baranetaky — 
L  tne  goiuoia  m  an  cases  were  algae  which  had  been  attacked 
parasitic    fungi.     Although   Scfawendener    supported   this 


oi  lichens 


?  very  at 


and  identified  tbe  n 

Iree-livinf  algae,  yet  the  theory  was  received  with  a 
opposition  by  nearly  all  Ikhoiahi^ts.  These  woiketi  mra 
unable  to  conskler  with  equanimily  the  teas  of  the  autonomy 
of  thdr  group  and  its  leductioa  to  tbe  levd  of  a  (pedal 
division  of  the  fungi.  The  obseivalions  ol  Schwendencr, 
however,  recdved  ample  support  from  Hornet's  (187J)  emaii- 
nation  ol  60  genera.  He  investigated  the  exact  relation  of 
lungus  and  alga  and  showed  that  the  same  alga  is  able  to 
combine  with  a  number  of  different  fungi  to  form  lichens; 
thus  Chroolifas  ambriaui  Is  found  as  the  gonidia  of  13  diSerent 

The  view  of  the  dual  nature  of  lichens  had  hitherto  been 
based  on  analyus;  the  final  proof  of  this  view  was  now  supplied 
by  the  actual  lynlbiiU  of  ■  lichen  from  fungal  and  algal  con- 
stituents. Reesin  iSji  produced  the  sterile  thaUus  o(  a  Csttou 
Iiom  its  (snalituents;  later  Stahl  did  tbe  same  for  three  speciei. 
Later  Bonnier  (iSM)  succeeded  in  producing  lenile  thdll  by 
sowing  lichen  spores  and  tbe  appropriaie  algae  upon  sterile 
glaas  [^tei  or  porlioaa  of  buk,  and  growing  them  in  steiiliied 
air  (fig.  i).  MOUer  also  in  1S87  eucomlEd  in  growing  small 
lichen-thalti  without  ibdr  algal  constituent  (gonidia)  on  notti- 
tive  solutions;  in  the  case  of  Cd/kiimi  pycnidia  were  acluallv 
produced  tmtlcr  these  conditions. 

Tbe  thallus  or  body  of  the  lichen  is  of  vny  diSercst  lorra  in 
diflerent genera.  In thealmplestfilamenloustichens(e,f.  Efktbt 
pubaani)  the  form  of  thallus  is  the  form  of  the  filamentous  alga 
which  is  merdy  surrounded  by  the  lungal  hyphae  (fig.  s).     The 

these  the  algae  ■ 

algal  cdlsand  ramifies  Ibi 
of  locms  aa  Uchens  with  ■ 
the  alga  and  lungus  are  equally  disrributed.  The  majority  ot  lbs 
Uchens,  however,  poness  I  stcaiified  thallus  in  which  the  goiddja 
are  found  aa  a  definite  layer  or  layers  embedded  m  a  paeudo- 
,  of  iungai  hyphae,  i^  they  are  itttv*- 
(fi(s.8aod9).    OI»toas)ylhasct«*co&dltloaiB>)tD«ig> 


0  the  gel 
eslbere(fig-j). 


UCHENS 


579 


inu  OH  utothCT,  ud  the  dbdDcUoa  It  nM  e(  flwriintoty 


ib  £itcraaJ  fgm  Ibe  betemacfom  IhaUiv  prTBCDta  the  foltowiof 
■lodifiatui.    (>)  Tbe  MiuBu  Qal-likc)  tlulliii,  which  miy  be 
Inu,  u.  n»i>aed  and  "     ""       - 


«r  pelt_._. 

._kHiilDbecl«DiJI»diii»tHl. 

&c  TlnHllttbii^tutyHsdUdwdiv 


itln.  u  In  Umtiliana^  A 


MoUaiOa ^ — . 

■  paMwii.*iiiiCWsa<a(%.7).  <t)  TtemiiMnwiii  thtllin.  whkli 

(■•    f  laaWHM).   annhcc,    rnnnloK    or    pulnmlciit    (in '  vmrioiil 
I(UM«i  and  XfCidwJ.   .uD.TlK  kjMiiltniitl  ihilliu  ii  often 


rLrk'Si 


■I  (u  is  j:y(in>M«  •< 


2£^»' 


e   Cytiouet 


y  nitiue.    In  tba  dry  ud  . 

OM^  sMh  or  vUtlib.  ud  *1 
Shcoo.    Lea  munenly  It  li  t 


cotouc  Alio  Ibc  IhiUm  exterpalEy  ia 


I,  nd, 


^prtw},  Mni  IwfaaJ  otcnnlly  ,'>'^^I>V,^' 

Jib.  ud  alaoM  u  often  ereyidi  « 

, enq'  It  li  of  diffcRDt  ihade*  of  hrc...,  . 

ytlloK  ud  bUdc  InthtiRMtttaltcidbethilluiilKiacelavn. 
BBcb  liH  *pMmt,  a*  Iha  unima  Ibcn  bawne  inofT  or  loi  twu- 
lucott,  ud  the  tuUu  uiibHv  pnnvltB  tlw  fmniflh  colour  of  the 
tODkUa  (*■(.  Parmdia  Btrrtn,  FMiUa  tpiUuaa,  UmUliaria 
puMloti  ud  putvenilent  LitiJtati, 

The  thillui  my  be  Ine  upon  ine  tailtet  01  the  lubitTaiun  (i.f. 
'  "      *  or  ne^  be  bed  pure  ee  led  closely  to  ii  by  ipecul  hypue 


The 


idmer^ett  tmapuiefit,  lever,  the  anial  lajtr.  end  i 
hcbI  deiieer  lime  the  ee^aJied  mtinlian  lajtr.  belirees  that 
levin  ia  the  alcal  laii*  or  tDDidial  layvr  fficL  S  and  9I. 
<"  —B  tpM^i  k  aaninSiMe  *|<|>IM  to  tlw  •upeAcLjil  •leiue 
the  conical  lijir  asd  the  uro  kytaOuiIliu  lo  ihe  layer. 


Uichypalhaliul  b  laually'dark  or  blackbh.  The  ty lindriol  bmncln 

of  the  fnitkoK  focnu  are  luually,  radiafly  tyaimelrkal.  but  the 

flattened  brurhcaortheee  Fonna  and  alio  the  tnalli  □!  riv  raELAmwB 

fenn  ibow  a  dilTerence  in  the  ronev  of  the 

The  cortical  layer  ii  uuanv  nun  devdopcd 

Il|bt,  while  ia  many  licheni  Ihia  ii  ibe  onh 

ODRkzl  lays.    The  podetia  of  tome  epeeia  of  C 

conical  layrr  at  alL    The  lurface  d[  the  thallin  soen  anipiui  uui 

fnimhi  in  the  tuna  of  mm.  hain.  Ac     1'he  medullary  layer 

vhich  unially  forniB  the  main  pan  of  the  Ihallui,  if  diKinguiuiei 

Iron  tbe  cortKal  layer  by  iti  ' 


Bf''cuSonU 


Ceiuiia, — It  hai  been  made  ckai  above  tliil  Ibc  lonidli 
n  DoLhiiig  Don  Ihao  algal  cells.  »bich  have  been  nunared 
by  fuiiga]  hyphae  aod  made  to 
dcvriop  is  captivity  (fig.  t,. 
Funltluck  givci  ten  free  living 
algae  which  have  been  identified 
aa  Ibe  gonidia  ol  licheae.  Pleura. 
accus  CCy]l««i>u}  kmrniaiLi  in  the 
majoiiiy  oi  lichens,  ij.  Uima, 
aadntia,  Pkyvit.  Panatiu,  Cali- 
(>»■,  many  ipeda  of  Liciitc,  ftc.. 
TtenUfMia  {damitpiti)  anMiu 
iri  many  Bpcdce  of  Vetntcaria, 
Crapliidieoi  and  Ucidea;  PatmtOa 
Mrymiti  in  Bpi^nta;  PlairociKcia 
mltarii  in  lUanspoia,  Dcnnato- 
caipon,  CatHlaria;  Daclyliicaiau 
m/wukui  in  SWdriu,  Hiplremw; 


M4&to^B,  W  I Lim  tt 


u,Fr.  AbnnchtdfiU- 
■m  thallui  of  Siiftma 
[h  the  hyphae  ol  the 
igui  growing  through 

eral  branch  a:  i.  hy-         FlO-  3-— Section  of  Homoiomeroua 
ae;  i.  tell)  of  the  alca-      Thalluiof  Cclltmacentlnmtraliijii.-wUb 

ei,  the  apei  of  Ibe  thai-      Ne$Uc  ilinada  Kaltcnd  annng  Ibe 

Tiu.  hypbae. 

Nfilac   litkauiiia   in   moM   dI    the    CoUemaceu;    Shtitria 

rutUa  ia  Ompkelaria;  LiMiu,   &c.,   PJjfectut  frntdijirmti 

in     PiUitoa,     Pau- 

narie    and   Slkliiu; 

Clttxafia     fdyda- 

Motica  in  Batomyai 

and       Ompkularia-.M 

Sirmplwit    pitl-aHa-\ 
'-    EflitlK    t»- 


tcHBU.      The     I 
jority  of  U 


ILamura  iniialtiu. 


in     their     develop-  J 
mcnl.     In  the  ate 

ample.  Ibe  piindpal 

alga  b  a  gteen  alga,  one  o(  the  PalmcUaccae,  but  Ifaaac  (a 

Uiw^RcD  alca)  i*  alio  lound  playing  a  tubtidiaijr  pait  a* 


af,  Apnlbecium. 


which  it  iri 

to  Colicr,  mlvrayj   ihowi  f^^' 

■  mintuie  ol  hjrphae  aiul  tytat 

The  best-known  tp<da  ii  Cora  famitt,  which  k  (mad  In 
iTOpiol  rcgioni  gnwint  on  Uu  bin  cuth  utd  «a  tfccii  tb* 
gonidii  btloni  to  the  gcnui  Crkrs««cu  tibik  th*  fungy*  batoBSi, 
Id  the  Thcleplunu  (kc  Fvvai).  Thit  licbca 
IRPii  uo^qiK  in  the  Fxl  Ibal  (he  [un^  clencnt  i>  Uw  found 
fnnrijis  lad  Iruiiing  eaiiicljF  dcvwd  at  tit/tt,  vbik  Id  I^ 


LICHENS 


S«3 


_  a  ponbn  lean  to  hive  bceoinc  aa  ipcriil- 
iitd  la  its  lymbiotk  mode  of  life  Ihll  it  is  never  (ouod  growing 
independratl]'. 

Tbe  genu  DUlyuitma  bu  gosidia  bclongins  lo  Ihe  blue- 
fiEtn  alga,  StyUnema.  When  th«  (luigui  predomiailct  in 
tbf  ihftUiu  it  lui  &  bncket-iiJt«  mode  of  growth  aiHl  ia  found 
projecting  from  the  bnochet  of  trees  irith  the  hymenium  on 
the  under  tide.  When  the  *lg>  U  prEdominant  il  iormi  Idled 
palcha  on  [he  bar):  of  trees,  the  Inniaica  (arm.  li  it  uid 
that  tilt  (ungut  of  Cera  fatoaia  and  of  DUiyamta  a  identical, 
iIm  dilenaCB  bdaa  in  the  oatuie  ol  Ibe  alp. 

Uodt  4f  Li},. 
Uchea  are  found  growing  In  variom  ailuatloni  inch  ai 
bare  e*tth,  tbe  bark  of  tied,  dead  wood,  ifae  lurfaoe  ol  ttona 
and  toclu,  where  they  have  little  competition  to  fear  from 
ordinaiy  planU.  As  is  well  known,  the  lichent  ue  dicB  found 
in  the  mou  eipoaed  and  ujd  nluatioaii  in  the  ttirtme  polu 
regioni  these  plant*  are  practiaily  tbe  only  vegetable  form* 
of  life.  Tbey  owe  tbeir  capacity  to  live  under  tbe  moM  in- 
hoi[»iable  conilitians  to  the  dual  natuit  of  Ibe  orgamBOi,  tod  to 
their  capacity  lo  wilhilsnd  eilRmes  o!  beat,  cold  uid  dnnighi 
without  deslrutllon.  On  a  bare  locky  luiface  a  fungus  would 
dia  from  wani  of  organic  substance  and  an  alga  from  diougbt 
■"      ■*  'len,  however,  i* 


able  to  grow  ai 


alga  supplies  organic  food  malcr 


the  fuogu*  haa  developed  a  battery 

enable  it  actually  to  dissolve  tbe  most  resistant  rocRs.  it  is 
owing  to  the  power  of  disintegrating  by  both  mechanical  and 
diemirai  means  Ihe  rocks  on  which  they  are  growirg  that  lichens 
play  such  an  important  part  in  smWproducllon.  The  resistance 
of  lichens  is  eitraordinaiy;  they  may  be  cooled  to  very  low 
temperatures  and  heated  Co  high  temperatures  without  being 
killed.  They  may  be  dried  so  thoroughly  tbil  they  can  essily 
be  reduced  lo  powder  yet  their  viiilily  is  not  destroyed  but 
only  suspended;  on  being  supplied  with  water  they  absorb 
it  rafridly  by  their  general  suf  face  and  renew  their  activity.  The 
GIe  o[  many  lichens  thus  consists  of  alternating  periods  of 
activity  when  moisture  is  plentiful,  and  completely  suspended 
animation  undercondllionsd  dryness.  Though  so  lillle sensitive 
to  drought  and  extremes  of  temperature  lichens  appear  to  be 
very  easily  aHected  by  Ihe  presence  In  Ibe  air  of  noiious  sub- 
Slances  such  as  are  found  In  large  dlies  or  manufaciaTing 
towns.  In  such  districts  lichen  vegdaliDn  Is  entirely  or  almost 
entirety  absent,  The  growth  of  lichens  b  cMcemcly  slow  and 
many  of  Ihcm  lake  years  before  they  arrive  at  a  sporc-bcating 
slage.  Xaaikaria  porlellaa  has  been  known  lo  grow  (or  forly- 
fve  years  before  heaifng  apoibecia.     This  slowness  o(  growth 

individuals  found  growing  on  hard  mountain  rocks  or  on  the 
trunks  o(  aged  trees  are  many  hundreds  of  years  old.  It  is 
possible  that  specimens  of  such  long-lived  species  as  Lecidca 
tatraphia  actually  outrival  In  longevity  the  oldest  trees. 

Silalltii  of  Fmifin  aai  Alt». 
The  relation  of  the  two  constituents  o(  the  lichen  have  been 
briefly  staled  in  the  beginning  of  this  article.  The  relation  ol 
Ihe  (ungus  lo  the  algo,  though  il  may  be  desciibcd  in  general 
terms  aa  one  o(  symbiosis,  partakes  also  somewhat  of  the  nature 
of  parsMlism.  The  algal  ceBs  are  usually  eonlrollcd  in  Iheir 
growth  by  the  hyphac  and  arc  prevented  from  forming  EOosporn. 
and  in  some  cases,  as  already  described.  Ihe  algal  cells  are  killed 
sooner  or  Eater  by  Ihe  lungui.  The  fungus  iccms,  on  the  other 
hand,  to  stimulale  the  algal  cells  to  special  development,  for  those 

not  necessarily  advene  to  Ihe  idea  o(  parasilistn,  (or  it  b  well 
known  thai  an  inueate  in  the  size  of  the  cells  of  the  host  is 
often  the  result  of  the  attacks  o(  parasitic  fungi.  It  must  be 
borne  in  mind  that  the  enci  nutritive  rcblioni  of  ihe  Iwo 
constiiuenls  of  Ihe  lichco  have  not  been  completely  ducidaicd, 
and  thai  il  it  very  difficult  to  draw  the  line  between  symbiosis 
■od  paiasititoL     The  Uchca  algae  act  ool  aleoe  in  Ihair  spccialiu- 


tion  to  the  symbiotic  (or  paiuitic)  mode  e(  li(e,  lot,  as  staled 

carher,  the  fungus  appear  in  the  iDajorily  ol  cases  lo  have  com- 
plMely  lost  the  power  of  independent  develi^ineat  aincc  with 
very  rare  exceptions  they  are  not  found  alone,  Tbey  also  diSei 
very  matitedly  from  (ree  living  lun^  in  tbeir  chemical  reactions 

The  chemistry  of  licheni  ._  -_.,  ,_^,  _.  ,_.  ......  „,,v»„- 

K ted  and  can  only  be  very  briefly  dealt  with  hen.  Thewiltoflbe 
phac  cl  the  (uniui  give  in  the  young  state  the  ocdiaary  itactisu 
ol  ctlluloK  but  nldef  material  shows  •omewhal  diflacnt  leacliofla. 
Hmikr  to  thov  si  the  •Kallcd  fuagus^ellulose.    la  many  lichen- 

lichcni,  t.[.  Cilmrid  istamliai.  Ibe  wall  coanias  Lkhenn  (C.H,rf>i). 
I  gummy  HibMinn  which  swrilshictU  water  and  diHolm  in  hot. 
Beiidci  Ihit  Kibwante,  a  very  dmilai  aae,  IsoUehcniB. »  ako  (ound 
which  il  djiiiiu[ui>bed  from  lichcnin  by  the  (act  that  ildiaolvesin 
cold  water  anJluini  blue  under  the  lelctioD  of  Iodine.  Calciunt 
oiilite  i>  a  vny  commini  sibiunct,  especially  in  cruitaeeous 
lichens;  jaiiy  nil  in  the  torm  of  inpt  Or  ■•  an  infikiatioa  in  lbs 
DentinDC  ia  alio  common;  il  sometimes  ocmn  in  apecial  cdb 
and  in  eatremc  cases  may  represent  90  %  ol  Ihe  dry  substance  as 
in  Vtmaria  rofriuda,  Btalcra  jntjwrro. 

Celaarint  Vidtn.— Many  lichens,  ai  !•  »n  v»...  ..hlMi .  ,A«iA 
colouriag  which  is  usiially  due  to  Ihe 
with  cryHallhte  csceelaey  producia. 
have  usually  aa  aeid  at""  •"!  i>-" 
lichca-acida.     A  large  m 


idd  in  ftpecici  U  £Hri«a, 

_.    ..._    .    .      ..in   Irianra.   Cmpkora. 

The  KMiallcd  chrysoohanic  acid  found  in  Xaalisrii  [Phyicia) 
parwffiu  il  not  an  acid  but  a  quinone  and  is  better  termed  physcioiL 
CUsur  JtHdlMU  of  ZjtjkflH.— The  danUialioa  ol  lietaens  is  unique 
in  ibc  fact  that  ebeinlcal  colour  reactiona  arc  used  by  many  licbca- 
oJgoisCs  In  the  diieiiininatiaa  of  species,  and  these  reactions  are 
Included  in  the  ipecibc  diagnoses.  The  substances  Hied  aa  tests  in 
Ihesc  reactions  are  caustic  potaih  aod  calcium  hypochlorite;  the 
former  being  the  subBanec  diuohnd  la  aa  equal  wright  of  water 
and  the  latter  ■  saturated  mract  ol  bltathing  powder  la  water, 
Thne  lubilanccs  are  represented  by  Ikhenslgaiils  by  tbe  ngns  K 
and  CaCI  mpurlivcly.  and  Ihe  presence  or  absence  of  tbe  cotour 
r^ictian.  an;  npKwiilcd  thus,  K+,  CaCt+,  or  K-,  CaO-.  If 
the  cDftical  layer  should  ohibll  posilln  reaction  and  (b*  WKdulla 
of  the  Bme  ipecles  a  negativu  naetioo  with  both  reagents,  the 
result  is  ivpnKnlcd  thus.  K^CaCI^.  If  a  reaetion  n  only 
produced  after  the  conn^utive  adtblion  ol  tbe  two  reagents,  Ihu 
issymbstiicdby  K(CaCl]-|-.  A  solution  ol  iodine  is  also  uied  as  a 
lest  owing  10 the  blue  or  wine-red  colour  which  ibc thallus.  hyneniua 
or  sports  may  give  with  this  noienl.  Tbe  objection  to  the  aic  ol 
ibcie  colour  reactions  is  due  Is  lln  bwleGaite  nature  ol  Ihe  reaction 


Eiantmie  Uia 

In  tbe  attt,  as  food  and  u  mo 

highly  esteemed,  though  otbcn  1 


«/  iic>OH. 

icinc,  many  Lchens  have  been 
St  not  now  employed  loi  the 

.._ .—Of  these  the  most  important  are 

such  as  yield,  by  maceration  in  ammonia,  the  dyes  known  in 
commerce  as  archil,  cudbear  and  litmus,  Those,  however,  may 
with  propriety  be  regoidcd  as  but  diSercni  names  lor  the  same 

are  aitiibulaUe  lo  Ihe  different  mode*  In  which  the  pigments 
are  manufaclured.  Archil  proper  u  derived  liom  several  species 
ol  RratUa  (j.g.  R.  Uemlatui,  X.  Uuilvia),  which  yield  a  rich 
purple  dyei  il  once  fetched  a  high  price  in  the  mtrkct-    CM 

partUa,  and  used  in  Ihe  preparation  of  a  red  01  crimson  dye. 
Interior  to  this  is  "  cudbear,"  derived  from  Ijcantra  torttfrM, 
which  was  formerly  very  eitcnsivdy  employed  by  the  peasantry 
of  north  Europe  lor  pving  a  scarlet  or  purple  colour  to  woollen 
cloths.    By  adding  cttlaia  alkalies  to  t^  ether  iustedicnu  used 


sH 


Id  the  pnpinilon  pf  thse  plgmeatt,  the  coloitT  becomi*  indigo- 
blue,  In  whicb  UK  it  13  Ihc  litmui  oT  lit  Dutch  muulaciuien. 
Arnontpt  otfrn  licbens  iSonUng  icd,  purpie  or  buwn  dya  miy 
be  raentioHd  XanuHna  lafalwum,  Parmdia,  ujaiaii  uid 
f.  tmpiBlaiti,  VmbSk^a  ftaltiala  and  Mvnd  wcchs  □( 
Gyrofkare,  Uraalaiia  saupoia,  lU  o[  which  are  more  «  leu 
emplojis!  u  domalic  dyes.  Yello*  dya,  again,  »ie  derived 
bom  CUirtt  udpifia,  Plalysma  juytipainliit,  Paradh  (aptrola 
and  F.  cimiPvia,  Pkyicia  Jlaiuam.  Pk.  pariniM  sod  Ph. 
tyckatt,  tliaugb  lile  the  pnccding  iIhjf  do  not  (om  arttdo 
of  tomnjerce,  being  merely  used  loCBUy  by  the  nativQ  of  the 
Rgiou  in  whicb  (bey  occur  mo&l  plenlifuily.  In  addition  to 
llwie,  many  eiotic  licliena,  beiongiDg  capedaJly  to  Parmdia  and 
SHaa  ((.f.  Parmdia  lintUnai,  Sliila  argyracca),  an:  ricb'ln 
colouring  matter,  and,  il  obtained  In  lufGcienl  quanlily.  would 
yield  a  dye  in  every  way  equal  10  archfl.  These  pigments 
primarily  depend  upon  special  acids  conulncd  in  ihc  thalli  o[ 
licbeDS,  and  Iheic  presence  may  readily  be  delected  by  means  of 
tbe  reagenls  already  noliced.  In  Ihe  process  o[  mnnufacluio, 
however,  (bey  undergo  various  changes,  ol  which  Ihcihemistry 
k  Mill  but  lillle  undeisLood.  At  one  lime  also  some  species 
were  naed  in  ihe  arts  lor  supplying  a  gum  as  a  subsiituic  for 
gnm-mhic.  These  were  chicHy  Ramitina  fraiina,  Emmia 
prutuilri  and  Parmdia  fhysaiis,  all  of  which  conlain  a  consider- 
able pn^wnion  o(  gummy  matter  (of  a  much  inferior  quality, 
however,  to  gum-arabic},  and  were  cmpbyed  ia  the  process  of 
calico-printing  and  in  the  making  of  psrehment  and  cardboard. 
In  the  17th  ccnluiy  some  filamcnlose  and  (ruliculose  lichens, 
viz.  species  of  f/inri  and  Ramdina,  also  Ereniia  furjiiracca  and 
Cladatia  raniifoina,  were  used  in  the  an  of  pcrlumBy.  From 
(heir  supposed  aptitude  to  imbibe  and  retain  odoun.(heir 
powder  was  the  basis  of  various  pcifumcs,  such  as  (be  celebrated 
"  Foudie  dc  Cypre  "  ol  the  hiirdicssers,  but  their  cmploymcnl 
in  Ibis  respect  has  long  since  been  abandoned. 
'    >.   SairiliK  Licbtns.'~Oi   still   greater  importance  Is  the 


™  'or  f        . 

Thia  loull*  from  their  containing  starchy 
aone  aaia  a  imaO  quantity  of  saccharine  ma 
mannlle.  One  of  the  most  useful  nutriiiou 
IdaruUm,  "Iceland  moss,"  which,  after  be 


xllar 


at  with  m 


ous  species  is  Cttraria 

bring  deprived  of  id 

by  the  poor  Icelander, 
lariy  G"        " 


fcriHa  and  CI.  sylvatita,  the  familisT  "rdndccr  masa,"  wit 
frequently  eaten  by  man  in  times  of  scarcity,  after  being  powdered 
and  mind  with  Dour.  Their  cblcT  imparlance,  however,  is  that 
In  Lapland  and  other  nott  hern  countries  they  supply  the  winter 
food  of  Ihe  reindeer  and  other  animals,  who  scrape  away  the  snow 
and  eagerly  feed  upon  them.  Another  nmritious  lidien  ia  the 
"  Tripe  de  Roche  "  of  the  arctic  rcgiont.  consbtlng  of  several 
ipccies  of  the  Cynphirci,  which  when  balled  is  often  eaien  by 
(be  Canadian  hunten  and  Red  Indians  when  pressed  by  hunger. 
But  IhcmaatsingularesculcatlicheDDfaUisthc"  manna  lichen," 
which  in  limes  ol  drought  and  famine  has  served  as  food  loc  Urge 
numbers  of  men  and  cattle  in  the  arid  steppes  cl  various  countnea 
ttictching  from  Allien  to  Tutary.    llili  is  derived  chiefly 

in  bycti  from  j  to  6  in.  ihicli  over  large  tracts  of  country  in 
the  form  t^  small  irregular  lumps  of  a  greyish  or  white  colour. 
In  conneiion  with  their  use  as  food  we  may  obsrrvi  that  of 
recent  years  in  Scandinavia  and  Russia  an  alcoholic  spirit  has 
been  distilled  frmn  dadonia  rangf/m'aa  and  cilcnsivcly  con- 
dear.  FoTTDcrly  also  Stida  palmanaria  was  much  employed  bi 
brewing  instead  of  hops,  and  it  is  said  that  a  Siberian  monast^ 
was  mud  celebrated  for  its  beer  which  was  Savoured  wilb  the 
bitter  principle  of  this  species. 

3.  Ucdiciaal  Lklitni, — During  the  middle  ages,  and  even  In 
some  quarters  to  a  much  later  period,  lichens  were  eitcnsively 
used  in  medicine  in  various  European  countiiea.    Many  soedei 
a  great  repute  as  demv 


ds,  febrifug 

-    The  chief  (d_(kate  emploitd 


for  one  or  otlwr,  and  In  mbw  ale*  for  several,  of  thtKpniposn 
were  Claiaiia  fyrUata,  l/tma  torlula,  Samtiiiia  /vinacea, 
Etemia  frimaiai,  Cdraria  idaitdica,  Sida  falrnvmiria, 
Parmdia  taalUii,  XaKlJuria  ^aritfiiw  and  FMiiMria  aataro. 
Otben  again  were  beUeved  (a  be  endowed  with  specific  virtue^ 
e.g.  PdXitoa  anina,  which  fonsed  the  baab  of  i1m  tdebiated 
"  pulvis  antilyisus  "  of  Dr  Mead,  kxtg  tegaided  u  >  wveidgu 
cure  for  hydiaphohia;  Plalyiau  junifBinam,  buded  a*  a  qMcific 
in  jaundice,  no  doubt  00  the  timSia  limilitmi  pcindide  tnaa  a 
Tctembbnce  between  iti  yellow  colour  and  that  of  (he  f  aundlcod 
Ala;  Pdlidia  apkibaia,  which  ou  tbe  same  principle  wis  t^aided 
by  the  Swedes,  when  boiled  in  milk,  as  an  (Eectual  remedy  for 
theoM'^^'orrash  on  (heir  children.  Almost  all  of  thew  vtrtoes, 
general  or  specific,  were  imaf^naiy;  and  at  the  prtieit  day, 
eiccpt  pcrbapa  in  some  remoter  distrkM  sf  mrtbeni  Euiope, 
only  one  ol  them  is  employed  as  a  remedial  agent.  This  istbe 
"  Iceland  mots  "  ol  the  druggista'  shops,  which  It  uxfanhudly 
an  exccUcnl  demulcent  in  various  dy^wptic  and  AaL  oanplaint*. 
No  lichen  is  known  to  be  posscned  of  any  poisonous  propeftiei 
to  man,  although  CUves  sKf^iaa  It  believed  hy  tbe  Swedes  to 
be  so.  Zukal  has  considered  thai  the  Ikbea  adds  protect  the 
lidien  from  the  attacks  of  animalii  the  expetiBenti  ol  Zopl. 
however,  have  cast  doubt  on  this;  certainly  lichens  containing 
very  trittet  acids  are  eaten  by  mitei  ibough  some  of  tbe  acidi 
a()peai  to  be  poiionout  to  Iro^ 

Claiiificalieit. 
re  ol  the  lichen  thallut  introduces  at  the  outset 
dilSculty.    Theoretically  the  lichens  may  be 
dassilied  on  the  baus  of  their  algal  constituent,  on  the  ^p*ff  of 

homogeneous  organisms.  The  first  of  these  systems  is  impractic- 
able owing  to  the  absence  of  algal  reproductive  organs  and  tbt 
simiiarity  of  the  algal  cells  (gonidial  ia  a  large  number  of  diSereat 
forms.  The  second  system  is  the  aust  obvious  one,  lixt  tha 
fungus  ia  the  dominaal  partner  and  produces  reproductive 
organs.  Tbe  third  system  was  that  ol  Nylandec  and  bit  lollowoi^ 
who  did  not  accept  (he  Sefawenderian  doctrine  of  duality.  In 
actual  practice  the  diUcrence  between  tbe  second  and  third 
methods  is  not  very  great  since  the  fungus  ia  the  producer  of  the 
reproductive  organs  and  generally  the  main  constituent,  llist 
systems  agree  in  deriving  the  major  divisions  from  the  characters 
of  the  reproductive  organs  (perithecia,  apotheda,  or  hasidiotpon 
bearing  Irudificaiion),  while  the  characters  of  the  aigal  cells 
and  thoseof  the  thallusgenerally  are  used  for  the  miiuir  divisions. 
The  dillerence  between  the  various  systems  lies  in  the  relative 
importance  given  to  the  reproductive  characters  on  tbe  one  hand 
and  the  vegetative  characters  on  the  olbn-.  In  the  system 
(iSj4-iSss)  of  Nylandcr  the  greater  wdgbt  is  given  to  the  latter, 
while  in  more  modern  systems  the  former  cbaiacteia  rccdve 


A  brief  outline  > 
Zahlbruckner  aa  gi 


n  divisions  of  lichens,  Auiiiclitna  and 

ling  to  the  nature  of  the  fus^  dement, 
le  or  basidiomycele.  The  Asccdichcaei 
10  PyrnxHTpi^  or  Pyrndiditua  and 
■.dkhciuy,  the  first  having  an  ascocaip 
iedum,tbeiecoad  bearing  thdiascospoto 


UCHENS 


5«5 


Serin  L  CBiifcmniln'"-    TIk  tunpfcyMx  bnnch  ind  (sm  ■  n«- 

«ik  (opillitiam)  onr  tlw  aKi.  itie  aiHUiiluiii  and  (imcd 
HHNTt  f ormuic  a  long  peniiLent  powdery  nti*  (nuEudium)- 
CaGcitceu,  Cy^4icliiccse»  Sphvnjplianceae. 
Seria  ir  Gntdiidtncir.  Apotbcda  wSdnni  rouodt  imuUy  ciancalnl- 
Antoaawt.  Cnpkidame,  RacaOiaie. 

~~f- Cytkiail^rmE,  Apofhectum  uiually  circulir.  oo  Apil- 


II  d/  lulkiil. 

I.  HMlali.—Tbae  are  anremcly  varied,  and  comprite 
>  (TSI  numbci  of  vciy  diffmnt  luhunti.  Chiefly,  however, 
thcr  are  til* 'm'I' 1^  t''**'  ncki,  ibe  ground,  moua*n(l,nre1y. 
persmid  iMva.  (n)  With  ropect  to  (nrliWoiu  licheni.  ume 
pnJcr  the  ni(ged  bailc  of  old  liea  (t.[,  Sanutiaa,  Pajmdia, 
Stultii  and  oibcn  the  unoalh  baik  lil  yoim|  ireei  and  ibnitn 
((^.  Cratkiiei  and  tome  Ltaitat).  Miny  are  lound  piindpally 
b  lartc  loiesLi  ((^.  [/inu,  AUcUria  jubaU) ;  while  1  few  occur 
note  opediUy  on  met  by  nadsidei  (>.{.  Pkyicia  farittiia  and 
n.  fahmlttM).  la  ooimeiion  vilh  coRicoloai  licheu  may 
be  mentioiied  thoM  lipiiali  ipedn  which  grow  ou  decayed, 
ot  decaying  mod  of  trees  and  on  old  pilci  (r./.  CaHciti,  variou» 
LccUiiu,  Xyltpaftia).  (b)  At  tg  joi^m  lictaeni,  which  occin 
on  roclu  and  iloiis,  tbey  may  be  divided  into  Iwo  leclioBi, 
vii.  alckalm  and  iakiJutiHU.  To  the  lormer  belong  luch  ai 
are  found  on  calcaJeoua  and  crciaceoua  Focki»  and  the  mortar 
df  walh  U-t-  Litanora  cakvea,  Lecidta  ctdcitOFa  and  several 
Vtmatw),  while  aU  othei  micolaut  lichens  may  be  regarded 
u  bdoiviil  Id  the  latter,  whatever  may  be  the  minerologiail 
EI  of  the  substralum.    It  it  hct  worthy  of 


thai  of  the  ipedal  babiut.    That  In 

heal  the  mineralogical  character  of  the  rock  hat  of  itsdl  little 
no  influence  upon  lichen  growth,  which  it  influeBCed  more 
dpeciaJly  and  directly  by  their  physical  properties,  tudi  at  thciT 
ipadty  for  retainiuf  heat  and  moiiture.  At  a  rule  Ikhou 
_row  cammoDly  in  i^ien  eiposed  habiuts,  though  tome  are 
found  only  or  dilefly  in  shady  dtualbns;  while,  ts  ilieady 
ohaeived,  scarcdy  any  anvT  where  the  atmcsphne  is  impreg- 
nated with  smoke,  hiany  jpedea  ttto  prefer  growing  in  midal 
)laces  by  ureanu,  lahs  and  the  sea,  IhoUBh  very  few  are  normally 
ind  ptobtbly  none  entirely,  aqualit,  being  almyt  at  certain 
ctson*  eipojed  lor  ■  longer  or  shorter  period  Lo  the  almotphere 
f-t-  ticltina, Lfftoginmrivtdare, EMdxarponflaviatiU,  Vemicaria 
■dii^d).  Same  tpedet  are  entirely  parasitical  on  other  lichens 
.(.(.  various  Ltctiau  and  Pyretwcarfdi,  and  may  be  peculiar 
o  one  <(.{,  Laiiai  tUdliiKria)  or  common  to  several  spedea 
r.f.  HainMelliu  pamdianm).  A  few,  generally  known  at 
rralie  qiecies,  have  been  met  with  growing  unattached  to  any 
lubslratum  (r-g.  Pantutia  rrooiuta,  var,  cavcentrua,  Lecanora 
tKHlenlc);  but  It  can  hardly  be  that  these  are  really  free  at 
'  trUt  CromUe  in  jBurn.  Btl.,  1B71,  p.  lot).  It  it  to  the 
dlfereni  chaiaclert  of  the  ttatlons  they  occupy  with  reelect 
>  eipoanie,  moiatuie,  ftc.,  thai  the  variability  observed  in 
lany  types  of  lichens  is  to  be  attributed. 
1,  Diilrilmlim.—From  what  hat  now  been  said  it  will  readily 
e  interred  that  the  distribution  of  lichens  over  the  surface  ol 
ie  globe  Is  regtililed,  tMI  only  by  the  pretence  ol  tuitable 
ihttTtla,  but  more  especially  by  dimatic  conditioot.  At  the 
■me  time  it  may  safely  be  affirmed  that  their  geograplucaJ  range 
more  extended  than  that  of  any  other  dass  of  plants,  occurring 
I  they  do  In  the  cotdst  and  warmest  regiom-xm  the  drcaiy 
loies  of  arctic  and  antarctic  teas  and  in  the  torrid  valleyt  vl 
tropical  cUmes,  at  wdl  tt  en  the  grettat  mountain  devationi 
yet  attained  by  man,  on  proje<:tlng  rocks  even  far  above  the  snow- 
'.  Ijcidea  leograpkica).  In  arctic  regions  lichens  form  by 
largest  portion  ol  the  vegetation,  occurring  everywhere 
[round  and  on  rocks,  and  fruiting  freriy;  while  terreilrltl 
of  Oo^nis  and  SlrrtKcidm  are  seen  in  the  grealeit 
ihnndance   spreading   over  e 


i  («.r.  1 


.        re  the  power  of  forming  mini 
Cavitia  ta  the  lock,  in  which  tbey  are  putlilly  buried.     < 
WU  mpect  ID  tcrnstiial  spedei,  some  prefer  paty  soil  (1 
ffs^nriiT.  rr-*-*— ■* — '—")—'——'-—--"— "f-f  r-..— 
oajto,  iMida  itd^au),  o>ben  sandy  toQ  or  haidened  m 
((«  CiHima  timattm,  PiitUta  ■«■»);  while  many  may 
IcwhJ  givirini  an  tH  kindi  of  toil,  from  Ibe  sandi  of  the  tea-ihi 
to  th«  cnahic  detritus  o(  Mty  mmnitunt,  wUh  the  sccption 
of  CDOne  <t  cutUvated  pound,  tbert  bcmg  »  agrarian  lichens. 
(d)  JfwdctfaM  Ei&cBi  again  art  toch  at  are  mo«  frequently 
Bet  witk  OS  dccayad  motiet  tad  Jmitrmamio,  whether 
the  (rmud.  tceei  or  tockt  (r.i.  UtUt""'  noMiaia,  Gamfki 
M/feWto).    (()  Tbt  ififtylhmi  spcdn  ate  very  peculiar 
occsrIds  npoa  ptccairitl  Icmta  ol  oiuin  trees  and  ihn 
Vbgw  vitality  It  Dot  at  aU  affocud  by  their  peesence  u  It  b  by 
tkat  <d  {oocL    Inn  Ear,  howcvtr,  a*  il  known,  tbey  are  very 
Eadted  la  nonbet  (t(.  LtcUta,  gtmtillti,  SIripfia). 

limct  various  licbent  occur  abnormally  In  socl 
d  tatUtita  at  dried  dung  of  sheep,  bleached  bonei  of 
wbalo,  old  leather.  Iron  and  glass.  In  diurlctr 


it  appan 


il  that 


infer  that  the  prefetenct  of  several 

[xialuie  of  the  locality 


«  of  01 


.    Thelii 


Aora  of  temperate  regions  again  Is  essentially  distinguished 
from  the  preceding  by  the  frequency  of  corticolout  tpedct 
belonging  lo  Laexara.  Laidm  and  Crafkufa.  In  intertropical 
regions  lichens  attain  their  maiimum  development  (and  beauty) 
in  the  loUsceDut  Sliilti  and  ParmilicI,  while  they  are  especially 
characteiiied  by  epiphyllous  species,  at  SfripJfl,  and  by  many 
peculiar  cortlcole  Tlidiilremti,  GrathUri  and  i'yrniacar^ei. 
Some  lichens,  etpedilly  saiicolous  ones,  seem  to  be  cosmopolitaa 
~   ■   lio  ^yiiJalD);  and  o" 


rictly  c 


,  regions 


apart,  A  tonridetable  number  of  ipedes, 
seem  to  be  mfrwic,  but  further  research  will  no  doubt  show  tlial 
most  of  them  occur  in  other  climatic  regions  similar  to  those  in 
which  they  have  faithetto  alone  been  detected.  To  give  aoy 
detailed  account,  however,  ol  the  distribution  of  the  didcrent 
genera  (not  to  speik  of  that  of  individual  qxcies)  of  Uchent 
would  necessarily  far  eiceed  available  limits. 

BlBLIOCIArnY,— General:   Eniler  and   Prnail,   nil  luMrlCrfall 
..__.=-=     "  tr..-i-.--|i/'  Der  itaeawtniie  St     ■   ■     —    ■ 
■I.  i.  JnL  iti.  Ga-^iOK 


kwnde,"  Jtffcr. 

LBaranetaky.     -.. —  —--,-..-- 
■  FleehlmfOBidien.  ■  Pnmii.  Jalui.  ]. 
Bomet.  "  RecheidKt  Hr  lei  gonidies  i 

da  iicheu''  ^H.  it  red 


n  Sund  der  inechtev 


M.  vii.  <'U»!  EL 

„ _     _  Rechenbes  lur  1* 

nnlhta  &»  iicheu-'  ^IIL  W(  K^  M:  M.  7  •h.  B.  9  HUo): 

A.  Ftmlntiiii  and  J.  Banneliky,  "Zur  Entwickelunneichichti 
der  Conidien  u.  ZobipOTenbiklung  der  Licfaenen,"  Btl.  Ztil.  (1M7, 
0  ilo,  iKS,  D.  l6q):S.  Schwendener.  Dh  ^(tKI'yfl  der  nstUn- 
H.^  (Baa^.  1U9):  A.  WeOtc.  dh.r  di.  jfiiUwr  fiMaMUllHir 
Alpn.  (MQntter.  tui).  SmaUty^  E.  StaU, 
'  rbJaiigiKictifllU  dff  B«IUoi  U. -" 


cCJaagiKictiau  dtr  RkUcn  (Uipag,  <^ 
.„.  .JaAiHnJEirfniUni (>■■(•' A^ilfluMtBU 
);  E.  Baur.  "Zur  Fnge  narh  der  Stnwiillt  d 
"  Ba.  4.  iaU.  M.  Gu.  (iS9«>i  "  Obo-  Aidtgi  ni 


j86 


LICHFIELD— LICHTENBERG,  G.  C. 


of  Ihc  iwve  68  ll 


pMhttitn,"  Btl.  Ztil.  (ijaOL  -.  ..  —  . 

duiti-cdtwickeluns  der  FKchte^'PhrKii  polvenileBra,'*  JVy.  _  . ... 
JiM.  (Bd.  14. 1«(W).  CbnniMrv, — W.Anf,  "  Vnildchcgik  Pro- 
duktc.''  BtiC.  I.  M.  Cnmim.  (Bd.  II.  iwt):  Oii  Flt^klaiUti 
0«M,  1907).  iTM-  C.  i  V.  H.  B.) 

LICHFISLD.  ■  dty,  couaty  of  i  dty,  ind  nuinicipil  boraugfa 
Id  tbe  Licb6cld  puliamcntaiy  diviuoa  of  SuEordahirc,  Engluul, 
iiS  m.  N.W.  fnm  Londoa.  Pop.  (1901)  7901.  TIic  London 
udNorlb-WotEtaiulmyhuiUtioni  Hi  Treat  ViUcy  Junction 
00  the  main  line,  ud  in  the  city  on  1  bnndi  watwird.  The  lavn 
Ub  in  a  pleo^^t  country,  on  n  uoaJ]  stream  draining  eaicvrard 
to  the  Trent,  with  lov  hiUi  to  the  E.  and  S.  Tbe  cathedral  is 
'  '^  inlemal  length  is  onJy  J70  [t.,  and  the  breadth 
'  '  '  'it  boulilul  in  bslh  iltiution  and  ityle. 
It  stands  near  a  picturtKjue  sheet  ol  water  named  MinaterPooL 
The  present  building  dales  Iiom  various  ptriodi  la  the  ijtii  and 
eaily  141b  ceniuria,  but  ibe  vaiioiu  ponioni  cannot  be  allocated 
to  hied  yean,  as  the  old  archfvca  were  destroyed  during  the 
Civil  Wand  the  17th  century.  Theearlier  recordsollhechurch 
are  equally  daublfuL  A  Saion  church  lounded  by  SI  Chad,  who 
was  tubiequently  enshrined  hett^  occupied  the  tite  from  the 
dose  of  the  7lh  century;  of  iu  Nonnan  (ucccuor  portiona  of 
the  foundations  have  been  excavated,  hut  no  record  eikts 
either  of  its  dale  or  of  its  builden.  Tlis  fine  exterior  of  the 
ctlhedtd  eihibiti  the  feature,  unique  in  En^and,  of  a  lofty 
CEntral  and  two  Itatet  western  spba,  of  which  the  central, 
iji  ft.  high,  is  a  raloratian  allribuled  to  Sir  Chriatopber  Wren 
after  its  destruction  during  the  Civil  Wan.  The  west  front  is 
composed  of  three  stages  of  ornate  arcading.  with  nichca  contain- 
ing ststuea,  of  which  most  are  modem.  Witbin,  the  south 
transept  shows  simple  Early  F-"fl''*h  worL,  the  Dotib  transept 
and  chapter  bouse  more  ornate  work  of  a  later  period  in  thai 

transition  to  the  Decorated  sEyle,  while -the  Lady  chapcJ  ia  a 
beautiful  jpedmen  of  fully  developed  Decorated  work  with  an 
ipsidal  east  end.  Tbe  wnt  front  piobiLbly  falls  in  date  between 
the  nave  and  the  Lady  chapeL  Among  numerous  monuments 
are — memorials  to  Samud  Johnson,  a  native  of  Lichfield,  and 
to  David  Carrick,  wbo  spent  his  early  life  and  was  educated  here  i 
a  tnonument  to  Major  Hodson,  who  fell  in  the  Indian  mutiny, 
and  whose  [aihcc  was  ouinn  of  Licbfieldi  the  tomb  of  Bishop 
Racket,  who  mlored  the  cathedral  after  the  Civil  Won;  and  a 
remarkable  elBgy  of  Perpendicular  dale  displaying  Sir  John 
Stanley  slripped  to  ihe  waist  and  awaiting  chastisement.  Here 
Italsotbe"  Sleeping  Children,"  a  maatetpiece  by  Chanltey(iSi  7). 

A  picturesque  bishop's  palace  {1687)  and  a  ibeological  college 
(1SJ7)  are  adjacent  to  the  calhedtal.  Tbc  diocese  covers  the 
grenier  pan  ol  StaBordshiie  and  about  hilf  the  parishes  in 
Shropshire,  with  small  poniDDs  of  Chesbiie  and  Dsbyahiie. 
The  church  ol  St  Chid  is  ancient  though  emensivcly  restored; 
on  its  site  St  Chad  is  said  to  have  occupied  a  bcrmii's  cilL  The 
principal  schools  are  those  of  King  Edward  and  St  Chad.  There 
ate  many  picturesque  balf-tinibered  and  olher  old  bouses,  anung 
which  is  that  in  which  Johnson  was  bom,  which  stands  In  the 
market-pUce,  and  is  the  properly  of  the  corporation  and  opened 
10  the  public.  There  is  alio  In  the  market  place  a  statue  10 
Johnson.  A  fair  is  held  annually  on  Whil-Mocday.  accompanied 
by  a  pageant  of  andent  origin.  Brewing  is  Ih*  principal  industry, 
and  in  Ihe  neighbourhood  ate  large  market  gardens.  The  cily 
Is  governed  by  a  mayor,  6  aldomen  and  iB  DOundUocs.  Area, 
J47iacre». 

There  is  a  tradition  tbat  "  ChtistlinGehl  "  near  Llcfatldd  was 
tbe  kite  o(  Ihe  minyrdom  ti  ■  thousand  Christians  during  the 
persecutions  of  Uaiimlan  about  j86,  but  there  la  no  evidence  in 
support  of  tbe  tradition.  At  Wall,  ]  m.  from  the  present  dty, 
there  WIS  a  Romino-Briliah  village  called  Lilocetum  ["grey 
wood  "),  tmm  which  the  fiiit  half  of  the  name  Lichfield  is 
derived.  The  fint  authentic  Bailee  of  Lichfield  iLyaid/iM. 
LyihftU,  LUdifim  occurs  in  Bede's  history  where  it  is  mentioned 
as  the  place  where  St  Chad  fixed  the  episcopaj  see  of  Ihe  Mercians 
'  to  of  Ihe  Kc  by  St  Chad  is  669,11  was  raised  is 


7S6  by  Pope  Adrian  throng  the  influence  at  09a,  Kins  ot 

'Mercia,  to  the  digrilyofan  archbishopric,  but  inSoj  the  primacy 
was  restared  to  Canterbury.  In  1075  the  see  of  Lichfield  was 
removed  10  Choier,  and  ihence  ■  few  yens  later  to  Coventry, 
but  it  was  restored  in  1148.  At  the  time  of  the  Domesday 
Survey  Lichfield  was  held  by  the  bishop  of  Cheslec:  it  ii  not 
called  a  borough,  and  it  was  a  small  village,  whence.  onucouDt 
of  its  insignificance,  Ihe  see  had  been  moved.  The  lordship  and 
manor  of  the  town  were  hdd  by  the  bishop  until  the  rcignot 
Edwud  VL,  when  Ihey  were  leased  ID  the  cotporalioo.  lliere 
is  evidence  that  B  castle  eiisted  here  Id  the  time  of  Bishop  Rogec 
Clinton  (fenfi.  Henty  I.),  and  a  footpalh  near  the  granunaj- 
school  retains  the  name  of  Cistle-dilch.  Richanl  II.  pve  a 
charter  (13S7]  for  the  foundalion  of  the  gild  of  St  Mary  and  Si 
John  Ihe  Baptisi;  this  gild  obtained  Ihewhole local govcraraent, 
which  it  eierdsed  until  its  dissolution  by  Edwgtd  VI.,  wbo 
incorpotaled  Ibe  town  (1548),  vesting  the  government  in  two 
ballilfs  and  twenty-four  burgesses;  further  charters  were  pvcn 
by  Mary,  James  I.  and  diaries  II.  {1664).  the  last,  incorporating 
it  under  Ihe  lille  of  the  "  balHFIs  and  citizens  of  Ihe  dly  ol  Ljcb-  - 
field."  was  Ihe  govetning  chiiter  until  iSjj^  undo*  this  charier 
the  governing  body  consisted  of  two  bailiffs  and  twenty-four 
brethren.  Lichfield  sent  two  members  to  the  parliament  of  1304 
and  to  4  few  succeeding  parliaments,  but  the  reproentation  did 
nol  become  regular  until  ijsi;  in  tB67  itioit  one  member,  and 
in  iSSj  its  represcmilian  was  mctged  in  that  of  the  county. 
By  tbe  charter  of  Junes  L  the  miriiet  day  was  changed  from 
Wednesday  10  Tuesday  and  Friday;  tbe  Tuesday  market 
disappeared  during  lite  19th  century;  the  only  existing  fair  ii  a 
tnuJ]  pleasure  fair  ei  ancient  Migin  hdd  on  Ash-Wednciday; 
the  anBuid  She  on  Whii-Monday  claims  to  dale  from  the  time 
of  Alfred.  In  Ibe  Civil  Wars  LicbGdd  was  divided.  Tba 
cathedral  aulhorilies  with  a  certain  following  were  for  Ihe 
king,  but  the  townsfolk  generally  sided  with  tbe  parliamenl, 
andthnltdiaibefonifiutionaftheckKia  1649.  LoidBiooke, 
notorious  for  his  bostilily  to  the  church,  came  against  it,  bat 
was  killed  by  a  deflecled  bullet  on  St  Chad's  day.  u  accident 
wdcomed  as  a  miracle  by  Ibe  Royalists.  The  ckoe  yidded  aad 
was  retaken  by  Prince  Rupert  in  this  year;  but  on  the  break- 
down of  the  Ung')  cause  in  1646  il  again  si 
cathedral  suffered  terrible  damage  in  these  ye 


UCH-OATB,  or  LvcK-CaTE  (from  O.  Eng.  lit  "a  boi^,  a 

orpse";cf  Ger.  Zwie),  the  roofed-in  gateway  or  poidMnlnnca 
0  churchyards.    IJch-gaies  eiisled  in  England  cciuinjy  thlttMB 


lerkshire,  is  daitd 


were  ainnel  always  of  wood.  One  at  Bray, 
144S.  Here  the  clergy  meet  the  corpse  and  some  portion  ol 
Ihe  service  is  read.  The  gateway  was  reaily  part  of  the  diordi; 
it  also  served  10  ibdter  tbe  pall-beum  while  tbe  bier  was 
brought  from  the  church.  In  some  lich-gatea  thei«  itood  lai^ 
flat  Blonel  called  lich-stonca  upon  which  the  corpae,  uiually 
uncD&ned,  was  laid.  The  most  common  form  of  llcb-gaie  ia  « 
simple  abed  cosqwicd  ol  ■  toef  with  two  gabled  ends.  cmBed 
with  tila  01  thalcb.  Ai  Benynarbtx,  Deroo,  then  ii  a  lidi-gate 
in  the  form  ol  a  croas,  while  at  Tnutbedi,  Weslmoiiud,  tbets 
are  three  Ikh-gata  lo  one  churchyard.  Socae  eUbonte  galea 
have  chambers  over  tbcm.  Tbe  word  lidi  entered  into  cot»- 
pssitlon  cDusunily  in  old  Engbah,  ihus,  licb-bell,  the  haad-b«0 
nmg  bdore  a  eorpsei  bcb-way,  ibe  path  along  which  a  cocpse 
was  carried  10  burial  (this  in  some  distdcta  wassiqipoaed  to 
ettablish  a  rigbt-ol-wayj ;  licb-owi,  the  screech-owl,  becausa  it> 
cry  wBi  a  portent  at  dcOh;  and  lyke-wake,  a  ni^t  vtlcli  oyer 

UCHTEMBSRS.  OEOHI}  CHRIiroPH  (t;(i-I799),  Geimaii 

"  "'  'atiAjheenteiHlGdttiiigcii 

extraordiru  '  ' 


DarnuadI,  on  Ihe  lat  of  July 
univHsily.  where  In  irfi*  ' 
phyiics,  and  six  year*  '-' 


pnyHcs,  and  six  year*  later  ordmary  profcasor.    Tt 
fadd  till  his  death  on  the  S4ifa  of  February  1799.    As 


profcasor.    This  post  ha 


LICHTENBERG— LIONIUS  MACER  CALVUS  587 

■n  UUItuI  pouioB 
probibJy  livH  ia 


be  h  btu  knom  lot  tat  invatt^tioiii 
■peddljr  w  IS  the  s^aUa]  Licbienbcig  figura,  wmcn  tn 
fuUy  docribHl  in  tm  meBsin  Suf^  mm  tallied  mtbau  «E 
waOram  flmii  lUtlrki  Immitiuidi  (GMIbwni,  nTr-'TT^)- 
Tbae  figures,  ofigiiully  ttodied  on  account  of  Ibe  light  tbey 
vol  nppoKd  to  Ibrow  cd  the  Eutnre  oi  the  eJcclric  fluid  or 
fluidi,  havs  refcnaicc  lo  the  diuribution  at  (kclilctly  over 
the  nirface  of  Don-ouiducton.  Tbey  ire  prndltced  V  foUowt: 
A  tharp-fxnnted  needle  ii  placad  perpcndicuUr  10  m  ndo-oiD- 
ductuig  pUle,  mch  u  of  lesin,  ebonfte  or  glua^  idth  in  point 
rery  near  la  01  ia  csDIacI  with  tbe  p[ate,  and  a  Leyden  jar  la 
diKbargnl  into  Uk  needJe.  The  eledrificaiion  of  tbe  i^ate  a 
BOW  uaui  by  lilting  over  It  a  miiture  of  floweti  of  luiphm 
■Ddiedktd.  TlieiHgilivdyekclrifnIiuJphuriiieentoallach 
Itwir  10  tbt  poulimb'  dRtrificd  pans  of  the  plate,  and  iht 
poaitivel]'  etecirified  red  lead  10  Ibe  negatively  elcclrified  pans. 
Is  addition  to  the  diatribntloo  of  colour  thereby  produced,  then 


laikcddi 


in  tbe  /<n> 


jf  the  electricity  originally 
If  it  be  pcsitlve,  a  widely  eitending  patch  ia  seen  on  tbe  plate, 
Cttitislihg  of  a  dense  nocleus,  fmm  which  branchesi  radiate  In 
all  direction!:  ii  negative  the  patch  is  much  imallet  atd  has  a 
diarpdrnLiarboundary  entirely  devoid  of  brandies.  If  the  plate 
receives  a  mixed  charge,  as,  for  exani[Je,  from  in  induction 
coil,  a  "  mised  "  figure  reauha,  constating  of  a  large  red  central 
nucleus,  coirespoDding  lo  the  negative  charge,  sutraunded  by 
yellow  rays,  corresponding  to  the  positive  charge.  Tbe  difference 
between  the  positive  and  negative  figures  seems  to  depend 
on  the  piesFnce  of  the  att;  for  the  diBerence  lends  to  disappear 
when  the  ekpetimenl  is  conducted  in  vacua,  Riess  explains  it 
by  the  negative  dectrificatlon  of  the  plate  caused  by  Ihe  trirtion 
of  the  water  vapour,  fre.,  driven  along  the  furface  by  the  ciphHion 


which  ai 


n  ther 


ruplive 


lof  a 


It  bind 


e  and  negative  brush  and  other  discharge  in 
salliist  and  humorist  Lichtenberg  lake  hi| 
imanwrilen  of  the  iSlb  century.   Hiabilii 


denies 


X  of  physiognomy  he  ridiculed, 

xk  ptonundation  called  forth  ■ 

ifcT  Stklpit  its  alien 

t£i«/irBdti776-jJj8), 


and  Voia,  *bow  views  1...   _ .. 

poarerful  «uire,  Obtr  iit  PmnKielim 

Critdwitnia  ^t^iJ).    In  1769  and  agai 

mmt  tiae  in  England  and  his  Brirfi  an 

with  adminble  docriptloni  of  Cattick' 

ftttraellv*  of  his  wrtlings.     He  contributed  lo  the  Gtainfer 

TiadunkiilaiiT  from  ijj*  onwards,  and  lo  the  Cminpukri 

llapmn  ia  UlanKa  Jiiul  W iitiwho;i.  which  be  ediicd  lor 

threeyaara(i7ga-i7ai)  wlibj.  G,  A.  Fonler.    He  also  poblislicd 

in    t7«4-iTw   an    AMifiilirlittt   frUdrniif   dcr   Hri^kitkcn 


{ll«vo]..(l9oi>- 
Selectiuns  In  E 

iyol.   I4>.   ItM 
Bri'fi  have  bte 

lgai-i9>*).   iSe 


UCBTSNBeRO,   ton 


districts,  and  lay  betwi 
birider,  it  owed  the  ni 
H  was  ceded  by  Prussia,  in  il 


e  published  by  P.  Knel 
jIs,  HS«-l»46andi«*r)- 
Ctdtalum  ■•<  UiLa-MTH 
DeuudH  NoiuntUiuiMi 

'  C.'sciliddckyindV 
Dy  A.  Leilirnana  (j  vrf.., 

r  rairbrt  (iSgjMnd  A. 


:ipi1ily  was  const  nicled  of 
rier.  of  Nassau^-Saarbruckcn  and  other 
Rhenish  Bavaria  and  the  old  Trussian 
•riginslly  caUcd  the  lordship  of  Baum- 


natored  it  to  Pmaala  fn  1034.  in  return  for 
of  £11,000  sterling.  The  area  is  about  siosq. 
UaMtAMUS.  QBAMiai,  Roman  annalist, 
the  age  of  the  Antonines  (jnd  century  AJX). 
of  a  brief  ^lome  vt  Roman  bBlory  based  upon  Ljvy,  which  be 

of  omais,  portents,  ptodigks  and  other  nmarkable  Ihiaga 
appamlly  took  up  a  coDsidenble  poitioa  ot  tbe  work.  Some 
fragments  of  Ihe  books  relaling  to  tbe  yean  163-17S  B.c^  are 
preaerved  In  a  British  Husi        "^ 

EDiriONS.— f.    A.    PeiU    Uoi/i.   KV1 

M.  Flemish   I1904):  lee  al»  J.  N.  M ^  ._ , , _ 

SiiriJIn  (1S7S).  and  the  liU  of  aiticJea  hi  penodiala  in  Fkmudi'l 
edition  (p.  iv.J. 

LICfHinS  IFtAVms  Cautuos  VaLEUtis  LiCiNiAiniEl,  RoBiu 
empensr,  *ji.  307-3J4,  of  lUytian  peasant  origin,  was  bom 
probably  about  150.  Alter  Ihe  death  of  FUvius  Valeiiua 
tbe  rank  of  Augustus  by  Galeri' 


m.  On  the  death  of  Caleri 
npile  with  Muiminus,  the 
IS  being  the  dividing  Line. 


^  the  part  of  Bj 


.gauisl  Con: 


th  of  November 


>fay  311,  lie  shared  Ihe 

ponl  and  tbe  Tbracian 

larch  31 J  he  manied 

Mediolanum  (Milan). 

.    When 


ly  dcfealed— liisl  near  Cibilie  in  Fannonla  (October 
nd  neil  in  Ihe  plain  of  Maidia  In  Thrace;  the  out- 
Iiatien,whichw)sefrecltdiii  Ihe  following  December, 
1  in  possession  of  Thrace,  Asia  Minor,  Syria  and 
added  numeious  provinces  to  the  Westtni  empire, 
lie,  lempled  by  Ihe  "  advanced  age  and  un- 


"  of  his  < 


[league, . 


Chrysopolis,  ne 


:hicf  re 


I  army  al  AQtianople  (jcd  of  July  jij), 
lim  up  within  the  walls  of  Byiaolium. 
rior  fleet  of  Licioiui  by  Flavins  Julim 

eldest  son.  compelled  his  wilhdrawsi 
last  stand  was  madei  the  battle  of 
don  (iSlbolSeptembei).  finally  resulted 
u  interned  al  Thcssalonica  and  eiecnled 

1  diaigt  nf  ueasonable  cttieqxnidencB 

Zonaraa  iliL  1;  Victor.  Can.  40,  411 


n  361, 


h  the 


.icinian  or  Licinio-Seilian  law*  (proposed  3..,  ,  ,  ... 

'bich  practically  ended  the  struct  between  patricians  and 
ilebeians.  He  was  himself  fined  for  possessing  a  larger  share 
1  ihe  public  land  thin  his  own  law  allowed. 

See  Rode:  Hiiur}.  If.  "  The  Republic," 

LICIHtnS  MACER  CiLVUS,  aAIDl  (Ai-n  MX.),  Roman 
net  and  orator,  was  Ihe  son  of  Ihe  annaliu  Liclniiu  Macer. 
U  a  poet  he  is  associated  with  his  friend  Catullus,  whom  be 

he  lender  of  the  opptHbenls  of  the  florid  Asiatic  Khool.  who  look 
he  iimplesl  Attic  oratora  as  their  model  and  attacked  even 
^icent  as  wordy  and  arlifldal.  Calvua  held  a  correspondence 
in  questions  connected  with  rheloric,  perhaps  (If  the  reading  be 
■  aiiudcd  10  by  Tadtua  (Oiafoiiu,  13; 


J  Fail.  I 


") 


amongst  which  the  i 


588 


LICODIA  EUBEA— LIDDON 


UCODU  EUBEA,  ■  town  of  Sidly  in  the  ptovliiu  d[  CiUnli, 
4  m.  W.  ol  Vizzin;,  which  ii  jq  m.  S.W.  aC  CutanU  by  aii.  Pop. 
(1901)  TOJJ.  The  nuK  Eub«  wu  gEven  Lo  the  pUct  ia  1871 
oains  to  1  ftlie  idcntibcalian  wiLh  the  Gieek  dtjr  of  Eubocm, 
a  CDlony  oi  Lnntini,  founded  probably  cvly  is  llie  6lh  nntuiy 

unijiOHn  Si«l  dly,  Ihe  ceincUria  of  which  have  been  oplorrd' 
A  few  vuei  of  the  fint  period  were  femd,  but  pnclioiUj  lU 
(be  iambi  eiplored  is  1B9&  belooeed  to  the  fourth  period  (too- 
50a  I.e.)  aod  ihow  the  gndiul  pncea  of  HeHeniatios  UDonc 

See  Rlmitdu  UiOiOiaiBt,  1S9B.  jo}  leq.;  Nulait  irifl  Kiwi, 

19m,  119.  rr.  As.) 

UCIOBS  lliclam),  fn  Banna  asliquitlei,  a  clan  of  the 
altendasts  .(a^^ri^drfi)  upon  ceituji  Roman  and  provincial 
magiitraleL^  Aa  an  iiutilutlan  (suppoud  by  ume  to  have 
been  borrowed  from  Elmria)  they  went  back  to  the  regal  period 
and  continued  Co  exist  till  impciia]  Limes,  The  maiorily  of  the 
city  licEon  were  freedmen;  they  fo'rmed  ■  corporation  divided 
into  decuries,  from  which  the  lictan  of  the  mijpstrala  itt  oflice 
were  draws;  provincial  officials  had  the  nomination  of  their 
own.  In  Rome  (hey  wore  the  to^,  perhaps  girded  up;  on  a 
campaign  and  at  (he  celebration  of  a  triumph,  the  red  military 
doak  {lugulum)',  at  funerals,  black.  As  representatives  of  magis- 
trates who  possessed  the  imperium,  they  carried  the  fasces  and 
aies  in  front  of  tbem  (see  Fasces).  They  nere  eicmpi  fraia 
military  service;  recdved  ■  fixed  iilary;  theoretically  Ihcy  were 

attendants,  both  in  and  out  of  the  house,  ol  the  magislrale  to 
whom  tbey  were  attached.  They  walked  beiore  him  tn  Indian 
£le,  cleared  a  passage  lor  bim  (ninimwre)  through  the  crowd, 
and  saw  that  he  was  recdved  urilh  the  marks  ol  respect  due  10 
his  Tank.  They  stood  by  him  when  he  took  hii  seat  on  the 
tribunal;  mounted  guard  before  bis  bouse,  against  the  wall  of 
which  they  ttood  the  fasces;  summoned  aSendeti  before  him, 
■eiaed,  bound  and  scouiEed  them,  and  (in  eariii 


n  allied,  independent  st 


iirectly  a 
11  obliged 
ling  had  twelve  licton:  each 
of  the  coniub  immediately  after  thdf  Inatituiion)  twelve, 
subsequently  limited  (0  the  monthly  offidatlng  comtil,  although 
Cnesir  appear*  to  have  restored  the  oripna!  arrangement;  the 
dictator,  u  tepreientlng  both  consuls,  twenty-four;  the  emperors 
twelve,  until  the  time  of  Domitian,  who  had  iwenty-foif.  The 
Flamen  Dialii,  each  ol  tin  Veiuls,  the  MUfiifer  ncgrain  (over- 
seer of  the  sections  into  which  the  dty  was  divided)  were  also 
accompanied  by  lictors.    These  liclors  were  probably  supplied 

ipeciilly  reliffoui,  one  ol  them  being  in  attendance  on  the 
pontffei   madmui.     They   originally  lummoned  the  comitia 


For  the  lullesl  account  of  the  ticloii,  eec  Xlommsen,  K^nucki 
SbalirriU,  L  )J5.  JJ4  {jid  ed.,  igfl?), 

UDDSm  HEHBY  OEORBI  (1811-1M).  En^isb  idiotii 
and  divine,  ddesl  son  o(  Ihe  Rev.  Henry  George  Liddell,  ]%ungei 
brother  of  the  first  Baron  Raveniworth,  wai  bom  at  Binchesler. 
near  Bish<9  Auckland,  on  the  6th  of  February  1811.  He  was 
educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  Gaining 
a  double  fint  In  iS]3.  Liddell  became  ■  college  tutor,  and  was 
erdained  in  iBjB.  In  the  same  year  Dean  Gaisford  ippenMed 
bim  Greek  reader  in  Christ  Church,  and  is  1S46  he  was  appointed 


'The  Creek  « 
W)tc»4>»<   (rod-b 


valenti  of    Hilar   an   ^OI°°i«,   >^ 
«)i  tbe  LaUn  word    »    variouily    t 

m  ofluders  before  the  magi 


aa  coiivokirhr  aHenblica  or  haBiw  o 

(.)  Ikiam.  the  drdle  with  whidi  (, ..  „  _„ „. 

was  held  up;  (fi  Plularch  (Quaiaitiui  Xtwuiue,  67).  uiuming  ai 
elder  form  km.  uneiU  u  identification  with  U-nnrnii.  on 
who  performs  a  publfr  office. 


to  the  headmaitenhip  of  WeModaUci  ScbooL  ) 
life  work,  the  great  Lciiiai  (bated  oa  tbe  (icnMiB  «oifc  M 
F.  Fassow),  which  he  and  Robert  5co«I  bepn  aa  eady  11  tSja, 
had  Dade  good  progress,  and  the  fint  editkn  a|S|iaared  id  ift^j. 
It  immediately  became  Ihe  standard  Grcck-Engliih  diciioBary 
and  still  maintaini  thit  task,  although,  DotwithslaDdisg  the 
great  additioB)  made  of  late  to  our  Gntk  voabuhuy  from 
inscriptions,  papyri  and  other  sources,  scarcely  any  enlargenient 
has  bees  made  since  about  ig&x  llie  Sth  edition  wa>  published 
in  iBg7.  As  headmaster  of  Wcstmhuter  Liddell  enjoyed  a 
period  of  great  success,  foUowcd  by  trouble  due  to  tbe  outbreak 
of  (ever  and  cholera  In  tbe  tchooL  In  iSs;  he  accepted  the 
deanery  of  Christ  Church,  then  vacant  by  the  death  of  Gwleed. 
In  the  same  year  be  brought  out  a  Hiiiory  a/  Afttitni  Jiomt 
(much  used  in  an  abridged  form  as  the  ^iHfaX'f  Hisltrj  a/Kami) 
and  took  a  very  active  part  in  the  first  Oxford  University  Com- 

vere  for  many  years  associated  irith  all  that  was  cbaTxcterislk 
ol  Oxford  life.  Coming  Just  at  Ihe  tnniitioD  period  when  the 
"  old  Christ  Church,"  which  Puiey  strove  so  hard  to  preaervi^ 
was  inevitably  becoming  broader  and  morehberal,  it  waschicdjr 
due  to  Liddell  that  oecettary  changes  were  eflecled  with  the 
minimum  of  friction.  In  1S50  Liddell  welcomed  the  then  prinoe 
oi  Wales  when  he  matriculalni]  at  Chriit  Church,  bdng  the  fint 
holder  of  that  title  who  had  matriculated  ^nce  Henry  V.  In 
conjunction  with  Sir  Henry  Acland,  Lidddl  did  much  la  en- 
courige  the  study  of  art  at  Oxford,  and  his  taste  and  judgment 
gained  him  the  idnuntion  and  [riendship  of  Ruskin.  In  iSor, 
owmg  to  advancing  years,  he  resigned  the  deanery.  The  last 
yean  ol  his  life  were  spent  at  Ascot,  where  he  died  ott  tho 
iSth  oi  January  1899.  Dean  LiddeU  married  in  July  1846  MiH 
Lorina  Reeve  (d.  1910),  by  whom  he  hada  numerous  family. 

See  memoir  by  H.  L.  Thompun. //cvyCcerfi  LiJileU  (I8«g). 

UDDBSDALB,  tbe  valley  of  Uddd  Water,  Roxburghshire, 
Scotland,  eiiending  in  a  south-westerly  direction  from  the 
viciniiyof  Peel  Fell  iotheEak,adistanceof  31  m.  TbeWaverley 
route  of  [he  North  British  nilmy  runs  down  the  dale,  ami  the 
Cjlrail,  or  Picls'  Dyke,  crosses  its  head.   At  one  period  thi 


ntnge  on  the  ri 


Ircebooien'  peel-towen,  but  many  of 

and  the  remainder  are  in  decay.     Latriitoo  Tow 

to   the  Elliots,   Mangerton   to  (he   Armstrongs  and  Paj^  to 

"little  Jock  Elliot,"  the  outlaw  who  nearly  killed  Bothwell  in 

however,  it  Hermitage  Castle,  a  vast,  massive  H-shaped  [onreia 

Scotland.  It  sunds  'on  a  hill  overlooking  Hermitage  Water, 
a  tributary  of  the  Liddel.  It  was  buili  in  1144  by  Nicholas  de 
Soulis  and  was  captured  by  the  English  in  Elavid  U.'s  reign. 
It  wu  retaken  by  Sir  William  Douglas,  who  received  a  gnnl 
of  it  from  the  king.  In  1491  Archibald  Douglas,  sth  tart  ol 
Angus,  eichanged  it  (or  Bothwell  Castle  on  the  Clyde  with 
Patrick  Hepburn,  iit  earl  of  Bothwell.  It  finally  passed  to  tbe 
duke  of  Buccleuch.  under  whose  care  further  ruin  has  been 
arrested,  li  was  here  that  Sir  Alexander  Ramsay  of  Dalhouie 
was  starved  lo  death  by  Sir  William  Douglat  in  1341,  and  that 
James  Hfpbum,  4ih  csr]  of  BothweD,  wu  vi^ted  by  Mary, 
queen  of  Scots,  after  the  assault  referted  to. 

To  the  east  of  the  cattle  !■  Ninestane  lUg.  a  hW  mJ  fl-  bllh, 
4  m.  long  and  I  m.  broad,  when  it  it  said  ilut  William  de  Soulih 
hated  (or  oppresiioa  and  craelly,  was  (in  TJIo)  boiled  by  hb  own 

•UHies  wUcb  compoiKl  the'"  Druidka]  "  eirele  that  nve  (be  tidie 
its  name.  On^  five  of  (b*  ita«  lemain.  Janiei  Telfet  (rtoi- 
iMi),  the  writer  ol  ballada,  who  waa  born  in  (he  parish  of  Souihd^ 

(pronourtced  Soudan),  was  for  aeveraf  yean  fehoolmaiter  of  Saiwh- 
tree,  near  the  head  of  (he  valley.  The  mile  of  the  Uirdi  of  Liddes- 
dale  ueod  near  ihe  lunniafi  oi  Hermilaie  Waier  and  tlM  Liddd 
and  around  it  grew  vp  (he  Tillage  of  Caauetoa. 

LIDDOK.  HEHRT  URRT  (1819-1890),  English  divine,  wu 
the  son  of  a  naval  captain  and  wu  born  at  North  Stoikeham, 
Hampshire,  on  the  lolh  of  August  1819.  He  wu  educated  at 
Xing'*  College  School,  LoodoD,  and  at  Christ  Chorcb,  Oilotd, 


LIE,  J.  L.  E. 


589 


wbera  be  eraduated,  uUog  4  tccond  ckn,  la  1S50.  Ai  vicc- 
piiiidp*!  ol  tfac  Ihcolosicil  aiUc|c  at  CuddodoD  <iBm-iSs«) 
be  wielded  (siuidcnble  influence,  ud,  on  returning  la  Oxford 
u  vice-pilndpal  ol  Si  Edmuml'i  Hill,  becune  >  growing  (orce 
unong  the  undeignduatei,  exsnuing  his  infiucnn  in  itnmg 
oppocition  lo  [he  liben]  reaction  igiinit  TncUriuusm,  wbicb 
bad  Kt  in  ^ler  Newmin't  Mcctsin  in  ig<i.  In  1S&4  the  biihap 
of  Salisbury  (W,  K.  HunQlon),  vbnoe  uuniiiing  chapliin  he 
had  been,  ippoinud  him  prebcnduy  of  Salisbury  catbedriL  In 
lS6fi  he  delivered  hit  Bampton  lectures  on  tht  doclrina  ol  the 
divinity  of  Christ.  From  that  time  his  fame  ai  a  pieactiei, 
•bich  had  been  steadily  growing,  may  be  considered  established: 
In  i3;o  be  was  made  cuKin  vf  St  Paul's  Cathedral.  London. 
He  had  before  Ibis  published  S»nt  ICsnti  /or  Cod,  in  which, 
with  great  power  and  eloquence,  be  combated  the  acepliciim 
of  the  day.  Ris  preaching  at  St  Paul't  soon  attracted  vast 
crowdi.  The  afternoon  sermon, which  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  canon 
in  teiidencc,  bad  usually  beto  delivered  in  the  choir,  but  awn 
alter  Liddon'a  appointment  it  became  Dacesiaiy  to  pnacb  tbc 
■ermon  under  the  dome,  where  Irom  jooo  to  400a  penons  used 
to  gsiher  to  hear  the  preacher.  Few  ota-tura  bdrmging  to  the 
Church  of  England  have  acquired  so  great  a  reputation  as 
LiddoD.  Othen  may  have  surpassed  hia  in  originality,  learning 
01  reasoning  power,  but  [or  grasp  ol  bit  subject,  deameas  ol 
language,  lucidity  of  anaoEemcnt,  felicity  ol  Ulustntion,  vivid- 
aaa  of  imaglnatioD,  elegance  of  diction,  and  above  all,  for 
Qmpalhy  wiih  the  intellectual  pnation  of  those  whom  be 
addreued,  be  has  hardly  been  rivalled.  In  the  elabonleatnnge- 
meat  of  his  matter  he  is  thou^t  to  liave  Imliatod  the  great 
Freocb  pRacheis  of  the  age  of  Louis  XIV.  In  iS;o  he  had 
■Ito  been  made  Ireland  professor  of  eiegeais  at  Oiford.  The 
combination  ol  the  two  appointmenla  gave  hira  extensive 
inSueDCC  over  the  Church  of  England.  With  Dean  Chorch  be 
my  be  said  to  have  restored  the  waning  injucnce  of  the  Trac- 
tariaa  icfaooL  and  be  succeeded  in  popularizing  the  opinions 
whkb,  tn  the  hands  ol  Fusey  and  Keble,  had 


His  loRxlul  sr 


as  equally  ■ 


i  1S74,  and  in  his 
iQ  of  the  Bulgarian  atrocities  ol  iSyC.  In  iSXt  be 
migDcd  fait  piofemnhip  and  utilized  his  thus  Increased  leisnre 
by  tfavcUing  in  PalaliiiB  and  Egypt,  and  showed  his  Interest 
!■  Ibt  OM  Calbolic  momment  by  visiting  DoUinger  at  Munich. 
In  iSWbebecanuchanceUorof  StPaul's,and  it  is  said  (hat  he 
deelined  more  than  one  offer  of  >  bishopric  He  died  on  the 
4tb  of  Sratetnbei  1S90,  in  the  full  vigour  of  Us  intellect  and  at 
lbs  miui  c(  his  rcpnlatloti.  Ho  bad  undertaken  and  nearly 
(mapleted  an  elabonta  lUeol  Dt  Puscy,  lor  whom  hb  admbatlon 
wH  Dnbounded;  md  tbli  worii  wa*  tontplated  alter  hli  death 
by  UeMci  Jobuton  and  Wilsoo.  Liddon'a  gnat  fatflaence 
doriiig  Ui  life  vnadne  to  U>  personal  lasdnation  and  the  beauty 
of  bl*  iiulpit  oratory  latber  than  to  any  high  qualities  of  intellect. 
Ai  *  tbeologlaa  hii  outlook  wai  that  ol  the  ifith  nther  than  the 
I9tb  century;  and,  readiog  hia  Bimpton  Lectures  now,  it  is 
difficult  to  tctlUc  bow  Ifaey  cao  **Er  ba  ve  been  bailed  as  a  great 
cnoldbiition  toChrlatlanapologMks.  To  the  last  he  maintained 
the  narrow  Mandpolu  d  Puiey  and  KeMc,  In  defiance  of  all  the 
devdoinDenti  of  modem  lbon|bt  and  modem  tcbolarship;  and 
bb  ktlcT  yenn  were  embittered  by  the  contdouaness  thai  (he 
yoonger  generation  Of  the  (Uid|des  of  his  school  were  beginning 
to  nnike  fifendi  of  the  Mammon  of  sdenti£c  unrigbteoutness. 
The  psUicatioa  in  iSSq  of  £iu  if  muff,  a  series  of  essays  alteinpl- 
tag  to  bannimfK  Anglican  Catholic  doctrine  with  modem 
tboogbt,  wnl  a  Kvere  blow  to  him,  for  It  showed  that  even  at 
the  Puaey  House,  cUablisbed  as  the  dtadel  of  Puicyiim  at 
OifoTd,  the  prindplea  of  Fusty  were  being  departed  Irom. 
Uddos'i  importance  is  now  mainly  hltlorical.  He  wu  the  last 
of  Ibe'clanlcal  pulpit  oTaton  of  the  English  Church,  the  last 
great  popular  ezponenl  of  the  traditional  Anglican  orthodoiy. 
Bctldet  the  works  mentioned,  Liddon  published  several  vdIubics 
«f  Sirmm,  a  volume  of  Lent  lectures  entitled  Semi  Bltmcnli 
4  KtHfm  (iSjo),  and  a  rotlection  of  Ziiayi  ami  .4ddrunr 
aa  inch  Ibcaa  at  BuddhiBm.  Dsnte,  &c. 


See  £•>  and  £<lttrr,  by  I.  O.  Johum  [19M) ;  G.  W.  E.  RuivtL 
H.  F.  LuUm  (IB03);  A.  fi.  DoniJdKa,  FwTG'ttu  Oiiini  Uiutai 
(190a),  Irom  wUhfa  the  life  o<  Liddon  wu  reprinted  Kpara»ly  i^ 
'90S. 

US,  JONAS  UURITZ  EDEMIL  (1833-1908),  NorwegUn 
novelist,  was  bom  on  the  6lh  of  November  rS33  close  to  Hougsund 
(Eier),  near  Dtioimen.  In  1838,  his  father  being  appoinled 
sheriff  of  Trom«,  the  lamily  removed  to  (hat  Arctic  town. 
Ueie  the  future  Dovelist  enjoyed  an  notrammelled  childhood 
among  Ihe  shipping  of  (be  liltle  Nordland  capital,  and  gained 
acquaintance  wilh  the  wild  seafaring  life  -which  he  wu  after- 
wards to  describe.  In  1846  be  was  sent  (0  the  naval  school  at 
Fredarilisvaem,  but  his  citreme  near-tight  unfitted  him  for  the 
service,  and  he  waa  transferred  to  the  Latin  icbool  at  Bergen, 
if  ChritilaatB,  when  Ibsen 
iludenta.  Jonat  Lie, 
.0  literatUTC    H« 


s  felli 


pursued  hit  ttudiet  at  a  lawyer,  look  his  degrees  In  _     ,., 

snd  settled  down  to  practice  at  a  s^dlor  in  the  little  town 
of  Konpvinger.  In  i86a  he  married  bis  cousio,  ThomaaiBe 
Lie,  wbcae  collaboration  in  hia  work  he  acknowledged  In  i8<o 
in  a  graceful  artiefe  in  Ai' Satnlidn  entitled  "  Min  bustru." 
In  18^  be  published  his  first  book,  a  vtdume  of  poems.  Ha 
made  unlucky  speculationt  in  wood,  and  the  contequent  financial 
embarjassment  induced  him  (o  return  to  Chrtstianla  to  Iry 
his  luck  as  g  man  of  leltecs.  As  a  journsUst  he  had  no  success, 
bniln  iS;d  he  published  a  mebncholyhltte  romance,  £bi  freat- 
iyiUf(Eng.tiant.,  The  KuioiHry.  1894)1  which  madehimlamoua; 
Lie  proceeded  to  Rome,  and  published  Tvia  in  i87r  and  Tn. 
maslaai  "  FrtmlUai"  (Eng.  tranj.,  Tki  Baripa  "  Fulvi," 
Chicago,  1S79],  a  novel.  In  1879.  Hit  £ti(  gnat  book,  however, 
was  Lahta  of  Aam  Htutnt  {Tlu  Piilt  ond  his  Wiji,  i8!4}. 
which  placed  him  at  the  head  of  ^Jorwegiaii  novelitla;  It  wiii 
written  in  (be  little  town  of  Rocca  dl  Papa  in  the  Albaito  mouQ^ 
tains.  From  that  time  Lie  enjoyed,  irilh  BjiSnson  and  IbUD, 
a  tiipend  at  poet  from  the  Norwegian  government.  Lie  epeni 
the  next  few  yeait  partly  in  Dresden,  partly  In  Stottgatt,  with 
frequeni  tumnut  etrarsiona  to  Bercbtesgaden  in  the  Bavarian 
hlghlandi.  During  his  eidle  he  produced  the  drama  in  verse 
called  Pauitiim  Slrnai  (1876}.  Returning  to  Norway,  Lie 
began  a  series  of  lomanceE  of  modem  life  m  Christlania,  ol 
which  Tkemai  Kna  {1878I  and  .tdani  Sckndtr  (1879)  were  the 
earliest.  He  relumed  to  Cennany,  and  settled  £rt<  in  Dretden 
again,  then  bi  Hamburg,  until  1S81,  when  be  took  up  his  abode 
fn  Paris,  where  he  lived  in  dote  retirement  in  Ihe  society  of 
Scandinavian  friends.  His  ininmen  were  qient  at  Berthten- 
gaden  in  Tirol.  The  novels  ol  hii  German  period  are  Kiiliand 
(1881)  and  Gaa  faa  ("Co  AhtadI"  iSgi),  tales  of  life  in  ths 
Norw^(lan  merchant  navy.  Hit  lubtequent  workt,  produced 
with  great  regularity,  enjoyed  an  bninense reputation  In  Norway. 
Among  tbe  best  ol  them  are:  Liiaslatai  (1883,  Eng.  trans., 
"Oneef  lifi't  Sliaa,"  tS^s);  Familjtn  jwa  Oljc  ("  Tie  Family 
«f  Ciljl,"  l8«3);  Ualsmcui  (1885),  describing  the  grsdud 
ruin  of  a  Norwegian  famHy;  £t  Samiit  {"Lift  in  Commam," 
1887),  describing  a  marriage  ol  convenience.  Two  of  tbe  molt 
tucceislul  of  his  novels  were  Tin  CunHKahn'l  Daugkltr)  (188A) 
and  fViffJ«  (1894),  both  of  wbicb  were  preienled  to  English  readers 
in  the  International  b*bnry.  edited  hy  Mr  Gosse.  In  1  Sgr-iSqa 
he  wrote,  under  the  influcitce  ol  tbe  new  romantic  impulae, 
twenty-four  lolk-tales,  printed  ia  two  volumej  entitled  TrM. 
Some  ol  these  were  liuuUted  hy  R.  N.  Bain  in  Wtiri  TeJa 
(1B93),  niustiatcd  by  L.  Housman.  Among  his  later  woita 
were  the  romance  JVior  fsf  j<ur  naf  ("  Wkrn  rtt  Smh  loii  iema," 
1S9;),  (he  powerful  novel  of  Dyri  Rtii  {1B96},  (he  faliy  drama 
of  Linddin  (1S97I,  Full  Ferhnd  (1899),  a  romance  which  con- 
taini  much  which  is  au[obiognphical,  I^Jkh  lAt  Iraa  CwUte 
fdtt  (1901),  and  Tht  Cmaal  (1904).  His  Samliit  Vatrttr 
were  pabliihed  at  Copenhagen  in  14  volt.  (1901-1904).  Jonw 
Lie  left  Paiit  bi  1S91,  and,  after  spending  a  year  Jn  Some, 
returned  (0  Norway,  eslablishing  himself -al  Holskogea,  near 
Chritiianiand.  He  died  at  Chrfiliania  on  the  sth  of  July  iflO*. 
As  a  novelist  be  Hands  with  ihoa*  minate  and  nnobtruiin 


LIE,  M.  S.— UEBIG 


pitnttn  a{  conlcmporuy  minnen  vtia  dcly  ■cniigemcnt  ii 
tbii  or  tbil  KhvA.  He  ii  with  Mn  GukeU  oi  Beidiaand  Fabcc 
be  li  not  ^tinly  ^Ihout  KUriou  with  lut  old-Easbionei 
lavtHirilc  ot  the  public,  FicdriLa  Brener. 

Hit  BB.  Erik  Lie  (b.  iS6S),  publiihcd  i  ■uaXHful  volumt  o 
■torio,  iffd  fiJ^vUm.  in  1890:  mid  i>  aJu  ibe  auihor  ol  vinau 


•nrki 


_..  ^  biftwy.   AacLders.  , 

vMu  in  Pari),  but  turned  lo  lilnaiure  in  1894.    A 
tin  ptayi  T>afcArr«iii  KjvrU^al  (1S97):  Lumj 


«  C'9a4). 

LIE,  HIRIUS  SOPHDS  (i^i-iBm),  Morwc^n  malbemati- 
ritn.  wai  born  it  Nnrdfjnrdeif,  near  Bergen,  on  Ibe  171b  nf 
Deceifber  1841,  and  wai  cducaled  al  the  luiivcnity  o[  Christi- 
uua,  where  be  look  bit  doclor'i  degree  tn  iSM  and  became 
citnnnluufr  piofeSMr  ol  mathenatki  (a  chair  created  ipecially 
fer  him)  four  run  later.  In  iSM  he  mi  chosen  to  succeed 
Felix  Kicia  in  the  ch*ic  of  geometry  at  Leipiig,  buL  ai  hti  lame 
■rew  ■  ipcdal  pact  wu  unsged  for  him  in  Ch 
bia  healtb  wai  ttioken  dovn  by  ton  niaiduoua  itudy,  1 
le  iStb  of  Febniiiy  1S09.  aii  bi 
Irk  eaercued  a  great  influence  on  I 


century.  Hia  piimory  aim  ha&  iKen  dedaj^  to  be 
ment  and  elaboialion  ol  the  theoiy  of  diSereatfal  equatiom. 
and  it  wai  wilb  Ihii  end  in  view  that  be  developed  hia  tbeory 
ti  tnnafonnation  groups,  let  forth  ia  hi*  T^ierit  ia  Tn*s- 
ifrmawnpMttf  Cl  vols.,  Leipzig,  i3Sft-i893),  a  woik  d 
wide  nnge  asd  great  ocigiDility,  by  which  probably  bli  name 
is  best  known.  A  special  application  ol  bit  Ibeory  of  continuous 
poupa  was  to  Ibe  general  problem  of  non-Eurlidean  geometry. 
The  latler  part  of  tbe  book  above  mentioned  was  devoted 
to  a  study  of  tbe  foundations  of  gcomelry.  considered  from 
the  standpoint  of  B.  Rjemsnn  and  H.  Ton  HelmholtE;  and 
be  inteodnl  to  publish  a  systematic  etposition-of  his  geometiicnl 
bvcstigaliODB,  io  canjunclion  vrith  Dt  G.  ScheSen,  but  only 
one  volume  made  ita  anx«nince  {Ctntitnt  der  Ber^hr<m%i- 
Iraniftrmalhiuti,  Leipzig,  1896).  Lie  wu  ■  foreign  member 
of  the  Royal  Society,  at  well  ai  an  boDorary  member  of  the 
Cambridge  FhlloMpbinl  Society  and  the  London  Ms  ' 
Society,  and  hit  geomeirical  tnquiiiej  gained  bin 
coveted  honour  of  the  Lobatchewsky  priae. 

An  anal>iit  of  Lie')  worka  ia  ^ven  in  the  BMiiliBa 
(Leiiuig,  1900]. 

lUBBR,  FHAHCIS  (1800-1871),  Germut-AmeTican  publicist, 
was  bora  at  Berlin  on  the  iSth  ol  March  1800.    He  served 

Egbting  al  Llgny,  Waterloo  and  Namur,  where  he  waa  twice 
dugerousiy 


Wng  •• 


.   politi. 


ongs  of  liberty  which  be  had  written.    After 

forbidden  to  punue  bis  studies  at  the  Prusilin  universities. 
He  accordint^y  went  to  Jena,  wbcte  he  took  his  degrees  in  iSio, 
continuing  his  studies  at  H^e  and  Dresden.  He  subKciucntly 
toiA  part  in  the  Greek  Wu  a(  Independence,  publishing  hi* 
MperieDcet  in  hi)  Jtunwi  in  Criut  [Leipiig,  1893,  and  under 
(be  title  Tit  CenMia  ^iuc<lariu,  Amsterdam,  181}).  For  a 
yeat  he  was  in  Kome  u  luloT  to  tbe  son  of  the  bistDrian  Nicbnhr, 
then  Prussian  ambaaudor.  Retunung  to  Berlin  in  iSij,  he 
ma  imprisoned  at  Koepcnik,  but  was  released  after  some  months 
through  tbe  influence  of  Niebuhr.  In  1S17  he  went  to  the 
United  Su'tea  and  as  soon  ai  possible  was  naturaliicd  as  ■ 
citiieo.  Me  actlled  at  Boston,  and  for  five  yean  edited  Tkt 
Etujdefiudia  Amakena  (ij  vols.].  From  183J  to  1S56  he  was 
professor  of  history  and  political  economy  in  South  Carolina 
College  at  Colimibia,  S.C.,  and  during  this  period  wrote  his 
tbtee  chief  works,  Uenual  ef  Felilical  EtMui  (1S38),  Uiil  and 
PMtual  Hamnailics  (iSjg),  and  CaH  Libtrly  and  SdlCmm^ 
mtnl  (iSsj).  In  1856  be  resigned  and  next  year  was  elected 
to  >  ainiUr  pon  ia  Columbia  College.  New  York,  and  in  iMj 
became  pmfemr  of  const llational  history  and  puhlic  law  in  the 
■aneianitnlian.    Dwing  the  Civil  Wu  Lkbcrieodcnd  services 


of  great  value  to  tbe  government.  He  was  me  «t  IIk  tint  to 
point  out  the  madness  of  aeceaslon,  snd  waa  active  in  upholding 
the  Union.  He  prepared,  upon  (he  requisition  of  the  president. 
the  impoiunt  Codt  qJ  ^^  I"  (*>  Gner-mnX  e/  Ua  ^raiet 
d/  tilt  UtiUtd  Siaiij  in  (jti  PiM,  which  «a*  prMnulgited  by 
the  Government  in  General  Otdett  No.  100  o(  the  ■»(  depart- 
ment, ThitcodesuggeitedioBluntKhlihiicodilicatiDnoftfaeUiw 
of  nation),  ai  may  be  aeen  in  the  preface  to  his  Drtit  Inkmalitnal 
Codifii.  During  tbii  period  also  Lieber  wrote  bis  Gnrilla 
PiBlia  KiiM  Kr/imci  It  lit  lam  and  Vafi  ef  Wtr.  At  the 

adjudication  lA  Mexican  (laimi.  He  died  on  the  >Bd  o(  Ottobet 
1B7J.  Bis  books  were  acquired  by  the  Univenily  of  CalilMiilt, 
and  his  papers  were  placed  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  Unlvcniiy. 

His  Ui^dlaMim  Wrin'ifi  wen  published  by  D.  C.  Cilmn 
(Philadelphia.  I es I).  SceT.  S.  Perry.  Lf/(n<f:j«(ri(tllll,  and 
tuography  by  Harby  (1S99J. 

UBBISlUinf.  MAX  (1849-  ).  Cetmaii  pafnter  ud 
etcher,  was  bom  in  Berlin.  After  studying  under  SteS'cck, 
be  entered  the  school  of  art  it  Weimapin  r36|).  Though  the 
airaightfonrard  ti  mpticityo  I  his  lint  nbiblted  picture,  "  Women 
plucking, Geese,"  In  1S71,  presented  already  1  ilrlking  c«Btnat 
tp  the  cOnventionDl  in  then  in  vogue,  it  wu  heavy  and 
bitumioou  in  colour,  like  all  the  mist's  pabitingi  before  bit 
visit  (o  Paris  at  the  end  of  (871.  A  summer  spent  at  Barblioa 
in  1873,  where  be  became  penonally  icqualnted  with  Uilkt 
and  bad  occasion  lo  study  the  woiki  ol  Corot,  Tnyon,  ind 
Daubigny,  resulted  In  the  clearing  and  brightening  of  h^  p^Ite, 
and  tau^t  bim  to  forget  the  example  of  MuAkacty,iinde''trhate 
influence  be  had  produced  his  fint  pictures  In  Psrit.  He  sub. 
lequently  went  to  Holland,  nheie  tbe  example  of  I)nels  cod- 
firmed  bjm  In  the  method  he  had  adopted  at  Batblion,  but  on 
hit  Rtum  to  Munich  in  1878  be  caused  macb  unfavoumbi* 
criticisDi  by  his  realistic  painting  ef"  Christ  lo  tbeTemph,". 
which  was  condemned  by  the  clergy  u  irrevetenl  lad  nmtlaed 
hi)  only  attempt  at  a  scriptural  subject.  Henccfonb  he  demted 
himself  exclu^vely  to  the  study  of  free-light  and  to  tbe  palntlnf 
of  the  life  of  humble  folk.  He  fonnd  his  best  nibfecu  in  the 
orpbansgei  and  asylum*  for  the  oU  in  Amtterdun,  wmong  tbt 
peasants  in  the  fields  and  village  alreeta  of  Holland,  and  in  the 
bcer-gaidens,  factories,  and  worbooms  of  h 


time-honoured  aci 
*  echoed  back  froi 


realixe 


^  Bdgiun 


in  the  history  of  Geiman  *Tt.  It  is  hardly  too  much  toiay  thit 
Liebermann  ha*  done  for  his  onuntry  what  Millet  did  for  Fnnee. 
Hia  pictures  bold  the  fragrance  of  the  loil  and  the  braem  ol 
the  heavens.  His  people  move  in  their  proper  Itmoaphete, 
and  their  life  it  stated  In  all  ilg  monotoDous  limtdiclty,  without 
atlihdal  paihoi  or  mriodnmatic  euggention.  His  fint  luccoi 
was  a  medal  awarded  him  for  "  An  Asylum  for  Old  Men  "  U 
the  iSBi  Salon.  In  18S4  he  aeliled  again  in  BetUn,  where  ha 
becsme  pnfetsor  of  tbe  Academy  in  1898.  He  beonne  ■  ncBiber 
of  the  Socifti  nationale  des  Beaux  Arts,  of  the  Sodttf  n^lk 
beige  des  Aquarellisles,  end  of  the  Ceicle  de*  AqnaieDiMei  it 
tbe  Hague.  IJebermlnn  f*  represented  in  most  oC  tbe  Ger* 
man  and  other  contiocntil  gatleric*.  The  Beriia  NilioDil 
Gallery  owns  "  Tbe  Fllx-Spinnen  ";  the  Mnnidi  Pinakothek, 
"Tbe  Woman  with  Coats";  tbe  Hamburg  CaHery,  "The 
Ncl-Menden  ";  tbe  Hirarver  Gallery,  tbe  "  ^^UajB  Street  !■ 
HoUaod."  "Tbe  Scimstresi "  Is  at  Ibe  DieKbn  Galkry; 
the  "  Man  on  the  Dunes  "  at  Leijulg:  "  Dutch  Orphu  Gbli  " 
at  Struahurg;  "  Bcer^cellar  at  Brandenburg"  at  tbe  Lnxen^ 
bourg  Museum  In  ParU,  and  the  "  Kniiplletiniien  "  En  Venice. 
Hi*  etching)  an  lo  be  faund  io  the  leading  print  cabinela  cf 

UBBtO,  JUmi  VOM,  BuoK  (i8o3-)8)i),  Genua  cbtmlsl, 
wu  bom  11  Damstsdi,  according  to  hii  biptismil  certlficiie,' 
onlheiithefHay  1803  <4th  of  May,  according  to  hbawlber). 
Hia  father,  a  dtysaller  aad  dealer  in  coloura,  used  wail  In  id  Is 


Bitt  uptihwn  iii  (be  Impa  of  flnding  inpnvcd  pn 
fa  the  prednctka  of  bit  hub,  and  Ibui  hi>  ton  ouiy  aopiind 
famOiuiij  nith  pnctktt  (bdnntry.  Fqi  tbe  Umniioi  sidg 
he  nad  aH  tbe  test'biwki  whith  he  oMild  find,  tmievhAt 
detrinent  of  hi>  ordiury  icbooL  uudio.  Haviag  deler 
to  ttteke  cJicraistiy  Hu  prDlaakMi»  at  the  age  of  fifteen  he  entertd 
the  ihop  of  an  apo^hoafy  at  AppmhdtD,  near  Dannatadt; 
but  he  auo  found  hour  greil  b  the  dilfeTtnce  bctoeen  ptactical 
pharmacy  and  acicntific  chcnalry,  and  the  ejtp4oaioni  and  otlicr 
incident]  that  accompanied  hii  piivate  eflorti  to  Looeaae  his 
diemiciL  knowledge  diipoied  his  muter  to  viev  witlnut  ngret 
bii  dcpaiturc  at  [he  end  of  Ico  month*.  He  nest  enlen  '  '*  ~ 
untvnsit)'  tt  Bonn,  but  migtalnl  to  Erlaocen  whea  tbe  pto 
ol  chemiitry,  K.  W.  C.  Kaitur  (ijgj-iSji),  wa»  ([^loiBted  la 
I&11  lothechairof  phy^ci  and  chemiitry  at  the  Latter  univenit/- 
He  followed  Ihii  profemr  u>  learn  how  to  anilyM  cettiin 
mincrala,  but  in  the  end  he  Found  that  the  teaches  himself  wan 
ignorant  of  the  pnceai.  Indeed,  ai  he  himieU  laid  aflcrvardi, 
it  ma  a  wretched  time  for  cheniiEry  in  Germany,    No  labora- 

Duld  (iv(  to  the  kctiua- 
k  at  Bonn  and  Edangcn 
the  deficienciei  i^  the 
j'  pbyiical  and  dwaaicBl 


Therclon.  havini  (nduated  ai 
ohcte  be  lubeequcnlly  compl 
"grcalal  phitoeophec  and  i 
{Schelling),  lo  a  peiiod  " 


Ph.D.  in  1811,  be  left  Erlanien — 

Ined  that  tbe  coi»*«igi>  af  the 

etaphyiiciaa  oF   the   century " 

h  m  wordi  and  ideal,  but  poor  in 

yean  4f  hii  life — and  by  the  libcraLiiy  of  Louii  L,  gnindHiukc 
ol  Hese-DunBUdt.  wii  enabled  to  (0  U>  Pcrii.  By  the  help 
of  L.  J.  Ibinard  he  gained  idmii^a  lo  the  private  laboratory 
of  H.  F.  Cauiliet  de  Ctaubty  <iI93-l87j),  prafe»M  of  chemiitry 
■I  the  tcolt  dc  Phaimacic,  and  toon  aflerwardi,  by  lh<  influence 
ol  A.  von  Humboldt,  lo  that  of  Cay-Lutwc,  where  in  1S14  he 
concluded  hit  invaiigaiiant  on  the  compDiition  of  the  fulminalei. 
It  wai  on  Humboldt'*  advice  that  he  deterniced  lo  become  a 
teacher  of  chemiitry,  but  difbculties  itood  in  his  vay,  Al  a 
utive  of  Hesse- Datnutidl  he  ought,  according  to  the  acidemical 
niles  ol  the  lime,  to  have  Uudied  and  (ladualed  at  the  university 
of  Cicuen,  and  it  wu  only  through  the  Influence  of  Humboldt 
that  the  auihoritia  forgave  him  lot  itrajing  to  the  foreign 
univer^ty  of  Eilangen,  After  examination  hii  Erlangen  degiee 
«u  recognieed,  and  in  1814  be  wai  appointed  eiliurctipary 
'      ir  ol  chemiiliy  at  Cieisen,  becoming  Oldinary  prolosar 


oyean 


wua 

nt  can  WIS 

Danoitadt 

IDven 

nenl  to  provide 

■  chemical 

which   the 

«ude 

IS  might  obtain  a 

propr.prac 

rhislabon- 

tory. 

niqueofilikind 

1  the  tinte. 

n  conjunction  with  Liebig's 

tmrivalled  gilli  u  a  tea 

Cher,  loon 

endered  Ciesse 

V  the  moit 

famoui  chemical  school 

In  the  world;  men  flocked  fram  eveiy 

pliihed  chemisls  of  the  iqth  century  had  to  thank  It  loi  theit 
early  training.  Further,  it  gave  a  great  Impetus  to  the  pcogtesi 
at  chemical  education  throughout  Cennany,  lor  the  continued 
admonilioni  ol  LiebiE  comUned  with  the  influence  of  his  pupils 
induced  many  other  univenilla  to  build  laboratories  modelled 
OB  the  same  plan.  He  remained  at  Ciessen  for  twenty-eight  years, 
tintil  in  ilji  he  accepted  the  biviution  ol  the  Bavarian  gnvern- 
n»nt  to  the  otiVnary  chair  of  chemistry  at  Munich  univeisity, 
■nd  thte  oflice  he  hdd,  although  he  was  offered  the  chair  at 
Beriin  in  iStj,  until  his  death,  which  occuircd  at  Munich  on 
tbe  loth  of  Anril  1K71. 
Apart  from  Lielrit*s  lal 

Kamiic,  the  inRneBci  ol ^. 

CHMriHilipna  to  efcenical  thought  141  fe 

icienee-    In  regard  to  awthod*  and  apparatus,  mention 

IS!  ptaa  roTdetmnininc  the  ntuni  aUialDuli  and  lor  ai 
<k>  nida^ir  siighu  ol  onanic  tun  by  meant  el  th 
ncefe^for  jnerniiiiiDg  ilie  quantity  ol 


y  laborainiy.    His  eontribution* 
eroas.  htcludlnE  InveuiniHns  on 

oirudvlandeobiti.aMlan  tlieaiialyikaf'miricnlM   ^^ 
-  outweighed  iif  '  " 


»  be  two  bodies  which  dillered  in  | 


Maicaddss   , 

found  by  F.  WShlet.  and  it  became  necewiTy  to 
._j= i,j.  j!.._j  •^  p™raet.  though 


lacun  ol  poUiwam  cyanide,  an  a«u  wUdi  has  dan  proved  of 
enmrnsvi  value  m  metallany  and  tlw  ins.  In  ilj>  he  puUlshtd,* 
fOinily  with  WeUer,  ooe  oTlhe  man  bmm  papers  in  the  hMory 
ol  chenittiy,  that-«  the  oil  of  bitter  almonds  (bennddebjileV 
whenm  it  was  shown  that  the  ndick  benseyl  might  be  retarded 
IS  lormtag  an  UKhanamg  CDnuitueni  ol  •  long  series  el  compound! 
obtained  from  oil  of  bitter  ^monils,  thnnghOBt  which  it  behaved 
like  an  ilemeat.  Benelba  hailed  this  diicoveiy  as  nnriiinf  the 
dawa  of  a  new  en  in  orgaoie  eheminry.  and  pn^nied  lor  bemoyl 
the  nanea  "Prrin'  or  "Onhrln"  (Inm  w^  and  Wntl-  A 
conlniBtiai  of  their  work  en  Utter  alnond  oil  by  Licbs  and 
.forther«tD(,heiriveri3nlt«l 


Sntdu 


nalnedliRnlricodsfDi 


:  discovery  of  the  ferment  ea>uUin  as  well  as  1 
c  gluooaHB,'  aayfdalir^  while  another  and 
'  lar-teadiiat  inquiry  m  which  they  eoUal 
acid,  puUiilicd  in  ll3^  About  igu  he  bq 
of  ether  and  axobol  ai 


which  he  laDkcd  u] 


smpoundi  of  tiK  radicle  ethyl  (CtHi).  iiTopoDnlioa  to  the  vine 
9I  I.  B.  A.  Dumas,  who  regarded  Aen  as  hydrates  (I  olefiant  ta* 
lethylnie):  on  tbe  other  they  yiddcd  chbrDlonn,  chknl  and 
ildehyitc.  as  weff  as  other  compoonds  at  Im  general  intrieat.  and 
dao  the  method  of  loradng  nirmrs  by  depositing  silvo-  from  a 
ilighity  ammeidacaE  solutlHi  by  aoet  akfoiyde.     In  iA^t  with 


polybasidiy  was  eitended  tc 


IS  in  pare  thcnietiy  naialy  ecenpied  hi* 
.  but  (be  last  tliiny-flve  yean  of  hia  life  wcr« 

uiiinal  phyiiol<^  he  set  himidt 


^y  a  the  mull  ol  1h?  processes  of  c 
triormed  within  the  organum.    A  srcoii 

'  Burnt-  Vegcn^le  phy^olocy  he  puru 
I  agriculture,  which  he  held  to  be  Ihi 
,.ut  industry,  but  which  conM  not  be  ra 
the  guidance  ol  chemical  piinnples.  Ht 
(u^ecl  wai  Bit  C*ntir  «  tkrtr  Aintrt 

Pkjiultri*  in  1840  -•■"'•  —  -• ■ 

Lyoa  Playlair,    Ri 


If  dKf  ApiatiSMr  Bird 
.  ilatcd  Into  Entlish  by 
that  plants  derive  their 


taught  that  thejF  get  carbon  and 


'fnosphere,  these  compounds  bnng  reluined  by  then  10  tho 
Imospheie  bf  the  proceseee  ol  putrefaction  nntT  leimrnUtion— 
hiclTliIler  he  regarded  as  eiaentlally  chemni  in  nature— while 
LCir  pntaih,  soda,  lime,  sulphur,  phosphorus,  ftc,  come  from  the 
JL  «  the  cariion  dioude  and  ammonia  no  eahautuon  an  take 
hee,  but  of  the  miaeral  cooHiimenti  the  supply  is  limited  because 
i^wl  cannot  allWf  an  indefiidle  amount  el  them;  faenee  the  chief 

1" those  minenh  lAich  each  crop  is  found,  ^  'be  aniviii  of  it* 
Lhes.  to  lake  up  in  its  growth.  On  thislheory  hepreparedartitinal 
anures  conUining  the  essential  mineral  substanm  tether  with, 
vnall  nuaniity  of  ammonlaeal  nits,  because  he  heh)  tliat  the  air 
xs  nut  supply  ammonia  last  enough  in  certain  casn.  «nd  cmirled 
jt  mKnulIc  operiments  on  ten  acre,  ol  poor  sandy  bnd  which 
t  obiained  Imm  the  town  of  Clessea  m  l_l4S-  But  m  pncltee  the 
chloro-  results  -ere  not  wholly  satisfactory,  and  it  «.  a  long  »in.  brio.* 
ra  in  ■  '  b*  rscogniml  one  impoitaat  reason  for  the  failure  in  ItK  fact  tnat 


LIEBKNECHT— LIECHTENSTEIN 


to  pirvent  the  alkilis  fram  baaf^  vuhed  awmy  by  the  nin  be  bud 
toltea  paliu  ta  tdd  them  iq  mo  inioluUe  tonn»  wbcnu.  u  was 
ultinulEly  ugicaud  ta  him  by  oqieriiiMnu  pafonncd  by  J.  T. 
Wiy  ubinil  iSjo,  ctali  prcciulioD  «•  not  ooly  •upeduoui  but 
harmful,  bicluie  the  ull  pcweitei  ■  power  of  ■buBbiDflbtioIiible 
■aline  mitlcn  fequind  by  planlt  aitd  td  RUiaiii(  them,  io  ipiu  of 
nin,  (or  vumibtioii  by  the  rootL 

Lieblg'i  litovy  Ktivity  wu  vcty  ■■Mt'  The  Rnat  Sockty'i 
Ciu/Btu  i>f  Ainuvfc  p«^i  CBunmUM  3i>  maoom  under  hJi 
oame.  exduiivfl  of  navy  otboi  publieb«d  in  "  ' 
oih«-  inveuigatore.  A  certuD  UBpetDOUHOH 
diapoKd  him  to  nub  inLo  aMtiDvenr 

upon  ibe  viewahe  upported  Bccounted ^ ». 

ud  ha  al»  carried  on  u  extendw  EormpoiidtDa  with  WOhkr 
BBd  other  lucnlific  meo.  Is  iSjl  be  looiulBd  Ibe  Aaotm  dtr 
Pkarmax,  wbkh  became  the  Avultu  dtr  Ckemit  imd  FkvmiuU 
iu  iSio  when  Wehler  beeanieJuiit-«£tor  irith  hlaueU.andlaiBj; 
with  WOhlcT  ud  P(«teBdorff  be  — fi.ii.1— ■  the  HcmAiiliitrhttk 
dtr  rn'm  vnd  tntetaailm  Oimlt.  After  the  (keth  ti  Beneliui 
he coiuiiuied  the  JiktrtgiiU  with  H;  F._M.  Kupp.   TbeMlovint 

tniOlaCfll  iDtoughih  nai  Fi*iich  elmoet  ■■  aooo  u  they  ap- 
naiedi  ilnUhmc  mr  AnahK  it  nimudm  JUria  {183;]: 
Sit  Ontu  n  Onr  AumnOK-t  «<  AtriktUar  and  Pktiitbiit 
tlito)  i  Pit  Tyir~Clumii  titr  Ht  anauliaii  ClcHiif  >ii  Onr  Amxa- 
dwu  i^f  PiytMtrit  utd  PaOtlatit  (llu):  Haittacli  dtr  tttani- 
ulKn  Otmk  mil  RacluiiU  aid  Mvmbw  J1I4J)  i  Oimlicit  Britte 
(liti);  atmitOt  UnlirtuitiuBi  Otr  dai  HtiiA  tmd  iei» 
Ztdmilmt  aw  SakrmpmiM  (1847);  DU  CrodiAM  itr  Arrt- 
tMUmr-Ckimit  lilSi)  suSoTliHrit  vU  Pnaii  in  J-  t..j-.'.,i.. 

addnaaei  and  publicaCiOB>  appeared  in  1B7, 

tunm-  edited  E^  hie  eon  Goor^  (h.  1S17).    Hu  c 
Uba  Fmuit  ton  Vmlam.  wai  £nt  publuhcd  ia 
6arHraJ/^fjfiroH  ZfihfRC,  wUerc  also  ni 
made  tbcir  fint  appcaraoce. 

See  rkt  Lift  l^>rjt «/ L«»u  (London,  tSTtl.  by  hii  pupil  A.  W. 
voa  Kofmaim,  which  fa  the  Fanday  lectuie  detivered  b>4on  the 
Loudoo  Cbemkal  Sodaty  in  March  lll;5.  and  b  reprinted  in  Hot- 
mann'l  Zitr  Briumtrmt  an  eomarMaaieBe  Fttmiti  aba  W.  A. 
Shcoton*,  Jattia  ■«  IMif.  Ui  L^  aJ^Vart  <iS»s). 

UBBKHBCBT,  WUBILM  (iSiS-ijoo),  Ceiraao  lodatlst, 
vaabornal  Glessea  on  tbe  19th  of  March  iBifi.    Left  an  orpfiao 


SiJm%*dAbluaid. 


lie  lettcn  on  cbepuatfy 


be  left  w 


Uarbiirg.     Belai 

tbe  political  dbcoDtenl  then  gei 

tlodied  the  wriiingj  of  "'  "' 


e  had  b 


ly;  he  had  already 
from  wbicb  he  gained  hit  Gr^t 
iatcTot  in  communlatB,  and  baa  aeen  converted  Co'Uie  eilreme 
republican  Ibeorits  of  which  Cieuen  wai  a  centre.  He  toon 
came  lata  conflict  irith  the  autboritla,  and  was  eipcQed  (rem 
Berlin  appuenlly  in  cODSequence  ef  the  strong  aympatby  be 
displayed  for  some  Poles,  *ha  were  being  tried  for  high  treason. 
He  proposed  in  1846  to  migrate  to  America,  but  went  instead 
to  Swiliitland,  Hbete  he  earned  his  living  as  a  teacher.  As  soon 
at  the  revolution  of  1848  brohc  out  be  hatlened  to  Parii,  but 
the  Bllempt  to  organize  a  republican  corps  for  the  invasion  of 
(Scnnaay  was  prevented  by  the  government.  In  September, 
however,  In  concert  with  Cusiav  von  Struve,  he  cr(»sed  Ihc 
Rhine  from  Switsertand  at  the  bead  of  a  band  of  votunleers, 
and  proclaimed  a  republic  in  Baden.  The  attempt  collapsed; 
he  was  captured,  and,  alter  suHeting  eight  montba'imptisonment, 
wu  btouiiht  to  Itiol.  Fortunately  for  him,  a  new  rising  had 
jusl  brokta  oav,  (be  mob  bunt  into  the  ccuit,  and  he  was 
ac<iaitled.  During  tbe  short  duratioo  of  tbe  revolutiotiary 
govecnment  he  was  an  active  member  of  tbe  most  extteme 
patty,  but  on  the  snival  of  tbe  Prussian  troiqH  he  succeeded  !n 
eKajnng  to  France.  Thence  bo  went  to  Geneva,  where  be 
eame  into  intercourse  with  Haidni;  but,  unlike  most  if  the 
German  eiiles,  be  was  already  an  adherent  ol  tbe  lodalisl  creed, 
which  at  (bat  time  was  more  strongly  held  in  France.  Eiprlled 
f  ram  Switzerland  he  went  to  London,  where  he  lived  for  thirlccn 
yean  in  close  asaodation  with  Karl  Mair,  He  endured  great 
bardshlps,  but  secured  a  livelihood  by  teaching  and  writing; 
he  was  a  correspondent  of  the  Avgsbiatir  All[tmtint  Zeilmi, 
Tbe  imtietty  of  1861  opined  for  him  tbe  way  back  to  Germany, 
and  in  tMi  he  accepted  (be  pott  of  editor  of  the  NanUtvlsclu 
XIficiwiiiEZei'ilii;,thefDunderofwhicbwasanald  revidutionist. 
(]nly  a  few  montbs  elapsed  befoit  tbe  paper  passed  under 


Cverman  history  than  th 

tbeaerviceaofmanycrf  themenof  1S4S,  butLi 

faithful  la  his  principles  and  resigned  bis  editorship.   He  be 


Laatallehc  w 


ithec 


tJ  in  spreading  th 


:d  InUrnaliaal.  Eipdled  (lom  F 
settled  at  Leipdg,  and  it  is  primarily  to  hi 
among  the  rtewly.fomied  tmions  of  woAe 
social  denwciat  party  owes  its  origin.  He 
Dtmekraliuka  WecitntlaO.  In  iB&y  be  wi 
of  the  North  German  Reichstag,  but  in  op[ 
ifused  all  com 


I  avowedly  tu 


purposes  of  B^tatloD 
ikIng  tbe  pariiameDt 


ridiculous.   Hewas  strongly  influe 

traditions  of  the  democrett  of  1848,  and,  violently  ai 

he  dittinguished  himself  by  hit  attadts  on  tbe  policy  of  iSM 

and  tbe  *'  revohitfon  from  above,"  and  by  hit  oppoaition  to 

every  form  o(  militarism.    HEt  adherence  to  the  traditions  ef 

1848  are  also  seen  in  hit  dread  of  Russia,  which  be  maintained 

to  hit  death.    His  oj^xBition  (0  the  war  ol  1870  eipoaed  him  lb 

years*  imprisonment  In  a  fortress  for  treasonable  Intentions. 
Tbe  onion  of  the  German  Sodalisit  in  1874  at  tbe  congreia  oi 
Goiha  was  really  a  triumph  of  hit  influence,  and  from  that  time 
he  was  regarded  as  founder  and  leader  of  the  patty.  Frem  1874 
till  his  death  he  Wat  a  member  of  the  German  Rdchstag,  and 
for  many  years  also  of  the  Saxon  diet.  He  was  one  of  tbe  chief 
■poketmen  of  the  party,  and  he  took  a  very  Important  part  in 
i^rectlng  its  policy.  In  1S81  be  was  eipdied  from  Leipdg, 
but  took  up  his  residence  in  a  nelgbbouring  village.  After  tbe 
lapse  of  the  Socialist  law  (1890)  }»  became  chief  editor  of  the 
Vtrtdrlj,  and  settled  In  Berlin.  If  he  did  not  always  End  it 
easy  in  Ids  later  yean  to  follow  the  new  development*,  be 
preserved  to  bis  death  tbe  idealism  of  his  youth,  the  hatred  both 
of  Ubcnlism  and  of  State  Socialism;  and  thou^  he  was  to 
some  extent  dvershadowed  by  Bebel's  greater  oratorical  power, 
he  was  the  chief  support  of  the  orthodoi  Uaniin  tradition. 
Liebknecht  was  the  author  of  numerous  pamphlets  and  books, 
of  which  the  most  important  were:  Rohtrl  Blum  wid  iriHC  ZiS 
{Nuremberg,  1891);  Cachicklt  dtr  FraiaCiliclitn  FetelUiM 
(Dresden,  1S90);  Die  Emstr  Dttttche  (Nuremberg,  itvt)  "d 
Robtrl  Oatn  (Nuremberg,  iSgi).  He  died  »l  Chartotlenburj 
on  the  Ath  of  August  igoo. 

See  Kurt  Eisner,  WaMm  UeUnrdrf,  irte  Liim  iwd  WIriM 
(Beriin.  190a). 

UBCUTBKSTKiH,  (be  smaltctt  Independent  state  In  Europe, 
save  San  Marino  and  Monaco.  I(  lies  some  way  S.  of  the  Uke 
of  Constance,  and  extends  along  the  right  bank  of  (he  Rhine, 
opposite  Swiss  territory,  befscen  Sargans  and  Sennwald,  while 
on  the  E.  it  also  comprises  (be  upper  portion  of  the  Samina 
glen  tba(  joins  (be  HI  valley  it  Ftastanz,  above  Feldkirch. 
It  is  about  11  m.  In  length,  and  covers  an  area  of  6t'4  or  68-S 
tq.  ni.  (according  lo  difletent  ettTmales).  Its  loI[ic8(  point 
ilses  at  tbe  S.E.  angle  of  the  (late,  in  the  RhtlikoD  lange,  and 
Is  named  to  Naafkopf  or  (he  Rothe  Wand  (S44S  f(.);  on  its 
summit  the  Swiss,  Vorarlberg,  and  Licchlensldn  frontiers  join. 
Io  i$oi  the  population  was  9477  (of  whom  4590  were  women 
and  4i87  men).  Tbe  capital  is  Vaduz  (ijjj  ft.),  with  about 
HOD  inhabitanit,  and  1  m.  S.  of  the  SchasD  railway  ttatioo, 
which  it  a  m.  from  Buchs  (Sniti,).  Even  in  the  i}lh  century 
Romonuh  language  was  not  extinguished  in 


y  Rome 


[.  Vaduz, 


le  population  is 
unist.  Tbe  constitution  ol  1S61  was  amended  In  1878, 
;BRd  T90T.  Atl  males  of  14  years  of  age  are  primary  elKtora, 
le  the  diet  conslits  of  11  members,  holding  tbelt  seats  tor 
!tn  and  elected  indirectly,  together  with  3  membeia  nomi- 
4I  by  the  prince.  The  prince  baa  a  lieutenant  resident  at 
ui,whenceIhereisaDippeallotbei>iiBCt'*couit  at  Vienna 


slkiUy  pi 

loIthcdioccK 

t  Cwre,  ohil 

cuilon)  dui 

cd  wilh  Ihc  Vo 

rarllKtg.  airf 

pnuLandco 

Wencnui  -ilh  A 

lo  the  igrttiocnl  o[  iS 

1,  renewed  in  ,8,6.  bxwlikh 

p.lUy  .men 

EheAuu 

on)  mutl  p.1 

40.000  iroum 

In  1404  the  Kv 

mmounled  lo 

S8S,Q3> 

cipcndiiurc 

10  public 


I  aboliihcd  in  lAbi. 


9  iai.ibs 


and  Ilifl  kinliliip  o(  SchcUcnberg  piucd 
Ibnufh  nuny  handl  before  they  Here  bouEhl  in  ifiij  by  the 
count  of  llobcncmi  (to  the  N.  of  Fcldkiicli)  In  cgiuwiucnce 
of  fiunciil  cmbamsiments,  that  Itmity  hjid  la  ul)  both  (ihe 
lordifaipintiSm.lhecBUDIyin  1711}  to  Ihc  LictlitenslcSn  family, 
which  had  ^nce  Ihe  nth  century  corned  lico  cuilo  of  that 
nime  (both  now  lulned).  one  in  Siyna  anil  ihe  oihcr  ■  Hiile 
S.W.  U  V'knna.  In  1714  Iheic  new  icquiulioni  were  laiKd 
by  Ihe  emperor  into  ■  piincipiLiy  under  Ihc  name  of  Licchlcn- 
Meln.  which  formed  part  lucccBivdy  of  the  Italy  Roman 
Empire  (liU  iSoM  and  of  the  German  Conlcdcralion  {i8is-i866>. 
having  been  lovercigu  iga6-iSij  u  veil  at  >i(Ke  18M. 

See  J.  F>ll(E-(C»itrctI>  i.]i,aliikn  Ihum  UnkmOtm  (j  voli.. 
Vinua.  laui-iSB});  I.  C.  lieer,  Vv^rliHi  wd  LinliUnUrin 
(FeldkiiTh,  190b):  1>.  Kaixr,  CtsthUki,  i.  F,nttml\»mt  LintM- 
Una  (Cnire,  1S4I):  F.  UmliuFi,  f^oi  F<ifUrUt<im  LirttlriUrim 
(Vienna.  1891):  E.  Wilder.  A<a  iim  Birpi  (Zurich  iW.It  A 
Wallenber^r.  Alila,  VsrarOtrt,  tmi  WtlUinl  (Km 


.  ivofi). 


(W.  A.  U.  C.) 


:«»  of  Beljiur 

Ihe  eut  the  Dutch  province  at  Limburg  and  the  German  distrki 
of  Rhcniih  TruBii.  To  a  ctnain  extent  it  may  be  issuCMd 
to  rcpiocnl  the  old  prince-biihopric.  Bcudcs  the  cily  of  liige  it 
contuni  the  towiis  ol  Vervien,  Dolhain,  Serainf,  Huy.  &c. 
The  McuM  Sowi  through  the  ccnite  ol  Ihe  province,  and  ill 
vaHey  from  Huy  down  10  Hcratil  is  one  of  the  most  produrtive 
mineral  distrfcti  [n  Hetpum.  Much  hat  been  done  of  iaie  yean 
'      ■       ■         ■    •       ■  •  ■«  Condrm  distritt  lOulh 


The  ai 


>f  the 


provBi 


r    The  population  in  1904  was  863,754.  ahowing 
avenje  of  j«j  per  tq.  m. 

una  (WillDon,  Utt,  ncmbh,  £■».  Cer.  maak).  ihecaplial 
of  Ihe  Belgian  province  ihai  bean  in  name,  ll  ii  finely  silualcd 
on  the  Mcuu.  and  wai  long  the  leal  of  a  prince-Uthopric.  It  b 
Ihetenirt  of  the  Walloon  country,  and  Scott  commllt  a  curioin 
tnitt«ke  in  Qttnlla  Dannii  in  nuking  ilt  peopleialk  Flcmbh, 
The  Lifge  Walloon  ft  Ihe  ncaml  etisling  approach  to  Ihc  old 
(tomioce  langtuge.  The  Imponance  ol  Ihc  cily  to-day  arim 
from  ill  being  the  chief  manufacturing  centre  in  Bel^um,  ami 
owing  to  itl  large  oulpul  of  amsil  hat  been  called  the  Birming- 
ham tt  Ihe  Nelherlandi.  The  productive  cool-minn  ol  the 
MeiHe  vaDey,  citcnding  from  iti  nntem  suburb  of  Scraingtolti 
noithem  liubouTg  of  Hcntal,  constitute  ilt  chici  wealth.  Al 
Seising  It  etitblished  ihefamout  manufacturing  firm  of  Cockcrill, 
whou  oRicti  an  in  Ihe  old  summer  palace  of  Ihc  prince-liishopi. 

IV  great  cathedral  of  SI  Lambert  was  dntroycil  and  lactei: 
by  Ihe  French  in  1704.  and  in  1  So i  Ihe  church  of  St  Paul,daiin| 
from  the  loth  cenluiy  bul  lebuilt  in  the  ijth,  vis  declared  ihi 
cathedral.  The  bv  count  an  intlaltcd  in  the  old  palace  of  thi 
prtnce-bishopt,  1  hnllding  which  vii  contlnictcd  by  Bishof 
Evemrd  de  la  Matck  bttwwn  150*  and  1510.  The  new  boule 
csiKTially  those  flanking  the  liver,  ant 


;  ol  Ihe  . 


and  ti 
which  has  separate  schools  for  mines  1 
manufaclum,  Is  one  of  the  largest  fn  the  country, 
a  high  teputatnn  for  tctthing  in  itl  ipecial  line. 

IMp:  ii  a  Ibrli5cd  position  of  far  greater  strength  than  ft 
genenlly  appreciated.  In  Ihc  van  of  the  itlth  century  Lifgc 
[dayed  but  a  tmill  part.  It  was  then  defended  only  by  Ihe 
citadd  ind  a  detached  fort  on  the  right  tide  of  the  " 
*l  a  (hnn  diiiancc  from  the  river,  called  the  Ourln 
borough  captured  tbetefont  in  ■  79J  in  prepantion  lot  hit  advance 


ctachol  ions 
InRihahlnieiit. 


ring  year  into  GerBuny  which  reiahtd  in  tb(  vkloty 

3.  The  ciLidcl  and  the  Chsriicutc  wtte  still  the  on^ 
Lifgeiu  lUSH  when,  alter  long  dwutiiont,  the  Belgian 
decided  on  adequately  lonilying  the  two  important 
the  MeiBC  at  Liege  and  Namur.  A  similar  plan  wat 
each  place,  via.  the  conslriKlion  of  a  number  el 


it  Liege  twelve  forts  were  constnicied,  sla  an 
light  bank  and  tii  on  Ihe  IcfL  Those  on  the  right  bank 
nnjng  at  Ihe  nonh  and  loUoving  an  eastern  curve  are 
ihon.  Evegnfe.  Fliron.  Chaudfontaine.  Embourg  and 
cciks.  The  average  distance  between  each  fort  it  4  m.,  bul 
on  and  Chaudfonlaine  are  separated  by  Utile  over  e  n, 
defend  the  maio  line  of  railway  Imn 


rmany.    Tha  ti 
the  nonh.  bat  fallowing  a  weti 
ntin,  Londn,   Hollognc  and 
isiructed  anilR  the  penosal  di 

i  formidable  dclenca  of  BiKlim. 


Uc'  These   forti   wer^ 
s  of  General  Brialmonl, 


1S7SW 


s,  and  the  heavy  gunt  are 
owned  automat  Icilly,  Communication  it  main- 
en  the  diUcrenl  fortt  by  military  roadri  in  all  caio, 
n  tramways  in  some.  It  ii  cilimatcd  thai  is.aoo 
1  be  required  lor  the  dclence  ol  Ihe  twdve  lorli, 
bcr  is  inadequate  for  the  defence  of  so  important 
e  a  position.  The  pcpulation  ol  Lifge.  whirh  in 
ly  iij,6oa,  had  ritcn  by  1900  id  157,760,  and  in 
M.SJI. 


//iilory.— Liege  lint  appears  In  history  about  the  year  JjS.  at 
which  date  St  hfonulph.  bishop  of  Tongres,  built  a  chapel  near 
the  canflucnce  of  the  Mnuc  and  ihc  Lcgia.  A  century  later 
the  town,  which  had  grown  up  round  thit  chapel,  became  the 
favaurite  abalc  of  St  Lambert,  bishop  of  Tongrei.  and  here 

church  over  the  tomb  of  the  manyred  bishop  about  720  and 
made  Lifgc  his  roidcnce.  It  was  nol,  however,  until  about  «iO 
that  ihe  title  bishop  of  Ikingm  was  abandoned  for  that  of  bishop 
of  Lifge.    The  epitcopatc  of  Noiger  (qj  1-1 008)  wat  marked  by 

as  an  Independent  principality  of  Ihc  Emi^ie.  The  popular 
raying  wat  "  Lii^-gc  owct  Notgcr  to  Cod.  and  everything  clie  to 
Noiger."  By  the  munificent  encouragement  of  lucccasive 
bishops  Lifge  became  famous  during  the  iiih  century  asacenlre 
of  learning,  bul  the  history  of  the  lawn  for  ecntutiet  rtcordi 
little  else  than  the  continuous  sirugelcs  ol  the  (ilitcu  10  free 
themselves  from  the  eitctiont  of  Ihdr  episcopal  tovcrelgns-, 
the  aid  of  the  emperor  and  of  Ihc  dukci  of  Brabant  being  fre- 
ijuently  called  in  to  teprcu  the  papular  ritings.  In  1316  the 
cltizent  compelled  Bishop  AdoCph  de  b  Marck  to  sign  a  chancr, 
which  made  large  concesuoni  to  Ihe  popular  demands.  It  wai, 
however,  a  I  rlumph  ol  short  dunlion,  and  the  troubles  continued. 
Ihe  Insurgent  tubjectt  now  and  again  obtaining   a   Heeling 

of  the  biihops,  ihe  houses  ol  Brabant  or  of  Burgundy.  Duling 
the  episcopalc  ol  Louis  dc  Bourbon  (1456-1484]  the  Lifgc(Mi, 
having  expelled  the  bishop,  had  Ihe  temerity  to  declare  war  on 
rhilip  v..  duke  ol  Burgundy.    Philip't  ton,  Charles  Ihe  Bold, 

the  ground.  In  the  follonHng  year  the  citlicns  again  revolted. 
and  Cliarltt  being  once  more  tuccessful  delivered  up  the  city 
le  tack  and  pillage  lor  three  days,  and  deprived  the  remnant  Of 
the  citiaensof  aU  ihnr  privileges.  Thit  incident  it  nairatcd  in 
Oiearin  Damari.  The  long  crnscopltc  of  Eberhard  de  b  Marck 
(ijos'tjjS)  was  a  time  of  good  adminitl ration  and  of  quiet, 
during  which  the  town  regained  lomcthing  of  its  former  pra- 
periiy.  The  outbreak  ol  civil  war  bclwccn  two  factlom,  named 
Ihe  Clurmr  and  the  Crltmiii.  marked  the  opening  of  Ihe  i;lb 
century.  Bishop  Maiimlllan  Henry  of  Bavarb  (1650-1688) 
at  latl  put  an  end  to  the  internal  ti  rile  and  imposed  a  rcgublion 
{ri^Kmiati  which  abolished  all  the  free  initilutions  of  tbe  dlltent 


LIEGE— TaEN 


and  lb*  power  dI  tlie  fitdi.    BetirccB  Ihh  ^ic  ind  Lfacouibnak 
of  the  Fiench  RcvuluikiB  ihc  chid  cITani  ol  Lhc  pnnce-buho(B 

preserving  Ihtiilrrrilorylram  being  iivajcd  bjr  invading  iimitt 
Thty  wtic  only  in  pan  succcuiul.    Litge  wai  Iikcn  by  Marl- 


ntil    r 


iB.     The   Frcr 


ncipilily  in  ,  .  , 
lai  iniKicd  to  Fnocc,  and  wu 
Ik  OurttB.  The  Cwigrns  of  Viei 
rith  lhc  alher  provincet  d(  Ihc 
Drm  part  of  Lhc  i 


he  fall  ol  Napolcvn  il 
u  ihe  depart  iMn  I  of 
Bi;  decreed  Lhat  Liege 
n  Nclhcrlandi  iliould 


The 


ol  William  I.,  of  Ibe  house  ol  Onngr.  The  town  of 
e  [url  in  the  Belgian  revnH  ol  1S30,  and  slnci 
ient  piincipalily  hu  been  incerporalcd  ii 

rbicfa  at  tint  bore  Ibe  name  of  the  Irabopi 
T  the  melnvolitan  juriidicl 


bikhops  at  Cologne.  The  printipalily  camprised  bevdo  Ihe 
town  ol  Li^  and  it)  disiricl,  Iheeouilieiol  Loot  and  lloocn, 
lhc  marqueiialc  ol  FrancfainwBt,  and  tile  duchy  of  Bouillon. 

Aiiiii«tTia*.-TMsdon  BquHfe.  //■Horn  ic  U  •ilU  Id-  M7J 
it  Liftr  (1  vok..  Lieiif,  ilili-ijji):  A.  Doijnel,  lliilom  ii  It 
rrnlilian  rifftnt  (I  vok..  Line.  iMij).  Bann  B,  C.  dc  Ceilachc. 


//lUaift  it  ramirt  Hyi  Jt  Lilp  (>  volt..  Li^.  i«44-ia47).  For 
lull  lilLlincriphv  ice  Clysc  Chrvalicr.  KtfiHnn  in  mnii  liifs- 
filKi.     Tspa-bMiii.olJi'r.  i.v.  (Monibdlard.  ifoo). 

LIEGE,  in  adjcclivc  implying  lhc  muluil  rdalianship  of 
a  feudal  superior  and  fais  vassal^  Ihe  word  is  uicd  as  a  sub- 
slaniive  of  the  feudal  superior,  more  usually  in  ihii  sense, 
however,  in  lhc  fonn  "  Ikge  lotd, "  and  also  of  the  vauati,  his 
"lieges."  Hence  ihe  mrd  b  ofien  used  of  the  loyal  subjecli 
It  appears 


ricttd  10 


I  Ulin  1 


e  lhc  ordinary  vassal  only  undcnoah  forly  days'  n 
ice,  the  licgc  promised  10  serve  at  long  as  lhc  war 
in  vhirh  hissupcrior  was  engaged  (el.  Ducange,  CJoii 


eomej  'nJ^En^ish  thr 
Lai.  /'('HI.  This  was  ■ 
bound,  ticarf^  10  bind,  1 

Vlilll    t 


word  has  been  mud 


u  of  Ihc  obligi 
xn  generally  j 
U„  foalia.  c 


uel  takes  Ibe  Med.  Lit.  lit' 
the  English  "  league."  as  the  origin. 
Ihc  woril  (flic),  which  appears  in  a  gloss  of  lhc  Salic 
is  defined  as  a  urifiiliiis,  icnu  ifchir.  The  mec 
accepted  derivation  is  now  from  the  Old  High  Get. 


kui).    This  is  I 


dby  ll 


Olio  of  Bcnihem.  itj}.  of  a  word  "  Icdigb-min  "  (quolcd  in 
Ducange,  Cltiiariiim,  s.v.},  Preinit  agnli  lanut  'I'fiiri  htma, 
f»d  Tculmict  4uliit  UiiilimtH.  Skcat,  in  eiplalning  the 
a|>plicalion  of  "  free  "  to  such  a  relationship  as  that  subsisting 
btlwten  s  feudal  superior  and  his  vassal,  says  "'a (irff  lord ' 
seems  to  have  been  lhc  lord  oF  a  tree  band;  and  hb  ficfci, 
though  serving  under  him,  were  privileged  men.  free  from  all 
Other  obligaiions;  their  name  being  due  to  their  /rctjam.  net 
loilieirK>v>ce"(£')«'.i''<l..cd,  iM)-  A.  Luihaiic  (MdUHrl 
in  iniiHuihfi!  Irmnnhn.  tSoi.  D.  tSo.  n.  1)  considers  ll  difficult 
Iricl  obligaiion  loanolbcii 


"  liege  men  "  owed  duty  1 

UEGHITZ.  1  town  in  ' 

el  Silesia,  picturesquely  si 


c  wit  he 


Katibacfa,  just  above 


jnciion  whh  the  Sdiwanwa 
au,  on  the  miin  line  of  luilw 
(■Mi}  «,H7.  (■-»))  S'),»'= 
undcd  by  pleasant,  ^ady  pi 


ET.  and  4>  n.  W.N.W.  it 


,  ■Jjs  ai 


lullt  ailer 


The  Rilti 

iiepb  1.  in  ijoB  lor  tbeeducaiun  ol  the  young  Silaian  noble*, 
ureconnrucledasagyRinisiuminigie.  The  Raman  Calbolie 
lutch  ol  Si  John,  with  1*0  fine  lowers,  contains  the  burial 
iDll  of  lhc  dukes.  The  principal  Lutheran  church,  that  of 
;.  Peter  and  Paul  {restored  in  1S41-1S94I.  dates  [roin  the 
th  century.  The  manutaclurei  are  CDnsiderabtc,  the  chief 
tides  made  being  deih,  wool.  Icaiher,  tobaceo,  pianoi  and 

ae  important.     The  large  market  ^rdens  in  the  suburb* 

ow  Kgclalilrs  of  considerable  annual  nine. 

Liegniti  ii  first  mentiennl  in  an  hitlDrical  document   in 


the  year  1004. 

,1  i>  been 

ne  Ihc  aeal  ol  the  du 

keiol 

Licgnili,  who  Rreally 

nd  enlarged  il.     The  duhei 

■tK  mrmlwrs  ol 

ustrious  P 

ait  family,  which  gav 

many 

kings  to  Puland. 

Dun 

■K  the  Tb 

ny  Years'  War  Uegn 

taken  by  the  Swedes,  hu 

alisls. 

Isod 

leaid  Ihe 

•mpiTial  itoopi  near  Liegniti 

in   .6m.    On  th 

dcat 

h  •a  Ihe  la 

St  duke  of  Uegnili  i 

■  8)S. 

the  duchy  came  in 

of  the  Enpin,  which  r( 

lained 

it  until  the  I'ruisi 

an  conquest  el  S 

Iesiaini74>.   On  Ihc 

Sihol 

Ucgnili  over  the  Auslrians,  and  in  August  iSiiBIUcher  defeated 
the  French  in  Ihc  neighbourhood  at  the  battle  of  the  Katibach. 
During  the  igtb  century  LicgniU  rapidly  increased  in  populaiioii 
and  pmpcrily.  In  1406  the  German  autumn  mancnivm 
were  bch]  over  the  lerrain  lormctly  the  sceoc  of  the  gnat  battle* 
alreidy  mentioned. 

Sec  Bchurhard.  Dit  Sail  Uqiiiin  (Berlin,  \Ka):  Sanmtn  and 
KiaHcn.  Cl-wit  nn  trr^NiC  (Licinili.  iWi-iS?!);  Jander. 
Liruiri  II  iFiiifnl  funricMi.gjiJr'iiiH'  (UrEnid.  lOOJ);  and  Fnirir 
fi.r\iniil:"miK„uUiifhtmiA.>vniii.jt>,n:'iM<lKVrtniin. 
W*  At  Slail  Litfiu  Ml  i4Si.  cdiud  by  ScUirmachv  (Liciniii, 

UEM,  in  hw.  Tbe  word  /fen  Ii  literally  the  Frepch  for  a 
band,  cord  or  chain,  and  keejung  in  mind  that  meaning  wc 
see  in  what  respect  it  dilTcrs  from  a  pledge  on  Ihc  ont  hand 
and  a  mortgage  on  the  other.  It  is  the  bond  which  attaches 
a  crediior's right  lea  debtor's  property,  but  which  givesneaght 
ai  TIM,  i.e.  10  property  in  the  thing;  il  the  property  is  in  the 
possession  of  the  creditor  he  nviy  retain  il,  but  in  the  alKcnee 


period  the 

ctra  lie 

n  made  ils' appearance  in 

Engl 

sb  law;  il 

probably  ca. 

laet. 

twasuied 

wforany  right  against  thee 

of  property 

in  rcga"rt  Jo 

Ibe  pro 

peny  not  specially  defined 

™o 

tber  belter 

recognized 

pecies 

f  lille. 

thetbing. 

or  his 

ire,  and  ol  an  innkeeper  f 

[ki. 

bill,  would 

-nl  right  which  mutt  have 

cusienn 

Iromlheda 

wn,or 

Klore  the  dawn,  oT  civiliia 

lion. 

Probably 

the  man  wh 

omade 

01  repaired  weapons  in  Ihc  Ston 

e  Ace  was 

careful  not  1 

odclive 

then  until  he  received  wh. 

UWU 

stipulated 

for.  but  it 

t  also  probable  that  Ihe  term  ittcU  mulled  tisn 

the  infuuon 

vil  law  of  Rome  imo  the 

Entfandwh 

ch  lhc  Norman  Conquest  btough 

abou 

,  and  that 

the  " 

■dt  pledge  "  ol  the  civil 

As  might 

becpected 

so  far  as 

Tiedl 

Uw  and  civ 

law,  an 

probably  the  laws  of  all  CI 

ninlriet,  wbelhet 

LIEN 


595 


hw— <n  ihii  ivqwcl  ■  trftfy  of  Ihe  hwht  tyMMD — ■  bndlenl 
bu  I  Ncn  over  hii  icnint'i  fornilure  ind  cAmis  lor  Kni  due. 
vhich  an  be  cnfocnd  viihoul  ihc  utiuiMc  a(  the  Itw  timply 

■nd  xKng  enongh  to  uilify  hii  cbim;  whcrcai  Ihe  mBriiimc 
lien  is  more  dltlinclly  the  product  oT  (he  eivil  bw,  and  n  tmly 
lound  and  used  in  admiralty  proceeding),  the  high  CMnt  of 
■rimiralty  having  been  founded  upon  Ihe  civil  law,  ind  itill 
(eicepi  so  Ear  »  rejlrained  by  the  common-taw  courlt  prior 
lo  ibe  imilgamation  (nd  co-otdiuiion  of  the  varioua  courts 
by  Ihe  Judicttuie  Ads,  and  a)  iUccted  by  statute  Tav)  acting 
upon  ii:  The  peculiar  effects  of  this  maiitime  lien  are  discussed 
below.  Then  is  also  a  class  of  lietis,  uiuaNy  called  equitable 
liens  ('.{.  that  ol  an  unpaid  vendor  a(  leat  proptity  over  the 
ptopeny  sold),  nhich  are  akin  lo  the  nature  of  the  civil  law 
nlbetlhuiafthenHnnvNilaw.  TheuordliendonBoi  frcqticmly 
occur  in  itaiulc  law,  but  it  ii  found  In  ihc  eitension  ol  the 
common-law  "  carricn'  or  shlpowncn'  lien  "  in  ihc  hkichanl 
ShippingAct  lg««:  ' 


-1  lien 


in  the  Fact 


i»77,  > 


le  Safe 


otGoodsA 

rt  IB,,; in 

granting 

for  hit  wages  and  dis 

,  and  in  Rgulaling  that  of  ihe 

he  Merch 

ntlhijip 

ng  Ad  iSm.  and  in  Ihc  equity 

Juriidlciio 

of  the  cou 

iSSS. 

Cemmn 

-In  tic 

j.-Tliese 

may  be  eilhcr  porlfcular,  I., 

m  right  over  one  or  more  specified  attidcs  for  a  pankutar  debt 

cr  general 

/.(,  for  *tl 

C  10  Ihe  ciectitor  by  ihc  debtor 

TTiertq 

site)  lor  a 

particular 

icn  arc.  firslly.lhal  the  creditor 

■houldbe 

iticle:  secondly,  that  the  debt 

■houUbe 

tlUtthean 

deblshouMbecen.ain.    It  maybccreaied 

reblion  ecbliDg  between  ihe  panics.  A*  an  tiample  of  the  fitsi 
■  ihipownei  at  common  law  hot  »  lien  on  Ihc  cargo  for  th 
freight:  trat  tfwugh  iht  shipper  agtecs  to  pay  dead  frcigtit  i 
■ddilioii.  U.  lo  pay  treighl  en  any  space  in  the  ship  which  h 
bib  to  oeeupy  with  hit  ea^o.  the  shipowner  has  no  lien  on  th 
targo  for  siKh  dead  freight  eiccpi  by  eiprcss  agrccmcni.    Th 

Een—lhc  right  a  thip-repaircr  has  lo  retain  a  ship  in  his  yar 
tiU  he  is  paid  for  the  repain  eieculed  upon  her.'  and  Ihe  ri^l 
cobbler  has  lo  retain  a  pair  of  shoes  till  he  b  paid  (or  Ihe  repair 
done  lo  (hem.  Bui  this  lien  ii  only  In  re^vcl  ol  the  work  don 
on,  and  consequent  benefit  ncelvcd  by.  Ihc  subject  ol  Ihe  licr 
Hence  an  agtsior 


br 


Ihe  value  of  tlK  pastunge  consumed,  though  be 


of  the  third  is  thai  of  a  carrier,  who  iiiboundby 
law  to  carry  for  all  persons,  andhas.theretore.alienlorthepiicc 
Of  the  carriage  on  the  goods  carried.  It  hat  been  held  that  even 
if  the  goods  arc  stolen,  and  entrusted  to  the  carrier  by  [he  Ihiel, 
the  carrier  can  hold  them  for  the  price  of  Ihe  carriage  against  Ihe 

Innkeeper  on  the  baggage  of  his  customer  for  Ihe  amount  el  his 
account,  he  being  under  a  legal  obligation  lo  enlenain  InivcHer* 
generally.    Another  instonre  of  the  same  clas*  is  wheie  a  person 

to  hold  a  lien  in  Ihe  nerciM  of  a  legal  fight.     Km-  ciamplc, 

•pon  Ihim  for  the  cipemc  of  i 


gcnr 


viewed  by  Ihe  E 


Kific.  olherwi 


t  abnTute.  but  depends  on  the  cu 


trtde.  The  flnl  ol  these  is  established  by  Ihe  onlinity  method 
oi  by  ptevioui  dealings  between  Ihc  partis  on  such  lernii;  tha 

ciceedingly  difr>njlt,lf  Dol  Impoasibfe,  loealend  it  at  thepreacAl 
lime  10  any  uhcr  trades.  When,  however,  a  lien  by  genenl 
usage  has  once  been  judicially  csiabliahed,  it  becor^et  part  of 
the  Law  Merchanirand  the  courts  arc  bound  to  recognice  and 
cnloire  H.  The  best  known  and  most  important  instance  b 
Ihe  right  of  atolicilor  lo  retain  papett  in  his  hands  belonging  lo 

though  probably  mote  commonly  enforced  than  any  other,  is  of 
no  great  antiquity  in  English  law.  Ihe  eaifiest  itponed  case 
of  it  being  in  Ihe  reign  ol  Jama  II. ;  but  ll  it  now  of  a  Iwsidd 
nature.  In  the  Ant  place  there  is  the  retaining  lien.  This 
Is  similar  in  kind  to  other  postcasory  liens,  but  of  a  gcrierat 
Kature  attaching  to  all  papers  of  the  client,  and  even  to  hit 
money,  up  to  th«  amount  of  the  solicitor's  bill,  in  Ihe  hamls  of 
Ihe  solicitor  in  Ihe  ordinary  coune  of  business.  There  are  certain 
eiccpilont  which  teem  to  have  crcpi  in  for  the  lune  reason  as 
Ihc  solicitor^  Hen  iltetf,  it  general  convenience  of  liligalion; 
such  eiccplions  are  the  will  oi  the  client  after  his  decease,  and 
proceedings  in  bankruptcy-  In  this  latter  case  the  aduaj 
possessory  Hen  b  given  up,  Ihe  solicitor's  interests  and  prjorilies 
being  pmccled  by  the  cnins,  and  it  may  be  said  that  Ihc  giving 
up  the  p^els  it  really  only  a  meant  of  enforcing  the  Ken  ihey 
^ve  in  Ihe  bankruptcy  proceeding).  In  the  second  place 
there  it  what  is  catkd  a  charging  lien— more  corivclly  claited 
under  Ihc  head  c^  equitable  lien,  since  it  does  im  require  posses- 
sion, but  is  a  lien  the  solicitor  holds  over  property  recovered  or 
preserved  (or  his  client.  He  had  t he  Ikn  on  an  order  by  Ihe  court 
upon  1  fund  in  court  by  the  common  law.  hut  ai  lo  property 
gcnenlly  it  wa*  only  given  by  tj  &  14  Vict.  c.  117,  {  iS;  and  ' 

action  [ei  ^U  ridKtf,  C.A.  I»m,  iQB  167).  A  bonkerl  lien 
is  the  right  of  a  banker  to  retain  secuiitlet  belonging  to  his 
customer  (or  money  due  on  a  general  balance.  Other  general 
liens,  judicially  established,  are  those  of  wharrmgers.  brokers  and 

bankcn),  and  o(  calico  printers,  packers  of  goods,  fuHert  (at  all 

trades  it  b  probable  that  the  true  reason  b  that  Ihc  account 

come  to  be  printed,  the  goods  to  be  packed,  the  doth  to  be 
bleached,  the  silk  to  be  dyed,  and  the  com  to  be  ground,  in 
separate  parcels,  and  at  dilfcrent  times,  but  all  as  one  under- 
taking; ai>d  they  are  tbeieforc,  though  spoken  of  as  instances  ol 
general  lien,  only  adaptations  by  Ibe  count  of  tfie  doctrine  of 


EtmUtUc  Urn- 
rights  and  obllgati 
t.g  in  a  suit  ftx*  specific  perforr 
remedies  cannot  be  carried  ou 


Where  equity  hai  jurisdktic 


property, 
by  means 


:h  the  < 


1    lay  hold  of,  an 
le  rdief  can  be  made  efficien 


c  of  equitable  liens  tuppliB  this  : 

itroduced  for  the  sole  purpose  of  furnishing  a  gnnind 
for  these  ipecifk  remedita  which  equity  confers,  ofleraling  upon 
pinicutar  iffentified  property  instead  of  the  general  pecuniary 

that  in  a  large  class  of  eieculory  coninds  eipreu  and  implied, 
whkh  Ihe  cemmon  law  regards  ai  creating  no  properly,  right 
nor  intetwt  anakigom  10  property,  bul  only  a  mere  peiaonal 
right  to  obligation,  equity  recogniics  in  addition  to  the  personal 

ITMI  desb,  which  it  calls  a  ;in,and  which  though  not  property  it 
anahigous  le  piupeny,  and  by  meant  of  which  the  plainliR  Is 
enabled  tofollow  the  identical  thingandtomforrelhe  defendant's 
obligation  by  a  remedy  which  operatet  directly  «D  the  iking. 


59* 


The  tbrnry  Ol  cituitable  Bent  hu  iu  ultimiu  faundilion, 
IhereFot,  ia  copincu  enpress  or  juiplicd  wbkh  dihcr  dtal  w 
in  Mme  minaer  rc[AL«  la  specific  properly,  lucb  as  a  Incl  of 
but,  particular  duiick  or  iccuriiin,  t,  certain  luod  ud  Ibt 
like.  Ii  ii  neCBHry  to  dinsl  oncKlf  of  Ibe  puidy  leia]  noiioa 
omcemins  the  cBcclt  ol  ludi  cDOdicU,  uid  to  recogniie  Ihe 
fad  that  equity  rcganlt  (hem  aj  creating' a  charge  upon,  or 
hypMhecaiion  ol,  the  ipcii&c  thing,  by  mcaai  ol  which  the 
pcnonal  obligalion  ariiing  Irom  the  agrecmcnl  may  be  more 
eflccLivcTy  enforced  than  by  a  mere  ptcuniaiy  recovery  at 
law  "  (Pomeroy,  »  Eq.  Jue.  ijij. 

This  deBcriplion  fiwn  an  Atncrkan  (cil-boofc  teens  ID  give 
at  once  the  fullest  and  most  concise  definiiion  and  dcscrjpiwn 
of  an  cquiliUe  ben.  Il  difTen  csKnilally  (ran  a  connwn-Lm 
lien,  inasmuch  aa  in  iTit  latter  pfKvssion  or  nccupaiicHi  ia  as  a 
rule  ncccasary,  whcrcaa  in  the  equitable  Ucn  the  penoo  claiming 
tbe  iien  is  seldom  in  pcasession  or  occupation  of  Lhc  properly, 
ill  object  being  to  oblain  the  posesjon  ohoUy  or  partially, 

aver  the  copyiigbi  of  a  booli  which  he  has  agtced  to  publish 
nn  lernia  which  arc  not  complied  wilb — far  caampic,  lhc  author 
aiiempting  to  gel  the  book  published  ebcwht^re.  It  cannot 
perhaps  be  said  (hat  Ihia  hu  been  absoluiely  decided  id  exist, 
hut  a  strong  opinion  ol  Ibe  EngUsh  court  of  exchequer  towards 
tbe  close  of  the  iSlh  ceolury  was  eipicsscd  in  ils  lavour  IBrtot 
V.  fVtulwerlli.  i  Anilralhcr  SSi).  Other  instances  an  the 
charging  lien  of  a  solititor,  and  Ihe  lien  ol  a  person  on  impiovc- 
vtnii  tHccted  by  bin  on  Iht  property  oT  another  sho  "  lie* 
by  "and  allows  Ihe  work  to  be  done  before  ctiiniing  I  he  property. 
So  also  of  a  trustee  for  expenses  lawfully  incurred  about  Ihe 
tlusl  pioptny.  The  power  of  a  limilcd  liability  company  to 
Cfcsle  a  lien  upon  iu  own  sbans  was  in  iqoi  established  lAIUn 
*.  GM  Kir/i.  ert.,  C.A.  ivoo,  i  Ch.  616) 

U^ilinn  Lieut. — hiarilime  lien  differs  from  all  tbe  othcra 
yet  considered,  in  ils  more  clastic  nature.  Where  a  maritime 
lien  has  once  allached  to  properly— and  il  may  and  generally 
does  attach  without  posscssioo— it  will  continue  10  attach, 
unless  lost  by  laches,  so  long  as  lhc  ihiag  to  which  it  attaches 
exists,  notwjihslanding  c'hanges  in  tbe  pnsessitA  of  ami  pro- 
perty in  the  thing,  and  notwithstanding  that  tbe  new  possessor 
or  owner  may  be  entirely  ignorant  of  ils  ciislcnce;  and  even 
if  enforced  it  leaves  the  owner's  personal  liability  for  any  balance 
UDrcsUied  intacl  (thc"CniMa,"ig<N,P.  iti%).  Solar  as  En^and 
is  conccroed,  it  musi  be  borncinmind  thai  the  courts  ol  admiralty 


essentially   movable  crhallcls  ai 

ipeakinf,  >  manlime  lieu  is  confined  to  cues  arising  in  Ibosi 

matters  over  which  the  courts  of  admiialiy  had  original  juns- 

bononiy,  in  all  ol  which  cases  the  apptopriite  remedy  is  a 
procteding  in  mi  in  Ihe  admiralty  court.    In  Ihe  firti  of  these— 


collisH 


-if  II 


'D  shipa  have  collided 


licquenlly  be  no  remedy  al  all.    Whei 

at  sea  il  may  well  be  that  the  innocei 

name  nor  tbe  nationality  of  the 

may  escape  with  slight  damage  and  not 

of  refuge  in  the  ndgbbourhood.    hlosihs  aflccwards  il  is  aicci- 

laincd  thai  she  was  a  foreign  ship,  and  in  the  intcivoJ  sbe  has 

changed  owners.    Then,  were  il  do!  a  fact  that  a  marilimc 

liCB  invisiUc  10  Ibe  wnmgdoer  nevettheleis  atiacbea  itself  to 

the  uolortunate  owner  of  Ihe  innocent  ship  would  have  no 
mnedy,  except  lhc  doubtful  one  o<  pursuing  tbe  fanner  owner 
el  Itw  wimg-doing  vessel  io  his  own  country  in  a  personal 
•ctionwhcrtsiidiprocHdingi  are  allowed —which  is  by  no  means 
the  ciM  in  all  foreign  countries.  The  same  reasons  a^ily, 
though  not  pOMibly  wilh  quite  the  same  forct,  Io  iha  other 


a  of  the  admiralty 


court  was  largdy  extended.  Al  the  latler  dale  it  ms  merged 
in  the  probate,  divorce  and  admiralty  division  of  the  High  Court 
of  Justice-  Since  the  merger  questions  have  arisen  as  lobow 
far  the  cntargcmtnl  of  jui^idion  has  extended  tbe  principle 
of  maritime  tien.  Aa  iolcrcsting  article  on  this  subject  by  J. 
Mansfield,  barriiicr-at-UW|  will  be  found  in  Ibe  Lok  QkbIbIj 
Rain,  vol  iv.,  Octobcs'  lUi.  Il  must  be  sufficient  to  state 
here  that  where  legislaiion  has  extended  the  already  existing 
juriidictioB  to  which  a  mariiime  tien  pertained,  the  maiitinH 
Ucn  is  extended  10  the  subject  matter,  but  that  where  a  new 
jurisdiction  is  given,  or  where  a  jurisdiction  formerly  adsriog 


by  proceedings  in  rm.  Ollbcfiist  dasaof  eitfndedjurisdiclioni 
arc  collisions,  salvage  and  seamen's  wagia,  Prior  to  iS4e  the 
court  of  admiralty  only  bad  jurisdiction  over  these  when  occuning 
or  eamod  on  the  high  seas.  The  jurisdiclioa,  and  with  il  the 
maritime  Lieo,  b  cxlcndcd  to  places  within  the  body  of  a  county 
in  collision  or  salvage;  and  as  to  seamen's  waga,  whereas  they 
SFCrc  dependent  on  lhc  earning  ol  Ircighl.  they  arc  now  free 
Irom  any  such  limilalton,  and  also,  wbcrsis  the  remedy  in  irm 
was  limited  10  seamen's  wages  not  earned  under  a  special  coo- 


danuge  to  cargo  carried  into  any  port  in  England  or  Wak% 
and  on  appeal  from  the  county  courts  over  all  claims  for  damage 
to  cargo  under  £jao,  though  it  may  be  prosecuted  by  proceedings 
in  tim,  i.i.  by  arrest  of  Ibe  ship,  yet  confers  no  rnarilime  ties; 
and  so  also  in  the  case  of  claims  by  material  mco  (builders  aitd 
fitten-out  of  ships)  and  for  necessaries.  Even  though  in  Ibe 
lallcr  case  the  admiralty  court  had  jurisdiction  previously  to 
i&40  where  the  necessaries  were  supplied  on  the  high  seav 
yet  at  it  could  not  be  shown  that  such  jurisdiction  had  ever 
been  held  to  confer  a  loiuiiinie  Ucn.  no  sucb  lien  it  given.  Eve* 
now  there  is  much  doubt  as  to  whciha  towage  confers  a  nutitime 
lien  or  not,  the  services  rendered  being  pursuant   to  CCKitracl. 

and  being  rendered  al 


s.  In  I 


idmiralty  would  have  had  original  ji 
no  established  c 


show  tl 


.  practically  unknown 

manume  tien,  11  may  be  argued  on  the  one  nana  inat  towage 
is  only  a  modified  form  of  salvage,  and  therefore  entitled  to  a 
maritime  ben.  and  on  the  other  that  il  is  only  a  form  of  necessary 
power  supF^fd  bke  a  new  sail  or  masl  10  a  ship  10  enable  her 
to  complete  her  voyage  cxpeditioudy,  and  therefore  of  Ibe 
nature  of  nccosaiKs,  and  as  such  not  entitled  to  a  maiitimc 
[icn.  Tbe  matter  is  nol  of  academical  interest  only,  for  though 
in  the  aise  of  an  Ulward-bound  ship  the  lug  owncj  can  make  use 
si  his  Btalutory  nghl  of  proceeding  fa  rtm,  and  so  obtain  much 
.  tbe  case  of  an  outwud- 
t  payment,  and  tic  aFBl 
i  unable  10  pay,  the  tug 


>,ilsh 


witho 


ithtmvd  person  refuse 
owner's  claim  may.  on  Ibc  return  ol  tne  snip  to  a  Dntisa  port, 
be  met  by  an  aUegai  ion  of  a  change  of  owncnbip,  which  defeats 
his  light  ol  proceeding  at  all  if  he  has  no  marilime  lien;  whereat 
if  he  has  a  maritime  lien  he  can  sIIU  proceed  against  the  ship 
and  recover  his  daim,  if  he  has  not  bem  guilty  of  Ucbo. 


...c  "BMemilim*."  ilji.  J  Moo.  Kc.  >«I?thi>  -  Km  Sofw!* 
I.  P.  11]).    The  ihiid  class,  which  only  give  a  right  10  pract«d 


m  Eoitiandof  Wald,    TrmpccUvt 
1  aU  4AIH  MH  only  of  dwiugo  to 


LIEN 

Ingi  ceruinly  iivt 


tiooi  tt  tt  iin.  Kollvid,  Portunl.  Belgium, 

Gntct.  Ti  tent  Ruiu— bive  luteul  of  ■ 

Ruiilltnel  leofprivnegeddebii.    Amonfit 

IheK  ia  il  u  for  Hlv»t,  wucf,  bottomry 

under  ccniiq  mcnctioniH  wid  ncccBBiiea.  ucb  a  tfiw  hmt  a 
privite|«l  dun  ■oinit  tb«  iblp.  mpd  in  loia*  can  aiaiiiit  Itdght 
and  arp>  u  wdl,  DUE  it  km  outer  of  very  fRftt  importance  lutn 
except  in  Bel^um,  n  daim  for  coUiiioii  daiuge  f  whicli  aa  we  tiave 

Bi^iii)  eofifen  no  prfvUefe  aipinit  the  wro*iff4oing  ihip.  wbilit 
in  all  thw  couDlrie*  an  owner  an  get  rid  of  ma  pcnonu  Ualnlity 
by  abindoaUifl  the  ibip  and  freight  to  hia  creditor*  and  ao.  If  tite 

ahip  ia  vtak,  eiope  aU  liability  whilat  retaining  —        

there  may  be.    Tliit.  indeed,  wae  at  one  time  tlit 
Britain;  the  miaiure  ot  dama 
rn ;  and  in  the  United  Si*1» . 

r< 


..._ ^...., „.__,,,^  -jandoning  tbvihipand  trnfht. 

laima  rrlitiiiB  10  ihe  ihlp.  unlc»  the  ownpr  lui  HpKiaUy 
la  dilp  and  iRifht.  eaaptln 


[."ji-'X 


impleled  priot  U  the  kw 


..  -  ^ jn  of  thing!  ar 


'.   They  Bit  in  (act  notin  to  kin  u- 

DvctioH  ^  Utn, — So  long  aa  the  pailj  clvmlng  the  lien 
al  common  lav  retaina  the  propeny,  the  Hen  conttnuea,  not- 
wilhalandiog  tbc  debt  is  leipecl  of  which  it  is  daimed  becoming 
barred  by  the  Statute  ol  UmilMfom  (Higtlni  v.  Scoa,  1831, 
>  B.  li  Aid.  41]).  But  il  be  laket  procHdirgs  at  law  to  ttcover 
the  debt,  and  00  *  ule  of  the  good)  to  Htirfy  the  judgment 
porchaiea  them  Ikimiclf,  he  ao  altera  the  ruKure  of  the  poH4&ioa 
that  he  loaea  his  lien  {Jacabi  v.  Laitur,  f  Bing.  130).  An  equit- 
able lim  probably  in  alL  cases  continues,  prwided  the  pDrduaer 
ol  the  subject  matter  haa  notice  of  the  lien  at  the  time  ol  bii 
p;irchast.  A  Duuilime  lltn  ia  In  do  iap«ct  subject  to  the  Sisluie 
ol  LimiLitiona.  and  omlinue)  in  force  nolwilluundinE  1  change 
ia  the  ownership  of  the  property  without  police,  and  ia  only 
terminated  when  it  has  once  attached,  by  laches  on  the  pact 
ol  Iht  pcnoD  daiming  it  (the  "  Kimt  Uapna."  i8qi,  P,  ilj). 
Thera  is  an  enccptloo  In  llie  case  of  seamen's  waga,  where  by 
4  Anne  c.  ifi  (JAU,  Ra-tk  %  AniM  c.  ]}  all  suiii  lor  teunen's 

in  the  Admiralty  rniut  be  brought  viihin 

mmmiluH       — 

m  and  Mbei  lieni  o 
namFd«4  a  Irirtign  vcssei  comes  Into 
and  ia  damaged  and  her  cargo  also; 
by  sahnin  and  nliimaldy  under  a 
put  into  thE  hands  ol  a  shipwright  w 
The  innacenl  fiany  to  [he  coliiiion  haa  a  maritime  Iten  fc 
his  damage,  and  the  Mamcn  for  thtir  wages;  the  cargo  owt» 
haa  a  auit  in  rm  or  ■  lUtntoiy  lien  (or  damage,  and  the  ihip- 
night  a  poaneisoiy  lian  for  tb*  nlua  of  U*  tepain,  while  tb« 


Dwage  agreei 


m  and  povbly  ■  mvitiine  lien- 

il  salvage.    The  value  ol  Uie  property  may 

pay  all  dnima,  and  it  becomes  a  matter  of  grot 

itquencelosclllcwhettaasy,  and  [I  so  which,  have  priority 

'  the  othsa.  or  whether  all  tank  alike  and  have  to  divide 

proceeds  of  the  prcfierty  fte  raU  unnogit  them.     Tho 

ining   general    rules   applyi   iicnt   for   benefiti   umfsred 

I  against  thelundln  the  inverse,  and  those  for  the  reparation 

of  damage  sustained  in  the  direct  order  of  Ibdr  tttacbipg  to  the 

I  bctweoi  the  two  classes  thoae  last  mentituied  rank  before 

first  mblioncd  of  eariicr  date;  aa  bdween  liens  of  the 

dasa  and  the  tame  dale,  the  £ist  dainunt  baa  priority, 

ithos  who  have  net  taken  anion.   The  courts  of  admiralty, 

rer,  sUow  equitable  contentions,  and  enter  into  the 

ion  of  marshalling  assets.     For  example,  if  one  cUitnant 

lien  on  two  funds,  or  an  edective  right  of  action  In  addiUon 

lien,  uid  aiiolhrT  claimant  faaa  only  a  lien  upon  one  fund, 

Ihe  first  daiouBt  will  be  obliged  to  eihauil  his  second  remedy 

nmpetition  with  the  second.    As  wgaidi 

poosessory  hens,  the  shipwright  takes  the  ihip  as  she  stands, 

i,r-  with  ber  bcumbrancea,  and  It  appears  that  the  lien  for 

teaman's  waga  takes  precedence  of  a  aolicitor'a  Uen  for  costs, 

'  T  a  charging  ordtf  made  In  punuaDCC  ol  the  Solidtora 

.Me.  I  aft. 
Subject  to  crjuhabla  cooilderitiaBS,  the  true  prLociplc  appears 

wbkh  corJcr  a  naritlni*  Ko.  a^ie  the  hoUer  of  tha  Uen  In  sooaa 
sort  ■  proprietor  ol  the  vcsid.  and  tberefora  liable  lor  damage  done 
by  her-— hence  ibe  piiorliy  of  the  damage  lien'-^t,  directly  It  has 
attached,  tendita  caolerred  en  the  property  by  enaMIng  it  to  reock 
pon  in  lalcly  beaefil  the  holder  tl  tin  daawge  lien  !*  coounon  with 
all  other  prior  holders  of  marilime  Uens.  It  ulcsaeasytotfewhyol 
two  damage  liens  Ihe  eariler  shoold  take  precedence  el  the  Ltcr. 
evcept  on  the  principle  that  Ibe  rrr  which  came  into  coliiiion  Ibe 
second  time  is  depreciated  in  value  by  the  amount  of  tike  exiMing 
lien  Dpofi  ber  lor  tiw  first  comsion.  and  where  there  wis  more  than 
one  osrHH  lien,  and  also  liens  for  benefits  conferred  prior  to 
tho  first  collision  between  the  two  coilisions  and  subsequent  to  the 
second,  the  court  would  have  to  make  a  special  order  to  meet  the 
peculiar  drrumstaKe*.  The  dsla  of  ■  nartgagee  naturally  is 
deferred  to  all  maritime  liens,  whether  they  an  lor  benefits  canlerml 
'licb  bs  is  interested  or  Inr  damaae  done  by  it. 
reaaon  to  the  possessory  lien  of  the  ihipwnght, 
.  ...-  .. ry  Uen  of  the  thinwrighl  and  ihe  cbim  of  the 

.»  take  precedence  oi '-'-  ' — ' ''- 

a  siatulory  lien  or  -  - 


vendor  in  certain 
out  of  his  actual  jk 


properly  speaking. 


flu.— This  b  ■  Ilea  bdd  by  an  unpaid 
a  over  goods  sold  alter  they  have  passed 
ision.  It  has  been  much  discussed  i^ether 
immon-Iaw  rigbl  or  lien.  The  (act  appears 
's  been  a  part  of  the  Law  Merchant,  which, 
tsclf  a  part  el  the  common  law  ol  Englsnd 
unleu  Inconsistent  with  it.    This  particular  right  was,  in  Iha 

contrary  to  En^h  bw.  and  by  that  ded^n  this  particular 
part  ol  the  Law  Meichini  <ru  approved  and  became  part  ol 
the  common  law  of  England  (see  per  Lord  Abingcr  in  Gihsmt 
V.  Carruliers,  S  M.  ft  W.,  p.  $36  et  seq,}.  It  may  be  dacribed 
as  a  Uen  by  the  Law  Mercbanl,  dedded  by  equity  to  be  pan 
of  the  common  law,  bat  in  its  nature  p«tbiking  niher  of  the 
characiet  of  an  equitable  Ueo  than  one  at  common  law.  "  It 
it  a  right  which  arises  soldy  upon  the  Insolvency  of  the  buyer, 
and  is  based  on  the  plain  reason  of  Justice  and  equity  that  one 
tnatx't  goods  shall  not  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  another 
man's  debts.  II,  therefore,  after  the  veodor  has  delivered  the 
goods  out  <^  his  i>wn  poossBoa  and  put  Ibem  in  the  bonds 
ol  a  carrier  lor  deUvery  to  Ihe  buyer,  be  discnven  that  the 
buyer  fs  insolvent,  be  may  re-take  the  goodi  if  he  can  before 
they  racb  Ihe  buyer's  potsessioa,  and  thus  avoid  having  hia 
property  applied  to  paying  debts  due  by  the  buyer  to  other 
people  "  (Benjamin  «  j'lKs,  nd  ed..  1B9],  This  right,  tbough 
~     ■■ '  ■    r  Ib  1690;  is  highly  bvoured  by 


598 


It  ot  fl>  inlifiulc  JDSIIci, 


mllics 


lepouiio 


who  hive  boutht 
Koodt,  It  B,  however,  defeated  by  ■  bwiul  Uwuter  al  Ihe  doci 
mtnt  ol  liilo  lo  the  goedi  by  tbc  lEndoi  id  ■  ihird  penoo,  wb 
Ulo  iL  btni  fit  nod  loc  viLiuble  cosudeniion  (Factan  Ai 
1BS9:  Sile  of  CoDda  Act  1S9J). 

iliii'finieKf  «r  Tramjcr  aj  Lien. — A  lien  being  k  perstmil 
right  acquired  in  nspcct  ol  penonal  lervicts,  it  ODiiDt 
a  rule,  b«  Mtigned  or  tniu[ei»d;  bgt  hen  *^in  then 
eiceptioiu.  The  penonal  Rpitteutalive  of  the  fadder  of 
a  paitaaoiy  lien  on  hia  decease  nouM  probably  in  all  cuei 
be  held  entitled  lo  il;  and  it  bat  been  held  that  the  lien 
client 'spapenrenuuia  with  LhefirmoFicdidtoiiiiotwithBU  „ 
clianirt  itt  the  couiitution  oF  the  fiim  (Cregory  v.  Creawtii, 
14  L.J.  Cb.  joo).  £0  al»  wbeie  t,  aolicitor,  having  1  lien  on 
documenti  for  bli  Costa,  utigned  tht  debt  to  hii  baukoi  with 
the  bcnefilof  the  lien,  it  *a)  held  that  tiicbviken  might  enhuce 
tuch  lien  b  equity.  But  though  •  tndeunan  baa 
the  properly  o£  his  customer  lor  bis  charges  for  r 
upon  it,  wJicrc  the  property  is  delivered  to  liim  by 
acting  within  the  scope  of  hia  empbyment,  lacb  li< 
i>e  IrBDsfcrred  to  the  servant,  even  if  he  has  paid  t. 
himself;  and  the  lien  does  not  eiiit  at  all  if  the  se: 
acting  without  authority  in  delivering  the  goods,  eic 
(as  in  the  cue  of  a  common  carrier}  be  is  bound 
Ihe  goods,  Id  which  case  he  Rtiins  his  lien  for  tbi 
agsinsl  the  rfgblfut  owner.  Where,  bowevcT,  tbeie 
on  property  of  any  sort  not  in  p 
the  properly  with  knowledge  of  ine  iien  Lanes 
■uch  lien.  This  applies  Lo  equitable  liens,  and 
to  thost  common-law  tiens  in  which  possession 
It  is,  however,  true  that  by  stalvie  certain  comniDD-iaw  uens 
an  be  transfeited.  e.g.  under  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act  a 
Biaiter  of  a  ship  having  a  lien  upon  cargo  for  hii  frnght  can 
transfer  the  possession  of  the  cargo  to  a  wbarfinger,  and  with 
it  Ihc  lien  (Merchant  Shipping  Act  1894,  f  494).  In  this  case, 
however,  though  the  matter  is  simplified  by  the  suiuie,  if  the 
wharfinger  was  constituted  the  tgent  or  servant  of  the  ship- 
master, hit  possession  would  be  the  possession  of  the  shipmaster, 
and  there  would  he  no  real  transfer  of  the  lien;  therefore  the 
common-law  doctrine  ia  not  altered,  only  greater  facilities 
for  the  furtherance  of  trade  are  given  by  the  statute,  enabling 
the  wharfinger  to  act  in  his  own  name  without  reference  lo 
his  principal,  who  may  be  at  the  other  side  ol  the  world.    So 


■  penoD  acquinng 


lined,  nt 

lession,  where  it  has  to  be  deposited 
h  u  Ihe  Custom-House)  to  comply 
nnot  sell  or  stsign  or  in  any  way  p. 
en  for  ngc)  (Merchant  Shipping  A 


(petiat  place  (1 
law.  Seamen 
their  maritime 
i.56).bul,ne. 


and  eiereise  tbcir  ligbu  (Ihe  CornWu  HmrUlla 
I  Ad.  &  Ec  ji). 

.  Waita. — Any  parting  with  the  possesion  ol 
general  a  waiver  of  the  lien  upon  them;  for  csar 
factor  having  a  lien  on  the  goods  of  his  principal  gi' 


larnage  for  repairs  allows  t 
1  it ,  nor  has  he  a  Lien  for  the  1 


asly  reserving  his  lien, 
andage  of  the  carriage 
ndage  does  not  give  a 
bat  where  a  portion  of 


lien  for  the  rcaidns  ol  the  unpaid  purchase-money  has  gone 
{Cativ.CulkhtTt,  1S4],  iiL.J.  £1.  J09).  Again,  an  acceplanca 
ol  security  for  a  dchl  Is  inconsistent  with  tht  etiitcnce  of  ■  lien, 
Iti t  Hibslitules  the  credit  of  the  owner  for  the  niaterial  guarantee 
ol  tb<  tUagitsatfLasdsoacUMa  waivsrol  tfaelien.    Forth* 


right  h. 


il  legal  process,  such 
as  tbe  right  of  an  innkeeper  10  sell  the  goods  of  bis  customer  lor 
his  unpaid  account  (Innkeepers  Act  1878,  |  t>,the  right  of  ■ 
wharfinger  to  sell  goods  entrusted  to  him  hy  a  shipowner  with 
a  lien  upon  ihcm  for  freight,  and  also  for  their  ownchargea 
(Merehant  Shipping  Act  1S94,  %%  497.  49<),  and  of  a  raiJtay 
company  lo  «ell  goods  for  their  cbaige*  (Railway  Clauses  Act 
>S4Si(9;)-  Property aflected by ar     -  *■  "   " 


Id  by  11 


ie  Uen  without  the  in 


order,  or  judgment  ..  ..  _ 
couit.    In  Admiralty  oisct,  where  a  sale  b  necessary,  no  ball 

having  been  given  and  Ihe  property  being  under  arrest,  the 
sale  is  usually  nude  by  the  marshal  in  London,  but  nay  be 
elsewhere  on  Ihe  parties  concerned  showing  that  a  belter  price 
is  likely  to  be  obtained. 

AvEaiciN  Law.— In  the  United  States,  qxaklng  very  gener- 
ally, the  law  relating  lo  liens  !s  that  ol  England,  but  there  are 
some  consideiahle  difference*  occasioned  by  three  principal 
causes.  (1)  Some  of  tbe  Southern  Suies,  notably  LouisiaDa, 
have  never  adopted  the  common  Uw  of  England.  When  that 
■late  became  one  of  the  United  States  of  North  America  it  bad 
(and  still  preserves)  its  own  tyatem  of  law.  In  this  respect  the 
law  is  practically  identical  with  the  Code  Napoleon,  which, 
again  speaking  generally,  subsiiiuiet  privileges  for  lims,  i.e. 
gives  certain  claims  a  prior  right  to  olhcts  against  piniculai 
property.  These  privileges  bdng  ilrtcliiiimae  Mtrprtlaliami. 
cannol  be  eitended  by  any  principle  analogous  to  the  Englisli 
——--'-  --■.-.--     (3)  PtobnUy  In  consequence  of  lb 


United  Sti 


aliet 


icgove; 


iving  hi 


lUtea  in  Iheinteicstollheworkingdasaes  which  have 
no  pantlel  in  Great  Britain,  (.g,  in  Mme  states  workmen 
employed  in  building  a  house  or  a  ahip  have  a  lien  upon  the 
buUding  or  structure  itself  ior  their  unpaid  wages.  This  Ualulory 
lien  partakes  rather  ol  the  nature  of  an  equitable  than  af  a 
common-law  lien,  u  the  property  is  not  in  the  possession  of  the 
workauB,  and  it  may  be  doubled  whether  the  right  thus  conferred 
is  more  beneficial  to  the  workman  than  the  pliority  hia  wagn 
have  in  bankruptcy  proceedings  in  England.  Some  of  Ihc  stata 
bavB  also  practically  extended  the  maritime  Hen  to  mailer* 

consliuiion  of  Ihe  United  Stales  the  admiralty  and  inlcr-siate 
jurisdiction  it  vetted  in  the  (edetal  1*  dislinguiihed  Irom  the 
stale  courts,  and  these  federal  courts  have  not  been  liable  to 
have  tbcir  jurisdiction  curtailed  by  prohihitioa  from  coorta  ol 
comtnontaw,  as  thecounof  admimlty  had  in  England  up  to  Ihe 
lime  ol  the  Judicature  Acts;  consequently  ihe  nuatilime  lien 
in  Ihe  United  States  estcnds  further  Ihan  it  does  in  £n^nd, 
even  after  recent  enlargements;  it  coven  daims  for  nccesrarict 
and  by  material  men  (tee  Uariiiwt  Z-icx),  at  well  u  coUisioa, 
salvage,  wages,  bollomiy  and  damage  lo  cargo. 

DIHicultiea  connected  with  lien  occasionally  arise  bi  Ifac 
fedeml  courts  in  admiralty  cases,  from  a  conBict  <m  lbs  aabjecl 
between  Ihe  nnoidpal  law  ol  the  atate  where  Ihe  coort  happens 
to  sit  and  the  adraitaliy  lawi  but  as  there  b  no  power  to  prohibit 
the  federsl  conrt,  its  view  of  the  admiially  hiw  based  on  the 
dvfl  law  prevails.    More  serious  difllculiies  arise  where  s  federal 

diSerent  law*  oa  the  subject  ol  lien;  one  for  example,  like 
Louisiana,  loliowing  the  civil  Isw.  and  the  other  the  common 
law  and  equitable  practice  of  Great  Britain.  The  question  at 
la  which  law  Is  to  govern  In  tuch  t  case  can  hardly  be  said  lo  be 
decided,  "  The  question  whether  equilable  lient  tan  niii  la 
enlorcod  in  Louisiana  by  the  federal  cquns.notirithttaBding 
retlriclive  law  01  privilcpt.  It  ttiU.aa  Opu  OM  "  Utaiti^ 


"-   -Me7U.S.llT). 


LIERRE— UEUTENANT 

«  Bardan  SHttr  X^mkn  Ca.  < 


5W 


fiunsH  Couuiics. — In  Ibooe  ulonics  whkb  before  tbe 
Canadiiui  (edenlioD  were  knowD  u  Upper  Cvtid*  ud  ihe 
Muitinc  Fiovincd  ol  Brituh  Nartb  Ameiiu,  mi  in  Ihe  Hvenl 
AuiUiIuLU  lUIci  wbeie  tbe  EcgLisb  conuaon  law  is  enfoiced 
except  u  modified  by  coloni*!  ttalule,  the  principles  cA  lica, 
wheihei  by  commoa  U«  at  equiutile  oi  suriiime,  dkcusKd 
(bove  dilii  vdatact  to  Engitnil,  will  pRvail;  but  quesiiou 
not  ■'■— ■-■I"  la  tliaw  ireMed  of  in  refuence  to  ihe  United  Sutes 
I  hive  come  to  the  down  of  Great 


sample,  in  Lower  CauMJa  the  Uw  o[ 

lenOy  Rguliled  by  *.  code  very  limilu 
n  Muuitim  and  in  dcpcndoicia  the 


Britain  by  cenion, 
lav  are  enforced. 
France  prior  to  the  Y 
]m  in  England,  but 
to  the  Code  Napole 
Code  Napoleon  ttic 
lobiequenl  ordinance!.  In  South  Africa,  and  to  lome  extent 
In  Ceylon  and  Cuiana,  Ronum-DltUh  U«  ia  in  force;  in  the 
bliuid  bI  Trinidad  old  SpuUth  Uw,  prior  to  the  Iniroduclion  ol 
the  pioetu  dvD  code  of  Spain,  ii  the  bsaii  ol  juriipnidence. 
Each  teveni  ayMen  si  law  require!  to  be  ttudied  on  the  poinii 
but,  ^Malting  ^nendly,  apart  from  the  poeeoKtry  lieu  of  worlC' 
men  and  the  niarjiirae  lien  o[  the  vics-adniinilly  (sum,  it  may  be 
luumcd  that  the  rula  ol  the  dvil  law,  siving  a  privilege  or 
priority  In  ortaia  qKciAed  on  ulher  IbaD  a  lien  a*  undenlood 
in  Engluh  law,  prevail  jn  thoie  c«looiet  where  (he  £ogliih 
law  U  not  ia  forct.  (P.  W.  lU.) 

UBHRB  (Fkmiih,  Utr),  •  town  In  the  province  oi  Anlweip, 
Belgiutn;  g  m.  S.E.  of  Antwerp.  Pop.  (1904)  )4i"9-  It 
carriea  on  a  brisk  lodufttTy  in  bUc  fabrics  Ita  diurch  of  St 
Conraaire  was  linUhcd  in  iji;  and  conlaini  three  fine  glau 
window!,  the  gift  oi  the  archduke  MaiiaiiHan,  (a  celcliratc 
hii  wedding  with  Miry  oi  Burgundy. 

LiBSTAL  the  capital  (lince  l%u)  oi  the  half  canton  ol  Basel- 
Stadl  in  Switierland.  It  it  a  well-buiit  but  snintcreiting 
induatrial  town.  liluated  on  the  left  banic  of  the  Ergsli  itrcam, 
And  i!  the  mat  popidou!  Iowa  in  the  entire  canton  of  Baid, 
afler  B«el  iUeU.  By  nil  It  il  q)  n.  S.E.  of  Basel,  and  is|  m. 
N,W.  of  Olten.  In  ll*  ijth-centuiy  toini  hiJl  (fiaUiaiu)  ii 
prcwrved  the  golden  drinking  cup  ol  Charlei  the  Bold,  duke  of 
Burgundy,  which  wat  taken  at  the  battle  of  Nancy  in  1477,  In 
vfio  ih»  populatioa  wai  5403,  all  C<mua-v>eaklng  and  mainly 
Prolettanti.  The  town  was  sold  in  tjoi  by  its  lord  to  the 
bishop  of  Basel  who,  in  1400,  Bc4d  il  to  the  dty  ol  Basel,  at  whose 
hands  II  suScred  much  in  the  Peasants'  War  of  165],  and  so 
consented  gladly  to  the  sepanlion  ol  i8j]- 

UEUTEHANT,  one  who  takes  the  place,  office  and  duty  of 
■nd  act!  OD  bdialf  ol  a  SBperior  or  othn  person.  The  wold 
fn  English  preserves  the  form  of  the  Fitoch  origlDal  (Inim  liw. 
place,  JtMiil,  hiding),  which  i>  the  equivalent  of  the  Lat. 
foniB  Innu,  one  holding  the  place  ol  anolhcr.  The  usual 
EngUsb  pronunciation  appears  early,  the  word  being  frequently 
■pelted  lir/kuM,  lytjicntnl  or  hi/lenatil  in  the  14th  and  ifih 
centuries.  The  modem  American  pronandatioo  Is  Itultiaiil, 
while  Ihe  Cernun  Is  represented  by  the  present  form  ol  the 
■Old  LeulnaiU.  In  French  history,  titukmul  in  roi  (Ikum 
(fittJii  rtgit)  was  a  title  borne  by  Ihe  officer  scat  with  inililaiy 
powers  to  represent  the  king  hi  certain  provinces.  With  wider 
powers  and  functions,  both  civil  as  well  as  military,  and  holding 
suthorily  throughout  an  entire  province,  sud)  a  represeniative 
oflhekingwalc»lt«i)ini<nian((#ii*r*fi(iiriii,  'Hie liist appoint- 
ment o(  these  officials  dates  from  the  tdgn  of  Philip  IV.  the 
Fair  (see  Cohjtuhe),  In  the  i6th  century  the  adminislralion 
of  iht  provinces  was  in  the  hands  of  jcwvcrwtfiirj,  to  whom  the 
titMloaiU  du  roi  became  subordinates.  The  title*  tininml 
mUotirimin^  and  Iknltatiiil  {tubal  dc  tdiafivnbttnbotnt 
by  ctnsin  Judidal  oflicefs  in  France  {see  CnXTttiT  and  B»m»T! 
BaiUi),  As  the  title  ol  the  reprtsenutive  oi  the  soverelri. 
"  liemenanl  "  In  EniJfsb  usage  ippcais  in  the  title  of  the  lord 
Beulenant  of  Ireland,  and  of  the  lords  lieutenant  of  tb*  counties 
of  tha  Uniled  Kiotdom  (sec  below). 


The  most  general 

useof  Ibewocdtsutbe 

DSIDeof>g.»to 

of  Davat  and  miliUr 

this  ir^calioD 

to  neatly  every  navy 

and  army  olth 

y.   In  Italy  and 

Spain  the  &nt  part 

f  the  word  is  0 

milled,  an 

d  an  lulian  and 

Spanish  offiCH  bearing  this  mnk  ar 

called  h 

■ntnU  or  IciikhM 

rrapectivdy.   In  the 
ttnanu  are  the  con 

British  and  m 

lOst  other 
15  n«t 

navies  the  Ueu- 
n  rank  to  com- 

ntandert,  at  second  class  of  captains.  Originally  the  Leutemnt 
was  «  soldJET  who  aided,  and  in  case  of  need  replaced,  the  ciptaio, 
who.  until  the  laltet  half  of  the  ijth  century,  was  not  necessarily 
a  seaman  m  any  ravy.  Al  £rst  one  lieulenant  was  carried,  and 
only  in  the  largest  ships.  Tlie  nntnber  was  gradually  incxused. 
and  the  lieutenants  formed  a  numerous  corps.  At  the  close 
of  the  Napoleonic  War  in  lEi ;  there  were  311 1  heutenants  in  the 
British  navy.  lieutenants  now  olten  qualify  for  spodal  duties 
ivigatjoa,  or  gurmery,  or  the  managemeni  oi  toipedoo. 


itbebw  s 


Isandsc 


a.    In  Frar 
while  i    " 


'0  ranks,  tht  higher  bdBg..Obir-liiiliuBil 
meriy  Primitr-ltiitKaHl).  A  "  captain  lieuIenaDl  "  In  the 
ish  army  was  formeriy  the  senior  subaltern  who  virtually 
manded  the  colonel's  company  or  troop,  and  ranked  as 
or  csptahij  or  "  puny  captain,"  as  he  was  called  by  Cromwdl'i 


The  laid  fn 


ilpiinl  of  a  county,  in  Enghii 

of  Henry  Vlll.  (or,  aeeardr»i' '"  "-"' 
—  I : —  ^  ,(^  .herifl 


Wales  M 


ir  the  efficiency  of  thi 
yeemaniy  and  volun 
Hse  ottccrs  he  appoli 
ri,tlMJBrisdletloa.du 


indn)  over  10  him.    Ho 

iteers.  He  was  eanunandcr 
ited.  By  the  Regulation  al 
[tie!  and  conmand  enrelsed 

™™"     "      'BhTlord 


a  Act  11 


■Hv,  lb 


dtirinc  the  niya]  pkaiure,  bur  virtually  fo 

oflice  IB  by  Iclteri  psieni  under  the  great  m^ 

nccnarily,  the  person  appointed  lord  lieutenant  is  also  appcuuled 

ciutot  rotulorum  (f^t.).     Appointments  to  the  county  bench  d 

mafistrates  are  usually  made  on  the  recommendation  o(  the  lord 

lieuHoant  (see  Jusiin  or  Tua  Pnnnl. 

A  deputy  Gcutenanl  (denoted  fr«)ucnt1y  by  the  addition  of  (hs 
letters  DX.  after  a  person'i  nnme)  ii  a  dreuty  of  a  lord  lieutenant 
of  a  county.  His  appointment  and  qualiliratiDna  pTevions  to  iqog 
were  regulated  by  the  Militia  Act  lUi.  By  a  jo  ol  that  act  th* 
lieutenant  of  each  county  was  Rqviiod  from  time  to  lime  to  appoint 
such  pfoperly  qualiAed  persons  as  be  thought  it.  liviag  within  Ihe 
county,  to  be  d^njty  beutenantL  At  least  Iwenty  had  to  be  tp- 
pinniedforeaehcounty.ii  there  were  so  many  qualified^  if  less  than 
that  nomber  were  ouaU&ed.  then  all  the  duly  qua116cd  pireias  in 
the  county  were  to  be  appointed.  The  oppouirments  were  subject 
to  the  sovereign's  approvsl,  and  0  relum  ol  all  appinnimenis  to, 
and  nmovals  from,  the  office  had  to  be  laid  tKlore  parliament 
annually.  To  qualify  for  the  appointment  of  deputy  lieulenanl  a 
ptraonhad  to  be  (a)  apeetodhenalm.  orthehrir.ai^iTnt  of  such 
a  peer,  having  a  place  of  rewdence  wiihin  the  county;  or  (t)  have  in 
poucxiion  an  ciUIe  in  hind  in  the  United  Kioidom  ol  the  yearly 
■^  -  ■  ■  ---  ijoo;  or  (c)  be  the  heii-appareM  ol  auch  a 
dear  yearly  uicome  from  personalty  wirhin 
!  iKM  len  than  iCioo  (>.  jj).  II  the  Keuleoanl 
Uniled  Kingdom,  or  through  illscsa  or  other 
let.  the  sowdgn  might  authorise  any  Ihree 
■ct  as  lieulenant  (a.  ji)  or  might  appoini  a 
CI  S9  nce-1ieuT«iant.    Olherw&e,  the  duties 


perwa;  or  (d)  have 
Ihe  United  Kingdom 


6oo 


LIFE 


Tie  chief  HCfeary  occuplts  in  importiint  | 

ctbioet  diher  the  lord  UeuteuntorKhuH 

Lwutnutpl-^vcnior  it  the  Ijtie  qf  the  s 


no(MaSnt^B< 


oudvay  IB  difniiy  betweco   the 
y,  who  an  appauited  from  Enftlard. 

oT  Ciipada  the  tovmon  of  prcrvircH  aLw  hive  the  (itk  of 
Lieucenuit-Eovcniar.  The  renreipnutlva  of  the  lovereifn  ia  the 
Iile  of  Man  ud  the  Chuuiel  Idciidi  in  tlkcvue  Hykd  btuHmmt- 

Un.  the  poptdtr  nunc  tor  the  tctlviiy  peculiir  to  pioto- 
plum  (;.>.).  Thii  canception  hu  been  eiiiDdHl  by  uilogy  to 
pheiHmetit  dlffeieni  in  kind,  nicb  u  the  actlvilia  of  mueei 
of  vRler  or  of  lic,  or  of  anduneiy,  or  by  uolhec  iniloty,  to  the 
duiJtion  ol  1  composite  itnictBre,  lod  by  imiglnltioil  lo  rei] 
or  Mppoied  pbenotneoi  nich  b3  the  muufcstatknu  of  uicorpcve*] 


.   Fioinl 


-.wot  a 


.  diiplayed  only  by  living  bodio,  by  i1 
id  ii  vh*l  disiloguiiho  living  bodiei  from  bod 
■live.     Herbert  Spennr't  fcimuU  Ibit  Ufe  i 


topint  oui  conception  we 
zompleiitin  that  iriie  fi 
iag  bndiet,  the  dlEerence 
CI,  01  between  plul  md  i 


now  life  only  u  a  quality 
ut  diiard  from  conuden- 


diKuuioBi  on  evolution;  lonie  will  sec  In  tbepliy  af  circi 
■mbienl  loedit,  nsturtl  or  tupcmiluial,  on  ibe  limpTeil  (oi 
of  living  miller,  luScieot  eiplanalion  of  (he  developmcnl 
•Bch  Duller  into  the  bi|he>l  tainu  of  living  orginisms;  otl 
idll  regard  Ibe  patency  ol  anch  living  miller  »  to  develop  i 
mysterious  and  pccuUir  quality  Ihit  must  be  added  to 
conctplion  of  life.  Chdcc  imongst  ihtM  illemativei  need 
conpUcue  inveiiigilion  ol  itie  nature  el  lile.  The  eiplanii 
tb*t  Krvei  lor  (he  evolution  of  living  matter,  Ibe  vehicle  oi  life, 
will  serve  [at  (he  evoluiioB  of  lift.  What  we  hive  (o  deal  wi  ' 
here  ii  life  In  lit  ^mpleit  form. 

.  The  dcEmtion  of  life  muu  leiUy  be  i  descrfplion  of  t 
essenlial  cblticlen  of  life,  ind  we  must  set  out  with  an  inveitig 
lion  of  the  chirutcra  of  living  substance  with  (be  ^Kcial  obj< 
of  delecting  the  differences  between  organisms  and  unorganii' 
pjitLer,  and  the  difierencei  between  dead  and  living  orgatiifr 

Living  mbstance  (see  PiOtOruM),  as  it  sow  eiists  fn  i 

■nimals  and  plants,  is  particulate,  eoaiitting  of  elementi 
organisms  living  independently,  or  grouped  hi  communilii 
the  communiliei  [arming  the  bodies  of  the  higher  aoimali  ii 
pfanli.  These  imill  pirticlel  or  Iirger  communiliet  ire  Kihjc 
:mil,  which  destroy  them,  immet 


nr  become  dogged  by  the  produci 


if  their  o 


rtility  ol  protoplaa 
Limited  aunuoo  oi  ii[e  as  more  tbaii  Ih 
c  ol  paniculate  chiracter  ol  living  e 
). 
wn,  Ihe  living  material,  contains  only  a  [r 


hich  is  peculiar 


id  simpler  orginic  comF 
ate  the  best  known,  « 
inns  and  proportions,  ii 


'inilly, 

uch  as  silti  in 


gnOuiUybdngcoDqneredby  thei^MhetkcbealM. 

!  litter  giving  it  ill 


[art,  out  tnt  gencnliied  description  ol  lile 
as  the  property  or  peculiu  quility  of  i  tubtlince  annposedof 
□one  but  the  more  commoiT  elements,  but  of  thc*e  elenenti 
grouped  in  virioul  wiyt  to  form  compounds  ranging  fnno 
proleid,  the  most  complei  of  known  substances  to  tbe  simplest 
salts.  The  living  subslince,  ocacoveT,  his  its  niilurE  ol 
elibonle  ind  ^mple  compounds  assodited  Id  a  fashion  tkit  ii 


ell  ash 


re  spoken  ol 
anufictured  ii 


r  Ihe 


dhy  tl 


tbal  ptotoplasm  ud  the  ceU  have  behind  tfaem  a  long  bisloricil 
irchiteciurt  Both  ideas,  or  both  modes  of  eipressing  what  ii 
fundamenlally  Ibe  same  idea,  have  Ibis  in  conunoo,  that  life 
is  not  1  sum  o[  the  qualities  ol  tbe  cbenaicat  elements  cflO' 
tained  in  protoplasm,  but  a  function  fint  of  tiie  peculiar 
architecture  of  the  mixture,  and  then  of  the  high  comj^ejiity 
ol  Ihe  compounds  contained  in  the  miitute.  The  qualities  d 
water  are  w  sura  of  Ibe  qualilies  of  oaygen  and  hydrogen, 
and  slill  less  can  we  expect  to  eqdain  Ibe  qualities  oi  lile 
without    regard  lo   the    immenK    complexity  of    the  living 


exist  or  have  been  alleged  lo  eiis 
and  inorganic  bodies.  There  is  no  es: 
Confusion  his  arisen  in  regard  U 
to  compare  organised  bodies  vit 
hiving  been  suggested  by  the  vi 
the  higbesl  type  ol  inorganic  structure,  it  wis 
to  compait  then  with  organic  matter.  OiRaau 
crystals  and  oiginiied  bodies  have  no  beating  on  i 
of  life,  [or  organic  substance  must  be  compared  w 
rather  than  with  a  crystal,  and  differs  in  structure  no  more  iron 
inorganic  liquids  than  these  do  anrongat  (bemselvei,  ud  less 
than  Lhey  difler  from  cryslalL  Living  matter  is  a  mixture  ol 
substances  chi^y  dissolved  in  water;  the  comparison  with  (he 
aysiais  has  led  lo  ■  suppoecd  distinction  in  the  mode  ol  growth, 
cryiUls  giowiiig  by  tbe  superfaeial  ipposilion  ol  new  particles 
and  living  substance  by  Intuisuseeplloa.  But  inorganic  liquids 
also  grow  in  the  bllcr  mode,  as  wbeo  •  soluble  substance  is 
added  to  them. 
The  phenomena  of  movement  do  not  Supply  uy  absolute 

ol  life,  they  cannot  be  detected  in  quiescent  seeds,  which  we 
know  to  be  alive,  and  they  ire  displayed  in  a  fashion  very  hke 
hfe  by  inorgsnic  foims  brougbt  in  contict  with  liquids  ol 
different  composition.  Irritability,  again,  lilhougfa  a  nolible 
quiUty  of  living  substince.' is  not  peculiar  lo  it,  lor  miny  in- 
organic substances  respond  to  eitemit  itimulilion  by  definite 


definil 


s  adjuX 


of  foil 


s 

il  telationa  "  is  displayed  by 
from  Ihe  apparent  absolu 

lyalem 

'• 

llu  there  is  ■ 

imilai 
The 

range  am 

ng! 

l^SuctiS 

ubs 

J^ 

no 

distinction.  Most  living  bo  . 
linn,  but  there  are  many  without  tbis  capacity,  vbllsl,  on  the 
other  hand,  it  would  be  difficult  Is  draw  an  effective  distinction 
between  that  teptoduclion  of  simple  organisms  which  consists 
of  a  sub-diviiiou  of  tbcir  tubalance  witti  consequent  resumption 
letry  by  (he  separate  piece*,  and  the  breaking  up  ol  a 


>of  m 


in  of  the  mode  oi 


unber  of  droplets, 
de  of  origin  leveila  a  more  teal  il 
.  All  living  substance  io  far  as  is 
It  (see  BioexNtsrs}  arises  only  Innn  already 
Miauce.  Iiisiabenoticed,hDwever,(Ji*t|iceB 
power  of  building  up  living  substance  from 
il,  and  there  is  a  cciUin  aaakity  bctwiMi  lb* 


building  up  o[  new  livlni  mitnUI  only  In  bmcUiIod  villi 
'  ig  [iving  miierul,  uhd  ibe  gre*t^  reidintv  with  vtuch 
"'  u  Uke  pUce  if  tiicTB Alreadjr  ba  pnaut 


gf  the  r 


Jl  bI  the  r 


The  lul  dittincCkiB  betweca  liviui  nutUi  ud  iDoriMie 
Dutta  i>  chemjul.  Living  wbauace  almy*  coouiai  piotBd, 
■Bd  (bhougb  w«  know  that  pniteld  rnaUini  ooly  "■™'™ 
iaoiitoic  cUncDU,  wc  know  niither  how  IhcM  ue  conbUwd 
ID  form  pniteid)  nor  mny  way  13  which  pntod  cmn  be  brought 
into  *wi«»*iM^  cmpt  ta  the  pracnce  of  pRviouilj  f^t'"g 
ptotcid.  The  ccntni  pontioD  of  tfa«  problem  oi  hie  lis  in  tha 
chemiatiy  of  pnteid,  *od  luitS  tiut  h*i  beta  fuDy  ctplMed, 
■e  iiie  oiuble  la  My  that  tbtn  it  uy  pnibltBiol  lilt  behind 
itie  ptdblen  ol  protdd. 

Comparison  of  living  nnd  lifeteu  orginic  mitts  prcMnta 
th«  initial  difficulty  that  we  canut  draw  aa  exact  line  betwedi 
a  living  and  a  dead  otganii 

which  iMt  alive  is  now  desd."  We  judje  from  lome  inaJQf  anot 
ol  activity,  ai  whra  the  heart  cesMS  to  beat.  Long  ^ter  t)u*i 
however,  various  tisaus  lemain  alive  aod  active,  and  the  event 
te  which  we  give  the  name  of  death  is  ns  mote  than  ■  wafo- 
fidlUy  visible  stage  In  ■  leiis  of  changes.  In  las  hi^dy 
lattcnled  orgacismt,  such  as  "  cold-blooded "  VEitebnUi, 
the  point  ol  dath  ii  Itu  coaqiicuoui,  and  when  wt  cuiy  o«r 
ofewcvMioni  lulba  dcnra  ihn  sole  of  animal  iHa,  tbo*  cease* 
lo  be  any  ulieoi  {Aata  in  Ibe  ilnr  tramitiut  bom  life  to 

The  distinction  between  life  and  death  is  made  more  difficult 
by  a  considcTatiDn  of  cases  of  so-called  "  arrested  vitality." 
If  (itdil  can  be  given  to  the  Hones  ol  Indian  falun,  it  appear* 
that  human  being]  can  pal*  mlunlarily  into  a  Kate  of  suspended 
animation  that  ouy  last  for  weejts.  The  itate  of  involutUaiy 
trance,  sometimes  mistaken  for  datb,  is  a  similar  ocnijtcnce. 
A.  Laeuwenhoek,  In  T7t9,  made  the  nmailublE  discovery, 
•inco  abutHlantly  confirmed,  that  many  animalcnlae,  not^y 
tatdigrades  and  rotifers,  may  be  completely  desicctltd  and 
lenuin  h  thai  coodilion  tor  long  periods  without  losing  the  power 
of  awaking  to  actiie  Ufa  wbeo  moistened  with  water.  W, 
Preyer  his  more  rectnlly  investigated  the  matter  and  hai  tfvea 

oecutrences  in  the  cases  of  small  nematodes,  rotifen  and  bacteria. 
The  capacity  o(  plant  seeds  to  remain  dry  and  Inaixive  for  very 
long  peiiodi  b  sill)  better  known.  II  ha*  been  supposed  that 
in  (be  case  of  the  plant  seed*  and  siiD  more  in  that  of  the  aidmalfc 
Ibe  cnoditloB  of  anabloais  was  merely  one  lA  lAIc^  the  metabolism 
was  hxr  faint  lo  be  peitqitlblo  by  oidinBiy  methods  of  ab)erv*> 
tlon,  but  the  elabonu  expetimenla  oi  W.  Eoctai  would  seem 
lo  show  that  a  complete  antst  ol  vital  activiiy  Is  com- 
pntlUe  with  viabfliiy.  The  catcgorio,  "  alive  "  and  "  dead." 
ue  not  auffictenlly  distinct  tor  us  to  add  to  out  omceptian 
of  life  by  cranparing  tfaon.  A  living  organism  u^ially 
diqiEay*  aclivs  metabolism  <d  prateid,  bnt 
may  slow  down,  acliuiiy  case  and  yet  CEawaaen;  a 
or^aiim  Is  one  In  which  the  metab^ism  has  ceased 


OrilfJa  ^  Lift.— It  i>  pttin  that  we  cannot  dlscnss  adeqnaidy 
the  oripn  ol  Ufe  or  the  posvbility  ot  the  artifidal  construction 
ol  living  mattec  (see  AamoaoBis  and  Biooehesi*)  nntH  the 
choBiMty  ol  ptotoflaam  and  qMdally  of  pioteid  Is  more  advanced. 
The  invMiptioBi  ef  O.  BtUachli  have  shown  how  a  nndd  of 
protwiMm  can  be  maoiiftctiaed.  Very  fiwly 
solubia  paitldet 


Into  a  Uqidd  In  which  the  so!id  panicles  are  soluble,  s 
mpandi  into  a  honeycomb  Idie  foam,  the  walls  of  the  n 
VMidct  bein|t  films  of  oil,  and  the  contents  being  the  soluble 
panicki  disiidved  in  droplets  of  the  circumambitnt  liq 
Stich  a  model,  pmpely  contiracted,  Ibat  It  to  lay,  with 
raiclei  of  the  foam  mlcrosoaplc  In  tUe,  Is  a  marvtllous  Imitatioii 


■E  601 

only  by  ■  greater  iymnaliy.  Tka  ak^  NiIibiiiiI  eoadltbni 
af  sidution  produce  a  itate  of  mm«M»  equihbrium,  with  the 
mult  thai  interrul  streaming  moreauau  and  diangm  oi  shape 
and  changa  ol  position  In  the  model  liniilalc  doidy  the  euro- 

qwadiaf  oaanif estatioos  in  teal  prrtopbipi,    The  model  haa  na 


But  it  auggcMi  a  netbod  by  *lud>,  when  the  chemUiy  of  pnAi^ 
plasm  and  pmtcJd  ta  better  known,  tha  proper  mbslanees  which 
pntaphsD  may  be  bnn^t  togelhet  to  foim  a  simple 


for  the  Gr*t  anitamct 
tier  is  to  be  eonstnicted 
w  can  be  derived  from 
otaervatioBi  of  the  eiiiling  conditions  of  life.  The  diemical 
etementa  Involved  are  afaundaai;  the  phytical  conditions  of 
lempoatlte  pRssore  and  ao  forth  at  which  living  matter  is 
moat  active,  and  within  the  limits  ol  which  it  is  con&ned.  are 
familial  aad  alnuu  constant  in  the  woifd  anond  ua.  On  the 
other  haiul.  it  may  be  that  the  Initial  conditions  for  the  synthcsa 
of  pntdd  are  different  Iron  thoae  uadcf  which  ptotcid  and  living 
matttt  display  thor  activilie*.  E.  PBOger  has  argued  that  the 
atudoglei  between  living  protsd  aiul  the  compounds  of  cyanogci 
ace  10  nuBMnmi  that  thay  anggeat  cyanogen  as  the  starting^ 
|)Oiot  ti  pMoplaiOL  Cyasocen  and  It*  compounds,  so  far  as  wi 
know,  arise  «dy  in  a  Itate  of  iacandcscait  beat.  FfltlgeiMggeat* 
that  audi  ODni|>onnds  aioae  when  the  tartict  of  the  earth  w>* 
iacaDdoccnt,  and  that  in  the  long  proco*  of  cooling,  compoond* 
ol  granogen  atKl  faydfocarbaDS  pasaed  Into  living  protOplasiB 
by  aoch  pnccMei  ol  tianilbmalion  and  polymeeaatjen  a*  art 

olwatsandoiysen.  Hi*  theory  i»  in  comortance  with  the  later- 
pretation  of  the  stmctnre  of  protiqilatm  as  haying  bdund  it  • 

that  if  protoplasm  be  conitiuctcd  artificially  ft  will  be  by  a 
series  of  atagta  and  that  the  pradoct  will  ba  smplct  thu  any 
ol  the  existing  animals  la  planla. 

Until  grentet  knoidcdge  of  pcotoidaia  and  paitktduly  ol 
piMeid  itt  bata  acquired,  thm*  is  no  scientific  room  for  the 
mggwtlon  that  there  Is  a  myatetious  factor  diHerentlatlng 
living  matla  Imm  other  nutler  and  life  from  other  aetlvitiea 
We  have  10  scale  the  walla,  open  tha  windows,  and  eifdise  t)ie 
caatb  brfore  dying  out  that  it  It  ao  ntirveikjua  that  It  mutt 
contain  ghost*. 

A*  may  be  suppoied,  thteiirl  <i  the  otigia  ol  life  apart  iron 
doctrines  of  vectal  creation  or  of  a  prinutive  and  slow  sponlaneoui 
generntion  are  mere  lanleKlc  yeciilslioBt.  The  moet  striking  of 
thmatagtatsaneitrMeinstrliloii^  H.  £.  Rlchtet  appean 
to  have  been  Ibe  first  to  propmmd  tha  idea  that  life  came  to  this 
planet  aa  cosniG  dtut  ce  In  meteonte*  thrown  off  fioa  Mar*  and 
planeta.  Towirds  Ibe  end  of  the  i«lh  century  Lord  Kelvla 
(then  Sir  W.  Thomsoo)  and  H.  nm  HdmholU  Indvendntly 
raised  and  discussed  tha  possibility  of  toch  an  origbi  of  terrestrial 
hf  e.  laying  atnsa  on  tbe  pnuBix  of  bydncatboni  in  mMeoric 
stODct  and  OS  tha  Indiealieni  of  Ibeir  presence  revealed  by  tha 
QMCtta  of  tha  tails  oi  Damett.  W.  Preyer  has  oilicited  inch 
views,  gtoopiag  Ibem  under  tbe  phrate  "  ttteoiy  of  cosmoaoa,' 
and  bat  laggated  tbtX  living  mattec  preceded  inorganic  matter. 
I^eyer'i  view,  however,  enlarfsa  the  conception  of  life  until  It  can 

rclalion  to  Idcaa  at  lifo  doived  freca  observation  of  the  Uvlng 
matter  we  know. 
RaniXHcaa. — O.  BOtiebll,  /nali(ii<wii  «  UimKefk  Auw 

a4  Freuplttm  (Ei*,  trans,  by  £.  A.  Miiichin.  iSm),  wlib  a 
uidul  lilt  of  nferenca:  K.  von  Kelmhidli,  Vsrlrdit  mid  Riia. 
II.  (1K4):  W  Koclit,  ABiimiBu  NalHiumli.  t.  673  {i»V>}: 
A.  Leeuwenboek.  EfiMmi  U  Saaitalm  rmim  A»ifiia»  tiV)): 
£.  Paoger.  "  Uber  tMgt  Geaeue  dca  Eiweitoffiiwhwta,'  ■  in 
.trcM.  Cu  Ftynsl.  Uv  ui  O^).  W   Picyer,  Dii  flyMbms 

ticin  lAn  (t(6j);  HciVx  Speocer.  Priaeitla  0/  BioUa:  Mai 
Vnwjrm,  CrHnirf'ty»4i>0<EngWi  t>an«lvF:S.L«,  tin). 


LIFE-BOAT,  AND  LIFE-SAVING  SERVICE 


un*aAf,*oi  im^ivoro' snncB.  Tk  utkh  on 

DiowHiNO  uo  Lne^nwi  (3.1,)  ^talt  ■dtaraUy  with  the 
neut  of  Mving  life  U  na,  bM  niMkt  thb  besdinc  il  taisaveiiiait 
to  Indude  the  ippUuKC*  eooiMctcd  qiediHy  with  ihe  liCe-baU 
larvlce.  TV  vdinuy  open  bMt  h  iiiniiitwl  for  lifH^visg  In 
m,  Romiy  tti,  uid  Dumenui  coouivuni,  In  nfud  la  whicb 
Ifae  lead  cuiu  from  Ed^ukI,  have  bean  mule  lor  ifniring  tiit 
bat  type  ol  life-buL 

The  fim  lift-boat  waa  cooceJved  aod  dsigned  by  XJonei 
Li4l:]a»  a  London  coacbbuHdeT,  Id  17S5.  fncouro^ed  by  the 
prinn  of  Walea  (fkorsc  IV.),  Lulun  Etted  up  1  Nonny  yiiri 

docriptive  of  hb  "  luubmoi^ble  Boat."  Biiayin<y  beobuintd 
by  meaDI  of  a  piojecling  gunwale  of  cork  and  air-chambera  inaide 
— one  of  tbeae  b«ng  at  the  bow,  another  at  the  ituiL  SubOily 
be  leeured  bj  a  false  iron  liecL  TTie  lelf-rigbting  and  leU-cmply- 
Ing  prindple*  he  s«nu  doc  10  have  thought  of;  at  all  eventi  he 
did  not  compaai  Ihero.  Despite  tho  palrooage  of  tbo  prince. 
Lukin  went  to  hia  gnivo  a  negleclcd  nod  disaf^idnled  man. 
But  be  WIS  not  altogether  uiBucceasful,  fat,  at  the  nqucil  ol  ilie 
Rev  Dt  Sbaltp,  LiiUa  fitted  up  a  cotde  aa  an  "  unimmergible  " 
life-boat,  which  wai  launched  ac  Bambomufh,  aaved  leveral 
Uvea  the  fint  yeai  and  aftcrwaida  saved  many  lives  and  much 
piapeny. 

Public  apathy  in  regaid  to  shipwreck  was  Issponlly  iwepl 
■way  by  Ihe  wreck  of  Ibe  "  Advcslun  "  of  Newculle  In  178^ 
Ibii  vBiel  wu  lUandcd  only  jon  yds.  Iiotn  the  ibore,  and  bet 
ctew  dn^ped,  one  by  one,  into  the  lagiBg  bnaken  In  preience 
ol  Ibouaodl  of  apeccatora,  none  of  whom  daied  to  put  off  in 
an  ordinary  boat  to  the  rescue.  An  eadted  meeting  amoog  the 
people  of  South  Shield!  fallowed;  •  comzniitce  waa  tbitned, 
and  pnmlums  were  oflend  for  the  best  models  ol  a  life-boat. 
Tbia  called  (onh  many  plana,  of  which  those  ol  WUliam  Would- 
have,  ft  painter,  and  Henry  Greathead,  a  boatbuilder,  of  South 
SUdib,  were  idected.  The  committee  awarded  the  ptiie  10 
the  latter,  and,  adopting  the  good  polnu  of  both  modela,  gave 
thfl  ordet  lor  the  constnictiou  of  thdr  boat  to  Creathead.  This 
boat  waa  rendered  buoyant  by  iieajiy  7  cwta.  of  cork,  and  hwl 
very  Taking  ilim  and  tiere-poiu,  with  great  curvature  ol  keel 
It  dM  lood  Mrvice,  and  Gteatbeid  wu  well  rewuded;  nevetthe- 
kM  DO  other  life-boat  was  launched  till  179S,  nben  ihe  duka  ol 
Horthumberland  ordered  Greathead  to  build  liim  a  life-boot  which 

ordtnd  another  b  iSoo  for  Opono.  In  the  sunt  year  Hr  Cith- 
tart  Oemptlet  ordered  one  (or  Si  Andrews,  where,  two  yean 
later,  It  saved  twelve  Uvea.  Thus  the  value  of  lile-boati  began 
to  be  rccosniaed,  and  before  the  end  of  tSej  Creubead  had  built 
thirty  one  boats — eighteen  tor  England,  five  for  Scotland  and 
ei|^I  lor  hniga  Uoda.  Nevcrlbdett,  pnblic  inteien  InUfe-boati 
waa  not  thoroughly  aroused  till  1813. 

In  that  year  Sir  William  Hillary,  Bart.,  stood  forth  lo  champion 
the  life-boat  caQie.  Sir  William  d»ell  In  tbe  Iile  of  Man,  and  had 
aairisled  with  his  own  hand  in  tlie  saving  of  three  hundred  and 
five  lives.  In  conjunction  with  two  membeta  of  pariiameni — 
Mr  Tbomaa  Wilson  Ind  Mr  George  HJbbert — Hillary  founded 
the  "  Royal  National  InsUluIion  for  the  Preservation  of  Life 
from  SbipwrKk."  This,  peih^is  the  grandeit  ol  En^and's 
charitable  socieils,  and  now  named  the  "  Koyal  National 
IffeJnal  losiltutloD."  was  founded  on  the  4lh  id  March  iSi^ 
Tbe  king  paiianlud  It ;  the  archbitbop  of  Canleibuiy  presided 
Mjt>  Mnh;  the  most  eloquent  men  in  the  land— cmong  Ibea 
cause;  nevertheliBs,  tbe  institution 
m  ol  only  £9816.  Ic  the  fint  yeu 
twdve  new  Ufo-boats  were  buQt  and  placed  at  diff^vni  Btallons, 
besides  which  thirty.nlne  life-boats  had  been  sUitioned  on  the 
Bfitisb  shors  by  benevolent  lodividuals  and  by  indepetident 
easodations  over  which  the  insiiiulioa  eaecdsed  no  control 
though  It  ofien  assisted  them.  In  its  early  yean  Ihe  Instliuiion 
placed  the  mortar  apparatus  of  Captain  Manby  at  many  st atlona, 
and  provided  for  the  wants  ol  saHors  and  othera  saved  from 
•hipwreck, — a  duty  tubsequeiuly  diacbarted  by  the  "  Sbip- 
wrecked  Fkfaermen  and  Mariners'  Koyal  Beaenlent  Sodety." 


A I  the  date  ol  tho  butittitlan^  Kcosd  npen  II  kid  eoBblbgUd 
(o  the  saving  of  Ihm  himditd  aad  fstty-two  Uvo,  cither  by 
ita  own  life-savlBg  qipuitui  or  by  other  meant  lor  which  It 
had  gnnted  rewards.    With  SKtutiag  success,  both  a*  regsidl 

mean*  and  risutts,  the  instltutton  couianed  ita  good  wmk— 
saving  many  lives,  and  oceasioully  loaing  a  lew  bnve  men  bi 
its  tiemendows  battles  with  tbe  sea.  Since  the  adoptiOB  of  tbe 
self-righting  boats,  kw  of  life  in  the  leTvlca  hu  been  com. 
parailvely  small  and  irdrequent. 

Towards  Ibe  middle  of  ihe  tolb  century  the  Ute-bou  cause 
appeared  to  lose  Interest  with  tbe  Blillsb  public,  though  tbe  life- 
saving  work  was  prosecuted  with  unremilling  leal,  hot  tbt 
increasing  loes  of  life  by  shipwreck,  and  a  few  unusoaDy  severe 
ditaiiers  to  lile-boali.  brought  about  the  reorganliaiioa  si  the 
sodeiy  in  1S50.  Ttie  Prince  Consort  became  vicc-patnn  at 
the  insiAiuilDa  In  conJunctiOD  with  the  king  of  tbe  Belgiam, 
and  Queen  VidorU,  who  had  been  its  ptiron  dnce  b«r  accession, 
became  an  annual  contributor  10  ju  funds.  In  i8;i  the  duke  of 
Northumberland  became  president,  and  from  that  time  forward 
a  tide  of  prosperity  set  in,  unprecedented  in  tbe  history  ol 
benevolent  imiitniiom,  both  In  regard  10  the  great  work  accom- 
plish^ and  the  pecuniuy  lid  tioived.  In  iSpi  its  comaiide)) 
undertook  the  immediate  lupeiinleodeoce  of  all  the  life-boat 
work  on  Ihe  coasts,  with  the  aid  of  local  (oounittees.  Periodical 
In^iectioQS,  quarterly  exercise  of  crews,  £jred  rates  of  paymcnta 
to  cotSHains  and  men,  and  quarterty  itpons  were  instituted, 
at  tbe  lime  when  the  id(-righting  seli-emptying  boat  came  bito 
being.  This  boat  was  the  result  of  a  hundred-guinea  prize,  offered 
by  the  president,  for  the  best  model  of  a  life-boat,  with  anolher 
hundred  to  defray  the  cat  ol  a  boat  built  on  Che  model 
chosen.  In  reply  to  tbe  ofler  no  lewer  than  two  hundred  and 
eighty  models  wctt  tent  b,  not  only  from  all  parti  ol  ib* 
Uoiled  Kiogdoni,  but  IriHn  Fiance,  Germany,  Holland  and  Ibe 
United  Stala  ol  America.  The  prise  w 
Beeching  of  Great  Yarmouth,  who 

by  Mr  James  Pcake,  ime  1^  the  .      ._    , 

was  Sim  furtha  improved  aa  time  and  eiperieau  iuggBted 
(seebdow). 

Tbe  necenfty  of  maintaining  ■  thoiDa^ily  (ffidenl  BI»Im»I 
service  ii  now  generally  Rcofolsed  by  the  people  not  only 
ot  Great  Britaio,  but  also  of  those  other  oountties  on  the  European 
Conliaent  and  America  which  have  a  aea-board,  aad  ot  tht 
British  cdonies,  and  mimerous  lifeboat  servlcea  have  been 
founded  more  or  lesi  on  the  lines  of  tbe  Royal  National  Life- 
boat Inuiiution.  The  BiiiUli  Imtitulion  was  again  noi^nlied 
Id  1U3;  it  has  alnce  greatly  developed  both  b  in  Kft-stving 
efhdency  and  fininrtiHy,  and  lua  been  ipokea  ol  in  tbe  highest 
terms  as  regards  ita  management  by  nccosive  govtnuMBtn— 
>  Sdect  Committee  of  the  House  of  ComaHni  In  iSv;  nponing 
10  the  House  that  the  thanks  of  ibe  whole  communiiy  were 
due  10  the  Initiiutioa  for  it)  eaeigy  wd  good  management- 
On  the  death  of  Queen  Victoria  In  January  190T  she  was  succeeded 
as  patron  of  the  Institution  by  Edward  VIL,  who  aa  prince 
of  Wales  had  been  its  president  for  leversl  years.  Al  tbe  dose 
of  1908  Ihe  Imiiiuiion's  Beet  eoDSlsUd  of  iSo  Ule-boati,  wd 
the  total  number  of  Uvea  for  the  saving  of  which  the  committee 
of  management  had  granted  rewards  since  Ibe  eaiabHaliDwat 
of  tlie  Institution  m  tgi^  was  47,9<1.  Al  this  lime  there  were, 
only  seventeen  life-boats  on  the  coast  of  the  Uniled  »i"(fA»a 
which  did  not  beloDg  to  the  Institution.  In  i88i  the  toUl 
•mount  of  aooey  tecaind  by  the  Inatitutfoo  from  tU  wnrcei 
***  £57>7OTi  vbenu  la  1901  the  total  amount  received  bad 
iaotucd  M  £i07,i93.  In  190S  the  iicsipu  were  fiijjoj, 
the  cxpcaditnre  fbojjs. 

Id  i88j  iba  Instttutlon  uadenoek.  with  Ihe  view  of  dimiaUmic 
tbe  lov  of  UCe  among  the  coaA  tihenBcn.  to  provide  the  mastcn 
of  fiihing-vtiieli  wilh  Iruilwonhy  aoeroid  baromelen, 
...  .  .,  .I.     ....                ,  .^  ijjj  ^1^^  privilege  wat 
' uoder  lOo  lor- 


LIFE-BOAT,  AND  LIFE-SAVING  SERVICE 


603 


(he  coui-fuvd  lUtiou  aihI  HfH]  haiuku  on  eh  coan  01  (ik 
United  Kinsdom:  moA  Ihal  where  then  are  no  cout-fiurd  itmtioM 
theponofficemcoFtft  toihelile-boalKHioaaehould  beriedric^ly 
connecwd.  the  object  being  tc  nve  the  euticat  poHible  infornutioD 
to  the  lile-boat  Butliofitwt  et  tu  timee,  by  day  end  iiisht.  when  tbe 
lile-bcKti  ire  nquired  for  xivicc;  inl  further,  that  1  Rovil  Con- 
miHunihouldbeippointaltocouidertbedeunbilityofelecuially 
caiumtini  the  rock  lifhtbome.  lifht-ehip^  ftc.  with  the  iliore. 
The  reioUitioa  wkb  i^ivd  to  without  ■  divuioii»  uid  hi  iitentioB 
hu  been  pnctiolN  carried  out.  the  reeulta  obtaibed  baviof  proved 
On  the  lit  of  Janiiatjr  18^ 

.-  _.  oldige.  uxideiit.  ill-bea]lh_  or  abolition  of 


and  defteAdent  relatjvva  of  afiy 
va  vbea  tadavomini  10  ceaeur 

irked  advuice  In  tmproveramt  in  desgn  utd  luli- 
irvica  hai  been  Bait  in  the  1i{e-bo«t  liiia  the  te- 
of  llw  iDHltutka  in  it8],  but  priadpally  lincc 


1U7.  vbm,  aa  t^  remit  of  ai 


At  thia  tune  a  pennanenL  technical  lub-coi 
pointed  by  the  Lutilulion,  whoM  object  waa,  ■ 
of  aji  eminent  ctKiaullJng  naval  aichilect — a  lu 
and  ibc  Inililution'i  oCbdal  eiptm.  ti 


II  ime  dtomwd. 


eaipung 


or  propetalt  lubniilled  by  the  pubbc.  wiih  a  view  to  adopting 
Iheia  JJ  of  praclica]  uUlily.  Wbereu  in  |8JI  the  Klf-righting 
lile-boal  of  thai  tune  wai  looked  upon  u  (be  Initiiution'i 
apedal  life-boai,  and  there  were  very  few  life-boats  in  the 
Inililution'i  fleet  not  oi  that  type,  at  the  doie  of  i«oi  tbe 
life-boau  oF  the  Inititulion  included  60  Don-feif-righting  bo*ti 
of  vBiioiu  typca,  known  by  the  following  deugnaliona:  Steam 
life-bo«ta  4,  Cromer  ].  Lamb  and  White  1.  Liverpool  14,  Norfolk 
tnd  SuHolk  iq,  tubular  1,  Watus  iS.  tn  igoi  a  ileam-tug 
wai  placed  at  Padtlow  for  uie  aolely  In  coDJUnclion  wilb  the 
Ijfe-boau  on  tbe  north  coaii  of  Cornwall  Tbe  idl-ri^ting 
life-boat  of  tqoi  waa  a  very  diSerenl  boat  from  Ihal  of  lUi 
The  loatilulioD'*  prcienl  policy  ii  to  albw-lhe  men  who  man 
Ibc  life-boau,  after  bivtnx  aecn  and  tried  by  depuiation  tbe 
varioui  types,  10  Mitel  tbai  in  which  tbey  have  Ihe  moal  con- 

Tbe  pmsil  Ufe-botl  of  (he  idt-rithdnc  type  (fig  1)  diSm 

milerial]]'  from  JU  piedeccnoc,  (he  (lability  being  fncTtaied 
and  the  righling  power  frcatty  improved  Tbe  leal  s(  eSicienry 
in  tbii  laiu  quality  waa  formerly  conaidered  luffident  il  the 
boat  would  quickly  right  benelf  bi  imooih  water  wi(houi  her 
ciew  and  (tar,  but  mrj  i^-ri^tiag  life-boat  now  built  by 


tha  InititDtlion  will  light  with  her  full  crew  and  gen  00  boani,, 
with  bcf  >ail>  let  and  tbe  anchor  down.  Moit  of  the  larger 
»df-lightlng  boata  are  fumiihad   with  -„-—'-     -•  " 


ge  of  water  off  deck. 


Fio.  I^Flai:!.  PraUe  and  Section  of  Modem  EigQA  Sdl- 
rightLDf  Life-boat. 

A,  Deck.  B.  Wale,  or  fender. 

fi,  EtHinridg valveafv automatic dia-     F,  IroaKeelballait,ls]pDft< 

-L , >  -_i,  „,  j„  „,„ral  ataf^y 

and  ieli-rithting. 

. , ii,  Drop-keel- 

factor  in  idf-riEhting. 

"  drop-keeb  "  of  varying  liie  and  wd^t,  which  cu  be  uaed 
at  pleasorc,  and  macerially  add  to  theii  weather  qualities. 
Tb«  drop-keel  «ai  for  the  fint  time  placed  fai  a  Ufe-boM  in 
itSl. 

Steam  waa  finl  InCroducsd  into  a  Hfe-boat  in  iBgo,  when 
ths  InilitulioD,  after  very  lull  inquiiy  and  coiuid^MioD, 


G.  Haichea  to  *R^ae-«nd  boiltf- 

r,  Cable  red. 
I     ■       ■     ■ 


d  on  the  eotat  ■  aleel  life-boat.  50  ft.  lot 
Hid  a  depth  of  1  It.  6  in.,  propelled  by  a  I 
o  bMH-pomr. 


6o4 


UFE-BOAT,  AND  LIFE-SAVING  SERVICE 


pcmiou^  beU  If  ill  conqietHU  )udgea  that  ■  mcdania^y' 
pnpcOed  liifrbou,  niitiUi  l«  urvicc  in  heavy  waUicr.  wu 
■  pttfiam  (mmauled  bjr  lo  manr  and  fieat  dtScuUlo  that 
even  Ills  matt  unsulne  ciperta  iurd  not  hope  for  an  early 
lolutim  ol  it.  TUt  type  ol  boat  (fig.  s)  bu  proved  very  uhIuI. 
Ii  ia,  hgmvcr,  fully  RCognJicd  that  boMt  □(  Ihia  detcripileii 
can  nuauiily  b«  uial  al  only  a  vny  Uiniied  number  ol  •uUoni, 
and  iriicre  thcrt  ia  a  liartx)ur  whidi  never  driei  out.  The  hi^heit 
■pod  attained  by  the  firrt  hydraulic  iteajn  Ufe-boat  wai  rather 
more  than  9  knota,  ajid  that  aecurtd  in  the  iateit  9^  knota. 
In  1909  the  fleet  ol  the  Initilutioo  included  4  aleam  liJe-boata 
and  8  mDtu  lif  a-boatt.  The  e^aiment*  irith  motor  tilfrboati 
In  pterioiiiyeui  had  pnraed  aucciaifiiL 

ll*  otbcT  lypei  ol  puUiai  and  uilioi  M»4m«Ii  an  all  nao- 
•eU-ri^tinf,  and  are  ipedaUy  ixiitahle  («  the  requirenietiti 
oi  the  diSerent  part*  o[  the  coait  ao  which  they  are  placed. 
Tbdi  varioia  ipialitie*  wfU  be  undentood  hjr  a  glaace  at  the 
ffluatrationi  (G^  4,  j,  6,  7  aol  t). 

lequinmenEa  oL  the  vanoua  pointa  of 
replaced,  butof  late  yean  the  tendency 
incnaae  the  dimcnHona  of  the  boata. 


n  have  in  freat  a 


.    The 


coat  vt  the  building  and  equip^dnf  ol  poUins  and  lailinf  lUe- 
boali  hai  nulerially  Incnued,  more  opeciiHy  unce  itgS, 
the  incnaae  beint  nuinly  due  to  improvemeiiia  and  the  lenouily 
•ugmcntad  chac|ts  for  maleritU  and  labour  In  1881  the 
aveiaga  coat  of  a  luUy-equipped  Ufe-boat  aod  canlafe  waa 
£6jo,  iriinna  at  the  end  <d  igoi  it  amounted  to  £1000.  the 

to  about  £115. 

The  liaaitarlimf-cBTiaf  coolhraca  to  be  ft  moat  hsportant 
pail  oi  the  equipment  ol  lile-boaU,  geiierally  of  the  lelf-rlghliiig 
type,  and  ii  indiqnuable  where  it  >•  Decenary  to  launch  the 
tnla  at  any  point  not  in  the  Immediate  vicinity  of  the  boar- 
houae.  It  ia  not,  howevet,  mual  to  aupply  caiilace>  ><>  boaii 
ol  laifer  duDC&HHia  than  J7  il-  in  length  by  1^  ft  beam,  those 
b  eiCMa  a*  ce^rda  length  ud  boa  beug  ciihei  Launched 
by  meani  ol  qMdal  lUpwiyt  or  kept  afloaL  The  traniporting 
canlaie  c4  M-day  bu  been  imdcrtd  pankulaily  uieful  at 
place*  where  the  beach  ft  wh,  nndy  oc  thingly,  by  the  intro- 
ductloa  to  1*88  ol  Titvbi^*  aaodijlato.   Tbqr  wt  ogmpoKd 


el  an  endlesi  plateway  or  [olnted  wbed  lyte  fitted  to  the  mabt 

vrheeli  of  the  carriage,  thereby  enabling  the  boat  to  be  tiar»- 
ferred  with  rapidity  and  irith  greatly  decreaxed  labour  ova 
beach  and  soft  land,  further  efficiency  m  Launching  hal  al» 
been  attained  it  many  Walkmi  by  the  Entnduction  In  iSgo 
ot  puihing-poLea,  attached  lo  the  Iran^Mning-caRiagei,  asd 


Fio.  s.— FlaM,  Pinfile  and  Section  of  Livefpool  Type  d  Ufe.bau. 
A,  D.  C,  E.  G,  at  is  Sw.  1;  D,  end  air-conpulnisiti;  F,  iroB  keeli 
H,dis|^keda. 

of  hone  iaunrhlng-polea.  fint  Bled  fai  1891.    Tig.  g  gliti  > 
view  ol  the  mcdcin  tiaupoiting-carriigs  bted  with  tlpfia^t 
■and-  ot  whael-plata. 
The  J(/e-MI  hai  dna  1898  been  con^eiably  Impioved, 

bong  now  lea*  cumbenomB  than  bnneily.  an' ' — "" 

The  feature  of  the  piin  '    '  ' 


ofl  (rf  the  uppa  ponioni,  tl 

more  (nedom  ii  pravided  for  the  arms,  ine  manrnnm  extra 
buoyancy  has  thereby  been  reduced  from  35  lb  to  »  lb,  which 
~  '  II  heavily  clothed  with 


well. 


stvpert  another  penon  besdei  huudJ.  Numeiaut  lif^-bdu 
of  very  varied  deicripiioni,  and  made  of  all  wrts  of  materiali, 
have  been  pateuled,  but  it  ia  generally  agreed  that  lor  life-boat 
•ock  tha  totk  life-belt  of  the  loMilulion  hu  not  yet  been 

UlMnimtr'Il'ituUjBrikifi'  iaki,irasa,hiaji,Uli.it^ 


LIFE-BOAT,  AND  LIFE-SAVING  SERVICE  605 

tka  Uttaor  k  raa  out  by.  ita 


tvra  ban  pndnced  In  all  ilupa  and  liKi,  but  tppuntly 

Bathing  fauliipenuble  hu  u  ytt  beta  bcaufht  ant.     TluHe 
intciciLcd  in  Uie-uving  apptiuica  oue  bopdui  IhM  the  Puii 


I   .    ■    1 


!n»uid  LliAahLpwrvb«dpeiwna»BetIiaiiiitoit  ontkl  A  tug 

lukd  uhine.  Soaictiinti,  is  cub  of  ucEcncy.  the  lilt-buoy  !■ 

-^-jl  by  man  of  the  whip  «kiiH»  withoait  the  IuwkT'    Captuo 

C.  W.  Huby,  P.R^,  in  iBoy  tavoHol.  or  m  Ian  imrodacaf,  tht 

,  ea  wUdi  tta  )y«*in  t»  tm  ntbn  ■«»«»■, 

it  in  EnfUDd,  u  fouiblad-  PivviouilVt  btfwim', 
ol  tbrowint  ■  rope  (roo  i  wncli  ts  tbe  ibon  by 
roffl  a  nwnat  hid  nxuiicd  to  S«jsnl  BcQ  ti  tha 
Royal  Anillnyp  and  about  the  mot  lime,  to  a  Frenchman  naniHi 
La  Ftir,  both  of  wboiD  nude  uoeiiful  experimenta  with  their 
appamuL  In  ihe  luie  year  <tt«)  a  racket  wai  aiopoart  by  Ui 
TrcninxiiF  of  Htltlon  in  QirnwiU,  alu  a  hand  ud^id  line,  ai 


swle^imeBL  of  the  nod  leivicc  KHtlend 
a  I^ennell  of  Newport.  Ill*  of  Wiiht, 

-1. r. 1,  .q^nsivtly  used.    In 

ied  with  Dennatt'a 


•^ 


FlO.  T^PIan,  Profile  and  Section  ■>(  Tubular  Type  of  Ule 


K,  deck;  E,  ■ 


;s" 


EihiUliab  of  igoo  would  hare  pmdnced  wme  lllMinn( 
invcDIion  whlcb  migbt  pcovt  a  benefit  to  ttie  dnlittd  world. 
but  10  Ucking  in  ml  paeiit  were  the  life-aavinf  cxhiblti  tlut 
the  jury  ol  eipcits  wen  unable  to  award  to  aay  of  the  43  s 
corap^iton  the  Andnv  Pollak  prize  ol  £4000  for  tbc  beat 
method  or  device  lor  saving'  life  Irom  shipwreck. 
Tbe  ndtt  affaraUu,  which  ia  the  Uoiud  Kingdom  is  under 
-  '  he  coau-«nard,  midet*  exaUent  aervice 
Rt  to  the  life-boat,  I)  the  nou  importaDt 
ly  wbidi  ahipvieclud  penou  are  lelcued 


LiFi-bsat. 


OD  lb*  Briliifa  iboto.    Many  veaeb  art  caat  evtry  ytai  1 
rocky  put*  ol  tht  coaita.  under  difit,  where  no  life-boat  could 
be  ol  tcrvice.     In  >uch  placei  the  locket  alone  ii  available. 

Till  mcktt  appamtu  coniina  el  five  piindpi]  parti,  <ni.  .... 
mket.  the  rockit-Unc,  tin  whip,  the  hamcr  and  ibe  iljna  lile-buoy. 
The  mode  ol,  workinj  it  U  u  (oUqwk  A  rocket.  Unng  a  light  Ime 
attadud  to  it,  ii  bed  ovn  the  wreck.  By  meani  ol  thu  Une  the 
wndied  cnw  haul  out  Ibe  whip,  irlikh  ii  a  double  or  endle  ' 
nm  throi«h  a  block  with  1  tail  attuhed  10  It.    Tbc  tail 


other  poniM  of  the  wnck,  high  above  the  water.  By  onam  ol  1 
■hip  the  lenen  haul  ofi  the  hawKr,  to  which  h  huiig  tbe  »w 
Un(«ilin|life-bucy.  When  one  end  el  the  haww  hai  bten  mi 
MC  to  the  owitf  about  li  in.  aittt  the  whip,  and  ita  other  1 


fr^     JH^ 


which  ha* 
:Sorts,  the  life-uviog  letviffl  ol  the  United  Slalea 
k  not  lurpaSKd  hy  my  other  inititation  ol  iti  kind  in  the 
world.  NotwilhHindiog  the  elpo«d  and  dingeroul  nalurt 
ol  the  couU  flanking  and  ilretching  between  tbe  approadiei  l» 
Ibe  prindpal  leiporli.  and  the  Immenie  amounl  of  ihipping 
conccnliatlng  upon  tbem,  the  loss  of  tie  imone  a  totii!  ol  i  jmS9 
penon*  imperilled  by  mirine  casually  within  iht  aiope  o(  lit 
open[>eoiaithe>erviaIiDniiUorguiialiQnin  1S71  totbejoth 
o[  June  igo;,  wia  lest  thin  i  %,  and  even  ihk  iDiil!  praportloa 
is  nude  up  Uigely  of  persons  wished  overboard  immediately 
upon  the  itriking  of  veweli  and  before  any  itibtanct  could 
reach  ihcm,  or  kM  in  attempt!  to  land  in  their  own  boau,  and 
people  thrown  into  the  lei  by  tbe  captWng  of  sm^  ei^-  I" 
Ihe^cherae  ol  the  «:rvlce,  ne.l  in  importance  10  ibe  -.-riog  0< 
Lie  is  the  saving  of  ptopeny  Irom  marine  duaster.  f"  •''^ 
salvage  or  reward  is  allowed.  During  the  penod  naned  voa^ 
aadXgoei  to  the  value  of  nearly  two  hundred  rnffioa  doUaW 
I  were  saved,  while  only  about  a  qnanec  IS  BU*  waa  tat. 


.)g\C 


LIFE-BOAT,  AND  LIFE-SAVING  SERVICE 

pUaboH-bouK*    1 


ocdol  o*  Ibc  caut  of  New  JerMjr  .  . 

■  Ibhennu 'i  niij-lnl  uul  ■  maiUi  and  GfMai  villi 

PdDt  to  Iliu  time,  u  oriji  m  17S9.  a  bcnevolat  at^niutioB 

kaan  ■*  tks  UuHchuKlli  Humuic  SociMy  htd  ereclcd  nuk 

CobUKt  in  1807  aquipped  with  a  boat  for  uk  by  VDluntfet  crtws- 
Otbcfv  wen  ubicqunitly  iddeiL  BctwKa  ift^g  uid  1870  IhU 
todetjr  ««ieil  ipptoiiiiitian  fioai  Congreu  tfgeefUiag 
Uofioo.  U  itili  nuiolaiDi  tUty-^iliie  lUtiODa  on  ibc  Muu- 
diuMIti  oout.  Tlw  lotwiuDFnt  )Frvic«  was  cilcDded  in  1849 
to  tbc  teaa  at  Lon|  Itlinil,  and  io  1I50  out  ttatisn  ni  pUud 
on  Ihi  Rbodt  Uiod  couL  In  iS^  tbeippoiDiowiU  of  luKpm 
for  I  he  New  Jcney  uid  Long  Iilud  uitioni,  ud  s  Biperiniendtnt 
tor  cuh  ol  tboe  couts,  wu  ■ulhoTiccd  by  law.  Volunlco 
cicwi  were  <lcpcndai  upon  unlit  1S70,  when  Congicu  authonicd 
CFBWi  at  each  aJtenule  alalion  for  Ibc  tfam  winter  oioBIhs. 

Tlie  piTient  lysleni  nl  luuigumcd  In  iSyi  by  Siunnei  1. 
Kimbitl,  wbo  in  Ibai  year  wu  appoiniBl  chief  of  tbc  Revenue 
CuItR  Servlu,  which  had  charge  (rf  the  few  eilKiog  itatioiu. 
He  TKomnMnded  an  approprEation  of  tjoo,oeo  and  authority 
tor  the  employment  of  cnwi  for  aU  alaliona  foi  auch  periods 
u  mn  doeined  iwcoury,  which  wen  gnuiied.  Tboenjling 
itaiiona  were  thoroughly  overhauled  and  put  in  condition  for 
the  houiing  of  crews;  neceuaiy  booia  and  equipmeac  were 
tumiibed;  incapable  kcrpera,  who  had  been  appointed  largely 
for  political  reauna,  were  aupplanled  by  eapeiieoced  men; 

capable  BuHmen;  the  irierit  lystem  for  appoLDLmenta  and 
proraotioni  ma  intuguialed;  a  beach  patrol  lyilem  wu 
Inlroduced,  together  with  a  tyilen  of  ligiuls;  and  resulatianl 
lor  the  government  of  the  lerviee  were  promulgated.  The 
remit  of  the  truufornution  wai  immediate  and  atriking.    At 

within  tbe  domain  of  the  lervice;  and  at  the  end  of  the  aecond 
year  the  record  hu  almott  ideniical,  but  one  life  having  beea 
W,  although  tbe  urvice  had  been  eitended  to  unbrace  the 
dangeroua  coait  of  Cape  Cod.  Logfalatioa  waa  aubaequenlly 
•ecuied,  totally  clindnaling  politio  In  the  choice  ol  olticen  ithI 
men,  and  making  other  proviiidnt  nec«Muy  fet  the  completion 
of  (he  tysiem.  The  lervice  continued  to  grow  In  extent  and 
{mpattascc  uniQ.  in  1K78,  It  waa  lepanted  from  tbe  Revenue 
Cutter  Service  and  organized  into  a  acparaie  bureau  of  the 
Treasury,  Iti  adminiatration  being  placed  in  the  handa  of  a 
general  luperintendent  appointed  hy  tbe  oreaident  and  con- 
firmed by  the  lenate,  hi$  ferr  '  ~ 
waiollhcproldcnl.  Mr  Kii 
which  he  Itill  beld  la  iQog. 

■he  Atlantic  and  Cull  couti  contain  loi  lUtlaiu.  includinz  ni» 
boHtea  of  refuce  on  the  Florida  coait,  each  in  char«  of  a  kecpei 
•sly,  without  crewi;  three  diuricti  on  tbe  Cml  LiCh  contain  Gi 
■tatloiH.  Indudinc  one  at  the  fallt  of  the  Ohio  river,  Loulivillc 
Kentuckr:  and  one  dlatiict  00  the  FadGc  cooM  cootaina  iS  fUtioni 
tacludint  one  at  Nome,  Alada. 
The  fsneral  admimiliation  fA  tbo  fervice  l»  conducted  by  1 

Rneril  luperinlendtnt ;  on  intpectar  of  nie-«ving  iriiiain  ant 
u  nwrintendmti  ol  conitructiDn  of  llfe-Hving  Satiani  detailec 
train  Ihe  Revenue  Cuncr  Service:  a  dinrict  (aperininideflt  lei 

edinrict;  ud  auiiuoi  impectore  ol  lutiani.  mlio  detaitec 
the  EUvenJc  Cutter  Service  "  to  perfarm  luch  duliea  In  con 
nnion  with  tiw  conduct  of  the  lervice  aa  the  general  npedntendeni 
may  nquli*.'*    There  b  ain  no  adviiory  board  on  lile-avini 


Thnc  ikifl>  an  tmall  bnau  I 

dcn^oed  to  be  roivcd  by  one  or  two  men.    Other  «; 
(HDvided  lor  the  aalvuc  of  properly.    The  n 
oeu  u  pnoicaUe  to  a  launchiiiB  pUce.  coAtaia  a 
qudrten  for  tbe  reiidenct  of  the  keeper  and  en 

air  Inqll  vpuately.   Each  Kalion  bat  a  look-oul 


The  prindpjl 


lie  drilled  daily  In  KHDc  pariiDn  of  iTKue  sink.  B>  pn 
'dnE,  upKttini  and  righting  boata,  irfrh  tbe  biee 
ie  rctmcitation  of  ihe  apparently  drowned  an!  la 


dAy  of  twenty-four  honra  a  divided  in 
each'     Day  waichel  are  Bttnd  by  one 


"om  ^TSe*™ 

..,  .  .._  time  between  Ibt 

telephone  at  Bpedfied  Inlervala  10 


watch  it  maintained  In  Mdc  er  nsmiy  weather  in  the  daytime. 
Between  adjacent  itationa  a  record  of  the  patrol  la  mode  by  the 
enicbanae  of  bran  checks;  eliewhm  the  patmlnian  caniea  a  watch- 
man's clock,  on  the  dial  oi  which  he  recnnls  the  tune  ol  his  arrival 
at  the  keytiMi  which  marks  the  end  ol  his  beat.  On  diacoverini  a 
veiael  Handing  into  danger  the  patrobnan  burns  a  Coston  sitnaL 
which  emits  a  lirilliant  red  Hare,  to  warn  tbe  vend  td  her  danter. 
The  number  ol  veiiels  thus  warned  averages  about  two  hundred  in 


.   HethennotHieahliat 
otice  is  received  at  the 

h  which  to  ..t—n.  . 

If  the  I 


1"^S 


ch-apparatus.     If  the  beach^pj 
irt  is  hauled  to  «  point  directly 


;  directly  opposite  tlic  wreck  by 
II  during  the  incbininl  nonths. 
or  oy  tne  memners  oi  me  crew.  fV  gtar  is  uatoidcil.  in)  whilt 
being  set  up— the  membefi  o(  the  i;rew  poifonninf  Ibcir  sevenl 
illutted  parte  aimultaneoBaty  the  keeper  fires  a  hnc  over  the 
wreck  wiih  the  Lyie  gun,  a  small  brooae  cannofl  weJghiiic,  with  its 
igtb  edmgated  Iron  projectDe  to  which  the  line  is  attached,  allghily 


LyVui.  Army,  'sieiliacr  arc  of  three  sUs,  A.  Alad  Aoti 
Inch  diameter,  dedniated  reipsctivdy  Nos.  4.  7  aMl  9.  The  (1 
larger  are  crdiparfly  uaed,  the  No.  4  for  emreiae  nnft.    A  lu 


iving  an  eatreme  range  of  about  70D  yds, 
«  wnck*  lor  moie  than  40a  yds.    TUa 

tin  was  tbe  invention  of  Ueoteoant  fofterwarda  CilDaelf  David  A. 
.  yie.  U.S.  Army.    SheHiacr  arc  of  three  sii«,  A.  A  and  A  of  an 


having  Inn  firid  within  reach  of  the  persons  OB  tha  wreck,  an  endlcia 
rope  rove  through  s  tail-block  it  tent  out  by  it  with  Imtructioot, 

Knted  in  Cngllth  and  French  on  a  ully-baird,  to  make  the  tail 
t  to  a  mail  or  other  elevated  portion  of  Ihe  wreck.  TIbs  done,  a 
3-in.  hawser  is  bent  on  to  the  whip  arul  hiJiWd  off  to  the  wircl^ 
to  be  made  fa«  a  little  above  the  tail-block,  alter  which  the  tfaoR 
end  is  hauled  taut  over  a  crotch  by  means  of  nckle  attained  10  a 

■jujended  and  drawn  between  the  Ma  and  ahoie  of  the  endlna 
wh^-tbie-  Tbe  life-car  can  alto  be  drawn  like  a  boat  between  ship 
and  shoR  without  the  use  of  a  hawser.  The  bmches-buoy  is  a 
cork  life-buoy  to  which  It  attached  a  pair  of  short  ranvai  brwtehei, 
the  whole  ■nependsd  fiom  a  traveller  block  by  HiiiaMe  Unyards. 
It  usually  carries  one  person  at  a  thne,  although  two  have  f  lequenthr 
hcen  brootht  ashore  together.  Tbe  life-ear.  Gist  Introduced  hi 
iB4>.  Is  a  boat  of  nrtvgated  iron  with  a  convn  ima  cover,  havbif 
a  hatch  In  ih*  top  for  the  •dnriilioa  of  paitinetrt.  which  <u  ba 
fasHoed  either  frnn  tikhin  or  without,  and  a  few  pcrfontlooita 
odaih  air.  with  rahwd  edges  to  eadud*  water.  At  wreck  opentkM 
during  the  night  the  ahore  to  llominaicd  by  poweiful  acetylte* 
(eakiora  caiUdc)  lighn.    If  aay  •<  ilse  itieyed  psnoos  aia  fisM, 


LIFE-BOAT,  AND  LIFE-SAVING  SERVICE  607 

i.'^^a^  I  'T'^^'f^fTi  ""*  ^t^  (nnrfenned  Intt  paw  boMwAheut 


watirfumiihed  (Ivfn.   Dry  clothinr,  HF^kd  by  the  Wditwii' 
ql  RHM  AHodationp  it  alio  [umUned  10  turvivon,  whicli  ih 


crilicr  oi  uiy  o(  thtir  en 


dsiituu  *R  lUond  u  knp. 


itial  quitilia.    The  iiiMlllltiDn  ol 
-,  about  toD  lb.    Tbe  cnjlu  il 


lI  typb  or  light  open  lutf-boklt 
dumbi^  and  lootiludiou 


Fio.  le. — Ainericin  Powrr  Lift-bcut. 
.  tdlptfd  to  the  I  inilallH]  in  the  ■fin-  atr  chambtr,  inik  thf  fL 

ih  vde  under  tbe    and  have  arovod  t\tnme\y  tf^lenf.   A  new  power  lifv^bnl  {fiff.  loj 
I  on  loioewlut  itnproVEd  bjiei,  36  It-  la  LBi{th,  uid  equipped  with 


to  protect  tbem  Froi 


Fia.  II.— Becbc-McLtibR  StirbininK  Boit. 


■Tid  Ktr-taii;n[  lire-boati,  iBttemFcl  aJur  tha*  I  >  35-40  H,P.  cuoliH  enciw.  pfsmlia  to  pnivi  iiitl  morr  efficient. 
i  and  other  cojnltin.  have  herelororF  been  lued  at  A  tujmber  of  uri'boata  have  alaa  been  et^uipped  with  gaHLiiie 
iie  ilailani  and  al  pointi  oa  the  ocean  amt  wbere    in(rnei  o(  from  s  to  7  H.F,  lot  lifhl  and  quicll  mt,  with  very 


6o8 


LIFFORD— LIGHT 


A  dbdactlwdy  Amiou  BleJnt  aMnlvdy  ncd  b  the  B<d» 
Hd.illia  ■tr-taUliw  bau  (fif.  ll).  wfcick  [or  aU  nniod  UlH*vii» 
viirflkhcMiBtkcKclmtaHan.  It  ponwa  ill  the  aiuUtia  bl 
tkt  wK^iihtiiic  aBd  KlI-buliiiE  lilt-boat(  in  vie  in  nil  Ule-Hviioi 
lutltutlBBI.  OO])!  (hit  gl  (tll-righlinf;  and  thr  Bcri&cc  el  ihii 

A^ttd  by  in  tnw  wIim  ap^ird.    Fm  ucomplliMni  Mt  tbt 
cmn an IboPHichly  drilled,    in  drilla  Umincd  crcvcan  upKlaad 


c  tuotUcDMn- 
ymilSooBTr  Tim 
udby  tbc  bwoIh 

unci]  ara  aot^  aa  in  Grql  Britain,  appciiKvd  by  tlw  fubaaiben» 

II  by  tlwareudfnt,  who  miuialviyilit  amabcrof  tbe  impRiil 
mily.    Tm  laiUtution  bcHowa  tlma  nwdali:  (a)  Iha  Bcdal  U 


u  fFBderinf  diitjnpiulicd  acTvice  to 

sn;  and  («>  tbe  medal  cd  pnjrc, 

in  tKoae  diidOEutituag  theniKlna  by  ivecia] 

UFTORD,  the  (ounly  tDm  ot  Co.  Donegal,  InUnd,  on  tbe 
left  bank  of  the  Foyle,  Pop.  (t»oi)  446.  The  county  [aol, 
caun  house  aod  iofimtry  are  here,  but  the  town  ii  pnctically 
a  (uhurb  of  Stnbuie.  Mm*  the  Hver,  in  Co.  Londonderry. 
LiSoid,  formerly  caUed  BallyduB,  «a*  >  chief  iirooibold  of  Ibe 
O'Donaclli  of  Tyrtonnell,  It  wu  incorporaled  as  a  boraugh 
(under  the  name  of  UEer)  in  the  laga  of  James  I.  It  lOunicd 
two  memben  to  the  Irish  pariiament  until  the  uokm  in  iSoo. 

UOAKBNT  (Lat.  Jiisiw>ifK*i,  from  Ji|<trt,  to  bind),  uqrtliing 
which  tHnda  or  connecta  two  or  more  pans;  in  anatomy  a  piece 
ol  tlaoe  conneding  diBerenI  paiti  of  an  orguiiua  {mc  Con- 
HEcnvi  TisSDU  and  Joum). 

LIOAO.  a  town  near  the  centre  of  the  province  of  Albay, 
Luion,  rfailippine  Islands,  doie  to  the  left  bank  of  a  tributary 
of  the  Biul  river,  and  00  the  main  road  throng  the  valley. 
PBp>  (1993)  I7,M7>  East  of  the  town  riMi  Mty6n,  an  active 
valoDO,  and  the  rich  volcanic  io3  !n  Ihli  ttGion  produces  hemp, 
lice  and  roco-nuta.  Agriculture  ia  the  aole  ocoipalion  ot  the 
inhabitant*.    Their  language  ii  BicoL 

LIOHT.  Inlmiliicliin.—i  1  "Light"  may  be  defined  lub- 
jeclivdy  aa  the  seDse.Jmprcsiion  formed  by  the  eye.  Hiis  is 
the  most  familiar  connotation  of  the  term,  and  suthcea  foilhc 
dlscuauon  ol  optical  aubjects  whicfa  do  not  require  aa  objective 
definition,  and,  in  particular  lor  the  treatment  of  phydohigical 
optica  and  viilon.  The  objective  definition,  or  the  "  nntute  of 
light,"  i*  the  uUima  TiuU  of  optical  reteircb.  "  Emiuioo 
Iheorin,"  based  on  the  supposition  that  light  was  ■  itretni  of 
coipusclei,  were  at  fint  accepted.  TTifse  gave  place  during  the 
opening  decades  of  the  r^tb  cenlun'to  the"undulatciTy  orrave 
theory,"  which  may  be  regarded  as  culminating  in  the  "  etutic 
solid  Ibeoty  "—so  named  frem  the  lines  along  which  the  mathe- 
mntkil  tavestigailon  proceeded — and  according  to  which  light 
h  ■  Uimvetse  vibratory  motion  propagated  longitudinally 
Ibough  Ibe  aether.  The  maibcmatfcal  researches  of  James 
Cletk  Maxwell  have  led  to  the  rejection  ol  this  theory,  and  it  ia 
BOH  held  thai  light  is  identical  with  elcdiomagnctic  disInthalKes, 
luch  as  are  generattd  by  oscillating  electric  cuirenta  or  moving 
magnet*.  BeyondihispointwecannoigoatpteaenL  Toquole 
Arthur  Sdiuwei  ijluery  ej  Optia,  r904),  "So  long  ai  iha  char- 

undefined  we  carmot  pretend  to  have  established  a  theory  irf 


B^t,"  ItwtUihiubcHealHataptlcatiBdtlectricalphcaomcnfi 
■R  co^jduuied  M  a  pbaie  oE  the  phyiia  a{  tbe  "  Mtbcr,"  and 

tioD  of  tbv  propenia  of  this  cooccptual  nmliuin,  Ihc  CKistcncc 
dI  which  wu  called  into  being  u  as  lutiuiKnt  ot  icsesrcb.' 
The  mcthodi  d1  tbe  cUMk-u>lid  thcocy  et,n  itill  be  lued  with 
■dnnUCD  in  (lutin)  nuoy  oplici]  phenomeu,  more  espedaUy 
to  long  u  oe  KnuuD  [■nonut  ol  fuoiUmeaUl  matten  canceming 
Ibe  orlgiD  cf  dcctoc  ud  laaciKCic  ttnliu  and  Krecsei;  in 
additlm,  Uw  tieitPitat  ii  more  Intelligiblt,  [he  mearcho  on 
the  elKtioDutiietic  theory  leading  in  mAny  case*  to  the  driiva- 
IioaofdifleieDtlile<|ualioiu  which  express  quantitative  relntiona 
belnen  divctto  phtnamena,  although  no  preciie  meaning  can 
be  attached  to  llw  lyaboli  employed.  The  ichoo]  loUowing 
Ckrk  MaiweD  and  Hdntich  Hem  hei  certainly  laid  the  founda- 
liou  of  a  oois{dete  theory  Dlligfatandelectricity.buttbcmcl  hods 
muM  be  adopted  nilh  camion,  lest  one  be  conilrained  to  say 
with  Udwig  BoUinunn  aa  in  the  IntcDduciion  to  hl>  VtrUmte- 
eitr  UaxmU's  Tkarii  dcr  EJttlricilta  and  da  Liikla:— 
•■  So  loB  ich  cknn  mil  Buina  Schwis 
Euch  lehren,  waa  ich  iclbat  oicht  wdsi." 

COEIUB.  Faiul. 
The  eoentlal  distioctiDU  bctvein  optical  and  ekctromagneiic 
phtDomeita  may  be  traced  to  diSetencea  in  the  length)  o[  light- 
mvet  aod  of  dcctromagnetic  waves.  The  aether  can  probably 
tnnamit  waves  of  any  wave-length,  the  velocity  ol  longiiudinal 
ptopagatinn  being  about  3'io"  cma.  per  second.  The  shortest 
waves,  discovered  by  Schumann  and  accurately  measured  by 
Lymin,  have  a  wave.length  of  ooooi  mm.;  the  ulin-violet. 
recognixed  by  their  action  on  the  photographic  plate  or  by  thdr 
pioinaling  fluomcence,  have  a  wave-length 


the  e: 


length  n 


miiy  the  Indkes  ctriudde  I 


ToFth 


609 

defined  become  Ib> 


oladva 


tageously  eiploied.     Lord  Rayleigh  has  shown  that  tmnipatent 
ohfecls  can  only  be  seen  when  non-unifotmly  illumiDated, 

....  j:„ :.  .1.  -^jjrtive  indices  of  the  substance  and  the 

coming  inoperative  when  the  Dluminalioa 
R.  W.  Wood  has  performed  eipeiimeiitj 


ounding  mediun 


hich  cc 


mthisi 


The  anilyus  of  white  light  into  the  ipectnun  colours,  uid  the 
e-fotmation  of  the  original  light  by  transmitting  the  spectrum 
hrough  a  levened  prism,  proved,  to  the  satisfaction  of  Newton 
ind  subsequent  physicists  until  late  in  the  t^th  century,  that  the 
irious  coloured  lays  were  present  in'white  light,  and  that  the 
a  merely  to  sort  out  the  rays.    This  new, 


reiUy  d< 
Newton.    It  if 


rism  or  grating 
of  inegular 


.  white  light  Is  a 

inalyscd  into  scries  of  mon 

the  analytical  resolution  presented  by  Fourier's  theorem.  The 
modern  view  points  to  the  malhtmalUai  eiislence  of  waves  of 
all  wave-lengths  in  while  light,  the  Newtonian  view  to  the 
pliliiciU  existence.  Strictly,  the  term  "  mooochromallc " 
light  is  only  applicable  to  light  ol  a  single  wave-length  (which 
can  have  no  actujl  existence!,  hut  it  is  commonly  used  to  denote 
light  which  cannot  be  analysed  by  theinstruments  at  ourdisposaJ; 
for  eiampls.  nHlh  low-powcr  instruments  the  light  emitted  by 
sodium  vapour  would  be  regarded  as  homogeneous  or  mono- 


n.  (violet)  to  about  0-0007  (red)i  the  Infra-red 
rays,  recognised  by  their  heating  power  or  by  their  action  on 
phosphorescent  bodies,  have  a  wffte-length  of  O'ooi  mm.;  and 

are  the  residual  rays  (*'  Rtsl-atraUtn  ")  obtained  by  repeated 
teflections  from  quarU  (ooSf  mm.),  Ciom  Suorile  (oosfi  m™.). 
and(rom>ylvite(o-o6Biin.).  The  reseatch-field  ol  optics  includes 

A  delimitation  may  then  be  made,  inasmuch  as  luminous  sources 

theeleclromagnetic  waves,  ha  veaminimuni  wave-length  ofd  mm. 
g  I.  The  cominoneai  luhjeeiive  phenomena  of  light  are  colour 
and  visibility,  i-t-  why  are  some  bodies  visible  and  others  not. 
Or,  in  other  words,  what  is  the  physical  significance  of  the  words 
"  transparency,"  colour"  and"  vilibilily."  What  is  otditiarily 
understood  by  a  tramparent  substance  is  one  which  transmits 
all  the  rays  of  white  light  without  appreciable  absorption — 
(hat  some  abjotptlon  does  occur  is  perceived  when  the  substance 
il  viewed  through  a  sufficient  Ihicknesa.     Cefwr  is  due  to  the 

rays  being  transmitted  (0  the  eye,  where  they  occasion  the 
■ensilion  ot  colour  (see  Couma;  AasoimoK  or  LrGm-]. 
Tranipareni  bodies  are  seen  partly  by  refleoed  and  partly  by 
transmitted  light,  and  opaque  bodies  by  absorption.  Refractii 
also  inflnences  visibility.  Objects  immersed  in  a  liquid 
the  same  refractive  Index  and  dispersion  would  be  invisible; 
for  example,  a  glass  rod  can  hardly  be  seen  when  immeised  in 
Canada  balsam;  other  Instances  occur  In  the  peliological 
elimination  of  rock-sections  under  the  microscope.  In  a  complex 
lock-section  the  boldness  with  which  the  constituents  stand 
out  are  meaaures  ol  the  dIfFereoce  between  their  refractive  in- 
dices and  tbe  relractli-e  index  of  the  Dwunting  medium,  and  the 


higher  degree  ol 


loldi 


mogencity.  ai 


of  refiection,  i.e.  the 
Dinpirkt  (Cr.  ii4  t 
rclractlon.  ij.  Ibe  ben 


id  it  Is  not  impossible  that 

S<th3al.—lB  the  early  history  of  (he 

or,  amirrotj.emhracingthe phenomena 
ormation  of  images  by  mirron;  and 
ough),  embracing  the  phcnamena  of 
ng  ol  a  ray  ol  light  when  passing  ob- 


it rod  uci 


.,   Ckm 


1   {Cr. 


-olvlng 


the  Creek  philoiophen.  Init  with  the  growlli  of  knowledae  theji 

with  light  and  alactiicity,  and  of  which  Lord  SalidHiiy.in  hii  p 
sidcntial  addreii  to  Che  Bijiiih  AHSciiiion  in  1B04.  said.  "  Tor  nu 
than  two  leoenclooi  the  main,  il  not  the  only,  Aindion  d  the  »i 
'apther'  has  been  to  Famish  a  narninativc  oin  to  the  verb  ■ 
nodulata.' "    (SeeAcnwa.) 


descencc  ol  mothcr-of-peail,  Icalhen 
ouDDies,  ou  noaiing  on  water,  &c.  This  classification  MB 
been  discarded  (although  the  terms,  particulariy  *'  dioptric  '* 
and  *' chromalic,"  have  survived  as  adjectives]  In  favour  of 
a  twofold  division;  geometrical  optics  and  pliyslcal  optics. 
CramrlriciU  ffplia  la  a  mathematical  development  (mainly 
effected  by  geomelrical  methods)  of  three  laws  assumed  lo 
be  rigorously  tnie:  (i)  the  law  of  rectilinear  propagation,  vii. 
thai  light  travels  in  straight  lines  or  niyi  in  any  homogeneous 
medium;  (i)  the  law  of  reflection,  vit.  that  the  incident  and 
reflected  rays  at  any  point  ol  a  surface  are  equally  Inclined 
10,  and  coplanar  with,  the  nornial  lo  the  surface  at  the  point 
of  incidence;  and  (3}  the  law  ol  refraction,  viz.  that  the  incident 

with  the  normal  to  the  surface  at  the  point  of  inddeoce  whose 
lines  are  in  ■  ratio  (termed  the  "  refractive  index  "}  which  is 
constant  lor  every  particular  pair  of  media,  and  that  the  incident 
and  refracted  rays  arc  coplanar  with  the  normal.  Phyiical 
oftics,  on  the  other  hand,  has  (or  its  ultimate  object  the  elucida- 
tion of  the  question:  what  is  light?  It  invettlgaies  the 
nature  ol  the  rays  themselves,  and,  In  addition  10  detenninlng 
the  validity  oi  the  aiioms  of  geometrical  optics,  embncc* 
ruplanation  oF  which  an  eipansfon  of  these 


the  subordinate  phase)  oF  the  ideni 
"  Is  concerned  with  the  phenomena  { 
t  an  optical  instrument,  vnlh  colo^ 
h  Ihe  Creeki  the  word  "  Optics  "  or  'O 
ling  vision,  fie.,  and  the  nature  ol  liglit. 


.6io 

with  such  (Died  lubjccti  u  the  a) 
ud  Ihe  luminosily  ol  Ibe  gJow- 
logiul  optics  "  mcludcs  phcDDPii 

■pkcrc,  such  u  the  rainboii,  hila,  coiuna,  tningt,  iwinumg  oi 
Htui  uid  colour  oi  the  aky,  and  also  Ibe  eQccLs  of  atmospbenc 
dust  in  promoting  such  brilliant  sunsets  as  were  seen  sJtcr 
the  eruption  ol  Kialuloa;  "  magnctoopLics "  invaligalcs 
the  effects  of  clcctricily  sod  magnetism  on  optical  properties; 
"  pboIO-chenustTy,"  with  its  more  practical  development 
pliotogriphy,  is  concerncH  with  the  iuilueiice  of  light  Lp  eflccl- 
iog  chemiol  action;  and  the  leim  "applied  oplics "  niiy 
be  used  to  denote,  on  the  one  h^il,theetpc[imeataluivesliga- 
tion  of  nuitertil  for  forming  optical  systems,  t-t-  the  study  a[ 
glasses  with  a  view  to  the  formation  of  a  ^ass  of  sped&ed  optical 

UanapaTcniy  of  rock-salt  for  the  inlra-red  and  of  quactx  lor 
the  ulua-violct  rays],  and,  on  the  olbec  band,  tbe  application 
of  geometrical  and  physical  bvoligatioDi  to  tbe  toutfuctton 
of  optical  instruments. 

1 4-  AiiaHtiMenI  ^  Ot  Sxl^ta.—'nB  foUowiog  three  diviiiom 
of  this  article  deal  with:  ([,)  the  history  of  the  sdenccof  light; 
(11.)  the  nature  of  ligbt;  (111.)  the  velocity  of  light;  but  a 
lommaiy  (mbich  docs  not  aim  at  sdentibc  precision)  nuy 
berc  be  given  lo  indicate  (o  tbc  reader  tbe  inlci-rFlalioa  of 
Ibe  vaiiou*  optical  phenomena,  those  phenomena  which  are 
treated  in  separate  articles  being  shown  in  larger  type. 

The  simplest  subjective  phenomena  of  light  are  CoLOUl 
and  intensity,  the  measurement  of  the  btLcr  being  named 
PuoiouETKV.    When  light  (alls  o  ••         ■■  . 

luiiied  by  REnxcnoK  or  it  may  s 
be  transmitted  and  undergo  Rei 

be  composite,  DlSfESStOH;  or,  as  m  loo  ax  oi  ou  nuns  on 
water,  brilliant  colours  are  seen,  an  effect  which  is  due  to  iNTEi- 
ruEiiCE.  Again,  if  the  layi  be  transmitted  in  two  diicciiont, 
■3  wiib  ccttain  ciyildls,  "  double  refraction  "  (see  REraAcnON, 
Double)  takes  place,  and  the  emcigcnt  rays  have  undergone 
FoLAiUAnOM.  A  Shadow  is  cut  by  light  falling  on  an  opaque 
object,  the  complete  theory  of  which  involves  tlic  phenomenon 
of  DmucTION.  Some  substaoccs  have  the  propctly  of  tntns- 
fonning  luminous   radtations.   presenting   the    phenomena  ol 

CtLOBKSCENCl,     Fl.tIO«ESCENQ:    and     PuOSPHOItSCEKCE.      An 

optical  system  is  composed  of  any  number  of  Miuoas  or  Lehs£S, 
or  of  holh.    If  light  falling  on  a  system  be  not  brought  to  a 

presented  with  a  Ctusnc  and  as  Abebiation.  Ad  opIioJ 
instrument  is  umply  the  seitiog  np  ol  an  optica]  system,  tbe 
TiLESCOFE,  MicioscOFE,  DsjEcTivE,  optical  Lahtebh, 
Cauera  i-ucmA.  Cajceka  OBSCtjEA  and  the  KASEmoscor^ 
are  eiamplcs;  instruments  serviceable  for  simultaneous  vision 
■iih  both  eyes  are  termed  BiNOCinAJi  iNsnimiEins;  the 
SiEBEOSCOPE  may  be  placed  in  this  category;  tbe  optical 
action  of  tbe  Zo^trope,  with  its  modem  developaent  tbe 
CiHEHATocEArB.  dcpeods  upon  tbe  pbysiolo^cil  perustence 
of  VrsioK.  Meteorological  optical  phenomena  comprise  the 
CoEONA,  Halo,  MiBAGE,  Rainbow,  colour  of  Sky  and  TwniCBT, 
and  also  astronomical  refraction  (so 
KomCAL) ;  the  complete  theory  ol  the  cc 


noN,  and,  if  the  light 


I  I,  There  1*  reason  to  believe  that  tbe  aodenls  wer«  more 
familiar  with  optics  than  wiib  any  other  branch  of  physio; 
and  this  may  be  due  lo  the  fact  that  for  a  knowledge  of  eltemol 
Ihinp  man  is  indebted  to  tbe  sense  ol  vision  in  a  fat  greater 
degree  than  to  other  seoses.  That  light  travels  in  straigbl 
lines— or,  bi  other  words,  that  an  object  ia  seen  in  the  direction 
in  which  it  really  lies— must  have  been  iceJiied  in  very  remote 
times.  Tbe  aotiquily  ot  mirron  pointl  to  some  acquaintance 
with  the  phenomena  of  reflection,  and  I^yard's  discovery 
of  a  convca  lens  of  rock-crystal  amOTig  the  ruins  of  the  palace 


powers  ol  this  inatniment.    Tbe  Cndta  were  icqualnted  with 

tbe  fundamental  law  of  reBection,  vit.  tbe  equality  of  tbc  anglci 
al  incidence  and  reflection!  and  it  wis  Hero  oi  Alexandria  who 
proved  thai  the  path  of  the  ray  is  the  least  possible.  Tbe  tens, 
as  an  ioslrumcnl  lor  magnifying  objects  or  for  concentnling 
rays  to  effect  combustion,  was  also  known,  Aristopbanea, 
in  the  Ciavdt  {c.  434  B.C.),  mentions  the  use  of  the  huming-ldais 
10  destroy  the  writing  on  a  vaaed  tablet;  much  lattf,  Fliny 
describes  such  glasses  as  v^aA  balls  of  rock-crystal  or  ^AM, 
Of  boUow  glass  balls  hlled  with  water,  aod  Seneca  mcntioDS  their 
use  by  engraven-  A  treatise  on  optics  [Kannrpui).  "^f™* 
to  EucUd  by  Ptodus  uid  Uaiinu),  shows  thsl  tbe  Greeks  wen 
acquainted  with  the  production  of  inuges  by  plane,  cylindncal 
and  coiKave  and  convca  ^herical  mirrors,  hut  ii  is  doubtful 
whcLher  Eudid  was  tbe  author,  slrue  neither  this  work  ui 
tbc  'Orrii^  a  work  treating  of  visioD  aod  also  assigned  to  him 
by  pTodus  and  Marinus,  Is  mentioned  by  Pappus,  and  in«e 
particularly  since  the  demoostratioDs  da  not  EEhihit  the  pr^ 
cision  ol  his  other  Hritings. 

RcBectioR,  or  catopttica,  was  the  key-note  ol  tbeir  eipUna- 
tions  of  optical  phenomena;  it  la  to  the  reflection  of  lolaz 
rays  by  the  aii  that  Aristotle  ascribed  twilight,  and  from  his 
observation  of  the  coloun  formed  by  tight  falling  on  spray, 
be  attributes  tbe  rainbow  to  reAection  from  drops  of  rain. 
Although  ceitain  elementary  phenomena  of  tefradioa  had 
also  been  noted — lUch  u  tbe  apparent  bending  of  an  oar  at 
the  point  where  it  aiet  the  otter,  and  the  apparent  devatioo 
of  a  coin  in  a  baiin  by  hUing  tbe  basin  withnter — the  ^uantita- 

lated  until  the  beginnuig  of  the  17th  century.  Tbe  analysis 
of  while  lighi  into  the  coniinuous  ipectium  of  rainbow  coloun 
by  transmission  through  a  prism  was  observed  by  Seoeca,  who 
regarded  the  colours  as  ^ctilious,  placing  them  in  the  same 
category  as  tbe  Iridescent  appearance  nl  the  feather)  on  a 
pigeon's  neck.  W 

i  I.  The  aversion  of  the  Creek  Ibinkera  to  delaiUd  eapcrl- 
mcnlal  inquiry  stultified  tbe  progress  of  tbe  sdenu;  iaitead 
ol.  acquiring  facts  ncccmry  for  formulating  sdeotlfic  laws 
and  correcting  hypotheses,  tbe  Greeks  devoted  th^  intellectual 
energies  10  philosophising  on  the  nature  of  light  itself-  Id  their 
search  for  a  theory  tbe  Creeks  were  mainly  concerned  with 
vision — in  other  words,  ibey  sought  lo  determine  how  an  object 
was  seen,  and  10  what  its  colour  was  due.  Emission  theories, 
involving  the  conception  that  light  was  a  stream  of  concrete 
particles,  were  formulated.  The  Pythagoreans  aaanmed  that 
vislOD  and  cokur  were  caused  by  the  bombardment  of  the  eye 
by  mioutc  particles  projected  from  the  surface  of  tbe  object 
seen.  Tbe  Plalonisu  subsequently  introduced  three  elemeatt— 
a  stream  of  particles  emitted  by  the  eye  (their  "  divine  fire  "), 
which  united  with  the  solar  cayi,  and,  after  the  aunbinalioii 
had  met  a  stream  from  the  object,  returned  to  tbc  eye  tod 
excited  vision. 

Id  some  form  or  other  tbe  cndiaion  tbeory— that  B(ht  was  a 
loa^ptudinal  propulsion  of  material  panicle*— doDilntted  optical 
thought  uDtil  the  beginning  of  tbe  ifrtb^tury.  The  authority 
of  the  Pbtonists  was  strong  enough  to  overcome  Aristotle's 
theory  that  Ughi  was  an  activity  (irfiryBa)  of  a  medium  which 
be  termed  the  tdlmii  (iu^aiti);  nbout  two  thousand  years 
later  Newton^s  eaposition  ol  his  corpuscular  theory  overcamA 
Ibe  usdulatoiy  hypotbesa  ol  DcKSites  and  Huygens;  and  it 
was  only  after  the  acquisition  of  new  experimental  facts  that  the 
labours  of  Thomas  Voung  and  Augustio  Fresnel  indulutably 

{  j.  The  eipcrimenul  study  ol  refraction,  which  hid  btm 
almoit  entirely  negtecled  by  the  eirty  Greelts,  received  more 
attention  during  the  opening  ccDlurics  of  the  Christiao  era. 
Cleomedea,  in  his  Cydkii  Tha-y  tf  Uclwr,.  c.  aj>.  jo,  alluda 
to  the  apparent  bending  of  a  slidt  partially  imnuncd  in  vats', 
and  to  tbe  rendering  viable  of  coins  in  basins  by  GlIiDt  up  *lih 
water;  and  also  remarks  that  the  air  may  refract  [be  sun's 
rays  so  as  to  render  that  luminary  visible,  although  BCtaaOy 
it  may  be  below  tbe  horiion.    The  nntt  «lrbW«d  at  tb«  Mdf 


Aioot^ie 


msToini 


vriten  on  opiki  ii  Ibe  Abnwbiui  Ptakmy  (lod 

Hii  wrilinfi  on  light  ue  believed  lo  be  preterved  id  two  impencci 
LfttiA  puQUKript*,  theitueiva  tranilitioiu  From  ibe  Arabic. 

the  JormtlioD  of  unags  by  vuioiu  lypei  of  irirnjn,  refnclioni 
tt  Ibe  lurbce  of  glau  miid  ol  water,  with  labia  oE  Uk  inglc 
at  rclnctbn  comBpoiiduift 


UGHT 

itmy), 


ig  powen  ol  ipbeiet 


IfllOI 


idlnm 


Bonic^  refnniiMD,  i.e.  the  ipporent  diiplaccpKiiI  ol  (  beavenly 
badr  due  to  the  reltictioa  ol  light  in  iu  posuge  through  the 
Umoiphcrc.  The  tutbcalkily  of  tbete  muUKtipu  bai  been 
ctmlciied;  Ihe  AliKiiat  coDluis  no  nuation  ol  ibe  O^ici. 
Aor  ii  tiK  lubject  of  oiuooomkal  refioctioni  noiiced,  but  the 
ATDDgBt  objection,  occonliiig  to  A,  de  Morgu,  is  the  fact  that 


I  both  rcdnti 
Ibe  taiobow,  bu 

Conierbury,  bci 
propouliont  con 


il  iinOI  11 


ceotufy.    Extiogukbed  b  the  Wot, 

lindled  in  the  East.  Tic  tataioa  ot  Ibe  Antx  to  power  aou 
Unltocy  In  the  lib  cesluiy  «u  followed  by  ibe  acquiuiian  ol 
the  lllenuy  iiota  o(  Greece,  and  during  ibe  [oUowing  bye 
cenlurie*  the  Anbs,  both  by  ibcir  preiervaiian  o(  eiiuing 
vorki  and  by  ibeir  otigiiLal  diacovcriea  (wbicb,  however,,  were 
but  lew),  took  a  pennaneot  place  ia  Ibe  biMoty  4^  tdence. 
pTC-eminenl  among  Arabian  Identisia  is  AUiazen,  who  flourished 
intbeiilbcenluiy.  Primarilyatnalbetnaticianandafltronomcr, 
he  alao  invealigated  a  wide  range  of  optical  phenomtn^L  He 
enmincd  the  inalooiy  of  ibe  eye,  and  the  luncliont  of  iis  tevGral 
paru  Lb  proooting  vision;  and  cipbined  bom  it  is  ihu  we  sec 
•or  ob]tn  with  two  eyes,  and  then  not  by  a  single  ray  or  beam 
■I  bod  been  pieviovily  hdd,  but  by  two  cane*  of  rays  proceeding 
Irooi  Ibe  object,  one  to  each  eye.  He  aiiribuied  vision  10 
onanaliona  rtom  Ibe  body  sccni  and  on  bis  authoiity  Ihe 
Platonic  theory  fell  Into  disrepute.  Me  also  discuucd  Ibe 
nignUying  powen  of  lenses;  and  it  may  be  ihai  his  wtitings 
m  Ibis  lubjea  insjHred  the  tubtcquenl  ioveniion  ol  spcclulcs. 
Asuonotoical  obsetvatlont  led  lo  Ibe  iavaiigaiion  of  rcfiutloa 
by  Ibe  oimospbere,  in  particular,  astronomical  rcfraciioii^  lie 
explained  the  phenotncnon  of  twilight,  and  showH  a  connnion 
between  iu  duration  and  tbc  height  ol  Ibe  almusphirc  He  also 
treated  i^icsf  iaifliiiHi,  both  in  diretl  viiion  and  in  vision  by 
leflected  and  refrucled  light,  including  Ihe  pbenomenon  known 

Ol  Ibe  luD  ot  mosD  when  near  (be  boriwn.  This  appcjjsncc 
had  been  explained  by  Ptolemy  on  Ihe  supposilion  thai  Ibe 
diaineter  was  •ciiuUy  increased  by  rclraciion,  and  his  (om- 
mcnlalpr  Tbeon  endeavoured  io  explain  why  an  object  appears 
larger  nhen  viewed  under  waler.  But  actual  cipcrimcnl  showed 
thai  tbc  diwnelei  did  not  increase.  AUuicn  gave  ihe  coned 
nplanallon,  wbicb.  however,  Friar  Bacon  aliiibules  to  Piolemy. 
We  judge  of  distance  by  conpating  Ibe  angle  under  which  an 
object  it  seen  with  its  supposed  distance,  to  Ibat  it  iwo  objects 
be  teen  under  nearly  equal  >n^  >nd  one  be  supposed  to  be 
BHire  distant  than  the  other,  then  the  loimer  will  be  supposed 
to  be  the  brger.  When  near  the  horizon  ibe  sun  or  moon, 
Conceived  at  vety  distant,  are  intuitively  cocnparcd  with  terrct- 
IritJ  oluectt,  nod  therelwe  tbey  appear  larger  Ihttn  when  viewed 
■IdevatlonL 

I  s,  IVbile  the  Arabs  were  acting  as  the  custodiaiu  ol  idenliGc 
knowledge,  the  inililulioos  and  civiliialions  of  Europe  were 
tndutUy  Dystalliiing.  Allocked  by  the  Mongols  lad  by  the 
Cnisaden,  the  Btgdad  caliphate  disappeared  in  the  l]1b  cenluiy. 
At  that  period  tbeArabiccomRientaHH,  which  had  already  been 
brought  to  Europe,  were  bcpnning  Io  exert  great  influence  on 
■cientific  thought,  and  it  is  probable  that  their  rarity  and  tbc 
increasing  demand  lor  the  originalt  and  translations  led  lo 
Ibose  forgeries  which  ace  ol  fiequent  occurrence  in  the  literature 

*u  admitted  by  ilt  author  Vitello  or  Viirilio,  a  native  ol  Pobind, 
tebcbatedafllbewDrktolPiolcmyiDdAlbaun.  Itwuwriiten 
in  about  1170,  tad  first  published  in  ijti,  with  a  Latin  irutla- 


i  ol  11 


inprodudng 


gnnmiii  ol  John  Fcckbara,  archbitbop  of 
DO  mora  than  a  collection  ol  elemenlaty 
iTig  nothing  new,  we  have  next  to  consider 
tne  voluminous  works  of  Vildlio's  illusliious  conleniporaiy, 
Roger  Bacon.  His  writing!  on  light,  Paspalaa  and  ^faiia 
maittmaiua,  arc  included  in  his  Opw  majiu.  It  is  conceivable 
Ihal  he  was  acquainted  wilh  Ihe  nalure  ol  ihe  images  formed 
by  light  liavcmng  a  small  orifice— >  phenomenon  noticed  by 
Aritlolle.  and  appbed  al  a  bier  date  to  the  conslnicilon  of  Ibe 
camera  obscuia.  The  invention  oF  the  ma^c  laolem  has  been 
ascribed  to  Baton,  and  his  suicmcnis  concerning  tpeclades, 
the  telescope,  and  the  microscope,  il  not  based  on  an  eipcrinienul 
rcaluation  ol  Ihcse  inslrumcnts,  musi  be  regarded  as  masterly 
conceptions  ol  Ihe  applinlions  of  tenses.  At  Io  tbe  nalure  of 
bght.  Bacon  adhered  to  Ibe  theory  thai  objects  are  rendered 
viuble  by  emanations  from  the  eye. 

The  history  ol  science,  and  more  particularly  the  history  ol 
invcniiont,  conslanily  conlronis  ut  wilh  Ihe  problem  preicaled 
by  such  wrilinRt  at  Friar  Bacon's.  Raccly  has  it  been  given  10 
one  nun  to  promote  tn  miirely  new  theory  or  lo  dcviK  an 
original  instrument;  It  Is  more  generally  the  case  Ibat,  in  Iho 

igB  ihe  dignity  ol  an  "  iaven- 


hitlory  of  special  In.  the  ma 
microscope,  may  find  a  pnnial 
ages.  The  natural  phihisophi 
Ion  princo  a  pair  of  spectacles  < 
danger  of  being  regarded  in  ll 
and  dangercus  nugidan; 


furily  II 
[ic  lanicm,  the  telescope  and  the 
toluiion  in  Ihe  spirit  ol  Ihe  middle 
rwho  was  bold  enough  lo  present 
r  a  telescope  would  be  in  Immiacal 
c  eyes  of  tbe  church  as  a  powetful 
it  is  concrivahlc  thai  ibt  maker 
ol  iu 


actual  const  niclion,   however   much  be  might   advertise  i\ 
polenllatitfci  ■ 

i  b.  Tbc  awakening  ol  Europr,  which  Aral  manilesled  Itself 
in  Italy.  Engbnd  and  Franec,  was  followed  in  the  i6th  ccnlury 
by  a  period  ol  increasing  iniclleclual  activity.  The  need  lor 
cipcrimcnlal  inquiry  was  rcahicil,  and  1  tendency  lo  dispute 
the  dogmatism  ol  ihe  church  and  to  question  the  theories  ot 
the  ctublisbed  tchooli  of  philoaophy  became  apparent.  In  ibe 
science  of  optics,  luly  lod  the  van,  Ihe  loremosl  pionecn  b«ng 
Franciscus  Manrslyensf  1404-15)51  of  Messina. and  Ciambaltista 
della  Porta  (i5J»-i6i5)  of  Naples.  A  treatise  by  Maurolycui 
intilled  Flulilmi  6r  Lumint  it  Umira  fmpcahum  raiitnm 
i<uUinllmii latinia  (isij),  conloins  a  discussion  ol  the  racasure- 
meni  ol  Ihe  iniensily  of  lli^l— an  early  cisay  In  photomelry; 
the  formation  ol  circular  patches  ot  tight  by  small  holes  ol  any 
sh^K,  wilh  a  correct  etplanalion  of  the  (dienomenan;  and  the 
optical  relatiotis  of  the  parts  ol  the  eye,  maintaining  Ihal 
the  cryttalUoe  humour  acts  as  a  lent  which  locuses  images  on 
Ihe  reilia,  eiplaining  short-  and  long-sighl  (myopia  md  hyper- 
meirofna},  triib  the  suggestion  that  the  fonnet  may  be  corrected 
by  concave,  and  Ibe  latter  by  convex,  lenses.  He  observed  the 
spherical  aberration  due  to  elements  beyond  the  ails  ol  a  lens, 
and  also  the  caostict  of  cefnctlon  (dlactustfcs)  by  a  sphere 
(seen  as  the  bright  boundaries  of  the  luminoBS  patches  formnl 
by  receiving  Ihe  transmitted  light  on  a  tcreec),  wbicb  he  correctly 
rmi  probable  that  spectacles  were  in  uk  lowaids  the  end 


!"? 


.   The  Hal 


recuded  u  detenniatd  by  the  inltnecUoni  of  the  lefnctcd  ny>. 
Hit  laeirchg  ea  icfnctioo  *cte  lev  tnulCul;  be  uiumel  the 
BDglo  ai  ioddence  and  reftaclian  lo  be  in  Ibe  coiuluit  lUio 
ol  S  to  5,  ud  tbe  ninbow,  in  which  he  ncofUEcd  four  nbiin, 
onogei  green,  blue  and  puqjle,  to  be  Eonned  by  rtyz  reflected 
la  the  drofv  eloog  iht  lides  of  vi  ocIb^el  Fortn's  lame  mil 
chiefly  od  bia  Ma^  tularalu  tioe  it  mvaaUU  rmtm  naturalium, 
of  which  four  books  wen  published  in  issS,  ilie  complete  work 
o(  twenty  boiAs  ippeadiDg  in  i  t,iQ.  It  uuined  gtest  popuUriiy, 
pethipi  by  icuon  of  lis  utnoiibinc  medley  ol  lubjecu — 
pyrotedmia  juid  perfumery,  inimsl  reproduction  end  hunting, 
slchemy  end  optics, — end  iC  was  several  times  reprinted,  and 
trsn$lit«d  into  En^ish  (with  the  title  Natural  Uapik,  165S), 
Gemtau,  French,  Spanhh.  Hebrew  and  Arabic  The  work 
contains  an  account  of  the  camera  obscurB,  with  the  invention  of 

the  inventor,  Porta  was  undoubtedly  reiponsibb  [or  improving 
and  popularising  that  instrumeot,  and  ilso  the  mafpc  Innieni. 
In  the  same  work  practical  apiJicaiiant  o(  lensts  are  tuggested, 
combuutions  comparable  with  Icleacopes  are  vaguely  treated 
and  tpeclades  are  discussed.  His  Dt  Rtjractieiu,  eptiai  parte 
(ijgj}  contains  an  account  of  binocular  vision,  in  wliich  are 
fouitd  indications  of  the  principle  of  the  stereoscope- 

f  ;.  The  emphical  study  of  lenses  led,  in  the  opening  decade 
of  the  ijth  ceotuiy.  Id  the  emergence  of  the  telescope  from  its 
former  obscurity.  The  first  f  am,  known  >s  the  Dutch  or  Galileo 
telescope,  consisted  of  a  convei  and  a  concave  tens,  a  comhiDalion 
which  Eave  erect  linages;  the  later  form,  now  known  ai  the 
"Keplerian"  or  "astronomical"  telescope  (in  coEltast  with 
the  earlier  or  *'  terrestrial  "  tclcscf^)  consisted  of  two  convex 
lenses,  which  gave  inverted  images.  With  the  mlcroacDpe.  too, 
advances  wete  matle,  and  it  seem*  probaUe  that  the  compound 
type  came  Into  common  use  shout  this  time.  These  single 
Instruments  wete  fc^owcd  by  the  invention  of  iHDOculats,  i.e. 
lOstrumeTits  which  permitted  simultaneous  vision  with  both  eyes- 
There  is  little  doubt  that  the  ciperimcntal  ctaliaiion  of  the 

cal  research,  stimulated  the  study  of  Icows  and  optical  systems. 
The  investigMions  of  Mnurolycm  were  insufficient  to  ciplain 
the  theory  of  the  idcscope,  and  i t  wa>  Kepler  who  first  determined 
the  prindple  of  the  Galilean  telescope  in  his  Dioptrici  (161 0- 
which  also  contains  the  first  description  of  the  astronomical  or 
Kepleiiaa  telescope,  and  the  demonstration  that  rays  parallel 
to  the  ajds  of  a  plano-convex  lens  come  to  a  locus  at  a  point  on 
(be  aiis  distant  twice  the  radius  ol  Ibe  curved  surlace  of  the  lens, 
and,  in  the  cose  of  an  equaJly  convei  lens,  at  an  axial  point 
distant  only  once  the  radius.  Wt  failed,  however,  to  determine 
accurately  the  case  for  unequally  convex  lenses,  a  problem 
which  was  solved  by  BonavcnluraCavalicti,  a  pupil  of  Galileo. 

Early  In  the  iith  ccnluty  great  cOons  were  made  to  determine 
the  law  of  refraction.  Kepler,  in  his  Pnltpman  ai  VlldliiMtm 
(1604),  assiduously,  but  unuccessfuUy,  searched  for  the  law, 
and  can  only  be  aedited  with  tHenty.«evcn  empirical  rules, 
tealiy  of  the  nature  of  approxiraalions.  which  he  employed  in  his 
theory  of  lencs.  The  true  law — that  the  ratio  ol  the  sines  ol  the 
angles  of  inddcnc*  and  refraction  ia  constant — was  discovered 
in  iGit  by  Willcbrotd  SncU  (ijgi-i6i6)i  but  was  published 
for  the  &nt  time  after  his  death,  and  with  no  mention  of  his  name, 
by  Descartes.  Wherern  In  Snell's  manuscript  the  law  was  stated 
in  the  form  of  the  ratio  of  certain  lines,  trigonometricslly  intei- 
pretable  as  a  ratio  of  eosecaols,  Descartes  expressed  the  law  In 
its  modem  trigfnomeiricnl  form,  viz.  as  the  ratio  of  the  sines. 
It  may  be  observed  that  the  modem  form  was  fndcpcndtnily 
obtaimd  by  Jame*  Gregwy  and  published  in  bit  Oflita  fnmuila 
(1663).  Armed  with  the  law  of  refraction,  Descartes  determined 
the  geometrical  theory  of  the  primary  and  secondary  rainbows, 
but  did  not  mention  how  far  he  was  indebted  10  (he  eiplana- 
tlon  of  the  primary  bow  by  Antonio  tie  DomiDb  in  1611;  and, 
■imilaiiy,  in  his  additions  to  (he  knowledge  of  the  telescope 
the  bifluence  of  Galileo  is  not  recorded. 

I  S.  In  his  metaphysical  speculations  on  the  system  of  nature, 
Descartes  formulated  a  UuoiyoC  light  at  variance  oilh  the  geoec- 


Aristotle,  and.  in  a  smaller  m 
modem  nndulatoty  theory.  He  imagined  light  to 
transntitted  by  an  Infinitely  elastic  medium  whkh  pervades 
space,  and  colour  10  be  due  to  totatoiy  motions  of  the  parlida 
of  Ibis  medium.  He  attempted  a  mechanical  eiplamtioa  of  the 
law  of  refraction,  and  came  to  the  conclusion  that  light  paswd 
more  readily  through  a  more  highly  refractive  Diedluni.  This 
view  was  combated  by  neiTe  de  Fermat  (iioi-i6es),  who,  tram 
the  principle  known  at  the  "  law  of  least  time,"  deduced  (be 
converse  to  be  (be  case,  ij,  that  the  velodiy  varied  inversely 
with  the  refractive  index.  In  brief,  Fermat's  irsument  was  ai 
followt:  Since  nature  performs  bcr  opentions  by  the  most 
direct  nmts  or  shortal  paths,  then  the  path  ol  a  ray  of  light 
between  any  two  points  must  be  such  that  (be  time  occupied  ia 
the  passage  is  a  minimum.  The  rtcLilineu  proptvation  and  the 
law  o(  reflection  obviously  agree  with  (his  principle,  and  it 
remsinedto  be  proved  whether  the  law  of  ref raction  talUed- 

AllhougfaFemiat'spremisstsuseless,  his  inlerence  is  invaluable, 
and  the  most  notable  applicalion  of  it  was  made  in  about  18x4 
by  Sic  WiUIsm  Rowan  Hamilton,  who  merged  it  Into  ho  eoa^ 
ceptioo  of  the  "  characteristic  function,"  by  the  iielp  of  which  ill 
optical  problems,  whether  on  the  corpuscular  or  on  theimdulatoc 
theory,  are  solved  by  one  common  process.  Hamilton  was  lis 
possession  of  the  germs  of  this  grand  theory  Boihe  years  before 
1S14,  but  it  was  first  communicated  to  the  Royal  Irish  Academy 
in  that  year,  and  published  in  imperfect  instalments  some  yeara 
later.  ThelDlIowingiihisowndcscriptionof  it.  I1  is  of  inltrcit 
18  cihitntiog  tlie  origin  ef  Femiat'*  deduction.  It*  relatioD  (0. 
contemporary  and  subsequent  knowledge,  and  its  coddciImi 
with  other  analytical  principles.  Moreover,  it  d  impotant  ai 
showing   Hamilton's  views  on   a  very  singular   put  td   the 

"  TheK  who  havemeifitated  on  (he  beauty  and  utility,  in  i 
cal  mcchinin.  of  (Iw  genetal  method  of  Laaraoge,  who  hi 
the  power  and  (Ugnlty  ef  lb*»  i^ntfml  ,4vA«nii..a1  rhw^Hn  w 
deduced,  in  tltllUaKiqM 


■  ,lt   sli 


dynamical  tbeoieDi  wl 


mstical  mechanlcB  ....    — 

Didhod.  and  beeeme  the  unfoldjog 

pears  thai  if  a  general  method  in  deductive  optics  ea 

al  ^1.  It  nuM  few  f  mn  ■«■  bw  or  princUile,  ttadf  ef  the  hU 
geoenlity,  and  anenff  the  highest  lendts  o)  Induetioii.  .  .  .  frl 


lid  em^adng  every  km 
or  bent,  or  curved  Ine, 

light  may  be' 

namely,  thai  (Us 


and  every  itraMit,  or  facm.  or  eumd  line,  ordunnr  e 
■lon^  wMch  ligM  (whatever  light  may  be)  exteiKb  i 


-.ss; 


"  Accordingly,  fr 


Laotbcr.  isalwaysfonnd  10  be  such  thai,  if  it  be 

..., other  infinitely  various  lines  by  which  In  thought 

idui  geoiDelry  the  same  two  pointi  mlsbt  be  connected,  accruia 
tegralor  mm.  called  often  AtHtm,  and  dependiiig  by  fixed  rulei 
I  the  length,  and  shape,  and^Knition  of  the  path,  udoa  the  netUa 
"''*'  ~re  traversed  by  it.  Is  less  than  all  the  nnular  integrals  for 
t  nelEhboering  mt%  or,  al  least,  possesies,  with  leipect  to 
certdn  rtaliwiary  property.    Fmn  this  LJtw,  then,  which 

->-_-  .. «d  the  Law  or  5tatu»ia*t  AcmH,  if  seen 

t  and  with  best  hopa  set  out,  in  the  nntbetie 
id  in  the  search  of  a  mathematical  method. 
I  this  known  law  of  least  or  tuiiooaiy  action 

whicb  may  bi*aUed  by  amlon  (he  LaWo*  Vaktiho  Acnoii, 

and  which  seems  to  offer  naturally  a  method  such  at  we  are  seeking; 
the  one  law  bdna  as  it  were  the  last  step  In  the  aseentflna  scale  ol 
induction,  mpccting  linear  paths  of  Ught.  srhile  the  other  la*  may 
n  vfullv  be  made  the  firit  in  Vtit  deseending  and  deductive  way. 

"  1b»  lonntr  of  tbase  two  law*  on*  disomicd  te  the  foUswing 
manner.  Tb*  demcntaiy  pcinciplB  of  *Ir^^  nyi  liiowed  (bat 
light,  under  the  most  simple  and  usual  ciieumsuncei.  eoplays  ihi 

to  another,  i^in.  It  wa*  a  very  early  discovery  (atlribated  by 
Laplace  to  PtcJcmy).  that.  In  (be  cue  of  a  plane  nurrer.  the  beD( 
line  famed  by  the  Incident  and  reflected  nys  is  shorter  than  any 
oiIki  bent  line  having  the  lenie  extremities,  and  having  it*  pcdni 
of  bending  on  the  minor.   Thciefscti  were  thought  hy  ajirae  10  be 

the  Continental  matkniaBiaana  a*  the  gam  oC  the  diffocntiM 


UGHT 


613 


s(  nfnctien,  diKovend  c 

ltd  U  HlppOK  tlul  lh(  I VI 

and  hid  otnerved  to  have 
tlK  liiht  MoR  (nd  alui  n 
obitrvcd  to  apprucb  (he 


a 


---xrt„. 

bplird  by  the  index  of  Ihe  find  n 
on  multiplied  by  the  index  of  lIk 


u  index  of  lIk 

,  _^  ...,  — _jal  joelhodi  i, 

;ue  of  ■  clasF  rerisclon  th>n  i[  iigbt  iti 

ictul  |»lh  Irom  one  livcn  poial  to  ■  rr- 

cdved  that  the  wppoAlion  of  a  vck  lex 

Rconciled  hb  mitliciiiatkal  diiCDvery  _. re- 

goi[Lf  luin  with  hb  coemoiocicil  priDciple  of  leut  tinac,  Deicaitei 
fttoclEecJ  Fernut't  opinions  RBpectine  Ueht,  but  Ldtmhi  lenlouily 
defended  ihem;  lad  Huyieu  ni  led.  by  teauningi  a(  a  wry 
diHefeal  liind,  to  adopt  Femut't  conciiuioni  of  a  velocity  iavenely 
u  the  index,  and  of  a  nnMimiuii  'ihh  of  pnfHniioa  of  light»  In 
fmaun%  frtjm  one  given  pt^nt  to  afwthcT  thnwED  an  ordinary  re< 
liactinB  plane.  Newton,  however,  by  hia  theory  of  nnintnn  and 
aiuaciion.  waa  led  to  canrlude  that  the  velodly  of  light  nidwccH^v 

patihle  with  Ihe  theoreni  of  the  ihortat  tioie  in'reTnctlon.    Thii 

atead,  ai  a  m  aMmak^eaiprio^ple.  that  iifctnUid  !^ie/  Inul 
atHpn  vhtch  hai  HiKC  acqiiued  n  hi^h  a  tank  in  maEheinalical 
phyBCa,  t>y  Ebe  ImpIovemeDli  of  Culer  and  Lapange." 

I  Q.  The  Kcocd  biiS  of  the  i;ib  centnry  witneued  dcrdofi- 

'   Id  tfaepracticcandlhcory  of  optica  irtiichequallD  import- 


:e  Ihc  I 


micilai 


el  the  period.  Oilginil  obiervitiODi  veie  made  whidi  led  to 
llie  diuovtiy,  io  an  erabiyoi^c  fonD,  of  new  propcniei  of  lighi, 
and  the  devdopment  of  nmlhemaUcat  analysll  facilitated  Ilie 
qoantilalive  aiid  tlieaKtical  invetigatloD  c^  ihoe  propeRia. 
Indeed,  mathematical  and  phy^cal  opiifi  may  Justly  be  dated 
from  this  lime.  The  phenomenon  of  diftactim,  10  named  by 
Grimaldi,  and  by  Newton  injtatum,  wbich  may  be  described 
bicfly  as  [be  sprcsding  oul,  01  deviation,  from  the  atriclly 
rcclilineic  path  oi  ligbt  pauing  tbrougb  a  small  apenute  oi 
beyond  the  edge  of  an  opaque  object,  wa»  discovered  by  the 
Italian  Jault,  Frindi  Maria  Grimaldi  (tiiT^i66j],  and  pub- 
lilhcd  in  hia  Pliyiiai-Uillusa  dt  Lumiiu  (1M5);  at  about  tbe 
vme  lime  Newton  made  his  classical  investigation  of  the  spectrum 
m  light  is  transmitted  tlm>ugh 


Ifnlw/OT! 


ephen< 


id  tbicli  platea,  . 
Nmlen'i  'Htf-.  iouHt  rcjrailiim,  in  Ihe  form  of  the  dual  images 
of  a  tipflG  object  formed  by  a  rhomb  of  Iceland  spar,  was  di»- 
roveied  by  Bartbolinua  in  1670;  Huygens'j  eiaminalioD  ol  the 
tranwutted  hcama  led  to  the  dlscDvCTy  of  an  abseDCe  of  aynunetry 
DOW  called  fttariulum;  and  the  finite  velocity  ol  light  wai 
dednced  in  1676  by  Ole  Roemer  from  the  compariwn  of  the 
observed  and  computed  luna  ai  the  (dipwi  of  llie  mooiu  of 
Jupiter. 

Thtu  dilaiveria  bad  ■  fu-teaddng  Influence  upon  the 
theoretical  vie**  arhidi  had  been  previously  hdd:  for  instauce, 
Newton's  recombinatioii  of  the  ipcctrum  by  meaai  of  a  leamd 
(invBted)  prism  caused  tlie  rejection  ol  the  earllet  view  thai  the 
prina  aclnJiUy  manufactured  the  coloun,and  led  10  the  accept- 
ance of  the  tbeniy  that  the  coloun  were  phyncally  pteseni  in 
the  Hbiie  light,  tlie  function  of  Ibe  priiin  being  merely  to  separate 
tbe  physica]  mixture;  and  Roemeri  discovery  of  the  bnile 

II''' the  nam^'iif 
with  the  flaM  |k>be 


m^'^'^'v^ 

Budied  the 

at'X^ait 

i^UTAtt 

le  Dominic'* 

sperimeaf 

vdodty  of  tight  intndueeil  the  necenfly  of  DontidetinE  the 
momentum  of  the  particles  which,  on  Ibe  accepted  emiisioB 
theory,  composed  the  light.  Of  greats  moment  was  tbe  cob- 
ttuveny  concerning  the  emia^n  or  corpuscular  theory  chani{joned 
by  Newton  and  the  undulatory  theory  presented  by  Huygeni 
(see  section  11.  of  this  article].  In  order  to  explain  the  colours 
of  thin  pbta  Newlon  was  forced  Io  abandon  some  of  the  original 
simplicity  of  his  lheoly;and  we  mayobserve  Ihal  bypostulil- 
ing  ceruin  molionafortheNEwlonian  coipusclra  aQ  the  phenomena 
of  light  can  be  explained,  fhcse  motions  aggregating  to  a  lrans< 
veiie  dispbcemenl  translated  loni^tudinally,  and  the  cotpusdes, 
at  the  tune  time,  becoming  otiose  and  being  replaced  by  a 
medium  io  wbich  tbe  vibration  it  transmitted.  In  this  way 
the  Newtonian  theory  may  be  mergWI  into  the  undulatory 
theory.  Newton'i  tesultt  are  collnttd  in  bis  Opikki,  the  first 
edition  of  which  appcsred  in  1704.  Huygens  published  his 
theory  in  his  Triaa  it  UmUri  (iSijo),  where  be  eipluned 
reflection,  refraction  and  double  refraction,  but  did  Qot  duddate 
the  lotmalion  of  shadows  (which  Has  readQy  explicable  oa  the 
Newtonian  hypothesis}  or  polaiixation;  and  it  ni  this  inntnlily 
to  explam  polarization  which  led  to  Newton'i  rejection  of  the 
wave  theory.  The  authority  of  Newton  and  his  masterly 
eitpo^ljon  of  the  corputcvlai  theory  sustained  that  theory 
until  the  beginning  of  the  itjth  century,  when  it  aticcumbcd  to 

1  10.  Simultaneously  with  this  remarkable  development  of 
theoretical  and  eiperimaital  oplics,  notable  progress  was  made 
in  the  construction  of  <^tical  instruments.  The  increasnl 
deraaad  for  tdescopes,  occatloned  by  the  intereat  in  olnervational 
astronomy,  led  to  improvemenU  in  the  grinding  of  Icnso  (the 
primary  aim  being  to  obtain  forma  in  which  qiherical  aberration 
WIS  a  minimun)),  and  abo  to  the  study  of  achromatiam.  the 
prindplQ  of  which  followed  from  Newton's  analysis  and  anytfaesis 
of  while  li^I.  Kepler's  supposition  that  lenscahavlngtheform 
of  surixcea  of  revolution  of  the  conic  section*  would  bring  rays 
to  a  focui  withont  qiherieal  aberration  wii  inve«igaled  by 
Docartca,  and  the  success  of  the  lat  tcr't  demontiratioo  led  to  the 
grinding  of  elliptoldal  and  hyperbobidal  lenses,  but  with  dis- 
appointing results.*  The  grinding  of  spherical  Imses  was  greatly 
improved  by  Huygens,  who  alto  attempted  to  reduce  cbtoniatie 
aberration  in  the  rdiacting  tdescope  by  Introducing  a  stop 
(i.e.  by  restricting  Ihe  aperture  of  tbe  rays);  to  the  same  expert 
menter  art  due  compound  eyfr^ecet,  tbe  invention  of  which 
had  been  previooily  suggested  by  Eustadiio  Divini  The  to- 
talled Huygenlan  eye-[rieie  is  composed  of  two  plano-coDvei 
lenses  with  their  plue  facta  towards  Ihe  eye;  the  &eld-gUss 
has  a  focal  length  three  lima  that  of  the  eye-glaas,  and  the 
distance  between  than  li  tnice  tbe  focal  length  of  the  eycflaaa. 
Huygens  observed  that  spberiial.  abotation  was  diminished 
by  making  the  devlationi  of  the  rays  at  the  two  lenses  equal, 
and  Ruggiero  Giuseppe  Boscovlch  luhieqaently  pointed  out 
that  the  cDmblnttioD  was  achnmatlc  The  trve  development, 
*" — ~ —  of  the  achromatic  refracting  tdooope,  which  followed 

'  objecl-^asta  giving  no 

Idle  of  the  i8ib  cailuty. 

■  The  teamttrieal  dcteminatHin  of  the  Form  of  the  nirfuc  which 
rill  riBecl.  or  of  the  wrface  dividing  two  media  which  will  refract. 

—  1^ .-_- ._  another,  It  very  eanly  eflecicd  by  usinE  the 

n"   of   Hamilien,  which  («  the  problems 

_iy  be  Kalcd  in  the  form  that  "  Ihe  opticat 

paths  of  all  nyt  muii  br  the  nme."  In  the  caae  of  rebttim.  if 
A  and  D  be  the  divergljigandcoavcftinf  ftointt,  and  ?a  pointoa 
Ihe  leflectlM  surface,  then  ihe  hxui  of  P  i>  «ich  ihat  AP-I-PB  Is 
conMsnt.  'rberefore  the  torfaa  <•  an  eUipiahl  of  revolinkin  having 
AaodBaafocL  It  ihr  laya  be  ntaUel.  u.  if  A  be  at  infinity,  the 
uriace  is  a  parabolokl  of  revolutioik  having  B  as  focus  and  the  aids 
parallel  to  Ibe  directloa  of  the  raya.  In  refiactioB  If  A  be  in  the 
medium  of  Index  ih  and  B  In  the  meiUam  of  Index  ■',  the  char- 
acteristic fnetlaB  shows  that  |iAP-t-<i'PB.  wbeie  P  Is  a  point  on 
ihe  taiface,  rnoM  b*  enwlaal.  Flue  leetlaBB  theoagh  A  and  B 
of  such  taifaees  wcie  origlaaliy  InveMigated  by  Dcaeartet,  and  at* 
nanMd  Canetiaa  avala.  Jf  Ibe  rays  be  paralld.  ^A  be  at  bfinily, 
....  — 1___  .. HlpatM  of  imlBlian  having  B  for  0« 


6i4 


Tie  diScutty  of  oUiIiuni  Ion  tyitcm*  In  wUdi  abcmtiori 

wen  miaimucd,  and  the  theory  a[  Ntntoii  thu  colour  produciion 
invirilbly  stleiulcd  rcfnction,  led  Lo  Ihc  minulacturi  ol  im- 
proved ipccuU  which  permilled  Lbc  inUoduclioji  of  Eiflcding 


The  id 


I  iboul  1040.  but  ihe  &nt  (cflrctot 
,oi  not*  •«  dociibed  la  iWj  by  June*  Gregory  in  hii  Opiia 
frtmtU;  *  lecond  type  wu  Invaiitd  by  Newion,  ind  t. 
thiid  lo  [673  by  CiascgiBifi'  Slight  improveounti  wen  nude 
in  the  microicape,  dthough  the  ichnmuiic  type  did 
sot  MppeMT  until  about  i8>0|  iocle  ility  yan  after  John 
DoUohI  bid  dettrmined  tfae  prisdple  o(  the  tchranuUc 
teloccpe  t«e  Abemiatiob,  TkioCdpi,  MtCuMCOrc,  Bmo- 

CClJtK  iHRimiEMl). 

I  II.  Fusing  over  the  discovery  by  Ebienfiied  Wiltbcr 
It^chinihaujen  (1651-1708)  oE  the  Oliatici  produced  by  reflection 
C*  catacHUftia  ")  Ind  hit  rxp«rimcnti  with  large  refkctorv  ood 
rc£nctor3  (for  the  nuiiulicture  ol  vhicb  he  otablitbed  gUb- 
«ork>  Id  Italy):  Jams  Brsdiey'i  diKOVery  In  171S  of  the 
"  abemiion  d  light."  with  the  tubtcqunil  doivatioii  of  the 
nlodty  of  tighlj  tbc  value  agreeing  faiily  well  with  Rooner^i 
estimate;  the  foundation  of  idenUfic  photometry  by  Pierre 
Boutuct  in  an  may  publiihed  bi  1719  >od  opanded  In  1760 
Into  hit  Tiailt  i'tfiqt  im  la  pa4taiw»  it  la  lamOrii  the 
publication  of  John  Heoiy  Lanbett'i  1  realise  on  the  tame  «ib)Ki, 
entitled  Pktlamtlria,  lit  ^  Uaiara  d  Graiilna  Lumimis, 
Cclanmtl  Umbrae  (1760)^  and  the  devdopmenl  of  thetclcKope 
And  other  optical  initTuinoits,  we  arrive  at  Ibe  dovng  dceadft 
of  the  iSth  century.  During  the  forty  yean  1780  to  iSio  the 
bbtory  tl  optics  ii  iipecially  muked  by  the  names  of  Thomaa 
Young  and  AuguMia  Fronel,  and  in  a  Itaaer  degree  by  Aiapi, 
Ualut,  Sir  William  Uenchel,  Frannhofer,  WijlaUaii,  Biot  and 

Although  the  carpuscular  theory  had  been  diqwted  by 
Benjarain  Franhlin,  Leonbacd  Eulet  and  othera,  the  authority 
oC  Newton  retainni  for  it  aa  almost  general  acaptancc  until 
Ibe  beginning  of  the  (9th  ccaluiy,  when  young  and  Fresnel 
instil  Btid  tkeil  dcttnictive  criticism.  Baaing  bil  view!  on 
the  eadicr  undulatory  tbeoris  and  diflractkin  phenomena  of 
Ciimtldi  and  Hooke,  Young  accepted  ibe  Huygenian  theoiy, 
Msuming,  from  a  false  analogy  with  lound  wavct,  that  the  wave- 
(Uituibance  wai  longiiudinil,  and  ignoring  the  luggrstion 
tnadcby  Hookein  107a  tbat  the  direction  of  the  vibration  nugfal 
be  tiansvcTsc.  i-t.  at  right  angles  to  the  direction  of  tho  nys- 
Ai  with  Huygena.  Young  was  unable  to  eipUin  diBraction 
Gonectly,  or  ptdariiation.  But  the  tuumption  enabled  him  to 
(Mablbh  the  principle  of  bterfereoee,'  one  t*  the  moat  fertile 
In  the  science  of  phyaical  optics.  The  undulaloiy  theory  mi 
also  accepted  by  Fresnel  who,  perceiving  the  inadequacy  of  the 
teseatchaof  Huygcns  and  Young,  thoved  in  1 8  ig  by  an  analysis 
which,  hswevcr.  is  not  quite  free  from  nbjectioB,  that,  by  auuming 
that  every  element  of  a  wave«urtace  couU  act  tt  a  toutCB  of 
■econdaiy  waves  or  wavelets,  the  diBractioa  bands  wtrt  due 
to  the  interference  of  the  secondary  waves  fanned  by  och  dement 
of  a  primary  wave  falling  upon  the  edgcof  annbttade  or  apenuie. 
One  consequence  of  Fresad's  theoiy  was  that  the  bands  were 
Independenlof  tbenatnreof  the  diSracting  edge— a  fact  confirmed 
by  eiperiment  and  theretoie  invalidating  Young's  theory  that 
Iho  bands  were  produced  by  the  interference  between  the 
primary  wave  arwl  the  wave  reflected  from  tlw  edge  of  the 
obstacle.  Another  consequence,  which  tias  6nt  raathemalically 
deduced  by  Poison  and  subsequently  coufiimed  by  experi- 
ment, is  the  pandoiiol  pfacnomcDOD  thU  ■  small  circular 
disk  aiumiaated  by  ft  point  wotce  ouU  a  ahadow  having  ■ 
bright  centre. 

1  1 3.  The  undulatory  tlieory  reached  its  ienlth  who]  Freuiel 
nplained  the  complex  pbcnomeBa  ol  polaiiiatioo.  by  adopting 
the  conception  of  Hooke  that  the  vibrationB  were  tnntvciie, 
nulated  a. 


HT  (HISTORT 

and  not  bnglliidlML*    Ptlarfattloa  hy  daqHe  refnctton  had 

been  invotigated  by  Huygens,  and  the  researches  ol  Wollastoa 
and,  morecspcdally,  of  Young,pveiuch  an  impetus  to  the  study 
thai  the  luiituteot  France  made  doubls  relnction  llie  subject 
of  a  piiie  assy  in  1811.  £.  L.  Malui  (i]7j-i8ii)  diicoreroi 
the  pbenomenon  ol  polaTiiaiion  by  reflection  about  iSoB  and 
inveMtgiled  metallic  [efltclian;  Aiaga  diicnveied  cinulai 
polariaaiion  in  quarts  in  i8it.  and,  with  Freanel,  made  many 
experi menial  invest igalions,  which  aided  the  establishmeiil  of  the 
Franel-Arago  laws  nf  the  interference  of  polarized  beams; 
Slot  introduced  a  reflecting  polariscope,  invsEigaled  the  colour! 
of  crytliUlne  plates  and  nude  many  careful  lescarcfacs  on  the 
rotation  of  the  plane  of  palariuilon;  Sir  David  Btewttet  mada 
investigations  over  a  wide  range,  and  formnlaied  the  law  con- 
necting the  angle  of  polarization  with  the  refractive  index  at 
the  lefteciing  medium,  Fretnel's  theory  n*  developed  in  a 
strikingly  original  manner  by  Sir  Williain  Rowan  Hamilton, 
who  Interpreted  from  Freinel's  analytical  dclerminalion  of  4hf 
geometrical  form  of  the  wavc-surfaca  In  biaxal  crystals  the 
eiillence  of  two  hitherto  untecorded  pbeuonKna.  At  Hamilton's 
instigation  Humphrey  Lloyd  undertook  the  eapenmciual  search, 
and  brought  to  hghi  ihe  pbenomaia  ol  external  and  inteniil 


of  the  at 


tilhis 


:    the    I 


:hy.  MacCullagh ,  and  ,especially,  Gian  sod  SiekcB,developed 
the  "  elastic-sobd  theory."  By  applying  the  theory  of  clastidiy 
they  endeavoured  to  determine  the  constants  of  a  medium  vhidi 
could  inntmit  waves  of  the  nature  of  light,  hlany  diSerent 
allocatiODS  were  suggested  [of  which  one  of  the  most  recent 
is  Lord  Kelvin's  "contractile  aether,"  which,  however,  was 
afterwards  discarded  by  its  author),  and  the  tfieory  as  tdt  by 
Green  and  Stokes  has  merits  other  than  purely  historicaL  At 
1  lalet  date  theories  involving  an  action  between  the  aethei 
and  material  atom*  were  proposed,  the  first  of  any  WLftwiftn 
bdng  J.  Boussinetq's  (1867).  C.  Christiansen's  investigation  oi 
anomalous  dispettlon  in  l8jo,  and  the  failure  of  Caucby's  formula 
(founded  no  the  elastic-solid  theory)  10  explain  thb  phenomeaon, 
led  to  the  theories  of  W.  ScUmdei  (1S71),  H.  von  Hdrnhdu 
(iB7S),  E.  Kellder  (1878),  K  Lommd  (1878)  and  W.  Voigl 
(l88j].  A  third  class  of  theory,  to  which  the  present-day  theory 
belongs.  foUowcd  from  Clerk  hiaiwell't  analytical  invsiigaiiut 
in  elecIromigneLia.  0(  the  giealett  eiponenii  of  Ibis  theory 
we  may  mention  H.  A.  Loienti,  P.  Drude  and  J.  Latmor.  while 
Lord  Kayldgh  has,  with  cohsf^cuous  brilliancy,  explained 
several  phenomena  (e.f.  Lhe  colour  of  the  sky)  on  this  hypothesis 

RifcrL:  "On  Physical  Optics.''  by  Hampliiry  Uoyd  titiA 
p.  <]; "  On  Double  Rernition,"  by  Sir  G.  C.  ^ka  (i8is),  p.  lu; 
'*  On  Optical  Theories,"  t^  R.T.Cbiebmok  (iSSg),  p.  ij;. 

f  ij.  Xtanl  DnrfD^wsto.— The  determination  of  the  vdodiy 
of  light  (see  section  III.  of  tbis  article)  may  be  regarded  u 
definitely  teltlcd,  a  result  contributed  to  by  A.  H.  L.  Fiiaa 
(1849).  J.  B-  L.  Foncault  (iSjo,  i8fii),  A.  Conn  (1874),  A.  A. 
MichelsDD  (1880),  James  Young  and  (wije  Forbes  (1881), 
SmoB  Newcomb  (iSSa-1881)  and  Comu  (1900).  Tlie  velod^ 
in  moving  media  was  investigated  theDretically  by  Fresod; 
and  Fiiean  (i8n),  and  Michdson  and  Morley  (1886)  tfaowd 
experimentally  thai  the  velocity  was  loCTeaacd  in  rututiri^  water 
by  aa  amount  agreeing  with  Fresnd's  formula,  which  was  baud 
DO  the  hypothesis  of  a  statiooary  aether.  The  optica  of  moving 
media  have  also  been  investigated  by  Lord  Rayldgh.  and  more 
eapedaily  by  H.  A.  Lorenu,  who  also  assumed  a  stationaiy 
aether.    Tbe  relative  motioD  of  the  earth  and  tbc  aether  has  an 

'  A  erndal  lea  of  llie  emlnion  aod  ondnlatofy  thetwies.  whk* 

media.  This  eaperinent  was  conducted  in  iSso  by  Fomult,  vta 
•howid  thai  the  •elecily  na  Icb  in  wals  than  in  air,  ihcieliy 


LIGHT 


important 

of  liffal,  *iul  hu  bees  tmted  wUb  mtMttij  ildll  _.   

L>rtiuir  and  othen  (■«  Abthu).  Tlw  nlMion  rt  Uw  cuth' 
DMtisa  to  Ibc  lotcniitia  ol  tnmtiul   '  '  "  ' 

invotiftlnl  tbsHnicml]]i  by  Kuu,  |nit  lUisiiKrimenUI  isquiiy 
wu  mad*  until  igoji  whoi  Nordmeycr  obEatiud  DegaUve  iteulL^ 
which  wen  amfimml  by  the  Iheontial  InvotisMiani  of  A.  A 
Buebcm  tnd  H.  A.  Lonsti. 

EiperiaMnUl  pholometiy  hu  been  intly  developed  lincc 
the  pioneer  work  id  Booguci  ud  Lunbot  ud  the  (ulMequeat 
tntTodnctkia  of  the  photamMen  of  Kltchie,  Riunlord,  fiuBKa 
md  Wheatitoae,  folkmed  by  Swao'i  hi  1859,  ud 
kod  £.  BiodhuB^  htrunent  (oKStiilly  the  u 
fai  iS3o.  lliii  cipuuioB  may  largely  be  w 
bcTcaM  ui  the  mnBber  ti  tOOdii  illaniiuiit*— espccblly  the 
maiy  typei  ol  filunent-  uid  ut-ekcUic  lighu,  and  the  incu- 
dcKOit  (u  liglit.  CahmT  phWometiy  hai  nlw  been  iwtBUy 
develqied,  tapedtUy  aaa  the  enuadatlon  of  the  "  Purkisje 
ptenameDoa"  hi  1S15.  Sit  Wilhun  Abney  hu  omtributcd 
much  to  ihii  nbjcct,  ud  A.  H.  Ueyer  hu  "i— 'ipH  a  pholo- 
meter  En  which  idviiati^  is  takoi  of  the  plienDmeDan  of  UHittaiE 
cidaun.  "  Fllckn  pbalometry "  may  be  dilcd  from  0.  N. 
Xood'i  invatigatioti]  in  189],  ud  the  lazne  prindpje  hu  been 
applied  by  HaycnftuKtWhiimao.  Tbex  qutstioni-adouTaiid 
flicker  photometry — have  impDtlfljit  af^iliea  Ut  colour  peroep- 
liooaodlhepeiiisterceofviiiontittVmoK).  The^teclMphoto- 
ttiellT,  deviled  by  De  Wilt  Bristol  Brace  in  iSqo,  which  pemiitt 
coloured  portlnni  of  Ike  ipeclra 
I  done  much  valuable  work  in  the 
ra  of  abaoTptivr  powcn  uid  dtioction  coeScieiita. 
Much  attention  hai  alio  been  given  to  the  preparatioD  of  a 
Oandacd  of  jntenity,  and  many  diffemil  »urcei  have  been 
Introduced  (aee  Fnoiomnv).  Stellai  pbolometcy,  which  wu 
£nt  inntipted  inatrumantalZy  with  ouccoa  by  Sir  John 
Henchd,  waa  greatly  improved  by  the  intioductiob  of  ZAQncr'a 
fibotometer,  £.  C.  Picking's  meridiu  [diotometer  and  C. 
Pritchaid^  wedge  photometer.  Otb&  meihodi  of  roearch  in 
thii  6eld  an  by  photography — photographic  pbotoraotry— and 
ndiometrk  method  (see  PHDTOUCnv,  Ceuhml). 

Tbe  eadio'  methods  lor  the  czperimental  detenmnallon  of 
lelractive  mdiccs  by  meaaniing  the  deviation  through 


4iJ 


priun  of  the  aubitaiice  in  queilioB  or,  la  tbe  case  of  tiqoidi. 
throngh  a  boUow  pcina  contaiaiDg  the  Hquid,  have  been  re- 
placed In  meat  accurate  work  by  other  >pt*iwi«  The  methotl  of 
total  reSectloD.  due  originally  to  WoUuton,  hu  been  put  into  ■ 
Tery  conveDient  iorm,  apf^cable  lo  both  scdids  and  liquifii.  in 
UiePiilfriclirefrartoniet«r(ieeRmjiCTiON).  StiD more irnimte 
'metboda,  bued  on  interference  phenomena,  have  been  devised. ' 
Junin*a  interference  rEfractomeler  is  one  of  the  earlier  fbniB 
of  auch  apparatus;  and  Michclson's  inCerferonet^  is  one  of  tlie 
beat  of  later  types  (sec  IirrcaniiHCE).  The  variation  of  re- 
fractive index  with  density  hu  been  the  aabjcct  of  much  experi- 
meDlal  and  theoretical  inquiry.  The  mnpiriol  rule  of  Gladnone 
and  Dale  was  often  at  variance  with  opcriment,  and  tbe  mathe- 
naiicil  inveatigatimn  of  H.  A.  Loteati  ti  Leiden  and  L.  Loteni 
of  Copenhagen  cm  tbe  electromagnetic  theory  led  to  a  more 
coDiiitent  fomnla.  The  eipedmental  work  has  been  diiefiy 
associated  witb  the  names  of  H.  B.  Landolt  ud  J.  W.  BriUO, 
whose  resulta,  In  addition  lo  verifying  the  Lorem-Loimu 
fbrmuli.  hive  eslabUshcd  that  (his  function  o(  tbe  refractive 
indea  and  density  is  a  coliigaiive  ptopetty  of  tbe  molecule,  i.i. 
is  calculable  sddirively  from  the  vahies  of  Ibis  fundi 


the  CI 


which  they  ire  mutually  combined  (see  CKunsTai,  Pevaicai). 
The  prepaxalion  of  lenses,  in  which  the  refractive  index  decreases 
with  the  diilance  fiom  the  aids,  by  K.  P.  J.  Eaner,  II.  F.  L. 
UallbitMCn  and  Seboti,  and  tbe  cutkms  rnutlt  of  relracinn 
by  non-homogeneous  media,  la  tealiiad  by  R.  Wood  nay  be 
nenlioned  (lee  HiMCi). 

The  plectrum  of  wbSte  light  pndaced  by  priimalic  nftactlon 
uy  investlgatora.    The  infra-red  or  beat  waves 


actinic  eSeda  ol  tbe  different  parts  of  the  q 

Joieph    silver  salu  by  Stheele,  Senebier,  Riltec,  Seebeck  1 

violet  and  the  ultra-violet.   WoUaston  also  made  man, ,, 

tioBi  in  this  field,  noticing  the  dark  lines — the  "  Frannbofer 
Unci  "—which  cross  the' solii  spectrum,  which  were  fuithet 
discuned  by  Brewster  and  Fiaunholer,  who  tfiereby  laid  the 
foundations  of  modon  spectioscopy.  Mention  may  also  be 
nude  of  tbe  investigaiions  of  Lord  Rayleigh  and  Arthur  Schiiatcr 
on  the  tcadving  power  of  piiioa  (see  DimucnoN),  and  alu 

while  tight.  The  infra-red  ud  ullra-vialet  rays  are  of  especial 
interest  since,  although  not  affecting  vision  after  the  manner 
of  oniinary  light,  they  possess  very  remarkable  propettica. 
Theoretical  invBiigaiian  on  the  nndulatoiy  theory  of  the  taw 
of  redection  shows  that  a  surface,  too  rough  to  give  any  trace 
of  regular  reflection  with  ordinary  tight,  may  regularly  reBecl 
ibe  long  wave*,  a  [dxaamsnon  expedmentally  realised  by 
LMd  Rayleigh.  Lonf  wave*— tbe  so-cslled  "residual  rays" 
or  "  Ral-tlrailtM  " — have  also  been  isolated  by  repeated  reffec- 
lioni  from  qoacti  surface*  of  the  light  from  lirconia  raised  to 
incudesciuce  by  the  o^hydrofSi  flame  (£.  F.  Nicboia  and 
U.  Rubens);  far  longer  waves  were  isolated  by  similar  reSediona 
from  fluoriie  (;6  >i)  and  civile  (61  (i)  surfaces  in  iS9«  by  Ruhew 
and  £.  AschkinaM.  The  abort  waves — uttra-violet  nys — have 
also  been  studied,  tbe  roeatcbes  of  E,  f.  Nichols  on  the  trans- 
patency  of  quarts  to  these  lays,  whldi  are  e^ieciilly  ptoenl 
in  tbe  radiations  of  the  mercury  uc,  having  led  to  tbe  ialroduc- 
tioa  of  lamps  made  of  fused  quaru,  thus  permi  ttiog  the  convea  lent 
study  of  these  rays,  which,  it  is  10  be  noted,  arc  absorbed  by 
ordinary  clear  glass.  Recent  researches  at  tbe  works  of  Schott 
and  Genouen,  Jena,  however,  have  rcaulted  in  Ibe  production 
of  a  glaM  tran^arent  to  the  ultta-violet. 
Diqienian,  tj.  thai  iHvpeny  of  a  substance  idiich  coosiiti  la 

aving  a  dif  

di^iersion  "  b  which  the  relrangibilily  of  the  ray  incrcised 
with  tbe  wave-hnglb.    Cases  had  been  observed  by  Fox  Talbot, 
Lc  Roui,  and  especialiy  by  Christiansen  (iB;o)  ud  A.  Kundl 
'  ~      'IB71)  where  this  nonlal  rule  did  not  bold;  to  such 
mena  the  name  "  aaomalou*  di^ienion  "  wu  given,  but 
.    then  is  nothioc  anomalous  about  it  at  all,  ordinary 
diqierslca  being  oeidy  a  particular  esse  of  Ibc  gensal  pheno- 
menon.  The  Candor  fonuula,  which  wu  founded  on  the  elastic- 
solid  Iheoiyi  did  not  agree  with  the  sipeiimentaJ  fscu.  and  the 
ims  dI  the  modem  theoiy,  aa  waa  poiiitedoat  by  Lord  Kayld^ 
igoo,  wse  embodied  in  a  queOioB  pnpoaed  by  Clerk  Uaxwell 
rtbehlatheniatladTrftmatamaiationforiUp.  Theprinciple, 
dch  occurred  shnultaacnuly  (o  W-  Sellmeier  (who  is  regarded 
the  fbunder  of  tbe  modem  tbeoty)  and  had  been  employed 
ant  iljo  by  Sir  G.  C.  Stokes  lo  eaptahi  absorption  line*, 
rolvn  an  action  between  tbe  uther  and  the  molecules  of  the 
opening  snbafuc&   The  mathemalical  tnvestigatlim  Is  waoci* 
d  with  the  nanus  of  Sellmeiu,  Heinunn  Helinholta.  Edusrd 
Ketlder,  F.  Drnde,  H.  A,  Lorentz  and  Lord  Raylel^,  and 
the    eaperimental   aide    witb    many    obeetvera— F.    Paschen, 
Rubens  and  others;  abiorlnng  media  have  ban  investigated 
■    "V,  PflSgei,  a  greal  muy  aniline  dyes  by  K.  SlBckl.  ud 
vapour  by  R.  W.  Wood.    Mention  may  slso  be  msde 
xaatiful  eiperlmuts  of  Christiansen  (iSSiJ  ud  Lord 
Rayleigh  on  ibc  cirioun  transmitted  by  white  powders  suqiended 
in  liquids  of  the  laoK  refractive  index.    If,  lor  instsnce,  bcniol 


K  colours  may  appeal 
u  once,  causing  tbe  mJitore  lo  flaah  like  a  flery  opal.  Absoti)lian, 
,00,  hu  received  much  attention;  tbe  theory  hu  been  especially 
tUboraied  by  M.  Planck,  and  the  expolmeDlal  bnWtption 
bu  been  pmsecuted  fnim  the  purely  phydcal  standpoint,  and 
'so  from  the  stsndpoini  of  the  physical  chemiil,  wttb  a  Tk» 
I  corteUting  absoipllon  with  oinstitullon. 
Inlerfenmc*  phtwmiena  have  beca  aasldumaly  studied.   Tta 


bib  LIG 

tzpninuMi  of  Yanni,  Frcttid,  Lhqrd.  Flicau  ud  Fomull, 
of  Fnnd  «od  Anjo  on  the  mcMuretoenl  el  lelmetiTi  indica 
by  tlw  Aill  t4  the  intafema  buidi,  of  H.  F.  Tilbol  on  ibc 
"  Tilbot  bukda "  (abkli  be  bauSdentlx  cipltliied  on  <lii 
priudpla  of  inLnfeience,  it  bang  ihowa  by  Sir  C.  B.  AJr>  llut 
diffnctioD  pheDamaii  HipcrveDc),  ol  B*dai-?owdl  on  the 
"  Powdl  bufb,"  of  David  Brema  on  "  Bmnto^  budi," 
luve  beoi  devdoped,  togctfaer  witb  mur  othei  phcnomaii — 
Newton'i  lingi.  tbi  coloun  ot  tfain,  Uii<:k  *nd  mixed  plitd,  &c. — 
in  ■  itriking  muneT)  one  d'  the  niOAC  ImpaTtuit  nsidts  being 
the  ow«niclioo  of  inlcrfnometai  appliciblc  to  the  deterauns- 
lion  of  nfnctive  indim  ud  inve-lenfthi,  with  which  the 
ums  of  Jamin,  Miibdion,  Fibiy  ud  Pent,  ind  of  Lumiur 
ind  K  Gehrcke  ue  chiefly  uwiciited.  Tlw  nutbenulicjil 
Invesligatioiu  of  FrcsncI  mly  be  regirded  u  bdng  orapleted 
bf  the  uulysii  chiefly  due  to  Aity,  Stokd  and  Laid  RayLelgh. 
kfmtion  may  be  mide  ot  Sir  C.  C.  Stokei'  itcrihutlan  of  the 
cekHm  of  itidcKCnt  cryitdi  lo  periodk  twinning;  Ihii  view 
bu  been  oonfimed  by  Loid  Riyletgh  (Pia,  Hog.,  cSSS)  who, 
hom  the  puTily  of  the  rrSetled  light,  concluded  that  the  luninae 
wen  eqnldiitant  by  Ibc  order  of  a  wave-lenith.  Pcioi  to  1S91 
only  intetltrence  between  wavei  pnxeeding  in  the  unt  direction 
hut  been  Miidicd.  In  Ihitt  year  nita  H.  Wiener  obtained,  on  a 
AIdi  ^Kh  of  a  wave-Jength  in  tbidtneaa,  photogra^jhicimpnsloni 
of  the  (UlioaaTy  wava  formed  by  the  inletference  ot  wava 
proccedlns  in  oppoiite  dinctioni,  and  in  1891  Dnde  and  Nenut 
employed  a  fliiorcacent  film  to  record  the  aame  phenomenon. 
Tbii  principle  It  applied  in  the  Lippmann  colour  pbotofraphy, 
which  wa*«tgeued  by  W.  Zenker,  retliied  by  Gtbrld  LippnianD, 
and  (unber  tnvtxigated  by  R.  G.  Neubuai,  a  H.  Wiena, 

Great  progreaa  lias  been  made  In  the  atndy  of  diffiactjon, 
and  "  this  department  of  optica  ii  predseiy  the  one  In  which 
the  wave  tbemy  hai  lecnred  fti  greateit  tiiumpha "  (Lord 
Raylcigh).  The  mathemBIical  invest igaliou  of  Frcsnel  and 
pDiMon  w«e  phictd  on  •  dynamlod  bu^  by  Sir  G.  C.  Stoke*; 
and  the  rtnilti  guined  mOR  n*dy  bteiprelatlna  by  the  fntnduc- 
tioa  of  "  Babinei'a  principle  "  hi  jSn,  and  Comu'a  iraphic 
mctbodi  In  ilj*.  Tiit  theory  abo  gained  by  the  rcaeaichea 
of  Fiannhols,  Airy,  Schwerd,  Z.  Lommcl  and  olben.  Tha 
Iheoiy  of  llie  concave  grating,  which  reiulted  from  H,  A.  Row- 
lisd'a  duiical  methodi  of  ruling  lines  of  tbe  DoccBaiy  nature 
and  nnidier  OB  curved  tutuo,  «a*  worked  OM  by  Rowland, 
E.  Umct,  C.  Runge  and  otbcn.  The  rcMtlviof  power  and  the 
tnleiuhy  ol  the  tpeeut  have  been  treated  by  Lord  Rayld^ 
■nd  ARbuT  Schittler,  and  more  recenUy  (190;),  the  distribution 
al  Uffatbii  been  treated  by  A.  B.  Porter.  The  tbeoiy  of  diilrsc- 
tloii  il  of  great  Iraportana  in  designing  optical  iuttumenU, 
tbe  Ibcory  of  which  has  been  more  cspei^y  treated  by  Ernst 
Abbe  (whole  theory  of  mlcmeciiplc  viiiDD  dates  ftora  about 
ilTo)  by  tlw  •dcollfic  ntB  at  the  Zdas  works,  Jena,  by  Riyldgh 
and  otlMti.  Tbe  theory  of  cnnnae  {as  diffraction  phenomsit) 
was  originally  due  to  Yonng,  who,  fiinn  the  priBdple  invidved, 
deviaod  tbe  triomtter  for  mcanirtnf  the  diameten  of  very  small 
objccti;  aad  Sir  G.  G.  Sloka  siUiaequenLly  explained  the 
appeariBces  presented  by  minute  opaque  panicles  bonie  on  a 
tmupucnt  plate.  The  polarisation  of  the  light  diflnctcd  at  a 
■lit  was  noted  In  1S61  by  Fiieau,  whose  lesearcbe*  were  extended 
io  iSgi  by  H.  Du  Bois,  and,  for  the  case  of  gratings,  by  Du  Bois 
and  Rubens  in  1004.  The  diflrsciion  of  li^t  by  small  partjdt 
was  studied  In  the  form  of  very  flne  chemical  predpitstes  b. 
John  Tyndall,  who  noliced  the  polarisation  of  the  beautiful 
Mtuleim  bloe  which  was  transmitted.  This  subjcct—ooe  form 
of  wtaicb  Is  presented  in  the  blue  colour  of  the  ik) — bu  been 
MOM  anqiklooBly  Ireated  by  Lord  Raylcigh  on  both  the  elastlc- 
oolid  and  dectromagneiic  theories.  Mention  may  be  made  of 
R.  W.  Wood-a  experiments  on  thin  mclal  Elms  which,  under 
certain  cotuUtions.  originate  colour  pboKHnenk  inoplicable  by 
bilerference  and  (Effraction.  Tliese  coloun  have  been  assigned 
10  tbe  principle  Of  optical  tnonancc,  and  have  been  treated  by 
Koasonogov  (i>ltyi.  ML.  1901).  J.  C.  Uaiwell  Camell  (H^. 
.l>«u.  vA.  TCj)  hu  sbowa  that  ilte  coloun  of  coloured  gtaMU 


Polailxsiion  phenomena  may,  with  great  Justification,  be 
regarded  as  the  most  engrosKng  subject  of  optical  resesrch 
during  the  rgtb  century;  the  assiduity  with  which  it  was 
cultivsted  In  the  opoiing  decades  of  that  ceulury  received 
a  great  stimulus  when  James  Nicol  devised  in  ifiaS  the  famous 
"  NIcol  prism,"  which  greatly  ftdlllaled  the  detetminstioii  of 
the  plane  of  vihtailoii  of  pdariied  light,  and  the  facii  that 
light  !a  polarised  by  reflection,  repeated  refractions,  double 
r^rsftloo  and  by  dlflr&ction  also  contributed  to  the  inlercst 
which  the  subject  excited.  The  roUlioa  of  the  plane  of  polarira- 
lion  by  quartx  was  discovered  Id  i8]e  by  Arago^  if  w^  ^' 


termed  by  Biot  "  rotatory  d 
rotatory  polarisation  as  compounded  from  right-  and  left-buuled 
(dexln>-  and  laevo-)  circular  polarizations;  and  Frtvic), 
Cotnu,  Dove  and  Cotton  cSoted  tbeir  eiperimenlal  sep 
Legrand  da  Cbiieaui  discovered  tbe  enonmmsly  e 
iDtalory  poUrixallon  of  cinnabar,  a  property  also  poH 
but  in  a  lesser  degree — by  [he  sulphaut  of  strychnine  and 
ethylene  diamine.  Tlw  rotatory  power  of  calain  liquids  wal 
discovered  by  Biot  in  1S15;  and  at  a  later  date  it  was  found 
that  many  Bolutloia  behaved  aimilariy.  A.  Schuster  db- 
lingulsbet  lubituices  with  teganl  to  their  action  on  polarised 
light  u  foUowi;  lubslanccs  which  act  In  Ibe  isotropic  Hale 
are  termed  flMaune;  if  the  nxuion  be  aaaodated  with  crjiial 
Itrurtuiie,  crytlaitoiyric;  if  the  rotation  be  due  to  a  magnetic 
6eld,  BUfnetefyric;  for  rases  not  hitherto  mduded  the  term 
aiiogyric  Is  empbyed,  while  opticaUy  inactive  substances  are 
called  muric.  The  theory  of  phologyric  and  cryilallogyric 
rotation  hat  been  worked  out  on  the  daslic-sdid  (MacCuDagh 
and  others)  and  on  iIk  electromagnetic  hypoiheia  (P.  Drudc, 
Cotton,  &c).  AllDgyiiani  b  due  to  a  symmetry  of  Ibe  mideciile, 
and  b  a  aubjecl  of  the  gmtcst  imporlsnce  in  modsn  (and, 
pure  especially,  organic)  chemistry  (see  SnixauOHiaTBii). 

The  optical  properties  of  Dielib  have  been  the  subject  ol 
much  experiments!  and  theoretical  Inquiry.  The  cxplansliotis 
of  UacCullagh  and  Cauchy  were  followed  by  those  of  Beer, 
Elsenlohr,  Lundquist,  Kelleler  and  others;  tbe  refractive 
Indices  were iletermincd  both  directly  (by  Kundt)  and  Indirectly 
L>y  means  of  Brewster's  law;  and  the  reflecting  powers  from 
X— I5i(ifi  10  >— rjoowi  were  determined  In  19110-1901  by 
Rubens  and  Kagn.  Tbe  correlation  ol  the  optical  and  declrical 
constants  of  many  metals  hat  been  eipedally  studied  by  P.  Drude 
(tooo)  and  by  Rubens  ud  Hagen  (igoj). 

The  transformalions  ol  luminous  radiations  have  also  been 
studied.  John  Tyndall  discovered  calaresctnce.  Floomnnce 
was  Ueatcd  by  John  Herschd  in  1S45,  and  by  David  Brewsia 
in  1I46,  the  theory  being  due  to  Sir  C.G.  Stokes  (iSji).  More 
recent  studies  have  been  made  by  Lommd,  E.  L.  Nidmla  and 
Mcrtilt  (Piyi-  Xn.,  1004).  and  by  Mlllikan  wbo  discovered 
polariiEd  fluoiTSCtnee  in  1895.  Our  knowledge  of  plmphor- 
eicence  wis  greatly  tmpitrvRl  by  Bccquerd.  and  Sir  Jama 
Dewu  obtainrd  Inierating  resulls  in  the  course  of  hb  low 
tempenture  rcseartha  (see  LiQiim  Gasbs).  la  the  thcortiicsl 
ind  experimental  study  of  radiation  enormoua  progrea  has  beca 
recorded.  Tbe  pressure  of  radiation,  tbe  neceidly  of  which 
was  demonstrated  by  Clerk  MaiwcD  on  the  eleclroiruKnel  ic 
theory,  and,  in  a  simpler  manner,  by  Joseph  Lannor  in  hii 
inide  IOdution  in  these  volumes,  has  been  expen'men  tally 
determined  by  £.  F.  Nichols  and  Hull,  and  the  langeniial 
component  by  J.  H.  Poynting,  With  the  theomkal  and 
practical  taveiligntion  the  nana  of  Balfour  Stewart.  SItchhoff, 
Slcfin,  BonoH,  Bolumann.  W.  Wlrn  and  l^rmor  arv  chiefly 
tsiDciated,  Magneto-optics,  too,  has  been  greatly  drvdoped 
since  Faraday^  dntovery  ol  the  rotation  ol  the  plane  of  polaiiut- 
tion  by  the  pagnetic  field.  The  rotation  for  many  fubatanca 
was  measured  by  Sir  William  H.  FVrkin.  irtm  allempied  1 
correlation  between  rotation  and  composition.  Brace  eSectcd 
the  analysis  ol  the  beam  into  iu  two  cicculaily  iinl»iin4 


ojinpiiDcnU,  utd  in  1904  MiOt  mcui 
Kert  cffm,  discovered  in  1877,  uid 
widened  the  field  oi  rncirch,  which,  Irom  iia  1 

In  diKOvehei  d[  Lhe  greilcil  iinporuncc 

I  14.  Otiual  JifilriiMn/].— Important  di 
brai  nude  in  the  corutniciiDn  and  appbi 
iiulnimenti.  To  these  three  ficiora  have  ■ 
DUtthenniiciui  his  qiuniititivety  aiuilyted 
observed  by  the  pbyiiciit, -and  hu  inducti 
letulU  ue  to  be  eipected  Irom  colain  op 
consequence  o[  this  was  tbe  detailed  study,  am 
tion,  oT  glasses  of  diverse  pTopeni 


tbcjc  vdodlits.    Tbc  1  < 


d  the  ] 


:  ol  the  I 


(see  Cliss)  is  possibly  tbe  1 
mlDBfutute.  The  Rutbonaticil  invwigntii 
much  to  Gvat,  Helmholu  ud  olbtn,  but  I 
mbo  lottoduced  the  method  ol  studying  the 
■Idy.  and  applied  his  remits  wiib  conspic 
cooitnictloa  ol  optical  sysicmt.    The  develi 

day  optician,  and  has  brought  about  tbe  pi 
acopes,  miooflcopcs,  pbotognpbir  lenses  a 
apparatus  to   an   unprecedented  pitci 


insuumoiti  itith 


n  effected  in  tbe  s 


introduced.  Id  tbe  study  ol  diffraction  phen 
lo  tbe  technical  preparation  ol  gratings,  tt 
of  Fraunbofer.  Noben  and  Lewis  tloms 
loOoiKd  byH.A.  Rowbnd'snilingol  plane  an 
which  rcvobitioni£ed  spectroscopic  ri 


di  the  echdon  gratin; 


vrilb  which  national  a1 


I,  have  1 


in  by. 


of  poUrimeten.     The  polarized  Light  employ' 

Nicol  prism — tbe  polaiiui—and  the  devia. 
by  the  roialioa  ol  a  iMond  Nicol — tbe  am 
focroa,  whidi  were  termed  "  light  and  shai 
have  been  genemUy  replaced  by  "  haU-iha 
UeniioD  may  alio  be  made  of  the  mioosi 
of  objects  in  polarized  iight»  tbe  imporlani 
method  of  c^allogmphic  and  petrologii 
luggaied  by  Nicol,  developed  by  Sorby  and 
by  ZUkel,  Roienbuscfa  aad  othen. 
Bl»tl0C«*fBT.— There  are  nunieroui  ten. 
sfy  cipositlDni  ol  light  and  optical  | 
d  wort,  which  deal  with  lhe  subject  1 

'    IiS"'" 

grtal  detail.  Tratiicr  more  pirticularly  tlii 
Walker,  Analylical  TImrf  al  lA^  (1904)1  A.  '. 
Otlia  (iwu);  P.  Drude,  Tamri  g/  Opha,  En 
Mann  and  R.  A.  MlUikia  (looiV  General  trca 
merit  are  A.  Winkelmsnn,  tftniiticS  ia  Ptyiil 
(i904):and  E.  Miiean,  TnMSiiftimii  (iSSg-i: 
l4uni  fapHqtu  ftijnqiu  [iB6g.  1S71)  li  alu 
Ccvmetrlcal  optiu  u  inaled  in  R.  S.  Heath, 
(iBd  ed.,  IM);  H.  A.  Herman,  rrauiu  M 
(T9C10)-    Applied  optics,  particularly  with  regai 


advanced  w 


reatcdln 


.,..w  C1906);  E.  T.  Whittaker.  Thi  Tlusry  0/ 
(XVtj) :  in  the  publkjtioni  ol  lhe  KienliBc  nail 
at  Jena:  DU  iWu  itr  spNuHfli  Snilmmtnu.  ■ 

ttr  BfSuJm  Imlramnli,  and  ed.  by  oTEppeai 


iheil  and  E.  Vcdt.  HKtHmk  im 
o(  general  Df 
£KyUo/Mri^ 


'The  mat 

•ckafin  (LoipugJ    Mele. 
UilariliitiicluOplil,  ai 


617 

IK  qpiit  (19011 


aiedinj  Pemter. 
««Irtrp(ci(iJi44  0««.aiid  phyiioloBical  opi«  in  H  V  Helmholu, 
llitiullii.rk  if  ^ystaiaiuilini  Opiii  liBW>)  and  in  A  Keeiig, 
Ceammillt  Atlamllitiit'*  ""  pkvuiiatiiiiit  Oflit  li9<>]l 

The  hiAOfv  ol  !bc  subwet  may  lie  etudic.d  in  J    C.  PoBRndorff, 
CiHkuku  in  PUfitli  lillToi.  F    Rownbcrgcr,  Da  CcxkUyu  in 


O    S    Klugcl  {Leipi^. 


'C^'nd 


i.i(U  oni  CciJniri  {1713 

luchy,    Rowland 


'-.  fuy^ni'  I 


uuluwand  PiotttdKitt  o\  the  Royal  Ssclely.  and  of  the 
my  ILondont.  the  PtiSouftial  Utt"'"  (London),  the 
uw  INcw  York,  iSqj  Kq.)  and  m  Hk  Briiiik  Aiatmlin* 
ReporU,  m  the  ^niu^r  dt  eMimir  n  itt  pkytuMt  end  Jtnnal 
—       ■  ■■■"■■■     ;*f    iiiUikriJ     '■    ■ 


:krift    (Leipiw) 
(C.  £."•) 


I  Htmlm's  Ctrpmadar  TAoiry.— Until  the  befinning  ol  the 
:h  century  physicists  were  divided  between  two  different 
:ws  concerning  tbe  nature  1^  optical  phenomena.    According 


3.  Eipianttli. 
the  light-corpi 


imdy  St 
reely  pass  through   Iran' . 
oisation  ol  light  by  their  impact  against  tbe  retina. 

or  cerpuaiJar  dbiry  of  light  was  supported  by 
of  Isaac  Newton,'  and,  though  it  lias  been  entirely 

its  rival,  tbe  noie-lAtdry,  it  remains  ol  considerable 

un  nf  RiJItdim  and  RiJraclicn.—Kt^Xm  supposed 

uscles  la  be  subjected  to  aliraclive  and  repulsive 

very  small  distancs  by  lhe  particles  ol  matter. 

f  a  homogeneous  body  a  corpuKle  moves  in  a 

is  equidly  acted  on  Irom  all  sides,  bul  it  changes 

'         ■     ■■      '  ■    athinbyer 


e  there 


has  at  every  pomt  a 

Is  constant  thtougbaut  il 

is  even  equal  io  ail  bodi' 


it  force 


.a  of 


ie  kind,  but  changes  Iron 
one  suDSiance  to  another.  If,  originBlly,  while  moving  in  air 
the  corpuscles  bad  a  definite  velocity  i^  their  vdodty  »  in  thi 
inlerior  ol  any  other  substance  is  quiie  determinate.  It  is  giva 
by  the  equation  Jim'— {mi'*  A.  in  which  ■>  denota  the  mas 
of  a  corpuscle,  and  A  Uie  eicess  ol  its  potential  enetgy  b  ai. 
over  that  in  the  lubstaace  considered. 
A  ny  ol  Kght  blUog  01 

medium.    On'tho  coiiwa'ry.'whclever  the  Bdd  ol  fc _ 

luilace  la  lueb  thai  tbe  tonniidea  can  aeoetrate  into  the  Interior 
ol  the  icfw^  body,  the  ray  is  rdracled.  In  Ibii  case  tbe  la*  of 
WlliuB  can  be  deduced  from  the  consideralion  that  lhe  jvoieclion 
«  ol  tbe  vdodly  on  lhe  surface  ol  lepBrBiioo  ii  sot  altered,  either 
•  n  dlreetlon  or  In  magnitude.  Thii  obviously  requires  Ihal  lhe 
■  :  through  the  incMent  and  the  retracted  rayi  be  normal 
r,  and  that,  il  ■■  and  <«  aie  the  aoclei  of  incidence  and 
t,  and  n  lhe  velocities  of  l^ht  in  the  Iwo  media. 

■■>!  -Vlvi-tll*!-  {!) 

as  has  already  btea  observed,  n  and 


mily  bige 


face  of  eepontion  of  Iwo  bodb 
■own  aimple  law,  if  IbeeorpiHcli 
B  force  duTcled  towards  the  be 


plana  paiaing  lb 


ingibnity  < 

y  Imaglalni 


LISl" 


Newton  aceouniedfor  It  by  Imaglalnt  different  kinds  of  eorpuicUs. 
He  further  carefully  enodoed  lhe  pEenaneBon  of  total  reAeclHHi. 

and  described  an  Inieresting '—  — —- '  — ■•■  "     "  ~~ 

ol  tbr  fKts  of  a  glaa  prism  i 
■uchoWktultyihalills  touO; 

>  Newton,  O^ficti  {Londim.  1704)- 


6l8 

ft  marked  efianfe  [i  obtervtd  vben  « 
Is  Approach  (hv  rcAttiiny  iu*,  to  u 

J.  Hem  HypOMaa  tn  the  Cirpusc 

tiplaaatlon  of  nflecUon  and  lefiaci 
obJKiioi).    1(  the  panidn  in  a  be 


LIGHT 


mby  lb 


all  ought  to  lol 

that  pad  of  Ebe  iocident  Ughl  ii  reSKtcd  and  pari  ol  il  Irani 
miLud.  Ncwtgn  imagined  Ibat  each  coipuxle  undergoes  ccrlaii 
tlientaiing  cbanga;  he  auumed  Ibat  In  toat  of  ill  diflercn 
"  phasej  "  it  ii  aorf  apt  lo  be  reflccled,  and  in  othcn  mon 
>pl  lo  be  traumititd.  The  tame  idea  wu  applied  by  bim  <i 
tbe  pbeDORiena  proentcd  by  veiy  ibin  layers.  He  had  abwrvei 
tbit  a  gradual  increase  of  the  Ibickneu  of  a  layer  produ« 
periodic  thingM  in  the  intetuily  of  the  reflected  ligbi,  and  hi 
Vfly  ingcnioujiy  explained  Iheje  by  bis  theory.  Il  ii  clear  Iba 
'   ■  miileil  light ' 


n  that 


ic  Iroi 


■urfaci 


of  the  lay 


Eiiuion.  have  piised  to  tbe  oppotile  phaae  the  momenl  Ihey 
arrive  at  the  back  lurface.  As  to  the  nature  of  the  alternating 
pbases,  Nenton  (O^i'cili.  jrd  cd.,  tin,  p.  J4l)  eipreues  himself 
a)  fallen.'—"  Nothing  more  b  requisile  for  putting  the  Rayt 
el  Light  into  Fits  of  easy  Scdeiian  and  easy  Tianimi^on  than 
Ihal  Ihey  be  uniJl  Bodiei  which  hy  their  attractive  Powen,  or 
iome  other  Force,  jiii  up  Vibrations  in  what  they  act  upon, 
which  Vibialionj  being  iwiller  than  tbe  Rayi,  overtake 


«vely.  i 


decrease  their  V 

tiei.  and  the 

-ebyput  them  into  th 

«Fiis." 

.    4,  The  Ccrpu 

r  Tkury  aiu 

Uu  WtvfTh€ar,  en 

^rof.- 

Tbot^b  Nemo 

reduced  lb 

notion  of  periodic 

changes. 

which  wajlo  pi 

ofihewave-the. 

le  rrjectod  this  tbeoty  In  the  form 

il  had  been  set 

(on 

Il  shortly  be 

ygeni in 

hiirraiKdcfaJ 

mii 

e  (1690),  his 

bid  objections  being 

(Othat 

(he  rectilinear  p 

gationhadn 

1  been  satisfactorily  a 

counled 

lot;  (0  that  th 

lions  of  bea 

enly  bodies  show  no 

e;  and  (j)  that  Huygeiu 
had  not  sufficiently  explained  the  peculiar  properties  of  tbe 
rayi  produced  by  the  double  refraction  in  Iceland  apai.  la 
Newton's  days  these  objections  were  of  much  weight. 

Yel  his  own  theory  bad  many  wcaknesiei.  It  explained  the 
propagation  in  straight  lines,  but  it  could  luign  no  cause  for 
tbe  equality  of  the  speed  of  propagation  of  all  lays.    It  adapted 

of  Iceland  Crystal  looks  very  much  as  il  il  were  perform'd  by 

irlue  lodged  in  certain  Sides  both  of 

' le  Crystal."),  but  It  could 


.  only  at 


d  bf  the  Fan 


In  Ihe  earlier  part  of  tbe  loth  century,  tl 
broke  down  under  the  weight  of  experimental  evioence,  ana  n 
received  the  final  blow  whi^a  J.  B.  L.  Foucault  proved  hy  direct 
upeiloieal  that  the  velocity  of  light  in  water  ii  not  pcatet  (ban 
that  In  air,  ai  it  shouid  be  according  to  the  formula  (t),  bul  len 
Ibanfl.aabrequiredhy  tbe  wave- theory. 

5.  Cimrai  Thtertm  on  ftays  ef  tiflH.— With  tbe  aid  of 
(uiiable  aisamptioni  tbe  NewtomsD  theory  aa  accurately 
trace  the  couna  of  a  ray  of  light  in  any  ayitem  of  isotropic 
bodies,  whether  bomogeneoux  or  otherwise;  the  problem  being 
equivalent  lo  that  of  determining  the  motion  of  a  material 
point  in  a  ^lace  in  which  its  potential  energy  a  given  as  a  function 
of  Ibe  cooidinalea.  The  applicalioQ  of  the  dynamical  principlei 
of  "  least  and  of  vaiying  action  "  10  this  Utter  pToblem  leada 
(o  the  (oUowing  Important  theorens  wbith  Wdlian  Kowan 
Haraillon  made  the  baui  of  his  exhaustive  treatment  of  systems 
el  ray*.'    The  total  energy  of  a  corpuscle  is  supposed  lo  have 


{iiy>).i> 


iCSja). 


."!>■♦ 


given  Tsloe.  ao  that,  tUnet  tbe  potential  energy  ts  couldered 

i  known  at  every  poinl,  Ibevelodty  ■  b  ao  likewise. 
(a)  The  piTh  along  which  light  travels  from  a  pnint  A  to  a  n^'nl  B 
determined  by  the  condition  that  for  tliii  line  the  integral  ftdl, 
whch  di  it  an  clement  ai  Ihe  line,  be  a  nunmum  ^provided  A  aad 

velocity  of  iiKht  la  hcu»  and  ji  the  indn  uf  irlnction,  we  have  far 
eveiy  vatlailia  of  ihe  path  ibe  poinis  Aaad  S  mnaiouig  tied, 
l/«A-o.  (>) 

(i)  Let  the  point  A  be  kepi  hxed,  but  let  B  unfeign  an  inKniitly 
small  displacement  BB'  l-dj  In  a  direcrion  making  an  ancle  a  wjih 
Ihe  last  ckment  ol  ihe  ray  AB  Then,  coiapuin|  the  new  ray  AB^ 
with  the  origioal  one,  it  Mlowi  that 

Vwfi-nicai*.  (j) 

wbeic  ffe  it  the  value  of  *  at  ihe  poinl  B. 

6.  Gtntral  Cutaitraiieut  im  ikt  Prtptfailn  tj  Wna.— 
"Wavei,"  f.e.  local  disturbances  ut  equilibrium  tiavelling 
oowaifl  with  a  cenaia  speed,  can  eiisi  in  a  large  variety  o( 
systems.  In  *  theory  of  these  pbenomcaa,  the  state  of  ihingi 
at  a  definite  poinl  may  In  general  be  defined  by  ■  cert  oin  directed 


otiiy  P.- . 


in  tbe  SI. 


e  [for 


lie  body  from  their  position!  of  equl- 
is  Pi.  F,.  F,  oI  the  disiuibance  in  the 
coordinates  are  to  be  conaidend  as 


In  the  dmpleu  aiea  {monochromaiic  or  homcffeneoui  light}  the 

diilurbince  i>  a  simple  harmonic  runctinn  of  t£e  time   j"  Jmok 

hamoaievibniiiMt  I.HIhaliiiconiponenucu  benpwaenledby 

P.-a,cat(af-(-/.).P.-«)ca>  (■(+/,).  F,-a,cDs(iK-h/i). 

The  "  phaKi  '.  d(  these  vlbralioM  are  dettlminid  bv  the  anflis 
M-h/i,  &Cn  or  by  the  tinea  J+/i/l,  fa.  Tbe  "  fnaiiency  "  a  la  cof 
■uni  throughout  Ibe  lyucm,  while  the  quanliilea  Jl,  A.  />.  and 
perhapi  Ihe  "amplitudes"  t,.  tt,  ■■  cham  from  poini  to  point. 

veetw  P,  and  dnvn  Iron  Ihe  point  amstderied.  in  genent  dbfribei 
«cenainel1ip>.  whidibK«»a«niBhibae,i(A-Ai/i.  I>  ihia 
taller  cxK,  in  which  the  larger  put  oTihis  utfek  will  be  coafoiid. 

P-Acoa(.(+fl,  W 

where  A  itself  is  to  be  regarded  as  a  vector. 

We  have  next  to  consider  the  way  in  which  tbe  disturbanca 
changei  from  point  to  point.  'The  most  Important  cue  is  thai  of 
plana  wavea  mih  eonnant  amplitude  k.  Hatf  ii  the  sane  at  all 
ptnntiglaplaae  ("  wave-fivni  ")  of  a  de£niie  dnction,  bul  changei 

llie  axis  of  X  being  drawn  ai  right  ai^es  is  ibc  wave-f  nnii,  we  auy 
write/-A-ib^.  wBen/i  aad  t  are  comunu,  to  thai  U)  beoomcs 
P-A  a,  W-fa'f/0.  (s) 

This  expietaion  has  Ibe  period  Sv/it  wltb  mpect  to  the  dm* 
and  the  perion  ir/k  with  leipecl  to  x.  so  ihat  Ibe  ~llme  of 
vibration  and  the  "  wave.lenElh  "  are  given  by  T-lr/ii,  \^3rtlu 
Further,  It  ii  railty  teen  thai  toe  phase  belonging  to  cenaid  value* 

provided  Ax '  In/kiOt.     Tlieiefoie  tbe  ;!hair.  or   iL   d'"   "^ 


iself.  may 

inrcled  with  the  ti 


propagated  in  tbe  direction 

[  Cibnt^n 
x-rt". 


(fi) 


'■^..tS'ftigte'"' 


KATDRE] 


the  Bme  wtDacv.  In  amntRiiiM:  bodiu  (crywak),  with  vhkli  (he 
theory  of  hihl  ulii|d)i  uncaned,  the  pnblein  ii  nmc  coniplicated. 
A*  ■  leDenl  nile  we  can  uy  thu,  lor  1  (jven  dinction  of  tbe  nve- 
Iraot^  the  nhntioiM  atm  ban  ■  decenaiiiMs  dinctkn,  U  the 
prepatetiwi  u  u  lake  (>l«a  acairdiBg  la  the  Bniple  lonnuU  ijkb 
above,  tt  btobe  uqdencood  that  for  a  eiven  direction  ol  the  wava 
and  that  in  luch  a  cate  there  a/c  as  many  djITcrent  vdodtia,  each 
bekncint  te  cae  paniciiUt  diRctud  ol  vibratioa. 

;.  Wnt-iarfaet, — After  having  found  the  valoei  of 
a  particular  fiequeiic7  atid  diflerent  direnioui  of  tbc 
Doimal,  a  my  luUuctlve  graphical  repreunlalion  ci 
employed. 

Let  OK  be  a  Uaz  id  any  diTTCtioft,  drawn  frora . 
a  lenfth  along  cbi*  lim  equal  to  the  velodLv  r  od 
tcr  their  normal,  or,  more  genetally,  OA,  OA  ,^,, 
%tlDdtlet^a'tftc.|irbachHichwavcahateaccordJi 
tt  vibratiaa.  Q.  g*.  Sc,  ptanea  peieeadicular  toOl 
Let  Ihii  Mnnruetloa  be  repeated  fsr  all  diiection 
be  ibe  nirface  that  ia  touched  by  all  the  plana  Q, 
that  il  thla  lurfaet;  which  b  called  the  "  «ave4 
the  nelodiy  «(  propacation  of  plane  wavet  oT  any 
given  by  the  length  gf  the  perpendicular  from 
taogent  plane  in  the  given  direction.    Il  mun  be 

of  vibfation.  If  thii  direction  ia  auif  ncd  in  each  point  of  (he 
aoriaoa,  (be  diagram  coataint  all  (beuiiarmation  which  tie  gau 
^  4ie  wavei  ol  thc'frcqueacy  th 


at  plant  tt  the  givet 


619 

avMoifaoe  to  Itt  point  ol 


pBHingthioiiiblhepoiatO.  'nieanrIiRWi(aelf 
B  tbelscut  of  all  poinu  that  an  reached  in  uni 
turbancc  itanidr  from  0  and  apteading  Towards  al 
the  validity  of  ibii  view,  we  can  determine  in  a  >ir 


^B^d^ 


.  all  dimcntiont  ol  the  latter  aurlac 

be  Dociccd^that  in  a  haerogencDu 

finite  ipoce. 


S.  Tktory  tf  Haypnt. — Huygesi  ms  tbc  Gnt  ta  sha*  that 
the  uplanatioQ  of  optical  phenomena  may  be  made  to  depend 
on  the  wavc'sulface,  nol  only  in  isotropic  bodies,  in  wh'  ' 
bas  a  spherical  form,  but  also  in  crystals,  lor  one  ol  1 
(Iceland  spar)  be  deduced  Ibe  lotm  of  the  suifoce  fror 
observed  double  refraclioiL  In  his  argiuDent  Huygens  ai 
himself  ol  the  following  principle  thai  is  juslly  named  afler 
turn:  Any  point  that  is  reached  by  a  wave  of  light  bet 
■  new  centre  ol  radiation  from  which  Ihc  disturbance  is  p 
gated  toward*  all  aides.  On  ihisbasis  he  determined  ihe  progress 
of  light -waves  by  a  construction  which,  under  a  restriction 
mentioned  in  ||J,  applied  to  waves  of  any  form  and  10  all 
ol  transparent  media.  Lei  a  be  Ihe  lutface  [wave-lmi 
which  a  de&nite  phase  of  vibration  has  advanced  al  a  0 
time  I,  d(  an  infinitely  small  increment  of  lime,  and  let  an 
elementary  wave  corresponding  10  this  interval  be  dMcribed 
around  each  point  P  of  a.  Then  the  envelope  ir'  of  all  these 
■     '  '        eached  by  Ihe  phase  in  ([ii(     ' 


poHtioos  ol 

KuvveAS  alio  cone 
lalerally  limilcd.  by  ha 

Si«.oS'y''hI'a'^!lin 


idbylel 


y  waves  around, 
nitrea  on  i.    Taking  for  grai 


If  paucd.  for  cumple,  tl 
ided  by  the  contou 
.ve-frDAt  r*  whose 


that  (he  hnral  limits  ol  the  beam  ■ 


May  be  conctivid  Is  tiavd  along  then  nth  •  vdocity  m-fVlil. 

which  ii  therefore  called  Ihe  "  ray-veloc''"  " 

The  conitniciion  showi  lh.11,  cDrrer 
the  wavt-lrnni  (wkh  a  drterminaie  di 
a  definite  direction  and  a  dcfinile  vdod 


alwa/s  straight 
tbe«'^lronu,Bad' 

Frei/"" 


me,  thev  aie  nomial  li 

vdadty  ii  equal  to  that  el  the  waVEi. 

,.  z'  rr--'--* if"",  •"  ^^  refleetioo  and  niraction  ol 

light.  Huygens  accouDIed  for  thcaa  jtrvHomt  in  isotropic  bodies 

u  well  aa  in  Iceland  fpai.    It  *aa  aftarvaida  ahown  br  AiKuHin 

Frr-intfT  iKa*  rh*  .i«,hu  p^M^:«t  i-  Naiol  oyalala  can  heeirlsiDHl 

form  be  assigned  to  tht  wave- 


plane  paauni  (hrough  Ibe  normal 
Ihe  igrfaee  ftsrif.  T.lon»ver,  if  . 
■Is,  and  a.  Ihe  angle  be 
anyoneolihaieaccted 


»rtain  eDfln^vm  between  the  disturtMnces  enisling  in  thi 
Lhe  leAecied,  and  (he  refracted  wawa.  and  that,  tberefor 
^  intervxtion  ol  the  surface  with  the  poailionsof  aniacif 
front,  succeeding  each  other  ai  equal  interval!  of  iimc 


ed  to  Ibe  law  d(  SlkIUui,  the  index  of  tciiaction  bcin('givri 


/■-^'Wh  1^ 


iksB  Aand  B  be  I 
mptctuhnncet    li 


:d  fo^  a  notiaii 


ray  ol  Isht  can  alwayi  h*  Inverted. 
^  V>)  Rayscd'liihtilaiiinginalldircctionBfmmapoiat AaadiraTcl. 

tangeni  plane  ai  a  point  B  is  eonjujite.  in  the  medium  surroundini 
B.  with  (he  Ian  elemeni  ol  the  ray  AB.  * 

(fi  If  all  raya  iaaaing  [ram  A  are  eoncennaKd  at  a  point  B,  the 
mieiral  /a-'ifjliia  ihe  same  value  (or  each  ol  them, 

U  d"  "u"  ^'fl''Z''^ "'"  '?"*"'.'=?""'  "Vf  infinitely 

vlrUi  -I  c«^'  '  Here'  *  it  ^'"angk  b^'lln^  i^dhipEl^nl 


cate  tJ  isotropic  bodies,  (or  which  Ihc  relation  (S)  holds, 
jrlbclheorcmsconccmng  ibc  inlegral /wfi  which  we  have  - 

Tfkr  CflHrol  T^himii,— (a)  Let  V,  and  Vi  be  two  planet 
cm  of  isotropic  Iwdies,  let  renangubr  aaet  ol  mon^iHiet 
I  in  cdchd  these  planes,  and  lei  ji,yi  bethceoortJinateiofa 
sVi.  andii,  y,thosCDfap»niDiiiV,.  The  Integra]  Ai^i, 
the  ray  between  A  and  C,  isa  fnnclion  of  n.  >,.  *,.  ;i  and, 
Qty,,  and  d  either  xi  or  yi,  are  afaall  ham 

_*_  Li,—*,  fw. 


On  both  sdet  of  thfi 

cqaatlon  tbe  first  dllfeienliaiion  may  be 

loniKd  by  means  0 

■  be  formub  (0.    Tbe  tmnd  diflerenlii 

'«Smr^i?.I?'o.'tS;!5^n'penci,  or  .V.  i...in. 

ngthepbneV, 
hesoliJanileol 

iS'L^ferl 

ff 

nd 

lolling  on  the  rfemc 

I  .,  of  thf  pla 

dcraline  by  „,  ami  «  lhe  indices  of 

Kim.^andB.bye 

and  *,  the  iharp 

ansletwhichlhrnyABa 

V,  and  V,.  we  have 

-f 

.,-,cos(,-« 

i.wcosh 

(0  Therein  a  secon 

eipinaedhyeiactlylheu 
,eUen,.<i.urfa/e,ha. 

rnrmula.  >r  we  under 

ind  by  .,  and 

relalrt.o^achoihr 

ipcninp.  ill  the 

t;?nS!;;r.'.i"?j!r;iJ3 

i» 

'^S^°'='iK."^ 

>jy.  r»ume  In. 

mipolnlAof.,  andeom 

ending  pJn, 

of^andbylh.^.hcj 

ingles  which  one  of 

BHUiikr  lb*  lECtiaa  r  «f  the  ftacii  by  ime  mnnnnliiw  t^unc 
■  bandk  of  nyi  •tutlaa  (rhb  tb*  poinu  ol-n  lad  TBcftinf  i 
of  n  allcr  luviiw  iB  nuieJ  Ihroufh  ■  poini  of  Ihai  •Ktian  •. 
(()  1(  in  the  Ittt  fheoRn  Uw  fynem  o)  bodis  i>  lyminr 


AB.M 


L«  »i  UHl  *i  In  Ike  ndu  c 
■  u  obiecl  uid  iu  iinui 
;b  ■  nv  R  tsiv  ' 
Then  Uw  ib —  '- 


11  [bae pobiti.  Then  t(*ibw*7onnul>  givnaiM-H*!! 

n  that  wuprond,  for  tbcpartkuliircaKn^nbvHuygcr 

id  Lunnce.  ,lt  H  atin  raorc  nimble  ft  one  diitiriEuiuia  by  th 

~.C:Z.  ^«  ^  k  BbMher  ihe  imfe  fe  dinct  oc  invrmd,  and  b 

41  kavuig  A  and  on  nachinf  B  ti> 

TbcabnvE  tl 

i/  tnlrrftrtHtt  and  Difraciiaa.— Tilt  inipnlia 
I  a  luminoiu  body  Kadi  fortb  (btough  ihe 
□r  leiber,  nre  coniidentl  by  HuyKcm  u 
ly  RgiiUr  sucreulon;  be  neither  ipejtlu  of 
if  tbe  phyiical  ciuK  of  the  cotoun.  Tbe  idea 
»lic  lisbt  coniiiu  of  ■  lucceuion  d(  lilDple 
on  Cs). 


xnted  by  tli       . 


imptloa  combined  niib 
Ihe  principle  ol  Bupci-poiition.  In  doing  »  they  wen  ilu 
toibled  to  dclermine  Ihe  mve-lenglh.  no^ng  fcom  0-030076 
cm,  ((  the  red  end  of  the  ipectrum  to  oeceojg  cm.  lor  the 
etiKine  vi'otet  and,  by  meuu  of  (he  foimuU  (fi),  the  oumbei 
of  vibralloni  per  tetond.  Later  invetligailoni  hive  ibown 
that  the  <n(ro-red  nyt  u  well  ai  the  ulin-vialei  ones  are  of 
Ihe  same  phyiicil  lutuie  as  tbe  lurninoua  rayi,  differing  from 
Iheie  only  by  the  gteatei « inullei  lengtb  of  their  wavei.  The 
mve-lcngtb  amounts  to  a-ooA  cm.  Far  the  Jeaat  refrangible 
Infra-red,  and  is  at  imall  aa  o-oooei  on.  for  the  eiireme  ultra- 

Anothei  Impoctant  put  of  Frtuel'i  work  la  hli  treatment  of 
diffraction  on  tbehatiiof  Huygeni'a  princif^e.  If ,  for  eiample, 
light  fall*  on  a  Kreen  with  1  narrow  illt,  each  point  of  the  alii 
is  regarded  aa  a  new  centre  of  vibration,  and  the  inieniity  al 
■ny  point  behind  the  icreenia  (ouodby  compounding  with  each 
other  Ihe  diaturbancea  coming  from  all  theiepointa,dne  account 
being  talien  of  the  phaaea  with  which  they  come  together  (aee 
DiFTucnow;  iNTxariRCHCE). 

1 1.  JUiKlli «/  LaUr  Ualhcmaiieal  Ti^ry.— ThoDgh  the  theory 
of  diSractioo  developed  by  Frcinel,  and  by  other  phyaiciiia 
who  worked  on  the  samelinej,  showaa  oiosi  beautiful  (greement 
with  observed  tacts,  yet  its  foundntioD,  Huygens'a  principle, 
cannot,  in  its  original  elementuy  iorm,  be  deemed  quite  uiit- 
factory.  The  gcnenl  validity  ol  Ihe  reaulia  hu,  however,  been 
eonfinned  by  tbe  researchea  of  ihoae  maihemitidans  (Sinrfon 
Denia  Poisson,  Auguatin  Louis  Cauchy,  Sir  G,  G.  Siokei,  Gustav 
Robert  Kiichloff)  whoinvcaiigiied  Ihe  propagation  of  vibraliooa 
in  a  more  ngaroua  inuincr.  KJrcbholT*  showed  that  the  dia- 
lurbanceai  any  pnini  of  Ihe  aether  inside  a  closed  surface  which 
CDniiins  no  pondeiihic  matter  can  be  rcprcMDIed  as  made  up 
of  a  large  aumbet  of  parts,  each  ol  nhich  depends  upon  the  slate 
of  things  at  one  point  of  the  surface.  This  mull,  the  modem 
lorm  of  Hiiygens's  principle,  can  be  extended  to  ■  lyilem  of 

of  light  be  not  surrounded  by  the  surface  Certain  causes 
capableof  producing  vibrations  can  be  imagined  to  be  dial ributed 
all  over  thu  liticr,  in  such  a  way  thai  the  disLurbances  to  which 
Ihcy  give  rise  in  the  enclosed  space  are  eiaclly  those  which  are 
brought  Btiam  by  ihe  teal  source  ol  light '  Another  intercsling 
result  ihai  has  been  verified  by  ciperimenl  is  that,  whenever 
raysof  bghl  passlhtough  a  locus,  the  phase  undergoca  1  change 
of  hsilapcnod     It  must  be  added  tliat  the  lesultaalluded  to  in 

•  Fia.  Tnns.  (1I01I.  pan  i  p.  11, 

'^pni  amplll.,  dr  FnimnPtrit.  I»6S).  (The  reaorcbea  weie 
pubbtbed  between  iSm  --     ■"-- 

'  ■—    "-^   -.CMtm.Ji 


.  lorenti,  ZiUMtnoil.Mti.  :  Ifri.  AmHBiam,  4  (iBg*). 


of  th 


Xeyt  g/  j:.i[ib.— lo  working  out  the  theory  of  diSracUoD 
{t  is  possible  to  stale  eitctlyin  what  sense  light  maybe  said  to 
travel  ia  straight  lines.  Behind  an  opcniitg  iMtue  mJUi  it  tery 
large  in  imparison  viA  Uu  vawi-ltngli  tbe  timils  betweea  tbe 
illuminaled  and  tbe  dark  parts  of  space  ue  approiimuely 
detennined  by  rays  pauing  along  the  borders. 

Tbia  oonduilon  can  alio  he  arrived  at  by  a  mode  of  Teaam^n^  that 
ia  Independent  of  the  tbeory  of  diflractios,'  If  linear  diOereiilial 
equaiiaiu  admii  a  ■alution  (J  tbe  form  U)  with  A  constant,  they  on 
also  be  latlalicd  by  maJuRff  A  a  functioa  of  tbe  coordinates,  such 
that,  ui  a  wave-front,  it  cbams  very  tittle  over  a  diitaDoe  equal 
to  the  wave-leiiffth  K  and  that  it  Is  constant  alonf  each  line  omjugate 
•rith  tbe  nve^ronlB.  In  cases  ol  this  hind  &  diinrbaitce  stay 
truly  be  aaid  to  travel  along  Ifnei     '    ' 


who  ii  unable  to 


fe^gths  0 


uiei  an  openinff  of  much  larvcr  dimensons,  may  1 

tbcioipresiaonolacylindricat  beam  with  a  sharp  hour 

A  similar  lesult  is  found  for  curvtd  waves.     If 


, and  who 


the  additional 


(idenilr  be  employed.  The 
14.  PUaraii  Ligh.—f 


Ih,   Hiivtens 


^tlit 


reras  used  in  the  eiplsiiatlma 
ot  mieneience  ana  dinnciion  are  ime  for  sll  kinds  of  vibratory 
motions,  these  pbenoniena  can  give  us  no  clue  to  tbe  special 
kind  ol  vibrations  in  light-saves.  Further  information,  however, 
may  be  drawn  from  experiments  on  plane  polaiiied  light,  Tbe 
properties  of  a  beam  of  this  kind  are  completely  known  wbeo 
the  position  of  a  certain  plane  passing  through  the  direction 
of  the  rays,  and  in  which  the  beam  is  said  to  be  potarlied.  Is 
given.  "This  plane  ol  polarliallon,"  as  it  is  called,  coincidei 
with  the  plane  of  Incidence  In  those  cases  where  ibc  light  has  beea 
pobriied  by  teflectlon  on  1  ^ats  surface  under  an  ingle  of 
incidence  whose  tangent  li  equal  to  the  index  ol  lefnctkoi 


The  I 


10  doubt  as 

rith  respect  to  tha 

It  least,  the  vlbra 

of  polaiiiation  or  at  right  angles  to  il.  Th 
statement  also  applies  10  unpolarizcd  light,  a 
'dissolved  into  polarised  components. 


tbe 


«bydi 


^e  object 


.      orbyar 
nquiry  being  in  the  li 


the  position  of  ihej^ineof  poliriiatlonol  ibi 
ihcir  intensity 
In  this  way  n  large  amount  ol 

the  nature  of  light  and  ihat  ot 

is  ihii  (he  aether  Is 


oogh  whict 


I!   Fra 


I  Tkitf 


n  Ihei 


ether  te 


:  ot  nearly  all  these  theories 
[list  not  only  In  spaces  void 
>t  ponderable  bodies, 
nd  his  immediate  succeuoji 
c  solid,  so  that  tbe  vekicily 


'  the  formula  »-v(K/o),  where  K  denotes  tbe  modulus  ol 
pdiiy  and  p  tbe  dcniily  According  10  this  equation  the 
Hercnt  properties  of  various  isotropic  transpami  bodia 
sy  arise  from  dfffctenl  values  of  K,  of  p.  or  of  both.  It  baa, 
iwever.been  found  that  it  both  Kandp  are  supposed  to  change 

IS  ted  to  cquitloni  which  agreed  vrilh  the  observed  propertlei 
ihe  refleried  light,  if  he  made  the  further  assumption  (to  be 
entioned  in  what  tullows  u  "  Fresnel's  assumption  "}  that  Ibt 
bralions  ot  plane  polarised  light  ut  perpendlcniu  10  tbe  pUx 


Loientc  ,IUiiiJ(*iitn<  "v  rtaawjutii  nysO.  i  (1907). 


b,  Google 


MATVKE) 

LM  Ihc  (ndica  *  tod  ■  idne  IS  ll» 
.!_  :-Tj—  ;._ I -ly,  iiK,  „ 


iflddcBt  tand.  CDfuequeMhr.  tin  rcfltcHd)  lifhlit  pulirlii 
ukI  f  teckoHii  kc  tJia  ftnuubua  fu  ih*  Hibn  indO  ii 


tn  Ibe  £nt,  and  by 

in  iIh  Kcood  principal  c 

Ai  ID  double  Kfnclio 

elut  icily  of  the  aether 


,  Frnnrl  mideJl  depend  or 


poitible  directioni  of  vibniion  (f  6),  lying  in  the  wive-frODl, 
■t  light  inglei  lo  tacb  Uhrt,  and  be  dctemlncd  the  fOnn  ol 
the  wive-iurlact,  bolh  In  uniiul  and  in  biaiiJ  ctyililt. 

Though  abjeclLoni  may  b«  urfcd  asainit  the  dynamic  part 
qI  Fremcl's  tJieory,  he  admirably  aucceeded  in  adapting   ~ 
thefacli. 

le  Bnlnimpiclic  Thcsry—We  here  leave  ihe  hilX 
order  and  pass  on  lo  MaiwclJ'i  ihcory  o[  lighi, 

Jamt*  Ckck  Uaivelt.  ii>«»  had  M  himMlI  the  IMk  <■(  n 
maiically  working  out  Michael  Faradav'i  ww^  and  who.  ha 
doinE  uand  by  inlrodueing  many  newldcaiof  hitown^becair 
founder  of  the  modem  aeveivc  of  efceiriniy,^  lensirincl  that,  at  i 
point  of  an  etectromafnaie  Md.  the  itaie  of  ilrinp  ea'  "^  *■ 


B  producea 

y  a  vctior  D  [''  dirirctric 

Lmilariy,  thcfv  ia 


This  state  ii  rvpretented 


ofeauiFII 
diiptau. 
«l«lrie[iy  recKoi 

Ok  magnetic  It 


Periodic  channi  ol  D  and  B  may  be  chIIbI  "  cli 
vibrttiona"  Pro^ly  choouiis  iheunkl,  the 
the  firvt  propoiiuon  aiio  Lhe  powlive  direei 
denying  conponenta  of  voclor*  by  suitable  in 
the  loilowing  way  the  fundainenlaL  crDpDwtionsDf  the  theory. 
Ea]  Lei  J  be  ■  closed  line,  r  a  turfacc  bouaded  by  it,  ■  thcnqrmaL 

Jbj»-;-J"ca,    Jba — }|,/b^. 

•here  the  emutant  i  rneani  the  nib  between  the  ckctm-matnet 
and  the  eleciiutatic  unit  of  efecirkiry. 

(a)  Foi  Ihe  Interior  of  a  body,  the  squalJona 

*7-s^"r^-  s--iT'7^-  «f--s?-p~  ("I 

"  S    ^__'a.'   »"•    *St,     '*Br   ??i_^,     _i*B, 
»j  ",*j       *  at  ■  "5      *     "  ai  '  ai     ay  "    t  *  •  ' " 

(A  For  a  aorface  of  separation,  the  eonlinuity  gf  the  lanveflliaL 
umponeiusof  EandHi  ' 

'    (V)  tit  soknoidal  diuribulion  of  C  and  B, 
of  D.   A  solenoidal  diitributloo  of  a  vector  l.  «...  ...»...». 

that  of  the  tatadiv  in  an  inconitHissible  lluid.     it  im 

(N  The  riUitioa  betwaen  tha  ckQric  force  and  the  dialectnc  oit- 
plaomeat  ia  cxpresacd  by 

D,-.,Z..   D,-iiE„    S,-iA.  (i4> 

the  eoDtfaiits  ii,  r^  «  (dieleetrie  CDUIanls)  deiwndiot  ixi  the  peo- 
pcriies  of  the  Lwdy  considered.    In  an  iiolropic  medium  they  have  a 


Ihe  free  aether  Ihe  niocily  has  i 
m  ihc  LmiT)  of  caperimenta 


111"    gives    UBI'lO'AOJKlJ-ICl" 

odtyofUghi.f   By  this  Maiwdl 


at  ptane  polarized  lij 


Ii  must  he  added  that  the  elettiomagnetK  Geld  is  the  acat  of  two 
kiitdiof  cnergvdiHinguished  by  the  lunirs  of  electric  and  macnetie 
energy,  and  that,  acnrding  to  a  beautiful  theorem  due  lo  J.  K. 
Poynling.'  the  energy  nay  be  concelvod  to  llo*  in  a  direction 
petpcDdKubr  both  loihe  elsclric  and  to  the  magnetic  torn.    Tbo 

^  """TeS.+EA+BJJ.),  t'7l 

((B.B,-(-B,B,+HJ,)-tH<,  (ig) 

whose  mean  valua  for  a  lull  pniad  arc  equal  In  ewry  beam  of  KghL 

The  formula  (ij)  shows  that  Ihe  index  of  rHncIKii  of  a  body  b 
given  by  Vr.a  reiull  that  has  bcenverilied  by  Ludww  BolIiinHn'a 
mcasurementa' of tbe dielectric comtanuof^scs-  'Hnis MaxveD'a 
Ihcory  can  aisiga  the  true  cause  of  the  diSoeat  eplicaj  propenic* 
of  various  Innspamt  bodin.  It  also  leads  to  the  reflection  Iijriauls« 
(9)  and  (is),  provided  the  electric  vibniiona  of  polarised  lighc  be 
supnwd  lo  bit  perpeodlcular  to  the  plane  of  polaiiialion,  whicll 
[mpTio  that  Ihe  magnetie  vibniiona  an  psiallel  to  that  plane. 

Fallewiag  the  same  aaninption  Maxwtll  deduced  the  lawsof  double 
refraceiDa,  srhich  he  ascribes  to  the  unequaijiy  cf  «,  ^  i^  Hia 
mulli  agree  with  those  of  Frcsoel  sod  the  theory  his  been  owSiinsd 
by  fioltimaoo,'  srho  measured  the  three  coefficieau  in  the  case  <f 
eryslalUied  sulphur,  and  compstrd  them  vhh  the  principal  indicca 
oTrcfraetlon.  Subscqucolly  theprablemcilcrytUlluiereaecIion  haa 
been  completely  solved  and  it  has  been  shown  that,  in  a  cryslal, 
Poftting's  Bow  of  energ)r  has  Ibedirectka  ol  the  rays  as  determiaed 

Two  RiiSiar  tBifiatiov  mutt  beie  be  fneotkned..  In  the  Gnf 

EIhc.  though  we  shall  ucak  alnum  Fxcluiively  of  the  propgeiiion  of 
|hl  in  liwupueal  dieleelrka.  ■  lew  words  may  be  said  about  the 
optkat  propertiea  of  conductors.  The  timplesi  assumption  con- 
cerning the  etectilc  mrmit  Cin  a  metallic  body  iieipiTtsed  by  the 
F^ualian  C'vB,  irbcn<is  the  coelBcient  of  conductivity.  Com- 
""—"''Mild  that  111—™--  — "-"^SI^:"  -.   '.^'.   .  2?..,: 


idictloiiB  have  been  ^dendidly  confinned  by  the 

,  ,,   diminishing  Ihc  length  of  Ihfte  lo  the  bimost,  some 

ihysilciBU  have  been  able  lo  leHixluce  with  Ibem  all  phenomena  of 
enrction,  refraction  (single  and  double),  InterTerence,  and  pulmriaa' 
ion.*   A  fable  of  Ihe  wave-lengths  obKrvcd  in  the  aether  now  has 

■  H.  Abrahsn.  AgpferU  prttaUt  n  umpti  it  fkytim  it  igoa 
Paris).  a.j..J47:  UW.,-p.a«. 

•  f  *a.  riun...  l7S-llM4l,  P-  J«-   , 

J/lsn.  d. /"Iryi.  a.  CWsi,  ijj  (iJ/j),  p.  goj. 

'Anx-trPkyi.  li  (1903),  p.  «7J. 
•fityl.  Jtltuw.  13  (1901),  p.  19J. 
•Hcrta.    [/Mrrmchngn   tiv  iti   AUtrtiluit  itr  tftUn'ifke 

Knfl  (Leipiig,  1Sq>l- 
■A,   Righi,  f& 


00^  le 


ittlMir 


il  Uaddi  o)  Ike  Elainwutntlit  Utdium.—Ftoa 
ady  enumerated,  a  d«i  ideaciD  be  (otinrd  at 

y.    Whereas,  ia  Muttell'i  Iheoiy.  longiLudlnal 

urrent,  the  ela&iic-uLLd  theory  hod  to  take  thejn 
iles^  ti  was  alten  doDC,  one  made  them  diuppeai 
lem  to  have  ■  very  gre»t  velocity  of  propagation, 
tr  was  conaidered  to  btpracliealiy  incompressible. 


lemained  queslionabto.    Thus  Ceor 
to  apply  the  tfaeaiy  ol  elaaijciiy  in 

coeflicient  A.  sensibly  diRering  froir 
In  Ihe  theory  oI  doiile  reiiactio 
terious.  As  a  genenl  nile  Uiere  a 
•olid  thrte  pouible  direct  iont  o(  vit 
totachothtr. 


in  the  i 
[o  find  Fre! 


ie-[roi 


the  diScuIlies  ue  no  I<u 
e  in  «a  anisoiropie  elastic 
■tian<ffi),  at  right  angles 


surface,  new  hypotheses  arc 


nquircd.    On  Fresnet'i  assanptlon  it 

•bMrvnJ  by  Green,  to  suppose  that  in  Ihe  absence  of  ail  vibra- 

fr  we  adhere  lo  Frnncl't  awiinptlon,  it  u  indeed  ■cinrly  pouiblc 
to  conitmct  an  elastic  model  of  the  clerlronuitnelic  medium.    It 

potaridiion.  and  thai  the  maciMic  erKrgy  is  represented  by  the 
kinetic  eneny  in  the  model.  Conddcring  tunhct  tlut,  in  the  cav 
of  two  bodwt  eonDectcd  with  each  other,  theic  is  continuity  ol  B 
in  (he  dcctiomagnetic  system,  and  continuity  of  the  velocity  of  the 

Enklcs  m  Ihe  model,  it  beconc*  clear  that  the  lepreKntatian  of 
by  that  velocity  muil  be  gn  the  ame  sale  In  alt  substances,  ao 
that.  If  t,  »,  r  at-  "■-  •"-- ■•  


» this  muit  be  the  bi 


"(i)vST 


le  latter  must 

It  nuy  funber  be  aiked  what  value  we  have  to  auien  to  the 
potential  energy  in  llie  model,  which  must  corretpDnd  lo  the  electric 
energy  ja  the  electromagnetic  field-  Now,  on  account  oi  (n)  and 
(■9).  «e  cuiutiJy  the  equations  (la)  by  putting  D,-p(^-^ , 
Ac,  BO  that  the  ekctr^  vftergy  ft?)  per  unl^of  tvlume  becomca 

Thb.  tberefoie,  nuut  be  Ihe  jxneniinl  enerty  in  the  nudcL 


I'JSM 


unit  o( 


coeflidedts  depending  on  the  phfvca!  pnqieTties 


■L  Tkaria  ef  Nmrnann.  Crm,  mi  ISacCt^tk. 
oHifht  In  which  [he  elastic  aether  hu  a  uniform  densiiy,  ana  id 
whkh  Ihe  vibtitiotia  are  uipposed  to  be  parallel  to  the  plane 
oi  polaiiaUHM,  wa*  developed  by  Fr*ni  Ems!  Neumani.,'  who 
gave  tbelim  deduction  of  the  formulai  for  crystalline  reflection. 
Like  Fresnel,  he  was,  however,  obliged  (o  Introduce  some 
iUegitlnuite  assumptinns  and  simpIiAcaltaiiv  He;*  sgaiD  Ctten 


:  Retne 


--  IS  ti»js|.  I 


EIT  (MATOM 

By  saeelaltBing  the  roniAU  loc  iha  potanrial  aniiir  ol  BD  BifcA 
IrofM  Eody  be  arrives  al  an  eunisCii  whkh,  U  aoma  o<  fcia  eo- 
efficieius  are  made  to  vanish  and  if  tbe  medhm  ia  mroiaod  to  br 
incoapRssiblc,  differa  troa  (aoj  only  by  Ihe  additioiiu  terms 

'I  ■.(gg-g5D+"eS-SS+"Sg-SS) !« 

tf  C,  V,  f  vanish  at  infiidie  distance  the  Integral  of  iliis  exprcssiaa 
over  an  space  is  lero,  when  L.  H.  N  an  CDnsuoc^  and  tlieunie 
will  be  true  when  these  coefGcients  change  from  point  to  point, 
provided  we  add  to  (31)  certain  terms  contminina  the  difleteniiil 
eoeflicieniB  of  L,  M.  N.  Ihe  phyAal  meaning  ol  ihcK  lermi  being 
that,  besides  the  onlinary  cuKie  forcefl.  there  ia  BOine  esoraneoos 
force  (caUcd  into  play  by  the  disillacneflll  acting  on  all  those 
dements  of  volume  where  L,  M.  Naie  not  eossUBI.  We  nay 
conclude  fnnn  Ihis  that  all  phenomena  can  be  explained  it  we  admit 
the  caisunce  ol  this  htter  lata,  which,  in  tbecaseef  IvoaMdigeiit 
bodies,  reduces  to  •  tuilMx-action  on  their  comnon  boindary. 

James  MacCulbgh  ■  avoided  this  (smplicalian  by  limlily  usvininf 
an  expresaiofl  ol  the  lorm  fao)  lor  the  poteniial  enerrv.  He  ihos 
eslablUied  a  Iheeiy  that  Is  perleetly  eonitaun  In  ltBcli;aBd  nay  be 
said  to  have  Iceciiiadowed  the  elecinrivuuetic  theory  m  regards 
the  form  ol  the  equations  tor  IranspsKnt  bodies.  Lird  Kelvia 
alterwards  Interpreted  MacCultaght  assumption  by  supposing  the 
Ditly  actioa  which  n  called  lonh  by  a  displacement  m  coiuui  ia 
cvitaiii  couptci  acltnc  on  ihe  elements  ol  volume  and  pnKnftiDnai 
to  thecom™nenislTlM/a/l-^»s/j>s)l^c..  tj^ihrirn^ 

eldailciiy  "  can  be  produced  by  ostaia  hitldeD  rotatioos  gnng  oa 

nnot  dwell  here  upon  other  models  that  biTe  been  pto- 
nd  most  ol  which  are  of  rather  limited  appUcabilily. 

adapted  to  what  is  known  of  the  molecular  constitution  of  bodies, 
and  to  Ihe  highly  probable  assumption  of  tbe  perfect  perow- 
ability  for  the  aether  of  all  poniierable  p%attcr,  an  assumption 
by  which  i1  has  been  possible  to  escape  Irom  ope  of  the  objection 
raised  by  Newton  (9  4}  (sec  AETBtO. 

The  possibility  of  a  Iruly  satisfactory  Inodd  certainly  caaiiM 
be  denied.  But  it  would,  in  all  probablKly,  be  eilreinely  COD)- 
plicated.  For  this  reason  many  phytkista  rest  contenl,  at 
regards  the  free  aether,  with  some  such  general  faTm  of  IlM 
electromagnetic  Iheory  as  has  been  sketched  in  |  lA, 

ig.  O^ical  PrtttrHa  ej  PtndtraNi  Bsdia.  Tkeory  ef  &<c- 
"- '  '  ■     ionoloplltll 


lie  bodlH.  thee 


ceplio 


of  Ihe  molecular 


iggest  themselves,    Aleeady, 
in  Ihe  elastic  theory,  it  had  been  Imagined  that  certain  material 

pinides  had  been  supposed  to  be  acted  on  by  iti  el«iilie  force  by 
whtchlheyaredtawnback  towards  their  positions  of  equUibrium, 
so  that  they  can  perform  free  vibrations  of  their  own,  and  by  A 
resistance  that  can  be  represented  by  terms  ptnportional  to  th« 
velocity  in  the  equations  of  motion,  and  may  be  physically 
understood  If  Ihe  vibrations  ire  suppooed  to  be  convened  ia 
one  way  or  another  into  a  disorderly  beai-aiotion.  In  titia  way 
it  had  been  iound  posuble  to  espiain  the  phenomena  of  dis- 
pertion  and  (•elective)  absorption,  and  the  connexion  betwecD 
them  (anomalous  divKTsion),*  These  idea*  have  been  alM 
embodied  into  the  elect  romaEnellc  Ibeoiy.  In  it*  stott  tecent  - 
development  the  ealremely  small,  electrically  charged  partfcles^ 
lowhichlhenameaf"  electrons  "has  been  given,  and  whkh  are 
supposed  li 


g  the  c< 


:s  belwc 


_  by  their 
optical  phenontHia  tbit  are  not  cgn&ncd  la  tbe  free  nelbet.* 

It  has  ihna  become  clear  why  the  rclatloiis  t  hit  had  been  eitiV 
lished  between  optica]  and  electifcal  properties  have  been  found 
10  hold  only  in  some  riniple  cases  (E16).  In  fact  it  cannot  be 
donbud  that,  lor  n^iidly  alternating  electric  ficMs.  thefcenulae 
eiprening  the  connoion  between  the  mallon  ol  eleclridty  and 
the  electric  force  take  a  fotoi  thai  [s  tesa  simple  than  the  one 
previously  admilted,  and  i*  lo  be  deWiBiiiiHl  In  each  case  by 

■  TVim.  friit  Aai,  11.  "  Seteflce."  p.  ly  (tfw). 

'  Uak.  tml  Pkfi.  Piptrt  (London.  1*90).  i.  V-  ««■ 

'  "-'--'-'■-   '--  i.  Pkyi.  u.  Otm.,  IM  ii«75).,  p.  S«»-      .. 


.  Lcnnti.  Vrrncir'ilwr  Tteg^  Sr  lUUri'itk , 

amhridge.  1900)*  ■ 


r  sad  Mailtr  (Camt 


633 


Ic.for 


tclory 


theory  nf  metallic  nflcct  ion,  though  Ihc  prDpagttlan  of  lisht : 
liUciiot  o(  a  mctil  b  only  impwftclly  undtniood. 

One  ol  Ihe  fundlmenUil  piDpouIbns  dI  Ihe  theory  of  cleclmns 
it  thai  411  (lecmn  becoDiea  a  centre  of  ndlilion  whenever  iu 
wlocity  chJinges  eilhn  in  direrlfon  or  fn  megnilude.  Thui 
tlw  production  of  ROnlgen  myi,  regarded  u  coiuijiing  of  very 
■bon  uid  iimular  elKIrsnugnelic  impulKl,  il  traced  M  the 
inpactt  of  ih*  dectroni  of  the  CBtliode-i»yj  igninit  the  »nti- 
Otbode^  and  the  Eines  of  nn  emiaaioD  ipectrum  indicate  the 
tiillence  in  the  nuliiling  body  of  u  many  kinds  of  regular 
vlbntion*,  the  luwwiedge  of  which  is  the  ultimate  object  ol 
our  invnltgations  about  the  ilniclurr  of  tho  ipeclriu  Tht 
dilfllng  of  the  Knet  caused,  according  to  Dopplei's  law,  by  ■ 
HKition  ol  the  lource  of  light,  nuy  easily  be  accounted  fat,  as 
only  general  principle!  are  involved  in  the  expbnalioil.  To  a 
Oltaln  extent  we  can  alio  (lucicUle  the  changes  in  the  emlxion 

eitoBai    magnetic   loftcs   ("Zeemin-effcct  ";  see   M»oneio- 

^'^^■'  ■  a  KiUi  0/  IitK-HirfiM.-(a)   II  the  diwurbanc  i> 


P,-o,P,- 


=.t.^4I+;),  p,- 


tbcubHypc 


™  (al-ii+r). 
™  e1!i[»  In  a  p)ai 
Ihe  I  IE  hi  i<  said 


-t'S 


lity  o(  propuatlon. 


h  plane  «v»  must  be  efliplieatly  or 
to  •bmr  the  rimpte  pTamEaiian  of  phaw 
•I  like  (5). ,  Imianccm  oT  this  kind  omir 

UiTon  ff  mat>Dr°and  a'"letennlnie 
Jl  Ihai  hai  been  said  about  HuygeAt'a 

(haip  line  WMld  only  be  obwvtd 


togeneDui  li'thl.  no  perfectly  iharp 

of"'th*'"pHIidBi  Knain'ljr'»B'*^ndi«urb^.  a^  a  paitiele  will 
■ever  emit  an  endle«  euccewoo  of  uniniemipied  v^bntionh  but 
at  ben  a  lerie*  bI  vibrationi  whoK  form,  phaie  and  InienHiy  are 
of  Ihe  tpRtranfnc.         "va  a.  rew     m 

in  oiei  of  thl>  kind  oae  must  diHinguiih  bMvcen  the  vrlorily 
«f  pnoaaalioB  cl  Ihe  phase  ct  revular  vibraiiona  and  the  veiociiy 
wlA  *hi&  Ihe  aid  changes  ta^  onmrd  (lee  below.  iiL  Vtioiilj 

(r)  InalraiR  of  plane  waveso(dclinilr[in)Dnicy  the  diMurbanre 
Is  represented  by  means  ol  Boniometnc  f  unctioni  ctf  the  time  and  (be 


,  These  loiulioni 
ng  (o  ihem  an  wid 
lar  spoken.     If,  fa 


with  the  positive  eonstaal  r,  the  disturbance  Ts  no  Tone 
«ith  respect  to  x.  hut  steadily  djminiihn  as  x  increases 
things  ol  this  kind,  in  which  the  vibrations  rapidly  die  i 
Invt  the  surface,  eiisii  in  the  air  ariiacrnt  to  ihe  face 
prism  by  which  a  beam  of  light  it  toTaUy  reAccted.  It  li 
■■  opljnalion  d  Newton's  eaperimcnl  mentioned  in  1 1. 


ni.  Velocitv  Or  Lien 


quired  lor  light  10  pass  ai 


ol  Lbe  earth.    The 


i  orbit,  or  the  distance  ol  the  sun,  being  taken 
BI  known,  the  actual  speed  of  light  could  be  computed.  Since 
this  compulation  requirti  a  knowledge  ol  tbe  sun's  distance, 
which  has  not  yet  been  acquired  with  certainty,  the  actual 
speed  ia  now  determined  by  eipetimenii  made  on  tbe  earth'a 
BurfacB.  Wen  it  possible  by  any  syiiem  of  signals  to  compare 
with  absolute  precision  Ihe  limes  at  two  diffeient  slalionSi  the 
speed  could  be  detenoined  by  fukdisg  bow  long  was  required 
for  light  lo  pais  Iron  one  lUtion  to  another  al  Ihe  gieatest 
visible  diilance.  But  this  is  ioipntcticable,  because  no  Batumi 
agent  is  under  our  control  by  which  a  signal  could  he  com- 
municated with  a  greater  vekxrlly  than  that  of  light.  Il  ii 
therefore  ncceuaiy  to  reflect  a  ray  hack  to  the  point  of  diseivation 
and  to  drtermine  the  time  which  tfie  light  requires  to  go  and 
come.  Two  systems  ha^e  been  devised  for  this  purpose.  One 
is  thai  ol  Fiioii,  in  which  the  vital  appliance  is  a  rapidly  ir- 
volvlng  toolhed  wheel;  the  other  is  that  of  Foucault,  In  which 
the  corresponding  appliance  is  a  mimr  revolving  on  an  axis  ia,  or 
parallel  to,  its  own  pbne. 
The  principle  underl^im  Fiaao'i  method  is  shown  In  the  ai 


>y  (/  light 


A  lra< 


r  ar^  oT  about 


E  behind  the  Etan.    An  ohiervn' 
object  glass  of  ■  tdeacope  at  a  p 


Fiat. 


Kth.   Tbe  ruiKtion  o( 


tance  from  M  nearly  equal  lo  its  focal  length. 

apfdiaace  il  to  render  the  divcriinc  rays,  Jwvn  _. 

nearly  panllel.  in  order  that  matclight  may  reach  R  and  be  thrown 
"^^k  again.   Rut  the  prijKaple  may  oe  conceived  without  respect  lo 

*  telescope,  all  the  rays  being  ignored  except  Ihe  central  otie, 

hich  panei  over  tbe  tonne  we  have  dexribtd. 

Concervliig  Ihe  apparatus  anarwed  in  such  a  way  that  lbe  ab- 
•emm  the  light  rdtected  fr«m  tiiedntanl  miner  K,  a  fine  loathed 
whed  WX  isjAcnl  InmerTiately  in  fmH  of  tbe  glu  M.  wllh  its 
plane  popencfieular  lo  the  course  of  the  ra^.  in  audi  a  way  that  the 

l^lllk  wheel  is''l^i^nte<l  r^i^ibn  ly  ^ 


(h  of  thewbed  ukes  Ihe  plaR 
ween  Ihe  teeth.    Then  each  Ibih  i 
return,  be  inlempted  by  the  adla.....  .__ 

1  therefore  become  invlvble.    If  the  speed 
iblcd.  ao  thai  the  teeth  pass  at  iniervali  r 

....'  linK  leqiured  for  the  light  to  p*  and  con... 

flash  sent  throu^  an  opening  will  return  through  the 
■diacrnt  opening,  and  irilf  thcTrrore  be  seen  with  full 
brighlnes.   If  ilwspeed  be  continuously  incieased  ihe 


be  cOTTpuKd.  Tlie  otder  ol  the  di-appn ranee,  or  lbe  nnmber  cf 
tnifi  which  have  p^itvd  while  the  llcnt  ii  going  and  eomiag.  beiag 
also  determined  in  each  case,  the  interval  cit  time  is  computed  by  a 
limpli  romula. 


Ik  unthal  what   0(  tht  wb«U  m 
ind  wu  35  miUiiDctm  in  dianKUri  the  «ih 
■  diameter  of  4S  mm.   The  liiEl>e«t  speed  it 


iSo,ooDl  leelh  wi 


■Itiincd  wu  senenlly  leu  Ihan  thie.    Tlie  delii  cd 

metiet  per  iccond.    Fucther  deuih  of  this  wc  Kt 

TV  edum  ihI  •DlMqdent  teippnruKEi  of  U  xt 

fndiAny.  it  it  inpoiiible  to  fix  wilh  entire  he 

iroiiient  of  conplete  eclipie.   TIk  ipeed  o[  the  U^ 

varyinf,  and  it  ie  impoteible  to  detennine  wit  it 

The  delect  nuld  be  bsened  me  tlic  need  d  the  tootbed 
wheei  plucd  under  comrot  of  the  obeerver  wnOi  by  Ktion  in  one 
diiHtisn  or  tike  other,  could  coBdniiiHy  chacV  or  accelerate  it.  bis 
In  keep  the  leluni  poial  of  Eiht  at  the  Rquiicd  pkue  ol  brigKlncB. 
IE  the  phaK  ot  eaia|il«t  enjacrioB  b  dnvn  lor  ihn  purpcne  a 
defiiuie  nwlt  cannM  be  reached:  but  by  chDntini  the  moment 
when  the  li^ht  ia  of  a  certain  definite  briantneB.  before  or  after  an 
ecHpw,  the  obierver  triU  Itno*  at  each  iiutau  whether  the  speed 
abouid  be  acceterated  or  retarded,  and  can  act  accordinEly-  T^ 
nearly  conuant  apeed  throu^  aaioiwa  peiiod  aa  is  deemed  necenary 
would  then  be  found  by  dividing  tlte  endre  number  of  Rvolutiona 
of  the  wheel  by  the  lime  through  which  the  lighl  wai  kept  coiulanl. 

by  Corna.  the  estimate  ol  the  brighlneis  on  which  the  srhoie  mult 

altlKKiEh  Comu's  diKuwon  of  hii  eipnimenii  i>  a  model  in  the 

hii  definitive  mall  is  shown  by  ulier  deierminaiioiu  to  have  been 
too  great  by  abcHiliJIn  pari  oliiawhijle  amount. 

An  imporlaAl  imprgvement  nn  the  Fiieau  method  was  made  in 
lS8o  by  James  Yonnf  and  George  Forbes  at  Cflas^ow.    This  con< 

obterved  was  not  thai  of  „-.-,-,._  ,— _-,^  _.  

iTght.  but  that  when  the  two  lights  appeared  equal  in  InEeiisiiy- 
"  ■  -  ■■ arthat  the  very  BeccMary  deiSce  o(  placing  the 


re  shall  fir 
R^H^ln 'iK'difcctionlifQR  to  a  diKant  mirrnr  R.  From 

nrhiirh  if  h  perpendicularly  reflected  oack  upon  its  original  coune. 
This  minor  R^HHild  be  ilighlly  concave,  wlihibccenirc  of  curvaluTC 


^M  on  whatever  point  of  R  it 
volving  mirror  M  asal  ml.  Ihc 
return  ray  will  alicT  three  rillcc- 
tiou.  at  M.  R  and  M  again. 
be  returned  along  its  original 


ray  bach.  Now.  auppose  that,  while  the  ray  is  going  , 
the  mirror  M,  being  set  in  revolulion,  has  lumctf  from 
in  which  Ibc  lay  was  reScctid  to  Ihat  ihowa  by  ibc  . 
IE  ■  be  the  angle  through  which  the  surface  has  turned. 


'  11^  mi" 


UBhl  nAecIed  when  the  mi 


irlleclian.  win  then  deviate  Erom  ML  hu 
m*  toipolnl  E,  such  thai  IheinilcLM 
rapid  rotatim  the  ray  reAccIed  ^m  il 
._  —  -  __i-,  pj  n^pi^  u-L  *-- — I  »_. 


rror  was  in  Ibc  OMiiion  Al 
reflected  layi  from  the  w 


riable  point  of  light  so  long  as  ihe 


aniage  that,  with  a  given  magnifying  p< 


1- uBAu,  lu  antucAse  the  liKhE  by  means  of  a  lens.  Q,  BO  placed  thj 
L  and  R  shall  be  at  coniugate  fad.   ThepOHtianoTihcfeni  may  b 

either  between  the  lumuio         '     '  

M  and  R.  the  latter  beini 

ITi"  ■    ■    ■_ . 

th  iberic  undulation,  when  tbe  cuncnve  leflKIoc 

is  t  distance,  is  increased  In  tbe  ratio  cE  the  focal 

lei  the  distance  LM  fmn  the  light  to  tbe  minor. 

T<  mother  form,  the  amplitude  M  tbe  disiurbancts 

pr  in  linear  measuie  aic  juofiortional  to  the  focal 

th  Jie  disunce  LM.    Anolhcrdieicully  associated 

w!  'Stem  in  the  Eonn  in  which  ilm  originalor  used  it 

is  the  mimr  la  al  rigbt  angles  to  the  coune  of  the 

la  _  lie  SOUR*  L  wUI  be  Baitied  dincily  inlo  the  eye 

oE  Ihe  obierver.  on  every  pisiui  oi  the  nvolving  mirnir  lhn>u£h 
the  position  in  which  ila  ooimarUieets  the  twD  counes  ol  the  ray. 
This  may  be  avcndcd  by  inclinln*  the  aids  cf  the  inlrTDr. 

In  Foucault's  determination  the  naeAsiirea  were  not  mule  npoa  a 
luminoiH  point,  but  upon  a  teticule.  the  image  of  which  could  not 
be  seen  unless  ihe  leflector  was  quite  near  the  revolving  mirror.  In- 
deed  tbe  whole  appnntus  was  contained  in  his  taboraloay.  The  eflec- 

Foiicauk  Ear  the  velocily  of  light  itaa  198.000  kilonwtm  per  second. 

made  by  Alt»t  A.  Michehod,  then  a  young  oibcer  on  duty  ac  the 

U.5.  Naval  Academy    Annapolis.     The  impiovemeni  _^ 

consisted  in  using  the  image  irf  a  slit  through  which  the  "■■■'""• 
rays  of  the  son  passed  after  rdlcction  Erom  a  hclioital.    Ed  this  way 

nation  oE  observation.  The  essentials  of  the  atranBement  arc  ibooe 
we  have  ased  in  fig.  3-  L  belTig  the  sill.  It  will  be  seen  that  the 
levotviiu  mtnor  is  h«c  intcrposert  between  the  lens  and  its  Eocui. 
Il  was  £iven  by  an  air  tuibine,  the  blast  of  which  was  under  the 
cnnlnjl  of  tbe  gbscrver,  so  that  il  could  be  kept  at  any  lequiivd 
speed.    The  speed  was  delerminol  by  the  vibrations  of  two  tuning 

per  second,  with  which  ISe  miiror  was  kepi  In  unison  by  a  systcnx 
of  rsys  reflected  Imm  il  and  the  fork.    Tic  speed  of  iSu  fork  nai 

dclertnined  by  comparisi '-^  -  ' — '■■  -=' — '' —  '— '-  ' —  ■- — 

to  time.    Tbe  speed  of 

ar 


■mplelelyui 


_.  _.. _ of  Ihe  iitum  image  doc  10  tbe 

Msiaee  o(  the  lay  through  more  than  J  km.  of  sir  might  be  le^ 
_imum,,.no     '"'^- ^  ""^^imr.^    ".^^ 

of  Iwocordsheld  in  the  hand  the  return  image  couIiAk  kept 
in  any  irquiied  position.  In  makmg  each  measuie  the  receiving 
telrscope  iierealter  described  wu  placed  in  a  fixed  position  ai^ 
during  tbe  "  run  "  Ihe  Image  was  kept  aa  nearly  as  praclicable 
uppnavertkallhicadpasiinglbiwehilifpcui.  A '' run     gencraHy 

ijxioo  and  30/100  iivolutiora.  TV  speed  per  sctood 


wasfound  by  dividing  Ihsenlijen 
oTsecondgin  Ihe"  run."  The eiimnc uouluiiii 
of  transmission  of  the  light,  aa  derived  Iran  any 
proachcd  to  the  ihouiandut  pan  oE  its  entire  a 


ihe  DHt  of  £n  elongated  m 


cHected  the  lay  on  Its  mum.  C 

wlim.'ray    'tC^iUi  advar 


62  j 


that  ijiicc  tkw  drtermiiBtJBV  weM 

peHod  duimg  which  gnat  improvcmcnla  have  become 

in  every  pait  of  Ihe  apparatus,  nq  campictc  rcdclcrmuu' 

hia  [uDdamcntaL  phyucaL  conatanL  haa  been  canini  oul. 

ipcrimeDla]  mcoaurcs  Lhiu  far  cilc^  have  been  pnmonljr 

Ihcoc  ol  (be  velocity  o1  ligbl  in  atr,  the  reduction  to  ■  vacuiun 

di^rived  fiom  theory  ■tone.     The  [undamcnlal  couLanl 

baua  of  Ihe  wbolr  Ihroiy  is  Lhc  >pccd  of  iighi  in  a  vacuum, 

Mjarcnl  mcdiom  of  any  »n, 

it  pbyikal  optics.    Refeiiing  lo  Ihe  pic- 

ceding  Kclion  Tot  Lhc  principles  at  play  we  shall  in  the  present 

part  oi  the  aitick  confine  ourselves  to  the  eipecioKnlal  lesulls. 

With  the  theory  of  the  eflecl  ol  a  transparcnl  medium  ii  uiociitcd 

in  the  speed  of  iigbl  of  different 

lotion  whether  tbe  speed  of  light  in  vacuo  varies  with 
-knglh  Kcms  lo  be  settled  with  entire  certainly  by 
oni  of  variibte  stars,    lime  are  tiluated  it 

a  (rnturin  in  [caching  us  Irmn  them.    Were  1^1,"' 
■he  ^Hcd  of  light  ei  various 
I  It  would  be  shown  by  a  change  in  the  cnloin  ol  tbe  stil 
light  waicd  and  waned.     The  light  ol  greatest  speed 

preceding  Ihut  of  Icocr  speed  would,  when  emanated  during 

the  tiling  phase,  inprcii  its  own  colour  on  that  which  it  overtook. 

~     slower  light  would  predominate  during  Ihe  [ailing  phase. 

TC  were  ■  ditTeiencc  oC  to  minutes  in  the  lime  at  which  light 

Ihe  two  ends  ol  the  visible  spectrum  arrived,  it  would  ba 

n  1)^  this  lest.   As  not  the  slightest  cflccl  ol  the  Lind  has  cvec 

ignt  posses  (Eirou^  a  reiractlng  medium. 
ol  Ihe  undnlaloiy  theory  ol  Ught  that  lU 
edlum  is  inversely  pmpanioiiat  to  Ihs 
acdiiun.  This  lielng  difEcnnl  for  diffcicat 
ding  difference  in   tba 


:lson  have  tested  thesi 
taring  Ihe  tiriK  ret 
ibe  lilleit  with  ■  icl 


results  of  the 


retardation  of  light  of  all  the  wave- 
3  coneqwnd  with  the  unduUlory 
irther  by  dcterminiirg  the  retards- 
e-ienglhs  in  carbon  Usulphide.  tid 
111,  one  with  light  Dcu- the  brighlett 
pan  of  lhc  ^tectnim;  Ibe  other  with  red  and  blue  lighl.  Pntiini 
V  lor  the  speed  ia  a  racBiun  and  V,  for  Ihit  In  tiK.  mediDm, 


.1-758 


Didercncc  froni  llicory  .      .  -^o■La 

The  estimated  uncertainly  was  only  o«>,  or  t  ol  tbe  diflemm 
between  observation  and  theory. 

The  comparison  of  red  and  blue  light  was  made  diSerenlialiy. 
The  colours  selected  were  of  wave-length  about  o-bj  for  red 
and  0.49  for  blue.  Pulling  V,  and  Vt  loi  the  speeds  of  red  ind 
blue  light  respectively  in  bisulphide  ol  Bubon,  the  meaa  lesull 
compoRi  wiih  theory  as  lotlowi.^— 

Observed  valueof  (hentio  v.,  V>    .  1-0141 
Thonclieal  value  (Vodet}      .      ■    IWJ 

be  Rganied  a*  perfect.     It  (bow*  Ihil 
speed  of  yellow  light  in  the  mediuB  tmm 
found  above,  hoMl  thrasgh  Ibe  entire  speclnun. 
cess  of  the  rctatduioo  above  that  resulting  fion 
theory  is  probably  due  to  a  differenee  belwecn  *'  vave-speed  " 
and  "  groi^vspeed  "  poiuled  out  by  Rayleigh.    Let  fig.  s  repre- 
sent a  short  series  of  progressive  uiidulatioiii  of  constant  period 
and  wavo-leivth.     The  sravc-ipeed  is  that  required  10  carry 
tbs  position  ol  tbe  creM  B  in  tbe  wave  lime. 


LIGHTFOOT,  J.— LICMTFOOT,  J.  B. 

1  like  that  mcuurcd  pusa  Ihtough     i 


rrf  the  I 


:h  la  taken  by  (he  wan  tnUawing  A  tamlliar  ctuc  a[  Ihli  s 
Kcn  »hcn  i  ilonc  b  thmwn  inlD  i  pond.  The  (npt  ni 
out  anc  11  ■  time,  lo  be  Iolk>wcil  by  others,  each  of  whi 
3  (uitbtrr  than  its  ptcdcccsor,  whih.'  new  waves  ire  (one 
(hcKU.   Hence  lhcgniup,utqirnea(edialhefiEunbyt 


ot  publilhed  A  llaadfj!  o/  Ci 

:d  in  (he  aunc  year  he  was  dih 

I    by  the  parliamentary  visitors  ol  C 

I     recommendation  of  (he  AssemUy,  i 

I    o[  Much  Muntlcn  in  Hcttionjihitc 


both 


ippoinl 


publi^icd  in  Loadon  the 

of  which  Ihc  Ml  lillc  nins  Tkc  llarmnuy  eflkt  Fear  EtButilia, 
fliHOHl  lirmidKi.  and  n'M  Iht  Oli  TrUaactir,  vilh  oh  aflatmiia 
oS  tkc  ikkSril  dlfiisliin  iorh  in  Unpiiitt  i'"  Stmt!  Part  I, 
FrnM  Iki  bctlvnitit  'I  lit  CoiM*  "  «"  Baftim  oi  nr  Sninr, 
Tl.e  second  pan  Frea  lie  BiplUm  af  c>»  Satliur  U  At  ft* 
Pnumr  alter  foUoucd  In  1647,  and  the  third  From  Om  fril 
Peamr  ajla  atu  Smaur'i  Bafliim  la  Ike  laaHd  in  tftjo.  On 
Ihc  i6lh  ol  AueuU  164s  he  again  preached  bclocc  Ihc  HotiK 
ol  Coinmori  on  Ihe  day  of  (heir  nonihly  fast.    His  icit  *u 


hand  of  cuticnt  blaspbemln.  for  «  thorough 

Ibe  Scriptutsj,  lot  It* 

uul  for  a  ipccdy  setlle- 


KtiatuSTTtamu  SSiMlifiqua  it  Utn  FinuaM  (2  vol...  41a. 
PUm,  1»7«.  Comu'i  delerniimlicHi  i>  found  la  A-«ahi  dc  r06- 
trrtatfin it  faiU.  Mjmtim,  voL  jiiL  The  wixl;ia[  Michelwnanil 
Newcomb an puUiihcd  UixUnw  in Ibo ^(Itmw'al  Paprri  i-fllu 
Amaia*  Ejfiumira.  volk  L  and  iL  [S.  N.) 

UamrDDT,  MHH  (iCoi-iS/S),  Engliih  divine  and  lab- 
bihical  scboioT,  was  Ibo  »n  of  Thomas  Liehlfoot,  vicar  of 
Uttoxetet,  SulFonbhin,  ud  wis  born  111  Stokc-ttpon-TiTnt 
on  Ibc  ivlh  ol  Uinh  itei.  llii  edueaiion  was  nccivH  at 
Uotlau  Giccn  near  Congldon.  Cheihin,  and  at  Christ's  College, 
Cftmbrid^,  where  he  wiki  nxLwned  Ihe  bcsL  otator  among 
Ihe  undcrgnduaiM.  Alter  liking  hit  degree  he  btcimr  osslslint 
■natter  at  Replon  in  Derbyshire;  iflcr  taking  orden  be  was 
appointed  curate  ol  Narlon'Uiider>l  fairs  in  Shropshire.    There 

Hebraist  of  some  dblinnion,  who 

diaplain  at  Briiaport.  l^rlly  afln  I 
lo  London,  Ugh  I  foot,  aknndoning  a 
accepted  n  chnt4;c  at  Stone  in  SdlTar 


n   his  domi- 


London,  [at  ihe  sake 

Ck'iaian  and  JaJaUal,  prmrd  jat 
and  dedicated  lu  Sir  "    " 
In  September  i6]o  hi 

rcclory  of  Asltley  jn  ^lanQrusnirc,  wncre  nc  remoinca  uniu 
June,  1641,  when  he  went  to  London,  ptsbibly  lo  luperinienJ 
Ihc  publication  ol  hii  next  Hork,  A  Feu  end  Nca  Oticrvalitut 
mf—  Ikt  Bath  af  Cnutit:  Oe  wait  af  Itrm  tntiiiti;  Ikt  ml. 
t'ibaUe!  all,  tarmlrii,  tlraaga  and  rarily  icard  0/  icfart, 
which  appeared  at  London  in  that  year.  Soon  after  his  arrival 
fn  London  ho  became  miniiier  of  SI  Banhotomew^  church, 
ntlt  Ihe  EMhanje;  anti  in  16)3  he  was  appointed  10  preach 
the  sermon  before  Ihe  Ifouse  of  Commons  on  occasion  of  the 
public  fast  of  Ihe  igih  of  March.  It  was  published  under  Ihe 
title  of  Elitl  Hedhrrni,  Ihc  [nt  briiTg  Luke  i.  n;  in  il  1  paralkl 
il  drawn  between  Ihe  GapLin'i  minitliy  and  Ihe  nork  of  rcfotma- 
(ion  which  in  Ihe  preacher's  Judgment  was  incumbent  on  the 
parUaioeni  of  hfs  own  day. 

Lightfoot  WIS  abo  ok  of  the  original  members  of  ihc  W«t- 
Biinslei  AsMmblyi  his  "Jaumil  of  the  I'loccedlngs  of  the 
Astcmbly  of  Di»ine»  from  Jamuty  1,  1643  lo  Detember  ji, 
1644,"  now  pdnled  in  the  Efiinecnlh  volume  of  Ihc  8vo  ediliort 
o<  hi>  Warlri,  is  a  valaable  hiilorical  source  for  Ihe  brief  pcriDd 

tbough  frequeol]y  ilaoding  almost  or 'quite  alone,  e^Kciolly 


wilh  a 


of  1 


mcnt  ot~lhe  church.  In  the  1 
apan  Ike  Acli  af  Ike  Afeala.  cloaKkat  oikT  iriikal;  Ot  Dif- 
callia  of  Ike  tat  eiplaiiird,  and  lie  lima  cj  Ike  Sltry  cajl  inla 
>f  Ikt  Baak  la  Ike  tial  af  Iki  TietlJIk 
y  af  Ike  tanlemferary  Simy  af  Ike 
jcwi  ata  nemam  tuown  10  the  third  year  of  Claudius).  la 
1647  he  publbfacd  The  Uarmany,  Chrankle.  and  Order  1^  iki 
Old  rflfdxiciif,  ■bidi  »ai  foltoivcd  in  i6js  by  Tke  HarMaay, 
Ciramcle,  a«d  Order  <J  lie  t/a,  TrUame,,!.  iracribed  lo  Cms- 
well.  In  ie;4  Lightfoot  had  been  chosen  vice^chancellar  of  the 
-  "    ibridge,  b  " 


'I.    Finn  Ihe  bigini 
Chaplcr.    WUk  a  brief 


X  Mun 


in  the  m 


of  Cilliarinc  liatl,  he  wit  conrirmcd  at  Ihe  Rcstoraliai 
Ttnuiwier  of  his  life  was  devoted  to  helping  Brian  Walton  iriih 
the  rolyglot  Uible  {i«s7)  and  id  hit  Oku  bcsl-known  woA, 
Ihe  7/grac  Itcbraieac  el  TalmudUae.  in  nhick  Ibc  volume  rrialing 
to  Mallhcw  IHiearcd  in  i6jS,  that  relaling  lo  Uatk  in  i66j, 
and  Ihose  relaling  te  i  Coiinlhinns,  John  and  Luke,  ta  iMt, 
i6;t  md  i«74  rrspecttvdy.  While  Iravtiling  from  CamhTidge 
10  Ely  where  he  had  been  collaled  in  166S  by  Sir  Orlando 
Dfidgman  to  a  prebendal  stall),  be  cauglit  a  severe  cold,  and 
died  ■■  Ely  on  the  6lh  of  December  167;.  The  Hatae  Htkiaieat 
d  Talmvdieae  imfietiiae  la  Aela  ApeMenm  d  iu  Ef.  S.  fbxtl 
ad  Ramaaat  were  publbhcd  posihumously. 

TI1C  Warki  of  Uehifooi  were  firu  edited.  In  1  vob.  foL,  by  G. 
DilEhi,  and  Siiype  ui  10841  the  Opera  Omnia,  tara  Jak.  Ttx^ii, 
appeared  ol  R<jiien]i«  in  ilXtt  It  vols.  fol.).  aod  agiia.  edited  by 
J.  teuxlen,  11  Pninekcr  in  Ibw  h  voU  fol.).  A  vokmsol  Ptmainl 
■ai  piibljsbcd  at  London  in  i;ua.  The  Iter.  Ilel-r.  el  Talm.  weie 
Carpiuv  (t^piin.  i67S-l67<)).  and  again,  is 
'-'— '     Hk  moM  complrtc  eJiiiou  b 


tnElish,  by  Gaul 
■'-    Mhe  IV*.' 
UI  (Len 


it  i 


,    letters 


Tke  Temple,  tipfeiallji  sf  il  ilaad  I'l  Iki  Dayi  if 
See  U.  M.  Wdloni  ycla  iiiM/ief,  tt( /Mniil  [Leipiig,  ig7S). 
UQKTFOOT,     JOWPB     BAKBER      (i8i»-iS3«),      English 

theologbn  and  bishop  of  Durham,  vat  bom  at  Liverpool  on  the 

ijih  ol  April     "  "      


school,  Bi 


Lee,  afterwards  bishop  of  Mancftesler,  a 
as  contemporaries  B.  F.  Wnlcoll  and  E.  W.  Benson.  In  1S47 
Lighlfoot  went  up  lo  Trinily  CoUegc.  Cambridge,  and  ihere 
read  for  hb  degree  wllh  Wntcolt.  He  giadualcd  senior  (lassie 
and  joth  wraBglcr,  and  was  rftrled  a  fellow  of  bb  college. 
From  1854  ID  igjg  be  cijilcd  Ihe  Javnai  ^  Chalrsl  and  Sairrt 
Fh'Maty.  In  i3j7  he  became  lulor  and  hb  (iDie  as  a  acholai 
grew  rapidly.  He  was  made  Hubean  pmfeuor  in  ig6i,  and 
shortly  aficrwanh  chaplain  to  Ihe  rrinct  Contort  ami  hononur 
chaplain  in  ordlnaiy  lo  tte  queen.    In  (UO  be  wi*  WUtcbdl 


LIGHTHOUSE 


«a>. 


pnMftn,  *od  ia  1I71  ht  btcam*  o 


n  at  St  Panl't.     IIil 


•olidily  and  balance  ol  judfmcnl,  an  ibKiKC  o(  purl 
a  wbiiely  oE  expreukiB  comLiiiicdL  Kilh  tLc^iracu  and 
diction,  attract^  beams  and  inapinnl  (hem  nilh  toaGdcn 
At  wa*  wrtiten  o(  him  [n  Tkt  Timii  after  his  dcaLh, "  hii  petsoi 
chanctri  eariicd  immenie  welghl,  bul  iiia  gnal  pmillon  depended 
ttUL  moie  on  the  unJversalJy  ncogmied  fact  IbaL  } ' 
Chriuiao  tiuih  and  bia  deCencc  of  it  were  Hpportcd 
aa  aolid  and  compnbcflsivc  aa  eould  be  louad  ai 
Eun^e,  and  by  a  tempo  not  ontv  ol  the  .uinou  candoui  but 
•I  the  hithciL  KieniUc  capacity.  The  dari  in  irhtcb  hit  univn- 
lily  [uSucnce  wat  asiettnl  wen  a  timcof  much  ttaakinsaE  aid 
belieli.  Tbc  dliintegratiig  apecnlaiiaoi  at  an  inQucnli 
of.  ciitldiDi  in  Cemuny  were  making  ibtit  «ny  among  Engliah 

Ihe  tide  wta  tuniini  ipuiat  ihsm  in  ihdc  own  country.    The 

peculiar  mvicc  which  was  reqdeied  at  ihij   ' 

'Cambridge  School'  was  (hat,    inttcad  ol 

dofnttic  oppDHlioa  to  the  Tubingen  criiia 

kankly  on  tbnr  own  fiouiid;  and  inilcad  ol . 

conChuiem  ought  not  10  be  and  could  not  be  true,  ihcy  ■nrily 

pioucd  Ibal  thi'    ' 

vaa  a  chancteriuic  of  equal  importBncc  that  Di  LishlFsot. 

Ulic  Dr  Weslcotl.  never  diicutaed  tbcu:  aubjecta  in  the  m«i 

Viit  ol  CDDliDveny.    It  wat  alwaya  patent  that  what  he  wai 

diiefly  concerned  with  wai  iheiubaiiactand  the  lite  ol  Chrisliai 

tiuth,  and  thai  hit  mtele  enecgiei  wen  employed  in  this  Inquiry 

■he  pgaiiive  chictd 

nymoa  pidlioitkn  dt  SafcnHatnd  Rrlitita 


beeauH 


U  1S71  Ihs  an 

tn  the  CnHlemfera 
iS)).  Litbiroot  u 


a  iSg«,   About  the  sa 


•ccn  Dcccmbcc  1874  and  Mi 
rrlook  the  defence  of  the  K( 
I  were  published  in  colltcled 
no  he  wxi  eniaBrd  In  conlribu- 
IIDI19  UJ   n.  :)miina   t/Kusnary  0]  Christian   Blevaphy  and 

icviiing  Lht  iianilatioa  ol  the  New  TcatanieDL  In  1875  be 
became  Lady  Hargani  pioTcstor  of  divinlly  Id  ivcctsiion  to 
Vfiffiam  Selwyn.  He  had  previomly  wrillcn  bit  commentaries 
OD  the  epislles  to  Jhe  Calatlant  W-ii.  rhilippiins  UStX)  and 
ColotHana  (1875).  the  notci  10  whiEh  weie  dt^Eincui^hoii  by 
aound  judgment  and  enriched  from  his  far^  store  of  pafrittic 
and  clauicat  learning.  These  commcmaiies  may  be  described  at 
to  a  certain  citcnl  a  new  departuie  ia  New  Tntamcnl  cicgcsit. 
Belore  Lightfool'i  lime  commentarin,  apctialiy  on  lh(  cpblkt, 
bad  not  infrequently  coniisted  cither  ol  short  homiNct  on 
particular  portions  ol  Ihe  text,  or  o[  endeavours  to  enforce 
concliuioni.  or  ol  altempl*  to  dtciile  with  infiniic 
agenvily  belvcen  the  inlcipretalians  ol  focmec 
rammcnuion.  Lighifool.  on  the  contraiy,  endeavoured  to 
make  his  author  intciprti  himsell,  and  by  coniidcrine  ibc  jcncral 
drill  of  hii  argument  to  discover  his  meaning  vhcrc  it  appeared 
doubifuL  Thut  he  was  able  olten'Io  recover  the  meaning  ol  a 
pasage  which  had  lon^  been  buried  unrlvr  a  heap  of  con!  fadictofy 
glosses,  and  he  foimdcd  a  kIiooI  in  which  tobridy  and  common 
tense  were  added  to  the  indusiiy  and  ingenuity  of  lormei  com- 
mcntaton.      In   1879  Lighlloot   wat  CDniecralcd   biihop.of 

tense,  wSidom,  temper^  firmnFu  and  erudition  m^de  him  as 
tuccessXuI  in  this  pcsitign  at  he  bad  been  wbcn  prolcssor  at 
theology.  Bod  he  ipeediiy  tuirouadcd  buraell  with  a  band  of 
icholariy  young  men.  He  endeavoured  to  combine  hb  haMit 
ol  theological  study  with  the  praclica!  work  of  administration. 
Ue  eicrcised  a  large  liberality  and  did  much  to  further  the  iroik 
■'  ■  and  purity 


industry  aj 


colkclins  alio  a  Iti^  itoie  at  vabUbte  tuleiiak  lof  a  tKoMI 
edition  of  Clement  ol  Rome,  which  wai  puUiihcd  alter  hit 
d<-alh  [ist  ed.,  1G69).  liii  dcfeace  ol  the  authenticity  d<  the 
Epitlks  ol  Ignatius  it  one  of  the  most  important  contiibulions 
(a  that  very  diOkult  coatcovcisy.  llii  uornnitting  labours 
: -~?dhishealthandshortencdhilq)lendid  career  at  Dmhan. 


.    lie  [ 


et  December  iSS«,  and  was  succeeded  in  the  epitcopate 
Wcalcotl,  his  Khoolfcttow  and  lilclung  friend. 

UaHTHWSB,  a  form  ol  building  elected  (0  carry  a  light  I91 
the  puiposc  dI  warning  or  guidance,  especially  al  sea. 

J.  EAatv  Ili&Toiv. — The  earliest  lighthausc£,  of  which  rccoidt 
ciist ,  were  the  towen  built  by  the  Libyans  and  Cushita  ia  Lower 
Egypt,  beacon  iirct  being  maintained  in  some  of  them  by  the 
priests.  Lcschct,aCrcck  poet  (c.Uo  B.C.)  mentions  a  lighthouie 
at  Sigcum  (now  Cape  Inciliiuri)  in  the  Troid.  This  appears 
to  have  been  the  first  light  regularly  maintained  for  the  guidance 
ol  mariners.  The  famous  Pharos  '  ol  Akiandria.  built  by 
Soauaius  ol  Coidoa  in  the  leign  of  Tiolemy  II.  (igj-MT  »-C.J 
wat  regarded  as  one  of  the  wondcrt  of  the  world.  The  lower, 
which  look  it!  name  from  Ihatof  the  small  island  on  which  it 
was  built,  it  tald  to  have  been  £00  ft.  in  hnght.  but  the  evidcna 
in  support  ol  this  tialcment  it  doubllul.  It  was  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake  in  the  ijtfa  century,  but  remains  are  said  lo  have 
been  visible  as  bic  as  ijso.  Thf  name  rharoa  became  (he 
general  term  for  all  lighthouses,  and  the  term  "pbarolofy" 
hat  been  used  lor  (he  science  of  lighihouH  consiiuciioa. 

The  tower  at  Oslia  was  built  by  the  emperor  CHaudiDt 
(a.ti.  50).  Other  lamous  RomaD  lighthoutcs  were  those  at 
Ravenna,  Foauoli  and  Mcsina.  Tite  ancient  rhann  at  Dover 
and  Iliat  at  Dnulognc,  later  known  as  la  Tmr  fOriit,  were 
built  by  Ibe  Romans  and  vreie  probaUy  the  eariiest  lightbouics 
erected  in  western  Europe.   Bodi  are  now  demolished. 

The  light  ol  Cordouan.  on  a  rock  in  Ihe  tea  at  the  mouth  ol 


the  Giro 


le  Debonn: 


S05)  and  the  tccond  to  Edward 
e  uiacK  iTince.  ine  exiiimg  struclurc  wat  begun  In  1584 
iring  the  reign  of  Henri  11.  of  France  and  com[de(ed  in  i6tT. 
icuppcrpartol  the  bcaulilul  Renaissance  building  was  removed 
wartis  the  end  ol  the  ittth  century  and  replaced  by  a  loliler 
.  lindrical  alrudure  rising  lo  a  height  of  107  ft.  above  the  rock 
and  with  the  local  pbneol  the  light  ig6  Ft.  above  high  water 
~E.  1).  Until  the  iBth  century  the  tight  exhibited  Irom  the 
■ret  was  from  an  oak  log  firr,  and  iubscc)ucnlly  o  coat  Are  waa 

the  Pillar  ol  Jletcules,  it  supposed  lo  have  been  a  Roman 

aros.    The  Torre  dd  Capo  at  Genoa  originally  stood  on  the 

imontory  ot  San  Rcrrique.    It  was  built  in  iijg  and  hrsl 

nl  *9  a  lighthouse  in  ijiS.    It  was  rebuilt  on  il's  preienl 

rite  in  f6i].    Thii  beautiful  lower  rises  tjt  H.  above  the  eliO, 

(he  llghi  being  dcvaied  ifii  f(.  above  sea-level.    A  lerts  light  wat 

lint  intlalled  in  r84i.    The  Pharot  ol  Wrforia  wat  comltucied 

by  (he  Pisans  in   ti;4  and  was  several  times  rebuilt   untU 

'    Illy  destroyed  in  iioo.     On  the  abandonment  of  Meloria 

Pisani,  they  erected  the  sllil  ciisling  tower  at  Leghorn 


IJ04- 


I  rSlh  c 


g  wood  or  coal  tii 


ol  Europe. 
Kingdom  were  Tynemouth 
[t.  tOoS),  the  Isle  of  May  C'SjSl,  St  Agnes  {16S0),  S(  Beta  (171!)) 
■  'ic  Liiard  (1751).  The  oldest  lighthouse  in  the  Uniled 
Is  believed  to  be  (he  Boston  light  tjluatcd  on  Little 
er  Island  on  the  south  side  of  the  main  entrance  lo  Boston 
llatbour,  Mass.  It  was  established  In  t7i6,(he  pnaenltiructure 
dating  from  1850.  During  the  American  War  ol  Independence 
(he  lijhlhouic  suflered  many  vicisitudes  and  was  succttrively 
'  itroyed  and  rebuilt  (hrec  limet  by  (he  American  M  Brililh 
A  fun  accniint  It  given  in  llernuinn  Thiersch,  Flmai  AnliU, 
tilam  fi  Ouidal  (igo;].    Sec  alio  Hiiraut. 


6a8 


LIGHTMOOSt 


hrighl 

wu  ereclcd,  Die  ill 
BFly  Ikhlhouic  91 

lumiiunl 

OHuiiting  of  tour  oil  1 
on  Ihe  New  Englund 

"^i 

inmlhoscUBBvoTitil, 

m.rlh=i 

enirance  ic  Newpon  Hi 

irboui 

(■740), 

and  (be  BianI  ot 

Ihc  fall 

wnce  to  Nanlurkct  Hs 

abour 

(■m)- 

AwjUdh-houssandbcMoi. 

,  nppat  10  hive  been  erecled 

a»Ba 

i«m  or  Lighlhouic 

■  Inland  i 

u  wi'U  u  on  Poinl  AUcrton 

HiUni 


>  iST3,  I* 


thoe 


nlbcr  than  lifhllioian  Tor  the  guidnncc  ol  nurincn. 

'  1.  LiCHiHOUse  StBiiCTtjiE9.— The  itnicluia  of  lii^itbinBCS 

b  other  >iiU3tiiin>  npojcd  lo  Ihe  fonre  of  the  Bta,  and  (N  Ihc 
mote  numcTDiH  tbm  of  land  WnKhito. 
IKoK-twf/Kraiiim.— In  detrnuining  the  design  of  iligMhoiBe 


PTRUCTURES 


c  eoBntDTied  with 

«  portion  Id  be  e> 

iihn  straight  with 

nuouily  cutvk)  in 

the  vettiul  plane. 

n  the  fwe  ol  the  K 

il«itcni,.bouldbe. 

ivolded.lheHufaco 

1.    WTheheighH. 

om  Ka^evel  la  tlK 

be  niffictent  to  avc 

•let  01  deriM  ^m, 

'  diivmg  over  the 

Uiao  of  the  tirwer 

ihould  be  cvtied 

U)  Tli*  BHteriali . 

ol  which  the  lower 

UllBltMllUe.      (») 

•bould  he  doveliilnl  «  joggled  one  to 

™it  theii  being  didodgBl  br  Ihe  n 

mUnctioB  ud  1* 

an  uMilJonil  lafe- 

oetehaabmiuiol 

«Lo»^    toduding 

ortacniwi 
•Jj — Many  eiainplei  of  openworh  tied 
.  Some  LypicaJ  eiainplei  are  described 
design  it  suitable  tor  iitiiatiaiis  where 

nto  an  iniccutt  or  Body  bottom,  such 
nd  sand  bonks  or  in  placet  ivhne  other 
1  arc  euxptianilly  tottty  and  where 


Flc  I.— Coidoiun  Ughihouic 
be  given  In  the  physical  fealuns  of  [he  site  and  its  surroundings. 
Towen  oi  this  detciipIiDQ  are  dusified  u  iMow,:  (i)  Muonry 

erections  on  pile  or  other  foUTidationa»(j)  Cast  iron  plated  towen] 
U)  Structures  erected  on  cylinder  foundations. 
(i)«aisnryr<nKri.— Masonry  or  concrete  lowers  aiegenerally 

foundation,  and  have  also  b«n  constructed  in  other  situations 
where  adequate  foundations  have  been  mode  byiuiking  caissons 
'    ■      "  "         PI  on  the  EdJystone  Rock  is 


in  which 


St  Uter 


lofm 


i.  although  many 
le.  In  siluatiop*  of  gimt  exposure  the  following 
nls  in  design  should  be  observed:  (a)  The  centre 
of  the  tower  structure  should  fie  a£  low  as  possible. 
lass  of  the  structure  supcrimpoted  at  any  hotiionia) 

forcD  of  wind  and  waves  without  dependence  on  the 
X  horizontal  )oinl  facts  or  on  llie  dovetailing  of  stones 
I  as  an  additional  lafcguaid.  (c)  Tbeslmcture  should 
1  in  pbn  tbrougboul,  this  form  affording  the  least 
to  wave  atrokc  and  wind  pressure  in  any  dixeciion. 


cdmA)  louuhlions 

d  buiki  ot  iboals. 

■er.  TwottiempU 
le  outn  Diaimnd  Shoal 
si  of  the  United  State*, 


■ — The  EddyKone  toda,  whkh  lie 

hi^  water  ol  wring  lidie-    Four  towen 
the  reef.   The  ba  RghthouK  (^  3  wu 

ienrv  Wintanlty.  a  tenlltinan  of  Emoi. 
-■-^-i  to  a  helgM  oTlo  ft.  to  the  wiod 
....  ■-  ....  'ollowiniya-  ^ 


t..Ihe  te 


■no^'lhe 


,  was  begun  in  17J6,  ibe  lighl  beinf  iii« 

weight,  vm  fastrnrd  to  cidi  alher  tiy 
»l  joidt  laCH,  oak  key  wedm.  and  by 
I  and  bottom,  ciiendiRg  vertically  (rom 
es  benraih  it.    Durini  the  191h  century 


UGHTHOUSE 


629 


thr  Cofl»i»tion  dl   ,- — ., 

EidyiUnu,  Nta  LiflUkoua  {J.  N.  Doi.(tiil),— The  li' 


T>»  vnlica]  bIK  ■  (4  It 
!.«.  (G|^  g  ».d  6)  i.  a  o 
the  nnplioTi  of  I  fmh-wi 
h^h-ntET  twtl.    TIh  w 


c  Iml  of  law  viicr. 


k,  to  >  heigh  I  of  )j  (t. 


S^M 


i,  bcrih  horifof 

the  louiKfllUHl  aiu^  n.n 

n.  The  toacT  conniiK  61 
I.  The  height  o\  (he  itn 
hi  to  Ihe  mean  laol  pbni 

ih  domed  roof.   The  as 


Liththouses  on  the  Edttyuone. 


'1  c'lii.driJ^ 


pednBl  of  cut  iwn.    The  opiiril  mpparatin  comliH  oT  i» 
pnied  lien  ol  refracting  leni  panels  u  in  e 
itiitince.    The  leniei  mhtend  an  angle  oi 


pmducinca  (Foup 


Fio  6.— Plan  of  Et 


Eddyitonc  LighlhouM. 


fcAInc  liiht  iliowing  I  flaihn  oE  i|  iccondi;  duration  ever 

Odclnany  fittedTn  l\v  apparatua  were  o(  iwitli  pattern,  but 
were  replaced  in   190^  by  incandewent  oil  vapour  burnen- 

"1.    At  the  time  o(  the  coniplition  ol  ihi  liihlhooie 

^ing  1  torn  eaeh  and  itrucv  by  mcdiankal  power. 


a,  wciehing  1  torn  eaeh  am 
luDol  (er  (og-ai|naUiiit  p 


etploaave  p)n<ottoa  fof  rinal  bu  been  erected,  the  belh  being 
nnnoved.    At  a  lower  level  10  the  tower  an  iniulled  2  21-ui.  para- 
bolic ailvered  reaecton  with  i^icfc  bumeo.  throwira  a  bied  light 
of  8000  rsniila-power  over  a  ongv  known 
aa  the  Hand  Dcspi.    The  work  of  pit- 


Con  tte  l^lh  o(  AuguK  1870.    The  lau 

;  atone  wu  laid  oa  the  IM  ol  June  1S81, 

I  and  Ihe  licht  wa>  eihibited  (ot  the  Anl 

;  tinKonthel«tho(Mayi«l>.  Thcupper 

■  portion  of  Smeaton't  tower»  which  wu 

■  removed  on  complctioD  ol  the  new  lighl- 
;  how,  wu  n-erecled  on  Plynnulh  Hoc, 
I  when  it  replaced  the  oU  Trinity  Hmut 

\  in  the  down  o(  the  i^w  Eddyatone 
-   Bgbthouie^  tower   ia  ^the  aoUd  vertio^ 

I  proved   that   heavy   aeaa   atrikin^   the 

'  naiiive  eyUndiical  ttruclun  are  iounedi- 

■  Mely  brHen  up  and  ni»h  round  to  the 
I  oppo^te  aide,  tpray  aloiM  ucending  to 
<  the  bciahi  of  the  lantern  gallery.  Cki  the 
\  other  bad,  the  wavet  iiiikiiig  the  sM 
,  towEflt  iti  foundation  ran  up  ihc  lurface, 

■  which  preaented  a  curved  face  to  the 
\  wavea.  and,  unimpeded  by  any  j,>roieclion 
!■  unlil  arriving  al  (he  lantern  gaAci^,  were 

panially  broken  up  by  the  comtce  and 

L^then  tpent  thrmiclvcf  In  heavy  ipriy 

-  ^over  the  bnlern.    The  >hack  to  wlikh 

the  (oniice  ol  the  galleir  wu  expovd 

f'^  >■  Utod^frora  their  btsU^r^ncw  Edd" 

d^il^y  {tSiTs'm^-a'uruaiue, 
In  that  the  alonet  forming  Ihe  floon  coniiil  of  hmIc  corbeh  built 
^nin  rh*  >»ll  *rtH  ft^Aiitutiot  »lid  portiona  thcreoT  In.Smeaton'a 
t)  01  atone  archci,  the  thniai  being  taken 
by  the  waBi  of  Ihe  lower  itielf.  which  wer«  iliengthened  Im  die 


tr  (S|.  8), 


Fio.  7-— Floor,  Soieaton' 
purpoie  by  buitdin^  in  chalm  in 

375tCTen™"in'lhe  B^ll  Rock  l^! 

BtU  Kit  tirirtaaic  (tg.  ?).— The  I 

ligiitliome  WM  consirueted  by  Roherl  Stevcnion  and  n  loo  ft. 

high  mter.  The  work  of  conatniction  wa<  begun  in  1807,  ar 
Anithed  in  iSio,  the  lishi  beirt  linl  eihibiled  in  181 1-  The  lot 
weight  of  the  lower  i«  tot*  ton*.  A  new  lanTem  and  diopir 
apparatua  were  erected  on  the  tower  in  1901.  The  loqal  plane  ■ 
the  light  i)  elevated  9)  Et.  above  high  water. 

Sktrrytort  Li^hffuii  (fig.  to). — The  Skrrryvore  Rocks,  I>  r 
off  Ihe  Wand  ol  Tyree  in  Aigyllthire,  are  wholly  open  10  the  Atlanti 
The  work,  dnigned 


die  ol  which 

dianKierat  ihebaie.  and  it  It.  ai  the  np.  It>  weight  is  4308  ran*. 
The  MTOCtute  eoataiiu  9  moina  in  additinn  Io  the  lantern  chamber. 
Ili.KjIidloiheighlofMft.  aboveihebaae.     ^,  ,     ^. 

Ha*!  it  Bntml  LtgiUknH.— The  reef  on  which  Ihii  lower  ii 
coniructed  Ilea  oil  Ihe  c«it  ol  Brillatiyt  and  i«  aubmevied  at  high 
tide  Theworkwaacartiedsulin  1836-1839.  The  rawer  i>  eiitular 
in  pbn  with  a  gallery  al  ■  heighl  oTiboal  70  Et-  ebo*E  Ihe  baaa. 
T^elDWcr  i.  IsS  It.  in  hrighl  from  baac  to  laniera  Soor. 

/fail  Baae  i*  Mird  £>>iuikaiH,--Thl>  tower  i>  placed  on  a  reef 
at  the  nonh-wal  einremity  of  the  lb  de  R(,  and  waa  conitrucled 


6  KMk  CfgUkeiur.— The  lighthc 


■eScillvhil 


Scillv  Iubnda,  occucm 


630 


LIGHTHOUSE 


vk.    On  tKcuhol  February  I 
ilDm  iwept  >ny  ihe  "thoit  ol 


'iHS 


it56-lUl  ly  tli>  Trinity  Home  and  !■  114  ft.  In  hriflit  tna 

HlllRJ  in  ISO?- 

UiHl'i  £<tf|(  LiflUoMH.— Tbc  lower,  which  it  I9  [i.  in  hi 
i*  bvlLl  01  ^ruiLte  upon  a  nwf  ofi  BcMttoa  Harbor,  Mut.,  umI  odcl, 


Tterock  juH  In 


ollybi 


n  doviuatd  vtRl- 


■Ibtdih 


i.    Tbc  ihapc  o(  tlK 


eiDDHd  nek  In  midwuv  b«*eai  ilw 
Scilly  likm  and  the  Liurd  Puini.  and  ■ 
labmerKcd  it>  Iht  deprii  of  about  6  Tt.  at 
hicli  waitr.  Tbe  lowir  waa  cntlcd  in 
lllb-iM9C^.i4).   Iti.iifia.fiia.li4h, 


..  TTitwi 


.    The  lower  put 


Rock.     Fic.  ti 


-Sfcerryvofo.    Fic.  I 


bctuQi  Ihe  liilit  wai  Ant'cihibiicd  in  iSsS.  thi 
hid  an  ckniiHi  IS  iKt  focal  pkiH  of  lloTl..  Iht  Hnvr  itcDunu 
banpainiiEedinanpa,oroffKr«.lobrfakuplheforcea(  the  vavn, 
Thii  iiruciure  alio  provrd  insuRicitnl  to  wuhtund  ihc  very  heavy 
■Gu  to  hliich  it  wu  npoivJ-  Soon  after  itt  comptciion  the  ^wt. 
fog  bell,  liin]  to  th>  lantetn  (alfery  ISO  ft.  above  hieh'Waler  mirk, 
was  washed  away.  lofether  with  (he  fbptall  and  kidder.    The 


■onKoftheeilerni 

H™(theii^'by  be 
of  the  walla,     fn  I 


Uofinuiiuhadbe 


.  tifiiHccl.     la  llTf  Ihe  u 


Ik  lishl.  and  plice  the  mci 
■a  linqtioD  a)  146  ll.  ahn> 


n  itt  bate  ypwardi  wi 
nhcr  aitd  to  the  eiiuii 
advisable  10  incrcaw  il 
I  iocal  plane  o(  Ihc  ix 


the  tower  it  was  necessary  to  insiall  a  temporary  Lieht,  cauiiriqc 
of  a  cylindrical  liBhlihip  lantern  with  calDptrk  atrpafalus;  thil  was 
nuied  from  time  to  lime  in  advance  of  the  striKluie  11  Ibe  work 

•R«°lhc  coaKojctioB  of  the  new  Eddy'iione  tower.  sinTfTRSellui 
decided  to  buiU  the  lower  ^portion  of  the  unprovciT  Bishop  Rock 

lower  in  the  fom  of  a  cyliader,  bnl  with  eontidcrably  ' ' 

clrviihMffii>.iaaHll^.   Tlic  cyKiidricil  ba>^  -  ••> '■  ■- 
indriteatolslt.aboveWli-walcrmarfc.   The 
and  helicanyliamcd,  14  fl.  In  diameter,  Ihe  a 
hcilht.     The  optical  apparali  *         ' 

IcBFiof  lUD  mm.  IduI  dtita 

*B|le  e(  3b   and  a  vertical  anfle  of  to*.   The  1 


fie  Blaainf  being  15  ll. 


I  each  BAUp  pradiscinf  a  dr 


ible^!!hi4%kl' 


e  ■ppaniui  nvolviai  oiuc  in  hvc  minmeL 
cawlk^poon'  g(  the  Bash  is  6u,owi  candlea. 
._..__...     .........         xhecoit 

ulcdkiwi: 


I.  Cut  iron  li_Ehlhff 
I,  Cranhe  IJ|hthoui 
y  Improved  ffraniiE 
<  Smatti  Liftllitau 


I  lifhthouie  has  cnKed  or 


m".  I 


I?l.  »l  -a.  I'hick.  decre 
The  shafl  is  1  concsvi 
and  contain.  «,6  loni 
pi  tbe  tower  has  projr 

'"w«  Hrarm*  "?«»  ZSla™...— The 
Dhu  Heanach  Rock,  ig  Ti.  above  high 

is  ""  p^JTbolk  °ou  t  ifne^'^jfi  % ' 'd«™ 


Sam  UiUipMH.  Cotou— The 

oases  lighthouse  Iks  ti  m.  froiii 
?H  land.    The  cylindrical  base  ii 


S  d'iamcler!"Vbe*w" 

tower,  induding  the  U ..  -, . 

Gnishcd  in  Ihret  ye.irt,  ilio-il;!. 

Sfnlvlt  XitJ  LofcMU.  Lob^/arH.— This  il 


Ihe  lake.  Thi 


Id  &elds  ihouiands  U 


.- iiii|ik:ted  in  l»H.  kaviag  oc,, , 

HI  anHHialed  loapnroiinalelvfjSAOo. 

ai'ftoi  Rxt  ItfUhwie.-Tlw  Chicken  Rock  K«  i  m. «« the  Call 
[  Man.   Thccorve  ol  the  tower,  which  is  lit  li.  4  in.  kich.  is  hyper- 


bolic.  Ihe  dUmcter  var^^ng  from  41  li.  10  16  II.  1 
mcmd  5  fl.  ai  hi|h-waiCT  >prin(i.  The  iDDd  put  11  jj  It.  a  in.  in 
Mgkt,  weiehint  nso  tons.  Ihe  whole  weight  ol  Ihc  lower  bdnf 
Hj;  tons.  The  walbdeereaie  from  •>  [1. 3  in.  toi  ll.  1  in.  in  ihiebieia. 
The  wnrk  was  befun  in  iBtii>  and  completed  in  1B74. 

jlr'aint  IjiIMwk.— The  ousonry  uwrr.  erected  by  the  Flench 
Lirikthmise  Service,  on  Ihc  Ar'mcn  Rirlt  nil  the  wr^fpm  p^trMnitv 

of  Ihe  tie  de  Scin.  Finistin 
(i867-lUl).   The  nek  is  1 


^r?r,^.%"le^"^n^^ 

__  . .._.   .."u".    Thc'fooil' 

iighl  &4t  it.  above  hlEh  water  (hg.  ~  ' 
Si  Cwrfi  K«l  Uitlioutt.  Cabjt, 

"^1,._ _._.  _ 

lingly  dan^erc 


Ighif  4t 


''^fch'w 


between  tbe  yean  iSu  and  ite;  by  the  Northern  UehlhoMe  Com. 
missionen  upon  Ihe  Ron  Rock,  Ivlea  about  onc-filili  of  a  mile  ofl 
Rattny  Head.  Aberdcenihiic.  The  Tocal  plane  is  91  fl,  above  high 
water,  the  buifding  being  ipproidaulely  II]  fl.  in  height.  In  the 
lower  there  is  a  fog.horn  worLed  by  compnBcd  an. 

FukEl  LirtUonu.— In  the  year  Itas  It  was  rrnorted  to  Ific  Irisb 
Liihl.  Committioncnllul  ihe  Ihcn  eiiuing  lifhiSoute  on  Ibe  Fast, 
net  Rock  of!  the  soulk.wtsi  cout  of  Irelind,  which  was  complrted 
in  i8m  and  consisted  of  a  eireular  cost  iron  lower  86  [i,  m  height 
on  the  Himmit  of  (he  rock,  was  considerably  untfermincd.  It  was 
suibKqucntiy  determined  to  proceed  wr"'  "*■"  — -■--  -■ '— 

rock  on  one  side  of  the  higher,  Init  m 


inded  u^  a  sound  Icd^  ut 


LIGHTHOUSB 

III  at  Ibe  ntt.    TMi  KEhthcwic  (o 
ii|li-u(«  levcL   The  local  plane : 


&3' 


Fte.  tj.— Diihop  Rock  UghthooK. 


in  iB«  ud  completed  in  iwu.  was  t;g,ci(». 

Anutv  H«rf  £i(tUniK.—A  KiblhoiiK  h»  been  encled  upaa  the 

(omkDte  11  the  loot  ol  Beachy  Head,  nur  EaubDucM.  lo  redace 

the  old  (trucluR  on  IhecliH  hiviniaii  elevaikm  a[  1S4  It,  above  h^h- 

waier  mark.    Eipcricncc  pniv«r  (hat  the  liiht  ol  the  bller  vaa 

f  nqvcnily  obicund  by  banti  of  niB  « Tot.  while  at  the  lower  level 

the  rnMparcDcy  of  (he  atmnphere  wai  contiderably  leu  iBp«r«L 

"lie  Triiniy  Hoiue  thtrefere  decided  In  the  year  l>M  to  procnd 

itk  tl*  eonHnictlon  ol  t  franite  tower  upon  (he  lorcthorc  at  a 

nance  ol  kxik  370  ft.  ftoni  the  bue  d  the  difl  tSt-  'Bl.    Tbe 

mhore  at  Ihii  p«nt  nniiiii  of  chalk,  and  the  sekctcd  ute  iuB 

irc«  at  low  water  ordiDary  iprlnf  tUea.  The  foupdation  courie  vaa 

Id  at  a  doMb  ol  10  f  i.  bdaw  the  nirface.  the  area  beii^  euavatcd 

ilhin  ■  o^cr-dam.    The  lower,  which  ■>  47  fl.  in  dUmcter  at  the 

lit,  has  an  elevaiion  la  the  focal  plane  abovt  high  water  of  103  (I., 

g  total  height  frnm  foundation  counr  Id  gancry  coiiina  of  113  it. 

in.    Tbe  kiwcr  or  solid  portion  of  (be  lower  has  ill  lact  iiani:! 

lopicd  at  the  Wolf  Rock  and  elsewhBi.  The  lower  is  conanicitd 
ith  a  lacing  of  (Tanite,  ell  Ihe  stones  beina  dovtuiled  in  ihc  usual 
anner.  The  hcaninj  of  the  base  is  largch  eooiposnj  of  eoncreli. 
Ik  work  was  completed  in  looi  and  cost  tsbjiao. 
UaUm  Z,f(»r»<mK,— The  screw  pile  ligKihouse  eiieled  on  the 
Maplln  Sand  in  Ihc  enuary  o(  the  river  Thanes  in  iljS  IS  the csrlieu 
-'  ils  kind  and  served  as  ■  niodel  lor  nomemus  iiniilar  itrwturea 
various  parts  o(  Iho  wortd.  The  fnles  m  nine  in  number,  s  m. 
ameler  ofsolid  wrought  iron  with  screws  4  IL  diameter  («(.  19). 
Fewty  Jisc*'  UiUlauit.  Wwtrfu,— This  iron  Bructure,  which  was 
mniniS7S  and  eomnkicdlmS;*,  stands  on  the  otmncnonhern 
iTnt  of  Ihe  Ftarida  reels.  Tbe  hclihl  ol  ihe  lower,  wh^rh  is  founded 
.  wnuihl  iron  pibs  driven  ID  It.  mio  Ihe  coral  rock,  is  1 10  fi,  ttom 
eh  walo  10  focal  plaae.  Tbe  iron  openwork  pyramidal  structure 
icIoKia  plaled  iroii  dwelline  lor  the  aceommodiiion  oJ  Ihe  keepers, 
be  cou  ol  constnictlofl  amounted  10  (u^too. 
AUitalar  KaJ  Llr**""".  RorWo.— TfilS  lower  n  one  ol  the  lincB 
in  sca-swtpt  lighthouse  siruclutei  in  the  world.  It  consmi  ol  • 
pyianuibl  iroa  Iramework  llj  ft.  6  in.  in  height.  Banding  «  the 
Fbrida  Reel  in  J  [t.  of  water.  Tho  co«  of  Ihe  itnicture,  which  ia 
■  -  ■leFowey  Rocks  lower,  was  AjTfloo.  „  ,,  .  , 
5»oiif  tiHitaHK.  nsriifa.—Th  mower  (fig.  10)  htyp«il 
openwork  pie  siruciures  on  Ihe  FUwida^neli,  and^stomj 


^tlSuw^-Thii 


pleied 
V/tlfTniiL, 

'893  "d  '»M  _^ 

1893.  The  new  toww  is  formed  upon  a  cai 
diameter  u»k  iBft.  into  ihe  sandy  botlom. 
■he  dual  h  It  It.  at  kiw  water.  The  caisson 

\t  focaf  plalie  ™lihe  lifhi. 
erected  m  Wis*;  ' 
shilling  sand,  and  the  < 


undingwasereclcddiinnt  Ihe  yean 
it  in  Oiesapeake  Bay.  neat  tbe  site 
Li^L  _,-_  ,._«  ..-vay  by  ice  early  in 

ll^wilti  MnVme" 
.. h.  inheighilram 

,  JL  Fourlccn  Fool  Bank  in 


Is  Ugkthouse,  oS  At  enlisna 


3d '70  fl.  I 


level  of  70  li.bdowlmr-watoc  nark.    '"  *'^[*J,^ 


t.  below  kiw  water,  ih 
plating  as  the  caisBi' 


Mwiisj^ 


Kfe 


0<  iMS  the  KghlboBse  waa  eoiii^led. «  a  total  coB.  inchiding  Ihe 
first  attempt,  ol  over  Ht,ooo.   The  tower  is  an  '"""™3''"J"  JP* 

Ss^''i;i^i^™?'?.T^l*£'«iffl^'i"^bXht'b 

f^^  ""is'^Tir  wl'h",&*^'?S'( '™n! V'.SS  WL 
T™  tSul  heifi  from  the  foundation  ot  the  calsKin  to  the  top  of  the 
"tthJr'fam'oos  wave-iwept  towen  am  IhoB  >t  HanlbowIlM  Rock 
(Carlinlf-H  L™h,  Ircl.irf,  1813)!  Honburgh  ^"PP™.  ;|J!  f 

ssIw^';otr"'[^lC¥' ™^^^^^ 


632 


LIGHTHOUSE 


Wisll  Rock.  Dliu  Htanadi.    FiG.  16.— Sptttade  Reef. 

rwjl:  JuiHiit  d'Oueuanl   (Fnutn.   1^7};  and   Roche  I 


y  House  and  other  rock  lightbouH 


nihc 


lateraUy  and  vcrtjcally  and  are  Dot  connected  by  melal  or  woodcT 

U[L  inelbod  wu  fini  idopled  at  the  Haiwii  Rock  Bl  the  sifga 
lion  ol  NIdiolu  DougUn.  On  the  ni^r  iiwe,  one  lide  and  ml 
one  end  of  each  block  is  a  dovetailed  projn!lion.  On  the  imdei 
face  and   the  Mher  lidc  and  end,  cornspoodinc  doveiailcc 


— Ar-Bien.  Fro.  i«.— BtwAy  Hod. 

elTcct  oC  waves  on  the  Bishop  Rock  and  Eddyilooe  loacn  hu 

Lan4  Slma^ra  fur  licHOmsii.—The  errctlon  oT  lightbouM 
towen  and  other  buildings  on  land  presents  no  difGcuIiie*  of 
construction,  and  such  building  arc  of  ordinary  architectural 
character,  tl  will  tbcrclore  be  unnecessary  to  refer  to  them 
in  detail.  Allcnlion  is  directed  to  tbe  Phare  d'Eckmuhlat 
Penmarcli  (FinisLirc),  completed  in  iSg;.    Tbe  cost  of  this 

lMi}[e1y  defnyn]  by  a  bequest  ol  £11,000  left  by  the  marquis 
de  BlocqLeville.  It  it  conslmcled  enlircly  of  gnnile,  and  il 
octagonal  in  plan.  The  total  c«l  of  tbe  toher  and  other  Hot- 
house buiJdingi  oniounlcd  to  £id,ooa. 


Ta»ib  l.-CtmpaTaliw  CM  0}  E^fmi  K-t  T-mtr 

Name  of  Structure. 

Total  Com. 

Cub.  ft. 

Cat  per 

sja 

':^.'^\'-:iS'Un,  :::;:: 

[40.000    0    0 

i 

M.070 
41,0SO 

B 

47  .Sit 

It'^!  \  : 

j;:?s  ;f  % 

3d  s  % 

J^eotUndOtji)      : 

(Olsto    %    0 

70*00   0   0 

FlQ.  I 


-Miplin 


ncttsei  are  lorRied  witb  just  luSdenl  dcarance  For  iht  raised 
bonds  10  enter  in  ailing  (fig.  ij).  Hie  cement  mortar  in  the 
iolnl  loiRieil  between  the  faces  lo  lodu  the  doveiiili  that  tbe 
stones  cannot  be  separated  without  breaking  (fig.  14). 

£/fc(  of  fVoxi.— Tbe  wave  stroke  to  which  rock  lighthouse 
towers  are  cirpoaed  is  often  constdeiabLc.  At  the  Dhu  Heartach, 
during  the  erection  of  the  tower,  14  goggled  stoma,  each  of  > 
Ions  weight,  were  washed  away  after  having  been  set  in  cement 
at  a  height  oi  ii  It.  above  high  water,  and  simllai  daimgc 
■u  done  duiing  the  cDusuuction  of  the  BcU  Kock  tower.    Tbe 


The  tower  at  lie  Vicrgc  (t'inistire).  tomrdeted  in  looi,  hu 
an  eleviiJDO  ol  14;  ft-  from  the  grouod  level  to  the  focal  pUne, 
and  i>  probably  the  highest  structure  of  Its  kind  in  tht  world. 

to  the  HuRibcr  and  cnmplctcd  in  itoj,  replaced  lo  eirliet 
structure  creeled  by  Smcaloo  at  the  end  of  the  iBtli 
century.  The  ecisiing  lower  is  constructed  on  ■  foundatioa 
consisting  of  conciTtc  cylinders  sunk  in  the  diin(Ie  beach. 
The  local  plane  of  the  light  is  elevated  nofcabovehi^  an 
Betidet  being  buUt  of  stone  or  brick,  111 


k,  ludtoven  ue  bcfpicnt 


OPTICAL  APPARATUS] 


LIGHTHOUSE 

iMcl-wMk  viih  1 


*33 


coiulnicied  of  cut  Inm  plils  or  ot 

lo  cioncany.  fine  eumplB  ol  Ihe  lotmer  »te  lo  ce  louna  in 
many  British  colonics  ind  ebcwhim,  thai  on  Da^tcn  liland 
(Cape  ot  Good  Hope),  105  Ft.  in  height  to  the  focai  plane,  iteiii£ 
tynicjl  (fig.  jj).  Many  openworJt  uniclurei  up  to  100  [1.  in 
height  hive  been  built.  Kecenl  ciampln  are  the  lowers  creeled 
It  Cape  San  Thomf  (Braul)  in  iSSi,  148  It.  in  height  (Gg.  16), 
Modut  {Red  Ses)  in  1903,  iSo  [I,  and  Sanemeb  Reef  (Red  So) 
tgo6,  lAs  'I.  in  heighl  lo  the  focal  plane. 

3.  Opncu.  ArpAiATUS.— Opiical  apparatus  in  lightbousei 
il  required  for  one  or  other  of  Ihn*  disllncl  purposes;  (i)  the 
uncenlration  M  the  rays  detivrd  [ram  the  light  source  into  a 
bell  of  ti^l  dtstribuled  evenly  around  the  horizoti,  cundensalion 
in  the  vertical  plane  only  being  enployedi  <i)  the  concentrslion 
oi  the  rays  both  vertically  uid  boriiontally  into  t,  pencil  or  cone 
of  sniaJI  angle  directed 

Ihc  light  source  as  1 
anlrc,  thus  producing 
.niihinglighl;an(l(3) 


limited  uimulh  0 


means  of  occultaiian, 
resulting  in  Ihe  pro- 
duction of  an  occulting 
or  intntniitent  Ughl, 
Apparatus  included   In 

usually  employed  to 
produce  Hashing  Ughii, 
~  but  somellmt)  Ibe  dual 
condensation  is  taken 
advantage  of  10  produce 

Hi  Ughlhouse  *  ^"^  P™""  *^  "y* 
thrown  towards  the 
horizon  for  the  purpose 

ire  best  described  by  the  French  term 
sptric  apparatus,  by  irhich  dual  con- 
n  i>  produced,  are  moreover  wHnetlmes  used  (ot  fiied 
lighia,  the  l^hl  pencils  overlapping  caeh  other  in  uimuth. 
Apparatus  of  the  third  class  are  employed  lor  sector  lights  or 
those  throwing  a  bcun  ot  light  over  a  wider  aiimuth  llun  can 
be  conveniently  coveied  by  an  apparatus  of  the  second  class, 
and  lor  reinforcing  Ihe  Ix^m  of  light  emergent  froiD  B  fiiwd 
appantiu  in  any  requited  direction. 

The  above  classiBcaiion  of  apparatus  depends  on  the  resultant 
cfltcl  ot  the  optical  elements.  Another  clauificallon  divides 
the  instnimenlt  themselves  into  three  cLusci:  (a]  catoptric, 
W  diopiric  and  (i)  caladioptric. 

Calaflric  apparatus  are  those  by  irhich  ihe  light  rayl  are 
refleclBl  only  Irom  the  fates  ol  incidence,  such  as  silvered  mirrors 
o(  plane,  spherical,  parabolic  or  other  profile.  Ditplrit  cicmaiXi 
art  those  in  which  the  light  rays  pass  through  the  optical  glass, 
(uBtring  refraction  at  the  huident  and  emergent  faces  (Rg.  ij}. 
Catadioptric  elements  are  combined  of  the  two  foregoing  and 
ccnsiit  ot  optical  prisms  fn  whkh  the  li^i  rayssuRer  refraction 
at  the  incident  face,  total  internal  rtflciion  at  a  second  (occ 
and  again  retraction  on  emergence  at  the  third  face  (lig.  >$). 

The  object  ot  these  several  farms  ol  optical  appaniu*  is  pot 


fiu  Ji  dire 


.  .  ot  dbtlnctiont  In  li^ts  to  enable 
,,^„.  to  be  rciilUy  naigniied  by  mailncn,  but  to  utilite  the 
light  rays  in  directiou  above  and  bdoir  the  horiiontal  plane, 
and  also,  in  the  caic  of  revolving  or  Saihing  lights,  in  aiinntlii 
not  requiring  to  be  OhimhiMed  tor  atmgibening  the  beam  In 
the  diieciion  ot  the  mariner.  It  will  be  seea  that  the  effective 
condensaibn  hi  flashing  Ughli  it  vciy  nucb  (teattr  this  IB 


Cal/rptr!cSyiUm.-~- 

nntidine    of    ^lall 
farrtk     ^      ulvercd 

about  the  year  17(1 
liEliit  by  Mr  Hm. 


."Si; 


]  by  parabolic 


Man  (ITOO).  Flam. 
miUBlifl^(lB06) 
Id  at  the  Bell  Rock 
811).^  To  produce 

JratS''  ''*'''**"  Fic.Ji.— RothertandLighthmne. 

A  type  of  parabotic  reflector  bow  in  use  i>  sliaiin  in  tig.  30.  The 
KS  in  geneial  me  vary  Irom  II  in.  to  14  In.  diimclcr.  These 
uiumenu  are  still  largely  med  (or  tigbl-vesKl  Uluminalioa.  avl 
few  imponant  land  light*  are  al  the  pmeni  time  of  catoptric  type. 
duding  IboK  U  S(  Agnca  (Scilly  lilands).  Cromer  and  5c  Anthony 

Diopliic  5yil«i.— The  lirat  adaptation  of  dioptric  Icdks  lo  lighl- 


i  1790-    Subsequently  lenaea 

rL  Count  Bi)ITo4hadinI74Spropc]rKd  (onindoutoTatolld 
glau  a  lens  in  Hops  or  concentric  toiKt  in  order  to  reduce 

■knoslo  a  minimooi  (6..  j.l.    Coodorcel.in  177J  and  Sir 

nter  in  isir  deticnrd  built-up  knaes  consisting  01  sf — 
rings.   Neither  oTlheae  prqnoaali,  howeve 

>  ligblhouK  purpoeet.   In  ISal  AugutlinF 

e ctnire.  to lapnciically  to aliminate  ipl 


63+ 


UGHTHOUSE 


(OPTICAL  APPAAATta 


dC  1  ioue  aC  i^ut  gfacntfd  by  Ike  mrtJulinii  miHl  ■  vsticml  uii 
d  1  medul  mliDii  qI  <hc  annulai  kni  (lif.  u).  The  IcDi  belt  con- 
It  coiiiiiicd  nf  8  p>iKl>oranniilu1ciw*ptKad 
a  loal  diiUncc  of  910  bud.  To  utUiic  [ba  lighl. 


Ed^ratMK-  !"><  C«ini. 


.bovt  ihe  U 


iniRKtuo 


I  would  olhcn 

m  of  EisM,     At  I  subicQUcnt  period , 

:  loner  pin  of  the  optic.    TIk  appiTalus  wai  retolvcd  by  clot  k 
.    Thii  optic  emtwdicd  Ihc  Bnt  combiiuiion  of  dio^Hrii:  ami 
oloptifc  rjcmnin  in  one  dttipi  (fig.  J4l._  In  tbe  'p""J™J|>|5'' 

which vuthebilDfiltkindinHaUidiiiElighihBiw.  llmencMt 
t,t,  Ihi  Chmiran  lighfliouw  in  iSij  (Iik.  3j1.  Thii  nnnbinaiiai 
kfCdfltttrkanypcffKr,bu(noc»pi'aclicaUy(--  -—■—-'->.*  — 


pliee  of  iht  BlvCTtd  rcaoewnptevwmll' u«U»w  Bid  bttow  tl» 

>  ekmcnw  lit.  li).  Iht  ray  fi  («lllne  on  the  pnimaidal  nng  ABC 
ciractcd  in  the  di<Klion  <  r  and  met^nB  thclau  AB  ti  an  U£k 


Ftcit.— DiKnlibnd 

Fic.  16.— Can  5>n  Tboni 

dale,  alu  applied   10   lluhin 

tiihtt,  in  the  fint   aaOBa  by 

calculaliDiu  sf  the  fm(  French  daEner  Mill  (orminE  the  bun 

work. 

T^nelaCdetiEncdaform 

o(  li>ed  and  Bi>hin|  light  bi  which 

hedi.tinc<ionofafi«dli(h<. 

tiPK  pnuna  in  a  venial  poailioii  so 

p£f 3|     '"" 

a^cMui^Therevoji- 

y'^^'"-'^-''' 

ion      ol      the      ravt 
cmnceni      from      the         ^^ 

4^' 

Fmncl'i  early  appjra- 

Fig.  17— Dioptric  Prim. 

ui  Km  of  polygonil  form  imt 

n.Uni?l.«  in  eySilrieil^'S 

ude°l^  M«n  Cooktai  of" 
<i{  Al>n5icven»n  and  emied 

In  lbs  «l«  ^"■■wh  Comtoi. 

ioITde.  Pha.«  decided  upM  tte 

nffludve  UK  ol  kmicubir 

■^sliTz- 

■■% 

'S^Tl^v'sSi'^i^ia 

\ 

1B36.    In  ifce  lui.rT«tru. 

\ 

roductd  helical  Cramo  (o( 

>olding<heEU»piiMi.ln 

pleie  Dbxniciiaii  ol   Iha  \ 

ai  Start  PouU  in  Devoa-  .  _  .  _  J**  AflW  _ 

FiC.  iB. — Catadropiric  M  RcAeciini 


«jr'nnt*u^'irn"!i  '.bSj;. 


.cdbyGoo^le 


amCU.  APPAKATUq. 


UGHTHOUSB 


the  Uiv  of  luvicaiHMi  through  a  channel 
'ingtn  Ihey  mo*  be  lufflcicnlly 

ij(*/J,— CnfDIir  is  used  fl»  vUoin 

iw'^hil  1*  » 

"■fKiTSl'Mlomel 

..Jill  ii  i»t  te  bt  cam- 

auMDl  of  the  uDBjuil  abiaipliaD  o(  th*  colsurcd 


^36 

■md  britht    nya  by   (b*  tnathtn.    Wbe*    nick   dudnction 
hu  ban  fnploytd.  u  in  Ibi  WslI  Rock  yptralui,  the  red  and 

coriEnjciiciK  the  km  and  priun  pincii  for  LKe  red  luhl  of  lar»r 
dfllle  than  iboae  for  iJie  wbUc  bcami.   Owing  lo  the  uwrptiod  by 


LIGHTHOUSE  ippnciu.  wpAiuns 

u  Pflidem  la  CaranD  b  iltMni  ia  h.  n;  and  fie.  jt  tfltf  1.) 
iUatmlct  a  dnibk  Ha^lai  finl  order  liiht  u  Pichnu  Pdat  in 
Briliih  Colimbia.    HopUaBn't  •yMem  hit  lj«n  i-ny  nUHvely 

gqiend  linn  he  inlnducfld.     A 


Fic.  j5'~Fii«l  Appaniiii  il  Cbudnn  LTjbihouie  (iSi;}. 

the  red  cofouTinf,  the  power  of  a  red  bcun  1»  only  40V,  of  ibe 
Inlen«il/  at  the  conetpondina  while  Lighi.     The  conaixuiding 

emptied  ihey  ihouldinvaruEily  bereJnloFced  by  mirrotkiuiniuihal 
CDndeniinj  prianu,  or  other  mean*  ro  raiie  the  coloiirud  beam  to 
spprDiiirmtely  the  tame  inuniily  a>  the  white  liihl  W^ih  Ihc 
iniioduciion  ot  (Toup-ftaihiaj  charactetUiJH  Ihi 


greater  anile  tkan   Bo*  vmically   it  attcni 

CrpHp  KuJltit  ti|pui.~Oiie  ol  the  mou  uvful  drttlnclioM 
convttr  In  the  eroLipinE  dI  two  ur  more  Raihct  Hpamtni  by  thort 
interval*  of  darincUk  ineEroup  being  t<ictecdcd  by  n  laneer  ecLw. 
Thill  iwop  thrre  or  rncTt  £uhti  of.  Aiy,  hall  jecwid  duration  or  leu 
EdIIow  each  Olher  at  interval!  of  about  a  wcOTidt  and  are  auccecded 
by  an  eclipie  of,  lay,  10  Kcondi,  Ibe  Muente  beinp  complcIKi  in  a 

Ibe  very  vahiabk  improveowni  al  divicUni  tbe  ien«i  of  a  dioptric 


JVcUnottui*  A 


Flc  J7.— Chance'a  Diapf  rfe  Spherical  Mim 


hau>e.~Crrhn'(doiiMc"luiA~in^j.  the  ra^ueii 'ii>piraliii  (iHple 
Aothinif  waalniHHed  in  1177-  AtTDup-llaihhifcaiopirK  light  had, 
however,  been  exhibited  fitHn  the '  Royal  Sovereisn  E^ht-verjcl  in 
It?  J-  A  wtional  plan  of  1  hr  quidniple-lkuhioc  fim  aider  apparaiiu 


1 


( 


Fio.  jB.— Cage  Roadt  Dinctioo  Light. 

together  aeparatcd  bjr  etiiial  anclct.  and  GLling  the  lemahilM  an^ 
in  arimuth  by  a  mnlorfing  mirror  or  icrctn'  A  grou[Hlutlnnf 
dirlinction  vu  propoied  for  Eaa  lightiby  J.  K.  WighamoT  Dnblin, 
who  obtained  it  in  the  caie  ol  a  revolving  apporatui  by  allcrnately 
raivng  aial  loveiinE  ihc  Aani*.  Tbc  hnt  ainaratiia  m  which  Ihu 
method  wai  employ^  wu  tiecicd  M  Callcy  Head.  Co.  Cork  (iBity. 
At  ibit  llghlhouic  4  or  Wigham'i  Imge  gat  bi"—"  "'"I-  1™"  'b^ 
■^cr  revolving  leniei,  eight  in  each  tie 
lowering  and  railing  oI  the  eai  Stia 
"'  *"  praluced  the  group-lu»hiaf  d 


ijef  of  Icnict  he  pioduced  the  group-llai 
ihowed.  instead  of  one  proloi^cd  uaih 
u  would  be  produced  by  ibe  appaiati- 

.nd"  ^'mt  "xtK  unteitiinty.'  hf 


^  adopted.     B] 


onal^W 


iplcd  at  other  cu.|iliiniinBTed  ibtioni  in 
ra.     The  ctundrifonn  appantm  and  ram 


"dSliili  JfumiCT:..     ,.^.„ _.. 

to  the  Uiuied  Slalei  Lishihouicilisaid.  d< 


laihct.     Each 
Toup    il    tepaj- 

Icriod'cl   daS^ 


c.  u.— Peadecti  Appaiaiui. 
Plan  at  Foail  rUae. 


ai™    menberi  of 

a     group.       The 

flaiSn  in  a  group  Indicating  a  figuie  aie  about  1  \  k 

the  gTTHjpt  Hint  3  leeondi  apart,  an  interval  of  t6  le 

nm  occuirifit  between  each  repetition.     Thui  the  Tmnun  b 

repeated  every  haJI  minute.    Two  cumpki  of  ihii  ayitem  weit 

eihiUicd  by  the  United  Stain  LighihouK  bcwid  at  the  Chicago 

liuned  and  ■  timllaT  1«hl  of  ihc  Km  onler  lor  Cape  Clurta* 
Ol  the  VitBJataB  tout.    The  knaei  arc  arranged  b  *  Mnewhai 


OPnCAL  A^ABATUS) 

■imiliT  RUQBcr  to  M  ordiiiiry 


LIGHTHOUSE 


St,  the  IRHIK  o( 
the  otbcr  it  pro- 
VMMd  wiin  1  caladioiKnc  Dumr.  lui  lyMcm  of  nuawrial  Bufiint' 
For  liglithDUKft  h*t  ben  finucDtty  propotcd  in  vifiaui  fomi, 
DotihlybyLorclKclvin.  Tlw  uuulhlun  ol  Ibclifliu  drnibtd  iZ 
bonrevcr,  the  fint  pnaicsl  apfl4icuion  ol  the  tyuem  to  Large  hhI 
impatuni  amu  li(bt>.  The  |Te«  coH  involved  n  ibe  akenlion  o( 
Ibc  li^liU  oT  any  cuunliy  to  eoaply  wilb  Ibe  Rqubmieiid  of  ■ 
numencaL  mtem  u  one  of  die  objectiDH  to  iti  genenl  adoption. 
Ufprr-reifl  Aplmraliii.—ln  iMj  Meun  Baibier  of  l^icon- 

lo  ibe  design  oi  Meuri  D.  and  C.  SievenKin.    Tbb  had  a  heithi  fj 

(Utiim  (1330  mm.]  werr  uibiin]uenl!y  esUbiiihed  at  Round 
l^nd.  Biihop  Rock,  and  Spurn  Point  in  EngUnd,  Fair  Ide  and 
-  ■     Skerry  (Sg.       ■  ■     -      ■      ■    "  ■■   "-  ■  ■  *■         ■  ■      ■  ■ 


Fio.  40.— Sulc  Skerrr  Appxitnt. 


, _.„,„.,_..._,___,,.   ,,„..j«po«ibietoobtaifi'  .. 

Kcond4Tdcr  oalic  (or  one  ol  700  mm.  [ocil  dioance).  havinj 
powerful  incanHcvnt  petmleuni  burrwr  in  foctis.,a  bean  ot  eq 
intemiiy  to  that  which  would  be  obtained  fnini  the  appan 
bavin*  a  lo-wiek  oil  bumn  oc  loMct  (u  burner  at  iti  taaim. 

e — I nini«tedei%Mda(annoTkru>phetica1iDlhehi  ' 


SinihanninimdeiirMdafannoTkruiphi 

•nd  vertical  •Ktioos.   Thin  admitted  of  the  < 

si  lont  Tocai  dntanci  niilboul  t)ic  otherwiie  correapoodinc  ncteidty 
ofinctcueddianKlc'Ddantcm.  Atcniofthiitypeandof Iijomm. 
focal  diuame  wu  conitnicCed  in  lS}a  lor  Fair  lile  KthiluHiK. 
The  Hibeiical  lonn  loia  in  cfKcieDcy  it  oitied  beyond  an  anjle 
iubleitdinffio'at  ibe  locUMInd  to  obviate  thi^laia  Mr  SiejihcRwn 
deiiffned  nil  cnuianEubr  priwn*,  which  have  an  Inclination  ogi- 
wardi.  It  it  dalned  by  the  dniiner  that  ihe  ue  ol  equiangular 
priBU  laulla  in  leu  lou  b(  Uchi  and  leia  divergence  thin  ii  the 
ea«  when  either  the  spherical  01  FrtHid  Form  i>  adopted.  Aa 
eiamplc  of  tbii  de^gn  i>  leta  (Bg.  40)  In  the  Sule  Skerry  appaiatua 

rati  ai4  fluMit  Ugitu.— The  we  of  ihoc  lightt,  which  dww 
a  bed  beam  varied  at  inlervali  by  mora  powerfuflUJie*,  it  not  to 
be  reconimendcd,  though  a  large  number  were  conslrtictcd  In  the 
earlier  ytvi  of  dioptric  iHuininadan  and  many  aie  itili  in  ejiiatei>c« 
The  dinlnctlon  can  ba  pmluced  in  one  or  other  of  three  wayi: 
(a)  by  the  lemlution  ol  detached  paneU  of  itiaighi  cDOdeniing  lent 
prnma  placed  vertically  around  a  GMd  light  optic  (U  by  BliUtlng 
■..:—  . — 1.  1.  .1. :jji.  portion  ol  the  optK  to  product 


bi^t 


tfhipg  Eght.  the  upper  and 
haid  Eonn  of  caladio^TV 


Miec^ 


biKTbelt  of  light,  and  b)  by  inicrpoiini  pnneu  el  fined  Hght  leci 
between  the  flashing  lighl  panda  of  a  irvolvini  uppaiatiiL 
certain  conditiont  of  theatmoiphereit  it  poaible  (r>r  the  feted  li 


"  Cut  "  anJ  S:r(ini.— ScrecDt  cf  coloured  glut,  intende 
tlnfuUi  the  light  is  partieular  aihnuthi.  a^dl  abCM  inn. 
k  Stmni  to  ''cat  oil "  the  light  ihaiply  oa  any  angle,  il 


*37 


find  B>  far  IroB  theoMte  of  tbt  li^  n  paMl 

the  eacape  ol  light  layi  due  to  diverfence.     

Z>nvHK(.— A  dic^tic  ippantut  detuned  u  bend  an  Incident 
nyi  of  light  from  ibe  Ishi  lourc*  in  a  hoduntal  direction  would, 
if  the  Hane  couM  bea  puni,  have  IhceBeoof  projecting  a  hotiuntal 
bandar  anoe of  light,  u  thecaie  of  a  fijied  apparatai.  and  ■  cyliiHler 
J  I.J..  -.^  in  the  OM  of  a  lathing  light,  toward*  Ihi  boriuo. 
anna  n  the  nnir  dift»ce  weald  receive  no  lifbt,  the 
only  at  or  pear  the  boTisM,  patting  abovt  ilie  level  of 
•«'-<"  »"•  'I'n  not  occur. tuficient  naturat  diveneiKe 
owing  to  the  magnitude  of  the  Mme. 
imployed  il  it  often  neottary  id  detign 
■»  amfkial  divergence.  The  mrnsgi-  -r 
ly  point  of  thc^ent  it  the  angle  w 


btieye.   li 

being  prod 

Where  the  elccti 


being  produced 
Where  the  elect 

the  oatnial  divergence  for 


tical  divcrgtrKe  the  mean  height  of  the  lUmc 
for  the  diameter.    The  angle  thut  obtained  it 
'  the  anglct  above  and  below 

theboriionul 


— .  ■  _.,,.-■  ,«_..  or  to  niht  and  L..  «  ..»  „.^ 
fined  dioptric  Sghtithere  It.  d  caurte.  no  dhrergence 
plane.  Id  daibing  light*  the  borinnul  diveneoo 
coflikkrable  imjnrtanee,  determinitw  a*  It  doca  ' 
length  oTtime  llic  Rath  it  vitlble  to  the  matfner. 
Fai-Echln  tr  Qmdt  nuKng  Ligtii.— One 


pcrtani  devetoomcntt  in  the  character  tt  ligiithouie  illuminalii« 
appaniut  that  1u*  occurred  in  recent  yean  hiib«n  In  Ihedlivctian 
of  reducing  the  length  of  flath.  The  initiative  in  thit  matter  wat 
taken  by  the  FreiKh  lightbouie  outhoritin.  and  in  France  alone 
tony  ligni*  of  thii  type  were  ettablitbed  between  tfl9>  and  1901 . 
Tlw  Bte  of  ihonAaih  lightt  rapidly  ifBud  to  01  her  pant  of  the  wihM. 
In  England  the  Ughthoute  at  Pcndern  (i«oo)  eihibiti  •  quadruple 
dath  every  IS  ticandi,  the  fathei  being  about  |  •econd  duiation 
(li(.  »).  while  the  bivulve  apparatui  erected  on  Lundy  Itland 
(■■97}>howtl  RHha  of  liecond  dui^lion  inguick  tucccHton  every 

Macf^Uniied 
.ifiTdet-       ■■ 

..     ,  .  aaihofA'h 

eiperimenH  carried  out  in  France  In  19113-1904,  AiKon 
adopted  by  the  Fte^h  amhorillet  at  the  minimum  di 

while  Qathinglighlt.    Ilthortcr  flaihetare  uied  il  it  loui.- 

reduction  in  aoration  it  attended  by  a  corretponding.  but  not  pn^ 
ponionate,  diminution  in  efleclive  inlendly.  In  the  cate  of  iNiry 
electric  Ibihing  lighu  Iha  duration  it  of  necesily  redoced.  but 
the  greater  iniHil  intcnity  of  the  Oath  pcrmilt  thli  lou  without 
■erlooi  dttrimcnl  to  efficiency.  Red  or  green  requlret  a  loniiderably 
iiEiier  duration  than  do  wKJtc  B»ha.  The  intervak  between  the 
laihet  in  lightt  of  ihii  ctiancler  an  aho  tnuH,  i|  Mcoadi  lo  7 
lecoodi.  In  gioup-lliihlng  l%hn  the  iniervali  between  the  ftailin 
areaboutitecondtoctven  leu.  with  periodtol7to  [Oor  ijiecondt 
between  the  gmipi.  The  Saihei  are  arrangcil  in  tingle,  double. 
triple  or  even  quadruple  groupi.  a*  in  Ihe  older  lormi  olapparatut. 
The  /ni.iefair  type  of  apparatut  enablet  1  far  higher  inltntity 
ol  fiaih  ID  be  obtained  /pan  wa*  pievnutly  pouible  without  any 

ether  (ourcc  of  light.  Thii  reiull  dependl  entirely  upon  the  greaiei 
ratio  of  condentation  of  fight  emptoyed.  pandt  ol  greater  angular 
breadth  than  wa*  cuttenury  in  the  older  lormi  of  apparatut  being 
uted  with  a  higher  itotalory  velocity.  It  hai  been  lugcd  that  than 
flathes  are  inufficieM  for  liking  bearinn.  but  the  utility  of  (Tight 
in  thit  retpect  doei  not  teem  to  depend  10  much  upon  the  acluil 
length  of  the  Oath  at  upon  itt  frequent  Tecuritncc  at  thort  inlervalL 
At  lb(  Parit  Eahihitioo  ef  1900  wat  eihibiteil  a  lifih-ordei  Hitbiiv 
light  giving  ihort  Bathe*  at  i  lecond  intervalt;  tbit  rcpretenit  ilv 
enreine  to  which  the  movemeiu  lowardi  the  rcduclloa  of  the 
period  of  Rathkig  lightt  hat  yet  been  carded. 

Ueitvy  Flnit- — It  hat  naturally  been  found  impracticable  to 
revotvt  the  optical  apfaiatui  of  a  light  with  it<  nwuntingL  lom^ 
liiae*  weighing  ever  7  ton.  at  the  high  rale  of  ipeed  required  lor 

{nii.MB<ri  by  meant  ef  ibe  old  tystcm  of  roller  utiiiEe*.  ihongh 
or  aofne  «mall  qutch-revolving  lightt  ball  bearingt  have  been 
HiccntluHy  adopted.  It  haa  therefore  become  almos  Ibe  unlvertai 
practic*  to  canV  the  ratating  poniont  of  the  apparatut  upon  a 
mercury  ioat-  Thit  beauiilurapplication  of  mercury  rotaiioa  wat 
the  invention  of  Bourdcllo,  ind  it  now  uiihad  not  only  lor  the 
highspeed  apfHimtut.  but  alto  gencnlly_for  ihe  few  eiamplet  of 
Ibi  elder  tvpe  tlill  being  n 

itaihii  bul  llighily  (miilkr  1 

auTounded  b]r  mercury  dii. 

whoae  weight  ia  equal  to  Ihit  of  the  apparatut 

cenparatively  int^nificant  quantity  of  mcrcai^ 


luiH  of  the  liquid  metal 
aratut  luppertecL    The*  a 

.     ...  ...  .  tuutllyconiructed  in  France  and 

Ihoee  leneially  ile^pied  by  Englith  engineen  In  all  catnM- 
riiion  II  made  for  lowering  the  mercury  lath  or  tailing  the  MM 
tad  apparatut  for  eaaminalion,  Enamplea  ti  meccuty  Boat*  ■>■ 
■hewp  m  figa,  41,  4a,  4Jaod  Plate  1.,  figa.  54  *n  55. 


^S^  UGtrTHOU&E  loracAfi  jutaraxu 


Digilizcd  by  Google 


OFITCAL  APPARATL'Sl 
BUf  fIvB  the  prfndptl 


LIGHTHOUSE 


6391 


Tat.  4>.— Cipe  Nuuraliitt  Appuatui. 


ZVf  W /■MuOfSi— TIm  pDwn  <f  lifhclwuK  Uihn  Is  ihc  Biitbk 

., ..  -^  j^  ^  temu  oi  nmUrd  cudk*  or  in  "  Uflii- 


-  -9  Ji  lUKUrd  audit  _  Tba 


FlC-  4J,~lk  Vnije  Appiiatuj. 

ihu  the  iiittiiiitia  deMrmintd  by  phMoni«ric  nuuuiTintnt 

gcHiwkrably  Isi  iIud  the   vilkin  liitn   by  Iht  thmmicxl 

pIcuUcknii  (onncrly  employed-    A  d^uciiqn  01  jo'.i  *i*  [n4dc 

Irom  tbfl  mean  cxprrimfnial  reiultt  obuincd  10  oampeiuatr  (or 

I  by  ab»rptiDn  in  tiic  liniCTn  [Ui»,  vftrutxnii  id  cAccu  obtuDcd 

difftntut  IMD  U  workinB  the  bbfnen  aod  in  the  iiluminatJnK 

ilit):  d  silt,  Ac   The  miiliuiK  reduced  viluei  ue  teimed  "  lei- 

\m  Itu  b««fl  txpUinnl  mbove,  the  efTetrt  of  a  dioperic  epp&ratui 
acDfldnv  the  \\%hz  nyi._Hnd  (hr  meuuje  of  this  condcniai ion 

(hin£  LiKhii  the  ratio 

Lrougfa  the  i\tM  ud  by 

he'ii««inir  oI  the  Huh  cmined  [ram  a  dioptnc  ippanlui. 
fini »  while  liffhti  Buy  bt  found  tpproximaltly  by  the  cninncid 
luU  1-PCVHM.  vberc  I-inttnuiy  of  mulunt  bom.  P- 
ic«  inteuiiy  of  Oune*  V*vcrticni  Ao^le  of  optic,  t-encW  «f 
a  vertkal  divBgeacc.  H-horiiooul  ugli  gl  pud,  il'U((k 


ia  InHB  10%  to  IJ%.     For 


LIGHTHOUSE 


Fro.  43A.— lie  Vltrje  Apparatia  aid  Lin 
obtJiincd  by  iW  uk  ii(  AlUrd'i  [armuLie. 

tu  dfilithauwi  ind  fDnnuUc  l<r  (he  calcubXu°>S  m^AtcT^ 
bcfoundinthc  wirkia[|hc5»wnBn>,Clun«,^" 
lUbitn  uid  othcn,     Piniculan  a(  typical  light) 


nVl.  K 


U  luui. 


IVU. 


erected  on  top  of  (he 


-The  eatliett  rorm  of  IQumliiuil  used  for 
oF  cod  at  wood  Mt  in  a  bruin  or  (nie 
ghlboiue  lovn.     Until  the  end  of  Iht  iStb 

It  Ihc  only  one  in  use.  The  coal  Sre  >I  the  Isle  of 
Hay  Ught  continued  until  iSio  and  that  at  St  Bcei  ligbtboiue 
U  Cumberland  lilt  iSii.  Fires  an  staled  (o  have  been  used 
on  the  two  tourers  o(  Nidingen,  in  the  Kattegat,  until  1S4IS. 
Sneaton  wai  the  first  to  uic  an/  ionn  of  illuminanl  other  than 
coal  fires;  he  placed  within  the  lantern  of  hii  Eddystone  light- 
house  a  chandelier  holding  14  tallow  candles  each  of  which 
wdghed  t  of  a  lb  and  emitted  a  li^t  of  3-8  candle  power. 
The  aggregate  Uluminaiing  powa  was  6j'i  candla  isd  thi 


II  the  n 

Oa.--On  bmin  with  ftit  wklu  ■« 
houses  as  early  as  1763.  Ar^nd,  liei 
his  cylindrical  wicic  lamp  which  pm 
Ihroaih  (he  burner,  thus  ■llowrnc  1} 
Ihc  (as  iHulflf  Inm  the  wHk.  Tiie 
the  ebK  diimoey  nsid  with 
ninclpke'tbeinalliplewickl 


!dlnt 


cUvti 


I  17BU  ami  1783.  perfected 


K'nclpksl  (be  mallipli  wkk  burner  was  devised  by  Count  Rumroid. 
!snd  prodiKcd  burners  having  two.  three  and  tour  concrntrle 
wklii.  Sperm  oa,  eouing  Js.  to  Ss.  pn  (illsn.  was  used  in  English 
lighthouses  until  iS^G.  but  about  (hat  ynr  coin  oil  was  employed 
feneially  at  a  cost  <>(  11. 9d.  per  gallon.  Olive  oil.  tird  «1  and 
conmul  oil  have  also  been  used  For  lighthouse  purposei  in  various 

itinfrat  Oil  ilnnKr],— The  inliudiiction  of  mineral  oil.  costing  a 
men  Fnction  of  the  expensive  animal  and  vegetable  oili.  itvvId- 


The  iaventiaa  n  ankUy  (■!»  advaMw  rf  by  lUtbeiw 
authorities,  and  the 'Doty  "  burner,  and  oibr  patterns  iivolviiit 
the  same  principle,  renuiiied  pnctkally  the  only  oil  hi-~-~  ~ 
lifhthouae  use  until  Ihe  Last ' — -'  ■^-  ■"''  — - — 

The  lamps  used  for  supplj 

-J.  .1 —  I.  wKlch  t 


.  , J30-  F.  (Abel  c1l_ 

dsl  or  panSn  with  a  H>ccific  oivity  d 

„^ Baihpmiilof  I4o'ioi6g*F.    B«h  that 

vanetws  may  be  obtaioed  in  England  at  a  out  sf  abiHit  6|d.  ps 
galloa  in  bulk. 

COaf  Cti  had  been  intnduced  in  1837  at  the  faioer  pier  light  d 
Tnn  (Ayrshire)  and  io  18(7  it  was  in  lue  at  the  Heugh  bghihuM 
(West  Hameppnl).    la  1878  annel  end  du  wm  adoiKcdfor   ' 
CaHev  Head  lighihDiiK,  with  loS-jet  Wigham  banwTs.  Svja 
Douglass  ialmduad  p«  bunsM sisljai  ml  cuaestik  il  ^ 

seof^ 

^ i4  Sl  in. 

re  still  in  use  at  ccrtaia  auikras.  The  use  erf  multiple  rini 
aao  jet  gas  buracrs  is  not  being  furlber  eaended.  Gas  for  lighi- 
houie  piirp«estenerallyrequutxtsba  speciBlly  made;  Iheenctian 

Dui^  m°  aiM  whMi  is  avoided  bfO^^of  oU  u  H^l^l^unant. 

/■laK^Knil  CmI  Cn>  AwiHrl.— Tbe  invention  of  the  Welriascli 
mantle  placed  at  Uh  dbpeni  of  the  lighthouse  snthoiitiea  the 
means  os  produdng  a  light  of  bigh  Intensity  combined  nith  ^rcst 
■      ■  For  lighthousi  '  -• 


idoptedbythe 

general  lighthouse  authorities 

in  the  lifted  Kingdom.   The 

HdlS's^ice  "and  ^"'11      PW-M^- "  tWe-tBcandesci 

<ho«  made  In  Fnnce  have  Oil  BniDer.  with  I5  nm.  diaae 

the  vsporiicri  placed  over  the  msntle. 

which  the  "  ChanM  "  bumer  (Rg.  4i)  is  a  type,  the  vaporiiat 
is  (fleeted  by  means  of  a  sabsidiaTy  burner  placid  under  the  m 


Diameter  oF  Mantle. 

Service  Intensily. 

™..il.. 

600  candles. 

LIGHTHOUSE 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


LIGHTHOUSE 


Fig.  56. — Old  Eddystone  Lighlhouse. 


Fig.  57  — Eddystone  Lighthouse. 


1    r 


Fig.  58. — Ik  Vicrge  Lighthou 


Fig.  59.— Minot's  Ledge  Lighthouse, 


S3 


auwoKKTsi  LIGHTHOUSE 

Tl* MfiMlcbrirfaMn of  incudaaM bMMn iMnrlT  nur  be 
afcen  u  beJJgtqiflii^Hit  la  boa  jo  cudles  tg  40  nadla  (ar  aq. 

TflTilifrf  to  tbe  BDmher  of  wkki  ud  thv  type  of  biima  fxaEnHbout 
i'S  coodltt  to  About  11  cuhUh  nr  iq.  coLjlbe  vkJuc  bcini 

jHiamum  vith  tbe  bq^  type  01  buroBr^   The  ^' — ' ~'' 

of  ■  bum  f  [Old  ft  dioptric  apperatuj  ii.  aMrij  ^ 

imiiuui  lotEiuiiy.     The  inlriniic  trahlncti  of  xl 

,- ,  jhUe  tbo  osuumplioa  of  oil  iariroii  (he  clbdtm 

of  Ibe  bunwf  foe  ■  livea  ippuuiu  ifccieue*.  Tbe  illucnJiHiii 
poviv  of  tbe  coDdeued  bcom  un  ouy  bo  impfoved  tD  4  lU^ 
eueoEi  padi  ia  (ict.  if  omJoaiUy  deEnaoKi,  by  iocnatidi  tl 

■ 1  _u_  i.  .\_  I Tl J,  iniUti  B  ■' 

poiiitlwy  * 

,^-^ —     — ^  —  -^  —  .,.can  ii  irutai 

s  of  Ibc  EddyMoK  bi-fann  ippaniiio,  wUch  witb  the 

.  fi-vick  bumtr  CDniumiiur  1500  fftlL  of  oil  per  anounl, 

pve  1  tstil  iouiuiiy  al  n,2^  cudln.  Under  tbe  new  ittiat  t)ie 
loleiuily  u  191,000  laoaleh  tbe  oil  imuumpciaB  bdiif  pnctkally 

Jtm^rultittml  Oa  Cai  Biinuti.—lt  bu  been  mtotioiKd  tbR 
btnndeiOBilct  ailb  lowpremre  csel  fu  pfoducn  Bunc*  of  oao»- 
pHattvety  lauU  inlriauc  brigbtneee.    Coil  lu  cuinac  b*  com- 
^_— J  k.^-.-j  ^  hmU  evtnt  witbom  couiacreUe  injurigui  cda- 
other  occomponying  evUi.    SecouTA  bat  thoefoie 
HBptMcd  oil  ■»,  wUcb  It  apaUe  of  uadniDuii 
■  uj  10  or  11  atlBoipbeni  with  bttle  dctilmeat,  lad 

employed  nieiiiblca  tbo  ordinary  Bupiad  bunwr  nib  iaceodeiceni 
eianile.  and  the  rata  of  conaumpElan  of  gaa  ia  aj-^  cob.  ia.  per  boui 
per  cuidlc.    A  ndudn^  valve  a  uied  tor  aupplync  tbe  lu  10  thi 

for  cop^dcnble  wnodi.  Tbe  lynen  waa  flrtt  adopted  in  Fiam 
vherc  it  ii  imulWd  at  cifbl  lifhlbouci,  anDBC  otbeia  tba  Ar'nKi. 
Kock  light,  and  haa  bna  emended  to  other  poru  of  the  vorld 

iDdudiai  levenl  (Uiierji  ia  Scotland  and  Bntfaad.    Tbe 

uied  in  Fnnce  an  of  jj  <nia.  (UaaHMT.  The  ij  ■>■.  naatk 
tandle-power  of  400,  with  aa  initial  briihtaeM  of  M 


pRHed  beyoad  1 
denAtioa  and  otT 


■eifhbaurinc  Mation.  A  cooplcta  na  vorka jibuK  cent  abooi 
TIk  aaaiial  euonditiiiv  for  t»  Sfhtin^  in  rnnc*  doea  net  1 
^I  per  lifht  libcn  mrka  am  iaatalkd,  di  (31  wbeie  pa  b  H 


AutjUtu. — The  high  iUiuniaatui 


f^p—tfaa. 
uaatiai  povcr  and 


latriaik  beiglitiuo 


aad  beaoHH,  pnmdiai  lenaia  difficuliiia  itiendlog 

be  merana-    At  Cia^wiith  an  uaalKaded  ii-day 

baHi  Ulumiaaled  by  an  acetylcao  iaaw  for  aone  yean 

•I,  and  a  beaon  MK  daKoed  to  ran  un- 

....— meauWiibedoaBcdAutlauidui  Weatem 

AuKnIia  b  igio,     Aceiylcae  baa  ala)  beea  iwd  in  tbe  United 
Swei,  Germany,  the  Ar:^niiBe,  China.  Car    ■     -      ■■■'-■ 

and  Dalch  toMta  have  ben  aupfM  >ilh  1 
of  aeetyleae,  Ibeieby  obtaiamf  an  * 

OluBiiBatiaauKeaitiv.   la  Ffai '- 

aoetylene  na  laiied  iriil  air 
lifhUHHIH  ' '      '^'  ^ — 


ia  (19CB).  Tbe  Fiiacta  Ufhthoine  Servii 
dcaccnl  acetyleaa  burner  wkh  a  M  Rn.  11 
sC  over  sooa  nulla  laiwi    wiib  iatrini 


Ihe  Ch;. 

Servia  liaa  pcffecIHt 

EJMrieKy^-^  kit  InMalladoB  of  tkctric  light  tar  Ihhihin 
piiipoiii  b  EailBiid  look  pbot  ia  l<s>  at  the  South  FonlaT 
sfcan  tfa*  Trinity  Kouie  eittbliihid  a  ttiaponiy  plant  tot  apt 
kianial  pvpoita.  TMa  InmBaiion  waa  loMmtd  ia  iMa  by  t 
ndoptioa  01  Ibe  Khiaiinaai  at  (ha  DuncenMi  Ufbtbauie,  where 
lanaioad  la  lefvlca  until  iha  ynu  ttj*  whs*  oD  waa  BbitUBied  1 
altctiiclty.  Tbe  eaiUfit  of  lb*  pcrmaiml  ioNalhitiaai  now  ciiiti  ._ 
b  Enfkad  It  that  at  Soater  Feint  aUcb  waa  iUuninated  in  iSt'- 
There  art  b  Endaod  four  impoitant  tout  Hchta  illuminaied  by 

ekctridty,  and  one,  vlx  lile  oT  May.  in  Ssotlind.    Of  th-  ' 

St  CaibeiW-a,  b  the  I*  of  Wifht.  and  the  Uaid  an  1 
pomiluL  Elnridiy  waa  tubttitutcd  a*  an  illuninani  lor 
«<«<»  aO  \M,t  ai  St  Citberina'a  b  iM*.  Tbe  optical  a 
tevolvbi  lent,  wl 

,, ^ h  a  vmlcal  atitle  'eTiyi', 

ediibitina  a  Auh  of '^1  locoad  daratloa  every  s  eecoadf  eubitilufMl 
for  h.    A  Ixed  bolophotc  ii  placed  Iniide  the  optic  in  the  dark 
taadward  arc,  aad  at  Ihe  local  plane  of  Ihe  lamp.    Thit  hoTophi 

•■lall  anele.  «hl^  !•  dinctod  hoiiionlllly  apon  a  anin  of  rcHMinE 
pdnawkU  apb  bead  the Kibt aod  thiww It  downward!  IbrabKR 


irth  lilhthouic.    _ ,  ... 

-....-  in  France  illuminjiicd  by  ekdridty.  In  olhtr  pnrti  of  ibc 
world,  Macqiaiie  lifbihoine,  Sydney,  wai  lit  by  cknridty  in  tUj: 
Tino.  in  tbe  idK  of  Spnin,  in  ilty.  and  Navcdnb  liihtbouK,  near 

-'    —  New  Vortt  Bay.  ia  IS«.    Ehstrie  ap[Bratui  were 

tbelighthooieat  Port  Said  In  1*69.00  iSe  opening 

of  the  canal:  Odoia  in  1871;  and  al  the  Kothenand,  Nsnh  Sea, 
'    itaj.   There  lie  BTvcnloIberUghtabvarioua  pant  of  the  w»td 
minated  by  IhJa  ateocy. 

ncandeicenl  ekdric  liehling  hu  been  adopted  (or  Ibe  iDumini- 
...ji  of  certdn  Hght-vciidt  b  Ihe  United  Sutei.  and  a  few  imaU 
harbour  and  poftJichta,  bcacomand  buoya, 

TaUc  VI,  givu  partkulan  of  aonic  of  itie  ox 
llghihauKi  a  Ihe  world. 

Eltclric  U|iliniit  liaUlIc 
lightboum  on  the  French  co 
ijoot  will  be  found  in  »»■■  ^ 
the  Iwo  IJEhthoom  ai 

186s.    Th«  innalhi..- ., 

c^auishmcnt  of  electricity  ai 
M.  AllanI,  the  the-    "'     -- 

"[""'^cT 

5f«J^!^lrf  t'K'ou'tritt'oT  a^icii  'JoiS^awiiem  ii(")i  fa^ 
of  venkal  lenaei.  ThcH  vmkil  pancia  candcoicil  ihe  belt  o\  fml 
light  into  beam,  of  j*  amplitude  in  aiunulh.  pnjduong  Baibe.  of 
aEiiut  I  ace.  dutalbn.  To  iKumiuie  the  near  Ka  tlw  vettical 
diveratntt  of  the  lower  ptiimi  of  the  fiaed  belt  waa  iitifelally 

■    — ■ iiy  iimllar  to -•— ' ""  ' 

Theinieiuit 


1I  46  iighli  dinnbuied  i 
All  Ihe  appaniui  VI 


h  UghthouK 
,rf  (he  French 


andlee  wilh  Ibihing 


litbli  of  Dunlicn]uc,  Calaia.  Cni-Net.  U  Cancha,  Baleinei 


UGHTHOUSE 


[LtCHTS  AMD  BCACOm 


„  „  „  .._  ^ uUHin, 

._     liUdaD  of  ctedrtal  ifnnra  M 

iai|»ruuu  ludfin  lifhu— •  dedHM  which  On  Tnnin  Houie  kul 

-' — -'--  urivol  M  in  lit  cut  el  tin  Ea^ih  cout— i^  la  tUabliih 

lamuiuwifiuioiuaiily.   Tboe  nrc  Crfac'h  d'Ounni 


ndy  urivoi  nc  in  lit  cut  el  tin  EofGih 

■Bvappamuiu wmuioniaiily.   Tboeii 

rU(l»u]^B«Bl^  L>  Cdobn  it  Om  aouik  ol  the  liw  Cunaik. 
Buflcur.Ilcd'VMudPnDuV   At  i)w  aiac  time  it  wu  dnti^ 

-  >  ijKnue  ibe  povtn  oJ  ilw  c&nirw  eldciric  IvIlil    Tbe 
iiBiHid^  la  iSH  *u ' — '  '-^ — ' 


SevmlsltbedcMcri 

Kill  in  UM.  An  thoc  mKhina  have  five  indiiciion  roil 
upon  the  inMiUitiiHi  at  Iht  tirin  oplia,  wen-  irpininl 
diidnct  cimjt^  cub  cominlng  at  3i  coili.  Thii  modific 
cubCcd  ibo  old  thnu  lo,  be  uicd  wilh  uiccen  under  t> 


■ton  idoptnl  1» 


UbUiI  (F 


d'EcknOM  (Pniaiirc'h)  iniianallaa  ■ 
nuleto  nuchiac'V.  The  dynimu  i 
phaee  muhincti  tnd  arc  iattnllrd  in 


,    The  Phan 

ai  ■  type  of  the  oion 

iottc    The  two  lanipf 


The  lamp  rtnecally  adttpled 
BcrioIpfincipUswiihcert''-  — 
with  a  RKulalinf  ekcitt^ 
and  controk  the  movcmci 


certain  modifieatiDiu 


produced  by  C1irrentiat60and  TrOAmpcreial  4S  V 
14  mm.  end  li  mm.  diamcm,  vhlic  in  unele 
curttnu  o[  3S.  JO  and   IDO  arripc—  —  ...:>?:_. 


Epglaad  fluted  carboni 
Tcrpopdingly  incirasci 

;,';"™.(«iigh[bS!il 


The  CO 


L  et  a  fim-ciaae  ctf 


ofCruiBHuiod 


t  buiidiii£t,  anwiinta 
IjEHlbauH  aiDthoritiea 


Lrluding  opj^al  apl 

'Static  LifU— Id  iB«i 
.^  ^ — -,  ^,.„,^  Jdermifwd  ilut  an  eiduuj 
■liould  be  carried  out  ai  the  South  FonLaod 
ing  tbe  leUtivc  Hiilabilily  of  cicctiicity.  | 
lUumtninti,  The  aperimcnti  ntinded  w 
tweite  dontha.  and  were  attended  by  ti 

ii(hihciuK  authoritiea  el  the  w«M.  -The  nsuiii  01  inc  ituii  icdocd 
to  ihow  that  the  raya  el  oil  and  jai  lithii  auHerGd  Is  about  equal 
dtent  by  alinoapbcric  ibeorptioa,  but  thai  oil  hiid  Ibe  advaniaf  e 


5.  !«*.''/' 


iitlay  04  inxtaUaiior 


. -.. „■  oil  or  ga^ipht , ..  

Swet  by  umauhetk  (bnipiioB,  but  Ibe  infinitely  gmitr  tola! 
eiuity  of  the  bean  obtainabte  by  it*  vie.  both  by  reuoo  01  th* 
hiEh  luiniiiiiui  inteniily  ot  the  eleclnc  an  and  ila  local  compictncih 
more  tbaa  outweiriied  the  hif  ber  percenta|e  oE  lou  in  foe.  _  The 

tat  or  oit  ■■  Hihihouie  inuminanM  it  nvcn  in  tbc  lallcxnng  wonli: 
"Thai  In  or^urv  Hcewiia  ol  liihthnuie  lUuDiInatloi.  nUacral 
oil  It  Ihe  iHBit  agitable  aod  ctomniicaJ  ilN  aiiaanl.  and  that  lot  lalicnl 
hcadlanda.  impoftaat  landlallt,  and  placet  wbcte  ■  veni  poweilul 
tijht  it  nqulnd  decuklly  oflera  Ihe  (rciler  advantagci. 

I.MiKiLL*niiuiLiBHtHO(mEqtiiniEHT.  i^iilau.— Madem 

litntbovie  lamtmi  aiully  eondit  of  a  cau  imn  or  iiecl  pcdciial. 

"    1  in  plan,  on  mtich  it  creeled  Ihe  lantern  gtailni;.  lur- 


litMboyie 


outntiy  tiniilar  apiuratji  to  ihdt  at  Cr^ac'h  ' 
the  dU  Dunkerque  optic  hat  been  r^laced  t 


d  by  ■  domed  raaF  and  venllLitor  [fi^.  4t).  Adequati 
ion  »  of  [Teat  Importance,  and  it  provided  by  meaot  ol 
orm  in  the  pcdcftal  and  a  larje  ventilating  dome  nr 


IB  any  vertical  aecllon  and  affordinf  filter  rigidity  1 
The  glaaiiif  ia  tituaUy  Hn.  thick  puteflaia  curve 
ol  IH  lantern.     In  ntuatkHia  ef  great  -"»>-.-'  > 

M'^naMl.    LamemrDolaareof  dicetna..-.  _-^,^ .- 

ralter  Irane^    In  certain  incancs  u  b  lound 


nibr!^' 


inpnct.    Laoternt  vary  in  dlaiDcter  (p ^ ,, , 

aocoidbig  to  ^the  aim  of  the  optical  apparatui*    For  firtt  order 

IJ^MiMf    CWuUri.— The     lantern     and     princ^    pctalllc 

duelor  carried  cnKcr  ID  a  point  bclinr  low  water  or  terminating  in  an 
earth  plate  etabedded  la  wet  ground.   Coeducton  may  \x  ol  copper 

Kalalan  UBcMiirry.— Flathiiw^ight  tpparalui  an  totated  by 
clpckvnck  BWrhtnlMn  acioMHl  by  wdghti.    The  etocki  are  filled 

variation  in  ipanl  and  wben  fmindinf  it  leqtimd.    For  occulting 
apparanit  either  weight  decka  or  tpiing  docki  an  cmpbiyed. 

.irtfuiaJrlJw  hr  JTHperi.  dre.— Al  cock  and  nther  ianlatcd 
nation^  ncoDciiBiiidatitiD  lor  the  keepera  It  uiualty  pcovided  id  tbe 
lowtcoi  In  Ih*  caie  ot  land  hhthautea.  dwrllingi  are  provided  in 
doae  pmnnlty  to  lb*  lower.  The  aerdce  or  waldi  room  dnnld  be 
lituaud  imoadiately  iBder  ibo  lantern  floor.   Oil  ii  unially  alered 

pumpioi  aa  fmiB  the  aMiag*  lanka  to  a  letvica  tank  in  Ibe  watch- 

6.  Uhaiiesdhj  LicFTi  tun  Biaidh).— Until  imnt  yean  ns 
UDaitendnl  Ughtt  weie  in  eilitrnct.    The  iotrodnciian  ol  Pinttch't 


made.     Otba 


-.„  in  uic  to  a  coatkKrat 

11  erected  on  a  tidal  rock  near  Cadia.  A  ie^y  clock  nia'ainn^ 
I  ecliptini  the  light  between  tuniiie  and  lunict  and  aulomaiicjlly 
itiincofi  the  cvTtBt  at  biierwlt  to  produce  an  oDcahini  charactv. 
lie.  Several  email  diepnic  appaiatua  lltuffnoaled  with  tnandeKeat 
ECtric  limpi  havt  been  made  by  Ihe  firm  of  Barbier  Btnanl  M 
-nieane  ol  Parit.  and  lupplied  wild  eumnt  froai  baneria  at 
Daalell^Ii.  with  electric  cEcckwc^  nechanlm  (or  oeeutling  Iha 


LtCHT-VESSELQ 


_-.^ to tlight vaiiatisB.  ThciiEblin 

up  Dt>  twoty-oae  dayt. 

Btluo^Ln  Lampt^'—Aa  imjanyanrjtt  i 


LIGHTHOUSE 


BeoHHi-La  laoip.  in 
BKd,  but  the  inumi 


tbt  UnilH  Kinidom,  ml  J 
"pi^^ml  Wick  LitliU. 


ii-  t1]«  Fnodi  Li^thouK 

puiAthK.  Tlift  bumcn  a^^-dt  ipeciAl  conAructLDr,  provided  wilh  a 
VEry  thick  wick  which  a  ia  the  hnt  iiucaod  mated  b  uach  a 
faddder  u  u  auic  thefordiatioii  of  A  dcpoiLI  of  ctrbonfad  ur  oa  in 
tAued  bppc  Autfub  Thii  cnat  prcwiti  further  dutriju  of  thi 
■ick  itler  I|Bltiaih  tb*  oQ  bssmtiif  viporlied  from  tha  under  eUe 
of  the  cniu.  Uuy  bied,  ocoillini  ud  daihtnc  llcbU  Gtud  nib 
thcae  bumen  ir  vttibCithed  Tn  FnDcft  tod  OCIwr  csuDCriet.  In  the 
cue  dl  Iba  cccultiRi  typo  ■  rrvolrtiiv  eona  ia  pliod  mund  tba 
bunier  end  cuiicd  upun  ■  mioiatun  nHniy  float.  The  nxatini  ii 


lutcm  and  conarct«(  with  tha  burnrr  by  a  tube,  to  which  ii  httcd 
a  cmalarK  Icvd  nulalor  for  mainiaininE  the  buminE  Inel  a  the 
oil  at  a  hud  h«i(ht.  In  Ihe  Huhinf  or  ievalvin[  light  ivpn  the 
anu(Einea(  ia  EEoenUy  rimilir,  the  lesia  beint  moived  upoo  a 
mn^iuy  float  ■hich  b  nuted  1^  the  electric  mulor.  The  Auhini 
appantua  eajabliihed  at  St  Uaicouf  la  Igoi  bu  a  beani  iatenaity 
of  looo  undle-power,  and  ia  capabLe  af^running  unattended  for 
.  thne  Bunthi.  The  electric  current  employed  for  rotating  the 
•ppuatua  ia  tupplied  by  four  Lalande  and  Ciupcrcui  primary  cdii. 
coupled  in  toiea,  cadi  giving  about  a'15  ampere  at  a  voJEage  ol 
<h4^  Tbepavarrcqiiirad  toworfc  tboappaniiiu'isaethr  mawmofn 
about  O'lM  ampere  at  0-7S  voll.  the  kige  auniluaof  powrr  whidi 
It  provldad  for  Iba  aake  ill  aafciy  beiiii  abaoibed  by  ■  brake  or 
foveroor  connected  wilh  the  ntotor. 

Wiilam  Bam  U(M].— Wi{ham  ictivlucHl  an  oil  lamp  for 

■■ 1  and  buoy  punnaea  coniucing  of  a  vertirai  — '-■ —  "^— ' 

Drdinary  nuncral  oil  or  paraffiiu  and  carrytDg  1 
jnder  the  burns  caic  ovrr  which  a  loru  flat  w 


oa  the  Lindbcrg 

riieit  Jiiht-veHd  placed  in  Engliih 

ajl.  The  early  fight-ihipa  were  of 
prlndtlve  conatmclion  and  eniall 
--  -        ■  ■  diareof 


of  prlndth^  co 

compoaite  abipa  an 
jf  En^iih  light-vci 


aiee  HBpended  fi 
(Hd.  wui  art 

•rith  Munii  metal.    The 
The  foUowinf  may  be  take 

Leiwtb    ,     .     .     .     .  ouii.  ID  rid  II, 

Beam ID  [I.  to  >4  fl. 

Depth  DMUtded       .     .  13  (c.  to  15 IL  6  ia. 

Tomiage       .     .     .        IXJlolSo. 
The  larger  vCMeli  aiE  employed  at  outudc  and  eipo»l  Kationa.  the 
PiuUpr  ahipi  being  atationcd  In  ihellered  pontioni  and  in  eatuarica. 
Tlie  moonnga  muallyconilat  of  3-ton  muahroom  anchon  and 

iDcter,  dicular  In  form,  vith  glanng  4  ft,  in  height.  They  aie 
annular  in  plan,  Hirrouodtng  the  mait  td  the  vcsaei  upon  which  they 
lit  boated  lor  illumiaatian,  and  an  lowered  to  thcdteti  level  during 
the  day.  Fixed  lantemi  RKHinted  on  holhjw  tted  maali  m  now 
being  uaed  in  maay  aervkea,  and  are  giaduaUy  diipladng  the  olikr 
type.  The  Grat  EogNah  ligbt-veaail  ao  equipped  waa  contiructad 
in  liiiM.  Of  the  87  Ughl-vaaeli  in  Driliih  watera.  inch:dine  un- 
attended  tilht-veadi.  eleven  are  io  Irelaiid  and  aix  in  Scotland. 
At  the  pfcaent  time  iheie  amover  T5o  l^ht-veiae!i  io  aerrice  through- 

Until  about  itoj  the  aiumlnaling  appaiatui  lued  la  litht.vei>d> 
ttaaanJuiiva^orcaloptnclarm,  iiauallyconiutingDf  31  in.  01 14  In. 
■ilvendpanbolkreflectoTB,  having  i,}  or ^-wkk  mineral  uD  burnen 

i^rnr.ia       Th*  rpJlmrrnn  « n.1  l«m-u  ar^  li.iniT   !n  D^rnhftU  In  nr*■-T^J>• 


unnieCEid'uL     Hw 


pictcd  die  connrucl 
nliinutely  placed  at 
of  Ihia  vctsd  waa  t 

dioptric  fljuhing 


£5000.    The  «e 

increaied  dimen: 
anddrairgfat  Ijl 
modaiiDii  II  prm 
(fir^J  iadSipt 

balanced   Iq'  a  -.- 


a  atcel  liiht-y«ja 


mond  Shoa^tiS^sJ! 


ipproKimalely 
'lEeTcHlDJinii 


£Su^ 


ineaadboai 
■e  voaet,  indudlnf  f 

gso.    A  veoet  of  lidiilar 

uminanliiongaL    Caa  ilh... . 

been  conuructed  lor  the  German  and  Chi 
UnaMwiti  i^*Hti-'-     '-  -"■   - 

illiimlnated  with  "■- 

, fined  il  til*  hcadof 

iwerJofL  above  ■  .      .    -. 


reiml^plattd  in  Ihe'holdr'The 
t.  bntem  conttrvnni  at  the  head  of 
tieter.    A  powerful 


the  air  CO 

■     i-Hlof  

Swiu  Middtruatrtu 


Ml  an  unatiended  Kaht.vtiHl, 

_. .  ,..  .^  waa  conatrucHd  for  iIk  Clyde, 

lae  at  the  Garvd  PMni.    The  light  ia  ecculilnt.  and  ia 
"     --'-'eni  fined  al  the  hcadof  a  braced  Iron  lattice 
-level.  Thev«Ktiio(in 


iiSt''for"l 


ICOT  llial 


ihdider  on  board  contalnuig  oil 


1  Both  the  TalaJB  and  Sia 


-cdByGoogle 


(^++  LIGHTHOUSE 

l."^^  *eli  ■^■?i'.™»f 'Xf^S^     la  "S»"  =  liihl.iwfto  n.  in    cu 
Ic^i^th  ««K  uU<W  oi  Ok  Oud  Rock  on  tlv  *c«  our  of  Scouaod ;  I  cu 


[DISTRIBUTION  OF  LtCHn 

&r  iFmliuIni  in  t  kite  eopptr  piat«» 
»■  imnkndn.     Wall 


fUAi  11  aH  gat,  with  an  occiJtini  chumetirinlc    Tbe  not' 

r  cotieAiDi  to.yto  cub'  f r-  of  ns  at  obdit  atompbcrct.  tulBcic bi 

to  wppl)'  iIh  Ititu  for  -■ * ■■ 


clippn  moved  by  t. 
ia;)7p.    The  Nonliin 


.nilcd,  (tmcrli  by 
.  roU  of  Ibc  v«kI. 


provided  ^viIh  a  dioptric  l^iliinR  app*^ 
Qlut  wu  placed  ar  ihc  Luw  De«p  in 
Morrumbe  Bay.     It   "-  -'—  *-'-J  --->. 


Eletlr 

col  Csmminii^ 

wiik   Uu 
•liiuud 

5*s>t.— EipcHiDcnli 'ircn  la- 
in  ig«6  11  titc  Sunk  liEhr-nwl 

off   the 

Eaex  loul 

■nainui 
wilh  the 

3U"brn^ 

"•  ^""S^'n^" 

...  in  leSph 

pcrienced   in 

■nunical 

on     durinc 

ilormy     Kealher, 

te?5 

Ic  being   trenuenl. 

t^iKsva 

tially  0 

Rconw  by 

isu 

KHel.     and 

raunicaSou  il^ih  Ivbl-Hwiiti  En^iTli 
vmeU.  including  (he  laii  off  Ibe  Coadwin 
Goniniimicalloa  wilta  the  than. 

vi(h  the  liiarE  by  Deau  of  cable* 


holaled  n 


SftodcetU  Litbtthip.     I 

CDnilnuouicabk,  ilbciDgfihindlmpoatlble  to  maintain  a  con tJDUoui 
^^tle  in  tbiilow  kaler  near  ibc  nxk  owinf  tn  ibe  heavy  wtab  of  ih« 

bcdflf  ibrninadepiKoJ  ij  failmmt,  by  a  distance  of  abOLE  loofi. 


IT  LiCOTS,  bc—l/aluil 


S.   DlSIBIBDIION  AND  DlSTINCnOM  0: 

d/  DiiliHciion. — The  foUowisg  are  the  vaiiou*  IJcbt  duncUi- 
iUici  vhich  may  be  eihibiled  to  the  muino': — 

fiint.— Showing  a  conlinnoni  or  iteady  ligbt.  Sddom  ued 
in  modem  lighlbouia  and  gcnetally  reatiicted  la  unall  port  or 
harbour  li^la.  A  £ied  ligbt  ii  liable  to  be-cocfused  with  light* 
of  ihipping  or  otbtf  shore  lighta. 

Flaihinf} — Showing  i  ongle  flaah»  the  dontina  of  daikneai 
always  being  greater  than  ihal  of  light.  Thii  chancteiiuk 
or  that  immediately  fnllowiDg  ia  geiwraliy  adopted  for  importaftt 
lighlL  The  Fmch  autbocilii*  bcvs  (Ivea  Ibe  hum  Faa- 
Edaii  to  flashing  IfgfaU  of  afaori  duration. 

Creii/-nmAin(.— Showing  group)  of  two  or  mnre  Saiha  ia 

by  ectipsea  with  a  laifcc  intttvil  of  ■t"'"'™  betma  tba 

Find  BHif  Flashiit—Tati  light  varied  by  a  single  white  or 
coloured  fiaah,  which  may  be  preceded  and  followed  by  a  short 
eclipse.  This  type  of  light,  in  couoquence  of  the  unequai 
[ntmuliei  of  the  beams,  is  tmtdiable.  and  eiam|dci  an  now 
seldom  installed  allhoueh  majiy  are  still  in  service. 

Fiicd  and  Grimp-Fliiiliint.—&iEiUi  lo  the  preceduit  and  apta 
to  the  lame  objecliDot 

KaehiHi. — This  term  ii  (iDt  retained  in  the  "  Vttt  of  Li^ls  " 
issued  by  ihe  Admiralty  and  ume  other  authorities  to  denou 
a  light  gradu^y  increasing  to  full  eflect,  then  decreasing  to 
edipse.  Atshort dlstanceaandindearweatherafaintcontiauoBa 
light  may  be  observed.  There  is  no  CBenlial  diSennct  betweoi 
revolving  and  flashing  tigbta,  the  distinction  being  merely  due 
ID  the  speed  of  rotation,  and  the  term  might  well  be  abandoned 
as  in  the  United  Stales  lighthouse  list. 

OtaiOiBt. — A  (ontlnuous  light  with,  at  iteidar  intervals,  one 
sodden  and  total  edipse,  the  duration  of  light  always  bctnt  equal 
to  or  greater  than  that  of  daikness.  This  charuleiistlc  b 
usually  exhibited  by  Gied  dicf>tric  anontus  filled  with  soiot 
form  of  occulting  medianism.  Many  lights  fonnetty  of  Gad 
charaeterisUe  have  been  converted  to  occulting. 

^  Tar  the  purpoKi  of  the  mariner  a  liEhi  is  claned  as  flaihin^  or 

and  wid>oul  any  nference  to  the  appaialuB  emplJayed.  Thai,  an 
Dccukinz  apparatus,  in  which  the  period  of  darViwss  ii  rrealcr  llkaa 
ibat  of  li^hi.  h  claned  in  Ihe  Adauialty  "  LiM  of  L^htt "  *a  • 


uoiizcdBvGoojjIe 


DISrRIBUTWN  OF  UlCHTSI  LIGHTHOOSE 

Crnp Oaiillmt~A  nntinams liglit  wfth,  it  reguJir Inieivib, 


ActFiitLiciiaot  10  ber«ORiintniiedrorrea&onawbichhavca1miiy 
been  rcferrtd  lo.  Mviy  of  the  permanenl  ind  unw3tdi«l  lighls 
on  the  c<u«tt  o[  Sonny  and  Sweden  ire  dF  Ihij  description. 
Ctlthr. — The  cokHin  uiuaJly  idopled  for  lights  arc  while, 
red  and  green.     White  [s  lo  be  preferred  whenever  poeible, 


5a/w)r— Coloured  Ugh 


loured  lights  ate  otien  rnimwie  to  distincuiik 
and  should  be  shown  Imm  Eicd  or  oecuUing  li^l 


•645 

Id  be  tucH  thil  h  my  lie  mdily  deier- 

comtt  tUliontnaihinidioplricBppaTaluiDiltiF  fint  order  Igiomm. 
[ocal  diattnee)  with  powerlul  bumtn  :itt  miuired.  la  nunliici 
vbcrr  ih*  atnHHphefe  iteenenl!^  cknr  and  Iwiarc  leu  pn^v^lrlit 

lufhce  for  bndldtlft  having  recvd  (o  the  high  inteOHlin  available 
bv  the  uH  al  bnprowd  iltominams.  Secondary  coasi  llgMfl  may  b« 
ot  ■eeofld.  thin]  or  lourth  order  of  llathinE  character,  uid  important 
hartXHir  lighta  of  Ihinl  or  lounh  order.  Less  imporunt  harbours 
and  pktcea  wheir  coniEdervble  nuiEe  is  tnt  requirnl.  as  in  estuaries 
and  narrow  iBU.  nujr  be  li|hted  by  flashing  liihlsol  lourth  order  or 

lnadaplcdlerthemainliEht:  oraubadi>rylijdits.liiedoroci:ulting, 
wiy  be  nhibltcd  [mm  the  same  lower  as  tlw  main  light  but  ai  a 

IhE  high  and  the  low  Kght  mun  be  luffidcat  to  avoid 
comwiinfKn*  of  the  two  beams  at  any  lange  «t  which  both 
lighii  am  vUble.  Saeh  coniniingling  or  bkndiiii  is  due  10 
unoiphcric  abenation. 

Jliwr  tf  LifUi.— The  range  of  ■  Hghl  drpcndi  (inl  on  Its 
elewation  above  aca-kvcl  and  wcondly  on  its  miGiuity.  Most 
hnponani  lighli  an  o(  lulficient  power  10  render  then 
viaiMe  at  the  full  geographical  range  in  dear  weather.  On 
the  other  hand  there  are  many  harbour  and  other  light) 
wUchdanHmRtthiscondiiion. 

The  distancn  given  in  lists  of  iighi*  from  which  lights  are 
viaUe— eicnpl  in  the  eases  of  liehis  of  low  power  lor  the 
ceasOD  riv«i  abow-are  muaHy  calculaicd  in  nainical  mil™ 

ofthclbhlslKinllakenuab^h^'^tcr.    UnikrJmii!! 
atmoapheric  fXMiditions,  and  eipKialK  with  the  more  power- 
ful lights,  the  (loriof  the  light  miybe  visible  coasidcrably 
beyond  the  caltulaied  range. 
Taili   111.— DiUucei  al  nkKJi  OtjaU  ma  t<  xn  of  &s. 


Disumetin 

He«hti 

»s 

'^•^s^ 

Miles. 

Miles. 

10 

;S 

lU 

:jii 

.3^ 

14a 

'3-J7 

U 

r£ 

i»o 

lis 

3S 

6-7S7 

¥• 
4} 

if 

300 

3S" 

■is 

u 

tin 

490 
SOD 

ii 

ISIO 

a 

rs! 

i£ 

ir.!i 
<■■« 

6S0 
IS. 

T.I 

i 

V<a 

la 

Fic.  49.— Otter  Roek  LIght-vc 

ting  appiistui 


ige  lhn>ugh  a  cha 
ets,  coloured  light  m 
flight  being   ' 


lairvay  and  the  dangers. 

deicr  if  OcncUrlilic  tui  DaaiMn  of  ilMawlu.— In  deter- 
mining the  choice  of  characteristic  (or  a  light  due  rigatd  mutt  be 
paid  to  existing  lights  in  the  vicinily-  No  Itghl  shouliflie  placed  on 
a  c«ut  line  having  a  chancleriitic  (he  same  as.  or  similar  to.anolher 
in  its  ■righbourtuod  unless  opc  or  more  lighta  of  dittimilar  cbar- 


other  wItNn  a  nnp  ol 
lights  of  nmilar  chatac 


Elftlim  ti  tigUi.— The  elevalioB  of  the  light  above  lea-level 
id  not.  in  the  case  ol  landfall  lights,  eiettd  100  ft.,  which  la 
■'-=—•--■ iM^of  over  »o  nautical  miles.  One'-—'—'--' 


Head).     No'defli 

amtttfS 

lionandlhei 

s£lla,*n2r 


ually  auHicient  for  coast  lights.    Lights  placed  on  hitli 

liable  to  be  envelopnl  i.  Sinks  of  Sg  at  times  when  u 

atmosphere  is  cnmpllsttvdy  dear  ((4.  Beaehy 

ite  rule  can.  however,  be  laid  down,  and  local 


'■  LandSl™! 

;»( leciiian  for  such  a  liriit  ought 
lighting  of  the  appmadiei  to  a  j 


les  to  a  port-  Subsidiary 
Lights  mitalWd  to  gaaid 
■K  practicable,  be  placed 


646 

lihlhciKuvic 


UGHTHOUSE 


at  be  aiiitaiwl  noM  irhCB  the  dufn 

ighu  OutlyuqcbniwnrcquirDiBulung 

-_^.  , «ecor  by  a  aoaclnilichtinilivkiiiity. 

4.  liximiHAiED  BuotJ.— Cu  Suiri.    Pinucbawl  luluilicon 
InuKrotlhcillununiitlaiis(buDyi>iiiaie78.   In lUsinuKmiaiic 
occutur wupcrfcctcd.  workcdtivtheuipuviit '"  '  ^^    ~ 
ID  Ihe  burner.   The  lighli  ptaccd  on  Iheie  bnoyt 
roc  three  or  inan  mmnM.    The  buoy*  amj  Unltm*  an:  nwjc 
vuioui  [omu  ind  utt.   Tbi  apar  buoy  (tic.  5<>)  nuy  be  adapted 

vail.  Oil  EU  Uahti  are  Inqiiciitly  fitleJ^Io 
Cixiitniay  vhiuJini  (Ac.  gi)  and  beU  bmyt. 
la  ihe  DfdLnary  type  «  ffu  Uwy  linterr 
tke  bumct  employed  ii  ol  Ihe  iniiltiptc-)ct 
Afgand  rinc,  «  mcandoccnt  type.    IncaB' 


(BUOVS  AMD  TOG  StCHAU 

SOI   SchtliiE,   ilnea   Ihe   txaiM 
poHVrful  e1cc4Tic  Jtahuout  an  hwuetflf 


LIGHTHOUSE 


6+7 


powerful  ibnil  Is  miui red.  GflR^»ilwtnvorCMnaefiumiftrturv, 
mn  fDmcrry  ]mi«  on  board  l^i^iih  N^huhiitf  ^ndai^tiiUuivd  to 
(Onie  Aunt  Bbruad,   Tbcsc  »re  btinE  igpcnrwd  by  morr  powerful 

Exfloilvl  Sitaaii.—Cam  wm  lonf  Mtd  M  nun^  Bihtllou!*  and 
Gghl-VCBel  llaliam  <ii  Engkind.  and  itt  Bill  in  uw  in  Irtlind  ind 
•(  ume  foRiED  KailonL  Thne  an  bcinc  Eradnally  dUplaod  by 
other  Bcpknivi  or  comprwcd  air  liEiub-  fvo  ckplouve  iignalr  ire 
In  OK  on  the  coau>  ol  ihe  United  Stain,  in  1S7B  wind  mica 
charged  with  nin-<onoA  were  firit  uwd  At  Flamhoronrij  Head  and 
wen  alutwuSt  supplied  to  many  other  tiatioRi.'  Tlie  niiiatcd 
fun-ct>tIoii  or  tonitc  li^nali  now  in  «nera1  me  are  made  up  in  4  01. 
charge*.  Tbe«  are  hung  at  the  end  of  an  iion  jib  or  pole  attaehed 
(o  Ihe  lighchoute  hnlcrn  or  other  atnictun,  Ind  bid^by  meant  ol 
a  detonator  and  electric  battery.    The  discharH  tnay  take  place 

■afety.  Thii  form  or  ugnaT  it  now  very  generally  adopted  lor  rock 
andDiheriutioni  in  Crcit  Britain,  Ciiuda.NcK'loundlond.nortbeni 
Europe,  and  oiher  piiti  of  the  wnrid.    An  eiample  will  be  nniiceil 

lantern  (%  ij).   Automatic  hoiiting  and  firing  appliueca  aje  lUo 

IKkiiUM.— WhIitTei.  whether  Munded  by  ait  or  iteam,  are  not 

uodti  local  contmL  I1  haibeea  Obiecied  that  their  wund  hni  tm 
inaca  nseniblance  to  Meamen'  whullch  and  they  an  wasteful  of 
power.  In  Ibe  Uniled  Statn  and  Canada  they  are  lariely  used. 
The  whiule  uiuaUv  employed  coniliti  of  a  metallic  dome  or  bell 
agalntl  which  the  hlgh-prcuure  Meant  Iminngee.  Rapid  vibrallona 
ace  acl  up  both  in  the  metal  ol  Ihe  bclT  and  in  the  InlctKal  air. 
producing  a  ihrill  note.  The  Coitrtenay  buoy  whiille,  already 
lefcrred  to,  it  an  Aineiican  invention  and  nvti  favour  in  the  United 
State*.  Frwc  Germany  and  diewhcrt 

Xn^^nnH.— Thoe  iniinuQcoti  in  their  original  form  were  the 
hventio*  ol  C  L.  Daboll,  an  eioeiinieiital  horn  of  hit  nunulaciun 
bcinitriedinlSsi  by  the  UiuledStKeiUghiboue  Board.  la  lK» 
ti^  Trinity  Houk  ^pied  the  laininteni  lor  (even  land  and 
iiht-viMel  Italians  FnrcDmpcniinEairfoTilMrecd-homiBiwclliB 
■inBi,cahirk,  actm,  jaiand^oil  tnnnet  havw  been  variomly  ined, 
Kcordint  to  local  circunnlkneei.  Tlie  leed-hom  wai  impcoved  by 
Prolaeor  Holmet,  and  many  eMmptet  Irom  hb  rfeirgna  are  now  in 
uc  In  EnaUnd  and  America.  At  the  Trinity  Houae  eiperiment* 
with  log  vnali  at  5t  Catherine's  {1901)  several  Ivpei  nf  leed.hom 
«en  nperuiHDtad  with.    The  Trinity  Houie  awice  honi  uk>  ak 

•OT  vlhraliani.      A  Itnall    manual  hnrn  ol  the  Trinily  HoLne  type 
Hire.    Ttie  UumpnU  ol  (he 


Ulteracaofbnun. 

■ignali  it  the  elten.  The  principle  o 
eaplained  at  followt: — It 
b  well  kiuwn  that  il  Ihe 
tynpanic  membrane  it 
■tnicit  periodi^ly  and 
with  lumcieni  rapidity  by 

nuKalKuiid  iipmduced. 
Robinnn  wat  ibe  ^  to 

elected  from  the  mouth  of 
a'oipe.    He  obtained  thii 

leeond  were  produced  by 
4ir  through  the  valve*  or 


lion.    In  the  English  .ervle* 

•idcrable  lenglh  and  placed  ^nically,  wit 
ThoR  at  St  Catherine')  are  of  caM-iron  • 
have  a  toul  Biial  length  ol  >1  ft.  They 
ere  5  in.  in  diameter  at  the  snen  moulhi  I 
the  bell  mouth  bdng  6  ft-  in  tnameter. 
At  St  Catherine'*  the  ilrent  are  two  In 
itumber.  sin.  in  diameter,  being  sounrted 
simidtaneoibly  and  in  unlion  (lig.  SiU 
Each  uicn  h  provided  with  port*  lot 
producing  a  high  note  a*  well  at  a  low 
.V.  —  „um  (^1^  sounded  in 


if™»reg< 


oulct   «.» 
T^it"<ioul 


of  tjo*  between  their 


I  be  covered  by  the  si 


Iriven.  _  By  the 
;il  the  cylinder 


^IluSi 


lipped  bebw  the  h< 


..., .-  the  Engiiih  "ilf-driiii;  ■■DoSii>i 

type.    Tlie  trumpet*  hint  a  ihan  aiial 

length,  aft.  6  In.,  *nd  ate  ol  brass,  with  bent  bell  mouth.    The 

itren*.  with  which  eapcrimenit  are  sill  being  carried  out  bath 
in  the  tJnilcd  Kingdom  and  abndd.    For  lignt-veueh  nnd^niclt 

dirc^'nTthe  ittluhnnni-head  ItumHl  b  occasionally  used.  The 
Ca^uct*  trumpet  si  thii  type  ii »  ft.  In  length,  d  cait-iron,  with 
a  mushroom  top  6  ft.  in  diameter.  Incasei  where  tidllier  (he  mush- 
room tiumpel  nor  the  twin  siren  b  used  the  lingle  bent  trumpet  b 
amngcd  to  rotate  through  a  considerable  angle.   Table  IV.  give* 

Since  the  Srit  trial  ol  the  siicaat  the  South  Foreland  in  187]  ■ 


Slalkm. 

„«„•„.. 

Vibrations 
periec. 

Sounding 
Pressure 

toatnnHpheri: 

Remark*. 

St  Calherine't  (Trinity 

Girdknci*  CN.L.C.)  . 
C>«iiel*        (Trinity 

TMS-in.cyliDdrical, 
7-TiL^lindricaltiren. 

A-inT^indrical  ilren. 

High. 
3J6 

Low. 
-)8 

JO 

Hijh. 

Jfi' 
36 

The  lir  conuimp- 
tioniilotisiren*. 

A  uniform  note  ol 

sks;.""""' 

delaTc . 

air  cjiariiber  with  petforated  lid  nn — _,. ...... 

tIk  txiforatioi 

with  two  diik*  having  mdial  pciforationi 

.. .- — ,„- lorn  o(  the  airen  riow  generally  adopted 

i>  due  to  Slight,  who  aaed  two  coiKcntDC  cyllnden,  one  revolving 
irilhia  the  other,  tb*  aide*  being  perfontcd  with  vertical  tloit.  To 
kin  m  nlao  ditt  iW  oentcilugal  govenur  loigely  uaed  to  regulate  the 
speed  of  nmlwn  of  Ibe  liren.    Owr  Ihe  tircn  mouth  ii  placed  a 

,  ■  Tilt  Fbnbnniugli  Head  rocket  ma  n^enedBl  by  ■  nitn  log 


'Mi^^y  ckaicd  and  opened  by_  meant  of  a  aimi' 
beingiutatananjie,  the 
of  the  air  in  escaping  thri 
introduced  mnny  impfcw 

tt  *lala.    The  cylindt 


enli  have  been  cstibliihcd  bolh  at 

tupplisd  with  air  coraprcued  tiy 

_.       . , In  the  United  Slatet  and  tome 

other  ooUnlrieB  tteam.  at  well  as  compmttd  air,  tirens  an  in  use. 
ru.i,k«.._Th.  ,4l^p)iane  it  a  modilieatiDn  of  the  jirei^  which 
in  Cauda  nince  igo3  in  place  ol  Che  liren. 


las  been  largely  vied  in 


.    Thedisti 


b  (hat  in  Ihe  siren  a  tevolvini  drum  or  disk  alternately  opens  and 
clows  ctoncated  air apenurvt.  while  In  the diatihone  a  pi«on  pulling 


?li!i  Si  'Calha!<H 
dWJh'tT'wiih  nev 


liens  and  lecd-lMru   Eipetiuenti 


64.S 


uo(  Iht  OK 


le  bTKlTy  tuininvi»d  ai 
lo  be  lunlcd  t<n>  Bud 
tnimpcii  auiubly  pbnxl^i«  more  effective  tlun  one  larie  trvmiict 
"jrUff't  of  bein^  routed-    (j)  When  the  arc  to  le  guard«l  a  largFr 
Ihin  tlut  eflecIivcLy  covered  by  two  trnmntt,  ihe  muihroom-hcad 

required  xobuifiH)  ^  uw  uicof  oif  ni  a  hieliGr  prc»urr  than  25  lb 
per  *q-  ■■■  I5)  The  mimbcr  of  vilirKlignt  per  kcohJ  produced  by 
the  aiivn  or  reed  ihoKNI  be  ia  unitoa  iviih  the  niojjcr  note  of  (he 
HKciiied  tmirpel.  (6)  When  two  lulei  dC  diffcical  nich  ire 
tnptoycd  the  dMcrcnce  bclneo  lh«e  dioiild.  if  pouilie.  be  nn 
cictave-  (7)  Forcaint  weather  a  low  Doteii  morv  luiiaMe  than  a 
hif^h  note,  bill  wheo  sounding  agaiiHt  the  wimi  and  with  a  rough  and 
noM/ lea  a  high  note  has  the  greater  range-  (AJ  From  caws  which 
cwiim  be  detemincd  at  the  time  or  lirnUcicil  belbichaiHl.  *ms 
•onieiines  niu  In  which  the  loundt  oTbi  iltnts  my  be  greatly 
enieeblad  or  even  lost  altogether.  This  elfect  w»  Diorc  frequently 
obflrrved  durinieDnpHraiively  calm  iHAlbcr  and  at  no  ereat  dutancc 
from  the  HgnaTitatiort,  (it  hu  often  been  observed  Ihat  the  wund 
of  a  lianal  nuy  be  entirely  lost  within  a  short  distance  of  the  source, 
while  heard  distinctiy  at  a  greater  distance  and  at  the  hric  lime.) 

durliu  tl , ,    , , ^_, — .  _ 

attending  its  audibiUty.  must  be  regarded  t 

to  navintiDn  which  cannot  at  ail  times  be  relied  upon. 

S-imarimt  BtB  Sipuli—fa  early  as  l&il  J-  O.  Cotladon  con- 
ducted eiperimenN  on  Ihe  lake  of  Geneva  to  liist  the  suitability  of 

to  convey  distinctly  tad^t  sounds  through  water  for  a  distanee  1^ 

■ppliGition  of  this  means  of  ligiulNriE  w»  nude  in  CDonexion  with 
liEht-veHeli.  There  are  u  pmcnt  (1910)  over  i»  Hibniariiw  bells 
in  service,  principally  in  cannejtion  with  liEht-vcssclt.  off  the  coam 
of  the  United  Kingdom.  Uhilcd  States,  Canada,  Germany,  France 
and  other  countries.  These  bells  are  stmch  by  clappers  actuated  by 
pneumatic  or  ekclrkal  mechanism.  Other  submerged  bells  have  been 
Bited  to  buoys  and  beacon  structuiei,  or  placed  on  the  sea  bed :  in 
the  fnmaer  caie  the  bell  is  acnuled  by  the  nioiion  of  the  buoy  and 

beacons,  the  eomprcsicd  gas  ji  employed  taaeiirate  Ihebdl  slnltine 
mechanism.  To  lake  full  advantage  of  the  signals  Ihui  providiil 
it  :«  FHVMurv  fnr  ships  approaching  them  to  be  fitted  with  special 
"-■"  "'  *?tephonic  character  installed  below  ihe 
with  Ihe  hull  rjaling.  The  signals  are 
audi  Me  by  the  aid  01  ear  pieces  similar  to  ordinary  telephone  receivrrm- 
Not  only  can  the  bell  signals^  be  heanl  at  conodcfBOle  distances— 

within  namiw  bmiti-  The  nritem  is  likriy  lolie  widely  extended  and 
many  meichanl  veiieli  uid  war  ahipi  have  been  fiitcd  with  signal 

The  foUowing  labl^  (V.)  givn  the  total  Bumben  al  leg  signals  of 


LIGHTHOUSE  lAOHINISTRATtOH 

or  accsnlinf  10  tU  M^oal  charlet.  "  Tbt  Mailer  Waidcnu.  and 
Aitlslanis  of  ihe  Cudd  FrBiemilv  or  BnlhcrhDod  of  the  most 
jtorious  and  undivided  Trinity  and  of  St  CIcmenl.  in  the  Parish  of 


beplford  Strond. 
unia  1690"  iS' 


jtheniEnofHenrv  VIII.    Ib 

rtain  right!  Id  maintain  Deacons.  Ac.,  bul  not 
any  ligBthousei-  Since  that  date  it  has  graiju- 

'     cieni  privately  owned  Ilghtbouiei  and 

Tile  act  of  ,iaj6  gave  the  cc 


control  of  Engli^  etust  lifhls  with  ccrlaui  iupervisory  pou 
the  numerous  local  lighting  luthoritin,  Including  the  tiiKi  anu 
Scottish  Boards.  Thecorporalkinnowconsliliaf  aMailer.Depiity- 
master,  and  11  Eldo  Bictbren  (10  of  whon  aie  honorary),  tocethcr 
with  an  unlimited  number  el  YwBger  Drethrcn.  who,  however, 

Krform  BO  eieculive  duiin.  fa  Scoibnd  and  the  Isle  of  Man  the 
hts  ue  under  Ihe  tenlrol  of  the  Cominiuioners  of  Nonlien 
Linhihoiise*  constituted  in  lyU  and  hcoipoiated  In  inB.  The 
lighting  of  the  frish  coast  is  ia  the  hands  of  the  Commissloiicrs  of 
Insh  Lighn  formed  in  iK;  in  wccetsion  la  the  old  DuUin  Ballast 
Board.  The  nrindpal  loeal  lijht  boards  in  ibc  United  Kingdom  aic 
the  Mersey  Docks  and  Harbour  Boaid,  and  the  Clyde  Lighthoitii 
Tnistces.  The  Ihiee  general  lighthouse  bnaids  s/  Iho  United 
Kingdom,  by  the  provision  of  the  Mercantile  Marina  Act  of  1B54. 
tic  iubordinaie  to  the  Board  of  Trade,  which  controls  all  linaaces- 

On  the  Tit  of  January  1910  the  lights,  log  sifnals  and  submarine 
bells  in  vrvice  under  the  Fonirol  01  the  several  autboriliei  in  Ihe 
United  Kingdom  were  11  followii 


P 

Suh- 

Bcll. 

Northi'm  LighihouK  Com- 

•£^S=S= 

" 

3i 

3 

seBteSE 

'* 

' 

Tnlili    .... 

»9 

i.i; 

87 

jB» 

11 

Inlled  Slates  (eieluding  i 
land  lakes  and  riven)  . 

Irilish  North  America  (1 
eluding   inland   bkes  a 


slilutedbyacIofCDngmiiniajJ-  ThcS-aeiaryof  Commtreeand 
Labor  is  tne  ei-officio  pmident.  The  board  coniisis  of  twa  of5cm 
of  Ihe  navy,  two  ei^neer  oAieers  of  the  army,  and  two  eiviliaa 
scientificmembers.  with  two  secreiariei.onca  naval  oArer,  theolher 
an  officer  of  engineers  in  the  army.  The  monbcrs  arc  appoinicd  by 
the  prewlent  S  Ibe  Uniled  Slates.  The  coastline  of  the  sulci. 
with  the  takes  and  rivm and  Porto  Rice,  is  divided  Into  16  enxuiive 

The  falloviag  table  shows  the  distribution  of  lirinhoBses.  lijthi- 
veucls.&c.  maintained  by  the  lighthouse  board  In  the  Uniled  Siatn 
in  June  1909.    In  addition  there  are  a  lew  si*iU  lights  and  bucr)i 

piivatcly  maintained. 

- '  '  ihouies  and  beacon  HghCs  -       .  ijji 


II! 


Fog  signals  operated  by  steam  or  oil 
Fog  signab  operated  by  chKkwork, 


BelTbl^m 
Whiillinibul 


port  and  harbou 


m  Ibe  en 


"■B°C^y'^3 


principal  counlrio 

aU  lighu  and  fog 

UmiM  ilsBfiins.— In  Ei^laBd  the  corporation  of  Trimly  House.. 


ofihesrorld 
■tfuK  buoys 


ganized  and  ce 


engineer.    The  el 
T&  beard  hai  ■ 


Lishi  keepers ;  arid  light  attendants    < 
OAcen  and  eiTwi  of  light-vesHli 


UGHTHOUSE 


649 


ml  H  ill 

ml  MM*        w 


itjj 


41} 
1 1 


1 1    I  !  I     !     i     I      !  I 


i   !      i    i 


il    His.'l    %iV     I     *  "      <         4  <     <    si| 


ii  lii^  li  li  Iffi"   ^  }i  nil    ^ '   is  III  i 


ji.  ||4  *  |,|  4  4  4  ji 

i'       S  1 J        i 


■    ill 

P      11  r 


4  '] 


{,3|,J,        |,        ,  1,        |,   |,  |,  |,   ■; 


I  ■  sllMI"  '^'  *    **"  "'**■  '*-      *^*"'  *"'  ^^ 


3i|ij 


I 


Ji 


« !  !  1  qi  I    >    >    I  I     1       It 


i^ 


H 


11  ^ 


1-5 


}  I 


t    '  i 


3  3 
I  i 


t 


ijflll 


LIGHTHOUSE 


j     ijij     '  *  "■  " 


S !  H  in  !   l*< 


H  I  ?!    J  5  !  I  !4 


i\i  A  a  4  i  i     i  i  i  i 


I    -ilH    *  5i|  ||f|4  -1^4^  *  4i  4  4  4  4   i^ 


I  i  1- 


!  I  51  5  S    I    =5t  5  I    S    i    S    I  !i  J  S    i  H-S  3  !5  !  !  !  » 


m 


I  lllllll  nil  i!l  I  IHIl  llMHIUIIili 


M 


P    rs:^ 


:;  ■S'^ti;  %  !=   ^  s  14   j    ,« 


rwi 


:3--}  llr-■ 


1 3  3 1 1 , 3   3  I  3  jllj  3  <3  j  ,  3  .  3j3, 


i% 


^11 


iiiliiilFM^niiWliii 


13   i  2 


Jill 


i   I    3   I   l.llfjiJiljJll 

lJ_LLiMiiiiiiJl 


-caB,C)OOJ(le 


651 


but  wbidi  nrt  itron^  en  cotiln  chemlci]  mbstanccs;  thctc 
nuy  be  oJlcd  uttn-violct  nys.  Tbui  a,  vny  hot  body  in  (rncnl 
IbiDn  out  uyi  of  vuioui  wivc-lcngihi  the  botm  the  body 
the  nwR  ot  ev«y  kind  of  ndiatku  will  it  throw  out,  but  the 
pMpsnion  ef  >h<^  wives  to  long  wives  becona  vutly  grater 
u  the  tempenlun  u  borued.  Our  cy<9  uc  only  louitive  to 
CerUia  of  thcM  wavei,  vit.  those  DDC  very  loog  lod  not  very 
ibon.  The  ptDhlcB  o[  the  uiMciil  piDdnctbn  of  Eght  wiih 
tamaay  ot  cbergy  ii  the  ume  u  <ha<  of  iraiijag  mik  body  la 
nich  >  tcmperatun  that  <i  ihill  ^ve  u  luge  >  proponion  u 
poAihle  of  thoie  rayi  which  the  eye  fi  capeble  of  feeling-  For 
pncticsl  porpOKi  thii  Icmpcnlure  ii  the  higheit  tempcnlure 
»» on  produce.  As  so  tUustislion  of  tfaeluiuDOiiiefiKrtdlhe 
hi^  lempetiliire  produced  by  converting  oihet  foma  id  energy 
ibtoEieit  vitliiiibuitall^^acejCDiiiider  thefoUowiogsulemcnts. 
If  burned  ia  ordftuiy  gu  bimien,  rao  cub.  ft.  of  15  cuidle  gu 
win  give  I  light  of  360  nandird  aodlcs  for  one  hour.  The  heit 
produced  by  the  conbuslioo  is  equivslent  to  thonx  6a  mOlioD 
[oot-pounds.  II  this  gu  be  burned  [n  ■  modem  gu^agiae, 
fcboot  £  roiHtoa  foot-pouadi  of  useful  work  will  be  done  outside 
the  engiDe^  or  about  4  bont-power  for  one  hour.  11  l^isbeused 
10  drive  a  dynamo  for  one  faour^  even  if  Lke  machine  has  an 
efficiency  of  only  80%,  the  energy  of  the  cumnt  will  be  about 
6400,000  foot-pounds  per  hour,  about  half  ol  tfhich«  or  only 
],»o,«Q  foot-paumto,  it  convened  Into  ndiuit  energy  in  the 
Electric  are.    Bnt  this  electric  arc  will  radiile  a  light  of  isoo 

changed  to  heat  in  the  electric  are  may  be  laid  roughly  to 
■Sect  enr  eyes  six  tiran  as  mnch  11  So  mittion  foot-pounda 
changed  to  beat  in  an  ordinary  gat  burner. 

Omog  to  the  high  tempsaiur*  at  which  it  remfina  solid, 
and  to  its  great  emisaiw  power,  the  radiant  body  used  for 
artificial  iUuminalion  Is  usually  some  fonn  of  carbon.  In  an 
□n  or  ordinary  coaJ-gas  Bame  this  carbon  Is  present  Id  ralnulc 
p-"v-l'-  derived  from  th<  otgank  ubiUncet  with  ohkh  the 
Same  is  aupplicd  and  heated  to  fncandetctnce  by  the  heat 
Ubented  in  their  decoinpcsition,  while  In  the  electiic  light  the 
incindesceDce  I)  the  eSe<:t  of  the  heat  developed  by  the  dectiic 
current  patsed  through  *  reitsiiog  rod  or  fiiaiuBBt  of  ^bon, 
[b  aomccuet,  however,  MheraubstanceB  replace  carbon  as  Ib« 
ndlatfng  body;  in  the  IncmdeHTut  gas  light  certain  earthy 
gudea  are  utiii«d,  and  In  melalljc  filament  eledric  limpi  tuch 

1.  On.  LnoTINO 

From  [be  earliest  limc«  the  burning  o(  oO  has  been  a  aoorce 

ot  light,  but  until  the  middle  of  the  1^  century  only  oQt  of 

vegetable  and  animal  cprjgin  were  employed  in  indoor 

lamps  for  this  purpose.  Although  muy  kinik  werej^f"*?"^ 
used  locally,  orily  colza  and  sperm  oils  had  any  very  ^^ 
extended  useiand  tbey  have  been  pfuclicoUy  supplanted 
by  mloend  oil,  which  wat  introduced  as  an  lUamlnant  in  iSj].' 
Upto  thelaller  halfof  the  tSth  century  the  lamps  were  shallow 
vessels  into  which  a  short  length  of  wick  dipped;  the  flame 
was  VDofcy  and  discharged  arrid  vapours,  giving  the  mlBimoin 
ol  light  with  the  maximum  of  smelL  Hie  first  notable  improvt- 
ment  wai  made  by  Ami  Argand  in  1784.  Kis  burner  contiated 
of  two  concentric  tubes  betneen  which  the  tubular  wick  was 
placed ;  the  open  inoec  tube  ltd  a  current  of  air  to  play  upon 
the  inner  surfacs  of  the  dmilar  Same,  whilst  the  combiBlkin 
was  materially  improved  by  pladng  around  the  flame  a  chimney 
which  retted  on  a  perforated  gallery  a  short  distance  belvw 
the  bumei-.  Argand't  original  bumer.  [1  the  paRnt  toqa  of 
jnnumcnbie  uodificatioBi,  all  more  or  len  complex,  such  u 
the  Carrel  aitd  the  moderator. 

A  typical  eaampfe  of  the  Arnad  burner  and  chimney  la  repee- 
Koltd  ID  £|.  I,  in  which  the  burner  i>  compoied  of  thnc  tubo, 
iJ,  /,  f.  Tba  lube  t  ia  loldeTcd  to  the  bottom  of  the  tube  d,  jual 
above  >,  and  the  Jnteival  biiMeB  Ibe  outer  fuifacc  o(  the  lubc  g 
and  the  inner  *4D-fa«  of  the  tube  d  ia  an  BnnuUr  cylindrioal  cavity 
doacd  al  the  boitoni.  coniainiiig  the  cylindrtcal  ccaiwi  wkk  ia- 
.    neneduciL  Tba  wick  is  fiiad  10  the  nek  tube  Ih  which  >•  owaUa 


LIGHTING 

•ir-hala  f«  (dndnliif  (In  cd 


out  cqwily  aU  nnifid  il, »„ 

liich  puM>  up  Orourii  f    Th*  ■**>■'<  'f  <'■>•*  oixdltiiK, 

pnperiy  mpoUBd,  ii  u»  pndiKtkii  <i  u  encMlingty  ■oln 

nl  wldu  light,  BliBlutdy  inokriMi,  Ihit  tbawiaf  tut  thi 

iHion  f>(  ths  oil  it  perfadlii  mccanptitlKd. 

:  nwanby  vUch  m  unifonnhr  nguutcd  aupply  of  oil  !•  brouBl^t 

■■ '-- withlhopHilioBof  theoilrMervotr.    In  •omo 

by  nnc-formed  iwrvoira  end  oihtr  rx- 
pcdicnGBt  (he  wh^l*  M  th^  nil  vu 
krpt  V  nrwiy 


u  wUu 
Hionolt 

Id  tbe  bunier  vario 


"1  ^jwii  l^irii«J«Jt 

J  (iron'ili^with  Ih^  nmiRb^^ 
>  ihe  mouth  a(  u,  ■  bubbia  of  *fr 
jir,  utd  oil  Again  liUi  up  U  to  Ihe 

[p  3),  invoitted  by  Fnochoc  ftbout  1S36, 
oflKiency  of  hi  uranHmcmt  npidhr 

_r  fomu  o(  mechaoioa  lamp  lor  am  wiik 

iblcoili.  The l*D MEKiid lalun o( the Bwdtn- 

tM  Ump,  wrvq  to  pnipri  thvoi 
ti)  the  <uc«ii4iiii|  tube  C  thraugh  wbich  the  oil 

'     Aung  through  the  piil«l  A  into  the  oil 

■  itnth  taOaSat 


lml'„. 
1%t  Edodentor  limp  (ligp 

■upencded  Jiteoft 
Aiuipa]  bsd  vectut 
tor  Ump  en  (1)  tl 

mervolr,  AAd  ibe  iipps  ]_-, 

Dwly  It!  whole  length  whor  ifa«  qinng  ' 


fl 


it  In  {Mn  of  Ut  cOKMiniiiE  <l 
capiicity  of  ibv  bomcf .  uia  | 
In  th«  iRodentar  the  lui^iia  I 
ml,  tmrinf  ova  the  wick,  J 
telle  beckiaM  the  tenvoir  • 
fehnu*  tha  plitoo.  wbeeccFio.  j.- 
rith  m  npply  (A  it 
1  iota  tbelwer  aide  by  d 


xUen  lie  Modeniar  LMip. 
>  ofjeatlier  vahne  •.  •. 


At  early  *>  iiSi  llie  Ida 
oblained  by  Ihf  diitilliiioD  of  coil  U  low  UmpeiUURe,  lor 
iUuminaEing  purpoees,  eod  in  181O)  vheD  coal  gu 
wee  atfuggling  into  pnimiKiKX,  light  oils  obtimn]       ^^ 
by  Ibe  dlsCilUUon  of  coal  tar  were  cmpbycd  in  the 
Hoilid^y  lamp,  which  ia  itilJ  the  chief  facioi  in  LUumlnatuig  ibc 
Blnet  barrcrw  of  the  CDeteimuugei.   Id  this  tanf  p  Ihe  coal  na|^thm 
ii  in  a  conical  rescrvolt,  from  iLe  apex  of  wMcfa  it  Dow*  riowly 
down  through  a  long  metal  capUlaiy  to  a  ntee  burner,  wfaicht 
heated  up  by  the  flune.  vaporiiu  the  n^ihlhi,  and  that  fetdi 
the  ring  of  mall  jett  of  Binie  eecapint  trom  lUdrcaBftniHC. 

It  *■]  in  ia47  th*l  Jamc*  Youiu  bad  bl*  atlentkm  dnwD 
to  an  eiudilion  of  pettolfuin  to  tie  tUddini*  CoUit^  >t  AUrtton, 
in  Deibyihirc,  and  (otuid  tbat  he  csuM  by  diiliDllin)  obtain 
from  it  a  lubricaoi  of  corulderable  vahje.  Tlie  comnxrcUl 
lucCTss  of  thia  maietial  was  accoin[«iiied  by  a  laiiuit  oC  tbe 
lupply,  and,  rightly  imagining  that  as  the  oil  had  opparently 
come  (mm  the  Coal  Meajura,  ft  might  be  oblained  by  diiliflalion 
from  material  of  the  same  diaracter,  Young  began  Imnaiigalioita 
in  Ihb  directloD,  and  In  iSso  Uarted  diitilling  oUi  Iron  a  tbale 
known  a)  Ihe  "Bathgate  mineral,"  in  tbH  way  touDding  Ihe 
Scotch  ofl  indualTT.  At  first  little  ittentioa  was  paid  to  the 
fitneii  of  the  oD  for  bocning  pntposes.  althongh  ta  IIm  early 
dayi  at  Alfrtion  Young  attempted  ID  bum  eone  of  tbe  Rghier 
dinillates  In  an  Aigand  lunp,  and  later  In  a  latnp  made  many 
yttn  MoH  for  Ibe  coBKupthin  oi  turputiiie.    Abovt  iSjj, 


om 


UGHTINQ 


*53 


:  nude  by 


boiRm,  It  WM  OBtiBtd  that  the  Hthter  tUuillxUi 
■hipped  to  Gammy,  where  limpt  tiled  lor  the  c 

of  tht  grula  ol  oil  dow  knavrn  u  Ump  oil  w«re  bel 
Slohnuer  of  BeiUni    lonie  ol  thoe  UmiM  wen 
md  sImiUr  Umpa  were  •iterwarcU  nunufictiired  Oy  LJUiUtw 
in  EdUihuiib. 

In  Ptnasylvinit  in  iSsg  Coloml  E.  L.  Dnke'i  xKccstuI  bor- 
ibg  for  petnilnim  faulted  io  the  flooding  of  the  nuhet  wilh  oil 
■t  price!  never  before  deemed  pouiUe,  and  led  to  the  introduclkHi 
ol  lampt  irom  Gcrmanir  for  ili  conauniplion.  AlIhouEh  the  first 
American  patent  lor  a  prtroLeum  lunp  tt  dMcd  1^59.  ti^t  year 
Bw  fofiy  other  applicatioAs.  and  lor  the  next  twenty  yean 
they  averaged  about  eighty  a  year. 

Eagtiih  limp-moken  were  not  behind  in  their  attempts  to 
improve  on  Ibe  method*  in  uk  lor  produiini  the  highest  results 
irom  the  nrioua  grades  nt  ail,  and  In  lU;  Hinki  introduced 

direcliang,  by  Hinks,  Silbct,  and  Dcliies  led  10  the  high  degree 
of  ptrCgclioa  la  be  found  in  t]>e  lampa  oi  ta.da7.  Mineral  oil 
lottainpi  aa  used  in  England  gt  IhepiTMat  limtnuy  be  defined 
as  consisting  of  those  portion!  of  the  dialUUte  from  thale  oil 

which  have  their  Sasb- 
polnl  above  Tj°  t,,  and 
which  ire  mobile 
0  be  Fed  by 
B  wSdcnt 
quantity  to  the  Same. 
lie  oil  placed  in  the 


ir  htlberli 

ihl  aJr  b^"t£:Tp^ 


lecondly  by  creaicnA  »  draufthl  from  a  : 
Irsught;  thii  m  nHstly  effeacd  by  dii 


ni  u  regtncraton,  ihe  air  pming  over  the 
jcingnirmMl  before  reaching  Oie  fianH, 
OM,  perforated  lubra.  inner  air-tubs.  4e., 


ng  to  Sir  BoverlDii  R 
per  candle  per  hoiir. 
re  obtained  from  laa 


employed,  and  there  ii 


■  i^uj4e  u  the  apiBnat 
oil  in  Ihe  majotiiy  of 
»  that  the  bulk  ol  the 


eing  Iheri 


Type. 

Name. 

CnirsofOTper 
candle-powtr  per  lioirr. 

ToalCuidle-po-ee.      | 

American. 

RuHian. 

Apioicn. 

Ruiw.. 

Ciiaibfvkk   . 

FUt  wkk,  lingle    . 
-          dupfcx     . 

Veiitah  to-liu          .      .      ' 
AneKll-linennlreiiiaught    '. 

Ordinary       ...... 

i 

1 

i 

1 

2 

n 

•* 

■i 

ericBB  oil— Sp.  gi 
I,  the  products 


e  ol  hydrogen 
ydrocarbons. 

isullimately 
led  by    the    oiygei 

dioxide  and  Ham 

To  iKure  higli  iVununatiiig  power,  togelber  with  a  unoVcloa 

m™ be  pM  lo  Kvelal* rapSanl'tact'oix  Jii'°'^'f^  piaA"  Ihe 

^•^atien  at  ihe  burner^bead— the  Same  nuat  be  •eiiber  aarvcd 
m;  overfed:  if  ibe  former  is  the  cue  gim  Ioh  of  bgfai  ii  oecaiioncd. 

lir-tu^y  to  Ihe  Hamq  can  complcirly  bom,  gim  lUe  to  imolie 
■nd  prtxfiicii  ot  incomplcie  combuuion.  The  aciiaa  el  the  wkk 
depending  on  the  optllary  aoioB  at  Ike  BicfoicDpic  tubea  formint 
the  cMloo  fibre,  nolhiiig  but  lont^laple  coltaa  of  md  quality 

with  u  little  twitl  in  il  u  pouible.  and  from  this  Ibe  wici:  i>  built 
up.  HivrngoblainedB  wicliof»ft  icitureandloMeplui.liihauld 
bt  vd  dried  befoK  the  ire,  and  •rben  pot  in  povlien  ia  the  \tmfi 
rlck-boIder  uiUwuI  being  comueiKd.  Il  •bould  be 
ngth  to  reach  to  the  bstlom  at  ihe  oil  reservoir  and 

•-■- Such  a  wick  win  fuck  up  the 

level  of  t£(oU 


RuBvn  oil'Sp.  gr,  s-lij! : 


of  euAdenl  length 
oil  In  a  regubr  and 


^ ly.  provided 

loo  low  In  Ihe  hmp.  ha 

acn  aa  a  fUler  lot  the  oil,  and  that  H  aay 
■ill  be  Riained  by  and  cbok*  ihccapiUai 


IL  havt  been  burai  oil. 


•bel  new.  mil  lot  t  in.  ~  ■' 
bt  diacarded  when  thcie 
When  the  bmp  la  llg 

Cuie,  beeauae  ii  !•  not  ■ 

•I  Incomplete  combutllL... 

Caloim  npoar.  eecape — Ihc  6nt  named  bi^y  miunout  la 
th-andlbetetondofanoflenriveodoor.  TowpplytheiwMiKiiy 
aamU  if  air  to  Ike  name,  an  arliScial  draught  ^>  to  be  eieatcd 
whkh  ihall  Impinge  upon  the  bottom  of  the  «aiM  and  iwecp  no. 
watde  over  Ita  wrfare,  givlnf  li  tlgidily,  aad  by  cooiplciini  I^ 
-*— '^— '"'-  ■--  -*-Tiet  period  of  timo  ihaa  cMiw  be  done  oihcrwne, 
le  iMeaailjuiad  Ihol  Mialag  Ae  caiboa  partidea 


looeed  burning  the 

.  _._- ^-r-  -^^~ ,  ._  ..,  ^-ffl  niflhly  improved 

Although  Ihe  average  contumplion  wilh  Ihne  lornps  ia 
. _ "Miiy  wuleful  thai  50  graina  per  eandk-pobor 


654 


Cir  higher  'illun 
SecoRdly.  tbe  i 


il  type  of  oQ  Ump  [or  uk  [n  eiigin«riRi  a 
xl  by  ibe  Lucigcn,  Doty,  ud  Weill  lighu,  in  which  the 
oil  ia  forced  Irom  i  rscrvoii  by  lii-pRUJre  Lhrougb 
V*'^^"  t  jpini  bcaicd  by  Ihe  flanK  o[  Ihc  Ump,  ind  the  hciud 
ait,  beini  then  cjrctcd  pirily  is  vapour  and  pinly 
u  ipny,  burn*  with  i  luge  ind  highly  lumuunu  fUmc. 
gnat  drawback  to  thoc  devkca  is  Lhat  a  certain  propc 
ef  the  all  spny  cKipei  combuiiian  and  is  dcpoaiied  ii 
ridnily  of  Ihe  light.  Thlt  lotni  of  lamp  is  olten  used  for  h( 
ai  well  aa  li|htingi  the  riven  needed  (or  the  Forth  B 
were  heated  in  trayi  by  lamps  of  (hb  type  at  fbe  spot  ' 
they  ware  required.  The  great  advantage  of  Ih»e  lamp 
thai  oiU  ol  iJIlU  valuacwild  be  employed,  and  the  light  obt 
approiinaled  to  750  candles  per  gallon  of  oil  oansumed. 


perhaps  the  mnt  succt^ul  J 

Aa  early  ai  rSSj  Arthur 

for  healing  parpo«a  on  tht 


en  of  jncandeutnt  oQ-bufner. 


(aiued  by  Ihe  ii 
gasifying  tube. 


a  ombuslion  with  a  non-luminous 
g  power.  Al  Ihe  time  when  ^is  wi 
mantle  had  not  yet  readied  fSe  pci 


anilc  of  hn 


D  of  li|hl  by  consuming  it  in  a 
■lalinum  pute,  which,  although  giving  arCTyi 
:Sect  during  the  Grti  (cw  houn,  very  K»n  shaicd  the  fate  a 
ill  platinum  mantles— that  is,  (aibonization  of  Ihc  piiLinun 
urface  took  place,  and  datroycd  its  power  of  light  emi&slvity 
t  was  not  tintit  r&g]  thai  the  peilcctint  ol  the  Welsbach  tngntl< 
uablcd  this  method  of  CDnsumiag  the  oil  to  be  employed 
The  Kiuonlamp,  and  also  the  Empire  lamp  on  aumilar  piin  Jple 


which  ought  Is 


ii  full 


cqnnlon  and  greater  complcJiily  of  the  hydrocarbon 

able  for  incandescent  lighLiag  II  is  only  necessary  to 
cauM  Ihc  oil  gas  or  vapour  to  become  miicd  with  a 
sufficient  proportion  of  air  before  it  arrive!  at  the 
condiustion.  But  with  guea  so  rich  in  hydracatbons 
dcvelopcil  from  oU  it  is  excessively  difl^cult  la  get 
usry  air  intimately  and  evenly  railed  nith  the  gas 
cnl  pTopottion  10  bring  ibout  the  desired  rcsull.  If 
taken  and 


appear.  When  such  a  llamc  is  used  ' 
beating  edict  ol  the  mantle  itscll  w 
decom[Bsitian  ol  Ihe  hydrocarbons 
mantle,  which  not  only  robs  it  ol  its 
abO  rapidly  ends  iu  Ue.     If.  howcvi 


uch  a  Bam 


:ry  quickly  leads  tf 
and  blackening  ol 
light-giving  powen 


altered,  and  the  hydraaiboa  si 

impact  with  the  healed  ait ' 
blackening  is  avoided. 
cDuM  be  uKd  with  the  iiiciiideiceni  ninllc,  this  linuhie^it 
!^Led  Sane  fai'b^i!^!l!Sral\a 


ai^inK  mou  of  the  inc 
ol  leltinv  il  perfectly  ■; 

bcinjE  miAcd  with  air  v 
earlier  (arms  o(  incaodc 
the  oil  up  by  the  capil 


KTooi,  UK  uiHiculty  of  producing  a  £une 
niidtiable  tine  wiihuui  conKani  nncidcy 
imn  drawback.  Tliii  imnble  has  mibialed 
leacrnt  oil  lanpa  plaoed  i^hhi  the  niarkeL 
that  if  a  wick  MR  enploycd  Ihc  diOculty 


t  oil  lamps  the  fsKEal  idea  was  Id  wck 
y  ul  a  cucutu-  wick  ip  a  point  a  short 

rarmFd.  and  here  the  oil  was  vmporiud  or  RasiAcd  by  Ihe  heat  of 
the  head  of  Ihe  burner.  An  air  supply  wu  then  dtawD  Bp  thmigb 
a  lube  palling  Ihnxigh  the  genlre  ol  (he  wick-Iabc,  whik  ■  lennl 

luminous  and'«4-  S«  llame.  whicril'ke'}«  vwy"a(rKil'y*aifiii«al 
afforded  ajatlfant  jewlia  with  ui  iucandeiceiii  mantle.  Ii  was 
an  arranKcmerLi  KHuewhat  of  Ihia  characEcr  thai  w«s  iatroduced  by 
tbe  Wclsbach  Compsny.  The  lamps,  however,  nquired  such  carelid 
attention,  and  were  mocmver  so  irrcguUr  in  ihcir  pcrTorirunce,  thil 
they  never  proved  very  successful.  Many  other  formi  have  rracfaed 
a  certain  degree  of  pcnccllon,  but  Ibvv  not  sofaratlaioed  sol^cicBt 
regularity  «  action  to  make  Ihcm  CDmBicrdal  sueccssea.  One  of 
the  most  successful  was  devised  by  F-  Alimann,  in  which  an  in* 
ecnious  arraoKcment  caused  tbe  vapohaiion  of  oil  and  water  by 
the  hat  of  ■  little  oil  tamp  tit  a  lower  and  separate  chamber,  and 

wilh  a  spsrisi  sirangemcnl  of  air  supply,  healing  ■  nantk  •«»■ 


inioriighidevclopHl 


:of  ai 


m'  may  be  aipccted.     In  one  lantj 

M  it  was  easy  to  obUin  mod  canaie  noun  pa 

rec  times  the  amount  of  ligbl  obtainable  from  ihe 

aulacture  of  coal-gas  had  become  <o  universal 

IS  available     ^_^ 


pour  of  V: 


hydtocaibons,  which  is  gcDcrally  known  as  "  ait-gis.'*  This 
was  produced  by  paasing  a  curreni  nl  dry  air  through  or  over 
petroleum  sptrit  or  the  light  hydrocarbons  distilled  from  tar, 
when  sufhcicnl  of  the  hydrocarbon  #as  taken  up  to  gin  a 
luminous  flanie  fn  flat  Same  and  Argand  bumcis  in  Ihe  sane 
way  as  coal.gas.  the  trouble  being  that  il  was  diflicull  10  regulate 
the  amotint  ol  hydrocarbon  held  in  cuspcnstoo  by  Lhc  air,  as 
this  vsHkI  very  widely  with  the  temperaturE.  As  coil-fss 
spread  to  the  smaller  vPIagea  and  electric  lighting  became 
uliliacd  Id  large  houses,  Ihe  use  of  a!r-gat  died  out,  hot  with 
the  general  introduction  ol  ths  incandescoit  mantle  il  again 
came  to  the  fnmi.  In  the  earlier  days  of  this  revival,  air-gu 
rich  In  hydrocarbon  vapour  was  made  and  was  lurtber  atrsled 
'  -  '     lis  flame  by  boming  it  In  an  atmospbrnc 


ris  ol  this  system  waa  tho  Acrogcne  gas 
raland,  which  sras  utiliaed  lor  liahling  a 

IvingctuI  of  pipes  GonIinual[y<Ups  into 
I  a  cyhnder.  and  tbe  air  paaed  into  Ihe 
■  num  liM-n^  highly  earburettedliy 
nd  ol  the  cyUodci.   The 


Bime;  it  can  be  usol  In  almoHilierie  burners  diflerini  Kille  from 
Ihe«  ol  the  ordinary  lyae.  with  an  ordioary  Wdsbach  "C 
burner  it  (Hvcsaduiy  of  about  w  candles  per  foot  of  ps  CDQSumcd. 
the  high  !l)uminatini  power  being  due  id  ihe  fact  l^i  the  gii  >s 


UGHTINO 


6SS 


of  Clup"'. 
OM  or  Ihc  hi 


cloK  together,  the  jc 

K  (icully  10  [C^*ce 

ng  (rom  which  burnt 

Tier  bdng  called  the"' 

1  iSio  by  (he  diKOvcry  of  J.  B.  Ncilw 

■1IK  ii  rcmeirbcnd  in  caniKUOO  i  '  '     ' 

ling,  that,  by  a11a« 


nothem 


lo  (on 


1  fat  flam 


preliminiry  t1a|«  tht  unioo  Jel  or  "fiihuii"  humcr  was 
produced.  In  this  form  of  burner  two  holes,  bored  at  lh« 
Dcccuary  angle  io  the  tame  nipple,  caused  two  iirtams  oF 
gu  to  impinge  upon  each  othcriollut  they  flattened  t he nastives 
out  into  ■  iheel  o[  Dame.  The  flama  givca  by  the  baUwing 
and  Ibhliil  bumcn  diflcrcd  in  shape,  the  former  being  wide 
■nd  of  but  Utlk  height,  whilst  the  lallec  was  much  higher  and 
nore  luiraw.  Thb  (actot  (OMKit  for  iIk  fishtail  a  (tetter 
■mount  of  popularity  (ban  the  batswing  burner  had  obtained, 
as  the  Same  was  less  aSected  by  draughts  and  could  be  uicd 
with  a  globe,  although  tbe  illiinuDating  eOicieiKy  of  the  two 
burners  differed  Utile. 

h  a  leelDR  at  the  Royal  Institution  on  the  loth  of  May 
tSsj,  Sir  Edward  Franhland  showed  a  burner  he  had  devised 


unelheh 


.  of  thi 


y  lot  lb 


dbya 


n  addiiii 


Frankiand  added  a  iec< 
below  the  first  and  closed  at  the  bottom  by  a 
■it-light  to  the  pillar  caiiying  the  burner, 
air  needed  for  the  coirbusiion  of  the  gas  had 
van  between  the  two  chimneys,  and  in  so  do 
heated,  patily  by  contact  with  the  hoi  glai 
radiation.     Sir  Edward  Frankland  oiiffltLcd 


ig  became  highly 
I,  and  partly  by 
hal  the  tcmpcta- 


a  very  simitar  arrangement  was  brought  forward  by  the 
Kev.  W.  R.  Bowdilcb.  and,  aa  a  large  amount  of  publicity  was 
|l«en  10  it,  the  IncepiioD  of  the  rcgeocralivc    burner   was 


FranUand. 

The  ptiodple  of  regeneiailoD  was  adopted  in  ■  numba  ol 
lamps,  the  bsl  of  which  was  btovght  out  by  Ftiediicb  EicmeDa 
in  1S79.  Although  oilginilly  made  for  healing  purposes,  the 
light  given  by  the  burner  was  so  effective  and  superior  to  any- 
thing obtained  up  to  that  time  that  it  was  »ith  SOUK  sliihl 


IS  adapted  for  illuminatiai 
'e  lamp,  and  Kben  used  as 


in  and  design  of  the 


a  llue  in  the  ceiling  spaci 

working  on  tbis  piinciplt 
tbe  Wenham  and  Cromarti 


.umed,  but  that  the  lamp  could  bf 
if  ventilation,  as  an  enotpioui  amount  of  vitiated 
£iam  the  upper  part  of  a  tooin  through 


rotbi 


[tensive  use.  They 
cTET,  cHEjy  [0  ihstal,  so  thai  the  flat  fltne  burner 
Is  popularity  in  spile  of  the  fact  that  its  duty  was 
vely  low,  owing  to  the  flame  being  draws  out  into  a 
thin  sheet  and  so  cipooed  to  Ihc  cooling  influence  of  the  alma- 
"iphen.  Almost  at  the  same  lime  that  Murdoch  was  inttodudng 
he  cockscomb  and  cockspur  burncn,  be  also  made  rough  fonna 
il  Argand  burner,  consisting  ol  two  concentric  pipes  between 
•bicta  the  gas  wu  kd  and  burnt  with  a  drculai  flame.  This 
orm  was  soon  improved  by  hlling  in  the  space  between  the  tube* 
•itb  a  ting  of  mclal,  bored  with  fine  boles  so  close  together  that 

he  air  necessary  10  keep  the  flame  steady  and  ensure  complete 
ombuilion  beingobiaincd  by  tbe  draught  created  by  a  chimney 
ilaced  around  it.  When  it  began  10  be  ncognized  that  ibe 
empenture  of  the  flame  had  a  great  eSect  upon  the  amount 
if  light  emitted,  the  iron  tips,  which  had  been  univenaliy  en- 
ployed,  both  in  flat  flame  and  Argand  burners,  were  replaced 


bysli 


IS  far 


I  possible  heat  f  nn 


lofsii 
I  being  nithdrawn  fiom 

the  duty 


I  i6-candl<  gaa  was  as  follows. — 


Union  jet  Bat  flame,  No.  0 


Ri'^nmtfJT'^ .    :    :   ; 

The  luminosity  of  a  coal-gas  flame  di 
rhich  they  can  be  healed. 


'•"i 


1  the  l< 


IcDce  the  light  given  by  1  flame 
oai-gas  can  oe  augmenlea  by  (1}  increasing  the  number  of 
carbon  particles,  and  (1)  raising  the  Icmpctiture  to  which 
rare  exposed.  The  first  process  is  carried  out  by  enrichment 
Cas;  MaHu/aciure],  Ibe  second  is  best  obtained  by  regcneia- 
,  the  action  of  which  is  limited  hy  the  power  possessed  by 
material  of  which  burners  arc  composed  to  withstand  the 
:tbcaiing.  Although  with  a  perfacily  made  regenerative 
ler  it  might  be  possible  for  a  short  time  to  get  a  duly  as  high 
&  candles  per  cubic  foot  fromordinary  coal-gas,  such  a  burner 
itructcd  ol  the  ordinary  materials  would  last  only  a  few 
rs,  to  that  for  practical  use  and  a  reasonable  life  for  the 
icriocandlrspercubictoot  was  about  the  highest  conunercial 
/  that  could  be  reckoned  on.  This  limitation  naturally 
<d  inventors  to  search  for  melhods  by  which  the  emission 
ghl  could  be  obtained  from  coal-gai  otbecwltr  than  b; 
ndesccncc  of  the  carbon  parUcM* 


oal-gai  otaecwltr  than  b) 


656 


hU.    a  csil-gu  flame  amniKKd  in  (D  Umoitiheric 
higher  <inii][vity  for  llghL  than  carbon.     Thii  ted  to  Ihe 


vcre  baled  to  ■  high  temperature  they  emitted  liglit, 
JJJJJ^  ind  Ccldiworlhy  Gumey  in  i8«S  ihowcd  that  a 
^  i^M.    cylinder  o[  LLaie  could  be  brought  to  a  state  o(  diuling 

hrilliBiKy  by  Ihe  flame  of  iheoiy-hydrogcn  blowpipe, 
■  lict  vhfcb  wai  uliliied  by  Tbonu  Diummond  sbonly  after- 
wanh  In  CDOiRiiaB  with  the  Onlnance  Survey  ol  Inland.  The 
mui  of  ■  lime  cylinder  11,  however,  lelalively  very  conildcnble, 
and  caiu«)iMnllr  an  eic^ve  amount  o(  heat  has  to  be  brgugh  t 
to  bear  upon  it,  owing  to  radiation  and  conduction  lending  la 
diuipate  the  lieat.  Thii  is  letn  by  holding  in  the  flame  of  an 
■InHHpheric  bumei  a  coil  ol  thick  platinum  wire,  the  mult 
being  that  the  wire  ia  healed  to  a  dull  red  only.  With  wire  ot 
medijm  Ihickncu  a  bright  red  heat  ia  loon  attained,  and  a  thin 
wire  gtowa  with  ■  vivid  Inondetceoce,  and  <nU  even  melt  in 
certain  paitt  ol  the  Same.  Allempts  were  arcotdlngly  made 
(0  reduce  Ihe  ma»  ol  the  Diiteiiil  heated,  and  thU  Conn  of 
lighting  wa<  iiied  ia  the  itreel)  of  Parii,  butioni  ol  ilrconla  and 
magnesia  being  heated  by  an  osy-coal-gaa  flame,  but  the  attempt 
wassoon  abandoned  owing  to  thehighcect  and  constant  renewals 
needed.  Id  iBj;  W.  H.  Foi  Talbot  dhcovered  that  even  the 
feeble  flame  of  a  spirit  lanip  is  sufBdeol  to  beat  lime  to  Incan- 
dncence,  provided  Ihe  lime  be  in  a  sufhcienlly  fine  slate  of 
m  he  (ulBUfd  by  soaking  blotting-paper 


ilution  of  a 


Upt 


.  '.  Cillard  introduced  the 
of  making  water-gas,  the  tpirit  flame  and  oiy-hydrogen  Same 
were  aiona  free  from  carbon  particles.  Desiring  to  use  the  water- 
gat  for  lighting  at  well  as  healing  puiposci  Cillaid  made  a  mantle 
of  fine  platinum  gauu  lo  fit  over  the  flame,  and  lor  a  time 
ahtilncd  eicdlfni  results,  hul  after  a  lew  days  the  lighting 
value  of  Ihe  mantle  fell  away  gradually  until  il  became  useless, 
owing  to  the  wire  becoming  eroded  on  the  surface  by  the  lUme 
gases.     This  Idea  has  been  revived  at  intervals,  but  the  trouble 


:  neit  important  stage  in  the  history  of  gai  lighting  was 
scoverybyR.W.vonBunsenabout  igjiol  the  atmospheric 
r,  in  which  a  non-luminous  coal-gas  flame  is  obtained  by 
ig  the  coal-gas  before  its  combustion  to  mix  with  a  certain 


of  ei 


use  for  lighting.    Alter  the  . 

burner  Ihe  idea  of  the  incandoceni  manue 

platinum  mantle-    The  Clamond  basket  or  m 
Ihe  Crystal  Palace  exhibition  of  iSSi-lBSj,  c 

hydrate  and  acetate,  converted  inloa  pastes 
■essed  through  hole    ' 


Ihrc; 


_  rouldcdtotl 

The  heat  decomposed  the  a 

lal  which  glued  Ihe  panicles  ol 

1  a  solid  mm,  whilst  the  hydrate . 


1  under  pressure  from  an  inverted 
IS  suggested  by  the  fact  that  Auer 


The  Wels 
von  Webbach  hi 
einhj.  with  constant  use  of  the  spectroscope.  Desiring  lo 
obtain  a  belter  effect  than  Ihai  produced  by  healing  his  material 
on  a  platinum  wire,  he  Immened  cotton  in  a  solution  of  the 
metallic  salt,  and  after  burning  ofl  the  organic  mitler  found 
that  a  replica  of  the  original  thread,  composMi  of  the  oalde^'JU 
metal,  was  left,  and  that  it  glowed  brightly  in  '•« J"*^  ,aakcd 
this  he  evolved  the  idea  ol  utilizing  a  (ahrii  01 1=1 


in  a  solution  of  a  metafile  salt  for  HgHting  purposes,  and  in  iSBj 
he  patented  his  Snt  commercial  mantle.  The  oddei  used  ia 
these  raanllei  wen  litconia,  laathanl*,  and  yttria,  but  these 
were  so  fragile  as  to  be  pcaclicaliy  uielas,  wbUsl  lb*  light  Ihey 
emitted  was  very  poor.  Laterhe  found  that  the  oxide  of  Iberiura 
— thoria— in  conjunction  with  other  rare  earth  oiides,  not  only 
iocrcascd  the  light-giving  powers  of  the  mantle,  but  added 
considerably  to  its  strength,  and  the  use  of  this  oxide  was  pm- 
tected  by  his  18B6  patent.  Even  these  mantles  were  very 
unsaiiifactory  until  it  waa  found  tbat  Ihe  purity  of  the  oiidet 
hid  a  wonderful  effect  upon  the  amount  of  light,  and  finally 
came  the  great  discovety  that  it  was  a  Iran  of  ceria  in  admiilDR 
wlih  the  Ihoiia  thai  gave  the  mantie  the  marvellous  power  of 
emitting  light. 

CertaTa  ^ors  Maul  the  number  of  oules  Aat  c«a  be  mad  ia 
Ihe  manafactute  o(  an  iacindescml  manllo.  AtnsajibCTk  inftiKms 
muKnot  have  any  action  u)»n  them,  and  iheymuKbe  lufliciently 

'volarile,  whtlsi  the  ifaripLl^e 


of  the  flame;  they  m 
f otiovldg  table  gives  I 


.1  also  be  nr 


tyfra. 


'^•^ 


mplcs  of  Ibe  oxides  srtSck  most  neiily 

0..;... 

the  lighting 

p.nB*iII 

e  Ken  to  be  most  mariced.  ^^ 

PurcCommcfdaL 

M«»l^ 

i:; 

:  '4 

Eanhmru!*-'        \      '       '.,      1      , 

s 

'.    0-6 

1-7 

Common  earths— Chmniuiaoiide  ' 

:  JJ 

a 

Of  Ihewt  uiidcs  ihoria.  whim  tnttd  Ini  ihrinlcate.  duTation  an) 
and  alumina,    zliconia  has  the  drawback  thai  in  Ibe  hocieat  part 

with  rcjped  to  alumina.  With  ihoria  the  ihrinkasc  is  amaller  Ihaa 
_T.t .1 — 1. ^-stance,  and  It  pDSKHes  very  hi|h  refractery 

Ihoria  ill  prHminence  ei  Ihe  hasi  el  Ihe 

._, .m  ptaM,  Ihe  oikle  oeeupyiof 

volume  of  the  nitrate.   Thb  means  Ihat  Ibe 

is  highly  siiangy.  and  eoalains  an  enonnaui  number  ol  liltla 
air-cells  whi&  muB  lendee  il  an  cacellm  Bon-coaductar.  A 
mantk  made  wiih  Ihoria  akwe  gives  praclEally  no  light.  8vl  ibe 
powEC  ol  li^t^misiivity  n  awakened  by  Ihe  addition  ,ol,l  nuU 

to  It  Kltle  by  Ulllc,  the  light  whirh  the  mantle  emits  nows  greater 
and  greater,  until  Ibn  ralla  ol  «%  ol  Ihoria  and  1%  ol  cena  is 
reached,  when  Ibe  maximum  iUununating  effect  is  eblalned.  The 
iuclher  addliiui  of  ccria  caun  gradual  diminution  ol  light,  antil. 
when  with  KHne  ia%  c4  eerla  has  tnn  added,  the  light  given  by 

convened  liy  heal  into  ecriuin  oude^  the  eapannoa  which  takes 

nitrate  occupying  about  the  same  apace  as  the  arigioal  niirate. 
Thui,  alihovgh  by  weight  the  ratio  of  ceria  tothoria  n  as  1:99,  by 

The  most  successful  form  of  mantle  is  nude  by  taking  a 
cylinder  of  cotton  lut  about  8  in.  long,  and  soaking  it  in.  a 
solution  of  nitrates  of  Ihe  requisite  metals  until  tha 


with  liquid.  A  longer 
as  the  acid  nature  of 
weaken  the  fabric  and 
cotton  Is  then  wrung  ou 
one  end  Is  sewn  logetht 

constikiodp^l 


laking  is  not  advantageous,     ,„-  - 
E  liquid  employed  tends  to 

.0  free  it  from  the  excess  of  liquid,  and 
with  an  asbestos  Ibieail,  a  loop  of  the 
platinum  wire  being  filed  across  the 
_ri7ing"r^,  wBiAk  which  Ibe  maaik 
most  often  the  case)  fimb'-'r  1 


""'h  mani^  or  (as  is  mosi  often  the  case)  fimb'-'r  exlemal 
the  burner  head.  It  is  then  ready  lor"  burning  off,';  a  imyia 
in  which  the  etpnx  matter  ii  tenoved  and  the  mining 

zcdbyGoO^lc 


CASI 


aownei  into  oOia.    The  flime  (4 

Gnl  applitd  lo  (he  conHckicd  ponioi 
uriKTcupon  Ibe  cotLOn  gnOuntly  burns  dovDw 
^ni  liepcndiDg  «n  Iht 


LIGHTING 


m  .PTlic. 
0  lit  li 


»  hu  died  01 
HI  ai  ■ 


viucb  Ihc  cw 

liy  ihe  judki 

bliH  tuitncr  lo  lh(  Inlenor,  The  iciion  which  uka'iilui 
dunog  ihe  burning  oB  i>  u  ioUom:  The  cdldloie  luba  of 
the  fibre  arc  Ailed  milh  Ihc  ciyUiUiicd  niLrdo  ol  ihc  okibIi 
UKd,  uid  ii  tlie  ctUulotc  buim  ilic  niirais  dccoiBpoK,  giving 
"P  mygcn  ind  forining  luiibtc  uiihiit,  nrhich  in  ihuir  Kmi- 
liquid  condilioD  In  rendered  cohenni  by  Ihi  njiid  enpunion 
■stheoiidcfoniu,  AlIlKulion  ninlinua  Ihc  Bitrila  bcciunc 
oiidn,  losing  ih«r  liBilHliiy.  u  ihil  \iy  the  tine  the  organic 
Diatler  bu  diuppHrcd  i  ahcnol  tfami]  oI  wide  ii  Idl  in  plice 

inondcxtnt  lighting  the  maniln  hul  id  be  icni  out  u  ' 

rendered  luificienily  tirong  to  bcu  omagt.    Ai  (he 
of  a  Rianile  depends  upon  iti  fiiting  tbc  Uainc,  and  u  Ih 

ii  wai  a  gital  diiBrulty. 


«j,:^iinir^ 

upum 

u  n-re  dipped  m  a 

urn  sdphi, 

frd^M^l^fl"™ 

F^^aiFui!^ 

for  Ihc  'nsv.ni 

maehin 

<r  the  manidtci 

manilcT^ 

«4lodio»  briar 

hrSL    0.  KnollS 

an.l«b|..in 

ilarptM 

'CfiioDe'h 

ire'i.  the  dilTcvm 

two  being  Ik 

(  Knofler  UKd  am 

nonium  Mlohidc  ror 

•on  of  biTlab 

tic.  whibi  PlaiuR 

Kol.icclio.1o 

whkh  ia  Ibc  iiacc 

'oi  IJk'ui  in  the 

^nothc,  method 

foim. 

kiim  anifciJ  ^  which  hit  a 

■of  1( 


ipidiy 


oited  them,  unleu  they  had  been  subjcaed 
mmoBia  (IS.  which  nttitraliicd  any  ciccu  ol  acid.  It  waidit- 
overed,  hon-eTer,  that  Ihe  burat-oH  nunlk  could  be  lemporarilj 
trenglhened  by  dipping  it  in  collodion,  a  Kilulion  of  wiuble 
uncotlon  in  ether  and  alcuhol  Iggcther  viLh  a  tittle  Dulor-oil 
T  similar  rnaleiial  lo  prevent  eiiauvt  ihrinknge  mben  diybig. 
nicn  the  mantle  wai  removed  Irom  the  toluliun  4  Ihin  filn 
I  lolid  collodloa  wu  left  on  il,  and  ibii  couU  be  bumcd  away 


er  (be  WcbbKb  m 


ereialia 


and  1^  ceria.  ma 


Tbe  lighl.  ^va  bv  thei 

ihe  pan  of  baic ' 

pink  ^l^ht  they  < 


wia  cfHlfely  dependent  upon 
preKfil.  the  alumina  playing 

.  _, ihc  ihoiis  doci  in  the  \Vy»tach 

._-.-..  .  - lia  being  added  merely  EoDiienjrthenihe struct ure, 

Tbeae  na«la  enjoyed  copyJcfable  popularity  owint  to  the  yeiloweji 

"lht  ibey  emitted,  but,  ahhuuKh  they  coulii  give  an  initial 

..ilion  ot  11  to  l^  candles  per  foot  of  nai  cDnsumcd,  ibey 

ripidly  loAt  their  light^iving  power  owing  to  the  slow  volatiHtaiion 

ot  thecnddetolchrvmium  and  aluimnium. 

Aneeher  method  o(  making  tbe  nuntke  nt  fint  to  pmduec  a 

it  with  a  irin'uie  of  mV,  ihoria  and  I  ^(l  ecria.    Thii  modifkaliun 

bau  at  tboriq  waiprv 

1  a  tubktanec  termed  by 

uvuj  umlc  by  ludng  together  a 

oiiioiveo  in  tot  ftrongot  nitric  acid,  and  diluted  with  absolute 
alci>hql  to  the  neeeitary  decree-  A  very  good  mantle  having  great 
Uiting  power  waa  thui  prsauced.    tt  was  claimed  that  the  prucess 

probably  that  all oaKr olhydntion  v 
Tbi  *'  Daylight  "  nnile  consisted 
miwd  with  eifconia.  dipped  in  coUodii 
in  loluEion;  on  burping  off  tbe  collo 
finely  divided  condiiion  on  the  surfac 
' >^:-h  initial  illufllDving  power  i 


num^rof'o! 


wtt  then  coaled  by  di 


IS  was  dependent  upon  the  m 


btft  the  true  cxplafiation  is 

i  a  basis  o(  thoria  or  thorki 

ion  the  cvna  was  kit  in  a 
of  the  thoria.    In  this  way 


Ch™"' 


L-s  somewhat  revembln  the  Chardonnct,  but 
( tbeesatively  high  pmauRS  used  uithec«lia' 

■y  with  by  using  a  sduiion  ol  a  nwce  liquid 
d  bung  hanknvd  by  poswng  ihrough  certain 
rhis  form  ol  lilk  knils  iiH-H  perhaps  better  to 
kalis  lorming  tbe  ineaiKli->rfTn(  ondes  than  the 


Lehaer  nuatlw.  shond  proniK  el  beins  a  mou  impurtarvi  devckip- 
aetit  01  ^  Mnre'k  original  idea.  MjntK-?.  made  by  iheie  proceuei 
ihunKthaiitiipoosibletoobtainaviTyconiiJirahli-  incrtaie  in  lllc 
and  hghl-cffliBuviiy.  but  mantles  made  on  this  prineink:  coukl  not 
nuw  be  sold  «  a  orkc  which  naikl  cnab>-  ■■>—  —  '— — ' — ■■'• 
mantlet  ol  the  WtUiach  type. 

Tbecausc  ol  the  superiorit^of  IhcK  mai 
developments  In  the  rc^uin.'d  direction  wi 


l«lon  Riantle^iBe 


ing  been  realised, 
:.    The  struciurc 

.     ,    -  .- ..— — at  the  avvrage  ol 

I  large  number  ol  VVvhbach  moniks  tested  only  showed  a  ukIuI 
bfc  ol  700  to  1000  hours,  the  eolkxlion  type  would  avenge  about 
■  JOD  hours,  some  manlkn  being  burnt  for  an  even  kmger  perkd  and 
Biill  giving  ao  catctivc  iluininalloL  Tbit  boing  so,  it  was  efear 
that  one  hneol  advance  nwU  be  fouad  in  oUaiiunc  some  autetial 
wUcb.  wbilsl  ilvinB  ■  (tnicture  more  acaity  approachii«  that  ol 
tbe  coUuhon  mantle,  vuuki  be  tuliicinnly  cheaji  to  compete  with 
the  ^Vvl^ba(h  mantle,  and  this  was  svccctdully  dime. 

Uy  the  aid  ol  the  nicrosMpe  the  simnure  el  the 

efcuilv  dceacd.  and  in  eaarninnv  the  IVcUiaeb  mantkbcli 

isinl  aiid  pbii 
nodlunmaniW 


ItoKh. 


r  ol  such  hiamentt  varving  with 
'.   This  latter  facloc  cipcrimeni 

in  the  uselul  light.giv]Dg  lil 


larger  number  ol  finer 

bMmm^  the  W^staS  air«M  mwJ'h'SKr"  '  ""^  **" 

It  is  wdl  known  that  plaiting  nve  thecotlon  candle-wick  thai 

ol  bending  over,  when  freed  from  ihc  binding  effect  of  Ihe 

— .__;-i  — I  snfliienccd  by  beat,  ivhich  brouglit  the  tip  001 

lame.    This,  by  enabling  the  air  to  gel  al  il 

vnvnl  the  nuuann  at  having  to  snuff  the 

le  cotton  mantle,  the  tight  iwisirng  ol  the  fibre 
n  into  play.  Ulicn  Ibc  cotton  fibiei  laiurated 
( the  care  BMUls  are  binnt  off.  and  the  canvcrtioo 

^  of  tonioB  in  the  burning  cri  the  fibre  tends 
lion  of  the  Iragilc  mast,  and  this  all  pla>s  a  pan 


uiuc  fibre  be  prcpan^  in  sucb . 
L  ol  Ibc  Dlulinoua  coating,  a  si 
il,  aiul  ilbiill  funhrrjHVpaifd 


absorbent 

by  ihcte  <4  the  cation  faln^.    Ramie 
■Id  a  eheun  eoAinetiinr  in  lenglh  ol  on- 
to thai  given  by  corlon. 
llc^  whrh  at  now  manulaelurcd  also  show  a 
inTife  and  light  e         


greater  thai 

eipntation.    By  treating  liie  iibn:  so  at  lo  remt 
wSh'lbe'tairpo"'"''"      ™  '"^-  . 
'nnjwywaysui 
iklerable  aJdi 


rsiss, 


irium'aMi  cerium  in  Ihe  usual  way, 
reridfH  'he  mantle  by  steeping  in 

ih  to  Ihe  iiniiJicd  mantle.  The  mann- 
ntlc  hava  also  mi  ' 


LIGHTINO 


Slna  iSg;  iDvrutiaiB  have  been  patented  For 

tdteiulfyui£  the  Light  produced  by  burning  gas  under  a  nunt 

and  incrcaiing  Ibe  light  fencrnled  per  unit  volun 


lyilemi  ibow  of  Lii 
luce<si[uL  A  cirIu 
the  Lucu  light  ol  tl 


nded  on  nipplying  Ihe  gai  (orgaj  md  lii) 
reucd  prcAurc.  Of  (he  >cU-iDlenufxing 
u  nnd  ScoH-SkU  have  btta  the  m«t 
iludy  h»  been  nmde  by  the  inventor  of 


burner  and  mantle  *R  i 
of  the  innriKd  airiupp 
given  by  the  mantle  is  to 
Sncll  syUeifl  Ihc  mukj 
given  by  the  Lucu  ligh 

ol  Ibe  lamp  u  hich  lucki 


e  United   Kingdom  and  I 


'rrascd  pmaurc.    The  gas  cc 


:r  froi 


;h  lighi'pover  from  incnn' 

}ih  gai  and  ait.  under  ae 
HOT  u  worked  by  a  water 


by  the  ilrokc  of  Ihc  engine.  I  regulator  on  Ibe  floating  bell 
principle  is  placed  alter  Ihc  coRiprtiuri  the  pmsurc  of  gas 
in  the  appaialui  governs  autoniaiicilly  the  Hon'  ol  gas  to  the 
engme.  With  the  Su^g  apparalus  lor  high  power  Ughling  the 
gasisbioughi  Irom  the  disinci  preuurt,  «hkh  is  equal  to  about 
ij  in.  of  walcr.  to  an  average  ol  l>  in.  water  pressure.  The 
light  obtained  by  Ihls  system  when  the  gas  pressure  is  9]  In. 
is  joo  candle  power  with  in  hourly  consumption  of  10  cub.  fi. 
of  gas.  equivalent  10  30  tandles  per  cubic  loot,  and  wilh  a  gas 
pressure  equal  lo  14  in.  of  walcr  400  candles  arc  o(>iaIned  viih 
an  hourly  consumplion  ol  12I  cub.  11.,  which  represents  a  duty 
of  J]  candles  per  cubic  fool  of  gat  eonsumcd.  High  pressure 
inundesccni  lighting  mahei  ii  poisibh:  10  bum  a  far  larger 
volume  of  gas  in  a  given  time  under  a  manilc  than  is  the  case 
with  tow  pressure  lighting,  so  as  10  create  centres  ol  high  total 
illuminating  value  lo  compete  with  arc  lighting  in  Ibc  illumina- 
tion ol  laigc  spaces,  and  the  Lucas.  Keith.  Scott.Smll.  Millennium, 
Selas,  and  many  other  pressure  systems  answer  most  admirably 
lor  this  purpose. 

Tbc  light  given  by  the  ordinary  incanileicenl  mantle  burning 
in  an  upright  position  tends  rather  10  the  upward  direction. 
i._«.d  because  owing  lo  the  slighlly  conical  shape  of  the 
jll^JI^'  mantle  the  mailmum  light  is  emitted  at  an  angle  a 
little  above  the  hori»ntaL  Inasmuch  as  lor  working 
purposes  the  surface  that  a  mantle  Qluminales  is  at  angles 
below  4j*  Irom  the  horiionlal.  it  is  cvidcul  that  a  considerable 
loss  ol  eStcicni  lighting  is  brought  about,  whilst  direaly  under 
the  light  the  bunier  and  fittings    '  .    .  — 


id  this  I 


lelroi 


blow 


made  what  was  practically 


■  with  hi 


fried  mantle  became 


as  a  really  satisfactory  burner  was  tni 
quickly  placed  beyond  doubt.  The  i 
proved  itself  one  o(  the  chief  faclots 
achieved  by  iacandesccDl  mantle  lightiof, 


n  time  to  lime  been  m 
ihould  heat  a  mantle  •■ 

■nei  gas  and 

I  possibility. 


theer 


>  the  il 


of  thera 


When  tbc  iiicaiideiceu  uanlle  wai  fint  introduced  in  liU 
an  ordinatT    laboralsry    Bunsen    bumei   was  etperiiDenully 

employed,  but  BnleB  a  very  narrow  mantle  just  „^^ 
fitting  the  lop  of  Ibe  tube  was  used  tbe  Bane  could 
not  be  got  lo  fit  tbe  mantle,  and  il  was  only  the  enreme  outer 
edp  ol  ihe  Same  which  endowed  the  nuuitlc  labric  with  the  high 
buraei  lop  wit  then  placed  on  the 
spread  tbc  flame,  and  a  larger  mantle 
peasible.  but  it  was  then  foond  that  the  slowing  down 
Lhemouthof  the  burner  owing  to  its  enlarge- 
ment caused,  thishing  or  firing  back,  and  to  prevent  this  a  wire 

Ihc  1SS6-18S7  coniaercial  Welsbacb  burner  was  produced. 
The  length  of  1  be  Bunsen  tube,  bowcvti,  made  an  unsightly  Gtiiog, 
so  it  was  hbonened.  and  the  burner  bead  made  to  slip  over  it, 
whilst  an  eilemal  l^lhting  back  plalc  was  added.  Tbe  lorm  ol 
the  "  C  "  hu'rier  thus  arrived  at  has  undergone  no  important 
further  change.  When  later  on  it  was  desind  lo  make  incan- 
descent mantle  burners  that  should  tut  rteed  the  aid  ol  a  chimiiey 
to  incraac  the  air  supply,  tbe  long  Bunsen  (Lbe  was  reverted 
to.  and  the  Kern,  Bandsepl.  and  other  burners  ol  this  class 
tbcordiniTy  burners.    To 


ioftl 


idga5.ac 


In  rQoo^  thereloTe,  two  classes  of  burner  were  i 
eiittcoce  for  incandescent  lighting — (i)  the  short  burner  with 
chimney,  and  (i)  the  long  homer  without  clumney.  Bolb 
daises  had  the  burner  mouth  closed  with  gauieoi  similar  device, 
and  boih  neediil  as  an  essential  thai  Ibe  muitle  sbouU  fit  dasdy 


ve  gas  lamp*  ol  rhe 
)y  Clamond,  and  in 


ham  type,  or  the 


II.  A.  Kent  in  18^7,  and  he  UH.1I,  not  an  invei 

[he  ■■oint  alailmiaiurc  lyf -air  and  gaa  wai  !■ 
Iiurner  heail,  and  was  therefore  kept  cool  and  a« 


gas  under  ordinary  gas  pressure  in  an  inverted  mantle.    They 

used  upright  incandescent  burners,  and  fitted  to  it  a  long  tube, 
preferably  oi  non-conducting  material,  whicb  tbey  called  an 
isolator,  and  which  is  designed  to  keep  tbe  Bame  at  a  distance 
trom  (he  Bunsen.  They  iouod  that  it  burnt  lairly  well,  and  thai 
the  tendency  of  Ihe  flame  lo  bum  or  lap  back  was  lessened. 


I  ol  heal 


>  hohs  ol  tbe  Bun 
ily  cawed   the   Dame  to  pulsate, 
cone  on  the  isolator  to  thnw  the 

of  this  "  deflecting  cone  "  steaiUed 
a  satisfactory  Oame,  Oiey  uucktd 


LIGHTING 


*59 


(he  bviMT  bod 

must  be  DM  only  opeo  Ir 

MM  or  uniUtr  tl 

iivl 

"IT 

niuUe  ud  the 

HuiKt  held  (hi  m 

HIT 

hated  to  incude 

noce  w»  ohuiml. 

It 

the  diMuKe  whkli  the  boUKi  heul 

nje. 

ii  equivslenl  la  (he  uaie  (iiuiunt  of  eiln  wUh  preuure  on 
ih(|U,  aiid  with  i  bug  mantle  it  mu  louod  uhIuJ  under  ctAsin 
cooditioas  to  lidd  «.  ix^in^er  or  sleeve  viifa'perfDnitcd  4rdc3 
to  cury  the  ga  uil!  lower  iuo  the  muiile.  The  pcindplei 
thui  let  (oilh  bjr  Kept.  Bunt  tut  G^nrenkl  (arm  the  buil  si 
CDDUmclioD  or  aii  the  lypes  of  invnted  oiulLe  burom  wtikh 
ID  greatly  incrcesed  the  popuUrity  ot  inoodcKenl  gaa  li^hling 
At  the  beciooiiis  of  (he  loth  ceomry.  whibt  improvcmeoli 
mile  lor  inverted  lif 


The  ir 


ndciful 

given  by  Ltic  tHimi 
the  duty  of  incii 
Uhle^- 


n  gis  by  the  aid  of  the  I 


ount  0[  Kghl  that 


I  ichlcvci 


LitU  yiflitd  fa  cmik  fxl  ci  Cat. 
Bumc 


Hiah  pRMm  burnn aitoja      " 

(vTb-u 

J.      ELECTtIC     LhMTDiO. 

EUctriC  lamp*  are  ot  two  vuietio;  (i)  Aft  Lamfi  and 
(rt  liKaidtsceiil  oc  Gar  Ijmpi.  Under  ihcw  hrodincs  vr 
ouy  briefly  coiuider  the  history,  physical  principles,  and  present 
practice  ol  the  art  oi  ekciric  lighiing. 

I,  An  Inmfi. — II  ■  voltaic  battery  of  a  large  number  of 
cells  has  iU  irmiinal  wire*  piovidnl  with  rods  of  ekctrically- 

ilighlly  separated,  a  form  ol  electric  discharge  likes  place 
between  them  called  the  dttirk  arc.  It  is  not  quite  certain 
who  fint  observed  this  eflccl  ot  the  electric  cunent.  The  HUc- 
mcBl  that  Sit  Humphry  Davy,  in  iSoi,  fitsi  produce)!  and 
studied  the  phenomenan  is  probably  corrccl.  In  iSoS  Davy 
bad  provided  for  him  al  the  Royal  InsliLution  i  baLlcry  ot 
lOK  cdfi,  with  which  he  exhibited  the  cleciric  art  on  a  laise 
sole. 
The  etccnic  arc  may  be  prodnced  between  any  conducting 

source  of  eleclrk  supply  is  ahle  to  fcimish  a  mlSdeally  large 
cuTTenti  but  for  illnminaling  piupoia  fitea  ol  hard  graphUle 
cirboD  are  moat  nnvcnicnt.  Tf  some  lource  of  coniinuout 
electric  current  ii  connected  to  ndtol  lueb  carbon;  lirsl  brought 
into  contact  and  then  >li|hlly  lepnraled.  Ihe  fallowing  (acts 
may  be  noticed;  With  a  low  eleetmnoiive  force  of  >,bon\ 
50  or  66  volls  no  diKharge  lakes  place  until  llio  carbons  are 
in  actual  oontact,  utiii»  the  insulation  of  the  ait  a  btnkun  down 
by  the  parage  of  a  small  electric  spark,  Wfavo  this  occun. 
the  space  bnween  the  carbons  is  Ailed  at  once  with  a  ftame 
or  luminous  vapour,  and  Ihe  carbons  thcmxfvcs  become  highly 
incandescent  at  their  alremilies.  It  ihejf  are  horiionlal  Ihe 
dime  takes  the  form  ol  in  arch  springing  between  (heir  lips, 
hence  Ihe  name  arc.  This  vatiet  tomewhal  in  ippciniKe 
according  <a  the  nature  of  the  current,  whether  coniinuous 
or  alternating,  and  according  as  it  is  tonned  In  the  open  air 
M  in  aa  encIOsad  space  10  which  fit*  Keen  of  oiygen  is  pre- 
Tentcd.  Electric  ans  between  metal  mrfacn  difler  gmlly 
in  colour  according  to  the  nilure  ol  the  metal  When  formed 
by  an  alternating  current  ot  high  electfomolive  force  thcj 
resemble  1  lambent  llame,  flickering  and  producing  a  some- 
what shriU  humming  sound. 

Electric  am  may  be  das^litd  Into  candnuou  or  alteraalhig 
ttuttat  aro,  and  open  or  enckwcd  itct,  eubon  arc*  with  pore 


01  chaicaDy  ImpngMteJ  cai1»M,  < 
and  area  forntd  wiih  metallic  or  01 

magnetite.    A  conliouous  current  arc  is 


>»<attH  itme  tto, 
I  elecirodea,  such  at 

cnrmt  mwing  always  m  tue  sane  direction^  an  altmatlog 

opea  arc  ii  one  ia  which  the  cuhons  or  other  material  forming 
the  arc  are  tredy  eipcoed  to  (he  air;  u  enclosed  arc  is  oni 
in  which  they  are  inchided  in  a  glass  vesiL  If  carhom  im- 
pregaatal  with  varioua  lalta  are  used  to  colour  or  increase 
the  light,  the  arc  is  caUed  a  chemic^  ot  Same  arc.  The  eirbons 
or  electradei  may  be  amngcd  in  line  one  above  (he  other,  or 
ibry  DVy.br  inclined  10  as  to  project  t' 


:  if  III 
much  h 


I  ibc 


partly  by  combustion,  becoming  hoUowed  out  al  th 

becomes  pointed,  and  also  wean  away,  (hough  much 
than  the  positive.  In  the  conlinuous-current  op 
greater  part  ot  the  light  pioceeds  from  the  highly  ^i 
poiilivt  crater.  When  the  arc  ia  taamined  through  d 
or  by  the  optical  projection  ol  its  image  upon  a  scrt 
band  or  itrcam  of  vapour  is  seen  to  mend  helm 
carbons,  lurroundeil  by  a  ncbuloui  golden  Dame 
If  Ihe  carbons  are  maintained  at  the  right  distanc 
■     '         ■    ■■         ■       if  the  CI  ■ 


'  the  disli 


t,  Ihe  I 


.  idly  changes  its  pUce,  flickering  about  ind  frequei 
Ing  eninguished;  when  thb  happens  it  cm  only  be  miored 
by  brinpng  the  carboK  once  more  into  contact.  If  the  current 
is  alternating,  Ihei  .Ihe  arc  it  symmetrical,  and  bolh  cartuna 
possess  nearly  the  same  appcarana.  If  it  is  enckned  in  a 
vcBcl  nearly  oir-Iighl,  (he  rate  al  which  the  carbons  are  Initnt 
away  is  greatly  reduced,  and  if  the  current  is  coniinuous  (he 

no  longer  so  much  pointed  as  in  the  case  of  the  open  arc. 

Davy  used  loT'his  first  eipcriTKnts  rods  of  wood  charcoal 
which  had. been  healed  and  plunged  into  mercLiy  to  make 

proposed  by  J.  B,  L.  Foucauli  to  employ  pencils 
cut  from  the  hard  graphilic  carbon  depoAited  in  the  interior 
ol  gas  retorts.  In  i946  W,  Cnener  and  W.  E.  Slaile  p;ilcnlcd 
a  procos  for  oianuliciuring  carbons  lor  this  purpose,  but 
only  after  the  invention  of  Ihe  Gramme  dynamo  in  iSjo  any 
for  them.     F.  P.  L  CarrC  in  France  in 


Now  they  ai 


made  by  liking 
vn,  such  as  (be 
ike  of  burning 


illy  refined  form  of  finely  di 
soca  or  lampblack  fonncd  by  coolin 

paranin  or  tar,  or  by  ihe  carbonlniion  ol  organic  maiter,  ana 
nuking  it  into  a  paste  with  gum  ot  syrup.  This  rsrhon  paste 
is  forced  through  dies  by  means  of  a  hydrauTic  press,  the  rods 
thus  formed  being  subscquetilly  baked  with  such  precautions 
as  10  preserve  them  pcrfecily  siraighl.  In  some  cases  they 
■         »  hmgitudinal  bole  down  them, 


GIM 

in  with 

sollcr  carbo 

n.    Someilmes  they  are  c 

alh 

n  layer  ol 

topper  bye 

leciro-deposiikm.     They  a 

re  supplied 

for 

he  markt 

In  sites  vary 

ng  from  <  or;  to  JO  or  to 

ein.inlength.    Ihevalu 

otcarbom 

or 

re  lighifng  really  depends  on  "their  purity  a 

roH' 

ash  in 

uraing.  and 

on  pertecl   unilormity  0 

For  ordinary 

n  section. 

lul 

foreerta. 

n  special  use 

.  such  as  Hghthone  work,  Ihey  are 

mad 

c  noted  0 

hapedsmion.     Tlic  pol 

ually  of  larger  section 

nl  ans 

cored   orb 

on   Is   generally  used  as 

a  posilive. 

solfd  arbon 

as  a  negative.     For  flam 

arc  lamp. 

he 

themwilh 

of  cald 

m  and  sodium.     The  eal 

dum  give* 

he  best  resu 

tl.     The  rod 

>s  usually  ol  >  compoaile 

ype.    Th* 

purecartion 

»  rive  airehgth.  Ihe  next  tone  eoa- 

lata 

tkrtMo  niud  liia  tin  netiUic  alts,  aid  the  boei  CM* 

K  but  lc«  comfimnd.    In  idftion  lo  tin  inctinic 


the  orboni  in  a  down 
■Lgt  aa  lomicd.    Bnnn 


iijng  direction  lo  gal  rid  ot  tho 
iggcstod  in  iBpS  (or  ttdi  put- 
luondes  ol  cuciuni»  nrvnliuni  or  b^Lriun.  When  >DCb 
re  Died  10  (arm  in  electric  *xc  the  ueullic  ulu  de- 
ad produce  a  fiame  round  the  arc  which  is  itrongly 
Ibe  object  being  to  produce  a  vann  yellow  ^ow, 
Ibe  somewhat  vioJet  and  cold  light  oi  the  pnre  carbon 
■    ■       illighl      ■  ■ 


L  oH,  iinH 


teldc 


B  Ibe  lubjcct  ei 
r  jad  tbe  art  luj  been  brQught  to  crest  perfectiOD- 
nuab  mint  bt.amnilrcd  [or  lunber  '  ' 
trc4UK  on  Ca/tvn  makiai  for  att  tii 


TIk  phyiical  phenol 


ia  oi  the  electric  arc  are  bat  eiammed 
between  two  carbon  rodi  ol  tbe  above 
d  in  line  in  a  ipficial  apparatus,  and 
La  be  capable  ol  bcini  moved  to  or  from 
h  A  siftw  and  eaiily  regulated  notion. 
\l  o[  iliis  kind  is  csUkI  a  »a*d-riiiilalr^ 
h  an  arc  1»iop  is  connected  to  a  louice 
i  an  elcclnrnDiive  force  piefeiably  ol 


eiy  little  Fiaaiioation  of  the  diitribulion  of  light  (mni 
lOwt  that  the  iUonuBIting  or  caodle-powtr  ii  not  the 
JJcreDt  directions.  If  the  cart»ns  are  vertical  and  the 
ubon  ii  the  upper  of  tbe  t*o,  the  iUuminaling  pow« 
:  in  a  direction  at  an  in^e  inclined  about  40  or  50 
^w  the  horizon,  and  at  other  direclioos  ha}  diUerent 
ticb  nuy.  be  rcpmcoLed  by  the  lengths  of  radial  liHS 
<Di  a  centre,  the  eiticiniLiei  ol  which  deSnc  a  curve 
UlBiii«iiliii(ciirKof  Iheirclampdic.  si'   Cansidcreble 


or  encloMtl  arct.   The  chief  po 


ir;  hence  the  form  of  I  hi 
n  by  A.  P.  Trotter  in  iSfli, 
crater  nirface  which  it  viii 
.at  dircclioc.  The  form  of  th< 
ith  the  length  ol  1  he  arc  am 


light  proroedt 
liH  10  the 


It  c*twble  ol  lonniag  a  uue  t 


inating  agent,  the  variabi 

ce  of  the  cajbons;  [iii,}  ih 
ol  the  carbons.    Taking  i: 

nl  Icngtbl  and  wilh  carbon 

(,  the  pDiMtial  dJUoiencc  0 


riNG  (ELECTwa 

the  ctibMS  (tbe  art  P.D.)  decrcua  u  lh>  cinrtnl  fncrtMet. 
Upiaacerlaincamnt9tTengththearcisailent,butatapankukr 
critical  vilue  P.O.  suddenly  dropl  *bout  la  volu,  the  cuneM 
at  tbe  same  lime  rising  1  or  3  amperei.  At  that  momeal  tho 
arc  begins  to  ilijj,  and  in  this  hissing  condition,  if  the  a/rmt 
is  still  Inrther  inoeucd.  P.D.  remains  constant  over  wfde  bmita. 
This  drop  in  voltage  on  faining  was  fint  noliced  by  A.  Niaudet 
(1.11  Lumiln  Uairifu,  iMi,  1.  p.  1B7)-  It  has  ben  shown 
by  Mrs  Aynon  iJcmrn.  Iml.  Mite  Eb%.  ig,  tB9g,  p.  40a}  that 
tbe  biuing  ii  nuiaiy  di*  to  the  oiygen  which  gaini  access  from 
ihe  air  to  the  crater,  when  the  bitter  becnnica  M  large  by  reasoii 
ol  the  increase  oE  the  current  aa  10  overspread  Ibe  eitd  ol  the 
positive  carbon.  According  to  A.  E.  Blondel  and  Hans  Luggin, 
hiisiDg  takes  |daoe  wfaenevcr  Lbe  current  denshy  becomes  greater 
Ihim  about  0-1  at  o>s  ampav  pes  square  miUimetre  of  cratei 


a  the  ci 


it  the 


"CTv"; 


(Und  lor  the  potential  dfllere 


, _  .  ...    _ rbOM  IHVollV 

jgh  the  arc  in  amperes,  L  (or  tbe  length  d 
ne  arc  %r\  miiunieires,  R  for  ihe  resistance  ol  the  aic;  and  let 
i.».c,f  ftc.bccon^anli.   EnkEdlundin  1867. and.ot her workin 

ilion  between  V  »nd  L  oould  be  exprened  ^  a  ^p4e  linear 
^  V-a+U- 

Latcr  rneaichei  by  Mri  Aynon  (Etretrinmi.  ig^l,  41,  ^  7»). 


..«L+!¥-. 


II  oppDwd  by  LiJEgin  in  18^  (] 

her  ul  j8M  iy/»i.  Ann..  1888,  «.  p.  fe 

'iW(w"Jo^p%s^."' ■™*-  ■'™"" 


where  A  lithe cni 


tial  diflrrencc  btl««n  the  are  and  the  negititic 

V.-K+llf- 
t  Ihraugb  the  arc  in  amperes  and  L  is  the  leegth 
iiul  dinecc 


UGHTING 


cUktr  car 

IbeTfor  tbii  po^tinatEaB  W -M-M,~iiliH  l^jtkiif'uc  iion 
W-(+A,  H  tie  eafrent  ihmuili  the  .- -■ ' 

wpthe  crbcm  W-*+/A. 
In  the  Abcnw  bpeiunenti  the  n 


Lcchir.  F.  Oppenboin, 

may  ta  *  «Hiiid«rabl«  ejrt 
Tbe  total  wodc  ipRic 


UninpKii.  uid  J-  A.  Fkmiafl 
iifturb  the  diitiibutiDn  of  potrni 
Mn  i^non.  be  apmKd  b 
7  +  >ost.+(39  9+J07L)A. 


^  pfDfKrty  that  If  the  currrni  through  it  iiirrrcvrd,  ihcdUIcTvnn 

dtCrtTHC.  tha  ate  rnay  ba  aaid  to  act  aa  iHt  were  a  netainr  raiiiamit. 
FfUi  and  Rodgcn  IBttlriiitii,  1896, 38.  p.  7s)  have  auiicsiEd  that 
llK  leaiMUKe  S  the  arc  fbould  be  mcsttircdTy  the  laliD  belwien 

■nnU  incmnnil  of  ciunnt ;  in  othR  midi,  tw  tbe  tqnalioii  iVIih, 

■Hi  not  by  itw  ntio  ^m^y  ol-V-  *     *" — :-!—>..-  '• =—  i- 

"^•n  dUcc  whaber  an  electiial 

e,  Ixloiijpiic  a*  h  dgca  to  ibe  cUsa  of  k 


of  tbe 

Otbet  pbyeioJ  invatifaUmn  have  been  ODocenied  with 
Itae  ioiriiikic  biightnen  of  tba  cntei.  It  b*s  been  ueerttd 
by  many  obMrven,  nich  aa  BlMM,  SIrW.  da  W.  Abney,  S.  P. 
lliampion,  Troliet,  L.  ].  G.  Vlidle  and  Mhen,  that  tbb  (s 


iu  value, 


39  aodiiS,  Trotler 
milUmetre.  Blondel 
IHiglitDai  ef  the  arc 
ma  iiSd  canUea  per  aquan  miltlmeln.  Subsequently  J.  E. 
Ptlavel  found  a  value  of  itT  caidlet  pet  square  tnilliinetn  (or 
cunent  dcaaltict  vaiying  Irata  -06  la  -iS  ampetei  per  >qair< 
niillll»etre(/V«.  Rrt.SiK.,  l»9fl,6s,p.«69).  VioHealaOpiBig^s, 
mpported  the  opfaJon  that  tbe  biiEhtncM  of  the  cuter  per 
aquaie  DiiUIinctn  iraa  Ind^ndent  of  the  cunent  density,  and 
finm  certaia  enpenmcDU  and  aaaninptloria  u  to  tlM  qwdfic 
beat  o(  ctiboB,  be  anened  Die  temperature  of  tlie  trater  wai 
■boot  jjoc^C.  It  ha*  been  concluded  that  thiatiHiatancy  ol 
temperature,  and  Uietcfoie  of  brightness,  is  due  lo  the  fact  that 
tke  enter  la  at  the  lempeiatuie  of  tte  boUiag-pdat  of  urban, 
ant  I>  tbat  caw  it*  tenpetalurt  ahould  be  rnted  by  iiicreailtig 
Ik*  prttstire  tiadn  wbidi  the  aic  woits.  W.  E.  WUion  in  i»9j 
■tlempted  to  meaaure  the  brighlneas  ol  tbe  cnrter  under  viHlooa 
prcinira,  and  found  that  under  five  almo^heies  tbe  resJstann 
si  tbe  arc  appeared  to  fncrease  and  the  tFmpei&ture  of-  the 
crater  to  faH,  until  at  aprenureid  10  aimoqiheifs  (he  btightnos 
el  lb«  ctater  hod  fallen  to  a  dull  red.  In  a  later  paper  Wilson 
■nd  G.  F.  FitEgenld  slattd  that  th«e  preliminary  eipetiinentl 
were  not  confimifd,  and  their  later  researches  throw  consldtnble 
donbt  on  the  suggeMioa  that  It  ia  the  boiling-point  of  carbon 
irtdch  determines  the  lempeiature  of  the  cntei.  (See  EltctrM<i», 
i««5.  3S, P-  '*>,  "li  iBflT,  38,  P-  343) 

liic  ttudy  of  the  aHeniBtbg-curTeDt  arc  bM  sasgeued  a 
ttambcT  of  new  eiperimenlal  problenw-for  invBtigaton.     In 

hy  nriatBBce,  and  DInminaling  ponvr,  are 

•■"•■•       Tar>fBg;    and   u  the  ettctronwiive   (01 
"■  Itself  pettodieiDy,  at  cfftain  instants  the 

•kanifh  the  aic  I*  Kt*.    Aathai 


tbe  ct 


It  withtrat  ntfngotsfabig  t( 


■c  from 


1  allcir 


It  fa  pos^e  to  work 


tbe  f^bt,  provided  that  the  Iicqueticy 
la  oDi  muui  neiow  30,  During  the  tnoment  that  the  current 
is  Kto  the  catboa  continnes  to  glow.  Each  cattan  In  turn  he- 
coma,  so  to  tptak,  the  crater  carbon,  and  the  fUununating 
power  is  theiefaie  symmetrically  dluributecL  The  curve  of 
fig.  3.    The  nature  of  the  VI 


t  tbe  CI 


It  and  are  P,D.  c 


values  ol  these 


mdhods,  ot  Iheii 
modificatiaQS,  ociginally  due  to  Jules 
Joubrn  and  A.  E.  BlondeL  joubett's 
method,  which  has  been  peifecled  by  many 
observers,  cons&tj  in  attaching  lo  (he  shift 
of  the  alternator  a  contact  »hidi  closes  a 
circuit  at  an  aastgDed  inatant  during  tbe 
pbase.  llib  contact  Is  nude  to  complete 
conneiion  cither  wftb  a  voltmeter  or  with 
a  galvanometer  placed  as  a  sbunt 

read,  as  usual,  tbe  toot-nean-square 
of  the  arc  P.S.  or  current,  but  | 
deCerniined  by,  and  iodkatiog,  liie  in 

qoantitiea  at  some  assigned  inatuit.  oy  progiesaive  vanaiioa 
<^the  phase-instant  at  which  the  contact  is  made,  the  successive 
inslantsofous  vlluel  of  the  electric  quantitis  can  be  measured 
and  plotted  out  jn  the  form  ol  curves,  THi  method  has  been 
much  employed  by  Blonde],  Fleming,  C  P.  Stenmeli,  Tobey 
and  Walbtidge,  Fiitb,  H.  CSrgts  and  many  others.  The 
second  method,  due  to  Blondel,  depends  on  the  use  of  the 
Oicilingratk,  wbich  is  a  galvanometer  having  ■  needle  or  osil 
ol  very  imall  periodic  time  of  vibration,  «ay  yAjth  part  i4  • 
second  or  less,  so  that  its  deflections  con  foUow  the  variationl 
of  cunent  posing  through  the  galvanometer-  An  improved 
form  of  oscillograph,  devised  by  Duddell,  'Coniista  of  two  fine 
wires,  which  are  sltained  Innsveisely  to  the  lines  of  But  ot  a 
strong  magnriic  field  (see  OsciULOcmPH).  TTie  current  to  be 
eiamined  Is  made  lo  pasa  up  one  wire  and  down  the  olhei,  and 
these  wires  are  then  slightly  displaced  in  oppoaiU  directiona, 
A  small  mirror  attached  to  tbe  wires  is  thus  deflectol  rapidly 
to  and  fro  In  aynduonlsm  witb  (he  variations  of  the  curreDL 
From  the  mirror  a  ray  of  light  is  reflected  which  falla  upon  a 
photogiaphic  plate  made  to  move  across  the  field  with  a  uniform 
motion.  In  (his  manner  a  pbotogiapblc  tiace  can  be  oblained 
of  the  wave  fonn.  By  this  method  the  variations  of  electric 
b\  an  allcmating-current  arc  can  he  watched.    The 


I  of  ill 


J  bye. 


light  ol  tbe  arc  , 

■troboscoplc  disk,  which  is  driven  by  a  motor  synchioiiously 
with  tbe  variation  of  cutrtnl  through  the  arc 
The  general  phtnomeoa  of  Iha  allemating-ourent  arc  are 


— ,  __  . ._,  differeiB  (DtiD,  anii 

bnsines.  in  general,  Dore  rectaanilai  in  sliape,  uaually  having  ■ 
high  peak  at  the  tiont.  Tiie  arc  flao  impreaaa  tbe  dcfonaailM  oa 
the  cuiTsnt  curve.  Blopdel  in  1B93  IMtauidi'h  ji.  p.  161J  gave  • 
number  ol  potential  and  curtvnt  curvet  for  al(enkating.cvrrtat  utx 
obtained  Iv  the  Joubctt  contact  metbod,  using  iwi  mov^le  coa 
calvaiMiiieten  of  high  rtsislam  to  nasura  lespcetlvely  potentid 
diflnaaae  sad  cuneat.  Bloadd's  deductioaa  were  that  ibc  shape 
of  tb*  current  and  voh  curvaa  is  gnalhr  alcetcd  by  the  nature  gf 
the  carbooa,  and  alao  by  tbe  amount  of  inductsifce  and  nslstaan 
b  the  ciiBiII  of  the  alieniBter.  Blondel.  W.  E.  Aynon.  W.  E. 
Sompnit  and  Stdnmeta  have  all  observed  (hat  tbe  alteraatiac- 
cucmn  are,  when  hissnig  or  when  fanned  with  rnmred  caitnn^ 
ads  lilie  an  Inducdve  lesjsunce.  and  that  there  is  a  lag  betwets 
the  cunent  corves  and  tbe  poienttsi  difference  curves.    Hence  the 


,     ..    H.  C^iiei  la  i!l9J  It  B< 
ftppljed  ■  ■tToboKopic  mtlhod  lo  ucadv  ihe  varutwni  Dfillumi 
uH  powtr.    FlntiDE  And  Peuvel  empioyeij  a  nmilar  amngcmrTit, 
dnnot  (lie  nnbaKOple  didc  by  ■  nnickRwoiii  mnar  (f  M.  Hai.. 
IS96.  41).   The  Ufhl  fuiioc  Ihnufb  diu  ol  the  diik  1  - 
la  aa«  putkiUu  period  of  tbc  p1iue»  ind  by  meant  of 
be  aloB  from  uy  deelred  portion  ot  tbe  nn  or  Ibe  i 
cubone.  The  nghl  lo  lelECMd  wh  ncniund  ratativelv 
nlue  of  Ibe  boriioDUl  Iwlil  tnilttd  by  the  aic  nnc 
miatioBi  vn  thin  dimuinicd.    Tbey  IcqikI  tbu  ibr 

nay  pnrt  b  periodic,  but  owbig  u  ibe  iIdw  coolinf  of  _.._ __ 

never  4Uitn  iso,  the  oiininmn  viJuc  happening  n  Ullte  Lil< 
tbiR  iHe  too  vihie  of  ll  .-...-.. 

puticidnr  cnrtna  wben  k  b 

penditure  of  poirec  i 


Tbe  I^t  emitted 

ive.    Tbt  nnc  <^iteiven 

the  Altenutlng  cuhtde  mtc  Sd 


Tbe  tdfcidibe 


■pheckil  oodle-pDwa-  than 
n  form  on  Ihe  efficiency  of 


BydilTeR 


:  electroi 


!i  ihci 


f  onoa,  and  Itvy  icatcd ' 
Ballett  of  tht  Uim  ni 

uaifoniily  throuehoat 


X-Sfi 


Burnt  in  1897  gm  the 

HU  cmchiiion  waa.  l(" 

tht  temperature,  that 

o^ntaina  the  leiBperatura  mott  uaifonnly  tlirouehoat  tt 

period.    Hence,  goKf^y,  if  the  current  riiei  to  n'mib  vali 

aTtcF  itt  cDnnDnwiDuii,  and  11  pmcrvrd  at  that  valiie,  or  j,miy 

at  that  lalue,  during  the  phaK,  tho  cffidency  gt  tbe  arc  will  be 

bipanaat  contribninn  u  our  kMwIniM  cooconnr  akanaiini- 
aicrtnt  are  ^ien«ena  «b  made  in  1899  fay  W.  DwUcIl  and  E.  W. 
Marcbaat,  In  a  paper  eciiitairuiii  v*li,«1J*  t*D,1i<  nhotrwl  m^A 
tbeir  inpnved  oedllofrajA.'    Tbey 


tbeir  improved  oeeiIla(rapii.' 
altemating^arTeiil  are  ivhea 


earfaoa  la  poai^ve;  tliii  lutiHta  tt 

Bnal  bcibtatea  tbe  Raw  ofthE  curreni  iron  it.  aiM  leuu  1 
torn  of  oirralt  to  It.  The  dotted  cum  in  Ag.  7  (»]  ihowi  Ibe  cunt 
Clin*  lorn  in  tbe  cnie  of  n  copper  rod.  By  ibe  we  d(  the  oKillopi 
Duddall  Md  Mardut  A»«d  IhU  tbe  bUac  cantinuooKum 

Kit  Mcnuctat,  nad  that  tbe  cwieM  it  eaciUiuiry  and  it 
«  >  frMIDency  of  1000  per  ticend.  They  atan  ihnwH  il 
CBdotinv  Ihe  ar<  inciraiH  ifx  an  reaction,  Ihe  Tnint  pnk  of  1 
peterrtial  cum  becDaiing  more  onrlud  and  the  pown^factof 


continuDU^umat  dectric  ni'li  formed  in  the  open  tb 

poiilive  carbon  having*  dltmeler  of  about  15  miUimetie), 
pcjalive  carbon  Laving  a  diameter  el  about  9  _ . 


the  potenlial  diffeienca  betveen  the  caibom  It  ft 
aHy  from  40  to  jo  volta.  Such  1  lamp  ia  iheiefort  o 
a  joo-vttt  an.  Uaia  Ibeee  conditiont  the  caiboni  cad  1 
away  at  the  rate  of  about  1  in.  per  bour,  actual 
Uking  place  b  tbe  air  which  galii^ccm  lo  the  hi^ity-haied 
cialer  and  negative  tip;  bcnce  the  moit  nbvjoua  meant  ol  prevent- 
ing thia  diuppeaiante  ii  to  eudoae  tho  art  In  an  air-tight  glaia 
veiteL  Such  a  deviu  wu  bled  vety  uily  tn  the  hiiUny  of  arc 
lighting.  Tbo  iBult  of  uditg  a  campldely  a!r4]ghl  fM>B,  bow- 
ever,  is  tbat  the  contained  oxygen  it  ranoved  by  conbwtioD  wtth 
Ihe  carbon,  and  carbon  vapour  or  hydrocarbon  com 
through  the  endoied  space  and  dcpotil  themielves  oi 
sides  of  the  glaas,  which  is  Ihereb/  ebtcured.  It  wai,  bowcver, 
(bowD  by  L.  B.  Uailia  {Elttlridon  ji,  p.  501,  and  jB,  p.  646) 
'-  iKaj,  that  "  -■■ =- 


[med  with  a 


it  reduced,  yet  the  air  dealroya  by 
Dvidal  ion  Ibe  carbon  vapour  escaping 
from  Ihe  arc.  An  arc  lamp  operated 
in  this  way  Is  called  an  eockoed  arc 
Uinp(fi(.S).  The  t<9ol(heeiick»- 
ing  bulb  it  doted  by  a  gas  check  plug 
wUch  admiulbroQghasmalthole  a 
limited  tupply  oi  air.  The  peculiarity 
of  in  Eadined  arc  lamp  operated 

carbons  do  not  huiD  to  a  cfatdoa  tbe 

flat  Kirfaces.     This  feature  aBecta 
Ihe  dittribuiioo  of  the  light.    The 
illuminating  curve  of  the  enclwd 
arc,  therefore,  baa  not  luch  a  tiroB^y    i 
oaiked  maaimum  value  aa  that  of   • 
Ibe  4peii  arc,  but  on  the  oUki  band  ; 
the  true  arc  oc  column  ol  incanda-    *; 
cenl  caiboo  vapour  it  leaa  ite^y  in 
podliitt,  wandadng  round  from  place 

10  place  on  Ibe  surface  of  tbe  cariuDs.  ■-. ~-- 

A»acompeflsalionfDtihisdete£l,lh«       Fm.  B.— Eortomt  Are 

combutiioo  of  Ibe  carbon*  per  bout  Lamp. 

in  commercial  fonDa  of  eiKkiaed  arc 

lampa  ia  about  one-lwenlxtb  part  of  that  of  an  open  arc  lamp 

taking  the  tame  currEnt. 

Itwaashownby  FleninginiSgo  tbat  tbe  cotamnidiBewtk*- 
cent  larbon  vapour  contliluliog  lbs  tnia  an  poMcMe*  1  uBilueEal 
conductivity  iPTK.  Koy.  IkU.  ij,  p.  47).  If  a  third  cnbm  f 
dipped  into  the  aic  »  as  to  constitute  a  ihird  pole,  and  if  a  amtU 
voltaic  balKiy  ol  1  few  celK  wilfa  a  galvanometer  in  drcuit, 
it  eonnecled  in  between  the  middle  pole  and  the  negative  cwbon, 
it  is  found  that  when  the  ocgaiive  pole  of  Ibe  battery  is  ia  con- 
neidon  wilfa  lbs  negative  carbon  (he  gatvanonKUr  indisK* 
a  cumol,  but  does  not  when  the  potittve  pole  o[  the  batlny 
it  in  cDDueuoa  with  the  negative  cubon  of  Ibe  arc 

Turning  neii  la  Ibe  coniidctstkHi  of  the  alecUlc  aic  w  a 
aourca  o!  light,  we  have  already  noticed  thai  tbe  illimiinlllii 
power  in  diSerent  dircciiona  is  aoi  tbe  aanui.    II  wa      tmh 
re.  formed  between  a  pair  •!      ama 


ipbere  painled  white  on 


e  interior,  lliea  it  wouM  ba      "* 
s  of  this  qsbere  arenaemnlly  iDumiD- 
:b  the  carbons  when  paaleaged  ■iiiM 
K  pnlca,  and  the  lipg  wbcie  tba 


mtby  li 


luilode  ialo  uogi,  nch  of  which  would  be 
Hted.  Tlwtaul  quDtityol  light  or  the  loUl 
uh  nM  it  Iha  [»odiict  of  tha  um  uf  the  uoe 
ud  th*  ialouily  nl  Ih*  lifht  (lUiof  m  the  Mne  tneuuied 
in  candle-poiiei.  We  migbl  ngaid  the  iplure  u  uDifoimly 
JUiuointted  with  an  inlenaily  a!  light  such  that  the  product  of 
thh  Lnteoiity  aad  the  total  uirfocc  oi  the  sphen  wai  auTDcrically 
equaltothewrfueiategralohtainedhyiunuBlngupthe  products 
of  the  areu  of  all  tlie  elenwDtaty  lonei  and  the  interuiiy  o[  ihs 
ti^t  falling  OS  each.  This  mean  inteniiiy  ia  called  tha  HHriH 
ifteriral  caajlt-faap  of  the  arc.  IE  the  datrihatimi  of  the 
"»— """'"g  power  ii  known  and  given  by  an  iDumiaUkn 
curre,  the  mean  ipheiica]  candle-power  can  be  at  once  dedooed 
{La  Uumtrt  tUariqm,  1890,  n,  p.  415). 
Ln  BMC  (E(.  9}  be  I  Knicfade  wbld  by  RnlatfM  ramd  thi 

diameter  BCnnai"'  — "■—     '  " '■   ' ■"   "  '  ~' 

In  tba  alcmeal  of  tl . , ^ 

tb(  (phtR.    Ld  the  imemicy  ec  light 


UOHTINO 

n  caloDi  diffemcei  but  foe  Ikb  to 


663 


la  the  lUi,  aBd  the  (Mai  quuHlly  of  light  lilliii|  oa 
tqual  Id  die  produel  at  the  mean  iiiieDvcy  or  caadli-pv 
■hnctioa  AP  and  Ib(  an  of  the  acne,  and  thenfon  10 

Let  la  Maiid  for  the  meao  ijAnkal  aodk-power,  that  ii,  let  li  be 
deioid  by  the  cqualiaB 

4.R>I.-»ttz;t<ii) 
where  t  (Ia»)  Ii  the  nn  of  aU  the  light  ictually  falfliig  on  the  iphere 


whcfc  1.U  uaadt  lor  the  maBinuia  candle-powct  ot  the  an-  If, 
tbeo,  we  let  off  at  fr  a  Line  tti  perpendicular  to  DC  and  in  length 
proponiaaal  lo  the  candle-powtr  oE  the  arc  in  the  dinctloo  AP.  and 
carry  out  the  iBAe  conetntction  for  a  vuiBbcr  of  different  nbeerved 
iiiiihinBtwn  iillaiial  fcnitwii  an^ea above  and  below  the  hofium. 
Iha  iBBBda  of  an  ordiMtH  web  u  tM  wiU  define  a  curve  DHE. 
The  mean  ■oherlcal  aadle-power  of  the  an:  i>  equal  10  Ihe  pnxluct 
of  tha  —"*■""—  caridl^^owcr  (I-u1p  and  a  fraction  equal  10  the 
ntki  of  the  ana  iDchnledby  tiie  cum  DHE  to  in  drconieriliing 
icetaBfIs  DFGE.  The  aeta  el  the  curve  DHE  aiultipUBd  by  »/K 
^vei  111  the  letal/ac  ^IMki  lra»  the  are. 

OwlBg  to  the  (aequafaly  la  the  diBributloa  e(  Ugbi  from  an 
electric  anu  k  b  impoidble  to  define  the  iUamloatlog  powrr  by  a 
iingle  oamber  la  any  other  way  than  by  itathif  tlw  meao  ipliencal 
candle-unver.  AU  oueh  commonly  uied  eatpmrioM  aa  "an  are 
lamp  of  MOO  candl^power  '*  are,  tberefere,  perfectly  meeninglna. 
Tha  photometry  of  arc  kampi  praenti  putlcuUr  diffcullia, 
owing  to  the  great  diSeitoce  in  quality  between  the  light  radiated 

by  the  arc  and  that  given  by  any  of  the  ordinarily 
Jjj*"^  nied  light  standinli.  (For  ilandarda  of  lighi  anil 
^B,  pbolomelera,    are     PHoiomiin.)      AH  photometry 

depeadi  on  the  principle  that  if  we  Ulumlnale  two 
irfartc  auifacca  rcapcctively  and  eiclusivdy  by  two  (eparaie 
wurcei  of  light,  we  can  by  moving  the  lights  bring  the  two 
■urfiea  into  such  a  condiiioc  that  their  iUumlnalieti  or  MtUiust 
il  UiE  lame  without  regard  to  iny  small  colour  difference.  The 
quantitative  measurement  depends  on  the  Ead  that  the  ilEurnlna- 
tion  produced  upon  ■  lurface  by  a  lautcc  of  light  Is  inversely 
aa  tlK  square  of  the  i^lanci  of  the  source.  The  trained  eye 
Il  capable  of  making  a  comptrilon  between  Iuro  surfaces  Illumin- 
ated by  different  wnrco  of  light,  and  pronouncing  upon  their 
ejnility  or  olbetwlae  in  respect  of  bnghuesi,  aput  from  ■ 


compared,  mult  be  abwluldy  contiguous  and  not  veparalod 
by  any  harsh  line.  The  proctu  of  comparing  the  li^t  {khd  tbt 
uc  directly  with  thai  of  a  candle  or  other  similar  ftime  staadtid 
is  exceedingly  difficult,  owing  to  the  much  greater  ptoportioo 
and  Intensity  oE  the  violet  rays  in  the  arc  Tbc  moat  canveoieDt 
practical  working  standard  is  an  incandescent  lamp  run  at  a 
high  temperature,  that  is,  at  an  ctBdency  of  about  it  watts  per 
caadle.  If  It  has  1  suScienlly  large  bulb,  and  ha*  been  ii|af 
Iiy  being  vorkRl  for  some  lime  previously,  it  vltl  at  •  conxant 
voltage  preserve  a  constancy  in  Illuminating  power  suffide&tly 
long  10  make  the  necessary  photometric  compaiisona,  and  it 
can  itself  be  compared  at  intervals  with  another  standard 
incaodeiceot  lamp,  or  with  a  Same  standard  such  u  1  HtruMUt 


peation  the  ann  may  be  placed.  It  nthai  Iwht  pnneding  it  or 
priL-i.l.r  BDsIe  above  or  below  the  horimn  Inun  the  arr,  and  th 
Light  is  reBnied  out  finally  in  i  constant  horiionUI  direction.  /I 
lomsf  '^l'  by  leflKtB 

then  be  cooipaied  widi  .    _.  _  .... . 

ouamolafiud  photomeler.  and  by  swKt^ni  round  the  ladulai 


i^B)   „ 

._.  ^IK.  L«  ACD 
illuminatiog  power 

Ac7he  cs^dli^'powei  in  a  diieclion  AP.    The  UIi 
■  '  * "  Ihe  horizontal  plane      "  ' 


APM/(AP)'-Fa{li'-l-a').  where  a7BP. 

are  known,  we  on  dcKiibe  a  curve  BMN.  whoai  or 
I,  ..     ^.  ...     hriohine™  00  the  horisonl 
Ihal  this  Dtdiiule  must 


PM  wUt  denote 


le  horisonol  surface 


value  at  Kme  point.  This  biightneie  it  ben  eipnsicd  in  canili-UH, 
taUiu  the  umt  of  illumlBaltoa  to  be  that  given  by  a  itaadard 
candle  on  a  while  surface  at  a  distance  of  1  Et,    If  any  number 


.. , , a  horiiontal  plane,  the  brifht»eet  at 

any  point  can  be  calculaled  by  adding  together  the  iHuninationi 
due  to  sch  mpectlvAr. 

Tb*  process  of  delineating  the  photometric  or  polar  curve  of 
intenaty  lot  an  arc  lamp  is  soniewhal  tedious,  but  the  curve  hii  th* 
advantage  of  showing  eiaclly  the  dlKribuIion  of  light  in  different 

diiection*    When  oaly  the  meao  spherical  or  1 >.— :_i.-^i 

candle-power  ia  lequired  the  process  can  be  short 

an  intanting  photometer  suck  as  that  of  C  P. 

.liwer.  Jnil.  Elit.  Ettt-,  IWJ,  19,  p.  I46J),  or  I 

A.  E.  Blondel  which  ensblFi  os  10  detcnidnc  >i  one  oHcrvaiHni  im 

loul  Rujt  of  lifht  From  the  an  end  iberefoce  the  mean  spherical 

In  the  use  o(  arc  lamp)  for  street  and  .public  Kghtlng.  the 
tiucstion  of  the  distribution  of  light  on  the  horiiontal  lurfan 
is  all -important.  In  order  that  street  surfaces  may 
be  well  lighted,  the  minimum  illumination  should  ^^u^-"" 
not  Eall  below  01  candle-loot,  and  in  general,  In  well-  ^^ 
lighted  streets,  the  maximum  illumination  will  be  1  cwdle-foot 
and  upwards.  By  means  of  an  llIuminatiDn  pbolometer,  such 
as  that  of  W.  H.  Pnxce  and  A.  F.  Trotlcr,  it  is  easy  to  measure 

and  to  plot  out  a  number  of  contour  lines  of  equal  illumination. 
T.p>Ti^f.  hu  shown  that  to  obtain  satisfactory  rewilts  Ibe 
lamps  must  be  placed  on  a  high  mast  »  or  ij  ft.  above  th* 
roadway  surface.  These  peats  are  now  generally  made  of  cut 
Iron  In  '     ■  ' 


n  f  01  conveying  the  cuntnt  up 


.ftBjK"" 


664 


iDudc  tbe  IiDD  nut  (Tha  pair  of  Incudaecnl  lunps  hilf- 
A  tbe  itukird  are  for  lue  is  tbe  middle  of  ttiE  night, 
when  the  arc  limp  muld  ^vt  more  light  Ihui  it 
required;  they  mb  llghied  by  »n  lutomitic 
iwilch  whenever  Ihe  »rc  a  eriinguished.)  The 
lamp  ititclf  is  generally  eridoKd  In  an  opalesccnl 
^ihericai  ^bc,  which  is  woven  over  with  wire- 
neltlDg  so  that  In  caie  of  fnctun  the  picca 
may  not  cause  daoiige.  The  oeccnaiy  tiimming. 
that  ii,  the  replacement  of  carboiB,  il  eflcctcd 
either  by  lowering  the  lamp  or,  pi«(eTsblx.  by 
carrying  round  a  portable  ladder  enabling  the 
trimmer  to  reach  It.  ForlhepurpcMoI  public 
Uiuminition  it  la  very  usual  to  employ  a  lamp 
taking  lo  amperes,  and  therefore  ahaorhLng 
about  joo  watiL  Such  a  lamp  is  called  a  500- 
wat  1  arc  lamp,  and  il  ii  found  that  a  satisfactory 
Ulumination  is  givm  for  most  street  purposes 
by  placing  50D-watt  arc  lamps  at  distances 
varying  fnjm  40  to  100  yds.^  and  at  a  height 
of  » to  15  ft.  above  tbe  roadway.  The  ma«i- 
mum  candle-power  of  a  ioo-wati  arc  enclosed 
in  a  roughened  or  ground-glass  globe  will  not 
eicesd  ijoo  candles,  and  that  of  a  6'8-ampcrg 


f^'h 


TT,  the  ai 


:  arc  with  double 
absorption  of  light  would  reduce  the 

When  arc  lamps  an  |daced 


c-p.  rapcctively- 

in  public  thorougniares  not  IBs 
aput,  the  illuminalloa  anywhere 
turface  i*  practically  determined  by  the  two 
aeuett  ones.  Hence  tbe  total  Ulumiaatlan  at 
any  point  nay  be  obtained  by  adding  together 
the  illuminalioni  due  to  ea^  arc  separatriy. 
Given  the  photometric  polar  curves  or  iliuminat- 
ing-powcr  curves  of  each  arc  taken  outude  tbe 
shade  or  gbbc.  we  can  therefore  draw  a  curve 
'^e  resultant  illuminatioa  on  tbe 
the  higher 


raised  or 


in  lheinterspace(Bgi9),  If  the  lamps  are 
'  maiim  um  iQuininatian  wilLf  all  to  o- j ,  and 
Ihcmioimumwilliisetoo-i.   For thisrcasoBmastshavebeenem- 
ployed  aabigh  at  90  ft    In  docks  atul  railway  yards 

of  trucks,  carta,  4q.,  then  become  leu  marted,  but  lor  stieel 
tUumlnation  they  shoidld  not  eicccd  jo  to  3;  ft.  in  bcigbt.  Taking 
the  case  ol  is-ampcre  and  6'S-ampcre  arc  lamps  in  ordinary 
opal  ihadts,  the  following  figures  have  been  given  by  Trotter  as 


to  shadows 


indica 


re  of  the  1 


Ampens. 

Heightabove 
I.Fe«. 

°tI 

„..    ^.,.:.. 

in  Cardle-FM. 

Maximum, 

Minimum. 

'Il 

¥> 

1 

ti 

the  lamps  al  spacea  eqiml  to  sii  to  ten  tlBeel  their  height  abova 

the  road  lurtace.  Biondd  (Bulridaii,  js.  P-  M)  tfva  tba 
following  rule  lor  the  height  (A)  of  tbe  arc  to  aSord  the  mailmum 
illumination  at  a  distance  (J)  from  the  foot  at  the  lami^fxat, 
the  continuous  current  arc  betng  employali — 

!:3|t 


gla>  globe 


opaline  globe 
opii  globe  . 


globe 


1-0-5  '- 


Tboe  figures  ihow  that 
lonlal  surface  ia  gnatly  al 
globe.     For  street  iUunuaatu 

suitable,  sioca  the  result  ptod 
point  of  light  is  to  paralyse  a 

the  pupil,  hence  rendering  Ihe  eye  less  sensitive  wnen  oirected 
on  feebly  illuminated  lurfacea.  Accordingly,  diffusing  ^bn 
have  to  be  employed.  It  is  usual  to  place  the  arc  in  the  toleriw 
of  a  ^be  of  from  11  to  18  iiL  in  diameler.  This  may  be  made 
of  ground  glass,  t^jol  glass,  or  be  a  dioptric  glotw  such  as  the 
boliqibane.     The  former  two  are  strongly  abssrptive,  ai  may 


mfroi 


suits  of  ei 


ts  by  Gi 
It  the  astonishing  toss  of  light  d 


Arc. 

An 

in  Clear 
Globe. 

SSf 

& 

"^--P^™^*^    "   ■ 

*» 

S 

:S 

^^^<^^,l"'^- 

By  using  Trotter's,  Fieduieau'i  or  tbe  bolophaiie  gMw, 
Ihe  Ugfat  may  be  so  diffused  that  Ihe  whole  globe  appears  uni- 
formly luminous,  and  yet  not  more  than  »^  of  tbe  tight  it 
absorbed-     Taking  the  abaoiptiot  of  an  ordinary  opal  ^be 


a  joo 


ally  give 


candle-power. 

5ao-walt  arc  the  mean  spherical  candle-power  is  not  geaermlly 
more  than  joo  c.p-.  or  at  Ihe  rate  of  <  c.p.  per  watt.  The  Maxi- 
mum candle-power  [or  g  ^ven  electrical  power  it,  however, 
grtally  dependeni  on  Ihe  cuiient  density  in  tbe  oiiboo,  and 
to  obtain  tbe  highest  cumnt  density  the  carbons  must  be  at 
lUn  aa  potaible..  (Sea  T.  Hesteth,  "Notes  on  tbe  Eleciric 
Arc,"  EUctrician,  jg,  p.  707.) 
For  the  efficiency  of  area  of  various  kinds,  eipressed  by  the 
ibeikal  candle  power  per  ampere  aad  per  wait 
tbe  uc,  the  flawing  iigurei  were  pvea  by  U 


Andrn 

"906,  J7,  P-  ♦)■ 


a/ /■>(.£ 


Ordiiury  open  cai  boa' arc.      «      .-        6 

Chemical  "rbon^lUme  are  '.       1      ij 

High  voltage  ioclioed  eaitna  an  -  ao 
It  will  be  teen  that  the  flame  arc  lamphas  an  I 
over  other  types  in  the  light  yielded  for  a 

The  pruiicil  employment  of  Iho  etectiic  arc  aa 

kcc[ung  t  wo  suitable  carbon  rods  in  the  proper  position, 

>vmg  them  so  as  lo  enable  a  steady  arc  to  be     *"* 
itiined.     Means  must  be  provided  for  holding     ^7 


electric  power 
ilically 


ihecu'bons 


mtheL 


le  logrihcr  wi 


niheci 


bre^t  tg«cikcr  if  il  dsnuts.  Macevcr,  it  miul  be  pssubk 
for  ■  cmikSivlblF  ienfth  of  cufam  to  Im  fed  Ukruosli  tbe  luip 
unquiKd. 


LIGHTING 

Although  a 


Ms 


I  mU  ui  an  It. 

<i«ivc  w  twtt  uleiwid*  __.  ...  .^     _  ___ .  _ 

ciTA^nc  and  the  other  dimmiihiiig  inc  kii^lh  ol  the  af 
MininE  ihe  art»ni  in  Ihe  procHr  pwitioo.     '-  ■■■-  ' 
typt  lit  upper  carta*  ii  in  fulitv  attached  to 
lack  Karinr  —     "  ' "" 


-  14).    Aiurher  ciement  tomelirtm  cm- 

, — , drc'lamp  mccbanim  it  tbt  braltc-vhcei 

ntiilator.    Thli  u  a  fsigrc  o[  one  ioim  of  Ihe 

Fit;  I4«        thcK  the  movement  of  the  carboni  i*  effected  by 

«»ck  gearRl  with  the  hnkF  wheeL    When  no  cgnenl  is  puvfw 

taHciher;  but  when  the  current  ii  t*ilcjied  on,  the  chain  or  coM 
paHiag  over  Ibt  brake  wheel,  or  the  bnlie  wheel  rtieU  k  gripped 


•a  tine  A^btttB  Aicl  it  Ifinl  10  that 


nf  leir-rafulilini  devka  have  bi 


ntkn  form  of 

rpical  mecbaniuni  which  w«k  with  carbon  rodi 
ic  or  both  lodi  being  moved  by  a  cootiolling 
quiied.  The  eaiiy  tonru  of  cuii-incaiidnctnt 
■  R.  Werdemiinn  and  othm,  have 


the  light  being  produced  by  the  incani 
o(  a  thin  carbon  rod  pressed  aRaiiut  a 
once  Famous  Jablochkofl  uildic,  invrr 


each  other  and  lepuatcd  by  ■ 

partition  of  k>oI 

mplaycd,  and  the  candle  ti< 

uartct  of  high-rcjirtance  caibo 

>[  the  isds.      When 


Hcc  ol  Ihe  dticmily 
Fr  rod  or  block.    Tbe 


the  panlltl  cartunt,  the  separalor  mlitiliting  aa  tbe 
carr»ns  ouiued  away.  Although  much  ingenuity  wu  eipendcd 
on  this  syiiem  ol  lighting  bctneen  1S7;  and  1B81,  It  no  longer 
nisia.  Oneauscotiti  diuppcitancc  wu  its  relative  tocHcieiicy 
in  light  .giving  power  compared  with  other  fomt  of  carbon  aic 
taking  Ihe  ume  amount  of  power,  and  a  second  equally  Im- 
portant reaun  was  the  waste  in  carbons.  If  the  arc  of  ibe 
electric  candk  waa  accident  illy  blown  oul.no  mcsilsolreUghllng 
eiiited;  henfx  Ihe  great  waste  in  half-bumi  candln.  H.  Wilde, 
J.  C.  Jvnin,  J.  Kapje?  and  others  endeavoured  to  provide  a 
remedy,  but  witboul  success. 


ST. 


lut  types.    (1)  An:  lanips  mair 

iwing  lo'^ihe  form  of  tlii:  iUuninatinE  povcr-cuivc  ibcy  Hod  'the 
■ehi  down  on  the  road  tutfaee.  provided  the  upper  carbon  is  ibe 

lit  lamps  aic  nnKtima  employed,     la  thh  caie  the  dohiiw 
arbon  H  (he  lower  one.  and  Ibe  lamp  ia  carried  la  an  bisvfted 

he  ce^n^  wh°.U  i^lt  dlHuied  all  nund;   The  alrematl'iil^mnl 

it  electric  powcc  abKubtd,  but  iu  dBlribvtiaa  ol  light  i*  Xtai- 

n»k^%'  a?  atIRH^^e^!^t  dmijt  fu^b'ic  IlihiinE  h  ii 


'  pair  of  carbons,  whereas  open-arc  lampa  are  usually  only 
work,  B,  ]6  or  31  hours  without  recarboning.  even  when 
lb  double  carbons,  tj)  Arc  lamps  are  further  divkled  inio 
'  and  rwM./acHHtef  lanips.  In  tiu  ieroKt  the  lower  carbon 
■s  tbe  upper  carbon  moves  down,  and  Ih 


cKdni  foin  Ii  ntoMntnl  oi  ttw  TbomM  l>ni(>  and 

Mt,  and  hiyt  iroo  com  u^l«lded  la  the  eadi  of ' 

held  pMilf  wiihin  Ihem.,  Hincc.  icooidii-       ■"--  - 


LIGHTING 

nuk-Vicnin 


fttcKJng  arm  ii  ttltcd  bdcl 


u  tbe  uiK  luH  lo 


wickl)-  uicii  (orr 

houn.  taUng  ■  .  _    . 

in  nuny  cam  conveniently  n-pbce  Lane  ■ 
bmpi,  apccially  for  abop  liihiing,  u  ihcy 
Gnat  ImpnivcmGnlt  have  aba  been  made  ir 
lamp!.    One  reauD  Tor  Ibc  rdalivdy  low  d 


- DtBIlK  I^btu 

difvctlv  dawDwardi.    if.  however,  the  carbons  are  placed 
wnwanli  iknlinf  position  at  a  uiaQ  aiifile  like  the  ■-"—  ^' 


dgwnwardi 

tbe  are  ia  unttcaoy  ume 

adopud  in  Ilie  Carbone 
carbook  and  a  auiuljlc ' 


formed  al  inebottem  tipa,  i 

"  - ,  pnjd.it»."t 

a  Hiilable  nasn 
vbe  carbon  tin. 


an^lik 


Arc  lamps  may  bcaTranfcd  (iIlitT(i.}  [n  seriu,  (i'-)  in  panllc 

may  be  iravened  by  the  jame  current.  In  thai  can 
™^^     supplied  at  a  pressure  of  looo  voUa.    Each  must  havi 

a  magiiel  ic  cul-oui.aathaliltbecarboniilicklagelhei 
ir  remain  aparl  the  current  to  the  other  lamps  is  not  iniciitipied 
be  furKlion  of  such  a  cul-out  being  lo  close  the  mair 


:rally  supplied 


ml.    Arc 


(  froi 


any  oik  lamp  removed  or  short-circulied.  When  bmpi  a 
worked  In  parallel,  each  lamp  is  independent,  but  it  is  Eh« 
necessary  lo  add  a  Tcsislaace  in  series  with  tbe  lamp.  E 
apecial  devices  three  Lamps  can  Lie  worked  in  scries  of  loa  vo 

bighlcnsion  dicuil  in  panllel  by  providing  each  lamp  wflh 

lamps  in  series.  IF  single  altemaling-curTcnl  lampi  have  to  1 
worked  off  a  loo  volt  allcrnating-circuil,  each  lamp  mud  lia' 
In  scries  with  il  a  cbeking  coil  or  ecDnoniy  coil,  to  reduce  11 


Tike  COM  of  working  public  ait  tamp)  is  made  up  of  seve: 
ilemt.  Theielslint  Ihccoitof  supplying  thenccesHryriect 
g,  energy,  tbea  the  cost  of  carbons  and  Ijie  labour 

itcarbming,  and,  lastly,  an  Item  i!ue  to  dcpreciili 
(nd  repair*  ol  the  limps.  An  ordinary  lype  of  open  lo  arjpi 
arc  Ump,  burning  carbons  i;  and  g  mm.  in  diamelcr  for  I 
positive  and  negative,  and  working  every  night  of  tbe  y< 
frsn  dusk  to  dawn,  usei  about  6oa  f L  of  orbonl  per  annu 
U  Ibc  poaitiv*  cuboD  ii  iS  mm.  and  Ibe  negative  ii  oun.,  I 


mptian  of  aach  dae  of  carixw  la  alxna  fo  It.  pet  lOOO  houn 
ming.  11  may  be  roughly  iiaicd  that  II  Ok  pccMU 
of  plain  open  arc-lamp  carbons  the  coat  is  about  i^a-  per 


m£jio£j;  hence, 


slice,  approaimately  speaking, 
!  of  a  public  arc  lamp  burning 
every  night  from  duik  to  midniglit  is  about  £4  to  £j,  or  perhapa 
£G,  per  annum,  depredation  and  repairs  Included.  Since  luch 
a  10  ampere  lamp  uwi  half  a  Board  of  Trade  unit  id  electric 
energy  every  hour,  it  will  lake  leoo  Board  of  Trade  unit!  per 
annum,  burning  every  night  from  dusk  to  midnight;  and  If  Ihis 
energy  i<  supplied,  say  at  i)d.  per  um'l,  the  aniHial  cost  of  energy 
will  be  about  £6,and  tbe  upkeep  ol  ihe  lamp,  jocluding  caibm, 
labour  lor  tiimtiung  and  repairs,  wiU  be  about  £to  to  £t  1  per 
Thecostforlat  ' 


}f  tbe  en 


ibsorpllon  of  light  ptoduci 


Ibyll 


ncloslnj 


:rally  employing  a  iccond 


andle.[ 


globe,  and 
uter  glob^ 


im  wilhou 

ol  carbon*  per  hour 
(  ibe  open  art,  tbcy 
ere  is  a  more  uailsrm 
:,  bccauK  a  fitua 
ly- 

iie  ordinary  type  of 


the  art.    Enclosed  arc  la 
for  roe  hours,  iingly  on  too  v< 
volt  circuits,  and  in  addition 
being  oiUy  about  one-lwentie 

dbiiibutlan  of  tight  00  Ibc 
propgrtion  of  light  it  (brown  0 

It  has  been  found  by 
open  arc  lamp  with  vertical  carbons  mciuaco  m  an  opalescent 
globe  cannot  compete  in  pf^nt  of  cost  with  modern  Imjffovementa 
In  gai  lighling  aa  a  means  ol  street  Illumination.  Tbe  violet 
colour  of  Ibe  light  and  tbe  sharp  ahadowi,  Bid  particularly 
the  non-Illuminaled  area  juat  heneatb  tbe  lamp,  are  grave 
disadvantages.  The  high-pressure  flame  arc  lamp  with  indined 
chemically  treated  carbons  has,  however,  put  a  different  com- 
pleaion  on  millers.  Although  ibe  treated  carbons  cost  more 
than  the  plain  carbons,  yet  there  it  a  great  inciease  of  emitted 
light,  and  a  9-ampere  Same  arc  lamp  supplied  with  electric  energy 


.  ild.  p 


used  fc 


ncluii 


cost  of 

abou 

£5  to  £t. 

tbe  mean  emitted  iUumi 

ilion  being  at 

Ihent 

0f4 

c.p.  per  m 

t  absorbed.    In  Ibe  Car 

bone  arc  Ump, 

the  car 

n  worked 

at  an  angle  of  ij' or  w 

u.  each  other 

formed  a 

Ibe  lower  ends.   Utbep 

otealial  dif  er- 

enceol 

tbeci 

rbonsislo 

w,  say  only  jc-60  volts,  1 

e  enter  forms 

bet  wee 

tbe 

tips  of  lb 

carbons  and  is  therefo 

hidden 

If, 

however,  the  voltage  is  increased 

0  ^,00  tben 

flam 

e  ol  the  arc  is  longer  und  is  curved. 

and  the  crater 

1  the 

eateme  Up 

of  Ihe  carbons  and  thro 

«s  all  Us  U^l 

rds. 

Hence  res 

candle 

(M.H.S.C.P  1,50  thai  whereas  a  ro- 

ampere 60  voJi 

100  M,H.S.C.P,.  a  Carh 

Sjvoli 

ll  give  j;ooM.U.S.C.P.    Delterres 

Us  Hill  can  be 

h  Impregn 

led  carbons.     But  the  Aamc  aica  with 

carbons  c 

nnot  be  enclosed,  ao  Ihe  consumplion 

ol  cart 

on  is 

yes  arc  more 

costly, 

odleaveagrcaL 

rash  on  burning:  hence 

moretripmlng 

is  required. 

They  give 

nwee  plaiing  effect  for 

street  %h<ing. 

and  1h 

ir  golden  yellow 

globe  of  Ughi  h  more 

useful  than  an 

equally  costly  plain  arc  ol  tbe  open  lype.  This  : 
In  efficiepcy  b,  bowcver,  accompanied  by  some  diwdvtntages. 
The  lUme  aic  is  very  sensitive  10  curmta  of  air  and  ilerefoR 
his  10  be  shielded  from  draughts  hjf  pulling  il  under  an  "ecooo- 
miaer  "or  chamber  ol  highly  relractory  material  which  sunounds 
the  upper  carbon,  or  both  carbon  lips,  il  the  arc  is  fomed  with 
inclined  carbons.  (For  addilionBl  information  on  flame  arc 
lamps  see  a  paperby  L.  B.  Uarksand  H.  E.  CUflord,  ElKlHfi<Hi, 

t.  Irmniaceni  ^on^.-^lncandescent  electric  lighting, 
although  not  the  first,  is  yel  in  one  sense  the  most  obvious 
method  of  uiiliilng  elceti^  enersy  for  Dlomlnalion.  It  ns 
evolved  from  the  early  observed  fact  iJut  a  cooduclot  Is  bealtd 


wbM  travcnel  by  u  «ImUIe  ciimnt,  tai  that  U  it  bu  i 
K*isluicB  uid  A  high  mcIlinK-point  il  nuy  be  reukri 
niiilmiiil.  ■Dd  therciore  iKtome  i  wurce  ol  light.  Naiunlly 
vmy  ioTcntoc  tuned  hia  ttlenbon  to  the  etnployiiieDi  of 
wiraof  itlnxtwy  metali,  suih  u  pluinum  or  kUoyt  <i{  pUiinun- 
iiidiiun,  be.,  (nr  the  pucpoH  oS  miluiig  in  ircukdcscenl  limp. 
F.  de  Malsjia  expcrimentHl  in  1S41,  E.  A.  King  ind  J.  W. 
Sun  in  1S41.  J.  J.  W.  Witnm  in  igjj.  and  W.  £.  Suite  in 
lEUS,  but  tbac  ioveniun  achieved  no  lUiilictDiy  null.  Put 
ol  tbeii  wint  of  ivcces  ii  iiuibuuble  lo  the  ^ct  thil  r 
piDblem  of  Ibfl  ecooonuciJ  production  of  eleclTic  current 
the  dynuDo  micbine  bad  not  then  teen  lolvtd.  In  iSjS  T. 
EdilBB  daviMd.  lamps  in  which  1  plalinura  win!  wu  employed 
u  tha  Ufhl-civing  agent,  orboD  being  made  lo  idhen  1 


LIGHTING 

lied  hi  h<db*  •!  had  dw  haW«  tka 


«67 


Uby  pi 


"clectnc  candle,"  cQnsitiog  ot  1 
thin  ^liwlci  «  rod  fonncd  of  finely-^vidcd  metilf,  pUtimini, 
iiidium,  Ac,  mixed  iHth  lelnctmy  SMides,  mch  ai  aupKiia, 
01  liiania,  lime,  fee  Xhia  leiiacioiy  body  was  placed  b  a 
ckned  voset  lad  heated  by  being  tnvened  by  an  elecltic 
CUTttfit.  In  a  furthef  impTovemcnt  he  proposed  10  uk  a  block 
of  letnctwy  ocide,  mund  which  1  bobbin  ol  bne  {datinura 
or  platinura-uidhun  wiie  wai  coiled.  Every  other  iavcntst 
wbo  ivoiked  at  the  probTem  of  iucandisceni  lighting  acems 
to  bave  followed  nearly  the  lame  path  of  Invention.  Loog 
bebM  Ibis  dale,  Inwevei,  the  notion  uf  employiag  caiban 
ta  1  iubatance  to  be  heated  by  the  cumnt  liad  entered  the 
minda  ol  invenlon;  even  tn  iS^j  King  bad  empbyed  a  Imall 
nd  of  plumbago  u  the  wbstince  lo  be  heated.  It  ms  obviaus, 
bnwevcT,  thai  carbon  tould  only  be  10  healed  wben  in  1  space 
destitute  of  oaygen,  and  accordin^y  King  pinced  his  plumbifa 
tod  in  a  barometric  vacuum.  S,  W.  Konn  m  1S71,  and  $■  A. 
Koska  in  1S7J,  followed  in  the  same  direction. 

No  real  mccca  attended  the  eSorU  tj  invailon  uolD  it  was 

bkally  iRognind,  as  the  ouUoine  ol  Ihe  woik.  by  J.  W.  Swan, 

T.  A.  Ediwn,  and,  in  a  leuer  degtrc.  Si.  G.  Lane 

y ,     Fox  awl  W.E.  Sawyer  and  -   " 


IS  follow 


First,  I 


lOdtK 


tbiid,  the  vessel  must  be  exhausted  »  perfectly  a*  pnuiblei 
and  faurlh,  the  cumnt  must  be  conveyed  into  and  out  of 
the  carbon  Gkmcnl  by  means  ol  platlnont  wins  liermeiically 
sealed  thiougb  the  ^us. 

On*  tnM  diSculty 
Kiac.  £wyer.  Mt-  -- 


Rihe£i 


•afi» 


atlanptcd  to  cut  out  ■  niitabhr 
d  bladr;  but  Edirni  and  SwlB 


n  previouily  given.     For  tlut  purpose  catdboard. 

jury  thicsd  were  oc^aaUy  employed,  aitj 
I*  ol  lampblack  and  ur  rolled 
•ou  ucnL  u>ui  •  ifMral.  At  one  line  Ediwn  c 
ol  bamboo,  earbooixed  afli     '  ^ 


ce  reacmblidg  cat.gut,  and  whta  carefully 

HI  Ibid  appropriate  lengths,  which 
or  an  other  tfiape 

.^— _  -^.~~ ~.,rs  and  immened  in 

J"  crueiUeSi  packed  la  idth  Aody  divided  phunbago.  The 
crucibles  arc  then  heated  to  a  high  temperatDPt  in  an  ordlnan' 
combnclon  or  eleclHe  fumaee,  whereby  the  orvsnlc  matter  a 
datiBycd.  and  a  ikdeten  el  carbon  remahii.  The  higher  the 
teawnlure  at  which  Ibis  carboairation  la  emducted.  Ihe  deiuer 
Is  tne  nulting  product.  The  filaments  to  prepared  are  wrtcd  sikI 
mennirrd,  and  ihort  Teading-in  wires  of  pbtinum  are  alUthed  to 
their  enrja  by  a  fsiben  cement  or  by  a  carbon  deponting  proof*. 
(VrlHJ  out  by  baalh«  ekntrkal!)'  tit  JunctkHi  sf  the  carbon  and 
platlaiUB  uadsr  tka  surface  of  a  bydrscarboa  liquid.   They  an  then 


no  lumJiMiui  clow  mppran  w 

on.  sw^  as  coal  gas  or  vaprHi 
Bd  through  the  filament  thehyi 


ring  Ihii  pmceis  an  clectiic 

cxhauitioa  muU  be  n  perfect 
in  <be  bulb  when  bikl  in  ikc 


r  generally  aM>lifd  to 
n  a  InaD^vie  of  hydio- 


the  primary 
tinted  tiai 


•-  than  orainary  carbon  Ised  oriihic  mil 
rrspfcMIc electric  resistance.  AnuntrHr 
lily  lerned  tt 


I  nuy'  a^7'  tW  Ik^  BvI 


mu^tf  black  m 

.- -  ,-    -.  ._  bring  It  to  the^ume  lempetatiue. 

nbabty  on  aceoonl  ol  ks  greater  ditidly  II  ages  mueli  leia  npi 
Frndly.  the  lamp  rs  piv^  with  a  eoUarluTiv  (wo  sole  pt 


511s.  (fig.  i^r^ 

p^)  or'Dtmfe 


al  ^K.  n  which 
ned  of  Ihid  bnm 


■Iniply  bait  into  two  loops^  ui  a  tlur 

>(  the  filsmeni  is  ronnected,  the  other  1 

■nll.r.    -nu.  ™llais  and  kttwi  are  fo. 

ni.  or  in  lenie  miierial  like  vllrite  or  black 
the  lamp  into  conncnon  with  the  dicnll 

- has  to  he  fitted  into  a  ncket  or  holder. 

ncipal  typc«  of  hoMcr  in  use  arc  the  bottom  contact 

relducket,  the  Ediion  iciew.CDllar  nkei  and  the 

'        '     '    ucbtolC.  IXimfekt  (fig.  i«,  sand  n*) 

ct  with  the  two  tidei  id  Ae  drmit,  sa 

k«t  metallic  tube  having  bayonet  ^nf 

II ,1^    [j,^  ^^  (, !__      I... 


>n  h  made  between  il  ind'the 


other  side  of  the  circuit.  On  icrewiiig  the 
[amp  inio  Ihe  socket.  Ihe  screw  collar  of 
■he  lamp  and  Ihe  bos  or  pfate  at  ihe  ba«- 
ol  Ihe  limp  mike  contact  wiih  the  cone- 
epDnding  parte  ol  the  pocket,  and  complete 


engage  with  the  eyes  of  the  lami 
insulatint  block  alu  carries  tome 
spiral  ipflnt  or  pair  of  spring  Id 
means  of  which  the  lamp  l«  prensed 
kepi  tifht  by  the  hooks.  Thisspiin 


J  Fie.  It. — tncandeeceat 
'  Lamp  Sockets. 

earn  tbesDcksc  and  the  eyea 

Fai>>iicb>l(fif.l6.riislound 

nil  be  used,  because  Ihe 
la  the  fket    The  sectets 

Xi  00  QIC 


ties 


tlOHTlKG 


of  Ihc  bulb,  nhcirby  il 


of  dnplric  thade  hi 


■^w"lhr  siabi  cwiwimug  iht  limp  muiV'ii^.irikliL  '  Hijii 
caRdlr-powir  tampi,  joo,  tooo  and  upwaidi.  IK  nude  hy  pbclng 
in  one  iar|rc  G>ua  bulb  a  numbCT  dI  urbDfi  filanwiili  Arranged  fn 
pantTel  bctw«n  1WD  linEs.  wKich  are  connected  with  Ibe  mnin 
-fuding-in  wim.     When  inrandmccnt  lAmpt  are  yied  for  optiotl 


Folic?  or'cmmp 


uHed/Kk 


IncvtdcKCtnt  lamp!  are  technically  divided  mto  biflh  vid 
low  volliE*  lamps,  high  and  low  efficiency  lamp),  stindard 

and  fancy  lamp).  The  difference  belwcen  high  and 
22J^  low  efficiency  lamps  is  based  upon  Ihe  relation  of  the 
i-y-j-r     power  absorbed  by  tbe  lamp  lo  Lhe  candle-power 

emIIItd.  Every  lamp  when  manulacturcd  ii  rnaiked 
wltb  a  certain  figure,  called  the  Hontaf  rclii.  Tbii  is  UDdentDod 
to  be  the  dectronuiLive  force  in  volts  which  must  be  applied 
to  the  b«p  letmiDals  to  produce  through  Ihe  CUmeiil  s  current 
of  lucb  magnitude  that  Ihe  limp  will  have  a  practically  satis- 
factory life,  and  give  in  a  hDri2onta]  direction  a  certain  candle- 
power,  which  is  also  marked  upon  the  glasi.  The  numerical 
product  of  the  cnrrent  in  amperes  passing  through  Ihe  lamp, 
and  Ihe  difference  in  potential  ol  Ihe  tertnloals  measultd  in 
volti,  gives  lhe  total  power  taken  up  by  the  lamp  in  watts; 
and  this  number  divided  by  ihe  candle-power  of  lhe  lamp 
(taking  generally  a  horiionlal  direction)  gives  Ihe  walli  pir 
(andtt-pma.  Thb  is  in  important  figure,  because  il  is  deter- 
mined by  the  temperature;  it  ihercfote  determines  Ihe  quality 
of  the  light  emitted  by  Ihe  lamp,  and  also  fixes  the  average 
dunllon  oI  the  fihuncnt  when  rendered  incandescent  by  a 
tunent.  Even  in  a  good  vactium  the  filament  is  not  permanent. 
Apin  altogether  from  accidcnljl  defects,  Ihe  carbon  is  slowly 
volatilized,  and  (^rbon  molecules  arc  also  projected  in  straight 
Uses  from  different  portions  of  lite  filament.  This  process  not 
only  causes  a  change  in  lhe  natun  of  the  surface  ol  lhe  filament, 
but  al»i  a  dcp«it  of  carbon  on  the  interior  of  the  buth,  whereby 
the  glass  it  blackened  and  the  candle-pDwer  of  the  lamp  reduced. 
The  volaliiiaalion  increases  very  rapidly  as  the  temperatuic 
rises.  Hence  at  points  of  high  resiilince  in  Ihe  hlamenl,  mot* 
heal  being  gencraled,  a  higher  lemperature  <s  attained,  and  the 

filament  i>  sooner  or  later  cut  through  at  the  point  of  high 
rcsiiUnce.  In  nrder  that  incandescent  Ughiing  may  be  piacli. 
cilly  possible,  it  is  essential  that  Ihe  lamps  shall  have  a  certain 
aoatc  lijt.  Ihal  is,  duraiiDn;  and  ihis  useful  duration  ii  fiied 
not  merely  hy  Ihe  possibility  of  pasting  a  current  through  the 
lamp  at  all,  but  hy  the  rale  at  which  the  candle-power  diminishet. 
The  decay  ol  candle-power  is  called  the  iiiii«[  of  the  lamp, 
and  lhe  useful  life  ol  the  lamp  may  be  said  to  be  that  period 
of  ilseiislencebefonii  baa  deteriorated  to  a  point  when  it  gives 
cMlly  75%  of  its  ori^nal  candle-power.     It  is  found  that  in 


;  a  higher 
rapid  d 


>)  w 


;s  per  a 


watt  per  candle  lamp  would  be  called  a  kiik-r^iieiKy  kimp, 
and  a  4  watt  per  candle  lamp  would  he  called  a  htp-ffidemcy 
tamp.  In  ordinary  drcumslances  the  low-effidenrv  lamp 
would  probably  have  a  longer  life,  but  lis  light  w.iuld  be  leu 
suitable  for  many  purposes  of  lUuminalion  in  which  colour 
discTinuiiation  is  required. 
Tbe  possibility  of  employinf  high-efficiency  Imqis  dqienda 


lELECTMC 

re  of  tbe  supply. 


gmtly  oil  Ihe  unlfonntly  of  Ihe  electric  prttinn 
II  the  voltage  is  eiceedingly  uniforrn,  then  hi^-eftK 
can  be  sallslaclotily  employed;  but  they  are  n 
(or  standing  the  vaiiaiions  in  pressure  which  are  liable  la  occur 
with  pubh'c  supply^tailons,  since,  other  ihlngj  being  equal, 
their  filaments  are  less  substantial.  The  chusiGcaiioa  into 
high  'and  low  voltage  lamps  is  based  upon  tbe  watts  per  capdle- 
power  corresponding  to  the  marked  volts.  When  incandescent 
lamps  were  £rsl  introduced,  the  ordinary  working  voltage  wai 
JO  or  100,  but  BOW  a  Urge  number  of  public  suppIy«taiioDB 
funush  cunent  10  consumen  at  a  pressure  of  no  or  i;o  volii. 
Tlus  increase  was  necessitated  hy  the  enlaijing  area  ol  nipplj 
in  towns,  and  therefore  the  neceisily  for  conveying  Ihrou^ 
the  same  subterranean  copper  cables  a  Urge  supply  of  electric 

the  itie  of  the  cables.  This  can  only  be  done  by  eai[A>yinf 
a  higher  working  dectiomotive  force;  hence  arose  a  dcnund 
fOTincandeseenl  lamps  having  marked  volts  (^  Moarnl  upwards, 
technically  termed  high-vollage  lamps.  The  emidoyment  vl 
higher  pressures   in   public   sup[Jy-stati<His  has   necessitated 

manner  of  carrying  out  the  wiring  work.  The  advantages* 
however,  of  higher  supply  pressures,  from  the  point  of  view 
of  supply-stations,  an  undoubted.  At  the  same  time  Ihe 
consumer  desiird  a  lamp  oi  a  higher  efficiency  than  the  otdinaty 
carbon  fibmenl  hunp.  The  demand  for  tins  itiniulated  tforti 
to  ;WDduce  Impmvcd  carbon  limps,  and  it  *a>  found  that  it 


1  electric  fuii 


%  of"Ji  w 


In- 


carbon  which  can  be  rendered  incandescent  by  the  electric 

The  luBiinovs  efficiency  of  any  loarce  o(  light,  that  Is  to  uy, 
the  percentage  ot  rays  emitted  which  affect  tbe  eye  as  Ii(bl 
compared  with  ihe'toial  radiillon,  is  dependent  upon 
its  tempcralure.   In  an  ordinary  oiZ  lamp  the  luminous   „|i|, 
laya  do  not  form  much  more  than  3%  of  Ihe  total 
radiation.     In  the  carbon-filament  incandescent  lamp,  when 
workcd'at  about  3  watts  per  candle,  thehjminous  efficiency  ii 
about  5%;  and  in  Ihe  arc  btnp  the  radiation  from  the  cratn 
contains  about   10  to   is%  of  eye-alTeeting  radiation.     Tit 
lemperature  of  a  carbon  filament  working  at  about  3  watis  per 
candle  is  nol  lar  from  the  melting-point  of  platinum,  that  is  10 
say,  is  nearly  1775°  C.    If  it  is  worked  at  a  higher  efficiency, 
say  3-5  walls  per  candle-power,  the  temperatutr  rises  rapidly, 
and  at  the  same  time  Ihc  volalilixalion  ami  molecular  scattetiBg 
of  the  carbon  is  rapidly  increased,  s 


ciency  ol  Ihe  ii 


Ent  lamp  can  only  be  obtained 
will  endure  heating  to  1  higher 

uljsblochkoll  in  18:;  described 
a  piece  oi  kaolin,  which  n 
nee  first  by  passing  over  il  an 
laini lined  ir 


.    Lane  Fo; 


I  i«79.  sugiiesled 


of  carboa  with 
/  oaides.  niesfl  earthy  oaidea — magnesia,  iivie  and 
(  of  the  tare  earths,  soch  as  thoria,  idrcoida,  erbia, 
—possess  the  peculiarity  thai  at  ordinary  temperatures 
practically  non-conductors,  but  at  very  high  tempeia^ 
r  rcsislance  al  a  certain  point  rapidly  falit,  and  they 
rly  good  eonducion.  KenceiMheycanoacebebniifhi 
Le  of  incandescence  a  current  can  pass  through  them 
lain  them  in  that  tiate.  Bui  at  this  temperature 
up  oiygen  10  carbon;  hence  no  niituic*  ol  tuifey 


nundoccnt  body  coDsuli  entirely  oJ 
or  filuncnl  ol  Dugncu.  If  luih  a  ro 
y  the  oxyhydrogcn  bhuvpjpc  lo  a  big 
il  bccoiQvi  condiKtivc,  uhl  cod  (bca  h 
R  by  piBinf 


Rtabilibiti]  In  an  iniFiiKly  luminoui  coixlilio 

euimii  ihnugh  it  tttri  the  flunc  ii  nilbditwc 

flat  by  BiiiUDB  toBclbcr,  in  udlible  proponiou,  DiiJa  ol  ibe 

nrc  eullUv  he.  mi  tbie  to  pnpan  ■  nuienil  which  can  be 

tomiR)  ialD  tiaidet  mil  nod  threads,  and  whicb  il  midned 

sufficiently  coaducdvt  lo  pass  a  current  with  in  elect romo live 

(oice  u  low  u  100  voltl,  nerety  by  being  healed  ior  a  few 

oeighbouriogplatlDumipinJbrauiiiilo  iiuleof  incindtKtnct. 
Tbc  Nemi  Ump.  ilwrione  {if.  17).  coniiui  ol  •  ■Imiki'  rod  of 


thtm 


iSa-S 

[ilia  fiittnmlt  ol  Ihu  deaeriiHioii 
<  cncloaad  in  rq  obauMed  aiait  v 
d  Ihcy  an  be  bmifhl.  mlbsul 


in  Hiie  lypa  bI  the  lamp  Imii  cutvtd  in 
Dihen,  is  wiKially  olioul  3  or  4  cm-  lung 
and  I  or  1  nn.  in  ilinniefcr.    1 1  ji  held 

rcuiKl  il.  but  not  touching  it.  i>  a  lw« 

onde  and  ailed  the  "  hnltr  "  (lit.  it). 


comnl  It  frmc  nHccbtd  on  it  ptiue*  Ihrough  il^e  hr 
tocoowi  mnductive.     The  glower   Ihcn   ut™  cui 
cnR^^ird  awitches  the  licaier  coil  art  of  circuit. 
4  kerp  ihc  totat  cumul  through  the  glower  ( 


™ter.    Since. 

Fu.  tl.— NemnLaaip.BunHnfaTSTypt^    in  an  opal  (lobe. 
s,  low  voUage!  i,  high  voltage.  ioiir    comidcrable 

adnmige  h  Ion.    On  the  whole  the  lamp  hai  IduihI  iti  field  of 
DpcntlDB  rather  In  extemal  than  in  domeatic  hghtis^ 

Great  efforts  were  made  in  the  latter  part  of  the  igth  ceutuiy 
and  the  first  decade  of  the  90th  to  Gcd  a  material  lor  the  filament 
^  of  an  idcandcaceElI  lamp  which  coxdd  replace  carbon 

JT'T^      and  yet  not  retiuire  a  ptfliminary  heating  lilte  the 
V-y,         oiide  glowen.     This  resullnl  in  the  production  of 
refractory  metallic  filament  lanips  made  of  osmiunii 
iBQUlum,  tungsten  and  other  nre  meUda.    Airer  von  Welsbach 


xounl  of  its  brilllencsa,  but  it  can 
mixing  the  toeJy  divided  metal  w 


It  be  drawn 


The  next  gicat  improvement  oune  when  W.  von  BoltOD 
produced  the  tantalum  lamp  id  1904.  There  arc  ceitain  metals 
Itnown  to  have  a  melting  point  about  »oo°  C.  or  upwards,  and 
of  these  tantalum  is  OH.  It  can  be  produced  [ibm  the  potassium 
tanlalo-fluoride  in  a  pulverulent  lorn.  By  canfiilly  mcUuig' 
it  im  una  it  can  then  be  converted  into  the  regulinc  lorm  and 
drawn  into  une.  In  this  cODditlon  it  has  a  density  of  166 
(watei-i),  is  harder  than  platinum  and  bat  prater  tensile 
jtrengih  than  siceli  via.  gs  liilogtami  per  iq.  min.,  the  value 
lor  good  ileel  being  70  la  So  lulogmnl  per  aq.  mm.  The 
electrical  raisianct  at  ij°  C.  ia  □- 146  ohmapet  moln  with  seclioD 
ol  I  aq.  mm.  after  annealing  at  190^  C  in  auul  and 
Iberefore  about  ft  liraea  thai  of  mooiiy;  tha  temperMura 
cocfficimt  is  o-}  per  d^ree  C.  At  tbe  lalupeTalure  assumed 
'  lamp  when  working  at 


Lit  be  shorta  with  oltemat- 
with  direct  current.  WhcD 
3  alternating  current  circulta 


icmpetalutc;   hence   the   tempeiamre  ^^™P- 

coeSci^t  is  pDulive,  and  sudden  rises  in  woriting  voltage  do  not 
cause  nch  vaiiatioM  in  candk-powei  as  in  Ik  cast  of  tbecuboa 

Patents  have  also  been  taken  out  for  lampa  made  with  filameats 
ol  such  infutiblc  metals  aa  tungsten  and  molybdeouBij  and 
Siemens  and  Halske.  Sanders  and  others,  have  piotsaed  melhoda 
for  onploying  drconium  and  other  rare  njelais-  According  lo 
the  pattnis  of  Sanden  (German  patents  Nos.  tj]Joi,  IJJSW, 
137569]  drcooium  filaments  are  manufactured  from  the  hydroffen 
or  nitrogen  rompourtds  of  tbe  rare  earths  by  tbe  aid  of  some 
organic  binding  materiaL  H.  Kuiel  ol  Vienna  (Britith  Patent 
No.  38154  of  1904)  dcKribcd  methods  of  maluDg  metallic 
filaments  from  any  metal.  He  employs  tbe  metals  in  a  CdlloMlal 
hydrosid,  organcEol,  gel.  or  colloidal  saspen- 


Tlie  m 


can  be  squirted  into  filuMnts  whicb  are  dried  and  itduced  to 
the  metallic  form  by  passing  an  electlfc  current  through  them 
(Elalricuui,  S7.  S«).  This  proceas  has  a  wide  field  of  applica- 
tion, and  enables  the  most  refractory  and  infusible  metals  to 
be  obtained  in  a  metallic  wire  ronu.  The  lirconiua  and  tungsten 
win  lamps  are  equal  to  or  surpass  the  tantalum  lamp  b  cSctaney 


672 

CukUc  Paver  of 


MdOEmt  ud  Aa  Umph"  PUL  Un-  (1905) : 
IT,    an    '■SuntUidi    rfLijM";    Clifford    C 


Gondii™  ol  Uw  Hifh  VolUfeCkwUiri..    . 

CjAfluiry  34,  1907):  J^  5winbiinx»  "  New  Inciinilrtcciit  L^iaps 

JsUT.  Ikil.   EUt.  finf.  (1907);  I-  A"'' -'—  ---      ■ 

UmH,"  Jnr.   Itul.   Eltc.   En[.   (1006) 
FniBUn.  "  Tbc  Tuulurn  Ump,''  tn 


ImL  Sk.  £»(. 


.. amp,"  r»*  £(«frttiiiii  (Jjui.  »J,  1903). 

H0<7^JJluiwiniir£<ifi'i«r.      y-A.F.) 
CmiwrtwJ  A  tpt(ti. — Tbe  ccntof  lupplying  elcdiidty  dependi 
sure  upon  the  nte  of  lupp^  tiun  upon  Lhe  qiunlity  lupfdied; 

or,  ii  John  Hopkiiuoa  put  ii,  "  the  c»t  ol  upfdying 
fr  decthcity  [or  1000  lunps  for  tea  houn  a  very  much 

trft     ^"^  *^'*^  ""  ''°>"  ''^  '°*'  °'  '"IV'yiDS  t^  ui" 

number  olLuDpiforoDe  hour/'  Eflorti  have  tliereforo 
beeQ  nude  to  deviie  1  lystem  of  charge  which  ihall  io  each  caic 
bcu  »MH  teliUoii  to  ihjB  c«i  «[  ihc  tervin.  Cornumcn  vary 
lugely  both  in  rapcct  la  thr  quaittiiy  ant  to  the  period  o(  their 
deniaBdi,  but  tbe  coil  ol  lupplyiog  aoy  one  of  (hem  with  a  given 
■mount  of  tleclricity  ii  chiefly  governed  by  the  amount  of  hi* 
maiiBum  dtnund  at  any  one  lime.  Tbe  reauo  foi  thii  is  thai 
it  ii  not  fcnerally  found  expedient  (o  Uorc  electricity  in  large 
<iu»nlitiea.     Elactricity  lupply  worki  geoctale  tbe  electriciiy 

Electriclaap*  are  normally  in  me  on  «n  avtrate  lor  only  about 
four  honri  per  day,  and  ihereforv  Ibe  plul  and  organiaalion, 
ii  employed  far  •  lighting  load  only,  are  idle  and  unremunermtive 
for  about  )o  houn  auL  of  tLe  14.  It  J«  neccaaaiy  to  have  in 
rexdineai  machinery  capable  of  supplying  the  maximum  pouible 

for  a  vtiiy  large  proportion  of  the  total  coat.    The  cost  of  raw 

of  electricity  wld,  foir 


t,  thim 


1  of  w 


ivelyonlya 


unall  pari  of  the  total 

'otiilan  unproductive, 
mands  poaseujug  high 


allribuubletott 

Thit  make)  it  very  desirable  to 

"  ItKid  "  and  "  diversity  "  facti 

lot  eleclridty  is  to  give  liberal  rebate*  to  those  tonsi 

make  prolonged  and  regubr  use  ol^he  plant,  that 

the  lower  the  "  peak 


consumption,  the  bi 
must  be  discouraged  froi 


e  UK  of  t  iptcial  indicator- 

:  charged.    In  elTect  it  shoi 
IS  had  to  be  kept  on  band  fa 


le  discount.   Thee 


lhe  period  fa: 
le  propanian 
UM.    If  the 


:h\t\  he  is  to 


haitu 


a  tho. 


taken  beyond  the  equivalent  of  oi 

twenty  lamps.  Cenerally  the  rate  charged  unoer  ims  synem 
b  ;d.  per  unit  for  the  equivalent  of  one  hour's  daily  use  of  tbt 
nauiDUm  demand  and  id.  p  r  unit  lot  alt  auiplus.  It  ia  on  this 
prindpte  IbM  it  payi  to  supply  current  for  tramway  and  other 
pgtpoMt  at  a  price  which  prim&  facie  ii  below  tbe  cost  of  produc- 
tion; it  h  only  apparently  so  in  compaiisoo  with  the  cost  of 
piodudni  electridly  for  lighiiog  puipoiea.  In  the  case  ol 
tramways  the  electricity  is  required  tor  i  j  or  16  houn  per  day. 
Electricity  for  a  single  lamp  would  cost  on  the  badi  of    ' 


"  vst™ 


if  funhci 

I*  combined  with  the  Wright  system. 

ibandoned  the  Wright  lyilem  In  favour 

I  this  does  not  imijy  any  failure  of  the 

'le  syalrm,  baring  served  to 

lumplion  of  dectifcily,  bss 

which  the  nndcnaken  ut 


riNG  [COMMERCtAL  ASPECTS 

able  to  giTB  the  supply  at  a  fair  profit,  and  lhe  propntiOB  tl 

posiibla  new  customczs  being  small  the  undertaken  find  It  a 
simplihcation  to  dispensa  with  the  majiinun  demand  Indicator. 
But  in  some  cues  a  mistake  haa  been  made  by  offering  the 
unproBtable  earl/^losing  consumers  the  option  of  obtaining 
electricity  at  a  £at  rate  much  lower  than  their  load-factor  would 
warrant  and  below  cost  price.  The  effect  of  this  ii  to  nullify 
the  Wright  system  of  charging,  for  a  consumer  will  not  elect  to 
pay  for  his  electricity  on  the  Wright  system  it  he  can  obtain  a 
tower  rate  by  means  of  a  flat. rale  system.  Thui  the  long-hour 
profitable  consumer  Is  made  to  pay  a  much  higher  prke  than 
.  -•        iproB table  short- hour 


improbable  1 


made  , 


uilly  11 

ilely  the  supply 


unall  he 


the  ofattade  of  tbe  firs 
ot  wiring  may  be  taken 
all  secessaiy  scire,  lull 


points,  much  la  the  sane  way  ai 
rater  rate  determined  by  the  lent 
the  number  of  water  laps. 
n  electricity  supply  area  ait  wired 

[e  small  shopkeepers  and     _..  .  - 
E  electricity  by  removing    LS. 


f]  perlamp  installed  including 
es.  lamps,  holders,  cising.  but 
icctroiien  or  snaoes.  Many  undertakers  cany  out  wiring 
ic  easy  payment  cr  hire-purchase  system.  Pariiament 
anclbned  the  adoption  of  these  systems  by  tome  local 
irities  and  even  auihoriicd  them  to  do  tbe  work  by  direct 
lymcnl  ot  labour.  The  usual  arrangemeni  it  to  tnake  an 
LOnal  charge  of  Id.  per  unit  on  all  current  used,  with  a 


iglhe  ill 


Kified 


supply  t 


nt  the  landlord  has  to  sign  a  memorandum 
'Iring  and  fittings  belong  to  tbe  supply 
indCTlakeis  have  adopted  a  lyitcm  <^ 
loflamps.  and  at  least  one  local  authority 
nsumets  with  lamps  free  of  charge. 

cope  for  increasing  the  busioeu 
IS  advertising  and  other  methods. 


of  electricity  supply  by  jndicio 

Comparfwna  of  (be  kilowatt  hour  consumption  per  ^__ 

policy  has  been  pursued  the  profits  have  improved  by 
reason  of  additional  output  combined  with  increased  ioadlsctor. 
The  average  number  of  equivalent  B  c.p.  lamps  connected  per 
capita  in  tbe  average  of  English  lawns  is  about  i->.  The 
avenge  number  ot  units  consumed  pec  capita  per  annum  is 
about  ij,  and  the  average  Income  per  capita  per  annum  is  about 
5L  In  a  number  of  American  cities  los,  per  ci^la  per  annum  is 
obtained.  In  the  United  Slates  a  co-operative  eleclrital  develop- 
ment association  canvasses  both  the  general  public  and  the 
elect ricity supply undetlakers.   FundsareprevidedbylbemanB- 


uglnco 


lad  tbt  qiirit  underlying  the  wi 
Flits  of  electricity — not  any  paniculsr  company  or  inti 
eflons  are  directed  to  securing  new  consumen  and  si 
lalfng  the  increased  and  more  varied  use  of  ekctriciiy  m 


D  develop  the  cen- 


cluol 

All  supply  nndenakeirs  ue  anxious  ti 
sumption  ot  dectrldty  tor  power  purposes  even  man  than 
for  lighting,  but  the  fint  coat  of  installing  rieciric  nwlan  is 
a  deterrent  to  tbe  adoption  of  eleclTlciiy  [a  (trail  factuie* 
and  shops,  and  most  uadeitakers  are  Ibcrcfor*  prepared  lo  let 
out  tnoton.  &c..  on  bin  or  purchase  on  varying  leims  accord- 

A  board  ot  trade  unit  wID  supply  otw  i  c.p.  cnrhOD  Ittnp  Di 
JO  houn  or  jo  such  lamps  tor  one  hour.  In  average  use  as 
incandescent  lamp  will  last  about  8ae  honn,  which  it  equal 

to  about  II  months  normal  use;  a  good  lamp  will  fret; "" 

laat  more  tbu  douUt  tUa  time  bdon  il  bt««k«  dBw*. 


LIGlmnNG— LIGHTNING  CONDUCTOR 


673 


A  lulB  DmbcT  ol  Mwh)  hiTc  ■doplnl  dcctildtr  tcr  nrcet 
Bghtinf  Fivkk  Biiley  hu  faraSihed  puticoluiol  photoiiMUic 
tesu  vbich  be  hu  pude  od  new  ud  old  itreet  limps  in  tlie  dty 
ol  Loodoo.   From  tboe  toti  tbe  folk    '  '     ' 


Jugh-piMun  pa    . 


Double  ordinuylncuideflcnt  |ul 

Siwie  li«li  prenoR  ordiu'ry  it 
dcacent  gu  lamp  iUuaLutiofl 

Double  kfib  DnHun 
descent  lu  lamp  illu 

^lUnery  arc  lunp  . 


CiadleFt.   Raiio. 


Tbc  COR  of  electricity,  Hght  for  Usht,  b  very  much  lew  than 
tbax  of  caa.  The  folhnnng  companlivfl  fipms  relatini  to  itreet 
Ut^tisf  at  Cnydon  ham  btcn  imed  by  the  lis'  ' 
of  that  coeporation?— 


a  power  opencioBa  vary  fr 


taiidr  adcpttd.  He  inad  o(  iSaln  poioti  to  ■  tlBU  wbca  tbB 
total  dBtand  fram  auch  domolic  louica  will  |i«atly  aceed 
the  demand  foe  ligbtlng  only.  The  iBual  chaima  for  anient 
ID  be  uied  in  domettic  beilint  ot 

nndeigo  nduction,  and  then  «ill  aba  be  a  reflex  action  in  b(io|- 
iog  down  tbe  coat  of  tlectridty  for  lishtinf  owioi  to  the  lapioved 
load  fulor  itmltiai  bom  u  iocieiae  in  the  day  demuML    la 

the  cDokini  and  heitiog  and  motor  depanmcnla  alu  there  bu 
been  Impiovemtnt  b  tbe  tffidency  of  the  ippuatua,  and  iu 
ecsnomy  ii  enbuKcd  by  the  (act  that  cunent  may  be  iwitched 
on  and  oS  tt  rtqvdied. 

Tbe  Board  ot  Trade  an  now  prepared  to  recdve  electric 
meuuHai  inurumcnti  for  eiaminaiion  or  teitiDs  at  Ibdt 
electiical  itandaidiilng  labontoiy,  where  ihey  have  ,^,u_ 
a  ballety  power  admitting  of  a  rauinum  cuireot  of  Mn 
7000  ampera  to  be  dealt  with.  The  London  consty 
council  and  some  other  corporations  are  prepared  dpoB  toqnU- 


--^  ^-mrr-i  <-»«..»-».  .»-  Ihuc  ruiea  and  TT[u1aEioiii  for  tbe 
dsdcBt  winoE  tt  electric  iamlbiimia.    The  niln  and  leiulalioiB 

■wMd  by  tbf  uutilHtion  ol  electrical  eiuiKr—  >■— ' 

Hcepted  by  itaj  local  auihoritlB  and  gbi 


^^ikF 


Apart  from  cheaper  meiliodi  oF  genettlion  (here  are  two 
mainMHirccaofecoDOmyiiidcclrictighting.  One  i*  the  improved 
trranseiDcnt  and  use  of  elccliiol  initalLitioni,  and  the  other 
li  tbe  employmeat  of  lamp*  of  higher  effidency.  A*  regudi 
the  fim,  increased  attention  haa  been  ^ven  to  the  pavilion, 
ondle-power  and  shading  of  electric  lampi  »  as  to  give  the 

avoid  eicess  of  tighi.  The  eaK  wilb  which. dec tnc  lampi  may 
be  iwitcbed  on  and  ofi  from  ■  densace  hu  lent  itself  10  amnge- 
menti  wheiiby  current  may  be  Bved  by  iwitching  off  hghts 
not  iir  QSe  and  by  controlling  tbe  number  of  lamps  required  to 
be  alight  at  one  time  on  an  electiolier.  Appreciable  economies 
are  brDught  about  by  the  sdeniihc  diqio^tkiD  of  Ughta  and  the 
■vridance  of  waste  in  use.  Ai  legards  the  other  lource  of 
economy,  tbe  Nemsi,  the  tantalum,  theoram,  and  the  metaJIiied 
carbon  flaoent  lamp,  although  costing  more  in  the  fint  Instance 
■■■■T.  carbon  lanpi.  have  become  popular  owing  to  ih^  economy 
in  current  conaumptlon.  Wheie  adopted  largely  they  have  had 
a  distinct  effect  In  reducing  tbe  rate  of  increase  of  output  from 
■apply  tudenalcin^  but  their  uae  his  been  generally  encouraged 
la  leadiLg  lowirda  the  greater  popularity  of  electric  light  and 
fff  ultimately  wider  dematid.  Vercury  vapour  lamps  Cor  indoor 
and  outdoor  lighting  have  >bo  proved  their  high  efficiency,  and 
the  use  of  flanu  arc  lampa  hu  greaJy  increased  the  cheapnos 
of  onldoor  electiic  lighting. 

The  eilstence  of  a  "  da^i^t  load  "  len^  to  mdnee  the  all- 
rotnid  cost  of  genenting  Bed  disllibuling  electricity.  This 
daylight  load  is  partly  supplied  by  power  f«  industrial  purposes 
and  partly  by  the  demand  for  electricity  In  many  domestic 
opcntioni.  The  use  of  electric  heating  and  cooking  apparatus 
{indudiog  radiators,  Dvetis,  grDb,  chafing  dishes,  hot  plates, 
kettle*,  Sat'irons,  curling  irons,  lie.)  has  greatly  developed, 
and  provides  a  load  which  extends  intermittently  throughout 
the  greater  part  of  the  tweoiy.four  hours.  Electric  fans  for 
home  ventilation  are  also  used,  and  tn  the  domestic  operations 
where  a  ■mall  amount  of  power  is  required  (as  In  driving  sewing 
■n.fhinn    boot  cleancn,   wiahing  machlnea.   masi^   knUe 


and  i>  pnTenble  to  any  Dthen  when  the 

ReKUlalloai  have  ilia  been  wued  by  the 
London  county  council  in  renrd  to  theatres, 
&c.,  by  the  national  tmiriolbre  uuSsrwritess 
of  Amelia  (linown  II  the"  N.iiomi  Electrical 
Code  "J.  by  the  liie  underwriien  aseodation 
'  ■" — '     (ComBMnwealih  of  Aumalii). 


by  tbe  Cakuua  Gn  ii 

Canadian  Electric  Light  Inspection  Act.  li  uecmany  rules  havs 
been  issued  by  th*  Verbind  Deutieher  EtdnxoucbmloeT  uid  by  Iha 
union  of  private  lininaunneecoiBpiaiea  of  Gernany,  in  Swiuerland 
by  th*  Aisociiliofl  Suisse  desMclrfeieBi,  la  AiMtrU  bytbeEleklio- 
tediiiiscber  Vemq  of  VIeooB,  In  Fmnca  by  niinslerial  decree  and 
by tbcsyndicalprofesBtoDetdcslndustrfeeuecCrHiite*,  {Farreprinta 
ol  tlieie  legulatwD*  sec  Elalriail  TnJu  DinOaryi         (E-  Ca.) 

USHTKIHO,  the  vitihle  flaih  that  accompanicB  an  electric 
discharge  in  the  sky.  In  certain  electrical  conditiaii  of  tbe 
slmoq>bere  a  doud  becomes  highly  dialled  by  the  coalescence 
of  drops  of  vnpour.    A  large  drop  formed  by  tbe  fusion  of  many 

smaller  superficial  area,  and  the  electric  potentia]  of  each  drop, 
and  ol  the  whole  doiid,  rises.  When  the  dood  panes  near 
another  dood  stratum  or  near  a  hUluip,  tower  or  tree,  a  diacharge 
takes  place  from  the  cloud  in  tbe  fbim  of  Ugblnlng.  Tbedlacbirge 
tometlmeitakc*placcftamtlieearthlolbeclond,oi  ' 
to  •  hif^  stratum,  and  lometimes  bum  cmdui 
Rain  dbeharge*  the  deottidly  quietly  to  earth,  ai 
frequently  oeaiei  with  rain  (see  Athcoiheuc  EtEcmcrry). 

UOHTIIUie  QMDUOnm,  or  Lnanmno  Roo  <Franklhi), 
the  naoM  nsnally  givtn  10  apparatus  designed  to  protect  buOdings 
01  iblps  from  the  dcMruCtive  effects  of  lightning  (Fr.  farltmHm, 
Cer.  BHIuUMrT).  The  upper  legloni  ol  tbe  atmosfilKf*  besng 
at  a  ififlerent  eleOrfaal  potential  from  the  earth,  tbe  thick  dtme 
donds  i^dt  sre  tb«  unsl  prelude  to  a  thunder  Morm  serve 
to  conduct  the  electrldty  ol  the  upper  air  down  towards  tbe 
earth,  and  an  electrical  disdiarge  takei  pUcs  sicraei  the  au- 
spice whes  Iha  pressure  Is  luSdent.  LigbUung  disduisei 
were  dfailnguished  by  Sir  Olrnt  Lodge  into  two  distinct  typo — 
the  A  and  the  S  fiaihei.  The  A  flaib  is  of  tbe  sim[jE  type  which 
arises  when  an  dectrlcaDy  charged  dood  approaches  the  earth 
without  an  intermediate  dood  intervening.  In  the  second  type 
B,  where  anolber  doud  Inleeveno  between  tbe  clond  tarrying 
tbe  primary  charge  and  tbe  earth,  the  two  clouds  pnictlaDy 
form  a  condensee|  and  when  a  discharge  from  the  first  takes 
place  into  the  Kcand  the  free  charge  on  the  earth  ride  of  the 


*7+ 


UGHTNING  CX3NDUCTOR 


IS  the  IJghtBing  Rneuch  Commillce  "  la  lericB  cf  l'^hi„i„^ 
CDitduilDCs  of  the  hitbeitD  Kcogniied  lypc  nffice  to  piolect 

bive  been  Kcogniiad,  one  u  "  iQudRidai "  (amiiog  Gn), 
■atlogoiu  ta  the  fi  Huh,  the  other  u  "  killcn  "  (not  cuisinf 
tn),  the  ordmary  '*  diaduirge.  The  dcttructin  eflat  oi  the 
ioiTDer  vu  aotiepd  fa  [8&4  hy  A-  ParneU,  who  <[UOIed  in^innrfm 
^  Hamag^  dufi  to  mcchuuol  l«ce,  whjch  be  itftted  la  muij 
cucfl  tocJt  pUce  in  a  more  or  Leo  upirud  diiectwn. 

Tlie  object  of  erecting  m  number  of  poibted  rods  to  totm 
t  lightninc  mnductoi  i>  to  produce  ■  glow  or  bmth  ditcbuge 
And  thui  ontnJiK  or  rdwve  the  temioa  of  the  thunder-dood. 
Thia,  if  tlw.litlFi  it  of  Ihe  il  type,  can  be  uicceuluily  umm- 
pliihed,  but  UHiinlniet  tbe  li|hIniog  Bub  laka  place  lo  suddcol)' 
thai  It  cuuiot  be  prevcnled,  however  great  tlie  number  of  poibta 


n  the 


It  they  (K  unable  to  wa 
mty  ignore  the  poinia  and  rttike  (ome  mclal  noik  in  the  viciniiy ; 
to  avoid  damage  lo  the  struclun  lhi>  must  al»  be  connected 
to  the  conducton.  A  single  air  tcrmiail  ii  of  no  moce  uw  tbas 
an  inscribed  sign-board;  baida  multiplying  tho  niunber  oj 
points,  numerous  paths,  as  vcU  as  iDterconneBorts  belveen 
the  conducton.  must  be  arranged  lo  lead  the  discharge  to 
the  eanh.  The  system  of  pipes  and  gullcra  on  a  roof  must 
be  imitated;  although  a  itngte  lain-water  pipe  would  be  sufli- 
dent  to  deal  with  a  summer  shower,  ia  praclKO  pipes  aie  nsed 

PriOtcIrd  .<r«i.— According  to  Lodge  "then  is  no  space 
Deal  a  lod  whidi  can  be  definilcly  ttyled  an  area  of  protection. 
lor  it  Is  possible  to  receive  vlolail  sparks  and  shocks  from 
'  itself,  not  lo  qwak  of  the  bnuoiciuble  secondary 
It  arc  liable  to  occur  in  the  wake  of  the  main 
Balh."    The  nport  of   the  Lightning   Research   Commlltce 

."  protected  ana." 

.  Maltrial  jar  Cmdueiart, — Franklin's  oiighal  rods  (risi) 
>CR  iBade  of  iron,  unl  this  metal  ia  still  employed  thnughoui 
the  conlioent  of  Europe  and  b  the  United  Slalea.  British 
architect),  who  objected  to  the  unsightUncss  of  the  rods,  eventu- 
ally tpecified  copper  (ape,  which  is  generally  run  round  the 

cbuicci  ol  the  lightnini  being  divetled  from  the  conductor. 
Tbe  populai  idek  i>  thai  lo  Mcure  the  greatest  protection  a 
nd  cj  the  laigeH  area  should  be  erected,  wheteu  •  tiogle  large 
conductor  ii  fu  inferior  to  a  number  of  iiuller  ona  and  copper 
u  a  maierial  a  not  so  tuiiable  tot  the  purpose  as  iron.  A  copper 
rod  allows  the  discharge  lo  pass  too  quickly  and  produces  a 
vioient  shock,  whereas  iron  ofTera  more  impedance  and  allows 
tlie  flash  to  leak  away  by  damping  down  the  osdUiIioos.    Tbto 

copper  cnnducloT. 

Cauti  »f  FtUtrt. — A  auinbet  of  biluici  o(  conductors 
wen  noticed  in  ibe  tffoj  report  of  the  Ijgfatning  ItistHCh 
{Conunitlee.  ODecausewasihelniuSdcntnunibcrolcsD' 
and  earth  cormetiaasi  another  was  ihe  ahseoce  of  any 


n  occurred  b 


a  stroke  wu  received,  but 
soUtal  puu  of  (he  roof. 
There  were  several  ^^^^l[A^  of  Urge  metallic  suifacei  being 
duiged  with  electricity,  (be  giea(er  part  of  which  was  safely 
"  '  ■■  d  unau(hori»td  paths,  such  as 
^  eiecinc  oed  wires,  (o  cqiue  damage.  In 
b  struck  Ihe  buildijig  at  (wo  points  simul- 
laneously;  one  portion  followed  the  rooductor,  but  Ihe  other 

CBtuintitian  ^  CmiMtan. — The  gnenl  ciDcIuifaint  of 
the  Likening  Kiiaich  Committee  (gree  with  tbe  independent 
teports  of  simiLir  inveiiigaion  b  Gennaay.  Hungary  and 
HoUand.  The  (oUowing  isa  summary  of  the  suggestions  made: — 
Tlie  crasductors  may  be  of  copper,  or  of  soft  iioa  protected  hy 


Every  chimBcy  stack  or  other  protDionce  ihould  hai 
(erminaL    Conduciors  should  run  in  the  meet  dii 
from  air  to  earth,  and  be  kept  away  from  the  waQs 
(fig.  I),  ia  the  maoDer  shown  hy  A  (fig.  a);  the  u 
is  son  in  B  (Bg.  i),  where  the  t^M  followi  Iho 

with  a  long  roof  should  also  be  fitted  wlLh 
a  horizonia]  conductor  along  the  ridge,  and 
to  this  aigrettes  (Sg  3)  should  be  attached;  a 
simpler  method  is  (o  support  (he  cable  by 
holdfasts  armed  with  a  spike  (fig.  4).  Joints 
mutt  be  hdd  (ogethn  mechanically  as  well 
as  electrically,  and  should  be  protBCted  front 
tbe  action  of  the  air.    At  Wettminsler  Abbey 

which  is  hllcd  with  lead  run  in  when  mo' 
Earik  Cmnaidn. — A  cappa  plate  not 

(han  J  sq.  ft.  in  area  may  be  uted  u  an  ' 

eaitb  connexiaa   if   buried  In  permajiently 
damp  ground.    Iiutead  of  •  plate  there  are  advantagea  in 
using  the  tubular  earth  shown  in  fig-  y    The  ^ile  packed 
in  carbon  descends  to  the  boLtom  of  the  poforatcd  tube  which 


pipe  (o  secure  (he  accessary  moistuie.    j 
No  further,  atlentioa  is  required.    Plate   | 

eanhi  should  be  tested  every ■"■- 

number  of  earths  depends  on 
the  building,  bur  it  Icui  tw 
provided.  Insulators  on  (h< 
'  -  --■ -inlage,  a--  " 


allic  parts,  also  on  the  quality 

e  earth  eonneiiona.     In  the  cate  yS^^^^f^'- 

igazines  used  lor  explosives,  it  is    -.-.'..'^^  '■•'^■ 

questionable  whether  the  usual  plan  of    F'O-  S--Tubular 

ecling  rods  at  the  sides  of  the  buildings  is  eSciml.    Tbe 


;  ine  siocs  01  lae  Duuauigs  is  cmcinu.     lac  wij 


LrGHTS,  CEREMONIAL  USE  OF 


*7S 


aest  bat  b  to  «na|e  (ba  aodactea  M  that  thcf  nnmiul  It 

SkeahMtMge. 

nu}'  dncrl^wdfl  oif  ludjcma  dcvicet,  chit  the  icudeiii.  aIut 

SkMoH  mait  at  Phiiad^pkia  (tjeo),  maj-  nun  to  tbe  IUp«t  <i 
eiF  LMtidof  Rod  CoalcrcKX  o(  l>TniibK  i«tl.  Id  lh>  btu> 
mfk  tb«*  ue  (bitnBi  of  Bunr  vabnble  papRt,  mpteMy  tbc 
mnm  nndt  to  thi  Fruck  Acucmy,  aBuoa  allien  by  CouloiDb. 
Uliliuc,  C«y-LMM:,  FrhkI,  Rtnuili,  4c  In  1876  J.  Clerk 
Miiwelt  retd  a  pwe-  Man  tbe  Btitiih  AwicuitiDti  La  whKh  ke 

bnHifbt  farMfd  w  idea  [bawl  oa  Finuby'i      ' ' 

IKDUcdag  •  MkUni  tno  ibc  tfieco  el  liitaDiinf 
iritfia  aKt  si  cat*  a  kiIi  «  atoui  win.  It  mi  aiii,  be 
tbe  Bufa  oecdoc  ti  tbe  Biiiiib  Anodiuoii  to  iSSt  tbat 

an«to<l|eibi9wcdtharu&ltr^iiiilhaH>]«cti)n,ud  advuid 
(be  JUEitoaBaiiDa  af  all  tba  ncol  wnkoaa  buiUing  to  e  nambsef 
caadBCtan  buried  in  tbe  eaith.  TlKactioaof  lifhtniiii  Subeawai 
•liD  dBiiDtiitiiHl  by  bim  in  kclma  ddivcRd  befoic  ihe  Society  of 
Aru(iIIBS).  TbeCletltMuwelliynemvuulopuiItailintTeilnil 
tnCennUf.andin  Jufy  lt)ol  a  lub^omciultee  of  the  BcrluiEtectiv 
^n'^"f^^  Aaociaiim  vai  foraied.  wbicb  pufabsbed  ndn.  io  1909 
«  daoer  ntitled  "  The  Pnteajm  of  PutMic  BuUtUnfi  Jnna  Lsiii- 
nimr by  Killin^xirlh  Ilcdia,  led  to  iho  roniution,  by  the  Royal 

:iidi  [he  Royal  Society  and  the 

....        med.    The  Ripart,  edited  by 

'OiWf  Stf  Joha  Gavcy  and  KniiitpwHih  Hedgce  (Hon. 

puUuhtd   IQ   April    1905.      An  UluilTaled  vupplrmcTit, 

, /  _K.  Ktifrt  aiJenliltcrMafcni  ti[W»i«  CcdscUnt 

snumilee.  tbe  Dutch  AcadmT  o(  Science,  andihe  Sayil  Jnaepb 
__:__^^.    n... _     ^  deMnption  il  abo  fivcn  of  the  authar'i 


E  OF.    The  CBCmonlal   B  ol 
V^ta  £d  tha  Chriatlan  Cburcb,  with  which  tha  artida  a  oiaiti]]^ 

uiiLLEjucii,  probably  has  a  double  otigiB:  in  a  very 
Wmn  iMtiual  lymbolism,  and  in  the  adapUtloa  of  ccTtaia 

SjSHi^     pasan  and  Jewiifa  ntu  and  Euloau  of  which  iho 

gymboUc  meamnf  van  ChritlianuHL  Li^t  a  evecy- 
wben  the  lymbol  ol  joy  and  oi  lile-giTuig  power,  u  daitneB 
b  of  death  and  deatmctum-  f'm,  the  most  myiterioui  and 
impRnJn  a(  Ch*  element!,  tbe  ipTcr  (4  lifbt  and  of  ili  the  tood 
Ihlop  irf  Wl,  a  a  thing  sacted  and  adDrahle  in  priraillve  idisicni, 
and  bc-wmbip  Hill  bu  lis  place  bi  two  at  least  ol  Ibe  grat 
laliglaat  ol  the  wurid.  The  Panii  adoce  £k  a*  the  viublo 
optouon  of  Ahun-UanU.  the  Oemai  princtpk  ol  tiihi  aod 
rlgbteouBiau;  the  Biafaimm  wonldp  h  ai  dime  and  oaiii- 
BCienl.'  The  Hindu  festival  of  DewUi  (DiyiwlU.  from  diya, 
light),  wh«D  templei  and  houses  >rc  iUumlnaled  wilb  countless 
limpa.  is  held  every  November  to  celebme  Lakhshmi,  the  goddess 
of  prosperity.  In  the  litual  of  the  Jewish  temple  fiie  and  light 
played  a  conipicuoui  part.  In  the  Iloly  of  Holioa  was  a  "  doud 
of  light  "  Ittukinali).  symbolical  ol  IhepreMauof  Yabireh,aiid 
before  It  stood  ihe  csndlcslick  o^lh  si>  btuicbes,  on  each  of 
wbicb  and  on  tbe  ccntial  stem  his  a  lamp  etemilly  burning; 
while  io  Ibe  lotecoutt  was  an  aitai  on  which  Ihe  saoed  £re  was 
Mm  ailowed  to  go  out.  Similariy  Ibi  Jewish  aynagognea  have 
each  theli  eleroal  tamp;  while  in  the  religion  of  Islam  hgblrd 
Umps  maik  ihingi  and  places  specially  boly;  thus  the  Ka'ba 
mt  Mecca  is  illuminated  by  thousands  ol  lampB  hangi^lg  from 
the  pdd  and  silver  tods  that  cooaect  the  cidiEniB  of  the  tunouDd- 
iog  colonnade. 

The  Grceb  and  Romans,  too,  had  their  EOCTed  Grc  and  their 
TtrTivi"i'1  lighta.  la  Greece  the  Lamtadalriniua  01  Lampade- 
g-^  pitta  (toreb-tace)  bad  it*  «7gin  in  ceremonies  coti- 
^1^^%,^,   necledwiibthorefightingoftbeincredfire.     Pausanlas 

(L  16.  i  6)  mentions  (ha  golden  lamp  made  by  CaUi- 
laadma  whicA  buned  night  and  day  '     ' 
PoHaa  on  the  Acropolis,  and  (nu  11.  ||  i  a 
of  Hnma  Agoraloi,  in  (be  market-place 


lie  taoctuary  of  Athem 


O  Pre,  It,. 


■>  Jf  aito 


caiHtfea  atKl  lampa  laemed  part  of  the  cult  of  the  domcattc 
tuldaiy  dcitia;  oa  aU  leatink  dooa  were  g"'!""***^  and  lamp4 
Ji^ltad  (Jnvenal,  Sal.  IjL  gi;  TotuUian,  Aptt.  mv.).     In 

temples  wen  cxndeUna,  tj.  that  in  the  tenpk  of  Apelle 
Palatinni  at  Kome.  oiiginidly  ukea  by  AlaniMkl  from  Tbeba, 


mai^ra  aiil  as  _  _ 

daad  with  the  means  ol  obuinini  li^  in  tbe  ncn 

world,  a  wlKiUy  material  comzptfoo;  aod  tb«  lamps  wen  Tor 

the  mott  pan  unligbiad.     It  was  of  Asiatic  oiigbi,  tnse*  of  U 

having  been  observed  in  Fboenida  aod  Id  the  Punic  onloaltK 


In  Christianity,  from  tbe  vciy  fint,  fire  and  light  an  ooncelitd 
as  symbols,  if  not  as  visible  minifatatlons,  of  tba  divine  Datura 
and  the  divins  presents.     Cbtist  Is  "  the  [rue  Light "      ^^ 
(John  i.  I)),  and  at  hii  trtjjsfiguration  "  the  fashion  **'^S2j- 

white  and  i^tetint"  (Luke  ii.  19);  when  tba 
Holy  Gbesl  descended  upon  the  aputles,  "  then  appeared  unta 
them  dovea  tongue*  of  £iT^  and  it  sat  upon  ea^  of  them" 
(Acts  ii.  i);  at  tbe  convenoB  of  St  Pasl  "  iheroabined  laand 
him  a  great  light  [rom  heaven  "  (Acta  bt.  jj;  while  the  ghHifiod 
Christ  ia  i^rc^ested  as  standing  "  is  the  aidsl  of  seven  camffo- 
aticka  .  .  .  bia  head  and  haiis  white  like  wool,  as  white  aa  snow; 
and  hit  eyea  *•  a  flame  of  fin  "  (Rev.  i.  14,  is).  CbrisIJam  at« 
"  childnn  of  Llgbt "  at  peipetual  mi  with  "  the  powtn  ol 

All  this  might  veiy  eaily,  willnut  tha  Inctotive  of  Jewish 
and  pagan  eiample,  bavs  affocled  tbe  symboUc  ritual  of  tha 
primitive  Oiurch.  There  b,  however,  no  ovideats  of 
any  ceremonial  use  of  lights  ia  Cblistian  worsblp  dnrlnf  213t 
lbs  tint  two  ceoluiia.  It  is  recorded,  indeed  (Acts 
n.  7,8),  thatim  tbc  occasion  ol  St  Paul's  preaching  alAloudiia 
Id  Trois  "there  were  many  li^ls  in  the  uppet  chamber"; 
but  this  was  It  night,  and  the  most  thAt  caa  be  hazarded  !s  that 
a  speciaUy  laige  number  were  lightcil  aa  a  letijve  illumijuljoa, 
as  ia  modain  Cbuicb  festinali  (Uaitigoy,  DitL  da  tnti^a. 
Ore.).  As  Id  a  purdy  ceremonial  use,  such  eoily  evidmce  ai 
onita  ii  all  Ihe  other  way.  A  single  KnteDce  of  TertnUian 
(AftL  mv.)  niSdtDily  illumiaaies  Christian  practice  duiing 
the  lod  century.  "  On  <Uyi  of  rejoicing,"  he  sayi, 
"  >e  do  Dot  ihada  tan  dooF«osta  with  lauteU  not  VSSS 
iwfffifh  un^  iJh  day'4Igfat  with  Inapt "  l/Ui  iatu  f^^i^ 
am  UwHi  teilci  ibamtnmu  «et  lumnit  Am 
M^mgjlMu).  Utlantivs,  miting  eady  in  the  4(h  Gantic,  h 
ema  mom  ™«-n-»ir  in  hii  tcferoooa  to  the  heathen  piaoice. 
"  They  kindle  lights,"  he  lays,  "  as  though  to  one  who  it  in 
iia[kn>».  Can  be  b>  thought  saiu!  who  oSen  the  Ughl  of  lompa 
aad  ctndlei  to  Ihe  Author  and  Giver  of  all  li^?"  (Oh.  ItuU 
vL  A  wv  adm,  cap.  I,  io  Mignet  Pair  hi.  vi.  Cj;)^  This  ii 
pomaHly  an  attack  on  votive  li^ts,  and  doo  not  necessarily 
eidudc  thcit  ceremonial  use  in  other  ways.  There  i>.  Indeed, 
ovtdeuca  that  they  w«te  so  used  belon  Lactanlius  wnite.  The 
j4ih'canDaoltbe>yiiadafElvita(jB;),  which  waacoatemimrajy 
wilh  him,  forbade  candles  Io  be  h'gbted  In  cemetoia  dutlng  tha 
daytime,  which  points  to  an  established  custom  as  well  as  to 
an  objection  to  it;  and  in  the  Roman  catacombs  lamp*  have 
ban  found  of  (ha  and  and  3id  ceoturica  which  seem  to  have 
_  •;.   Tomafat.    b>    DtreodHg  and    SagUo,    Dictiinart.    u. 

•  ■rtUh  ouofsd  with  approval  by  BlAop  land  In  tba  bDolV 
Afiiutl'triitilMtiiyt^abiiiart.  .  , 


676 


LTGHTS,  CEREMONIAL  USE  OF 


been  cenmonU  or  ijnnboliaL'    Aftin,  teanding  to  the  Ada 
at  St  C]rpt(ui  (d.  >5«),  his  body  wu  banifl  10  tbe  cnvc  f<-a< 

luctHliiui  ariii,  tad  Piudentlut,  ia  hi)  byma  on  ih 
{*'■■'  mutjmlom ol  Si  I^wreon  (/'inilrpit.  IL  7i,bMlgDi 
{||;i,i„     Piilr.  laL  It.  joo),   uyi  that  in   ibe  tisie  of   S 

Liurentiu,  ij.  ili«  middle  o(  the  jrd  tealaiy,  audit 
Kood  ui  the  chorclia  ol  Rome  oa  (oldai  caoddahra.  Tlie  gift, 
DWStloDcd  by  Anaituim  (in  .Syfr),  nude  by  Conxutiiic  la 
the  Vuicu  builiia,  of  k  fiarMm  of  gold,  garaiihed  vitk  soa 
dolf^uiii  cich  ^^''^■'*g  A  fuipt  ti>  bim  befort  St  Pttef**  tomb, 
pointA  Also  to  1  ciuiom  ivell  esufaiithed  before  CbriMlanily 
becune  tbe  lUte  religkuL 

WkitevR  pieriaut  nnteai  m^  iuve  b«eD-~«itd  lot  the  earijesi 
ifce  ft  B  difficult  to  deumune  ibaolutely  owinf  to  the  ftct 
.^^  that  the  Chmtjuu  bdd  tlidr  services  at  nicht — ity 

"*?,     the  cloM  ol  the  4lh  century  the  cerenwaial  1 
^,,1^'    Dsbt*  bad  becoRK  Gnnly  anl  inavenally  eMib 

ia  the  Cbnrcb.    Tbii  i>  deu,   t»  pan  by  much 
I"  ol  St  Jeione 


Vl^Iantlin.  a  pmbylrr  ol  BiTrdona,  (till  ocnpial  the 
of  TETtulliin  and  Lacuntiui  In  Ihb  maiwr.     "  Wc  lec."  Il 


theblcHed  mm- 
[ble  little  andla' 
iHnlial  tbei^ian 
iui  (be  "ought  10 


□I  rvljpoB,  and.  ' 

nUuHiii  amfii)  I "    Jemae.  Ibe  lUHt  inSua 

the  day,  took  up  tlw  codecii  acsumt  VmlanUui 

^dled  Dormituitiu*  "),  vbo,  in  nitr  of  bis  fa 

bad  dared  again  "  to  open  hi^  foul  mmth  and 

•dak  againit  tbt  relfct  of  tbe  holy  martyia  "  (i/iir.  ap.  ax.  a 

ad  RifiiariMm  f*r«M-,  iq  Migne,  fofr-  ioL  p.  906).     IE  <Bnd 

Bt  bafora  thair  tonn»,  are  theso  tbt  enuna  of  idolatry  I 

tIBtiaaniaAv  Kir^snliwa  iPulr.  lal.  t.  miiir)  he  aniwin  tbc  qi 

dmple  pnpk,  or  rellgioiu  voroen,  light  caodln  in  honour 
marnin.    ''We  are  not  bom,  but  reborn,  c:hriiiiana."  uu.  .  _. 
a^icB  aiKo  done  for  idola  waa  dctettabit  b  acceprabla  wbm  dooe 

for  the  martyn.    Aa  in  the  cbh  ol  the  woaua  nib  t*- ' — 

tan  ol  datnxnt,  it  U  not  the  «Et  that  metiti  renrd.  b 

that  ioapirei  it.    Aa  for  lighta la  thecbuRbei,beaddii..._.    

buTchea  ol  tbe  Eait.  irhnenr  tbcfoipel  li  Is  be  nad,  lifhti 


■tot  tbt 

ip  of  Nola  {±  aji),  deiciibes 
tAe  altar  at  tae  eucatiial  u  "*  dowaed  with  ooirded 
J"?*JL  nghli,'"'  aad  even  mrnlioni  the  "  ctEinal  lamp."* 
gf^^/^,  ^''^  ibdr  use  at  baptianu  we  have,  ajaoDg  much  other 
nideace,  that  of  Zeno  of  VeioDa  for  the  Wot,*  and 
that  M  Gl^ory  of  Nananana  for  the  Eatt.'  Tbsruieat  fuaenls 
fi  miMotBl  by  Enaehius^  deacifptiOB  of  the  burial  of  Cob~ 
ataaliiK,*  aad  Jeterae'a  account  ol  that  of  St  Pxula.'  At 
ontinatloa  they  mn  uaed,  ai  b  iboara  by  the  tth  onod  of  the 
comdl  of  Canbage  dgi),  which  decnn  that  the  acslyta  is  to 
bawl  to  tbe  hewly  ordained  deaoMi  armarium  cm  caia. 

fampa  were  not  placed  in  the  grave*  ai  part  of  the  fijrmtiire  of  the 
dead — in  the  Catacomb*  tbey  are  fbaod  only  ia  the  oicbea  of  the 
galleriaa  aad  the  anmolia  per  caa  they  have  been  vctive  la  the 
aeac  popularized  later- 

■ "  Clan  Goronantur  denoa  altaria  lychnit "  (Fcrm.  Di  S.  Fdiit 
mttalitiiim,  liv.  99,  in  Migne.  Pitr.  til.  lii.  467I. 
'"COntbiinicn  icyphiiieM  aivenleui  aptui  ad  unttn/' 
•"  Sal.  ifab  et  oltaai "  (lib.  ■- Tcaot.  liv.  4.  bi  Migw.  a!.  jjB), 
*7aaaacLPajdLci: Migne,  Pofr. gruoi, nnn.  AaiV 


Ai  10  the  bleatoa  of  taadica,  awoniin;  tn  the  lihf  pmifflit 

Pope  Zoiimiu  in  41;  ardfied  [hcK  lo  be  Uaied,*  aad  the 
GaJlicaa  and  Hoiarablc  tiluah  aiaa  provided  for  tliii  ccrciaaay,* 
Tbc  Feast  of  ibc  Purification  of  Ibe  Virgin,  khowii  aa  f»TMir*in«| 
(S.t),  because  on  Ibis  diy  ihe  caodira  for  the  whole  year  are 
biased,  was  eaiabliahed— accoiding  to  some  authorities— by 
Pope  Gelasius  L  about  491.  Ai  to  the  question  of  "altar  lighu," 
however,  it  most  be  borne  hi  miad  that  Iheie  were  not  placed 
upon  the  altar,  or  os  3  rcuble  behind  It,  until  the  1  ith  century. 
These  were  osEinally  the  cnndles  otrried  by  the  deaoons,  accord* 
in|  to  the  Orda  KtmaKus  (L  B;  ii.  5;  ni.  7)  lewn  in  Bomber, 
wUch  were  set  down  dtber  on  the  steps  of  tbe  akai,  or,  Uter, 
behind  iL  In  the  Easteni  Church,  to  thji  dajr,  there  _  . 
are  no  lights  on  the  high  aJiar;  the  L'ghted  candlea  rimtt 
stand  on  a  unali  altar  bcoide  it,  aiHi  at  vanotu  poita 
of  the  Krvice  are  carried  by  the  lecton  OT  acolytea  before  tbt 
officiating  priest  or  deacon.  Tile  "  crowd  of  ligbli "  dCKllbed 
by  Paulinus  as  crowning  the  altar  were  cither  grouped  louad  it 
or  suspended  in  front  of  it;  they  are  represented  by  tbo  niHTMify 
lamps  of  tbe  Latin  Church  and  by  Ihe  crown  of  ligbtl  mpml^t^^ 
in  front  of  the  altar  in  the  Greek. 

the  gradual  eiaboralion  of  the  symboliSBL  and  USO 
al  lights  in  the  Church,  until  its  full  rlmrViriiinnl 
and  sfitemallutioa  h  the  middle  ages,  wouU  bi 
impossible  here,  Il  mml  auffice  lo  note  a  few  stages  in  *''*|^' 
the  process.  Tlio  buming  of  lights  before  the  tombs  J^^^J^ 
of  mBityrs  led  naturally  10  their  being  homed  also 
before  relics  and  lastly  before  images  and  pictures.  This  latto 
pisclice,  bolly  denounced  as  idolatry  during  the  tcoasdastic 
mnuoveny  (seeIcoNi>ci.asu),  vaa  Enally  established  ss  orthodca 
by  tbe  second  general  council  of  Nicaca  hij)-  wbidi  rcaiored 
the  wonbip  of  image*.    A  btcr  development,  however,  by  which 

wonhip  and  to  have  Other  hgbts  burned  bcbm  Item,  was  an- 
d  *a  idolattaas  by  tb<  synod  of  NoyiB  in  1J44."  The 
1  lor  QFRibalism  etltacted  ever  aair  -— '"i>F  out  of  Iba 
I  aad  their  ubcl  Early  in  the  6th  century  Encodius, 
of  Pavla,  pointed  out  tbc  tlnvc-fold  etamcnta  of  a  wax* 
(O^iuf.  ia.  and  I-).  eadt  □£  ^diich  would  aaake  it  aa  offcriof 
to  Cod;  the  rush-wiclc  is  Ihe  pniduct  o[  pure  water, 
wu  IS  Ihe  oBspring  of  virgin  bees,''  the  dame  is  seal  fraa 
.ven.''  Cleaiiy,  wax  was  a  symbol  ol  tiie  Blessed  Virgin  and 
holy  humanity  of  Christ.  The  hler  middle  agca  developed 
idea.  Durandus,  in  bis  fiaJiomde^  inteipnts  the  wax  as  the 
body  dI  Christ,  the  wick  as  bis  soul,  the  Hame  as  bi*  divine 
ire;  and  the  cDASutning  candle  aa  BymhtJidng  hii  pamiiA 

liLi  may  be  the  pascba]  cs 

;™rianUof'Se'nolkeol'_ _.  „. 

H  IM.  pawU],  (l8«fr-lS$9)  the  ward  Mra  ia,  however,  alsoi 
,  Kor  doea  the  teat  im^y  that  he  nvc  to  tbe  aabartna 
dxs  a  privilege  hilborlo  Herdved  by  the  metropolltaa  cAaieb- 
pange  runs;^  Hie  conUituit  ut  (fiaainl  leva  tecia  habenide 
.. .  .IS  liDDStimis  per  panodnas  at  ut  cara  beoadfcatar,"  Ac.  Fv 
pamtkiat  here  obvioualy  refera  to  the  hcadTftar  ol  tbe  dtlt*Tri.  aot 

IE  Pcrtpinaiia  Signal  Fjse),  tfi,  Ac.,  for  the  use  of 

Hinn,  and  Isldoie  of  Seville  [Etywt.  vU.  I);  xx.  10> 

mbaWest.  Thatevm  ia  the  7th  century  the  ble^ 

..  . — ^_  —  by  no  m^jts  uni  vial  is  proved  by  the  9th  caaon  of 

the  council  olTo&do  {67"  "■>-■  — -■■—j ■ ■- 

biwed  la  book  churches,  aad  that  Inquiries  hs 
a*  ds  IL    la  reply,  the  couadl  dcdd 
eclfhnie  tbe  umiof  of  Christ'*  ri 
Seville,  Ca*c.  iaUigi^ Fat.  lal.  landi.  .,7 
■■  Du  Cange.  iTfuH/ibfii.  r.a. "  Candela. 


Ca^^^rLy 


LIGHTS,  CEREMONIAL  USE  OF 

amtlttti  riwwl  ii<—  nt  th»  imdkvl  Clunh.  4»  idll    bMnuI  aKl  ihe  doih  and  bwial  ol  drill.   Ttdii 
1  ii  tha  Rwn  Cuhulk  OHniuiHga.  tbt  ua  o(  tmnatol  <       ■    -■ 

Uoiiu  fill*  under  three  hcadt.    (i  >  Tfwy  mw  be  lyn- 

bdlkal of  ihe liilit  a< Cod! pitHm. of  Chria u '■  L«kl 

■tf  Liilii,"  or  of  "  tlie  cUMiM  «<  Ufh  "  In  aflin  ni)i 

■be  pmin  (i<  dwkHMi  ibty  ■a)'  «vn  be  oo 

nui  be  ntiv*.  U.  oftmd  u  *a  act  oC  mnhip  (lUr .. 

.  _/      ._  ._     ■ ,  .._r_  ..__..■_.-._  ^^  (^j  Chuiih. 


High  Ml 

EpVrtTchurcMm'Rti'.  V , 

It  preceded  t^  an  acolyte  iriih  a  buTding  candle  {£hi^}  cxi  a  eandLo 
khck.    Ttit  Cfuwigfe  E^ucf/oruM  l>.  i>}  runber  oideri  Ihal  ■ 

oi  the  Mfh  filv,  and  BmbrfoctlliemerwdSacimiein. 

*"  nt  ^mbola  o4  the  cleroal  Pmncb    In  pncdec  bn^ 

■vM-^  it  U  utua]  to  have  oaty  onelaap  Eightcd  bcfon 

in  wfiich  rhe  Hon  it  rewvcd.    Tbe  uccial  lymbol 

-"■  ■     ■     ■     -        n  caodle,  wfiWi  i»  BeJited 

,  „„,.. ._  -, ,/UIMma  b  Intniwd  by 

e   Hgbtcd    tapen   whtcK    mukt   accofnpany   tha  Host 
..Itcntvcr  il  »  canted  in  proccwon,  or  to  tlie  lick  and 

fTtix£^.., ,-, 

■      "      .  endthe 


the  deconrhn  of 

,     .         ol  Chriitt  7nd  "oT'ibe'viiJe  ^, 
Gitfer  Eve  the  neir  fire,  symbol  i 

rbea  Chriu.  i>  produced,  and  {nm  tliii  are  k 

tbrooiibout  the  Chrittiaii  ynr  imlil,  in  the  ifltlicring  _      ^.  . 

tM<)o(Iht  f^BOa.thtTaKfiadiialtyeMiiiaiiiilicd.  Thiiqumchine 
tl  At  Ikibt  of  |he  Mrid  la  lynbolbid  at  the  xrvice  o(  Trvtrar 
in  Holy  Week  by  the  ptadngon  a  itind  befoce  Ibc  aliac  o(  Ihincen 
lighted  lapen  anrnnged  pyramidally,  tbe  leit  cJ  tlie  cTiurch  bcinfE 
in  daninetf.  The  penivealial  pealiia  aie  attng,  and  at  the  end  of 
each  a  candle  h  eit(ingiHAh?<l.    When  only  the  cenlTal  one  b  left 


<^  Hlvatioo.     On 
kindkd^ltlicJiEhiru^ 


mollhe  B.V.M. 
..bfjbemm- 


b...."(l)",. 
ry  hfhtad  to  mig 


ie;  tiai  by  otieiin 

„.»lyS™rftliyBioj 

"tic.   {j)"OLordJ™u«C>iriB.ib 


lonn  for  the  bkaiini  al  aadlei  cKrii 
(  Viit.  the  vinin  ol  the  cooircniinl 
HI  ii  nccially  baought  out:  "  that  in 
lighted,  or  placed,  the  princca  of  darit- 


tbce,  Aimighcy  God  "  (Jiiliuii 

K "' ""  '"■  ""■  " 


catch  the  drii 
He  ia  Hied}.    It  h  pemiL 
I  a  candle,  in  •.hkh  ••  a  . 
tai.Xti;,lltliMaylB78>> 


betrayal  andi 


677 


t"lS|h  MaL.    TlSt  of' 

Muvhik  the  other  laup 

ton  the  PiKhal  Candle,  asd  lo  npmbiiliic 

he  copiinued  prcicAce  of  the  light  of  Cbritt. 

At  Ibc  coniecnllDn  of  the  tupllimal  water  I 
handle  h  dipped  inia  the  fom  "ao  that  Iht 
jhoac  nay  deaccnd  iato  It  and  make  it  aa 


the  ARTikni  I 


en  at  Light.  L^bted  tapera  an  alao 
ewly-baptiied,  or  of  tbeir  aod-parenta. 
cKTTe  their  bapilm  Inviolaie.  n  that 


eaotUght,    _ 
ma  to  take  the 

■  ■■  buhoPf 
nyingTij 


__, .IK    =i 

.... ,ing  Hghn  at  weddingi.  at  the  tnt 

mniunion,  and  by  prleiti  going  to  ihdr  Ent  tnm.  ihoogk  naa* 
the*  an  liturgically  pieactibca.  FlHlly,  IMIa  an  ptacd  iwoil 
•  badiei  of  tba  dead  and  canied  beaib  tbea  to  IM       _  ...  .. 

giavc.  partly  a>  lymboli  that  Ihey  HiD  live  in  the  tight      ^^ 

of  Chritf,  partly  to  frighten  any  tbe  powcn  of  darlcnaa.  ^"^ 
Coovenely,  ibo  ntiKtMi  of  llghli  la  patt  of  the  cMfraopy  of 

enomvlinicltiaa  (P»l4(«li ««,  pai>  in-lTRctknif bbot  i4  Pno. 

dociAei  tbe  cneinooy  aa  it  waa  carried  not  in^ia  day,      mw^^ 


As  a  remit  of  the  Reformatlan  the  toe  of  ntcnmbl  Sghu 
vueilhergrcatly  modified,  or  totally  abolished  iti  the  Protatutt 
Churrhca.     In  Ihe  Reformed  (Colvlniilic)  Chorches-  .    ..  .  .. 

allirlighls  were,  with  thereat,  doneawaywftheolirely  JjJ|y|^* 
u  popisfa  and  auperslftloiu.  la  the  Luthervi 
Churcho  Ihey  wen  retained,  and  In  Evangelical  Gettnany 
have  even  anrvived  most  of  tbe  other  medieval  rites  and 
ccTcnionln  (c.f.  the  lue  of  vauaenu]  wUiA  Here  not  abolished 
a<  the  Reformslian  llvlf. 

In  the  Church  of  England  tbe  practice  has  been  leu  toniiilent. 
Tlie  lint  frayer-book  of  Ednrd  VI.  tlitecled  two  ligbti  lo  bf 
pbcedonthealiar.  Thbdirectfonivmomitiedinthe  _  .  . 
jecond  Prayer-book;  but  the  "Orasmenli  Hubrfc"  ?!|!  - 
of  Queen  Eliabeth'i  Prayer-book  (Mined  again  ^^^ 
to  moke  them  obligatory.  The  qucntioii  of  bov  far  tbla  did 
so  is  a  much-dispuTed  one  and  la  connecltd  with  tbe  whole 
problem  of  the  meaning  and  scope  of  the  rubric  (see  VniHENn). 
An  erjuai  uncmalnly  reigns  vilh  regard  lo  the  actual  ouge  of 
the  Church  oI£ngland  from  the  Rclonnation  Dnwarrls.  Lighted 
eanrils  rensinly  continued  10  decorate  the  holy  table  in  Queen 
Elimbeth's  chapel.  10  tf-e  scandal  of  Proitsiaol  aakm,  Thty 
also  acenii  to  have  been  retained,  at  least  for  a  while,  in  certain 
cathedral  and  rollegiale  churches.  There  ii,  however,  no  mention 
of  ceremonial  candles  in  Ihe  detailed  acrognl  of  the  lervjm  of 
Ihe  Church  ol  Enghnd  given  by  William  Harrison  (OMcn'^wit 
t/Ei^anil.  ijjo);  and  iheaititudeof  the  Chun*  lo 


il  the  rii 


listic  m 


of  II 


17th  o 


K'ctE   '      '■ 


PntrhalCUdla,* 


Llborllatively  cipreiacd  in  Ihe  nird  J'orf  of  lit 
tif  J'erS  if  IdcJctry,  wtdch  qootei  with  approval 
Lartantlna  and  compares  "  out  Candle  Religlan  " 
EaSera  Chuith  alio-    Pilplmi  from  all 

of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,    Here  the  be  b 

be  ndraculouily  tent  from  heaven.  Tbe  ruth  ef  tbo 
aodle  ihdr  liihia  at  il  la  to  great,  that  onto  i*  main. 
difficulty  by  Hahommedan  awdicn. 
n  of  the  Paichal  Candle  it  lott  In  the  miBt  of  antiqoiCy, 
I  Ihe  abbt  Chltelaki  teueted  la  tMnft  Eikj^^Mk 
"]  the  Puchal  Candi  waa  not  sriaMlya  caidbn 
ox  colunn  «  whick  ibt  duel  ol  tho  iwvaUe  Ieuii 
'     ~-  le  later  wrHienoa  paper  and  fiaed  to  tha 


678 


iriih  ihe  "Ocntlles  Idalalon."  Ttiii  pronmractmcnt.  Indfed, 
though  it  arUinly  condenuu  the  UM  o(  ceremonuil  ligliti  in 
moal  si  ii(  liLcf  devdopmcots,  and  espcciilly  the  coiuxption 
ol  Ibini  u  volive  oSeringi  whether  to  Ccd  or  lo  the  uinu, 
doei  Dot  necourily  enlade,  thoogfa  it  undoubtedly  discoungE*, 
tbeii  purely  lymbolical  use.'  Is  thii  conneiion  it  il  woclh 
pointing  out  [hit  the  hoinily  Mumt  Idolaliy  wu  reprinted, 
vithout  altentcon  and  bf  the  king'i  (uthority,  long  alter  altar 
Kghti  had  been  ttatortd  under  the  iaflueiKe  of  the  high  church 
pany  sipicme  at  court.  Illegal  under  the  Act  ol  Unirormiiy 
they  Kcm  never  to  have  btcn.  The  uk  of  "  wu  lighii  and 
tapen"  fomed  on*  oLtbe  iadkiDenti  brought  by  P.  Snurt, 
a  Puritan  prebendary  of  Durham,  agiinai  Dr  Burgoyne,  Cosin 
and  oihen  [or  Htiing  up  "  upenlitioui  ccremonta"  la  the 
cathedral  "  contrary  to  the  Act  ol  UnilormiLy."  The  indict- 
menu  were  diamiued  in  i6>8  by  Sit  Jltnei  WUtdocke,  chief 
Juuice  0!  Cbeitcr  and  ir  jodfe  oi  the  KIng't  Bench,  and  in  1619 
by  Sir  Henry  Yelvcnon.  a  Judge  ol  Common  Pleas  and  him»][ 
a  ationg  Puritan  (jee  HUrvrgia  Aagluaiia,  ii.  pp.  ijo  leq.).  The 
mi  of  ccremaoiil  ligbia  wu  aioong  ibe  indictmcnta  in  the 
impeachment  of  Laud  and  other  biihopi  by  tbc  House  ol 
ConuMM,  but  these  were  not  based  on  the  Act  ol  Uniformily. 
Fmrn  the  Restoration  onwards  the.  use  of  ceremonial  lighll, 
Ihou^  tu  InfD  universal,  was  mt  umisoo]  in  calbedrals  and 
oolle^ate  churchea.'    Il  wu  not,  however,  till  the  ritual  revival 


in  paiiih  churches- 


ended 


I  met  with  6eice  opposi- 
u  appealed  to.  and  in  iSyl  the  Prrvy  Council 
declared  altar  lighta  to  be  illegal  (Vurlm  v.  Uackenackul. 
TfaisjudgmeDliloundedaawu  afterwards  admitted  on  insufficient 
knowledge,  produced  nr,  tHecIj  and,  in  the  absence  of  any 
aulboritalive  puDOuncemeat,  advantage  was  taken  of  the 
ambiguous  language  of  the  Ornaments  Rubric  to  introduce 
Into  many  churches  practicaUy  the  whole  ceremonial  use  of 
l^ts  as  practised  in  the  pre-Rcformation  Church.  The  matter 
wu  again  raised  in  the  case  of  Rod  and  tlhri  v.  Hit  Bitief 
t/  UactiK  <see  Lincoln  Judchent).  one  ol  the  covnia  of  the 
indictment  being  that  the  biibop  had,  during  the  celebration 
f(  Holy  Communion,  allowed  two  candles  to  be  aUgbt  on  a  shell 


oecesHry  For  pviog  light.    The  a 
bury,  in  whose  00       ' 


:  of  Li 


rd(.& 


1  the  ublc. 
tt  lit  before  it  began, 
I  Edward  VI.  and  had 
being  appealed  la  the 


ruing,  during  the  ler 
wu  lawful  under  (he  lint  Frayci- 
■ever  been  made  unlawful  On  t 
Privy  Council.  Lhia  particular  ind 
ground  that  the  vicar,  not  the  bishop,  wu  retpon&iblc  for  the 
presence  of  the  lights,  the  general  question  of  the  legality  of 
■liar  lights  being  diureelly  left  open- 

The  custom  of  placing  lighled  candles  round  the  bodies 
of  Ihe  dead,  especially  when  "  lying  in  state,"  hu  never  wholly 
died  out  in  Prolestant  countries,  though  their  significaace 
lias  long  been  lost  sight  ol.'  In  the  iSlh  century,  morcoveri 
U  wu  still  cutomary  in  England  to  accoippany  a  Iu4ieral  with 
lighted  tapera.  Ficarl  (if.  cil.  i;j7)  gives  a  pUte  representing 
B  funeral  con^  preceded  and  accompanied  by  boys,  each  carry- 
ing four  lighted  candles  in  a  branched  candlesticit.  There 
iecraa  to  be  no  record  of  randlfi  having  been  carried  in  other 
ptacessions  in  England  since  lbs  Refomulioo.  The  usage 
in  Ibis  mpecl  in  some  "  liiualisiic  "  churchea  is  a,  revival  ol 
pre-RelDrmalion  ceremonial- 
See  ihe  artlete  "Uicema,"  by  J.  TouOln  In  Daiembeis  and 
Saglio's  f^irt  ia  amipiiU!  irKtiiti  a  rsnuiiici  (Psris.  twu); 
].  M»K|uardi,  "  ROmiiche  Privatalterthamer  "  tvol.  r.  of  Beelter'i 


>Th[sb< 


Plan's  Ctrcmoiti 


'ft  CDpfjer-plste  in  Bemani  Pla 
CV««.l5^*<l;"*'""'°'™tEng. ... 

ebowi  two  liffhtedcaihlla  on  the  holy  Table. 

•In  Bw  paia  of  Scatlaad  It  i>  uill  i . 

lighted  caadlei  h  a  labk  beside  a  corpec  on  the  day  d 


ILsU-jnt  MMe  "  Otrr*  et  lampti."  In  Ik* 

ry's  oia.  ia  AntiiaiUt  CMfiewu)  (Arih  iMg}) 

•r "  «nd  "  Koimelarieq  *'  top.  S34  seq )  la  Henng- 

(3rd  ed.,   Lnpng-   ■•Wi);   the  artidc 

-..- -..-  *•!«■•  KInlialeBim   (FiBbufg-l.-B, 

iUi-1001).  an  Eacrtlni  eapaalion  ol  die  (riDbstin  from  liie 
CaiholKiuiniDfview,  aln  "  Ktue"  and  "UchKr")  W.  Smllh 
and  S.  Cheerham.  Dia.  n/  Ckr.  AiUt^iHullMim.  '^V'*^''  '■ 

See  ilso'Mllhlbauet.  CiKk.  a.  Bt^mamt  ibr  WaibtidUB  M  dn) 
iiriU'iliem  FHmluiattm  (Annbuig,  1874)1  V.  ThaUtatcr,  ffaadtac* 
dff  Katktiisriir*  Liur/ik  (Fmburg-L-B.,  iSli),  L  «66  sea.:  aod, 
for  the  pDii-RcfDrmaiuHi  use  in  the  Church  ai  England,  mtntrpa 
Al^aatn.  new  ed.  by  Vetnon  Slaley  tLmdon,  190}).  (W.  A.  P.) 
UOHB,  CBABLES  JOSEPH,  Piince  nc  (iTJi'iKM).  sokUv 
and  writer,  came  of  a'princely  family  of  Hainaal,  and  wu  bom 
ai  Brussels  in  17JJ.  As  ao  Austrian  subject  be  enlerad  the 
imperial  army  at  an  early  age.  He  distinguished  bbiaelf  by 
his  valour  in  the  Seven  Vears*  War,  notably  at  Breslau.  Lcuthen, 
Hochkirch  and  Maien,  and  after  the  war  rose  rapidly  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant  field  nanhal.  Be  became  Ibe  inlimate 
friend  and  counsellor  of  the  emperor  Joseph  U.,  and,  inheriiiog 
bia  Eatbei's  vast  estates,  lived  in  the  greatest  Iplendoui  and 
luiury  till  Ibe  War  ol  the  Bavarian  Succn^n  brought  Ikla 
again  into  active  service.  This  war  was  short  and  uneventfult 
and  the  prince  then  travelled  in  England,  Germany,  Italy, 

courts,  the  camps,  the  salons  and  the  learned  assemblies  of 
philosophers  and  sdentisla  in  each  country.  In  17^4  he  was 
again  employed  in  military  work,  and  was  promoted  to  Feldieug- 
meisler.  In  i;S;  he  was  witb  Calbeiine  II.  in  Russia,  ac- 
companied ber  in  bee  journey  10  the  Crime*,  and  was  made 
a  Russian  field  marslalby  tbe  empress.  In  i;Sghewu  present 
at  the  siege  of  Belgrade.  Shortly  after  this  he  wu  inviied 
to  place  himself  at  the  head  of  the  Belgian  revolutionary  mova- 
ment,  in  which  ock  of  his  sons  aa4  many  of  his  relives  werr 
promuient,  but  declined  with  grdaC  courtesy,  Baying  that  "b* 
never  revoked  in  the  winter."  Tbougfa  suspected  by  Joseph 
ol  collusion  with  the  rebels,  the  two  Iricnds  were  not  tang  es- 
tranged, and  aElcr  the  death  of  the  emperor  the  prince  remvncd 
in  Vienna.  His  Brabant  esialis  were  overrun  by  the  FnaA 
in  179r-i;qj,  and  hii  eldest  son  killed  in  action  at  La  Croii-da- 
Boil  in  the  Argonne  (September  14,  iTflj).  He  wu  given  the 
tank  ol  Held  maishal  (iSog]  and  an  honorary  command  at  court, 
living  in  spile  of  the  loss  of  hia  estates  in  comparative  luxury 
and  devoting  himself  to  literary  wnik.  He  lived  long  cnou^ 
to  charocicriac  ihc  proceedings  ol  the  congress  of  Vienna  with 
tbc  famous  mel:  *'  Le  Congrii  dansc  msis  ne  marche  pat." 
Kcdiedu  Vicnnaon  the  ulhol  December  1814.  Hisgrandion, 
c  LintonI  de  Llgne  (iSo^-iKSo).  was  a  distinguished 

Tnbint  Guid.of  which  he  wu  (Bpa;n^Mw>'^h>«.  c£vda 
and  Vienna.  |glT).  Selecilani  were  pabKibed  in  Fnacb  and 
GaniaB  ((Kim  cMrin  4t  M.  U  frima  U  ^Jpu  (Paris,  iId^i 
LOmi  d  fmdu  ta  MtHtliai  Prvutii  UiM,  ed.  by  MsSina  it 
Statu  (iM9):<Zi*rn  UttarigMi.  HMnlras  .  .  .  umifamdtmt  •> 
mMU  iitam  (BniiiEli,  1859}:  Da  Prbamt  Kmii  *m  Utm 
•fttiOriidu  WtrlH,  ed.  Count  Paptonheim  ISultbadi.  rgra).  ilit 
mo«  inaportant  of  hfs  lusiemua  woiki  on  all  mDiiary  subjeeta  is 
the  FtMOiila  It  prMrfb  ailitabu,  whkh  orinnilly  appeared  ii 
iTSo,  A  tnedem  edilnn  ia  that  mibliihcd  bv  I.  Dumaine  (Park. 
1874).    A  Gemnn  versiofi 

Uh  maK^impoftaoi  auli}eeo°ru 

- SB  intematioaal  aeadeny  of  il 

I  Ihe  reputatiDB  of  Miafals  could  be  Inpartiary  wc«hcd)i 
itary  dusk,  and  indiniinwhle  la  tfaa  stsdeDii  ol  tbe  pgit- 
tiwi  eeiiod.  On  Ike  whole,  it  nay  ba  i*id  that  tbt  prin 
aanired  lo  tin  sebaal  of  Cuibcrt  U"-),  aM  a  tidl  dlicueikin  will  b* 
fouad  in  Maa  Ilhos'  Cock.  d.  XtKOtiaaaiMiiii.  iii.  Mttt  et  seq. 
Anscbcr  vm  cdtbnied  work  by  &■  priaos  6  tke  mockulBliiV 
Eraphy  of  Piinu  Eugene  lltoo). 

Sk  JteH  ds  BranHn  (Oetober  1SJ9):  tUilenbils,  "  Le  Fdd- 
niarfcbal  Prince  Chutas  loteiA  de  Urs."  MImtiKi  ii  fbtidhiit 
dt  Bna^a,  vol.  ala.:  PeateraSBB,  U  Priact  d)  UgH.  «  ■■ 
toimia  pmd  Mittm  (Lttn,  |g»},  £li^  «  iH«i«  kfiliri^n 
MHcnoU  fkuUira  dH  Pv  Boi,  v^  riu  tBnads.  ia«i4l  iUfMiW 


LIGNITE— LIGUORl 


679 


MUmttiu  Jt  k  StcM  tUi  Sciimui,  en    in  HtintaU, 

0),  WunbKh,  Binir.  Ltxitan  i.  Kaiiinli.  Afcrr  (VJeniu. 
S):  UinrntM,  Da  Uiluar-Utrla-Tlimiin-CMen,  voL  L 
!Bn*.  1^7);  RiiKr  von  Reittnbcri,  Bttp.  i  tHOHtidHtlllm 
.JImm  (PiinK,   i8»)-.  Scknlted.  oSirr.  BMtn,  voL  iiL 

-        '    -77I. 


uamn  (Uc.  Upa 


m,  F.  if.  £arf  Jaupk  F«ril  ii  Lipw 


I,  wood),  m  impnfcclly  fonncd  ooal. 
nmiuy  erovniM  id  colour,  and  ilwayi  tbotriig  the  MiuctUR 
ol  iht  wood  from  irtilch  ii  wis  derived  (kc  CoalJ. 

UdOHlBB,  JOHH  (Jean  Louis)  UOONIEH,  Sail  (i6Sa- 
177?),  Britiih  Field  Minfail,  cam*  oi  a  RuKuenot  Eaniily  ol 
Castra  tn  the  Kulh  of  France,  memben  ol  vhidi  enii<nti«l 
toEngkodat  thedoieallhci7lhceniunr.  HtcnURdlbeaimy 
u  I  voLunieer  under  Marlborough.  From  i;o>  in  t;io  he  was 
oigaEfd,  wilh  diatlnclkii),  in  nearly  every  iinpotiini  baUle 
and  siege  ol  tbr  war.  K<  aaa  one  of  tbe  finl  10  mount  the 
br«ch  at  (he  liege  of  Utgt,  atmnundcd  a  company  al  the 
Sctaeilcnberg  and  al  BknhcitR,  and  wu  piHcnl  at  Mcnin  (wbere 
he  led  the  aloroUng  of  Ihe  covered  way),  Ramillin,  Oudenarde 
and  Malplaciuel  (where  he  leceived  iwenty^three  buUcia  ihrengh 
h[sdolhing»nd  remained  unhurt).  In  1711  he  became  governor 
of  Fort  El  Philip,  Minorca,  and  ia  171S  wai  adjuiani-gneral 
of  the  tiT»p9  employed  in  Ihe  Vigo  expediiion,  where  he  led  the 
•fonneis  of  Fort  Marin.  Two  yean  later  he  becanM  colonel 
of  the  "  Black  Hone  "  (now  7lh  Dragoon  Guards),  a  comniind 
which  he  retained  for  iQ  ycaia.  Hit  regiment  soon  attained 
an  eittaordiniiry  degree  of  efficiency.  He  was  made  brigadier- 
general  in  173s,  major-general  in  17J9,  and  accompanied  Lord 
Slair  in  the  Rhine  Campaign  of  1741-174J.  Oeor^  II.  made 
him  a  Knighl  of  the  Bath  on  the  GeU  of  Dellingen.  At  Fonle- 
noy  UgoTUer  commanded  the  firiliih  foot,  and  acted  throughout 
(be  battle  as  adviset  to  the  duke  of  Cumberland.     Ourmg  the 

tn  the  Midlands,  but  in  Janoary  1746  was  placed  al  Ihe  head 
of  Ibe  British  and  BtiLiah-paid  contingents  of  Ibe  Allied  ainiy 
\a  the  Low  Countries,  He  was  present  al  Roucoui  (iitb  Oct. 
I7*«),  and,  as  general  of  hone,  al  Val  (isl  July  1747).  "he« 
he  led  Ibe  last  charge  of  the  British  cavaliy.  In  this  encounter 
hii  hone  was  killed,  and  be  *at  laken  ptiioner,  but  was  a- 
chsnged  in  a  few  dayi.  With  the  dose  of  the  csmpaign  ended 
Ligonier'a  active  career,  but  (with  a  brief  uitervai  in  1755-1757) 
be  occapled  various  high  civil  and  mililary  post!  to  the  close 
of  bislile.  In  175;  he  wasmade,  in  rapid  succession,  COfpmander- 
in.chiel,  colonel  of  the  lU  Foot  Guards  (now  Grenadier  Guatdi). 
and  a  peer  of  Ireland  under  the  title  of  Viscount  Ligonier  of 
Ennt^llcn,  a  title  changed  in  1761  for  that  of  Clonineil.  From 
1759  to  ij6t  he  was  master-general  of  tbe  Oidnance.  and  in 
176J  be  became  Baron,  and  in  17M  Earl,  in  tbe  Engliih  peerage. 
In  the  latter  year  be  became  field  tnanhaL  He  died  in  1710. 
His  younger  brother,  Francis,  was  alio  a  distinguished 
•ddler;  and  hit  ton  lucceeded  to  Ibc  Iiiab  peerage  of  Lord 
Ligonier. 

See  Coinbea.  J.  L.  Lifta,  wu  limit  (Caittea.  1S66).  and  tbe 
iBMoriet  of  die  7(b  Dragoon  guards  and  Gieoa^r  Guards. 

UGOORt.  ALFDHB)  KIRU  DEI  (16Q6--17S7).  taint  and 
doctor  of  the  Church  of  Rome,  was  born  at  Marianella.  near 
Naples,  on  the  i7lhof  September  iSgi,  being  theaonof  Giuseppe 
dei  Liguori,  a  Neapolitan  noble.  He  began  lile  at  the  bar, 
where  he  obtained  con^dcmble  practice;  but  the  hut  of  an 
imporiani  suit,  in  Mhich  he  was  counsel  lor  a  Neaptriitan  noble 
against  Ihegrand  duke  of  Tuscany,  and' in  which  he  had  entirely 
midaken  tbe  force  of  a  leailing  document,  so  motliEcd  him 
that  he  withdrew  Icom  ihe  le^  world.  In  1716  be  entered 
Ihe  Congtegalion  of  Missions  as  a  novice,  and  became  a  plictt ' 
fn  1716.  In  I7J1  he  founded  the  "  Congregation  of  Ihe  Most 
Holy  Redeemer"  at  Scala,  near  Salerno;  ibe  beadquaners ' 
of  Ihe  Order  were  aflerwardt  transferred  to  Nocera  dei  Fagani. 
Its  raeiube™,  popubrty    called   Ligui 


>n  ol  the  t 


unlry  di 


celebrated  devotional  book  on  ihe  Qtria  >!  Uary;  Ibree 
yean  lalet  came  bis  still  more  celebrated  iieatise  on  moral 
Ibeology-  In  1755  Ibis  was  much  enlargedaod  translated  into 
Lalia  undct  Ibe  title  of  Hnu  AptOtticm.  In  176^,  al  iha 
eiprtat  detire  ol  the  pope,  be  accepted  the  bisboptic  of  Sam' 
Agata  dci  Goli,  a  iRiall  town  in  Ihe  province  ol  Benevcnl; 
though  he  had  previously  rduied  tbe  archbishopiic  of  Palermo. 
"■"■  ■ '     '  diiigeolly  at  ptactical  reformi,  being  ipeeiaily 


aniiou]  to  laiae  Ihe  i\. 
he  resigned  hia  bishopric  oi 
retired  to  his  RedemptorisU 
In  17«6  Rut  VI.  declared  b 
by  Pius  VII.  in  ■816,  canonl 
finally  declared  one  of  Ibe  d 
byPiuslX.  iaiB7i. 


the  , 


ol  eofeel 


>catlh;  i 


"  Doctors  of  the  Cbutch  " 


Soman  Church,  No!  Ihat  he  was 'in  any  sense  in  founder^ 
He  was  simply  a  lair  repieaentativc  of  the  Italian  piety  of  hit 
day^amiablc,  ascelic  in  his  personal  habits,  indefatigable  ia 
many  forms  of  activity,  and  of  more  Ihan  respectable  abilities; 
though  iht  emotional  side  of  hit  character  had  the  predominance 
over  hii  intellect.  He  wu  learned,  as  learning  was  undeiMMd 
among  the  Italian  detgy  of  the  iSlfa  century;  but  he  wai 
destitute  of  critical  faculty,  and  the  inaccuracy  of  his  quolationi 
is  proverbial.  In  his  casuistical  works  he  was  a  diligent  compiler, 
whose  avowed  design  was  to  take  a  middle  cooisc  between  the 
Iwo  current  cinrenies  of  severity  and  laiily.  In  practice,  he 
leant  conslantiy  towards  lasity.  Eighteenth-Century  Italy 
looked  on  religion  with  apathetic  indifference,  and  Liguori 
convinced  himself  that  only  the  gentlest  and  most  lenient 
tTtatmenl  could  win  back  the  alienated  bily;  hence  he  wat 
always  willing  lo  cicuse  errors  on  the  side  ol  laiity  u  due  to  ad 
eiceu  of  wal  in  winning  over  penitents.  Scvetily,  on  Ihe  other 
baud,  seemed  to  him  nol  only  inexpedient,  but  poi^ivelywri>n^ 
By  making  religion  hard  it  made  it  odious,  and  thus  ptepaitd 
the  way  (or  unbelief.  Like  all  casuitit,  he  took  foe  granted  Ihat 
morah'Iy  was  a  lecondilc  science,  beyond  the  reach  of  all  bat  Iba 
learned.  When  a  byman  ItHmd  himself  in  doubt,  bis  duty  waa 
not  lo  consult  his  conscience,  but  to  take  tbe  advice  of  Ui 
confessor;  while  Ihe  confessor  himself  was  bound  10  (bUow  the 
rules  laid  down  by  Ihe  casuistical  experts,  who  dellvoed  them- 
selves of  a  kind  ol  "  counsel's  opinion  "  on  all  knotty  points  of 
practical  monJiiy.  But  eipens  proverbiatly  differ:  whal  waa 
to  be  done  when  Ihcy  disagreed^  Suppose,  for  instance,  that 
s>me  casuiits  held  it  wnng  to  dance  on  Sunday,  while  othen 
held  il  perfectly  lawful.  In  Liguori's  time  there  were  four  ways 
of  answering  ihe  question.     Strict  moralists — called  rigorists, 

always  to  be  followed;  dancing  on  Sundays  was  certainly  wrong, 
il  auy  good  autboriliea  had  declared  it  to  be  to.  Ftohabiliorists 
maintained  that  the  more  general  opinion  ought  to  prevail, 
ictespectivdy  of  whether  ii  was  the  stricter  or  the  laicr;  dancing 
on  Sunday  was  perfeclly  lawful,  if  the  nujoriiy  of  casuists 
approved  it.  Piobabiligls  argued  ihat  any  opinion  might  be 
followed,  if  it  could  thaw  good  authority  on  its  side,  even  if 
there  wat  ttill  better  authoiily  against  il;  dancing  on  Sunday 
mutt  be  inooceni,  il  it  could  ^ow  a  fair  spiinkling  of  eminent 
naroet  in  iu  fivour.  The  lourih  and  last  school— the  "  laiisis  " 
— canied  this  principle  a  step  farther,  and  held  that  a  practice 
must  be  unobjeclionihle,  if  il  coulil  prove  that  any  one  "  grave 
"  lor  "  had  de(ended  it.  even  il  dancing  on  Sunday  had 
srto  lain  under  the  ban  of  Ihe  church,  a  single  casuist  could 
imate  il  by  one  stroke  of  his  pen.  Liguori's  greal  achieve- 
1  lay  Id  sleeting  a  middle  course  between  these  various 

abihsm^"  is  that  ihe  more  indulgent  opinion  may  always 
jllowed,  whenever  the  auihorities  in  Its  (avour  are  at  good, 
early  as  good,  as  those  on  tlie  other  side.  In  thb  way  he 
aed  Ihat  he  bad  secured  liberty  in  its  lights  withoul 
ling  it  to  degeneinie  into  licence.  However  imicli  tbey  might 
penmaUy  distpprove,  ualout  piietu  could  ool  lortud  Iheii 


68o 


LIGURES  BAEBIANI— LIGURIA 


puiihkMicn  to  duice  m  Saodiy,  il  the  |Wi«ice  b«d  won  wide- 
^>reut  loknlioni  on  thg  other  hud,  ibey  could  not  a' 
the  uiuiU  ditdplioe  of  (be  clraich  on  the  ttieogth  of  ■ 
uncuitded  opinloiuof  tooiodulfenl  cuulili.    Thiu  the  Liguoi 
tynem  luipuicd  ill  iti  predecmon  In  Kcuiing  luifarir 
in  the  confeuioiuJ  on  A  basis  of  cMAblished  uuge,  two  advuiu_ 
imply  luffident  to  aisiiie  lu  (peedy  sounl  odopiioa  within 
the  Chutch  of  Rome. 

Um  by  A.  M.  Tinnoji,  ■  pii^  of  Unoil't  h  voli.,  Niplet,  1798- 
Itozl:  new  (d,,  Totin.  |8S7:  Fnach  Inn..  Parii,  1841):  P-  v.  A. 
Glinlid  (Rome.  1«1S!  Ger  truu..  Vienu.  iSjj):  77  W,  Fiber 
U  vol*..  Idodoa.  i£|S-i849}:  U.  A.  Hugua  iMQiincr.  iSjr): 
O.  Glila  (Elnaiedebi,  iSiS:  K.  Dllsilaon  (1  voli.,  Rcscruburi, 
1BS7),  peHupt  the  beat;  A.  Capmliira  (1  vob.,  Rome,  itgj); 
A.d«  RnoiRi  (Parti,  tttsll  A.  C.  Etnthe  (St  Louii,  iqD6). 

IC»li  (o)  CollecudedlIian>.  luilun:  (Mona,  ISIO,  iSiB; 
Venice.  iSjo:  Kipin,  18405.;  Turin.  iMj,  (I.>.  French;  (Toiinui. 
iSjj  B..  Heir  ed.,  1805  It.)  Cemun:  (RejeMburi,  181J-1847). 
EnllMi:(llvDl>.,SlcwVork.lSS7-[a95).  E3il\ant  S  thiYkr^ik 
Mpniit  tnd  olbiT  Hpiiale  wrakt  ire  very  numeraui.  (()  Ltllm; 
(I  vnln..  M(BH»,  i8ji ;  j  vEh.,  Rome.  1M7  «.).  See  aln  Mcvrick. 
Jii'imf  utf  Dttdiinai  nalatj  il  tin  CkxrU  of  «imi,  uaiiUt  It 
Oi  rrmikimt  cf  S.  Affoiua  ^  bfuri  (London,  1857).  i"d  in. 
Casuutiv.  (Si.C.) 

UQSRBS  BABBIAM,  b  udeni  geognphy,  ■  lettleiacni  at 

Cinuu  ID  Siinniuin  bid  been  optured  in  19S  B.C.  by  the  coiuul 
L.  Corneliui  Sdpio  Birbalui,  ind  the  lerrilory  ol  the  farmci 
remijned  Romin  mlc  domiin.  In  iSo  B.C.  47,000  Ligurians 
fmn  the  neighbourhood  of  Luni  (Ligures  Apt 


wne  formed  liking  their  mrncs  from  1 
(he  Ligurei  BubUni  ind  the  Liguies  Coi 
m.  N.  of  Beneventum, 


iietaem 


verUin 


henudtoSiepinii 
u  hive  been  t 


Doubly  1  luge  bronze  labln  disrovernl  in  a  public  building 
in  the  Foium  beiring  the  date  a-d.  isi,  ind  teliting  to  the 
■limentiiy  inilituLion  foundtd  by  Trajm  here  (see  Vei.zu}. 
A  sum  of  money  wis  lent  to  [indtd  proprieion  of  the  district 
(whose  nuKs  ind  estates  ire  qiecified  in  the  iiucnpiion),  md 
the  interest  which  it  produced  formed  the  income  of  Lhc  icutitu- 
lion,  which,  on  the  model  of  thil  ol  Vcici),  would  have  served 
to  su;qion  1  Bllle  over  one  hundred  children.  The  capilil  was 
401,800  taiene*,  ind  the  (nnual  iniciist  probably  at  5%, 
ij.  10,090  Kttercet  CUoiS  and  £iai  respectively).  The  site 
of  the  oibcc  settlement — thai  of  ibe  Lig 


SccT.V 


m  in  Orf.  Initr.  la:,  a.  (Berlin,  1SB3). 


■iW 


UODBIA,  1  modem  tcnilorul  divi^on  ol  Italy,  lying  between 
the  Liguriin  Alps  and  the  Apennines  on  the  N.,  and  the  Medilel- 

the  W.  lo  the  Giill  of  Speiaa  on  the  E.  lis  northern  limiu  touch 
t^ednunt  md  Lombardy,  while  Emilia  md  Tlucany  fringe 
Its  eastern  borders,  the  dividing  tine  following  as  a  rule  the 

from  Pisa  ikins  the  entire  coist  of  the  territory,  throwing  ofS 
hsra  to  Parma  From  Sarzaiu  and  Speiia,  to  Milan  ind  Turin 
from  Onoa,  and  lo  Turin  from  Savona,  ind  there  is  a  lino  from 
Ventimiglia  to  Cuneo  and  Turin  by  the  Col  di  Tenda.  Liguria 
embraces  the  two  provinces  of  Genoa  and  Porto  llaurizio 
(Imperil],  which  once  formed  the  republic  of  Genoa.  Its 
ipaiaely-peopled  mountains  ibpe  gently  northward  towards 
the  Po.  dCKending,  however,  abruptly  Into  (he  sei  at  several 
points;  the  narrow  coast  district,  famous  under  the  name  of 
the  Riviera  (),»,),  Is  divided  at  Genoa  into  the  Riviera  di  Ponente 
towards  France,  and  the  Riiicta  di  Levante  towards  the  eatt. 
Iti  principal  producti  are  wheat,  matie,  wine,  oranges,  lemons, 
tniils,  obves  and  potatoes,  though  the  oNve  groves  ire  being 
tllMdly  iupplamed  by  llower-gardenJ,  which  grow  flowers  for 
ciport.  Copper  and  iron  pyriiei  are  mined.  The  principal 
tDduilties  are  iron-workj,  foundries,  iron  shipbuilding,  cngineer- 
Ing,  and  boDct  woita  (Genot,  Speila.  Sinpierdiretu,  Settii 
raente,  &c),  the  pndnctian  af  coeooiu,  >Df  ''     -    -  ' 


of  cottons  and  wooUsnt.  Owing  to  the  ibdlend  AttitloB  1^ 
the  mildness  ol  their  dimate,  miny  of  the  coast  towns  in 
choien  by  thoutaods  of  lorcigneis  [or  winiet  residence,  while 
the  Itilims  Ftequcnt  them  in  summer  tor  aca^bathing.  The 
inhabitant!  have  always  been  adventurous  seamen— Calumbn 
and  Amerigo  Vespucci  were  Genoese,— and  the  coast  hu  several 
good  harbours,  Genoa,  Speaia  and  Sivona  being  the  best.  In 
edttcitiooal  and  general  development,  Liguria  itiAdi  high 
among  the  regions  of  Italy.     The  populalicms  ol  the  nspeclivt 

of  190L  (pepolasine  reiUciiU  or  lefift]— province  of  Cenoa, 
pop.  031,151^;  number  of  communes  ip7;  chief  towns — Gciua 
('>g.S07),  Speaia  (66,]6j),  Savooa  {jS,64l},  Samineidarena 
(34,084),  Sestri  Fenenle  (i7,iij).  Piovinee  of  Porto  Mauriiia, 
pop.  244,604,  number  of  communes  jo6;  chief  towns — Porto 
Mauriiio  (7107),  S.  Remo  (10^37),  Venlimlglii  (11,468),  One^ 
(8151).    Total  for  Uguria,  i,07s.jeo. 

The  Liguiian  coast  became  gradually  subject  to  the  Ronias. 
and  the  load  along  it  must  hive  been  cormpenriingly  prolonged; 
up  to  the  end  of  the  Hannibalic  war  the  regular  stirting-poiBt 
forSpainby  Bca  waslMsie,  in  igjn.c.  it  was  the  harbour  of  Lnna 
(Ctdl  of  Spciia),'  though  Genua  must  have  become  Roman  a 
little  before  this  time,  while,  in  tj7  n-C,  C.  Hoslillus  Hindnus 
marched  u  far  as  I^)rIul  Herculis  (ViUairinca),  and  in  iii  B.C 
the  province  of  Gallia  Narbonensis  was  (ormod  aud  the  coast-road 
prolonged  to  the  Pyrenees.  In  14  B.C.  Augustus  restored  the 
whole  load  from  Placeotia  to  Dertona  (Via  PostumiaJ,  and 
thence  to  Vadi  Saballa  (Via  AemiUa  [i])  and  the  River  Varus 
(Vir),  to  Ihit  it  thenceforth  took  the  name  o(  Via  Julia  AugusU 
(see  Aunui,  Vl*  |il).  The  other  chief  roads  of  Liguria  were 
the  poninn  of  the  Via  Fostumia  from  Dertoni  to  (jenua,  a  load 
from  above  Vada  through  Augusta  Bagienncmim  and  PoBentia 
to  Augusu  Taurinorum,  and  another  from  Augusta  TintinoruBl 
to  Hisla  md  Vaienlia,  The  names  ol  the  village*— Quarto, 
Quinto,  JIic. — 00  the  south.cast  side  and  Pontcdecino  on  the 
north  of  Cerwa  allude  to  Ibeir  distance  ilong  the  Roman  roada 
The  Roman  Liguria,  forming  the  ninth  region  of  Augustus,  was 
'rr  more  ealcnsive  than  the  modern,  including  the  countty 
north  slopes  0!  the  Apennines  and  Marilime  Alpa  between 
the  Trebia  and  the  To,  ind  extending  ■  little  beyond  Albinli- 
miliuni.  On  the  west  Augustus  formed  the  provinces  of  the 
Alpes  Maritimie  and  the  Alpes  Coltiae.  Towns  of  inporunct 
were  few,  owing  to  the  nature  of  the  country.  Dertona  wal 
the  only  cobny,  and  Alba  Pompeia,  Augusta  BagieDaonin. 
PoUentia,  Hasta,  Aquae  SiaticlLae.  and  Genua  may  ilao  be 
mentioned;  but  the  Liguriani  dwelt  entirely  in  villiget,  and 
were  organized  istriba.  The  mounliinous  duttacler  of  liguria 
lade  the  t^jread  of  culture  difficult;  it  remained  a  (oral  diaiiici, 
rodudng  timber,  cattle,  ponies,  mules,  sheep,  Su,  Oil  and 
ine  had  to  be  imported,  and  when  the  cultivatkiD  of  the  olive 
began  is  not  known. 

The  amngemeni  made  by  Augustus  lasted  unlil  the  liOM 
of  Diocletian,  when  the  two  Alpiac  provinces  were  abolished, 
id  the  watershed  became  the  boundary  between  Italy  and 
aul.  At  this  time  we  find  the  name  Ij<liria  extended  aa  (ar 
.  MBan.  while  in  the  6th  nntnry  the  old  Liguria  wu  MpUBled 
am  It,  and  under  the  Lombards  formed  the  filth  lulian  province 

guria  north  of  Ibe  Apennines  fell  to  Piedmont  and  Lombaidy. 
hile  that  to  the  south,  with  the  coast  strip,  belonged  to  the 
republic  of  Genoa.  (T.  As.) 

Aiiietelefy  and  PkScltty-~lt  b  dev  thai  in  earliar  limes 


Augustan  region 


X  Stnbo  (L  I, 


colony  of  Massilia  (Marseilles)  wu  founi 

(vl.  j)  speaks  of  a  settlement  ol  Liguriii 

expelled  the  ^cani  thence.     Southward  their  d 


.,  7)  gives 
m  which  Ibe 
indThucy 


counc  of  ttK  rjter  Macta  (Magn).  ■>  thai,  < 
Luui  wu  in  the  fofmer,  Lwu  IimU  was  ia  the 


wbilt  lbs  kaiboa  al 


LI  HUNG  CHANG 


68 1 


tlsie  at  MyUui  (E.  6),  and  •  loiiicvhil  vtgiit  nfettnct  in 
L!ycophron(linei3Si)  tolhcLigurian»«seiM!ini«onh=fDunderB 
Dt  AsrllB  (i.e.  Cmi*)  lUggBtt  thit  Lhcy  once  occupied  even  » 
larger  [net  to  ihe  uuth.  Scicca  (Cmi  ad  Hilt,  vii,  «),  itatei 
thit  tlic  population  dF  Corjici  W39  partly  iJguriBn.  By  cnnbia- 
ing  Irulitioni  recorded  liy  Sionytiul  li.  aa;  liv.  37]  aod  olbcn 
le.g.  Serv.  oJ.  ^oi.  iL  31;)  as  having  b«D  held  by  Cito  liie 
Censor  aod  by  Fhiiiitui  ol  Syracuae  (385  b.c)  ropcctivcly, 
pFolcuor  Ridgcway  (H'As  nr*  U«  Rtmaiul  LoadOB,  190S,  p.  ]) 
decidev  io  lavour  ol  idenuJying  ibe  Liguriana  with  a  trUie  cftikd 
the  Aborigine*  wbo  occupy  a  large  place  in  the  early  IradiL^ou 
of  baly  (sec  Diosyaui  i.  cc  lo  S.);  and  who  may  at  aU  events  be 
Itgndtid  wLlb  mwnablc  certainty  as  conatJluLiag  an  early 
pte-Roman  uid  pro-Tiucaa  BtiHtum  in  ttie  population  of  Central 
Italy  (ue  L-Ainiu).  For  a  dlKuswm  oE  tbii  question  lee  Vouo. 
Ridgeway  holdi  that  the  Unguagc  e!  tba  Liguriaus,  as  well  u 
thtii  antitiuitlei,  wai  idenLinai  with  that  of  the  early  J.alim,  aod 
vith  that  of  [he  Plebnans  ol  Rome  (at  cuntraiied  with  [hat 
of  tbc  Patrician  or  Sthioe  eleinent),  m  Rohe:  i/itfsiy  (ml. 
init.).  The  archacoLogical  lide  of  (his  important  (question  is 
diflicultp  Although  great  progress  has  been  made  with  the  study 
o(  the  diSerent  strata  of  remains  in  prehistoijc  Italy  and  ol 
those  of  Uguria  itself  <see  for  instance  tbc  nceUent  Inlraduiliim 
d  fkiilairi  rnnaiiu  by  BasUe  Modeslov  (Paris,  1907,  p.  111  fl.) 
and  .W.  Ridgeway't  £»/>  Att  0/  Cran,  p.  140  S.)  no  general 
agreement  has  been  ntacbed  among  aichaeologistB  as  to  the 
particular  races  who  are  to  be  iduili&d  as  the  au[hois  of  the 
early  ttrsia,  earlier,  that  is,  than  [bat  Btralum  whidi  repteieDts 

On  the  linguistic  side  some  fairly  certain  conclusions  have 
been  reached.  D'Arboii  de  Jubainvillc  {La  Pitmioi  Aabiiaais 
at  I'Euriift,  id.  3,  Faiis,  iS39-iB«4)  painted  out  the  great 
frequency  of  the  sufiix  -mco-  (and  -Hm>-)  both  in  andent  and  in 
moderTi  Uguriao  diE[ncts,  and  as  far  north  as  Caramun^  near 
Metz,  and  also  m  the  easlera  Alps  and  in  Spain.  He  puinlcd 
out  also,  what  can  tcariiely  be  doubled,  that  the  gnat  mass  of 
the  Ligorian  proper  naiDcs  {eg.  the  tlrcame  Yindaiu,  Parmttra, 
dmieronea;  nwii  Tidtds;  KemucKn],  have  a  dcfinile  Imlo- 
European  character.  Fartlur  Karl  MiiUmhof  in  vol.  iii.  of  his 
Dattidu  AUerlkuMikiauU  (Bcrliu,  1S9S]  made  a  careful  coUcction 
of  the  proper  ruunea  reserved  in  latin  inscriptions  of  [he  Ligurian 
diMricta,  such  u  tbo  Taiula  CchiuUmm  I.C.I.L.  L  9q)  of  1 1 7  B.C. 
A  complete  caUectioo  of  all  Ligurisa  place  and  personal  names 
luiovti  has  been  rnade  by  S.  Elisabeth  Jacks<Hi,  BJ\-i  and  the 
collection  is  to  be  combined  with  the  intcriptional  remains  of 
the  district  in  Tin  Fn-lUilic  Didttli,  edited  by  R.  S.  Conway 
(see  Tht  Proatdi*ii  if  Uu  Briiiik  Academy).  FoUowing 
Kretsdunrr  Kuim'i  ZcHicirifl  (mviii.  97),  who  discussed 
several  inscriptions  found  near  Omavsaso  (Logo  Msggiorc]  and 
concluded  that  they  showed  an  Indo-European  language,  Conway, 
though  holding  that  the  inscriptions  are  more  Celtic  than 
Ligurim,  pointed  out  strong  evidence  in  Ihe  sndeat  place  names 
ol  iJguiia  [hot  the  language  spolien  [here  b  the  period  which 
preceded  the  Roman  conquest  was  lado-Euiopeui,  and  bekmged 
to  a  definite  group,  namely,  languages  which  preserved  the 
original  f  as  Latin  did,  and  did  not  convert  it  into  p  as  did  the 
Uml»o.SBfine  tribes.  The  same  is  prcJiahly  true  of  Vcnelia 
(see  VaiTETi),  and  of  an  Indo-European  language  preserved 
on  insctiplion)  fovuid  at  Coligny  and  commonly  referred  to  the 
Sequani  (see  Camflti  Beadui  it  VAc.  ^I%b.,  Paris,  tSo?,  703; 
E.  B.  Nichoboil,  Sttwasiaii,  London,  iggS;  Tbumeyscn, 
ZtiltcJir.J.  Kelt.  PiU.,  iSiK.  J>s).  Typically  Liguiian  names 
■n  Qiiiimiliiu,  which  contains  the  characteristic  UguHan 
»ord  Bulv-  "  stone  "  at  in  mam  Kwliemrfiu  (CJ.£.  v.  7749). 
iafinefiini  and  the  modem  Vialimiilia.  The  tribal  names 
Stiiali,  Sinacdi,  dearly  contaia  [ha  tame  element  as  La[. 
t^uUM  (dwrilers  on  the  ptsin),  taJi-wtn,  ftc,  namely  fwi-,  ci. 
Uu.  *ts^vil-imtl,  alo,  Cr.  rakiir,  TlXXuflu.  And  It  should 
be  added  that  the  IJgurisA  ethnlca  show  the  prevailing  use 
of  the  [wo  suffiies  -  u  -  and  -  dti-,  which  there  is  reason  to 
■dti  to  Iha  pn-Romu  ttnciui  oi  peaUatioB  m  Italy  (sc* 
Voiaol. 


of  the  iiiK. :  W.  Ridgeway, 
aburad  ol  a  (Mper  Gy  ibe( 


ithodiia  aTndy  died  the  ilBdcnl  nay  b*  refcrniil 
Studun,  vdL  I.,  eflpcdslly  (or  the  alplialHt 

-      ■■'■ ii  l6m«w)  (followetl  by  Ihe 

tr  t  in  Thf  Pnariiiu!  i4  On 
W.  H.  Hall's,  rt(  Xeisrnu 

,      - , 4,  i«9»);  l»«el'>  i"  m*^ 

Holietfa  a  prnilonca  (Genoa,  1891).  A  fuittier  bilch  of  Ceho- 
Liguriaa  Inicriptioni  Imm  Giubasco  near  Belliniaiu  (Csntoa 
■Hcino)  Is  psbltihed  by  C.  Herbig,  in  tbe  AwMiprJ.  Seiiilur. 
Alurnauiiati:  viu  {i9D}.i((061,  p.  1B7;  and  me  of  the  Hme  dius 
by  Elia  Lailea.  Di  a'  Jicra.  uu-Xtnuiu  Inmila  a  CaruBia  iW 
Um  i-  Orta  (4ai  4.  r.  Aecai.  i.  Stitnai  A  Tthnn.  xn^jLTFeh. 
190*).  (R.  S.  C.) 

U  HUNG  CHANO  (iSij-igot),  Chinese  sUtennan,  was  bora 
on  the  lOth  of  February  1S13  at  Holei,  in  Ngan-hui.  From  hia 
earliest  youth  he  shoved  marked  ability,  and  when  quite  young 
he  took  his  bachelor  degree.  In  1S47  he  became  a  Tsin-ahi,  01 
graduate  ol  the  highest  order,  and  two  years  later  was  admitted 
into  the  imperial  Hsnlin  college.  Shortly  after  this  the  central 
provinces  of  tbc  empire  were  invaded  by  the  Taiping  rebels,  and 
in  defence  ai  his  native  district  he  raised  a  regiment  of  rniuna^ 
with  which  he  did  such  good  service  to  the  imperial  cause  that  he 
attracted  the  attention  of  Ts£og  Kuo-lan,  the  generalissimo  in 
command.  In  rSs^hewas  transferred  to  the  province  of  Fu-kien, 
where  he  was  given  the  rank  of  Caotai,  01  intendant  of  circuit. 
But  Ts£ng  had  nnt  [orgoltca  him,  aod  at  his  request  Li  wti 


Ulqnrled  by  the  "  Evq 


.     He  In 


iiious  Army,"  which,  alter  having 
ueciL  lui&cu  uy  au  fuiiujtou  named  Ward,  was  finally  placed 
under  the  command  of  Charles  George  Gordon.  With  this 
support  Li  gained  numerous  victories  Ifsding  to  the  surrender  ol 
Suchow  and  the  capture  of  Xanking.  For  these  exploits  he  wai 
made  governor  of  Kiuigsu,  was  decorated  with  a  yellow  jacket, 
and  uas  created  as  earl  An  inddenl  connected  with  the  sur- 
render of  Suchow,  however,  left  a  lasting  stain  upon  his  diancter. 
By  an  arrangement  with  Ckirdoo  [be  rebel  vangs,  or  piinee^ 
yielded  NanlLing  on  condition  that  [heir  liva  should  be  spued. 
In  spite  of  the  assurance  gives  them  by  Cordon,  Li  ordered  tbdr 
instant  execution.  This  breach  ol  buth  so  aroused  Gordon's 
indignation  that  he  seised  a  lifle,  intending  to  shoot  the  faltifiei 
ol  his  word,  aod  would  have  done  so  bad  not  Li  saved  himitlf  by 
night.  On  the  suppnsuDn  of  the  tebcllion  (iS&tl  Li  took  up  his 
duties  as  governor,  but  was  not  long  allowed  [o  remain  in  dvil 
life.  Gn  the  ou[break  of  the  rebellionof  the  Nieofei,a  remnant 
(iS6i)ht 


lie  field,  ai 


after  so 


in  tupptessing  the  movement.  A  year  later  he  wsa  agqiointed 
viceroy  of  Hukwang,  where  he  remained  until  1E70,  when  the 
Tientsin  massacre  neces^iuted  his  transfer  to  the  scene  of  the 
outrage.  He  was,  as  a  tkUunl  oonsequeoce,  appointed  to  the 
viceroyalty  ol  the  metropolitan  province  of  Chdhh,  and  justified 
bii  appointment  by  the  energy  *ith  which  be  suppressed  all 
attempts  to  keep  alive  the  anti-foreign  sentiment  among  Ihn 
people.  For  his  services  he  was  made  imperial  tutor  and  member 
of  the  grand  coimdl  of  the  empire,  and  waa  decorated  with 
many^yed  peacocka^  feathen. 

To  his  duties  as  viceroy  were  added  those  of  the  sttpetlntendent 
of  trade,  and  from  that  time  until  his  death,  with  a  few  intervals  of 
retirement,  he  piactically  conducted  the  foreign  policy  of  China. 
Hecsndudcd  the  Chilu convention  with  Sir  Thomas  Wade  (1S76), 
and  thus  ended  the  difficulty  caused  by  the  murder  of  Mr  Margary 
in  Yunnan;  he  arranged  treaties  with  Peru  and  Japan,  and  he 
actively  directed  the  Chinesepolicy  in  Korea.  On  the  deathof  the 
emperor  T'ungch!  In  [875  be,  by  suddenly  Inlradudng  a  large 
armed  force  into  Ihe  capital,  effected  a  auf  d'ilal  by  which  the 
throne  under  the  tutelage  of 


the  I 


L  18S6,  c 


Ihe  Fnnco-Cfainese  war,  he  arranged  a  treaty  with  France.  U 
was  always  strongly  impressed  wi(h  the  necessity  of  strengthenings 
the  empire,  and  when  viceroy  of  Chihli  he raiseda large  w^^liilleil 
and  well-armed  loice,  and  spent  vut  sums  both  in  foRifying  Port 
Arthur  and  the  Taku  (oris  aod  in  increaBng  the  navy.  For  yesn 
he  had  watched  [he  succeulul  lefonns effected  in  Japan  sad  had* 
wcU-foundeddieadof comingintocoDlUclwilhlhiteDifibc.  But 


dbyGoogle 


682 


LILAC— LILBURNB 


In  iSg4  cvenla  Forced  tit  hand,  ind  in  conicqurnec  of  a  dispute 
u  ID  the  rcliiive  iaflucDce  of  China  uid  Japan  in  Koin,  vac 
broke  out.  The  reiidt  pmvcil  the  Hlsdom  of  Li's  (can.  Both  on 
land  and  al  ica  Ibe  Oiiaoe  fOm  wne  ignoinialoiul)'  nmicd, 
and  in  1S95,  Ds  the  faU  ot  W«i-hai-»ei,  the  emperor  sned  for 
peace.  Wilb  dtacacteristlc  fublerfuge  bis  idviura  luggeiled  as 
peace  eavoyi  penoDa  whom  Ihe  miliada  ve^y  properly  and 
pmnipllr  refUied  to  accept,  and  finally  Li  was  sent  to  repiesenl 
ha  Impcrla!  master  -at  the  cduqcU  assembled  al  Shimoooseki. 
Wilh  greal  diplomatic  ikm  Li  pleaded  the  cnule  ot  his  counliyj 
but  finally  bad  to  agree  to  the  cession  o(  Formosa,  the  Pescadores, 
and  the  Lfaotung  peninsula  to  the  conquerors,  and  to  the  pay- 
neni  of  an  indenmity  of  200,000,000  tacls.  By  a  snbsetpienl 
airangement  the  Liaotung  peninsula  vas  restored  10  Cbina,  in 
eichange  for  an  increased  indentniiy.  During  the  peace  discus- 
rions  at  ShimonoseU,  as  Li  «u  being  boniE  through  the  nimir 
Btreeti  of  the  town,  a  would-be  assassin  fired  a  pistol  point-blank 
inhisface.  Thewound  inflicted wasnot  serious.andaflera  fen 
days' rot  Li  was  able  to  take  up  again  the  suspended  negotiations. 
In  1B9A  he  represented  the  emperor  at  the  coronation  of  the  tsar, 
and  visited  Germany,  Beigium,  France,  England,  and  the  United 
States  of  America.  For  some  lime  after  his  itlum  to  China  his 
services  were  demanded  at  Peking,  where  he  wia  vinually  con- 
•tilnled  minlstei  for  foreign  affairs;  but  In  1900  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  Canton  u  viceroy  of  tbe  two  Kwaags.  The  Boicr 
movement,  bowevet,  iuducid  the  emperor  to  recall  him  to  the 
capital,  and  It  was  mainly  owing  to  hii  uenioiii  that,  at  the 
conclusion  of  tbe  outbreak,  a  protocol  of  peace  was  idgned  In 
Septeinber  tgoi.  For  many  months  his  health  had  bees  failing, 
and  he  died  on  ilie  7ih  of  November  igoi.  He  left  three  sons 
and  one  daughter.  <R.  K.  D.) 

LILAC,'  or  Pm  The  {Syrlnp  mltarti),  a  tiee  of  the  olive 
family,  Oleaceae.  The  genus  contains  about  ten  species  of 
Dmameatal  hardy  deciduous  shnibs  native  b  eastern  Europe  and 
temperate  Alia.  They  havtopposite,  generally  ealire  leaves  and 
large  panfclet  of  small  regular  Bowers,  with  a  bell^haped  calyi 
and  a  4-bbed  eyiindticat  cofoHa,  wilh  the  two  ilamtnschaiacter- 
iitic  of  the  order  attached  at  the  mouth  of  the  tube.  Tlie  com- 
mon lilac  is  said  to  have  come  ftom  Persia  in  the  ifitb  century, 
but  is  doubtfully  indigenous  in  Hungary,  tbe  borders  of  Moldavia, 
fte.  TVo  kinds  of  5yrin^,  viz,  alba  and^aerv/rd,  ire  figured  and 
described  by  Gerard  (Htrball,  ijg;],  which  he  calls  the  white  and 
the  bhie  pipe  privets.  The  former  is  the  (oniTnon  privet,  Z,ig*i- 
Irnwi  nifjire,  which,  and  ibe  ash  tree,  Fraxixui  rzc^rinr,  are  the 
only  memben  oi  the  family  native  in  Great  Britain,  The  latter  b 
the  lilac,  as  both  figure  and  deserfplion  agree  accurately  with  it. 
It  waj-canied  by  the  European  odonists  to  Doith-east  America, 
and  is  still  grown  in  gardens  of  the  nortbem  and  middle  siatea. 

flDntai  ibey  are  among  the  coiDmancst  and  mote  boauiiful  v( 
iprins-flawenng  ihruls.  The  tarMtA  Persian  lilac  of  eiidcns 
&   iMa.  S.   lllitttaiii   var.   RMamatniiis),   alio  knm-n  .IS  the 

violet  iowen  apprarirg  Id  May  and  June,  Is  eon^dcrnl  10  be  a 
hybrid  between  S.  nlfarii  and  5.  ptriitu — tbo  true  Peruan  lilac. 
■  native  oi  Persia  and  Af^ninan,  a  ahrub  4  to  7  ft.  high  wiih 
bluiih.purpfe  or  white  flowers.  Of  other  ipccieh  S.  JciUan,  from 
Tniuylvaola.  has  unileM  bluiih.purple  flowers;  S.  Emaii.  a 
native  of  the  HIiKlayaa,  is  a  handfocne  ahrub  with  targe  ovate  Iravc* 
and  dcase  panicles  of  ptirpic  ot  white  strongly  scented  Aawcn. 
Lilies  grow  fndy  and  flower  prDfusciy  In  almost  any  soil  and 

„     jocfcfloi^e  PUhidHni 

n  lad  chillers  of  while  flowers  which 

L  JOBH  U-  •fi>4-i6jT},  SSntfsb  political  agitator, 
WIS  tbe  younger  son  of  a  gentleman  of  good  family  in  the  county 
t^  Durham.  At  tho  age  of  twelve  be  wai  appieutiod  to  a 
dothlci  in  London,  but  he  appears  to  have  early  addicted  bimself 
to  tbe  "  conlentiOD,  novelties,  opposition  of  government,  and 
'  The  Span.  Wot ,  Fr.  (r(di,  mod.  Iflfli.  arc  adapted  iram  Arab.  (Sol, 
Fli*  flia*,  vanaat  «<  ■  ifai,  of  a  blue  (olgur,  w(,  Mui,  the  Udigo-plant. 


violent  and  UttetegptetrfcDi"  lor  wfakh  he  aftetwanbfieeMMW 
conspieuoul  as  to  provoke  Ibe  saying  of  Harry  MaiteB  (the 
legidde]  that,  "  If  the  world  wasemptledofall  but  John  Lilbom, 
Lilbum  would  quitrel  with  John,  and  J*hn  with  Lilbum." 
He  appears  al  one  time  to  have  been  l*w-d«k  to  William  Frynne. 
In  February  i6jS,  for  the  pact  be  bad  taken  in  Impoiting  and 
circulating  Til  Lilany  and  other  publicalimit  of  John  Baitwick 
and  Frynne,  oSensive  to  tbe  bishops,  he  was  lenicDced  by  th* 
Star  Chamber  to  be  pnblidy  whipped  from  tbe  Fleet  ptiMU  to 
Palace  Yard,  Westminster,  there  to  sund  lor  two  bours  In  the 
pillory,  and  afterwards  to  be  kept  ia  gad  imtU  a  £ne  of  £500  had 
been  paid.  He  devoted  his  enforced  leisure  to  his  favourite  form 
of  literary  act! vlly,  and  did  not  legafn  his  liberty  until  Novembtr 
1640,  one  of  tbe  earliest  ircorded  ipeedies  of  Oiivec  Cromwell 
being  made  In  luppott  of  his  petition  to  the  House  of  Commont 
(Nov.  9,  164a),  In  it4i  he  ttedvcd  an  indemnity  of  £jooa. 
He  rtow  entered  the  army,  and  ia  i«4>  wai  taken  prisoner  at 
Brentford  and  tried  for  his  life;  sentcfiee  would  no  doubt  hsve 
been  eiecutcd  had  not  the  pariiameni  by  threatening  repifaab 
forced  bis  exchange.  He  soon  nne  to  the  rank  of  lieuieoant- 
colonel,  but  in  April  I04S,  having  become  dissatisfied  vdth  the 
predominance  of  Prtsbyterionism,  and  refusing  to  lake  tlic 
covenant,  be  resigned  his  commission,  presenting  at  tbe  nme 
lime  to  the  Commons  a  peliiion  for  considcmUe  airesra  of  pay. 
His  violent  language  in  Weslmimler  Hall  abont  tbe  speaker 
and  other  public  men  led  in  the  following  July  to  his  arrest  and 
eammiital  to  Newgale,  whence  be  wai  discharged,  however, 
witboul  trial,  by  order  of  the  House,  in  October.  In  January 
164;  be  was  committed  to  the  Tower  for  accuiMioiis  against 
Cromwell,  but  was  a^in  set  at  Uberty  in  time  to  became  a 
disappointed  spectator  of  tbe  failure  of  tbo  "LevtUns"  01 
ulirademocratlc  parly  to  the  army  at  tbe  Ware  rendovous  ia 
tbe  (oUowing  November.  Tbe  scene  produced  a  deep  Imimnioa 
on  bb  mind,  and  in  February  1649  he  along  with  otlier  pelitionea 
presented  to  the  House  of  ComniDiteapaperentrtledrkeS<nHii 
Af^rrii«ilms  ^  a  porta/  li,  Pa,flc  n  Mot/  */  f*>  Cemmn. 
aaili\  which  be  foUowed  up  with  a  pamphlet,  fagtaisfi  /ftm 
Chaha  Ditcmrai,  criticiting  Irtion,  and  anotbei  eapoaing  the 
conduct  of  Ciomwell,  Ireton  and  other  leaden  of  the  army  lioce 
June  1647  ( TAe  H«Wi«(  ofikt  Fnajnm  Nnmarkd  and  Trif/te 
Hiolk  to  aruniaU  by  Fnc  SmaU  Bmifa,  the  "  beaghs  "  being 
Lilbumc.  Richard  Ovenon,  William  Walwyn,  Prince  and 
another),  Tmally,  the  Sicand  Pari  a}  ElilaHft  Itiw  Ckaint 
f>iKonTcif,  a  violent  outburst  against  "  thedominton  of  a  council 
of  state,  and  a  constitulioo  ^  a  new  and  tmeaperienced  aatutr," 
became  the  subject  of  discussion  in  the  House,  and  led  an«w  to 
the  imprisonment  of  iti  author  in  the  Tower  on  the  1  rth  of  April. 
His  trial  in  the  following  October,  on  adiargeof  seditioD)  and 
scandalous  piwrtiees  against  the  state,  ratdted  in  his  unanimous 
acquittal,  followed  by  his  release  in  November.  In  ifijo  he 
wu  ndvooiting  the  release  of  Inde  from  the  restrfctUHU  of 
chartered  companies  and  mou^Usts. 

Id  January  iGji,  for  priming  and  publishing  a  petition  against 
Sir  Arthur  Hcsllrige  and  the  Haberdubcrs'  Hail  lor  iriiat  be 
iiy  dfHM  to  bis  unde  George 


oire  ' 


10  in  .S49,  h 


:enced  t 


.  pay  fii 


back  from  the  Low  Countries,  wjiere  he  bid  busied  hi 
in  pamphleteering  and  such  other  agitation  as  was  possible,  and 
was  immediately  arreted;  the  trial,  which  was  protracted  bom 
tbe  13th  of  July  to  the  jolh  of  August,  issued  in  hb  acquilta), 
to  tbe  great  joy  of  London,  but  it  was  nevenbeleM  Ibought  proper 
to  keep  him  in  t»pllvity  for  "  tbe  peac«  of  the  nation."  He  »•» 
detained  successively  In  the  Tower,  in  Jersey,  in  Cuemsey  and 
in  Dover  Caatle.  At  Dover  he  came  under  Qiiaket  influence, 
and  signified  bb  rradincsB  at  last  to  be  done  with  '*  carual  sa^ml 
fightings  and  fleshly  busthngs  and  contests  ";  and  in  iSjj,  OB 
givingsecurity  for  his  good  behaviour,  he  was  set  fnt.  He  iw« 
settled  at  Htham  in  Kent,  frequently  pitaching  at  Qoatef 
meetings  In  the  neighbourhood  during  the  brief  itnal  ' 
his  troubled  life.    He  died  on  the  tgth  of  August  itfj. 


LILIACEAE 


Bk  tmOcr,  CUond  Itobet  lOlttnt,  m  unoDg  (box  vho 
dgncd  Ihe  dath-wuniDt  of  ChiHs  r.  la  165A  he  ni  M.P. 
loi  Uc  Eul  Kidinf  of  Ynkihire,  and  U  Um  rMohUod  wu 
•ouaccd  to  BfekiM  bnpiiwtuiicat. 

Sk  D.  MMon,  lifiif  JViOa  nv.  i») ;  Clcsnt  WilktT  Ufulery  (>/ 

/■d^^orfnic;.  ii.  147):  W.  Codni  (CMii»inHi;it,  iU.  i6>-i77),  >i3 

RobmBbRt  (Omiud  Ckttfn  ^  Ot  BiUaiy  tj  Eit^ii.  191-ijO 

UUACEAK  in  buiny.  a  utuial  oidn  of  Monomlyiedan! 

bflQuginB  lo  tlie  Kiies  Uliifloiae,  ud  gcnitsUy  regarded  u 

npieunling  llie  lypica]  oidei  o(  MgnotMyledoni.    The  plant! 

Art  geDoiUy  pemmiil  taeibi  fifnriAg  Ifjta  a  tmlb  or  rhlg>mT, 

•ometimes  dmibby  u  in  huichft'i  bttusn  (Xkbtu)  nt  iTtt-liki 

u  in  speciea  ol  Dracotna,  Vacca  01  Alai.    The  flowed  an  with 

fav  eacepliou  bcrmaphrodiEe,  uid  rtfulai  irith  parU  in  tfareci 

(fig.    5),   the   petiaoth 

mhirh  ij  gtntrally  peia- 

hnd  occupying  the  tiro 

outei  olurb,  loUoweil 


f 


Fic.   I 


1   Ihel 


generally  lhTee<haD!i 
—  Same  bettd  and  coniilne  a: 
showinj  iodefiniie     number    c 


k  d(    Meadow 

Sattrop  ICUi^Km  uched  akiiij  Ihe  "de  p1ac«Ias  {see 
tHlKKodt)  i-Aix-  middle  line— anile  fig.  j).  The  fru[|  ii  ■ 
uig  along  the  Kpta.  plicentaiion.  capaule  spliiting  along 

the  sepll  (upliddal)  (fig.  i>,  or  between  Ihcm  (loculicidal),  01  a 
IxiTy  (fig.  6,  Jl:  the  lecdi  cootiin  a  small  embiyo  in  ■  copioui 
fleshy  or  arlLlaginoiis  endosperm.  Liliaccae  is  one  of  the  Larger 
ordert  of  Bowering  plants  contaioing  about  J500  apecies  in  300 
genera;  it  i>  o[  mrld-wide  distribution.    The  pUnis  show  grcei 


character  aod  mode  of  dehisce 
the  subdivision  of  the  order 
recngniied.   The  folloiring  are 


Kith   1 
3,  eleven  of  which  i 


As  36  tcnera,  many  of 

alpine  genu,  ol 
■cape  ipiingin] 


and  Ihi 

>.  TtftUia.  an 
null  heibs  Willi 


Outium  (boc-aiphodel).  heiba  with  a  habit 
■ImiUr  to  TcfiMia.  but  with  larger 
goldco-yellow  ftowen;  and   Ca/uh^H,  a 

I    ailinniJi).       Cs/iliiciin     illuunlH     the 


iwciiing  at  the  base  of  the  axis  (fics-  3.  j 

■hoot  in  the  uil  of  a  Kale-leal  ai  i 
baie.    Cleriiao.  well  known  in  cullivjlioi 

decurved  orange-nid  or  ycUow  pctali; 
is  a  lUlivt  ol  tropkal  Asia  and  Afrir, 
Vfrairam  is  an  alpine  genus  of  (he  i>on 


Fig. 


iti^hxfrbulnir.— The   planli 

in  asphoddp  ruvly  ■  slem  will 

:.      I  — Cofm    of    (ir'S«'»iu"rri)   ot' b^\?  S^f 
low  ^Hion    (Cot-  floweri  aie  borne  in  a  Itrmin 


n  shrivelliiid  i,   is  a  cip«1e.  very  rarely. 

--     - -----d   beny.Tco""'"-*.". 

i    (mphodcl)    I 

radical  tFavet.  is  a  naiivt  01  wi 

■nd  CkLifiiS^Sm.  herbs  wl'ih  'radicaTe^ten  l^raJl^l'ikc  liI' 
•capes  beating  a  mate  tn  less  branched  inflorescence  o 


9bM  ttmf.  It  mUOr  ttnti  ii  the  trofici. 
B  Furntrn,  utive  of  China  (nd  Jipu.  cultival 
>ir  in  Brili^:  Uim^ouMU,  >  si^lTlenu.  ol  < 


683 


ul  fibiT-pUot»  Knipkv^  South 


imall  group  of  AuHnlian  genera  closely  Bppi 
iraeeae  in  haviiw  small  crowded  Rowers  with 
biaiKHu  periaBlh;  they  include  Xamjutt^v* 
boy}  and  KinpOt  arbamcent  plants  with  ai 
:rowned  with  a  luft  of  long  stiu  narrow  lave; 


been  included  in  Jumareae,  from 
which  it  is  doubiruUv  diMin- 
guished  only  by  the  absence  of 
the  long  twisted  itignias  whkti 


■nd  subtended  by  a  pair  ofliii^ 

the  largest  af  wl 
about  J50  spedei 
AgapaiMmJ  or  i 

cliJT"pu'?' 


nely  and  the  capaule  ii 


English  ™nl1«;* Vi^  iwfMwfc  in  au 
aini  more  than  «  species  l^ut  ••  »>  Aow«< 


ind  la  spedally  abui 

ui^it,  a  Jiul    " 
-■—  ^-fclydi 

hcfnisphciv, 
in  Wales;  &ii 


SnowdoB  in  Wales;  JCiUto  (squill}  sr*.    RaoIsfiomKwhichgrowsU 
IsalargegcnuSiChicRyinEuTDpe  evpensc  of  t. 

andAsia— 5,  anliiulsthehliie-  i.i'.i',  Sheathing  leavo. 
heU  or  wild  hyacialhi  Onillif  J'. /'.  Foliafc  leaves. 

KIkm  (Europe,  Africa  and  we«  t,  t'.  Flowers, 
lia)  is  clw^  allied  to  &df(—  *'.     Young  cocm  produced  finm 
0.  umMAUu.  star  of  BeiUe-  *'.  in    autumn,    whkh    in 


n.  >  naluialiad  in  Briiai 


sHiinii,  gape  hyadnth.  occun  in  sandy  pastures  in  Ihe  eaiteni 
counlies  of  EnBbnd.  To  this  gniup  bcfong  a  number  of  Iropicai 
and  «4icTially  ScKi^h  African  genera  auch  as.IU>>c4. 1/rgiHa.  OriMia, 

haw  an  ei«  -™  «iil.  ■ 


inf^' 


n^-^ 


as  Kiucii  ffii.  i),  Drtw, 
nciwie  aroDicKTni  species  in  which  the  stem  incrca: 
rontiniully  by  a  centrifugal  formation  of  new  tissi  . 
'lie  is  afforded  by  Arocaflu  Drvt,  Ihe  dragon.tree  of  Tcnci 
l-uccoaru]  scvenl  allied  genera  an  native.  6t  the  dry  countr,  „ 
he  southern  and  weMem  United  States  and  of  Cenml  Aiorrici. 
jJiwoni  and  the  allied  genus  Coriylm  occur  in  the  warmer  legions 
of  the  Old  World.    There  is  a  close  relation  between  Ike  prilinalion 


»  cf  Tcntnfle. 


as-. 


deposited   in  the  ovary-WTillH   osiial^  just 


684 

Devrloprnenl 


LILIENCRON 


FIO.J.— ruadonoii 

v'i;--"'—  ■■ 

rrduccd  to  mln  or,  in  Ihe 

■lion  imping  iWasm 

ifrnn  ihrub  wilh  Ibllcncd  trat-Kkc  cUdodn.  lutivc 
iRcfly  nonian  of  EniUnd  auJ  Wila:  the  umll  Boi 
it»u»l  and  bom  on  the  lau  ol  ihe  tladode:  the  nulc  i 
X  Ruieiu.  tlK  GluDcauof  wUch  an  uniinl  in  (ami 


Inn  on  whidi  >n«nd  tkedivcii'uHMlbortlMCMinn; 
mm  ind,  ia  tin 


callnlln 


bul  ait  vUlcd  by  Iv 
bm  for  Ihe  pallm.  V 
Ctm^aria  IT  lily  \ 
of  Ihc  valley;  Hi»^  ^ 
ilujnt.  naliva  of  the 
HimUavai.  China 
and    Japan,    b    a 


,  )rt  anniul  Jioot  wlitcli  bean  a  wborl  of  Tour  or 

Kiily  aliisd  (CBui  Tnllium  '(chiefly  lempentc  Nonh  Aoictin) 
til*  Bonn  bave  a  Inid  unell,  which  untMr  with  ibe  dark  purpte 
sf  ibe  svaiy  and  Uitmaa  and  Inquenily  alia  cf  tbc  Mamens  and 

__._■_  ,__  !-..:_  .!__  ^[ij^i;  jijjh,  „„  ,,j,  .tmna  and 

ie  duMn)  with  poUcn;  ilie  poUn 
climbii* 


J  laaoeslale  ban!  lavn;  and  Ihey  an 

icinlied  by  ihc  ovajy  being  often  balf-irlcrior,    Tlwv  ouiLaia 
1 — a.,  -y  vtx\A  iropical  and  lubtropKil.    Tlie  la%Ti 


lirhWHyoi< 


'gardcd  as  the  typical  order  at  the  icrio 
Liliiflone.  Ii  rcumblc*  Juncaccsc  in  Ibc  genual  plan  of  ibc 
which,  however,  haj  bccooie  much  more  elaborate  and 
viiftd  in  the  fonn  and  colour  ol  its  perianih  in  auodilion  with 
rinsmission  of  pollen  by  inscci  agency;  a  link  between  the 
iro  Olden  il  lound  in  tJie  group  of  Australian  genera  referred 
>  above  under  Asphoddoideae.  The  tribe  Ophiopogonoideae, 
ith  ill  tendency  to  in  inferior  ovary,  auggntt  an  alfinily  with 
Ibe  Amaryllidaceae  which  resemble  Liliaceae  in  habit  and  in  the 
plan  ol  the  Bower,  but  have  an  inferior  ovary.  Tbe 
icoideae,  shrubby  dimbcn  with  net -veined  leave*  and 
eigal  (lowers,  bean  much  the  same  relaliomlup  lo 
Ihe  ocdet  aa  *  whole  as  docs  the  order  DioHoreaceae,  wfaicb 
Howqi  with  a*  inferior  ovuy,  lo  Ihe 
Amaryllidaceae. 
UUBNCHOH.  DETLEV  V<HI  (i&44-i909),  German  poet  and 
)velisl,  was  bom  at  Kiel  on  the  jn!  of  June  1S44.  He  enlend 
ic  aimy  and  look  pan  in  Ibc  campaigns  ol  i£66  and  1870-Ti, 
.  both  ol  which  he  wu  wmodcd.  He  retired  with  ihe  rank 
captain  and  spenl  tome  lime  in  America,  alierwardi  Mlilinf 
Kellinghusen  in  Hoblein,  where  he  remained  till  1SE7.  Aflet 
some  lime  al  Munich,  he  aelllcd  in  Altona  and  then  11  Altrahl- 
r  Hamburg.  He  died  in  July  1904.  lie  fiiM  allnuled 
.  .  .  by  the  volume  of  poenu.  AdJutBulmrilU  nod  aniirt 
CtdUku  (jggj).  which  was  foUowed  by  several  unsuccessful 
dramas,  a  volume  of  short  stories,  EInt  SommoukiaiU  (iSS«), 
novel  Brtidt  HummiMitul  (iSBt).  Other  ooUeciiona  of 
ihort  storks  appeared  under  Ihe  lillei  Unltt  Jlnatnidm  Fthm 
(i$SS).  Dir  Uaai,  ()83fi),  Krh^  unJ  FriMta  (1891);  «f  1/iiC 


LitiTM 

id  igoj  (fimlf  Adilri.  IntereuiDg,  lao,  ii  the  humaroui  ep[c 
'lUjni  (18961  lod  ol.  1904).  LilicacTDD  it  one  of  tlie  bum 
viiml  of  ntcbC  Geniua  Jvric  Doeli:   fais  AdjutanitMriUe, 


685 


O.w 


'i  ^iMJKli  ICtribf  hin  ben    publiihed  ii 
-  hii  Ctdicku  having  been  pRvinuLy  co^*^-- 
n  Ihe  lilln  Ksmpf  rnd  Spirit.  Kim 
:«ind  fiwUiflruIf  (1997^1901),   5     ' 


UUTR  (Keb.  liUte,  "uichl";  bancc  "  uight-nHtHtcr"], 
t  fciA4t«  demon  of  Jcvkh  folk-]di«,  equivBLcut  lo  the  EngliBh 
viDiplit.  The  pcnonoUty  uxi  ume  ui  derived  from  i  Biby- 
fcni4a-AMyiIu  demon  LUit  or  Lilu.  LUith  vu  believed  to 
bive  1  ipcdal  pom  loc  evil  over  childieiL  The  aupenCilloD 
■u  ateoded  to  1  cull  surviving  unang  ume  Jewi  even  M  laie 
u  llw  Tib  cenlurr  KO.  Jd  the  Rabhlnkal  UtentuR  LiUth 
beconK*  tbe  fint  wife  of  Adua,  bat  filet  Vrnvf  from  him  tnd 
becomei  ■  demok. 

■JUS.  I  city  of  aoMberi]  Fnnn,  capital  ei  tbe  depcrtmeDt 
Of  Nor],  1^4  m.  N.  by  £.  oi  Paris  od  ihe  Nonhem  niliniy. 
Pop.  (1906)  194,614.  Lnie  I*  silUBled  in  1  low  fertile  plan)  ob 
Ihe  right  bank  ol  the  DeOle  in  a  ticfa  sgricultunl  and  induaiiiil 
re^on  of  which  II  is  tbe  ccBlre.  It  i)  1  Gnt-ctua  (onreu  and 
bcadquarteis  of  the  I.  army  Dupe,  and  hai  an  encelnie  sad  a 
peDlaganal  citadd,  one  of  Vauban's  finest  works,  liluated  to 
the  west  of  the  town,  troro  which  it  is  divided  by  the  DeOle. 
The  modem  [brtlficatjou  comprise  over  twenty  detached  forts 
and  balleria,  tbe  perimeter  of  Ibe  deienees  being  about  n  m. 
Before  iSsS  the  town,  fortified  by  Vsuban  aboat  166B,  occupied 
an  dHplical  irea  of  about  ijoo  yds.  by  ijoo,  with  Ibe  church 
of  Notre-Dame  de  la  TreiUe  in  the  centre,  but  tbe  rampans  on 
the  south  aide  have  been  demolished  snd  Ihe  ditches  filled  up, 
their  place  being  now  occupied  by  the  great  Boulevard  de  la 
Liberit,. which  eilends  in  a  sllaight  line  (ram  Ihe  goods  MatiOD 
of  [he  nilwiy  10  the  citadel.  At  tbe  S.E.  end  of  this  boulevard 
arc  grouped  the  maiority  of  tbe  aumeroui  educational  esrahlish- 
Dicnli  ol  Ihe  diy.  The  new  enceinte  encloses  the  old  communes 
of  Eiqueiroes,  Wazemmea  sail  Mouliai-LQle.  the  area  of  the  town 
being  thus  more  than  douUed.  In  the  new  quarters  fine  boule- 
vanlt  and  handsome  squares,  such  as  the  Place  de  la  Ripuhliqne, 
have  been  laid  out  In  pteaunt  contrast  with  the  sombre  aspect 
ol  the  old  town.  The  district  of  St  Andtf  to  Ihe  north,  the  only 
dcgant  part  of  tiie  old  town,  is  the  reudence  of  the  aristocracy. 
Outside  the  eticcinte  populous  suburbs  surround  tbe  city  op 
every  side.  Tbe  demolitioa  of  the  fortiScallons  on  the  north  and 
east  of  the  dty,  wbich  is  continued  in  those  directions  by  the 
great  suburbs  of  La  Madeleine,  St  Maurice  and  Fives,  must 
ftccdemte  Its  eJtpansion  towards  Roubaix  and  Tourcoing.  At 
the  demolition  of  the  southern  lortlGutionj,  the  Paris  gsle,  a 
triumphal  aich  erected  in  i68>  in  honour  of  Louis  XIV.,  after 
the  conquest  ol  Flanders,  was  preserved.  On  Ibe  east  the 
:  and  Kouhaii  gates,  built  in  Ihe  Renaksann  style,  with 


brick: 


>  C0I0UI 


le  Spanish  dominatioD.  On  Ihe  same  ride  the  Noble-Tout 
(s  a  relic  of  the  medieval  ramparts.  The  present  enceinte  is 
pierced  by  numerous  gates,  including  water  gates  for  the  caul 
of  tbe  DeiUe  and  for  the  AiinnniHse,  which  extends  inio  a  marsh 
in  thesDuih-west  comer  of  the  town.  The  citadel,  which  contiins 
Ihe  bairacki  and  arsenal,  is  surrounded  by  public  gnidens. 
The  more  interesting  buildings  are  in  the  dd  town,  where,  in 
Ihe  Grande  Place  and  Rue  Faldhctbc,  Its  animation  Is  con- 
centrated. St  Maurice,  a  church  In  the  late  Gothic  style,  dates 
In  its  oldest  portions  from  Ihe  ijth  century,  and  was  restored 
in  1S71:  Ste  Csthtrine  belong  to  Ihe  rjlh,  i6Ih  and  iSth 
centuries,  St  Aodri  lo  the  Ant  yean  of  Ibe  rSth  century,  and 
Ste  Madetcibe  to  the  lasl  half  of  tbe  iTtb  century:  ad  pnaaes* 
vahiibte  pktntci,  but  St  Hautict  ahHM,  witb  nave  f/cii  double 


aiglet,  and  elegant  modern  ^ic,  b  krcfaltecturally  oMabt*. 
Noiie-Dame  de  Is  TteUle.  begnn  in  tSjs,  !n  the  style  of  the  ijih 
cincuiy,  posaessta  an  ancient  statue  of  Ihe  Vir^n  which  la  the 
object  of  a  well-known  pilgrimage.  Of  the  civil  buildings  ihc 
Bourse  (iTtb  century)  built  round  a  courtyard  in  which  sundi 
a  bronie  statue  of  Napoleon  I.,  the  HUe]  d'AIgremont,  Ihc 
HAiel  Geniil  and  other  houses  are  in  the  Flemish  style;  the 
HAtel  de  ViUe,  dating  in  the  main  Irom  the  middle  of  tbe  igth 
century,  preserves  a  portion  of  a  palice  biult  by  Philip  the  Good, 
duke  of  Boigundy.in  the  i5ih  ceniury.  The  preleclure,  the 
Palais  des  Bum-Arts,  the  law-courts,  tbe  school  of  arts  snd 
crafts,  snd  the  LycCe  Faidherbe  are  imposhig  modem  buildings. 
In  the  middle  of  tbe  Grande  Place  stBn<b  a  column,  erected  in 
i84i,conuneDtantIngthedefenceaIihetownin  ii^i  (KebelowJ. 
and  there  ate  also  statue)  to  Generals  L.  L.  C.  Faldhetbe  and 
F.  O,  de  Nigrier,  and  busts  ol  Louts  Pasteur  and  Ibe  popular 
poet  and  singer  A.  Desiousseani.  The  Palais  da  Bcaui-Ans 
contains  a  museum  and  pictuie  galieriei,  among  the  richest  in 
Fisnce,  as  well  as  a  unique  collection  o[  oii^nal  designa  of  iht 
great  masters  bequeathed  to  Lille  by  J.  B.  Wicar,  and  inchiding  a 
cdebratcd  wai  model  of  a  girl's  bead  usually  altribuled  to  some 
the  i6th  ceniury.  The  dty  also  possesses  a 
nionlal  museum,  an  induatrUl  nuunm,  a  fine 
coHectloii  of  departmental  and  municipal  arcfaira,  tbe  museum 
of  the  iBStilnlB  of  Natonl  Sdenccs  and  a  library  contaiiiiag 
many  valuable  mtnuicripts,  housed  at  the  KAtd  de  ViQe.  The 
large  nililary  hospital,  once  a  Jesuit  college,  la  one  of  Kversil 


LDle  is  the  seat  of  \  prefect  and  has  Iribunata  at  first  iBstance 
and  of  commerce,  ■  board  ti  -tnde  arbitraton,  a  chamber  of 
commerce  and  b  branch  of  the  Bank  of  France.  It  ia  the  centra 
ol  an  acadtmie  {educational  divUoD)  and  has  1  univerrity  with 
faculties  of  iawa,  ktieis,  science  and  medidne  and  pharmacy, 
logetixr  with  a  Catholfc  Institute  comprising  faculties  of  theology, 
law,  medidne  and  pharmacy,  letten,  sdence,  a  technical  tdiool, 
and  a  department  of  sodal  and  potilical  science.  Secondary 
edudlion  fa  given  at  the  Lycfe  Faidherbe,  and  tbe  Lycfi* 
Ffnekin  (for  giris),  a  higher  school  of  conuBciee,  a  patlonal 
technical  school  and  other  estabUshments;  to  these  must  b« 
added  schools  <^  mutic  and  fine  atta,  and  the  Iruhistrial  and 
Pasteur  Instltulet. 

Tbt  industries,  which  are  otiitd  on  in  the  new  quatten  ot 
the  town  and  in  Ibe  suburbs,  are  of  great  variety  snd  iiDpotttncc 
In  the  first  tank  comes  llw  sfdnning  of  flax  and  tbe  weaving  of 
doth,  lable-liacn,  damaak,  ticking  and  fiaivdvet.  T^B{unnlBg 
of  flax  tbiend  for  sewing  and  lace-making  Is  specially  connected 
with  LHIe.  The  manufacture  of  wooUcn  fabrics  snd  coiIdd- 
•pinning  and  Ibe  making  of  cotton-twist  of  fine  quslily  are  also 
carried  on.  There  are  important  printing  estsblishmeBIi.  stale 
factoria  for  tbe  manufscture  of  tobacco  and  the  refining  of 
taltptire  and  very  numerous  breweries,  while  chemical,  oil, 
white  lead  and  sugar-worts,  distilleries,  bteachlng-groundSi 
dye-works,  machinery  and  b^lec  wotha  and  cabinet-making 
occupy  many  thousands  tA  workmen.  PUoi  (or  tugar-worka 
and  distilleries,  military  stores,  steam-engines,  locomotives, 
'  '   "         '    "  kinds  are  produced  by  Ihe  co  '  "" 


ellmi 


of Ihe > 


lilway,  and  the  DcQIe  canal  aflords  communication  w 
ooring  pons  and  with  Betginm,  Trade  is  chiefiy  in  the  n* 
laterialandmscbinety  fotilsindustries,  inthc  ptoducti  thereof, 
"     '       '  idother  agricultuialiinoductsof  the  surmund- 


iDg  district, 

Lille  (llle)  is  sidd  10  dttt  Its  oifgfn  from  the  tine  of  Count 
Baldwin  IV,  of  Flanden.  who  in  1^0  snnmnded  with  waBa  a 
little  Iowa  which  had  arisen  around  tbe  ostle  of  Buc,  In  ibt 
first  halt  of  the  ijtb  century,  Ihe  town,  which  had  devdoped 
rapidly,  obtained  communal  prWUeges.  Destroyed  by  Philip 
Augustus  In  1113,  It  was  rebuilt  by  Joanna  ol  ConstanliflopU, 
countess  of  Flanders,  but  be^eged  and  retaken  by  Phftip  the 
Fair  in  1197.  After  having  taken  part  with  tbe  Flemings  against 
the  king  ot  France,  it  was  ceded  to  tbe  latter  in  ijii.  In  iit« 
Cbaria  V.,  kio(  of  France,  gave  tt  to  Looii  di  Uak,  whs 


LILLEBONNE— LILLY 


innsmittHl  hit  rifht*  ID  til  disghlet  Uirgmt,  *ile  at  FliiUp 
the  Bold,  duke  ol  Burgondy.  Undet  llie  Buii^nduin  nik  Lilli 
enjoyed  gfcul  priKpedty;  ia  meKha.iiti  were  U  lh«  head  of  Ihe 
Lnidoa  Hanu.  Pliilip  the  Good  nude  ii  liii  residence,  tod 
within  iu  •alis  held  the  ^t  chipien  of  the  order  of  the  Golden 
Fleece.  Willi  the  na  ot  Flanden  il  putrd  (n)m  the  dukei  of 
Burpindy  to  AiutrU  and  then  id  Spain.  Ailer  Ihe  deiih  oi 
Fhilip  IV.  oi  Spkin,  Louii  XIV.  rtduned  Ihe  Krritoty 
ud  boleged  Lille  in  iM;.  He  lorced  il  to  eipiiuUie,  but 
proervednU  iisUn,  cuatonu.  pciviltgsdnd  Liberiits.  In  i]a&, 
ailer  kn  heroic  raiituice,  it  Butrendered  to  Prince  Eu^ne  ind 
Uw  duke  oC  Madbonugh.  The  iieuy  of  Uiiccht  nuorad  it 
to  Fance.  In  1791  the  AuiUiinj  bombatdld  il  for  nine  dayl 
and  DighU  without  iUeiBuuiDii,  but. had  ullimaicly  lo  nisc 


Um 


f^'v^ri 


■■  iflHHwla  Jtfni  rSo4 


Sml 

{UUe.  18M]. 

ULLBBaHHE,  i  Uwn  d  Ftucc  in  the  deputmenC  ol  Sdne- 
loffiieun,  ii  a.  N.  of  Ihe  StinC  *nd  u  m,  E.  oi  Havre  by  Ihe 
Weitcn  nllny.  Pop.  (i^ot)  jjyo.  It  liti  in  the  valley  of 
the  Bolbec  >t  the  fool  «(  wooded  hiUi.  The  chunJi  of  Notre- 
Dame,  partly  medeni,  preiervei  a  Gothic  poitil  of  tha  lilb 
centuty  and  a  (rtcelul  lower  of  Ihe  suk  peood.  The  puk 
conlaint  a  fine  cylindrical  donjon  and  other  remauu  of  a  caatie 
lounded  by  Williun  the  Conqueror  and  rebulll  in  the  ijlh  century. 
The  principal  isdustria  an  coltOD-spuiainB  ajid  the  manufacture 
d1  caliia  and  candle*. 

LiUebonne  under  the  Romani,  Jiilieiima,  was  the  <apital  of 
the  Calelef,  or  inhahiianta  of  the  Payi  de  Caiu,  in  the  time  of 
CaeuT,  by  whom  it  waa  destroyed.  It  waa  aflerwardi  rebuilt 
by  Augiului,  and  before  it  wai  again  r^ned  by  the  barbarian 
iovasiou  il  had  bocome  an  imponanl  centre  wheDcc  Roman 
roads  branched  out  in  all  directions.  Tlie  remaim  of  andent 
baths  and  of  a  Ihlalrc  c^wble  of  holding  jnxi  pcnons  have 

mbrrjughC  la  light.    Many  Roman  and  Gallic  relics,  notably 


and  tranqioiud  u 
the  fortifications  o 
ifuptSiA  by  the  tl 


them 


n.    In  the  I 
iicted  m 


.  The  Iowa  recovered  some  of  iu  old 
im  the  Conqueror. 

ilLLIBUUiERO.or  LiLUBmi.r.to.  the  nameal  a  ung  popular 
at  Ihe  end  of  Ihe  i7lh  centuty,  tsperiiUy  among  the  army  and 
■upponefs  of  William  III,  in  Ihe  war  in  Irelacd  during  Ihe 
rrvolulion  of  1688,  The  tuoe  appeati  to  have  bten  much  older, 
and  was  song  lo  an  Irish  uuisery  long  at  the  beghining  of  the 
i7lh  «ntury,  and  the  aitribuiion  oi  Henry  Purocll  is  based  an 
Ihe  very  shghl  ground  that  it  voa  published  in  Ifvtu'i  Hajtdmaid^ 
16S9,  as  "  A  new  Irish  Tune  "  by  Henry  Purcell,  It  was  also  a 
narchiog  tune  familiar  to  soUUera.  The  doggerel  verses  iiavc 
generally  been  assigned  lo  Ihomas  Wharton,  and  deal  with  the 
administralioa  of  Talbot,  earl  cl  Tyrconnd,  appointed  by  James 
as  his  lieulcBanl  in  Ilelud  in  16S7.  The  refrain  of  Ihe  song 
liUiiatllvi  iuUcH  II  la  gave  Ihe  lille  ol  Ihe  ung.  UicauUy  lays 
of  the  Mog  "  The  verses  and  the  tune  caughl  the  fancy  of  the 
palku.  From  one  «nd  of  Engkod  to  the  other  all  claaiea  were 
■ingJBg  this  idle  rhyme."  Though  tVhutoa  claimed  ht  had 
"  WBg  a  kill  out  of  three  kingdomi  "  and  Burnet  says  "  perhaps 
sever  had  H  alight  a  tbiog  to  gnat  aa  eSect  "  the  success  of 
lhe9ong«s"lheeSecl,  and  not  the  came  of  that  ucited  suie 
of  public  feeling  which  produced  the  revolution  "  (Macauliy, 
Bin  bI  Em.  chip.  is.). 

ULLO,  DEORGB  (i6;3-i7j9).  English  dramatist,  ton  ol  a 
Dutch  jeweller,  was  bom  in  Lon^n  00  the  4th  of  February 
l6g3.  He  waa  bnoughl  up  to  hit  lalher'i  trade  and  waa  for 
many  yean  a  partner  in  the  buiinesa.  His  first  piece,  SiMs, 
tr  iJte  Country  BuriaJ.  wss  s  balhid  opera  produced  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  Flelda  in  November  1730.  On  ihe  aind  of  June  i73r 
Us  domeiiic  Iragedy.  Tki  Ucrdunl,  renamed  later  TMi  LcHdm 
MerdeiU,  ir  lit  Hislaty  1/  C(ar{(  BtnnM,  waa  produced  by 
Thnphilu*  Cibbcr  and  his  company  at  Draiy  Lane,    The  piece 


mO/  blask  n 


H,  (uid  it  louodod  01 


George  Barnwell,    an    qipreiiliee  of   LaDdao   wha  . . .  tMde 

robbed  his  maaler,  and  murdered  his  undo  in  Ludkrw."  lo 
bieai:ing  through  the  tradition  thai  the  chamileis  of  every 
Iragedy  ouitl  necesuiily  be  drawn  fisu  people  of  high  raok  and 
fortune  he  went  bari  to  the  Eliiabeihan  domestic  drama  of 
paaiioD  of  which  the  KwfaWn  rra(Bf>  ia  aiype,  Theebitu^vety 
moral  purpose  of  this  play  places  it  in  ihe  same  liliraty  calcfwy 
at  tbe  novels  of  Richajdsan.  ScoBing  critic*  called  it,  with 
reawn,  a  "  Newgale  Iragedy,"  but  [I  proved  extremely  papular 
on  tlie  Mage.  It  waa  ngutarly  acted  for  many  years  ai  holiday 
aeaaons  for  the  moral  benelit  of  the  apprentices.  The  last  act 
contained  a  scene,  generally  omitted  on  Ihe  London  stage,  in 
which  the  gtllowt  actually  figured.  In  17J4  Lillo  celebrated 
the  marriage  oi  Ihe  Princess  Anne  with  William  IV.  of  Onnge 
in  BrUmiua  and  BaUait,  a  masque.  Aiecond  trasnly,  Tkt 
Ckriaivi  BtiB,  was  produced  at  Druiy  Lane  on  Ibo  ijih  ol 
January  17J1.  Il  it  bated  on  the  story  of  Scaaderbeg,  the 
Albanian  chieftain,  a  liie  oi  whom  it  printed  with  Ihe  play. 
Thomas  Wliincop  (d.  1730]  wrote  a  piece  on  ihe  tan*  tubject, 
printed  posthumously  in  I74T-  Both  Lillo  and  Williwn  Havaid, 
who  alto  wrote  a  dmtnalic  version  of  ibe  tloty,  were  aceuied 
oiplagiariiing  Whincep't  Sanitrttt-  Anolher  murder-drama. 
Fatal  Curiosity,  in  which  an  old  couple  murder  an  unkauwa 
guot.  who  proves  to  be  their  owa  ion,  waa  based  ob  a  tragedy 
at  Bohelland  Farm  near  Penryn  in  ifiiS.  It  w»  produced  ^ 
Henry  Fieldu\g  at  the  Little  Theatre  in  Ihe  HaymaAei  in  [73ft, 
but  with  amall  success.  In  ihe  not  year  Fielding  tacked  it  on 
to  hia  own  Hiilatiial  Hiiiibrjar  ijjO.  and  il  was  received  note 
kindly.  It  was  revised  by  George  Calinan  Ihe  elder  in  i7Ri,by 
Henry  Mackenzie  in  1784,  lie.  Lillo  also  wrote  an  adtptaiio* 
of  ihe  Shakeqiearcul  play  oi  FiricUi,  Priiut  of  Tyrt,  with  Ihe 
lille  Jforiiu  CCovenl  Garden,  August  rat,  i73S);aiid  a  tragedy, 
Eimtrickj  or  JitiiUt  Triuvpkani  (produred  poalhumausly, 
Druiy  Lane,  February  ijrd,  1740),  The  sialeneni  made  in  the 
prolc^ue  to  this  play  that  Lilio  dinj  in  poverty  seema  unfounded. 
His  death  took  place  on  Ihe  3td  of  S^Iembcr  1730.  He  left 
an  unfinished  venion  of  Attn  of  Fmrikam,  which  was  cobi- 
pleied  by  Dr  John  Hoadly  and  produced  in  1739.  LiUo't 
reputalion  proved  short-lived.  He  hat  neveithelest  a  tataie 
cosmopolilan  importance,  for  Ihe  fnfiuence  of  George  Borx^rO 
can  be  traced  in  the  aeniimenul  dcsma  of  both  France  and 
Germany. 

Set  iJio'iDriimiilie  Wall  milk  Uemoiri-^lluAiMorh  Ttomai 
Daniel  (reprinl  by  Lowndes,  1819):  Chbet'i  Lira  rf  lit  Porta. 
v.;  Grnnt.  5pni  Aicminl  of  Oe  Enriiili  Slarr;  Afou  Bnndl, 
"ZuLiUD'sKaufmannin  Liii^dDa."in  VirrlrliatneknaflirUlwmtMr- 

f»c*KU<  (WciTiui',  1S90.  vol.  iiL);'L«>n^ 'Hoffmann,  GnpXiUt 
Marhuis.  leU) :  Paul  von  liofminn-WKKoi,  SLJiiperi'i  Pmilci 
■luf  Ciorie  LiUo'i  Ht'iHO  (V^nna.  liRs).  There  ii  a  novel  founded 
on  Lillo'a  ri^y,  Banmll  (1807),  by  T.  S.  Surr.  and  in  "  Geiwtc  de 
Damweir'  iATsHlr  by  EmamU  HaiUt)  Tbsckziay  (woda 
Butwer-Lytton's  Euf/iuo  Anot. 

ULLT,  nUJAM  [i6o>-i6a0,  English  astrologer,  waa  bora 
in  1601  at  Diseworth  in  Leiceueiabirei  hit  family  having  been 
leitled  as  yeomen  [n  the  place  lor  "  many  afct."  He  received 
a  lolerably  good  classical  education  at  the  school  of  Aahby-de- 
la-Zouche,  but  he  naively  tclla  ua  what  may  pcihapa  have  some 

*'  never  taught  logic."  In  bis  eighteenth  year,  hia  lather  having 
fallen  iaio  great  poverty,  he  went  to  London  and  waa  employed 
in  attendance  on  an  old  ciliaen  and  his  wife.  His  master,  at  hit 
death  In  idij,  left  him  an  annuity  of  £»;  and,  Lilly  having  sooa 
nflerwardamarricd  Ihe  widow,  she,  dying  in  1A33  Jell  him  property 
Cothevabieofaboulfiooo.  Henow began  todabbleiBaitnilogy, 
rtadiog  all  the  books  on  the  subject  he  could  fall  in  with,  aud 
occasionally  trying  his  hand  ai  unravelling  mvaleriet  bv  ntcau 
oi  his  art.  The  years  1641  and  1643  were 
revision  of  all  hit  picvioui  rcadino.  and 
lighted  on  Valeotlne  Nuit 


wilh." 


ji  particular  having 
mtKlary  im  AlditHliia,  be 
bim  lo  be  the  prolouedcn 


all  aublujkazy  affair*  depend  oi 


LILOAN— Ln,Y 


687 


pnHtMtj  o(  dbrovering  tie™  by 

lupcrlor  bodia."  And,  hiving  ihereuiwn  maac  Bumc  i=ii»js, 
he  ^Maurid  erxCQUrvgeLunt  to  proceed  furlbcT,  mnd  ukimatclj' 
fruned  to  himKif  thai  nnhod  whkh  hi  enralicnniiltloUDved." 
Ha  llwn  began  to  issue  hit  prophctkal  ilmsniu  and  otbn  miks, 
which  met  with  serious  attention  Trom  some  of  the  most  piomineDt 
mcmbftrs  of  Ibe  Long  Parliament.  If  ve  may  believe  lumaeif » 
Lilly  lived  on  [rieudly  aod  ahnost  intimate  lennlwith  BulMrode 
WhitlKk,  LenlhaU  the  ipcahcr,  Sir  Philip  Stlpleton,  EUas 
AshiMle  and  others.  Even  Selden  lecms  lo  have  given  him 
iDoie  countenance,  and  probably  the  chief  diBerence  between 
him  and  the  auis  of  the  community  at  the  time  wai  that,  white 
others  believed  in  the  general  truth  of  astrology,  he  ventured 
(o  specify  the  future  events  to  which  its  calcuiations  pobtcd. 
'"        '     n  Ills  own  account  of  himself,  hoi  -  ■     - 


that  hi 


aspects  of  the  hi 


mbytt 


I,  but  tike  more  vulgar  fortune-tellen 

rs  open  tor  wiy  iotormalion  which  might 

uakc  bis  predictioos  safe.    It  appean  that  he  had  correspondents 


both  at  home  aj 

Ibtpmbablecur 

ntber  the  tjuaUty  of  a  clever  police  d( 
ailrologcr.  After  the  RetloratioQ  be 
k^>ute.     Hb  sympathy  with  theparliac 


a  few  of  bis  eiploita  indica 


ilaled  to  bring  him  into  royal 


J  talcnl 


Ldly't  nfe  a( 

knkiiigintaBsa... . 

■  pmminent  London  publivfiv 

Intraductien  It  AstreblJ^  "wim  numenju*  cmunaiviu  moapKO  n 

the  HapTDVed  state  of  the  tcience/' 

LlUUt  a  town  a(  the  provlnca  of  Cebb.  Philippine  Island), 
DD  tbe  £.  coast.  10  m.  N.E.  of  Ceba,  the  capital  of  tiM  province. 
Pop.  (i9oj).altertheanneuliono[Gimposiela,  ij,fii6-  There 
are  teven<««n  villages  or  barrhi  in  Ihe  lowti,  and  eight  of  them 
bad  in  190]  a  populiiion  eiceedhig  idoo.  The  language  is 
Visayan.  Fishing  is  Ihe  principal  industry.  Liloon  bis  one  of 
the  principal  coal  beds  on  the  inland;  and  rice,  Indian  com. 
sugBT-cane  and  coflee  arc  niltivaied.  Coconuts  and  olher 
tropical  fruits  are  important  products. 

ULT,  Llliam,  the  lypicil  genus  of  the  botaiucal  ocder 
Liliaceae,  embracing  nearly  eighty  species,  all  confined  10  the 
Roitbem  bemispbere,  and  niddy  distiibuicd  ihroughoui  the 
norlli  UmpRate  lone.  The  earliest  in  cullivatJoo  were  described 
in  ijg;  by  Ceiard  (HerbcJl,  p.  i4e|.  who  figures  eight  kinds  o( 
true  Hlin,  whicb  include  L.  allmm  IL.  laailuliim)  and  a  variety, 
tisanftmiiii,  two  uiobeUalc  forms  of  the  type  L.  b\dbiftrum, 
named  L.  ournin  and  i.  mienliini  laliloliua.  and  three  with 
pendulous  Sowen,  ipparcntty  forins  of  the  managon  lily. 
Parkinson,  In  his  Paradliat  (ifitg),  described  live  varirtir*  of 
marCagon,  sii  of  umbellate  kinds— two  white  ones,  and  L. 
pemfmiiwi,  t.  ckalccdcnkvm,  L,  lamMicum  and  i.  tyrnaicum 
— (ogetber  with  one  American,  L.  iimailtJiit.  which  had  been 
intraduied  in  1615.  For  Ibe  ancient  and  medieval  history  of 
the  lily,  set  M.  de  Cannart  d-Haraale-a  ymoinplnr  hislorigiu 
elUlUrairtJtiliiOMKnti.iBja).  Since  that  period  many  new 
species  have  been  added.  The  latest  authorities  for  dcKnptioo 
anddasaificalionol  thegnuaare  J.  G.  B^ter  ("  Reviuon  of  the 
Genen  and  Species  of  Tulipew,"  Jearn.  tf  tim.  Sec.  id*,  p. 
Jll,  i8j4),  and  J.  H.  Elwes  (J/pnopapA  (/ Me  Goi»i  Lilium, 
iSSo),  who  fint  tested  all  the  species  under  cultivation,  and  has 
published  every  one  beautifully  figured  by  W.  H.  Fitch,  and 
fome  hybrids.  With  respect  to  the  prodocllon  of  bybrids,  the 
genus  Is  remarkable  for  its  power  of  resisting  the  Influence  of 
foreign  pollen,  for  the  seedlings  of  any  species,  when  crossed, 
generally  resemble  that  which  bean  them.  A  good  account 
of  tbe  new  qecies  and  principal  varieties  dlscoveted  since  iSBo, 


with  much  infonnatlon  on  the  cuhivttlon  of  lilies  and  the 
diseua  to  which  they  are  subject,  nil]  be  found  in  tbe  report 
of  the  Coaletence  on  lilies,  in  the  Jcuraal  g/  i*t  Sayai  Harii- 
cnUwal  Socitly,  igni.  The  new  species  include  a  number  dis- 
covered in  central  and  western  China  by  Dr  Augustine  Henry 
and  other  coUoclors;  also  several  from  Japan  and  CaliTomia. 

The  structure  of  the  Sower  lepreienU  the  simple  type  of  mono- 
cotyledons, conibling  of  two  whorls  of  petals,  of  three  free 
I  of  three 


rco-volved  capsule  contai 
the  £ower  assumes  th 
lore  or  less  elongated  11 
um;  an  open  form  with  spreading 


carpels,  ripening 

winged  seeda.     In    form,    the    £ower   assumes    three    types; 

hagiflontm  and  L.  candidum;  ar 

perianth  leaves,  t.g.  L.   aitratu«\ , 

habit,  with  the  tips  strongly  rcfieied,  e.g.  tbe  martagon  type. 

All  have  scaly  bulbs,  which  in  three  west  American  species. 

between  a  bulb  acd  a  creeping  rhizome.  L.  butbijtrum  and  its 
aUio  produce  aerial  reproduciive  bulbils  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
The  hnlbi  of  seveml  species  are  eaten,  such  as  of  L  atetuutiim 
in  Kamchatka,  of  L.  UarlatSH  by  the  Cossacks,  and  of  L. 
liirinm,  the  "  tiger  lily."  bt  China  and  Japan.  Medicinal  uses 
were  ascribed  to  the  ipedes,  but  none  appear  lo  have  any  marked 
piopcitiei  in  this  mpect. 

The -white  Uly.  L.  aniiium,  Att^lfwol  Om  Gi«b,wiJone 
of  the  commonest  garden  Aowen  of  aatic^uity.  appearing  in  Che  poets 

AKOrdina;  to  hdm,  rosn  and  lihea^atcrpd  Grace  from  the  east  by 


derived    by   assi 


Pcnian  name  of  the  lily 
i^aa  (Cr.  ntm.  Ileb.  , 
Miliai).    Mytholoilcally  the 

fabled  10  have  iptunE  from 
ihe  milk  of  .Hen.     As  the 

Aphrodite.  The  word  niiirvr, 
on  Ihe  other  hand,  included 
rrd  and  prir^  lilies,  PUn. 
H.n.  ni.s   ("■    "}.  the 

Syria  and  Jutlaca  (inuseUi). 

This  perhaps   Ii   (he   "red 

lily   arConstanilnonle  -  of 

Gerard.     L.    liiakfdtnaMm. 

TV  lily  nf  Ibe  OM  l^sia-       Madonnaor  White  Lily  aHIUm 

meni  lAMaa)  may  be  con-         tatiijiu^}.  About  (  nai.  •!«. 

)mured  to  be  a  red  lily  Irom 

the  simile  in  Cant.  v.  ij,  unlns  the  allusion  is  to  the  frasranee  rather 

than  the  colour  of  the  lipi.  in  which  case  the  white  lily  must  be 

th^ghi  of.   The  -'  Irliesof  the  field."  Matt.  vi.  li.  are  ul~.  and  the 

companionof  their  beauty  with  royal  robeA  suggests  their  idtniifica- 

lion  with  the  n^  Syrian  lilv  of  Pliny.    Ldies,  however,  are  not  a 

conspiaioui  leaiuie  in  the  flora  of  nicsilne.  and  the  red  anemone 

Mvwnr  tarmaria),  with  which  all  the  hill-iides  of  Galilee  are 

doircd  in  the  sprang,  is  perhaps  morr  likely  to  have  auggesied  the 

Kul.'Aciiiula,  at.  196.   li  wtSd^  unguent  ."awl  againn"the 


I.  Ac,    fn  the  middle  aces  the  fiower  o 

imon  and  was  taken  as  tbe  symbol  ol  heavenly  purity. 

:x  plden  liliei  ol  France  are  said  to  have  been  orlglnilly  t 


LHy  of  the  valky,  Ctmraitaria  majalis.  tielongs  to  a  dlffefent  tribe 

parts  ol  England,  and  in  Europe,  northern  Asia  and  the  Allrjhany 
Mountains  of  North  America.  The  leaves  and  nower4capes  spring 
fn:>m  an  underground  cre^lnf  stem.  The  small  pendulous  bell^ 
shapi^l  flcwen  contain  no  hcMiey  bat  are  visited  by  beea  for  the 

The  word  "  lily  "  is  tootdy  u«ed  In  conneilon  with  many  pbnii 
which  are  not  lesny  UUums  at  aU,  but  b«>ei«  to  genen  which  in 


The  uue  lilin  I „ 

iutnidJDU  will  bo  alike  Hiubl* 

iftfMfA*.  uiidid»m.  tkaiaJtnittim,  juwfnflnnM  lor  ton^Kum). 
hiUifrnim.  mcnm.  Hmyi.  poK^iniiiiiK— ihe  "  Tutk'i  cap  lily, 
■Del  dben.  will  frow  in  almoif  Hny  good  pnWd  aoil.  and  HJCCftd 
•dmlnUy  in  loam  of  a  mhcr  hiavy  chiraclw.  and  dlllike  too 
Diich  pat-  Bvt  *  compost  of  pmi.  kHm  and  1caf-«Dil  Hiu  L. 
«mhiK,  ^rvrnfi,  anueior.  fleiaiu,  pfaMiatnt,  japtnitum,  hnfu 

S.  Hpinitm)  well,  ind  m  larger  proportioil  dI  pnl  ia  indispenwbv 
-  tna  baauliful  Amrrican  L.  imprfbaM  and  cmuAeiut-   The  miffin 

if  ibc  nen  ddkau  ipcck*  wA  panial  itiuk 


Ur  of  Ite  ViIhY  (CnHDarin  ni>Iii).    Ab«n  |  aai.  da. 

and  ihtlttT  et  lome  land  beint  nwnlid.     Tht  bulbs  ihould  be 

thould  11  oocc  be  mukiinl  ovir  viih  kjir-dccayiid  loves  or  ^conm 

The  nobit  L.  eumfim,  wiih  ill  large  white  flowert,  having  a 
yellow  band  and  numerom  rrd  or  puiple  ipolt,  i«  i  matniKceni 

«ir*i»«>(IiU>c"i  and  inunlum.  whiih  tive  the  central  band  crimion 
innead  of  vellnw:  and  the  bnad-peialled  pUuspfifiii".  and  ii> 
almost  pure  whiie  mb-vjriety  cill«l  nro.ofc     Of  L.  iptKuun 

tumiict  blainf^I  in  the  conK^^^.^The  t^r  lily.  L.'ijrini.rn! 
and  ill  vatieiiri  Ferlnui,  iplmdiiliii*  and  Jlt/rt-pUia,  tie  amoni^st 

ituny  vanetin  beine  alto  eood  border  flowen.  The  j 
UubtMU  and  L.  caUkicum  (or  Svmaiamim)  "  ' 
towers  and  ibe  acatlet  dio^lnt-llawEnd  L. 
the  iiimnier  nrden.  The  Indian  L-  fifanfiwi  n  ^rm.Lijr  vibudvi 
In  character,  havini  broad  bean-ihapn  leavea,  and  a  noble  vtem 
10  lo  14  it.  high,  bearitu  a  doien  or  stire  larn  deAcied»  funnel- 
ihapcd»  while.  purple-siBined  Bowers:  I^  tHiatiium  (China  and 
]iun]  it  dmilar  In  chHanee.  bui  dwaifer  Is  habit. 

For  pot  culiBie.  the  toil  dioutd  coojin  of  three  pans  lurfy  l«ni 
to  one  of  laf-nould  and  thorouihly  rotted  manure,  adding  enough 
pure  jril  lo  keep  the  eompoM  porous.  If  leaF'iiKHild  is  not  at  hand, 
lurfy  peal  may  be  aubMiluled  (or  it.  The  plantt  should  be  potted  in 
Oclober.  The  pott  should  be  plunced  in  a  cold  [lanM  and  protecied 
from  Irotfi  aaa  about  May  may  De  rcmovid  to  a  ibcncred  and 


iag  yellow 


-LIMA 

modacately  ibady  place  oot-doora 


._  ..  the  trecnhouK.   This  tnaiioeni  luiis  tha 
inr,  the  iplendid  varieties  of  L,  ipaiamm  itavi- 

■""  "' ""    "ring  irumpei-iubed  L.  Infiflerum 

biJbt  <4  ludi  libB  as  Inpjlim 
refncefaiors  and  tahcn  out  its 


list  defCmetive  is  Bair^^it  eintrm  whkh  ramii  orance. 
specks  on  ihc  Menu,  pedicels,  leaves  and  Bowir-budi, 

and  alto  aeminate  in  the  soil  w] 
during  the  winter  producing  a  new  cr 
^rn^nn  atUlkiln  the  tcalei  of  th. 

«  embedded  in  the'fleih.  tor  pirvention.  the  surfare 
ig  bulba  ihouid  b«  removed  cyerraofuBin  and  replaced  by 
with'  kainit :  manure  tor  mukliliii  Aould  alio  be  niHd 
"■■-•• ■••■—.    Iftheluivitappearioalba 

on  U  lu.  in  }  gallons 


d  bkxcbet  on  the  Iwvea 
.  — ^_  ^-  -,,-,.ed  and  buncd  beTc 
lib  is  lot  attacked  the  plant  «ni  start 
n  dimte.  RUmpn  mtami  Is  aomeiimi 
ruction  o(  bulba.  The  lunfua  aiiachs 
It  paitet  into  the  iHilb  which  becomf 


roken  or  injnntl  AxHa, 
le  bulbt  Ibat  the  noli 

lUeat  ocUiur  maleiial  l , 

Urcoalto  iriiKh  ha*  been  added  a  sprinkling  oC  loi 

Ilia  pfevenli  inreetion  Irom  outside  and  -'—  ■' 

r  fuwH  mycelium  that  may  have  beea 


llso  destroys  a 


It  flynniL . 


Wbea  CL ...      

Ihn  apiidea  (green  AyHn  the  early  siaaes  of  gr 
en  ba  kept  la  check  by  syringini  wiih  nicslme,  sni-Kiip  aaa 
qnilla  tOMtlooa,  or  by  "  vapoiisina  "  two  n-  Ihiee  rveaiags  in 
tucceaaioB,  aftcnraids  syxiinpiig  ihe  plants  with  dear  tcpad  water. 

ULYE,  or  LILY.  WILLIAM  (i.  i^At-ijii),  English  Kholar, 
•raa  bota  at  Odtharri  in  Hampthlre,  He  entered  the  universiiy 
of  Oifonl  Id  1486,  and  after  ctadualing  in  arts  went  an  a  piTgrim- 
age  10  Jeruialcin,  On  hli  return  be  put  in  at  Rhodea,  which 
vai  Hill  occupied  by  the  knighli  of  St  John,  under  whose  pro- 
lection  many  Creeks  had  taken  refuge  after  Ihe  capture  of  Con- 
naniinr^lc  by  the  Turha.  He  then  went  on  lo  Italy,  where  he 
olleoded  it     '  '  ~ '  ~ 


>f  Egnali 


rrhiirc 


London  twheie  he  became  iniinme  • 
More]  aa  a  private  teacher  of  grammar,  and  is  believed  to  have 
xcn  the  fint  who  taught  Cieek  in  that  city.  In  ijio  Colet. 
lean  of  St  Piur>,  who  wu  then  founding  Ihe  school  which 
iflerviards  became  famous,  appoinled  Lilyeth*  firjl  high  fnasler. 

Ihe  plague  on  the  15th  of  rebniary  ijii. 

— _^^_.  ^_, qi  Ihe  pioneer*  of  Creek  leamipg. 


t  i9ih  cenioTv,  the  oM  E 


but  asoneof  the  ioinl-authorsDl  a  I 

of  ttudenti  during  the  igih  ceniuTv,  t' 

The  Arnusina  Iviaaaa.  a  ikctchby 

and  worked  upon  by  LIlye,  roniains  Iwo  | 

which  it  indisputably  Lilye,    The*  are  the 

nouns,  bfginninc  iVn/fiii  gani  lunhu,  and  I 

of  verbs  iKginninE  Ai  in  praaixH.    The  Co 

Lilye's  name  in  the  early  eiCllont:  but  Hcame  assi 

wrftlen  by  Leland,  who  wat  one  of  his  scholars,  and 

adapted  it.    Betides  Ihe  Jrntin'aia  Imiaaia.  Lilyc 

of  Catin  piece*  both  ia  prote  and  vene.    Some  of  uic  •«ii«  ■■ 

primed  along  siitb  the  Latin  verses  of  Sir  Thomas  More  in  Prtfim 

namauntimUtriitadiamiLyliiSMitm  [isih    Aitolhi 


ectcdby'EnHnus 
ns.  the  author  of 
on  the  genders  of 
M  the  conuigaiiiHi 
d(  irsrVbubean 
"M*  'hai  ii  waa 
Lilye  only 


_-- .,     -  -  feigned  name  of  Boanis, 

much  provoked  Lilye  with  icofftand  biting  verses." 

S«  Ihe  sketch  of  Lllye'a  life  by  his  sen  Geortr,  canon  of  St  Pwl't. 
written  for  Paulua  Jovius.  who  was  colleciioff  for  his  history  the 
lives  of  the  learned  men  Dl  Cnt  Brilnin:  and  the  article  fay  J.  H. 
Lupinn.  formerly  tur-^HMcr  of  St  Paul's  School,  in  the  DiOamarj 
fl  flalimai  Binpapky. 

UMA.  a  city  and  the  cnunly-Hal  of  Allen  county,  Obia, 
U.S.A.,  on  the  Ottawa  river,  about  jo  m.  S.S.W.  of  Toledo, 
Pop.    (1890)    is*aii   {1900),  aijij,  ol  whom   14J7     wa» 


689 


«KBC(l<Mi:(i9M  ocosa)  jOksaS.   Itii 

Krvid  by  Ok  Pcmiiylvuum  (t^ltsbiu^  Ft.  Wijme  i  Clucica 
diviBoa),  Uk  Erie,  the  Ciodnnati,  HumltoD  &  Daytcni,  the  Lake 
Erie  &  WcilBV,  the  Detroit,  Toledo  &  Ironlon  nilwayi,  and  by 
lix  iateiuibu  eJcctric  lino.  Immcdlatctj  K.  of  the  dty  a  a 
■late  asyJum  for  the  inaaiK.  Lima  hai  a  Camcpe  library,  a 
city  hoopita]  and  a  public  park  of  too  acrea.    Amoo^  the  prindpal 

Eiki'  home  and  a  loldien*  and  laikira'  memonal  building. 
Lima  CoUege  waa  cronductcd  here  fmm  1893  to  jqoS.  Liaa  ia 
■ilualcd  in  the  ccotie  of  the  (real  nortb-wateni  oil-field  (Trenton 
limesteqe  of  the  Oidovidau  tyMein)  of  Ohio,  whicli  wai  £nt 
developed  in  iSSj;  the  pmlucl  of  the  Lima  diitrict  wai 
>°>S7i.'iS  baneli  in  189S,  ts,S;7,73o  bamls  in  iqoi  and 
6,74iljS76  bairela  in  1908.  The  diy  i>  a  headqoartcn  of  the 
Standard  Oil  Company,  and  ihe  n£iuDg  of  petnleum  ii  one  of 
Ilic  principal  induiiriea.  The  toul  valueof  Ihe  tscioiy  product  la 
1905  wai  M,i5j,sSa,  an  increase  of  jii'A  wvet  that  in  1(100. 
Li^na  contains  railway  ahopi  of  the  Cinobnati,  Hamilton  & 
Daytoa  md  Ibc  Lake  Erie  &  Western  railways.  The  dty  has 
ft  laige  vhaltule  and  jobbing  trade.    The  municipality  owns  and 


1  Ihe  ■ 


A  laid  o 


wu  first  oigudied  a>  a  1 

UKA,  a  coast  depart 

Ancachi,  E.  by  Juoin 

by  the  Tacific  Ocean.  Fop.  C1906  estimali 
>3>}M  XI-  "-  The  eulem  boundary  [olkm 
Wcstem  Cordillera,  which  gfvei  to  the  dcparti 
alopei  of  this  chain  wiib  Ihe  drainage  basins  of  the  riven  Huauta, 
Chancay,  Chilian,  Rinuc,  Lurin.  Mala  and  CalMe.  Although 
the  de[Hrtraent  fonni  part  of  ihe  rainless  region,  these  rivers, 

irrigatian  of  large  aieas  devoted  to  Ihe  railing  of  collon,  nigar, 
KOighUDi,  Indian  coro,  allilfs,  potatoes,  grapes  and  olivea.  The 
•ugar  esutes  of  the  Cahete  ace  among  Ihe  best  in  Peru  and  are 
fcrved  by  a  naicow  gauge  nilway  tenniunting  at  the  una]) 
port  of  Cent)  Aiul.  Indian  turn  is  groim  tn  Chancay  and  other 
Dorthem  valleyi.  and  ii  chiefly  used,  together  with  alfalfa  and 
barley,  in  fattening  swine  tor  lard,  llie  mineral  resources  are 
not  important,  though  gold  washings  in  Ihe  Cafleie  valley  bave 
been  worked  since  early  colonial  limes.  One  of  the  most  im- 
portant induslnal  eslablishments  in  the  republic  is  the  smelting 
works  at  Casi^talca,  on  Ihe  Oroya  railway^  In  the  Rimac  valley, 

Huarochiri.  The  department  is  crossed  from  S.W.  lo  N.E.  by 
the  Oroya  railway,  and  leveial  shnt  lines  tUD  from  the  cily  of 
lima  to  nugbbouring  towna.  Besides  Lima  (f.t.)  Ihe  prindpal 
towns  aie  Uuicha,  Cahete  (port),  Canta,  Vauyoi,  Chorrilkis, 
HiraEores  and  Barranca—the  last  three  being  summer  resorts 
lot  the  pciqiki  of  the  capitali  with  variable  population)  of  ij.ooa, 
6000  and  500D  lespecliveb'.  About  15  m.  S.  of  Lima,  neai  the 
ouaih  ot  ihe  Lurin,  aic  the  celebrated  ruins  ta  PachacamaE, 
which  are  believed  lo  utedate  the  occupation  of  this  regiim 

LIMA,  Ihe  principal  dty  and  the  capital  of  Peru  and  at  the 
department  and  province  of  I4jD>,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  livtr 
RioiBe,  i)  m.  above  its  mouth  and  the  lame  dlslaac*  E.  by  N. 
ol  its  seaport  Callao,  In  11°  1'  J4'  S.,  ■jj'  -f  j6'  W.  Pop,  {xtfA 
cMiraate)  140,000,  of  whom  a  large  proportion  is  of  negro 
descent,  and  a  conndcrable  number  of  foreign  birlh.  The  dly 
b  about  4S0  It,  above  sea-level,  and  stands  OD  an  arid  plain, 
which  risei  gently  tovaid  the  S.,  and  occupies  an  an^  between 
the  Ccrrosde  San  JeioDimo  (949]  It)  and  San  Cristobsl  (mii  ft.) 
OD  the  N.  and  a  short  range  of  low  hills,  called  the  Cenoi  de  San 
Bartolomf ,  on  Ihe  E.  The  surrounding  refian  is  arid,  like  all 
this  part  of  the  Padfic  coast,  but  throngh  Inigation  targe  areas 
have  been  brought  uodet  cultivation,  especially  along  the  waler- 
OMines.  The  Riniac  faoi  its  source  about  105  m,  N.E.  of  Lima 
■cd  is  led  by  the  mdting  snows  of  tbe  highei  Andes.  It  is  an 
iosigni&cant  stream  in  winter  and  a  raging  torrent  in  summer. 
Its  Iributaijes  are  all  of  the  same  character,  eicept  ihe  Rio  Surco, 
r  CborriUos  and  flowing  iwnliwaid  ioins  lb* 


Rlrau  ■  few  adka  kbora  tba  dtjr.  Tbew,  «9lh  the  Rin  Lmia, 
which  enten  the  Pacific  a  shoft  distance  S.  of  Chorrillaa,  ptmlde 
water  foe  irrigating  the  district*  near  Lima.  Tbe  cLmaie  varies 
aunewbal  from  that  of  the  arid  coast  In  general,  in  having  a 
winter  of  four  months  ehancteriad  by  cloudy  skies,  dense  fogs 
arul  sometimes  a  drioHog  rain,  lln  >b  in  this  season  is  nw 
and  chilly.  For  tbe  rest  of  the  yeu  the  sky  is  deu  and  the  air 
dry  The  mean  temperalUK  In  the  ycai  is  66*  P.,  the  irinler 
minimum  being  y)*  liid  the  an ' " 


laticaJ  regularity,  the  ■ 


plan  strictly,  and  tli 


I  out  and  built  with  malhe- 
ossing  etdi  other  at  right 
called  MOUHHiaj,  of  nearly 
lowever,  did  not  fellow  ihls 
iatloo  from  Ihe  stnight  Unc 
and  shape  di  Ihe  ■wi>:<*hai. 
1.  _i.ti.  .. „|j  ughied 


The  streets  arc  msghly  paved  with  cobble  st 
with  gas  or  electricity  A  broad  boulevard  of  modem  coo- 
suuction  partly  endrde*  tbe  dty,  occupying  the  lite  of  Ihe  oM 
brick  walls  (iS  to  sa  ft.  high,  to  to  11  ft.  thick  at  the  base  and 
0  ft.  at  the  ti^)  which  were  constructed  ia  1585  by  a  Fleming 
oAmcd  Pcdio  Ramon,  and  were  rased  by  Heniy  Mdggs  during 
the  administration  of  Prcstdent  BaltB-    Tie  watei-fiupply  ta 


le  suburb  or 


mostly  worked  by  decuic  traction.  The  lu 
two  to  Callao,  one  to  Magdoleaa,  and  on< 
CboniUos.  On  the  nnnh  side  of  the  Hvi 
district  of  San  I^xaro,  shut  in  by  tbe  endrding  hills  and  occupied 
in  great  port  by  the  poorer  daises.  The  prlTKipal  squares  art 
ihe  Plaxa  Mayor,  Plaza  Bdlvar  (formeriy  F.  de  la  Inqui^ciDn 
and  P.  de  la  Ind^iendcnda),  Plaza  de  la  Elpoddon,  and  Plua 
del  Acho,  on  Ihe  north  side  of  the  river,  the  site  of  Ihe  bull-ring. 
Tbe  public  gaideos,  connected  with  tbe  Eipoeition  palace  on  the 
S.  side  of  the  cily,  and  the  Paseo  Colon  are  pi^ular  among 
tbe  Limeaos  as  pleosuie  reiorti.  Tbe  long  Paseo  CcIod,  with 
itspaialld  drivel  aad  paths,[sotnanientedwltb  trees,  ihiubbery 
and  statues,  notably  the  Columbus  statue,  a  group  In  macbjt 
designed  by  the  sculptor  Salvaiore  Revelli.  Ii  is  Ihe  favourite 
fashionable  resort.  A  part  of  the  old  wagon  road  from  Lima  to 
Callao,  which  was  paved  and  improved  with  walks  and  tree* 
by  viceroy  O'HIggins,  is  abo  much  frequented-  Tbe  avenve 
(3  m,  long)  leading  from  tbe  dty  to  Uagdalen*  was  beaallfied 
by  tbe  planting  of  lour  row*  of  p^nu  daring  the  Pierala  admlnl- 
ttnlion.  Among  other  public  resorts  are  ^e  Botanical  garden, 
tbe  Gnu  and  Bologneii  avenues  (pans  of  Ihe  BoulevMd),  the 
Acho  avenue  on  the  right  hank  of  the  Rimac,  and  Ihe  celebrated 
avenue  of  Ibe  Descalsoa,  on  Ihe  N.  side  of  the  river,  bordered 
with  statuary.    The  noteworthy  monuments  of  tbe  dly  ara 

Ibe  Cohimbus  slatue  already  mentioned,  che  Bologneii  status 
in  the  small  atfUare  d  thai  Dame,  and  the  San  Martin  static  in 
tbe  Plata  de  la  Exposiriivi.  The  aind  of  May  inoaunient,  a 
marble  ahalt  crowned  by  a  golden  brome  figiirt  of  Victory, 
stand*  iriicn  Ihe  CaHao  road  croBes  tbe  Boulevard.  Moat 
con^iicnoui  among  the  public  buildings  of  Lima  is  the  cathedral, 
whose  twin  lowen  and  broad  facade  look  down  upon  the  Plaia 
Mayor.  ItafoundatiimBtonewaslaidfn  ijjs  but  Ibecatbedtal 
was  not  cnntccrated  until  1615.  The  great  carthqualu  of  1748 
reduced  It  lo  a  mam  of  ruins,  but  it  w«s  recoDSttueted  by  ITSS, 
practically,  a*  it  now  sunk.  It  ha*  double  alsln  Md  tn 
richly-deconted  cbapels,  in  one  of  iridch  rest  the  remain*  ol 
Fiandtm  finm,  the  conqueror  oi  Pern.  Abo  fadng  the  atn* 
square  ire  tb*  krcfaiepiscopal  aod  gorennMU  paJaca;  lb* 
latter  focmeriy  tbe  palace  of  the  Vietnam.  Tha  intaaatiBf  «•>■ 
of  the  InquMtioa,  wbcw  Iribunala  rivalled  those  ol  Uadrid  la 
cruelty,  lace*  upon  Ftaza  Bolivar,  ai  also  Ibc  tiA  Unlvnilty  ol 
San  Uaicos.  which  date*  from  issiandhasfaculliesof  Iheology, 
law,  medicine,  |diik*ophy  and  lilertlure,  msthemaUca.  and 
and  p^lllcal  ( 
richly  n' 


Th* 


690 


LIMA90N 


coDveU  ol  Su  FrudKO,  one  tha  Flm  H^or,  ii  tbe  tuicM 

txnioBt-  It*  dmich  i>  tbe  fiow  in  Uk  dty  kiLec  tbc  utbednl. 
OUkt  nnUwortliy  churdwi  an  Uum  of  Uw  convenu  ol  Suite 
DonuDga,  Li  Unnnl  ud  Su  AuguMiw.  Then  in  ■  aiuabc 
ol  conventiul  cttahliilimciiU  (loi  boUi  mis).  Hhicb,  with  thd 
dufidif  and  witli  d»  iduUet  cfaurchB,  rctrats,  Bouciiuncs,  &c, 
iuk«  op  a  total  of  66  inatituticnia  devoted  Co  rcUgioui  observ 
umt.  As  Mtiactivc,  aad  peili^ii  the  mod  pc^ulai  publii 
buUdini  in  Lima  ii  iho  EipcoitiDn  paUce  on  Ihe  plua  and  ii 
Ibfl  public  pideu  of  the  aamc  name,  on  the  mith  aide  of  Lhi 
dty.  It  dUeafnun  iB;i;  iti  hallianuscd  for  importiat  publii 
IvemblicB,  and  iti  upper  floor  la  occupied  hy  the  Naliona 
Biitollcal  luEtituti,  ita  museum  and  Ihe  gallciy  ol  hiiloiica 
paintmj*  OtBcT  DotewortH/  «li£icta  and  inaciludana  an  th< 
National  Libmy,  the  Urn*  Ceogi^diicil  Society, 
iSSSi  the  Mint,  <Aich  data  from  1565  aitd  ii  conti 
<w  of  tike  brat  in  Soatk  Ametica;  the  gieit  bull-ring  of  tie  Plau 
del  AdM,  wfakh  data  {ram  1768  and  can  aeat  8000  apectaton, 
the  Coocepdon  muket;  >  nwdera  pnilleini«iy;  and  vuiaua 
charitable  inititutioiH.  Id  addition  to  the  old  univtnity  on  the 
Plaaa  Bolivar,  which  haa  been  modernized  and  greatly  injproved, 
Lima,  hu  a  tchoal  ol  engjoeen  and  raicea  (lounded  iSjb),  the 
old  college  of  San  Cailoi,  a  nonnal  achool  Clounded  1905),  a 
school  of  agiicullun  (situated  oulaide  the  city  limits  and  founded 
tn  igoi),  two  ichoola 


n  episcopal  semin 
de  Santo  Toribio,  and  a  1 
ekmentary  technical  instruction  is  given.  Under  the  old 
iHioiary  iostiuction  was  almost  wholly  neglected,  but  I 
(Tptuty  hiDugbt  abmit  impnrlant  clumga  in  this 
In  addiUon  to  the  primary  Kboola,  lie  govenimeat  m 


hit 


Lools  for  . 


a  of  the  diy  are  for  the  ma 
and  have  mud  walls  aupponed  hy  a  woodi 
endoie  open  v*«s,  oiled  foliai,  around  whidi  tbe  living  rooms 
•n  nogcd.  Tbt  belter  daia  ol  dweUinga  have  two  floon  and 
an  wnctbne*  huilt  of  brick.  A  projecting,  lattice-enclosed 
window  lot  the  use  of  women  is  a  prominent  leUun  of  the  larger 
bmwei  and  givei  a  picluiesiiue  effect 


E  yem  of  the  19th  ccnttuy;  the  nuit  Important 
incLorin  aic  (Ntbllshedontiide  the  dty  IhdUitbcy  product 
a  and  wooUeo  tcxtiki,  the  pnducti  oi  die  tugkt  esUlcs, 
tlMtt,  cocaiae,  dgin  ind  dguetlei,  beer,  inificiil  Uquon, 
eotton  eeed  oil,  hata,  macaroni,  rnaichs,  paper,  wap  nod  candles. 
The  cOBlmttdal  Intetati  of  the  city  are  imponanc,  a  large  part 
*i  the  interiot  beiiig  auppUal  inuo  this  point,  Wih  ita  pan 
Callao  Ihe  d(y  is  coonccted  hy  two  steam  railways,  one  o(  which 
wu  built  •■(•ilyisiS48j  one  railmy  runs  nonhward  to  Ancon, 
and  another,  the  famous  Oroya  tine,  tuns  inland  ijom.,  ctosting 
die  Wateoi  CeediUera  at  an  elevation  of  15,645  ft.  above  sta- 
levd,  with  branchea  lo  Cem  de  Pasoo  and  HuaiL  The  eiport 
trade  ptoperly  belong  to  Callao,  thou^  often  credited  to  Lima. 
TlK  LimsAoa  an  an  inielllgeDt,   hospdtable,  pleeKuc-loving 

favourite  plaoe  of  rsBdence  lot  loreignen. 

LiBM  wa*  loDBdid  on  tha  itth  of  January  153;  by  Frandaco 
Piarro,  who  named  It  andad  de  lo*  Reyes  {City  of  the  Kings)  Id 
bonotu  ol  the  erapenv  Oiackt  V,  and  Dofia  Joana  bia  mother, 
or,  acoordiiig  to  some  authorities,  in  commemaralion  of  the 
Feast  at  the  EpipJiany  (6tb  Jaanaiy)  when  its  site  is  said  to  have 
been  selected.  The  ninie  looa  after  gave  place  to  that  of  Lima, 
a  Spanish  coiruplian  ol  tbe  Quichua  woni  Rimac  In  i^i 
Lima  was  made  as  rplscopal  see,  which  in  lUJ  was  raised  to  a 
metrupolitan  see.  Under  Spaniab  rule,  Lima  was  the  principal 
dly  la  Sooth  America,  and  for  a  time  was  Ihe  eniicpM  for  all  the 
Pacific  coast  adonieasBnlh  of  Panama.  Il  became  very  proeperous 
during  this  period,  thongh  often  visited  by  destructive  earth- 
quakes, tbe  (Doat  disuttous  of  which  was  that  of  the  iMb  of 
October  1146,  ii4wn  the  cathedral  aid  the  grcala  part  of  the 
dly  were  iidntad  to  rate,  nuny  livci  woo  loM,  and  the  poit  of 


Cillaowiadeitiayed.  Una  wai  DM  materially  aflefted  by  tbe 
military  opentionsol  tbe  war  ol  indepcndcoce  ontil  1811.  when 
a  small  amy  ol  Aigentmea  and  Cfaikan*  ODder  CenenI  San 
Martin  invested  the  dty,  and  look  poaeolan  ol  it  on  Ihe  iitb 

ol  July  upon  Ihe  wilbdrawaJ  ol  the  Spanish  forcei.  San  Hartin 
was  proclaimed  tbe  protector  of  Peru  as  a  btt  stale  on  the 

iSth  of  July,  hut  resigned  that  office  on  Ilie  loth  of  September 
1811  to  avoid  a  Iratriddal  slrug^  with  Bolivar.  In  March 
1S18  Lima  was  asain  visited  by  a  destructive  earthquake,  and 
in  i85«-iSs5  an  epidemic  ol  ydiow  lever  carried  off  a  great 
number  o(  ia  iohablUuiU.  In  November  1S64,  when  a  hostile 
Spanish  fleet  was  on  Ihe  coast,  a  congress  of  South  Araetican 
plenipoteniiaria  was  held  hne  to  concert  measures  of  mutual 
defence.  Lima  baa  been  the  priudpsl  suSerer  in  the  many 
revolulkina  and  diaordeis  which  have  convulsed  Peru  nder  the 
republic,  and  many  of  them  orlginaled  in  the  dly  ilsdf.  During 
the  earlier  part  of  this  period  tbe  capital  twice  felt  Into  the  liaods 
of  foreigners,  once  in  i8j4  when  the  Bolivian  general  Santa 
Ciui  made  himsdf  the  chief  of  a  Bolivian-Peiuvian  coRfedctalion, 
and  again  in  1837  when  an  Invading  lorte  of  Chfleans  and 
''etuvian  refugees  landed  at  Ancon  and  defeated  Ihe  Penrriaa 
orcea  under  {"resideul  Orbegoao,  Tbe  dty  prospered  gieally 
nder  tbe  two  admicislraliona  of  Fmident  Ramon  Castilla, 
'ho  gave  Pern  ita  firal  taste  of  peace  and  good  govenmietit, 
and  under  those  of  Presidents  Balia  and  Pardo,  during  *bid 
Qponant  public  ioptovemenis  were  made,  Tbe  greatest 
r  in  the  histoiy  of  Lima  was  its  occupstlon  by  a  Chilean 
ider  tbe  command  of  General  Baquedano  after  the  Moody 
<l  the  Peruviana  at  Miraflores  on  Ihe  rjlb  of  January 
"■■ — ■"--  and  Mirafloiei  with  their  ' 


reslden 


eshad  already  be 


irbelpleB 
ia  to  the 


nine  moetbi  of  this  occupation  tbe  Chileana  lyalematfcally 
pilUged  ibe  public  cdiSca,  turned  the  old  unlvenlty  ol  San 
hlarcoa  bito  barracks,  destroyed  the  public  library,  and  carried 
away  the  valuable  coDtenla  of  Ibe  Eipoiition  palaa,  the  modrit 
and  apparaiua  of  Ihe  medical  acbool  and  other  edueatimial 

the  city  had  been  enriched.  A  forced  contribnCion  ot 
11,000,000  a  month  was  imposed  upon  the  ptqHitation  in 
custom  house.  When  Ibe  Chileau 
garrison  under  Captain  Lypcb  was  withdrawn  on  the  sind  of 
Oclober  18S],  it  took  3000  wagona  to  carry  sway  the  plunder 
'  'ijiljad  not  already  been  shipped.  Of  the  govtmment  palace 
other  puhNc  buildings  nothing  remained  but  tbe  ban  nil]. 
The  buoyant  diaracler  of  Ihe  people,  and  the  sympathy  and 

ttibuiod  to  a  remarkably  speedy  recovery  bom  ao  great  a 
mitfortuDc.  Under  the  direction  of  its  keeper,  Don  Rtcardo 
Palma,  831;  volumes  of  Ihe  public  ilbraty  were  recovered,  to 
which  were  added  valuable  contributions  from  other  counlrio. 
The  pottroiis  of  the  Spanish  viceroys  were  also  recovered,  except 
five,  and  are  now  in  the  ponrait  gallery  of  the  Eiposllion  palace. 
The  povmy  sf  Ihe  country  after  tbe  war  made  recovery  difficult, 
hot  yean  at  peace  have  assEsled  it. 
'  Mariano  F,  Pai  Soldan,  DialiuuiriB  icttrifa 
(Lima,  1877);  Maceo  Pai  Soldan  and  M,  F 
--  ii  fml.lPr-'-    — -'-  •'        '    "     - 


'.  Fai  SoMan, 


Miptfa  id  Frri  (Paris,  1861;;  Manuel  A.  Fuents,  Umt.  » 
ihtUiut  et  llu  Capital  tj  Fan  (Loiidan,  i8«6);  C.  R.  Markhan, 
7m«  eadiiim  (London.  1856), andHijliiryii//'mi  (ChicaBO.  IBsj); 
tieiandre  Garland,  Fm  m  1006  (Lima.  1907):  and  C.  R.  EnocL. 
'm  {London.  igoO),   For  (uber  deicriplioni  lec  weeks  lelemd  (o 

UMA^OH  (from  tbe  Ul,/tiniuc,as]iig),n«rve  invented  by 
tlaisa  Pascal  and  further  Investigated  and  named  hy  GUlei 
>crsonnc  de  Roberval.  It  is  gcnetoled  by  the  eilnmilies  of  a 
od  which  is  constrained  10  move  to  that  its  middle  point  tracei 
lut  a  cirde,  the  rod  always  passing  through  a  fiied  point  on  the 
ircumlstence.  TTie  polir  equaligo  is  r-a-j-J  cos  t,  wbere 
o"length  ol  the  rod,  and  8-diameter  olthedrde.  Tliecnrre 
say  be  regarded  ai  an  epllrocbold  (see  EncvcioB))  In  which  Ihe 
roiUni  BBd  fixed  dcde*  have  equal  ladii.    It  li  tbe  lavcna  of  a 


LIMASOL— UMBURG 


(hvifrj  the  curve  tkseDtirdxouuide 
the  cirde»  if  a  equali  b.  It  is  known 
t3  a  caidioid  (f.T.);  ii  a  is  bss  thsn 

drcle;    the    putjculsr   cmso   wbcn 

iq.:).  Inthefigun(i)isBUnis((ia, 

Properties  of  the  lunapja  Day  be 
deduced  [rom  its  mechanic^  COD- 
itructioni  Ihustfae  length  of  (  fool 
cbord  it  constant  and  the  Domuls  At 
foal  choid  inlenect  on  &  fixed  drcle. 
The  mt  ii  (V+^h)*,  ud  the  length  41  eqnniUt  h  u 
dlJptlc  iateci^ 

UMUOb  *■  ■(•port  of  Crpns,  on  Akiotirf  B*y  ol  Ibe  south 
eauL  Fop:  (iQor)  Sipg.  Excepthie  a  tan  stiribuled  ID  lb« 
ckM  of  the  iith  century  the  town  Is  without  antiquities  of 
tnieroi,  but  in  the  Dclghbourbood  are  the  sndenl  sits  of 
Amsrhus  and  Cunnm.  Umuol  has  a  coniideraUe  trade  in 
wine  and  orobL  The  (own  was  the  scene  of  tlw  msiriage  of 
BichaidL,kingo(£ii^aiid,  with  Berengaria,  in  irqi. 

U>B.  dXlnO.Eog.Uw,  cognate  with  the  O.  Nor.  and  Icel 
Ifsv,  Smd.  aad  Dan-  /m;  probably  the  word  b  to  be  referred 
ID  a  root  Ii-  seen  in  an  obsolete  Engliah  word  "  liib."  a  limb,  and 
intheCs.  CUed),  originally  any  portion  or  member  of  the  body, 
but  now  TcstTicted  in  meAiiing  to  the  external  members  of  the 
body  ol  an  animal  apart  from  the  head  and  trunk,  the  legs  and 


sfthclo' 


,h  apedal  refercDce  to  the  church 


[imbi  only, 

oaed  of  tbc  nuin  branchs  of 

caage  of  mountain!,  of  the  art 

of  the  Lat.  ttoKlmim,  and  sri 

as  the  ■'  body  of  Christ,"  " 

ecclesiastical  writers  of  the  ifith  and  i;th  centi 

a*  bdng  a  component  part  of  the  church;  d.  ncn  eqiressioRs 

as  "  limb  of  Sstan,"  "limb  ol  the  taw,"  &c.      From  the  use  of 

mtmbmm  in  medieval  Latin  for  an  eualt  dependent  on  another, 

oi  lo  tbe  luiboEdinale  members  of  the  Cinque  Forts,  attached  to 
not  of  the  prindpal  towns;  Pevensey  was  thus  a  "limb"  of 
Hastings.  (?)  An  edge  or  border,  frequently  used  in  sdenlific 
language  for  the  boundary  of  a  surface.  It  is  thus  lued  of  tbe 
edge  of  the  disk  of  tbe  sun  or  moon,  of  tbe  expanded  port  of  a 
petal  or  sepal  in  botany,  be  This  wad  is  a  shortened  lonn  of 
"  limbo  "  or  "  Umbua,"  LnL  for  an  edge,  for  tl 

LIXBACH,  a  town  in  Ibe  kingdom  of  Saxoi 
facturing  district  of  Chcmniti,  6  m.  N.W.  of 
(igos)  1J,7JJ.     It  has  a  public  pftrk  and  a  monument  to  the 


.    Its  in 


doth,  silk  and  sewin^machina,  and  dyeing  and  bJeachioE- 

LIHSEB,  an  homonymous  word,  having  three  meaning 
([)  A  two-whedod  carriage  forming  a  detachable  part  of  tt 
equipment  ol  all  guns  on  travelling  camagta  and  having  on  it 
framework  to  (ontain  ammunition  boxes;  and,  in  most  case 
Mais  for  two  or  thr«  gunners.  The  French  equivalent  is  laati 
Irain,  the  Ger.  Proa  (see  AatuiBBir  and  0>dn*nCe).  (:)  A 
adicctive  meaning  pliant  or  Sciible  and  so  uwd  with  rdercni 
to  a  person's  mental  01  bodily  qualities,  quick,  nimhle,  adioi 
(j)  A  nautical  teem  for  the  holes  cut  in  the  Booting  in  a  shi 
above  tbe  kedioa,  to  allow  water  to  drain  lo  tbe  pumps. 

Ttie  etymology  of  tbete  wurdi  Is  obscure.  According  to  tl 
tftm  EntRill  fPufieury  ibe  orifin  of  (I)  is  to  be  found  in  the  F 
Umt^iiTt.  a  derivative  of  timon,  the  shaft  of  a  vehicle,  a  meanlE 
which  appears  in  Enxiiih  from  the  15th  cenlury  but  is  now  nbflolet 
except  appsmilly  among  the  mincn  of  the  north  of  England.  Tl 
enrlter  £aglish  forms  of  the  word  are  lymer  or  Jimhuf     Skeai  au 

■eHslhat(i)  it  connected     ■■-  "''  —  "  "■  ■■-  "' " 

Umlth-  auoiiit  10  t 


Tbs  him  a^iik  Dittitmvj 


691 

le  beglubg  ei 


pinnla  out  that  wUle  "  Ump  "  does  not  oc 
the  leih  century,  "limber  in  Ihii  senie 
i6ih.  laTbi>masCaopet's<I.^i}?'i;94)7% 
i<  SriuniHua  (ijGs),  it  appeon  as  the  E 
Latin  UhtHt,  A  poteibls  derivation  coaned 
UKBOBCH,  PHILIPP  VAN  (iGjj-tTi: 
theologian,  •*>  bom  on  tbe  iqlh  of  June  163J,  at  Amsterdam, 
where  hb  fatlMT  was  a  lawyer.  He  ncdved  his  education  at 
Utrecht,  at  Leiden,  in  his  native  dty,  and  finally  at  Utrecht 
University,  which  be  entered  in  1653.  In  1657  he  became  a 
Renwnstrsnl  pastor  at  Gouda,  and  in  r667  he  was  tnnsfeired  to 
Amslerdam,  where,  in  the  foUowing  yew,  the  oflSce  of  professor 
of  theology  In  the  Remonstrant  seminary  was  added  to  hi* 
pastoral  charge.  He  was  a  friend  of  John  Locke.  He  died  at 
on  the  joth  of  AprQ  171S. 
mpoRaiit  work,  Initihilitim  Uolefisf  cbuliains,  ai 


.__.._ , ---,..  diieiy  by  Jakobi . 

Gerhard  Vouicit  (1577-1649),  HuffO  Grotius,  ^mon  Epiacopiua 
Ihii  ennd^inde}  and  Gavpar  Barlaeus;  iTiey  are  of  gint  value 
for  tbc  binary  of  Arminiainnii.  An  EntliiK  tianilaina  ol  the 
TMalttia  was  published  is  1701  by  William  Jones  (A  Cnaf^ils 
SyiUm  gr  Body  0}  Dainily.  bM  SpiaJatife  niul  PraauiU,  Jniulid 

niilena  Inqiniiliaiii,  hy  Samuei  ChaniDcr,  with  "a  larve  Intni- 

j..^ ;..  ,1 — .'_  ._!  «_.»_  ,(  pcretcutioo  andlbe  rail 

appeared  in  1731.     Scs 

UHBUBS,  one  of  the  many  small  feudal  sUtci  into  which  the 
duchy  of  Lower  Lorraine  was  split  up  in  the  second  half  of  tbe 
iithcentuiy.  lliefirst  count,  Walrun of  Arbn,  married  Juditb 
the  daughter  of  Frederick  of  Luxemburg,  duke  ol  Lower  Lorraine 
(d.  1063),  who  bestowed  upon  him  a  portion  of  bis  poiscuions 
lying  upon  both  sides  of  the  river  Meule.  It  received  Its  name 
from  the  strong  castle  built  by  Count  Waliam  on  the  river  Vesdre, 
where  the  town  of  Limburg  now  stands.  Henry,  Walram's  son 
(d.  iitg),«aslurbulent  and  ambitious.  On  thedcalh  of  Godfrey 
of  BouUlon  (1089)  be  forced  the  emperor  Henry  IV.  to  recognise 
him  as  duke  of  Lower  Lorraine.  He  was  aflerwanls  deposed 
and  imprisoned  by  Count  Godfrey  of  Louvain  on  wbomtbeducal 
title  hid  been  bestowed  by  the  eoiperor  Henry  V,  (1106).  For 
three  generations  the  possession  of  tbe  ducal  title  was  diqnited 
between  the  rival  houses  of  Limburg  and  Louvain.  At  lenglh 
a  rsondliation  took  place  (1155);  the  name  of  duke  of  Lower 
Lorraine  hencdotth  disappears,  the  ruler*  of  the  territory  on  the 
Meuse  become  dukea  of  Limburg,  tboao  of  the  larger  territory  to 
tbewcst  dukes  of  BiabsnL  With  thedeathof  Duke  WalramlV. 
(1380)  (he  succnsion  passed  to  bis  daughter,  Irmingardil, 
who  was  taarried  to  Rdasld  I.,  count  of  Cuelders.  Intdngardis 
died  without  issue  (1181),  and  her  cousin.  Count  Adolpb  of  Berg, 
laid  claim  to  the  duchy.  His  rights  were  diqxited  by  Ronald, 
iriw  was  in  possession  and  was- recognized  by  the  emperrvr.  Too 
weak  (0  assert  his  daim  by  forte  ol  aims  Adoli^  sold  his  rights 
(iiS])  to  John,  duke  of  Brabant  (f.s.).  This  led  lo  a  hmg  and 
desolatmg  n-ai  tor  five  yean,  al  tbe  end  of  whid)  (iiSJ),  finding 
thepower  of  Brabant  superior  to  his  own  Keinsld  in  his  turn  sold 
his  rights  to  count  Henry  IIL  of  Luiemburg.  Hairy  and  Reinsld, 
supported  by  the  archbishop  of  Cologne  and  othtf  allies,  now 
raised  a  great  army,  Tbe  rival  forces  met  at  Woeringen  (Sth  of 
June  I  >S8)  and  John  of  Brabant  (f  .1.)  gabed  a  complete  vfctory. 
Il  proved  decisive,  theduchioof  Limburg  and  Brabant  pasdng 
unds  the  rule  of  a  common  tovodgn.  The  duchy  cenpriscd 
during  this  period  the  bailiwicks  of  Kervf,  Montien,  Baden, 
Sprimoni  and  Walibom,  and  the  countin  tt  RoUhic,  DaeDNa 


69^ 


LIMBURG— LIMBU8 


Kuititc^  TliepcaTUoBiudprivIIesaoltbcfUDmiiChula 
Of  Brahml,  the/ajnoe  ai»(i  ().«.).  were  Iiom  the  ijth  ceqtuty 
ulended  to  Limbati  *iid  rtnuincd  id  focce  until  the  FRach 
RevDlutioo.  By  the  tnsty  ol  Wotplulii  ( i6«8}  the  duchy  wu 
divided  iulo  two  poniou,  the  coantics  ol  Dkdbcm  ud  FiUko- 
bcii  •rilh  the  town  ol  Uiuliidit  baof  ceded  by  Spain  to  Uk 
Vailed  PioviDca,  when  they  fomcd  «bU  wu  bwwv  u  • 
"  Geunlity-lAiuL"  AtthepCMto(RaMatt(i7H)UMMuibaii 
portion  puKd  under  the  daminlao  ol  Ibe  Austriu  Bibiburgi 
lod  lormed  pan  ei  the  Auitriu  NelberUnd)  until  the  Fccnch 
ODDqixit  in  [704.  During  (be  period  ol  French  rule  (itm- 
1S14)  Limbuig  wu  iaduded  lo  the  two  French  deputmenli  of 
OurtiwudUeuKliiUrieure.  Jn  iButheold  nuieallimhurs 
wad  reitored  to  one  ol  the  provinca  of  the  newly  crenled  kinEdofli 
af  the  Metberluid*,  but  the  rKw  Limbuij  oimpriicd  boidc* 
the  emdeot  duchy,  a  piece  of  Gelderland  and  the  county  of  Looa. 
At  the  r«vDlutidn  of  rSjo  Limburj,  with  the  exceptioo  ol  Maaa- 
Irichi,  threw  in  lu  lot  wiih  the  Bclgiaiu.  and  duriogtbetune 
ycus  that  King  William  refused  to  lecogniie  the  eiisteDce  of  the 
Lisgdum  of  Be^um  the  Limbui)en  KDt  rcprcaealalivei  to  the 
lesiilaiure  at  finutcb  and  nn  trttted  u  Belfiiu.  When  in 
iB]Q  the  Dutch  king  luddenlj  umoimced  bi*  inleoUoo  at 
acccpiins  the  tcitna  of  the  icttlement  pnpOMd  by  the  treaty  oT 
Loodon,  aa  drawn  up  by  repmcDUtiva  of  the  great  powen 
in  iBji,  Bel^nm  found  bendf  compelied  to  relinquitfi  pottiona 
of  Umhuif  and  LuiembiU|,  The  part  of  Umbutg  that  lay  on 
tbe  tight  banli  of  the  Meiue,  together  with  the  town  of  Maaitricht 
and  a  numbet  of  commupra — Wcert,  Haelen,  Kepel,  Hont,  &c. — 
OB  the  left  bank  of  the  livei,  became  a  aorerdgn  duchy  nnda 
(he  rale  of  Ibe  king  of  Holland.  In  eichange  for  the  ccDJon  of 
the  tighta  of  (he  Germanic  confederation  over  the  portion  of 
Luumbutg,  which  wai  anneied  by  the  treaty  to  Belgjum,  the 
duchy  of  Limhurg  (excepLing  the  communea  of  Maastricht  and 
Vrnloa)  wai  declared  to  betong  to  the  Germanic  oonfedentioo. 
This  lomewhat  unaatiiladory  condition  of  aSiica  coDtitiued 
until  1B66,  when  at  a  confeienca  of  the  great  ponen,  hdd  In 
London  10  cooaider  the  Luiemburg  queition  (lee  LuxEMBDacJ, 
it  wat  agreed  that  limburg  ahoald  be  freed  from  every  politicnl 
lie  with  Cennany.  Umbuig  became  hcnciloRli  an  iDtegral  part 
of  Dutch  tenitoiy. 

See  P.  S.  Enat.  ifiiMn  da  LiiikBt  (t  vdU^  Liite,  liIf-ltS3): 
C.  I.  '  f  ■P-,  Dt  Lnitn  mh  OKtwat  n  Zaminhai  1S61  (Leiden, 
isa);  M.  J.  de  Foully.  Ha\iiin  it  Uamlncil  it  it  nt  ntiraxi 
(ilSo):  DiiltmaUttt  iatitHtn  htb^tmii  it  Limturt-Liatn- 
^idk>  MmthpnlHim  IJtO-iWy  fnt  H«if.  iSUI;  and  R. 
-  '      -     ^^^      --—  '—Mtin  imUjiilsmi  {T»e  "JP*- 

.    le  amalktt  of  tbe  niiw  piDvinfta 

__  __„^ . r,— .  — *  nortlKaW  comer  of  the  kingdom. 

It  repneenta  only  ■  pottioD  of  the  tadent  duchy  of  Limburg 
(bm  above).  The  part  oat  of  the  UenM  waa  tnutafetred  to 
HDlUad  by  the  London  oonfereoa,  and  a  iunhei  pntion  was 
altadied  to  the  province  of  Lifge  fodadiag  the  old  capital  now. 
called  Dolhaiiu  Uuch  ol  the  prorinct  ii  KprcMnted  by  the  wild 
heath  diurict  called  the  CuoiMae,  tecoitly  diKOfcttd  lo  [aim 
an  eilenaiTe  coal-held.  Tbe  operatimi  forwotkingitwereonly 
begun  in  i^sG.  North-wot  olllaneU  ia  Bevedoo,  where  all  the 
Btl^iao  Iroopa  p>  thiou^  1  coutm  of  hutraclion  a^ually. 
Aowog  the  towm  arc  HaaMll,  tbe  capital,  St  Trond  and  Loot. 
From  the  laat  named  ti  dehvid  tbe  title  ol  the  family  kuv 
tbe  dnkia  ol  Loco,  whole  antiquity  equala  that  of  the  ej 
retting  (uuIy  ol  Limbuig  itidt.  The  title  ol  due  de  Looa 
of  the  loui  eiisllng  docal  tilla  is  tbe  Neihcrlanda,  tbe  other 
three  being  d'Arenberg,  Cray  and  d'UneL  limbuig  amUiol 
6o]aCi  urea  01 94' x]- »>.  In  igofUiepopulatiaDwa  i55iJS9i 
givingan  average  i<  IT'  psaq.  m. 

UMBDMt  a  town  of  Cenusy,  in  the  Pinanan  province  oi 
Ifrr  Ma^ii.  OQ  the  Labn,  here  cnaaed  by  a  biklge  dating 
n  Line  of  lailway  from  CoUeu  t« 
'   '  a  FraaUon4n.Uain.    Pop. 


tmKke  MMtigiuMiw  1S61 
Fru'a.  OacUti.  in  StaaH-I* 


lahnffiu,  eariy  in  tlie  roth  century,  and  waa  conaccnted  in 
IJ5.    It  waa  reatoced  fn  1873-1876.     Limburg  baa  a  eaille,  a 

machlneiy,  pottery  and  leather.    Liinbutg,  which  wu  >  Botuiah- 

1414,  when  it  waa  pofdiaaed  by  the  eieclor  of  Trfer.  It  ptsaed 
to  Niiaau  in  iSoj.  In  S^tember  179A  It  «ai  the  icene  of  a 
victory  gained  by  tbe  Auatiiaui  under  Ibt  archduke  Chariei 
over  the  FtedcIl 

Sn  HiDtbiud,  Uwibmrg  m  dar  Iain  uilv  PfmHaticiafi  1344- 
liii  (Wiobaden,  iSm). 

UMBUBQ,  tbe  aontlteiMenunaM  and  imiltat  province  a( 
Holland,  bounded  N.  by  G<Meriand,  N.W.  by  North  Brabant, 
S.W.  by  ihe  Belgian  province  ol  Limbtag,  and  S.  by  that  d 
lifge,  and  E.  by  Germany.  Iia  areai*  Sjoii].  ra.,  and  iia  popula- 
tion in  1Q00  waa  381,934.  '^  la  watered  by  the  Ueuae  (Haaa) 
which  forma  part  of  ita  aouth-wcateni  bouinlaiy  (with  Bd^ttm) 
and  then  Oowi  Ihiough  ita  northeni  poItiaB,  and  hy  nch  tdiba- 
taiica  aa  the  Ceul  and  Rocr  (Ruhi). " 


whi^  it  ia  divided,  the  uthei  being  Raennond- 
UMBURB  GHBOnCLK,  ix  Fint  Lumcmis,  the  nana 

von  Wolfhagcn  after  1401.    It  ii  a  aooice  for  the  hlatoiy  of  tbe 
Rhiarland  between  1336  and  1398,  but  ia  pofaapa  mora  vriuabic 


•i^ij-  Faun  In  1617,  aad  haa 
Mi).    See  A.  Wy*.,  IXt 

I7i)- 


Deulidu  CkrtHUttH.  Band  iv.  iHan 
Liminrzf  Cjtrnijt  wUtrncU  (HaitHii).  1879). 

UMBURBIT^  in  petrology,  1,  daik-coJoUnd  volcudc  rodi 
leiemUing  baaalt  in  appeanoce,  but  containing  namilly  w 
f  dqar.  The  nameti  taken  tnm  Umburg  (Germany),  where  they 
occur  In  the  well4nowD  lock  of  the  K^entuhL  ney  ctniiM 
eaaenliaUy  ol  oUvloe  uul  augite  with  a  biswolih  glauy  ground 
maaa.  The  auglle  may  be  green,  but  noie  commonly  ia  brown 
01  violet;  the  oUvin*  la  ntuHy  pah  green  or  coiouricn,  but  ia 
■ometima  yellow  (byaloaldcrite).  In  the  ground  man  ■  leond 
gauration  of  imall  eumoiphic  au^lea  frequently  occur*;  mora 
laidy  olivine  ia  prcaent  idao  as  an  Ingredient  of  tbe  maltii. 
The  principal  Bcaasnry  ralnenli  are  tltaoifetma  iron  Dilda  and 
apatite.  Felqiai  ibni^  lonitiiniea  preMnt  i>  never  abuitdant, 
and  nephdioe  alio  ia  unuauaL  In  aome  liniburgite*  large 
phenocyita  of  dark  blown  bomfalende  and  biotite  an  found, 
mostly  with  irregular  borden  blackened  by  teaorptioo;  iu  otben 
there  are  large  crystals  of  soda  orthocUae  or  anonboclaac. 
Hauyne  ii  an  iogredient  of  some  of  Ibe  limburnlQ  of  (he  Cape 
Verde  lalanda.  Rocks  of  Ibia  group  occur  in  coosderable 
numbers  iu  Germany  (Rhine  district)  and  in  Bohnnla,  abo  in 
Scotland,  Auvergne.  Spain,  Afiia  (Kilimtnjaio),  Braiil,  ftc 
They  are  aisociated  ptindpally  with  basalts,  nepbcline  aitd 
leudte  basalts  and  aonchlqtiite*.  From  tbe  last-named  lodu 
tbe  liiDborgitct  are  not  easily  separated  as  the  two  daiaea  bear 
a  very  dne  rtsemblaDce  in  nmcture  and  bi  mineral  co 
ihou^  many  authotkiti  belitve  thM  the  ground  a 
moDchiquitDs  Is  not  >  yarn  but  oyMtlllDe  analdte,  Limbur^tel 
may  occur  as  Bows,  aa  dill  or  dykei,  and  an  lometlmcs  highly 
Cloaely  allied  lo  tbsn  are  the  BK(Uiia,  which  are 
'  '.  by  the  absence  of  oLivlnt;  eiamplet  are 
known  from  Btriiemla,  Auvergne,  tbe  Canary  IslaDdB,Irdand,  kc 

LIHSni  (Lat.  for  "edge."  "fringe,"  a.f.  of  a  garment),. a 
theological  tetm  denoting  the  border  of  bell,  where  dwell  than 
who,  while  not  condemned  to  torture,  yet  are  deprived  of  tbe 
jay  of  heaven.  Tbe  more  common  form  in  English  is  "  limbo," 
which  ia  used  both  in  the  technical  theological  seise  and  derivn- 
tivdy  in  the  aenae  ol  "  prison,"  or  for  the  condition  of  being 
lost,  dcaened,  obsolete.  In  theology  there  ale  (1)  the  LiniM 
InfaMum,  and  (i)  the  /juiu  Palmm. 


Thai. 


la tba abode  (owl 


69J 


konm  brtnst  <ly)<il  witboW  Mlmt  liii.  bot  with  ibclr  oiiglrul 
sin  unwashed  awiy  by  taptiim,  wtn  hrM  lo  be  comigncd;  ihc 

idiou,  cniiiu  aai  iht  like.  Tie  woid  "  limbiii,"  in  ihc  Ihco- 
iDgicil  ■pplialna,  occun  £nt  in  tbe  Sanma  it  Thomu  Aquinas ; 
for  its  cilcnsivc  currency  it  b  pcrtups  most  IndebEcd  Id  ihc 
Cfflinnrfia  ot  Dame  (.III-  c  4).  The  question  u  to  the  ilcsiioy 
Ot  inloDLi  dying  untupliud  picscnied  itulf  to  (faootogians  at 
m  compantivcly  early  period-  Gencnlfy  speaking  it  nuy  Le 
Slid  thai  the  Greek  (ilhtrs  IncUired  lo  a  dieerlDl  and  the  Ulin 
luhen  to  a  gloomy  view.  Thus  Crpgary  of  No^auus  (Otal.  40) 
tayt  "  Ihal  such  cbildrca  u  die  unbaptiicd  without  their  own 
fault  ahall  neiiher  be  gloiifted  not  punished  by  the  tighlcous 
judfe,  u  having  done  no  wickedness^  thotrgh  Ihey  dfc  un- 
bspti£fd,  and  as  rsLhcr  sufferinfl  loss  than  being  the  authors  of 
it."  Similai  opinions  were  eiprcsicd  by  Gregory  of  Nytsa, 
Sevcrns  oi  Anlioch  and  others — opinjona  which  U  a  aimost 
'itipossibie  to  distinguish  from  the  Pebgiaji  view  (Jiat  diifdren 
dying  unbaptiaed  might  be  admitted  to  etemal  li/c»  though  not 
to  ihe  Itiagdon  ot  Cod.  In  his  recoil  from  Palagian  heresy, 
Augutline  was  coinpelied  la  ihaipcn  (he  antitiicsis  bctweaa  the 
-Uaie  of  Ihe  saved  and  that  of  the  lost,  and  taught  thai,  there 
are  only  two  alternatrves— to  be  with  Christ  or  with  tbe  devil, 
.(0  be  with  Hlai  or  agiinti  Him.  Following  up,  as  he  thought, 
bis  Biattec's  leaching,  FalgentiusdecLiicd  Ihal  it  is  lo  be  bclii:ved 
.aaan  JndubiiabJe  truth  that,  "  not  only  men  who  have  come  to 
Ibe  use  ot  reason,  but  intanis  dying,  whether  in  their  mother's 
womb  ot  alter  birth,  without  bapliim  in  the  name  of  the  Father, 
Son  and  Hdy  Cbost,  an  punished  with  everlasting  punishment 
in  eternal  Gle."  LiUei  tbeDlojVans  and  schoolmen  followed 
Augustine  in  rejecting  the  notion  of  any  final  position  Inicr- 
oicdiate  belwcia  biiven  and  hell,  but  otherwise  inclined  lo  take 
Ihe  mikleal  pouiblc  view  ol  the  dciiiny  of  the  irrcspansibte  and 
unbapiiicd.  Thus  the  proposition  of  Innocent  111.  thai  "  the 
punishment  ol  original  sin  is  d«ptiyalJaD  oI  Ihe  vision  ol  Cod  " 
J)  pnclically  repeated  by  Aquinas,  Scotus,  and  all  the  aihet 
great  theologians  of  Ihc  scholastic  period,  ibe  only  outslanding 
exception  being  that  ot  Gregory  of  Rimini,  who  on  Ihij  atrount 

dectacalion  of  the  Uain  Church  upon  this  subject  was  ibat  made 
by  tlie  iKond  council  ot  Lyons  {hi*),  and  conriimcd  by  tbe 
council  of  Florence  (Mjq),  wiib  Ihc  concunence  aS  the  repie- 
MUlaiives  of  the  Grttk  Church,  to  Ibe  etlcct  thai  "  the  muii  ot 
Ihow  who  die  in  morlal  sin  or  in  origiiwl  lin  only  fonhwilh 
descend  into  hell,  but  to  be  punished  willi  uneqiml  punishments." 
Perrone  remarks  IPrsit.  Tiieiil.  pt.  iii.  chap.  6, 


determined  as  lo  the  place  which  t 
disparity  of  Iheii 
the  day  of  judgmeni 


id  also  the  comparative  lightno 


IS  deidr;  t 


punishme 


a  as  to  what  was 
imphsd  in  deprivation  ol  the  vision  oS  Cod,  nod  no  deliiution 
was  attempted,  the  Dominicans  maintaining  the  tevercr  view 
that  tbe  "  [imhus  infantum"  was  a  dark  subterranean  hreless 
chamber,  while  the  FmnciscBns  placed  it  in  a  region  of  light 


Bellann 


leoktgian: 


sunt  ol  a  fdl  privationi  oihen,  tollowing 
the  Hadti  tratdiilinalimii  ot  Cdoline  Sfrondatl  (1647-1696), 
bold  thai  Ihey  enjoy  every  kind  of  aalural  felicity,  as  regards 
iheir  souls  now,  and  as  tcgaids  their  bodies  after  theitturreclioD, 
just  at  ii  Adam  had  sot  siniwd.  In  the  condemnation  I17M} 
of  the  synod  of  Piiioia  (tj86),  Ibe  tweniy-siith  atlicle  declares 
cLinjurious  to  treat  as  Pclagfan  the  doctrine 


original  si 


nlcrmediale  place,  fr«c  f nr 


tbal  mtant  ihal  there  i>  ai 
aad  poniihi 
damnation. 

a.  The  Limhu  Palrum,  Lmbui  Infaiii  or  Sinia  Ainkai 
("  Abraham's  Boson  "),  is  defined  in  Romas  Catholic  Ibcdogy 
as  <he  plan  i>  tbe  uoderwotld  where  tke  saints  of  the  Old 


. ted  by  Qriitoa  his  "descent 

into  heU."  Regarding  Ihe  locality  and  its  plBuantn«s  or 
point ulnoi  notlusg  has  been  taught  as  it  fide.  It  is  sometines 
regarded  at  having  been  closed  and  empty  since  Christ's  dcuent. 
butothersuihondODoI  Ihinkof  itattquiaieinplaee  fion  Ibe 
iimbia  injanlnm.  The  whide  idea,  in  the  Lalia  Church,  hoi  been 
justly  desccibed  as  Ibi  racte  apal  merUmm  of  tbe  oM  cotbolic 
dacttiDB  of  Hades,  which  was  gradually  tuptiMdcd  in  tbe  Wot 
by  that  of  purgatory. 

LIMEfO.  Eng.  I>«.  Lat.  fmu,  mud,  from  Imrrt,  lo smear),  tbe 
name  given  to  a  vitcous  exudation  of  the  holly-tree,  used  for 
snaring  birds  and  known  as  "bird-lime."  In  cbem^iiy,  ii  is 
the  pillar  name  of  cnlcium  oiide,  CiO,  a  lubstauct  employed 
in  very  early  times  as  a  oompoocnl  ot  mortars  and  cementing 
DLilerials.  It  is  prepared  by  the  burhingot  limestone  {a  process 
described  by  Dioacoridcs  and  Pliny)  in  kilns  similar  to  those 
described  under  CcHEKt,  The  value  and  subsequent  treatment 
of  the  product  depend  on  the  purity  si  Ihc  limestone;  a  pun 
stone  yields  a  "  fil  "  Lme  which  readily  slakes^  animpuie  none, 
especially  if  magnesia  be  present,  yields  an  almost  unslalcible 
"  poor  "  Ume.    See  Cekeht,  Concieie  and  Uoitak,  for  detailx 

Pure  calcium  oxide  "  quick-lime."  obtained  by  heating  Ihe 
pure  carbonate,  is  a  white  amorphous  substance,  which  can  be 

adcular  crystals  being  deposited  on  cooling  the  vapour.     It 

pieces^  ibis  operation  is  termed  "slaking"  and  the  resulting 
product  "slaked  lime";  it  Is  chemically  equivalent  to  the 
conversionof  the  oiideimo  hydrate.  A  solution  oiibehydrale 
in  water,  known  as  Linie-waler,  has  4  weakly  alkaline  reaction; 
it  iscmploycd  in  the  detection  of  carbonic  add.  "  Milk  of  lime  " 
ci)nsists  of  a  cream  61  the  hydrate  and  water.  Dry  lime  bai  no 
action  upon  chlorine,  carbon  dioxide  and  lulpbur  dioxide, 
although  in  the  presence  ot  water  combination  cnsues- 

In  medicine  lime-water,  applied  externally.  Is  an  astringent 
and  deticcativc,  and  it  enters  into  the  preparation  of  lina- 
mcnium  cakisand  carronoil  which  are  employed  to  healbumi, 
eciema,  tic    Applied  inlemally,  lim  "    ' 


lurdling  of  i 


e  north  It 


11  brgelii 


DS  (hem 


CJciur 


jn  peduncle  proceeding  fror 


The  I 


e  Tilia  a 


by  Linnaeus  to  tbe  European  Ii 
tevenl  vdl-matked   tub-spctics,  often   regarded   as  distinct 

(or  r.ci>rtfiilii),piobBbIy  wild  in  woods  in  Englaiidind  alto  wild 
throughout  Europe,  except  in  Ihe  extreme  soulb-nsl,  and 
Russian  Asia.  (1)  T,  inicrmtdia,  the  common  lime,  which  is 
widely  phinted  in  Britain  but  not  wild  there,  hat  a  less  noiiheily 
distribution  than  7.»rrfrUd,  from  which  it  diflcis  in  itttomtwhu 
larger  leaves  and  downy  fruit,  (j)  Tbe  large-leaved  lime, 
T.  ptalypkyUi,,  (or  T.  iraxdifJh).  occurs  only  as  an  introduction 
in  Britain,  and  is  wild  in  Europe  south  ol  Denmark.  It  diSen 
Iiam  the  mber  two  limes  in  111  larger  leaves,  oltcn  4  in.  across, 
which  are  tjBwny  beneath,  it)  downy  twigs  and  its  prominently 
ribbed  fruit.  The  Ume  tometimes  acquires  a  great  ^se;  one  is 
recorded  In  Norfolk  as  bdng  iS  ydi.  Id  circumference,  and  Ray 
menlioni  one  of  the  tame  ^rtfa.  The  lanioui  linden  tree  which 
Neuenstidi  fn  WUrttembcrg  the   name  of 


tatlait  an 


It  is  a 


ol  beauty  la 


lis  an  altered  fonn  of  O.  Elf.  and  M.  Eng.  liWid.Cer.ZinJf, 
with  Cr.  <Ur«.  the  silver  fir.  "  Linden  "  in  English  mtaoa 
"  made  of  lime — or  Und — woodt"  and  th*  tranifcrencv  to 
is  duo  to  Ihe  Ger.  LitUan^um. 


*94 


VHini  irhm  tbe  ddicMtl]>  buipunii  gnM  lam  ire 

(ins  livni  ihc  proMciioa  at  tba  pink  uid  white  uipulo, 
'fa  luvt  lormcd  the  bud-iuJn,  and  retaiiB  its  IrrA  gmti 
n[  culy  sutnDicr.  Lilcf,  the  [n^nncv  of  iU  Bawefip  iich 
in  boncy,  Ulncii  insBaicublc  bca;  in  ifac  lutunti  Ibi  ialii«( 


LIMERICK 

crnmllwiw 
the  head  ol  II 


bnomci  i  clui  yellow  but  u 


nmaybe 

le  of  the  beet'knoKn  wnyi  in  Beilin,  "  Unl< 
the  ivcnucBl  Trinity  CoUcgr.CimbridJBC. 


he  iincr  botk 


uint  for  papef  and  nu(t  and  tor  lyinH  ^rbndm  by  tbv  anricnii 
«W.  1.  jB;  mny  iri.  ii-  »!■  ™*-  >■  Ml-  ™«  miti  ire  Bow  madt 
ckwlly  ID  Riuaia.  the  buk  beini  cm  in  kxM  Mriia.  wlun  Ibr  lilun 
BcuUyieiiaiabkiromhecsrkyiupiiliciallavet.  Il  ulhenpliilnl 

iolo  naliabwil  3  ydi.  ■quan;  l*floi>.otio  amie  to  "--' " 

chiefly  [(om  AnhaiHcL  The  wool  b  ninl  by  carve 


«e  il  (or  Ufhl  Mt.  Ae^ 


lullinltd  by  Philip  MiUcr  a 
tocheancicntt.  Thmphraitv 

■vilk:ymo(  llaly  (nnL  lo).    Sn 


abo  Uitj.  Cta.  i.  IJJ.  4e.!  Or. „.    ._ 

(be  lichlncu  ol  the  wood  it  nude  m  AnKoph.  0Wi»  IJ7S. 

For  the  iveet  line  (Ctlru  LiwUa  «  Cifru  uidii)  aial  lime-juice, 
•ce  Lmoh. 

UMKRICK.  ■  wHteip  county  oE  Inland,  in  Ihe  province  of 
Mumlei,  bounded  ft.  by  the  olinrr  of  Ihe  Shannon  and  Lhc 
counlici  of  aare  and  Tippcrary.  E.  by  TTppctaty,  S.  by  Cork 
and  W.  hyKcrty.  The  area  b6So,B4i  acres,  or  about  1064  iq.  m. 
The  gnatet  pan  ol  lhc  county  ii  compatalivcly  level,  but  in  the 
iouth-eait  liic  piclutMqueCallirs, which  oilend  into  Tippcrary, 
allain  in  Cohymore  a  height  of  3015  It.,  and  on  the  »csl,slrelch- 
ing  iniD  Ketiy.  Ihcte  is  l  drcular  amphilhealre  of  ten  elevaled 
mountains.  The  Shannon  is  navigable  tor  large  vessels  10 
re  the  rapidi  of  Doonas  and  Castlcny, 


.    TheS 


dely  [IRI 


ind  Castleeonne 

is  a  nn-kno 

■mcent 

■e.    The 

Maifnc.  which 

rises  in  the  Gait 

ees  and  flow 

Shann 

on,  b  mvigable 

a.  far  as  the  i« 

•n  of  Adarc. 

Thl>  i>  mainly 

a  Carbon  Km. 

u.  Lime 

uiity,  wiih  fairly 
e.   Onlhcnonh- 

knl  land,  bisken 

by  ri  JgM  o(  C 

eas.  Ihe  llller  m 

Silurian  CD.r.  ic 

1(11  li.    In  the  wuih.  OM  Rt-d 
vcaofSiluiunihakial  FLillyLin 

ilc».th< 

'oppinil 

X"SS« 

Ihe  Ballyhog 

roHill. 

7iheC 

orklJorder.    V..|. 

canic  aahcs.  andc 

Uto.  bua'li.  a 

nd  inin 

■ivesho 

utiol  buc  rock, 

meMone.    Th™ 

Caule, 

antlina 

c>niofhlU.r».ad 

At  Ballybruod,  Upper  Carbonilero 

north  of  Kerry.   Thccoalninlhe  »«<aic 
Ln(l4rc  hai  been  workcil  in  places  in  the 


;-Js= 


caleanoiK  and  piaiy  naiicr.  eicecdiiigly  Icriilc.  The  anl  in  the 

eapaUcul  improvnncnl.  The  lirn-larnw  occupy  Ihe  low  groumli, 
and  arc  ainwu  wholly  devMcd  la  granng.  The  acicase  und.r 
tillaie  AcrcaiM,  lhc  peopurtion  to  paHurotebcingBsoiicio  nraily 
three.    All  lhc  crspt  (of  ahidi  out  and  puUIoci  are  (he  niiTciiiil) 

The  nuaben  ol  live  iin:k,Dn  ibc  other  Fand.  arc  on  Ike  whok  wi^ll 

teniivily  rcanii.     The'  inhabiranii  are  employed  chiefly  in  ajri- 

iaa-^inalaf  and  weavinc  nilli.  bui  the  indmliy  It  now  practically 
exiiBct.  Urnciick  b  the  Usukiuanen  ol  an  impurtant  talmon. 
Ulcry  on  the  Shannon.  Thi- Illlway  toniffiunicBIxni  aro  entirely 
iocloded  in  ihe  Great  Soulhcrn  and  Weitim  lyHem,  whcne  mam 
Bnc  cnntei  thcKMih^Hieni  (wnn-nl  ihoFpuMy.  with  iwo  branchn 


I  (kmyfhamiqiTlpiHnfv.  Tlie  pact  otXlMtriefc, 

dudet  14  baraniet.     TIk  uimber  ol  nembcn 
rilh  parliament  wu  eigkl,  Iwo  bdnc  ntumnl  Iw 

e>  of  Aifcatwi  and^COMllock,  b  •ddilim  t* 
county,  and  two  lot  thacauly  oltbeeily  d 
:k-  The  preient  county  parliaacuary  dilriiion  are  the 
d  wc«t,eocnrctumir'-'"~-^^^^—    ^^- -»~-i'>*»~  fiaa,^i« 


wards  it  had  a  leparale  existence  under  the  na: 
From  the  tth  to  the  iilh  century  il  wti  panly  ocnpkd  by  Ihe 
Danct  (sec  LtUERiCE.  City).  Asa  county,  Limnick  Isuk  of  llit 
twelve  generally  caniidircd  loowcihcir  loirnkllMi  to  King  John. 
By  Kcnry  II.  it  wa>  granted  10  Henry  Fltihciten,  but  hiachira 
was  aftcrwnnls  raigncd,  and  lubaequenlly  vtiiona  ^igla- 
Nonnan  tclllcmenli  wen  made.  About  100,000  acre*  of  Ibe 
ntalet  ol  the  earl  <rf  Deunond,  which  wen  lorfcitcd  in  isU, 

took  [Jace  after  Ihe  CrotnweMian  wan.  In  1709  a  GcmaB 
colony  from  Ihe  PaLuinata  was  letllcd  by  Lord  SonthwlU  neat 
Brud,  Ralhkcalc  and  Adarc. 

Then  are  only  alighi  nmain  of  the  raawl  towel  at  Aidpatrtck, 
but  (hat  at  Dyiert  is  much  betlei  prtscrvid;  anoiliir  at 
Kilmallock  n  in  great  part  »  rcconMtuaion.  There  an 
important  lemaini  of  (tone  drcles,  pillar  Monti  and  allan  M 
Loch  Cur.  In  ■evttal  ptaco  (hen  an  renuin  of  old  moats  and 
lumuli.  fiesidis  the  monuierits  In  (be  city  ol  Limetick.  Ihe 
moil  inponut  monmic  ruiu  ate  thoae  of  Adaie  abbey. 
AskeaLon  abbey.  Galbally  friuy.  KilOiD  DOnUiery,  KitaDaUocfc 
and  Monailer-NEnacfa  abbey. 

UNERICX.  a  tiiy,  county  of  a  city,  parlivntntaiy  boroofb. 
port  and  the  ctiief  town  of  Co.  Limenck,  Ireland.  occvpylDg 
ba(h  banktuid  an  island  (King'i  laltnd)  of  the  river  ^aaDon. 
at  Ihe  bead  of  its  eMuaiy.  tt^  m.  W.S.W.  of  Dublin  by  the 
Gre»l  Soulbemand  Western  railway.  E^,  (igoi]  jB.iji.  The 
situation  b  striking,  for  the  Shannon  is  hen  a  bloiid  and  BoUc 
s(re3m,  and  lhc  immedialely  Kirtoundin(  country  comitlt  ol  the 
rich  lowlands  of  ilt  valley,  while  beyond  rbe  Ibc  hUl>  ol  (be 
counties  Claic  and  Tippeiary.  The  city  il  divided  hHO  EDCli$b 
Town  (on  King's  Island).  Irith  Town  and  Newtown  ttry,  Ihe  tn» 
including  the  ancieni  nucleui  of  the  ciiy.and  the  laM  the  piineipa] 
modem  streets.  The  main  s(ream  of  (he  Shannon  b  cmned  by 
Thomond  Bridge  and  Sanficid  or  Wctlesley  Bridge.  The  Bnt 
it  comnxanded  by  King  John's  Caslle,  an  King'I  Island,  a  ' 


AftOT 


,g  the  I 


At 


Fnd  of  Ihe  bridge  b  preterved  (be  Tiealy  Stone,  on 
which  the  Treaty  ol  Limerick  wat  signed  in  i6gi.  Tbecaihcdnl 
of  St  Maiy,  abo  on  King's  Island,  wat  oifginally  buih  in  1141- 
iiSo,  and  cihibiti  some  Early  Enf^nh  work,  Ihougb  latitly 
altered  at  daicsiubietiueni  to  (bal  period.  The  Romas  Catholic 
caihedril  of  Si  John  i(  a  modem  buiUing  (itCol  in  eariy  pointed 
style.  The  chunbet  ol  Si  Munchin  ((0  whom  it  atiribuied  (be 
foundation  ol  the  tee  in  the  filh  century)  and  Si  Jebn,  WbiUr- 
mon'i  Cattle  and  a  Dominican  priory,  are  other  lenaiu  it 


Is  of  3000  (onx  in  a  floating  dock ;  there  b  also  a 
Communicalion  with  the  Atlantic  b  open  and 
L  vast  nelwatk  of  inland  navigalionbopened  up 
Id ing  the  rapidt  above  Ihe  city.    Quays  eatcod  £air 


LIMERICK— LIMES  GERMANICUS 


69s 


CU  Door  alDn^ide  M  qnfnc  lido.  Tht  priiuipil  Imponi  m 
fnin,  ngu,  timber  ind  ml.  Tbe  eipani  tomia  mainly  ol 
igiicultural  produce.  Hm  pnixipil  jiidioinil  mibliihiMnu 
include  Aour.miUi  (Linwnclt  tupplyinj  moM  o(  ibc  k«i  ol 
■d  villi  flout),  ftctortn  fat  buon-curing  md  for  cofldenscd 


Ikudn 


rcwing,  dbiillin) 

Ihc  Convtnt  ol  the  Good  Sbrphrrd;  but  «  Fonnrriy 
InHk  indUHiy  hu  bpiwl.  The  ulmun  lulitriH  of 
m.tarwhicbLiinnickiillie  headquanin  ofadiMiici, 
at  viluabl*  in  Irduu).  The  ciiy  i<  governed  by 
'   Ike   pniliainnitiry  bomugh  letumi  one 


Uacikk  b  nid  10  h>vr  tN«i  the  Srtla  of  Pialemy  and  the 
/Caiit-di'TtaiUcagk  of  the  Aanab  oT  Muliircmu,  Tlmt  ii  1 
tradition  that  it  oai  vdHtd  by  Si  Ptirick  in  ibc  jih  nniury, 
but  it  ii  inn  autbcntinJIy  kiwim  m  a  uiilcmcnt  of  ihc  Diihi, 

ol  Ibcir  kingdam  of  Umerick,  but  WRC  eipclied  [mm  it  lovar.li 
the  cloK  of  the  lolh  cenlury  by  Brian  Bonnmhe.  Frarn  nob 
liUitsconquoKbTlhcEngliahin  1174  it  wuthrieiil  of  Ihc  tings 
ol  Thonwnd  or  North  Munuer,  and,  ahhough  in  ti;9  Ihc 
n  of  Limerick  wai  given  by  Henry  II.  to  Herbert  Fi 


n  the  p< 


e  Irish 


cbicftalna  liU  1 195.  Richard  I.  grained 
By  King  Jobn  It  ou  committed  to  the  an  at  WiUism  dc  Burgo, 
who  Founded  English  Town,  and  lor  its  dclcncc  erected  a  strong 
caille.  The  city  was  frequently  hnieged  in  the  ijlh  and  I4lh 
cmtuttH.  In  the  i^h  century  its  fonihcaligns  were  ciitnid«l 
la  Include  Irish  Town,  atid  unlil  Ihclr  ilemoHlKni  In  1760  li  was 
ene  o(  the  sirongnl  fonitisn  of  the  kingdom.  In  lAji  it  was 
tikn  by  General  Imon,  and  after  an  untacteuful  liff  by 
WilliaiB  lU.  In  i6go  «■  tetisUiH*  wn  ttrminitnl  on  the  jid  ot 
October  ^  the  loUowing  year  by  the  Innly  of  Limerick.  Thr 
dismanlbng  of  lis  fortifications  began  in  1760,  but  fragments  of 
the  old  walls  remtin.  The  original  mnnlcliul  lights  of  the  eily 
bad  been  confirmed  and  eiiendcd  by  a  succession  of  scrvercfpis, 
uid  In  1609  ilrrcrived  a  charter  coailil  uling  it  a  county  ol  a 
dty,  and  i1k  incorporating  a  society  of  merchants  of  the  staple, 
with  the  same  privilege*  at  the  mcrthanisaf  the  slapR  of  Dublin 
aad  Wateriord.  The  powers  ol  the  torpoiaLion  were  leraoddlcd 
by  the  Limerick  Regubtian  Act  of  iSij.  The  pnispiriiy  of  the 
dty  data  chieBy  from  the  loundalion  of  Newtown  Pery  in  t)A9 
by  Edmund  Seiton  Pery  (d.  1R06),  speaker  of  ihc  Irish  House 
of  Commons,  whose  family  subsequently  received  the  liLle  ol  the 
euldom  ol  Limerick.  Under  the  Local  Covcmment  Ad  ol  189$ 
Limerick  became  one  ol  Ihc  six  c«uity  borovghi  faivin|  a 
•eparate  county  cooncO. 
mmcK,  a  name  which  has  been  adi^ted  lo  disitnguish 

ol  the  iglh  cenluly.  A  Umciick  is  a  kind  of  burlesque  cpipam. 
wrtticB  In  five  lines.  In  its  oariier  fonn  it  had  two  rhymn, 
the  word  whfch  cksed  Ihe  fini  or  lecond  line  being  usually 
employed  at  the  end  ai  the  fifth,  but  in  btcr  varieties  diUcrcnl 
riiymlng  words  are  employed.  Tliere  is  much  uncertainty  as 
10  the  metnlnf  ol  the  name,  and  as  to  the  time  when  ft  became 
altached  to  a  particular  species  of  nonsense  verses.  According 
lo  the  JVcv  Eni-  Did.  "  a  song  has  existed  in  Ireland  lor  a  very 
coDsidenblc  time,  the  conuxuction  of  the  verse  of  which  is 
Identical  wilb  thai  of  Leftr'i"  (sec  bdow),  and  in  which  the 
iovitalion  b  repeated,  "  Will  you  come  up  to  Limerick  ?  " 
ITnfoitunately,  the  ^iccimcn  quoted  intheATctn  £ii|.  Did.  it  not 
oolynoiidenLicBl  with,  butdoes  not  tetemble Lear's.  Whatever 
bt  the  dBivnloD  of  the  name,  however,  it  ii  now  mtvenally 
ttscd  lo  describe  a  set  of  verses  farmed  on  this  model,  with  Ihc 
Variitloni  In  rhyme  noted  above: — 

"  Then  wai  an  Did  man  wbo  Bid  '  Huihl 

"""whiiTlhey  sstd.'-le  it  tmallf '• 

He  nplicd, '  Not  at  all! 

It  <s  fin  tines  the  tin  a(  the  bush.'  " 


is  iltrtbuled  10  Edward  Lear,  who,  when  a  tutor  In  the  family  tt 
the  carl  ol  Derby  al  Knonslcy,  composed,  about  1834,  a  large 
numbcc  ol  nofocnsc-lirnerkks  10  amuse  the  lillle  grandchiMrcn 
ol  the  houic,  hlnny  oF  these  he  published,  with  illuslralians, 
in  ig4A,  and  they  enjoyed  and  still  enjoy  an  eitieme  popniariiy. 
Lear  prefcmd  lo  give  a  geographical  odour  to  bis  alnurdiiies, 

"  TTieie  was  an  old  ncnDii  of  Tanarv 

Who  CM  rhiuuxh  hi.  iBuubr  an<.Ty. 

UV-nui>caaicKt»ile. 

And  CKlaimi-d, '  O  my  Life. 
How  your  hiaa  will  bL  Idt  ihiDUgh  all  Taitatyl'  " 


us  purposes,  political,  s 


LS  ban  an  the 
:ompelitor,  for 


The  I 


ally  a  path.  lomclimcs  a  boundary  pith  ([ossibly  in  original 
sense)  or  boundaiy,  and  hence  it  was  utiliicd  by  Latin  wrilen 
□cculonaiiy  Id  dcnolc  Iraniicr*  dcnnilcly  dclimiinl  and  martLCd 
in  Mime  distinct  lashion.    Thi>  biter  acnsc  bat  been  adapted 

of  the  Roman  Empire.  Thus  Ihe  Wad  ol  Hadrian  in  north 
England  (s«  Butaih:  Ktimin,)  is  now  lomciimes  ilylcd  Ihe 
Lima  Briiamiciii,  the  [lonticr  ol  Ihe  Roman  province  of 
Arabia  lacing  the  desert  the  Ltmrs  Arabitui  and  50  lorlh.  In 
particular  the  remarkable  Ironlier  lines  which  bounded  Ihe 
Roman  provlncea  ol  LTpfxr  (southern)  Germany  and  Rielia, 
and  which  at  their  greatest  development  stretched  From  near 
Bonn  on  the  Rhine  lo  nc^ir  RegcnsburR  on  the  Danube,  are  often 
called  the  Umn  Crrmiimcn.  The  history  of  these  lines  is  the 
lubjeet  ol  the  lollowing  paragraph).  They  have  In  the  hst 
Fiflccn  years  become  much  iKiiit  known' thtough  lyslcmalic 
eicavatJORS  finance:!  by  the  German  empire  and  Ihmugb  other 
reseaiehe*  connected  IheiCTiilb,  and  [hough  many  important 
di^taiU  SIC  alill  doubtful,  their  general  dcveloprscDt  can  be 

From  Ihe  death  of  Augustus  (a.D.  14)  liQ  after  A.D.  70  Rome 


Rhine 

Lhc  fertile  plain  of  Fnnkfort,  opposite  Ihc  Roman  border 
of  Magunliacum  (Maini),  the  soulhcrnmaM  slopes  of  ih 
Korest  and  a  ftw  scattered  Iftes.du-pont,  Thenonhem 
gF  this  rromier,  where  the  Rhine  is  deep  and  broad,  rcmai 
Roman  boundary  tdi  the  empire  fell.  The  southern  p 
diUerent.  The  upper  Rhine  and  upper  Danube  an 
ctosaed.  TTie  froniier  which  they  Form  is  inconvenicni 
enchninganacule-angled  wedge  of  foreign  territory— Ihe 
Baden  and  Wtirllcmberj.   The  Ccrmi 


held  only 


suhjecis  from  the  modern  Alsace  and  Lorraine  had  dn'flcd  icnss 
Ihe  river  easlwardi.  The  motives  alike  ol  geographical  con- 
venience and  of  Ihe  advaniagnlo  be  gained  by  recognizing  these 

policy  at  Rome,  and  when  [he  vigorous  VCspaslan  had  socci-cdcd 
Ihe  fool^rirornal  Nero,  a  acnes  oF  advances  began  which  gradually 
closed  up  the  acute  ingle,  or  at  leul  rendered  ii  obtuse. 

The  first  advance  came  about  7*.  when  what  is  now  Baden 
was  Invaded  and  in  part  annexed  and  a  n>ad  carried  from  Ihe 
Roman  base  on  the  upper  Rhine,  Strtusburg.  lo  the  Danube 
juil  above  Uhn,  The  point  of  Ihe  angle  was  broken  oH.  The 
second  advance  was  made  by  Domilion  (bout  a,d,  Sj.  He 
pushed  out  from  Mogunliacum,  extended  Ihe  Raman  territory 
east  of  it  and  enclosed  Ihe  whoh?  vriihtn  a  systematically  de- 
limited and  dcFcTHlcd  rronlicr  with  numerous  blockhouses  along 

which  bf  vari< 


t>qf> 


nube.    The  angle  1 


ulviiice  ntceiaiUMd  »  tMrd  Bavtrntnt,  Oa  cooMniclIon  of  • 

hontin'  cganMling  tbc  uncialian*  a(  a.d.  74  iid  8j.  We 
know  thf  line  Hi  thfi  ftoDiicr  whicb  ran  iTam  ihe  Mvn  tcron 
(he  upland  Odenwald  lo  Ihe  uppcc  waters  ol  the  N«kitanilwu 
defended  by  a  ckajn  ol  luti.  We  do  not,  however,  know  in 
dale,  uve  ihal,  il  not  Domitiin'i  work,  ii  v>u  carriKl  out  Mon 
■fitt  h;i  death,  and  the  whole  Froalicr  thus  conitituled  wi* 
rtorganlied,  probably  by  Hadrian, 
plliude  reachini  Iron  Rhine  lo  D^ 

the  tiven  wu  now  almou  lull.  But  Ibete  remuneo  lunner 
advance  and  further  (ortificaliDn.  Either  Hadrian  or,  more 
probibiy.hb  HicccBoc  t^ut  puihcd  nit  from  the  Odenwald  and 
the  Danube,  and  marled  out  a.  new  Ironlier  roughly  parallel  to 
tut  in  advance  ol  thew  two  Hncs,  tliough  aomelimci.  as  on  the 
Taunul,  coinciding  with  the  older  Line.  This  ii  the  fronliei 
which  il  DOW  vitible  and  visited  by  the  curious.     It  conaiUs, 

ai  the  Pfafalgiabcn,  ii  an  eonhcn  mound  and  ditch,  best  seen 
in  the  DEighbourhood  of  the  Saalburg  hut  once  extending  fmn 
the  Rhine  louihwaida  into  tMLhem  Cemiasy.  Tlie  olher, 
which  hcgini  where  the  eaithwnrk  Vopi,  is  a  nil,  thou^  not 
a  very  formidable  wall,  of  none,  the  TeufcUmaueri  it  tun* 
roughly  east  and  west  patallc]  10  the  Danube,  which  it  Goally 
ir  Rcgenshutg.   The  Prahlgrabcn  is  rtmark- 


er  of  gritty  sand  gr 


insoluble  impurfties  of  tht  llnieitinw  law  ben  depodted  by  tke 
The  less  pure  rocks  have  olteo  eroded  or  pilled  surftoa, 
ig  bands  or  patches  rendered  more  resistant  to  the  afCioa 
of  the  woather  by  the  presence  of  insoluble  Bateriala  sixh  V 
■and,  clay  or  dieil.  These  surfaced  are  oftel  known  from  Iht 
;ruil  of  hydroiB  uides  ol  iron  produced  by  the  action  ol  the 
itmosphere  on  any  fcrritcram  ingrvdienii  of  the  rwk;  they  are 
"Duuone  is  carbonaceous;  >  thin 
be  left  Da  the  surface  of  lunesloixl 
slightly  ucnaccous.  M«|  limatoues  which  cuntain 
w  these  nuy  dearly  on  wealhered  surlacea.  and  the 
e  of  fragments  of  conb,  <riii«ids  and  ihellt  on  the 
ciposrd  part)  of  a  rock  indicate  a  strong  prabahility  that 
*  at  lock  is  a  linestnoe.  The  inteijor  uaoally  ^w>  the  orgasic 
ruct grts  very  imperfectly  or  not  al  alL 

Another  chamcierisiic  of  pure  iimmoBo.  where  (hey  occui 
Urge  masses  occupying  consideralile  areas,  is  the  frequency 
ilh  which  they  produce  bare  mcky  ground,  especially  K  high 
cvations,  or  yield  only  a  thin  scanty  soil  covered  with  short 
„  ass.  InmounlainousdistckttlimestimesareeftenrKagnlaBbie 
by  these  peculiiritict.  The  chalk  down  an  cekbcaled  lor  the 
green  swatd  which  they  furaiah.    Morr  in 


for  01 


le  for  t: 


lutelytr 


nalhcn; 
ie  roiar  s 


ssotai 


n  fas) 


.    This  Ironlier  remainnd 


lor  about  100  yean,  and  no  doubt  in  that  long  period  much  wa 
done  to  it  to  whicb  we  cannot  afiia  precise  dates.  We  cannot 
even  be  abaoluldy  certain  when  the  fmnlicr  laid  out  by  Fius 
was  equipped  with  the  Pfahlgrabcn  and  Tcufelsmauer.  But 
we  know  that  the  piestute  of  the  barbarians  began  to  be  Iclt 
Miiously  in  the  later  pan  of  the  lad  century,  and  after  long 
struggles  the  whole  or  almost  the  whole  district  east  of  Rhine 
and  north  ol  Danube  iru  lost — seemingly  all  within  one  short 
period— about  ajj.  250. 

The  best  Eaclitli  atioont  will  be  found  in  H.  F.  Fdhwn-i  «ay  in 
Tnni.  sf  1*1  Kvfol  ffiil  Stc.  vol.  so.  irprintcil  in  his  CaUicUd 
Ptprri.  pp.  17S-311  (Oiloid.  1910}.  whcR  the  Cemian  authorliii-s 
•re  fully  Acd:  (F.  J.  H.J 

UMESTONS,  in  pelrogrtpby,  a  rock  canaiitjig  essinlially  of 
carbonate  of  lime.    The  group  includes  many  vaiietica,  some  of 

r--r— — on.  ariaiaa  tiom  the  1'       '    ' 

and  mineral  characi 
readily  in  cold  dilui 
Citric  or  acetic  acid 


ate  soft  rocks  readily  sc 


pressure  with  the  fingers  and  canr 
nail.  When  free  from  impurities 
generally  contain  unall  quantilies 

creamy,  especially  Ibosc  which  c 
urbonate  or  day.  Others  are  bl 
Sulphide,  or  pyrtte 


ralils 

acids,  giving  off  bubbles  of  carbonii 
•ill  effect  Ihis  change,  Ihough  Ihc  m 

only  employed.    Limeslones,  when 


latched  wiih  the  fioge 


r  grey  a 


Red 

limestones  usually  contain  haematite;     in   grcc 

there  may  be  gliuconite  or  chlorite.    In  crystalli 

or  marbles  many  silicales  may  oouf  piDducing  vaiied  coloun, 
t^.  epidole,  cblotite,  augite  (green);  vesuvianilc  and  garnet 
(brown  and  red);  graphite,  spinels  (black  and  grey);  epidole, 
chondrodite  (yellow).  The  specific  gravity  of  Unustoaea  raage: 
from  3'6  Id  I'S  in  typical  eiamplcs. 

When  seen  in  the  Geld,  limeslones  art  often  rtcogniiabh 
by  their  method  of  weathering.  If  very  pure,  they  may  havi 
smooth  rcHindcd  surfaces,  or  may  be  covered  with  ninuw  lunneli 
cut  out  by  the  rain.  In  such  cases  there  is  very  lillle  soil,  anc 
plants  an  found  growing  oo^y  jn  fissuns  or  csvices  wbera  tbi 


B  and  valut 


3al  mailer  10  yield  soils  of  great  thick, 
the  l^iKnbnsh,    In  limestoee  regtoni  all  sailers 

of  Ibe  abundant  carbanalc  ol  lime  dissolved  by 
[>ercalatuig  waters,  and  caves,  swallow  hole*,  sisks,  pot-holt* 
'  luHletground  rivers  may  occut  in  abuntlatice.  Sobc  elevaled 
ts  of  limcsionc  aic  very  bamn  (<.f.  ib*  Cauun),  becavM 
rain  which  falls  in  them  siKkt  at  once  into  the  eiilh  and- 
a  undargniund.  To  a  Urge  extent  this  is  tme  of  the  diaft 
ns,  where  surfan  waters  are  notably  scarce,  though  at  coo- 
lideiable  depths  the  rocks  bold  large  supplies  of  water. 

The  great  malority  of  limcilones  are  el  organic  formatton.  con- 
sating  of  lbs  di.-bris  of  the  skatetoas  ol  aaimals.  Some  are  lora- 
miailml.  others  an  irinaMal.  sbrily  or  c4nl  UDMooes  accordint 
la  (be  nature  of  the  cnatuRswhoac  remains  (bey  contain.    CM 

fine,  white  arid  rather  soft,  and  h  ywy  urvdy  m 
sheds  of  gloUgeriBa  —  — —  * '-''—  •^—  '— 

i;?Ml!L*sss:'cS™thes(i,ii.-,.._--.._... .._._ 

Ada  MlMir.  Ac),   nc  pyramids  n(  Egypt  are  binh  minly 


^pt.Ada 

niaifvn  witn  many  cr 

the  small  ^utarsliel 
Home  Carnonafcroua  1 
lormalioninRuuia.ca 
bv  the  occurrence  of  Ii 
ol  AukltBd,ageDuso 


Hmy  lamrly  i _,._.._ 

smlnilem  biKCiiaLi).  Almcot' 
._Jitic  limtMoHa  b  wdl  dewJoped 
a,  France,  (he  iUps,  Crccce.  Algnia, 


e.    Nami 


_  ..  ct  arc  IxHng  formed  a1 

Urge  extent  of  tlie  Iropicai  scaa;  -many 
be  ul  great  thickness.  The  same  pujcns 
■InCT  a  very  early  period  of  ibc  snh's  hi 
lound  ID  RROt  Btnndsnce  in  many  gco 


Gcrnuuly).     The  Cidnnilcn 
of  Envland  and  Ninth  Azneric 

belicvtd  by  many  la  Ik  meiei 

Crineida]  limcatDni*,  though  abnm 


e  present  day  over  ■ 

'^or'Srr^"V'a« 

K  Dcwnian  iheie  are 
lal  reefs  (Devonstiirc, 

larfyenirdyconlline. 

—  .«<*■.    A  special  fouure 
iy  may  be  Id  a  conHderable 


JDlnis  of  these  animab.  They  sice 
and  by  the  fact  that  many  of  tbmi 
which  Ii  tjim  Ailed  up  by  arbonsK 
they  have  ■  pnncUlc  or  lenotnie  E 

pobriscd  light.  Remains  of  other  < 
urchins)  are  o<[en  loand  in  plenty  li 
^oEics,  bur  very  HMom  make  up 
Shelly  lirneKonn  may  coniis  of  m 


y  great  scale  al  the  prrsenl 

mainly  of  Ibe  little  cylindriol 
^ly  recognind  by  their  shape, 
show  a  lube  aloiig  (heir  am. 
of  lime ;  under  the  micpcatopt 
-uctuie  and  each  |(^  behaves 

4iinodcrais  (nacfMies  and  sea 
Sacoodary  and  Tcniaiy  lime- 

'  connst  at  moliusca  or  of  brachtopoda,  the 
n  Nmnlcwnalall  ages  while  the  Utter  atulMd 
Knem  in  ihr  PaUeoaolc  emch.  The  dnUs 
miy  have  been  reduced  la  shell  sand  fiefora 
Many  wdii  «l  thucUsaaaelmplitwaitd  pMB 


UMESTONE 


697 


ihei^.    Conilioc*  {brynoa,  patyvm,  Ac-J.  crpluJopodi  if^f-  iui»- 
pomn^  bdtmnUceJ,  cnmuctaiu  tmi  tpgngci  cKcyr  JrcqueaUy  io 

nek  lo  be  bllitt  up  cnlinly  ot  one  kind  bI  Oflinbn  Ibough  il  k 
doaifiBi  Kcofdinr  to  iCi  tnoit  Abundjuil  or  mat  cwtapknoui 


"T.U-<n..Lcli™ta„„tl> 

roiuiullyoa 

unniiKhGnclrgnniil 

cakannii  nuiicr  whicb  lui 

<l  i>  limcMou!  mud 

ubiUHH  nhkli  nsut 

Irom  die  bmldtit  doon  ol  ihdli,  fit,  by 
ud  by  [fa>da;»Uch  tike,  dlu  £a  fb. 
fauiKM..™  «nipMi«l  LoloWd  nick. 

Lhc  w*va  and  cumni 
a  bDtun  before  th 

Tht  ikckul  pu» 

Into  limnloni!  in  II 

|S!^"lw  xti^'^nttme 

In  ■hallow 

conk  Ac,! 

l™i«Mly-j«ci«dyp«=riu 

■oTb'ji  tl^ 

oacaiuaiilaalfaEE 

lloUDB.    A  luit  pvl  pl  A  con]  i«cl     . 

orlD(othcU|oon.  LBTvclngmciiIsaln  fall  ovctlhcilccp  outward 
■lofn  of  (be  nc(  and  build  up  a  taluiat  Ehcirbaae.  Conl  mudaand 
cnl  fandt  prodnccd  bv  ibo  vavn  acdiw  m  (bac  dOacbcd  bloclu, 
■■  bdkvBlta  cover  two  and  a  ball  miUkna  d  louaie  niiki  ol  Ihc 
«ccui  loot.  Owu|  10  ikc  fragile  nMam  of  tbr  ihdla  ot  loninimCcm 
tbey  nadily  become  <llunlt?Gmnl.  ctpccially  a(  conkidcraUc  dcplbi, 
brgdy  by  the  KlvcnF  action  of  carijonic  acid  id  ica  mm  aa  tbcy 
riu  ts  tlH  bonom.  Tlw  cbalk  in  vay  pnt  uR  muBta  not  tt 
nin  ilitlli  but  ol  debria  «<  loAmiaitcni,  •ad  rnoUmca  (audi  a* 
/■Kiniiiiu.  ftc).  The  CkiUgerioi  oote  it  tbc  mart  walnpreid  <t 
modcni  cakircov*  [vnatioiia.  It  oocupia  nearly  STly  n^iona 
ef  nifan  mitei  of  tbc  aca  boctmi,  at  an  averan  depth  of  two  thou- 
■and  bihoH.  Ptcnped  ooB^  cenaJMiat  nOoly  cf  the  abdla  of 
pmpeda  (nnllBKaJ  alio  hat  ■  wide  diiUibutMM  eapooally  la 

Coranlidation  may  to  *  con^dnahle  talent  be  pmluecd  by 
preftSuiT.  bjt  more  commonly  cementation  and  cryilBlliaotlon  play 

■  la^e  part  En  the  proccsa.  Recent  ihell  aamla  oji  bcachca  and  In 
dunea  are  not  vnfrequently  converted  U1I0  a  loft,  Kmi-cobcicat 

■iw  BOD  hai  ■(•  caviiiei  nnn  oc  Icii  oUilcraied  )iy  a  dcpult  of 
caldu  Iniii  toleiiim.    Tha  flno  inlcntillal  nad  oc  paite  nracnla 

■  btiiisilace  to  tkswhrali,  and  iiDotc  nadily  auackcilOuin  Ihe 

biset  and  men  coBHCt  ihell  fraEinenli.  In  tieah-mtii  narli 
toniidcnbic  masaea  of  ciyilallinc  calcilc  may  be  pnidiiced  in  [hit 
■ay,  endnpng^  wen-pitaoyed  moUuacsn  ahc^la     Mam  calcueDua 

Dndcr  the  nucmaeope.  la  uaually  Uimji  or  pnimatic,  the  talciic  ia 
own  annnenly  nuular  with  a  wdl-matked  netwoTk  (d  rtiambohc- 
dtalcleBvage  cracks.  The  replacement  ofarafonite  by  calcilc  ^oei  on 
«v«  ia  iltella  Lyinf  on  iiMdcni  tea  iboiva.  and  ia  of  len  very  oonsptete 
la  mdea  bctDBgiBg  to  the  eider  Ecoiotjcol  pcrioda.  By  the  ncry- 
UalUaatiiM  <i  t^e  Bncr  paue  and  the  inEroducljoii  ol  caldte  in 
Mlutlon  the  inteiisr  of  thtUt,  condi,  foramiailcra.  &c,  becomci 
eccupM  by  cryAaUine  catdtc*  Bmetiinet  In  compaiativdy  lari« 
fralni,  wlule  the  origioat  orptiic  atmctum  may  be  very  well' 

Some  UaieiWnca  an  wrtujiagiy  pure,  t-t.  >bo  diak  and  khbc 
wicilM  at  mountain  Gmotene,  and  thcie  are  opocially  auited  lor 
■lakinf  lime.    The  majorityi  hoaiwer,  contain  admbiliire  of  otlieT 

acKillacetHia  inmtixict  frequently  occur  [n  thin  or  thick  bcda  aiEer> 
ulina  with  ihale^  aa  io  the  Ljaa  of  Engbod  (the  ouultlenc  iciiea). 
Friable  ar^llaceou*  freih-water  LmeMoiHS  ate  called  "  nutli, 
aad  are  uied  in  many  diatilcti  for  top  ttreaoing  irifla»  but  the  name 
"  mail "  la  kmely  applied  and  k  often  riven  to  bcdi  whiil  are 
aot  <i  thia  BHiiR  (fi.  the  red  Barta  el  lEa  Ttas).  The  "  eenEnt 
aloaei "  of  the  Lothlua  in  Scotlaiid  are  arriUaccaui  EBcatenea  of 
Lower  CaHMoIFecDua  uc,  which  when  bomt  yicM  BmenL  Tbeguilt 
(Upper  Cretaceoui)  u  a  "'^'■***'t  elay.  often  contaliuni  weO- 
prncTved  foiiila,  wMcfc  liei  below  Ihech^  and  altalna  eanaidnaMe 

tiaai  by  fndiial  tianaithHia  Into  dills' ■aoditena;  la  the  latter  tl» 
abeO*  an  often  dbnlved  Icayinicavilie^  lAidi  may  be  occaiM 
by  cialB.  Some  ot  the  Old  Red^aaditooe  la  eakarcoas.  In  other 
easel  the  calcanooa  matter  haa  rectyaUlUaed  in  large  ptalc*  which 
have  dilning  deavifc  lurfacca  dotted  over  with  fralna  of  aand 
tLiimlwIrtre  lineuone).  Tha  FontaincMeaa  aaoditDna  has  large 
calcHe  rhombobcdra  filled  with  ttnd  gam,  Limcatooea  aomclimen 
conlala  much  plant  matter  iriiich  has  been  eohvertcd  Into  a  dark 
coaly  snbatanee,  In  which  the  oriftnsl  woody  rinictuiea  nuy  be 
pmervcd  or  mu  not.  The  cakanaas  pelriBed  planii  ed  Fifesblie 
•ocar  in  auch  a  nmcalon^  and  moch  has  liccn  ksnifll  fiwn  a  micro- 
seopic  study  of  ihem  rnardinE  ibe  anatomy  of  the  planii  of  the 
CaririMuieniai  pBiod.    Vokaojc  aibci  ocfar  ia  aomc  linicatooea,  1 


nod  eannlD  behtf  th 
nire,  wfaicn  are  usually 


ipreseet  day  there  ualiiayaaiJight  admialuR 
derived  ellher  from  wind-hlown  dust,  from 
or  fnm  Hoatiaa  pieces  ttt  pumice     Other 

^nic  matter  ia  the  shape  of  awfully  bitumen 

pretuoably  derived  from  plant  temaia*.    Tie  well- 

Vid  it  Thmri  isa  bitumhns  limcttooe  of  kMtr  Ntocomba 
aie  tousd  in  Iho  valley  of  that  name  near  Neuchlttl  Some  of  the 
at  beds  of  North  Amcrn  arc  porous  limeatoaea,  hi  the  cavities  of 
which  the  dl  ia  stored  up.  SIUeeDUS  UmcilonaL  where  their  silica 
li  orlgbial  and  of  ortanle  oridn,  have  contained  siidctans  of  HMinna 
or  ndidarla.  In  the  chalk  the  silica  haa  uaually  been  dissolved  and 
redcpoaited  aa  Snl  rudulea^  and  in  Ibe  CarbonUerous  limcstcoie  aa 
chert  bands.  Il  nay  dso  be  depedicd  in  the  cunts  and  other 
organic  Rmaioa,  dlielfying  them,  with  premvaibin  ol  the  anginal 

The  ooGtie  nmntoacs  form  a  ip«Hai  fimp  diatlneui-thcd  by  chefr 
conndng of  amdl  rounded  or  ciripticarenUa  reaemblini  li>h  roe; 

rnd°fa^l7°l«^il^f^  The  odilS  gram'in  Jixtion'^i^^ 
nudnis,  tj.  a  fnpient  of  a  shell,  quuti  gialn,  &c  around  whkh 
csncenlcic layen  have  been  deponted.  In  many  cases  there  is  also 
a  ladialing  alructuie.    They  tunsit  «(  caldte  or  aragonife,  and 

atone  Biiid  or  graiiufar  calcile  cryilala.  DcpDiiu  of  silica,  (Hbonsle 
of  iriMi  or  anull  ihombohcdn  uf  dolomite  are  often  found  in  tha 
Interinr  ti  the  qjheroidi,  and  oolites  may  be  entiiely  dlidSed 
(Penncylvnnia,  Cambrian  rocka  of  iicallaad).  Oolitic  IiDiHtoDes  are 
very  abuadaal  In  Ibe  Cleveland  diitikt  of  Yorksbic*  aiid  fem  aa 
'  (OH  DR.  They  are  often  knpviv,  and  didr  iron  may  be 
haeotaiitc  or  aa  ehdyblK.  (Miiic  limcstonn  are  kr'— 
gcologicat  lormatlon^  t^.  the  Cambrian  and  Sdori 

nd  ttUei,  CarboailixoBS  Hmer"—  '■>-i— ■>    ■- 

Tetdafy  and  Kaeeot  liuisiilna     They  ar 


fiSfiS 


rifying  apringa  like  these 
iaglanJ  is  in  Ihe  Juiasiie 
excellently  adapted  lor 
-  '■■■  '■■  ■■  -J  ^rtlsnd 
and  that 

Fragments  of  shcUs.  &c.,  in  highly 


bulidlng  pumosc^  and  yidd  the  wdl-ltnc 

and  Bath.   Soon  bold  that  thsy  are  ches , ., ; 

calcareous  deposit  laid  doii'n  on  Fragments  of  shcUs.  &c.,  I-  ■■■-1-1-- 
calcareoua  watcn     An  dlemativc  hypothesis  ''    '*"' 

cdlutar  plants  (Cwwar/fa.  *c.),  ' '  ' 

time  Iron  the  water,  and  have  bo 
iheaiNe     ' ' " 

having  I 
atalactlte  "  idiKh 
aSnllhc 

e  way  "atafagmito"  gathc 

*„jOHilates  in  thick  masses  which  I .-.,_ 

weapons  of  primilive  caviHlwdling  man.    Cd 

llmenoites  dqMidted  by  the  cva[iDTalioa  of  caicareouB  ipnngi: 

- — Mine  k  a  weU-known  llaHan  nek  of  Ibis  kind.  Al  Carl-bad 
Ic  linnainci  are  femiru  but  it  aecms  |ipi4iahle  thai  miniila 
iuii^  In  this  process.  Chcmfed  deposits  01  carbonate  of  lime 
be  pRduced  by  the  evaporation  of  sea  water  in  some  tipraiaed 
:  IsEoons  and  dndlar  diuations.  but  il  Is  unllkdy  that  ihia 
I  puec  to  any  ^ttent  in  the  open  sea,  as  sea  water  oontaiaa 
Idtle  cajbonato  of  lime,  apparently  hecauae  laarlac  Agaiifama 
'ly  abstract  iti  still  some  wiitcrs  believe  that  a  coniidcnbie 


Intotbc  underlying  hmestooea  change 

-,  ,eUav  phosf^iatc  rock  (rx  Sonbrrro.  Chrisrr 
sometimes  known  as  lOck-gvaao  or  nlQcral 


dry  cllmales  Ibt 
uptiate,  pcicolat- 

(dand.  Ac). 

rno.     In  the  ncetb 
cialk:  Ihey  occur 


pope,  who  put  (he  ban  upon  any  who  should  moist  pilfrin; 
"  who  go  Lo  Rome  for  God'l  ulw,''  The  quotion  of  grantin 
dnpcDutjoni  from  Bucb  A  vow  gmve  Hoc  to  much  ciuMic^ 
legBlatioa,  In  which  the  papacy  had  GniUy  to  give  fn  to  tli 
biihopi.  The  visit  dcminded  by  law  were  ot  more  impottinc 
Is  743  I  Ronin  tynod  decreed  ihit  ill  bishops  lubjcct  lo  lb 
mttrDpolitaa  lee  of  Rome  ihould  meei  penonilly  cvny  year  i 


Gregory  VII.  i 
Watem  Chim:! 


Indcd  ir 


oidci 


ropolila 


...  _    ,       _       ,         ,    y.  Bohemia  and  ihe 

Britiih  Isla  every  [our  yeui;  Ihoie  [ram  the  ml  of  Europe 

■bbolt,  provosti  and  oihcn  who  held  tcrriiotial  jurisdiction. 

UHITAnOH,  ETATOTS  OF,  Ihe  name  given  to  acu  of 
puliamcnl  by  which  liihli  o(  action  are  limited  in  the  (Jnited 
Kinidom  la  ■  fiied  period  aiier  the  occurrence  of  the  events 
ijnng  riK  to  the  cause  d[  action.  Thii  ii  one  of  the  devices  by 
whicb  [apie  ol  time  is  cmpioyed  to  lettJe  disputed  cliinu.  Then 
ire  laainly  imo  nwdci  by  which  ihia  may  be  efTeciid.    We  may 

determined  period  ihatl  be  a  good  title  againii  all  the  world. 
Tliat  is  the  method  Lnown  generally  ai  PuscutnoM  (jt). 
It  Looks  to  the  length  of  time  during  which  the  defendant  in  a 
diifHitcd  claim  hnbcen  in  pasieiiionoren)ayment  of  the  milter 
Id  dispute.  But  the  principle  of  the  stniutcs  of  limitation  is  to 
look  to  the  length  of  time  during  whicb  Ihe  plaintil  hu  been  out 
ot  poateuioD.  The  point  of  tine  at  which  he  might  hnt  hive 
btougfat  bis  actioa  having  been  ascenained.  the  lapse  ot  the 
limited  period  after  that  time  ban  him  forever  from  biinglng  hia 
■ctioo.  In  both  cues  the  policy  of  the  Uw  is  eipteascd  by  the 
maiiia/iifaraf»/pKU;iaei>f  jiJ/auf£liiHi. 

The  principle  of  limitaiion  was  bal  adopted  in  English  law  in 
eosneiiDn  with  real  aniont,  it.  aciiont  for  the  rteovety  «t  red 
property.  At  Gni  a  filed  date  wu  taken,  and  no  action  could 
be  brought  of  which  the  caiue  had  arisen  before  that  dale.  By 
the  Statute  of  WestmiiHter  the  First  (j  Edward  I.  c.  lo),  the 
beginning  of  the  rcjgn  of  Richard  I.  was  hied  as  the  date  of 


legalm 


s  lo  which 


with  the  £nt  year  of  Richard  I. 


y  applii 


i.     Poueiaion 
held  10  be  an 


•dcM  (or  tkt 

Lnting  back  tr 

of  the  writs  was  adopted 

filed  periods  of  thirty, 


ncthod 


698    LIMINA  APOSTOLORUM— LIMITATION,  STATUTES  OF 

■ndthliB^rputlniaiolalioaandbeitdepDHUidliiceiiainbariioin.        a  period  aba^idy  liied 
a  pmcen  ramnhlLn  the  foenmion  of  Hi  ma.    On  ihe  us  boitain  at  .......' 

the  prewil  day  phoaphatic  nodules  ore  [ound  which  have  nihcrtd 
luiBd  Ibe  dsd  Wie*  of  Gtbei  and  «he(  animals.  Aiiayiniibe 
organic  itractwcs  of  the  original  limotone  may  be  well  pnacrvcd 
lliouih  tbfl  whole  mau  ii  photphaliivd. 

Where  uprisinff  bcalnf  waters  carrying  miDcral  tatulians  are 
procccdiog  from  dr«  seated  oustes  c4  igaeoua  rocks  ibcy  oflcA 
deposit  a  porlKH  of  uieir  contents  in  lincaiDne  bedL  At  Ltadville, 
in  Colorado,  [or  cjcanple,  grxat  miaatiljea  of  rich  silver  lead  on, 
which  have  yielded  not  a  httle  geld,  have  been  obtained  Irom  the 
limeuonea,  while  other  Tockk  though  apparently  eqiuUy  favauiably 
fitualed,  are  baneo.  The  had  and  Huorwar  ocpoiiti  of  the  nona 
of  England  (AlMon  Most.  Oeiliyshin)occi.r  in  liiiKHaae.  In  the 
Malay  Sutes  the  linKMoaa  have  Ucn  inpngnaled  wiih  lin  onide. 
Zinc  on*  an  very  [nqueolly  avocialed  with  beds  of  Unicuone.  as 

quantiiy  in  Ariuna  in  locb  of 'ihii  kind.    Apart  Irani  ore  depoiiti 

V/^n  limcH^  wur  amoi^"  mclarn^ic  «hi«s  or  in  the 
vicinity  of  Intruiive  Plutonic  mum  (tuchasgranltej.t^ arc  uuuUy 
lecryuaUinl  and  have  kia  their  organic  unictuio.  They  an  then 
known  am  cryualline  lineusna  or  marble*  (g.a.J.  (J.  5.  F,} 


ecnain  number  of  yean  Irom  the  d: 
in  the  Statute  ji  Henry  VIU,  c  i, , 
fifty  and  slaty  yean  for  varioua  dan 

periods  of  limitation  lor  dilleienL  kinds  of  actions.     Of  ihote 

for  personal  aclioiu  in  general,  and  Ihe  Real  Properly  Lualtaliud 
Act  iSjj  relating  to  actions  for  the  recovery  of  land.  The 
latter  statute  hai  been  repealed  and  virtually  re-enacted  by  the 
Real  Properly  Limiiatian  Act  1874,  which  roluccd  the  period  of 
limilalun  from  twenty  yean  to  IweKe,  for  all  actioH  brou^ 
after  the  ist  January  1879.  The  principal  leciisn  of  the  act  of 
l8j3  will  thow  Ihe  modal  cftramli:  "  After  the  jist  December 
iSjj,  no  pereon  shall  make  an  entry  or  dislrcaa,  or  bring  an 
action  to  recover  any  Umd  or  rent  iat  jbHIuk  hanify  yrorj  atil 
ojler  IIk  timi  at  which  the  light  to  make  nch  eoiry  or  dfaiiBt 
or  lo  bring  such  action  shall  have  flnl  accrued  to  some  person 
through  whom  he  dainii,  or  shall  have  Gru  accrued  to  the  person 
making  or  brining  the  same."  Anethei  itcihn  defines  the  tines 
at  which  the  right  of  actkm  or  entry  duH  bt  deemed  la  havi 


bavebc< 

nanes 

ate  or  interest  in  revcnioa,  such  right  sbaU  b* 

deemed 

lohave 

rst  accrued  at  the  t 

■neat  which  such  esute  or 

n  estate  or  Inleretii 

pouenhm.  Thutsuppon 

Undsto 

be  let  by  A  to  D   from  iSjo 

for  a  period  of  fifty  yean. 

and  that 

I  porl 

on  of  such  lands  is 

occupied  by  C  from  iSjl 

without 

or  A-C's  long  poueaiion 

would  be  of  00 

avail  agalnsi  an  ad 

lion  brought  by  A  for  Ihc 

of  the 

land  after  Ihe  dete 

wouW  have  twe 

vc  years  after  the 

determination  of  the  lease 

wiihin. 

hichto 

bring  his  action,  and  might  thus,  by  an  actioa 

brought 

in  tg«i 

on  who  had  been  in  quiet 

n  since 

tjt.     What  ihc  law  looks  to  is  not  the  length 

of  time  during  which  C  has  enjoyed  the  prapcrty.  but  the  length 
of  lime  which  A  has  suflered  to  elapse  since  he  might  first  have 
brought  his  aclion.  ll  is  to  be  observed,  however,  that  the 
Real  Properly  Limitalion  Act  does  more  than  bar  the  reoiedy. 
It  citinguishes  the  right,  dillering  In  this  respect  from  the  other 
Limitalion  Acts,  which,  while  barring  the  remedy,  preserve  the 
right,  so  that  it  may  poisibly  become  available  in  lome other  way 
than  by  action. 

By  seciion  14  ol  the  act  of  iSji,  when  any  acknowledgmcnl 
of  the  title  of  the  pction  entitled  shall  have  been  given  to  bin 
or  his  agent  In  writing  signed  by  the  person  in  possession.  Di 
in  receipt  of  (he  profiii  ot  rent,  then  the  right  of  the  pei«n  (to 
whom  such  acknowledgment  ihatl  have  been  given)  to  make  an 
entry  or  distress  or  bring  an  action  shall  be  deeired  to  have  lint 
accrued  at  the  time  at  which  such  acknowledgment,  or  the  last 
ol  such  acknowledgments,  was  given.  By  section  15.  persons 
under  the  disability  of  infancy,  lunacy  or  coverture,  or  beyond 
seas,  and  their  represent alives,  are  to  be  allowed  ten  years  from 

isability,  or  death  (which  shall  have  6nl 

ing  that  the  ordinary  period  of  limitation 


happened),  noIwiihsL 
shall  have  eiplred. 
Bylheactofieij 


:lians  ol  Irtspasi,  detinue,  trover.  Ttptcvin 
or  accounl.aclnnsontbe  case  (eicept  for  slander), setiottS  of  debt 
arising  out  of  s  ^mple  contract  and  actions  for  anean  of  tent 
not  due  upon  specialty  shall  be  limited  to  sii  yean  from  the 
date  ol  the  cause  ol  sction.    Actions  for  sssault,  menace,  bstttiy, 


firs.  Persons  Isbourii 
nacy  or  unsoundness  ol 
he  removal  of  the 


and  the  arfjicrRl  islands)  an  e 
by  the  Real  Properly  Limitation  Act  of  1874  su 
is  esduded  as  10  real  property,  aikd  as  to  olhei 
Mercantile  Law  Amendment  Act  1A56. 
An  acknowtedgment,  wliether  by  payment  o 


ider  Ihe  dis- 
>  ol  mind  sre  allowed 
lisabiUly.  When  the 
the  United  Kingdom 


699 


vftbaitaMt.    Tlw  Act  9  G«o.  IV.  c.  14  (Lord  Tcnterden'i  act) 

require)  any  protnlie  or  id  mission  at  liability  to  be  in  wriiicg 
and  limned  by  the  puny  Id  be  diargcd.  oiheiwisc  il  will  oal  bu 
Ihoutute. 

CoDtncU  under  utl  tn  (ovcmed  u  to  Gnritalian  by  the  art 
of  iBXj,  which  provides  that  iclions  ioi  rent  upon  any  iodtnture 
ol  demise,  or  of  covenant,  01  debt  oi  any  bond  or  Mher  qiccialiy, 
utd  tn  reoogluuiicca,  mint  be  brousht  within  twenty  yean 
after  caoe  ol  inioii.  Actions  ol  debt  on  in  award  (the  sub- 
mtialon  being  not  umler  seal],  or  lor  i  copyhold  fine,  or  for 
msDcy  levied  on  a  writ  oifai/adai,  muil  be  biou^t  within  lii 
yean.  With  Eecud  to  tha  itftau  of  the  crown,  liw  principle 
obtains  thai  mUini  itmfta  taUrril  rtci,  so  that  no  MMine  ot 
HmlialKm  aS«u  the  crown  without  eipress  mcniion.  But  by 
the  Crown  Suits  Act  1769,  as  amended  by  the  Ciown  Suits  Act 
lUl.inluits  reiiitinglotand,  the  claims  of  the  crown  U>  recovei 
an  barred  alter  the  bpse  of  siity  years.  For  the  prosecution 
of  criminal  offences  generiUy  there  is  no  period  ol  limitation, 
except  where  they  are  puniiLible  on  summary  coaviclion.  In 
null  cue  Ibe  perud  ii  six  months  by  the  Summary  Jurisdiclion 
Act  1S4K.  Bui  there  «R  various  mrsceUaseous  limitations  hied 
by  Tir»a)  acU,  of  which  the  loUowinj  may  be  noticed.  Suits 
and  indictments  under  penal  sulules  arc  Umiled  to  two  years 
if  the  loifciture  is  to  the  crown,  to  one  year  ii  the  forfeiture  is 
to  the  common  Informer.  Penal  actions  by  persons  agpiefed 
•re  liiniled  to  two  years  hy  the  act  of  iBij.  Ptosecgiioot  under 
the  Riot  Act  can  only  be  sued  upon  wiihiu  twelve  uonihs  after 
IbcoSenix  has  been  caEnDiLled,aiid  DfJencei  against  the  Customs 
AcU  within  three  yean.  By  tbe  Public  Authorities  Proteclion 
Act  1895,  a  prosecution  ajajnsl  any  person  acting  in  eieculion 
of  atatutoiy  or  other  public  duty  must  be  commenced  within 
fix  months.  Pmaecntioni  under  the  Criminal  Law  Amendment 
Act,  ai  amended  by  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  IB  Childnn  Act 
1904,  D3USI  be  commcnttd  within  sii  months  after  the  com' 
mis^on  of  the  offence. 

Trustee*  an  eapreasly  empowered  to  plead  stalulei  of  limita- 
Hon  by  tbe  Trustees  Act  iSSS;  Indeed,  a  defence  uder  the 
(luutet  of  Umiutions  must  tn  general  be  specially  pleaded, 
timltalion  is  regarded  strictly  as  a  law  of  procedure.  Tie 
English  courts  will  therefgre  apply  their  own  rules  to  all  actions, 
■hhough  the  cause  ol  action  may  have  arisen  In  a  country  in 
which  diflereni  rukaslluniiaiioneiigt.  This  is  also  a  recognised 
principle  of  private  iniemiiiDnal  hiw  (see  J.  A.  Foote,  PriniU 
luiernaHiHat  Law,  jrd  ed.,  T904,  p.  jt6  seq.). 

t/irfKrf  51<ifei.— The  principle  of  the  statute  of  limitations  has 
passed  with  some  moilificaiion  into  (he  staiute-books  of  every 
•late  in  the  Union  except  Louisiana,  whose  laws  of  Umliatlon 
are  essentially  the  prescT^ptbni  of  the  dvil  law  drawn  fiooi  the 
fariidat,  or  "  Spanbh  Code."  As  to  personal  actions,  It  a 
geaenlly  provided  that  they  shall  be  brought  within  a  ccRain 
qiedfied  time — usually  six  yean  ot  leas>-f  rom  lit  time  when  tfea 

il  not  uidvenal  Itmilation  of  tbe  right  10  bring  1 

entry  is  to  twenty  years  alter  the  ri^t  to  enti 

■cUoo  tecrtic*  "  (BounorV  lam  Iftilmarj,  ait. 

Tlw  aoB«tltational  provinMi  ptdliUlinKMUet  I 

IxnpaMns  tbe  obBgUioB  of  coolncu  il  not  infringed  hy  a  law 

at  liodtationi,  imloih  bina  right  of  ictioD  already  accrued 

without  giving  1  reasonable  tens  wilhin-whlch  to  bring  tlw  action. 

_5ee  Duby  and  Ehwnqiiel,  SWplct  if  Ii'iMAitEni  (1B99):  Hewitt. 

UHOOB.  a  town  of  wesi-central  Fruce,  cipifri  of  tbt 
•••PUlDiBnl  of  Haote-VIenne,  fonnerly  capital  ol  tbeoldprovflBce 
«  limonata,  ijS  m.  S.  hy  W.  of  Orleans  tin  the  raBway  (0 


wbtaf  iht 


Pop.    Uvit)    w. 

*M  italion  i»  1  Junction  for 
«nd  Clermont.Ferrand.    The  1 
wk  <X  the  Vtenne,  and  co 
uw  CiU  with  narrow  sireeu  and  old  he 
*pe.  ttd  tbe  to 


AngouWme,  PWgueui 


which  hraeiiy  ntrronnded  both  quarten  II  occupied  by  boule- 
vard), outside  which  are  nbnrtM  with  wide  streets  and  spadou* 
squares.  The  cathedral,  lbs  men  remarkable  building  in  the 
Linuvsin,  was  begun  in  1173.  In  1317  the  choir  was  completed, 
and  before  the  middle  ol  the  rhth  century  the  (nnscpti  whh  its 
fine  Donh  p«tal  and  the  Bnt  two  bay*  of  the  nave;  Iton  rSf) 
to  i&jo  Ibe  construction  of  the  nave  was  continued,  and  II  was 
uniied  with  the  west  lower  (joj  It.  Wgh),  tbe  base  ol  which 
belongs  to  a  previous  Romanesque  church.  In  Ibe  hiterior 
there  arc  a  magnihceni  rood  loll  of  the  Kenaiisance,  and  the 
tombs  ol  Jean  de  Langeac  (d.  1J41)  and  other  bishops.  Ot  the 
other  churcbd  ot  Limoges,  St  Iilicbel  dcs  Lions  (i4ih  and  istt 
ccninriei)  and  St  Pierre  du  Queycoli  (iilh  and  ijtb  centuries) 
both  contain  iniersting  stained  glass.  The  principal  modeni 
buildings  an  the  town  hall  and  the  hw-courts.  The  Vienne  is 
crossed  by  •  railway  viaduct  and  tour  bridges,  two  ol  whichi 
the  Pont  St  Etlenoc  and  tbe  Font  St  Martial,  date  fnm  the 
ijth  ceotury.  Among  the  chid  squans  are  the  Place  d'Orsay 
on  tbe  tile  of  a  Roman  amphitheatre,  the  Place  Jourdan  with 
the  statue  af  Marshal  J,  B.  Joordan,  born  at  Umoges,  and  the 
Place  d'AIne  with  Ihe  stalue  ol  J,  L.  Gay-Luisac.  President 
Camot  and  I>enis  Dussoubs,  both  ol  whom  hive  stalucs.  were 
also  natives  of  the  town.  The  museum  has  a  rich  ceramic 
coUcctioD  and  art,  numismatic  and  natural  history  callections. 

Unwges  is  the  headquarters  of  tbe  XII.  army  corps  and  tbe 
seat  of  a  bishop,  a  prefect,  a  cnun  of  appeal  and  a  court  of 
assizes,  and  has  Iribunals  of  Bni  instance  and  ol  commem,  a 
board  of  trade  arbitration,  a  chamber  of  conuncrte  and  a  brxncb 
of  the  Bank  ol  France.  The  educstionjil  insiiluiions  induda 
a  lyiU  lor  boys,  a  prepaiiiory  school  of  medicine  and  pbanmcy, 
a  higher  theotogicil  seminary,  a  training  (oUege,  a  uatlonil 
icitna  of  decorative  an  and  a  commertial  and  industrial  schOoL 
The  manufacture  and  decoration  o(  porcelain  give  employnient 
to  about  ijgOOD  p*tsD«B  in  (be  Iowa  and  its  vicinity.  Shoe- 
making  and  the  tnannfaclure  of  clogs  oaupy  ortr  leoo.  Othei 
indiatriea  are  Uttncur-distlUmg,  (he  spinning  ol  wool  anJ  cloth- 

Enamelling,  which  nourished  at  Limoges  in  the  middle  ages  and 
during  the  Renaissance  (see  EHAHEl).  '    '     '  -.    ■    <      . 


trade  in  wine  and  vir^',  catil 
navigable  for  rafts  above  Linv 
the  tunent  tn  stopped  at 
inhabitants  of  the  Naveii  qi 


whofon 


1  special  gi 


pUee  of  importance  at  the  lime  el  the  Roman 
cooqueH.  ana  sent  a  large  force  to  tbe  defence  ol  Alesia.  In 
II  B.C.  it  look  the  name  ol  Augustus  (AuimltrilMmy,  but  (n 
the  4th  ceotury  it  was  anew  called  by  the  name  ol  the  Ltmaika, 
whose  capital  It  waa.  It  then  contained  palaces  and  baths,  bad 
itsowasBUtaand  the  right  of  cninage.  Christianity  waiintro- 
dncKlbyStMBtlkL  lathesthcentufyLimogtswas  devaitaled 
by  the  Vandals  and  Ihe  Visigoths,  and  afterwards  snBered  In  iba 
mi*  bttwaan  tbs  FraiJii  and  Aquiitnlans  and  in  Ihe  InvaSioni 
b(  Ibe  Noraiant.  Under  Ibe  Merovingian  kings  Limogea  wu 
celebrated  for  its  mints  and  its  goldunllhs'  work.  In  ibt  middle 
ages  the  town  was  divided  into  two  distinct  parts,  each  snrounded 
by  walls,  tomiing  separate  fiefs  wrth  a  separate  system  ol 
administretlDn,  an  arrangement  which  survived  till  IT91-  Of 
thesetbe  more  Important,  known  as  the  Ciaiwa,  wWch  grew  up 
round  the  Unb  ol  St  Martial  in  the  9ih  centary,  and  was  stif 
nuMied  with  walls  In  Ibe  loth  and  again  in  the  itlh,  waaundet 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  vfsCDUnls  of  Llmogts,  and  contained  ihdf 
castle  and  the  monastery  of  St  Martial^  the  other,  the  CiU, 
which  was  under  the  juiisdiction  of  (he  bishop,  had  but  a  sparse 
population,  the  hahilsUc  ground  being  practically  covered  by 
tbe  cathedral,  the  episcspa]  palace  and  oiber  churehes  and 
religions  buildings.  In  the  Hundred  YeaTs'  War  the  bishops  nded 
vith  the  French,  while  the  viscounts  were  unwilling  vassals  of 
the  English,  In  1370  the  CiU.  which  had  opened  its  gates  to  the 
Froich,  wu  taken  by  the  Black.  Princa  and  given  over  to  £1* 


700 

The  leligiaui  wan,  pcMDtoce  ud  Eudnc  dnoUled  Limaga 
in  lunii  and  lhc,pUgue  ot  1630-1631  tairicd  olF  montliu 
N.ooo  pcnotu.  Th«  »i>e  idmumintiom  of  Henri  d'Aguesscau, 
liLhs  ol  tti«  duncdloc,  and  of  Turgot  enabled  Limogci  W 
recover  ill  fotiner  preiperily.  Thtn:  hsvD  been  Kveral  greal 
Sre^  dettioying  whole  quaiten  ol  the  city,  built,  aa  it  hen  was, 
of  wood.  That  of  Ijga  laalHl  Coi  two  months,  and  dcslioyed 
ig2  hoiaeii  and  that  ol  1864  laid  uiidei  aihea  a  laige  area. 
Limngei  cdebnlo  every  uven  yean  a  curioui  reliiioui  feitival 
ISUc  d'OtlCBSiopli  during  whidi  the  relics  of  Si  Mailial  an 
elpoKd  fot  Kven  weekt,  allracling  Large  numben  ef  viiiton. 
It  dales  from  the  Lo(h  ceotuiy,  and  lonunemoratea  a  pcstjlenca 
(mal  do  ud«nti]  which,  aflcr  dBltvying  4a/»o  penons,  a 
believed  to  bive  been  sUyed  by  tho  inlcrccssimi  ol  the  sainl. 

LiBKigC9  vu  the  iceoc  of  two  ccdesiasiieal  councils,  in  lOig 
and  IS] I.  The  first  pnxlaimcdilie  title  of  St  Minial  as"  ^xnlle 
of  Aqiiilaine";  the  second  insisted  on  the  observance  of  the 
"truce  of  Cod."  In  109s  Pope  Urban  U.  held  a  synod  of 
bishnpi  heic  in  connexion  viih  his  efforts  to  organiic  a  cruladc, 
and  on  Ihit  occasion  consecrated  the  buiUca  of  5t  Martial 
(iwlled  down  aUei  1 704)- 

Sa  Cfleuin  Port,  Ziupl,  in  Innnc'i  vi\6a,  IV  FarU  i  Aff 
{letMl  DiKourtitui.  ijms(u  ^aprh  »]  ixiidii  f>fa>ii  (1BI4) 
andCiiiiii("ilBi™riraM(]idHl..  1994).  A  very  (jilt  list  of  worku 
Cbevalkr  in  Rlpcrlain  'fyj  nma  kiU.  i»  tmyr*  tit.  Tn^t-IMatr. 
(Mont  Caiaid.  1903).  t.  ii.  it. 

UHON,  or  FOBT  LiHON,  Hk  chief  Allanlicport  of  Coila  Rica, 
Central  America,  and  the  capital  of  a  district  also  named  Limon, 
on  a  bay  ol  the  Caribbean  Sea,  103  m,  E.  by  N.  of  San  Josi. 
Pop.  (1934)  3171.     Limon  was  founded  in  lA?]  ~* 


LIMON-^LIMOUSIN,  L. 


I  of  tl 


<i  taUwa 


o  Punti 


and  the  shallow  cnni  Itgoon  in  front  of  il,  have  been  filled  in. 
The  harbour  b  protected  by  a  sta-Hall  built  along  the  low-waler 
line,  and  an  icon  pin  aSords  (CCDininodaliao  for  large  vessels. 
A  bieakwBler  from  Iht  harbour  to  the  island  of  Uvita,  about 
1100  yds.  E.  would  render  Linwn  a  fiis|.cUst  port.  There  is 
an  eaccUent  watei.supply  from  the  hills  abevs  the  harbour. 
Almost  the  entire  coiTet  and  banana  crops  of  Costa  Rica  are  sent 
by  rail  for  shipment  at  Limon  to  Europe  and  the  United  Slates. 
11m  district  {cemarai  of  Limon  csmpiises  the  whole  Atlantic 
g  the  Talamanca  counliy'  inhabited  by 


d  Indiar 


(be  CDuntiy;  and  the  vaK 
It  is  annually  visilcd  by  Indians  fr 
Nicaragua,  who.come  Id  canoes  lo  fish 
after  Limon,  are  Revenlaaon  and  Ui 
)0OB  inhabiianl). 

UMOHm  or  BnowN  Iron  Oob,  a  naluni  Icrri 
named  from  the  Gr.Xfifiuit  (meadow),  in  allusion  to  its  1 
as  "  bog4re  "  in  meadows  and  manlta.    It  i>  never  cr 
but    may   have    1    fibroui  01   micriKcytlalline  stru 
commonly  occurs  in  concreiioniiy  forms  or  in  con 
tan  by  masses;  sorBeiimcs  mimmillatcd,  boliyoidal, 
>r  ■lalaclttic.    The  colour  presents  various  shades  of  I 
yellow,  and  the  Utealt  is  always  brownish,  a  chartt 
dJflingujslies  it  from  haemalile  with  a  red,  or  from  mignctjle 
with  a  black  s(ie4k.   Il  is  lomcllma  called  brown  hocmilile, 
,  Umoaile  is  A  ferric  hydrate,  conformji^  typiuUy  with  the 
ronnula  Fe/)i(OiI)i,  or  ZFeiO>'3H,0.     lu  hardncw  '<*  nilier 
abovi  s.  and  Its  ^lecific  gravity  varies  liom  j-j 


1,  both  with  fever  than 


crytDls  of  chalybhe  converted  Kipeifkially  Inu 
koown.  Mfncrali,  like  afaimniie.  which  c~-- 
nuy  In  nVe  minncr  yi^  liinonrie,  on  w 


m  feTtif|imus  waters,  rften 


Tliin  the  yoliawiih  bfowiroR  eaOed  by  E.  Schai 
fron  {*mi  (ydlow)  and  *»««  (inn),  coRiali-  - 
FoOrlKiO:  wfailrt  ihcbet  ore  k>Hnim  as  liauite,  from 
has  ihc  fomub  FclOm.)  at  FiaOi-SIW).  On  ibe  oA 
■re  CCTIainfecmsoflcrTK  hydrate eoAtainIng  leas  water 
and  approaehiafl  10  haematite  in  their  mTcokmr  and  bu^ml  hk* 
i>  ibe  nininl  which  ma  cslkd  hydiohMaWite  by  A  BnitlMiM, 
ind  ii  now  icanally  known  under  B.  Hemau's  Bane  ol  lur^t^ 
Irom  me  mines  of  Tuifiaik.  oar  Bogodovik  In  tlie  Unl  MooalaioL 
This  has  the  faimLiki  Fe/3.(0HJ>,  or  2FeA-HiO.  It  probably 
rcpreicnti  tbe  putlal  ibhydraiion  of  Umonite,  tnA  hy  funiwr  !□■ 
of  water  may  pan  Into  haemalile  or  (cd  iron  tie.  Whe*  linosiu 
it  dthydiated  and  dcaiidiicd  in  the  pmEDce  cJ  csitoiuc  acid,  it 
nuVl'veriKtochilybite. 

UMOUSIK  (or  Lihosin),  L&HAHD  (<■  ijoj-c  ail),  Fmck 
psiqLer,  the  most  famous  of  a  family  of  aeveo  Limogs  enamd 
painlets,  was  the  son  of  a  Limoges  innkeeper.  Ma  ia  auppoaed 
to  have  studied  under  Nardon  F£nicaiuL  He  wb  certainly 
at  the  beginning  of  his  career  influenced  by  the  Ccrinan  school-' 
indeed,  his  earliest  auihcnticaicd  work.signcd  L.L.  iDddalcd 
>U>,  is  a  scries  of  eighteen  plaques  of  the"  Pasuao  of  the  Lord," 
alter  Albrccbt  DUrcr,  but  this  inducnce  was  counlarbalanced 
by  that  of  the  Jtolim  masters  of  the  school  of  Fontainebleau, 
Pcimalicdo,  Rosso,  Giulio  Romano  and  Solario,  from  whom  be 
acquired  his  taste  lor  anboquc  omamcnt  and  6ir  nytbological 
subjects.  Nevertheless  Ibe  French  tradiiioa  was  tuSichrnily 
uigrained  In  him  In  save  him  [lom  becoming  an  Imitator  and  :nim 
losing  his  personal  style.  In  isjo  be  entered  the  service  of 
Francis  1.  ai  painlci  and  ur/ci  dc  ubaaiErt,  a  position  which  be 
retained  under  Henry  II.  Far  both  these  iMnarchs  he  uccutial 
many  portraits  in  enamel— among  Ihein  quite  a  number  cf 
plaques  depicting  Diojic  dc  Poitiets  in  various  thaiaciers,— 
plates,  vases,  ewcra,  and  cups,  besides  docoralive  works  for  <b< 
royal  palaces,  for,  though  he  is  bciV  known  as  an  enomcUei 
distinguished  for  rich  colour,  and  for  graceful  designs  b  sisaille 
on  black  or  bright  blue  backgrounds,  he  alw  enjoyed  a  grett 
repuUlbnasanoil.painiei.  Hii  last  signed  works  be*r  the  date 
IJ74,  but  the  date  of  hii  death  is  uncertain,  tiiougb  it  could 
not  bavE  been  later  than  the  bcgioning  of  1S77.  Il  ii  on  [ccotd 
that  he  executed  close  upon  two  thousand  enameb.  He  is  best 
repnsented  at  the  Louvre,  which  owns  his  two  famous  voliv« 
lableU  for  the  Sainte  Chapelle,  each  eonsisling  of  twenty-three 
idaqua,  signed  I~  I.  and  dated  iju;  "  La  Chasse,"  depicting 
Keniy  II.  en  a  white  horsi^  Diane  de  Poilieis  behind  kim  co 
horseback ;  and  many  pDrtniti,  Includinf  the  kiop  by  whom 
hs  was  employed,  Margueriu  de  Vakaa,  the  due  de  Giilse,  and 
the  cardinal  dt  l,flria»e.     Other  rqwaastalivi  eumplia  art 


LIMOUSIN— LINACB£ 


•I  Ibt  Ouny  ud  LbMgu  mnsHunt.  Id  Engtuid  Mme  int'piiG- 
cent  eumplM  of  hii  work  »re  to  be  found  it  (he  Viciorli  and 
Albat  Muwum,  the  Britlih  Miunun.  uid  the  Wallui  CoUection. 
Id  (he  atlkction  of  Signor  Rocchi,  m  Rome,  ii  ui  exceptioiutLy 
totcrealiDg  plaque  lepreienting  Fnncti  I.  consultinj  i  fottune- 


L.  Boudctv,  fixfaiilim  mnupeclitt 

-•KAi;    L.    Boudof.    Lkturd   Urn. 


lS9ji;  Ukki  (I  U  Limoulia  (LimoiM.  l86s):  A.  Meytr.  t^rj 
*i  timtU  4  Uiiu^,  aicirn  ri  nalcm  (!hu4x,   1S96);  Emile 


LntODSIH  (Lit.  Pafif  Lftvicinni,  aier  Lemniceiaii,  rtfft 
Ltmniaim,  Lemetimim,  liwininiixi,  lie),  a  ionncr  province  of 
France.  In  the  I[me  ot  Julius  Cacul  Ihc  fapu  Lnnmmtna 
tovered  the  county  now  comprfsnl  to  the  dfpartmenls  of  Haute- 
Vicnne,  Coiriie  and  Cnuse,  »i(h  the  irrondissemtnli  of  ConfiJens 
In  Chirente  and  Nontton  in  Dordogne.  Theje  limits  it  relamed 
ttntil  the  iD(h  century,  and  they  survived  la  those  ol  the  diocese 
«f  LEmoges  [except  a  smati  part  cut  o3  in  rji;  to  form  that  of 
Tulle)  until  1790.  The  bieak-up  into  great  £efs  in  the  loth 
tcntuiy,  bowevet,  tended  npidly  to  disintegrate  the  province, 
tuilil  at  the  dose  of  the  nth  cetituiy  Lknousin  emlwaced  only 
the  viscounties  of  Limoges,  Turenne  and  Combom,  with  a  few 
ccdesiastical  lordships,  cormtionding  rougHly  to  (he  present 
efrouiKijeawidoflJniogeiand  Saint  Yrien  in  Haute-Vienoe  ind 
pari  of  (he  ammJincncnU  of  Biive,  Tulle  and  Ussel  in  Corr^. 
In  the  i7tb  century  Limousin,  thus  constituted,  had  become  no 
more  Iban  a  small  goxpenumenl. 

\  Limousin  takca  its  ua»  from  tbe  Lemniai,  a  Gallic  tribe 
wbose  county  was  Included  by.  Augustus  in  the  province  of 
AitiiUuiic  Uatna.  Politically  ita  bistory  has  little  ol  scpinte 
Intetol;  K  ahared  in  general  the  vldsiitudcs  of  Aquitame, 
•hose  dukes  from  giS  onwards  were  ita  over-lords  at  least  till 
1164,  after  which  it  was  sometimes  under  them,  sometimes  under 
the  counU  of  Poitiers,  untH  the  Frcncb  kings  succeeded  in 
araerling  their  direct  over-loidihip.    It  was 


I4(h  century,  I 
industry  (se    ' 


sofa 
Enahei.)  was  oc 

"proven'iJ* 
GfcpafhU 


lofwl 


ch  the  e 


I  regardni  by  the  troubadouis  a 


(T  of  S.E.  Africa  over  loso  m. 
....    „    .  he  Zambcil  the  largest  river  of  Africa  entering 

Ihe  Indian  Ocean.  Its  had  ilreinu  rise  onthenorthetatlopcg 
of  (ha  Witwatenrand  ten  tban  i»  m.  due  W.  of  the  aea,  but 
the  riVR  makes  a  grtM  letoldrtular  fweep  aeron  tbe  high 
N.E.  and  finally  S.R    II  is  joined  early 


e  Hufro 


d  NolwanI,  ■ 


which  ri 
irand,  the 


along  the  westward 

ridge  fonnlng  tbe  water-paiUng  between  thi  Vaal  and  the 
Limpi^  basia*.  For  a  great  part  of  its  course  tbe  Limpopo 
fohiia  the  iMcth-wal  and  nonb  frontiers  of  the  Transvaal.  Its 
banks  are  weH  wooded  and  present  many  picturesque  views. 
In  descending  tbe  escarpment  of  the  plateau  (he  river  passes 
throu^  rocky  tavints,  piercing  the  Zoutpansberg  near  tbe  north- 
eait  tomer  of  (he  Transvaal  at  the  Tc^  Aiimt  Fails.  In  (be 
tok  country  it  recdvts  its  chief  affluent,  tbe  Olifants  river 
(4SO  nl.  long),  which,  riidng  in  tbe  high  vdd  of  tbe  Transvaal 
;s  of  tbe  Limpopo,  takes  a  more  direct  N.E. 


.    The! 


I  ■!*  ij'  S.  The  mouth,  about  1000  ft.  wide,  is  obstructed  by 
u.  In  the  rebiy  season  tbe  Limpopo  loses  a  good  deal 
er  in  the  swampy  legioD  along  hi  lower  course.  Higb- 
el  Is  94  ft.  above  low-water  level,  when  the  depth  in 
west  part  doea  not  eiceed  3  ft.  Tbe  river  is  navigable 
ST  raund  by  sballaw-dnnght  vcuela  from  ita  mouth  for 


about  ISO  m.,  to  a  spot  liiom  ai  Cungmryana's  Ford.  In  flood 
time  there  is  water  communication  south  witb  the  fiver  Komati 
(f.v.).  At  this  season  strelcbca  of  Ihe  Limpopo  ai»ve  Gungun- 
yana"!  Fold  are  navigable.  Tin  river  valley  Is  general^ 
unhealthy. 

Tbe  basin  of  the 
Land  aod  a  large  ut^ 


Drift,  the  uiual  cro> 
Miubelelind.     Anoi 

Baen  tnikkint  (tdoi  Ihe  loutkln  the  beUeTUut  they  bad  readied 
the  rlVD  Nile,  la  (he  coast  rrsion  (he  rivs  has  one  considerable 
atnuen(  from  (be  porth,  the  Chengane,  which  is  navigable  for  some 

•hidiG|urE>DiioldPiiRuguEKiiiiiB»()HOari(aTC>ira}aiidBemlie.' 
Though  claiming  thelemtory  Ihtough  which  it  tan  the  Portuguese 
-  >de  no  attempt  to  trace  the  river.  This  was  Grai  done  by  Captain 
F.  Elton,  who  In  1870  travelluK  fioia  Itae  Tati  laldAilda  louiht 
open  a  road  to  the  sea  via  tbe  Umpoiiot  He  voyucd  ilown  the 
V  from  (be  Shashi  conflueoea  to  the  1^1  Aiimt  FaUs.  which  he 
covered,  MIowiDC  tbe  streaai  Ibena  on  foot  to  (be  low  cuuntiy. 
•c  lower  OHimef  the  river  had  b(ciiei|A>ndt8«a-i«te  by  another 
itish  tnvellcr^^t  Viicenl  WhiUhcd  Enkine.  It  HU  1^'- 
,yip(ed  by  a  tn-going  cnit  in  la&t.  o^en  9.  A  Chaddock  of 


i  succeeded  in  CTDHing  Iht  her,  while  i(s 
DweTcouiBewuHx.Ljrdi.cly  surveyed  by  Porruguoe  officers  in  1894- 

LfRuenti,  with  tbe  Limpopo,  are  ruins  of  the  period    of  (be 


LIHACRE  (or  LyNAKEi],  THOKAI  (c.  t46o-is}4),  English 
jmanist  and  physician,  was  probably  bom  at  Caaterbury. 
f  his  parentage  «r  descent  nothing  certain  is  koown.  H« 
reived  his  early  education  at  tbe  (vtbedral  school  of  Canterbury, 
len  nndet  the  direction  of  WlUism  Celling  (William  TiHy  ef 
Selling),  who  became  prior  Of  Canterbury  in  1471.  Celling  was 
an  ardent  scholar,  and  one  of  the  earliest  in  England  wl» 
cultivated  Greek  learning.  From  him  Linacre  must  have  received 
his  first  Incentive  to  this  study.  Lfeacre  entered  Oifbrd  about 
the  year  1480,  and  in  r4S4  waa  elected  a  fellow  of  All  SouU' 
College.  Shortly  afterwards  he  visited  Italy  In  tbe  uain  of 
CelUng,  who  was  Bent  by  Bevy  VIU.  al  an  envoy  to  the  papal 
court,  and  he  accompanied  hli  patron  as  tar  as  Bologna.  There 
he  became  Ihe  pupn  of  Angelo  Poliaano,  and  afterwards  shared 
the  inslniclion  which  that  great  scholar  Imparled  at  Florence 
(o  the  sons  of  Loresuo  de'  Mcdid.  Tbe  younger  of  these  princes 
beciine  Pope  Leo  X.,  and  was  hi  after  years  mindful  of  bis  old 
companionship  with  Lihacie.  Among  his  other  teachers  and 
friends  in  Italy  were  Demetrius  Chalcondylas,  Bermolaui 
Barbatus,  AMut  Romanui  (he  printer  of  Venice,  snd  Nicolaus 
Leonicenus  of  Vicenza.  Unacre  (00k  tbe  degree  of  doclM  of 
medicine  with  great  distinction  at  Padua.  On  his  return  to 
Oifotd,  fun  of  the  leamuig  and  Imbued  witb  tbe  apuit  of  the 
~laJiaa  Renaissance,  he  formed  one  of  the  brilliant  drde  ol 
Oxford  scholars,  InduiSng  John  Colet,  WiUfam  Grocyn  and 
"'illiam  Latimer,  wbo  are  mentioned  with  so  much  warm 
■logy  in  the  letters  of  Erasmus. 

Linacre  does  not  appear  to  have  practised  at  tanght  mediant 
Oxford.  About  the  year  1301  he  was  called  to  court  as  tutor 
of  tbe  young  prince  Arthur.  On  Ihe  accesdon  of  Hcniy  VIII. 
he  was  appointed  the  king's  phydcian,  an  oSlce  at  tbat  time  of 
conslderabh)  mfluencc  and  importance,  and  practised  mediclBt 
in  London,  having  among  his  patients  ntou  of  tbe  great  statesmen 
ind  prelates  of  tbe  time,  as  Canlkal  Woltey,  Archbishop  Warham 
Lnd  Bishop  Fot. 

After  some  yean  of  piotessiontl  adiviiy,  and  wbes  in  advanced 
life,  Linacre  received  priest's  orden  in  rsso.  tlKnl^  be  had  fol 
ne  years  previously  held  several  delicti  benefices.  Tbcre  It 
doubt  that  his  ordination  was  connected  wilh  his  retiremeal 
m  active  life.  Ljteraiy  labours,  and  tbe  cues  of  tbe  foonda- 
tini  which  owed  iu  exIstBice  chidly  to  bba,  tba  R^'al  College 


LINARES— LINCOLN,  EARLS  OF 

i(  jrian  tfll  ha  dcUh    > 


aa  Ihc  Mtk  d  Ooobn  ism- 

Uoicn  wu  Ddca  oE  *  KboUc  thui  i  own  «f  letten,  uhI 
lalhcr  a  outa  of  kunioi  thu  •  KleatiGc  iavMlgkier.  Ii  ii 
difficult  pow  to  judge  of  hv  pncticil  ikiU  in  hii  proteivop,  but 
it  mi  evidentlr  liisU)'  'Wwrnnrt  in  hia  on  day.    He  look  no 


criliol  period  ia  tbe  hbtoiy  ot  leviiing  thcough  whidi  he  Uved. 
Ha  w*i  one  o(  tbe  fint  EogUilmKd  who  iliidied  Gied  tn  Italy, 
whence  he  bnofbt  back  to  Ui  nitlve  countiy  uid  hli  oitd  udI- 
p  venity  ibe  lealnii  ot  the  "  tfc*  Lmtuiat."  Hit  teacben  ircre 
MBie  at  tiN  ^lateM  •cboian  ot  tbe  day.  Jaaaat  Ui  Fxpilt  ma 
one — Enmna — whoM  Dame  alone  wmU  luffice  to  preierve 
the  sMUiaty  d  hia  Inunmor  In  Greek,  and  ottaen  o(  note  in 
ktten  and  pcUtlci,  mch  •*  Sir  Tbona*  Mure,  Ptioa  Aitbur  and 
Quaen  Har]r.  C^ct,  Cncyn,  WiUiun  lilye  ud  oifan  eminent 
■cbidaf*  were  U>  intiiBale  friendi,  and  be  wu  esteeraed  by  a  itill 
wfda  drde  of  Ulenuy  conopondcsti  in  all  puts  of  Europe. 
Lloaen'aBtnvr  ictMlJ' *u  diifilaTeft  )a  two  dinaiaoi,  ia  puie 

"  ■--" ■■  ~ ^-"to  Iram  tM  Ciaek.     in  the  domAio  at 

MfHtna),  cofnpcvd  in  ErsiUh.  a 
aod  afterwaidl  Inn^trd  Inla  Lalis  by  Robert   Burhlnan.     He 


lioacn^i  Doiy  madidi  worka  wnt  hia  tnndaEiDU.  Ha  dewed 
ID  make  ib>  wcwka  ct  Gaioi  [ami  indeod  IknH  si  Ai4iici(lc  abol 
Bccadbfc  (o  all  laden  of  Ut'ni.  What  be  d>K«d  in  tbe  lua  ot 
ifaa  SnC,  thovah  net  uiaiqa  b  iiaill,  ia  iaconiderable  ai  eainced 
with  tlie  whole  maH  ol  C^lea'i  wiitiii(>;  aad  «t  hia  trandatlou 
from  Ariitotle,  aome  of  which  are  Imowa  to  tuive  been  completed, 
■othiHE  baa  aurvlved.  The  fellowiiig  are  the  woika  of  Galeo  tnsa- 
laMd  by  Unacte:  (1)  Di  jaaiMr  limit,  prialcd  at  Faria  ia 
IIli:  (i)  ilMwiai  miinii  (Paria,  IslS);  Gl  Dt  Umttnmalw 
dit  imt^iaU  Inltmperit  (Cambridge,  1511J:  (4)  Dt  tialmaliiia 
' — Itlitiu  (Londoo.  IJJj);  (5)  Dt  lymplmiUiim  dittrtntia  a 
't  (LoodOfl,  1314)!  W  "c  ^ainaM  Via  (London,  wilboul 
I.  iKalBnuilaledrarEbenBcitPrinnArtliiiraaaSinnoaii- 
natiia  <i  Piodua,  Dt  iptatra,  wbich  wu  priBlnd  at  Vinige  by 
Anuaial449.  Tbe  accuracy  of  thex  Innilationa  and  their  eirgance 
«(  ilyle  woe  univtrslly  admined.     They  have  been  generally 


date),   t 


and  (iequeniiy  repnated,  either  aa 


ooUan,  whadi  he  fuitber  aided  by  conrayinE  to  1( 
and  by  tbe  ^t  of  hia  tibraiy.  Shortly  before  bii 
-"-"lined  from  the  fci—  ■——  ——1  (—  •!—  ~ 

Icnhlpa  En  mcdid 

•Ue  eaaua  in  d 

I  leadenhipa  VHC 

it  Jobn'i  College, 

lanoent  of  the  fu 


nliJ  Ibe  new 

dcaOi*Liucre 

_.    . ^^bliihnicnT   nf 

Ctinbtid^r,  and  placed 


obtain^^  boo  „.  — ,  .. 

R  louaded  u  M<noa  Coii^*rOatstdrand'oae 
Vj  Cambridgo,  but  owing  to  neglact  and  lad 
mananoent  of  the  tunda.  tbey  Celt  into  utelennesa  and  obacurlty. 
Tbe  Oxfonl  Fonndallan  waa  terlved  by  the  nnlvetiitr  tssimia- 
■loaara  in  iBjG  hi  the  fma  <rf  the  Linacre  imit'iauiaKiii  of  anatomti 
Paatetity  ba>  done  jintice  to  tbtieaeroalty  and  ouUKapBii  wbieh 
pRHnpccd  tlieaa  foimdAllona;  and  it  ia  imposftibk  not  (o  rtcoflniae 
aitrongiDIinnKlive  jtniui  in  the  scheme  of  the  Colleie  of  Pliyaicliiii. 
by  wliidi  Linacre  not  only  fir»t  orsanind  the  medimJ  prolettion  in 
b^aiid,  bn  hspRaad  upon  it  lor  aou*  tansriea  the  namp  d  bi> 
ova  individuality. 

Tbe  blcllactua]  faitidiouaoee  of  Liucie,  and  hit  habits  of  oiinuie 
accuracy  wse,  aa  Enumui  nigEetii,  the  chief  cause  why  he  left 
BO  mm  pemanent  bleary  mennxiili.  It  will  be  f«nd.  pethapa. 
dKcolito  jaadfybyaayatanworktheeicnBely  high  icpuiatkn 
-'-■-•-  ba  CBJoyid  anBoa  tbe  acbolanof  hia  time.  Hi*  Itin  Kyi* 
much  admind  tEat,  accozdiiiB  to  theflatterinf  eLilogiiim  of 

-  "-' "te  better  Latin  In  the  venioo  ofXInacit  tlmn 

" — *"    ""'  •■--■,  d^jiycd  a  jiwi 

1.    &aHniui]raiaea 


Ensnua,  Galen  note  bene 
be  had  before  uokcn  Greek 
wtaich  he  baldly  atiaiaed  to 
abo  Uaacre'i  critlad  iudsn 

judkii-;).  Ace 

iBOrt  dbtlnfidi 


tahltaa 


Pauiua  lovhH,  Bacriplia 


-aoiia  LDh  (ia 

h),  Bale.  Leiand  and  Pita,  1* 

r  and  ia  tbe  Buwrgfaia  Bt 

[»^7im:r£< 


inlral  Chile,  b 

on  tbe  N.  and  l^uble  on  tbe  S.,  bounded  £.  by  Ai(enlina  and 
W.  by  tbe  province  ol  Maiile.  Fop.  (iSos)  101,858;  am, 
3441  tq.  m-  The  rivet  hfatile  (oimt  itt  mrthera  bonndair  and 
draina  il>  notthem  and  nonh-easteni  regiDns.  The  province 
belonp  partly  to  tbe  great  central  valley  of  CbUe  and  paxlly 
to  the  western  alopea  of  the  Andes,  tbe  S.  Pedio  volcano  riaing 
to  a  beigbt  of  ii,Soo  ft.  not  imi  from  tbe  sources  of  tbe  Mauia 
The  norlbem  part  is  fertile,  as  are  the  valleys  of  tbe  Andean 

dial  rim,  and  itiigalion  is  niccsaii]'  fot  tbe  production  of  aofm. 
The  vine  ia  cultivated  to  some  ettcot,  and  good  pasturage. ii 
found  on  the  Andean  slope).  Tbe  provinoe  is  tlavened  from 
N.  10  S.  by  the  Chiletn  Cenuil  tailway,  and  the  liver  Maule 
givra  access  to  the  touU  port  of  CoosiiludOD,  at  iu  loeulh. 
From  Pairal,  near  the  aouthcm  boundary,  a  branch  railw^ 
eilends  westward  to  Cauquenes,  tbe  capital  of  hlaule.  The 
CB|Htal,  Linares,  ia  centrally  situated,  on  an  open  plain,  about 
K>m.  S.  of  the  river  Maule.  It  bad  a  population  of  T^i  in  iftgs 
(which  an  oCEdtl  estimate  of  looi  reduced  to  7ij6).  PamiS 
^op.  B]S6  in  1S9S1  at.  10,119  ^  '90>}  ^  '  lailwv  JuBCtioD 
aod  manufactuiint  town. 

URAKES.  a  town  of  louiheni  Spain,  in  the  pnn4nix  of  Jan, 
among  the  soutlmn  looihills  ol  the  Siem  Moteoa,  1375  ft.  above 
aea;levd  and  3  m.  K.W.  of  the  river  Cuadalimar.  Pop.  (1900) 
JS.14J.  It  is  connected  by  four  branch  railwayi  with  the  im- 
portant argentiferous  lead  mines  on  the  rurth-west,  and  with 
the  main  rallwaya  fmm  Madrid  to  Seville,  Granada  and  the 
principal  ports  on  the  south  coast.  The  town  wa*  greatly 
improved  In  the  second  half  of  the  iqtb  ccotuiy,  when  the  town 
ball,  ball-ring,  tfaeatrt  and  many  other  handsome  building  were 
erected;  it  containi  little  ol  aoliquaiian  interest  save  a  fine 
fountain  of  BomaD  origin.  Ju  population  Is  chiefly  engaged  m 
tbe  lead-mioea,  aad  b  such  allied  iniiuilriei  ai  ibi  nianufactuta 
ol  gunpowder,  dynamile,  match  lor  blatting  pupuca,  ioimi  and 
the  Uke.  Tbe  miaiiig  plant  ti  eulidy  inponcd,  princiF>ll)'  Item 
England;  and  amdtlig,  doUveridng  and  tbe  nanafacture  at 
lead  abeeu,  pipes,  ftc.,  ai*  ouiied  on  bjr  Brltiih  fimu,  «hidi  alM 
puichaM  mott  of  th«  are  laiwd.  Unaia  lead  it  tmioipajaed  i« 
qnaiitjr,  but  the  oo^ut  tends  to  deocan.  Tbeic  it  a  ttaiiviaf 
local  tiada  in  gi*in,»fiie  and  ^  About  >  m.  S.  ii  tbe  viDafa  ot 
Cailooa,  wbi^  tfaowa  mim  remaia)  e(  tb*  aadot  CuM*. 
Tba  ancient  mb**  aoot  5  m.  M.,  wUcb  tn  now  known  ai  Loa 
Fma  dt  Aolbal,  nay  fprajHy  ^ta  bw:  the  jid  oeatMiy  sa, 

UNCOUI,  UBU  OP.  'na  first  <acl  ol  Lincoln  waa  prob^ilr 
William  da  Knimaie  (c  t«vi-<.  1155),  who  wu  created  all 
about  1140,  although  it  b  po^ble  that  William  do  Albini,  eatl  c( 
AniiMWt  bad  pnvlaatly  held  the  earidon.  Rouaan't  trandaoa, 
asother  William  dt  Rouman  if.  iiio-c.  tigS),  la  aomctiuM 
cailtd  cad  of  Uitcobt.  but  he  waa  ntvet  lecogidxed  at  tuch,  and 
about  luS  King  Siqihen  granted  the  caridom  to  one  of  hb 
■opfiortBl,  Cilbot  da  Gand  <d.  iiffi),  wbi  was  rdatid  to  the 
fomtt  aad.  After  GHbctt'a  death  the  caridom  was  dsemant 
for  about  dity  yaais;  dim  In  niG  It  waa  given  to  anelhcr 
GilbM  de  Gaad,  and  later  it  was  claimed  by  the  great  eail  oi 
Cheater,  lUnnlf,  ot  Randulpfa,  de  BlundeviB  (d.  iija):  Fn* 
Rinnlf  the  title  to  tbe  earldom  patted  through  his  tlttec  Haaite 
to  the  family  of  Lacy,  John  de  Lacy  (d.  laao]  being  niad«  latl  <|( 
Lincolniaiua.  UewaiioaelK^CTdaL(H9(^(aia},JHHklu 


LINCOLN,  ABRAHAM 


703 


o(KngluidiiklMiutibkotCll»ta'.   It  <n!  beld  by  tlic  L»cyi 

uodl  tfae  death  of  Henry,  the  jtd  eirl.   Henry  served  Edward  I. 
In  Wain,  France  ind  Scxitli     '  '     ' 


»tiU,    He  wen! 


h  Edmund,  e 


»[  Lini 


lig6,  end  when  Edmund  died  in  June  of  Ihii ' 
M  cromsinder  ol  the  English  lorm  in  Gua>ny;bul  be  did  not 
eiperient*  »ny  pat  lucccH  [n  Ihti  c«p«dly  and  relumed  la 
Enilaod  euly  In  199J.  Theeirl  [ought  at  the  battle  of  Filkirk 
In  July  t>^,  ud  tool:  lome  part  in  the  aubwqueot  conquol 
of  Scotluid.  He  was  then  employed  by  Edwatd  to  negDti>.le 
•ucctuivcly  with  pope)  Boniface  VIII.  and  Clement  V.,  and  also 
witti  PUHp  IV.  of  France;  and  wai  present  at  the  death  of  the 
Eolllib  king  in  July  ijo;.  For  a  short  time  Uncola  was  friendly 
■Itk  the  new  king,  Edward  n.,  and  hii  favourite,  Pien  Gavuton; 
but  iiuickly  changiog  hit  attitude,  he  joined  earl  Tbonu  of 
LucaslR  ntd  the  buonitl  party,  wu  one  of  the  "  otdalnen  " 
tppdnted  in  1310  and  was  regent  of  (he  kingdom  during  the 
Ung*!  absence  in  Scotland  in  the  lame  yeai.  He  died  in  London 
«ii  the  sth  of  February  1311.  and  was  buried  in  St  Paul's 
Calhedral.  He  muried  Margaret  (d.  ijo9),etuidd>agbiet«nd 
bdress  of  Witliam  Longiword,  snd  sui  ol  Salisbury,  and  his  only 
Mirvivlng  child,  Alice  (1183-1348),  became  the  wife  of  Thomas, 
•iri  of  Lancaster,  who  thus  inberiled  his  father-in-law's  earldoms 


He 


otUno 


.    Lincol 


built  Denbigh  Canle. 

In  1349  Henry  flanlagenet,carJ(arierwaRlsdutLe)alLancaEter, 
a  nephew  of  Earl  Thomas,  was  created  earl  of  Lincoln;  and  when 
hi)  gnndson  Heniy  became  king  of  England  as  Henry  IV.  in 
t]W  the  title  merged  in  the  crown.  In  1467  John  dc  Is  Pole 
(e.  1464-14S7),  a  nephew  of  Edward  IV,,  was  made  call  of 
Lincoln,  and  the  samedlgnity  was  conferred  In  IJiJ  upon  Henry 
Bandan(ijit-i;4S),  son  of  Charles  Brandon,  duke  of  SuSolk. 
Both  died  without  sons,  and  the  neit  family  to  bold  the  earldom 
•u  that  of  CUnlm. 

Edwaic  Picnhu  CutfroH,  gth  Lord  Clinton  (rjii-isSs}, 
lord  high  adnural  and  the  huslund  of  Henry  VIIL"*  mislrna, 
EUiabelh  Blount,  was  created  earl  of  Lincoln  In  1571,  Before 
Ut  elevation  he  had  rendered  very  valuable  services  both  on  tea 
and  land  to  Edward  VI,,  to  Maiy  and  to  Elizabeth,  and  he  was 
In  the  confidence  of  the  leading  men  of  these  iiigns,  including 
William  CecU,  Lord  Burgbley,  From  1J71  until  the  present  day 
-'      "-'   'ubeenheldbyCIinton'sdescendants,    InryUHenry 


PdhamaainddukeoINi 

Ibe  title  of  earl  of  Lmcob  has  b«n  the  courtesy  title  ol  the  ddest 

ion  of  the  duke  of  Newcastle. 

,    See  C,  £,  C,(olc<yne],  Cc^pUU  Pureti,  vol,  v.  (1S93]. 

UNCOLir,  ABSABAR  (rSog-rSSs],  siMeenth  praident  st 
the  United  States  of  America,  was  bom  on  "  Rock  Spring  " 
hnn,  i  m.  from  Hodgenville,  in  Hardin  (now  Larue)  county, 
Kentucky,  on  the  nth  of  February  7809,'  His  grandfather,' 
Abraham  Lincoln,  settled  In  Keniocky  about  17S0  and  was  killed 
bylndiansin  1784.  His  lathet,  Thomas  (1778-1S51),  was  bom 
In  Rockingham  (then  Augusta)  county,  Virginia;  he  waa  hasfHt- 
ible,  shiftless,  rcillcsa  and  unsuccessful,  working  now  as  a 
carpenter  and  now  ai  a  farmer,  and  could  not  read  or  write 
before  his  marriage,  in  Washinglcn  county,  Kentucky,  on  the 
rilh  of  June  1S06,  to  Nancy  Hanks  (i783-r8iS),  who  was  a 
native  of  Vir^nia,  who  is  said  to  have  been  the  illegitiniate 
daughter  of  one  Lucy  Hanks,  and  who  seems  to  have  been,  la 

■Lincoln's  buthdsy  ii  a  Wil  holiday  ui  Ci 


',   Florid. 


>,  low 


,  Kanii 


Vest  Virvinia  and  Wvofnlitf. 
'  Samuel  Llncaia  (1.  1610-1690],  t 
...nnstor.  lOo  of  Edward  LliKoln,  t „   --,-„ — 

seliCd  with" two  oMb  btolbers  in  HiiwSarir  Mass.    His  son  a 
gnndna  nn  iron  founden:  the  giandion  Motdecai  (1686-7736) 
moved  to  Chester  county.  Pennnlvinia,     Moidecai'i  son  Jolin 
(rjii-f,   1773).  a  weaver.  lellW  in  what  u  now  Rockingham 
eouDty,  Va.,  aad  was  th  ""    -    "--'- 


taldlect  and  character,  distinct! 
she  was  bom.  The  Lincotns  hs 
Hardin  county,  their  first  bomi 


imoved  from  EliaabethlowQ, 
Ibe  Rock  Spring  farm,  only 
a  snort  time  neiore  ncranams  cirth;  about  rSij  they  removed 
to  a  farm  of  33S  acres  on  Knob  Creek,  about  6  m.  from  Hodgen- 
ville; and  in  1816  they  crossed  (he  Ohio  river  and  settled  on  a 
quattet-sectlon,  1}  m.  £.  of  the  present  village  of  GentryvOle,  in 
Spencer  county,  Indiana.  There  Abraham's  mother  died  ou  the 
jth  of  October  r8rS.  In  December  XB19  bis  father  married,  at 
his  old  home,  Eliiabethtown,  Uis  Sarah  (Bush)  Jidinston  (d. 
1869),  whom  be  bad  courted  yean  before,  whose  thrift  greatly 
improved  conditions  in  the  home,  and  wlio  eutted  a  great  ii^ 
fluence  over  her  stepson.  Spencer  county  was  still  1  vUdemess, 
and  the  boy  grew  up  in  pioneer  tumundlngs,  living  in  a  rude 
lopcabin,  enduring  many  hardships  and  knowing  only  the 
primitive  manners,  conversation  and  ambitions  of  qwrsely 
settled  backwoods  commui^ties.  Schools  were  rare,  and  teachers 
qualified  only  to  impart  the  merest  rudiments-  "  Of  course 
when  I  came  c^  age  I  did  not  know  much,"  wrote  be  years 
afterward,  "atill  somehow  I  could  read,  write  and  cipher  Co 


amounted  to  leK  than  a  twelvemonth;  but  he  become  a  good 
speller  and  an  excellent  penman.  His  own  mother  taught  him 
to  read,  and  his  stepmother  urged  him  to  study.  He  read  and 
re-read  in  eariy  bi^hood  the  Bible.  Aesop,  Rebinjim  Crtast, 
Piiirim-i  Pnpai,  Weems's  £</i  of  WatUffftn  and  a  hist<»y  of 
the  United  States;  and  bier  read  every  book  he  ci>uld  borrow 
fnim  the  neighbours,  Btuns  and  ShakeqMare  becoming 
favourites.  He  wrole  rude,  coarse  satires,  crude  verse,  and 
compodlions  on  the  American  government,  temperance,  kt. 
At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  had  attained  bis  full  height,  and  began 
to  be  known  as  a  wrestler,  ruiuier  and  lifter  of  great  weights- 
When  nineteen  be  made  a  journey  u  a  hired  tond  on  a  Satboat 
to  New  Orleans.      ' 

In  March  r8]ohlafatlierendgmted  to  UacoB  county,  Illinois 
(near  the  present  Decalor),  and  loon  afterword  removed  to 
Coles  county.  Being  now  twenty-one  years  of  age,  Abraham 
hired  himself  to  Denton  Offult,  a  migratory  trader  and  store- 
keeper (hen  ol  Sangamon  county,  and  he  lidped  Offnit  (o  build 
a  fUtboat  and  float  It  down  the  Sangamon.  lUinoisand  Mlsaiasii^ 
rivets  (0  New  Orleans.  In  1S31  O&utt  made  him  derk  of  hla 
country  store  at  New  Salem,  a  small  and  unsuccessful  settlement 
In  Menard  county;  this  gave  blm  moments  ol  leisure  lo  devote 
to  setf-educaiion.  He  borrowed  a  grammar  and  olher  iMKika, 
sought  etptaaations  from  the  village  schoolmaster  and  began 
to  read  bw.  In  this  f  ranliet  conununily  law  and  politics  claimed 
a  large  proportion  of  the  atronger  and  (he  more  ambitious  men; 
the  law  early  appealed  to  Lincoln  and  bis  general  popularity 
encouraged  him  as  early  as  183s  (0  enlet  politics.  In  iMs  year 
OSutt  failed  and  Lincob  wos  thus  kfl  without  emphiyincnt. 
He  become  a  candidate  for  tbe  Illinois  House  of  Representatives; 
ond  DO  the  fib  of  March  1S3)  Issued  an  address  "  To  the  penile 
of  Sangamon  county"  whidi  betokeiM  talent  and  education 
far  beyond  mere  atiility  to  "  read,  write  and  cipher,"  though  In 
Its  preparation  he  seems  lo  have  had  (he  help  ol  1  friend.  Before 
tbe  election  the  Black  Hawk  Indian  War  bnke  out;  Lincoln 
volunteered  in  one  of  the  Songalnon  county  companies  oa  tbe 
list  of  April  and  was  elected  captain  by  (he  members  of  the 
company.  It  is  sold  that  the  oath  of  allegiance  was  admlnlsleiTd 
10  Lincoln  at  this  (Imc  by  Lieut.  JeSerson  Davis.  The 
company,  a  part  of  (he  41h  Illinofs,  was  mustered  out  after 
the  five  weeks'  service  for  which  It  volunteered,  and  Lincoln  re- 
enllstcd  asa  private  on  (he  iqlh  ol  May.  and  waa  finally  mustered 
out  on  the  lOtholJuncbyLicut.  Robert  Anderson,  wholn  r86t 
commanded  the  Union  troops  at  Fort  Sumter-  As  captain 
Lincoln  was  twice  In  disgrsce,  once  lor  firing  a  pislol  neor  camp 
and  ogoin  because  neariy  his  entire  company  wai  intoiicoled. 
He  was  in  no  battle,  aad  always  qxike  li^tly  of  his  mOitaty 
lecoid.    H<  was  dcftaud  in  Us  compaign  lot  tbe  legWatura  ja 


70+ 

I8J1,  iMitly  h< 


LINCOLN,  ABRAHAM 


Dculy  ill  LliI  vi: 
of  the  dnmkca 


H  (rf  hii  nbpopulu  uHMfCDC*  to  CUy  ud  tlw 
but  in  hii  own  slcclian  ptednci,  be  ncevcd 
1  cut.  With  m  (ricnd,  William  Beny,  be  then 
untiy  Hore,  which  •oon  fiikd  chiefly  becuuc 
ibils  ot  Berry  uid  beauie  Uacobi  pnlured 
U  itoiia— ha  euiy  gnined  loot]  celebrity  u 
■ell;  iboul  thii  litDe  be  got  baU  ol 
.  la  the  ^ring  of  i£u  the  ttfnt'i  ttock  WM 
lold  to  u^iAfy  its  ovliton,  and  Lincola  anumed  (he  finn'i 
debtfl,  which  he  did  not  fully  pay  oQ  lor  hftecn  yean.  In  May 
i8j5,  [ootl  fricndihip,  diaregarding  politics,  procujed  hii  appobt- 
tnent  aa  poatmaatcr  af  New  Salcnit  but  this  paid  him  very  lillle, 
atld  ia  the  ujne  year  the  couoty  aurveyor  of  SangazDon  county 
opportunely  offered  to  make  iiim  one  of  his  deputies.  He  hastily 
qualified  lumiell  bj  atudy,  and  entered  upon  the  pmclkal 
duties  of  aurveying  larra  lizKS,  roads  and  town  sites.  "  This," 
(o  UM  Eiix  own  words,  "  procured  bread,  and  kept  body  and 
■oul  IDgether." 

Jo  i8m  Udo^  waa  elected  (second  of  (our  successful  taaii- 
daics,  with  only  14  fewer  vote*  than  the  fiiat)  a  member  of  the 
Illinois  House  of  Repiaentativa,  to  which  he  was  re.decled 
in  lSjfi,lBjSw>d  ig40,servln|unti]ig4i.  In  his  snnouncemenl 
of  hb  candidacy  in  iSjO  be  proouted  In  vote  for  Hugh  L.  While 
of  l^nnosee  (a  vigorous  oppancat  al  Andrew  Jsckson  in 
Tennasee  polilla]  for  president,  and  said ;"  I  go  for  all  sharing 
tbe  ptivilegtiaf  iIm  govenunetit  who  assiil  in  bearing  iu  burdens. 
Canae<|uenl|y,IcoIaradraltiingallHluttalaiherightoftuffiage, 
«bo  pay  Itxa  or  bear  arrai  (by  no  nuaos  exduding  females)"— 
a  Mfllitnent  frequently  quoted  to  prove  Llctnln  a  believer  in 
womui's  suffrage.  In  Ibis  election  be  led  the  poU  In  Sangamon 
caunly.  In  the  legiilsiure,  lilie  the  otbn  mstscntaiives  of 
thai  county,  who  were  oilled  Ibe  "  L«ng  Nine,"  beciuie  of  tbeir 
stature,  be  worked  foe  bitemal  impnivements.  For  which  laviih 
appiapriatioDs  were  made,  and  for  tbe  dlviiion  of  Sangamon 
CQuniy  and  the  choice  of  Springfield  a*  the  state  capital,  instead 
of  Vandalia.  He  ud  bis  party  colleague}  followed  Stephen  A. 
Douglas  In  adopting  Ibe  convention  lyatem,  to  whicb  Linoolo 
had  been  itroogly  opposed.  In  iSj?  with  one  other  repre- 
iCDlativefionSaiiganion  county, named  Dan  Stone, ht  protested 
•gainst  ■  leriei  of  naaiulioDi,  adopted  by  the  lUinaia  Ceneial 
Assembly,  eipmdng  diu|^>raval  of  tbe  birnittion  of  abolition 
•ocietia  and  aaurting,  among  othef  lUngi,  4hit  "  tM  right  of 
property  In  slaves  b  sacied  to  Ibe  (lave  bedding  states  imder  tbe 
federal  (^onalitutlon  "1  and  Lincoln  and  Stone  put  out  a  fiapet 
In  whkh  they  eapnistd  tbeit  betici  "  that  Ibe  inttilnlieo  of 
(lavery  ii  founded  on  both  injustice  and  bad  policy,  but  thai 
the  p(OBulgatk)n  ol  abolition  doctrine*  luubc  rathd  Ui  iooeaae 
than  abale  its  evils,"  "  that  the  Congraa  of  tbe  Umled  Sutcs 
has  DO  power  under  the  Conititulion  to  interfere  with  the  insUtU' 
tion  of  slavery  in  the  dtlerent  aula,"  "  that  the  Congress  ol 
the  UniUd  States  bat  tbe  pover,  under  the  Constiluljon,  to 
abolish  slavery  in  the  District  ol  Columbia,  hut  that  the  power 
oogbt  not  to  be  tieidsed  unless  at  the  request  of  the  people 
ol  Ibe  Dislrict."  Lincoln  was  very  popular  among  hb  fellow 
legislaton,  and  in  183S  and  in  1840  he  received  Ihe  complimenlaty 
vote  of  hli  minority  collesgues  lor  the  qwakei^ip  of  the  Hale 
House  ot  RepteaenUliVB.  In  1S41  he  declined  a  renominelioi] 
to  Ibe  stale  Icgislatuie  and  attempted  unsucceafully  to  tccuic 
a  nomtnalion  to  CongrcB*.  In  Ibe  same  year  he  became  Interested 
in  the  Wadungtonian  lempenAce  movement. 

In  1S46  he  waa  elected  a  member  of  the  National  House  of 
Kepreientatives  by  a  mijority  of  ijii  over  his  Democratic 
opponent,  Peter  Cartwrigbt,  the  Methodist  preacher.  Lincoln 
wu  Ihe  only  Whig  member  of  Congms  elected  In  Illinois 
In  1846.  In  the  House  at  Repraentstivtt  on  Ihe  iind  of 
December  1S47  he  introduced  tbe  "  Spot  Resolutions,"  which 
quoted  stalementa  in  tbe  prtsident'i  measagea  of  the  nth  of 
May  1S46  and  the  Jib  and  Bth  of  December  that  Heikan  tniopa 
had  invaded  Ihe  lenitory  of  tbe  United  State*,  and  asked  Ihe 
president  to  Idt  Ihe  precise  "qnt"  ol  bivaaion;  he  made  a 
q>cecb  on  these  reaolutims  in  the  House  on  tbe  nth  ol  January 
iM-    Hii  nitilsde  toward  the  war  and  opecially  hit  vote  for 


declaring  ihal  the  U"i""  War  was  "  unscceiaatily  and  nnEon- 
stituttonally  commsiced  by  the  PresadenI/'  ptfttly  *<i*pli^***i 
bis  cDDStituenta.  He  later  inlnduoK]  a  bill  tigaiding  alavciy  in 
tbe  District  ol  CobuDlna,  whicb  (b  accordance  with  his  state- 
moit  of  1837)  was  to  be  submitted  to  the  vote  of  the  District 
for  affwoml,  and  wbkh  provided  for  compensated  wnanripstiiB^ 
forbade  Ibe  briiiging  ol  slavea  Into  Ibe  District  of  Columbia, 
eictpl  by  fovenuDent  offidik  from  slave  states,  and  the  selling 
of  slavea  away  from  tbe  Diitiict,  and  amnged  Ibr  the  enundpa- 
tien  after  a  period  of  apprcnliceriiip  of  all  staTe  children  ban 
after  Ihe  IK  o(  January  iSja  While  he  waa  fai  CoBgress  he 
voted  in>eatedly  for  the  pciiiciple  of  the  WOmot  PiariiB.  At 
the  close  of  hii  tenn  In  1848  be  declined  an  appoinLnesit  u 
piveniar  of  Ibe  newly  organlud  Tenitory  of  Oregon  and  lor  a 
time  worked,  srilboul  ncceN,  for  as  appolntncnt  ai  Coo- 
miisioner  ol  Iha  GesenI  Land  Offica.   Durtot  the  pwridealial 

he  spoke  bifora  Ihe  Whig  Suta  Convcnlioo  at  WorccMcr  •• 
tbe  nib  of  Sipuanber,  aad  In  Ibe  Dczt  ten  dayi  at  Lowd^ 
Dedhsm,  Roibuiy,  Chelsea,  Cambridge  and  BoMoo.  He  had 
become  an  eloquent  and  Influential  pubUc  ^leaker,  and  in  it^ 

In  iSj4  hb  politkal  friend  and  caDeacoe  John  Todd  Stuart 
(i3a;-iSSj),  a  lawyer  in  full  practice,  bad  urged  bin  to  it 
himself  for  the  bar,  and  had  loit  him  text.books;  and  lineoln, 
working  diligently,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  In  Seplonber  lisfi^ 
In  April  iAj7  be  quilted  New  Salem,  and  removed  to  SpTin^fidd, 
which  waa  the  county^eal  and  was  soon  lo  become  the  capital 
ol  the  stale,  to  begin  practice  in  a  partnership  with  Stusrt, 
which  waa  tcnninaled  in  April  1S41;  from  that  lime  unlH 
September  1843  he  was  junior  partner  10  Stephen  Trigg  Lopa 
(iSoo-iSSo),  and  Irom  1S43  until  his  death  he  was  senior  panne* 
of  William  Heniy  Hemdon  (iGiS-iSft].  Between  iSy)  and 
1S54  he  took  little  part  in  pdilics,  devoted  biiuclf  lo  the  law 
and  became  one  of  the  leaden  of  tbe  lUinoii  bar..  Hit  imall 
feet — be  nnce  charged  t]-SO  for  collecting  an  acoount  ol  oeai^ 
Iteo-oo— hit  frequent  refuiali  lo  take  casta  which  be  did  not 
think  right  and  bis  atlempli  to  prevent  unneceitiTy  litifaliin 
have  become  proverbial.  Judge  David  Davis,  who  knew 
Lincoln  on  Ibe  Illinoit  drcuit  and  whom  Lincoln  made  in  Octoba 
i86t  an  anodate  justice  of  tbe  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
Statei,  said  that  he  was  "  great  both  at  niii  trim  and  belon 

whose  candid  friendlineta  ol  mauiei  often  aucceeded  bi  cbdioif 
important  tesllmony  Icoro  unwilling  witneatca.  Among  Lincoln^ 
most  famms  catci  were:  one  l^aHiy  v.  CnwimiB,  4  IU.  71; 
fiequently  cited)  before  Ibe  lUin^  SuptcMie  Court  in  July  1841 
in  which  be  argued  agninit  Ihe  validity  of  a  note  in  payment 
for  a  ni^gro  giil,  adducing  the  Ordinance  of  1787  and  otber 
iuihoritiet;  1  case  {tried  in  Chicago  in  September  iBj?)  for 
tbe  Bock  Island  railway,  sued  for  damages  by  tbe  owners  of  4 
steamboat  sunk  after  collision  witb  a  railway  bridge,  a  trial  in 
which  LinccJn  brought  to  the  service  of  bis  dient  a  suivcyor't 
knowledge  of  mathematics  and  a  riveimau't  acquaintance  with 
cuTTcnta  and  channeb,  and  ugued  that  dossing  a  stream  by 
bridge  was  as  truly  a  common  lijbt  as  navigating  it  by  boat, 
thus  contribuimg  10  the  mccess  of  Chicago  and  tail  way  commerce 
in  the  contest  agiintt  St  Louis  and  river  tiausporlation;  the 
defence  (at  Burdstovn  in  May  iSjS}  on  the  charge  of  murder  of 
William  ("  Duff  "}  Aimelrong.  son  ol  one  of  Lincohi's  New 
Salem  friends,  »hom  Luicolu  freed  by  condovetting.  with  tba 
help  of  an  almanac  the  testimony  of  a  crucial  witness  that  between 
toand  II  o'clock  at  night  he  hadseen  by  moonlight  tbe  defendant 
itrike  tbe  murderous  blow — this  diamatle  Incident  it  described 
In  Edward  Eggleston't  navel,  Tin  Crayami-,  and  tbe  delenct 
on  the  charge  of  murder  (committed  in  August  iSjp)  of 
"  Peachy  "  Hartiton,  a  grandaon  of  Petri  Cartwright,  (rbotc 
testimony  was  used  with  great  eflect. 

From  law,  however,  Lincoln  was  toon  drawn  Irrtditibly 
back  into  politics.  Theilavcry  quetliaii,inoDeioimoianolbH'. 


LINCOLN,  ABRAHAM 


Aid  bcoomc  the  imt  oicntudewfut  hsue  in  niUonal,  uid  even 
In  Mue  poliiics;  the  ibolitiaii  QiovenKDi,  btgun  in  cuticst 
by  W.  L.  GinuoD  In  iSji,  hut  iUrkI  tfae  consdcna  a(  tbc 
Nonh,  And  hmd  hul  iu  iafliuuce  cvm  u] 


had  fijlsd  u 


■nd  ihc  Fugitive 


•u  OH  tA  ibe  conpi , 

thnxifhon  Ihe  Utah  been  billeriy  usailed  ind  to  a  caniidenble 
cilcnt  bad  bdtnindUGcd^iUMlt(Uitlefl;uid  finally  in  1854 
U»  alaniy  igitilkHi  wai  fainniled  1^  the  puuic  of  the  Kanus- 
Ncbnslu  Act,  Irhkh  rqmled  tb*  MisaouH  Comproinlse  and 
g>ira)egllhtive<uctk>nlolhepnndpltD("  popular  Hveicignry  " 

.t , — !_i_  .1...  ibtinhsWtanuofeachTtraloryaswtllaiol 

be  kft  free  to  dedde  for  ihtmsdva  whcthtr 

iitfd  therein.     In  eDaning  this 

Lted  laifely  by  one  Tnan— 

III — then  probably  ibe  most  powerful 


MpriDdplelh 

dt  BM  alavciy  n>  10  be  penni 
maoure  Congreai  had  ' 

Slq)bm  A.  Douglai  of  ... 

Cfun  b  nuional  poUlica.  Lincoln  had  eariy  put  bimielf  on 
nisrd  u  tppoted  to  lUvery,  but  he  vu  never  technically  an 
abolitioaiM;  be  idtitd  hinucU  rather  with  those  who  believed 
■hat  slavery  should  be  fou^t  wilhiii  the  Constitution,  that, 
though  it  could  not  be  coniiiiuiinnally  interfered  with  in  in- 
dlvktnal  stalo,  It  ibonld  be  ocluded  from  (erriloiy  over  which 
lb*  natlenal  foverBmenl  bad  JuHidktion.  In  Ibis,  as  in  other 
thing!,  he  was  emintetly  dcu-iiihted  and  practitil.  Already 
ha  bad  abowD  his  capacity  *)  a  (ordbie  and  able  debater: 
aianed  to  new  acifvit  y  upon  the  puMgt  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
BOI,  which  be  regarded  as  a  groa  bttadi  of  pi^tical  faith,  he 
&aw  entered  upon  pnblie  fSacusaloD  with  an  earnestness  and  force 
thai  by  ammon  consnt  gave  him  leiderahlp  in  Illinois  ef  the 
opposition,  which  in  ig;4  elected  a  maffvity  of  the  legislslntt; 
*nd  it  gradually  became  dear  that  lie  waa  the  onTy  m«p  who 
Go^  be  opposed  in  debate  to  the  powerful  and  adioit  Dou^aa. 
He  wu  elected  to  the  state  House  of  Kcpresenuiivee,  from 
«4iich  be  immediately  resigned  to  become  a  candidate  for 
United  Sutes  senator  from  Illinois,  to  succeed  James  Shiebls, 
B  Democrat;  but  five  oppostloo  members,  of  Demaoaiie 
antecedents,  refused  to  vote  for  Lincola  ton  the  second  b«llot 
he  rccdved  47  votes — 50  being  necssary  to  elect}  and  he  fumed 
~   ■  nan  Trumbull,  who  wai 


cpposed  to  the  Kans 


and  thus 


favoured  this 
the  dghth  ballot  had  received  47  votes  to  3$ 
'     '  The  various  ami-Nebraska 


defeat  of  Joel  / 
act  and  wlw  1 
for  TnunbuQ 

Element!  came  together,  in  lUiniHs  a; 
party  at  a  time  when  the  old  parties  were  disbitcgiaiing;  and 
in  iSjatbeBqjubUcsnpsny  was  formally  organiied  in  the  stile. 
Lincoln  before  the  lUle  convention  at  Bbomington  of  "  tU 
opponent!  of  anti-Nebiuiu  legislation ''  (ibe  first  RepuUicin 
Mate  convention  in  Ulinais}  made  on  the  19th  of  Maya  notable 
addiBs  known  as  the  "  Lost  Speedi."  The  National  Convention 
of  the  Republican  Party  in  iSsfi  can  no  votes  for  Lincob  as 
Its  vice-presidential  candidate  on  the  tkkct  with  Fremont,  and 
be  was  on  the  RepuUican  electoral  ticket  of  this  year,  and  made 
cflective  campaign  speeches  In  the  Inleresl  <d  the  new  patty. 
The  campaign  in  1)k  state  tesultcd  nbstantiany  in  a  drawn 
battle,  the  Democrati  gaining  a  ma  Jotity  in  the  state  for  prcsiden  t, 
while  the  Kepoblicant  elected  Ihc  gnvemor  and  itate  oEictra. 
la  iSjg  the  term  of  Donglaa  in  the  United  Slatef  Senate  was 
expiring,  and  he  sought  re-electlan.  On  the  i6lb  of  Jane  iSsS 
by  muDimoui  resolution  of  the  Republican  state  cnnvtniion 
Lincoln  wa»  declared  "  the  6w  and  only  choice  of  the  Re- 
publicans of  IlBnob  tor  the  United  Sutea  Swale  ai  the  tucctasot 
of  Stephen  A.  Dongas,"  who  wu  the  choice  o(  hit  own  party 
Id  lucceed  hirasclf.  Lincoln,  addressing  the  convention  which 
ftominatcd  him,  gave  mpresaion  ts  ilie  folkiwing  bold  prophecy: — 
"  A  house  divided  agahM  haelf  eaanet  tcand,  I  bctieve  this 
Gevemncnt  caanM  endure  permaaemly  hall  -davt  and  half  free. 
-     -  ■  ■      -iMifved— I  d< 


atl««ii»i;ar  its  advocateswin  push  itfiitwinl.ini  It  shall  become 
alike  lawful  in  all  the  itaces,  old  as  weU  h  new^lfanh  aa  weN  ta 
South." 

la  this  speech,  delivered  in  the  state  Hoaic  ol  Rcprewitativea, 
LIncob  diargcd  Fiercx,  Buchanan,  Tan^  and  DougUa  with 
conipiiai^  to  secure  the  Dred  Scott  dcttsion.  Yielding  to  the 
wish  ol  his  party  friends,  on  the  i4lh  o[  July,  Lincoln  cbaUeoged 
Douglas  to  a  joint  public  discussion.'  The  aatagonisls  met  in 
debate  at  seven  designated  placa  in  the  state.  The  GjH  meeting 
was  at  Ottawa,  u>  the  sauih-wutetn  put  of  the  sUle,  tm  the  11st 
of  August.  At  Fteeport,  on  the  Wiiconsin  boundary,  on  iba 
3}th  of  August,  Lincoln  answered  quetliona  put  to  bim  by 
Douglas,  and  by  bis  questions  farced  Douglat  to  "  betray  the 
South  "  by  his  enunciation  of  the  "  Frceport  heresy,"  that,  no 
matter  what  the  character  of  Congressional  kgiilalion  or  the 
Supreme  Court's  decision  "slavery  cannot  eiist  a  day  or  an 
hour  anywhere  unle^  it  is  supported  by  local  police  regulations." 
This  adroit  attempt  to  reconcile  the  princi[de  of  popular  sover- 
eignly with  the  Died  Scott  decision,  though  it  tiodoubtedly 
helped  Douglas  in  the  immediate  ^ght  for  the  aenatorzhip, 
neccasarily  alienated  his  Southern  luppoiteia  and  a^urcd  lua 
defeat,  as  Lincoln  foresaw  it  muM,  in  tbe  presidential  campaign 
of  1860.  Tbe  other  debates  were:  at  Jooetboro,  in  (he  •outbecit 
part  ol  tfae  sute,  on  tbe  15th  of  September;  at  Charle^rai, 
Ijo  m.  N.£.  of  Joneaboro,  on  the  iSth  of  September;  and,  in 
the  watem  pan  of  tbe  stale,  at  Galetbucg  (Oct.  7),  Quincy 
(Oct.  1])  and  Alton  (OcL  ij).  In  these  debates  Douglaa,  lb* 
champion  of  his  party,  was  over-matched  in  deamesi  and  lore* 
of  reasoning,  and  lacked  the  great  moral  eameslness  ol  bi* 


leNov 


the  Rqwblican  vote  was  ti6fii^,  L]  _ 

was  111,940  and  the  Lccomplon  (01  Buchanan}  DemocraliE 
vote  waa  J091;  but  the  Democrati,  through  a  favourabhi 
ifiporlionment  of  representative  district),  secured  a  majority 
d1  tbe  kgislature  (Senate;  14  Democrats,  11  Republicanat 
House :  40  Democrats,  jj  Republicans],  which  re-dected 
Douglas.  Lincoln'sipccijieiinthis  campaign  won  himanatiDnal 
In  iSjohemadetno^ieechesinOhio— ooeatCohuabua 
le  i6th  of  September  criticising  Douglas's  paper  in  tb^ 
September  Harptr'i  jfujasiiu,  and  one  at  Cincinnati  on  iho 
i7lh  ol  September,  which  waa  addresaed  to  Keotuckiani,— and 
he  spent  a  few  days  in  Kansu,  speaking  in  Elwood,  Troy. 
Doniphan,  Atchison  and  Leavenworth,  in  the  firat  week  of 
December.  On  the  tjth  of  February  |g6e  in  Coopei  Union, 
New  York  City,  he  made  a  speech  (much  the  same  aa  that 
delivered  ig  Elwood,  Kansas,  on  tbe  itt  of  December)  which 
lade  bim  known  favourably  to  [be  leaders  of  the  RtpuUicaa 
party  In  the  East  and  which  was  a  careful  historical  study 
criticising  the  slatemenl  of  Douglas  in  one  of  bis  speeches  is 
Ohio  that  "  our  fathers  when  they  framed  the  governmeot  under 
which  we  Live  understood  this  question  (slavery}  just  sa  well 
and  evan  better  than  we  do  now,"  and  Douglas's  contention  lEiat 
"  the  lathers  "  made  the  country  (and  intended  that  it  should 
remain}  part  slave.  LiiHiob  pointed  out  that  the  majority  id 
the  members  oi  tbe  Constitutional  Convention  of  iTlJ  opposed 
slavsry  and  that  they  did  not  think  that  Congress  had  no  power 
to  control  slavery  is  th*  Territorict.     He  spoke  at  Csncon^ 


la  SptingMd  l> 


te  (Folir  or 


sMe} 


^. ...„...._  ...  _    ..     ..     iSjfl.     Tbcy  met  r(i.._  ._,   

cadpaiiB  of  lt4a  la  Igp  Ltacela  aaHBptHl  wHh  Utile  auccns 
la  Rply  to  a  speech  made  by  Douglas  in  Richmond.  On  Iha  alh 
of  Oclijia  [S  J4  in  Sprinc6elil,  in  itply  to  a  locech  on  the  Ndiraslta 
quenian  by  DoueIbs  dfiivettd  die  day  bdoie,  Llncobi  made  a 
remaikabk  ipeecA  fear  bouii  bag,  to  which  Dourias  tvpHed  oa 
the  neat  dayj  asd  in  tbe  foftnighc  jmnfldiataly  foflowioB  LincelB 
attacked  Douglaa't  record  again  at  Bknaiortan  aod  at  Peoria 
On  the  16th  ofjune  185}  Lincoln  in  a  speech  at  SpringlieU  annered 
Douglai's  ipeceh  al  tbe  tllh  in  which  he  made  over  hii  dodrine  ti 
popular  aovereignty  to  suit  the  Dred  Scott  decision.  Before  tbe 
■ciuhI  debate  in  lUg  Ddogtaamadea  speech  in  Oiieagpon  the  9th 
of  Juty.  to  wHic±  Lincoln  T^ified  the  n«t  day:  Doughs  tpokf  at 
Bloomington  on  the  i6tli  ol  Jalr  aitd  Lincolo  aasweicd  him  lb 

"-**^"""»-  .a  „,  Coos  I' 


yob 


LINCOLN,  ABRAHAM 


ud  Nanidi  {glh  Hurfa).  The  lUiooii  SLate  Copi 
RcpnUicu  put;,  bttd  at  Decatur  od  ibe  olb  and  lolli  ol  Uty 
iBOe,  anid  git^t  ^tfamiaani  dcdand  Abraham  LIdc^d  iLa 
tm  difln  for  tbc  pnsldaitiBl  iwnuDation,  and  inslnlcted  Ibe 
ddfptkn  lo  the  Natkmal  CoovcntiOD  to  cut  the  ntc  of  tbr 
ttate  ai  >  tmli  for  Um. 

Tbc  RcpublicaB  national  cnxroitloD,  whidi  made  "  No 
EilcBBon  of  Slavny  "  the  tanlial  part  of  Ibe  patty  p[at[om, 
racial  CUcafo  on  Ibe  leth  of  Miy  iSOo.  At  ihb  timeHTiIliun 
H.  Scwaid  ma  the  mott  contpicuoui  Rqmblican  in  national 
potitks.  and  SalinoD  F,  Cbate  bad  Ions  hun  in  tbc  larc-frant  0( 
tbc  piriitica]  conlot  agihut  ilivciy.  Both  had  won  grealer 
DalionaJ  fame  than  bad  Lincoln,  and,  before  Ihe  convention 
met,  each  hoped  <a  be  nominaled  FtH-  praident.  Chase,  boirever. 
bad  Ultle  chance,  and  the  conieit  wu  TinuaHx  between  Senrd 
and  Lincohi,  who  bjr  Biany  was  conidercd  laore  "  tiwDablc," 
be(an«  It  wu  ihoughl  thai  he  couM  (and  Seward  could  not] 
MCUR  the  vote  of  certain  douhilul  sKto.  Lincoln's  name  waj 
prcHnted  by  lUinoi*  and  teconded  by  Indiana.  At  Gnt  Sevard 
had  the  ilrongest  tupport.  On  the  fini  ballot  Lincoln Tecdved 
only  10J  votea  to  I7jj  for  Seward.  On  thciccond  ballot  Lincoln 
received  iSi  tola  to  Seward'i  iM-  On  tbc  third  baDol  Ihe 
Jo)  volo  (ormerty  given  lo  Simon  Cameron'  were  given  to 
Lincdn,  Kho  leciived  331)  votci  to  iSo  for  ^waid,  aod  wiibout 
laUnt  another  ballot  enough  volea  were  dianged  to  nuke 
Uocola'a  total  jh  ('33  l^in*  necessmy  tor  a  rfidce)  and  the 
fwminatlon  waa  then  made  twariimciia.  Hannibal  Hamlin, 
of  Uarne,  wa*  nominated  for  the  vlcc-pre^dency.  The  convcn* 
tloD  vai  (bigulariy  tmnultuofll  and  »iiy;  large  daquei  nere 
bbcd  by  both  Llncola'i  and  Seward'i  managen.  Dniing  the 
campaign  Uncoln  remained  In  Spiingbcld,  making  few  qieecbes 
MidwrftlntptacttcanynatettenforpuMcatiDn.  The  campaign 
wai  mnsuany  anhnaied— only  the  Whig  (»npi<Kn  for  WQiara 
HcBty  Harriwo  in  1840  ii  conpuablc  to  It:  there  were  great 
tDrcbUi^t  proccniaia  of  "  wiile^wika  "  dubi,  which  did  "  rail. 
fence,"  or  zifiag.  marcbc*,  and  carried  nib  in  honour  of  thiir 
Osdidate,  the  "  nil-q>litler."  Lincoln  wai  dected  by  a  popular 
vote  of  tJI6645>  to  i,37s,i57  IcaDongUa,  a4;,95]  forBreikin- 
ffdgiand  jvo.Aji  tor  Bell— ai  the  conbioed  vote  o[  his  opponents 
n*  B  much  greater  than  hli  own  be  waa  often  called  "-the 
nlnorllj'  pieaident ";  (he  Sectoral  vote  was:  Lbcoln,  iSo; 
John  C.  Breekintidge,  ji;  John  Bdl,  39;  Stephen  A.  DougUs, 
II.  On  the  4th  of  March  iMi  Lincobi  was  inaugurated  u 
pRrident.  (For  an  anouBt  ol  hit  adminMtatkNi  lee  UHmo 
SnTEt:  BiM»rj) 

Daring  the  campaign  ndkii  lisder*  In  tha  Sonth  frequently 
uuited  that  the  luccoa  of  the  RepnbBcani  at  the  polls  would 
mean  that  the  rights  of  tbe  alave-boMing  iiaia  under  th* 
Federal  coonftution,  as  interpreted  by  ihem.  would  no  longer 
be  nsperted  by  Ibe  Norlb,  and  that.  If  Lincoln  were  dected, 
it  would  be  the  duly  ol  iheae  ibve-holding  stales  to  secede  Iron 
Ibe  Union,  There  was  much  opposition  in  these  atttea  to  Hch 
a  ctntae,  but  the  secesiionisls  triumphed,  and  by  tbe  lime 
PitaWent  Llnroln  waa  inaugurated,  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Alebcma,  Florida,  Misslsaipiri,  Louisiana  and  Texas  had  formally 
arftbdiawB  Imm  the  Union.  A  piovilfonal  gDVeinment  Imdet 
tha  dealgnation  "  The  Confederate  Staisa  oi  Amerka,"  with 
JtSeiion  Davis  as  president,  was  organiicd  by  the  awrdlng 
•latea,  which  seiied  by  force  nearly  all  ibe  lona.  anenala  and 
public  buOdinp  within  tbeir  limits.  Great  divialoa  of  aenliiiiHiI 
aisled  in  Ihe  North,  whether  in  this  emei^ency  acquiescence 
or  coercion  was  the  preferable  policy.  Lincoln's  Inaugural 
addreu  declared  the  Union  perpetual  and  acta  of  Mcca^n  void, 
und  apoounoed  the  deleTmination  of  Ibe  govaniment  to  defend 
lis  authority,  and  lo  bold  forts  and  places  yet  fn  its  ponenion. 
B(  fiiffi.ipi-'  any  intention  lo  invade,  lubjugate  or  oppress 

iWirhout  Llimln's  knowledge  or  ceiuent.  the  raanaaeis  of  his 
Candidafy  befon  the  cajivfntioa  bor^inEd  for  CaiDcrDn^  votes  by 
propiiilaa  10  Cameioa  a  place  in  LlncolD's  ablnet.  should  Lincoln 
be  ekctctL   Caneroa  became  Lincoln't  finl  tfuetary  of  war. 


caaMct,- he  aii 


the  sKMlint  staiM.    "  r«i  «w  h*** 

"  ■itlma  being  yonndvca  the  

Charleston  harbour,  had  been  In  sji  |n1  by  the  1 
January;  and,  it  being  now  on  the  point 
aiarvaiion,  Lincda 
SLh  of  April    ' 
the  fort,  but  ina 

thia  eSort  srere  lesiaied.  The  (^onledmiea,  bovever,  ii 
diatdy  ordered  its  reduction,  and  after  a  thirty<lour  hauB' hem- 
bardment  Ihe  garrison  ca|Htulaled  on  Ibe  ijth  of  April  1W1. 
(For  the  military  hiiioiy  of  the  mi,  sec  AHSUCaN  Civil  Wai.) 
With  dvit  war  thus  pnrakcd,  Liacoln,  no  the  i^  nl  AptQ, 
by  proclamation  called  )S,eoa  Ihraa  OMialh*'  adiitta  widei 
anni.  and  on  Ihe  4th  of  Uay  ordered  the  tnnhcr  ■nliitmiiil 
of  (^.jti  toldien  and  18,000  iiami  n  lor  Ihne  yean'  icrvic*. 
lie  instituted  by  prodanuiion  of  tha  iQih  of  A|Kil  1  hlockada 
of  the  Southern  pons,  look  efltctive  atepa  to  tstempaiise  a 
navy,  convened  Congress  in  speoa]  session  [on  the  41h  of  July), 
and  asked  for  legislation  and  authority  to  maka  the  war  "  short, 
sharp  and  decisive,"    Ihe  couniir  responded  with  enthusiasm 

was  not  less  active. 

.  The  ilaveiy  queuion  proatol  Toiatlaui  difficulties  ik 
conduOing  the  war.  Coivesa  in  August  lUi  passed  an  act 
(ipptoved  Auguat  6th)  "-■^'"■■■■g  rights  of  ^vcKHniciB  to 

■lava  employed  In  boNile  service  against  Ihi  Union.  On 
the  jMh  of  August  Ceoenl  Fieoraol  by  militaiy  otder  dedand 
martial  law  and  confiscation  agaipM  active  enemiea,  with 
freedom  lo  their  slaves,  in  the  State  of  UinoiuL  Bditving  that 
under  existing  condiLions  such  a  step  was  both  detrimental  li 
present  policy  and  unauthorised  in  law,  Pnnfdent  f-j^w^ii 
directed  bim  (ind  Septembci)  to  toodify  tLa  seder  to  make  it 
conform  to  the  ConfiKalioa  Act  of  Coupesi,  and  on  the  1  ith  of 
SepiHnber  annulled  the  parts  01  the  order  which  conflicted  with 
tbii  acl.  Strong  political  factions  were  instantly  fotioed  for 
and  against  military  emancipation,  and  the  government  wu 
holly  beset  by  antagonistic  counstL  Tbe  Unlonista  ol  \}» 
border  slave  states  were  greatly  alarmed,  but  Lincoln  \iy  hii 
moderate  conservatism  held  them  to  the  military  suf^ort  of 
the  government.'  Ueanwhile  he  ssgaciousiy  prepared  the 
way  for  the  supreme  act  of  ■JB'*>«mBwtiip  which  the  gathering 
□atJona]  crisis  already  dimly  foRshadowed.  On  the  6th  of  Idarch 
jSiSi,  he  sent  a  special  message  to  Congress  recommending  the 
passage  of  a  resolution  offering  pecuniary  aid  from  tbe  goierat 
government  lo  Induce  states  to  adopt  gradual  abolishment  of 
slavery.  PrompLiy  pasted  by  Congren,  the  resolution  piwluced 
no  immediate  rtault  except  in  its  iofiuence  on  public  opinion. 
A  poetical  step,  bawevcr,  soon  followed.  In  April  CoBgiss* 
passed  and  the  president  approved  [6th  April)  u  act  emandpal- 
iog  the  slaves  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  with  cnmpensalion  to 
ovacis— a  measure  which  Lincoln  had  proposed  when  in  CongnaL 
Meanwhile  slaves  of  loyal  mastcn  were  constantly  (seeping  to 
inilitary  camps.  Some  commanders  excluded  them  altogether; 
others  surrendered  them  on  demand ;  while  still  others  shdltred 
and  protected  them  against  their  owners.  Lincohi  tolerated 
this  latitude  as  falling  prvperiy  within  the  military  discietioo 
pertaining  to  local  army  openttons.  A  new  cast,  however, 
soon  dcnundrd  his  official  interference.  On  theglhcJUsy  1S61 
General  David  Hunter,  comouading  in  the  limited  areas  gained 
along  the  southern  coast,  issued  a  ibort  order  declaring  his  depart- 
ment under  martial  law,  andaddii^ — "  Slaveryand  martial  law  in 
a  free  couniiy  are  altogether  incompatible.  'The  petioni  in  these 
three  States— GtorRa,  Florid*  and  South  Carolina — berctoioie 
TbcT  I96l  the  prewlent  drafted  ■ 


',. zed  b,  Google 


LINCOLN,  ABRAHAM 


1o1 


htM  n  tUm  *K,  Iberetore,  dcdlred  (or  cvct  free,"  As  Krai 
u  thli  ordct,  hf  tba  ilow  metbod  o(  comrounicalion  by  to, 
mchedthcMinptpen,  Lincoln  (Hay  iq)  pubUtbcd  *  prodami- 
tjoD  deduins  it  void;  adding  futtber,  "  WheUwr  h  be  com- 
petenl  for  me  u  commaDder-in-chiel  of  the  amy  tod  na*y  to 
dedm  the  ilava  ol  any  atate  or  ttatea  free,  asd  whetbee  at  aav 

totbemi 

■    11  which 

d  I  caanM  UA  juliAHl  in  leaviiif  l«  iIm 
in  the  Add.  Tbete  are  totally  <Bfleiml 
poUcB  Rgulationi  in  anniei  or  caoipa." 
■  pndnnntioB  Llneola  recalled  to  the  p<d>lk 
Ui  own  propoaal  and  the  aaRnt  of  Congieu  tocompeuate  itatfi 
which  matd  idopl  voluntary  and  gnidua]  eboliibmenl.  "  To 
the  people  of  th«e  itatei  no)r."  he  added,  "  I  must  eaineMly 
ippeaL  I  do  not  argue.  1  beseech  yon  to  make  Ihe  uguoient 
[or  younelvea.  Yoo  canool,  il  yon  woatd,  be  blind  to  the  aigiu 
ol  tlK  timei."  Meinwhile  the  anli-slivery  aeolimenl  of  the 
North  constantly  increucd.  Congren  by  eipren  act  (approved 
OB  Ibe  i«ih  of  June)  probibiled  the  eiiitence  of  «hvery  in  all 
terrilories  outside  of  itale;.    On  Jety  the  inh  the  pretldenl 

enmllve  mansion,  end  once  moie  urged  upon  them  bil  proposal 
of  CHnpeniated  emancipation.  *'  If  the  ver  continues  Loflg," 
he  Slid,  "  u  it  muil  il  the  object  be  not  (ooncr  attained,  the 
hHtitution  In  your  ilatn  will  be  extinguished  by  mete  (tirtion 
and  ibruion— by  the  mere  incidents  of  the  war.  It  will  be 
gone,  and  you  will  have  nothing  valuabte  in  lieu  of  it ."  Alibou^ 
Lincoln's  ippcBl  brougbt  Ibe  border  t(M«  to  bo  pnciical 
decirion— Che  nprescntalives  at  these  stales  ahnost  without 
exception  opposed  the  plan — it  served  (o  prepare  public  opinion 
for  his  final  act.  Daring  the  month  of  July  bis  own  mind 
reached  the  virtual  deterninaiion  to  give  slavery  its  ampdt 
ttia;  on  the  i7lh  he  approved  a  new  Confiscailon  Act,  much 
broader  than  that  of  the  eth  ol  August  iS6i  (which  freed  only 
those  dives  In  military  scrrice  against  the  Union}  and  giving  to 
the  preiidenl  power  to  employ  persons  ot  African  descent  lor 
the  supprsson  of  the  rebellion;  ond  on  ihe  imd  he  submitted 
to  his  cibinct  Ihe  dnit  of  an  emancipation  proclamiiion  aub- 
ilanilally  ai  ilterwarri  issued.  Serious  miKtiry  reverses  con- 
slnined  him  lor  Ihe  present  lowlthboldil,  while  on  Ihe  oihet  hand 
they  served  to  increase  Ihe  pressure  upon  him  from  antMlavety 
men.  Honce  Creeley  having  addressed  ■  public  letter  to  him 
complaining  of"  the  policy  you  seem  to  bepursuing  with  regard 
to  Ihe  ilivei  of  the  rebels,"  the  prenrlent  replied  on  Ihe  iind  of 
August,  Hying,  "  My  panmount  object  is  to  save  the  Union, 
and  not  either  to  save  or  destroy  slavety.  I(  I  couM  mv.  the 
Union  without  freeing  any  slave,  I  would  do  it;  If  I  could  save 
tc  by  freeing  alt  the  slaves,  I  would  do  it ;  and,  if  I  could  do  it  by 

Thus  still  holding  back  violent  reFormeti  wiih  one  hand,  and 
leading  up  hailing  conservatives  with  the  olher,  he  on  the  13th 
of  September  replied  among  other  things  to  in  address  from 


dcgalhit 


necessarily 

bullagiinittbecomct.  .  .  .  Ivii 
Bieuure,  to  be  decided  on  accot 
advantages  it  may  offer  to  the  si 


le  popei 


the  advantages  or  di»- 

on  of  the  rebellion 

ition  ol  liberty  to  Hie 
slaves,  but  hold  the  matter  under  advisement," 

The  year  iSAj  had  opened  with  important  Union  ncterlei. 
Admiral  A.H.  Foole  captured  Fort  Renryon  the  6th  of  February, 
and  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  captured  Fort  Uonelson  on  the  16th  ol 
February,  and  won  the  battle  of  Shlloh  on  the  61h  and  )lh 
of  April,  Gen,  A.  E.  Bumside  took  possession  of  Roanoke 
island  on  the  North  Carolina  coast  (ylh  Febrairy).  The  famous 
contest  between  the  new  injnelads"  Monitor  "and"  Merrimae  " 
(oth  April],  though  Indecisive,  effectually  stopped  the  caieer 
of  the  Confederate  vessel,  which  was  later  destroyed  by  the 
Confederates  Ihenuelvei.  {See  Hahptoh  Rotts,]  Firrigut, 
with  a  wooden  fleet,  ran  past  the  twin  foits  St  Hiillp  and  JackKiD, 


coniMed  Iba  wnender  ot  New  tMeani  (>6th.  ApiU),  and 
gained  control  ol  tbc  kmnt  Uisrisslpiri.  Hui  succudlng  three 
moncbs  bconght  disailei  and  discoungemeat  to  the  Union 
anny.  U'CleUan'a  ompaign  against  Richmond  waa  nade 
abonive  by  bit  llmoioui  generaltUp,  aad  compelled  tba  wttb- 
diawal  ot  M*  amy.  Pope's  anny,  advandng  agaiait  tko  nunc 
city  by  another  Hnc,  was  beaten  baii  upon  WaaUngton  In  defeat. 
The  llda  ot  mi,  boireret,  ob(«  aon  tontMl  in  the  defMt  ot 
Lee's  ininding  army  at  Saolh  Hooitain  and  AMfetam  in 
Maryland  on  the  t4th  and  on  tbe  idlh  and  tTtli  of  September, 
conpaOtBg  him  to  retreat. 

With  pablle  o|^nion  thui  i^NBod  by  alternate  dafeit  and 
victoiy,  PresidHit  Lincoln,  «b  the  eind  of  Septenriwr  iStt. 
inoed  hti  piclifflhaiy  pioclaniatiia  of  emaaciitaUon,  living 
notice  that  on  the  ist  of  January  iSSj,  "all  penoBi  held  ai 
slaves  erilhln  any  state  0[  deiignated  part  of  a  state  the  people 
whereof  shall  then  be  in  nbelKon  agafaut  Ihe  United  Stale* 
shall  be  then,  thenceforward  and  for  ever  free."  Inhii  mesaage 
to  Congress  on  the  ist  of  December  following,  be  again  urged 
his  plan  of  gradual,  compensated  emancrpatioo  (to  be  com- 
pleted on  the  ist  of  December  I900>  "  as  a  means,  nM in  eachislon 
of,  but  additional  to,  all  others  for  restoring  and  preserving 
the  national  suthoHly  throughoat  the  Union."  On  the  til 
day  of  January  i«t>i  the  final  proclamation  of  emancipation 
waa  duly  issued.  dHlgnitlng  the  Slates  of  Aikansas,  Teaas, 
Missiisippi,  AlabiDu,  Floridi,  Georgia,  South  Carolina,  North 
Carolina,  and  certain  ponioni  ol  LouisiaDa  and  Virginia,  as 
"  this  dsy  in  rebellion  agilnst  Ihe  Uniied  States,"  and  pro- 
claiming that,  in  virtue  of  Etii  authority  as  coramander^n- 
chief,  and  as  a  necessary  war  measure  for  suppressing  rebellion, 
"  r  do  order  and  dedan  that  all  persons  held  is  slaves  anIMn  uld 
designated  states  and  parts  of  stales  are  and  hencefoiward  shaU 
be  tree,"  and  pledging  the  eieculive  apd  military  power  ol  the 
govemnienl  to  maintain  such  tteedom.  The  legal  validity  ol 
these  piDclamationa  waa  never  pronounced  upon  by  the  natlond 
courts;  but  their  decrees  gradually  enforced  by  tbe  maKh  of 
armies  were  aoon  Rcogniied  by  public  optnioD  to  be  practkilty 
irreversible,*  Soch  disaatisfictlon  ai  they  cnsed  In  tbe  border 
slave  states  died  out  in  the  stress  of  war.  Hie  systematic 
enlistment  of  negroes  and  their  bicorpotatlon  '  -  -■ 
by  reghnenls,  hitherto  only  tried  as  eiceptioni 
were  now  pushed  with  vigoor,  and,  bdng  foUoveo  oy  Severn 
conspicuous  instances  of  thdr  gallantry  on  the  balthfidd, 
added  another  strong  Impulse  to  the  sweeping  change  of  popular 
seniiment.  To  put  the  finality  of  emancipation  beyond  all 
(tuesiioB,  Lincoln  In  the  winler  set^on  of  1863-1864  stronglj 
tupportixl  a  movement  In  Congress  to  abolish  slavery  by  con' 
tlltutional  amend  meni,  but  the  necessary  two-thiids  vote  of  the 
House  of  Kepmentslives  could  not  then  be  obtained.  In  hi! 
annual  message  ol  the  6th  of  December  1864,  he  urged  the  im- 
mediate passage  of.Ihe  measure.  Congress  now  acted  pmnptly: 
on  Ihe  ]ist  of  January  iBSs,  that  body  by  Joint  resolution 
proposed  to  the  states  the  ijlh  amendment  of  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution, providing  Ihrt  "  neither  slavery  nor  EnvolUntiiy 
servltuile,  eicept  as  a  punishment  for  crime,  whereof  the  party 
shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  eiist  within  the  United 
Stales  or  any  place  subject  lo  their  jurisdiction."  Before  the 
end  of  that  year  twenty-seven  out  of  the  thlrty-sii  states  of 
the  Union  (being  tbe  required  three-fourths)  had  ratified  the 

1  It  !■  f 

diction;  in  Viiginia  JJ  rounliea  were  empud  (Inchrfing  the  ft 
which  became  ilie  aeparale  Bale  ol  Wort  Virginia),  and  in  Louiriana 
ijpariiheslincludingtheFariihotOHnins).  As  ike  FedenI  Govern- 
ment did  not,  at  the  time,  actually  have  jrnisdkilDn  over  the  rest 
of  Ihe  Mfiitocy  o(  the  ConfedentelSuici.  that  really  affected,  some 
writenhaveqoestioBed  whether  the  prsdimaiionitanyeniaadpated 
any  slaves  when  Kwasimed,  The  proclamation  had  the  nsost  bn- 
portant  polltial  effect  in  the  Noitb  ol  rallying  more  than  ever  to  the 
suppoTi  of  Ihe  adminiatmion  the  large  anti-slaverv  Hemeni.  The 
adopirun  of  the  ijlh  amendment  to  the  Federal  ConstHntloB  in  1W5 
rendered  unnecemry  any  dpciiian  of  tbe  U.S.  Supreme  Court  upon 


«■  tbt  iSlb  ol  DuuBber  lUs,  deckivd  it  duly  wkpted. 

The  lofdtn  [Biky  «l  PRiidat  lincoln,  wbito  Hibafdiiule 
te  iapoiUnM  to  tbc  smt  qucMiouaf  tka  CivS  Wu,  nevenlKliM 
|»1iiliil  noml  dificult  *ad  criliial  pfofalcBU  lor  ha  dcdiiiin. 
na4nat(Btha(Navc)al)cr  lUi)  br  C^ituii  Chula  Wilka 
of  tvs  Canfedenlc  covoyi  pmaaduii  U>  Eunpa  ia  ths  Btitok 
Utunec  "Treat"  Mrinwly  thmtend  poua  with  Edglud. 
Pi^ilk  opishiB  i«  Anerica  ilaical  uiMUiinwutly  nw'iined  tfae 
■ct;  hiU  UikqIii,  coavinccd  Itel  ilw  litfiu  o(  CrcU  Bikila 
■■  1  ueutnl  btd  been  violitcd,  piDni|>tJy,  upon  tha  ^i^mnA 
of  Eaibiul,  onknd  the  tUwntloa  of  the  priniiBi  (>61h  oC 
DcccmbO'}.  Utcr  fiiaull)'  idulau  betven  tin  Unitad 
Cum*  uul  Gnu  Britain,  wkne,  ■moni  Ihe  ippit  duM*,' 
thon  wu  1.  anag  ■"'*■■■—'  Ib  favour  ot  ihc  Ciufcdcncy, 
•en  Kilauily  tbnatciiMl  by  liia  fitting  ont  of  Confedetata 
pdvalsai*  in  British  poila,  ud  tha  AdtnLiiiitntiDa  ovtd  much 

Charici  Francdi  Adama.  A  Mill  braada  fonl(n  qucMkia  grsw 
out  ol  Mcdcan  a£[ain,  vhca  evmti  nilminallng  in  tb*  ledini 
op  ol  MonmUisa  of  AuMria  a>  empciioi  under  piotcciion  of 
French  tiooiB  dcmandal  ih«  oxiMJUU  michfulHaxd  tbc  Unitod 
Siala.  LipwUi'i  QHiiM  na  one  of  pnuknt  muduwion, 
Fnatc  voluDlarily  decUnd  that  ibe  loughl  La  Meiiao  only 
to  latisfy  iajvrid  done  her  and  not  la  ovEtthraw  or  mahlith 
bcal  gavunment  or  to  Bt^nopnat*  umlruy.  The  United 
Stttta  GnvenuneDl  replied  thit.  idyiiig  on  theaa  auuniuzi, 
it  would  mainiain  itrici  non-iDlerveiiiion,  at  tlie  aams  limi 
openly  avowing  the  geneial  lympaiby  ol  it*  people  with  ■ 
Uoocan  republic,  and  (hat  "  their  own  ufely  and  the  cheerful 
deaUny  to  which  th^  a*pin  arv  iniimaieJy  dependant  on  tfae 
OoniinuaiKi  of  Ina  npubUcan  inatiUitioni  thmu^bout  Ameika." 
la  the  eaily  part  of  i86j  the  Fimch  Covcnuoent  pnpowd  a 
mediation  bttweea  the  North  and  the  South.  TUaoSef  Pieiident 
Lincoln  (on  the  6th  ol  FebtUBcy)  dedined  to  couidec.  Sewatd 
ttplyini  for  him  that  it  would  oily  be  CBtetini  into  diplonuiic 
dbcuaion  with  th*  tebeli  wbelher  the  aulhocity  of  the  goveta- 
Bient  ahoutd  be  tEMuaced,  tad  th*  counliy  dcUnrtd  over  to 
diiunion  and  anarOby. 

The  Civil  War  gradtuklly  pew 
pectation.  By  Janiuuy  ijd]  Ihe 
>  aiil^n  nun,  and  neie  kept  up  to  Ihu  attwgth  till  the  tod  ol 
th**ln«^  TbaFedenl  mi  debt  eventually  nacholtbe  nun 
•I  li,Tao.aoB,<)Oo.  Tlie  foctunet  ol  battia  iftn  Mkouwhat 
fluctualinf  during  the  £tst  ball  ol  iSij,  but  tha  begiBuiBg  ol 
July  bnnight  the  Union  loia»  decuive  victoria.  The  roduclioo 
ol  VIckibuig  Uih  oi  July)  and  I>att  Hud»a  (gtb  of  July),  mth 
•tba  Cfxnlioni,  miored  complete  moiiol  of  the  Miuiiaippi, 
ttvering  the  Southern  Confcdcncy.  In  the  eta  Lee  had  the 
Mcond  tine  narcbed  hia  anny  into  Penniylvanii  to  luSer  a 
diuitiou*  defeat  M  Geltyibuig,  on  the  ibt.andaud  jrdof  July, 
tboush  lie  m*  able  to  witbdikw  hii  ihitleied  force*  Bulh  of  tha 
Potomac.  At  tb*  dedication  of  Ihii  balllcAeld  a*  a  uldien' 
oemeiery  in  November,  Prerideot  Linoola  nude  the  loUawing 
oialion,  which  bai  taken  permanent  place  at  a  claiaic  in  American 
Hteialtire: — 

ht  tonh  on  thl> 


..  — ^_  , — ,^  -^  thw  *ho  hfrc^vt  ihuir  live* 

might  Eve.    It  it  altogeihcr  Eitttng  And  proper 

<  thia.    But,  in  a  larger  fcnv,  wt  tmnaot  dedicate. 

«  cannot  hallow  thi»  grouad.    The  brave 

bo  «imnHcd  bcie  have  coniccfaled  it  far 

add  oc^elian.    The  world  >ill  little  iKie 

va  Ihe  livirtg  ralber  to  be  dedicated  here 
vhich  they  who  fought  here  hive  thbii 
It  ii  rslher  For  u>  lo  be  here  dedji:at<i]  to 
before  ui-lhat  from  Uior  honoured  dud 
oevDiiaa  to  that  ujie  fftr  which  they  give  the 
devotiori — ilut  we  here  highly  reeulvB  that  tixm 


ABRAHAM 

•han  aol  havi  dU  bi  vi 


Id  tbe  unupecled  piobngation  ol  the  w 
menti  becune  too  alow  to  npleniih  tJia  wai 
>Wj  tbc  ■ovctwMBt  «ii  idiod  li 


■padtliubjectofallkiim  bj 


paitrofihaNutK 


of  the  wv,  to  cndcftvou  to  win  lb*  pttiidaJUial  ekctin  at 
the  followiw  year.  Cleneot  L.  ViSudVMm  of  Oyo,  hivi^ 
madg  a  violent  public  weach  at  Ht.  VwDCO,  OUa,  on  dw  IM  d 
Uay  Bgalnat  the  war  aiid  mililaiy  pfottoding*,  wu  uteued  on 
tbe5LhoIUaybyGenenlfiBn«id«.tri*dbyBiUilaiy<s — ""- 
and  atntencad  on  the  i6th  tt  ' — '' 


Ihofjuo 
Convention  having  ajlpealed  for  bii 
releate.  Lincoln  wrote  (wo  long  leLten  in  icply  dlKuaaing  the 
constitutioDal  quettion,  and  declaring  that  In  hii  judgment  tbo 
idet-la-chiel  in  tim*  ol  rebellion  or  invuion 
rapouibUily  o{  impending  the  privikg*  of 
t  ttr^,  but  offering  to  id 
wDuM  ligB  a  decltntloo  tl 
that  an  anny  and  navy  ai 
and  that  ead>  of  them  wou] 
to  proeecuteiliewat.  ThiilibsaloifcraiKt  their  tefiaal  to  accqM 
it  counieraned  all  Iha  poliiical  apital  they  hoped  to  make 
out  of  the  caae;  and  public  (^Hnioa  wai  atill  more  poweriully 
influenced  in  behalf  of  the  preiidcnt*i  action,  h;  the  patboi  of 
(be  queiy  which  he  propounded  in  one  of  hi*  Icttcfa:  "  Must  1 
shoot  the  aimpliHnindcd  aoldier  hoy  who  desert^  whUe  1  mmt 
not  touch  a  haii  of  a  wily  agitator  who  Inducaa  lum  to  descn.?'* 
When  the  dKtioo  look  i^iB  in  Ohio,  Vallandigham  waa  defeated 
by  a  majority  of  mace  than  a  hundred  thousand. 

Uany  unfounded  tumonn  of  a  willlngniat  on  the  part  ol  Iha 
Coofedcnta  State*  to  make  peace  were  circulated  to  maken  Ibo 
Union  war  qurit.  To  all  auch  augsestloDS,  up  to  tbe  lime  ol 
■suing  his  emsndpation  pnclamalion^  Uncoln  announced  hia 

would  submit  to  and  maintain  the  nalinnal  authority  under  the 
CoBstiiulisa  ol  Ihe  United  Slatea.  Certain  agents  in  Canada 
having  in  iHt  lolimated  that  they  wen  eDpowcicd  to  Ueai  lot 
peace,  Lincoln,  Ihiuugh  Greeley,  tandeied  them  safe  condact  to 
Wasbinglni.  They  were  by  this  forced  lo  confess  that  Ihey 
possraed  no  autboriiy  to  negotiate.    The  president  tbareupoq 

"  To  whom  ll  may  tenarrn : 

"Any  pramitJDn  which  embrace  the  restoration  ol  peace,  Ihe 
intqiriiy  ot  Oie  whole  Union,  and  the  abtDdonmeot  of  ilavery.  and 
vhicli  mmn  by  and  with  an  authority  that  an  contiol  Ihe  armin 


^)™- 


and  the  bearer  or  bom  thereof  duU  have  lafe  cDiiduci  both  ^ 
"July  IS.  I»fi«."  •■Aa.AHU.LiHCOL. 

A  ootewoithy  coolerence  on  this  quealkm  took  place  near  tbe 
clow  ol  Ihe  Civy  Wat,  when  Ihe  sttength  of  the  Conledeiacy  wai 
•ImoM  eihausled.  F.  P.  Blair,  senior,  a  personal  friend  of 
JetTerHHi  Davis,  acting  soldy  on  his  own  responsibility,  vaa 
pemuilrd  to  go  from  Wsshington  to  Richmond,  where,  on  tbo 
iilh  of  January  iS6j,  aliei  a  private  and  unofficial  iolerviev. 
Davis  in  writing  declared  his  willingness  Lo  enter  a  conferenca 
"lo  secure  peace  to  the  iwo  couBiriet."  Report  being  duly 
made  loFteaident  Lincoln,  hei|riote  anotetdiUed  iSlh  January) 
consenting  to  receive  any  igcal  sent  inlomilly  "  wiih  the  view 
ol  Ktuiing  peace  lo  (he  people  ol  our  comoian  cmiaUy."    UpoB 


LINCXMJd,  ABRAHAM 


709 


tlicbadi  ot  tliti  bttet'proporiliDD  three  Conf edente  cominitBionns 
(A.  H.  Steveu,  J.  A.  C.  CunpbeU  ud  R.  U.  T.  Hunlo)  fiiuUy 
oune  to  Hampton  Roadi,  wbtre  PmidesI  Lincoln  mid  StcrOaiy 
ScvBid  met  them  on  tbo  U.S.  stcuo  truiBport "  River  Queen," 
■Dd  00  Ibc  3rd  of  Febnury  iMj  an  infomul  confoenc?  ol  four 
houn'  dunlion  wu  held.  Privite  Kpoita  of  the  intetvinr  afree 
Hibjlanlially  in  the  sUWment  thai  the  Confederatn  proposed  ■ 
cOHtiOD  of  the  Civil  Wu,  and  postponement  of  iu  iuues  foe 
(ulure  adjusjnient,  while  for  the  present  the  belliBcroiB  should 
noile  in  a  campaign  to  expd  the  French  from  Mciicn,  and  to 
t  Lincoln,  however, 


influeni 


then  should  be  "  volunlary  abolition  of  slavery  by  llie  states," 
a  liberal  and  generous  adminiilnition  of  the  Conliscalion  Ad, 
and  the  immediile  repiesentalion  al  the  soulbcrn  stales  in 
Congreis,  refused  to  consider  any  allinnce  againal  the  French  in 
Meiico,  and  adhered  to  the  inslruclionj  he  had  given  S»*ard 
before  deddiog  to  penonally  accompany  him.  Thc9«  formulated 
three  indispensable  condition!  to  adjustment:  first,  the  lalon- 

00  receding  by  the  citcutive  of  the  U:iiitd  States  on  the  ilivery 


I  short  of  ai 


end  of 


d  the  disbanding  of  all  foiues  hostile  to  the  govcr 
!  coRiinissk]|ter3  were  not  authorised  ti 
accept,  and  the  interview  ended  without  result. 

Aa  LijicolQ'i  first  presidential  term  of  four  yean  neared  il 
end,  the  Democratic  party  gathered  it    "  ' 
Tvgiin  the  ascendancy  l^l  i 


I  1E60.    The  1 


nulatioii 


of  publ 


impaign 


vhidi  surrounded  MTleltaa  loudly  charged  the  failure  of  his 
Richmond  campaign  10  official  interference  in  bis  plans. 
ValUndlgham  had  returned  to  hii  heme  in  defiance  of  his  bkni<h- 
ment  beyond  military  lines,  lad  was  leniently  suffered  to  remain. 
The  aggressive  spirit  at  the  party,  however,  pushed  it  to  a  dial 
eitreme.  The  Democratic  National  Convenlion  adopted  (August 
ilulloD  (drafted  by  Vallondigham)  declaring  the 


1  (ail 


I  adjourning 


Vened  at  any  lime  and  place  by  the  eiectilivc  national  com- 
mitlee.  This  thrcalcningallitude,  in  conjunction  with  alarming 
indications  d(  a  conspiracy  to  resist  the  draft,  had  the  effect  10 
thoroughly  consolidate  the  war  party,  which  had  on  the  8th  of 
June  unanimously  ttnomlnalcd  Lincoln,  and  had  nominated 
Andrew  Johnson  ol  Tennessee  (or  the  vice-ptcsidcncy.  Al  the 
dcctioB  held  on  the  8th  ol  November  1U4,  Lincoln  received 
9.)ia,o;6  ol  the  popular  votes,  and  hrClellan  (nho  had  openly 
disapproved  of  the  resolution  declaring  the  war  a  failure)  but 
1308.715;  while  of  the  presidential  electors  iii  voted  iot 
Lincoln  and  11  for  M'Gellan.    Lincoln's  second  term  e(  ofilct 


began, 


It  4th  ol  Man 


IMS. 


is  going  or 


0  Richr 


e  Civil  Wir  wu 
the  head  of  the 

ol  final  surrdider. 


bUTg,  and  held  him  in  siege  to 

General  W,  T.  Sherman,  commanoing  inc  ouui  01  icc  unmn 

through  the  heart  ol  the  Confederacy  to  Savannah  on  the  coast, 
and  thence  northward  to  North  Carolina.  Lee  evacuated  Rich- 
mond on  the  ind  ol  April,  and  was  overtaken  by  Grant  and 
compelled  to  turrendeihii  ealireamiy  on  the  9lh  o(  April  1865. 
Sherman  pushed  Johuton  to  a  Huicndei  on  the  lilh  at  April. 
Thb  ended  the  war. 
■    Llncolnbtingal  Ihellmenn  a  vWt  to  the  army,  entered 


rning  10  Washington 


raents  In  the  conquered  ilala.    On  tlie  evening  ot  (be  14th  ol 

April  be  attended  Ford's  theatre  la  Washington  Whil*  scaled 
with  hia  family  and  fiiends  absorbed  in  the  play,  Jnha  Wilka 
Booth,  an  actor,  who  with  othen  had  pr^atid  a  plot  10  assassin- 
ate the  several  heads  o(  govcnunent,  went  into  the  little  corridor 
leading  to  the  upper  stagc-boi,  and  secured  ii  against  Ingress 
by  a  wooden  bar.  Then  stcaiibily  enieriiig  the  boa,  be  discharged 
a  pistol  al  the  head  of  the  president  from  behind,  the  ball  penetrat- 
ing the  brain.  Brandishing  a  huge  Loile,  witb  which  he  WQunded 
Colonel  Ralhbone  who  attempted  to  hold  him,  the  assassin  rushed 
through  the  siige-boi  to  the  front  and  leaped  down  upon  the 
stage,  escaping  behind  the  scenes  and  fram  the  rear  of  the 
building,  but  wis  pursued,  and  twelve  days  attcrwards  shot  in  a 
bam  where  he  had  concealed  himself.  The  wounded  prcaidcnl 
was  borne  to  a  house  across  the  street,  where  he  breathed  his 
last  at  7  A.H.  on  the  ijth  ol  AprQ  iS^s. 
.   PreaWmi  LinctJn  was  o(  unuiiisl  nature.  6  ft  4  in.,  and  at  ipan 

popularity  and  reccqEniaed  impanbliiy  ottc 

than  a  chimpioe.     He  had  tcgubr  and  , 

dark  compleuon,  broad  hirii  toRheid,  praminefil  d 

gr^di*p.Ki  eyes,  and  bushy  black  hair,  turning  to  giey 

of  his  duih.    Abstemnus  in  his  hablia,  he  pOHwd  gn 

riltingly  planted  a  thorn  in  any  man's  lidHB."  he  was 

.    Hu  paikncc  was  inci^uslible.    He  had  nitunllv  a 

' '  '  ly  social  ar>d  synpaihctic. 


ccptioa,  stfwig  loglcBl  ^- — . 

■■>d  tolefBRce  of  the  oplniofls  of 
nature:  and  pethapaJiia  most  ^ 

hinsd/ot  aUloolini  or  p 
—  ,.-Jlilcin  at  ■cate,    nis  tp^ 

forcUe.    Rclatmc  anenlMa  w. ^i 

dnallng  dramatic  skill,  he  used  then  Incly  and  el 
ennvpTdiiod  dm]  aHumcnt.    He  loved  aiaalineB,  (ruth 

, — _  _..  Lrickcry  and  seliiih  greed.    Id  ar^mcnt 

be  was  so  lair  to  hit  opponent  that  he  frequently  afjpeued  to 
away  h>>  client's  cue.  He  was  ever  ready  to  take  blame  on 
and  bestow  praise  on  otben  "  Iclaim  noltaha<ieeancrolkdi 
he  lakl,  "hut  confess  plainly  that  events  have  coo"""' 
The  DodaraliHi  at  Independence  was  kis  polKieal  t 
uiintion.  He  acknoiarkdBCd  s  uinversal  equality  ot  fa 
"  Cenainly  the  negro  is  not  our  equal  in  colour,'  be  sa 

not  In  many  olhcr  rcspccHi  still,  in  IhcrlEhl  to  put  bi 

the  twud  that  hit  own  hands  bavt  earned,  ht  is  the  equal  of  every 
other  man  white  or  black."  He  hid  uncbl^rs  (aith  in  Hit. 
EDVCraqienL     "  The  people,"  he  said,  "  are  the  rightful  iruilcn  of 

accommodiiiiri  in  non-ciicniiils,  he  was  infltiibly  firm  in  a  principle 
or  pDiiliiHi  dcLlbcraiely  taken.  "  Let  ui  have  (aith  that  light  maka 
might,"  he  said,  "  and  in  thai  (aith  let  ut  to  the  end  date  to  da  tail 
duty  as  we  understand  It."  The  emancipation  praclamallon  once 
iuucd,  he  idtcrated  his  puipoie  never  to  retract  or  modify  it. 
"There have  been  men  base  enough,"  ht  said,  "to  propose  to  me 
lo  relnm  to  slavery  our  black  warriors  ot  Pnrt  Hudson  and  OluHte. 
aidlhuswia  (he  lespecl  of  the  masters  they  toi«hI.  ShouU  I  do 
so  1  should  deserve  to  be  damned  in  tune  and  eternity.  Come  what 
win,  1  win  keep  my  taith  with  friend  and  foe."  Benevolence  and 
foiglvencss  were  the  very  bads  of  his  character;  his  world-wide 
humanity  Is  aptly  emboified  in  a  phnse  of  his  second  inaugsnli 
"  With  laaltcc  toward  none,  with  diarity  for  alL"  Hii  nature  was 
deeply  religious,  hut  he  belonged  to  no  denomitiatioa. 

Lincoln  nurried  hi  Springfield  on  the  4th  of  November  1S41, 
Mary  Todd  figiB-iggi),  also  a  native  ot  Kenlucky,  who  bore 
him  Four  sons,  nl  whom  the  only  one  to  grow  up  was  the  eldest, 
Robert  Todd  Llncobi  (b.  ig4j},  who  graduated  at  Harvard  In 
1(64,  served  as  a  captain  on  the  suff  ol  General  Grant  In  1865, 


.ellliaoi 


and  United  States  Minister 
was  prt>mJDcnt]y  connccto 
becoming  In  li^j  president 


I  tM7>H 
dd  and  Arthur  in  rSgr-iUs, 
eat  Britain  In  tiSr'Hy  »>«• 
Lb    many   large  corporatlOM, 


710 


UNCOLN 

iniU(iuityb«UIallMripil<d 


othen  are  two  by  Tbonu  BlO. 

at  Wufainglon,  and  one  In  BastDn;  too— ODC  in  Kocnciier. 

N.V.,  and  one  in  Springedd,  IlL-by  Leonard  W.  VoLk,  vho 

J.  Q.  A.  Watd,  in  IJncoIo  Pack,  Waahinston.'  Fnuids  B. 
Caipenlci  painted  in  1&S4  "  Lincoln  iigning  ibe  Eminctpation 
Pcoclunaiioa,"  now  in  the  Capitol  u  Wuhinglon. 

See  TU  CimpUli  Werii  ufAtralam  Liotnlw  (11  vali.,  New  Ycrrfi. 
1906-1907;  cnlaitvd  from  (oc  3'Volurac  edition  of  1894  by  John  G- 
Nicolay  and  John  Kav).  There  aic  varioui  edition!  oTthe  Uncoln- 
Dmilai  dcluiei  oT  iSsS;  jictIuih  the  bev  li  that  edited  by  E.  E. 
Scaikt  (190S).  There  are  numerous  biocnphief,  and  hiDcraphical 
•tudie*.ilKluding;  John  C.  Nieoliy  and  JoKn  \\iy,  Al>nlam  Liirtln: 
A  HiMry  {10  voii..  New  York.  1890).  a  monumental  vork  by  hif 

K'vale  leeietariet  who  treat  prinuniy  hu  pBirL«i  y,u^  t/ihn  r. 
»lay.  A  StM  Liji  of  AbnUam  tiHoJn  (Nl 
denied  Troni  the  pnceding;  John  T.  Monc,  J 
(>  voll..  Bouon,   |89«).  in  the  "  Aninican  Suieimen      lenci.  ■ 
eacelleiit  brief  biofraphy,  dealina  chicily  with  Uncoln'i  poliiic: 
'JaM.Tubell,n>.£grlyl.t^a{Xiiufii(New  Vnct.  iSfC 


isiJMs: 


JtoroAam  uuafir  {3  voIk.,  New  York,  11 
li  to  whkh  loo  amx  proininence  and  CI 
i;  Carl  Schun.  Ahnkam  Litculn:  Am 
■""'kably  able  euiinaie;  Ward  H.  Um. 
in  fiem  hii  Bnlh  u  kit  lumpmilii 
■uppkniEnlcd  by  Ktalltcliar-  -'  ' 


Irmy  (Bonon. 
1,  fU  L<[t  Bf 


<Be«on,  1S71},  BipplciiiEnlcd  by  Ktalltcliami  1^  Atralum  UkuI* 
lS4^lS6l  (Chicaia,  189$).  connilai  by  Dorothy  Lanon.  valuable 

bvlbev^ortDlthcwriteT.wbi'  '        "     '""'    '"     '*■-'-"-' 
.le|y.  10 

i89a)i  an  intinuK  and  ill^pAiportioned  bkeraphy  byLincoJii'ilaw 
partner  who  euBflcntea  the  imponancc  oTiKe  pciiy  incidenti  of 
nil  youth  and  young  maabood;  lioae  N.  AnuM.  JJiilory  9J  Abrakmirt 


indyounff  — . .-..„,- 

jd  lb  OtalS'im  •/  SSateiy  (Chlca.-.  ..-,,. 
»  Lift  »!  Ahnktm  LituMn  (Chicaeo.  iBa<).  ' 
—'-  -  Wcllei,  Unuin  sn^  Jl 


pcnonal  reminiKvncefl;  Gideon  \Vella 
York.  1>74),  the  reply  of  Lincoln'i  Kcr 

FniKii,  Xdame'e  culo^  (delivered  ii 


eice^t  KTOUiu  of  Lincoln'!  d;iily  lile  while  Iir 
HiU,  Liitcslii  Iki  Lamer  (New  York,  1906];  A.  R 
Ike  UaiUi  el  Iten  (BoIton.  1906)1  J.  Eaton  a 
Cra-U.  Linceln.  iwl  fb  FrMlmew  (New  York.  19 
LncsjH.  UcLsQifcr,  omf  Liamli'l  Oemia  fer  Expi 

(P^ladelphia,  1909}.!  eaTiCill  uudy  of  the  Lncoln 
W.  P.  I%:kell.  Tke  Nrpa  fieiiem!  ,4tra*difl 
(New  Vork.  1900);  Jann  H.  Lea  and  J.  R. 
Amcalrj  0/  Abrvham  LttaiH  (ESoKon.  1909),  a  t 
moawaph;  and  C.  11.  McCanby,  UkiI^i  Pit 
(Ncw^ork,  1901).  For>ne>eellenIsccountoIL 
•ee  J.  F.  Rhetfn,  Hii/ory  ej  Ike  Umiud  SuUa  /.on  .n.  ^...~,^. 
liSo  (7  vol!.,  lB93-'906)-  U.  C.  N.;  C.  C.  W 

UKCOLM.  a  city  and  county  of  a  city,  municipal,  county 
pailiamentary  borough,  and  the  county  town  o[  Lincolns] 
England.  Fop.  (1901;  aKiU-  I'is  piclureHuelvsilualei 
the  summit  and  louLh  slope  ol  the  limestone  1 


CliS 


WiLhini 


1  its  confluence  with  the  Fou  Dyke,  to  an  altilude  af 
pve  the  rivet.  The  calhedtai  rise)  tnajeslieaily  Iiom 
Ibe  crown  ol  the  hUl,  and  is  a  landmark  (or  many  milo.  Lincoln 
isijom.N.byW.IromLondonbytheCieU  Nonhcm  railway; 
it  ii  also  served  by  brancha  ol  (be  CreM  Eatlero,  Gctat  Genital 
and  Midland  raUways. 

Lincoln  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  cities  In  England.  The 
ancient  Biitiib  tnwn  occupied  Ibe  crown  of  the  bill  beyond  tbe 
Newport  01  North  Gate.  The  Roman  town  coniisled  ol  Iwo 
parallelogcams  oC  unequal  length,  the  hrst  eittnding  «eil  (rom 
^  e  Newport  gate  to  a  point  a  lillle  west  of  the 


The  I 


ended  di 


added  as 


:  toulh  [torn  lhl(  paint  down  tl 


north.  It  joined  ll 
parallelogram  In  1 
yard,  and  leimina 


Returning  ihencc  due 
of  the  firat  and  oldett 
known  as  the  Minster 


north  mil  Id  a  line  with  tbe  NewpoM  gate.  Tkii  is  the  oldeil 
partoflliitoiin,andisnamed"ahovehill."  Alter  the  depart  uie 
ol  the  Ramans,  the  city  walla  were  eiteoded  Hill  farther  in  a 
toulh  direction  acitss  the  Witham  as  f^r  a*  the  gnat  bar  gate, 
Ihc  south  entrance  to  the  High  Street  of  liie  cily;  the  Junctuo 
ol  these  walls  with  tbe  later  Roman  one  wascflecled  immediately 
behind  Broad  Street.  Tbe  "  above  bill  '*  portion  of  tbe  city 
consists  nf  narrow  irregular  streets,  some  of  which  are  too  atecp 
to  admit  of  being  ai        '    '  ' 


imcd  "  below  1 
he  principal  h\ 


Hat  a 


icoln  is  the  noble  cathrdnl  of  the  BItaud 
nonly  known  ai  tbe  Idinater.  At  a  study  lo 
intiquary  this  stands  unrivalled,  not  only  as 
rliest  purely  Gothic   work    entant,  but   as 


ough  all  the  <^thic  stylai.ofei 


I  leaded  timber.  The  ipire  on 
ppear  10  have  been  the  highetl 
547.    ThoK  on  Ibe  two  veMei 


The  Ground  plan  ol  the  fint  church,  adopt 
wi«tAidby  BiikopRemieiusin  10^  and  the 
three  days  liter  hi)  death,  on  the  6th  of  May  J091. 
loniiiti  of  an  Early  Ewliih  Kieea  (c.  IIH)  thrown  < 
ftoni,thew«iiowenn«ngbehindit.  l1>eeari<e« 
part  of  [Tiar  of  (tcmigiufl;  the  great  portals  and 
up  to  [he  Iblrd  itanry  an  Norman  e.  1148.  Thi 
I  hem  dale  from  ij6s.  Perpendicular  trindinrfl  (r.  Ij 
The  nave  and  aides  were  eemplMcd  e.  IHO.  The 
built  bciwnn  11B6  and  iijs  have  two  fine  rose  1 
the  N.  ii  Early  Engliih,  and  that  in  the  S.  Dcto] 


dral  had  three  ^res.allof  wood 
Lite  central  tower,  which  would 
n  tbi  world,  was  blown  down  is 
I  lowers  were  removed  in  180S. 
b.  adopted  from  that  of  Rouen, 


l^fKS 


Angel  Choir,  is  a  magnificenily 
Firte  f^ctpendicular  canopcd  stalb 
east  window.  97  ft.  in  height,  is  ar 
English  to  [>ccontcd  i,  liM.    ( 


Ceof  Ike 
H  Hush' 


St  Hugh's  (1186-1 


•saz 


3 


i^XSjx?!    ft,;    angr 

iioX^jXTa  fV.  :  choir 'transept,  166X44X71  fl! 
are  >o6Tt.  high. 

1. 60  n.^diamcieV  41  ft.'hiih,  ISfi  ™(i«  ™Kuie 
jf  Enelii 
,».  „.™=.  „y-_"*i5 
aim  work  of  the  dale  of  St  Huih.  and 

jrlyEiiliih.  There ii some  De.- -■ - 

ular,  including  thesaleway.    It 
kin.  but  by  enenslve  renoraliw 


,.-.- _.  jEk, 

DctoTat«]  work,  and  much  Perpend i 

iadi.UK  after  tbe  Re/«na 

brought  back  to  its  pn>pe 


ig  (i4Jo-i43ii.'  fi 
fi49S-IS"4).  tour 


■  IS})-  Richard  Fkmming  (r 

Moid;  William  Smith  (J49,  .,  , 

CMord:  William  Wtkt  (1705-1716);  and 

■  IIJ).  Every  stall  has  pnduecd  a  prrlitc  or  carainaL  ine  see 
covert  alnwil  the  whole  of  ibe  couniv,  with  very  small  portions  of 
Norfolk  and  Yorkshiie.  and  it  included  Nottinonamshiie  until  the 
formation  of  the  bishoprie  of  Southwell  in  1SS4.  Al  its  earliest 
fornniinn,  when  Remijius.  alnuncr  of  the  abbey  of  Ffcamp,  n:- 
movt^  the  seal  of  the  bishopric  herefrom  Dordbesier  in  Ovfoedibire 
shortly  after  the  Conqunt.  it  extended  fmm  tbe  Humber  to  the 
T».^_^     '- — ird   beyond  Cambridp-,  and    westward    be^'ond 

.  —  Jdaid,  and  by  II 
in  18J7, 


711 


TIb  ttmiiiB  ot  Romui  Lincoln  uc  ol  the  hlgbMt  inlcns 
Tbe  Nivrpoit  Aich  o!  norlhern  gale  ol  LiiiJiim  ii  one  o[  Lhc  ma 
perfect  ipcdmcm  ol  Roman  an:hilcclurc  in  EngLucL  It  om^i 
of  A  gml  arch  tanked  by  Iwd  inuUer  omhcs,  oE  which  or 

mnhward  alniosl  in  a  uraigbl  line  ld  the  Humlier    Frogmcni 


burial-place  and  hi 
imponaDt  ii  the  bce 
Butlica^  beneath  a 


in  Ihe  lower  part  of  High 


lin^  unearthed.  Qf  theu  last  the  most 
,  of  colunm-baaci,  probably  bclongins  to  a 
iiH  in  the  succt  called  Bail  Cile.  adjacent 
A  villa  in  Greelwclli  a  tsielated  pave- 
ment, a  milestone  and  other  rella  in  the  clGialcr]  an  altar  un- 
eartbed  at  the  church  of  St  Swithfn,  arc  inkong  many  other 
ducDvcrica.  Among  churdieij  apart  from  the  minitcrj  two  of 
outitanding  jncerot  are  those  of  St  Mary-le-Wigford 
Peter-at-Gowu  (i.e.  slulce-galei),  ■  ■  ■  ■  ■ 
Slieet.  Their  towers,  closely  similar,  are  nne  < 
perhaps  very  early  Nomain  worL,  though  they  acti 
tbe  characlcrallcs  of  pro-Conquest  workmanship. 
durch  diows  similar  early  work;  butasawhoLe  the  cnurcncs  oi 
14Dcoln  thow  plainly  the  resuLla  of  the  siege  of  1644,  and  such 
buOdingi  u  Si  Botolph't,  St  Peler's-al-Artha  and  St  Martin's 
are  d[  [he  peiiod  1710-1740.  Several  churches  are  modern 
building!  on  ancient  dtes.  There  were  formerly  Ihne  small 
prlortei,  Im  friaria  and  four  hosfutab  in  or  neat  Lincoln.  The 
ptepondetance  ol  f ciailes  Ovr  priorin  o[  monki  i>  ciplaiaed  by 
tbe  fact  thai  the  cathedral  wuMrvnl  by  secular  canons.  Bishop 
GroueUMe  wis  the  devoted  potion  ol  ihe  friars,  particularly  the 
Franciieans,  who  were  always  in  Ihdr  day  the  town  raisslonaries. 
The  Cteyiriara.  near  St  Swiihin's  church,  Is  a  picturesque  two- 
StDiied  building  ot  tbe  ijlh  century.  Lincoln  is  rkh  in  early 
dMDetlic  architecture.  The  building  known  as  John  of  Gauni's 
Stables,  sctually  St  Uary'i  Guild  Mall,  it  of  tw  sloreys,  with 
rich  Momua  doorway  and  moulding.  The  Jews'  House  is  another 
fine  example  of  »th-ccniu>y  building;  and  Norman  remains 
appeal  in  several  other  heusts,  such  ai  Deloniinc  Court  and  the 
Bouic  ol  Aaron  the  ]e«.  Uncoln  Culle,  lying  W.  of  Ihe 
caihedia),  *BS  neiriy  [aundcd  by  William  ihs  Conqueror  when 
Bemlgius  decided  to  bund  his  minuer  under  iis  pntcctlsn, 
Tbe  die,  with  its  artificial  moundj,  is  of  much  cailier,  probably 
British,  date.  There  art  Noinun  remains  in  the  Gatewny 
Towni  parts  ot  tbe  walls  arc  of  thitpcdod,  and  the  keep  dales 
Irom  the  middleofthe  I  lib  century.  Among  medieval  gateways, 
the  Exchequer  Gate,  serving  as  the  finnnce-olTice  of  tbe  chapter. 
Is  a  fine  specimen  of  ijih^xntuiy  Hark.  roHcrgale  is  ol  the 
14th  century,  and  Stoncbow  in  Ijigh  Siml  ot  the  islh.  with 
(he  Guildhall  above  it.  S(  Duiulin's  Lock  is  IhcDamo,  corrupted 
fioDi  Duneuall,  now  sppllcd  to  the  entrance  to  the  street  where 
a  Jewlib  quarter  was  iltuaicd;  here  lived  the  ChiisliBD  boy 
((terwards  known  as  "  Utite  St  Hugh,"  who  was  asserted  to  have 
been  crucified  by  the  ]ews  in  1155.  His  shrine  remains  In  Ihe 
S.  choir  side  of  ihe  minster.  Olher  anliquiiies  are  the  Pcr- 
pendlcuUr  conduit  of  Si  Mary  in  High  Street  and  the  High 
Bridge,  carrying  High  Street  over  the  Wilham,  which  fs  almost 
unique  in  England  as  retaining  tome  of  the  old  houses  upon  it. 
Ahjong  nudem  public  buildings  are  the  county  hall,  old  and 
new  cam  exchanges  and  public  library.  Educaiional  estableh- 
inenls  include  a  grammar  school,  a  girls'  high  school,  s  science 
■nd  an  schod  and  1  theological  college.  The  srbordum  in 
Monks  Road  Is  the  piindpat  pleasure-ground;  and  there  Is  a 
lue-cDurse.  The  principal  industry  ii  the  manufacture  ol 
■griculluril  machinery  and  impknnenls;  there  are  also  iron 
foundries  and  mailing,  and  a  large  trade  in  com  and  agricultnral 
produce.  The  parliamcnlary  borough,  reluming  one  member, 
falls  between  the  Gainsborough  division  ol  the  counly  on  lhc  N,, 
•nd  that  oi  Slealord  on  Ihe  S.    Area,  37SS  acres. 

HiXwy.— The  British  Lindun,  which,  according  to  the 
(•Dgnphy  of  OauiCus  Ptotcmaeus,  wu  the  chief  town  ol  the 
Ceritani,  was  probably  the  nude  IS  oi  tbe  Roman  town  oILinduth. 
This  waa  at  first  a  Ronun  legionary  lortrets,  and  on  tbe  removal 
ol  the  troops  Donhmrd  was  coovated  into  a  awidixility  whh 


the  title  ol  cotMfi.  Snch  ImporUnt  unKtorat  remains  n 
have  been  described  attest  the  rank  and  impoiianee  of  the  place, 
which,  however,  did  not  attain  a  very  great  sice.  Its  bishop 
attended  Lhe  council  of  Aria  in  314,  and  Lincoln  (UmUcaliria, 
iMutUi,  fUcoit)  is  mentioned  in  tbe  Itinerary  ot  Anionlnua 
written  about  370.  Allhough  said  to  bavc  b«n  captured  by 
Hengest  in  4);  and  trcovered  by  Ambruuus  in  tbe  toUowing 
year,  the  neit  authentic  mention  ot  the  dty  Is  Bede's  record 
Ihat  PsuliniB  preached  in  Lindscy  in  fiiS  and  built  a  stone 
church  at  Lincoln  in  which  he  coniecraled  Honorius  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  During  Ihcir  inroads  into  Merda,  Ihe  Danes 
in  877  established  themselves  al  Lhicoln,  which  was  one  of  lb* 
five  boroughs  recovered  by  King  Edmund  in  1)41.  A  mint 
established  here  in  the  reign  ol  Alfred  was  maintained  untS  the 
reign  ot  Edward  L  (Mint  Street  turning  from  High  Street  near 
theStoncbowrecailsitsexiEtcnce.)  At thelimeof theDometd«r 
Survey  Lincoln  was  governed  by  twelve  Lawmen,  relia  of  Danish 
rule,  each  wiih  hemHtablc  franchises  of  sac  and  soc.  Whereas 
it  had  rcndeted  £ie  annually  to  King  Edward,  and  £10  to  the 
carl.  It  then  rendered  £100.  There  had  been  1150  houses,  but 
140  bad  been  destroyed  since  Ihe  time  of  King  Edward.  Oi 
these  i56  had  suflcicd  by  the  raising  o(  the  castle  by  Willism  I. 
In  io«8  portly  on  the  site  of  lhc  Roman  camp.  The  strength 
ol  the  position  of  the  culIc  brousht  much  fighling  on  Lincoln. 
In  1141  King  Stephen  retained  bolh  castle  and  city  from  tbe 
empress  Maud,  hut  was  attacked  and  captured  In  the  same  year 
at  the  "Joust  of  Lincoln."  In  IT44  he  besieged  the  ensile, 
held  by  the  ear!  of  Chester,  and  recovered  it  as  a  pledge  in  1146. 
In  iigi  it  was  held  by  Gerard  de  Camville  (or  Prince  John  and 
was  besieged  fay  William  Longchamp,  Richard's  chancellor. 
In  vain;  in  iiifi  il  siood  a  siege  by  Ihe  partisans  of  (he  French 
prince  Loub,  wlw  were  deleaied  at  the  batlle  called  IJncotn 
F»iroolhei9tho[Mayiji7.  Graniedby  Henry  III.  !■  " 
Longepfe,  ear!  of  Saiisbniy,  In  1^34,  the  c  "  " 
Ihe  muiiage  of  his  descendant  Alice  to  Thnmu  Flantagenct, 
and  became  part  of  lhe  duchy  of  LuKostcr. 

In  II J7  Henry  II.  gave  the  citizens  their  first  charter,  gnn  I  ins 
Ihem  lhe  city  at  a  fec-Iarm  rent  and  all  the  liberties  which  Ihey 
had  had  under  William  11.,  with  Iheic  gild  merchant  tor  them- 
selves and  the  men  of  the  county  as  they  had  then.  In  iioo 
the  dtiaiii  obtained  release  from  all  but  pleas  ol  tbe  Crown 
without  the  walls,  and  pleas  of  eiteirial  tenure,  and  were 
given  lhe  [deas  of  the  Crown  within  the  dly  according  to  tbe 
customs  ot  the  city  of  London,  on  which  those  of  Llncdn  were 
modelled.  Tbe  charter  also  gave  them  quittance  ot  Ic^  and 
lasuge  throughout  Ihe  kingdom,  and  of  certain  other  does. 
In  iiio  the  diiicns  owed  lhe  cuchcquer  {100  for  lhc  privilege 
ol  having  a  mayor,  but  the  oflke  was  abolished  by  Henry  III. 
■nd  by  Edward  I.  In  1190,  though  restored  by  Ihe  charter  of 

of  bread  and  ale  and  other  royal  rights,  and  in  r  joi  Edward  I., 
when  conllrmrng  the  previous  charters,  gsve  Ibcm  quit  to  nee  ol 
munigc,  pannage,  pontage  and  other  dues.  Tbe  mayor  and 
ciiizcna  were  given  criminal  Jurisdiction  In  1337,  when  the 
burghntonmol  held  weekly  in  lhc  gildhatl  since  1171  by  the 
msyor  and  baililfs  was  ordered  to  hear  all  local  pleas  which  led 
to  friction  with  tbe  judges  ol  assise.    The  dty  hecaRie  a  separate 

should  henceronh  be  sherlRs  and  Ihe  mayor  the  king's  escheaior, 
and  the  mayor  and  sheriffs  wilh  lour  others  justices  of  lhc  peace 
wilb  defined  jurisdicilen.  As  ihe  result  of  numerous  complaints 
of  laabHiiy  to  pay  the  lee-Farm  rent  ol  £1  Bo  Edward  IV.  enlarged 
the  bounds  of  the  dty  In  14M,  while  Henry  VIII.  In  1546  gave 
Ihe  dliiens  four  sdvowsons,  and  possibly  also  in  consequence 
ol  declining  trade  the  dly  markcls  were  made  free  ol  tolls  In 
IS54.  Incoiporaled  by  Charles  I.  in  rfiiB  under  a  common 
coundl  wilh  ij  aMermea,  4  coroners  and  other  officers,  Lincoln 
surrendered  its  dianers  in  iGe4,  but  the  first  charter  wa) 
restored  after  the  Revolution,  and  was  In  force  till  1834. 

Pailiaments  wen  heM  at  IJncoln  in  1301,  ijifi  arid  1)17, 
■nd  Ihe  city  relumed  two  burgesses  from  no;  to  1S85,  when 
It  bat  one  member.    Alter  tbe  ijth  couory  the  ddct  ialeicstl 


7" 


LINCOLN— LINCOLN  JUDGMENT 


tl  lincob  «cn  cccksiaslinl  and  cDininerdal.  Ai  early  ai 
I1B3  Odcrkui  declarvd  Ihit  a  rich  cilizen  ol  Lincoln  kept  the 
ttcuuK  of  Kiag  Macnui  of  Norway,  aupi^ying  him  with  lU  he 
tiqiilnd,  uid  there  a  olher  cvidtnu  ol  tniimiurac  with  Scindi- 
uvU.  There  wu  ui  imponint  Jewish  colony.  Asron  of  Lincoln 
bdnf  one  of  lh«  most  influential  financien  in  tlic  kiogdoni 
betarecB  ii6fi  and  1186.  It  was  probably  jcakxiiy  ot  their 
«ttllh  that  hrought  the  charge  t>f  the  cniciGiiaa  ol  "little 
St  Hugh  "  in  lajj  upon  ihe  Jewish  communiLy.  Uade  asKple 
of  wool,  leather  and  iliini  in  ugi,  lamoui  [or  iti  iciilel  cloth 
in  the  IJlh  ccmuTy,  Lizicirin  had  a  lew  yean  ol  groBl  projpcrily, 
but  with  the  IraniTcrcncc  ol  the  staple  10  Boclon  early  in  Ihc 
nign  •!  Edward  III.,  its  trade  began  to  dccreaic  The  ciafl 
gildi  remained  iinportanl  until  alter  the  Rcfaimation,  a  pagomt 
Mill  heing  held  in  ijM.  The  lair  now  held  during  the  last  whole 
week  of  April  would  seem  10  be  identical  with  that  granted  by 
Cbarks  U.  in  16S4.  Edward  IlL  aulhoriied  a  rail  Iron  Si 
Bololph's  day  to  the  least  ol  SS  Peter  and  Paul  in  1317,  and 
WiUiaia  III,  gave  one  for  the  Gnt  Wednesday  in  September 
in  1696,  while  the  present  November  loir  is,  perhaps,  a  survival 
of  thai  granted  by  Henry  IV.  in  140Q  for  fifteen  dayi  before  the 
feast  of  the  Depwilion  ol  Si  Hugh. 

See  HiiMual  UaA«aripl,  Commuiia,,  Fipcrl.  liv.,  appendix 
m.  8;  John  R™.  Cmtai  LimcMna.  Jrcm  ill  mun,„p<sl  cnA  a),,' 
Btmdl  [London.  1870);].  C  Willianib  "  Lincoln  Civic  Intlgnia," 
liunbubin  NMt  snJ  Qurin,   vok.  vi.-viii.  (Hocncutlc,   Ijai" 


UKCOLN,  X 


and  the  couniy-acai  of  Logan  county, 
luinois,  u.a.A.,  in  the  N.  central  part  ol  the  state,  156  tn.  S.W. 
o(  Chicago,  and  about  iS  m.  N.£.  t>f  Springfield.  Fop.  IiQooJ 
8461.  ol  whan  940  were  toreign'boni,  (igio  census}  lo.Sgi. 
It  Is  Kived  by  Ihn  lUiwis  Central  and  the  Chicago  &  Alton 
nUways  and  by  the  IJinoii  Traction  Intcnirban  Electric  line. 
The  dty  is  the  seal  ol  the  sute  asylum  lor  feeble-minded 
children  (tstablished  at  Jacksonville  in  1S6:  and  rcmaved  10 
Lincoln  in  1B7S).  and  ol  Lincoln  College  (Presbyterian)  founded 
in  iS6j.  There  are  atto  an  orphans'  home,  supported  by  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and  a  Carnegie  hbrary. 
The  old  couR-houw  in  which  Abraham  Linodn  olten  practised 
is  SI  ill  standing.  Lin<x>hi  issJtuatcd  In  a  productive  grain  nsion, 
and  has  valuable  coal  mines.  The  value  ol  the  factaiy  products 
increased  from  *37i,i67  in  1900  to  $784,143  in  1905,  or  105%. 
The  first  seiilcmeni  on  the  site  tt  liotxiB  ww  Budein  1835, 
and  the  city  was  Gnt  chartered  in  it%i. 
UHCOLH,  a  dty  ol  S.&  Nebruka,  U.S.A.,  coanlyKat  of 

(S147  being  foieign-boinl;  (igiocentus)  43,973-  ll  is  served  by 
(he  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy,  ttv  Chicago,  Rock  Island  ft 
lyific,  the  Union  Pacific,  the  Minouri  Pocilie  and  the  ChlcagoA 


NoK 


Lincoln  i 


jf  the  I 


suffcicd  fram  fkiods.  The 
capitol  (built  iKi-ii^);  a  ciiy-hall,  formerly  the  U.S.  Bovcm- 
iDcnt  building  (1874-1874),  a  county  cauil-house;  a  federal 
building  [ijot-iDoSJi  a  Ijmegie  Lbrary  (1901);  ■  lucpiial 
lot  crippled  children  [1905}  and  a  home  for  the  friendku, 
both  supported  by  the  state;  1  sute  peailentiary  and  asylum 
for  the  insane,  both  in  the  subutbs;  and  the  university  ol 
Nebraska.  In  the  suburbs  there  are  three  denominational 
schools.thcNcbrasliaWcsIeyan  University  (Methodist  Episcopal, 
iSaS)  at  Univetjily  Pbce;  Union  CoUego  (Seventh  Day  Ad. 
■enlists,  1891)  at  Colkgc  View;  and  Cotncr  Univciuty  {Disciples 
ol  Christ,  18S9,  incorporated  ,as  the  Nebraska  Chrisiian  Uni- 
venity)  at  Bethany.  Just  outside  the  city  Umils  are  tho  stale 
lair  grounds,  where  a  state  fair  is  held  annually.  Liocobi  is  the 
see  of  a  Roman  Catholic  bishopric  The  surrounding  country  is 
■  beautiful  lirming  ngion,  but  its  immediate  W.  environs 
are  predominantly  bare  and  desolate  ult-basins.  Lincoln's 
"  factory  "  product  increased  from  t),763,484  in  1900  to 
ts.JJJ.fiM  in  190s,  or  89%,  the  product  lor  1905  being  3-4% 
of  the  tola]  for  the  state.    The  inumdpalily  owns  and  operate* 


lutex  Mtdm  to  tba 

Ireij^ten  came  long 
distances  to  reduce  the  brine  or  to  scrape  up  the  dry-weather 
surface  deposits.  In  1S86-1SS7  the  stale  sank  a  tcsl-well 
V46J  It-  deep,  which  tUscredited  any  lu^  ol  a  great  underground 
flow  or  deposit.  Scarcely  any  use  is  made  ol  the  salt  walcn 
locally.  Lancaster  county  was  organiied  exlra-legally  i>  igji), 
and  under  legislative  act  in  1864;  Lancaslar  village  was  platted 
and  beome  the  county-seal  in  1S64  (never  being  ijicarpOfated) ; 


I  1S67,  * 


Icctod loi 


if  the  I 


V.V    Hie  I 


was  incorporated  as  Lincob  (and  larmally  dt 
scat  by  the  Icgiilatun:)  in  1869,  and  vas  diartetcd  for  the  bit 
lime  IS  a  dty  of  the  second  class  in  iS;i;  since  then  its  charier 
bat  been  i^Kaleilly  altered.  After  188711  was  a  dty  of  the  first 
dass.  and  alter  1889  the  only  member  of  the  highcal  subdivision 
tnthat  class.  Altera"  ntorm  " poUiica! caaqiaign.  the  ousting 
in  18S7  of  a  cotnipt  police  judge  by  the  mayor  and  dty  council, 
in  deliance  of  an  injunclioa  ol  a  federal  court,  led  to  a  decision 
of  the  U.S.  Supreme  Coun,  favounble  to  the  dty  authorities 


icipal 


UNCOLH  JUDGMENT,  THE.  In  this  celebrated  EngUsh 
ecclesiastical  suit,  the  bishop  ol  Lincoln  (Edward  King,  f.v.)  was 
dted  before  his  metropolitan,  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
(Dr  Benson),  to  answer  charges  of  various  ritual  aRences  com- 
milled  at  the  adrainistration  ol  Holy  Communion  in  the  church 
of  St  Peter  at  Cowtt,  in  the  diocese  of  Lincoln,  on  the  4th  of 
December  1887,  and  in  LiiKoln  cathedralon  the  lothof  December 
1887.  The  piDmolcn  were  Emesl  de  Lacy  tMd.  William 
Brown,  rdii  Thomas  Wibon  and  John  Marshall,  all  iiibibilanis 
of  the  diocese  of  Lincoln,  and  ibe  last  two  parishioners  ol  St 
Peter  at  Cowtt.  The  case  has  ■  permanent  importance  in  two 
lesjKciB.  Firat,  ortnin  disputed  questiont  of  ritual  wen  le^Uy 
decided.  Secondly,  the  Jitiisdictioo  of  thearcbbtihopol  Canter- 
bury ahine  to  Iry  one  ol  his  suHragan  bishops  lor  alleged  ecdesi- 
astiral  oUenccs  was  considered  and  judicially  declared  to  be  wdl 
founded  both  by  the  judicial  committee  ol  privy  council  and  by 
the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  with  the  concurrence  ol  hi* 
astcsson.  The  proceedings  were  begun  on  the  md  of  June  18JIS 
by  a  peiitioa  indented  by  the  pronuters  10  the  atchbiihop, 
playing  thai  a  diailon  to  the  bishop  ol  Lincoln  mi^i  iuue 
calling  on  him  10  answer  certain  ritual  chargs.  On  the  24lhol 
June  18S8  the  aichbisfaop.  by  letter,  dcdinc-d  to  inue  citation,' 

bis  jurisdiction,  he  was  not  clear  that  he  bad  it.  The  procnoten 
appealed  to  the  judicial  tommiiteq  of  the  f>rivy  council,  towhieb 
an  appeal  lica  under  ij  Henry  VIII.  c  19  lor  "  lack  of  justice  " 
in  the  atchbisiiop't  court.  The  mallei  was  beard  on  Ibc  lolh 
ol  July  i388,  and  on  the  8ih  of  August  )S88  the  conunillte 
decided  (i.)  that  an  appeij  lay  from  the  refusal  of  the  arch- 
bishop to  the  judicial  committee,  and  (ii.)  thai  the  atdibishop 
had  jurisdiction  to  issue  a  dlalion  to  Ibe  bishop  of  Uacdn  and 
lo  bear  the  promoien'  (onploinl,  but  they  abslained  Iratt 
eiprcssing  an  opinion  as  10  whether  the  srchbohop  had  a  discn- 
lion  10  reCiue  citation — •rhelber,  in  fad,  he  bad  any  power  of 
"  veto  "  over  the  piccecuiion.  The  case  being  thus  lemitled 
to  the  archbishop,  he  dcdded  to  entertain  it,  and  on  the  4lh  ol 
January  1889  Issued  a  dtation  to  the  bishop  of  Ltocola. 

Od  the  iiih  of  February  1869  the  aitfabish^  of  Canleibiuy 
sot  in  Lambeih  Palace  Library,  acfompanied  by  the  biik>P«  at 
London  (Dr  Temple),  Winchester  (Dr  Hatokl  Browne),  OilonJ 
(Dr  Stubbs)  and  Salisbury  <Dr  Wordsworth),  and  the  vicB>- 
general  (Sir  J.  Parker  Oeiine)asasscssars.  The  biahop  of  Lincoln 
appeared  in  person  and  read  a  "  Protest "  to  the  archbishop'* 
jurisdiction  to  try  him  except  in  a  court  composed  of  the  arch- 
bishop and  all  the  bishops  ol  the  province  as  judges,  llie  court 
adjourned  in  order  that  the  question  ol  juikdicttoa  mifthl  be 
argued.  On  the  nth  of  Hay  the  uchbisbop  pvE  Jndgment  to 
\\\j  distant  from  Paworc  Cily  and  tht 
.  k^c'^nbwsn  the  14.  aide  d  Ibe  FlaitK 


LINCOLNSHIRE 


7«3 


the  (fleet  tbU  whetlwT  illtlns  tlaat  or  wltl 
furiidictioa  to  enlettiin  (he  ihiigt.  On  tht 
July  li&Q  A  further  prclimuury  objccL[oa  n. 
Of  Lincoln*!  counsel  ms  irgucdL  The  ofieib 
tbfl  triihop  of  LiDcoln  wrrc  Urfdy  bmch 
In  the  communion  Krricc  of  the  Pnyn  Bi 


H  aUeged  i^aiut 

B  of  various  nibru 

L  which  give  direc- 

UoUoimily  (i  Elizabeth  c  >,  and  13  &  14  Ctr,  II.  c.  4)  made 
IcgHlly  bindinff.  But  it  vraa  ar^ed  that  a  tuihop  ii  not  a 
"  miniMct "  10  u  to  b«  bound  by  the  nibria.  The  archbishop. 
howevct,  hdd  othenriie,  and  the  auesson  (eicept  the  bishop  of 
Saliibuiy,  who  dixntMlJ  concuned  in  this  dedsion.  Ai  this  nod 
lubuqucDt  hearingi  t)K  bishop  ol  Henfsnl  (Dr  Allay)  took  the 
pItCE  of  the  hiihop  of  Wlocheaier  u  an  aueuor,  and  ib«  bishop 
of  Rochcstci  (Di  Thonld),ori4piiaUy^pDiiitedaause)sor,  but 
abtenl  Irani  En^nd  at  the  outact,  wu  preMDU 

TheaieouhfardonitaraeriisinFebruary  1890,  before  the 
Archbishop  and  all  the  assessoTa,  and  the  ardibisbop  delivered 
^_^     his  judgmcBt  on  the  i.st  of  November  189a.    The 

complained  of.     I.  The  bishop  wu  charged  with 

nunioD  Krvice,  and  II.  with  having  idmlniitered  the  chalics 

of  the  witer  with  the  wine  during  service  wu  illegal,  beause 

tbat  the  idministrition  ol  tbe  ouied  chalice,  the  miiiag  btviug 

pntctice  and  not  forbidden  in  the  Church  of  England.  III.  The 
bisbop  was  charged  with  the  ceremonial  washing  of  the  vesselj 
used  for  the  boly  communion,  and  with  drinlting  the  water  used 


milled  no  oflence,  and  that  what  h 

e  hi>d  done  was  a  reasonable 

f  the  rubric  that  any  of  the 

consecrated  elements  lelt  over  at 

the  end  of  the  celebration 

Ibould  be  then  and  there  consumed 

IV.  The  bishop  was  charged 

with  taking  the  e«Hw»rd  positio 

(>.e.  standing  at  the  west 

tide  of  the  holy  ttble  with  hli  f^ce 

to  the  east  and  his  back  to 

the  coogretalion)  during  the  ante- 

The  rubric  requires  the  celebrant 

D  stand  at  the  north  ude  of 

the  table.    A  vast  amount  of  resea 

■ch  convinced  the  archbishop 

onally  ambiguous  pfarai 


which  m 


equal  accuracy 

arranged  In  churches,  and  to  the  long  side  of  the  table,  wbich, 
Id  Edward  VI.'s  reign,  wu  often  placed  lengthwise  down  the 
church,  u  that  the  long  sides  would  face  north  aod  south. 
It  was  thertloit  decided  (one  of  the  itsesson  diutnling)  that 
both  positions  are  legal,  and  that  the  bishop  had  not  offended 
(n  adopting  the  eulward  position.  V.  The  bishop  was  charged 
witbsostandlngdumiglhecoDsecratlon  prayer  Ibatlhe"  Manual 
Acts  "etconsecnliaiiwereinvisible  to  the pe<4ile  gathered  round. 
It  ahould  be  slated  that  the  couiU  (lee  RiJsdale  v.  Cli/lm, 
L.R.  I  P.D.  3t«;  1  P.D.  Jjfl)  had  already  derided  that  the 
eutward  pad  ilea  during  the  conKcraiion  prayer  wu  legal, 
but  that  It  mutt  not  ba  »  used  by  the  celebrant  as  to  conceal 
the  "  Uaaual  Acta."  The  archbishop  held  that  the  bishop  of 
Lincoln  had  transgressed  the  law  in  this  particular.    VI.  The 


eccssary  for  giving  light, 
e  presence  ol  two  altar 
■■    ■    ■    e  it  beian. 


baa  never  been  rnade  unlawful,  a 


r  Book  of  Edward  VI.,  . 

d.  therefore,  that  the  bis 
waajuatiGedinwhaihehaddone.  VO.  The blihop was chai 
with  hsving  permitted  the  hymn  known  as  ><giiiii  0a  to  be  1 


le  holy  cornmunian.  The  archbishop  decided  that  the 
use  of  hymns  in  divine  service  was  100  firmly  established  to  be 
legally  questioned,  and  tbat  there  was  oolhuig  to  diSerenliate 


Qt  cottGned  iudi  to 


the  UK  of  this  pwtkukr  hymn  at  thlt  point  of  tbe  acnicB  Iran 
the  use  of  other  hymiti  on  other  occaaaons  in  publk  wonfa^ 
Vlll.  Tbe  bishop  was  charged  witb  making  the  sign  of  tbe  Croat 
in  tbe  ait  with  hia  hand  in  tbe  beoedktlmi  and  at  other  tiaiti 
during  divine  service.  The  archbishop  held  tbat  theae  cnatinp 
injoioed  and,  therefore,  lUegaL    The  jud^ 

lilion  or  other  HhteDce  on  Iba 
ijsbop  of  Liocobi  In  respect  of  the  malterm  in  which  be 
appealed  to  have  conunitied  breache*  ol  the  ecdeiiasticd 
Uw. 

TTiflpfOttioteiaappealed  to  the  judicial  cotPBdttec.  Thelushop 
did  not  appear  on  the  appeal,  which  was  theiefoR  argoed  oB 
the  nde  id  the  promolera  only.  The  ipptti  was  beard  in  June 
aftd  July  iSqi,  before  Lords  Hatsbunr,  Hobhouae,  Eabef, 
Hetschell,  Hannen  and  Sband  and  Sir  Richanl  Couch,  witk 
the  biataof)  of  Chichester  (Dr  Dumford),  tbe  bishop  of  St  Davids 
(Dr  Basil  Jones)  and  Che  bishop  of  Lichfield  {Dr  Madagan)  ai 
episcopal  aaaeaiors.  Tbe  point)  appealed  were  tbooe  above 
numbered  U.,  HI.,  IV.,  VL,  VII.  Judgment  was  givui  on  the 
and  of  August  s9«a,  and  the  itqieal  failed  on  all  points.  As  to 
U..  lU.,  IV.,  and  VII.  the  Committee  agreed  with  tbe  arcb- 
bishop.  As  to  VI.  (altar  Ugbts)  they  beld  tbat,  as  it  was  not 
shown  thst  the  hiaht^  was  responsible  for  the  presence  1^ 
Lghled  candles,  the  charge  could  not  be  suttaiocd  against  faim, 
and  so  dismissed  it  without  considering  the  general  qnettion  of 
the  lawfulness  of  altar  lights.  They  also  bdd  that  the  arcb- 
bishop  *a*  within  his  light  in  iKonoundng  no  sentence  agaiuit 
the  bishop,  who.  it  should  be  added,  conlonned  his  practice  to 
the  judgment  from  the  date  of  its  delivery.  (L.  T.  D.) 

UHCOUISHISB.  an  easietn  county  of  England,  bounded  N. 
by  the  Humber,  E.  by  the  Germaa  Ocean  and  the  Waih,  S£, 
for  3  m.  by  Noriolk,  S.  by  Cambridgeshire  and  Nortbanptao- 
ibire,  S.W.  by  Rutland,  W.  by  Leicesiertbire  andNMtlngbaai- 
tbire  and  N.W.  by  Yorkshire,  The  area  is  1646  iq.  m,,  tbe  county 
being  second  to  yorlshlre  of  the  En^ab  COUBlies  in  siie. 

Tbe  coast-line,  about  no  m.  in  length,  including  the  Uunbai 
shore,  Isgeneialiylowand  marshy,  and  artificial  banks  for  guard- 
ing agaiDiI  tbe  Incoads  of  the  sea  are  to  be  found.  In  placet, 
all  along  tbe  coasU  Fiom  Grimsby  to  Skegness  traca  of  a  sub- 
marine forest  are  visible;  hut  while  tbe  tea  is  encroaching  iqios 
some  parts  of  the  coast  it  Is  receding  from  others,  as  shown  by 
Holbeach,  which  ia  now  6  m.  from  tbe  sea.  Several  thousand 
acres  have  been  reclaimed  from  this  part  of  tbe  Wash,  and  RHind 
Ibe  mouth  of  the  Nene  on  the  south-east.  The  deep  bay  between 
the  coasts  of  Lincolnshire  and  Norfolk,  called  the  Wash,  is  fuB 
of  dangerous  sandbanks  and  ailt;  the  navigable  portion oH the 
Lincolnshire  coast  is  known  as  the  Boston  Oeepi.  Tbe  rapidity 
of  tbe  tides  in  this  inlet,  and  the  lowness  of  its  ahorea.  which  ait 
generally  indistinct  oa  account  of  mist  from  a  moderate  offing 
render  this  the  moat  difficult  portion  of  the  navigsllon  of  lb* 
cut  coast  of  England.  On  some  parts  of  the  coast  tbere  art 
fioe  strelches  of  sand,  and  Oeelhorpes,  Skegness,  Mabietborp* 
and  Sutton^n-Sea  are  favourite  teaoru  for  visilon. 

ITie  surface  of  Lincolnshire  is  generally  a  large  plain,  small 
portioat  of  which  are  slightly  below  the  level  of  the  sea.  Tba 
soutb-east  parts  ace  perfectly  flat;  and  about  one-third  of  tbe 
couoty  coasts  of  fens  and  marshes.  Intersected  in  all  direclioni 
by  artificial  drains,  called  locally  dyles,  delpbt,  diaini,  becks, 
learns  and  eaui.  Thia  flat  surface  is  broken  by  two  ranges  ol 
calcareous  bill*  ninoing  north  and  south  through  ibe  county, 
and  known  as  the  Lincoln  Edge  or  Heights,  or  the  Cliff,  and  the 
Wolds.  The  former  range,  on  the  west,  runa  nearly  due  north 
from  Cnniham  to  Lincoln,  and  thence  to  tbe  dumber,  travers- 
ing tbe  Heaths  of  Liocolnshire.  which  were  formerly  open  moon^ 
rabbit  warreoa  and  sheep  walki.  but  are  now  enclosed  and 
btoggbl  into  high  cultivation,  Tbe  Wolds  form  a  ridge  of  bold 
bills  extending  from  Spilshy  to  Barton-oa-Humber  for  about 
40  □).,  witb  an  average  brradtb  of  about  8  n.  Tbe  Hutnber 
separates  Lincolnshire  from  Yorkshire.  lis  ports  on  the  Llncoln- 
ahlre  aide  are  tbe  small  ferry.ports  of  Barton  and  New  Holland, 
and  tbe  Impoitant  haiboui  of  Crimiby.    Tbe  Trent  forms  part 


'  .   ,j  ^a  ilot  Donli  Ihraath  uulifidilDutfdl, 
ii»X>.*  <-"■'-    B«wten  the  Wolds  and  Ihe  9ea  lie 
'  ^^  tnci  of  neb  ■lluvjil  ui]  attadmg  from 

'  Hs-**—  '<•  WunOeet,  vuyiog  in  breulita  Irom  j  la 
HMta  ibc  WdUod  and  the  Ncnc  in  the  Knlh-eut  ol 
t  ut  Golwr  tf*"!!,  HoJbeacb  Muib,  Mod  ton  Muih 
aUanh. 

B  (f.i-),  tbe  lel]  of  wUtb  li*s  been  iotmed  pattly  by 
a  and  paitl)'  by  i]ie  decky  af  [anu*,  occupy  llie  Ue 
_BOA  the  north-west,  the  vale  of  Andiolme  on  the  north, 
■ad  Bcel  oI  the  countiy  south-cast  of  Lmcoln.  The  diief  ol 
itoc  ue  the  Holland,  Wildmore,  West  and  East  Feni  draining 
into  the  Witham;  and  the  Deeping,  Bourn,  Gnat  Penaiid, 
and  Whaplode  Fens  dnlmng  into  the  WellauL 

The  loir  lands  idjojiliiic  the  tidal  reaches  of  the  Tnat  and 
Huinber,  and  part  of  those  aroaDd  the  Wash  have  been  niKd 
above  the  natural  level  and  euriebed  by  the  procea  of  wupinc, 
which  coniiita  in  lettinglhe  tide  tun  over  theUnd,  and  retaiiung 
It  there  a  auSdeot  time  to  permit  the  deposit  of  the  und  and 
mud  held  In  solution  by  the  watccL 

CmliiO.— The  geole(ical  fomulinni  fw  Ibe  mat  pari  ntend  in 
parallel  bdM  nearhr  In  the  line  ol  the  len^  of  the  county,  from 

wsutoeaat.   "fhehiiMKia  the  Triune  KeuperfouDdm  the  Itlc  c4 

Hoae  and  typiunL  Fiih  scales  and  teeth-  with  booca  and  loal- 
ptinls  of  the  laiyriiOluiam,  m  met  with  in  the  saiKbtDne.  Thi^ 
red  day  Is  frequently  ddg  lor  bcick^nialdnf.  The  beila  dip  gently 
towda  the  eoK.  At  the  jnDction  between  Ibe  Trias  and  Liai  are 
series  ol  beds  termed  Rhaetlo,  which  seen  to  mark  a  tniuiiioo  Irem 
one  to  the  other.  These  bclta  are  In  part  eipoaed  In  piti  nur 
Newark,  and  extend  north  by  Golnsbonnith  to  where  the  Trent 
Oowa  into  the  Humher,  puiln^  thence  Into  Yorkihire.  The  char- 
actetiitlc  shcUi  are  found  at  Lea,  3  n.  south  of  Galmbcrough,  with 
a  thin  bone-bed  full  of  iib  teeth  and  icales.  The  Lower  Liaa  cooes 
Kit  in  order,  whh  a  valuable  bed  of  Ironstone  now  largely  wnkcd. 
'  '  "  '  isi,  and  crops  out  at  Scuuhom 
ngf  are  optn  and  shallow.  The 
intv  near  Woolitborpe,  b  about 

■xiol'cbuactetT  the  inn  ens  o(  Denlon  and  Caythorpc  belong  lo 
tfiishorlion.  The  Upper  LiaaentenlkecaualyalSuinby.paBing 
Iv  CnLnthBM  and  Lincoln  where  it  b  woriced  tor  bricks.  The  Lia* 
thus  oecupiesnvaleabaut  Sor  lora.  in  width  inlheaoutK,  narrowing 
■ntilonlhcHuinberltisaboglaDllelnnMth.  To  this  succeed  the 
Oolite  forauliom.  The  Inlericr  Oolite,  somewbsc  narrows  than 
the  IJB$,  eatenda  from  the  boundary  with  Rutland  due  north  past 
Lincoln  to  the  vidnlty  o(  the  Kumberi  It  lomu  thiOiH^  LinaJa- 
shire  with  a  strong  (icarpacni  ladog  wettwaid.  At  Lincoln  the 
ridR  is  notched  by  the  nvtr  Wtbam.  The  principal  meinber  of 
tbe^nferior  Oolite  u  the  UncolnahiR  limeiloae.  which  i>  an  impotunt 
water-bearing  bed  and  is  quarried  al  Uncoto,  Ponton,  Ancaster,  and 
Kinon  Lindsey  for  buildinc  alone.  Eastward  of  the  Interior  Oolite 
lie  the  urrow  outcnna  oT  the  Gnat  Oolite  and  Combrash.  The 
Middle  Oolite,  Cbdord  day  and  Cotallian  Is  very  narrow  In  the 
south  near  Wilathop^  widening  gradually  about  Sealord.  It  then 
proceeds  narth  from  Lincoln  with  decreasing  width  to  the  vicinity 
oflheHnmber.  The  Upper  Oolite.  Klncridge  day.  narts  froRi  the 
vicinity  ol  Stamfont,  and  after  attaining  its  emtcu  width  near 
Hornoutk,  ninaiwrth-noHh-wrst  iolhe»umber.  The  Kimeridge 
day  Is  succeeded  by  (he  SpiUby  lamUiDDe,  Tealby  limenone, 
Cluby  itooslane,  and  cantone  wtich  repment  the  higheB  Juniuc 
and  lowest  Cretaceous  rocks.  In  the  Cretaceous  Byiieni  of  the 
WoltK  the  Lower  Grccnsand  niDs  narly  parallel  with  the  Uppo- 
Oolitt  past  South  WilUngham  to  tb*  Humher.  The  Upper  Cieen- 
aand  and  Gault,  tepreaented  in,UacolBihire  by  the  Red  Chalk,  run 
north-west  Irom  l(by>  widenhif  out  as  lar  as  Kelitern  on  the  eui, 
and  crcu  the  Humber.  The  Chalk  fonulion,  about  equal  in 
breadth  tn  the  three  jHvcKllng,  eilcHb  frflni  Burgh  acroia  the 
Humber,  The  rest  of  the  county,  eompriiiis  all  its  louth-ou 
portions  between  the  Middle  Oolite  belt  and  the  lea.  all  it>  ngrtb- 


UNCOLNSHIRE 


TieSislaiJ 


e  Foidyke  Wash. 


■od  Fmdinghani,  wnere 

Middle  Liaa,  which  eati 

orjaftT^bsHlu' 


M'rSSS*^ 


ion ;  a  iaod™oam  nthclSk.  or  a  Sn^ylumon'chalk 
moH.  abounds  on  pomons  cf  the  Wdds;  an  arnltaceous  land. 
mecgioB  into  rich  loun.  lies  on  other  ponioos  of  tbeMVolds:  a  black 
loam  spd  a  rich  vegetable  mould  cower  most  of  the  Isle  of  Aibdme 
on  the  Borth-wtst;  a  wcU-recUimed  marine  marsh,  a  rich  brown 
loam,  and  a  uiR  cold  day  variously  occupy  the  tow  tracts  along  the 
Humber,  and  between  the  Dorth  Wolds  and  the  sea;  a  peat  evih. 

occufiiei  conwdnabl^  low  Bri|H  of  land  ^long    ' 

Lincolubire  is_DDe  ef  the  [^ndpal  agricultural,  especially  grain- 

aicn  is  unda  ciiltivation.  The  wide  grating  lands  have  long  been 
famous,  and  ibe  arable  lands  aie  spraally  adapted  [or  the  growth 
of  wheal  and  beans.  The  largest  individual  grain<ro|:^  however,  is 
barley.  Both  callte  and  sheep  art  bred  in  great  "■■•"iv  tii* 
cattle  raised  are  the  Shoethoms  and  imprrmd  Unc 
The  dairy,  eicepl  In  the  vicinity  id  large  towns 
attention.  The  sheep  are  chiefly  of  the  Lnicolih4u»  «■«■  »■■* 
Leicestershire  breeds,  aiul  to  to  the  marbeis  d  Vorkahiie  and 
London.  Lincolnihin  has  una  been  fsmous  for  a  tine  breed  of 
horsH  both  for  the  saddle  and  dmughL  Hone  fain  are  hdd  every 
year  at  Uomcastle  and  LincoIlL  Large  flocks  of  geese  were  fbfWierly 
kept  in  the  Fens,  but  their  number  has  been  diminiihcd  since  the 
drainnge  of  these  parts-  Where  a  large  luimbcr  of  (hem  were  bred, 
nests  were  constructed  for  (hem  one  above  another;  (bey  were 
daily  taken  down  by  (he  goavehcrd.  driven  lo  the  water,  afKl  (hen 
*  ""  "■"■'"  -----,  wiiKout  a  ain^le  bird  being  misplaced- 


-^-..  — . —  -.  Lincoln,  Boston,  Oaiea- 

1  Louth.  At  Little  Bytham  a  very  hard 
'  dinker,  is  made  of  ibe  liiiceous  day  that 
milar  works.  Bone-crushing,  lannliijg,  ihe 
for  caitle,  and  rope-maldnE  are  earned  on 

, ^..-„by  is  an  important  port  boCQ  for  continental 

ic  and  especially  for  fisheries;  fiosioo  is  sacond  to  it  Iti  the 
i(y;  and  CainsboTDUgh  has  a  considerable  traffic  no  the  Trent. 
auiion  Bridge  is  a  lesser  port  on  Ihe  Wash. 

The  principal  railway  Is  the  Great  Nurthein,  its  main  line  touch- 
ing the  counly  in  the  S.W.  and  aerving  Grantham.  tt>  priocipAl 
branches  are  from  n»erburough  to  Spalding,  Beaton.  Louth  and 
Grimsby;  and  from  Grantham  to  Sleafotd  and  Boston,  and  lo 
Uricdn,  and  Boston  (o  Uncoln.    This  company  weeks  jointly  with 


becoiif  h,  Giantbam  ai 


in  various  nbn^  < 


borough  attd  Doncaarer,  and  i 
Bourn,  Spalding.  Holbeach, 
The  Midland  company  has  a  I 
■Ire,  fcrt     "■ 


ththeM 


Cro^Te.: 


.    TheCrea 


Xnlral  laHway  i 


i   East   Coai 


1  Hull  by  ferrv  from  New 
Humber,  Sleaford  with  the 
near  Nottingham;  but  tbe 
•r  cuts  are  rravi^ble,  bdng 


Holland.   CanabcoincetLoulb  with  Ihe 

Wtham,  nnd  Grantham  with  the  Trent 

grater  rivers  ami  many  of  the  drainagi 

arti6cially  deepened  and  embanked. 

'-——aK  and  AdmMUnlian.— Tbe  ani  <^  tbe  ancient  c 
0  aena,  with  a  population  in  i8oi  of  471,878  and  ii 
.  The  primary  rfivbions  are  ihree  tnihiogi  or  R 
-  north  divUon  is  called  the  Parts  of  Lindsey.  "^ 


Each 
Hollandri6ii7b&ac 


an  admlnistrMivc  county,  the  Paru  of  Limfaey 
cf  W/i^S  *'™-  KcBfven.  465.877  Kies:  and 

Tbe  Parts  of  Lindsey  contain  17  wapen- 

.-,  — ....... jIve  of  the  soke  and  borough  of  Grantham 

the  borough  of  Siamfor  ^ 


le  soke  and  bi 
9  mpentakes;  and  HoUand,  4  wapeit- 
sand urban distriets areas  follows;  — 

id  Fol  borough*— ^rirnsby,  a 


UNCX)LNSHIRE 


3.  P*mn 
Urbiii  diu 

luve  each  1 
a[  quarter  1 
PiiuofUi 


'or  parliaiflcntary  purpon  tbe  couniy  i±  divid 
inio  icvoi  aivmona,  niiMty.  Wnt  Undey  or  CiiiiibQniiiEli,  Norm 
UJiAny  or  Bri».  E*tt  lindvy  or  Lcurh,  Soulh  Lii>dity  or  Horri' 
cutle.  North  Kntcrn  or  Si™for).  South  KeBeven  or  Sumford, 
mad  Hoftapd  or  Spaldiiii,  Hnd  ilip  parliimrnury  borougiii  of  Bomod, 
Grantham,  Grimsby  and  Lincoln,  mrh  muming  one  member. 
■  Biitory.—O!  the  details  oi  the  English  conquest  of  the  diitrict 
which  a  DOW  Liacalmhire  little  ii  luwini,  but  H  tome  time  in 
the  6th  centuiy  Eogle  and  Friiian  ipvaden  ^pear  to  have 
teltled  [n  the  country  north  of  the  Wilhin,  where  they  became 
known  u  the  Ijndisnaru,  tbe  southern  dillilcts  from  Boston 
10  the  Trent  basin  being  IX  Ihis  time  dense  woodland.  In  tbe 
7lh  centniy  the  tuprenucy  over  Lindsey  alternated  between 
Merda  and  Norlhumbrta,  but  few  hiitorical  references  to  the 
district  are  extant  until  tbe  lime  of  Alfred,  whose  marriage  with 
Ealswitlia  was  celebrated  at  Gainsborough  three  years  before 
bis  accisiotL  Al  this  period  the  DtrJih  inroads  upm  the  a»at 
of  Ltndsey  had  already  begun,  aod  in  S73  Hetlfdene  wintered 
at  Torks^,  while  in  S;3  LincolD  lud  StamToid  were  included 


a  the  grouj 


d  the  01 

if  Lindsey,  KcsIcveh 
if  Uncoln.    The  extent  1 


lulled  a 


d  pennanence  d  the 
leivable  in  tbe  nuu* 
of  iti  towns  and  villages  and  in  the  local  dialect,  ud.  tboufb 
kbout  grS  tbe  confedente  boroughs  wett  recaptured  by  Edwiid 
tbe  Elder,  in  093  a  Viking  fleet  again  entered  the  Kumber  and 
ravaged  Lindsey,  and  in  loij  the  district  of  the  five  borough* 
acknowledged  the  supremacy  of  SweyiL  The  county  offered 
no  active  resistance  Co  the  Conqueror,  and  though  Hereward 
appears  in  the  Domesday  Survey  as  t.  dlspcsHssed  under-tenant 
of  the  abbot  of  Peterborough  at  WiIhamK>n-Ihe-Hill,  the  legends 
Mirtounding  his  name  do  not  belong  to  this  county.  In  his  north- 
wtid  march  in  1068  the  Conqueror  built  a  castle  at  Lincoln,  and 
portioned  out  tbe  ptiadpal  eatatei  among  his  Norman  foUowcn, 
but  Ibe  Domesday  Survey  ahows  that  the  county  on  the  whole 
waa  leniently  treated,  aiul  ■  considerable  uumber  of  En^ish- 
nen  retained  their  land*  a*  lubienant*. 

Tbe  origin  of  the  three  main  divisicota  of  Llncedmhire  la  interior 
10  that  o(  the  county  itself,  and  the  outcome  of  purely  Dilural 
condition*,  Lindsey  being  in  Rocnan  time*  practically  an  Island 
bounded  by  the  swamps  of  tbe  Trent  and  the  Wilham  00  tbe 
vtst  and  aouth  and  on  tbe  esit  by  the  North  Sea,  while  Kesteven 
ud  HoUaad  were  lespeclively  the  region*  of  forest  and  o(  (en. 
Lindsey  in  Norman  lime*  was  divided  into  tbiee  ridings—Nonh, 
West  and  Soulb— compriiing  respectively  five,  five  and  acven 
wapentakes;  while,  apart  from  their  divisiOD  into  wapentahea, 
the  Domoday  Survey  Dthibitt  ■  unique  planning  out  of  the 
Di^gi  into  approximately  equal  numbers  of  tJ<»rHcaie 
faundreda,  tbe  term  hundred  poaaeaaing  here  no  adminisitativc 
or  local  signi£csDce.  but  lervins  merely  as  a  unit  of  area  lot 
purpeeei  of  assessment.  The  Norman  division  of  Holland  into 
the  three  wapentake*  of  EUoe.  Kirton  and  Skiibeck  has  remained 


otbep 


K  day.    la  I 


of  Atwardhun.  Aveland.  Belliilae,  HaiwcU.  Ijugoc.  Lovedca, 
Nei*.  Winnibnci*,  and  Craalhan  Sofce  have  btca  practically 
uitcbufed,  but  tiw  Domcaday  wapentake*  of  BoMhby  and 
Crsffo  DOW  fonn  ibe  wqieniake  ol  Boothby  Graflo.  In  Noitb- 
liding  Bradley  and  Haventoe  have  been  combined  to  form 
Bradley  Haventoe  wapentake,  aad  the  Oomeaday  wapentake 
ol  Epwotlb  in  Westriding  has  bear  ahaorbed  in  that  of  Manley. 
Wall  wtpenlake  in  Wotridba  wai  a  liberty  of  tbe  bisfaop  of 
Lincohi,  and  aa  late  a*  iji;  the  dean  and  cbaplei  ol  Liniwln 
claimed  delivery  and  return  of  writ*  in  the  laancr  and  hundred 
of  Navenby.  In  the  rjth  century  Baldwin  Wake  claimed  return 
of  writs  and  a  market  b  Aveland.    William  de  Vesd  cUimod 

to  render  account  at  the  sheriff's  toum  at  Halton.  The  abbot 
of  Peterborough,  tbe  abbot  of  Tupbolme,  the  abbot  of  Baidney, 
tbe  prior  of  Calleigb,  the  prior  of  SiihiUa,  the  abbot  of  St  Uary'l, 
York,  the  prioreas  of  Sliiwould  and  aeveral  lay  owaen  claimed 

13  th  ttalaiy. 

Tbe  ahire  toon  for  Lineolmhlte  waa  bdd  at  Lincoln  every 
forty  diyi,  the  lords  of  tbe  manor  attending  with  tbeir  atewarda, 
or  in  tbdr  absence  tbe  reeve  and  four  men  el  tbe  vill.  -Tb 
ridings  were  each  presided  over  by  a  riding-reeve,  and  w^ientake 
couru  were  hdd  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I.  twelve  times  a  year, 
and  in  Ibe  leign  of  Henry  III,  every  three  week*,  while  twice  a 
year  all  the  freemen  of  the  wapentake  were  aumieaned  to  the 
viewof  frankpledge  or  toum  held  by  the  ihehS,  Tlie  boundark* 
between  Kesieven  and  Holland  were  a  matter  id  dispute  a*  early 
at  1384  and  were  not  finally  settled  until  igT6, 

Lincolnshire  waa  originally  induded  in  tbe  Mercian  dioceae  erf 
Lidifield,  but,  on  the  subdivision  of  the  latter  by  Theodore  la 
680,  the  fen-district  was  induded  in  the  diocese  of  Uchfield. 
while  the  see  for  the  northern  parta  of  the  county  was  placed 
at  "  Sidnaccster,"  generally  identified  with  Stow:  Subeequcntly 
botb  diocese*  wen  merged  in  Ibe  n*t  W<9t-Saioli  bJabtvoG  of 
Dorduater,  the  see  of  wbicb  was  altenraids  tnnsftind  to 
Wincheater,  and  by  Bishop  Ronl^ut  in  lO}*  to  lineoln.  The 
archdeaconry  of  Lincoln  wia  anung  tboaa  initiliit^  by  Kenlflui, 
and  the  divisian  into  rural  deancciia  also  dalaa  from  tUi  p^od. 


esolHiU, 


East  and  Weat  EUoe  and  North  and  SouthCtantham 
in  Lincoln  ircbdeaconry.  The  demoica  ol  Gartnc,  Grimsby, 
Hill,  Momcaatlei  Lootbeak,  Lodboraugb,  WaUicioft,  Wraggoe 
and  YarboKHigh  have  been  tiansferred  from  the  arcbdeacoary 
of  Liacobi  to  that  ol  Slow.  Benedictine  fiwDdatioii*  exisled 
at  Ikanbo,  Barrow,  Bardney,  Partney  aiul  Crowland  a*  early  la 
the  ]th  century,  but  all  wets  deaiiDyed  in  tbe  Danish  wars,  and 
only  Bardney  and  CrowUnd  wen  ever  rebuHl.  The  revival  ol 
n»nasticism  alter  tbe  CMiqueal  resultsd  in  the  oectioo  o<  ten 
Benedictine  monasteries,  and  a  Benadkline  Bunneiy  at  Stainfidd. 
The  Cistercian  abbeys  at  Kirkstead,  Louth  Park,  Heveaby, 
Vaudey  and  Swineshcad,  and  the  CiatcrciBa  nunnery  at  Stijfr- 
would  were  founded  in  tbe  nita  at  St^haa,  and  at  the  time 
of  the  Dissolution  then  wen  upward*  of  a  hundred  ttUgloui 
houses  in  the  county. 
In  tbe  struggles  of  tha  tdgn  ol  Stcpbai,  astla  at  Nowatk  aad 

the  king,  while  KannU  "  Cenuna,"  eail,  cf  Cbesler,  in  1140 
ganitoned  Lincoln  for  tbe  emptcas.  Tbe  seinre  o(  Uncoln  by 
Sicpbeo  In  1141  was  accoopaoied  witli  feBiful  butcboy  and 

devaatation,  sad  by  an  aceerd  at  ~      ~ 

ncdvid  Kitlon  ia  Undsay,  aad  hia  M 
Castle  was  confinted.  In  tbe  baronial  outbtcsk  U  1173  Kofltr 
Mowbray,  wbo  hadlnbiritad  tha  lata  of  Aibotm*  from  Nigd 
y  East,  or  Kisnaid'a  Fcny.and  Aibolme 
cr  the  deatruction  ol  their  mora  notthers 
f ertmats  in  tiiis  "■"r*'r'.  ^>wonb  in  Aihalme  bccsm*  tbi 


7i6 


LINCOLNSHIRE 


prindpri  tat  of  tfa«  Umrbnyi.  Id  the  itnig^a  betwuii  John 
vid  hk  bimu  lincoln  id  iai6iiudepct«  with  tbc  king  by  mr- 
resderlDg  boou^  for  ihc  payment  oE  ft  fine  ol  looo  markt,  but 
tSia  tbcludisg  of  Louli  the  city  wuaplurcd  by  Gilbcrfdc  Glut, 
(bm  eul  ol  Uncela.  Afler  hii  diMUraui  mircfa  to  SwJnalitad 
Abbey,  John  iautntytit  through  Sltaford  to  Nemrk,  nbnc  be 
died,  ud  in  the  battle  of  Uomia  in  in;  Gilben  de  Gaol  wu 
cmptured  and  the  city  tuked.  At  the  lime  of  the  Win  o[  tbe 
Roaei  tbe  coUDly,  owing  to  lenitoiltl  bflneDce,  wu  mainly 
LancutriiD,  and  in  1461  the  Yorfciit  stron^Ida  of  Ciantfaam 
and  SUmloid  wetc  lacked  to  eucfa  eSecl  Itial  the  latter  never 
lODvered.  The  LincvhuUre  rbbig  ol  1470  hu  cnubed  by  tbe 
defeat  o[  tbe  rebeb  in  tbe  sklraiiib  knom  u  "  LoKCOat  Field  " 
near  Stamford.  In  tbe  CivQ  War  of  the  171b  century,  Lindxy 
(or  the  moU  part  dedared  for  Ibe  king,  ind  the  Royalin  cbubc 
wai  mnnly  lupported  by  the  earl  of  Lindiey,  Viicount  Newark, 
Sir  Peregrine  Bertie  and  the  familiei  of  Dymoke,  Heneagc  and 
Thorold.  Lord  WiOougbby  of  Parbani  wai  a  promineni  Parlia- 
sientaiy  leader,  and  Ibe  Iftle  of  Aihotme  and  the  PnriOn  yeo- 
manry ol  Holland  declared  for  Ihc  parliamenL  In  lOtjCroinireU 
voa  >  mall  victory  near  Grantham,  and  the  Royalist  garritom 
U  Lynn  and  Uncoln  nurendeied  to  Manchester.  In  1644, 
bottevir,  Newark,  Cainlborougb,  Lincoln,  Slealordand  Crootand 
Here  all  In  Royaliit  hands,  and  Newark  only  surrendered  m 
1646.  Among  other  historic  familiei  connected  with  Lincoln- 
abin)  were  the  Wakes  of  Bourne  and  the  d'Eyncourls,  who 
flourished  at  Blankney  from  the  Conquest  to  the  reign  of 
Henry  VI,;  Belvi^r  Castle  was  founded  by  the  Toenis,  from 
wbom  it  pasied  by  the  Daubeneys,  tben  to  the  Bbioeis  Ros 
and  later  to  tho  Manners,  earls  of  Rutland.  In  the  Lindsey 
Survey  of  iiii-iiiS  tbe  name  of  Roger  Marmion,  ancestor  of 
lb*  Uannion  family,  who  had  inherited  tbe  fief  (d  Robert 

ippcui  for  the  first  time. 

»  of  tbe  Domoday  Survey  there  wb«  between  400 
and  500  mills  ta  LJncohisbire;  iiii  faheiies  producing  large 
quantitka  ot  eel);  361  salt-works;  and  iron  forges  at  Slow, 
St  Mary  and  at  Bylham.  Lincnln  and  Stamford  were  Sourishing 
centres  of  indistry,  and  markets  existed  at  Kirton-in- Lindsey, 
Louth,  Old  Bolmgbroke.  Spalding,  Barton  and  Partney.  The 
early  manufactures  of  tbe  county  are  all  connected  with  the 
wooltea  tlade,  Lincoln  being  noted  toi  its  srarlet  dolh  in  the 
rjthcentury,  whilean  important  eiporttratfe  in  the  raw  material 
■prang  up  at  Boston.  The  disaEoreiting  of  Eesteven  in  iiyt 
Itfougbt  large  areas  under  cultivation,  and  the  same  period  h 
marked  by  tbe  growth  of  the  maritime  and  fishing  towns, 
espedatly  Boston  (which  had  a  famous  fish-market),  Grimsby, 
Barton,  Saltfieel,  WainBeel  and  Wrangle.  The  Lincolnshire 
towns  suffered  from  the  general  decay  of  trade  in  the  eastern 
counties  which  marked  the  15th  century,  but  agriculture  was 
steadily  improving,  and  with  the  gradual  drainage  of  the  fen- 
distiicts  culminaiing  in  the  vast  operations  of  the  t^lh  century, 
over  j]a,(»  acres  ih  the  county  were  brought  under  cidtivation. 
tneludhig  imre  than  ivo-thinb  of  Holland,  The  fen-drainage 
lesidted  in  the  extinction  ot  many  local  industries,  such  as  iht 
trade  in  gooie-fealherg  and  the  eiport  of  wild  fowl  to  the  London 
markets,  a  i  jlh-«»nlury  writer  terming  this  county  "  the  aviary 
of  England,  3000  mallards  with  other  birds  having  been  caught 
■omeiime*  in  August  at  one  draught."  Other  hiiloiic  industries 
of  LincoltuUre  are  the  brceifing  of  haraes  and  doga  and  rabbit- 
snirbg;  the  Witham  was  noted  far  its  pike;  and  ironstone 
ma  worked  Id  the  south,  now  chiefly  in  the  north  and  west. 

As  early  as  1195  two  knights  were  returned  10  parliament  for 
theshife  of  Lincoln,  and  two  burgesses  each  for  Lincoln,  Grimsby 
•nd  Stamford.  In  Ihc  14th  century  Lincoln  and  Stamford  were 
«everal  times  tbe  meeting-places  of  parHament  or  imponini 
coundh,  Ibe  most  notable  being  the  Lmcoln  Parliameni  of  ijoi. 
while  »t  Stamford  in  1105  a  truce  was  concluded  between  the 
barons,  Piers  Gaveston  and  Ihe  king.  Stamford  discontinued 
representation  for  some  1  so  yean  after  the  reign  of  Edward  1!.; 
Grantham  wu  enfriochbed  hi  1963  and  Boston  in  ij;i.  Under 
the  a<l  ol  igjt  Ihe  county  was  divided  into  a  northern  and 
•oBihen  dlvisioD,  ntmliig  each  two  membas,  and   Great 


Grimsby  lost 

one  SMI 

Bber.    tbdertlie 

act  of 

SStlbecom^ 

returned  six  members 

in  three  divisions 

and  St 

amford  lost  one 

member.     Un 

der  Ihe 

act  of  1SS5  the 

county 

visions;  Uncoln, 

Boston 

and  Craotbam 

lost  one  mem 

lercach 

and  Stamford  wai 

disfran 

hiied. 

by  the  Be 


t  up*v^ol  ooe  huDdmi  rdiliaos 
:  IDC  rna  me  some  of  the  finest  abbeys  lirU 
1.    The  Cilbenineo  woe  a  purely  Es^iib  onler 

in  LincolnBhire,  theca *-ii  ...---».-* 


Lincoln.  befOR  tbe  oa 

SJ 


'armed  a  commuaity  haying 
TE  divided  by  a  km^tudiu] 
im.  Catley.  HcUaod  Brifg. 


Edward  1.  to  hii  wife. 


« loundrd  Tli  and 


Tbe  tallowing  are  ■  lew  oi  the  moH  famous  abbryi.  BarEn^ 
{Piemonitrateiuian).    N.E.    of    Lincnlo,    wii    founded    IIJ^.    fii 

Benedictine  Mitred  Abbey  el  Cinwland  (o.i.) 
nfounded  in  oiS.     Part  of  tbe  church  it  ■ 

Abbey  {Black  Canons)  in  the  north  near  tht  __    

iniiu.  Tbcreremainafragmenl  ofthoauthwinfof  IbetraaKpL 
(wo  udes  of  Ihe  decagonal  chapler-haute  (l>B])  and  Ihe  bcaulilul 
»e«  jate-houne.  Early  Perpendicular  (1131-1388),  with  an  oiid 
window  on  Ihe  can,  KirkHctd  Abbey  KTinercian)  was  founded 
in  1139.   Liltle  remaifis  btyofld  an  Early  English  chapel  of  wflfalar 

In  Ibc  Pan*  of  Liadsey  aeveral  cburcbei  preaeni  cuiioui  ^dly 
feaiuIIL  panicutaily  the  well-known  lowers  oTSl  Perer,  Banon-an- 
Humbec.   Si    Maiy-le-Wi|;tocd   and  5(    Peler  al   Cowti,   Lincoln. 

Normaa  ol  varioa  duea,  BoRrrionl  and  51  janitn.  Griimfiy,  hw 
Early  EngUih.  Tatttnhall  and  Thidlllethacp*  fv  PspeBdacvlar  an 
fine  examples  of  various  stylcti 

In  the  Parti  c(  Kesteven  the  chinthes  are  boat  of  eicelfciit 
Hone  which  abouods  at  Aocaster  aad  near  Stcaford.  The  cfaurcb 
of  Si  Andrew.  HeclcingtoB,  ia  the  best  ctample  of  Decnsawd  arehl- 
lectiin  in  the  county:  il  is  laned  for  Its  Eaiuc  sepulchre  and  fine 
ledilia.  The  noble  church  of  St  Wulfran,  f^slham.  irilh  oac  of 
the  BneK  ipires  In  England,  Is  aba  ptiocijiaUy  Decenled;  this 
nyte  In  fact  li  [wticiilaHv  well  diaptayed  hi  Kealeven.  as  is  the 
churches  of  Cayihorpe,  Claypole.  Navenby  and  Ewefby.  At 
StaDdord  (f  .r)  then  arc  fi«v  cfaurthea  of  varioua  slylea. 

It  11  priocipally  in  the  l^ana  of  Holluid  that  the  Goeat  churtjiea 


.    jfhly  pr^)^ile  that  tbe  churches  of  Ibc  ao -....  . 

'  this  district  owe  their  onoia  to  the  munUiceDce  of  Ibc  abbcyi  c< 
rowtand  and  Scalding.    The  chureh  of  Long  Sutton,  besides  ita 

-  Norman  nave,  possesaa  an  &rly  English  tow ■  — = •■-^ 

mparable  with  the  very  early  nediBeB  at 
.,_j_  _i._i.  1 1 — Mewofihy  eumple 


-■— th  ia  anetiia  IK 


:h.   (X  the  two  later  itylei,  however,  by  far  the  moat 
pie  il  the  faneua  chaich  of  St  fiotolpli,  Bosua 

nagnificent  laniern-crowned  lover  or  "  atump." 
f  renuiniof  medieval  casllcs,  allhooih  the  sites  of  • 
imber  are  traceable.  Thoie  of  Lincoln  and  Taller 
Wpendknlat  building  in  brick)  are  ihe  nwit  iWc- 
here  are  alio  fianneiiti  at  BoaoB  and  Slcalant 
worthy  of  aole  (cSieBy  modem)  are  Aiwarby  Hall. 

~.  Brockleihy,  Cuewkk,  Denton  Manor,  EaHon  Hall. 

Crimslhorpe  (of  the  i6lh  and  iSih  centuries,  with  earlier  remains), 

u u  j_  prit™_  NoctoB  HaU,  l^lnHm  HaN.  Riby  Grow,  SoiMiby 

nParliand"" -r— -:.-.-<. . — ^: 1-.-... 


at  Slamfoid  and  ttsewheic 


he  I4ih  cnitury  (see  Baincii] 
See  VicUria  Outfy  Hiituj. 
liiUty  */  Ua  Ctimli  rf  '  --' 


triangular  bride 
Duklle  meniioc 


b."" 


■■■/* 


Sullandiitri  (Londoi.  1B70]:  C.  3. 
Me  Daius  (London.  1SB4):  OaimitU 
in.  1470.  ed-  J.  E.  Nickolla,  Camdefl 
voL  I.  (London,  1847I;  Dl  Liaialtr- 

..  , ES  Creens;rec<  (London.  l8f  1): 

- Natct  ani  Qitria  (Hgncaatle,  i8«)i  ZssufisitB* 

JEowd  Sratlf  (HonnstK  i<l|i)> 


LIND,  JENNY— LINDAU,  PAUL 


Uro,  mm  ttSta-iSSj),  At  (moiu  Swtdith  uogcr,  wu 
twin  at  StocLboln  on  tlic  filh  of  Oclgbn  i8»,  the  diughtcr 
Of  ■  lace  muullicluiec.  MUe  Lundbcrg.  an  opcia-duiccr,  fint 
ducovncd  bn  OKuial  (ilt,  aod  induced  Ibe  cfaild'i  oiaibcr 
to  have  hu  educated  loi  lie  Kate,  diting  ibe  tix  or  kvcs 
jan  In  which  the  wu  what  wa>  called  an  "actreu  pupil," 
iheofraiinnally  appeared  on  Ibeilase,  but  inpbjn,  sol  opcrai, 
uniil  jSjfi,  when  ibe  nude  a  £ni  aliempi  tn  an  opera  by 
A.  F.  Lisdblad.  She  wa*  resulariy  engaged  at  the  opeta-bwue 
to  iSij.  Her  fiist  great  lucceu  wo*  as  Agalhe,  id  Webtc'i  Dtr 
Friiicimi,  in  igj8.  asd  hy  1841,  when  the  iiatied  (or  Parii, 
she  had  already  become  ideati&cd  with  ncady  all  ibe  poitt  id 
which  ifae  tliuwanb  became  lamoua.  Bui  bei  cetcbniy  io 
Sweden  was  due  in  great  pan  to  her  hiiirinnic  abiljty,  and  there 
k  compniatively  litlle  laid  about  her  wonderful  vocal  an, 
which  was  onJy  attained  after  a  yeaj'i  hard  iludy  under  Manuci 
Garda,  who  had  to  remedy  many  faulta  that  had  caused  eahaus- 
tiOQ  in  the  vocal  organa.  On  the  completion  of  her  uudiea  ahe 
nng  before  G.  Meyerbeer,  in  private,  in  the  Parii  Opera-houK, 
■ikd  1»o  yean  itfierwirdi  mas  engaged  by  him  for  fitrhn,  Io 
ling  in  hit  Fddlata  in  Siltlakii  (oiicrwardi  remodelled  as 
Ltiailt  iu  natd);  but  the  pan  intended  for  her  wat  IiIlu 
by  anoiber  iingcr,  and  her  bai.  appearance  loali  fdace  in  Netma 
m  the  i5ih  ol  I>ecembet  1S44.  She  appeared  alto  io  Webcr't 
AtryaiiMf  and  BcUini'a  Ln  SonnamMa,  and  wtule  (be  was 
M  Berlin  the  Eagliih  manager,  Alited  Biuut.  induced  her  to 
liga  a  contract  {which  she  broke)  to  appear  in  London  in  the 
following  leaaoa.     In    December    1S45   the   ai^Mared 


Julia  (Spontini'i 

Airfunufi)  b>  her  nperiary,  ane  lang  in  1 
ml  Aii-la-Cbapdle,  Hanover,  Kambutg,  V 
and  Uunich  during  the  neat  year,  and  toek  up  two  uoniaeiu 
rtlea,  IboN  of  Lucia  and  "  la  Figlia  dd  Rcggimenio,"  In  which 
■be  w*i  iftemid*  lanotis.  At  last  Lumley,  the  manager  of 
Her  MaJcMy'i  Theatre,  uiccndtd  in  inducing  Mile  Lind  to 
tiail  EngUnd,  in  ^lite  of  her  dread  o(  the  penaliiei  threatened 
by  Bum  OG  ber  breach  of  the  contract  with  him,  and  bZte  apptorwl 
on  the  4th  of  May  1S47  aa  Alice  in  Ueyerbfer'i  Jtobal  It  Diabli. 
Her  debul  tad  been  ao  much  diicuued  that  tbe/aivrf  she  created 
ma  ■  foregone  conchiiiOD.  Neverthcteaa  it  exceeded  everything 
of  Ihe  kind  that  bad  (aken  place  In  Loudon  or  anywhere  elie; 
tin  aaflerinp  and  itntgglea  of  her  wdl-dnawd  Bdmirin,  who 
bkd  U>  itand  for  boun  to  get  inio  lb*  pit,  have  become  biaUric. 
She  lang  bi  Mverai  of  bet  lavouriu  cbaraden.  and  In  Ihal  ol 
Suunna  In  Uonrt'i  Fitan,  beiidea  oroUng  iIm  part  of  Amalia 
ta  Veidi'a  /  Manadiik,  wiiiten  loi  EngUnd  and  peifoimcd 
on  Iba  und  of  July.   In  tiw  inluiBn  iha  ippeand  in  open* 


BInibigliini,  I]iili,  Edinbnrgh,   Gbagow,  7ertb.   Moiwich, 


vllb  tba  Uibop,  Edward  Stanley  (lyTtt-i&tO).  which  wat 
Mid  la  have  led  lober  final  deteimiiiation  10  give  up  ibeitags 
Micufer.  AfWTfbntnMaeappaaianctalnBeilin.uidaahon 
vbic  M  Stoctheto,  aha  tppaad  in  London  in  the  leaaon  of 
1S4S,  whta  abe  lang  in  Doniaelti'a  L'Elitin  i'atwr*  and 
BdluA  i  FarOoKi,  in  additioD  to  her  older  pana.  In  the 
■ass  r<W  rin  orguuaed  a  memotable  perionnince  <4  ElijaM, 
«ilb  the  ncaq>ti  of  which  the  Uenddiaohn  tdwlirahip  wai 
fouded,  and  lang  at  a  great  nomlRr  of  cbaitty  and  IioigGi 
conctrti.  Al  the  be^nnlng  of  Iht  aeaaOB  of  iBm  ibe  intended 
to  give  up  Operatic  sn^ng,  b«  ■  caapnmite  waa  cBecled  by 
which  ahe  waa  to  ring  tba  mink  of  fix  opena,peifofmed  without 
action,  at  Ber  Uaieity'i  Tbeatx:  but  the  fint,  a  concert  per- 
lotiaanee  of  Uoaan*!  //  FlaiM  •wpca,  waa  >o  cddly  received 
that  (he  felt  bound,  foi  the  take  of  the  manager  and  Ihe  public, 
Ugive  live  more  regular  repreMDlallnna,  and  hcclut  perfarmance 
on  the  itigt  WW  ea  ibe  lotb  of  Ifiy  i&ao,  in  Ktbol  U  DiaUi. 
Bw  decUoa  wwnot  «vca  ivnitd  wlm  th*  king  of  Siqtlca 


urged  her  to  reappear  in  opera  il  ber  old  home.  She  piald 
viiiu  LD  Germany  and  Sweden  again  bclon  her  depanun 
for  Anurica  In  iSjo.  Juii  befoia  tailing  ihe  appeared  at 
LiverpooL  lor  the  finl  time  in  England,  in  an  oialorio  of  Handel, 
tinging  the  •opraoo  naiaic  in  Tit  Utiiuk  irith  luperb  ait. 
She  remained  in  America  for  nearly  two  yean,  being  for  a 
great  pan  of  the  time  engaged  by  P.  T.  Bamum.  In  Boiion, 
on  Uie  jih  of  February  iSji,  the  married  Oilo  Goldichmidt 
(1810-1007},  whom  the  had  met  at  Lubcck  in  iSjo.  For  lonKi 
yean  after  lier  return  to  England,  her  home  lor  the  real  of  her 
life,  the  appeared  in  otaiorio)  and  concena,  and  ber  dramalic 
initincu  were  aa  almngly  and  pcibapa  as  advaniageouily  dis- 
pLiyed  In  iheu  turroucding)  a>  they  had  been  on  Ihe  OagC, 
for  the  grandeur  of  her  conceptions  in  such  paaiag^  u  the 
"Sanctut"  of  Eiijak,  the  intcntily  of  conviciion  which  tbi 
(brew  into  Ihe  acene  of  Ihe  widow  io  Ibe  lame  work,  or  the 
rcli^ui  fervour  of  "  I  know  thai  ray  Redeemer  livelb,  "  could 
not  have  found  a  place  In  opera.  In  her  later  yean  the  look 
an  active  inierett  in  the  Bach  Ch«ir,  conducted  by  her  huibtnd, 
rhoiua,  but  gave  Ibe  benefit 


The  lupreme  pc 


e  tadiet  of  Ihe  tociel_ 

al  the  Royal  College  of  Muaic 
at  at  DUtuldort  on  Ihe  aolh  ol 

Ihe  tang  Id  JinU,  u  oralgiio  compoied  by 

d  ai  hialvem  gn  Ibe  lod  of  Movember  iSSt. 

the  held  so  long  in  the  operatic  world  wta 


ryofbc 


ship  which  diitinguiibed  her  above  all  her  contemporariea,  but 
also  to  the  naive  simplicity  of  her  acting  in  fan  f  avouriie  pana, 
such  ai  Amina,  Alice  or  Agalhe,  In  Ibete  and  olhen  the 
had  Ibe  precious  iiuality  of  conviction,  aod  Identified  herself 
wjib  Ibe  chtraclers  she  repreaented  with  a  thorougbncaa  rare  in 
ber  day.  Unhanncd  by  the  pedis  of  a  stage  career,  ibe  wat  a 
model  of  rectitude,  genennilyand  tlnightforwardntat,  carrying 
the  lasi  quality  into  a  cenain  blunl  directneas  of  manner  that 
was  sometimes  latliet  llutling.  CI'  A.  F.  M.) 

UHDAD,  PAUL  (tSjo-  },  German  dramalist  and  ooveliit, 
the  son  cJ  a  ProMKanl  piator,  waa  bom  al  Magdeburg  on  the 
3rd  of  June  iSjq.  He  wat  educated  al  Ihe  gymnasium  in 
Halle  and  subaequently  in  Leipag  and  Berlin.    He  apent  five 

correspondeDt  to  German  papeit.  AfterhiirelumteGcrmaiiyin 
1863  he  was  engaged  in  Journalism  in  DiLsseldoif  and  Elbcrldd. 
In  1870  he  founded  Du  nm  Blall  at  Leipiig;  from  1871  to 
1S81  he  edited  the  Berlin  wedily.  Dit  CegeimoH;  and  in  iS7t 
he  founded  the  well-known  monthly,  ATsrd  tnuf  SuJ,  which 
he  continued  to  edit  until  1904-  Two  books  of  travel,  Ata 
Veufifli  (DUaieldoif,  1S64)  and  Aia  Peru  (Sluiigan,  i8ti}, 
were  foUowcd  by  some  voliimea  of  critical  ttndia,  written  in 
a  light,  talirical  vein,  which  at  oiKe  made  him  famoua.  These 
wen  Harmliut  BritSt  tina  ituttcka  KltintUtdlai  (Leipiig, 
3  vol*.,  1870),  Ufdinu  Utrclim  jtr  ptm  Kiiidtr  (Leipaig, 
1870)  and  Ulaariuhi  RIUkiiMiltiitUiltii  (Leifuig,  l8;i)i 
He  wat  ajifxHnted  intendanl  of  Ibe  conn  thealra  at  Ueiningen 
in  1895,  but  removed  Io  Berlin  in  1809,  where  he  bccama 
nunager  of  Ibe  BcrUnar  Tbealcr,  and  Eubuqucnily,  until  loos, 
of  the  DeuUcbet  Theater.  Ue  bad  begun  hit  dramatic  careei 
in  iS6g  wjib  Uarim,  the  first  of  a  long  seiiet  of  pUyt-in 
which  b«  diaplayed  a  remarkable  talent  lor  stage  eSect  aod 
a  command  of  witty  and  lively  dialogue.  Amoiig  Ihe  mora 
famou*  were  Uaria  und  Uati^rTtt  (1871},  TaxU  Tkatsi 
f(S7fi}.  Qrtfin  Ua  (iB7«),  DU  EnU  (1S9S).  Da  Abnd  (1S96). 
Da  Btr  tM  Burnt  (i8w),  Seiekdir  Itgoji,  and  he  adaplo) 
lunr  play*  bjr  Dbbh,  Angiat  and  Saidou  for  the  Gennan 
•tage.  Five  volunua  of  hi*  pliyi  have  been  published  (Berlin. 
lijS-ilBI).  Some  of  U>  voluma  ol  tbon  ttoiiea  acquired 
great  popularity,  notably  ffemnif  Frni  Barer  (Biealan,  1881) 
and  TBignhirg  md  andere  CadiiMm  (Breslan,  1883).  A 
novel-aequence  entitled  Bplix  included  Dtr  Zui  Kadi  (fa* 
Valtn  (Stuttgart,  iSU,  leth  ed.  iQoj),  Anu  Uiiehtn  (1S87, 
9th  ed.  190J)  and  Spuiai  [188B,  8lh  ed.  1904).  Later  BOvdf 
w«n  Di,  CMIfM  (Brealin.  xl#\  DU  b§dv  (OkMm.  ■*«>. 


^AiOOt^ie 


7i8 


LINDAU— LINDLEY,  JOHN 


Der  Kintt  h<i  Sidim  (Bnslan,  189S).  Rli  nrlitr  booka  on 
Mtliire  (Lcipiis,  1S7O  ud  ^tfrrrf  <ft  JfuuiJ  (BFclin,  1S77) 
wcrcfoHowtd  by  Hinc  volumnof  dnmulicand  literary  criticiun, 
CuammtUe  Au/ialie  (Bcriin,  1875),  Dramalurpida  Bluller 
(Stutlgan,  I  volt..  1875,  new  kHo,  Bmlau,  1I7II,  i  vob.}, 
Vanpiilt  tuf  iim  TAwfcr  (Breslau,  1*35). 

His  brolher,  Rudou  Linimu  (b.  iSig),  wu  a  o^-linovn 
diptomiiiit  and  luihof.  Hb  novets  and  tiles  mn  coOecicd 
in  1&03  (Berlin,  6  vol).).  The  raosl  atlractivr,  suck  u  Aciii- 
fc/JUrlen  and  Jhr  laiiii  HtHimltr,  dul  wiib  Ifae  life  o[  Euro- 


pean 1 


[ilnll 


_,_ ._,   Pami   LitittU   all   ibnflUltfdvr   Duller 

Bcriia,  ia7«J. 

UMDAUi  a  loWD  and  pkuun 
Baviri*,  and  tbc  tcnlnl  point  ol  me  iranaii  itaae  Dctw«n 
that  country  and  Switteflaiid,  utuated  on  two  islands  qQ  the 
uters  shore  d[  Lake  Cansluice.  Fop.  (190$)  6j]i 
IDwn  Is  a  terminus  oF  Ibe  Vaiariberg  railway,  and  of  Ihe 
uch-Llndau  line  of  the  Bavarian  state  railways,  and  is 


ailvay  enbinkmi 


iSjj.     Then 


royal 


palace  and  an  old  and  a  ne*  lown-hall  (ibi 
been  built  la  1411  and  restored  la  1S86-1SS8),  a  muKum  and 
>  nunidpal  library  with  Intertiling  manuscripts  and  a  collection 
of  Bibles,  also  cLusical,  commerdal  and  industrial  scbools. 
The  harbour  is  much  ftequenied  by  steamers  from  ConsUnce 
and  other  places  on  the  lake.  There  aie  also  some  Rointn 
reniBins,  the  Heidtnmauer,  and  a  fine  modem  fountain,  Ibe 
Reichsbrunnen.  Opposite  the  custom-house  is  a  bronxe  statue 
-'  ■■     "        n  n.,  erected  in  iBj«. 


On  U 


d  by  ll 


■  Ti^ii,  and  the  authentic  records  of  Lindiu 
date  back  to  the  end  of  Ihe  g<b  century,  wben  it  *u  known 
*a  Ljnioin.  In  1J74,  or  ewlier,  it  became  a  free  imperial 
town;  in  ijji  it  Jjrined  the  Swabian  league,  and  in  1531  became 
a  member  of  tbe  league  of  SchmalkaldenT  having  just  prevfoosly 
accepted  tbe  reformed  doctrines.  In  1647  it  was  ineffectually 
besieged  by  the  Swede*.  In  1804  itlosl  its  imperial  privileges  and 
pasted  to  Austria,  being  irantfcrrcd  to  Savaria  in  iSoj. 

See  BoDlan,  LtHiaH,  w  altrm  *nd  jaa  {Lindau.  1871);  aod 
Stnoent  FUkttr  dmrtk  LiMdox  and  Um^biuipn  (Lindau,  1900). 

Uimn,  a  (own  In  the  Prussian  province  of  Hanover,  3  m. 
S.W.  by  rail  from  the  city  ol  that  name,  of  wbich  it  practically 
lorras  a  suburb,  and  Iran  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Ihine. 
Pop.  (1Q05)  57,o4i.  It  has  a  fine  nwdem  town-hall,  and  a 
daasical  and  other  schools.     Chief  among  tit  indutliies  are 


:ofcli 


iving,  I 


steel  T 


UITDBUT,  HOBBBT,  of  Pitscotlie  (c.  isjo-c.  1S90),  Scottish 
lusiotian,  ol  tbe  family  of  Ihe  Lindetayt  of  Ihe  Byres,  was  bom 
at  Piucottie,  in  the  parbh  of  Ceres,  Fiieshire,  wbkb  be  held 
in  lease  at  •  laler  period.  His  Hulerit  and  Crtnula  o/  SmUaiuJ, 
tbe  only  work  by  which  he  is  nmembeted,  b  described  at  a 
continuatloD  ol  that  of  HmIoc  Boea,  translated  by  John 
Bdlenden.  It  coven  the  period  from  1437  to  isfij,  and, 
tlwDgh  it  sometimes  degenerates  Into  a  mere  chronicle  of  abort 
entiles,  is  not  without  pasugtt  of  great  pictuiesqueneu.  Sir 
Waller  Scott  made  use  of  it  in  UarmioH;  and.  in  spite  ol  its 
iuccnncy  In  details,  it  is  useful  for  the  social  bitlaiy  ol  tbe 
period.  LiBdesay'ssbateinthe  CrffnicIawugeaerallystippoMd 
la  end  with  is6s:  >>"'  ^'  Aeneas  Mukay  coniiden  Ikat  Uw 
frank  account  of  the  events  connected  with  Uary  Sluatt 
between  ijfis  and  157s .contained  in  one  ti  tbe  MSS.  is  by 
hb  hand  *ai  wit  only  suppitteed  beCMH  it  wu  too  fiithfal 
in  its  record  of  conteiapotary  aSiin. 

ThefTuk^oiKfCrnnJit  ins  first  pnbUAedln-infl..  Acomplite 
edition  of  tbe  ten  (I  vols.].  biKd  ca  thaL^  MS.  No.  IiS  m  the 
anlv^niiy  of  Edinburih,  was  published  by  the  ScDItiih  TeS  Sccicly 
io  ie«  under  the  edjtarihrp  of  Acneu  J.  C.  Mackay.  The 
MS.,  fsmerly  Id  the  poHCH^on  of  John  Scon  of  HalkihiU.  i>  fuller, 
and,  Iboutfa  in  ■  later  band,  is,  on  the  wfaole,  a  belter  reprnentative 
of  Liodesay'i  ten. 

mon,  JEAN  lAPTUn  BOBSRT  <i749-iSii),   FnD(± 


lyCEme).  Before  Ibe  Kerohnlon 
■r-iyitfic  «< 


He  acted  ai 


Assembly  Appointed  deputy  to  the  Le^slitivc  AttenUjr 
and  subsequently  10  the  QviTenlioii,  he  iitaiDed  conudenUe 
prominence.  He  was  very  hostile  10  the  fang,  fomished  a 
Rappnri  sv  let  inma  mp^lii  Louis  Ca^tl  (lolh  of  December 
tjifi),  and  voted  for  the  death  ot  Louis  without  ^ipeal  or 
respite.  He  was  inslruracnta!  ia  the  cstablitbnienl  of  tbe 
Revdulionaiy  Tribuful  and  contributed  to  tbe  downfall  of 
Ihe  Girondisu.  As  member  of  the  Committee  ot  Pubiic  Safely, 
he  devoted  himself  particularly  to  the  question  of  food-sunihes, 
and  it  was  only  by  dint  of  dogged  perseverance  and  great  ad- 
niinislntive  toienl  that  he  was  successful  in  copmg  wiih  thit 
difficult  problem.  He  had  meaowhite  been  sent  to  supproa 
revolts  in  the  dbuicls  of  RhAne,  Eure.  Calvados  and  Finisttre, 
wherehehadbeeDabletoputsueacoacilialaiy policy.  Wthoul 
being  formally  opposed  to  Robe^iene,  he  did  not  support  him, 
and  he  was  the  oiily  member  of  the  Commlltee  of  PuUk  Safely 
who  did  not  sign  tbe  order  for  the  ^Lecution'  of  Danton  and 
his  party.  In  a  like  spirit  of  moderatkia  he  apposed  the 
Tbennidorian  reaction,  and  defended  Bartrs,  BiOaiul-VaresDt 
the  CoUol  d'Heibois  from  the  kccoaetiaai  bmched  against  then 
00  tbe  imd  of  March  1745.  Blauelt  denaonced  on  the  lotk 
of  May  1795,  ^'  wis  defended  by  his  brother  Tbomas,  butsnly 
escip«]  condemnitiDn  by  the  vote  of  amiMMy  ol  the  4tt  eif 
Brunuire,  year  IV  (16th  of  October  I7»s)  He  was  ainittR 
of  finance  from  the  iSih  of  Jlme  Io  the  qih  of  November  1799, 
bot  refused  office  under  the  Consulate  -and  tbe  Empire.  Id 
iS]6  he  wis  proociibed  by  the  Restoration  governmeBI  as  a 
regicide,  and  did  not  return  to  France  unlH  just  before  hil 
death  on  Ihe  17th  of  February  iSi;,  His  tHuIher  Thomu 
made  some  mark  a>  a  Coostilultoul  bishop  and  member  ol 
the  Convenlion. 

Sn  Amand  Monticr,  Akrf  timiit  (fant.  1199};  H.  Tuipin, 
Tkimmi  Luidtl  (Bcnay,  1U6};.  A.  Moatier,  Cbtri^w^bwi  it 
riwmu  Linda  (Paris,  itw). 

UMDUT.  JOHN  (i799-it6s),  Englith  botaaltt,  was  bom 
on  the  jth  of  February  ij^  at  Catton,  neat  Norwieb,  whett 
hb  father,  George  Liodley,  author  of  A  Cmdt  U  Ikt  Orcttrd 
aid  KUtkai  Garden,  owned  a  nnnery  garden.  He  was  edncsted 
at  Norwich  grammar  school.  His  &n  pubUcation,  In  ilis, 
■  translation  ol  iJu  Awctja  imfmU  ol  L.  CM.  Riiiiu4  was 
foUnwed  tn  iSio  by  an  etiglnt]  Mm*^pUa  Sbivwk.  with 
detatpttou  of  new  vedes,  aod  dixwfaiff  eucoted  by  hlinsdl, 
and  in  iSii  by  itaiupatHa  OigilaWMa,  and  by  "  Obtetvationi 
on  Fomaccae,"  coatiibuted  to  the  Unaeaa  Sodety.  Shortly 
afterwards  he  went  to  London,  irfiere  be  was  ettgaged  by  J.  C 
Loudon  to  wtilB  th«  dcacriptin  portion  of  the  Encydapcidit  ^ 
Ptanit.  Ilihltlabcanontld>uudertaking,iriiichwatcoDipjcted 
IniSag,  liebecaiDeciHnrincedofthauipeiiorityoftbe"na(ui*l" 
system  o(  A.  L.  de  Jusaieu,  as  distlngiiiahed  from  the  "  ailifclil  * 
system  of  Linaieus  followed  in  the  £Mcytiep<udia\  Ihe  cto- 
vlctloa  found  erpresdon  in  A  Synapili  tj  ^iliik  Fieri,  arranid 
aatr^Kl  tt  Me  Nalurei  Oriir  (iSiQ)  and  in  An  IntrMuiUiii 
m  Ui  Ncmitl  S^iUm  aj  Btuay  (iSja).  Is  ill?  lindley.  wbs 
liata  iSsi  had  been  assistant  aemcary  to  the  Bcdifallnisl 
Society,  was  appointed  10  the  chaii  of  bouny  in  Csivenlty 
CoUege,  London,  which  he  retained  tUl  i8do;  lie  lectured  aliB 
on  botany  frail  iSji  at  Ihe  Royal  Instltutioo.  and  iron  it]6 
at  the  Botanic  Gardens,  Chelsea.  l>uiing  his  prufuiwiin 
he  wrote  many  irltBIIBc  and  popidai  wnks,  bodes  contii- 
bntlng  largely  to  the  Bctaukal  BM^iltr,  of  which  he  was  ediiM 
for  many  years,  and  to  tlw  Varima't  CliradcU,  Id  which  hi 
had  darge  ol  the  honkuhural  dcpartmeU  from  iS4T.  He  «i) 
a  fellaw  of  the  Rognl,  Umiean  and  G«ilofi^  Sodstlcs.  Eedieil 
at  Tomham  Gtacooa  the  1st  o(  Novambct  iS6s. 

Besldca  tbota  abead*  mKnloMil.  bb  sniki  laduda  Am  CMin 

BMd  Pkytitlan  ifpianU  (iSu).  ANalMnJ  S}iltw,  •/ BtHaj  (iM^ 
IV  raisST&a  ^Ctaitir!^  (with  William  Hatton.  iSii-Hi;). 
FUn  Uflla  <it]S).  Ttmcr,  if  tIaMailm  (rB40).  lW»^ 
XisgdiM  <r846>.  AUsCMi^as  (ma),  JKfwtfSfci  Jay/  fi*>ft 


LINDLEY,  BARON— LINDSAY 


.  umur,  ButoH  (iSis- 

bflub  Jd^  MB  cf  Jalm  lindhy  (f.i.),  «u  ben  U  i 
Gneo.  tliddlMCi,  «a  the  igth  at  Navembn  iSiS.  Hi 
cdncaUd  U  UnHtaiQr  C(d^  Scbool,  nd  uudted  (or  &  lime 
M  Umnnitr  Colkfe,  LoDdoil.  Be  KM  caUcd  to  tlw  bu  M  tbe 
>Sd(Ue  TiBBple  in  iSjo,  ud  begu  pactice  tn  the  Couit  of 
ChancEty.  laitsibtfxtilbiiBtAHlii^tdiiHiaiilcllHSlmdytf 
Jvbtniaut,  couWlDg  of  k  tniolulcm  cf  the  (eneril  pan  ' 
Tbibiot'*  Sjiltiii  Jet  FtuMlai  JbdUt,  with  copious  oMa,  : 
i8te  be  pDbBdnd  In  tira  volume)  Us  TrtaHit  «•  U(  lam  cf 
PartHtnkit,  McfiitfMf  fO  Apt''"''^  l»  /oM  ^<Mt  <"■'  t"^ 
CoM^aiHu,  ud  In  iW>  >  (upplemeM  tadtuUog  the  Compeiies 
Act  of  iWi.  Tfali  work  bu  ilnce  been  developed  iiuo  two  teti- 
booki  well  known  to  Uwyen  u  linJIey  m  Cntpania  and 
UhIUj  em  ParlmrMp.  He  beome  *  Q.C.  In  Juuuy  1871. 
In  1874  be  wu  elected  &  beiKber  ol  the  Middle  Tem[^,  o[  which 
he  WB  tieiAtfer  in  1S94.  In  [A75  he  wu  appointed  a  justice  ol 
cOBimon  |de*t,  Ibe  If^olnlment  et  ■  chucny  banutii  la  s 
cooiDIIHI-Uw  cturt  being  Juitifled  by  the  luiion  oC  law  end  equity 
then  ibottly  to  be  brought  ibinit,  in  ibcoiy  at  all  evcnti.  by 
the  Judlcatun  Acta.  In  punuaoce  ol  Ibe  changes  now  made 
be  bMsnie  >  justice  of  the  comman  pleai  division  of  the  High 
Court  ol  JiDticc,  and  in  iSSo  ol  the  queen's  beach  division.  In 
iSSl  be  waa  fabed  to  the  Court  ut  Appal  and  made  a  privy 
couTicillor.  In  iB97t  Lord  Justice  Lindiey  succeeded  Lord 
Ethtr  a*  matter  of  the  toUa,  and  in  1900  be  was  made  a  lord  ol 
q>peal  in  ordinaiy  wilb  a  life  peerage  and  the  title  of  Baron 
Undiey.  He  iraitaed  the  Jodklal  poit  in  1905.  Lord  LinOIcy 
«ai  the  tut  KTJeiiil-al-liw  ^ifMuued,  and  the  lost  judge  to 
wear  tb*  seileuu'*  coif,  or  niher  the  black  patcfa  nproeoiing 
f t,  «i  the  Jnifidal  wig.  He  married  in  1S58  Saiah  Kalherine, 
dughlcr  el  Edwnd  John  Ttale  ol  Leeds. 

UNDLBT.  WIUIAM  (igo»-iooo),  English  engineer,  was  bom 
In  London  on  the  7th  el  Sc4>Innbcr  i3oS.  and  became  a  pupil 
onda  Fmndt  GSet,  whom  he  ainsled  in  designing  ibe  Newcastle 
•adOutUeandtheliOndon  nndSouihampioniailwayi.  Leaving 
F"b''~*  about  i8j7,  he  was  engaged  for  a  lime  in  railway  work 
in  vaiioiu  parti  of  Europe,  and  then  retumed.  as  engmecT'tn- 
ddet  to  the  Hmbuig-Bcigedarf  nilway,  to  Hanbuig.  near 
which  city  be  had  received  hb  eaily  educuioo,  and  to  wUch  be 
w»  destined  uMtnd  in  modi  the  aame  lelitioo  u  Baron  Hiuss- 
WuuitoFaiis.  HitfaMnchieveDKHwutodtamtbeHamnier- 
brook  manbei,  and  ao  add  une  1400  loti  to  the  avaOabie  area 
Of  tbecity.  lUi  leal  of^iOTtaiiity,  however,  cane  with  the  great 
be  wUch  broke  out  on  the  jth  of  May  ilfi  and  Imnied  for  three 
day*.  He  waa  entiuned  with  the  dfreclloa  of  the  operations  to 
(heck  iti  spread,  aiul  the  ilrong  TMiiurei  he  adopted.  Including 
the  blowiiif.ap  of  Ibe  town  haU,  Itnaghl  hii  Itfe  into  danger 
with  the  mob,  wlw  profewed  to  ace  in  Un  an  Eo^bh  agent 
thaiftd  with  the  deuructlon  of  the  port  of  Hambarg.  Aflei  the 
extinction  of  the  fiie  be  was  appoiaUH  tonulling  engioeer  to 
the  senate  and  town  coundl,  to  the  Wnler  Board  and  Id  ibe 
Board  ol  Works.  He  btgiD  with  the  coostructioa  ol  a  comidetc 
aeweiage  system  on  principles  which  did  HOI  eacape  criticism, 
but  which  eipeiience  showed  to  be  good.  Between  1S44  and 
1S43  water-works  wen  established  from  Ul  deaigos,  the  intake 
from  tbe  Elbe  being  at  Rotlienbuipon.  Subsidence  (anka  were 
osed  lor  doiificaiion,  but  in  iS;j,  wlien  he  designed  large  ex- 
tensions, he  urged  the  snUtltutioa  of  aond-Gltratioa,  wbich, 
however,  was  not  adopted  until  the  cbolem  ejtidemic  of  1S91- 
iStS  bad  shown  tbe  ioUy  of  tbe  opposition  directed  against  it. 
In  1846  be  erected  the  Hamburg  gas-woifca;  public  bnibs  and 
wash-bouses  were  built,  and  laigeextenstoni  tothepoftciccuted 
according  to  his  plans  in  1B54;  and  be  aupCTTlscd  the  Rmatmr- 
tfoo  orthe  Aliona  gat  and  water  worka  in  i8s5.  Among  other 
aervicea  be  rendered  to  the  dty  may  be  mentioned  the  Irigono- 
metricid  lurvey  executed  betwsen  ta4S  and  1S60,  and  tbe 
conduct, of  the  negotiatiotB  vUcb  in  1851  lesulted  in  the  sole  of 
tbe  "  Sledyard  "  on  the  banks  of  the  lliamel  bebnging  to  it 

{lintly  with  the  two  other  Hinseatic  towns,  Bremen  and  LUbcck. 
n  i8£s  be  left  Hamburg,  and  during  Ibe  remaining  nineteen 
ircaH  tf  his  profetalosal  practice  he  wai  levooable  for  many 


I  in  varioiB  European  <}tlea;  amanc  them  being 
Frankfon-on-tbe-Hain,  Wanaw,  Feath,  DOtteldDif ,  Calati  and 
BaseL  In  Fnnkfon  he  ooosliucted  aewerage  vuks  on  the 
same  principles  as  those  be  Ibflowed  in  Hamburg,  and  the  aysiem 
was  wide^  imitated  not  only  in  Europe,  but  also  in  America. 
He  wu  abo  coniutted  in  regard  to  water-worka  at  Berlin,  Kiel, 
Stralsuod,  Stettin  and  Leipzig;  be  advised  tbe  New  River 
Cotnpany  of  London  on  the  adi^jtlon  of  the  constant  aiqiply 
system  in  iSji',  and  he  wis  conunissioiKd  by  the  Britiah 
Government  to  cany  out  various  worka  in  Ijeligoluid,  indodiog 
tbe  big  ictiiniog  mil  "  Am  Fafan,"  He  died  at  Blaeitlieath, 
Loiidon,  on  the  land  of  Uay  19001, 

LinXh  HARK  HtAeBB  (r8i9'iS79).  DotdiproK  writer, 
of  Englsb'Jewfsh  descant,  was  bom  In  London  on  the  i3th  of 
September  iSi^  Be  went  (n  Hi^and  when  nineteen  years  of 
age,  and  onca  Mabliihed  there  as  a  private  leacbei  of  tbe 
EngKah  language,  be  aoon  made  up  bis  mind  to  nmam.  In 
1841  he.  potaed  hia  eiaminalioD  at  Amhem,  qualifying  bin 
as  a  profoaot  el  English  In  Holland,  subsequently  becoming  a 
Lcscher  of  the  En^teb  language  and  literature  at  the  gymnaaium 
Id  that  town.  In  iSjj  be  was  appointed  Id  a  aimilai  c^ucity 
at  the  Royal  Military  Academy  in  Breda.  Meanwhile  Undo 
bad  obtained  a  thorough  graip  of  the  Dutcb  language,  partly 
during  hi;  student  years  at  Utrecht  Univenity,  where  In  1854  lu 
gained  the  degree  of  doctor  of  liieratme.  His  pmfideney  in  the 
two  languages  led  him  to  translate  into  Dnlcb  sevelul  of  the 
works  of  Didms,  Thackeray  and  others,  and  af  terwaida  also  of 
Fielding,  Sterne  and  Walter  Scott.  Some  of  Undo'a  Irautlatima 
bore  the  imprint  ol  hasty  and  careless  work,  and  all  were  very 
unequal  b  quality.  His  name  is  much  more  likely  to  endure 
OS  Ibe  writer  of  humorous  original  sketches  and  novdettes  in 
Dutcb,  which  be  published  onda  the  pseudonym  ol  De  Oude 
Ilerr  Smils  I"  Old  Mr  Sndts  ").  Among  tbe  most  popular  arc: 
Britm  tn  OiUbiannngeii  ("  Letters  and  Conlssioos,"  1S53, 
with  three  "  Contlnuilioni ");  Familit  Mn  Out  ["  Family  of 
Outs,"  1S55I;  BttenUniistn  trnir  Jontt  Damt  ("  ContcssioiB  of 
1  Young  Lady,"  185S):  VitOiladi  utl  kel  Zhiftent  ran  Wijlen 
ien  Htrr  Jama  Sner  ("  Extracts  from  tbe  Diary  of  the  lale  Mi 
Jinus  Snor,"  1S65);  Typai  ("  Types,"  iS;i);  and,  particularly, 
A/dryUm  tun  IndmHai  ("  ImpraaiDns  from  Imprsisions," 
rS^,  reprinted  many  times).  Tbe  laal-named  was  written  in 
ndlabontion  n-iih  Lodewyk  Mulder,  wbo  contributed  some  of  ita 
drollest  whimalcaUiies  ol  Dutch  life  and  chancier,  which,  for 
that  reason,  are  almost  uninnslalable.  Lodewyk  Mulder  and 
Lindo  at«)  founded  together,  and  carried  on,  for  a  con^denUa 
time  alone ,  the  Hti4rtviiKki  Sfci1*r  ("  The  Dutch  ^wctator  "}, 
a  Utetary  weekly.  Mill  pubUahed  at  Tbe  Hagoe,  which  beats  IHtle 
reiemUann  to  in  En^th  prototype,  and  which  pcrhapt  reached 
ita  greatett  popularity  and  inflnence  when  Votmacr  contributed 
to  it  a  brilliant  weekly  letter  under  the  fanciful  title  of  Vlugmaren 
("Svifts").  Ljndo's  aetlooa  original  Dutch  writings  he  pub- 
lished under  tiii  own  name,  Ibe  principa]  one  being  De  Ofhniul 
n  OnlviiidiHe  ni»  M  EngrlKhc  VM  ("  The  Rise  and  Develop- 
ment of  tbe  British  People."  3  vols.  i£«S-i874)— a  valuaUe 
hiaiOTy.  Lodewyk  Mulder  published  in  1877-1B70  a  collected 
'dilioa  of  Lindo'i  writings  in  five  volumes,  and  there  has  since 
lecn  a  popular  relisue.  Linda  wu  appointed  an  Intpecloi  of 
.)rimiry  scboola  in  tbe  provioce  of  South  Holland  io  1W5,  a  poK 
he  held  ontil  Us  death  at  Tbe  Hague  on  tbe  nth  of  March  1879. 

LDtlKAT,  the  family  name  ol  the  earls  of  Crawford.  The 
family  ia  one  oi  great  antitiuity  In  Scotland,  iheeatlieit  to  setlie 
in  thai  comtiy  bdngSir  Waller  de  Lindealo,  who  attended  David, 
cari  of  HuMiaiidoa,  afterwanta  King  David  I.,  in  bis  coloniiaiion 
of  the  LowUndasaily  inthe  isthontury.  The  deacendanti  of 
Sr  Walter  divided  inW  three  hrasehea,  one  of  which  held  the 
baronietof  Lambcnon  in  Sootlaiid,and  Kendal  and  Uolciwonh 
her  bdd  Luflneaa  and  Crawford  in  Scotland 
and  baU  Limeti  fn  En^and;  ud  a  tUid  held  Breneville  and 
Byres  In  Scotland  and  certain  landa,  not  by  baronial  tenure,  in 
England.  Tbe  beads  of  all  these  brancbca  sat  aa  hanna  in  the 
Scottish  parliament  for  nore  than  two  hundred  years  before  the 
clevatlM  of  the  thief  of  iJu  house  to  an  eathkoi  in  t  jqS.    Tbe 


7^0 


LINDSAY— LINE 


Llndn^  bcid  the  pot  moanctin  dlnrin  of  Cnaford  in  Oyia- 
dile,[n)Di  which  [be  title  al  the  urldam  it  derived,  [romthe  iiih 
century  tHI  tbc  dole  of  Ibe  15th,  whrn  It  passed  to  the  Douslu 
cull  (d  Angus.    Sec  Ckawtoiid,  Eamu  or 

See  A.  W.  C.  Lindsy.  lilemrdi  «rl  et  Cnwfofd,  LmacfOi 
iBU  ud  1«J9). 

LIHDUT.  >  town  ud  pM  of  enby  at  Ontuio,  Caudt,  uid 
cipitkl  of  W»oii»  county,  OD  (be  Soifog  river,  jj  m.  NX.  of 
TotDnto  by  rail,  oa  Ibc  Cm«di»B  Fidtc  nilw^y.  mat  U  ibe 
joBctiott  of  the  Port  Hope  ud  lUUbunoa  biucba  toi  Ibe 
HidUnd  division  of  tbeCntid  Trunk  railway.  Pop.(ivii)  jooj. 
It  bu  Moamboat  communicatioii,  by  w»y  of  the  TrtU  caml, 
witbL»k«Scu«o»«nd  the  pons  on  the  Trent  lyitem.  Hcoouins 
nw  and  pitt  mills,  icricultunl  impltment  and  othei  lactone*. 

UIDSEr,  THEIH>HILCS  (iTinBoS).  English  (becto^u, 
mx  bam  in  Middlewicb,  Cbeshiit,  m  the  10th  el  June  lyij, 
and  wu  educated  at  tfae  Leeds  Free  School  and  U  St  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  where  In  1747  he  became  t.  lellow.  For 
wme  lime  he  held  a  cuiscy  in  Spiulfields,  Loadoa,  and  Irom 
i;S4  to  1756  he  Itavelled  on  theconiineni  of  Europe  oi  tutor 
to  Ibr  youog  duke  of  N'onbuniberUnd.  He  aru  then  presented 
to  the  Uving  of  Kirkby-Wiike  in  Yoikshire,  and  *f ler  eichongmg 
it  lor  that  of  Ptddlelown  in  Doisclshire,  he  removed  in  1763  to 
Calterick  in  Yoifcihlie.  Hereabout  17&4  he  founded  one  ol  the 
£nt  Sunday  schools  in  Englud.  Meanwhile  be  bod  begun  to 
cnteitain  anti-Tlini14tian  views,  and  to  be  troubled  in  conscience 
about  their  incoiolitency  with  the  Anglioin  bfliefi  snce  17(9 
the  inlimile  friendship  ol  Joseph  Priestley  bid  served  to  (oNer 
his  lecuplea.  and  in  1771  he  united  wiib  Francis  BlockbuiDe, 
uchdeuon  of  Cleveland  (his  fitbcr-in-law),  John  Jebb  (i7j6 
ijS«),  Chriilophei  Wyvill  (1740-1311)  nlid  Edmund  Law  1703- 
17^7)'  bishop  tA  CoilisJe,  in  preparing  a  petition  to  psrluunenl 
with  the  prayer  tbal  clergymen  of  the  church  and  groduolo  of 
tbe  uoivtr^iiei  might  be  relieved  from  the  burden  ol  subKribing 
to  the  thiTty-iiine  artides,  and  "  restored  to  their  undoubted 
rights  at  Protestants  of  interpreting  Scnplore  lor  ibemselves." 
Two  hundred  and  £fty  signatures  were  obtained,  but  in  February 
1771  Ibe  House  of  Common)  declined  even  to  receive  ibe  petition 
by  a  majority  of  117  10  711  the  adverK  vote  vat  repeated  in  the 
fallowing  year,  and  in  the  end  of  177].  teeing  do  protpcct  of 
ebtaining  within  the  church  Ibe  relief  which  hit  contcience 
demanded,  Lindxy  retigned  his  vicaiage.  In  April  177a  he 
began  to  conduct  Unitarian  servica  in  a  room  in  Essex  Street, 
Strand.  London,  where  first  a  church,  and  afterwords  the  Uni- 
tarian offices,  were  established.  Here  he  remained  till  ijoj, 
when  be  retigned  his  charge  b  favour  of  John  Ditney  (1716- 
■816),  who  lilce  himself  bad  lelt  the  established  church  and  had 
become  his  colleague.    He  died  on  the  3rd  of  November  iSoS. 

Lindvy'i  chief  werV  it  An  HiMnal  I'ww  if  tin  SlaU  af  lie 
VnUrHK  Dltlnae  ami  Wtnitf  Jrtm  llu  FifrrwiatKii  I*  nr  1 — 
Ttma  {1781I1  in  it  he  claims,  amongft  othcn,  Bumei  Tilloli 
S.  Clarke.  Hoadly  and  Sir  I.  Newton  for  the  (fniCariae  view  .... 
ether  puWicslioflt  inchide  AMirf  m  JErii'iiiiiif  lb  Vuortti  rf 
r,«^i  f.-n.i    .nri  E-„a(  „  J,  .iMfgp  (I7j6).  TV  fiiil    * 


emaint  of  tbe  fiib  Cjuttoi^  &sm  WnOo-l  Beds,  ind 

<witb  T.  Tbonll)  a  tcoTiHon  PalaMtttoHit  from  Ludlow  Bcdi  iX 
Withy.  He  determined  tbe  true  nature  ol  the  operealatcd  coni 
Calaala;  and  while  he  described  otganic  lemainl  tiom  othet 
ports  of  oorthem  Eunqic,  he  worked  evedaUy  at  the  Pokeott^ 
lotdb  of  Sweden.  Hewas  awarded  the  Murcbiioa  meda)  by  the 
Geological  Sodely  ol  London  in  i8i)5.  In  1S76  he  wu  appojnltd 
keeper  of  the  fossit  Invcrtebrsta  in  the  Stale  Huteum  at  Stock- 
holm, where  be  died  on  the  16th  of  May  100 1. 

See  obituary  (with  ptxtiail).  by  F.  A.  Bather,  is  CaL  Ittt 
(July  1901).  p-jj> 

UKDUS,  one  of  tbe  throe  chid  dtie*  at  the  island  of  Rhodes 
^on  their  lynoecism  in  the  dty  of  Rhodes.  Ititsitualedootbi 
_.  side  of  tbe  island,  and  baa  a  finely  placed  acropi^  on  a 
prcdpitoui  hilt,  and  a  good  natural  harbour  just  N.  of  it.    Reoat 


tbe  AoopoliB,  and  qifendid  Pnpylaea  aiid  a  Mtircuc,  ttKiB- 
bliog  tbeae  at  Athsia.  The  iculptors  of  Ibe  Ltocooo  ore  aBoog 
Ibe  piieMa  of  Athena  IJDdla,  wboM  name*  at*  rtcofded  bf  i*" 
•criptioiit.  Some  euly  tem^  faave  >bo  bem  lonod,  aod 
iunqitiont  cut  on  the  rock  rcoorduig  tbe  aactifiee*  kDown  ■■ 
Bomclna.  Then  ore  alao  tncet  of  *  theatre  and  tock-cut  loobi. 
On  tbe  Aciopolii  it  a  cattle,  built  by  tbe  ksi^U  in  iIm  Mtb 


Cbr.  BliiilieiibiitaDdK.F.  ICnch,  ErfknUiM 

OK*,  it  Sluiit  (Copenlugeii.  i9a4--igD7). 

,  may  be  deduced 
from  the  primary  ones  of  thread  oroord,  aaucccniouol  object* 


ammt , 

Oarlu  (i77«l 


(177*1,  and  SrfKrf  w  tie  Afhty  1177*).  r*r  Bw*  ./ 
PrmyB  nfmmtd  aKerdurf  »  Mr  lit*  ^ilrlaU  Dr  Stmiul 
I77«f;  Di$urabf*i  tn  Oh  Prtfaa  u  Sf  Jakn'i  CiifcF  tmi 

'--  T  C*nW  {1779);  ViKluiat  pr—'-'—  --•-- 

Ckriilvsn  Idcti^  (1791):  am 


tWIHXii,   ._.  , 

LWDSTRON,  eOSTAP  (1I19-19B1).  Swedish  palaeontalofiit, 
Wat  bom  at  Witby  in  (JotUnd  on  the  171b  of  Auguit  1S19.  In 
1S48  he  entered  the  unii*nily  at  Upsala,  and  in  its*  he  took 
hit  doctor's  degrre.  Ifaving  attended  a 
Stockholm  by  S.  L.  Lav£n.  he  became  inle 
Bl  the  Biliic,  and  publitbed  teveral  paper 
fauna,  and  tubseqaently  on  Ibe  Gshea.  In  iSsS  be  Ixcai 
icboiil  teacher,  ainl  in  i8;S  a  mastei  bi  tbe  grammar  scho 
Wisby.  His  leisure  was  devoted  10  Rstsrcbcs  on  the  louiis  of 
the  Silurian  rocks  of  Gotland,  Inctuding  the  cent*,  brachiopoda. 


direction.    The  word  is  der 


c  lound,  bul 


KHnething  made  of  bemp  or  flu."  benoe  a  cord  « 
era  liMim,  flu.  "  Line  "  In  English  w>*  foeiaeriy  UMO  in  taa 
use  of  flu,  but  the  use  now  only  autvivet  in  Ibe  tecbnicsl 
UDe  for  the  fibres  of  fiu  when  separated  by  heckling  ftsa  Ibe 
iw  (see  Likeh).  Tbe  ultimate  origin  b  also  seen  in  the  verb 
to  line."  tocnversometbing  on  1  be  inside,  originally  lood of  tkr 
lining  "  of  a  piment  with  linen. 

In  maibematica  aeveral  ■<'*"■■"""  of  the  line  may  be  framed 
xording  to  the  aspect  from  lAkh  it  it  viewed.  The  lynthetiCBl 
_  meat  of  a  Une  from  the  notion  ol  a  point  is  the  baaia  of  EucUd'i 
definitioBi  tpBMn),  ti  i^nt  ditXartt  ("  a    lise  is    widiUn 

boundaries  of  a  H 

1"),  Another  synlbnical  deftnilioD,  oliit  tteat«d  by 
t   Greek*,  but  not   ^  Euchd,  ngud*  the  liv  ■* 

•  ■«  (Mnien     '    ' 

line,  and  a  "  solid  "  as  tbe  flui 
\iew.styling  tbeline^^^inropectof  thisc^iadty.  Anaiytial 
definitions,  aiibough  not  finding  a  place  in  the  Euclidean  treat- 
mcnl.  have  advantages  over  the  tyniheticak  deiivatiBa.  Thus 
the  boundariea  of  a  aolid  may  define  a  plane,  the  edgea  a  liiK, 
and  the  comers  a  point .  or  a  section  of  a  aobd  may  define  tbe 
surface,  a  sectioD  of  a  surface  the  line,  and  the  sectioii  of  a  line 
the  "  point."  Tbe  notion  of  dimensioot  follows  readdy  ffOB 
either  tyslrai  of  defimUeoa.  Tbe  (aUd  atenda  tkne  nqn, 
i.e.  It  has  length,  breadth  and  thieknen.  and  ii  iheKfaat  thrcc- 
k1  IcBctk  and  i*  tbCRfon 


pleiily.  Eudid  d 
respect  to  the  points  on  itiell — lUm  ypoii^  hmr  fnt  H 
Ira  THi  it'  Jwirvi  ffwlw  aiirot-  Plato  defined  It  as  the 
hne  having  Its  middle  point  hidden  by  the  end*,  a  ■*«*''''i™  (d 


LINE-ENGRAVING 


HchL   Arrhftnfifn  dc£MA  t  tttii^it  Dm  ai  the  ihortat  (UiUficc 
between  iwo  poiDtt. 

A  better  crilerion  ol  ncliUiwaiity  if  that  si  Slmplidut,  in 
AnUu  CMnncDtMor  of  tlw  jtb  centuty;  Lima  rcua  «( 


it  kco  luc  ad  aliuM  hcum  ("  ■  Mriifhi  line  it  one  whicb  trlica 
nlued  ibout  iti  two  atiemitie*  dix*  sot  chuse  iti  potltioD  "I . 
Thti  idea  <ru  emplayed  by  Labniu,  tod  tooM  ■lupicniutx 
by  Gieroluna  SLCchoi  in  1733- 

The  dninng  ol  a  imifhi  lim  1vtH«n  uiy  ttn  siven  pofnti 
lonns  the  uibject  of  Eudid'a  Gnt  poetuiite— ^inM»  iti 
rurdi  aiftuiou  M  ruif  a^ix'im'  «^tiv  ypaiiit^r  tyirytir, 
uid  the  pfodLdn^  of  a  ttni^t  lioe  coDlinuauAly  Id  t  atnigbt 
line  fi  tieued  in  the  seouid  poKulnte— kbI  «n^a«fibi)r  riMiif 
MBTiriranb kw'  Milat  bifiai£r. 

tor  ■  dmdal  (nalytie  d  tht  geometrical  notion  of  the  liiK  and 
recciUnearity,  ne  W.  B.  FruUiad.  Encliil'i  Eitmttdt  (loosl.  la 
anilytical  gcotnetry  the  rifht  line  it  alwayi  repreicntable  by  an 
equatiDn  or  equtiDBt  of  the  fint  decree ;  thui  in  Cartewn  co- 
oninatei  td  two  dimenvont  the  equation  ii  ol  the  form 
Ai'f^-fC^O.  in  trianfulti  coordinatei  Ai+B^-fCi~0.     la 


»l  immetry  in 


M.. 


biunrli  ol  anilyii —  . ,  _. 

Dot  the  point  ■<  vith  ordinary  analytical  Eeometry  \wk  uauitaTaT. 

Lon  naUVIHA.-tal  pUtca  of  copper  n  iteel,  the  mOhod 
of  oignvinf  (f-'Oi  ^  which  the  line  itieLf  la  boLLowed^  wheieaa 
In  the  •modcut  when  the  line  Ii  to  print  blaik  it  ii  left  In  relief, 
■cd  only  white  BpiCB  and  white  line!  an  holloHcd. 

Tbe  art  of  line  eninviag  ba>  been  pnniicd  Irtm  Iheariiot 
aiei.  Ttae  prehiMoric  Aztec  hatchet  (iven  to  Humboldt  ia 
MtiicD  wu  jutt  ai  truly  mpatd  ta  a  ntodem  copper-plate 
which  Eoay  convey  a  design  by  Flaiman;  the  Aatec  engiav- 
Inf  la  Tuder  than  the  European,  but  it  ii  the  ^jne  ajt.  Tba 
Important  diKovcry  which  made  line  engraving  one  of  the 
multiplying  arta  waa  the  diicovery  how  to  print  an  incised  line, 
vhkh  wae  hit  upon  al  laat  by  acddent,  and  luwwn  far  some  Lime 
before  iti  real  utility  waaniipecled.  line  engraving  in  Eurnpc 
does  not  owe  Iti  origin  to  the  woodcut,  hut  to  the  chaaing  00 
geldimlthi'  work.  The  goldimilhi  oF  Florence  in  the  middle  of 
the  r5th  century  were  in  tbe  habit  of  orrununting  their  oorki 
by  means  of  engtaTing,  aflct  which  they  filled  up  the  hollows 
produced  by  the  burin  with  a  Mack  enamel  made  of  silver,  lead 
and  sulphur,  the  result  being  that  the  duign  was  rendered  much 
more  visible  by  the  opposition  of  the  enamel  and  the  metal. 
An  engraved  design  filled  up  in  this  manner  was  called  a  utril*. 
Whihl  a  niello  WIS  in  progim  the  artist  could  not  see  it  M  »d1 
as  il  the  enamri  were  already  in  the  lines,  yet  he  did  not  like  10 
put  In  the  hard  enamel  prematurely,  as  when  once  it  was  set 
it  conld  not  easily  be  got  out  again.  He  therefore  took  •  sulphur 
cast  of  bis  niello  in  progress,  on  a  matrix  of  fine  clay,  and  filled 
up  the  linea  in  the  sulphur  with  lampblack,  thus  eiuibllng  him- 
aelf  lo  judge  of  the  italc  of  his  engmving.  At  a  liter  period 
It  was  discovered  that  a  proof  could  be  taken  on  damped  paper 
by  filling  the  engraved  Unes  with  a  certain  Ink  and  wiping  it 
ofi  the  surface  of  the  plate,  sufficient  pros' 
to  make  the  paper  go  into  the  hollowed  linea 
out  of  them.  This  was  the  beginiung  of  pli 
BieHo  engravers  thought  it  a  convenient  wb] 
work— the  metal  itself— as  il  saved  the  trouble  of  the  »u![Aur 
cut,  but  they  saw  no  funber  into  the  future.  They 
engraving  nielli  juil  the  same  to  ornament  plate  and  lurnitUVa; 
nor  was  It  unttl  the  ifith  century  that  the  new  melbodof  printing 
was  carried  out  to  Iti  great  and  wonderful  results.  There  are, 
however,  certain  differences  between  i^te-prinling  and  block- 
prinlEngwhlch  iHecItheeisentiiliof  art.  Whenpaper  Is  driven 
inlt  a  Ene  so  as  to  letch  the  ink  out  of  ft.  the  line  may  be  ofun- 
Inaglnabte  fineness,  it  will  print  all  the  same;  but  when  tbe 
paperisonty  pressed  a^gnaralsed  line,  the  tine  must  have  some 
appreciable  Ihtcknesti  the  wood  engraving,  therefore,  can  never 
— etcept  In  a  (mr  dc  frrii — be  so  ddieate  u  plaie  engravfaig. 
Again,  not  only  doe*  plale-printing  eicel  blodi-printbig  in 
ddiacy  ;  It  excel)  it  alio  in  foice  and  depth.    Tben  never  was. 


!  being  al 
id  fetch  th 


and  Ibcte  will  aevB-  ha,  a  woodcat  Fine  having  the  power  o(  • 
deep  line  in  aplate,  lor  mbkxk'piioting  the  line  is  only  a  blackened 
surface  of  paper  slightly  impressed,  whereas  ia  (date-printing  it 
is  a  eaif  with  an  additionsl  'Kirfcn>^  of  prinling  ink. 

The  Dwsi  impottaal  of  tbe  tools  used  in  line-engraving  is 
the  buriji,  which  Is  a  bu  of  steel  with  one  end  hied  in  a  handle 
rather  like  a  mushroom  with  one  side  cut  away,  the  burin  lisell 
being  shaped  so  thai  the  outing  eod  when  sharpened  takm  th* 
form  of  a  loienge,  point  downwards.  The  burin  acts  ciacliy 
like  a  pkwgh;  it  makes  a  (urrow  and  tumx  out  *  shaving  el 
metsl  as  tlw  plou^  turns  tbe  *»l  o[  a  Ud.  The  burin,  howcveri 
is  pushed  while  the  plough  is  pulled,  and  this  peculiar  cbaraciet 
nl  ihe  buiin,  or  graver,  ss  1  pushed  instrument  at  once  eatablishe* 
.a  wide  separation  between  it  and  all  the  other  instruments 
employed  in  the  ana  ol  design,  tucb  aa  peudli,  btuaha,  pena 
and  etching  needlea. 

Tbe  ekments  of  eflfiavini  with  the  burin  upon  metal  will  b* 
bat  UDdEnrcnd  by  an  example  of  a  very  simple  kinr' 
engiaving  of  leiteia.    The  — ^— '  ' " ■— 

blacks  are  Inierled,  this  let 

lines  and  four  curves  sD  .  .      -      - 

Suppuae,  then,  that  theeamvcr  hu  10  make  a  B.  he  wi 

these  lines,  xevened.  v9y  Ikghlly  ^(h  a  sharp  pwnr  or  style.  The 
next  thing  is  10  cut  out  the  macks  loot  the  whites,  as  in  wood 
eograving),  and  Ihii  would  be  done  with  two  diHerent  burini.  The 
ennaver  would  get  his  vertical  black  line  by  a  paweriul  plnur''' — 
srich  tha  burin  between  his  two  prepanton  first  Uaei.  and 
copper  in  the  thiclHst  partsol  th 


1.    Asat  Erst  drawn,  befoie, the 


.  and  ibsa 


ihich  to 


mid  then  take  a  finer 

likk  line  In  Ibe  midu  o>  ih 


to  the  Ih 


Ee  hollovB  so  produced  aie 


inlafil 
illed  w 

arid  driven  into  the  hollowed  letter  by  the  pecasure  <d  ^  -.-.-..... 
eylinder;  it  fetchea  Ihe  ink  out,  and  you  have  yoer  letter  b  in 
intense  black  uptm  a  white  ground. 

When  the  surface  ol  a  metal  plate  is  HinHciently  pollihed  to  be 
used  forengnvinf ,  the  slightest  scratch  upon  it  will  pnni  as  a  black 
line,  Che  degree  of  Machnees  being  pnjponiDAed  to  ibe  depth  of  the 
scratch.  An  encraved  plate  from  which  visiting  cards  are  iirinlcd 
is  a  ^Dod  esam^e  of  some^  ekmcntary  principln  of  engimvipg.    It 

curves.  An  rlntnrate  line  engraving,  il  it  is  a  pure  line  eiwraving 
and  nslhingelir.  will  contain  only  these  sirn pie  elements  in  (UEcreal 
combiDBtioni.  The  real  line  engraver  Is  always  evraviog  a  line 
more  or  less  broad  and  deep  in  oae  diieclioa  or  another;  he  has  iko 

In  Ihe  early  Italian  and  early  Ceiman  prints,  tbe  Lno  b  used 
with  such  perfect  tinplidly  of  putpose  that  the  methods  ol  the 
artists  are  as  obvious  as  if  we  saw  Ihem  actually  at  work. 

Tbe  student  may  soon  nndersuiul  tbe  spirit  and  technical 
quality  of  Ihe  earliest  Italiau  engraving  by  giving  his  attentua 
10  a  lew  of  the  icrie*  which  used  enoneously  to  be  called  the 
*'  Flaying  Cards  of  Hajitegna,"  but  which  have  been  shown 
by  Mr  Sidney  CoIvId  lo  reproenl  "  a  kind  ol  eocytlapaedia  of 
knowledge," 

The  history  of  these 
to  be  Florenlino;  they 
manner  is  called  thai 


cure.   Tbey  are  supposed 

ainly  Italian;  and  their  technical 
:do  Baldlnl.  But  their  Kyle  ia  as 
f  as  a  style  can  be,  as  dear  as  the  artist's  conception  of  hi* 
In  all  these  figurts  the  oulBoe  is  Ibe  main  thing,  and  neit 
hat  Ibe  line*  which  maik  Ihe  leading  folds  of  the  drapery, 
s  quite  classical  In  purity  of  form  and  severity  of  sdectkNt, 

especially  characteristic  [n  this,  that  they  are  always  really 
raver's  lines,  such  as  may  naturally  be  done  with  the  burin, 

they  never  imitate  the  freer  line  of  the  pencil  or  clching 
die.  Shading  is  used  in  Ihe  greatesl  moderation  with  thib 
.ight  strokes  of  the  burin,  that  never  overpower  the  sliongir 
■nlc  lines  of  Ihe  design.  Of  chiaroscuro,  in  any  complete 
K,  there  is  none.  The  sky  behind  Ihe  figures  is  represented 
while  paper,  and  the  foreground  is  lometinHi  occuined  bf 

decorative  engraving,  much  nearer  in  feeling  to  olUgraphy 
n  lo  modem  painting.     Sometimes  there  Is  a  cast  shadow, 

it  i«  itot  studied,  and  ia  only  used  to  give  leCef.    In  tbh 


LINE-ENGRAVING 


cUly  ■kUI  cngnvlng  [In  ]ieta  tn  oltea  atutd  In  llii  ihidlng, 
vhcRu  in  thi  culial  wwdcuU  lli«y  4re  nol;  the  leuoa  being 
tliit  when  lino  aie  indMd  tiey  ctn  u  cujljr  ht  a«u«d  u  not, 
wlicreai,  vben  (licy  an  raeived,  tha  croailag  Involva  much 
UboDT  6t  t.  non-artijtic  Itind.  Here,  then,  we  have  pure  Ihit- 
engnving  with  the  bnxin,  iJut  ii,  the  engraving  of  the  puie 
lint  pitienlly  itudied  for  iti  own  beauty,  and  eihibiti^  in  an 

iulltnlion  lo  the  cBcctsof  nstuie.  Even  the  fonuanidcalind, 
uptdaily  [n  the  oat  of  drapeiiei,  for  the  expresa  purpose  of 
eihihiling  tlie  Line  to  better  wlvutoge.  Such  are  the  cbaimcter- 
iitici  of  those  very  early  Italian  cngnvingi  vbicb  sere  tit Ctibutetl 
erroneously  to  Mantegnl.  When  we  come  IB  Mutegna  hiouelf 
HE  find  ■  ilyle  equllly  dcddnj.  Dnwiag  Bad  ihading  were  foe 
him  tiro  iDtiicly  ditlisct  thiogi.    He  did  not  dr 


It  the  a 

got  llii  outlinei  and  the  patterns 

klndoftiiuling.  at 


rn  [hiir 


genituwilh  teclinical inexperience,  which  made  the  early  Etaliau 
at  once  deaife  and  discover  the  simplest  and  easiest  m'ethods. 
Whilst  the  Italians  were  shading  with  itmight  linn  Ihe  Germans 

Cerman  work  they  tried  to  give  to  their  buiins  something  of 
the  Cerman  suppleness. 

The  chanctcristics  of  early  metal  engraving  la  Cermtmy  ate 
leen  to  perjrclion  in  Martin  Schgngauer  and  Albtri  Diirei, 
whs,  though  wit  hitriking  diSerencn,  hadmanypoinuincomoion, 
Schongauer  died  in  1488;  whilst  the  date  of  DUrcr's  death  is 
ISiS.  Schongauer  was  therefore  n  whole  generation  before 
DOrcr,  yet  not  greatly  inferior  to  him  in  the  use  of  the  burin, 
though  DUrer  has  a  much  greater  reputation,  due  in  great  tpeasure 
to  his  singular  imaginative  powers.  Schongauer  it  the  lint 
great  Cerman  engraver  known  by  name,  but  be  was  preceded 
by  an  unknown  German  matter,  called  "  the  Mailer  of  1466," 
who  had  Gothic  noiinnt  of  art  (in  strong  contrast  to  the  dassicitra 
of  Bacdo  BaldiniJ,  but  used  the  hurin  akiUully,  conceiving  of 
line  and  shade  as  separate  elements,  yet  shading  with  an 
evident  de^re  to  ioUow  the  iorm  oi  the  thing  shaded, 


intrdu 


id  shade, 


lebold 


im. 


masterly  than  the 
ahading  of  Mintegna.  Dflrer  continued  Schongiuer's  curved 
shading,  with  idcreasing  manual  delicacy  and  skill;  and  as  Eke 
lound  himulf  able  to  perform  fats  with  the  burin  which  amused 
both  himself  and  his  buyers,  he  over-loaded  his  plates  with 
quantities  of  Lving  and  ioaaimtte  lAjects,  each  of  ■hldi  be 
Cnbhed  with  as  much  care  as  If  it  were  the  aoK  iopoitant 
thing  in  the  composition.  The  engraven  of  those  dayi  had  no 
conception  of  any  uecewity  for  tubotdinating  one  part  of  their 
votk  to  uiaiber;  they  diew,  like  childicn,  first  one  object 
and  thea  another  object,  atidsoon  until  the  plate  was  furnished 
from  top  to  bottom  and  from  the  left  tide  to  the  tight.     Here, 

lo  the  modem  artist.  In  Dlirer  ill  ohjecuare  on  Ibi  Huneplant. 
In  his  "  St  Hubert  "  (otherwite  known  u  "  St  Eustace  ")  ol 
c.  i;o;,  the  slag  Is  quietly  standing  on  the  hone's  back,  nitb 
one  hoof  on  tha  saddle,  and  the  kneeling  koi^t  looks  at  il  be 
were  tapping  the  bone  on  the  note.     Diliet 


LC  about  tbe  stag,  fi 


ge  between  us 


C,  but  tbe  tug  is  on  the  hone's  back 
■evtrthdas.  Ihit  ignonoce  of  tbe  lam  of  eSect  it  least  visible 
•od  obtrusive  In  platet  which  have  no  landscape  distances, 
such  aa  "  Tbe  Coat  of  Amu  with  the  Death's  Head  "  (ijoj] 
■nd  "  Tha  Coat  of  Anns  with  the  Cock  "  U-  iS"). 

DOrer't  great  manual  skill  and  dote  observation  made  bim 
a  wonderful  engraver  of  objects  taken  tcpatatdy.  He  saw  and 
rendered  all  objoctii  aolbing  escaped  him;  bi  aHilicd  the  same 


Intensity  of  study  to  emylhlnt-  11iod|H  a  thorough  Madeal  «l 

the  nude— witness  his  Adam  and  Eve  (ijai)  and  Dtbcr  plates- 
be  would  pay  just  aa  much  attention  to  tbe  creases  ol  a  gaiter 
as  to  (be  developiOEnt  of  a  inutde;  and  Ibougfa  man  was  his 
main  luhjeci,  he  wonid  Mudy  doga  with  equal  cue  (tee  the  6vt 
dogtinibe"StHuhert"),aivellat  pigBtieEthe"PndigalSOD,~ 
c.  i4<)5);  and  at  a  lime  when  landscape  paintieg  watuokiMwn 
he  studied  every  dump  of  trees,  every  vishle  trunk  and  branck, 
nay,  every  foreground  plant,  and  each  leaf  ol  it  separately. 
In  his  buildings  he  saw  every  brick  like  a  bricklayer,  and  every 
k  carpenter.     The  immense  variety 


S14)  ai 


K  same  print). 


lines  go  in  every  direction,  and  ai 
atioos  of  luclacet  (see  tbe  plin*  i 


re  ol  Ibe  stones 


Italy  again,  tbcougta  Harcaotoiuii, 
who  copied  DOrer,  translating  more  than  tlity  of  hit  woodcuxi 
uponmetal.  Illsoneof themostremarkahlethingsinthehistory 
of  art,  that  a  man  who  had  trained  himself  by  copying  northern 
work,  little  removed  from  pure  Gotblcism,  ^uld  have  become 
soon  tlterwardi  tbe  great  engraver  of  Kaphad,  who  wai  much 
pleased  with  his  wotk  and  aided  bim  by  penontl  advice.  Yet. 
although  Raphad  was  a  painter,  anl  Maicaotonio  hit  inlerpnter, 
the  reader  is  not  lo  infer  that  engraving  iBd  u  yac  nbOrtiinUed 
itself  to  painting    Kaphael  himself  evidently  contideicdengiav- 


Irom  a  picture,  but  alwaji  {much  mora  judicieusly)  pre  him 
drawings,  which  the  engraver  might  intetpret  without  going 
outude  hit  own  art;  cenMquently  Maicsnloiiia't  works  ai* 
always  genuine  engravinga.  UMJ  are  never  pictotiaL  Uarc- 
antonie  wta  an  engraver  of  rrmirkable  power.  Id  him  the  teal 
pure  art  ol  line^Bgraving  reached  it*  maturjly.  He  ictaiwd 
much  ol  the  early  Italian  manner  in  lut  backgiouads,  where  iti 
■implidty  gives  a  desirable  sobriety;  but  his  £gurea  are  boldly 
modelled  in  curved  lines,  crossing  each  other  in  the  datkcl 
ahades,  but  Idt  single  In  tbe  passages  from  dark  to  light,  and 
breaking  awty  in  fine  dots  u  tbey  spproacb  the  light  itteU,  whlcb 
it  ol  pure  white  paper.  A  school  of  engraving  wuthui  lounded 
by  Raphael,  through  Mairantonio,  which  catt  aside  the  minute 
detailsof  the  early  schools  for  a  broad,  harmonious  treatment. 

The  group  known  as  the  engravers  ol  Rubens  marked  a  new 
development.  Rubens  understood  the  importance  of  engraving 
as  a  means  of  Increasing  his  lame  and  Health,  and  directed 
Vonterman  and  oiben.  The  tbeaiy  oi  engiaving  at  that  time 
was  that  it  ought'  not  to  render  accurately  the  local  colour  of 
painting,  which  would  appear  wantirtg  in  harmony  when  dis- 
sociated  from  the  hues  of  the  picture;  and  it  was  one  of  tbe 
aniielica  of  Rubens  ao  to  direct  his  engraven  that  tbe  result 
might  be  a  fine  plate  independently  of  what  he  had  painted. 
To  this  end  he  helped  bis  engraven  by  drawings,  in  which  be 
toDWlimes  Indicated  what  be  thought  tbe  best  diiectioB  far  the 
lines.  Subens  liked  Vatslcnnan's  work,  and  scarcely  corrected 
it,  a  plate  he  especially  approved  being  "  Susannah  aiul  the 
Eldera,"  which  it  a  learned  piece  of  work  well  modelled,  and 
shadfd  everywhere  on  the  figures  and  costumes  with  fine  curved 
lines,  the  straight  line  being  reserved  for  the  masonry.  Vonter- 
man quitted  Rubens  after  eiecuting  fourteen  important  platei, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Paul  Fontiua,  then  a  youth  of  twenty, 
who  went  on  engraving  finni  Rubent  with  locieajing  tkUl  ubiH 
the  painter's  destb.  Boetius  a  Bolswert  engnved  from  Rubens 
lowtrdt  the  dote  of  bit  life,  and  hit  brother  Schelte  a  Boliwert 
engraved  aon  than  tiaiy  compatitions  of  Rubens,  ol  the  motl 
vsried  diaracter,  including  hunting  scena  and  landsc^K*. 
This  brings  ut  to  the  engraving  of  landscape  aa  a  separate  study. 
Rubent  treated  landscape  in  a  broad  comjuthensive  mannefa 
and  Schelie's  way  of  engraving  it  was  also  broad  and  compt^ 
henuve.  The  line*  are  long  and  often  undulating,  the  cnt*- 
hatchings  bold  and  rather  obtmsive,  for  they  often  subttilute 
'  '  >ni  for  the  refinement  and  mystery  of 
a  vigorous  be^nnlng.    The 


1  lor  the 


techninl  devdopmentt  of  engraving  under  tbe  InStience  <d 


1tlib«M  muf  be  nuamad  up  brisfljr  m  tdtamK  (i)  Iht  luliaa 
outliac  had  been  diKUded  w  the  cUef  (abject  of  Mienifos,  and 
modeUiof  h*d  beep  lubetitiUed  fir  ti;  (i)  bnad  miao  hid 
beta  subuituud  Im  the  miiiiitely  finiibed  detul  ol  [be  Bonhem 
Khoob;  (j)  >  qnttm  li  Ugfat  aad  dufc  h^  beia  ukpud  which 
mi  nol  pictodil,  bnl  bdotied  afndtUy  to  cafnviof,  vfaich  It 

Ththlitoiy**  liMengivlDi,iwmttttl«*of  Rubcpito  the 
bcglaniDi  ol  Ibe  igth  centuiy,  Ii  nthcc  that  of  tha  vigatoni 
iDdcDaietk  ipplhalloQrfpriBdtdc  already  itcepted  than  any 
BC1T  denlqimait.  Tiaa  the  two  loimea  already  iadicateit  tbt 
•dwd  of  Rapbad  tad  the  ichoel  ol  Ridieal,  •  double  traditioo 

Eagliih  and  Ficoch  pnictict^    lb  fint  IndiicDC*  on  EngUih 


LINE-ENGRAVING  723 

■tH  Iti  f^HtliPTit.  Iirl  tif  thf  iilnfHiwifff  mftrrd  miitbft^t]  tTrfmnify 


Vandyci;,  Vonterman,  and  otben;  but  the  ^wj^'h  engraven 
■oon  uoderwoit  French  and  luliao  mflucnoee,  Eoi  allbou^ 
Payoe  Icinwd  frran  a  Flemiag,  Faithonw  itudted  la  Fraim 
uadcT  Philippe  dc  CbampCigiH  the  painter  and  Robert  NaatcuiL 
the  eograver.  Sir  Robert  Btraoge  itudicd  in  Fiaoce  uader 
Philippe  Lebaa,  aad  tbea  five  yean  u  Italyi  wrhem  be  latuiated 
his  iniad  with  Italian  an.  French  cngBven  caaie  to  EnglaiMl 
•a  Ihey  weat  to  Italy,  u  thu  the  ait  of  enpnvlng  became  in  Ibe 
iBtbcentuiycDamoptriitan.  lafigiuv-oifiavingthBOBtliDewaa 
'  S9  and  leas  iosiCed  upoo.    Stiaage  Aade  it  hia  tfudy  to  lof tea 


!.  Mea 


_  .  .  h  Qtaid  Audiaa  It  iu  bead,  bad  a 
the  art  of  moddllag  with  the  buiizi,  aod  bod  v 
pcrfectioa  of  a  sober  aad  dignified  kind.  AudBUi 
ductive  in  the  latter  half  of  the  i7tfa  ceoiary,  and  men  in  1703. 
after  a  life  of  Bcren  idf-diiRtioa  in  labour,  the  best  eiiemal 
influence  he  underaent  bdng  thai  o[  (be  painter  Nicolas  Pounin. 
He  made  hii  work  DWre  tapid  by  ibe  uie  of  etching,  but  kept  it 
entirely  luboidinate  to  (be  work  of  the  burin.  One  of  the  fiuat 
of  bii  Urge  ptatei  ll  "  St  John  Bipliang,"  from  Pousiin,  with 
poupi  of  digoifleil  figurei  in  Ibe  foregiound  and  a  background  of 
grand  clairicsl  landKapc,  all  eiecuied  with  the  most  tbonugb 
knowledge  acconfing  to  the  idcBi  of  that  time.  The  Influence  of 
Claude  Lorrain  on  (he  eDSiiving  of  landscape  wai  exercised  Ics 
tbiough'  his  elcbiags  than  bis  piciures,  whicb  compelled  the  en- 
gravers to  itudy  ddicate  diatinctioni  in  the  valuer  of  light  and 
daii.  Through  WooUett  and  Vivuto,  Claude  eaerdied  an  in- 
fluence on  landscape  engraving  abnoM  equal  to  that  ol  Raphael 
and  RubenI  on  the  engraving  of  the  figuie,  Ibough  be  did  not 
direct  hi*  eDgrarenperaonally. 

In  the  I9tb  century  line-tngnving  tecelt'ed  tliM  to  Impulse 
and  Gnally  a  check.  The  impute  came  fiom  the  growth  of  pubUc 
wealth,  the  increasing  intcmt  bi  art  and  the  incteue  in  the 
commerce  ol  art,  whkfa,  by  meana  ol  engtiviiig,  fotteiid  in 
Eoglsnd  tnainly  by  John  BiTdell,  pt-nnrmiM  into  the  hoina  of 
tbc  middle  cluata,  u  well  al  fr«n  the  gmwlng  demand  for 
Dluitrated  books,  which  gave  enpleyiMnt  to  tafisveit  of  first- 
rate  ability.  The  check  to  Uiie.«Btnviiigcaa»  from  the  de^re 
for  cheaper  and  more  rapid  mcthodi,  ■  doit*  UtUed  tn  varioui 
ways,  but  opedally  by  etcbluf  aiid  by  tb*  Vuious  kinds  ol 
l>botagnphy.  Nevertbclco,  the  igtb  ceatuiy  produced  moM 
U^y  ucompHshed  work  In  liite-engisviBg,  both  In  the  figure 
and  In  laodscspc.  It*  cbanctoiitki.  In  coDpuiMa  with  the 
woritol  other  eenluriet,  were  ddnfly  a  mow  thoroutfi  and  ddkate 
foideiing  of  local  t^our,  Itfit  aod  ahade,  ud  textum.  The 
elder  eognmn  could  dnw  m  cotnclly  ai  tha  modem,  but  they 
either  oeghctad  thMo  elementi  or  ad^ted  (ban  sfmliicly,  *• 
oppoaed  to  the  qilril  of  their  ut.  In  I  modmt  eagnvliii  Iran 
LudMcr  nay  be  Men  the  blerVw  ol  a  mu'i  boota  (local 
colooi),  the  soft  natfuien  of  hll  caat  (totiuc),  and  the  ciaet 
nlue  ia  Ugbt  and  darii  of  hia  lace  asd  Doatome  agtlnit  tbe  dondy 
dy.  Nay  more,  lbereiiu>befoliadevar)t>parideoDUt,bo(* 
tnil  itftrup.  Modctti  painting  pays  more  attention  to  texture 
and  dtlanmiTO  thin  durical  painting  did,  ind  engnving 
neceaiarlly  followed  in  the  time  direatons.  Butlbereliiceitaia 
iameneai  ia  pure  hne-engraviog  mora  favourable  to  sone  fonA 
nod  textures  than  to  othen.    This  ■——*■■  of  line-eagiaviog 


t,  H.  T.  Ryall,  and  C.  G.  LeMs,  tha 


plants,  the  real  burin  ■ 

favounble  to  tcxtnn.    1 

Tuma,  by  CotAe,  Goodill,  Walb,  UiUei,  WUlmore,  and  ethen, 

who  reactwd  a  de^te  ol  deUcacjt  In  Hght  and  riiade  lit  surpasauig 

tha  worii  tl  ti»  tii  masten,  the  engraven  had  tcoeune  to 

aay  be  added  to  those  of  Ripbtd.  Rubou  and  Claiide  in  Ibe 
Um  ol  piinten  wbo  have  had  ■  special  in' 
The  wedaHty  of  Turner^  influer'  - 

dehcacy  of  tone.   Ia  thia  respect  tb 

poems  were  a  bigh-wator  mark  dl  human  attainment,  not  Ilkdy 


Bg  the  last  oil 


jnncd  decay.  TiChldcal  im- 
:ata,  it  was  hoped,  might  save  the  art;  it  was  thought 
by  some  that  the  slight  revival  resultant  on  the  tntoiag  back  of 
the  burin's  bitting^pcuit — whoeby  Ibe  opetatot  pulled  the 
tool  towards  Um  instead  cd  paaUng  It  flon  Un — idgbt  eSeet 
much,  in  virtue  of  the  time  and  labour  laved  by  the  device. 
But  by  tbe  begnning  of  the  »ilh  century  pictorial  line-engraving 
in  England  ma  practically  oeiHexiBient,  and,  with  ibe  paaung 
of  Jeens  and  Stacpoole,  ttic  ^kasmodic  demand  by  publisheis 
for  engravers  to  oignvi  new  plates  lemaioed  unanswered. 
Mr  C.  W.  Shertiom,  the  exqulule  and  facile  designer  and  engraver 
of  book-plates,  bss  scarcely  been  surpassed  in  his  own  line,  bat 
bis  art  la  mainly  beialdic.  Tbete  ore  now  no  men  capable  of 
such  wnk  ai  that  with  which  Doo,  J.  H.  Rabineoo,  and  tbeit 

mObod."  The  disappeatuce  ol  Ibe  art  b  due  not  »  nnich  (o 
the  artistic  objectioa  that  tbe  petsonality  of  tbe  Une-engravet 
stands  obtrusively  between  Iha  paintet  and  Ibe  public;  it  is 
rather  that  tbe  public  rdusa  to  wail  for  Mveril  yean  lor  the 
proofs  for  lAicfa  they  bate  aubraibed,  when  by  aoothet  metbod 
they  can  obtuo  thdi  plates  moce  quickly.  An  important  lint 
plate  may  occupy  a  pcodltfoa*  time  in  tha  engraving;  J.  H. 
Robinson's  "  Napoleon  and  the  Pope  "  look  about  twelve  yean. 
the  invention  of  atol-lBCing  a  copper  plate  would  now  enaUa 
the  engnvci  to  proceed  man  expeditiously;  but  even  in  tbia 
case  he  can  no  more  compete  with  the  etdwt  than  Iha  meitotint- 
engraver  can  keep  paca  <dth  tha  pbotogtsvure  maiwfactuiet. 

Tbe  Art  Unfan  of  Loudm  tn  tbe  paM  gave  wbal  encourage- 
ment  it  could;  bat  nkh  the  death  ei  J.  Stephensoa  (iS86)  and 
F.  Bacon  (1SS7}  it  was  evident  tbU  all  hope  was  gone.  John 
Saddler  at  the  end  wia  driven,  in  qdta  of  his  caiadly  to  da 

LandsHT  to  rule  tbe  sklei  on  Us  platei,  limp^  became  then 

promise  of  a  revival,  and  Mr  Banna  cngiavcd  a  few  of  tbt 
pictuiei  by  Gustave  Dot.  But  little  toUomd.  Tbe  last  of  tbe 
liiK4agnvera  of  Tmnar'i  [ictniei  died  In  ibe  penon  of  Sit 

eariy  pntfesoon,  laid  his  gmvei  uidti  and  left  Eoiope  for  Canada 

and  eventuaBy  became  prerident  el  the  luiTCnlty  of  Tonnto. 

If  lino<ngn*in|  «D1  flooddiB  fn  Fmnce,  it  is  due  not  a 

Tha  pftaet  oSeted  by  the  Ec6lt 
would  probably  not  luSce  10  give  vitaHiy  to 
the  ut  but  for  tbe  emplornent  aSoidad  to  the  finistaed  artist 
by  tbe  "  Ctalcegapbie  du  Uofa  da  Louvte,"  In  Ibe  nane  o( 
whidi  coibndMiou  ait  JwDdooily  dIstiibHted.  At  the  tarn* 
time,  it  muat  be  ncogidied  that  not  Only  m  Fiench  en^veit 
lea  busy  than  they  were  in  dv»  wfaea  UoocngnTias  was  lb* 
only  "  irapottaxt "  method  of  pictoio-trwilation,  but  tbty 
work  [or  the  moat  part  f«  much  ttnaDer  rewards.  Mdreoveii 
tbs  dan  of  the  work  bn  ealliely  chngid.  partly  Unongh  tha 


724 


LINEN  AND  UNEN  MANUFACTURES 


R^oettoD  of  piica  paid  for  it,  putlf  (hratigh  the  cbtngc  of 
tiittc  and  luhion.  uid  puily,  iwiin,  thnugb  Ihe  neca»lin 
ol  tbe  utuBtum.  Thai  a  (o  By.  IhU  public  imp*ti«i«  ii  bul 
•  pinial  iutor  in  ifag  «buxlc>iii«nl  of  Ihe  fine  broid  mreeping 
UDUgh  cut  deep  inu  Ihe  copper  wfaicli  wu  chanclcrislic  of  the 
arlier  engraving,  eilhet  limpjy  cut  or  cnmed  diagoiully  go  u 
to  form  tbe  mtui  of  *'  ku«iga  "  tyrnul  of  engnvLng  At  its 
fioeM  uld  gruidat  period.  That  method  vu  ilow;  but 
AQimly  ku  ilow  wu  the  BhaUower  work  rendered  poujble  by 
IbD  sloel  plate  by  icaion  of  the  much  grealer  degrco  of  elabon- 
tioD  oi  which  aucta  platci  were  capable,  and  which  Ibe  public 
waa  lought— mainly  by  Finden— to  expect.  Tbe  Fmch 
cngnven  were  Ihetdoie  diiveo  at  bit  to  dnplify  their  wotk 
if  they  were  to  laliify  tbe  public  uid  live  by  tbe  burin.  To 
compcniile  lor  too  tk  colour,  the  art  developed  In  the  direc- 
tion ol  degance  and  rebuntenl.  Gaillaid  (d.  iS8;),  Blanchaid. 
and  Alphoiiie  Fiucoil  (d.  iiSB)  were  perhaps  the  eailicst 
chiefs  ol  the  new  sdiool,  the  diaracterijtica  of  which  ait  the 
ubstitution  of  etqukite  grcyi  for  the  rich  blacks  of  old.  ^m- 
plicily  of  inethod  being  often  allied  to  ealremdy  high  elaboration. 

pushing  the  capability  of  hia  own  ait  to  tEw  farihcniunl  limit, 
lo  retain  throughout  the  individual  and  pcnraial  qualities  of 
the  master  whose  wotIc  la  Innslaled  on  the  plate.  The  heii^t 
of  perfection  to  which  the  art  is  reached  is  seen  in  the  triptych 
DEMastegna  by  Achille  Jacrpin  (d.  1900},  lo  whom  may  pcrbajn 
be  accorded  Ibe  fait  plucE  among  teveral  engraven  of  the  ftonl 
lanlt.  This  "  Passioii  "  (from  tbe  three  pictuia  i»  the  Louvte 
and  at  Toun,  forming  the  predeUa  of  the  San  Zeno  altaipiece 
in  VeroDa)  tiot  only  conveys  the  forma,  sentiiziefit,  and  colour 
of  the  master,  but  succeeds  also  in  rendering  the  peculiar  lunin- 
osity  of  the  originals.  Jacquel,  who  gained  the  Piit  dt  Rome 
in  [A70.  also  translated  pictures  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds, 
and  engraved  fine  plates  alter  Paul  Dubois.  Cabanel. 
Bouguereau,  Metssonis  and  Detaille.  The  freedom  ol  much 
'  "  *"  "'     with  etching  and  dry-polnl; 


10  lay  in 


r  of  h  la  groundwork  and  oullin 


d  add 
_  Uopoid  Flameng's 
vilh  Ihe  Donor,"  in 

s  kind. 


Ibe  Louvre,  is  one  nf  the  mos^  admirable  wol^  of 
tctainiDg  the  quality  and  sentiment  ol  the  mastct, 
minutenesa  and  daboiation  notwithstanding,  Jula  Jacquet 
ia  known  foi  his  work  after  Heiiaonicr  (especially  the  "  Fiied- 
Isnd  ")  and  after  Bonnati  Adricn  Didier  lor  his  plalei  alter 
Holbein  ("Anne  of  Clevcs").  Raphael,  and  Paul  Veroneu, 
among  the  Old  MuLers.  and  Bonnat,  Bouguereau,  and  Roybet 
among  the  new.  Jazinski  (Bolticelli'a  "  Primavcn  "),  Sulpia 
(Manlegna  and  Gustave  Moreau),  Palrlcot  (Gustavo  Moreau], 
Buntey,  and  Champollion  (d.  1901),  have  been  among  the 
leaders  ol  the  modecn  school  Thdi  object  b  to  secure  the  fai  lb- 
ful  tranioipt  of  the  poinler  they  reproduce,  while  readily 
aaniSdng  the  power  of  the  old  tnetbod,  which,  whatever  its 
lorce  and  its  beauty,  was  eauly  acquired  by  mediocre  artists  of 
tccluik*!  abilily  who  were  oeverthelesa  unaUc  to  appreciate 
01  reproduce  anything  beyond  mccfaaniiat  eicellcnce. 

The  Bclgiui  School  of  engrai4ng  is  not  without  iritality. 
Guslave  Biol  was  equally  skilful  in  portraiture  and  labject 
(engrtving  after  Caltalt.  Cabanel,  Custave  Hait,  among  his  beat 
*oik);  A,  M.  Dauia  executed  piales  aflei  lc(4Iiig  paintera, 
and  elaboialed  an  eflKlive  "  mixed  method "  of  graver- 
irotk  and  diy-poinl;  and  de  Meetmui  haa  mgiavcd  ■  number 
of  good  plates;  bul  private  patitungg  is  hardly  sufficient  in 
Belgium  to  "*■'"'■■"  the  adxiid  Id  ■  * 


.  In  Germany,  as  might  be  expected,  line-oigtftving  ntaios 
not  a  little  of  its  populujly  in  ill  nmc  orthodox  form.  The 
tiDvel  Staufer-BeiB  netbod,  in  whidi  freedom  and  lightness 
are  obtained  wilh  nuh  delicacy  that  the  fine  lima,  employed 
tn  great  Dnnbm.  ran  into  tone,  and  yi^  a  aupposcd  advantage 
in  nodeUing.  buMt.basi  without  appmiallni.  Bnt  the  mote 
niuai  virtue  irf  the  graver  haa  boo  best  supported,  and  muy 
have  wnrkad  in  the  old-fashioned  "  ~   '  '  '   "' 


mann  (d.  iSS;)  btganhis  carter  by  ograirlng  tudi  priMi  i> 
Gutdo  Reni'i  "  Eooe  Homo"  in  Dresden,  and  then  devoud 
hiiiueU  to  the  [ranalation  of  modem  German  painters.  Rudolph 
Pfnor  WAS  an  omamentist  represealative  of  his  dass;  aikd 
Joseph  KoUschcin.  of  DOsseldorf,  a  typical  exponent  of  tlw 
'  itelligent  conservative  manns.     His  "  Uarriage  at  Cana  " 

Iter  Paul  Veronoe,  "  The  Sisline  Madonna  "  after  Raphael. 

nd  **St  Cedlia"aftQ'  the  ^jne  maater,  are  all  i^ates  of  a  high 

In  Italy  the  art  (s  wfll-nigh  a*  mMibuuI  ta  {n  En^and. 
When  Vitiorio  Pica  (of  Naples)  and  OiBcani  (of  Milan)  bavi 
been  named,  it  is  difficult  to  mention  other  ucceaaon  to  Ibe  fiaa 
school  of  the  igih  century  which  tallowed  Pb-and  aad  Volpalo. 
A  few  ol  the  pupils  of  RoBas|rina  and  Paolo  ToacU  liinid  Into  tha 
last  quarter  of  the  century,  but  to  the  present  gonaatlon  Asiokit 
Jesi.  C.  Raimondl,  L.  Bigola,  and  Antonio  Itac  ar*  renumbeted 
niber  for  their  efloiu  than  for  their  sweat  In  sappoRing  thdr 
art  against  the  combined  ^iposllkiD  of  etchinf, "  pnum' 
and  public  indiSettnce. 

'Ootjide  Europe  llne-engraviag  can 'no  longer  be  said  t»  eiiu. 
Here  and  then  *  spsimodic  altempt  may  be  made  to  appeal  U> 
the  aniitic  an>rcdatioB  of  a  Unitted  public;  but  no  gCDnal 
aiiention  is  paid  lo  such  efforts,  nor,  It  may  be  added,  are  these 
inheranily  worthy  of  much  notice.  Ttcre  ire  iiiU  a  few  who 
can  engrave  a  bead  from  j^ holograph  or  drawing,  or  a  small  eib^ 
graving  for  book-iiluiEration  or  for  book-plates;  there  are  more 
who  are  highly  proficient  in  mechanical  engraving  for  decorativa 
purposes;  but  the  engraving-jiuchine  is  fast  superseding  this 
class.  In  short,  the  art  of  worthily  translating  n  fine  painting 
beyond  tbe  borders  of  France,  Bcdgium,  Germany  and  perhaps 
Italy  canscarcely  besaid  tosurvive.and  evi  '  '' 
it  appears  to  mst  00  sufferance  and  by  hol-hc 

AwinoaiTiaa.— P.  G.  Hatocflan,  Dnneinfa 

buirh,  189s);  H.  W.  Singer  >iid  W.  Strang.  _..--„ .._- ,_ 

aKTiillur  mtOads  c] PriHtititPiitiirti  (London.  l«9jj;  A.  de  Loilalol, 
I.ciJ'roi&UiiIclairQnirr  tParii.  iSBt);  Le  ComEe  Henri  Dciaborde, 
■La  CmniFT  (Pans,  En^iih  Inns.,  with  a  chapter  on  Eniliih 
cngnving  DieDiadi,  by  VfMam  Walbcc.  London,  1U6)!  K.  W. 
Singer,  CoikitAtt  Ati  XvMcrjtuJu  (Megdeburg  and  Lcipsig,  IftoS). 
ancTrir  Kupjiriliih  [Sidefcld  and  Leipiii,  1904);  AleiTWaldow. 
tanilrirlt  EticyUepaiit  iCcr  Gnt*iitim  Kiailc  (Leipiig,  iMl' 
iSg^);  Lippmann,  EnpariHf  Bwf  EnraWar,  tnntlated  by 
Maciin  Haidie  (London,  1906);  and  for  (hw  wlw  desire  books  o( 
gossip  on  Ihe  Kib;m.  Arthur  Hayden,  ""    "  -■---■ 

—'•),   K-    ••-■-•-    "     '-■ - 


ifiooda 
UHEH   1 


id  Makialin  C-  SoLvnan, 
ijofi). 


(P.X;.  H.;  H.  HTs!) 


id  LINBH  aAHUFACTHRBS.  Under  the  name 
ot  linen  are  comprehended  all  yarns  spun  and  fablics  wow 
from  Hai  fibre  (tee  Flax). 

From  the  earliest  periods  of  human  hitlory  till  almost  tbe 
dose  ot  the  iSlh  century  the  linen  manufacture  was  one  of  Ihe 
most  extensive  and  widely  disseminated  of  tbe  domestic  industries 
ot  European  countries.  Tbe  industry  wss  mosi  largely  developed 
in  Ruaua.  Austria.  Germany,  Holland,  Belgium,  the  northern 
provinces  of  France,  and  ceriun  parts  of  England,  in  tbe  north 
of  Ireland,  and  throughout  Scotland;  and  in  these  countries 
its  importance  was  gcner^y  recogniicd  by  the  enactneiit  of 
special  laws,  having  fur  tbdr  objoct  the  protection  and  eatcAsktt 
i^  Ihe  trade.  The  inventions  of  Arkwrighl/  Hargrckvca  end 
Ctompton  in  the  later  part  of  the  iSth  century,  benefilinc 
almost  cidusively  the  art  of  cotton-spinning,  and  the  uRpsiallekd 
development  of  that  branch  of  textile  manufaaunes,  liige(y 
due  10  the  iDgenuity  ol  these  inventors,  gave  tbe  Uneo  trade  a 
it  then  existed  a  fatal  blow.  Domestic  s^ning,  and  with  it 
hand-loom  weaving,  immediately  began  to  shriek;  llie  trade 
which  had  aifpontA  whole  villagei  and  ptoviocM  eolircly 
disappeared,  and  Ihe  linen  manufacture,  in  atteoualed  dimtasions 
and  changed  coodiiion*,  look  reluge  in  special  locaLtiit,  when 
icceaafully.  the  further  assaults  ol  cotton 


ab,Ci00J(ll 


UNBN  AND  LINEN  MANOFACTURES 


In  iSto  NiptikOD  I.  offered  a  rcmid 
to  any  invcDtai  who  should  devise  ihe  best  nuchineiy  for  The 
vpiiuuDg  of  flu  ysm.  WiUiin  i  few  weeks  thenaftcr  PliiUf^ 
de  Girud  pUenled  in  Fnncc  bnportmiU  inventioiii  for  fbx 
tirinnini  by  bmh  diy  and  wet  met  hodi.  His  Invinlloiu,  taowever, 
t^d  Dot  receive  tha  promised  rcwsTd  and  were  nc^ected  in  bis 
native  country-  in  i&ts  he  wasinvjled  by  the  Austrian  govern- 
ment to  ettabUsb  ■  tpJnnins  miU  at  Hinenberg  nw  Vienna, 
which  was  run  irith  hrs  michinety  [or  a  number  of  yein,  but 

n  had  applied  ihemsdvcs  to  the  task  of  adaptinf 
pTTpaniiianandiplnningollUii.  Tbe foundation 
«f  macnine  spinning  at  flaj  wu  laid  by  John  Kendrew  and 
Thomas  Potlhauieof  Durlingion,  who,  in  17S1,  secured  a  patent 
toe  "  a  mill  or  machine  upon  new  principles  (or  spinnini  yam 
from  hemp,  low,  flai  or  wool."  By  innuncmblc  luceaain 
impravcmenls  and  nwdiAcatfom,  the  invention  of  Kcndrev 
and  Pojibous*  dev(l<^)ed  into  the  perfect  system  of  machinery 
with  which,  at  lb«  pi«sent  day,  ifuiuiing-inilla  an  ruiniab«di 
but  profresa  in  adapting  flax  fibres  for  Dwcbanicai  EptamB^^ 
and  linen  yam  for  weaving  doth  by  power^hxan  was  much 
alower  than  in  the  corresponding  case  of  cotton. 

Till  cDotparaiivity  ncent  linu^  tbc  sole  ipbuuof  invlements 
were  the  spindle  and  distaS.  The  ■Fondle,  which  is  the  Innda- 
menlal  apparatus  in  all  spinning  macfaineiyj  was  a  round  stl^ 
CT  rod  at  wood  about  12  in.  in  length,  tapering 


upper  I 


notch  o] 


which  die  yarn  might  be  ciu^l 

or  "  wtiori  "  of  stone  or  day  was  passed  round  the  upper  pan 

mtalion,  white  in  sorBe  few  raatt  an  onlinuy  potato  terved 
the  puTpOM  of  ■  whorl.  TbedittaB,  or  rack,  was  a  rather  longer 
and  MTonier  bu  or  slick,  around  one  end  of  which,  in  a  loose 
coil  oi  ban,  Ihe  Ebraus  material  to  be  spun  was  wound.  The 
other  eitronliy  of  the  diiiaQ  waa  oiried  under  the  left  aim, 
or  fixed  la  (be  girdle  at  the  left  aide,  so  as  to  have  the  coQ  ol 


a  convenieni  poeit 


i   lor 


yairL  A  prepved  end  of  yam  being  fixed  Into  the  rtotch,  the 
spinster,  by  a  smart  rolling  motion  ol  the  spindle  with  the 
right  htiid  against  the  right  leg,  tkiew  it  out  (ntm  her,  spinniog 
in  the  air,  whOe,  with  the  left  hand,  (he  drew  from  tbe  rock 
an  additional  supply  of  Gtire  which  was  lormed  into  a  uniform 
and  ctpial  strand  with  (be  righL  The  yam  being  suffidcntly 
twisted  wM  idcaied  from  the  notch,  wound  around  the  lower 
part  of  the  spindle,  and  again  fixed  in  the  notch  at  the  point 
Iniufficiently  twisted;  and  so  the  rotating,  twisting  and  di«wlng 
out  operations  went  on  till  the  spindle  was  fulL  So  posisteDt  is 
■n  aodent  and  primitive  art  of  this  description  thai  in  remote 
districts  of  Scotland — a  country  where  machine  spinning  ha* 
attained  a  high  standard — spinning  with  rock  and  ^ndle  is 
Btill  pTMliiEd,^  and  yam  of  extraordinary  tielicacy,  beauty 
and  teoacity  has  been  spun  by  their  agency.  The  first  improvc- 
nent  on  the  primitive  qiindic  was  found  in  the  oanitruction  of 
the  hand-wheel,  in  which  the  spindle,  mounted  in  a  frame,  was 
filed  botiA>nta]]y,  vid  rotated  by  a  band  passing  round  it  and 
■  largo  whed,  set  in  the  ssme  Immework.  Such  a  wheel  became 
klwim  in  Europe  about  the  middle  of  the  i6ih  century,  but  it 
appears  to  have  been  in  use  lor  cotton  spinning  in  the  East 
from  time  Immemorial.  At  a  later  date,  which  cinnot  be  fixed, 
the  treadle  motion  wns  attached  to  tbe  spinning  wheel,  enabling 
ijie  spinster  to  sit  at  work  «ll!l  both  hands  free;  and  the  intro- 
duction of  the  two-handed  or  double-kindle  wheel,  with  flyers  or 
twisting  arms  on  the  spindla,  completed  the  series  of  mechanical 
improvements  effected  on  flu  spinning  till  the  end  ol  the  ttth 
century.  The  common  use  of  the  two-handed  wheel  throughout 
the  ruisl  (Ustricts  of  Ireland  and  Scotland  is  a  matter  siOl  within 
the  recoUectiim  of  some  people-,  but  spinning  wbeds  art  bow 
BcMom  seen, 

Tlie  modem  mtnurictore  of  liiren  dtvUes  Itielf  bto  two 
branchts,  spinning  and  weaving,  to  which  may  be  added  the 

'  Sec  Sir  Arthur  Mitchell-,  m  Piul  im  lit  PtmU  (EiCaburgh. 

isao}. 


bleaching  and  rarlons  finishing  processes,  which,  m  the  case  of 
many  linen  textura,  are  laborious  undertakings  and  imponanl 
branches  t>f  industry.     The  Sax  fibre  is  received  in  bundlca 

glides,  according  10  the  quality  ol  the  material,  it  h  labelled 
and  placed  in  the  store  ready  for  the  flax  mill.     The  whole 


preparing  I 


idU)  S| 
.—This  fi™  a 


»  W   h 


:,   (a) 
only  In 


orifinaliy  peifwi 


enty  and  jud^neot. 


lis  hnl  Dirpintory  process  consuls  _^.  ^...,  

---.  -iieiiiangling  and  laj'ipg  amooth  and  paplkl  tbe 

6IaRKiiIi  the  ■lands  of  ^re  which,  up  to  this  pdnl, 

Ebcr-     The   hacklini    pcocru   was 

iforiDCd  by  haocL  aM  it  was  one  of  lundamental  in- 

luirlne  the  eiercue  ol  much  dciuriiy  ai     '    ' 

-     "  •       ■    ■    n  fibres,  which  separar 

•  r^ .  — -...,-,.,  article  ol  much  inferior  .-_^  ^  ,,^ 

inart.  A  good  deal  ol  hsiid-hackUng  is  still  practised,  especially 
[nth  and  cootincnial  nuUs:  and  it  has  not  been  (ound  pnclicaU*. 
any  caxi,  to  diqienia  enilnly  with  a  rovgh  prepaniion  of  ilw 
ir>  by  hand  laboar.  In  kncliUoi  by  hand,  the  hacUer  takes  a 
jidlul  or  '■  Btiick  "  ot  nngh  flax,  winds  the  100  end  arousd  Us 
nds,  and  then,  spreading  out  the  mot  end  as  brosd  and  Rat  as 
uible.  by  a  swinging  aioliiin  daihca  tbe  fibre  Into  the  hackle 
tin  or  needles  of  the  touaher  or  "  niffci."  Tbe  rougher  is  a  board 
""      ~  ■""  "  "    "       studded  with  ■pilm  or  teeth  of  steel  about 

'       ■  "The  hackl 

~~— «~  — r  — .,  -.-.-^ing  gnduai., 
hand,  liU  in  his  judgnieni  Ok  fibres 

^nlly  combed  out  and  snKuthcd.   Huheo 

.---  fnd  and  similarly  treats  the  top  eod  of  the  strick. 
pnxzu  ■■  apia  repeated  on  a  similar  loal,  tbe  lecth  of 

C-  long,  and  much  more  closely  sludont  tagetbct; 
r  counts  of  yarn  a  third  and  a  lounh  hackle  may  be 
lU  iscieaunf  firieneaa  and  cknenesa  of  tceih.    In  deling 

_  — !_^: 1  ^t_  ii_.   ,__  ^^  spinning  e^lecially,  the 

into  three  lengths — the  Ida, 
iciunh.  alrenith  and  quality.    Tbe  root  end  is 

'  euia  leoalh  it 

-..Jin.  the  fibre  is 

Flu  so  prepared  is  known 

hove  deKn^  under  hand  hackUng- 
hacklini  inachioes.  ibe  geeeislpiinciplcs of 
•only  adinitBl  are  idenlical.  The  machines 
d  sheet  hackling  machines,  their  eaaential 
ieatures  being  ■  set  gf  endiesa  leather  bands  or  sheets  revglviBB 
0ver  a  pair  of  Follers  in  a  vertical  directioiL  These  sheets  aie  erosBcd 
by  iron  ban,  to  which  bacUe  stocks,  furnished  with  teeth,  aje 
screwed.  The  hackle  stacks  ois  (acta  separate  sheet  arc  ol  one  ue 
and  gawe,  but  each  successive  sheet  in  the  length  of  the  machine 
is  lurnivied  with  stocks  of  increasing  fineness,  so  that  the  hackling 
tool  at  the  vrid  where  the  flax  ia  enlcnd  is  the  coarsest,  say  about 
four  |»ns  per  inch,  while  that  to  which  the  fibre  is  last  subniiited  has 
IbesaulleslandmastckMdyactteath.  The  fincsiionb  may  contain 
from  fS  to  «o  pins  per  inch.  Thuslhewheleof  theeodlesa  vertical 
revolvipg  shcoc  presents  a  continuous  aeriea  of  hackle  teelh,  and  the 
machines  are  furnished  with  n  double  set  of  such  sheets  revolving 
laca  to  face,  so  close  Isgclhsr  that  tha  pins  of  oae  set  of  duets 
intersect  thote  on  the  onoste  stockL  Overhead,  and  exactly 
centred  between  these  revofvini  sheets,  is  ibe  hoad  or  holder  channel, 
Irom  which  the  Sax  bangadown  while  it  is  ubdergoing  the  hackling 
process  on  both  lidei.  The  Baa  is  laatcned  in  ■  hotdcr  convstiu  a 
two  heavy  fiaiolales  U  iron,  between  which  it  ■•  nnad  and  tightly 
(cmedup.  Ttie  hokler  ia  1 1  ia.  in  icncth,  and  the  holdcc  chaniwl 
's  fitted  toceatain  a  Una  uI  tia,  eight  or  iwdve  such  heldr™  t,^,.^. 
ig  to  the  number  of  separate  bands  of  hackling  iiocki  In  tl 


flu  is.  after  niuihini- 
middle  and  row  — '- 
being  unifarm 


,  thowh  fiH 
■omcfluof 


iJBftt 


mthe 


_..  jiposed.  it  slowly  rises 

of  (he  backle  stack*.    Ely  ■  redprocal  moll 

.     _  ■ 1,,  ,1^,  „  ^ 

e  Is  Bade  for  filling  in  an  additional 
aerie*.  Thus  with  >  Bii-toBl_  haekb. 

haekW  laetb  six  time 


Is  thrown  out.  and  place  Is  Bade  for  filli 

■    -     ■     ing  of  the  1-^    -^ •■ 

holder  fun  of 
___  thchaeUil 

to  end  irl  the  machine.  The 


stecks  h  rnrown  out,  ana  pace  is  maoc  tor  nii 
hskter  at  the  beginning  of  the  serie*.  Thus  wl' 
or  set  of  iUcks,  iweh  holder  lull  of  flax  fmn  beglr 


ilhesa 


._.  .V .  and  the  top 

rkKng  operaliaB.   Tha  tow  nwle  during  th*  haekll^ 


726 


LINEN  AND  LINEN  MANUFACTURES 


Ihe  boflom  roller.   The  bnidi'  revolvo 

qiHckef  iIbh  Ihe  iheet.  conRqwnily  Che  tow  ia 

UK  piiu.    The  unr  ia  4beB  naovod  !nm  the  bi 


uLeriai  Is  thai  oirded  t^ 


Kribed  uiHkr  ]i 
Jim  to  ih.  mi) 

J^^BBiif.— The  vHi 

abject  the  pnpcr  unnniciit  u*  dr™»J  line  into  giuUitio  it  for 
ifhiiliinc.  kDd  the  <hswlnf  out  of  the  fibm  to  >  pofccily  kvd  And 

qiuntlly  of  fiber  in  viy 


The  lUcUcc!  flu,  hoirrvrr, 
oppntJon  in  thit  itBcT  hi 


BkD,    riuiii  tbe  hackling  cm 
:h  the  quility  iBd  apibiUtli 


«Ftiu  judja  by  bolh  eye  > 

the  nbft-    So  •orted,  the  ... 

dntrinf  fninei,  •  aenei  or  Byateni  al  machinea  ell  limilar  L] 

■triKtioa  and  tont.    The  eBoitkl  (eUum  al  the  itmdiiic 

irt!  (1)  the  («dinf  doth  or  cTrepine  iheec.  vhkh  delirti 

flu  to  C^)  a  pair  of     leed  aodibckpy  ''^rDllerm.  which  paH  it  < 

narrow  hacUe  tara.  with  ahart  dgady  nudded  leetb,  which 
between  the  feed  follerm  and  the  drtwing  at  "  bo—  and  ™— 
iDllen  to  be  [mmediatdy  attended  10.    They  *i 


:  Six  i>  ddivend  Is  them,  sod  when  thqr  re 
ae  they  fall  under,  and  by  a  ■eflii1ar«crew  a 
X  bacK  la  Ibe  itaiiinf-iiDidt;  and  Ihua  th~ 


«dE  level  toothed  pUtforni  for  carryliif  away  Ute  flax 
Imn  the  liTd  nileia.  Thii  i>  tSe  nachlae  la  wUeh  the  Bbrea  ate, 
for  the  fnt  time,  FcRned  Into  a  eontlnboua  tenfth  termed  a  aliver. 
In  order  le  fsm  tUi  cantiniiaiia  dhner  It  k  neeemfy  that  the  ahon 
ksflha  <t  lu  ihinild  onrtip  each  Mber  sa  the  iptcad  iheet  or 
Olepbif  iheeL  TUa  ihect  eomaliu  four  or  ilx  dMiioiia.  B  that 
four  or  laa  lota  of  overiapped  flax  are  OHndiif  at  the  laflie  time 
toirardi  the  ftnt  pair  of  TdiEra  the  boaa  roltera  or  retainlof  rolkra^ 
The  fibre  p«aea  between  Ihoe  rolkn  and  if  Imnediatclycaiilht  by 
the  Tiling  filla  which  carry  tha  fibre  towarda  the  dnvmc  rolbra. 
The  pim  altlie  gilla  abould  Faai  thnnih  the  fibn  10  lliat  tlwy  may 
have  complete  control  onr  it,  while  their  apccd  ahouU  be  a  KttM 

nter  than  the  aurfacc  apted  at  the  retaininc  nitera.  The  fibre 
ina  carried  forwaid  to  the  dnwini  roUera»  Aieh  havo  a  aurface 
apeed  Ot  Irora  to  to  H  tinm  thai  of  the  leuining  roBera.  The  great 
difffreBee  between  the  ipeeda  of  the  rr"'-- —  — '  -■ — = "— 

Finally  all  tbe  ifivcra  are  run  into  one 


A  bell  ii  ant 

tprcai^ng  f  rj 


imc  Icnith  of  aliver,  a  coniRwn  length  being  TO 
nnaticaHy  nini  by  the  nachine  10  warn  the  atl 
■ed  Zeogth  hai  been  deposited  into  tlw  can.     Fi 

-...  ....  ..  iwelve  iliviia  combined  are  pmed  through  fced 

.  third  and  fourth  linilaT  doubling  and  drawing  nay  be  en 
t  a  pnjnrini  lyMem.  10  that  the  number  oTdeubiingi  I 
rHlergocB,  befon  it  arrivea  al  the  rnving  frame,  may  am 
om  one  tbouaand  to  one  hundred  thouiand,  according 
aaHt*  ol  yam  in  pnigreH.  Thn,  lor  aanyde,  the  doubL. 
oepicpaiing^>tMniybeeX2)Xl*J<»M>Slg44^  Thej 


TJC:. 


iiTv^ 


ere  they  a. 
1,  alter  dra 


lenuity.  they  are  ilighlly 

l>Una,    in    which    cooditiun    ti-c 

ivingi " — ia  ready  Itf  the  ipiiLolng 


Spinming.—'Thx  apfniting  operation,  which 
ii  done  in  two  jainaijal  way^  caDed  rapectivf 
wet  apinnliii.  the  firit  being  uied  (cr  the  Ion 
yams,  wfiile  the  second  ia  ei^uiivdy  adopted 
of  fine  yams.  Tbe  tpinniint  Inoe  does  netdif 
the  throstle  spiniang  madfine  used  in  oittoa 


n  the  nrepaiation 
r  in  nina'cJe  from 
landhctufT  The 


qaahtyaix. 

2c  wUk  other , 

Unlaary  apeaiot  and  deaniog 
Battorl  towh  and  In  general  ihei 
carding  aofuiei  calla]  reapectji 
eardTQllllx  ilivera  from  iteT) 
■nd  inviag  Inmea.     In  tbe  cu 


uiasioa  diffcri  in  eiieuiil  leatuna 

Hbed.    Tow  from  diSetenl  lourcea. 

tow,  huldt  tow,  Ac  diflen  awdarably  in 
ODe  bdag  very  unpui«  nlled  with  inody  ihives. 


neccwuy  (or  the  dirty  much- 
tcr  thay  are  paaed  (hrouih  two 
r  tha  breaker  and  tbe  noiilH 
xaiea  an  ready  fcr  the  drawing 
t  fine  dean  loav,  on  the  other 

ing  do  not  differ  materially  fnia 


mwarda  thnwah  as  cnlet  or  fiifale  to  ■  pair  tt 
ren  which  and  the  fiiuT  drawing  rollers,  placed 

(e  while  paiaiHg  over  arid  under  cyhnden  and 


!«_p™^oj 

e  last    rrdleTa  the   no 

id  hard  cord  which  uj 


top  ol  lb*  spindle.    Tbe 
nough  a  trough  of  »aitf 


.    The  influence  of  the  hot  waler  on 

:  that  it  loltena  the  nrnimy  Hibtun< 
ills  together,  and  ther^  allows  the  eli 


!iL*i!l."™'''£  "i^; 


'r^y  be  ataud 


7.^,i  irn^  ™  .p 


wily  Inmea.    that  ii  to  lay.  1  vd.  al 
.1 — . o(  y^^_  „|^n  ,^  j[„„ 

bobbin!  iato  hanka.    By 


[erenceof»in.()tyds.)maUng"athnad.'-andonehundiedand 
twHUyaachthnadifomaka.  TbegrinoroDuniof  all  hneyamt 
kaitiBUd  b*  the  nunbcT  d  Isa  in  1  B14  Ibua  ■- jo  lea  " 
iadicBIca  that  there  aic  so  leas  01  cuts  of  loo  yd>.  each  in  i  lb  of 
the  yard  Bdenoniinalad,  With  tbe  heavier  yami  In  Scotland  the 
HiMtr  b  JHdioiltd  by  their  Wight  per  "  apyadie  "  of  4S  cuti  « 


5."-j^Es; 


Eaixediagly  hish  CD 


cmuvalcnt  to     16  ka." 

Tbe  hanlcs  of  yam  Iron  wet  spinning  are  eith 
with  anifidal  heat  ot  exposed  over  rapes  In  the 
dry  they  arc  tviated  bach  and  forward  to  take  lb 
of  the  yam,  and  made  up  in  boadlca  for  the  na 
Eadiah  tpinoers  nals  up  their  yams  inio  "  b 
each  hank  contairiing  to  leas;  Irish  spinncn  n „ 

Conunerdal  guaEtka  of  yam  range  froB  about  a  li  tow  yan> 
Very  imich  finer  yam  up  even  to 

lystcm  01  oucbukea  found  in  many 
-  ---....  are  only  used  For  fine  thread  for 
iking  of  lace.  Tbe  higbeu  (sunn  of  cut  line 
milla  for  tbe  raanalacture  of  fine  camMcs 
eharacttriitic  Ceaturea  of  Ibe  Ulster  Irada. 
Ill  have  aomelimes  been  nun  by  hand,  and 

.- r  -,- -  the  SncM  lace  thrtadi  it  is  laid  tbe  Belgian 

hand  iTannen  muit  work  in  damp  eellaiB,  where  the  waaoer  it 
guided  by  the  vnae  of  touch  alone,  tbe  fiiaineu  being  too  IIik  to  be 
aeen  by  the  eye  Such  Lace  nm  is  laid  to  havu  been  eold  (or  aa 
much  aa  /tv>  per  Rk  In  the  Cieat  Eihibiiion  of  iSji,  yam  of  Jto 
lea,  equal  to  about  130  m.  per  lb,  waiibown  which  had  been  ipita 
by  an  Irish  woman  eight^our  yors  of  age.  In  ihe  nrne  exhibitioo 
there  waa  ihown  by  a  Cambcay  manufacturing  firm  hand-igmn  yan 
eqaal  to  INO  warp  and  Idm  wiit  or  to  mm  than  204  and  IJi  n. 
per  lb  leapccuvdy. 

BltatJiiHi. — A  large  propartian  of  tbe  Ikeo  yaiaot  copitneicc 
UDilctgoea  I.  more  or  less  Uiomugh  bleacbisg  bcTore  it  ia  banded 
over  to  tbe  weivei.  LiDBO  yirui  ia  the  gtten  ccadiiioD  comiiD 
lucb  a  Ivge  ptoponioa  d[  gummy  and  icsiiioua  matter,  nmovabk 
by  bleaduof,  that  clotbi  which  might  present  a  firm  close 
teitun  ia  Ibeit  nalutal  unbleachcti  atals  would  become  thin  siid 
impovetiahed  in  a  peifecliy  bleached  condition.    Nevenbeloi, 

in  tlie  gieea  01  natural  colour,  and  to  perform  all  bleachiaf 
opeiatHjaa  in  the  pjcce.  Manufscturen  allow  about  aa  (0  15% 
al  loiB  in  weigbt  o(  yam  in  bleaching  from  tbe  green  10  tbe 
luUy  bleacbed  >U(ei  and  the  intermediate  sUgea  of  b«i]e<l, 
improved,  duck,  cream,  ball  bleach  and  Ihiec-quantu  bleach, 
"'    "      '  '    degree  ol  bleaching,  have  carmpaiidin( 


ik|Ra  cf  Ion  In  wcJ^I.  The  dlfleraien  in  coloor  malUng 
Irom  diflennL  degtn*  ct  bteichiiig  *R  liken  vivuitige  ol  lor 
pndudng  patlena  in  cctuin  duM>  ol  tintn  labrio. 

Lin«n  IhrMd  a  pnpiRiJ  fnlra  Ibc  vlrioiu  count!  ol  fine 
bJucbcd  line  yMm  by  winding  tbv  htnks  on  iii^  ipot^,  nnd 
twisting  tbe  varioDS  Itmnda,  tvo,  thm,  four  or  iLx  cord  u  the 
cuemaybr.  on  KltoublingBt^ndleiiiniljtr  in  principle  totheyun 
^linning  Iiame,  eicqiting.  of  counc,  the  dnwing  lollen.  A 
lirge  trade  in  lintn  tJiread  has  been  cmted  by  itt  use  in  Ilie 
lucbine  manufacrun  of  boots  and  liioet,  saddlery  andotber 
leather  gooili.  and  in  heavy  sewing-machine  work  generally. 
The  thread  industry  is  largely  developed  at  LUbun  near  Btlfut, 
at  Johnstooe  near  Glasgow,  Bridport,  Dorselshin,  and  at 
Palenan,  New  Jerwy,  United  Slates.  Floe  oordi,  net  twine 
and  1190  are  «1m  twisted  from  flu. 

Ifeainf. — The  dllTleultits  In  the  way  of  power-loom  linen 
weaving,  combined  with  the  obMinUe  cotnpclltlen  of  hand-loom 
weavers,  delayed  the  Introduction  of  iacloiy  weaving  ol  linen 
fabrics  (or  nuny  yeira  >(ler  t  he  syitem  was  fully  appKed  to  other 
teitiles.  The  pHnclpdl  diflicully  arose  Ihiuugh  the  hardness  and 
inekiikity  of  the  linen  yam t,  owing  to  which  the  yam  frequently 
broke  under  the  tension  10  which  it  was  subjected.  Competition 
with  the  band-loom  against  the  power-loom  in  certain  classes  of 
■orii  it  conceivable,  although  It  Is  sbioluiely  Impanible  for  the 
work  o(  the  (pinning  wheel  to  stand  against  the  rivalty  of  draw- 
ing, roving  and  spinning  frames.  To  the  present  day,  in  Ireland 
eepeeiaHy,  a  great  jleal  of  fine  weaving  is  done  by  hand-toom- 
Wantcn  slates  that  power  was  applied  on  a  imall  scale  to  the 

loom*  were  started  for  weaving  linen  a(  Kirkcaldy,  Scotland; 
and  that  in  1814  Maberly  &  Co.  of  Aberdeen  had  two  handred 
power-loons  erected  for  linen  rnanU' 

(acture.    The  power-loom  has  been  In  . 

uninterrupted   use  in   the   Broadfotd 
laetoiy,    Aberdeen,    whi<~ 
longed  lo  M^ierly  ft  Co., 


LINEN-PRESS— LINER 

Penh;  and  the  iitt  liu 


727 

ea  haw  their  Mit  in  Belfaai 


K«  U  a  .liihtly*^ 


iber  of  spindles  and  power-lo 
of  the  Rax  Supply  Auotiation  far  1905:— 


4ss!83a 


credited  with  bdng  t1 
indticen  of  pow 
the  Hnen  trade. 


s  opentlona  eonnecled 
nen  weaving,  such  aa  winding, 
g,  dressing,  beaming  and  1* 


Brtliik  Eifttt  af  Lii 


*J^'- 


WeLBhlotUiKr 

p^in .' hf^ch^'cd  or  unbleached  ~ 

LenEThin  yards  el  linen  piece  goods, 

checked,  dvcd  or  printed,  alto 

daniaik  and  diaper ..... 

Length  in  yards  of  saiklotb . 

Total  teiulh  in  yards  of  all  kinds  of 

We'^l  in  pounds  of  lioeii  thread  for 


144,416.700 


150,849.300 


10,71  s.joo 


'.,  neither  Is  there  any  ilgntficant  modification 

>yed  (see  WE.tVTHc).    DttKing  is  a  matter  of 

preparation  o(  Knen  waip»  for  beaming.    It 

con^sts  in  irtaling  the  njiead  yam  with  flout  or  larlna  paste, 

■     ■        rmoslol  which 


s,  the  lot 
revolves  in  a  trough  of  pastes    The  paste  is 
fam  by  brushes,  and  dtiedby  pasting  the  web  over  sti 
cyllndert  beloie  it  Is  finally  wound  on  the  beam  for 


Uwnsa 


.[^"ShBcVi^ 


tioflhen 


nufaciDin  include  1 

..II,,    ■■ 


purposes,  such  at  lent-maWng,  towdbng,  coven,  01 
for  men.  linings,  upholstery  work,  Se.,  include  duel 
craali,  tick,  dowlas,  otnsburg,  low  theotlngs  and  low 

princisslly  Ike  auierials  for  shirts  anatollin  and  ( 
Under  the  had  of  twilled  linen  arc  included  drilli 
dimity  for  honsehold  use :  and  damasks  tor  table  lii 
(WO  Vindi  are  dItiinguishcd-~tiBgle  or  five-lcaf  damn 
or  eighl-lMl  damask,  the  plttcm  being  formed  by  tli 
of  warp  and  well  yams  at  inemls  o(  f  v*  and  eight  ll 
itapectivety.  Thefinc1ineniarec*nbrics,lawn<and[ 
and  latlly,  printed  and  dyed  linen  fabrics  may  be 
special  tliDugh  not  important  class.  In  a  general  w 
satd  regarding  the  British  induiliy  thf  ■■■•'■ '■— 


^Duidet'inli'ncaBd 


Milne,  >Hlro 


URBH-PBES),  k  c 

heets,  table-napkins 


••inw  and  1 
-  Woodhon 

tute(Manc1ie>I^);  snd  Woadhouteand 
oadil^^jud  (LosdonJ,  (T, 

connivance,  utuaHy  of  otdi,  for  p 


inen  presses  were  made 
mllure.     Usually  quite 


UHEB,  or  Line  or  Bams  Skip,  the  name  formerly  given 
lo  a  vessel  considered  large  enough  lo  take  part  in  a  naval  bailie. 
The  practice  of  disLinguIihlng  between  vettelt  fit,  and  those  not 
At,  to  "  lie  in  a  line  ol  bailie,"  arose  lowardt  the  end  ol  the 
ilth  cenluty.  In  the  early  iSih  century  ill  vcstete  ol  so 
gum  and  upwards  were  considered  fit  lo  lie  in  a  line.  Allet 
the  Seven  Years'  Wat  (i;56-aj)  Ihc  jo-gun  ships  were 
rejected  at  loo  imalt.  When  the  great  revolutlonaiy  wan 
broke  out  the  smallest  line  of  battle  ship  wet  ol  64  guns. 
These  also  came  to  be  coniidered  u  100  small,  and  later  the 
line  of  batilc-thips  began  wlih  those  ol  T4guns.  The  term  It 
now  replaced  by  "  balllethip  "1  "  liner  "  being  Ihe  colloquiil 
name  given  to  the  great  patsengei  thipi  used  on  the  main  lines 
of  sea  inupoit. 


738 


LING,  P.  H.— LINGAYAT 


Lllta,  PIB  HBMRtK  (it;S-i8j9),  Swedish  lAcdicDl-gymuUit 

practLliono',  Km  ot  &  nuniitn*,  was  tx>rn  at  Ljun^  in  Ibe  loutti 
of  Svcdfn  in  1V76.  ilc  studied  divinily,  uid  took  hli  degne 
Id  I T97,  but  theD  went  abroi(i(t>T  sunc  yeui,  fint  to  Copcbhagea, 


Lumed  to  Sweden, 


vhile  CI 
iSuhe 
in  these 


liieleLy  restored  his  bodily  health,  and  his  thoughts  now  lur 
towaids  ai^lyiiiE  this  experience  for  the  benefit  of  othcTS. 
attended  the  dassca  on  anatomy  and  phyiioLogy,  and  ■ 
through  the  entire  curriculum  for  the  training  of  a  doctor' 
then  elaborated  a  system  of  gymnastics,  divided  into  J 
blanches,  (1)  pedagogical,  (i)  medical,  (3)  milility,  (4)  aesthi 
*hich  carried  out  his  theories.    Af  lar  soveraJ  attempts  to  inte 


penliDD,  and  the  Royal  Gymnastic  Central 

ling  of  gymnastic  inslniclors,  was  opene 

.  himself  as  principaL    The  onhodoi  medical  praclitioni 

■  natuTally  opposed  to  the  larger  claims  made  by  Ling  ai 


anything  more  than  the  occasional  beneEt  of  some  form  of  skil' 
luUy  a[q>Iied  "  massage  "  was  canctmed;  but  the  fact  that  in 
l8ji  Ling  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Swedish  General  Medical 
Auodation  shows  that  in  his  ava  country  at  all  events  bis 
methods  were  regarded  as  consistent  with  professional  recog- 
nition. Ung  died  in  rSjg,  having  previoiBly  named  as  the 
repostories  of  bis  teaching  his  pupils  Lais  Gabriel  Branting 
(1799-1881),  who  succeeded  him  as  principal  of  the  Institute, 
and  Karl  Augustus  Georgii,  who  became  sul^direclar;  his  ton, 
Hjalmar  Ling  (1820-1886),  being  for  many  years  associated  with 
them.  AU  these,  together  with  Major  Thnre  Brandt,  who  from 
about  iSdr  spediliied  in  the  treatment  of  women  (gynecokifictl 
Cymnasiics),  are  regarded  as  the  pioocen  of  Swedish  medical 

the  later  history  of 
.  A  Cymnjsfk  OrlkrpaeJu 
L  iSis  by  Dt  Nils  AlcermiD, 
uid  after  1837  trceived  a  govemmenl  grant;  and  Dt  Gustaf 
Ztuider  eUborated  a  medico-mechanical  system  o(  gyrruustlcs, 
known  by  his  name,  about  1857,  and  started  his  Zander  Institute 
at  Stockholm  in  1865,  At  the  Stockholm  Cymnaslic  Central 
Institute  qualified  medkal  men  have  supervised  the  medical 
department  unce  1864;  the  course  Is  three  years  (one  year 
for  qualified  docton).  Broadly  speaking,  there  have  been  two 
streams  ol  development  in  the  Swedish  gyranastita  founded  on 

certain  forms  of  gymnastic  eiercises  subsidiary  to  the  prcscrip- 
tkins  of  onhodoi  medical  science,  or  else  in  an  eitiemely 
progressive  direclion,  nuking  iheae  eierdse*  a  suhaiiiute  for 
any  other  tieatmenl,  and  claiming  litem  as  a  cure  for  diieaM 
by  themsdvct.  Modem  medical  science  recogniis  fully  the 
imporunce  ol  properly  selected  eietcisei  in  piserving  the 
body  from  many  ailznentt;  but  the  mote  eitreme  claim,  which 
rules  out  the  use  of  drugs  in  disease  altogether,  has  naturally 
not  been  admitted.  Modem  professed  disdples  of  Ling 
are  divided,  the  Tepresentative  of  the  more  eitreme  section 
being  Henrik  Kellgcen  (b.  i8j7),  who  bt*  a  speoaj  school  and 


Ling  and  his  caiKer  MaiitaMs  left 

pudialed  by  one  set  or  other  of  the 
Andm  Wide,  M.D      '  "     " '   " 


I  on  Uii's.  admille 
niliifKSlpn-tlilia 


lalmml  Uvi).  by  Edgar  F,  Cyril 
Tee  at  Edinburgh  had  passed  out  w 
gynuanic  director."    Sec  alin  the 
:  ia  PitfU  and  luinOij  (1904), 


UHG'  (VofH  w/Kni),  ■  Ash  at  the  funny  Gidldat,  vMch  h 
readily  lecoffuied  by  iti  long  body,  two  dorsal  fins  (of  which  tbs 
anterior  is  much  shorter  than  tbo  poaioior],  vn^  kog  anal 
fin,  seoante  caudal  Gn,  1  bariid  on  the  chin  and  large  teeth  in 
llie  k>wa  jaw  and  on  the  palate.  It*  usual  length  is  from  j  10 
4  ft.,  but  individuals  of  5  or  6  ft-  in  length,  and  tome  70  &  in 
weight,  have  been  taken.  ThalingitfottBdiBtlMNorth  Atlantic, 
f  mm  Spitibejsen  and  Iceland  aoutAwaids  to  the  cant  of  Ihinugal. 
Its  propel  home  is  the  North  Saa,  eqiedally  oti  the  coasts  ol 
Norway,  Denmark,  Gnat  Britain  and  Iielind,  it  occurs  ia  peat 


varying  between  JO  and  100  fathom.  During  the  trioto- raoniht 
it  anmiachet  the  shores,  when  great  numbers  an  eiu(bt  by  raeaBi 
of  long  lines.  On  the  American  side  of  the  Atlantic  It  is  leal 
CDmnwn,  although  generally  dlstribnted  along  tbt  aouth  coatt 
d(  Greenland  and  on  the  banki  of  NnwIouDdland.  Ung  it  one 
ol  the  most  valuable  apedci  of  the  cod-fiah  fan^;  a  cntaa 
number  an  consumed  fresh,  but  by  br  the  gnata  portion  an 
prepared  loi  eaportaiioB  to  vaiiaui  coaturia  (Gormany,  Spain, 
Italy).  Th^  an  dtlia  salted  and  sold  aa  "  aall-fidi,"  or  ^ 
from  head  to  tail  and  dried,  lotmuig,  with  timilatiy  prepared 
cod  and  coal-fish,  the  aitidc  oi  wtueh  during  Lent  '""■"" 
quantities  are  consumed  In  Germany  and  ebewhtiw  nnder  iht 
oameof  "sLock-fish."  The  oil  11  ti«|uently  aatncted  frnra  iha 
liver  and  used  by  the  pootei  daaet  Of  the  coast  population  lor 
Ihs  lamp  or  ti  medicine. 

UIBAHD,  WHH  (1771-18S1).  Saglish  Uttorian,  was  bom  OD 
the  jth  ti  February  1771  tt  Winchester,  where  hfi  father,  of 
an  andoil  Liocotiahiti  peasant  stock,  had  ettahltshed  Unaelf 
t«  a  carpentec.  Tbe  boy'a  talenta  attracted  attention,  and  in 
1781  he  was  tent  to  the  Eagtisb  college  at  Ooual,  whoe  he 
continued  until  shortly  sfiei  the  declaration  of  war  by  Fpglanj 
(wgj)-  He  then  lived  as  tutor  in  the  family  o(  Loid  Stourloi, 
but  in  October  1794  he  settled  along  with  seven  other  lonncr 
membcn  of  the  dd  Donai  cdkc*  at  Crook  Hall  near  Duibam, 
whereon  the  conpletlon  of  hit  [bndogiGal  cnune  be  beome  vicc- 
pieiident  ol  the  notganlied  teminaiy.  In  179s  bewaaordaincd 
pricM,  and  toon  atterwatda  undertook  the  dniie  of  tbe  cUn  of 
natural  and  moral  phOixophy.  ia  lAoS  he  accompanied  the 
community  of  Crook  Hall  to  the  new  college  at  Utkaw,  Durham, 
but  in  iSii,  after  declining  the  presidency  o(  the  college  at 
Maynooih.  he  withdrew  10  iheteduded  mitsioaat  Hornby  in 
Laiicashire,  where  Cor  the  rat  of  hi)  life  he  devoted  himself  la 
liletaiy  pursuits.  In  1S17  he  vluttd  Rome,  when  he  maiia 
researches  in  the  Vatican  Library.  In  iSii  Pope  Pha  VII. 
created  him  doctor  of  divinily  and  of  canon  and  dvil  law;  and 
in  rg>5  Leo  XII.  It  said  to  have  made  him  cardinal  to  feUs.  Ha 
died  at  Hornby  on  tbe  i;th  ol  July  i8si. 

Linfatd  wnxE  Tin  ^ifigaitiii  >/  On  inflr^Sixn  Ciksrji  (1806), 
of  which  a  ihird  andjgrpat^y  enlu-Rd  addition  appeared  in  1A45 


__,.  .. — _,  amd  eUrual  mud  — - 

. —'k  with  which  his  name  is  chiefly  _ 

Enfold,  fnrn  Ihifinl  intasim  b}  On  Xmnai 


ippeared  in  1. 
itTAiiife-SA 


In  nit»  ^Wi 


iaied  is  A  Hiuary  if 

Lppearcd  ori^nally  in  8  vols,  at 


1  iSig  and  1S30.     Thin  luccm 


Italian.  Il  is  a  work  of  ability  and  rcteaich:  and.  though  Cardinal 
Wiieman't  claim  [or  its  author  that  he  was  "  (he  only  impanial 
historian  of  our  country"  may  be  disreaarded.  the  book  remaina 
imefBtLiiff  as  representing  the  view  taken  01  certain  events  in 
Enrioh  history  by  a  devout,  Imt  able  and  learned,  Roman  Catholic 
in  tbt  Fwtia  pin  of  the  191I1  century. 

LntGATAT  ((rora  IiHii,  the  emUem  of  Siva),  the  name  ol  a 
peculiar  sect  of  Svi  wonhippen  in  soulbem  India,  who  call 
iheraselvB  Fu-a^iiui  (see  HiNDinsH).  They  carry  on  the 
person  a  atone  Jia|a  (phallus)  in  a  silver  casket.    The  founder  of 

'  Ai  the  name  of  the  fidi,"  ling  "  is  (oufid  InotherTeut.  fanguaeea; 
cf-  Duich  and  Gcr.  Ltnr.  Norw.  /sum,  Ac  It  is  grnFTaily  connecled 
in  origin  with  "  long,     Irom  ihe  leiipli  of  Its  [wdy.    At  the  nane 


LINGAYEN— LINGUET 


Tbdt  prkui  ut 
K  tt  Linpjnu  la  kU 
B*,  moKly  is  Myun 
and  tbc  wlioiDUS  ''■■'"'"■  of  fianbi]',  HbiIib  uil  Ejrdinbid 
UmATBL  ■  town  uul  tlB  opiul  of  thi  pnriDCC  el  Pia- 
gubiiD,  Lniim,  FUli|i|iliv  Uuidi,  ibont  no  m.  N.  br  W.  s< 
MuBa,  OS  lbs  S.  ibiBv  of  lis  GiiU  of  UnfEjrm,  ud  ■»  a  loB 
Ud  lotilc  hlud  iu  Ilia  ddu  at  tha  A0iD  dmr.  Pap.  (i«ci3] 
ii^ij.    If  '  -....._----..---. 

■daza,  ■'^- 
S-Spi 


umn.  uifH  Bunn  wkbub  uiieBir.  Bwra 

(iSi^iqa;),  Bntfiih  dva  anvaat,  vnban  1b  FtknuiT  igi4  at 
BfrBdn^m,  wkcra  U>  fatber,  who  aac  of  n  old  HoUortddn 
lamfly.irilhRoTaUM  WadMoo>.wMinbintnwi.  Ba  branoe  a 
■dkriar  of  Trioity  Calksi.  Orfard,  In  iSj?; 
(iSiQ  and  Untfucd  (iSjq) 
tnl-dna  In  Zi  " 

BallM  (i>4>>. 
EH^(>S4j}udchcElikmL>wKliiluiUp(iB4lS>-  AfUrtaUaf 

lothebaiio  1147;  but  InUcadoIpnctiiiBsii  abariliui, 

nt  in  ibe  EducatioB  OSa,  and  after  1 

tt  in  1849  10  Biccaed  Sir  J_  Kay  SkutUe- 

ill  iU(k   Hie  Edacation  Offica  of  that  day  had  Lo 


oiofnatlon  and  zlgid  Kowany,  qnalitiea  whidi  characteriied 
UturinlecaRa.  Whan  Robot  Lom  (Lord  Sherbnoki)  became, 
ai  vki»i)ic*idait  of  ths  OFUDdl,  bil  pariiameoury  chief.  Liagcn 
*<ocked  CDEtgcaially  iritb  him  la  pndudni  the  Reviicd  Code  of 
1861  wbick  ineoiiMntcd  "payment  by  icnlu";  hut  the 
•dncilioB  dqartount  encountoul  advme  cdtidim,  and  in 
1)64  tin  nta  ol  omurc  in  pariiamecit  whkh  caused  Lowe*! 
RdgnatkiB,  fouBded  (but  eironcouily)  on  u  alleged  "  editing  " 
ot  tfaa  tcbixd  impectoia'  rcporti,  nai  iiupired  by  a  cenain 
antagonism  to  Liogen's  as  well  u  10  Lene'i  methodt.  Shortly 
befne  the  uitiDdiictioD  of  f  ontcr's  Education  Act  of  rS;o.  he 
*U  tnuufened  to  the  post  of  pennanent  aecretaiy  of  the 
treuuiy.  la  this  aCBce,  irhich  he  held  tiD  1885,  he  pnrcd  a 
vuot  effidcnt  guardiui  of  the  public  puna»  aad  be  wu  a.  tower 
*i  Mreogih  to  mcceuive  chancellon  ol  the  Bchequei.  I(  used 
to  be  uld  that  the  bat  reommeiidaiJDn  lor  a  wcretaiy  of  the 
tieanBr  *»  ">  tie  '^^  to  *>y  "  ^^ "  ">  diugreeably  thai 
iiobody  would  court  a  Rpetition.  Lingen  wu  at  all  evcnti  1 
■Doat  tucoeuful  mlstar  of  importuute  cliimi,  and  hii  un- 
doubted talents  as  a  dnandtr  were  most  promlneDtly  displayed 
In  the  direction  of  panimooy.  In  1885  he  retired.  He  had 
been  made  a  C.B.  in  1869  ands  K.C.B.  in  1S7S,  and  on  hli  latirc- 
uent  he  was  crated  Baron  Itiftge'l,  In  1889  be  waa  made  ooe 
«f  the  hrjt  Kldenncn  of  the  new  I«Bdon  County  Caundl,  but 
be  Rsigned  in  1S41.  He  died  on  the  imd  ol  July  r^oj.  He 
M  married  in  i8ji,  but  left  DO  istue. 

UHQBM,  a  town  in  the  Pnutiao  piDidiict  of  Hanover,  00  the 
^UcUBl,4]m.N.M,W.of  ManHabyraO.  Pop.  7500.  It  has 
■'oo  toundiies,  machinery  factDiics,  tiQway  workshops  and  a 
CoiMideraUe  trade  in  cattle,  and  among  ill  other  induitrici  are 
vcaviog  and  malting  and  the  manufacture  ol  clalh.  Jjngen  vaa 
uewnotaunlvertity  bom  1685101810. 

The  county  rf  Liogen,  of  which  this  town  wu  the  capllal,  was 
muted  in  the  middle  agel  wilh  the  county  of  Trckleobuig.  In 
■S08,  howerer.  it  *u  iciNinted  from  this  and  wu  divided  bto 
^  >Vper  asd  a  lower  eouaiy,  but  the  two  were  united  In  154I' 


A  Httit  Uto'  Uogtn  was  uld  to  the  empnor  Charln  V.,  ttom 
whom  it  fiascd  to  Us  ton,  PhDip  O,  <if  Spain,  irba  ceded  it 
in  isg;  to  Maurice,  prince  of  Oiinge.  Alter  the  death  of  the 
Engliib  king.  William  HI.,  in  iro>,  it  passed  to  Frederick  L, 
king  of  Pnnaia,  and  in  tRi;  the  lower  conDty  wu  irarafcRid  lo 
HaaoTCT,  only  to  be  united  again  with  Prua^  in  iBM. 

See  MBnfr,  CudUckt  dtr  isnu/^  CnoficUt  Linrtt  (IJiaeR. 
1874):  Hemnanii.  DU  emrtaef  iir  SladI  ad  Crtfidi^  Limfn 
iiatk  iit  Kimu  Pman  [Ungni,  igmj:  and  Schrievcr,  Gtuiitklt 
do  JCrnfv  Limffim  tLiogen,  1905)- 

inODBr.  mnil  mCBOLU  Btmi  (i73«-i794),  French 
jouisalist  and  advocate,  wu  bom  on  the  I4lh  of  July  1736, 
at  Kciraa,  iriiitba  his  faihar,  tbc  asuiiant  ptindpal  in  the 
CoBtgc  dc  Beauvak  of  Paris,  had  recently  been  edled  by  lilirt 
A  cttM  for  engaging  In  the  Jansenlstcontroveny.  He  attended 
the  CoiUge  da  Bcauvais  and  won  the  thiee  bi^ett  prim  theio 


t*  hiUnd,  ■"^  01 
•rriting.  He  published  partial  Fi 
aod  Loft  de  Vega,  and  wntt  pandies  for  the  Optra  Cmu^m 
and  p~r"***  !■>  favour  ai  the  Jesuits.  Received  at  Gni  in 
UwraakKdtbafiUtMfjb^beMioii  want  over  to  their  opponent!, 
poirtily  morehen  conteapl  than  from  convletion,  the  inunediaia 
Bca^oa  br  hb  ckaifla  baint  a  qauid  with  d'Alembert  in  1761. 
ThcBceloith  ka  vtoteatly  auacked  whaiivn'  wu  considered 
BodBB  and  enli^taied,  and  while  he  delighud  sidefy  wilh 
Us  anaiamit  lansatioaal  pamphlets,  be  arotned  the  fear  and 
hatrul  of  hia  npfiimiinn  by  his  stinging  wit.  He  wu  admilled 
to  the  bar  In  1744,  and  aoon  became  one  of  the  most  fanoui 
plaadera  of  hh  century.  But  In  splta  of  his  briUiBnt  ability 
and  hit  tecord  of  havint  leat  bat  two  cues,  tbe  bluer  attacks 
which  he  directed  against  hfi  (tUow  advacaiea.  especially  agahist 
Gerbier  (171J-1788),  caused  ih  dismissal  ftotn  ifae  bar  In  17;;. 
He  then  turned  to  jaunaBsn  and  begaatbe/nniJrfipiiftlifiu 
a  de  hatfattm,  which  he  empk^red  for  two  yWn  in  htenry, 
philosophical  and  legal  criticisms.  But  a  sarcastic  article  on 
the  French  AmdeDy  compeUed  him  to  tum  over  the  Jaatal 
to  La  Harpe  and  seek  refuge  abroad.  Llnguet,  however,  con- 
tinued hii  career  of  free  lance,  now  atlacking  and  now  supporting 

published  Irom  1777  to  1791.  first  at  London,  then  at  BrUBtb 
and  Anally  at  Paris.  Attempting  to  return  10  France  In  rfBo 
he  wu  arrested  for  a  caustic  attack  on  the  due  de  Duru  [ijif- 
1789),  an  acadendcian  and  «wT*h*l  of  France,  and  imprisoned 
neidy  two  yean  la  ttie  BsstiUe.  He  then  went  to  London, 
and  thence  to  Brussels,  where,  for  bis  support  of  the  reforms 
of  Joseph  XL,  he  wu  ennobled  and  granlKl  aa  hononrium  of 
ons  thousand  ducats.  In  1786  he  was  pemdlted  by  Vergenaes 
to  return  to  France  w  an  Austifsn  couokUot  of  slate,  and  to 
sue  the  due  d'Aiguillon  {i73a-i7«g},  the  farmer  minister  dL 
Louis  XV.,  for  feca  duo  him  for  le^  services  rendered  some 
fifteen  year*  cailiar.  Ha  obtained  judgment  to  the  amount  oi 
14,00a Uvrea.  LingoMiaoiTCdthasuppottof MarleAntoineito; 
his  fame  at  (ho  time  surpaasad  that  ol  hb  rival  Beaunartbab. 
and  almost  ocelled  that  ol  Vdtaii*.     Sboitly  afterwards  he 


d  the  ci 


9  of  Van  da 


Noot  and  the  lebek  ot  BrabanL  Duifng  the  early  yean  of  the 
Revduiion  Iw  isaiwd  saveial  pamphlets  against  Mlrabean, 
who  retumed  his  iO-arill  whta  IntMcat,  calling  bim  "  the  Ignorant 
snd  bomboatic  M.  UnguM,  advocate  of  Neros,  sullani  and 
viilin."  On  his  return  to  I^tis  In  int  he  defended  tbe  il^ta 
of  San  Domingo  before  the  Natloaal  Ancmbly.  His  laat  work 
wu  a  defence  of  Louis  XVI.  He  rttlnd  to  MaraiB  near  Villa 
<  eicaiM  the  Tenor,  bat  was  aongbt  oot  and  sommarily 
lestb  "  tar  baring  flattered  the  despots  of  Vlenn 
Bid  London."  He  was  guillotined  at  Paris  on  the  17th  of  Jons 
'7»- 


Ungnet  wu  a  prdific 
-tempted  historical  writ 
-aid  (Adiri   ' 


mny  Mda.    Eninila  of  Us 
liMvt  dm  tUiU  fAlexandrt  It 

_ ._     HiMin  imfartiaU  iu  Jinilti 

ladrid.  I76fl).  the  latrcr  condemiwd  to  be  burned.  Hii  oppobiion 
Ihe  pkiiotophtt  had  id  Hlronml  tiprCTnOTn  in  FaRolismt  del 
OvHtika  (Geoen  aod  Paris,  lAt)  and  HiiUin  iu  rttdaltttH  it 


73° 


LINK— LINLITHGOW,  MARQUESS  OF 

(Fan.  17M-17W-     )&•  rUint  JM  ItU  limit,    ] 


McMMiqiiieu.    Kii  ben  Icfil  [mtiie  11  ifhuirc  fnr 

m  it  MtnMpt  mni,  1771);  UnfuR'i  impTuDnnKni  in  the 
'••IfcniMlluntlitBpfianinin  o[  wridnchu  IHnHini  iKr  !■ 

(,  bW  HiblithHl  in  CgBdaa  if  17891  il  hu  bm  oiHUlnl 

into  EadUh  (Dublii.  17^,  ud  Edinbur^  iU4-i887},  wul  it  lbs 
bat  of  nb  woni.  tboush  uncniicwortbv. 

Sn  A.  DwMrt.  fflMv  »<w  icnir  i  rKHein  it  la  rU  0  ia 
tihoJtS.N.H.LintmaUic,nt2i:GtiTit,z,ejitilBtbiriMnir 
l*tittlltl1ltnatitLmrtmi.mi,  lBoa);J.  F.  BurUn.  V/nAn 
i, ._.-__._,■._ J _    ..D.i   —    l^r;  H.  Moniii '■  N«iM«UI  Ungttlt," 


^Ua^i^  (IVriL  lUs).  PP>  I-4N 
A.  LichlcnbBicr,  Li  ^gc^iw 


.m   (Zaritt    I89«; 
K  Klepi'fw  [iBsSJ,  pp.  77-'J'- 
(■}  (Of  Sandinavkn  aigia;  d.  Stred.  UiO,  Du. 
fanvb;  nfUta  wilb  "  duk,"  uid  Get  Cctel,  toon),  one  d 


koithi 


lgTittbputal*"dulB."  In  Ounter'B 
cnuDt  ■  ~imK"~7'9i  in.;  tha  chiin  uitd  by  Amukui 
en^Dcm  cooiuU  of  100  liski  ol  &  foot  och  la  lugtb  (ior  "  link 
ntk  "  *nd  "  link  Botimi "  k  Micauoct:  f  AftlM,  ud 
SiUK  EKom).  Tbs  lom  ii  >lao  apjiied  to  HBylhing  uwd  lor 
CDODCctiPff  or  Mw^inj  logctbcTi  mctaphnuiiy  or  ibeiibitebr. 
(>)  (O.  Eds-  WiK.  pouibly  from  tk  rant  fUcb  ■ppun  in  "  to 
ku  '7,  k  buk  o[  ildgE  el  ridag  iisuikI;  is  Scott  dulcet,  in 
ths  pluial.  tpplJEd  to  the  fnuad  botdciint  at  tbe  M*-«bcK, 
cbuKUTixcd  by  isod  4nd  coum  put;  bcdce  a  mune  lor 
pliying  goli.  (})  A  torch  nuda  oi  pbch  or  low  (oimtily  curied 
in  ibe  aiaXa  to  Hgbl  pUMDgtn,  bf  men  or  boyt  uilid  "  link' 
boys"  wboptiedlorhtreinthibcin.  Inn link-uudi supporting 
■  rins  in  •hicb  tbe  link  migbt  be  iiliccd  miy  iiill  be  Ken  at 

orifin.  It  be*  been  rcierred  to  a  Ued.  Lat.  iieWaui,  wbich 
occuniD  the  farm  JiuMnu  (mc  Du  Cangc,  OstMriui)  i  tbl>. 
accoidiag  10  a  1  jth-ctntiuy  rfoietty.  meant  a  «ick  «  match. 
It  ii  an  adaptation  of  Ci.  Uixm.  lamp.  Another  uiggestion 
COODFCti  it  witba&uppoficd  derivation  of  "  liulock,"  from  "  lint." 
Tkt  am  £»|Ju*  DUIumary  thinki  the  likelial  lugintian  11 
lo  idcDlify  (be  word  «itb  the  "  link  "  of  a  chain.  The  tow  and 
pitch  may  bave  be«n  manufactured  ta  knglhs,  and  then  cut 
into  KCttOM  or  "  linki." 

UHKOPMO,  a  dly  of  Sweden,  the  leaE  of  a  hkbop,  and  duet 
ion  oi  tbe  diitiict  (Uh)  of  DneriSdand.  Fop.  Uooo}  '*,Ki- 
It  Is  liuiated  in  a  fertile  plain  141  m.  Iq'  rail  S.W.  of  Stockbdm, 
aod  coaunignicaiei  with  Lake  Roitn  (i  m.  10  the  north)  ud  the 
CMa  ud  Kinda  canals  by  mcau  of  tbe  navigable  Silo^ 
Tbe  cathrdral  (1150-1409),  a  Komaneique  buiidiag  with  a 
beautiful  uulh  ponal  and  a  Gothic  chcu,  it,  next  lo  the  cathedral 
of  Upaala.  the  Urg<:9t  church  in  Sweden.  It  contains  an  altar- 
piece  by  Martin  HRDSkeick  (d.  1574).  which  I*  uid  lo  have 
been  boujht  by  John  U.  Cor  twelve  hundred  metwio  of  wheat. 
In  the  chureb  of  Sc  Lars  an  some  painiinia  by  Per  Horberi 
(1746-1816),  tbe  Swedish  peasut  aitiit.  Other  building  of 
Bole  are  tlie  massive  episcopal  palace  (i4io-i;oa1,  afterwards 
a  royal  palace,  and  the  cdd  gymDa^nm  founded  by  Gustavus 
Adolphus  in  161;,  wbkh  aiutains  tbe  valuable  libtiiy  of  oM 
books  Uid  manuscripu  belen^ng  lo  the  dlocete  and  state  coUeffe, 
and  collection  of  ealu  and  uiiquiiies.  There  a  alto  tbe 
0)ter|Bilaid  Museum,  with  m  art  ndlection.  The  town  hu 
manufactuRS  of  tobacco,  doth  and  hoaieiy.  It  is  the  head- 
quarteti  of  the  second  army  division. 

LiiASplDi  early  became  a  [dace  of  mark,  wd  wai  already  a 
bishop'*  KB  in  loSi.  It  wa>  at  a  couidl  held  Id  tbe  town  in 
iiU  that  the  payment  of  Peter's  peace  was  tfieed  to  at  the 
Instigation  of  Nicholas  Bieakspeare,  alterwai^  Adrian  IV. 
The  coronalioD  of  Biiget  Juluon  Vsldemai  took  plaa  in  the 
cathedral  in  1351;  and  in  the  itiga  oi  Gustavus  Viua  several 
Impoitut  dieta  wen  beld  in  Ibe  town.  At  SlloglbTO  (Slin|l 
Bridge),  close  by,  an  obelisk  (iSqB)  camaMmoralei  the  battle  of 
Stlnglbro  (ijo*),  when  Duke  Charles  tPrqleitant)  defeated 
the  Roman  Catholic  Sigismund.    A  tircle  of  stoaes  in  Iht  Iroa 


.    ..  tbeioaaltbettheail 

olHopenoB.  The  Hope  family  meed  tbefideeccot  10  John  di 
Hope,  who  McemtMried  Janm  V.'i  <|uen  MukMne  «4  VaM* 
Inta  France  to  Scotland  in  1537,  aod  ol  wboK  yeBt-gnod- 
childcen  Sir  Thomas  Hope  (d.  1646),  kfd  advacMe  «( ScMlaod, 
WIS  ancestor  d  the  eailief  Hopetoun,  wUle  Henry  Hc(K  Kttled 
in  Amsterdam,  and  was  the  anrfsinr  of  tbe  lanMOt  Dtiuh 
bankers  of  that  ikaaie,  and  of  the  later  Uopea  of  Badfebitfy, 
Kent.  Sir  Thomas's  son,  Sir  Jamea  Hope  of  HopetDim  {iSr^ 
1661),  Scottish  loid  ti  session,  Wat  gnndfathcc  of  "—H.  ul 
cad  of  Hopetoun  in  tbe  Scott  peengi  (i68i-r74l),  who  was 
created  earl  iD  1703^  and  bis  grandson,  the  5rd  earl,  Wat  in  rfioQ 
mideabuoncf  tbe  United  Kingdom.  ]olui,the4the>il(i7Ap 
iS>i),  brothel  of  Ibe  jid  eail,  wai  a  distingmthBd  toUier,  who 
for  hit  lervicei  in  the  Penintular  War  WB  cnaied  Baton  Nkldry 
in  i8t4  hefoce  «■-■"«*";  to  Ibe  earldom.  Tbe  maiqueawte  ol 
the  7tb  earl  ot  Hopetoun  in  igos,ia 
J  &nt  governor  (igoo'ioot)  of  the 
;  he  died  on  tbe  itt  of  Hanh  igoB. 
being  succeeded  at  rod  marquess  by  his  ddest  eon  (h.  1B87). 

An  eSTMom  of  UnHthniw  was  in  fidKcoce  tn 
this  beiiw  held  by  the  Lvianeood,  a  acoctuh 

fniiii  Sic  William  Uvirplone.    Sii  MUiam  obtaii ,  _ 

Calleiulu  in   1^^  anaEiia  descciuhni,  Six  AJeundcr  Living^ono 
(d.  c-  i4^)f  Bod  other  members  of  thii  fsiajly  vere  spedally  ^rv- 

■iQDe.  7tb  flerd  Liviinioae  fd.  itaA,  tl«  ddnt  Mm  cJ  WfUians, 
the6ihked  (d.  <•  iw),  a  eupixitlei  of  Mxy.  tiaeenol  Scou.  vaaa 
leadiiH  Scottish  mAle  during  the  rein  of  Jaiaes  VI.  and  was  oratn] 
eart  oTLii^ithfow  in  Iboo.  Aleaanoer'i  tnodsan,  Ceare,  yd  ^iH 
of  LInlitkcow  (l«1fr-1690),  and  the  lalter't  km,  Geocie.  ibe  4th  carl 
((.  IMa-itos),  wen  btlh  eatatad  agaiiM  the  Covmimn  diiiog 
tbe  lEign  of  CbtilM  II.  When  ibe  4>h  eul  died  witbovt  loiii  ia 
AuguB  Urn  the  laridoiii  pasied  to  bu  nephev.  Junes  UviagstoDe, 
....  _..  .ycmllendir.  ttBM.  who  then  becnme  tbe  5th  t«i  ol 
the  Stuart  tni™  in  ITtJ;  In  1716  be  wmt 
»ii,d«iMil  nl  JSt  Us  hmin,  (^  be  died 

'The  euUnm  d  CalleaduT  ii4ich  wu  thus  vnitrd  with  that  of 
Linlithgow,  was  bestowed  in  1641  upon  James  Uvinntone,  the  third 
Bon  of  the  lit  earl  ol  LiolithROW.  Having  iren  military  service  in 
(jAniBnyand  the  Netherlands,  Jaaws  was  crated  Lord  Livugstooe 
cd  Ahaaid  in  iMj  by  Chulei  I.,  and  daht  yma  IstB  Ibc  kiitt 
wished  ID  make  Gia  bed  high  Deasiuer  of  ScotUad.  Before  thit. 
however,  AlDiood  had  acted  with  the  CoveoaBttn,  tnd  during  the 
'--  "  '  -  "  En^and  and  Seotlaad  In  t6^  be  served  under 
.  LM&e.ifterHrdsead«f  UTe»  Bnibetnut 
In  ihs  Cninuaimis  did  not  pnvent  Urn  it  164B 
:  'hand  of  Cunbenuuld,"  an  association  fat  defence 
or  from  bdng  In  some  way  mined  up  with  the 
.  _  t4ot  tcr  tbe  sdnm  el  the  CovenaBttng  leaden, 
and  Artyll.  la  1641  Almond  betana  an  carl,  t*d. 
jined  tbe  oOer  of  a  high  poddna  In  the  armv  niiad  by 
>  ...  he  led  a  division  of  the  Scottish  fonts  lotoEn^ad  ia 
ind  helped  Lever  to  captun  tfewcaitle.  In  1U5  ClBeadnr, 
....  , ,.^  ii„.r  _Ct._.   .J.  .. ,-JJ  |„  ,^,  |„ 


Linlithgow,   j4 


tt  1.,  he  led 

..  ind  helped  L 

w  often  imagined  hhnieff 


WIS  ooe  of  the  pr 


IT  snhted'.  kft  the  army,  ti 

of  the  "  inpiii I  "  tor  the  idi 


LINLITHGOW— LINLITHGOWSHIRE 

r  lU  Mm  d  tbmilloa,  but  t 

njrk  viiH  u  Levm  lud  doDV  pr 


UDpriBIKC 


Ki  childnn,  aBd» 


if  the  ind  Ctrl  d 


uleiulir  died  oa  Mucb  i^4p  ^v 

1  A  ipedal  maaladtx,  he  wai  lur 

utpbew  MatiuSa  (A  iMj),  ibr  i.  _   ._.     _. 

LiDlilhtDW;  uid  be  aialn  ni  nicceFclcd  by  hi(  nepbcw  Atn>BdB 
(d.  1691),  the  aeciiBd  wn  □(  tbi  yd  arl  il  Lislilbmr.  The  jrd 
euL'i  loa,  JuMi,  ilie  4di  cari,  thta  baauna  slh  taaid  Llnliiliiim 

UHUTHOOV,  M,  nyd,   mtundpal  and  police  bm^ 
coamj  town  <J  linliUigDinlun,  ScotluuL    Piq>.  (1901) 
blitafaiKwnext>BtbeiDuIliBdai^alDch,i7}Di.  W.  of  EdJD- 
boq^  by  the  Ncstb  Biitiifa  nilwty.    It  hmg  proErvcd  ui 
tatiquD  lod  ptctmcaqne  ■ppeumDce,  Tjtli  pnlena  nnuung 
down  to  tbfl  lake,  (n  Hwntiipj  xhe  km  ik^is  of  tbe  naa^ 
(nnnd,  but  in  the  ic^th  ^mtniy  much  of  it  wms  icbuflt.    About 
4in.S.b7W.  liMtfaeold  vQkgE  (rf  Toiphjchsi  (pop.  54a). 
when  tbe  '"'n'''*  of  St  Jobn  of  Janulim  hid  tfaeii  chief 
Soottidi  fnctplerf-    1t>c  Vnab  kill  ie  built  on  the  ste  of  the 
■un  of  tlM  dnudi  of  Ibe  tatablidmnt,  but  the  mint  of  the 
tniMpt  >nd  ctf  put  (tf  the  dxir  itlll  eiiit.    IJnlithfOTi  bekiogi 
to  tbo  Falkiik  dittiict  gnnp  of  pailiunentuy  bnrghi  with 
F*Ud^  Afa'diie,  HtmBton  ind  Luarfc.  !!■  imhuiilu  in  '    ' 
■tuK-nukillg,  tknninl  ud  ciinyliis,  muiuEactnm  of  pipei. 
ud  Nap,  4iid  dietiljini.    An  old  toirer-iike  unictuR  nei: 
nllmy  (titioa  ii  tnditianally  rejarded  n  m  ""H"  ol 
KnigbU  TRnidar.    Othec  public  bidldinp  an  the  fiist  ' 
hmiu  (erected  in  iMS  uid  nttoied  in  1B48  after  ■  fiie) ;  tbc ' 

dating  ftom  the  pn-RefOtmatioD  period.  Tbue  are  bouh  fine 
fountaina.  The  Cron  Welt  in  freut  of  ttae  torn  home,  a  itriking 
piece  of  gtntaque  woil  orved  in  lUne,  oritinallr  bi  **  ' 
niga  of  Jama  V..  vai  tebuill  in  1807.  Another  fi 
mrmoDiKed  by  the  figure  of  &t  Michael,  the  patroiHaint  of  the 
burgh,  Linlithgow  Felice  ii  perhaps  lie  £nat  ruin  of  iti  kind 
in  Scotluid.  Heavy  but  effective,  Ibe  Bmbre  walla  rise  above 
the  green  knolls  of  the  pnnnonloiy  which  divides  the  lake  into 
two  nearly  aqua]  poitioDi.  laplanit  isalinoat  aqBara  (16S  (t.by 
IT4  ft.),  encloaing  a  court  (gi  ft.  by  E8  ft.),  in  the  centre  oI  which 
Naodi  the  ruiotd  fouataia  of  which  an  exqnialte  co|qF  wis  erected 
hi  front  of  Holyrood  Pslsce  by  the  FtiDce  Qnaort.  At  each 
oner  there  is  *  tower  with  an  interail  vfail  Maircate,  that  ol 
the  north-west  angle  being  crowoed  by  a  liitk  ocuganal  turret 
ktBwn  ai  "  Qut«o  Margaret's  Bonr,"  from  Ibe  tiadiliaii  thai 
it  was  tbeie  thai  the  coiuort  of  Jama  IV.  watched  and  wailed 
br  his  return  from  Flodden.  Tbe  weit  Bide,  whoae  missive 
muonry.  hudly  broken  by  a  aingle  window,  isnippoied  to  dsLe 
In  part  from  the  time  of  James  111,,  who  later  took  refuge  in  one 
Of  itl  vudts  tram  his  dishqral  nobles;  but  ibe  larger  part  of  (he 
■onlh  and  e»l  siite  bejoiv  to  Ibe  period  of  James  V.,  about 
1!3S;  and  the  OOilh  side  was  rebuilt  in  ifii9-i6io  by  James  VI. 
Ol  JaDMl  V,'i  portion,  architectunUy  the  nchest,  tlie  main 
tpanments  are  the  Lyon  chamber  or  parliament  hall  and  the 
chapel  re/al.  The  grand  entrance,  appruachod  by  a  drawbridge, 
was  on  tbe  east  sidei  above  Ibe  gsieway  an  still  some  weather- 
worn remains  ol  rich  allegorical  designs.  The  palace  was  reduced 
toniinjby  General  Hawley's  dragoons,  who  let  fire  tn  it  in  im6, 
Covenuncnt  grants  have  stayed  further  dilaiHdttion.  A  few 
l^rdi  to  the  souih  ol  ibe  palace  it  tbe  church  cf  St  Michad,  a 
Cothic  (Scottish  Decorated)  buildiDg  (iSo  fL  long  intctnaOy 
deluding  the  apM,  by  6^  f  I.  in  breadth  eicludl^  the  tnnaepts), 
inbaUy  louaded  by  David  I,  in  1 941,  bnl  mainly  built  by  Geoie 
Crkhion,  bitbop  d  Dunkeld  (ijiS-iu6>,  The  central  west 
"ont  steeple  was  till  iSii  topped  by  ■  crown  like  thai  of  St 
We.  ,  EdbiburgL  The  chief  features  of  the  church  are  the  em- 
Mttled  aM  pinnacled  tower,  with  the  fine  doorway  bekiw,  the 
^ve,  ibc  oanb  porch  and  Ibe  lanbi^nt  window  hi  the  socth 
■  ^'T*'  "^^  church  contains  some  fine  stained  ^ais,  including 
aa"\  ^'  ''"  '"'""y  ^  ^  Charies  Wyville  Thonson  (iSjo- 
»»«,  Uh  uaturaliM,  who  was  bom  in  Ihe  parish. 


LlnlitbgW  (in«n«rr  Mnttfied  <p>ltb'lbe1IonUi  £«•<»•)  «M 
ade  a  royal  burgh  tir  David  I,  Edward  I,  enamped  here  lbs 
ghl  before  the  battle  of  Falkirk  [119S},  winlcrid  here  in  ijoi, 
id  next  year  built  "  a  pele  joutle]  mekitl  and  tmng,"  which  in 
II]  was  captured  by  the  Scots  through  tbe  assttUoce  of  William 
unnock,  or  Binning,  and  his  bay-catt.  In  1^64  the  customs  oi 
Linlithgow  yielded  more  than  those  of  any  other  town  in  Scatland, 
taken  with  Lanark  to 


tbe  Four  Burghs  (ijiS).  Robert  II,  granted  it  a  charter  of 
immunities  in  I3£4.  Tbe  palace  became  a  favourite  tesidcnco 
ol  the  kings  of  SoMlaaJ,  and  often  lormcd  part  of  the  marriage 
ietilenieol  of  theb  oonsoru  {Mary  b(  Cucldei*,  r449;  Margaret 
of  Denmark,  1468;  Mi^iet  of  England,  rioj).  James  V. 
was  bora  within  iu  waUi  in  1^1],  and  hit  daaghler  Maiy  on  tlie 
7lh  of  Decemb^  luj.   Inmolf"" «•---    - 


he  High  Street  by  Jama  Haniluo  oC  Botimllhai^ 
'ersity  of  EdiDbuigh  look  retnge  at  Linlithgow  from 

Ibe  plague  in  1645-1646;  in  the  sane  year  the  national  parlia- 
ment, which  bad  often  sat  in  the  palace,  was  held  there  for  the 
last  time.  In  i££i  [be  Covenant  was  publicly  burned  here,  and 
in  17*5  Prince  Chaiiia  Edward  passed  Ihtougb  the  town.  In 
1859  the  burgh  was  deprived  by  ihe  Houx  of  Lords  of  its  claim 
to  levy  bridge  toll  and  custom  from  tbe  railway  company. 

UaUTHQOWSfilBB,  or  Wen  LorsuH,  a  south-eastern 
coDBty  of  Scotland,  boonded  H.  by  tbe  Finh  of  Forth,  E.  and 
S,E,  by  Edinbuigbsbire,  S,W.  by  Lanarkshire  and  N.W.  by 
Stirlingshire,  Il  has  au  area  of  76,861  acres,  or  110  iq.  m., 
and  a  coait  line  <f  1 7  B).  The  aurfaca  rises  very  gradually  Iran 
Ihe  Firth  to  tbe  hilly  district  in  the  south.  A  few  miles  Irotn 
the  Forth  a  valley  strtt<bcs  from  east  to  wesL  Between  llie 
county  town  and.  Balfagatc  are  several  hills,  the  chief  being 
Knock  liat?  (1.),  Ctitnpapplc,  or  Caimnaple  (looo),  Cocklcive 
[said  to  be  a  conuption  of  Cuckald-le-B«,  qii),  Rlccanon  Hilb 
ISji]  terminalitig  eastwards  in  Binny  Craig,  a  striking  endncace 
similar  10  those  of  Stirling  and  Edinburgh,  Torphichen  UilU 
{777)  and  Bowden  (749).  In  the  coast  district  a  few  bold  rocki 
are  fdnnd.  snch  as  Dalmeny.  Dundas  (well  wooded  and  with 
a  preci[»tous  front),  tiie  Binna  and  a  rounded  eminence  of 
SS9  ft.  named  Glower*)'er-'cm  or  Bonoylouo,  bearing  on  iU 

Indian  Mutiny.    Tbe  liwr  Almond,  rising  in  Lanarkshire  and 
inh-easierly  direction,  entera  the  Firth  at 


after  a  course  of  24  m 


d  Lothian.    lis  right-ba 
3  anotlier  portion  of  tbe 
*von,  riling  in  the  detached 


the  boundary  between  West  and  ft 

tributary,   Breich  Water,  conlilui 

line  dividing  tbe  same  counties,   Tbi 

portion  of  Dombarlonihire,  dowi  1  . .     _   . 

lingshire  and  then,  following  in  the  main  a  Dortbeily  direction, 
■es  the  Donnty  town  on  the  west  and  mches  tbe  Firth  about 
Iway  between  Cringemoolh   and    Bo'neis,  having  served 

as  Ibe-bonndary  of  Stirlingshin],  during  rather  mote  than  the 

'alter  half  of  its  oonne.    The  only  loch  is  Unlllhgow  Lake  (loi 

Lcrcs),  immediately  adjoining  the  rtrttnty  town  on  the  north. 

I  favourite  resort  ol  curlers  and  staters.    It  it  10  It.  deep  at 

Jie  east  entl  and  4^  ft.  at  tbe  west    Bek,  petth  ud  bnw  (a 

ipedes  of  roach)  are  abundant. 
Calogy, — The  rocks  □< 


■ha  are  fouid.    Tbe  Batbgale  Hilli  an  lermed  uf  bavltic 

and  tuffa--an  Inlerbedded  v«fauic  cnop  pawbly  1000  ft. 

in  the  CakileroiiB  Sandnonc  aod  Cs'boiiilenHB  Limcsuae 

A  peculiar  seTpentinaus  variety  of  the  prevailing  rock  is 

ouafTKd  at  BlBckbum  lor  oven  Boon:  ix  Is  known  aa  "  lakeslone-'' 

Binu  Hill  Ii  Ihe  ate  of  one  o(  tbe  valaaic  cdh*  of  the  period. 

The  Carboniremua  Umeatew  aerin  comMa  of  ■■  nraiB'  bkT  Tower 

gimip— indadieg  Ibe  fWenhill,  Index,  Dykeai  ' 

A  1ime«one*-and  a  midiT '■ 


73  J  LINN 

UilktOH  irit  Kiiia  cnM  ia  >  belt  wUdi  aiy  be  tnced  Imm  tbe 

noutii  ol  IDC  Avon  asuOmnli  to  Whiiburn.  Tliii  ii  followed  by 
Ihc  Iriie  ual-mcaHim  with  Ibr  Boftiiad  or  Torbanchill  osl.  Ihe 
Colinbucn.  Main,  BmlL,  Mill  ind  Upper  Cisnel  or  Staotu  (u  osU 
if  Annidalt.  ToibuthlU  uid  FuildbDuie. 


X.", 


July  M-s*  F.).  More  diii  Ihi«-(oiir 
culture  c3  which  Ii  hiihlr  dmloped,  n 
land  it  Uniod  Along  the  a»t.  >«  »t  C 


OaUHlhepr 


._.._._  .s  ijioKl)'  anble,  f 

un  icro  an  the  nuw  coininon.  Turnip*  and  patati 
Hading  fnea  ctoijl  Much  land  haa  bcH  redauoed; 
^  Livmipcon,  {or  cuinple,  which  Ld  the  beftiaoinE  c 


Uy 


Wu  Lotbias  aa 


n  othB  SoMiiih  cc 


In  Torphkben  and  Bith^aiF, 
ae  ud  Polkeinniit.    I 

luiLy.  tne  irean  outttr 

Otltr  IniuiIriH.^-Tbe  dule-on  trade  Souriihct  >(  Bailifale, 
Broibum.  Armadale.  UphaU.Wochburgh.PbUntouD  and  Dsliccnv. 
There  are  important  iron-worlca  with  uaat  Tumaccfl  at  Br 


loiidciable 


'  taively  mined  at 
cenloUoHcd  aince 


important  iron-worlca  with  blast  lunt 
lunmi,  xhltbum  and  Bathgate,  and  coal  ia  oln  _  . 

dieae  placel.    Caal'ninng  ia  uppoaed  to  bavebeanL.—    __ _ 

Roman  time*,  and  the  euLieat  dccument  extant  ngaidiru  coalpiu 
in  Scotland  ii  a  chaner  granted  about  the  end  oT  Ihe  lilh  ctniury 
to  WiHiim  (Hdbildee  of^amden. .  Fire-clay  n  eneosvely  worked 

Ljnmlonc,  fieealaae  and  wUaHone  ate  aH  quairied.  Binny  [ree- 
atone  wai  uicd  (oi  the  Koyil  Intlilalion  and  the  National  Calkry 
in  Erlinburfh.  and  many  important  buildimEa  in  GljfHow.  Some 
fishing  b  c^ned  on  hoot  Queen^erry.  and  Bo'neaa  is  the  principal 


^-„  - — I  Coalbni^e , ,  .— 

Railway  Gmipany  9  line  f nnn  Glaagov 
[Heme  uulb  ol  the  shire.    Th-  "- -- 
■till  to  connect  Ediaburgb  « 
'  Camcloa  In  Siidingibire,  era 
......  ..J  N.B.R.  line  to  FallJrli.    Th< 

.long  and  belongs  la  the  North  British. .,. 

Almond  and  Avon  on  aqueducts  dcaigoed  by 
d  near  Falkiik  ia  cnaveyed  •'™— »>  -  ...-__i 


PoftiLaiai  and  Adminiilraliim. — In  iBgi  tlie  papulation 
■mounted  lo  5i,SoS,  and  in  iijai  to  65,708,  ibowinf  an  tnoeaac 
ol  34-43%  ^a  the  decennial  period,  the  bigbol  of  any  Scottisb 
(»UD(y  [or  that  decade,  and  a  density  oi  $47  peisooa  to  tbe 
iq.  m.  In  1901  five  pcnons  spoke  Gaelic  only,  and  575  GneUe 
and  F-"flli*h  Tbe  diicf  towns,  with  popuhitions  In  igoi,  ate 
Buhgale  (;mq),  Boirawstonniiess  (9306),  Broibum  (tow) 
and  Linlithgow  (4174).  Tbesliire  returns  ont  member  to  parlia- 
ment. LlnlithgowBhire  a  part  of  the  sbeiifldoin  of  Uu  LotUam 
and  P«ble>,  and  a  resident  shcriS-subititute  tiu  at  Linlilbgow 
and  Balbgate.  The  county  is  under  school-boud  juiisdictioo, 
and  there  are  academiei  at  Linlithgow,  Batbgatc  and  Bo'ness. 
Tbe  local  authoiitie*  entrust  the  bulk  ol  the  "  reudue  "  giant 
to  the  County  Secondary  Education  Commillce,  which  aDbaidiiB 
elementary  technical   daGses   (cookery,   laundry    and    dairy) 

tquipmnit. 

Hiidjry.— Traces  of  the  Pietish  inbabiunta  still  eiisl.  Neat 
Inveiavon  i>  an  accumulntion  of  shells— mostly  oysters,  which 
have  long  ceased  to  be  found  so  far  up  Uie  Forth — considered 
by  geologisti  to  be  a  natural  bol,  but  pronounced  by  antiqi 
10  be  a  kitchen  midden.  Stone  dsli  bave  been  discover 
CaHowrie,  Dalmetiy,  Newlision  and  elsewhere;  on  Calin 
ii  a  circular  stmclure  of  ccmote  but  udIuioaq  date;  ai 
Xippa  is  a  cromlech  (hat  was  once  nmounded  by  stones, 
wall  of  Antonlntia  Uca  lor  several  miles  in  the  Bhirc 
discovery  of  a  fine  legionary  tablet  at  Bridgcncas  in  1: 

"be  conclusive  evidence  that  the  great  rampart 


can  be  diatlngulihM  at  aeveral  qiou.    Ob  (be  hDl  o(  Bowdca 

is  an  eanhwDik,  which  J.  StuaiC  Clennie  and  othcn  coonect 
with  the  siruggle  ol  the  ancient  Britons  againal  the  Sauma 
ol  Nonhumbria.  The  hiatoiical  aaaodatiana  ol  tlu  cmuiy 
mainly  duster  round  the  town  ol  Ijnlithgcne  (f.t-}.  Kingacavil 
(pop.  0>q)  disputes  with  Sionefaouse  in  Lanarkshire  the  honour 
of  being  the  birthplace  of  Patrick  Hamilioa,  the  maityt  (ijof 
iiB). 


(1707-1778),  Swedish  botanist,  who  waa  bom  en  tha  ijib  ol 
May,  O.S.  (May  33,  N3.)  1707  at  Rlsbnlt,  In  the  proviace 
of  Smiiand,  Swodm,  and  was  the  ddctt  cUid  otNili  Umuwiia 
the  comminister,  afterwards  pastoi,<rf  the  puid,  and  CbratJBi 
Brodersonia,  the  diugblei  oi  llM  pcevisui  incuiabcDl.  In 
1717  he  was  sent  to  the  piitaaiy  tduol  at  WeiiO,  and  in  1714 
he  passed  to  the  gymnaiiuin.  His  latecetta  wen  centred  on 
botany,  and  his  progress  in  the  studies  conaideied  netancy 
lor  admission  to  holy  orders,  for  wUdi  he  was  intoided,  was 
lo  slight  that  in  1716  his  lather  wj 


apbyiida 


a  Uilor 

the  fachel  that  he  woul  , 
and  natural  history,  and  who  further  initnictcd  him  in  phyai- 
oLogy.  In  1737  ha  entered  the  univeiBty  of  Lnnd,  but  raBoved 
in  the  followiAg  year  to  that  of  Upaala.  Thoia,  throu^  lack 
ol  Dieatis,  be  had  a  hard  stnig^  until,  in  1739,  he  made  tha 
acquaintance  ol   Dr   Olif  Celsius   (1670-1756),  ] 

saw  Ihe  light  nearly  twenty  yean  later.     C 

with    litmaeus's   ktiowled^   and    botairicd 
finding  him  ncRSsitoua,  oSered  him  boanl  ai  _    _ 

Curing  this  period,  be  came  upon  a  iriiiqua  which  uhimalely 

ficalion.     This  was  i  review  of  Sibastieo  Vaillanl'a  Strmi  d* 

Latin;  it  set  him  upom  ezamining  the  stamena  and  pistils  of 

Bowers,  and,  becoming  convinced  ol  the  paAmount  InqHTtancx 
of  theaeorgans,hcformedthcideaof  basingaa^Oem  of  amagfr^ 
ment  upon  Ihem.  Another  work  by  Wallin,  TAjMot  ^trmr,  sat 
Ntipiiae  Atbcnm  Disitrlatio  (Upsala.  1719),  having  fallen  inti> 
bis  hands,  be  drew  up  a  short  treatise  on  the  aeies  of  plants,' 
which  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  tbe  younger  Olal  Rudbeck 
(1660-1740),  the  professor  of  botany  in  the  unlvosity.  In 
ilie  lollowliig  year  Rudbeck,  whose  advanced  s^e  con^ieUed 
him  to  lecture  by  deputy,  appointed  Unoaeus  bis  adjunctus; 
in  the  spring  of  1730,  thenkre.  the  latter  bc^aa  hlaltetora. 
The  academic  garden  was  enlirdy  remodelled  under  his  auspices, 
and  himlshcd  with  many  rare  species, 
year  he  had  solidtcd  appointment  to  the  vacant  post  of  ga 
which  was  refnacd  Um  on  the  ground  o(  bis  capacity  lor  better 

In  1731  be  undertook  to  optote  Lapland,  at  the  cost  ol  the 
Academy  of  Sdemxs  of  Upaala;  he  travcned  npwarda  el 
4600  m.,  and  the  coat  of  the  Journey  is  given  at  530 copper  doUara, 
or  about  £3$  sterling.  His  own  account  was  published  in 
English  by  Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  under  tbe  title  Ladutis  Lafptitica, 
in  1811;  the  sdenlifc  results  were  published  in  his  Fltra 
Lapfiamia  (Amsterdam,  1737).  In  173]  Linnaeus  was  engaged 
at  Upsala  in  leaching  the  methods  of  assaying  orea,  but  was 
prevented  from  delivuing  kctutes  on  botany  (or  academic 
reasens.  At  this  juncture  the  governor  of  Dalecatlia  invited 
him  to  travd  through  his  province,  as  be  had  done  tfarou^ 
Lapland.  Whilat  on  this  Journey,  he  lectured  at  Fahlun  to 
large  udienoea;  and  J.  Browallius  {1707-1755),  the  chaplain 
there,  afterwards  bishop  of  Abo,  strongly  urged  him  to  go  abroad 
and  take  bis  degree  of  M.D.  at  a  foreign  universty,  by  which 
means  he  could  afterwards  settle  lAcn  be  pteased.  Aceordioglr 
he  left  Sweden  in  1)3$.    Trtveltini  by  Ldbeck  and  llamhiu& 


hapncacdBd  to  Hardtrvijk.  iriitie  lie  vcM  Ihnmsh  Ihe  teinivte 

favEI.  Hiv  Kuity  fundt  wcte  how  ncnly  fpcnl,  tin)  he  pancd 
SB  Ihroutli  Kuricm  la  Laden,  iIrr  he  aiitd  on  Jon  Krrdtik 
Ctoaoviu)  (1690-1761),  irtn,  Tciuning  the  vWi,  vw  ihowa 
the  Sytlemc  Hfurdr  in  MS.,  and  wu  »  gnslly  ulannhnl  tl 
iL  that  he  trni  it  la  pros  iL  his  o*m  cipcmc.  Tbb  foinoiii 
qnuni,wbich,aniBculuU  was,  subuiiuLcd  order  f or  comf mlon, 
kriely  nude  iti  vay  on  uisunt  of  the  iucid  and  vLminibli:  laws, 
uid  cammenla  on  ih«n,  which  wen  issued  almosl  at  the  ume 
time  (see  BoTuv).    II,  Bocrhuvc,  vbom  LinnaciB  uw  after 

(1707-17S0),  the  prafaur  of  bouny  ii  Amuerdam,  mth  ■bom 
he  slJiyeil  a  twelvemoalh.  WhDc  ibrn  he  issued  his  FwM^mtuia 
Bataniai.  an  unasiuniing  snull  octavo,  vhich  excnteil  immcnM 
inDuente.  For  wnw  tune  also  he  lived  with  Ihe  weahhy  banker. 
G.  GiHord  (i68s-i7;o),  who  had  a  magnlficoat  laitkn  11 
Hartecainp,  near  HaorioD- 

lo  i7ja  Linnams  visiiai  England.  He  wu  warmly  ncoDi- 
nendcd  by  Bocrhuva  to  Sir  Hans  Sloans,  who  seems  10  have 
received  him  coldly.  Al  Oilord  Dr  Thniuu  Shaw  welcomed 
biiB  cordially;  ].  J.  Dilleniui,  Ihe  prafasor  ol  botany,  woi 
cold  at  fim,  but  aftciwardi  changed  cooipletely,  kept  hint 
A  psoTtth,  and  even  olTercd  Lo  share  the  emolumenli  of  the  ehaif 
withhira.  He  uw  Philip  Miller  (1641-1171),  the /isrfii/iiwriiiB 
Primapi,  at  Chelsea  Physic  Gaidan.  and  took  soma  plaau 
thence  to  CliRord;  but  ceniin  other  slorici  which  are  cunmi 
about  his  visit  to  Engbnd  are  ol  very  doubtrul  authenticity. 

On  his  tetnm  10  the  Netherbods  be  completed  the  printing 
of  his  Ctncn  FIttiNnim,  a  vohime  which  bum,  be  coosidend 
the  ataninc-polnl  of  modem  lyttenuiic  botany.  During  the 
Bme  yeai.  17J7,  he  finishni  arranging  CiieoTd'i  coUccIiaa 
of  plant*,  living  and  dried,  described  in  the  Hariia  ClifottiaKta, 
Dtiring  Ihe  compilaiian  he  used  to  "  amuse  "  hinisell  with 
drtwing  op  the  Critita  BtOanica,  also  printed  in  the  Netherlantis. 
But  this  sttenuoul  and  unremitting  bbour  told  upon  him;  the 
atmoipheie  of  the  Low  Countrits  iiemed  to  OK>rca  Urn  beyond 
endurance;  and,  rtiisling  all  Cliflord'i  entreaties  10  remain 
with  him,  he  started  homewards,  yet  00  the  way  he  remained 
■  yeu  at  Leiden,  and  published  his  Cloiia  PlamaniM  (tjjA). 
Hi  tbeo  visited  Paris,  where  he  sow  Antoioe  and  Bernard  de 
jDBieu,  tnd  finally  sailed  for  Sweden  from  Re 
1738  he  established  bimielf  as  a  physidan  in  Stock! 
bdng  unknown  ass  medical  man,  no  one  at  first  cared 
bim;  by  degrees,  however,  be  found  palioila,  was 
naval  i^iysician  at  Stockholm,  with  minor  tppointmer 
June  I7J0  Biarried  Sam  Morca.  In  1741  he  was  ap( 
Ihe  chair  of  medicine  at  Upsala.  but  xwn  uchanged  it 
botany.  In thesomeyear.prcviouslo thiiexcbaage,hi 
through  Olandand  Gotfatand,  by  command  of  the  ttate,publish- 
Ing  hii  results  in  OlSndtta  ttk  CtMUiitka  Raa  ^^^K)■  The 
index  to  this  vidume  ahowi  the  £nt  .... 


Henceforward  his  time  wai  taktu  >q>  by  teadiing  and  the 
prepuatini  of  other  works.  In  174$  he  iuued  bis  FltraSttBua 
and  Fataa  Siadca,  the  latter  having  occupied  bis  atlenlion 
during  fifteen  years;  afterwards,  two  vcdumes  ol  otecrvations 
made  during  journeys  in  Sweden.  WasliHa  Saa  (Stockholm, 
1747).  andJiUujta  JIua(Slockhobn.l7Si).  Jni748bebnwght 
fnil  his  Horlui  Ufialimu,  tbowiaf  that  be  had  added  eleven 
hundred  spedea  10  thoM  lonneily  in  cultivation  in  that  garden. 
In  17SO  ho  FJlUattfkIa  Balamco  wai  gives  to  the  worid;  it 
consists  of  a  commeouiy  on  the  vuioui  aihuni  ht  had  published 
is  1735  in  hii  fuidaiisaiM  AAwica,  and  was  dictated  to  hi) 
pupil  P.  LOfling  (1719-1756),  whili  the  pnfeiaai  was  confined 
to  his  bed  by  an  attack  o[  gout.  But  the  most  imporUnt 
"         '  d  was  his  Sptcia  Plalenim  (Slockbotm.  17J 


klibenl  lalary,  and  full  liberty. of  « 


c  the  < 


states  of  SUJMsod 
usonm  ol  sloa-,  to 
the  univenity  drew 


llaamaiby;  at  the  laltoi  be  built  h 
guard  aiplnst  lea  by  Gto.  His  leclon 
men  fnia  all  pani  of  the  wedd;  tbe  nc 
at  Upsla  was  bn  huodied,  bat  while  be  occupied  the  cbaii 
of  botany  then  il  row  10  Bftees  hundrod.  In  1761  be  was 
gmntod  a  patent  ol  DOtulity,  antedated  to  1757,  from  which 
tmie  he  was  styled  Carl  von  Linnfe,  To  his  great  delight  tbe 
tci-pbnl  was  inltoduced  oUve  into  Eaiope  in  176];  in  the 
tame  year  his  sulvitdng  son  Carl  (1741-17SJ)  WIS  allowed  to  assise 
bit  father  in  his  piofctiotid  duliei,  and  to  be  trained  as  his 
soccestor.  At  the  age  of  sixty  his  memory  began  to  Fail;  an 
apoidcctic  attack  in  1774  gieitly  weakened  him;  two  yean 
after  he  km  the  tue  of  hit  right  ridei  and  be  died  on  tba  lotb 

'utled. 

With  Uimaeus  arrangenieilt  

drlightcd  in  devising  ctaZtificotions,  or 

ihe  l\nv  kingdoms  of  nature,  but  <!wn  urvw  up  ■  iiuiik  un  inc 
Centra  Horborum^  When  be  appeared  upon  the  teene.  new  phnts 
and  aniinals  ncro  bi  oounc  ol  Ally  dbcovny  in  increailntnumbert, 
due  lo  Ihe  iDaaaK  li  trading  la^Bilisii  he  devised  Khcaia  ol 
amnwnimt  by  which  these  acquisilJons  might  tjc  sorted  pn>> 
viiion^illy.  unlit  Ihrir  naluial  affimti«  should  hive  become  deaier. 
He  made  many  miita1tn;bin  the  honourdue  to  hin  for  having  fine 
enuadaied  the  principles  for  deirtog  genera  and  ipeeies.  and  his 
uaiform  uie  of  spcnbe  tmmc*,  la  'eodunog.  Hia  slyLe  is  terse  aad 
Liconicj  he  melhodically  treated  of  each  organ  in  its  proper  luni, 
and  had  a  special  term  lor  each,  the  meaning  of  which  rnd  not  vtry. 
The  reader  cannot  doubt  the  inthoc'i  raicnlfaa;  hit  sentences  ai* 
hmlijn  Ha  aod  »  the  point.    Tbe  onistion  o(  the  v«l>  in  hia 

inguage  which  was  Eoicign  10  the  writing  of  b 

i^^^  ■: :— . JJ-i  .-  -■. 1-^.. 

!  BCQidtiiiveiiess,  rnnd  *^      «  _  — — --y— -  « 

,  ..jinea  Ibem  lo  doie  and  accurate  observation,  and 

then  despatched  them  to  various  parts  of  Ihe  globb 
Hia  Duhlhbed  wnrb   amotiiit  to  nwte  than  one  hnndnrd  end 
jlrefcinicBi.forwhlchhe  provided 


lany  of  hn  works  were  not  puUiibed  dunng  Bit  lifeiime:  th 
'hicti  were  are  enumerated  by  Dr  iUchird  Pultcney  In  fai>  Can 
.'iaeifM>»'riliatri^i.inaflu<r7li).  HiiwidowsaClhiseenEeii 
lad  books  ta  Sir  J.  E.  Snitb,  Ihe  firs  pretidealaf  ihe  Linn 


Society  of  Loodor 
property  they 


herbarium  and  libiary  for  Ihe  Socteiy,  whose 
:.    Tbe  manuscripts  of  many  ol  Linnaeut'a 

, . ....  letters  he  rcceivn  from  his  contempoiaries, 

alKiaiic  inIB  tbe  puBHwon  of  tbeSocieI)t.  (0.  D.J.) 

UmiBU.  JOHN  (i7gi-tMi),  English  painter,  was  bom  in 
London  on  the  i61h  of  June  I79>.  His  father  being  a  carver  and 
gilder,  Linnell  wti  eerly  brou^l  Into  coniacl  with  artists, 
and  when  be  wae  ten  years  old  he  was  drawing  and  selling  his 
portraits  In  diallc  and  penciL  His  tfrnt  artistic  instruction  was 
received  from  Benjamin  West,  and  be  spent  a  year  in  tbe  bouse 
ol  John  Valley  the  waler.<«lour  painter,  when  be  had  William 
Hunt  and  Mulready  as  fellow-pupils,  and  made  the  acquaintance 
of  Shelley,  Godwin  and  other  men  oi  mark.  In  iSos  he  was 
admitted  a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy,  where  be  obtained 
medals  for  drawing,  nwdelting  and  scufpturc.  He  wa>  also 
trained  at  an  engraver,  and  eiecuied  a  transcript  of  Varley** 
"  Burial  of  Saul."  In  after  life  he  frerjuentty  occupied  hinuclf 
with  tbe  burin,  publithing.  In  iB]4,  a  series  of  onllinet  Irom 
Michelangelo'i  frocot*  In  the  Elstine  chapel,  and,  in  1840, 
superintending  the  iittie  of  a  tdection  of  plates  Iron  Iheplcturei 
la  Buckingham  Palace,  one  of  them.  >  Titian  landscape,  being 
meiiotinied  by  himself.  At  fint  be  lapported  himself  mainly  by 
miniature  painting,  and  by  the  execution  of  laiser  portraits, 
such  as  the  likenesses  of  Mulitedy,  Whately,  Peel  and  Cari^ 
Several  of  his  ponrilis  he  engraved  with  Us  own  hsnd  In  lint 
andmcuotlnt.  Heolsopiinled  many  lubjecis  like  the  "  Si  John 
Preaching,"  the  "Covenant  of  Abraham,"  and  tbe  "Joomey 
la  Emmaus,"  in  whkb,  whUe  the  landscape  ts  utually  pramlnent 
the  figurta  are  yet  of  ni&deat  Importance  10  supply  the  title 


734- 


LINNET— LINSEED 


iwn.    Hu  worlu  comroonly 
vcnilul  Engluh  kadKape. 


of  the  work.    But  ft  <•  m^oly  ii 

■    «f  pure  laodKipt  llut  hii  Dame  a 

dtMl  with  some  kxhc  of  lypial 

whithi»inade  impreiBvibysgorgeouiMicioi  suonse  or  suion. 
They  IR  full  of  inie  pMlic  feeling,  ud  IR  licb  lod  itowing 
in  colour.  Linnell  wb  able  lo  aunnund  very  laife  prk«  foe 
hii  piclUTO,  and  ibout  1S50  hepurcluued  a  properly  it  Rrdhill, 
Surrey,  whrre  he  reuded  till  hii  deaih  on  the  loih  of  Jiniuiy 
iKSi,  paioiing  with  ujubucd  poirer  till  within  the  Lait  few  yan 
of  hii  life.  Hii  Idiun:  wit  gmtly  omipicd  wilh  a  itudy  of 
the  Scripturei  in  the  mif^nal,  and  he  publiihcd  KVenl  pamphieii 
and  hiiger  Imliiel  oT  BibiiuJ  criLidun.  LinDcIl  WM  one  of 
the  best  friend!  and  kindest  psirons  ol  William  Blihe.    He 

■ingle  series  of  designs — £iy>  for  drawing!  und  engnvlngi 
ol  Tkt  Iwnilimt  le  Ikt  Btak  if  Jtb,  and  a  like  sum  foe  iboie 
iUuitraliveof  Dute. 

LUtHET,  O.  Eng.  UhUi  and  Lind-vitc  whence  seems  to  have 
tmn  cortvpied  ihe  old  Scottish  "  Linlquhii,"  snd  the  modem 
northern  English  "LinIwhile"—originjlly»  somewhat  generaKied 
bird's  nunc,  but  lallerly  spccullicd  !oi  the  Frisiille  caniuiiiia 
ol  Linnaeus,  Ihe  £iiH(o  cannaiine  ol  tcceni  onUlhologisLS. 
Thii  is  a  common  aong-bitd,  [requcnting  almost  the  whole  ol 
Europe  south  of  [at.  6»',  and  in  Asia  emending  to  Tuikestin. 
It  Is  known  as  a  wiolet  visiuni  to  Egypt  and  Abyssinia,  and 
is  abundant  at  all  season!  in  Barbary,  as  well  u  in  (he  Canaries 
and  Madeira.  Though  the  fondness  of  this  species  for  the  seeds 
of  fiai  (tiaum)  and  hemp  {Cannabis)  has  given  it  it!  common 
name  [n  so  many  European  languages,^  it  lecds  lai^ly,  if  not 
chiefly  in  Britain  on  Iho  seeds  of  planu  ol  the  order  Campciilat. 
tfljecially  Iboae  growing  on  heaths  and  commons.  As  these 
waste  placet  hive  been  gradually  brought  nndcr  the  plough, 
In.Eo^nd  and  Scotland  porticulaily,  the  haunts  and  meant 
of  subsittence  of  the  linnet  have  been  cunailed,  and  hence 
its  numbers  have  undergone  a  very  visible  diminution  throughout 

tave  been  held  to  diitingvith  ol 

ring  ol  the  breast  snd  crown  oi 
:r  plnmage  ii  doancd  and  doHtd 


r   round,  while  1 


roughotiL  Europe  there  is 
:h  their  greatest  briiliatKy 


spring,  they 
.  they  arc  never  aasumco  oy  aampia 
lo  coafineinent.  The  Lnnct  begins  to  hmd  in  April,  the  Best 
being  generally  placed  in  >  butii  at  u  great  diitaBce  from  the 
ground.  It  ii  nearly  always  a  nut  altuctute  nmpoaed  o[ 
Goe  twigs,  roots  or  bents,  and  lined  with  mol  or  haji.  The 
*ggs,  oft«a  !ii  in  number,  ace  of  «  very  pale  blue  marked  with 
reddith  or  purplish  brown.  Two  broods  lecm  to  be  coquhod 
in  the  taunt  ol  the  season,  and  towards  the  end  of  summer  the 
birds — the  young  gnatly  preponderating  in  number — collect 
in  large  flocks  and  move  to  the  sea<oasi,  whence  a  laige  pro- 
portion depart  for  more  southern  btiludea.  01  these  emigrants 
some  return  the  fidkiwing  spring  and  are  noogniiable  by  the 
more  advanced  stale  of  their  plunugc,  the  eftect  presumably 
of  having  wintered  in  countries  enjoying  >  brighter  and  bolter 

Nearly  allied  to  the  toiqoing  tpedei  u  the  twite,  so  named 
from  its  ordiiMty  caU-note,  at  tnountain-linnet,  the  JUiula 
farirailrit,  or  L,  mtninm  of  omilholotiil!,  which  can  be  dis- 
tinguished by  it!  yelJnw  bill,  longa  tail  and  rcddiih-iawny 
throat.  This  bird  never  ataumes  any  cKm»on  on  the  crown  or 
breast,  but  the  male  has  the  rump  at  all  times  tinged  more  or 
'  E^  Fr.  IhuM  Cer.  Bamfitt,  Swed.  Htm$lint, 


lest  wilh  that  coloat.  In  Ceeat  Brtuin  bj  the  _. 
it  teems  lo  aSect  eidusivdy  hilly  and  nnorland 
Herdordthiie  northward,  in  which  it  partly 


non  liimi 


rekxalin 


FhoUy  n 


lion,  and,  eiccpi  in  the  British  Islands  and  tone  parts  of  Scaodi- 
nana.  it  only  appears  as  an  irregular  visitant  in  winter.  Ai 
that  season  ii  may.  hawevcr,  be  found  in  large  Socfci  in  the 
low-lying  (ountciet.  and  *i  regards  England  even  on  the  let- 
thore.    Id  Atia  it  tcema  to  be  represented  by  a  kindnd  fona 

The  redpolls  form  a  little  group  placed  hy  many  aaihorilifs 
in  the  genus  Linola,  10  which  they  an  unquestionably  do»ely 
allied,  and,  as  stated  elsewhere  (sec  FtNOi),  the  lionet*  icen 
to  be  related  to  the  birds  of  the  genus  Levtcitictr,  the  veeiet 
of  which  inhabit  Ibe  nonhera  pons  of  Monh-Wect  America 
and  of  Asia.  i~  Itptmota  is  geiKtaUy  of  a  chocolate  colour, 
tinged  on  some  patli  with  pale  crimson  or  pink,  and  hat  the 
crown  of  the  head  silvery-grey.  Another  spccicB.  L.  arrtotf 
wa*  formerly  said  to  have  occurred  in  Nonh  America,  but  its 
proper  home  is  in  Ihe  Kurile  Islands  or  Kamchatka.  This  has 
no  red  in  its  plumage.  The  birds  ot  the  genus  Lnailiai  seem 
10  be  mare  lem^Iriil  in  their  habit  than  tholc  ol  Linata.  perhaps 
from  their  having  been  chiefly  otaerved  where  trcea  ate  scarce; 
but  it  is  passible  that  the  mutual  rdationahip  of  the  two  gtoupa 
is  more  apparent  than  real.  AlUed  to  /xuof/iCf  is  iiomiV' 
fria[illa,  to  which  beiongitbesnow-linch  of  Ihe  Alps,  If.  niflit, 
often  mistakAi  by  traveilers  for  tho  saow-biuljng,  Fltetrfifkants 
nivalii,  (A.   N.) 

UNSAlfS,  the  native  name  of  one  of  the  manben  of  the 
vivcrrinc  genus  Linsanga.  There  ore  four  qiedes  of  the  genua, 
from  Ihe  Indo-Malay  counlries.  Liman^  an  dvet-like 
creaturcB,  wilh  the  body  and  tail  greatly  elongated;  and  Ibe 
ground  colour  fulvous  marked  with  bcdd  bbck  patcfaea,  which 
in  one  species  {L.  panHaltr)  arc  oUone.  In  West  Africa  the 
group  is  represented  by  the  smaller  and  spotted  Feiama  ridiari- 
nni  which  has  a  genet-tike  hind-loot.    (See  Cunivoka.) 

UlfSEED.  the  seed  of  the  common  flax  (^j.)  or  lint,  Liiam 
niitatasimuHU  These  seeds,  Ihe  linseed  of  commerce,  are  ol 
a  lustroos  brown  colour  catemally,  and  a  compressed  and 
donated  oval  form,  with  a  digfat  beak  or  pcojcclioa  at  one 
eittemity.  The  brown  testa  contains,  in  the  ouicc  of  the  four 
coats  into  which  It  is  micimcoplroUy  distinguishable,  an  abBodaU 
secretion  of  nudUginaut  mailer;  and  it  hai  within  ii  ■  thhi 
layer  of  albumen,  enclosing  a  pair  ol  large  uly  colylcdona. 
The  !e>dt  when  placed  in  water  for  wme  time  become  coated 

the  external  layer  of  the  e[^dtrmis;  and  by  boiling  in  sixteen 
parts  of  water  Ihcy  exude  suifident  mucilage  to  form  with  the 
water  a  thick  pasty  decoclion.  The  cotytedons  contain  Ihe 
valuable  linseed  oil  referred  10  below.  Linseed  grown  in  tropical 
countries  is  much  larger  and  more  plump  than  Ihat  oblained 
in  temperate  dimes,  b  '   ''  '  '         "' 


a  finer 


'  of  oil. 


Linseed  formed 
Romans,  and  it  is  said  that  the  Ab>isiaians  at  the 
eat  it  roosted.  Tlie  oil  is  10  some  extent  used  as  f<K 
and  in  parts  of  Poland  and  Hungary.  The  still  prev 
linseed  in  poultices  for  open  wounds  is  entirely  to  be 
It  has  now  been  abandoned  by  practitionen.  T1 
objections  lo  this  use  of  linseed  Is  that  it  specially  faroun 
growth  of  micro^rpinisras.     There  are  numerous  dean 

and  Done  of  its  disadvantages.  There  ane  now  no  medii 
uses  ol  this  substance.  Linseed  cake,  the  marc  left  alter 
eipresiioa  of  the  oi],  is  a  most  valuable  feeding 

Unseed  k  subject  lo  extensive  and  detrimental 
rtiultinc  not  only  from  careless  harvesting  and  clea 


nown  in  trade  under  the  c 


LINSTOCK— LINTON,  B.  L. 


BMU  vt  "  bofum."  In  1864,  owint  lo  iht  MriDut  upert  «( 
the  previlent  Bdoltenlion,  a  union  of  tmJen  wu  fanned 
ondcr  Ihe  Dame  of  Ihe  "  LiiUMd  AuocutHio."  TUi  iwdy 
unplB  all  liucal  oil  anl*iii(  in  En^aod  and  nponi  on 

ZiimilHl,  tlwiMM«lD*blFdivl<i|cin.  !i  abtaiiwii  by  Hpnaion 

fnrn  Uh  Kcdi,  with  or  witliDui  the  aid  of  boiE.    PTriimuBry  to  ibc 

opnilion  of  pnitiDE,  tiM  tccdi  arc  cnubtd  and  ground  10  a  fine 

ColdjinMing  ol  iht  iwdi  yii-ldi  a  goldqn-ycUow  oil 


■  winf  tf 


be  oU.    So  Ob 


ai  an  «dibk  oiL    LarvcT  quantities  3 
iu>h«9M«l>tol6a'FT(7I.C.}.  and 


Ibtnc 


crude  oil 
ciianand 


■inf  icvaB]  ycQia  it  a  koowa  conuDcraally  at 
a  a  high  value  in  VBmiih<iiiaiung.  The  delay 
ibad  Dl  purUication  ii  avoided  1^  treatlnc  the 
Si  a£  a  aomewhat  itRHiE  aalphune  acid,  whkh 
n  the  bulk  of  the  impanli«:   For  Ibe  pnpata' 


_..  .  ot'theMn'ir 
■ome  battd  on  the  r 
The  yield  ol  oU  bin 
It'/,  at  the  mnghi  < 

Kd  aveiap!  qualit) 
n  found  in  ppclii 


the  and  operand  on  aliooWbeobiaiBrd.    A 
il  Kod  wdthint  about  uj  lb  per  qiun«  haa 

10  EIV«  OVt  lOf  lb  of  oil. 

DJIluu  t  peniUar.  isibei  disa^reeaUc  iharri 

lane  and  inarli:  ill  uBci5c  gravtty  ii  eiven  ai  varying  from  O'uli 
to  0-933.  and  it  ulidinei  ai  about  — a7  .  By  lapoAincaiion  it  yicid« 
a  number  of  fatty  acidt^-palmilic,  nyristic,  ofciCj  linoiic»  Hnolenic 
and  iioliiwIeTiic.  Eipoaed  10  the  aif  in  thin  fiims,  linKed  oil  ab»i4A 
oayien  and  forma  "iinoayn,"  a  reainoui  aenii-claalie,  cwMlchoury 
iilw  main,  of  unctnain  compotition.  Tba  oil,  when  boiied  with 
amail  prDportiona  of  liiharee  and  miniuDi,  nodef^oea  the  proceia  of 
rttinification  in  the  air  witb  gRatly  incrcued  rapidity. 

Itfl  niDM  important  use  ia  in  ine  preparation  of  oil  paint*  and 
varniiho.  By  palnten  both  raw  and  boded  oil  an  uied,  Ibe  bller 
fonaini  ibe  pnncipal  medium  in  oil  paintiin,  and  alu  (ervine 
■eporatcly  aa  the  baaia  of  all  oO  vamiibn.  Boiled  oil  it  prepared  in 
a  variely  el  wayt— that  moil  commoci  iKiot  by  heating  the  raw  oil 
in  an  iron  or  copper  boiler,  whicb,  lo  alloar  lor  frothing.  muH  only 
be  about  ihrec-lourtht  filled.  Tbe  bfliler  I>  heated  by  a  f^imace. 
and  the  cot  is  brought  gradually  to  Ihe  polal  of  ebulli 


■"a^ui'lTon  ine  «n. 
ladled  out.  Then  tv  iluw  degieci  a  proportion  of  "  drye 
added — uHjally  equafweightioT  Utharge  arid  minium  being  i 
the  eiteni  d[  j%  of  the  charge  of  oil;  and  wiih  theie  a 


I  and  Iroth  w 


the  drycra  ihe  baling  it  cc 


i.and  the  oil  b  left  covered 
(ending  out.  il  i*  U' 


Desidet  the  drycrt  alrrad' 


Liruecd  oA  it  aUo  the  principal  ingmiient  in  prinlin| 
tragic  ink*.  The  oil  for  ink-making  is  preparn  by  h( 
an  iron  poi  up  to  thi*  poini  whcri- 11  elihcr  takn  fire  spc 

been  alloHffd  la  Ifum  fur  tome  time  according  to  the 
of  Ibe  varnifeh  deiired,  tbe  inl  it  covvrvd  over,  and  i 


00.  and  tl 


Baace  gradually  bccomva 


oiudailon  product  of  both  ra 


LinK-ed  oil  <•  ubjccl  to  vatioui  taltlficalioK 
addiiioa  of  cotton-tced.  nigcr4nd  and  hemi 
oU  and  mineral  oih  -' "' ' 


t  inTreaiKnify  addi-d.    EiniM  b 
ity.  a'nd  by  oeltTioralioa  of  dryin 


UHSTOCK  (adapted  from  II 
Kick,"  [ram  Joaf.  a  malch.  tloJ 
trionnutly  ipelled  "  tinlalocli 
Itom  ■■  lint  "  in  the  «n«  ol  li 
cngth,  , 


tT),a 


lishled  nufch,  and  ■  point  al  Ibc  olhci  to  atick  in  the  gr 
"Lirutocka"  were  used  for  diKharginc  caiuion  in  the 
dayi  of  anilteiy. 

LINT  [in  M.  Enf.  fiaacf.  probably  thnmgh  Fr.  lintlU.  [roi 
the  Oai-planl;  cl.  "  line  "},  properly  the  llai'pbnl,  now 
in  Scoii  dioltcti  hcnc*  the  application  uf  luch  eipreraio 
"  lint-hMJOd,"  "  lint  wbiie  loclia "  to  Uucn  hair.    It  ii 


the  tenn  applied  to  tba  Au  irhen  prepared  for  ipiBning.  and 
to  ihe  waite  maieiial  left  over  which  was  used  (or  tinder. 
"Liol  "ii  «iB  the  nanxsivea  to  aveciaUy  prepared  malerial 
for  dreuing  wound),  made  Mit  ind  fli^y  by  acraidnt  or  t>vcUin| 
Unen  cloth. 

UmBL  (O.  Fr.  Hnm,  mod.  laUcn,  !rme  Late  Lat.  limiltHam. 
lima,  boundary,  confused  In  tense  with  fiWn,  threshold;  Ihe 
Latin  name  is  iMfrrcHiiii*,  JtaL  itptw^i,  and  Ger.  Afiwi).  in 
architecture,  a  horiaontai  piece  of  alone  or  limber  over  a  door- 
way or  opening,  provitkd  lt>  carry  the  tuperatnicture.  la  order 
Id  relieve  the  lintel  fmm  too  gieat  a  pmiure  a  "  discharginj 
ar^  *'  is  genually  built  over  JL 

UliTH,  or  LUUAT,  a  river  of  SwitaefUnd,  one  of  Ihe 
tributaries  ol  the  Aar.  It  riiei  in  Ihe  glaciers  of  tie  TOdi  range, 
and  hoa  cut  out  a  deep  bed  which  forma  the  Groaathal  that 
compriica  the  greater  portkHi  of  the  canKu  of  Glarua.  A  h'lile 
beiow  the  town  of  Glarut  iJie  river,  keeping  iti  itonherly  direcl ion, 
runs  through  the  alluvial  plain  which  tl  liaa  formed,  towards  Ihe 
WiJensceandlbeLakeof Zurich.  But belween Ihe I^kcof Zurich 
and  the  Walcnaee  the  huge  deulate  alluviai  plain  grew  ever  in 
siae,  while  great  <bitiage  waa  done  by  tbe  river,  which  over- 
flowed ila  bed  and  the  dykes  built  10  protect  the  region  near  It. 
The  ShIu  diet  decided  in  1804  lo  undeitaJte  the  "  correction  " 
of  thit  turbuleol  (tievn.  Tbe  necessary  works  weie  begun  in 
1807  uodci  the  supcrvialon  of  Hans  Conrad  Eschn  of  Zihich 
(17(17-1813).  The£ni  ponionof  theundennkingviiLSCOinpleWd 
■a  iSii,  and  lecvived  tlte  name  of  the  "  Escher  canal,"  the  rivcc 
being  thus  diverted  into  the  Walensct.  The  second  poniaa, 
known  aa  the  "  Linih  oinal,"  regulated  Ihe  cnvne  of  Ibe  river 
belwcen  the  Walenaeeand  the  Ijjie  o[  Zurich  and  wai  completed 
in  1816.  Many  improvements  and  eitra  protective  works  were 
carried  out  after  1816,  and  it  was  estimated  thai  the  total  coal 
of  this  great  engineering  undertaking  f  torn  igo)  10 1901  amounied 
to  about  £ioo,aix>,  (he  dale  For  the  completion  of  Ibe  work  being 
igii.  To  commemoiate  the  eSorls  of  Escher,  the  Swia  diet  In 
iSi]  (afler  bit  death)  decided  thai  his  male  dttcendants  tbouM 
'■  Escher  vooderLmth."    -    ■      -      ■ 


iofZI 


y  bekiw  Bmgg,  and  ji 
■     'leAar. 


10  tbal  of  "  LimniM," 
.  and,  keeling  tbe  north-vretteriy 
le  Waletisee.  joins  tbe  Aai  a  litlk 
bdow  the  jum^km  of  tbe  Reuts 


(W./ 


B.C.) 


UHTOH,  BUZA  lYHH  (iSii-iM),  English  noveliet.  daughitr 
of  Ihc  Rev,  ],  Lynn,  vicar  ot  Ciotlhwsite.  in  Cumberland,  wta 
bom  at  Keswick  on  the  lotb  of  February  iSii.  She  early 
manifested  great  indcpendcnceof  character,  and  in  great  meosuie 
educated  hcncll  frem  the  ttores  of  her  father's  libiaiy.  Coming 
to  London  about  184J  with  a  large  stock  of  misceUaneodt  erudi- 
tion, she  turned  this  to  acoount  in  bet  first  novels,  Atctii  Iht 
EupliitH  [i346>iind.^Hyiii«u(i84S],  a  romance  oi  the  days  ol 
Pericles.  Her  neat  llory,  Rcaiilia.  a  tale  of  modem  life  (1851), 
was  not  successful,  and  for  teverat  yean  the  teemed  to  have 
abandoned  fiction.  Wben,  in  iSSs.  the  reappeared  witb  Gnif 
Year  Nciili,  it  *ai  as  an  expert  in  a  new  style  of  novel-writing — 
ilirring,  fluent,  aUy-contlmctcd  itories,  retaining  the  atlenlioa 
Ihrougbout,  but  aSording  little  to  rclleci  upon  or  lo  renumber. 
Measured  by  Ihdr  immediate  tucccsa,  they  gave  her  an  honour- 
able position  amiMg  the  wiiicra  oi  her  day,  and  secure  of  an 
auditaict,  the  rortliaucd  to  wnie  wiih  vigour  neatly  until  her 
death.  Uait  Lerlm  tJGrcyria  (18M),  Palncia  KtwihaU  (i8;4). 
Tin  AleiKmtjil  ■/  leafi  Daniat  li£7])  are  among  tbe  best 
eiamples  ol  this  more  mechanical  side  ol  her  talent,  to  which 
fhcrc  were  notable  cxccplkHis  in  Jvkm  Datidm  (1871),  a  bold 
but  not  irreverent  adaptation  of  the  story  of  Ihc  CarpenKr 
uf  Nazareth  to  that  of  the  French  Communci  and  Ckriileftia 
KirtlaHd.  a  veib-d  auiobiogrBphy  <iSS;).  Mrs  Linton  was  • 
piaclisod  and  constant  writer  in  ihc  joumala  of  the  day,  her 
articles  on  the  "  Girl  of  Ihe  Pi-riod  "  in  the  Sulardaj  Knitw 
produced  a  great  sefHalion,  and  At  am  a  conitant  «>nltibuir> 
10  the  ,£( /ttwu'i  CoalM.  tbe  iCaiJy  ATflu  and  other  leading  newt- 
paiien.  Many  of  her  detached  essays  have  been  colleclod.  1> 
igjSihenMrried  W.J- LinWa,  the  engraver,  but  ibtUtfMWM 


736 


LINTON,  W.  J.— LINUS 


toon  tcrmiuled  by  munul  coment;  dia  ntvcnhddi  bmuglit 

np  one  at  Mr  Lialon'i  daughtm  by  ■  iDmuT  numage,  A 
few  ynn  bdon  ha  doth  ibF  leilrcd  to  HalvEni.  She  died  in 
Idndoo  on  Ihe  nlh  o(  July  iSqS. 

Her  irmininncn  appmrrd  after  her  dcgtta  under  the  title  of 
M)  Likrmrj  Lijt  (1999)  anl  ba  lile  hu  bcea  vritten  by  G.  S. 

LUrrOll.  VtUUM  JAHES  (rSti-iS??),  EngUili  wood- 
ograircr,  ivpublinn  and  author,  mt  borti  in  London.  He  vu 
eduraled  at  Siraiford,  and  in  hii  liiiecnih  year  mi  apprenticed 
la  the  wood-enpavcr  C.  W.  Bonner,  llil  earliest  luunm  worlt 
H  lo  be  round  In  Martin  and  Weslall'a  PiOtrial  lUialralima  */  Ikt 
BiUt  IiKjj).  He  rapidly  roie  to  a  plan  anwngit  Ihe  (onmoit 
weod-enitravcfi  of  (lie  Ome.  After  worUng  as  a  joumcyman 
engraver  with  two  or  three  firms,  loiing  his  money  over  a  cheap 
political  library  called  ihc  "  National,"  and  writing  a  life  of 
Thomas  Paine,  he  weol  Into  partnership  (illti]  nHih  John  Orrin 
Smith  The  firm  was  immediaiely  employed  on  the  IllnUrali^ 
LnJan  JVn«,  fust  [hen  iwojccied.  The  foliowlng  year  Orrin 
Smith  died,  and  Union,  who  had  numcd  a  dsier  of  Thomas 
Wtdc.  editor  of  Sell'i  WuUf  ihistnta:  found  himulf  in  sole 
charge  o(  a  business  upon  which  two  tomitic*  wen  dcfiendent. 
For  yean  he  had  concerned  binuelf  with  the  lodal  and  European 
political  problema  of  the  time,  and  was  now  actively  cnEaged  in 
the  republican  propaganda.  In  TS44  he  took  a  piomineitt  part 
In  eapoting  the  violation  by  the  £nglish  post-office  of  Moaiini's 

nvolutionht,  and  Linton  threw  hiniclf  with  ardour  into  European 
politics.  He  carried  the  finl  congialubtoiy  addiw  of  English 
workmen  to  the  French  rnxviiional  Govenmcnt  in  iS^fl.  He 
edited  a  twopenny  weekly  paper,  Tlu  Ceiat  ej  Ok  Pcoflc,  pub- 
lished in  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  he  wrote  poiilical  vcnes  for  the 
Dublin  Naliini,  signed  "Spanacus."  He  helped  to  found  the 
"  International  League  "  of  patrfota,  and,  hi  1S50,  with  G.  H. , 
Lewn  and  Tbomion  Hunt,  started  TAe  Ltaitt,  an  organ  which, 
however,  did  noi  satisfy  his  advanced  repuHfranijm,  and  from 
which  he  soon  withdrew.  The  urae  year  be  wrote  a  Kn'et  of 
aniclei  propounding  (he  vfe^ol  Manini  in  Tlu  KM  JUpMken, 
la  iSjt  he  look  up  his  residence  it  finntwood,  which  be  altet- 
wardi  »ld  to  John  Ruskin.  and  from  there  issued  Tlu  E^/Hik 
Vi£,  first  in  the  form  of  weekly  tracts  and  aftc 


onthly  magazine — "  b 


Lof  re 


icord  of  republican  progress  throughout  the  world, 
an  organ  of  prr^agandism  and  a  medium  c^  communicalion  for 
Ibfl  active  republicans  in  England."  Most  of  tlbe  paper,  which 
never  paid  its  way  and  was  abandoned  in  1855,  was  written  by 
himwil.  In  iSji  be  alio  printed  for  private  elrruhlion  an 
IMMiymou*  vdume  of  poems  entitled  Tlit  Ptainl  nj  Prridam. 
Afler  the  failure  of  his  paper  he  returned  to  ha  proper  work  of 
»ood-engraving.  In  18;  j  his  wife  died,  and  in  the  following  year 
be  married  Eliza  Lynn  (afterwards  known  as  Mrs  Lynn  Linton) 
and  relumed  to  Ijindon.  In  1S64  he  rtlircd  to  Brantwood.  his 
wile  remaining  in  London.  In  1B67,  pressed  by  financial  difli- 
cuTlics,  he  determined  to  try  his  fortune  m  America,  and  finally 
separated  from  hb  wife,  with  whom,  however,  he  always  coire- 
qnndcd affectionately,  Wilhhilchlldren  he Kttled at  Appledore, 
New  Haven.  Connecticut,  where  he  set  up  a  printlng-presi.  Here 
he  wrote  Fraclicet  Hinll  on  IVntd-Eiigraiiiit  U*T>).  Jamu 
Walnn.  a  HfcHoir  of  Oivliil  Tiwi  {rS7q),  A  HiiUry  tf  ICfwd- 
Bitmint  in  Xncrird  (tSBi).  IVtad-Eni'atiiit.  a  Uanml  tt 
/■nt'iritca  (ltS4).  Tkt  Uasl€ri  ef  Wend'E-rpniiit.  for  which 
he  made  two  Journeys  to  England  (iSoo),  Tie  Lijt  ef  WUIIier 
(|8«J).  and  Mtmariti,  an  autobiography  (iSqj),  He  died  at 
New  Haven  on  the  )«1h  of  December  1S4T.  Linton  was  a  singu- 
larly gifted  man.  w)«,  hi  the  words  o(  his  wife,  if  he  had  not 
bitten  the  Dead  Sea  apple  of  impracticable  prditics,  would  have 
risen  higher  in  Ihe  world  ot  both  art  and  lellen.  As  an  engraver 
on  wood  hercarhed  ihehighesi  point  oleieculion  in  his  own  tine. 
He  carried  on  the  tradition  of  Bewick,  fought  for  inletlisenl  u 


bUck,li 


nnng  with  Raskin  that  the  forner  was  Ih 


man  tdling  basis  of  aeAbMic  txprenion  in  llw  wood-block 
pilBted  Dpon  paper. 

See  W.  J.  Union.  Ufmtrin;  F.  G.  Kilton.  article  On  "  LiMon' 
in  Cji>u1  IBmilrsIrd  Uafiiziac  (Agnl  iSgiJ ;  C.  ^  Layard.  L(fi  df 
Mr,  Cynrn  Li-le*  (1901).  (C.  S.  L.) 

LDmn.  BARNABT  BEHXAHD  Utjs-ijjt).  English  pub- 
lisher, was  bom  at  Soutbwater,  Sussex,  od  the  ist  of  December 
1675,  and  started  business  as  a  publisher  in  London  about  i6gfl. 
He  published  lor  many  of  the  leading  writers  of  the  day,  notably 
Vanbrugh,  Steele,  Gay  and  Pope.  The  btter't  Rett  a/  tin  laik 
in  its  original  form  was  fim  published  in  Unitl'i  UiudUny, 
end  Uniot  nibsequcnily  inued  Pope's  translation  of  the  Iliai 
and  the  joint  trantlali'on  of  the  Odyiicy  by  Pope,  Fenton  and 
BiDomc.  Pope  qiutrrclled  with  Linloi  with  regard  to  the  supply 
of  Irccci^et  olibclallcr  iTSnslaiion  Id  the  auibor's  tubicribeis, 
and  in  1718  saliriied  the  publisher  in  tbe  Dmciai,  and  in  i7]s 
in  the  Pnloguc  U  Mc  Saiira,  Ihou^  he  does  not  sppear  to  hive 
had  any  serious  gncvance.  Lbiot  died  on  the  jrd  at  Fdmisiy 
1736. 

inns,  one  of  the  saints  of  the  Gregorian  canon,  whose  festival 
is  celebrated  on  the  ijrd  of  September.  All  Ihat  can  be  said  with 
certainty  about  him  is  that  his  name  appears  a1  the  bead  of  all 
the  lists  of  tbe  Inshopa  of  Rome.  Ireoacta  {A^.  Httt,  iii.  j.  3) 
identifies  him  with  Ihe  Unus  mentioned  by  Sl  Paul  in  1  Tim.  iv. 
Ji.  According  to  the  Libtr  Povlifcala,  Linus  luOiied  manj-t- 
dom,  and  was  buried  in  ihe  Vatican.  In  the  ijtb  century  an 
inscription  was  found  near  the  ninfcssioB  of  St  Peter,  which  was 

this  epitaph  hat  been  tc 
apocryphal  Lalln  account  0 
Paul  it  falsely  attributed  to 

See  Ada  SaKltnm.  Seplembris,  vl.  SJ9-5U:  C  de  Snwdt. 
DttttrMwnfs  ieUtUu  in  primam  UWem  Aijl.  red.  pp.  300-31T 
(Chetil.  iSTb).  L.  Uuchnm-'i  edilion  of  the  Liitr  PtnlifimUs.  L 
121  IPans,  I  KM),  K.  A.  Lipuuo.  J3k  Ipsltryftni  ApmlriirxkiiUtn, 


SO  {18*4). 


[H.  I 


LmnS,  one  of  a  numerous  class  of  heroic  figures  in  Cred 
legend,  of  which  other  eiamples  are  found  In  Hyacintfaus  and 
Adonis.  The  connected  legend  is  always  of  the  same  chanctei: 
a  beautiful  youth,  fond  of  hunting  and  rural  life,  the  favourite 
of  some  god  or  goddess,  suddenly  perishes  by  a  terrible  death. 
In  many  cmct  Ihe  rebgiaui  bnck^tnind  of  the  legend  Is  preserved 
by  the  annual  ceremonial  thai  commemorated  It.  At  Arg« 
this  religious  character  of  the  Linus  myth  was  best  preserved: 
the  secret  child  of  Psamallie  by  the  god  Apollo,  Linus  is  exposed, 
nursed  by  sheep  and  lorn  in  pieces  by  shecp.do^  Every  year 
at  IhefestivalAmisor  Cynophontis,  the  women  el  Argosmoumed 
lor  Unus  and  propitiated  Apollo,  who  in  revenge  for  his  child's 
death  hod  KnI  a  female  monster  (Point],  which  tore  the  children 
from  their  mothers' alms.   Lamb  were  sacrificed,  all  dogs  fouod 

lament  for  Linus  and  PsLmaihe  (Paujaniai  i.  «.  7;  Conon. 
NarraL  ig]  In  the  Theban  vtniaa.  Liuus,  the  ton  of  Ampfci- 
mann  and  the  muse  Urania,  wi*  a  famous  musician,  inventv 
of  the  Linus  «iig,  who  was  said  to  have  been  slain  by  Apollo, 
because  he  had  challenged  him  to  a  contesi   (Pausanias  ii. 

he  was  killed  because  he  had  rebuked  his  pupD  for  stupidity 
lApcrilodonis  ii.  4.  9)     On  Mount  Helicon  there  was  a  grotto 

belore  the  sacrrficB  to  the  Muses.  From  being  the  Inventor  of 
musical  meihods,  he  wa)  finally  transformed  by  later  vriieia 
into  a  cainpoKr  of  prophecies  and  legends.  He  «is  also  said  to 
have  adapted  the  Fhoenicitn  letters  introduced  by  CadmiB  to 
the  Greek  language.  It  is  generally  agreed  thai  Linus  and 
Ailinus  are  of  Semitic  origin,  derived  from  the  words  ai  taaa 
(woe  le  ui),  which  formed  Ihe  burden  of  the  Adonis  and  shnilai 
songs  popular  in  the  East.  The  Linus  song  is  mentioned  in 
Homer,  the  tragedians  often  use  the  word  enim  as  Ihe  refnin 
in  movmful  songs,  and  Euripides  calls  the  custom  a  Hiiygian 
one.  Unus,  oriji^n ally  the  personification  of  the' song  of  lamcnta- 


\i,  Minei 


•(  the  trader  lilc  of  misk  umI  irf  ths  vecclUtoD  daiioytd  by 
the  Gery  heat  of  the  dog-uir. 

The  chief  muk  on  the  lubint  u  H.  Brunch.  Dli  AdBniiUai 
uitJui,i>uil>af  (iBji)i  tee  alio  irtkic  iiiRaicr  '  ■  "  ' 
UyUnittir:  J.  C.  Fruer.  CoUH  Bait>  ("■  "4.  'Ml-  "i^f. 
■he  idenlity  of  Linui  with  Adonis  (pouibly  a  CDid-tpirit)  being 
•uumrd,  the  liment  i>  eiplainrd  h  (he  linKnlaliaa  dI  (Ik  reapen 
over  the  dead  uxn-ipirii;  W.  Mannhatdt.  IfiU-  ud  fiUmlu, 


Um.  ofiul  o(  (be  AiutrUn  duchy  and  cromiland  ol  Uppei 

Aiutria,  and  Me  ol  a  biibop,  117  m.  W.  of  Vienna  by  nil.  P(^. 
(looo)  s8,)>g.  Ii  lies  on  (he  ti(ht  banJc  of  the  Danube  and  is 
cDODccted  by  an  iioa  biidge,  30B  ydi.  long,  *lib  the  maikel- 
io«D  ol  Uiiahc  (pop.  1 1.8)7)  ta  the  oppoaiie  bank.  Liai 
poMesses  two  ciihedtak,  one  built  in  1660-1681  in  tdcoco  Uyle, 
and  anothei  IB  early  Gotblc  style,  begun  in  186 1.  In  the  Capuchin 
chnrcb  ii  the  tomb  of  Count  Raimondo  Monlccucculi,  who  died 
■I  Lini  in  1680.  The  muMum  Fnndx^-Carolinum,  lounded 
in  1833  and  reconstructed  in  i8qs,  cniitaint  levcTal  ic 
collections  relating  to  (he  history  of  Upper  Aiutiia. 
Fnni  Josei-FlaU  s(andi  a  niaible)noDuinenI,  known  ai 
Column,  erected  Ijy  the  emperor  Charlel  VI.  in  .7: 

pestilence.    The  principal  manufactoriet  ate  of  lobact 
ricultujal  implementa,  (oundrie*  and 


UNZ— tlON 

by 


Beiog  an  important  railv 


UMia.    The  na 

it  became  the  capital  id  the  proi 


ly  junction  and  a  pott  of  th 
kI  on  the  vte  of  Ibe  Rem 

ipal  rights  i 


.    Itsu 


In  u 


luUy  lejiXed  the  attacks  of  the  insurgent  peasants  under  Stephen 
Fadinger  on  the  list  aad  iind  ol  July  1616.  but  its  subuiiia 
were  laid  in  ashes.  During  theeiegeol  Viennain  i6gj,thccastle 
of  Liu  wa>  the  cuidence  of  Leopold  t.  In  1741,  during  the 
Wai  of  the  Auiiriin  Succession.  Ljni  was  taken  by  the  Bavarians, 
but  was  recovered  by  the  Autlriaju  la  the  [aUowioi  yeat.  Tbe 
buhofiric  was  established  in  1784. 

See  F.  KrKkowiuer,  Dit  Dsitaiuladl  Liia  (Lini,  1901). 

UOH  (Lat.  lit.  limit;  Gr.  Mur).     From  tbe  earliest  historic 


Itshabita 

made  it  iamiliat  to  all  tbe 

taccs  among 

whom  human 

aviliaatio 

D  look  iu  origin.  The  litera 

ureoltheu. 

dent  Uehrevn 

abounds 

n  aUusiont  to  tbe  Uon; 

nd  the  aim 

3sl  incredible 

numbers  s 

ated  to  have  been  provided 

foreihibilioi 

aanddestruc- 

tion  in  the  Bomin  amphithealies  (a. 

many  as  si 

hundred  on 

■  tingle  occasion  by  Pompey,  for  «a 

mple)  show  how  abundant 

Iheieaniir 

als  must  have  been  within  a 

ccessibic  disl. 

inceofRome. 

thin  the  historic  period  Ih 

geogtaphicl  range  oi  the 

lion  cove 

ed  the  whole  ol  Altica,  th 

sla,  including 

Syria,  Ara 

bia.AsiaMinot.Persiaand 

tie  greater  pa 

rt  of  nan  hern 

and  central  India.     Fioteuor  A.  B 

Meyer,  d 

ector  of  the 

loological 

museum  »t  Dresden,  hasp 

ilicle  on  the 

alleged  ei 

sience  of  the  lion  in  his 

oriol  Iio« 

translation  of  which  appears  in  the  Riporl  of  ih 

lostiiutio 

fori^os.     Meyer  is  oi  op 

Jiionthatlh 

writer  oi  the 

nid  was 

probably  acquainted  with 

he  lion,  but 

this  does  not 

U  fori 


itolle  merely  go  to  thi 
lions  ciisted  in  some  part  of  eastern  Europe.  The  Greek  name 
for  the  lion  is  very  ancient,  and  Ibis  auggsts,  although  by  no 
means  demonstrates,  that  it  refers  to  an  animal  indigenous  to 
the  country.  Although  the  evidence  is  not  deciuvc,  it  seems 
probaUe  thai  lions  did  exist  in  Greece  at  the  time  of  Herodotus; 
and  It  is  quite  possible  that  tbe  repreKntation  of  a  lion-chue 
incised  on  a  Mycenean  dagger  nay  have  been  liken  finm  lile. 
In  prehistoric  times  the  lion  was  spread  over  the  greater  part 
of  Europe;  and  if,  as  is  very  probable,  the  so-called  Ftlit 
alrti  be  inseparable,  its  range  also  included  (he  greater  part  of 
North  America 

At  the  present  day  Ihe  Uon  is  found  throughout  Africa  fsave 
in  places  where  it  has  been  eaterminaled  by  man)  and  in  Meso- 
potaoiia,  Persia,  and  sane  pails  of  iMtth-wcM  India.    According 


737 


to  Dr  W.  T.  Blanford,  liont  an  i 

swamps,  bordering  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates,  and  also  oc 

the  wpil  Ranks  ol  Ihe  Zag™  mountains  and  Ihe  oak-clad  ranges 

near  Shiiat,  to  which  they  are  attracted  by  Ihe  herds  of  swine 

which  leed  oa  tbe  acoma.    Tbe  Uon  nowhere  eiisii  In  tbe  tablt- 

land  ol  Persix,  nor  is  it  found  in  BalOchislSii.     In  India  it  b 

confined  to  Ibe  province  o(  Kathiawu  in  GufeiM,  tbongb 

within  the  igtb  century  it  eitended  through  the  nortb-west 

part*  of  Hindustan,  from  Bahlwtlpur  and  Knd  lo  at  least  the 

Jumna  (about  Delhi)  southwaid  aifi 

India  (htnugb  the  Sagur  and  Narbi 


It  was  extirpated  in  Haiiina 


-s  which  lions  present, 


Fic.  1 

special  names  have  been  given;  tbi 

tujralcnsii.    It  is  noteworthy,  howe 

F.  C.  Selous,  in  Souih  A 

with  yellow  scanty  manes  are  Bound,  n 
but  even  among  individuals  ol  the  sa 

The  lion  belongs  to  the  genus  Ftlii  ol  Linn 
cbaiacters  and  position  ol  which  see  CaiNivoei 
leopard 


all  the  other  FcJi'rfae 

but  also  diSerentty  disposed  li 
or  directed  fotwards,  and  si 
ornament  called  the  mane.    Th 


,  being  m 


)pof  Ihe  head,  chin 


elongated 


1  copious 
of  Ihe  body,  wanting,  bowtvei 
characters  are,  however,  peculii 

nd  even  as  regards  coloratii 


ig  the  middle  line  of  the  I 


ncmbera  of  the  genus.     The  usual  a 


e  eiimplca.    Tbesc 
le  adults  of  the  male 


738 


Id  luc  the  lion  iiDnly  equalled  or  ucodnl  by  tbc  ligtrunong 
eiiuinc  Fdiiar,  and  (houHh  boih  spnia  prcKul  greal  vaiii- 
lioiu.  Ihe  largcsl  cpsimcni  dT  the  laltcr  tppai  to  lurpau 
Ihe  largBt  UOQt.    A  [ull-iizeil  Soulh  Arriciin  lion,  accotding  ld 

lollawing  the  cunn  ol  the  body.     Sir  ConnmlUi  Hinii  [ivn 
10  It,  6  in.,  of  irbicb  Ibe  tail  ociupio  j  ft.    Tbc  lionen  is  kbout 


nuT  unictun  of  the  lii 


._ _.  -.  .jiiina  iml  hiddinB  Krndy  anima 

uie  and  HreeBih,  vuleniry  itnin;1in|  (or  lire,  i 
the  greaT,  ihi^pujnied  and  ilHn>«l|;cd  can. 
afurt  at  the  anvln  of  the  mouth,  ibe  incison  be 
ireaily  rediKCd  in  lite  and  keni  back  nearly  to 
ainoitoinicrfcRwnhtlKirBnion.  Tbe»<waan 
and  ihe  wiriih  of  Ihe  ayEoi 


n  ilighl  <lclai)i.  r 
"'inn  '"311''"  ' 
II  hithcB  CDnditk 


the  bpay  rkhii  on  Ihr  ikuli,  live  ample  ipice  lor  Ihe  atlachmeni 
of  the  powerfut  mukclea  liy  which  thi^  are  dosnl.  In  the  cheelt- 
Iceth  Ihe  tcelonal  or  ■chwr^lihe  cuiiim  luncljun  it  developed  at 
the  expense  of  Ibe  lubefcebr  or  grinajng,  there  bdng  only  one 


■enury  tooih  of  ibc  Lii 


Flc.  J.— Fn 
(e  liie.    The  loogue 


ver.  ufficiently  itrong  to  break  b 
I  Ions  and  Hal,  and  lenurtiable  (oi 
of  Ihe  anicrior  pan  a(  tbc  dorul 

?pi  near  me  edfte)  are  nwdified  »  ai  to  re>c 

I.  pccurved.  horny  i 

>nfue  on  which  ihcy 


CDVcnd  wiih  thitlc  m 


i'ncT^^il 


ce  placed  neariy  ven 
large,  fltrongl_y  eomp 


ik  graas  and  reedi  that 


ly  in  ordinary  pfog[e$i 

c,  but  cicrted  by  muK 
II  and  rocky  plac«  in 


i  BO  many  other    prcdau 


"  One  of  the  nnu  Urikinl  ll 
roice,  which  ii  entiemcly  ijarh 


a  gnphiially  dnciibed  1: 


ifreuncntTy™ 


caich.     Like  our  Sco(li>h  Hagi 
Isfideil  in  coU  troMy  nMitsi  bi 

IWD  or  three  Inopa  of  alran^  1 


'  of  hi) 


The  i» 


ly  alriking  and 


irandcur  of  theic  m 
picaiing  u  the  hvnier'a  ear." 

"  The  uiual  pace  of  a  lion,''  C.  ]■  Anderuon  uy*,  "  it  t  walk, 
and.  though  apparently  laihci  liow,  yet,  Irom  the  great  lenglb 
ol  hb  body,  be  ii  able  to  get  over  a  good  deal  of  ground  in  a 
^n  tinu!.  Occasionally  he  IroTi,  when  hii  ipeed  ia  not  in- 
considerable. His  gallop— or  rsLhcr  succfssion  ol  bo 
for  a  short  distance,  veT>  lasl'-^.nearly  or  quite  equal  to 


"  The  lion,  as  with  other 
impelled  by  extreme  hunj 
aler  or  a  pathway  frcqjcnl 


te  funily,"  it 


imbusbcs  himaclf  near  to 


,  .  ,  He  prodigioui  bound,  be  poupcea 

iqion  it.  In  iTKHt  coses  he  ii  aucccssTuli  but  shnuld  his  intended 
victim  escape,  as  al  limes  happens,  from  hll  having  miscalculiled 
the  distance,  be  may  nuke  a  Ktand  or  even  a  third  bound, 
which,  however,  usually  prove  liuiti  ess,  Ol  he  lelurai  dbconcened 
10  his  hiding-place,  there  to  wait  foe  anolher  opportunity." 
Hii  food  contisu  of  all  the  larger  herbivorovt  aoiraab  ol  the 
counlty  in  which  he  rciidcv— buiFiloei,  aatdopes,  lebcas, 
giralFo  or  even  young  clcphanlt  or  ihinoterosn.  In  cultivated 
districis  ealtlc,  sheep,  and  even  human  inhabiUnU  are  never 
ulc  from  hit  nocturnal  tavtees.  He  appears,  however,  n 
■  general  rule,  only  to  kill  when  hungry  m  attacked,  and 
sol  for  the  mere  pleasure  of  killing,  m  with  some  other 
camlvoroui  animals.  He,  moreover,  by  no  means  limiii 
himself  to  animals  of  his  own  killing,  but,  according  to  Seloio, 
ollen  prefers  eating  game  that  has  been  killed  by  man,  even 
when  not  very  fresb,  to  taking  the  trouble  to  caich  an  asimal 


Theli 


Though  n' 


riclly  II 


,  a  single  male  and  female 
Bpeclivfly  ol  tbc  pairing 
with  the  hones  while  the 
ills  in  prtHriding  her  and 
n  in  the  art  of  providing 

remain  with  Ibeir  paienia 

na  appear  to  be  sociable 
n  found  in  i 


seems  to  be  evidence  ihai  several  lions  will  associate  (or  the 
purpose  ol  hunting  upon  a  [itecnnccned  plan.  Their  natural 
fcroeity  and  powerful  armature  are  sometimes  turned  upon  one 
another^  combala,  often  mortal,  aceuc  among  male  liont  under 
tlie  influence  of  Jealousy;  and  Anderuon  relates  nn  inslann  of  a 

antelope  which  they  bad  jtrtt  killed,  and  which  did  nol  seem 
sulTicicnt  for  the  appetite  of  both,  ending  in  -'     *' 


e  Injured   with  c 


.    Old  I* 


h  hive 


in  the  neighbourhood  of  villages,  and  dashing  into  Ihe  lent; 
night  and  carrying  oH  one  of  Ihc  slce^Hng  inmalea.  Ltonl  M 
climb. 


LIONNE— LIPARI  ISLANDS 


739 


ti  Ittdvt  luut*  diEd  potly. 


ts  uy,  "  nDthioc  iluL  I  tver  iaiaei  of 
le  to  illhbuu  10  11  ciLbcF  the  Icrocfoui  or  i 
■d  to  it  (bcwbot,"  nd  Ik  addi  Ihu  iu  nu-  a  not  dis- 
Ic  from  thit  <d  Ibe  otrich.  Tbse  diOerent 
depend  to  A  gmt  extent  upon  the  puticuUr  miKlud  of  the 
writer,  ud  ^M>  upon  Hie  dmimuuKC  that  lioru,  like  other 
■nlmili,  ibov  comidenblc  individiiil  diffenncH  In  chuncter, 
vidbBbaVBdiflemtlyiuderTvyiivcinunutaDcc& 

(W.  H.  F.;  R,  L*) 
LKUUK  HDemt  DE  (1611-1671).  French  itateimui,  wi 
boni  u  Gnnoble  on  the  nth  of  October  1611,  of  in  old  [unily 
of  Duiphjnf.  Eu\y  tnined  for  diplonucy,  fail  nnurkablc 
Kbililln  atliBcled  the  notice  of  Cirdiiu]  Uuuin,  who  «nt  him 
M  lecRtuy  oi  the  French  embiuy  to  the  congrcB  of  Mtlniter, 
tnd,  in  164J,  on  a  rainioa  to  the  pope,  la  1646  he  became 
■ecrelajy  to  the  queen  regent;  in  1653  obtained  high  office  in 
the  kjng^i  houiehold;  and  in  [654  «a^  ambasudor  cxtraordinajy 
at  the  election  ot  Pope  Aleiander  VII.  He  waj  insirumtnial  In 
(ormiBf  the  league  <A  the  Rhine,  by  which  Auslrin  wa»  cut  off 
horn  Ibe  Spini^  NetheriandB.  and,  a*  inirijtir  tt  UtU,  iia 
■Bocfaited  with  Mazarin  in  the  Peace  of  the  pymiets  (1659), 
which  Rcorcd  the  raaniage  of  Louit  XIV.  lo  tbe  infanta  Miiria 
Tbcit*a.  At  the  cardinal's  dying  rcqum  be  wu  •ppoinled  hb 
(OCceaMt  in  [orefgn  aflafrs,  and.  loi  Ihc  ncit  lea  yean,  continued 
to  direct  French  foreign  policy.  Among  hJi  moit  importanl 
dtploiBUic  nicwiies  were  the  treaty  of  Breda  (iMj),  the  treaty 
•t  Aix-la-Chapelle  (iMS)  and  the  ule  o[  DunkiilL.  He  died  in 
Parh  «i  the  ttt  of  September  i6;ii  leaving  menvun.  He  was 
a  man  of  pleuute,  but  hii  natural  indolence  gave  place  to  an 
itnllagging  enn^  when  the  eccauon  demanded  it;  and,  in  an 
age  of  gnat  mfnltten,  hi>  coniumnute  Matesmanship  placed 


See  Ulyue  Chcvili 


■iiadwi  (>  volt.,  ^rit,  1S77-1W1I.    Focfi 
Kap.  dn  I>OBfi<tiiJ  (FUii,  1S60J,  IDmeii,  p. 


p.B;. 


UOTARB.  JBAH  RIBIMB  (i70i-T7S«},  French  palntci 
born  at  Geneva.  He  began  hii  iiudin  under  Prolcmr  Gardetle 
and  Fctiiot,  whole  enamels  and  minialum  be  tojdcd  with  con- 
■iderable  ihill.  He  went  10  Parij  in  171s,  jiudying  under  J.  B. 
Hant  and  F.  le  MoyBC.  on  whcoe  rtcomniendatiDn  he  was  taken 
toNa[dei  by  the  Marquta  Puyiitui.  In  17J5  he  was  in  Rome, 
painting  the  portTBili  of  Pope  Clement  XII.  and  several  cardinals. 
Time  yean  later  he  accoBipinicd  Lord  Duncannon  to  Con- 
■UnliDople,  whence  he  went  to  Vienna  in  1741  Lo  paint  the 
porttaila  of  the  Imperial  family.  His  eccentric  adoption  of 
Mienlat' costDm*  leciutd  him  the  nickname  of  "the  Turkish 
■■inter."  Sttl  under  distinguished  pUtsnage  be  rttunied  lo 
Pirit  in  1744,  vblled  England,  when  he  pointed  the  princess  of 
Wales  in  t753,  and  went  to  Holland  in  i7sfi,  when,  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  he  married  Maiie  Faignes.  Another  viiil  to  En^nd 
fclhiwed  In  177),  and  in  the  next  two  yean  hit  Bamt  figures 
vnong  the  ftoyil  Academy  cihlbltois.  He  reluned  to  Us  awive 
town  la  1776  and  died  at  Geneva  in  i;g9, 

Liotard  was  an  artist  <iS  gnat  venatlUiy,  and  thon^  hit  fame 
Pepcids  largely  on  his  gncdid  and  dellcste  pastel  dnwiugt,  of 
which  "La  Liiease,"  the  "ChocaUle  Girt,"  and  "  La  Belle 
Lyonnaise "  at  the  Dresdon  GalM'ry  an  ddightful  eiunplet, 
be  achieved  distinction  by  his  enamels,  coppciplate  en^svinp 
and  ^aia  painting.  He  also  wrotea  7realiiimtile<IHe/ /'Hint 
Int.  and  was  an  expert  collector  of  palniinga  by  the  oM  nattara. 
Many  ot  the  maaierplecet  he  had  acquired  were  tcdd  by  Um  at 
high  prlcti  on  Us  second  visit  to  England.  The  muieunia  of 
«,  and  Geneva  arc  particularly  rich  la  examples 
lb  painting  and  pasUldrawinp.  A  piatnn  of  ■  Turk  nied 
L  the  Vlctotla  and  AJben  Unteum,  wMle  (he  British  MuMum 
a  t«*  of  Ua  drawii^    Tit  Uuns  haa,  besldci  twcBty^wo 


drawings,  *  portnil  ol  Cenenl  Htnolt  and  a  poniait  ol  tbc 
artiit  is  10  be  found  at  Ibe  Sala  ia  pilMri.  in  Ibe  Ufixl  Calhiy, 

See  La  Vv  ((  b>  mrnni  di  Jm  ElkmH  IMnd  tifm-iTlo),  UaU 

titgtplani  (t  UMffTsM^M.  b>'  E.  Huinbvl,  A.  Itcwillisd,  and 
J.  tV.  K-Tibnus  (AiDsi.:cdun,  1897)- 
UP  (a  word  commoo  in  viiiaut  rotmt  to  Ttulooic  laogingss, 

cf  Oa.Uftt,  Ot».  latU;  Lat.  /-'* —  ' '     -      '   ' 

fleshy  ptotub        '     ' 
ransfcned 

opening, asofai 
or  of  any  finure  tn  anatomy  arHf  lootogy;  in  this  last  vsage  the 
Latin  /sh'nt  b  idor  usually  employed.  It  is  also  used  of  iny 
projecting  edge,  as  In  coai-mining,  &c.  Many  figurative  lisQ 
arc  deiived  trom  the  connexioD  with  the  mouth  as  (he  organ  of 

moulding  employed  in  the  Pcrpendicnlar  period,  from  its  rcsem^ 
Uance  to  an  overhanging  lip.  It  is  oltcn  found  in  base  mould- 
ingi,and  is  not  CDo£ncdtoEji^and,  there  being  rimilai  exanplet 
in  France  and  Italy. 

UPA.  a  town  of  the  province  of  Balangas,  Lumn,  PfailippiDO 
Islands,  about  qo  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Uanilg.  Pop,  (iqoj)  j),4J4- 
Lipa  is  on  faigh  ground  at  the  intcTst-ctioD  of  old  military  roads, 
is  noted  for  its  cool  and  healLhy  climale,  and  is  one  of  the  largest 
and  wealthiest  inland  towns  of  the  anhipclago.  Many  ol  Its 
houset  have  two  tlorryt  above  the  grouoil-fkor,  and  jla  church 
and  convent  togelbcr  form  a  very  bige  building.  The  lur- 
rounding  country  is  very  Icitit,  proilucint  sugar-cane,  Indian 
com,  cacao,  tobacco  and  indigo.  The  cultivation  of  ceSee 
was  begun  bert  on  a  large  scale  about  the  middle  of  (be  igth 
century  and  was  increased  gradually  until  igA9-]ft9a  when 
an  insect  pest  destroyed  the  trees.  The  langusge  of  Lipa  it 
Tagalog. 

UPAM,  a  iribe  of  North  American  Indians  of  AlhabaKan 
stock.    Their  (ormer  range  was  central  Texas.    Later  they  were 

iven  into  Mexico.    They  wetc  pare  nomads,  lived  enlirely  k>y 

jniing,  and  were  perhaps  the  most  daring  of  the  Texts  Indians. 

few  lutvivon  wen  brought  badi  from  Mexico  in  1905  and 

aced  on  a  reservation  in  New  Meiko,~ 

UPABI  ULANDS  (anc.  AMa,  riam.  m    AuU-   Innlai). 

group  of  volcanic  islands  N.  of  the  esstcrn  portion  of  Sicily. 
They  art  seven  in  numbei — Lipari  [Lipara,  pop.  in  1401, 
)5>3QO),  Stromboli  {Stro9i^},  Salina  [DuiywUr  pop.  in  igoi, 
44J4),  Filicuri  ( /'Akbciub),  Alicuii  (Eriaiia),  Volcano  {»tira, 
Tkoasia  «  TliinmiiHi).  tbc  mylhical  abode  of  Hephaestus, 
and  Panaria  {EHonymni).  The  island  of  AioliE,  the  home  of 
AiohB,  lord  of  the  winds,  which  Ulysses  twice  visited  in  hii 
wanderinp,  bat  generally  been  identibcd  with  one  of  tkia  group. 
K  colony  of  Cnidians  and  Rhodians  was  established  on  Lipara 
n  sBo~i77  ■■<^'  ^b'  inhabitants  were  allied  with  Ibe  Syrv 
:uians,  and  were  attacked  by  the  Athenian  fleet  in  417  b.1:., 
ind  by  the  Carthaginians  in  307  s.c,  while  Agathoclts  plundered 
I  temple  im  Lipara  in  301  B.C.  During  the  Pnoic  wan  tbt 
slands  were  a  Carthaginian  naval  station  of  tome  importance 
intil  the  Romans  look  possession  of  them  in  iji  ax.  Sextus 
Pompdns  afao  used  them  as  a  naval  base.  Under  the  Empire 
'  :isla»di  icrved  ai  a  plan  of  bani^mcnt  lorpohticaiprisonen 

Ibc  middit  ages  Ih^  Inquenlly  changed  hands.    The  island 

Lipari  cnnLainatbecbief  Iowa  (pqiulation  in  iqoi,  JS55),  which 
bean  the  sane  nan*  and  had  municipBl  rights  in  Roman  limes. 
IIlatbtMatdabiahcf).  It  is  fettile  and  contains  sulphur  spriop 
and  vapour  baths,  which  were  known  aad  uaod  in  aadeat  limes. 


EtiiNnboli.  11m.  NS..  of  lipari,  is  a  couuantly  active  volcano, 
JeclJng  gat  and  lava  at  brief  iatervalt,  and  always  visible  al 
nifbt.  Salina,  j  m.  N.W.  of  Lipari,  coniittiag  of  Ibe  cooea  ol 
(WO  cMiact  vtricMioes,  that  <n  ibr  S.E..  Monte  Salvatort  (iijj 
ft.),  baing  (be  Ughcsl  point  in  the  islands,  is  the  niost  fcitili 
'  the  whole  group  and  produces  good  Malmsey  wine:  it  lakes 
name  froai  lb*  lall-woiks  on  lliesatth  coast.  Vnlcaoo,  |  N. 
'  Grwk  colas  of  the  Lrpari  lilandi  sR  pmervcd  li  the  iquwsib  at 


UPETSK— LIPPE 


S.  ol  Lipirt,  contalm  ■ 

wot  Muled  Jn  1S74,  bat  tutvt  t 

Sec  Archduke  Ludwig  Salvator  or  Auitrii,  Dii  Liparixim 
/■idK,  B  volt.  ()«f  piiwwtiituljlioo)  (PraiM,  1893  tciN.)- 

UPBTSX,  I  lovn  of  Rus^,  in  the  govcmmcnl  of  Tambov, 
loi  m.  by  nil  W,  o(  the  diy  ol  Timbov,  on  Ihe  tlghl  bnnli 
of  Ihe  river  VoiDDUh.  Pop.  (1847}  iS.lU-  Tbe  (own  ii  blill 
el  wood  sod  Kht  iu«ell  an  unpaved.  Tbtxt  an  mgar.  lallow, 
«nd  luthet  wocks,  Uld  dklillcr^,  and  an  active  tnde  in  bonci, 
caltle,  tallow,  ikint,  boney  and  limbn.  Hie  Lipetik  miiicnl 
s{iiiiip  [chalybale)  atac  into  npuu  in  tbe  time  of  Pclbt  the 
Glcal  and  altnct  a  (ood  many  visilon. 

UPPB,  a  livcc  of  Gcnniny,  a  lighl-bank  trihutacy  ol  the 
Rhine.  It  riis  netl  Lippspriote  Boder  the  wotem  declivity 
of  the  Teu(obur(cr  Wild,  and,  alter  beinf  joined  by  the  Alnc, 
the  Fader  and  Lhr  Ahte  on  the  Icfi,  and  by  the  Stever  on  the 
right,  now*  into  the  Rhine  near  WckI.  after  a  CDur«  of  154  m. 
tl  b  navigable  downvrardi  fiom  Lippsladl,  lor  boats  and  bar^ca, 
by  the  aid  ol  twelve  locks,  dnwing  Icta  than  4  It.  of  water. 

to  the  rkb  agricultural  districla  ol  Wcitphalia. 

UPPB,  a  pHndpalily  of  Gcnnany  and  CDmlitoent  itateol  Ihe 
Cemun  empire,  bounded  N.W..  W.  and  S.  by  tbe  Prussian 
pn>vince  of  Weatf^ialia  and  Nr£,  and  £.  by  the  Pnsoan  provinces 
of  Hanover  and  Hesse-Nissai  and  the  principality  ol  Waldeck- 
Pytmopt.  It  also  possesses  three  small  enckves— Kappel 
and  Lipperode  in  WesLphalia  and  Grevoibagcn  near  Hdjctcr, 
Tie  area  ia  464  sq.  m.,  and  the  population  (iqh;)  145.A10, 
thawing  a  density  ol  11;  lo  the  sq.  m.  The  gnaler  part  ol  the 
Hirfacc  is  hilly,  and  in  the  S.  and  W.,  when  the  TcBtobuiger 


Wald  pnclicaJly  forms   its  physical  1 

The  chief  riven  an  the  Weier,  which  croi 

nea  the  nonh  cm  remit  y 

of  the  principalily,  and  lis  affluenli. 

he  Werre.  Enter.  Kallc 

and  Emmer.    The  Lippe.  which  gives  i 

name  (0  the  Mantry, 

la  a  purely  WcKphalian  river  and  doci  nc 

•1  toucfa  the  principality 

.Is  of  Lippc,  amDn_ 
produce  abundance  of  excellent  timber.  They  occupy  s 
ol  the  whole  am,  and  consist  mostly  of  deciduous  trues,  bi 
ptcpondcraling.  The  valleys  contain  a  coniidenble  arm 
i£  good  anble  land,  the  tillage  ol  which  enploya  the  gw 
part  of  the  inhabitants.  Small  farms,  the  larger  propor 
el  whid  an  under  *1  aero,  are  numertnu,  and  their  yield  at 


pa  are   potatoes,  boetiuot 
and  barley.     Cattle,  she^ 
Lhe  ".  Scnner  "  breed  of  hor 


c  augai),  hay,  r 


I,  in  the  at 


ill  and  a, 


oiainly  in  the  manufacture  ol  starch,  paper,  sug; 
flDdin  weaving  and  brewing.  Lemgo is  famouafer  its  meerschaum 
pipes  and  SaliuHen  lor  its  brioe-^ninga,  produdng  annually 
about  rjoo  tons  ol  salt,  which  It  moslly  caponed.  Each 
year,  in  tprlng,  about  15,000  brickmakcra  leave  the  prindpaliiy 
and  journey  to  other  counltict,  Hungary,  Sweden  and  Russia, 
to  rttum  home  in  the  lite  autumn. 

The  toads  art  well  laid  and  kepi  in  good  repair,  A  railway 
intersects  the  country  from  Herford  (on  the  Cologne- Hanover 
nahi  line)  to  Altenbekfn;  and  another  from  Bielefeld  to  Uameln 
iravem  it  from  W.  to  E.  Mon  than  (ij%ol  the  population 
In  1905  were  Pfot««anla  Education  is  pnivided  for  by  two 
gymnasia  and  numeroui  other  el^deni  icboah.  Tbe  prindpaliiy 
ooniaJna  seven  tmall  towns,  the  chief  ol  which  are  Detnold. 
tbe  teml  el  gDvetBmcnt,  Lmigo,  HoDi  and  filonrbog.     The 


1  i8j5.  bi 
L  It  provides  for  a  repreai 
01  tweniy-aneiziemDers.wboBe  functions  are  ma. 
For  ticaoral  purposes  the  population  b  dii 
citsiei,  rated  accoiding  to  taiation,  each  a 
seven  memben.  Tbe  courts  of  law  are  cent 
whenot  an  appeal  lies  to  the  court  ol  appeal 
nuubw  province  of  Hanover.  The  eilimi 
ifot  wu  iitifBO  and  (bt  cipenditun  £iiA,t 
debt  in  i^  was  £fi4,oaa.    Lippe  hat  one  vot 


a  battaUoB  al  ll 


:  6tb  West 


Hiilery, — Tbd  present  prindpabty  of  Lippe  was  iohabiied 
In  early  times  by  the  Cberuaii.wboackadtiArBiiniuafHiriBann) 
aaoihiiated  in  KB.  q  Ibe  legiena  of  Varus  b  tbe  Teuteburga 
Wald.  ll  was  aflcrwaids  acciqiied  by  the  Saioot  and  wet 
subdued  by  Ckaricmagne.  The  tauodci  ol  tbe  pcoent  ngning 
family,  oH  ol  the  most  ancioit  in  Geraany,  was.  Bernard  1. 
(1113-1144),  who  received  a  gnat  of  the  tcrriloiy  fcor  ' 
cmpexw  Lothair,  and  assumed  the  title  of  lord  of 
Hirr^nLitf.).  H. 
flouriahed  about  oso.   Bernard's 


dticed  the  prindples  of  |»inioger 
who  was  the  firjt  to  style  bimaeU 
introduced  into  Ibe  countrv-    His 
161  ]).  is  the  ancestor  ol  both  lines 
161J  Ihe  country. 


rdby 


(Brake)  b 

nonysl  the  eldest  ion,  Simai  VIl.(i^7-ie>7),  upon 
Frederick  William  Leopold  (d.  iBoa)  tbe  lilk 
lire  was  besiowtd  In  1 7(0,  a  digaily  abtady 
ot  conArmed,  In  i;».  Philip,  the  youiceu 
received  but  a  scanty  pan  of  kit  (tlhet't 
t04O  he  inherited  a  large  part  of  the  cotlhl' 
ship  ol  Schaumburg.  iacluding  Biickeborg,  and  adopted  Ibe 
title  of  count  ol  Schaombufg-Lippe.  The  ruler  of  this  teniloiy 
became  a  soverdgn  piinct  In  1807.  Simon  VII.  had  a  yovneer 
son,  Johtl  Hcimann  (d.  iftjS),  wbo  lounded  the  liai.  s(  counu 
of  LipfH-Bintnfeld,  and  a  cadet  bnnch  of  this  limily  wen 
Ibe  cDunti  ol  Lippc-Wcittcnfcld.  In  1761  these  iwB  oMintio— 
BiciictIdd  and  Wtiticnfckl— paised  by  amngenieDt  into  Um 
asion  ol  the  Kuor  and  ruling  branch  of  ibe  family.  Under 
piudcnl  government  of  Ihe  princess  Pauline  (fram  i8oi 
10  iKio),  nidow  of  Fieduick  William  Leopold,  the  llltk  lUIe 
enjoyed  great  proiperity.  In  iSo;  il  joined  tbe  Confederatioa 
of  the  Rhine  and  in  iSij  Ihe  German  Confederatioa.  Panline's 
son,  Paul  Alexander  I.eopold,  who  nipied  from  iSio  (0  iSji, 
also  ruled  in  a  wiw  and  liberal  apirit,  and  in  rSjS  granted  the 
cbattet  of  tights  upon  which  Ihe  coottllullcm  Is  based.  In  rflji 
Lippe  enteied  the  German  Cuatoms  Union  iZtUttni*'),  and  ia 
1U6  Ibnw  in  its  lot  with  Prussia  and  joined  the  Nonh  Gerraaa 
Confederation. 

The  line  ol  rulers  ia  Lippe  dates  back,  at  already  mcntioiied. 
toSiRMsVI.  But  betides  ihii,  the  senior  line,  Ihe  two  cdbleral 
linia  of  caunli,  Lippc-Bieslerfeld  and  Uppe-WcisKn- 
feld  and  the  ptjnccly  line  of  Schaumburg-Lippe,  ^^*!*y^ 
also  trace  their  descent  lo  iheume  (nceslot,  and  these  -j  ■ 
Ihrec  lina  stand  in  the  above  order  as  regards  ibeir 
rjghli  10  the  Lippe  suocotion,  the  eounu  being  detcended  fiwa 
and  the  princes  Iron  te  yoengett  son. 
I  in  ditpule  Mfxn  in  March  itfj  die  deatb 
who  had  telgnod  since  ie;Si  luted  adi^ut* 
.  WDlilemar's  brother  Aleundtt,  Ihe  laa 
of  the  scoioi  line,  **t  hopeleitly  insane  and  had  ben  declared 
ipcapabk  of  ruling.  On  the  death  ol  Woldeinar,  Prtxx  Adolph 
of  Schiumburg- Lippe,  fourth  ton  of  Princi  Adolph  Geotge  ol 
thu  coointy  and  bn>thet-in-faiw  of  the  Cetmaa  eoperoi,  took 
over  tbe  ngeney  by  virtueof »  decree  iisued  by  Prince  WoWemar, 
but  which  had  until  thi  Ulter's  death  been  hKft.  tecret.  Tbt 
Lippe  boulc  of  nprotcntelivn  consequently  paKed  a  ^Mdal 
law  conhrming  Ihe  regency  ia  the  petion  oE  PKnct  Adolplii 
11  the  ngtitcy  should  be  at  an  end  aa 
lUdiiTig  the  succession  were  adjust  cdi 
iso  that,  should  this  dispute  not  have 
death  of  Prince  Aluander,  tbct^  if  « 
had  been  secured  befun  thai  cvcnl 
it  Prince  Adolpb  thould  caalinue  until 
.  deddoci.    The  di vute  in  v 


ddcst 

These  facts  were  nol 

of  Fiince  Wotdemai, 


soon  at  the  ditputea  ' 


«iteR<l  ■  canal.  In  order  to  tdjim  •utun  th*  Uppa  kowb- 
omt  mOTtd  ibc  BmrnJiBat,  on  ihe  $tK  of  July  1I45,  to  pui  m 
imperii  Ut  dsdinag  die  ReiiluftrichS  {tht  lupmne  uiboiul 


mpctcn 


oIlberiM  lines  to  the  » 
pui«]  a  [dolutlen  oe 


!  tu  af  Fibtutry  ig^t,  nqueKlog  (ba 
muceuoc  01  tat  empire  10  bring  about  a  coinpnniie  for  tbe 

Owtnc  to  the  Bwdiition  ol  the  chaDcclloi  ■  compict  vu  on  the 
jrd  tf  July  1896  CDiKJuded  between  Ihe  be»ti  of  the  lime 
cellWenl  Has  ol  tbe  irhale  houK  of  Lippe.  bindke  "  both  on 
n  the  lint*  ol  mhtcii  they  wot  tht  hadj." 
n  cantpati,  h  CTMJrt  of  aihitnLJon  wa^  la  be 
.ing  of  the  king  of  Saiony  end  lix  memben 
■elected  by  him  from  unoaf  the  mernben  ol  tbe  nprcme  couil 
of  law  of  the  enpiie.  Thil  court  wu  doly  comtUuted.  aiid  on 
tbe  »nd  of  June  r897  delivtred  judgment  to  the  (Sect  that 
Count  EmtX  of  Lippe- BlBtcrfcU,  head  of  the  line  of  Unio- 
BisterfeM.  wat  cnLiiled  10  iweeed  la  the  ihren*  of  Uppe  on 
the  death  of  Prince  A  leu  nder.  In  conitqucnce  oF  (bis  judgment 
FHnce  Adolph  resigned  the  regency  and  Count  Ernest  became 
Rgenlinhisilead.  On  the  leihof  Sepleml 
died  and  hia  eldest  ion,  Cc  '  ' 
butiheqoeatlonodhetu 
of  Schaumhurg-Lippv,  who  urged  that  the  1 
William  Ernest,  father  of  Count  Einett.with  UodBte  von  Unmh, 
and  that  of  the  count  regent  Ernest  hisiseli  with  Countnt 
Carlinc  von  Wartcnslebto  wen  mt  OaiMnlt  (equal  birth), 
and  that  tbe  luue  at  these  raaitiages  were  therefore  erduded 
liom  tbe  lucceuian.  Prince  Ceoige  of  Sihaumhurg-Lippc  and 
the  €tnoi  regerkt,  Leopold,  thereupon  eatcfcd  into  a  compact, 
tgain  nCenfng  tbe  malice  to  tbe  Baodesnt,  which  requested 
the  chancellor  of  the  empire  to  agree  (□  Ihe  appoiuiment  of  a 

court,  sitting  at  Leipiig,  10  decide  finally  tbe  matter  ui  dispute^ 
It  wai  furthu  provided  in  the  coiapaci  that  l.e<^td  ahould 
remain  ai  regent,  even  alter  the  death  of  AJeiandec,  until  the 
decision  of  the  court  had  been  given.  Prince  Alenndct  died  on 
the  ijih  of  January  iQosi  Count  Leopold  temained  as  regent, 
and  on  tbe  islh  ol  October  tbe  court  ol  arbitratiaa  issued  its 
■ward,  declaring  the  marriages  in  question  (which  were,  as  proved 
by  document,  conlracted  with  the  consent  of  the  bead  of  the 
bouse  in  each  case)  eUiMirlic.  and  that  in  punuaoceof  ihcawacd 
of  the  king  of  Saiony  the  family  el  U^^-Biesteifeld,  logclhei 
with  the  «ll»«nil  lines  ^ruog  fiom  Count  William  Ernest 
(blhet  of  the  regent.  Count  Ernest}  were  in  the  ocder  of  nearest 
*gnate»caltedlBthasucceBioB.  Leonid (b.  iSp)  Ihii* became 
prince  of  Lippt. 


,,._. ,.. ^  .,^,„„.-..  ,,^...nou,  iDwj;  noerit,  Pit 

Uffiiclm  EiiUtrrt  tm  Uitttbiarr  (Deimsld,  \ii€>;  A.  FalkmMio 
■ni  O.  PreuK,  Uppliilu  Kciala  (DtimAI,  t*6o-I«6B):  H. 
Ttlepel.  Dir  SIrril  um  till  Tinijnlu  In  WribnliiBi  LMe  CLnpig, 
1901^  and  P.  Ubatid.  Dit  TVnJ^n  im  FUriUnhm  £lppi  (FV* 
ImrE.  iBqi);  aiul  Stkirdiiprvk  <■  dim  firUilria tirr  dU  nrn/ulK 
te  Flrilalim  llpt*  Hia  'S  ^-  'fS  (LeipiiE,  lyie]. 

Utn,  tbt  lune  af  (htct  cdibiatad  ItaliiD  ptinteit. 

1.  Pm  Fiurpo  Lu^  (1406-1469),  commonly  calM  Uppo 
Ljppl,  one  of  the  most  renowned  palnUrs  of  (he  Italian  qnal- 
irBcento,  wa*  bora  in  Florence — hja  father,  Tommaso,  bciag  a 
botcher.  Hb  mother  died  In  hli  childhood,  and  his  Istber 
■orvived  Ms  wile  only  two  years.  Ks  aunt,  a  pebT  woman 
named  Monna  Lapacda,  (hen  took  charge  of  tbe  boy;  and  In 
i4».  when  fmrteen  year*  of  age,  be  was  ragiiltRd  In  tbe 
csmnuntty  of  the  CannellH  Irian  of  the  CarniiD*  in  Florence. 
Her*  ho  remained  till  t4Ji,  and  hia  early  faculty  lor  fine  arts 
was  probably  devekqied  by  Mtidyiiu  the  worke  of  Miaacdo 
ia  tbe  nelghboortac  ehapal  of  Ibe  Brancacd.  Between  1430 
asd  i<ijtba«ec«t*d>oms«Dftalalhainonuttry,  whidi  were 
detlroyed  by  a  fire  in  rjil;  they  an  ^Jedfied  by  Vaaarl,  and 
one  af  them  wtt  panicdaHy  marhed  by  lia  rtsemblanca  to 
Maiawli'a  ityl*.    Evanuaally  Fi*  Fitippo  quiued  hb  cavvcnt. 


but  H  appears  that  be  mn  MM  ivlieved  Iran 
vowi  in  a  letter  dated  In  L4M  bespeaks  of  DimaennuwpaoiBi 
friar  of  Florence,  and  says  he  is  charged  with  tbe  laainteiicbca 
of  sia  marciageable  nieces.  In  i4sa  be  was  appouUd  chaplain 
to  the  conmit  of  S.  Giovunim  In  Floracc,  and  in  I4ST  rcctar 
(JUlUrt  Camimitiaiaiiti  af  S.  Quiilco  it  Ugaoia,  and  hit 
gains  were  considerable  and  unamuBanly  large  from  lime  Id 
time;  but  hia  poverty  secma  to  have  been  chronie,  tbe  mosey 
being  spent,  according  lo  one  account,  in  Itequently  itcuning 

venlurta  of  Fra 


modem  biographera 


E<n^  through  Vasaii,  nothing  ialinowuol  his  visits  to  AntaM 
and  Naples,  and  hi)  fntemedlate  capture  by  Barbaty  plntN 
and  enslavemcDt  in  Barbery,  whence  bit  skill  in  portrait  .sketch- 
ing availed  to  release  him.  This  relates  to  a  period,  1431-1417, 
when  his  career  is  not  otherwise  dearly  accounted  loi.  The 
doubts  thrown  upon  hit  teml-marital  rdatlons  with  a  Florentine 
lidy  appear,  however,  to  be  somewhat  arbitrary;  Vasari'a 
account  is  circunuiantial,  and  in  iiiell  not  greatly  impcobable. 
Towards  June  1456  Fra  Fili^io  was  leitled  in  Frato  (near 
Florence)  for  tbe  pnrpoae  ol  fulfilling  a  commission  to  paint 
frCKOesinthcchairofthecBlhcdral.  Before  act  u  illy  undensklng 
tbii  work  he  set  about  painting,  in  145S,  a  picture  for  the  convent 
chapel  of  S-  Margherita  of  Frato.  and  there  saw  Lucrciia  Buti, 
the  beautiful  ilaughter  ol  a  Florentine,  Francesco  Btiti;  she 
wtt  cither  *  novice  or  a  young  lady  placed  under  Ihe  ouii' 
guudiinibip.  LippI  ttked  that  she  might  be  permitted  lo  sit 
to  him  lor  (be  figure  of  the  Madonna  (or  it  might  nther  appear 
of  S.  Margherita);  ho  made  passionate  love  (o  her,  abducted 
her  to  hb  own  house,  and  kept  her  there  spite  of  the  ulmoit 
elforti  the  nuns  could  make  to  reclaim  her  The  fruit  ol  Ihclr 
lovts  was  a  boy,  who  became  (he  painter,  not  lest  celebrated 
than  hia  lather,  Filippino  Unii  (noticed  hek>w>,  Soch  ia  nib- 
Itantlally  Vasari'l  narrative,  published  less  than  a  centuy  alta 
the  alleged  events;  it  ia  not  refuted  by  saying,  more  than  three 
centuries  later,  that  perhaps  Lippo  had  nothing  to  do  with 
any  such  Lucrena,  and  perhaps  LippJOD  wu  hb  adopted  aon, 
or  only  ao  ordinary  rtlaiive  and  scholar.  The  trgument  that 
two  reputed  portraits  of  Lucrciia  In  paintings  by  LIppo  arc  not 

and  the  other  in  the  same  character  in  a  Nativity  in  the  Louvre, 
cornea  to  very  littlej  and  it  is  reduced  to  nothing  when  Ihe 

by  Upid  at  alt.  Betides,  it  appears  more  Ukdy  i^t  not  tha 
Madonna  In  tbe  Lauvrc  but  a  S.  Margare(  in  a  picture  now  in 
the  Galleiy  of  Praia  u  the  original  pocuaii  (accot^Ing  to  the 
tn^tka)  ot  Lucrexia  ButL 

Tbe  Itetcoca  bi  the  chglr  of  Frato  cathedra],  being  tbe  stories  of 
tha  Baptist  and  of  St  Stephen,  reprinted  on  the  two  oppatrte 
wall  spaces,  are  the  most  important  and  monumealal  worlia 
which  Fra  Filippo  hat  hit,  more  especially  the  figwe  ol  Satonie 
dandog.  aad  the  lail  of  the  series,  showing  the  ceremonial 
noumlng  over  Stephen's  corpse.  This  contains  a  portrait  of  tbe 
palmer,  but  which  b  the  proper  figure  is  a  question  that  haa 
raised  tome  divertity  of  opiaioa.  At  the  end  waQ  of  the  chofr 
•re  S.  Giovanni  Goalbcrto  and  S.Alberto,  and  on  the  ceJUng  tba 
f(mr  evangcllsta. 

Thedosc  of  Lippl'tlifc  was  spent  at  Spoleto,  wheie  be  had  been 
the  apse  of  the  cathedral,  some  scene! 
In  IhescBidone  a(  tbe  Ipse  It  Cbritt 


ig  the 


,  aih)ds  and  pr 


.    Thk 


leries,  which  it  not  wholly  equal  to  tbe  ont  at  Pcato,  wa*  ee 
pleted  by  Fra  Diamante  after  Llppi^  death.  That  Uppt  died 
in  Spoleto,  on  ot  about  tbe  Sib  of  October  Mt^,  b  an  uadonhted 
fact;  Ihe  mode  of  bit  death  it  again  a  maitei  of  dilute.  It 
has  been  add  tbal  the  pope  granted  Lipfrf  a  ditpentation  fat 
marrying  Lueraaia,  hut  thai,  balne  the  permlaaion  arrived, 
be  had  been  poisoned  by  tbe  indignant  relatives  dthcr  of  Luocaia 
hendf,  or  ol  tome  bdy  who  bad  replaced  bet  b  the  inconstaat 
painter's  affections.  This  it  IMW  generally  regarded  aa  a  table; 
and  indeed  s  vendtUa  upoo  a  Ban  aged  ndy-three  for  a 


746 


LIQUID  GASES 


mploycd.     Wrablenki  ii 
I  ai  td.*  lite  ID  ■  B»ai  val 


uctedi 


pirttctd*!  dtvoud  ihe 
ibic  invnligilioD  oi  Lhe 
raliuD.  From  ihc  (Uli 
T  Widi  njustion  shtch 

quid  nitrogen  and 


Lo  uLcuIatc  lhe  crilicai  1 
dcDsily  of  hydcof  en  wilh  very  mucb  grei 
picvlouily  been  poitJble.  Liquid  oxyge 
liquid  lii— lhe  list  «•»  fint  nude  by  nrooiemki  in  iMj— 
became  lonielbing  ruhc  Ihin  men:  cunwliei  of  the  laboiilory, 
and  by  the  y^r  iflgi  were  produced  in  luch  quanliLies  u  lo  be 
•vniUble  for  Ibe  puipoaea  of  idenliEc  [cKttch.  Siill,  nolhing 
*it  added  lo  lhe  genenl  piindi^  upon  which  the  work  of 
Cailletel  and  Piclec  wu  based,  and  the  "cascade"  meihod. 
together  with  adiabatic  expansioa  Irom  high  compreuion  [sn 
CDHDEHsanoH  OT  CaSES],  lenuined  Ihc  only  means  ol  procsduce 
tt  the  disposal  of  apcriinenten  in  Ihit  branch  oi  physi 


of  hydrogei 


Olsicwski,  I 


yoClbesi 


It  of  doubt  ^ 
melhods  for 


lofle 


i89S  poiol 


hydiogen,  and  he  save  as  a  reason  (oc  hydrogen  not  having 
reduced  to  the  condiiion  of  a  static  liquid  the  non-exlsteoi 
a  gas  intenoediate  in  volatility  between  thwe  two-  By 
atlempu  had  been  made  in  the  Royai  Instilulion  laboral 
10  manufacture  an  ailiGcial  gai  of  this  oalure  by  adding  a  i 
proponion  o(  air  to  lhe  hydiogen,  si 


il  poinl 


of  about 


1°  C.     When 


im  I  high  degree  of 
:  true  liquid  stale, 


:o  that  tempeiatt 
comprestion  into  a  vacuum  vevel,  lhe  n 
of  solid  ail  together  with  m  clear  liquii 
This  was  in  all  prababiliiy  hydrogen  in 
but  it  wu  not  found  possible  to  collect 
volatility.     Wheiher  this  artificial  gas  : 
enabled  liquid  hydrogen  to  be  (uUected  in  open  vnscii  we  un- 
Bol  say,  for  eiperimenla  with  it  were  abandoned  in  favour  of 
other  mnsurefl,  which  led  finally  to  a  more  assured  success. 

Yatmum  Vauls.—Tbt  problem  involved  in  lhe  liquelaction 
<<  hydiogen  was  in  reality  a  double  one.  In  the  first  place,  lhe 
fsa  had  to  be  cooled  to  such  a  temperature  that  lhe  change  lo 
the  liquid  stale  «as  rendered  posut^e.  In  the  second,  means  had 
to  be  discovered  (or  protecting  il.  when  so  cooled,  from  the  InSuI 
of  eilemal  heat,  and  since  tfae  rate  at  wbich  heat  is  tcantferred 
(ram  onebody  to  another incieaset very  npldlywiththedilTerence 
between  their  lempcnturcs,  lhe  questioD  of  efiicieni  heal  insula- 
tiofl  became  al  once  more  difficult  and  more  urgent  in  proportion 
to  the  degree  of  cold  allatned.  Hie  second  part  of  lhe  problem 
was  in  (act  solved  first.  Of  couise  packing  with  non-conducting 
materials  was  an  obvious  eipedint  when  it  was  nol  necnsaiy 
(hat  the  contents  of  the  apparatus  should  be  visible  to  the  eye, 
but  in  the  nuncious  instances  when  this  was  not  the  case  sucb 
meaavres  were  out  o(  the  question.  Attempts  were  made  to 
Mcure  the  rlesired  end  by  surroanding  the  vessel  that  contained 
the  cooM  Of  liquid  gas  with  asiKCBSsion  of  other  vessels,  through 
wfai^  was  conducted  the  vapour  gives  o9  from  the  inierior  one. 
Sucb  (ttvleci  involved  aiAward  complications  in  llie  anange- 
nent  of  Ibc  apparatus,  and  besides  wennol  as  a  rale  vtiytlhcient, 
illboo^  lome  worhers.  t.p  Dr  Kamerihif^  Oiwes,  of  Leiden, 
lepofled  wme  success  with  their  use.  In  iSgi  it  occurred  to 
Dewar  that  the  pcincipl*  of  an  arrangement  he  had  used  nearly 

physical  comubIs  of  hydrogenium,  which  was  a  natural  deduc- 

•m|A)yed  with  advantage  is  weU  to  protect  cold  tnbatance* 
from  heat  as  hoi  ones  from  cokL  He  thetelait  tried  the  effect 
a(  suTfDundlng  his  liquefied  gas  with  a  highly  eibausied  space. 
The  result  was  entirely  >ucccsa(ul.  Eiperimenl  showed  thai 
liquid  air  contained  in  a  glaia  vessel  with  two  walls,  the  space 
between  which  was  a  high  vacuum,  evaporated 
fifth  the  rate  it  did  when  in  an  ordinary  vessel  tun 

b;  miaDs  ol  the  gaa  panlckt  being  enomwusly  reduced  oi 


Dunded  with 


to  the  vacuum.  But  in  sddilien  tlHae  vMish  lent  Ihenelvci 
to  an  airangemcfll  by  which  radiant  heal  could  tttU  futlher  be 
cut  off,  since  il  was  found  that  when  (he  inner  wall  wu  toaied 
with  a  bright  deposit  of  tHver,  lite  inPux  o<  heat  wu  diminishtd 
lo  one- 9111  h  ol  the  anounl  enwing  whhMM  the  RCtalUc  CDUinf.' 
The  total  elleti,  therefore,  of  the  high  vaouia  and  nlviri^  ia 
to  reduce  the  in-going  heal  lo  one-thirtieth  part.  Is  miking  aoch 
vessels  a  mercurial  vacuum  has  been  found  very  vtisfactory. 
The  vessel  in  which  the  vacuum  is  to  be  produod  li  provided 
with  a  small  subsidiary  vessel  joined  by  a  narrow  lube  witlk  Ih« 
main  vessel,  and  connected  with npowcriidair.pump.  Aquaotily 
of  mercury  having  been  placed  in  it,  it  b  healed  In  an  oil-  or 
air-bath  to  about  kb*  C.,  so  as  lo  veUliUu  the  mercury,  the 
vapour  of  which  ia  removed  by  tbe  pump.  After  the  pncesi 
bis  gone  on  fee-  some  time,  the  pipe  leading  to  the  pump  b  sealed 
oFI,  the  vessel  immedulcly  removed  from  the  bath,  and  the  smatt 
subsidiary  part  immersed  in  some  cooling  agent  nicb  as  solid 
carbonic  add  or  liquid  air,  whereby  lhe  mercury  vapour  b 
condensed  in  the  small  vessel  and  a  vacuum  of  eoomous  tcnuit]r 
left  in  the  large  one.  The  final  step  is  to  wai  off  Iha  tabe  con- 
necting the  two.  Inlhls  vayavacuHmmaybeptoducedhavlBg 
a  vapour  pressure  ol  about  the  hundied-millionlb  of  an  atno- 
sphrre  at  o'  C.  If,  however,  some  liquid  mercury  be  left  in  Ihn 
spsce  in  whidi  the  vacuum  is  pioduHd.  uid  the  contiininf  part 
of  lhe  vessel  be  filled  with  liquid  air,  tbe  bright  mirror  ol  nemrr 
which  b  deposited  on  the  iiHide  wall  of  the  balb  is  still  mote 
effective  than  silver  in  protecting  the  chamber  (rom  tbe  billutaf 
hut,  owing  to  the  high  redadive  Indca,  which  involve*  great  re- 
Heeling  power,  and  the  bad  beM-<ODduet<ng  pi 

With  the  disrovery  of  the  rcHaika* ' 
possessed  by  charcoal  coded  to  a  lo< 
it  became  pocsiblc  lo  make  these  vesscb 
of  metil.     Freviou^y  this  could  not  bo 
done  with  success,  because  gu  ocduded 
in  the  metal  gradually  escaped  and  vitiated 

be  absorbed  by  means  d  charcoal  bo 
ptaced  in  a  pockel  within  the  vacuaua 
space  ihai  it  b  coded  by  the  liipiid  l>  the 
interior  of  Ibe  vestei.  Usii  vacuum 
veiseb  (fig.  i),  o(  a  capacity  of  from  s  to 
so  litres,  may  be  (ormed  ol  brass,  copper, 

alloy  that  Is  a  bad  caaductai  of  heat,, 
silvered  glass  vaeutttn  cyllndera  bting 
fitted    a)    stoppers.      Such    flatki,    when 

equal  to  that  of  the  chemically -savered 

glas*  vacuum  vessels  now  commonly  used 

in    low    tempecaioi«  iDvestlgationi,     and 

they    are    obvionsly    better    adapted    for    t 

principle  of  Ihs  Dewar  vasal  b  utilised  b  the  Thermoa  flasks 

which  an  now  eitenilvely  manufaetund  sad  cmidoyed  for 


nrmwl  TViufweiKy  si  £«v  TVi^galMfW,— TTie  proposllioii. 
>  eaaneiaud  by  nctec  Ihst  at  liw  umpcntures  all  subaUKa 
practically  lhe  same  thema]  iranspareDcy.  and  are  equally 


»  dKiied  to  len, 


thb  point  doubie-walted  glass  lubes,  ai 

conmunlcaled  with  an  aii-puiiii:^ 

wallt  wu  filled  wtih  the  powdered 

.      c  ihlfd  bdng  left  empty  and  used 

rcquimd  for  >  cctiaia  qaODCitr  oi  Bqaid 


Hor.zcdByGoOJjIe 


LIQUID  GASES 


ta  anasnM'ftaii  tin  Inurfcr  cl  Itm  *inp>|>  bulb  bnnf  allid 
ach  of  Ihe  cithl  tcu  ol  iripb  tubci.  tbe  linin  required  tor  ll 
IF  quaniiiy  (0  boil  oS  Inxn  tbc  other  piin  al  lubci  were 


(Cnphiu 


IBlnumad 
)  Calciuni  pti 


Olbv  nqitfiiMiiti  at  IW  bum  kind 
iciuim  vciicL%  bul  «i(h  tlie  powdcri 
■■ -'(l)wiihvKuii«v™U 


yielded  I  111 

KT,     briiln  I 
liuide  . 

piper,  bright  ti 


■DHk—Ci)  niih  liaiW 
avin(  their  waili  lilvcrtd. 


TlitR  luini 


>     Willi    o( 


'acuufn  HiaRempty,  f  Empty  lilutnd  vacuum   I 

tilvernf  on   iouae  i  Chircoal     ia     lilmRl 


Iluaiigh   (he  pomui  r 


|S«  i'ffl.  Jig/.  Jmtl.  IV. 


iSK 


._.     ..  ,.i(hl  by  fluid  displaceiiKnl  ^vci  ihi 

ipcciAc  iraviiy  rompiwd  to  wncr.    Tht  meub  ind  iHoyi.  ot 

-^- "-[can  br  jot  hi  huff trymk. t«  the  taiifn  miii*nl. 

t»dy  i»  ooiy  to  b«  had  in  fmali  cryoala.  -  ■      ~- 
under  Mroaj  hy-'— '^ ■■ ' 


ES 


iprrap^  under  strooB  hydraulic  prcuurc  into  ccjvrent  hiocl;! 

air,  and  a  nmilgr  diDiily  uIccd  In  a  taiutik  hniM  at  the  ontinary 
IMaiMraliiR  enablei  lh»  oibib  coeHkitBl  si '—  ' 

+is'C..«i-t»s-c;    ■    ■       ■    ■  -     • 

naulta  IB  iriat  '•*■  ■*"- 


rniiml.   OneaftlxmiHiinttre 
at  llw  deailty  <i(  ice  at  tlw  boilint  poinl  of  air  ii  not 
.he  man  coefficieot  lit  opanHU  &int  IhcrefcTc  D-ooi 
Ai  tbt  nine  of  ibe  aane  codndnK  bnwnn  r  C.  and  -17* 

«-ooi>iS5.  it  iador  tilt  rate  af  c '—  '-  -•■-'-■-^--'  — 

oK-hdrot  what  it  vh  (bovt  tb 
Bunesu  that  by  no  powblc  cooli 
eoSu  ever  rnaiie  ice  aVdTnie  ai  wn 


me  01  Ke  ac  ine  nro  of  Icnipnature  wniM  rtot 
iluBt  el  Ibe  nt«  nokcnle.  tboinh 
—  titwo-'-'-   -=--^ •-•■-—■ 

na  body  hat 

:..  Ihui  (t^m  I 

trrnperatum  ol  omoOK. .  - 

ediclent  Of  ixpamian  et  the  liquid  carfacMic  acid  |b>  juM  *bQV* 
■■rliiai  poinl.  but  il  la  itill  Biucb  frcater  at  tf"  ' —  ~~.~— i. 
in  that  ol  highly  eipaaiive  tolidm  like  ulphi 


acid.    Tbit  body  hat 


■  "'r«^bSiinii« 

n^aboiitj  el  ih* 


hai 


. OMXioio.   TTi*  (olioMne 

ipetature  g(  boillDE  liquid  lit  (-iBj'C.)  1 
»  I17*  C),  tnielher  with  the  pacu  cd 


je  at  a  uuaibv  id  hydnud  aalti 


Aluminium  Kilphate    IS'  . 

Sodium  biboraie  1 10)     .  , 

CaMaoKhloiKlt  lb)      .  . 
MapKwuBchlonda  (6) 

Chronwafum  (14)    '.     '.  '. 

Sodium  carbonate  (to)  .  . 

Swli<imphoa^lc(ii).  . 
Sadiunt  Ihioauistatr  (i) 
PotatHUm  lerrgcyanid*  (j) 


Methyl  UK 
'aiaffin    . 

^iplilhlle, 


\Td 


^  Tlie  fieyrca  within  parfnihetei  refer  to  the  number  ol  m^ecuiet 
ot  water  oT  cryttaintatlan. 

._,a,-io-j»gs'c. 

It  win  be  Mn  Ironi  thi>  table  ibai.  *ith  the  eieepdon  cf  eaitoaate 
of  foda  aad  cbrona  alUi  the  hydiaied  laiti  have  a  roeffcicnt  ol 
expaniionlkaf  doeaaot  dilTerfmtly  Iron  that  olicF  at  low  tempera. 
turei.  lodolorm  iaa  highly  eipuilve  body  like  iodine,  and  oulale 
ol  mnhyl  haineariyii  jreatacoeflkiert  s>  paraffin,  which  it  a  vcly 
eipanuve  »lid.  at  are  naphihaitne  and  oxaiic  acid.  Tiie  corfKcient 
of  tolid  mercvry  it  about  half  that  of  Ihc  iiquid  metal,  while  that 
of  aodium  ia  about  the  value  of  mercury  at  tHdinary  temaeiaturet. 
Funhcr  details  on  the  lubjeci  can  be  found  in  the  rnc.  Key.  IvU 
(Itej),  and  P'M.  Kej.  Soc.  (1902I. 

Demstiy  Bl  Cusa  at  Le*  remfirralmrti. — The  ordinary  mode  of  de. 
lerminini  tne  denily  ol  laiet  may  be  foliiiwed.  provide<t  that  the 
giait  fliff .  with  itt  carefully  ground  atop-nck  nied  on.  can  land 
aa  inlemal  pmiure  of  about  five  aimoiphere^  and  that  all  the 
■cceuary  correction!  for  chance  of  volume  are  made.    JUl  that  it 

(he  uop^nck  until  ihe  pmiure  i>  equalind.  The  ttop-csck  bt^ini 
ckvd.  the  Duk  ia  now  taken  out  ol  the  liquid  oiyien  and  left  in 
the  baiance-nBoi  until  iti  temperature  it  rqualiiid.  It  ii  then 
weighed  against  a  timilar  flaik  used  ai  a  couniefrniae.  Followina 
luch  a  ni«l<od.  it  hat  brcn  found  ihal  the  wrighi  ofi  liiie  of  mygen 
vapour  at  in  boiling  point  of  90-5' abiolufe  »  4-430  gianiinet.  and 
tfterefoie  Aeapeeihc  volunieitfio-jscc-   According  to  the  oedinary 

1 .!_  1: —  ought  to  weigh  4-11)  (nmmet.  and  the 

c  jji-B2  re.  In  other  imrdt.  the  product 
II  the  bailing  point  ii  diminiihcd  b/ 1-46%. 
hi  of  a  litre  olntirofen  vapour  at  the  boilinf 
ind  to  be  3-90,  and  the  mftrred  value  for 
oiling  point,  would  b(4-SI.  givint*  Ipedee 


SF™     ili^' 


rrangeso 


•uftcienlly  low  tor  iiquil 
liatuia^  tKcuncd  i>f  using  adiabalic  expansion,  not  inter. 
Riillently,  as  when  gas  is  allowed  to  ntpand  suddenly  frttm  a  high 
compression,  bul  in  >  continuous  procesa.  and  an  obviout  way  of 
'iiion  wat  to  tncloee  Ike  oiifice 


e.  place 


ot  this  plan  showetl  that  altliough  the  gas  jet  would  be  cooled 
near  the  poinl  ol  cipauicHi  owing  to  the  conversion  of  a  portion 
of  hi  Kstable  beat  into  dyiwmical  energy  of  the  awving  (u, 
yet    Ibe  beat  il  Ihui  lou  would  be  lettoitd  to  It  aJooit 


748 


tlQDID  GASES 


Immediately  by  the  deatnicf  Ion  cf  th!iDediui{cal  energy  thithi 
Iciction  and  iu  canscqueat  reconvcnioa  into  beat.  Thiu  Ihe  i 
relult  would  be  atl  u  in  u  change  of  tcnpenilUR  Ibmugh  i 
pntorniiiice  of  eiiemal  Hork  wu  concftntd.  But  the  « 
djtioDS  in  Auch  an  arrangemeDt  R»inblc  (hat  in  the  cipcrimei 

gas  when  it  ii  Eorced  under  preuure  IhrouAh  a  porous  plug 

of  Ihem  had  pmlicted,  that  a  chaoge  of  tempcratun  dou  ta 
place,  ovring  id  internal  worit  txing  done  hy  the  allraction  of  the 
gaa  moJecul«-    Hence  the  efLeclive  result  obtainable  in  practice 
by  such  an  attempt  at  cortlinuDus  adiabatic  eipauion  as  that 
suggested  above  ia  to  be  neuured  by  the  aaiouni  of  the 
'■  "nwmlOB-Joule  tSecl,"  which  depends  entirely  on  the  inlttnal, 
not  the  external,  woric  done  by  the  gaa.    To  Linde  belongs  the 
credit  of  having  first  seen  the  essential  InportaDce  ol  this  efi< 
in  conneiion  with  Ihe  liquefaction  of  gases  by  adilbatic  I 
panuon,  and  he  was,  further.  Ihe  hnt  to  constnict  an  indu!tr 
plant  for  the  production  of  liquid  air  based  on  the  applislioii 
Uri*  principle. 
The  change  of  temperalure  due  to  the  Thomson-Joule  effi 
■     '  .....—       .  ....  .,      .„p,„. 


rat  her  with  Ih 


h  the  {. 


hydrogen  is  slightly 
heated.  But  hydiegen 
also  is  cooled  if  before 
being  passed  through  the 


il  pcnni 


paints— and  sintilariy  the 
more  condeauble  gases 
■ould  be  healed,  and 
not  cooled,  by  passing 
through  a  iHiasle  or  plug 
il  they  were  employed  at 
a  lemperatute  sufficiently 
abovelheirtriticalpoints. 
Each  fas  has  ihercIOR  t 
point  ol  inversion  of  ihe 


Flo.  ».— Laboratory  L 


6-75    I 


Hiicil 


H.  cViKfldii 


re  ol Ihe  body 
OlszewdLJ  hat  determined 
Ihe  invenkm -point  in  ihe 
rase  of  hydrogen,  and 
finds  it  to  he  igi-s* 
ibwiute,  Ihe  Ihcoretkal 


mis  a  third  portion  in  the 


by  Linde.  The  gaa  which  has  pajsed  Ibe  orifice  and  is  therefon 
cooled  is  made  to  flow  liackwirdl  lound  Ibe  lube  that  leads  to  thi 
noEtle;  hence  that  portion  of  the  gaj  that  a  jusi  about  to  pas 
through  the  noule  haa  some  of  its  heat  abstracted,  and  lii 
consequence  on  ciqHnsian  is  cooled  ' 
than  the  Gni  portron.    In 

grnaivcly  until  ullinalely  a  portion  of  the  gas  is  liquefied. 
Apparatus  based  on  this  principle  has  been  employed  not  only 
hy  Unde  in  Germany,  but  also  by  Triplei  in  America  and  1^ 
Hampson  and  Dewar  hi  England.  The  last-named  eiperinientei 
exhibited  in  December  iSos  a  [aboraloiy  machine  of  Ibb  kind 
(fig.  i),  which  nhen  aupphed  with  oiygen  initially  cooled  to 
-70°  C,  and  at  a  pressure  of  los-ijo  atmospheres,  began  to 
yield  liquid  in  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour  liter  slaiting.  The 
initial  cooling  i>  not  oecesaaiy,  but  it  has  lb«  advantage  of 


Fig.  y — Hyilroitea  Jet  Anparaiua.  A,  Cylinder  containing  i 
__'j  .._.,__  __L-.._i —  ^^  liijuid  air  feapMtivcly  D,  Rcgencra 
F,  Vilve.  C  KB-hol.  noidc. 
.uircd  lor  Uk  operation.  The  cfltcienc 
the  Linde  pruccsi  is  tmall,  but  il  is  easily  couducicd  and  < 
requires  plenty  of  cheap  power  When  we  can  work  luib^iH 
other  engines  at  low  lempcnium.  soasloeflecl  couling  thn 


Ihe  pcilori 


e  ol  c. 


11.  ihcn  the  a 


'«h 


procludion  of  liquid  air  and  hydrogen  wi 

This  iieaimenl  was  next  esiended  lo  hydrogen.     Fur  ihc 

leawn  already  enplained,  it  wouM  have  been  futile  (oeiperimtnt 

with  Ihis  substance  at  ontinary  lempciglum,  and  therefore 

a  preliminary  il  was  cooled  to  the  temperature  ol  boiling 

uid  air.about-iqo*  C.     At  thb  tenpenturc  il  is  still  i) 

les  above  its  critical  temperature,  and  ihetefoie  its  tiquclaclioii 

these  circumstances  would  be  comparable  to  that  ol  air, 

^n  at  -t  6o*  C-,  in  an  apparatus  like  that  just  described. 

'War  showed  in  JII96  thai  hydrogen  cooled  in  this  way  and  ex* 

panded  in  a  rtgenemtive  coil  from  a  piaBun  ol  no  atmosiihcra 

ipidly  reduced  m  temperalure  lo  such  an  eileni    thai 

he  ipparatus  had  been  working  a  lew  minutes  the  issuing 

]  seen  to  contain  liquid,  which  was  ludicienlly  proved 

Iquid  hydrogen  by  the  fact  that  il  waiio  coM  (i  to  fnca 

air  and  oiygcn  into  hird  white  solids.    Though  with  this 


w  found  possible  al 


which  il 


0  collect  ibc 


LIQUID 

llqaidla«iofKBvc«id,o«fnc  to  its  Iot  ipedfic  gnvjty  ud  lb* 
IBpddlljp  ol  the  ;i»<umnl,  stU]  tbc  KcMnl  type  of  tbo  unngo- 
nwnt  KtiiKd  »  prondsiiis  that  in  Ike  nul  tvo  ytma  there 
m*  bid  dowD  in  lbs  Uboiatariis  oI  (lie  Rayil  butitution 
ft  laigB  plmt—it  mi()B  i  Ion)  uul  coutiini  jixxi  [t.  of  pipe — 
«Iiidl  ii  dc^KDcd  on  predsdy  tbe  same  prindpLa,  ihhoogli 
hi  amstiuctios  i>  hr  more  elabome.  The  one  irapoitant 
uovttly,  vitbout  which  It  ii  practically  imposiible  to  Hicreed, 
Ii  the  prOYinoil  of  a  device  to  aunnount  tfie  <fifficuLty  of  with- 
dnwing  the  HqocBed  hydroffen  after  it  has 
een  made.     The  deaidentum  ii  Rally  a 


d  by  » 


ji  tbetx 


infig-j) 


bqnid  Buy  be  nra 
lower  part  of  the  vacuum  vessel 
coaialniDg  Che  Jet  is  modified  ai  saown  id 
fif.  i;  the  inner  tcskI  is  prolonged  in  « 
Esa  tnbc,  coiled  spirally,  which  pasws 
IfaiDugh  the  outer  imU  ol  liie  vacuum  vessel, 
and  thus  luSdcDl  eluiidiy  in  obtained  to 
Pjq  ^^Boiioiii  eoabie  the  lube  to  withstand  witliout  fracture 
o(  Vacuum  VesHl^  'be  great  conlraclion  coDsef^ent  on  the 
extreme  cold  to  which  it  li  subjected.  Such 
pcculiaHy  shaped  vacuum  vessels  were  made  by  Dewar*! 
direciioDs  in  Germany,  and  have  subi«)ucntly  been  A^tpUed  to 
and  employed  by  other  erperimenten^ 

With  tbe  liquefying  plant  above  referred  to  liquid  hydrogen 
was  for  the  Snt  time  effected  in  an  open  vasd  on  the  lolh  of 
Hay  180S.  Tbegasat  a  prcsureof  iSo  BlnKupbercBinucooIed 
to  -»J°  C.  by  means  ol  liquid  air  boiling  in  vacuo,  and  was 
tben  pamed  through  tbe  noule  ol  tbe  tegeneraiive  coil,  which 
was  CDCloeed  in  vacaum  vessels  in  such  a  way  as  to  eiclude 
nMcnuil  beat  as  perfectly  as  possible.  In  this  way  some  jo  cc 
of  the  Hqnid  had  been  collected  when  the  eipeiiraeDl  came 
to  a  pronature  end,  owing  to  the  noule  ol  the  appaiatus  Incom- 
ing bbcked  by  a  dense  solid — air-ice  resulting  from  the  con- 
Bdibon  of  the  air  whkb  was  proent  to  a  minute  extent  as  an 
iinpinity  in  the  hydrogen.  This  acddent  eiemplifies  what  is 
a  lerioai  trouUe  encountered  in  the  production  of  liqiu'd  hydro- 
gen, the  extreme  difficulty  of  obtaining  the  gas  in  I  sUte  of 
Mfficiedt  purity,  for  tbe  presence  ol  1%  of  foreign  matters, 
audiMnroroxygen,  whkh  are  more  condensble  than  hydrogen, 
b  mSdent  to  cause  omiplete  stoppage,  unless  the  notile  valve 
■ltd  jet  anangement  ts  ol  special  cootruction.  In  lubsequent 
operinKnta  the  liquid  was  obtained  in  larger  quantities — 
on  tbe  Ijtb  of  June  1901  five  Htres  of  it  were  succnfully  con- 
vemd  tbroigb  tbe  streets  ol  London  from  the  libontory  of 
the  Royal  Institution  to  the  rooms  of  tbe  Royal  Society — and 
it  may  be  said  Ibst  it  is  now  pouible  to  produce  it  in  any  desired 
■motuiti  lobiect  only  to  the  limitatloDi  entailed  liy  expense. 
Finally,  tbe  reduction  of  hydrogen  to  a  solid  state  was  lucceas- 
fuUy  ttndertaken  in  TB99.  A  portion  ol  the  liquid  carefully 
boated  fat  yacBum-jacketed  vessels  was  suddenly  transformed 
lato  A  white  mass  resembling  frosen  foam,  when  evaporated 
naia  an  air^nmp  at  a  piesiun  of  jo  or  4a  mm.,  and  sub- 
•eqaeitly  hyih^geii  ma  obtained  as  a  clear  IranspaieaC  Ice  by 
tenmetaing  a  tube  containing  the  liquid  in  this  scdid  loain- 

LijK^aiHim  tf  Hi^jiml— Tbe  ndi|cctiaD  «t  faydragen  com- 
pleted the  expaimental  proof  that  aU  |M<>  cut  b*  mhioed  to 
the  Hquid  and  solid  itatea  by  the  aid  olpitMtin  and  low  lempcn* 
ture,  at  least  so  far  as  cigudt  tboM  in  the  bands  of  the  cbemiM 
M  the  bcfiBalig  ol  tbe  1*M  decade  of  the  i^  centwy.  But 
I  year  or  •»  b^irt  hyilrogep  was  obtained  in  tbe  liquid  form, 
■  labMBDCB  known  to  exbt  bi  the  sun  from  spectroKopic  re- 
nmfaeaanialautbySirEdwardPranklandandSfa-J.  Norman 
LocItyR  was  shorn  1^  St  WIHiam  Ramsay  to  exist  00  the  earth 

sna  bnad  by  aipeilmmt  to  be  a  gas  much  lesa  condensable 
thm  hydraga.  Dowar  in  i^ot  etpanded  it  from  a  pressure 
trf  S^ioo  atiwrtph^Tf  at  the  temperature  of  uHd  .hydrogen 
•ritkmnpanivinglbehastlndlcatiDnotliquefiirtion.  ObiewsU 
'       -  ■       Dji  using  the  11111  higher  Initial 


aiigaiois. 


reailon  of  iSs  almoapheles,  but  he  equally  Is 
-vidcnce  of  h'quefaction.  and  in  consequence  i 
ubt  whether  the  gas  wss  liqueExble  at  all.  wbi 
s  not  a  tniiy  "  permanent  "  gas.  Other  in 
iti,  look  a  diSerent  and  more  hopeful  vim  of  the  m 
r,  lor  bstince  (fr«.  AMrtis  Bril.  Assx.,  igoj),  basing 
iJuctioDs  on  the  Uwi  established  by  van  der  Waak  and 
other*  [roa  tbe  study  ol  pbeaameoa  at  much  highs  tempera- 
tures, anticipaled  that  the  boiEng-point  ol  the  snbsiance  would 
be  about  5*  absolute,  so  (hat  the  liquid  would  be  about  tour 
times  moie  volatile  thu  liquid  hydrogen,  just  as  liquid  hydrogen 
ii  four  time*  mote  volatile  than  liquid  aii;  and  be  eiprejicd  the 
opinica  that  the  gas  wouTd  succumb  on  being  subjected  to  the 
process  that  had  succeeded  with  hydrogen,  except  that  liquid 
hydrogen,  instead  ol  liquid  air.  evaporating  under  exhaustion 
must  be  employed  as  the  primary  cooling  agent,  attd  tnult  also 
be  used  to  turround  (be  vtcnum  vessd  b  which  the  liquid 
wss  collected. 

Various  dmimstancea  comMned  to  prevent  Dewar  from 
actually  carrying  out  the  operation  thus  foreshadowed,  but 
hb  antidiiations  were  justified  and  the  sufBciency  ol  the  melbod 
he  indiorted  practically  proved  by  Dr  H,  Kamcilinth  Onnes, 
who,  working  with  the  splendid  lesources  of  the  l^din  cryogenic 
labnalory,  succeeded  in  obiainjng  helium  in  the  liquid  itate 
on  the  relh  of  Jtdy  rpofi.  Having  prepared  roo  litres  of  the 
gas  (ite  litres  m  reserve)  Irom  monaa'te  sand.'  he  cooled  il  with 
exhausted  liquid  hydrogen  to  a  tempeialure  ol  1  s  or  16°  ab*,, 
and  eipsndeil  il  through  a  tegeneraiive  coil  aaA<a  a  preaure 
ol  50  to  100  aunosphcres,  ""'trmg  me  of  the  most  daborate 
precautions  to  prevent  inHux  of  heal  and  securing  the  absence 
of  less  volatile  gases  that  might  freeie  and  block  the  tubes  o( 
the  apparatus  by  Including  in  tbe  helium  circuit  cbarooal  cooled 
to  the  tempeialure  of  liquid  air.  OperatioBs  began  at  545 
In  tbe  morning  with  the  prqwratlon  of  the  necessary  bqnid 
hydrogen,  ol  which  lo  litres  were  ready  by  i-.]a.  The  circulalioa 
of  tbe  helium  was  started  at  4-^  In  the  altcmoon  and  was  con- 
tinued until  tbe  gaa  bad  been  pumped  round  the  circut  twenty 
times;  but  it  was  not  till  T'lo,  when  the  lut  bottle  of  liquid 
bydrOEra  had  been  brought  into  requisition,  ihii  ihe  surface 
of  the  liquid  was  seen,  by  reflection  ol  light  from  below,  itandiog 
out  diarply  hke  the  edge  ol  a  knife  against  tbe  ghis*  waU  of  the 
vacuum  voael.  Its  boiling-pehit  has  been  determined  as  being 
4*  »bs.|  it!  eriltcal  tentpemture  j",  and  its  critical  pressure  not 
more  than  three  attnoqiheres.  Ibe  density  of  the  liquid  is 
found  to  be  0-015  or  about  iwke  that  of  hquid  hydngai.  It 
could  not  be  solidiCcd  even  *hea  exhausted  under  a  pressure 
ol  I  mm.,  which  in  all  probability  corresponds  to  a  temperature 
of  1*  abs,  [see  CmnuiiaKini]  /rim  Ou  fkysicai  hberaltry  al 
i*i  UmwrnlyD/Lriiini,  iooS-1909). 

The  following  are  brief  details  respecting  some  of  tbe  more 
fmpmlant  liquid  gases  that  hava  become  available  for  Mudy 
within  recent  yean.  (For  argon,  neon,  krypton,  Sc,  tee  AioOH.) 
Orygpt. — Liquid  oxygen  is  a  nubile  tranipareal-liquid,  posieiiii 
a  Taint  blue  colour.  At  umo^jheric  pressure  il  boils  at  —  lAl-s'C; 
under  a  reduced  prenirrc  of  I  cnL  of  mercury  its  tempeialuie  faUi 
ta  — 2io*C.  At  the  ixiillngpcqat  il  has  a  density  of  i-r>4accordieg 
to  CHiKwski.  Di  of  i.|6a(ccacdii«  toWrabWWdiii  I>ewarabi*iBej 
tbe  value  1-137S  as  tbe  mean  t/  twenty  obiervBliaaB  by  wdghuig 
a  number  of  •olid  subiunce*  in  liquid  eayieii,  noliiy  tbe  appaien 
[dative  density  of  the  liquid,  and  Ibance  caluilatioc  its  teal  dniaily, 
Flseau'a  values  for  the  cscKcints  of  enpamioB  ol  the  selids  being 
emphiyed.  The  capiUanty  of  liquid  Mrygen  Is  about  onc-ainh  that 
of  water:  It  Is  a  non-ooBiIucIor  of  electiicity,  and  i*  strongly  maf- 
necit  by  its  own  evaponlion  it  cannot  be  reduced  to  tbe  soUd 
state,  but  exposed  to  the  timpetanne  of  liquid  hydrogen  it  b  fnuen 


11  is  effected  by  [be  Uqnel 


till,  the  c 


rutkqi  of  its 


mimand  Iirgc  quantities  not  only  of  Ibe  lev  volatile  con- 
intn  Irryptan  and  xenon,  but  abo  of  the  more  volatile  ones, 
and  helium.     Rooghly  a  million  voIhrms  <<  air  coMain  » 

' d  hdhim- about  rjoT  the  lormettosof  the  latter, 

Dhnne  ol  bydrsgcn  being  associaltd  with  them, 

be  obtabied  in  pneticaDy  any  quantity  directly 


.cdbyGoo^Ic 


75" 


UQUID  GASES 


mto  a  KHid  nut,  uving  u  ptM  biaum  lint,  ■bownw  by  [encction  kIi 
Ihe  itnorptio"  >bihI>  oTthc  liquid,  ]i  ii  mucluGlF  ilut  tlic  umc 
abwrptiDD  blndi  occur  in  li»  compcTHHl  ^um.  Dcwar  ^vm  Ihe 
nclllDr-point  ab  3>*  abaoluM,  und  Ihc  demily  4t  the  boilinB-pcHnt 
of  bydn^  *■  i'4Sie.    Tlie  irinctivc  iDdcx  e(  the  liquid  ler  tbt 

(h»ir.— Thii  ftt  ii  cuily  liquefied  by  the  u»t  o(  Uquid  air.   Tlie 


I  •Howini 


The  liquid  » 
JVUrxfui  1< 

hida  lor  il 


vu  to  be  morr  munetic  thin  liquid  ovytcn. 
Eranqunnt  colounefi  liquid,  hnving  ■  dmiity 
linj-point,  which  ii  -l^J^J'  C.  The  lefiudive 
ine  II  1-2053.  Eviponted  under  diminiihed 
Bure  ine  liquia  becoma  »Gd  at  a  lenipentuE*  of  -^15^  C.> 
litis  uttder  a  proHirc  of  ^  nun.    The  denviy  of  the  auid  at 

!ir. — Seeing  thai  the  boilinf.pnntt  of  nilrocen  and  ncytm  arv 
trentpit  mi^ht  bteupccledlhalon  tScliqv-'"'^'""'"'^""'"'^"'' 


IcKqnidi.    Such. 


FiTund  on  a  larie  icale,  liquid  air  may 
io%oi  o»E«n  vhen  collKtcd  in  open  vacuum- 
n  i>  the  mon  volilik  it  tnili  oA  Gnt,  and 
ra  richer  in  ongeq  the  tcmpenturr 
about  --tv*  C   to  about  -lit*  C 


-, -ina  thJcknenodcm.,  u„i^,  -,»..,„ 

»b«iT>uoB  bnda.  and  II  ia  not  attracted  by  a  nufitet.  CosIhI  in 
liquKl  hydnvcD  u  it  (nuen  M  a  wlate  tolid.  melting  at  aboat  40'  abi. 
,  Hydrcten.—Ltmia  hydrogen  ii  ibe  liihtefl  liquid  ktum  to  the 
cbenun,  having  a  dentiiy  aTiahily  !«•  than  a  07  aa  compared  viih 
water  and  beine  lii  tiim  Ishtcr  than  liquid  inar.h-ga»,  «hlch  ll 
■HI  in  onler  of  h(htnsa.  Oiie  Ucn  n^thi  only  70  giammet,  and 
lijhio™,  however  it_  it  euily  aeen,  hit  a  H^E^IdiiHd  nxiiiKut 
and  dropi  welL  Al  ili  boihn^poinl  the  liquid  ia  only  jj  linKi 
denv  than  the  vapour  ll  ia  nvlng  ofl,  whenai  liquid  oiytto  Id 
■nulac  conditioii  it  jj»  tliiB  ^nitr  than  ila  vapour,  and  nitrofen 
I77I1BB.  lu  auncvoiiiiMia  •bout  14-1.  ilvtcfliiiuiiloiyceR 
^M  'i-J-  aad  lliit  o(  bqaul  niirofen  itt.  at  tbdr  lopeciivc 
boUinfpanla.  lit  Iwnit  heal  ot  vaporiation  about  ihe  b^ling- 
paul  !•  about  iti  ^nuiw-atDriei,  and  Ihe  latent  heat  of  fluidity 
U^UMvecttc  heu^n^  K^'id'    I     ,^'^"*"'  "iV^a  to  have 

■Ir  at  hi  boilinr-poiiit,  or  one-tUny-^tti  that  oF  valir  at  ordlurv 
teiBpMturea.  ud  Ihii  li  the  itotoa  that  bubblet  lotmed  in  the 
■"n™  are  a^imaQ  at  to  five  it  an  opaWent  appearance  dunriB 
ebnltitiaiL    Th«  liquid  k  lilhon  co£?r.  and  ai^S^-  -^--""^ 


b*  deunniiiiBE  Ibe  reliiivt  diHerence  (^  rocut  hr  ■  lanllel  beam 
«.  ''f"  "™>.rtr«nh  a  ^iberial  vacBuni  mid  tikd  iuc«ivelv 
•nth  vaIei,IiquidaayEen  and  liquid  hydrofea;  the  niuli  obuinrd 
"■.■■'?-  '-^"".''V'r™«"i}»a««™lutto«orel«ctridly.  Tbt 
pRciae  detenmaaiion  ot  lit  boi1In(-saint  iia  natter  o(  lonw  diSculiy. 
Tbe  Em  rendu  obuined  Iraa  Uie  utc  of  a  ptatinum  reaiuance 
tbernomEler  gave  -uS*  C.  while  a  iiiailar  iharmometec  made 
wilh  ao  allor  el  rtuidium.piitinuni  ladicated  t  value  B  drwm 


"m       l*"  '™'(»»''™  •••«  'Iw  lawi  (snelaiint  khl 
''°Uu>f-P(ii«  (Tbydngarihoi^h  'tbey^''Mailly'm'^ 


1  which  Ihe^  an  G—    -- 

.     ...      _.     4iHitly  vartoat  stbet  ilelen. 

□trritd  out  in  therawaetera  fittHi  wkh  hydntn  deilted  fm 
diiiereot  louraa,  and  alto  with  heliuB,  the  average  value  giveB  by 
the  eapcrimenli  being  -151-s*  C  (See  "Tbe^oiHnt  F«*it  s( 
Liquid  Kydineen  dctenniDcdliy  Hydrogen  ind  Helium  Caa  Thec- 

eten,"  Prac  Kirf.  J*c.,  Tlh  Feboilrrr  1*01.)     The  oitical 

.1 JO-  ,(^aa  (-141    C.).  and  the  critical 


Hydroffca  hit  not  oi 

.--.-^ . —  ^  permanent  nttt,  but  it  hu  1 

iownl  critical   preiVJtt,     Given   a   Hilliciently   low   temperatu 
thentoie,  it  it  the  euicat  Ila  la  liquefy  n  far  a>  pVHire  ii  ci 
eemed.  .Solid  hydrogen  bi  a  temperaiun  about  4*  leit. 
cxbauaiiui  under  reduced  preiturc  a  iiiU  lower  depth  of  cold  m 
be  altained,    and  a  dcfldy  temperaiuTe  reached  ieia 
above  Ihe  mn  of  absolute  tempcraiure.    By  ihe  uie  ol  niin  ca- 
hau^KM,  ami  the  moel  nringent  precautlont  to  prevent  the  influa 
of  heat,  >  tempsanut  of  la'ah^ilutc  (-i6o-  cT nay  be  reached. 
Thii  it  the  lamt  tteady  temperature  which  cu  be  maintained  by 

[ed  lor  It  by  Faraday.  Dnma^ 


han*^^ 


Tin  Appnadi  t»  lit  Atteluli  Ztra.—Tbe  achievemeDt  of 
Eioierliiiib  Oimea  ha*  brought  about  llie  italiaiion  of  a 
tuupttklure  removed  only  3°  from  Ilie  absoluU  lero,  and  the 
queitian  naturally  tuggcUi  ilielf  ■heihei'  tbert  i>  uiy  pisba- 
bility  of  a  iiill  (Jour  approach  lo  that  point.  The  amwcr  ii 
thai  [f.  ai  ii  not  imposiihle.  there  eiiili  a  gas,  at  ytl  tutiwbled. 


.eight  a 


-half  U; 


.  of  h< 


liquefied  in  turn  by  the  aid  of  liquid  beUum,  nxnUd  render  that 
approach  pouible,  though  the  eipeiimtnial  di&culiica  of  the 
operation  nrould  be  enonnoua  and  pctiiapt  prohiliitive.  Tha 
lEsulu  of  eipcrimtnu  bearing  on  lliii  quetlioB  and  of  Ibooiy 
based  on  thein  are  showp  ia  table  II.  The  third  coliunn  ibowi 
Ihe  critical  icspeiatuie  of  the  g»  which  can  be  liquefied  by 
lonljnuow  eipjnsion  through  a  itgeneialivi  cooling  appinlui, 
the  operation  being  itarted  from  the  initial  tcmperilure  ibovn 
in  theiecon(l«>lumn,vh]le  the  fourth  ci>]umDgivei  the  tempets- 
lure  of  the  roidiing  liquid,  ll  will  be  teen  that  by  the  ue  al 
liquid  or  tolid  hydrogen  at  c  tooling  agent,  it  should  be  pcatibk 
10  liquefy  a  body  having  1.  critical  lempcnlure  of  about  £"  to 
S°  on  the  abiolute  icale,  ud  a  boiling  point  of  about  4*  v  i\ 
while  with  tbe  aid  ol  liquid  heliunt  at  an  Initial  Icmpcnilarc 
of  S*  we  could  liquefy  a  body  having  a  critlcaJ  Icmpavtve  li 
i'  and  a  boiling  point  of  t*. 

TkBLI  II. 


UquidWium    . 


'S^™'    **»■  Dfrew. 


■9SlCO,> 

•SfAir) 

"ffle) 


dynamic  unst  one  degree  low  don  the  KaJe,  lay  at  lo*  alKjnlc, 
it  equivalent  to  30'  at  the  ordinary  ttnpenlure,  ud  11  tbt 


Kieaic,  not  in  aiithDttletl    b«l  is  (to- 
.     _  Thut  tlie  Mep  bMwan  the  liqatlMtioo 

if  air  aad  thai  ol  byditittn  ii,  themwdynuniallr  aiid  pnctitilly, 
[leaier  than  that  bgiiireen  the  lique£actioD.«l  lUwin*  Bad  ttaM 


UQUID  OASES 


iDVaUipIIon  of  Ibe  pnipBtio  of  nulio  U  the  tcmpaUuia 
IiImziI  at  Ut  cofDmuKi  by  liquid  lii  wd  liquid  tad  ulid 
liydfO(tiL  Indeed,  (ttat  u  ■>  the  teniiiiKBUl  intetot  (lUcbcd 
<e  tbt  Cqncluliaa  of  tbcK  nfrutoiy  pis,  the  In^wruiKC  of  the 
KbkvoHOt  He*  ntther  in  Uu  /act  Uiu  it  spen*  out  new  Sddi 
of  nwiTch  md  enonDoaily  widtm  the  hoiiiBn  of  phyilGil 

and  bdUTHUT  ol  muter  under  entiRlr  novel  condltkHB.  We 
pnine  to  indkite  biieDy  the  (enetal  dliectioiu  id  vliidi  tacli 
ioqniiiei  bnv*  u  In  bea  mried  on,  bat  befon  daitif  lo  wQI 
call  attCBtiMi  ta  tbe  power  of  abeortiina  laM*  poaMed  by  cooled 
duKoal.  which  buon  that  accooM  pnvcd  itself  a  moat  vBluhk 


Gn  AinrtUtn  ly  CiorcHf.— FeUl  Rntana  wai  ai^ianntly 
^t  fiivt  to  diicdvcr  that  hot  cbaicoal  hia  the  power  of  abaorbing 
galea,  and  hb  obieivatiou  wen  ■'"■'■"■■-<  about  1770  by  Joieph 
Pitoiley,  to  whom  be  bad  commonicated  them.  A  generalioa 
lata  TWodon  de  SaoHOK  made  a  number  o(  expccbDCnta  on 
tbe  (ubiect,  and  noted  that  at  ordinary '  ~ 


^  ,t  cbaicoal  made  Iznn 
abacaptive  powen  than  other  nufetla.  In  ilt;4  TUt  and 
Dewar  for  tbe  fint  time  employed  chanoal  lor  the  pcaductfan  ol 
faj^  vacQa,  by  tulng  it,  heated  to  a  red  beai,  to  ^wnfi  the 
mcfCttry  Tapnu  in  a  tube  exhamted  by  a  mercury  puinpj  and 
thirty  yaan  afterwardi  it  ocmiTcd  lo  the  latter  inTotiptor  to 
try  bow  ita  abaortHng  powen  are  affected  by  coding  [t,  with  the 
loolt  tbat  he  found  them  to  be  greatly  enhanced.  Some  of  hia 
earlier  obaciratkai  are  given  In  table  m.,  but  it  mnM  be  pointed 
Table  111.— Cu  AiterpHn*  by  OtaramL 


o-Ceot. 

abHrMit 
-IBs*  Cent. 

BSSfc,;.-  ;  :  :  :  : 
SSSfciii. :::::: 

CarbankojiidFUidoiyim       .     . 

i 

30 

rjo 
>jo 

ont  that  much  [irget  abtotptioBc  were  abiained  wbaequently 
when  it  wai  found  that  tbe  quality  of  Lhe  charcoal  wai  grcally 
bfluenced  by  the  mode  in  which  it  was  prepiiTcd,  tbe  abioTpUve 
power  being  increued  by  carboniling  the  coco-Dul  dull  ikrwly 
at  a  gradually  increasing  lempeniurc.  The  nsuiLt  in  iIk  table 
were  all  obtained  with  the  lame  ipecimtn  of  chircoal.and  tbe 
volumea  ol  the  gaiei  abwirbcd,  both  It  ordinary  and  at  low 
lempersturei,  were  mcaiured  under  itandard  (oodiiifH^— at 
0*  C,  and  76a  mm.  preKure.  It  apptm  that  at  the  lower 
temperature  there  it  a  remarliaUe  incmM  ol  ibtorption  for 
every  gai,  but  that  the  increase  il  in  general  unaller  ai  the 
boilliigfainla  of  the  variom  gates  are  knrer.  H»lium  !■  con- 
■pkuou*  lor  the  fact  that  it  b  absorbed  to  a  corajiarailvely 
^ht  eiteni  at  both  the  higher  and  the  lower  temperaiure,  but 
In  this  csnneiuDn  it  must  be  remembered  that,  being  the  raost 
volatile  gas  known,  it  is  being  Irtited  at  a  lenperalutF  which 
(s  rdalivety  much  higher  than  the  cither  gua.  At -18;* 
(■•SS^  abs.),  while  hydrogen  tl  at  about  4)  lime)  its  hoiiing.iioint 
(»*Bbi.).hel[uciisa1  about  lotimea  its  boiling-point  (ts'alH.], 
■nd  it  might,  therefore,  be  expected  that  if  il  were  taken  at  a 
temperature  comspondini  to  tbatodhebydrogen,  jj.  at  4  or  ; 


time*  ill  hoiEng-palBt,  or  ny  lo*  aba..  It  voald  nadcixo  modi 
greater  abaoiption.  Thit  eipectatlon  is  borne  out  by  the  results 
•hown  In  table  IV.,  and  It  may  be  infored  that  charcoal  cooled 


TaiLI  IV.-CU  ^bar^A.  ty  Cbnad  01  £«  rtflP 

mU»». 

THnpoaim.. 

H.^Uum. 

"SF 

.Jo 

'3> 

in  liquid  -helium  would  abaorb  beb'um  as  fredy  u  charcoal 
cooled  in  liquid  bydngen  abaorba  hydrogen.  It  is  found  that  a 
given  ipedjnin  of  chircoal  cooled  in  liquid  oiiygcn,  nitrogoi  and 
hydrogen  absorbs  about  equal  voiuiH*  of  time  three  gaia 
(about  >6o  cc.  per  gramoK;  and,  tA  the  rcbtioD  between 
volume  and  temperature  is  nearly  lineal  at  the  lowest  portiona 
of  citba  the  hydrogen  or  the  helium  absorption,  it  is  a  legitimate 
infcrerue  that  at  a  temperature  of  5*  to  6^  aba.  hdiiun  would  be 
aa  fiecly  abaorbod  by  charcoal  as  hydrogen  is  at  its  boiling- 
point  aad  that  the  boiling-point  of  hdinm  liea  at  about  j*  abs. 
Tbe  rapidity  with  which  air  la  abnrbed  by  charcoal  ai-iS^  C. 
and  under  aoall  pnatures  a  illiutiated  by  table  V.,  Which  shows 
the  reductions  of  pnsaure  effected  In  x  tube  of  >oeo  cc  capacity 
by  meaaa  of  so  gramma  of  charcoal  cooled  In  liquid  air. 


TAaL. 

\.~Yd«ilj.lAlmrpii^ 

Tuneof 
EihauHioa. 

P»un^ 

K^^L. 

^^ 

JO     II 

O-SM 

ll^ 

D-00»J 

'"'■  V  ' 


cf  the  lyjK  iliow- . 

liquid  air.  ii  emnloyed  (01 

gauie  G  and  of  tlK  chai ,.  _..  _  ., .„ 

opeiimBiIh  asl  ■•  then  Haled  od  at  S.  The  bulb  C  i>  then  pHicrd 
la  a  large  nherical  vacunn  veiael  containing  Liquid  cnyimi  ivliich 
can  be  made  to  boil  at  any  definite  leinp^nture  under  dimjniibrd 

ffiadmanttl  into  the  clhartoaf  il  drlermined  by  the  burette  D  and 
pipette  P.  and  tbe  cwmpondin*  dccIuikki  ptuHUR  at  any 

In  pmeoceoTcharcoal.  Bud  for  unailconccniraliodi.  great  variations 


of  different  gases,  all  at 


mpeialuce.   Table  VI.  giva  the 


psr, 

s 

s 

,i 
s 

n 

s 

40 

ISOO 
ISOO 

OMJ0003 

if 
ii 

OWO^ 

o-oii03t 
0-00314 

9niairlH«  between  hydmen  and  nttmgtn  ai  the  K 

quid  air.  25  grammes  of  ebareoal  being  employrd.    I.  ._  ^...  . 

5  cc.  of  hydrogen  produce  pearty  the  lanie  prhuiv  (04445  ni 


LIQUID 

of  liqDid  (ir.  im  tiK  vobtiKty 
e,  viry  EicAlly  witli  umpcn- 


c» 

t?S' 

Tn'^r 

Ab^i"" 

hjSs;  : 

ISO 

aoo 

I^s 

JO- 
JO- 

1 

HralefOcdMnaii.—lnt 


Curbun  dioirite 


It  blrnl  hrsK  u(  o. 


boiliag'pauiLiaf  hydraffcn,  n 


Pniuclim  of  Httk  Ponn.— Esxedtngly  li<«b  VKu  on  bt 
obliincd  by  the  (id  of  liquid  guo.  mtli  or  nlhaul  chucaU. 
If  ft  vcskI  contunlng  liquid  hydrogen  be  freely  enpoacd  to  Ibc 
fttmospbert,  >.  nin  of  tnow  (ledid  air)  at  once  bceins  to  fall  upon 
Ihc  luifuE  ol  the  liquidi  limiluly,  if  one  cud  of  n  nkd  tube 
ci>diAiiiiiig  ordiDBry  ur  be  immcned  in  Ibc  Uquid.  ilie  lamc 
thing  bappcu,  but  kdix  thcfc  b  now  no  new  tu[^y  to  uke  the 
place  ol  tbc  air  that  hai  been  anUdiied  and  has  accomulated  in 
tbe  cooled  poriiOD  of  the  lube,  the  prcaiuie  ii  quickly  rcdoced 
to  something  likr  one-millioiith  of  an  atmosphere  acd  a  vaoiuni 
il  formed  of  such  tenuily  that  tbc  electric  diacbarge  can  he  made 
to  paaa  only  with  dtf&culty.  Liquid  air  can  be  empioyed  in  the 
game  manner  11  the  lube,  before  MdJiog,  'a  filled  with  hhdc  lea 
volatile  IM  or  vapour,  tucb  i  '  ' 
vnpour^  But  if  a  charcul  coodenae 
the  liquid  ail  it  becomes  posdhle  to 
the  lube  OHitaint  air  initially.     For 


in  liquid  ai 
in  five  min 


m.  and  *t  a  tnnpeisiuit  ai  i_ 
with  5  gramnKs  of  cliarci>al  i 
t  was  reduced  to  00545  nun.  < 


Cwl 


ET  ihFu  beiag  umled  in  liquid  bydicgiia  th 
'  1  ten  minutts,  and  (a  oacoa 
when  solid  hydrogen  was  err 


of  cooled  chatoul  to  produce  high  vacua  b  afforded  by  a  Crookei 
ndiomeler.  11  the  instrument  be  filled  wilh  heUuni  at  al&o- 
tpbcric  pieuuie  wd  a  charcoal  bulb  attached  10  It  be  cooled 
in  liquid  air.  Ih^vane*  rtuuin  mDticailels  even  when  exposed  (o 
the  concenuaied  beam  of  an  deeiric  arc  lamp;  but  if  liquid 
hydrogen  be  lubitiLuted  for  tbe  liquid  air  n^tid  rotation  at  oncv 
■eta  Id.  When  a  aimilar  ndismetcr  waa  filled  willi  hydrogen  ud 
tbe  utiched  chucea]  bulb  wai  a»kd  in  liquid  air  loiaiion  look 
pUce,  bceaiue  luflident  of  the  gal  wu  abaorbed  to  pemit 
motion.  Bui  when  the  charcoal  was  cooled  in  liquid  hydrogen 
instead  of  in  liquid  air,  the  absoiplion  increaud  and  cnniequenlly 
the  rarefaction  became  so  high  thai  there  »i 


The  vacua  ebuinable  by  n 
cooled  chirtoal  are  »  high   that 
difficall  10  ddermine  Ibe  prcsiiirts  b 
McUod  g     _ 
pcrimcnls  rcfrrrnf   to  above  suggested 
Lhe    poa^bility    of    1       '  ' 


ngthrpi 


radio- 


LIQUID  GASES 


Mtmehtdtbailunclcgokd  in  liquid >ir.  Oea 


wuDcd  by  pluinf  the  bulb  In  liquid  futa 
t»  move  iguQ,   utd  Id  the  pcniculu 
■cd  Out  wu  founl  to  hipfirn  wbm  the  / 
of   Uk   mCTcuTy  bid  riwn   lo  -ij*  C.  P 


•  I  deiuH  then  is  ih«  leMd  (tMB.  Wba 
I  I  of  B  K»  IhH  dstilM  DW.  il  ia  tu 
I  bctvKn  D  and  A  and  open  that  be( 
'  I  ttui  Ihe  |li  in  D  il  puDipcd  out 
:  1  dii|nieiutk>lly  it  F,  liaag  the  la 


•    753 

olthecsntniti 


■ut  the  Tsdkmietcr  with  oiygen  th« 

ig  pertblonle  of  potuh,  which  wheo 
boiled  give*  OS  pure  oirsen;  C  it  agiln  the  ndioRKter 
ind  B  Ihe  diucoel  bulb  The  tide  lube  E  ii  fgr  the 
purpoae  of  euminiog  the  gas  given  ofl  by  mijienlt  like 
tboriudlc  or  the  gueous  products  o(  the  truuforoin- 

Atulytic  Uhs. — Anolher  Impofluit  tne  o[  liquid 
■uet  h  u  snilytic  igmtt.  ind  lor  this  puipcse 
Heboid  air  Is  bocoming  tn  almost  cttentiil  lAbomory 
reigent.  Il  is  one  at  the  moii  convenient  agents  ior 
drying  giKs  And  for  their  pnrificstion.  IE  a  miiture 
of  gue*  be  subjected   to   the  lenperelure  of  liquid  /y 

air,  it  ii  obvioui  Ihst  ill  the  consliluentj  that  ate  own        f'^W*^ 


u^ 


Fic.  8,— ApparatiH  loc  Fractioiul  DiniUitioi 


bodio  present  in  the  IstK 


either 

he  liquid  obtained.  The 
scparaled  by  llacliuDal 
dijtiUitlon.    while    Iht 


ible  by  liquid  hy- 
'      apparatus 

can  be  used  to  icparate 

bolb  the  Ina  and  the 

voUUle  guet  of 

tb*  atmosphere,  the 
farmer  being  obtained 
from  their  lolutlon  in 
liquid  air  by  fractional 
distillation  at  low  pres- 


(rom  the  residue  of  liquid  air,  al 
fnctloD,  by^Uowinc  it  to  evapoca 
itting  only  very  slowly. 


the  diitUUte  by  ooofing 
In  liquid  hydrogen,  while 
the  latter  are  exliKted 
the  diitillatioaol  (he  fine 


fwe  be  knrcred  in  reniptralure  by  means  of  an  air-pump,  which  it 
In  CDOununicatiop  with  the  vessel  Ihrouih  tbe  pipe  i.  The  liquid 
boiled  awsv  it  i«pluuih«]  when  neoHary  [nm  the  nservoir  C,  f 
beipff  a  valve,  worked  by  handle  c,  by  which  Ihe  flow  alone  r  la 
rei^Kd.    The  '  -^  ■■ -■  ■-  "-  "-■■•  --  -■  '    


idD.betweeiL 

■If  to  the  ipiilunE^uDe  t.  orbelwecn  D  sad  L. 

BO  (hat  Ihin  ia  a  Tne  fuitge  Imm  t  to  DiSod  Ihe  noiHiKli 
opened,  the  pa  diseolved  in  the_liqi""'  '"       "■""  ""'"'"  "" 

irtiich  is  at  a  much  lower  lemperalu 


^kTfi^ 


liquid  hydmgtn  in  order 


any  move  condeniable  gas  carried 

L  be  eumined  ipectroscopically^  When  the 
lepajate  the  kait  volatile  part  of  the  BtiCf 
vend  E  and  ita  canlenla  aie  omitted,  and  the 
unicate  with  the  punp  ihrouih  a  number  of 
cu  be.nled  oS  McceHvely.    Tbe  nhnwen 


:heck  itie  evsporaiioe  of  guea  fna  volaitic  than  oi 

'  the  oxygen  and  niiroeen  have  Ihui ' 

it  cloBH,  and  the  tubes  paniatly  c 


.    When 


a^Btnnuial  wv-    T" 


LIQUID  GASES 


dcucd  in  tba  aoUd  lomi.    S<a|K«k  c  Ibea  bdnc  clMed  aixl  i 

wsuld  MherwiK  pu  from  the  pump  into  ihe  iparUiu-tube.    The 
Mwem  of  tbe  operatiu  at  ■epaming  all  ihe  suei  wliich  nccut  in 

Tba  mBUR  »,  of  a  EU  C,  ab<rve  Ihe  tame  material  in  the  Bquid 

l"«f-A-|. 

oibettuG-Chelaraulawillbe 

naterial.    For  •ome 

fcWft-A.-^. 

<— V- 

>»  6-7SJ,  6-9Jl«J  6-963.  and  th<»  <j  B  aie  3»,  496.]  and 
M9->;  u  [bat  [«  ihc«  lubttaiicee  and  muy  oitien  A-A.  ii 

mya  a  icnall  quantltyi  wlulc  — 


and  keeping  the  loUd  at  aa  low  a  tempcntL 

that  ii  ukcn  o<  by  **- — '■' '— 

MbaUBce  wU^bai 

hai  tba  neit  hlgbei 
in  (he  ipariiiBE'tub 


■ani*^" 


ded  with  ampinttve  bL._, 

blibet  bidUni  polst.    EaasdnatkiL 

1 .1 11.. ^,1,  (1^  cbangc  (toi 


boiJwfpiH 

■un  are  pumped  can  be  chansvd  and  the  Iractioiu  tCDrrd  tepamtely. 
Or  levinil  >parfcin(-lubn  may  be  armnied  H  ti  to  form  poiallcl 

Analytical  dperaiiDDi  can  ottcn  be  peifonocd  itiil  mote 
<oiivenieDily  with  the  help  of  chucaaJ,  ttliing  idvanUgE  g(  tlu: 
■elective  character  of  ita  absorption,  Ihc  general  Uw  of  which  ia 
tfaat  the  mere  vdaiUe  the  gu  the  leu  ii  it  absorbed  at  a  given 
temperature.  The  loUowing  are  umc  eiamplo  of  ill  employ- 
■nent  for  this  purpose.  If  it  be  required  to  separate  tlie  heliiun 
which  ia  often  found  in  the  gaica  ^vea  oS  by  a  thermal  ftpring. 
they  are  subjected  Lotheactionof  charcoal  cooled  with  lk[uidair- 
Tbe  result  is  the  ibwrplion  of  the  less  volatile  coiuiiiuenij,  i.i. 

■dditioB  of  oiygrn,  is  Iben  sparked,  and  the  water  Ihu  formed  is 
removed  logcThcr  with  the  eacesa  of  oty^tn,  when  helium  alone 
remains.  Or  the  separation  may  be  effected  fay  a  method  of 
fractionation  as  described  above.  To  separate  the  moct  volatile 
lenli  of  the  atmoiphere  an  apparatus  such  as  that  shown 
:o  may  be  employed.    In  on*  eipeiimeni  with  this,  tthen 


■0  u.  wu  lupplicd  fr 


Re,  i< 


n  the  [ladualed  gu-holder  F  to  III 
vHKi  If,  coDTfimng  1 5  Bianlmea  of  charcoal  co<Jed  in  liquid  ai 
the  residue  which  pasMd  on  unabsorbed  to  the  parking-tut 
AB,  which  haxi  a  stnall  charcoal  bulb  C  attached,  showed  (he  1 
and  F  line*  of  hydrogen,  the  yellow  and  some  of  the  orange  lim 
of  neon  and  the  yellow  and  green  of  hcliuio.  By  uiln^  a  lecoa 
charcoal  veuelE,  with  tlop-cockt  at  H,  I,  J,  K  and  L  to  jacilital 
maoipulatkin,  consideraUe  quantities  of  the  moit  volaiile  guf 
can  be  collecled.  After  Ihe  charcail  in  E  has  been  laturatec 
thoKop^cock  Kiidosed  and  land  J  an  opened  for  a  short  timi 
ts  alio*  the  lev  oondenabl*  tos  in  E  lo  be  tucked  iato  the  mcdh 


eipel  the  occluded  air  anr 
and  by  repealing  tbe  a| 


le  ponian  of  air.  The  cd 


(e  ipennof  Iti 


The  lev  vob(ile  canstitu 


lis  of  the  atmoa[4iere,  krypton  au) 

aenun.  may  DC  oniaincQ  ny  leading  a  current  of  air.  porlied  by 
passage  through  a  scries  of  lubn  cooled  In  liquid  air,  Ihroogk  a 
chiTtoat  condenser  also  cooled  in  liquid  air.  Tbe  condemet  is 
then  repx^ed  and  placed  in  solid  cfirbm  dtoaide  at  ^tS"  C 
The  gas  Ihal  comes  oS  is  aUowed  to  eacspe.  but  what  remaiai 
in  the  charcoal  is  goi  out  by  beating  and  eihaujtion.  the  carhoa 
compounds  and  oxygen  are  itmoved  and  tbe  residue,  -mainin 
of  nitrogen  with  krypton  and  lenor,  ia  lepa  rated  into  iti  csb- 
ililueots  by  condensation  and  traclionatioo.  Another  n«fcad 
is  to  cover  a  few  hundred  gramma  □(  cbalcoal  with  old  iiitnid  ur. 
which  it  alhiwed  to  evaporate  tkndy  in  a  silvered  vacuum 
vessel;  the  gaics  remaining  in  the  charcoal  *r*  (h«ti  IKSted  in 

Charcoal  enabled  a  mixture  containii^  a  high  pevcoDtage  of 
oiygen  to  be  ntractcd  from  (lie  ttmosphsc  In  one  expetimcBt 
50  grammes  of  it,  ar(eT  being  healed  and  nbausled  were  alloiRd 
to  absorb  air  at  -i»s°  C;  some  j  or  6  litres  wet*  taken  up  ia 
ten  minutes,  and  it  (hen  pmumably  contained  ait  of  tbe  coa- 
position  of  tbe  atmosphere,  i.i.  ia%  oxygen  asl  iaV,  rauc^ea, 

not  absorbed  wa.  fomd  to  ^WT^  ^OK 

consist  of  about  08%  nilro-  .fp^ii-         -^V*^i/- 

gen,  showing  that  excess  of  ("  *      "'■ 

oiygen  was  being  absorbed, 

and  in  the  course  ol  a  («w        pio.  it.  Flo.  11. 

hours  the        '    "   " 


5®'%  ®  ® 


apparently  definite  compoiilkiD  ediibitcd 

g.  i>.     When  the  charcoal  containing  this  miiton  was 

ileiTcd  (0  a  vacuum  vessel  and   allowed    to   mrm    up 

slowly,  (he  successive  li(re)  of  gas  when  ceUeded  and  anabiKd 

lepualely  sbowod  the  following  composllion:— 


■  Itre 


tth  litre 

sthBt™ 

ithlitR 

Colen'Metry, — Certain  liquid  gases  lend  tl  ... 

weighed  quantities  of  any  substance  witfa  which  it  ii  dcsred 
10  eiperfmctit  may  be  measured  by  the  quantity  at  Kqoid  gat 
they  ate  able  to  BvapotaU.  One  advantage  of  this  method  ts 
that  a  gnat  range  <k  tcmpeiatni*  b  available  when  liquid  air, 
oiygen,  nitrogen  or  hydrogen  is  employed  at  Ike  calotimttrk 
substance.  Another  t>  the  relatively  large  quantiiy  of  gas 
yidded  by  the  evaporation,  as  may  bo  sceiL  from  table  IX., 
TaeiB  IX. 


rhkta  ibow*  the  ipedal  physical  conttai 

hat  are  of  Importance  in  caloriinelty. 
easy  to  detect  Vt  gram  calorie  wfth  ii\iAi  ab 
iih  liquid  ■    " 


idhydmgBL  .  . 


LIQUID  GASES 


755 


•malln  miauiii  vcu^  B,  of  as-jo  cc.  oia^^itr.  hivins: 

hdd  in  pUu  by  unw  looidr  puked  co 

Mt  lube  tha  I«t  tube  " ■-"-  ■■" 

ti«i,  uconiKCtnlby  »  | 
CtobttilUdKiutotli. 


Fia.  13.— Cilorimenic  Apisntui. 
into  the  olorimFtcr,   An  loiproved  foma  of  Ihii  Kcepfacte,  atuchsd 

pi«:e  of  Ihe  lubltance  under  riamii^liOEl  can  be  pulM  up  and 
dropped  into  B.  [r  thethvenceoinheramneementi  thcBubiUucc 
U  ai  the  Hniperature  of  the  room,  but  wbcp  Iowr-  initial  tempen- 
Tum  aie  dtiired  x  vacuuia  veud  H  contAiiuDH  nlid  carbonic  add. 
liquid  eihylcoc,  air  or  other  itu,  can  be  plaiid  in  envelop  C  or  C. 
or  higher  lemperatuiM  may  be  obtained  by  lilllnf  the  iurroundinj 
vewT  with  vapour  of  water  or  other  liauldi.  The  |u  voUtilind  In 
B  ii  ooBvcyed  by  ■  aide  tub!  E  la  be  oolleeted  la*  cndutcd  nctiver 
F  over  water,  od  or  other  iiquid.  If  liquid  hydrocm  ii  to  be  med 
at  the  calori metric  ubfttance  the  instrument  must  be  to  modified 
■*  to  prevent  the  onJinary  alnKKphere  from  entering  G,  and  I0 
that  vnd  a  eurreni  of  hydrogen  lupplicd  from  a  Kipp  appitratui  11 
■nannd  Id  Bdw  caniinuouiry  throuili  D  and  E  until  tbi  noment 

In  thii  cu  iIk  Dut«  niitl  mutt  contaii  liquid  hydr^eo  uutod 

Bewar  used  ptire  [peiallk  lead  for  the  purpoic  of  conveying 

thai  melal  bcjns  Klecied  an  the  grousd  of  the  imall  vatiaiion  in 
ill  IpeciBc  heat  at  hiw  temperatures.     He  was  thus  able  lo 


>gcn  and  hydrogen  direcl 
aicerlained  the  specific  ht 
organic  bodies,  and  of  lor 
on  dioxide,  inlphurous  s 

o  (table  X.).  With  Pioli 


:vipois1ion  of  liquJ 

I  poinu,  "Id  he 
iber  of  inorganic 


and,  graphite  and  ice  aa  typical 
nor  Curie  he  used  both  Ihc  liquid 


-1 

^.■\ 

IKIT9* 

Sir 

o-oo»j 

•  This  is  from  -iS*  lo  -7»*  In  the  ice  experfneat. 
eiygcn  and  the  liquid  hydrogen  caknimeter  (or  pnlimipary 

energy  at  low  lempetalures.    The  quantity  oi  Ihe  tail  available 
mts  0'43  gram,  and  Ibe  thennal  evolutions  were  as  toUowi:— 


Cat  evolved        Calorie* 


Liquid  ornvB  ^     .      5-9 ' 
Liquid  hydrogen    '     S^'O 


ji-fiVCiyiuli. 


He  V)pueBt  loeraH  tt  heat  eToluUiHi  al 

liquid  hydrogen  was  probably  due  10  the  calorimeter  being  loo 

Briallj  hydiDgec  ipiair  waa  thus  catiied  aw*y  with  the  gaa, 

beat  evolvedp 

Liquid  ait  and  liquid  hrdrcigeii  akiimetea  open  up  an 
almoM  uolimited  6dd  of  lOMKh  in  ibe  detenaiiiatir»  of  atJcd&c 
beats  and  other  thermal  couuaia.  and  art  certain  to  beonne 

OtmUol  Aaian.—Sy  eitrtme  cold  chemical  action  if  notta- 
ouily  reduced,  though  k  may  nor  in  all  case*  be  entirely  abolished 
even  at  the  loweat  lemperalurea  yet  attained;  one  nason  for 

the  atate  leail  favourable  lo  cbemial  combinallaa.  Thui  an 
electric  pie  of  lodiura  and  Cuban  ceua  to  yield  a  cuireni  vbai 
immeiied  in  liquid  oiygen.  Svlphur,  tron  and  other  nibuanca 
can  be  made  to  bum  uniler  the  mrface  of  liquid  o^rgen  if  the 
combustion  la  properly  cstahllahed  before  Ihe  aample  ia  im- 
mersed, and  the  sunt  is  true  of  a  fragment  of  dianond.  Niltk 
odde  io  the  gaseoui  coidilion  combine*  inttanily  with  Itte 
oxygen,  producing  Ihc  highly-CDlouitd  gas,  nitric  peroxide,  but 
in  tbe  solid  coodilinn  il  may  be  placed  in  conlact  with  liquid 
osygen  without  sbowing  Any  signs  of  diemlcal  action.  If  the 
combination  of  a  portion  of  tbe  mixture  is  staited  hy  elevation 
of  tcmperatuit,  Iben  dcL<Hulion  may  take  [^ce  Ihrmighoul  tbe 
cooled  mass.  The  slabilily  of  cndotheimii;  bediea  libs  nitric 
ciiide  and  osone  at  low  tempentura  requires  further  invatiga- 
tiOB.  ThebehaviouroffluDtioe,  which  may  be  icgarded-as  the 
most  active  of  the  elemenla,  is  insuuctlve  in  this  respect.  As  a 
gas.  cooled  lo  — i3a°  C.  it  loses  the  power  of  altadting  giaA; 
similarly  ulicon,  borax,  carbon,  sulphur  and  phosphorus  al  the 
same  tempetalure  do  iwl  become  InondcsccDt  in  an  atmosphere 
of  the  ga).  Passed  into  liquid  oiygen,  tbe  gas  dissolves  and 
imparts  a  yellowish  tint  to  Ihe  liquid;  If  the  oxygen  has  been 
exposed  to  Lhe  air  for  some  boun,  the  ITuorine  produces  a  white 
flccculent  precipiLale,  which  if  scpaiated  hy  filtering  deflagrate! 
with  vioErnce  as  the  lempeialure  rises. 


hydrate  of  flu 
flash  of  flame. 


iiine.  As  a  liquid  at  —110'  fluorine  atlad* 
cooled  lo  Ihat  lempentaR  with  explotivB  force 
nof  ngbf,  while  the  direction  of  a  jet  of  hydrogen 
.  is  immediately  followed  1^  combinatloa  and  a 
Even  when  the  point  of  a  tube  containing  solid 
;n  oS  under  Lquid  hydrogen,  a  violent  eiploaion 

Hdim.'Tfae  action  of  light  on  photograidilc 
puics,  though  gieatly  diminidied  at  — iSa*,  is  far  rrun  being 
in  abeyance;  an  Eulmaa  Sim,  for  initance.  remaina  fairly 

hydrogen  the  photographic  activity  is  reduced  to  about  half 
what  it  if  al  that  ot  liquid  air;  In  other  worda,  about  10% 
of  the  original  seuiitivlty  remains.  Experiment*  artied  out 
with  an  Incandescent  lamp,  a  ROnlgen  buib  and  Ihe  ultra-violet 
spark  from  magnesiuni  and  cadmium,  to  discover  at  what 
distances  from  Ihe  source  of  light  the  plates  must  be  placed  to 
order  to  receive  an  equal  photographic  impression,  yielded  tbe 
refulti  shown  in  table  XL 

TasLi  Xl. 


SounofLlghc 

Cooled 

Plau. 

"^Jf 

Ralioot 

■6C.P.U.mp     .     . 
RAotgen  bulb      .      . 
Uli™-v»let  •park 

loin. 
JSHn. 

JO  ill. 

S4tin. 

I  to  6 

Il  appear*  that  lhe  photographic  action  of  both  the  incan- 
lescenl  lamp  and  the  Rdntten  rays  ia  reduced  hy  the  lemperaluK 
if  Hquld  air  to  17%  of  that  exerted  at  ordinaiy  l*mpenlnrcs, 
rhile  ultra-violet  ndiatlon  retains  only  6%.  Il  is  potwble 
hat  the  greater  disiipatian  of  the  latter  by  the  pbotographic 


7S6 


LIQUID  GASES 


>  tow  Icmpcrmti 


■UftTptton  sod  (ubaequeM  codMlon  u  ■ 

md  that  LF  (he  pEite  could  be  developed 

it  would  show  DO  effect,  the  photog^ilu 

■ubsequentty  through  An  intcmil  photpboreiceiuic  m  the  film 

during  the  time  it  is  betting  up.    With  regard  to  the  tn 

si  bodiH  to  the  ROntgen  nidittion  st  low  lempcntuia, 

tube)  of  the  lame  bore,  filled  inth  liquid  argon  aod  chl 

pMugium,  phospboiui.  alummium.  slicon  and  gulphuc, 

^tpa\eA  at  the  (emperature  i^  liquid  air  [in  otder  to  kec 

trgoD  and  chloiioe  aolid),  In  front  of  a  photographic  plate 

Mquena  of  the  dinenis  u  mtntiooed  represents  the  nrder  ol 
tocreidnc  Dpacil]r  ohierved  In  the  shadows.  Sodnim  and 
Eqnid  oxygen  and  air,  nitrous  ftDd  niUic  oddcs,  ptored  mudi 
more  irampojent  than  chlorinoJ  Tubes  of  potuflum.  aif[On  and 
tiquid  chlorine  showed  no  very  marked  diflerence  of  density  on 
the  photograi^c  pUto.  It  aj^Kus  that  argon  is  relatively 
nurt  opaque  to  Ihe  Rfiotgen  radiation  than  either  oxygen, 
nitrogen  or  sodium,  and  is  on  alevel  with  polasnum,  chbnne, 
phosphorus,  aluminium  and  sulphur.  Tliis  fid  may  be  tegnriled 
as  supportbg  the  view  that  the  atomic  weight  of  argon  is  twice 
it*  dcnsKy  leUtive  to  hydrogen,  since  in  general  the  opadty  of 
denHBts  in  the  solid  slate  in[3:eB>a  with  the  alomk  wnght, 

Pkospluracnia. — FIbosphorescing  sulphides  of  calcium,  which 
are  luminous  at  ordinary  temperatures,  and  whose  emission  of 
hght  is  incteaaed  by  heating,  ccsse  to  be  luminous  if  oooled  to 
-9o'  C  But  their  light  enei^y  is  merdy  rendered  latent,  not 
ddtroycd,  by  sueh  cold,  and  they  still  retam  the  capacity  ol 
taking  in  light  energy  at  the  low  tempetatuie,  to  be  evolved  again 
irtien  they  are  warmed.  At  the  temperature  of  liquid  air  many 
bodies  become  pho^jhonsccnt  which  do  not  exhibit  the  pheno- 
BlcnOD  at  all,  ot  only  to  a  very  slight  eitent,  at  ordinary  (cm- 
peratuns,  <.g.  ivoiy,  iDdianibbei,  egg-shells,  feathtn,  collon- 
sool,  paper,  milk,  gelitine,  white  of  egg,  he.  Of  definite  Ehemical 
Compoimda,  the  plalinocyamdes  among  the  inorganic  bodies 
Mem  to  yield  the  most  brilliant  ellccls.  Crystals  oi  kmmonium 
plalinocyanidc,  if  stimulated  by  exposure  to  the  ultra-violet 
radiation  of  the  electric  arc — of  better  still  ol  a  mercury  vapour 
lamp  in  qitatta — while  kept  moisiened  with  liquid  air,  may  be 
•een  in  the  dark  to  glow  faintly  to  king  as  they  tie  kept  cold,  but 
become  exoedingly  brilliant  when  the  liquid  air  evaporates 
and  the  Icmpcnturc  rises.  Among  wganic  bodies  Ihe  pheno. 
meoon  is  particularly  well  marked  with  the  kctonic  compountls 
and  others  oi  the  same  type.  The  chloro-,  bromo-,  iodo-, 
lulpho-  and  nitro-compounds  shew  very  little  cSect  as  a  rule. 
The  activity  of  the  alcohob.  which  is  usually  considenble,  Is 
dealroyed  by  the  addilioR  oi  a  little  iodine.  Coloured  (alts,  tic., 
are  moally  inferior  in  aclivily  lo  white  ono.  When  the  lower 
temperature  of  liquid  hydrogen  is  employed  there  is  a  great 
inneate  in  pho^hotescence  under  light  slimulalion  as  cnmpared 
with  that  observed  with  hquid  air.  The  radio-active  bodies,  like 
radium,  which  exhibit  sclf-luminntily  in  [he  dark,  maintain  thM 
laminoaity  unimpaired  when  coded  in  liquid  hydrogen. 

Some  crystals  become  for  a  time  self^umiaous  when  pUced  in 
fiquid  bydrogen,  because  the  high  electric  stimulation  due  tn 
the  cooling  causes  actual  electric  discharges  between  the  crystal 
noleculea.  This  phenomenon  is  very  pronounted  with  nitrate 
ol  uranium  and  loitie  platinocyanides,  knd  cooling  such  crystals 
even  lo  the  lempetaiuie  of  liquid  dr  it  sufficient  to  develop 
marked  electrical  and  luminous  effects,  which  are  again  observed, 
when  the  oyatal  is  taken  out  of  the  liquid,  during  ila  return  to 
normaj  temperature.  Since  both  liquid  hydrogen  and  liquid 
Air  are  good  electrical  insulators,  the  lact  that  electric  discharges 
take  place  in  them  proves  that  the  electric  polenliol  gcnoalcd 
by  the  cooling  must  be  very  high.  AcrystalofniLiate  of  uranium 
indeed  gels  so  highly  charged  electrically  that  it  refuses  to  unk 
la  liquid  air,  although  lit  density  is  i-H  times  greilci,  but  sticks 
to  the  side  of  the  vacuum  vtiael,  and  requires  for  its  diqulacemenl 
■  distinct  pvll  on  the  silk  thread  to  which  It  is  attached.  Such 
ft  ciyatal  quickly  lernovesclouttiness  from  liquid  air  by  attracting 
■n  the  nspciided  panides  to  ill  surface,  just  as  a  fog  it  tlearcd 
out  of  air  by  decttification,    li  ia  iDtaBtiag  to  ahmve  tlat 


CoAeADH.— The  physical  force  koovo  as  coberion  b  greatly 
Increased  by  low  lempentuies.  This  fact  is  of  much  inleiett 
in  conneiioa  with  two  conflicting  theorifs  of  matter.  Lord 
Kelvin's  view  was  that  the  forces  that  hold  together  the  ultimate 
particles  of  bodies  may  be  accounted  for  without  assuming  any 
other  forces  than  that  of  gravitation,  or  uiy  other  law  than  the 
Newtonian.  An  i^posite  view  it  thit  the  phenomena  of  cnhe- 
Bion,  chemical  union,  lie,  or  the  genual  phenomena  of  the 
aggregation  of  molecules^  depend  on  the  molecular  vibrations  as 
a  physical  cause  [Tolvet  Preston,  Pliysia  tf  Iht  BIlur,  p.  iif. 
Hence  at  the  zero  of  absolute  temperature,  this  vibrating  energy 
being  in  complete  abeyance,  the  phenomena  of  cobeskin  thould 
cease  to  eiisl  and  matter  pmerally  be  r(tluc«!  to  an  ia 
heap  of  "  cosmic  dust."    This  second  view  reci  ~ 


nent.     Atmospheri 

air  for  ins 

sat  Ibe 

itahards 

id,  the  SI 

I  descended 

come  the 

orces  which  held 

able  metal,  which 

pportthe 

ireight  of  an  nunc 

without  bcl 

{  straighl 

when  cooled  to  the  temperature  of  liquid  oj 
long  as  it  retntint  In  that  cooled  condition,  support  several 
pounds  and  vibrate  like  >  sleel  spring.  Similarly  a  bell  of  fusible 
metal  at  -i8i°  C.  gives  a  distinct  metallic  ring  when  struck. 
Balls  of  iron,  lead,  tin,  ivory,  Ac,  ihui  cooled,  exhibit  an  in- 
creased rebound  when  drofi^icd  from  a  height;  an  indiarubber 
ball,  on  the  othet  hand,  becomeabritlle,  andit  imashcd  to  atoms 
by  a  very  moderate  fill.  Tables  Xn.  and  XHI.,  which  give  the 
mean  results  of  a  laigc  number  of  cipcrimenli,  show  the  increased 
breaking  stress  gained  by  metals  while  they  are  cooled  10  the 
tempetatun  of  liquid  oxygen.. 


Steel  IiofO 


4V, 


joo 


^n-W 

.    »oo          300 

'  hm:£amMTid 

P««4,  rf  GW  U^ittk  TSi* 

ffimmT!  ■ 

■      to            jj 

Aatimony. 

^tiJ 

m^taliWo^)   :       :    Ho 

lathetecond 

ongan 

wereal 

e  noticed  that 

itei  ol  rinc,  bismuth  and  antimony  the 

0  he  aboormal. 

nut  it  may  be  pointed  out  that  it  b  difficult 

oget  1 

itlngs  of  crystalline  bodies,  am 

it  is  probable 

hat  by 

Itofdeavage 

iflercnces  could  be  detected  in  their  dangitioa 
nder  rrpnled  additions  of  the  same  kud  No  quanibatrve 
qieriments  have  been  made  on  the  cohesive  properties  of  the 
leials  at  the  temperature  of  b(dling  hydrogen  (->si°},  owfnG 
I  the  Mrioua  cost  that  would  be  involved.  A  lod  wire  cooled 
I  liquid  hydrogen  did  not  become  brittle,  as  il  cndd  be  bat 
sckwarrfs  and  forwards  in  the  liquid. 

ElHiriitI   RaiU'aiiy. — The  first   expcrimeDU  oo  the  con- 
dodieity  of  metalt  at  low  leraperatunt  ip|iear  10  h>vc  bea 


LIQUID  GA^3 


DMb  bjr  Wrablew^  (Camfla  miiu,  ci.  i6o),  ind  by 
C*lltalc[  ud  Seuty  Uovn.  dt  ^lyi.  iRSs,  p,  ,^,).  The  toTiner'i 
tEpcrioHBiU  were  undcrtuken  to  LBt  ibe  untilkin  midfi  by 
CUulius  thlt  Ihe  rsisLivily  ol  pure  melali  umuibly  pfnpanisnil 
to  the  ibiolule  tempenturc;  be  worked  ullh  copps  hxving  a 
mnduclibiiity  ol  ^%,  and  omed  out  ncuuicRKnu  ii  nrloin 
tenpentuRS,  tbc  lowest  of  which  hm  thai  given  by  liquid 
E-    His  Benenl  cnicluiion 


It  then 


lickly  tt 


cmpentun,  »  u  to  appniub  i 
bdowlhe  tempenluieofiutTogeaevApoWinKMnifiu.  CaiUetc 
and  Bouly,  lUinj  elhyline  ai  the  reltigcnnt.  and  (ipeilineDlin 
at  t«B^>e«lurei  langinf  from  o*  C.  to  -loo*  C.  »od  -ijj*  C 
conunicied  loimulae  intended  logive  the  coeKclenU  ol  vuiatio 


Dewar  and 
cmpWiyed  i 


the  changa  o[  randuclivi 


lumber  of  experirDeDla 
thai  occur  In  nietilt 
i-Ioo'C.  Thenielhod 


:  chart  (fig,  u)  gii 


ig  eiprcBied  not  Ip  deftees 


pendious  Form, 

u  given  by  o 

which  mu  used  turougnout  the  invctligaiion.  A  laUe  ibowt 
the  value  of  [hese  <tegrees  in  degrees  centigrade  according 
Dicl:ion  inll  be  found  in  the  PkU.  Uat-  lor  June  T&9S,  p.  J: 
.,.    , ..       ■  -onshlp,  it  may  be  stated  ' 


of  t: 


L  IhermomOec-   -<tf-i  C, -i 


.  .  J*  plal-  -  -  18s*  SJ  C.  In  general.  .__ 
C(»l»l»rice  of  perfectly  pure  metals  wis  greatly  decicased  by  cold 
— u  much  to  thai,  to  judge  by  ihe  course  of  the  curve)  on  the 
chart,  it  appeared  probable  that  at  the  zero  of  absolute  lempeia- 
lure  resistance  would  vanish  allogcther  and  all  pure  raeiali 
become  perfect  conductors  of  elecliidty.  This  concluiion, 
however,  has  been  tendeicd  very  doubtful  by  subsequent 
ohieivations  by  Dewar,  Kho  found  that  with  the  still  lower 
"  h  liquid  hydrogen  Ihe  ' 


IS  for 


seof  « 


was  reached  wt 

any  furlher  diminution  of  tesiilHOCC  became  very  small;  that  is, 
the  conductivity  remained  Enile.  The  teduclion  in  resistance 
of  some  of  the  mclals  at  the  boiling  point  of  hydrogen  is  very 
retnatkablc.  Thus  copper hasonlyrlith,  gold  ^ftii,pUliiiumAth 
to  1*1  th.  wlver  Vjlh  the  resistance  at  melluig  ice,  hut  iron  is  only 
reduced  to  llh  part  of  the  same  iniiial  resistance.  Table  XIV. 
shows  Ihe  piDgressive  decrease  of  resistance  for  certain  metsli 
ud  oneklloy  as  Ihe  teitiperature  Is  lowered  from  that  of  boiling 
water  dowp  to  that  of  Hquid  hydrogen  boiling  under  reduced 
pressure;  il  also  gives  Ibe  "vanishing  lemperalure,"  at  which 
the  conductivity  would  become  perfect  11  the  reliance  continued 
[o  decrease  in  the  same  ratio  with  still  lower  temperatures. 
the  values  being  derived  from  the  extrapolation  curves  ol  the 
relation  between  resistance  and  tempentiue.  according  10 
Callendar  and  Dickson.  Il  will  he  seen  thai  BUny  of  Ihe  sub- 
stances have  sctually  been  cooled  to  1  lower  tempcnture  Iban 
that  at  which  tbelt  resistance  aught  to  vanish. 

In  the  case  of  alloys  and  Impure  metals,  cold  brings  about  A 
piuch  smaHei  decrease  in  resistivity,  and  the  continuations  of  the 
Curves  St  no  time  show  any  sign  of  passing  through  the  aero 
poini-  The  Influence  of  the  presence  of  impurities  in  minute 
quantities  Is  strikingly  shown  In  the  case  uf  bismuth.  Vaiioua 
qxditiens  of  the  metal,  prepared  with  great  care  by  purely 
cbemlcid  metbods,  gave  in  the  hands  of  Dewar  and  Fleming 
some  very  saotnalous  results,  ai;q>c*ring  <o  reach  at  -So*  C,  a 
nsilmum  of  conductivity,  and  Ibereafler  to  increase  in  resistivity 
with  decrease  of  lempcature.  But  when  the  ditenoinatiooi 
were  tarried  out  00  a  sample  of  really  pure  bismuth  prepared 
dectrotytlcallyi  a  normal  curve  was  obtained  corresponding  to 
tlwt  given  by  other  pure  ipetils.    As  to  illoys,  Ibere  is  usually 


ome  dcGnilf  mixture  of  two  pure  melala  wMch  has  1 

csislivity,  often  giealer  than  that  of  dlher  of  Ihe  CO 

I  appears  too  that  high,  ii  not  the  hi^tat,  resis       . 

0  possible  chemical  compounds  of  the  two  metals  employed, 

.1.  platinum  a  parts  with  sOvet  66  pails-PtAg,,  Inn  80  with 

uckel  to-FctNli  platiaum  So  with  iridium   so-IrPtii  and 


HI  of  Eleclrieal  Reidttance  of  Pnm 

L  cmpefvture.    (Deimr  and  Fleolng.) 

Kjo-CuiUn.  Thepioduclobulnedby 

y  nf  one  metal  to  another  has  a  higher 

than  the  predominant  constituent,  but  the 

curve  Is  paralleJ  to,  and  thereToro  the  same  in  shape  as,  ihst  of 

chart}.    The  behaviour  of  carbon  and  of  insulators  like  gutta- 
percha, glass,  ttMoIle,  Ac,  ia  in  complete  contrast  10  Uh  meub. 


758 


tlQUIO  GASES 


ihinc  tcDimtum  (Ccntigndc)    ■     . 


-S*iX 


(or  iheir  loiitiviiy  wadily  incnais  with  cold.  The  themui- 
ekctric  propcnia  ol  mtt^  at  lov  Icmpcntura  ur  diicuBed 
in  the  (Ttide  THiuiOELEcnicitv. 

Kapiitic  Pkemmnt.—Loti  Icmpenlutci  bavt  vety  nurkcd 
eSccti  upon  the  nugnclic  ptopenio  ol  vuioni  lubitaDce 
Oiyscd,  lODi  knawn  lo  be  ili^tly  nugnclk  in  the  lueoiu  Kati 
il  pomrfuDy  attracted  in  the  liquid  condition  by  a  magne  . 
uu]  the  ume  ii  tnic,  though  lo  a  len  utfot.  of  liquid  mir. 
aving  to  (be  proportion  of  liquid  oiygen  it  contains-  A  tnagni 
of  ordinary  carbon  eted  has  its  magnetic  momRit  lemporari! 
iDcceaacd  by  cogUng,  that  ii,  after  il  bai  been  btoughi  to 
permanent  magnetic  mndition  ("  aged  ").  The  efiect  of  the  hiat 
immersoa  ol  auch  a  magnet  in  liquid  air  is  a  large  dlzmi 
in  Lu  uagoetlc  moment,  which  decreaica  itill  further  wbe 
allowed  to  warm  up  to  ordinary  tempeiaturcs.     A  second  cooling. 


byw 


lesthcn 


id  hetiing  the  i 


It  the  ie 


if  Uquid  1 


a  constant  percentage  than  it  is  at  the  ordinaiy  temperat 
ibe  air.  The  increase  of  magnetic  moment  seems  then  U 
reached  a  Limit,  because  on  funher  cooling  la  (he  tempe 
of  hquid  hydrogen  hardly  any  fuither  Increase  is  obeerved- 
pcrcentage  diBen  with  the  csmpoiiliDn  oi  the  [tee!  and  w 
physical  condition.  It  ii  greater,  for  eaample,  with  a  sp< 
leRipered  very  soft  than  il  is  with  another  ^Kdmen  of  the  same 
steel  tempered  glass  hard.  AluminiLm  steels  show  the  same  I 
.  af  phenomena  as  carbon  ones,  and  the  name  may  be  said  al  cbr 
steels  in  the  pennaKnt  condition,  Ihougb  the  effect  of 
Gni  cooling  with  tbecB  is  a  slight  increase  of  magnetie  main 
Nickel  iteela  proent  toDie  curious  phE«)nicaa.  When  contaii 
small  percentages  of  nickel  ((.(.0-84  or  jSi),  they  behave  ui 
changes  of  temperature  nnlch  like  Cuban  sleeL  With  ■  san 
conUining  7-65%,  the  pheaomeoa  after  the  pcrmanenc  a 
had  been  reached-  were  similar,  but  (he  Erst  cooling  produced 


ig'64  and  >q%  of  nickel  behavi 
ol  the  first  cooling  was  a  redut 
(o  the  enen(  ol  nearly  50%  in  Ih 


vety  di 


ently. 


se  of  the  former.     Warn 
(he  final  conditwn  waa  I 
at  the  temperature  of  liquid  air  the  magnetic  moment  waa  alv 
less  than  al  ordinary  temperatures    Thia  anomaly  is  all  the  n 
remarkable  in  that  the  behaviour  of  pure  nickel  is  nojtnal 
ibo  ippan  10  be  generally  the  case  with  soft  and  hard  i 
Silicon,  tungatea  and  -"■•e'"'"  steels  are  a 
normal  in  thur  behaviour,  although  there  are  conaiderable 
e  magnitudei  of  the  variatkna  they  di^lay 
!t  seq.;  alio  "Tbe  Effect  ol  liquii' 
te   Mechanical  aod  at^nr  Fropertie 
ol  Iron  tad  bs  Alloyi,"  by  Sir  James  Demr  and  Sit  Robert 
Hadfield,  Id.  liriv.  116-336). 

tow  temperaturei  also  affect  the  pcrmealnlity  of  iron,  i.e,  Ihi 
dwcc  of  magnetiiation  it  ii  capable  of  acquiring  uidei  the 
influence  of  a  certain  magnetic  force.  With  fine  "  '' '  '  - 
Clielully  annealed,  the  permeability  is  slightly  reduced  by 
cooling  (0-185-  C.  Hard  iron,  however,  in  T 
slasciB  suSen  a  large  Increase  of  permeablli(y.     Unhardened 


iPne.  Ssy.  i 


Meel  pianoforte  wire,  again,  behave*  like  solt  annealed  iron.    As 

10  hyiteresii,  low  temperatures  appear  to  produce  no  appreciable 

effect  in  soft  iion;  for  hard  Iron  the  observations  are  undecisve. 

Bialoiiail  KeiurcA.— The  effect  ol  cold  upon  tbe  life  of  living 

(heotelical  importance.  Eiperiment  indicates  that  moderately 
high  temperatures  are  much  more  fatal.  a(  least  to  the  lower 
forms  of  life,  than  are  eiceedirgly  low  ones.  Prolessor  M'Ken- 
dtick  frDieforan  hour  at  a  (empciature  of -iSi'  C.  samples  id 
meat,  milk,  &c.,  in  aealed  (ubes;  when  these  were  opened,  after 
being  kept  at  blood-heat  for  a  few  days,  their  contents  were 
found  to  be  quite  putrid.  More  recently  some  more  dabonie 
(esU  were  carried  out  a(  the  Jenoer  [now  Lister]  Institute  of 
Pievenlive  Medicine  on  a  series  of  typcol  bacteria.  These  were 
eiposed  to  Ibe  temperature  q(  liquid  air  for  twenty  hours,  but 
Iheu  vilaLty  was  not  aSecled,  their  functionil  aclivitiei  re- 
mained unimpaired  and  the  cultures  which  they  yielded  were 
normal  in  every  respect.  The  same  result  nas  obtained  when 
liqjiid  hydrogen  was  substituted  for  aii.  A  timilai  peisstesce  o< 
life  has  been  demonstrated  in  seeds,  even  >1  the  lowest  tempera- 
tures; (bey  were  frozen  foe  over  100  hours  in  liquid  ajr  at  tbe 
instanceofMeun  Brown  and  Evombe.  with  no  oiher  effect  than 
to  affiict  their  protoplasm  with  a  certain  inertness,  from  which  it 
recovered  with  warmth.  SubsequenJy  commercial  samples  tA 
barley,  peas  and  vegetable-marrow  and  mustard  seeds  were 
literally  steeped  lor  six  hours  In  liquid  hydrogen  *t  Ibe  Royal 
Instilulion-  yet  when  they  were  sown  by  Sir  W.  T.  TbiKllon 
Dyer  at  Kew  in  (he  ordinary  way,  the  proportion  in  which 
germination  occurred  was  no  smaller  than  with  other  balcbca 
of  Ihe  same  seeds  which  had  suffered  no  abnormal  treatment. 
Mr  Harohi  Swithinbank  has  found  that  eiposure  to  Uqnid  air 
hu  lillle  or  no  effect  on  the  vitality  of  the  tubercle  baciUui, 
ts  virulence  is  naodihod 


It  altera 

that  life  may  in  the  first  instance  have  been  conveyed 
to  this  planet  on  a  meteorite,  has  been  objected  to  oa  the  ground 
that  any  living  organism  would  have  been  killed  before  teacbiag 
the  earth  by  its  passage  through  Ibe  intense  cold  o[  iDtcrstellat 
^lace;  the  above  ciperimcnts  on  the  resistance  to  crdd  offered 
^ria  show  that  thia  objcdioik  at  least  is  apt 


ilal  lo  Lord  Kelv 

A(  the  Lister  Institute  of  Treveative  Medicine  liquid  air  hal 
lecn  brought  into  use  as  an  agent  in  biological  lesearck  An 
nquiiy  bto  Ibe  inttacellulu  constituents  of  tbe  typhoid  bacSlus. 
niliated  under  the  direction  of  Dr  Allao  Mactadyen,  neceaiuied 
he  separailon  of  the  cell-plasma  of  the  organism.  The  methcd 
t  first  adopted  for  the  disintegration  of  the  bacteria  was  to 
''     1  with  silver-sand  and  churn  the  whole  up  in  a  closed 


which  a 


volvcd  at 


Lages  attached  to  this  procedure, 
and  accordingly  some  means  was  sought  to  do  Bwoy  with  the 
sand  and  triturate  the  baciUi  pir  Ie,  This  was  found  in  liquid 
air,  which,  as  had  long  before  been  shown  at  the  Royal  laitilulioD. 
has  the  power  of  reducing  tnateiiaU  tike  grass  or  the  leivti  el 
plants  lo  such  a  slate  of  bfiltIeoeM,lhat  they  cw  cwly  U 


CM^lhat  they  can  cu 


LIQUORICE-:-LIQUOR  LAWS 


759 


tfawikitd  is  ■  mntir.  Br  fu  (id  ■  conplnc  trituntioa  of  tlw 
lyphdd  badDi  bu  tK«n  KamtBOied  at  tht  Jcnncr  iDMiloU, 
ud  the  ume  pinxB,  ilmilr  tpgStd  with  mnxs  iko  ID  ytttt 

aSa  tad  adnal  cdb,  b  bebig  extended  is  other  dlfectko*. 
f xJHlriaJ  i4;^flKd(feiu.'-Wtilc  liquid  eir  ukI  Bqi^  hyihiigtd 

VT  boPS  uaed  in  ideDti£c  raearch  to  an  ateDt  vhjch  incrcttCl 
every  diy,  tlidr  appUcaiions  to  Endtntnil  putpoMi  an  net  10 
oumerotu.  The  l«npcntura  they  give  uMd  u  linplC'icMget- 
uls  are  mudi  )o«h  Ifaan  tre  gcncnOy  nqiired  indiMtMIyi 
and  ludi  cooHni  u  is  tindcd  can  be  obuioed  quite  ■tWactotily. 
and  (u  nunc  dieaply,  t?  Tebifnatlnf  nadklMfy  (mploybic 


Nod. 


the  poTCr  ol  a  mlerfal!  ninning  id  inate  ralgbt  be 
CDnKTTcd  Id  the  ihapc  of  Hquid  air,  end  Iboeby  turned  to  uicful 
effect.  But  tlic  ndoctioD  d(  air  to  Ibe  liquid  state  ii  m  pcDcev 
wbicb  inmlwfl  tbe  expcudi^uTC  ol  a  very  [arge  anHHuit  ol  eDergy, 
and  it  ti  aol  poralble  even  to  mover  all  that  cipBided  eneisy 
dnring  the  traiuitton  of  (he  niaterfal  back  (d  the  gawoBi  Mate. 
Hence  ID  auggrst  that  by  using  liquid  air  in  ■  motor  moie  poaer 
can  be  devdoped  than  wii  eipendcd  in  producing  the  liquid  air, 
by  which  the  rnoior  ii  worked,  i»  Id  propound  a  TallBcy  tvnt  ^h*^ 
perpetual  moiion,  suite  tuch  >  process  would  hive  an.effidun)' 


■t  than 


C,  liquid 


Kbere  n 
night  perhapa.  with  eflectively  iieialtd 


re  the  at 


r  oxygen  migbl  be  found  a 


rcipiral 


le  provide  a  aupply  o 


which  liquid  air  machinta  have  already  been  put  to  a 
large  eiterit  i>  fat  obtaining  oiygen  from  ihe  atmosphere. 
AhJiougb  when  air  ia  UqnefiEd  ihe  eiygen  and  nitroipa  are 
condensed  simuflaneoualy.  yet  owing  to  ila  greater  votallGvy  the 
latter  boils  oil  the  more  quickly  ol  the  two.  so  that  the  remaining 
liquid  becomes  gradually  richer  and  richer  in  oiygen.  Hie 
{rscliana!  distillation  of  liquid  air  Is  the  method  naw  uniTcnally 
adoptrd  for  the  preparation  of  Diygcn  on  a  mmmercial  scale, 
while  the  nitrogen  uniuhuieausly  obtained  is  used  for  ihe 
production  of  cyanamlde.  by  ita  anion  on  carbide  of  calcium. 
An  interesting  though  minor  applictilan  ol  liquid  oiygen.  or 
liquid  air  from  which  moil  oi  the  Dlliagen  has  evaporated, 
depends  on  the  fad  that  if  it  be  miied  with  powdered  chamal, 
DT  finely  divided  organic  bodies,  it  can  be  made  by  the  aid  ii<  a 
detonator  to  explode  with  a  violence  comparable  to  that  o( 
dynamite.  lUs  optosive,  which  might  property  be  called  in 
emergency  one,  has  the  disadvantage  that  it  muit  be  prepared 
on  the  spot  where  it  bto  be  used  and  most  be  filed  nlthoui  delay, 
since  the  liquid  evaporates  in  a  abort  time  and  the  eiplosive 
power  Is  lost;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  if  a  charge  Fails  to  go  ofl 
It  has  i>niy  to  be  lelt  a  few  minutes,  when  It  cod  be  withdrawn 
without  any  danger  of  accidental  explosion. 

For  further  information  the  readrr  may  consult  W.  L  Hardin. 
Ri«  ami  DndopmrM  ^  rte  Lifuf/an.m  tfGaiii  {Hfw  Yak.  iSm). 
e,  ui  LiqM^aeiian  du  COS  tt  ut  tppittttimu^    also  the 

r- "ill  Ihe  Huraiuie  of  liquid  gaaea 

kUcaIs  and  the  prGcecdinii  of 

-  - ""-  -VZVp""^ 

n  the  gaseous  arid  liqi ' ' 
»  io  mi*  Alud.  Si 


Kquefactian  of  'nyit 

lormer'onthetelatioi ... 

tbe  compreuib>lity  of  bydrofica  lo  WUn  Akaa-  Siitber.  vols-  iciv 
and  xcvii.;  hit  pamphtel  Cenmi  Tur  a  tU  liqntM  (Parii.  lEg;) 
should  alio  be  re/«red  to.  For  Denr's  wik.  ■«  Pnt.  Rtf  /oil. 
from  jB^O onwards,  including  "Solid  Hydresen"  {19W>;  "  Liqind 
Hydrorea  Caknmetry"  (i<a4>:  "  New  Low  TRnrnaluce  Pheno- 
mena^ ilODJ) ;  "  Liquid  «ta«l  Cbirraul  .1  LowTempKiturn  ■' 
[i9o6}i  '■  SiucficinHigh  Vacua  and  Heiluni  it  Low  Tern  oriaiurrj  ■' 


_.  -.  — _ ..-  Pruc  Rb}.  Sk.  vdL  bL.  and 

Ptx.  Krj.  I*a.  (1B96);  aee  also  " eitrtricat  Resistance  (i  PuM 
Mtiah,  kaoff  and  Naa-Metak  at  iha  BoOi^poiiii  vl  Oxyon.- 
rtU.  i(.f.  vol.  Bodv.  ti*»»)i  '-EI<saric>ias>nHia<f  Umis 
aud  Allova  at  Tempeiatures  approaehiug  cbe  Absolute  Zero,"  ibid, 
vol-  mvl-  (iSoj):  "Thermoelectric  Pawns  of  Metals  and  Allova 
between  ihe  'n^nperatitiTa  o(  tbe  Ba[ln|-point  ol  Water  and  the 
Biiaiiit-piiin<ilU^uidAir,'-lM<i.TDL>Llit9r'    -    ' 


very  law  lemperituies  on  the  nr- 
-  •-  "  "-  Brown  and  F.  Escomba 

W.  TUidtoo  Dyer,  iM. 

vol-  btv,  and  ttair  ttlta  ua  bactaia  b  discuiseit  iv  A.  Uacfai^ea. 
•M.  vols.  Lni.  aud  lui.  (J.  Da.) 

UQUUIGL  The  haid  and  iani-vili«His  stlcka  of  paste, 
black  in  coloai  and  poaacaaed  ol  a  sweet  somewhat  astringent 
laal^  kiwmUliq[UDiiapaatear  black  sugar,  are  tbe  inspissated 
juioc  ol  Uw  nwti  of  a  kfUdiinoua  plant,  ClycyrrUto  gtsbw,  the 
rodtc  |f)iiyml>tM  of  the  phannaci^iiaeii.  The  plut  ii  cultivated 
thtDuibottt  tbe  waimci  pails  ol  Europe,  especiaUy  on  the 


wt  the  plant 
owes  n*  generic  name  GlyyrrJiita  {jh'tiiiM'h  <be  swcct-root), 
of  which  Ibe  word  liquorice  is  a  conuptioa.  Tbe  rooti  contain 
gnpe.(ugar,  Maidu  resia,  a^MngiDc,  malic  add  and  tbe 
glticDrfde  glycyirhiiiD,  Cm  Hk  0>,  a  yellow  aBWtpboui  powdo 


hydrolysis,  glycyrrtnuD  yiddi  glucoie  and  glycyitbelio. 

Stick  liqaoria  is  made  by  crushing  and  gciadiat  the  nota  I 
pulp,  vhich  is  bojled  in  waler  over  an  open  Gr,  and  the  dsoc 

suf^ient  decree  of  conceeiraiion  [1  attuned.  ^ler  which,  on  cool 

it  is  rolled  Inlo  (be  fo«  of  akla  or  oiba-  shapa  lur  the  mar 

:  pnpanliaa  al  the  juiec  is  a  widety  aiieaded  indvatry  si 

Meditcrraoeaa  ccatts;  but  the  quahty  beat  ai>pnciated  in 

is  inade  in  Calabria,  and  tsid  under  tbe 


UQUOR  UWg.  In  most  Wettun  couctiiM  tbe  sale  ol 
alcoholic  liquor  is  ngulaled  by  law.  Tbe  original  and  piiodpal 
obJHt  is  (D  check  tbe  evils  atiting  from  tbe  immoderate  use  of 
such  liquori  in  tbe  intereat  of  public  oirlcr,  morality  and  health; 
a  aecDndary  object  is  to  raise  revenue  fr«m  tlie  tra&c  Tbe 
form  and  the  stringency  6t  tbe  laws  passed  for  these  purposes 
vary  very  widely  ki  diffocat  oounliies  according  la  Ibe  habits 
of  the  people  and  tbe  state  of  public  opiaion.  The  evils  whicfa 
It  is  desired  10  check  ate  much  grealui  in  tome  CDunlties  Ibaa 
in  otbos.    Generally  qieakiiig  Ihcy  aie  greater  in  notlbero 

aion  aaay  omk.  Qfanale  bas  a  maiked  influence  on  diet  for 
pbysMogial  naiona  over  vUcb  wo  have  no  contnd.  The  fact 
is  altcued  by  unlvcnal  otperience  and  is  perfectly  natural  and 
iiMvitiblc  lhoii|b  uniaUy  ^[aoEtd  in  ibosc  intenutiooal  cnn>- 
pariaons^eronoDikcaadilioiuand  [upulat  cvstomi  which  hav* 
becamtaoaHmnoit.  It  holds  good  both  of  lood  sod  drink-  Hk 
inhabitants  of  south  Europe  aic  much  lets  given  10  alcdxdic 
cims  Iban  tboae  ol  cealial  Europe,  who  again  ate  more 
teapeiale  than  (bote  oi  the  north.  Tbeie  is  even  a  diSoencr 
betweei  loc^iies  ao  neai  (ogether  aa  tbe  east  and  west  o( 
ScoUand.  The  chairman  of  Ibc  Piiaan  Coiunissionen  pointed 
out  befon  a  British  royal  csmmiaiion  in  tbe  year  ilgr  tbe 
gitatti  prtvalenee  of  drunkenocsa  in  the  western  half,  and 
allribultd  It  in  paft  10  Ihe  dampneai  of  tbe  climate  on  the 
western  cDast.  But  race  also  has  an  influence-  Tbe  British 
carter  Ihe  habit  of  drinking  wherever  they  g),  and  tbeit  cdonial 


760 


LIQUOR  LAWS 


pmiTED  KtNCtX)!! 


iPi liiiii  reuia  h  CTca  in  bet  ud  di7  dhnitn.    TIm  SI 

fceJAa  ud  the  M«y""  in  aninl  Europe  tre  oincb  mi 
iiUnnpcraW  thu>  ihc  Tcutunic  anil  Latio  pcopla 
dmikr  duDtltc  CDiidiliocu.    Tboc  lu 


the  local  coodiiioDi.  Bui  lodil  km  oi  thii  cbuMtcc  ilu  vi 
with  llw  Mt*  tt  publk  opinkn,  not  only  in  diSFraat  countnci 
hni  Ea  the  ttae  counlty  M  dltlctcat  timn.  Tbo  ranlt  ii  Ibit 
the  lubject  b  In  *  itUe  of  Incount  llui.  Then  >n  not  only 
Kuuiy  nrictiet  ol  liquor  Um,  but  ilu  frequent  cbugci  in  Ltaem, 
uid  new  eiperunenti  an  constanlly  bciog  tried.  Tha  ganenl 
tcndorcy  [1  tomrdi  Increased  Mtingeocy,  iiM  as  much  bcoue 
the  evili  Incteue,  though  that  happen)  in  particular  placet  at 
partkuLu  tima,  ai  because  public  opinion  rnsva  broadly  to- 

•n  legWitlve  inlerlerence.  The  Sim  U  due  p«tly  to  «  gewral 
process  of  lefining  planners,  partly  10  medical  influence  and  the 
(rowing  attention  paM  to  health;  the  Kcond  to  k  oniveraal 
tendency  vhich  seems  inherent  in  democracy^ 

iJquoT  lawi  may  be  classified  in  several  wayi,  but  the  most 
tueTal  way  for  the  pmeni  purpose  vill  be  to  take  the  principal 
melhodi  of  condwling  the  traffic  as  ihey  eidsl.  nndet  four  main 
headiogs,  and  after  a  Imel  eiplanation  ^ve  some  account  of  the 
km  in  the  principal  countries  which  have  adopted  ihen.  The 
tour  melhoda  tn:  (i)  licensing  or  commerdat  aak  for  privale 
profit  under  a  le|il  permit;  (i)  sale  by  authorised  bodies  not 
for  private  profit,  commonly  known  u  the  Scandinavian  or 
company  sysiem;  (j)  stale  monopoly;  (4)  prohibition.  It  Is 
not  a  scientific  duKfication.  became  the  company  system  is  a 
form  of  licensing  and  ptohibitlon  i>  no  sale  at  all;  but  it  IoUdw* 
the  [mes  of  popular  discnitioB  and  is  more  inteOigihle  thin  one 
of  a  more  technical  character  would  be.  All  forms  of  liqiier 
legisbtion  deal  mainly  with  retail  sale,  and  particularly  with 
the  sale  for  Immediate  consumption  on  the  ^»t. 

I .  /.Kcniiifi.— This  is  by  far  the  iddest  and  the  moBl  widely 
adoplcd  method;  it  Is  the  one  which  first  luggnti  itself  in  the 

thine  without  let  01  hindraice  lo  pleaic  Ihcmselvo.  Then 
ebjections  are  nised,  and  when  they  ire  strong  or  lenetai  enough 
(he  law  interferes  in  the  public  tstercsl,  at  first  mildly;  it  says 
ia  effect— This  must  not  go  on  In  this  way  or  10  this  extent; 
tbrrv  must  be  aome  controL  and  pemuision  wiU  only  be  given  to 


id  there  is  obviously 


nutely  detailed  system 


duly 

room  for  Infinite  gndationt  of  strictness  In  granting  pnrnluion 
■nd  infinite  variety  in  the  conditions  Imposed.  The  procedun 
may  vary  from  mere  notification  o(  the  intention  to  open  an 
estibliUimeni  up  to  »  rigid  and 
annual  licensing  lud  down  by  the  1a< 
when  mere  nolifiation  is  required,  (he  governing  authority  has 
the  tight  lo  refuse  penniition  or  to  withdraw  it  tor  reasons  given, 
and  so  it  retains  the  power  of  control.  At  tbo  same  time  holders 
trf  the  permission  nuy  be  compelled  to  pay  for  the  privilege  and 
to  contribute  to  tfic  pubbc  revenue.  The  great  merit  of  the 
licensing  system  is  its  perfect  elasticity,  which  permits  adjust- 
'mcni  ID  all  sorts  of  conditions  and  lo  the  varying  demands  of 
public  Opinion.  It  is  In  force  In  the  United  Kingdom,  which  first 
adopted  it.  In  most  European  countries.  In  the  greater  part  of 
North  America.  Indndlng  both  the  United  Statea  and  Canada, 
In  (he  other  British  dominions  and  ebei 

».  Tkt  Scandltiaslaa  or  Cm^iiiy  .Tyild*.— Tbe  principle 
of  (his  method  ii  the  elhninttion  of  private  profit  on  (be  grauid 
that  It  removes  an  incentive  to  the  enconragement  of  excessive 
drinking.  A  monopoly  ol  the  sate  ol  litiuor  is  enlruUed  to  a 
body  of  cftiaens  who  have,  or  are  supposed  to  have,  no  perscmal 
IntereA  in  it,  and  the  profits  are  applied  to  public  purposes. 
The  system,  which  is  also  callrd  ^'disinterested  rnanagement," 
Is  adopted  In  Sweden  and  Norway;  and  the  principle  has  been 
applied  in  a  modified  form  in  England  and  FInUod  by  the 
operation  of  philanthiopic  societies  which,  however,  have  no 
monopoly  but  are  do  the  larae  legal  footing  aionfiury  iradcsa. 


J.  Sloto  if •hMi'-— At  Iht  um*  tofHe*.  lUa  vMem  onAta 
in  retaining  the  liquor  trade  in  the  haadi  ol  the  slate,  which 
thus  secures  all  the  profit  and  is  al  tb*  sane  time  abk  to  euf  die 
complete  control.  It  is  adopted  ill  Russia,  in  certain  parts  of  the 
Uaited  Slates  and,  in  niatd  to  tlie  wbnltiile  tiade,  in  Siriuii- 
laod. 

4.  Priliiiiliaii. — TUi  may  be  geneial  o^  local;  in  the  latter 
case  it  is  called  "  local  option  "  or  "  local  veto."  The  sak  of 
liquor  is  made  iliegsl  in  Ibe  hope  of  preventing  drinking  altogether 
or  of  dimunsbing  it  by  making  it  more  di^cuk.  General  pro- 
hibition has  been  tried  in  some  American  states,  and  is  stQI  in 
force  in  a  few;  it  is  also  applied  to  oatlve  races,  luder  civilised 
ruk,  both  in  Africa  and  North  America.  Local  prohibition 
b  widely  in  force  in  the  United  Slates,  Canada  and  Auslraklia, 
Sweden  and  Norway.  In  certain  areas  in  other  countries, 
inclnding  the  United  Kingdom,  the  sak  of  liquor  is  in  a  taut 
prohibited,  not  by  the  law,  but  by  the  ownen  of  the  pnqieny  - 
who  refuse  10  allow  any  public-houes.  Such  cases  have  nothing 
lo  do  with  the  Uw,  bu  t  they  are  mentioned  here  because  reference 
ii  olico  made  to  (hem  by  advocates  of  legal  prohilutioD. 


England  has  bad  a  very  much  knger  experience  of  liquor 
legisktion  than  any  other  country,  and  the  story  forms  an  intro- 
duction necessary  to  the  intelligent  comprehension  of  liquoc 
Jegisktion  in  general.  England  adopted  a  licensing  QrMcm 
in  iSS^  and  has  retained  it,  with  limumerable  mttdifialions, 
ever  since.  The  English  were  notorious  for  bard  drinking  lor 
centuries  before  licensng  was  adf^ted,  and  from  time  to  time 
sundry  efforts  had  been  made  Co  check  it,  but  what  eventually 
compelled  the  interference  of  Ibe  Uw  was  the  growth  of  ctime 
and  disoider  associated  with  (he  public-houset  towards  the  end 
of  the  ijth  century.  Numben  ol  men  who  had  previously  been 
engaged  in  the  civil  wars  or  on  the  establishment  of  feudal 
houses  were  thrown  on  the  world  and  betook  themselves  to  tho 
towns,  particularly  London,  where  they  frequented  the  ale< 
bouses,  "dicing  and  drinking."  and  lived  largely  on  violence 
luid  crime.  An  act  was  passed  in  14^5  against  vagabonds  and 
unkwful  ^mea,  whereby  justices  of  the  peace  were  empowered 
10  "put  away  common  ak-selling  in  towns  and  places  where 
tbey  should  think  convenient  and  to  take  auretiea  of  keepers 
of  ale-houses  in  their  good  behaviour."  That  was  the  bcpnning 
of  statutory  control  of  the  trade.  The  act  clearly  recognized 
a  connexion  between  public  disorder  and  pubfic-houscs.  The 
ktter  were  ale-houses,  for  at  that  time  ale  was  the  drink  of  the 
people;  spirits  had  not  yet  come  into  common  use,  and  wine, 
the  consumption  of  which  on  the  premises  was  prt^hiblted  in 
i5Sa.  was  only  drunk  by  the  wealthier  classes. 

Early  History  of  iicefUJHj.^The  act  of  1551-15SJ,  wluch 
introduced  licensing,  was  on  the  same  lines  but  went  further. 
It  nufirmed  the  power  of  lupptcasing  common  ale-selling,  and 
enacted  that  rw  one  should  be  allowed  to  keep  ■  common  ak- 
house  or  "tippling"  house  without  obtaining  the  permission 
oi  the  justices  in  open  session  or  of  two  of  their  number.  11 
further  "  directed  thai  the  justices  should  Lake  from  the  persons 
whom  they  hcensed  such  hood  and  surety  by  recognisance  as 
they  should  think  conveoieiu,  and  empowered  them  In  quarter 
session  to  Inquire  into  and  try  breaches  by  licensed  persons  d 
the  conditions  of  their  recognisances  and  cases  of  persons  kte^ 
ing  ale-housea  without  licences  and  to  punish  the  oHeaden  " 
(Bonhim  Carter,  Royal  Commission  on  Liquor  Liccn^ng  Lawi, 
vol.  ill.).  This  act  embodied  the  whole  principle  of  licensng, 
and  the  ofajcci  was  clearly  slated  in  Ibe  preambk:  "  For 
as  much  a*  Inlokrable  hurts  and  trouUes  lo  the  conunonweallfa 
of  this  realm  doth  daily  grow  and  increase  through  such  abusa 
and  disorders  as  are  had  and  used  in  common  ale-houses  and 
other  places  called  tippling  houses."  The  evil  was  not  due 
merely  to  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquor  but  to  the  lad  that  these 
houses,  being  public-house),  were  the  resort  ol  idle  and  disorderly 
characters.    The  distinction  should  he  borne  io  mind. 

The  ad  seems  to  have  been  of  some  effect,  lor  no  fnrditr 
attempted  for  half  1  cealuiy,  though  there  i> 


UNITED  KWCOOM] 


LIQUOR  LAWS 


761 


.   .  ..LlowiDg:  Ckning  at  ^  r 
And  duHo;  diviiK  lervke  on  Suudvy;  in  some  osa  cdmpli 
dooni  on  Suildiy  enxpt  10  tiavtllFTi:  the  Ikracr-lwldFr 
nollfy  to  the  anuublc  ill  Hnngen  ctiring  (or  niore  than  1  xii; 
and  ttot  to  pcnnjt  penoai  id  flKitfmie  drinking  «  tippling;  pi 
kibition  ol  noliwlal  guna,  mflviag  ttolcn  goodi  ind  baibai 
Ing  bid  cbBncIen;  the  uk  o[  tUodaid  meuum  and  pn 
fixed  by  Uv.    There  wu,  however,  Do  unilomily  of  pmclia 
In  tbcK  nipnU  uBiil  the  17th  century,  when  ui  titempl  wu 
Bade  to  establiali  Urtcter  ukd  mote  ut^orm  control  by  ■  whole 
■etiei  of  act*  paued  between  160]  and  i6ij.    Tie  eyflj  which 
(I  w»i  wught  t«  nrwdy  by  these  meaBuw  were  the  eiistence  0! 
anlicemed  lioiueg,  the  nie  ol  ale-houn*  lor  mere  drialung  awt 
the  prevalence  of  disorder.    It  wu  declared  that  the  ancient 

and  lodging  of  Iravellen,  and  that  they  were  Dot  oieant  lor 
"  entertainment  and  hartiouring  ol  lewd  and  idle  people  (o  spend 
and  amsume  their  money  and  tlieir  time  in  lewd  and  drunken 
Regulationi  were  sdeoglbened  lor  the  nipprenion 
"  nncs  wen  made  anntwl,  and  the  justices 
were  dii«cted  to  hold  a  special  licensing  meeting  once  a  year 
(161S}.  Penalties  were  imposed  on  innkeepers  Tor  permitting 
tippHng,  and  alH  on  tipplers  and  drunkards  (1^35).  In  16J4 
licensing  was  first  applied  to  Ireland.  Later  in  the  century 
heavy  penalties  were  imposed  for  adulteration. 

The  next  chapter  in  the  history  of  licensing  has  lo  do  with 
qiirits,  and  is  very  instructive.  Spirits  were  not  a  native  product 
like  tieer^  tnandy  was  introduced  Irom  France,  gin  Itms  the 
Netherlands  and  whisky  Irom  Irdand;  but  down  to  the  year 
llSgo  the  consumption  wu  small.  The  home  manufacliire 
was  strictly  limited,  and  high  duties  on  inported  spirits  rendered 
them  too  d«at  f«  the  general  public  unlea  smuggled.  Con- 
lequently  the  people  had  not  acquired  the  taste  Tor  ihem.  But 
In  1690  distillibg  was  thrown  open  10  any  one  on  tlie  payment 
of  very  trifling  duties,  s[:drits  became  extremely  cheap  and  the 
ctmsumption  increased  with  great  rapidity.  Regulation  of  the 
retail  trsffic  was  soon  lound  to  he  neceuary,  and  by  an  act 
passed  in  [700-1701,  the  licensing  requiremcDlaalieady  existing 
for  ale-bouse  keepers  were  erlended  to  persons  selling  distilled 
liquots  for  consumption  on  the  premises.  A  new  rlAss  ol  public- 
bouses  tn  the  shape  ol  spirit  tais  grew  up.  In  the  year  jjjs 
■  complete  and  detailed  survey  of  all  the  streets  and  houses 
in  London  was  carried  out  by  William  Mailland,  F.R.S.  Out 
of  a  total  of  gi,g6i  houses  be  lound  the  foUowiog;  brew-houses 
r7i.  Inns  K7,  taverns  m7,  (le.hoiuei  sg7S.  biandy-shops 
Hjg;  total  nnmber  of  licensed  houses  lor  the  trlail  sale  of 
liquor  15,188,  of  which  considerably  more  than  one-hall  were 
sinrit  bars.  The  population  wu  about  ibree-cguarten  of  a 
milliort.  About  one  house  In  every  tlr  was  hcensed  at  this  time, 
and  that  in  s^Hte  of  attempts  made  to  check  the  traffic  by 
restrictive  acts  passed  in  173^1730.  The  physical  .and  moral 
unption  of  spirits  were  fully 


if  duty  of   5s.  a  gallon 


thedistHIer 

and  retailers 

were  compelled  10  lake 

out  an  eicise 

Uceuce  of  £ 

m.    The  object  was  to 

make  spirits 

deam  and  therrfore  less 

accesuUe.    At  the  sam 

tfane,  with  a 

i4ew  to  lets. 

Jiing  the  number  of  houses,  the  licensing  procedure 

of  the  Just 

nded  by  the  provision 

■hould  only 

the  Justices 

acting  in  the 

division  whet 

e  the  applicant  resided,  thus  abolishing 

Jie  orl^nal  licensing  ad 

,  of  any  twt^ 

j.istic«  in  grant,  licence 

Thi,  change,  eflected 

n  i)jft  was  a\ 

.  though  it  did  not  prevent  the  eilMenci 
of  the  pnidigioua  numbers  ol  houses  recorded  by  Maltland  la 
i71>.  Theatlempt  lo  make  spoiudearer  by  U^  excise  dirties, 
on  the  other  hand,  was  adjudged  a  faHnre  because  it  led  10 
imeii  trade,  and  the  act  ol  177a  was  repealed  in  17J1.  But 
the  evil  was  so  ^ring  that  another  and  more  drastic  attempt 
In  the  same  direction  was  made  in  i7j(l,  wheo  the  famous 
Gin  Ad  was  passed  in  response  to  a  petition  presented  10  patlii- 
ment  by  the  Middlesei  magistrates,  dedaring  "  that  the  drinking 
of  geneva  and  other  dtililled  waters  had  for  some  yean  past 
grCLtly  Incieesed;  that  the  cuostant  and  eiceisive  use  thereof 
had  destioyed  thousands  of  His  Majesty's  subjects;  that  great 
numb«s  of  oiheis  were  by  its  use  rendered  unfit  for  luefii 
lalKiur,  detuuched  in  morals  and  drawn  into  all  manner  of  vice 
and  wickedness.  .  .  ."  The  retaib'ng  of  spirits  In  quantities 
of  leas  than  1  galloas  was  made  subject  to  a  licence  costing 
f;o  and  the  retailer  had  also  to  pay  n  dnty  of  ros.  on  every 
galloB  sold.  This  eipedment  in  "  high  iKen^ng"  was  a  dis- 
astrous failure,  thnugfa  energetic  attempts  were  made  to  enforce 
it  by  ^lolesalc  prosecutions  sod  by  strengthening  the  regulations 
against  evasion.  Public  opinion  was  inflamed  against  it,  and  the 
only  iTsults  were  corruptions  ol  the  executive  and  an  enomoia 
increase  of  consumption  through  illicit  channels.  The  consump- 
tion of  spirits  In  England  and  Wales  nearly  doubled  belweeD 
I7J3  and  174I,  and  the  slate  of  things  was  so  inlolerable  that 
after  much  controversy  the  high  duties  were  repealed  in  i7«i  with 
the  object  of  bringing  the  trade  back  into  aulhoriad  channels; 
the  cost  of  a  licence  was  reduced  From  £50  to  £[  and  the  retafl 
duty  fnm  ms.  to  id.  a  gallon. 
This  period  witnessed  the  high-water  mark  of  (ntempcranc* 
I  England.  From  various  contemporary  descriptions  It  1* 
idantly  clear  that  the  state  ol  things  was  incompuaNy 


le  than 


participation  In  the  practice  of  drinking  and  (requetH 


affected  U  well  as  men.  The  experience  is  partimlartyinstructiva 
because  it  Inchtdea  examples  of  excess  and  deficiency  of  oppor- 
and  the  ID  eHecis  of  both  (HI  a  people  naturally  Ind^Kd 
in  drink.  It  was  foDowcd  by  more  judicimis 
showed  the  adaptabilily  of  the  Ecensing  system 
ntagei  of  a  mean  between  laiily  and  severity. 
and  I7S3  acts  were  passed  which  increased  control 
way  and  proved  mnch  more  successful  than  tbe 
lurta.  The  retail  licence  duty  was  moderatdy 
raised  and  the  regulatinns  were  amended  and  made  atricter- 
~he  dass  of  houses  eligible  for  licensing  waa  for  the  first  time 
iken  into  account,  and  the  retailing  of  spirils  was  only  permitted 
9  premises  ixseised  for  rales  and,  in  London,  ol  the  annud 
ilue  of  £101  Jusikfi  having  an  inietesl  in  Ihe  trade  were 
rcluded  from  hcensmg  functions.  Another  tnessure  wUcb 
id  an  eicellenl  efiect  made  **  tippling  "  debts — that  Is,  vmSH 
curred  for  spirils— iireccvcrable  at  taw. 


There 


n  dim 


louses  imptoved.     At  ll  , 

Lhe  general  bccnsing  provisions  weie  slienglhened  and  extended^ 
The  distinction  between  new  licence*  and  the  leaewal  of  old 
first  time  recognised;  applicants  for  new 
districts  were  required  to  produce  a  certificate 
the  clergy,  overseers  and' church-wardens  or 
householders.     The  annual  lii 


isreqi 


ired 


•  another  during 


for  Ibe  inusfer  of  ■  licence  from  one  person 
he  terra  (or  which  it  w»  granled.     Penalties  „   , 

iw  were  focreased,  and  Ibe  licensing  system  was  eitended  to 
irits  I  Scollind  (i7SJM7s6),  With  regard  to  wine,  it  has  already  been 
staled  that  coosuniption  on  the  premiss  was  forbidden  in  ijjj, 
and  at.  the  same  time  the  retail  sale  was  restricted  to  towns  of 
some  Importance  &nd  the  numbei  of  ntailen,  who  had  to  obtaio 
an  appointment  from  the  coiporaiion  « the  justices,  was  strictly 


,n  the  ; 


7t>2 


LIQUOR  LAWS 


a  i;«i  « 


LioD  ol  Ibe  juttkcs  M  olhei  liqnon. 

It  ii  dcu  (rom  the  foRgoiiig  ihil  *  gtut  dol  of  kgulition 
occiuTtd  duiini  the  i8th  ccoluiy,  ud  that  by  UKQBiuve  fluct- 
iDcrili,  puticuluLy  kbout  Uk  nuddlt  of  the  ccntiuy,  tbe  JiceiiiiiiB 
lyiUm  (Tbiuaily  became  adjiuted  ts  the  rcquLreTDCBli  of  tbe 
time  and  look  a  leltJed  shape  Th;  acti  :hen  passed  udl  form 
the  bans  of  the  law,  lDtheearlypaitolLhei9LbaDturyanorber 
jjcriod  of  Itgiilaiive  activity  set  ia.  A  puliamcnlary  iaquiiy 
into  illicit  trade  Id  spirits  took  placein  i0ji,andiiii8a£iniponaBt 
acta  weie  paaacd  azneodisg  ud  cooaolidaliag  Uw  Lava  lor 
Enflaod  anil  lor  ScoiUsdi  is  iSjj  a  ^lenl  Lkeuiag  Act  mat 
[laued  lor  IrelaDd.  These  anitill  the  principal  acta,  tl»u(btbey 
have  uodergose  ioaiuneiabhi  tatadaeati  and  iddilkes.  The 
Eaclish  ad  of  iSiS  inliodiKed  cctuln  imponaal  changei.  A 
liccDce  from  the  juilicei  «aa  DO  longer  rcquiml  [oi  the  sale  «I 
liquor  lor  cocsumptien  off  Ibc  Dccffliies.  aod  the  power  of  the 
justkei  to  suppmt  pubUc-lieaM*  at  their  discretion  (apart 
Irom  the  aonuit  liunsing),  whicb  Ihcy  bad  poiaessed  ainci  1495. 
wis  lukCD  away.  The  reowval  o[  this  power,  which  had  long 
been  obsolete,  was  the  natural  coroliacy  of  the  developmcot 
of  the  licensing  ayitem,  its  greater  stringency  and  efficiency 
and  the  incnase  si  duties  imposed  on  the  trade.  Uenonwiwm 
Lbcse  obUgations  were  foid,  and  wbo  were  fleshly  authorind 
to  carry  on  the  businos  evuy  year,  could  not  lemaio  liable  to 
(ummary  deprivation  ol  tbe  ptivikgea  Ihiu  gianiidand  paid  for. 


ir  old;  but  an  ap|Kal  w 

The  main  points  in  the  law  . 
he  sale  of  alcoholic  kiquora  U 
u  jorbidden  under  penalties 


alroi 
I  allowed 


The  ji 


1  to  be  [< 


e  purpoae  of  granting  li 


a  specif 


ij  those  peculi 
X  diaqualihed.  The  licence 
Ls  lor  regulating  the  conduct  of  the 
h^ifffip^™*'""''"''*fl"''^"'j  but  dosing  waaooly  required  during 
the  bouia  of  divine  icrvice  on  Sunday.  Apt^caoti  for  new 
Ikcncea  and  for  Ihc  ttansfer  ol  old  ones  (granted  at  a  special 
leuioDs  of  the  jualico)  were  lequirrd  to  give  notice  to  the  local 
withoriliei  and  to  pott  up  notices  at  (he  paiiih  church  and  on 
the  house  concenwd- 

£aiii  rirffTfrt — It  will  he  convenient  at  this  point  to  explain 
Ihc  teUtion  between  that  put  of  the  licensing  syslcm  which 
b  concented  with  the  conduct  of  the  traffic  and  lies  in  the  juiis- 
djctioaof  the  just  icesand  that  put  which  has  to  do  with  taxation 

from  1405  down  to  ifEfS.  Its  object  from  the  beginaing  was 
the  majntenance  of  public  order  and  good  conduct,  which  vcte 
impaired  by  the  misuK  of  public-houi 


;and  all  Ibe  SLcccsiive 
ng  from  Ibe  traffic  by 


regulating  it.   The  eicise  licensing 

public  order  or  Ibe  conduct  of  the  iraac;  11s  oojeci  is  auipi, 
to  obtain  revenue,  and  for  a  long  time  the  two  systems  were  quit 
tadependenl.  Buttimeandchangegraduallybroughl  Ihemlnl 
contact  and  eventually  they  came  to  form  two  aspects  of  on 
unified  system.    Licensing  for  revenue  was  £ist  introduced  ii 


applied  (0  wine,  which  was  not 
Ihc  justices  at  all  (see  above). 
Impieed  on  the  retailers  of  beer  1 

licence  of  £10  was  impoud  on  1 
Ihis  was  raised  to  £sa  [sec  above}, 
fanposis,  however,  was  rather  t^ 


nd  ale  and  collected  by  means 
ce.  In  17^3  an  annual  cjdae 
rtailers  of  spirits,  and  In  11^6 

check  the  sale,  as  previously 
le.  In  iJS*  the  pTCvious  tax 
iumplioo  on  the  premises  was 


lal  excise  hccnce,  which  wj 


Mtended 

to  "  made  wines 

and  "  sweets  "  (BrUfsh  wii«>. 

SiaiUrlleencet.iopJaceofth. 

een  lyjsand  I74?ardpennincntly 

mposed 

n  iSo«.    Thus  lb 

syilem  of  annul!  eicise  licences 

Kcame  gradually  applied  I 

all  kinds  of  liquor.    In  iBjj  the 

awsrela 

ng  to  them  were  « 

telilionii 

g  laws.    It  was  enacted  tbal  eiriK 

icencetl 

rlheretailofliquo 

r  should  only  be  granted  lo  perans 

holding 

Justicei'  Uceo«  or 

eenificai 

.    The  actual  penr 

ission  to  seU  was  obtained  on  pay- 

meni  of  the  proper  dues  Irom 

nopowH 

owiibboWillrom 

pcrsou  anlhiniaed  by  thi  justices. 

And  that 

wasstilliheayten 

Licnui 

Hgifxu  t8ia.-Thete  »«*  no  change  in  the  form  ol  tbe 

British  h 

eea  the  coniolidatian  of  the  law  is 

1*15-1818  and  the  lime  (1010)  at  which  we  wtile;  but  ibeiw 
were  a  great  many  changes  in  administniive  detail  sod  some 
change*  in  principle.  Only  ibe  most  imponast  can  be  nen- 
tioned.  In  iSjo  a  bold  eiperinwM  was  tried  in  eierapiiiit 
the  sale  of  beer  from  the  requirement  of  a  juatia'a  bceace.  Any 
householder  rstod  to  the  parlsb  was  entitled,  under  a  bond  with 

consumptiiHi  ra  oroC  the  prenilscs.  This  mtasurc,  which 
applied  to  England  and  was  camnonly  known  as  the  Duke  ol 
Wellington's  Acl.  had  two  objects;  one  was  to  encmiisige  the 

tpirils;  Ibe  other  was  to  counteract  the  practice  of  '*  (ieing  " 
public-bouses  10  breweries  by  cresting  free  ones.  With  regard 
to  the  6ni.  it  «M  belieyed  Ilial  spirit-drinking  was  increasing 
again  at  the  live  and  was  doing  «  gnat  deal  sf  barm.  The 
reason  appears  to  have  been  a  gceai  rise  in  Ibe  rttums  ol  con- 
sumplioB,  wliich  followed  a  loweting  ol  Ibe  duty  on  si^rits  froni 
IIS.  Sid.  to  la.  a  gallon  in  1815.     The  lalter  *tep  was  liikea 


liihto 


is.4]d.  agallm, 

n  Ulegal  to  legal 


channels  that  a  similar  change  was  thought  ai 

land,  as  staled.    The  legal  or  apparent 

from  7  to  nearly  13  millioD  gallons;  but  it  it  douoitul  11  tuere 

wai  much  or  any  real  increase.     According  to  an  o£5cial  slate- 

menl,  more  than  hall  ihe  spiiiu  consumed  in  1S10  were  ilbcil. 

Tbefactsareof  much  interest  in  showing  what  had  already  been 


highly  probable  that  this  accounts  for  part  of  the  great  fall  ii 
consumption  which  follontd  the  raising  of  the  spirit  duty  from 
IIS.  to  r4t.od.  under  Mr  Lloyd  Geoije't  Budget  in  1009.  With 
regard  10  "  lied  "  houses,  this  is  Ihe  originiil  form  of  public- 
house.  When  beer  was  first  brewed  for  tale  ■  "  tap  "  for  retail 
purposes  wai  alUchcd  lo  ihe  brewery,  and  public-bouses  may 
still  be  Found  bearing  the  name  "  The  Brewery  Tap."  At  Ibc 
be^nning  of  ibe  iglb  century  complaints  were  madeof  the  in- 
creasiof  Duabei  of  houtes  owned  or  controlled  by  breweries 
and  ol  Ihe  dependence  ol  Ihe  licence-holders,  and  in  t  Si  7  a  Select 
Conunitlee  inquired  into  the  tubject.  The  Beerhouse  Act  does 
not  appear  to  fiave  checked  the  practice  or  to  have  diminished 
Ibc  consumption  of  spirits;  but  it  led  to  a  f^ent  increase  in  the 
number  of  beer-houses.  It  was  modified  in  iSj4  and  1S40,  but 
not  repealed  until  1S69,  when  beer-house«  weie  again  bnu^ht 
under  Ihe  justices. 

Most  el  Ihe  other  very  numerous  changes  in  the  law  were 
coucenied  with  conditions  imposed  on  licence-holden.  The 
boura  ol  closing  are  the  most  important  of  these.  A[un  from 
the  ancient  regulatJons  of  closing  during  divine  service  ob  Sunday, 
there  weie  no  reslricliani  in  1818;  but  after  that  at  least  a 
do«n  successive  acU  dealt  wiih  the  point.  The  first  important 
meaiure  waa  applied  in  London  under  a  Police  Act  in  1830.  il 
ordered  licensed  houses  to  be  closed  from  midnight  on  Saturday 
to  mid-diy  on  Sunday,  and  produced  •  wonderful  effect  oe 
public  order.     In  iSu>  vciy  importaBlict  (FoAqi Mt ckearie) 


UNITED  KIHCDOH) 


Mt  powd  In  ScaMlmd,  by  wUdi  hI*  «a  ;&ndb;  «H  irinltr 
fixblddeB,  einpt  to  tnncUen  *Bd  lodiai,  um)  vm  rcMifcMd 
<iBira«kdq«tellwlraimbcti>ecDS*Jt.«iidiirj(^   IWtut 


LIQUOR,  LAWS 

k  pafcaDylmain*] 


tlul  doriag  ivr  Ucenwd  piaiilKi  were  ap|dM  Id  1S74,  ud  m 
Mil  Eo  toKB  ^ae  bdo*}.  In  i8j8  oMnpMe  SuKhy  clotiiit,  U 
Ib  ScoUuid,  «u  ipplM  hi  Inhmd,  irilk  thi  emnption  of  tbc 
five  taipU  towiu,  DabUn,  BcUut,  Coik,  Umeridi  ind  Waler- 
■otdimdin  iBSi  tbe  «ub  pravUoa  wai  cMomM  to  Walca. 

Other  cbanja  iroitlijr  of  note  er  tlie  foUewing.  In'iSte  Ibt 
Iree  nh  •!  wine  for  omnntiplion  off  ibe  pmnitc*  *u  [ntnxhiccd 
'  y  ibe  Wine  lad  Kefrahmenl  Houia  Act,  trlikfa  authonnd 


u  gmcen'  licenco. 


my  tiiopkeepet  (0  Ule  ou 

Hcencea  ao  created  wetii  •ubwquenll]'  known 

By  the  unic  ict  Ttfremhmenl  haugcs  Here  pl»crd  imiWr  certiuil 

KMrlctleiu.  bit  were  penoltted  totcll  wins  for  contumpOon  on 

the  pnmtats  nndei  u  eiciw  Uceno.    In  iS6t  tplrit  dedm  <rcn 

■imilu'ly  authoriied  to  trO-  ipiriu  by  the  btttle.    Tbe  t0RI  of 

tboe  Dicuun*  TCt  to  (mnpt  a  good  dcd  of  (be  wide  and  spfrtt 

trade  fn>m  the  cantrol  of  tbe  fuMIcei,  and  the  idea  ni  to  weaa 

people  FtDDi  publlc-binue  drinking  by  encoiiraging  tbem  to  take 

what  they  winled  at  borne  and  in  eating-booso. 

In  iSAq  Ihii  policy  of  directing  Ibe  babiti  of  the  people  into 
dunnels  tbonghl  to  be  pnfenble,  which  bad  been  inaugurated 
in  iBjo,  wai  abandoned  tor  one  of  gralcr  stringency  lO  roond, 
wbleh  haa  bnce  beai  Dnintained'  All  tbe  beet  and  wfne  retail 
Mcencea  "ere  brou(^t  under  tbe  disctclioO  of  the  Jurtiree,  bul 
they  might  only  refuse  "03  "  licences  and  Ihe  renewal  of  previoujly 
eaisting  beer-house  "  on  "  licentes  upon  speci6ed  grounds,  nsmely 
<i)  unsailslaitory  character,  (»)di>ordeF.(j)previgij»iniBconducl, 
(4)  fnjuflicfent  ipialificiiion  of  appljouil  or  premlset.  In  1871 
an  important  act  furthet  enended  the  policy  ol  tMtriclion; 
neir  licencet  had  to  be  CDofiimed,  and  ibe  right  of  appeal  in  case 
of  relDial  wai  taken  tway]  penalties  tor  oHences  wen  increased 
and  extended,  particularly  for  public  drtinkenness,  and  tor  per- 
mitting drunkenness;  the  sale  ol  sjiirils  10  pcixins  under  tG 
was  pmhibiled.  In  1876  many  of  these  provisions  were  extended 
(o  Scotland.  In  i8«G  the  sale  of  liquor  for  consumption  00  Ihe 
premise*  wu  totbidden  to  persons  under  ij  years.  In  1901  Ihe 
ule  far  "  off  "  consumption  nas  prohibited  10  persons  under  T4, 
except  in  sealed  vosels;  this  ii  known  as  Ihe  Child  Messenger  Act. 
These  meaiuret  tot  the  protection  oi  children  were  extended  in 
tQo8  by  an  act  which  came  into  operation  in  April  igog,  eiduding 
children  under  14  fiDm  Ihe  public-house  ban  altogether.  The 
progressive  protection  of  children  by  the  law  well  iUusLrales  the 
Influence  of  changing  public  opinion.  Tbe  succeaeive  measures 
enumetaled  were  not  due  to  increasing  contaminnlioa  of  children 
cauied  by  their  frequenting  the  public-house,  hut  to  recogriition 
d(  Ifae  buD  Ibey  sustain  thereby.  The  practice  of  liking  and 
iending  cbUdren  to  the  publjc-house,  and  of  serving  tbcm  with 
drink,  is  an  old  one  in  England.  A  great  deal  of  evidenrt 
on  the  subject  was  given  before  a  Select  Commiltcc  of  the  House 
of  Commons  in  1834;  but  it  is  only  in  recent  yean,  when  the 
general  concern  toi  children  has  undergone  a  nmarkable  develop- 
mcnt  in  all  directiona,  thai  allempls  have  been  made  10  stop  it. 
In  iv)idubi,whi(h  had  been  iscreaiing,  and  babiLual  drunkards, 
were  brought  under  the  law. 

In  1904  a  new  principle  was  rniroduced  into  the  licensing 
tyslem  in  England,  and  this. 


i8jo, 


1B60,  u 


legislatio 

ofpubh- 

-houses  took  place  In  En 

diminish  through  strict 

prime  object  wiib  many 

triuctan: 

old  ones 

rear  by  year.    At  Arst  Ihi. 

of  UloirawastoiBflMagifttbanllh^).  T» DMt  tb*4iffic\dlr 
tbe  pttBcfpk  of  conpCBntfm  wti  intndoced  by  t  be  act  ot  1 90*. 
It  pnn4d(>  tbat  eanpaontioa  ihaB  be  paid  la  " 
(also  M  the  owner  of  tbe  pi  '  '  ' 
otbctthaDm 


Slalt  tj  At  Lam  in  i$itt. — In  aaikmuence  ol  the  long  hfaloiy 
■nd  eiolutloD  of  legislation  In  the  United  KingdnB  and  of  lb* 
inBumcrable  minor  changes  btroducid,  only  a  few  of  which 
have  been  mcntioDcd  aborc,  the  law  has  became  ciceBively 
compliiaied.  Tie  diSerenco  between  (he  English,  Scottlih 
aind  Itish  codes,  the  drstlnctlon  between  (be  uvttal  kinds  ol 
liquor,  between  connmplion  on  and  oS  the  premiiea,  between 

liceued  before  rS(ig  and  Ihoae  licmKd  since,  between  eicfie 
and  jittlcB'  hcencet— all  Ihese  and  many  other  pohtti  tndka 
the  subject  eiceedingly  lotriciie;  end  it  is  funhet  comidicaled 
by  (be  uncenahMy  of  tbe  courts  and  a  v«»i  body  Of  caacinade 
law.    Only  a  summary  of  the  chief  provisiona  can  be  given  here. 

I.  The  open  tale  of  intoilciiing  IJiiuor  (spiiiu.  wine,  iwceta, 
beer,  ciderl  by  retail  'a  confined  to  penons  holding  an  eidse 
licence,  with  a  fcw  luiimpoilanl  exceptions,  including  medicine. 

.1.  A  condition  precedent  (0  obuinlng  audi  1  Qcence  ll 
permission  granted  by  ihejuaiict»who»re  theKcerntogauiliotlty 
arid  caUrd  a  justice*'  bcence  or  ortlhsie.  Tttatm,  paasenger 
boats  and  canteens  are  etcnlptcd  ftoiB  (bis  cODdi()Oa;  dn 
certain  dcaleii  in  spirHs  and  wine. 

3.  Jimicei'  licences  ate  granted  at  ^ndal  aimiial  meetiogi 
of  the  local  justices,  exited  Brewsier  Sessioni.  Justices  having  a 
pecuniary  iotetrst  In  tbe  liquor  trade  of  tbe  dhlrict,  cacept  aa 
railway  shareholders,  are  disqualified  from  acting;  ''bias" 
due  to  other  Interests  may  also  be  a  disqualiGcatioD. 

4-  JuMicea'  licences  are  only  granted  for  one  year  and  must 
be  renewed  aimually,  with  the  eiception  of  a  particular  clasa, 
created  by  the  act  of  1904  and  valid  tor  a  (erm  of  yeara.  Dia- 
Ilnclions  mc  nude  between  granting  a  new  Lcence  and  renewing 
an  old  one.  The  proceedings  are  stricter  end  more  summary  in 
Ihe  case  of  a  new  licence;  notice  of  ippticati9n  must  be  given  to 
the  local  aulhoriles;  tbe  premises  must  be  oF  a  certain  annual 
value;  a  plan  of  the  premises  must  be  deposited  beforehand  in 
the  case  oi  an  "  on  "  licence;  the  justices  may  impose  conditiotx 
and  have  full  discretion  to  refuse  without  any  riglit  of  appeal; 
the  licence,  if  granted,  must  be  confirmed  by  a  higher  authority. 
In  the  case  of  old  h'cencesontheother  hand,  no  notice  Is  required; 
they  are  renewed  to  tbe  tonncrholderm  on  applicaiion.asamatter 
ol  right;  unless  there  is  oppo»tion  or  objection,  which  may 
come  Irom  tbe  police  or  from  outside  parties  or  from  (be  justices 
Ihernselves.  II  there  is  objection  the  renewal  may  be  refused, 
qjeciSed  grounds-^namely  misconduct,   untimess 


IrchoK 


he  plan  explained  above.    There  ti  a 


ces  may  be  transferred  from  one  person  to  another 
Icalh.  sitJinen,  bankruptcy,  change  ol  tenancy,  witlul 
o  a^jly  For  renewal.  loifcilure  or  disqusll  Heat  ton. 
lay  also  be  transferred  Irom  one  bouse  to  another  in 

;nce  may  be  fotfeiled  through  the  conviction  of  the 


7H 


LIQUOR  LAWS 


[UNtTEO  KIMCDOU 


t.  liqam  miy  onlj  be  mM  00  the  prpiiin  qxdfiHl  in 
■—wtek-6My%;  Lob 


I  p.K.)  ta  i.js  r.K.  I«  3  IM.),  6  pjl 
*ad  G«ad  Fiidiy  mit  cmmUd  as  SoiKkjr.  In  SoUud,  Wlln 
ukL  IrdABd  («ccpt  tho  £vc  dud  lovna)  iioiakBpcnDittadm 
SuBiUy.  Uccpcr  boUcn  may  kU  dnriiig  prohibilcd  boun  Ut 
lodccmtayicsiiillttliouicaodto  ina-JUe  InvcUcn,  who  mnl 
be  DM  las  Ihui  3  m.  Irgm  tbt  piue  Ihcy  tkpi  in  so  the  pRvkm 
oiabL  t"'""""  ol  boun  ol  nk  nay  be  gtuud  for  ^icdal 
OCCMioM  and  Igi  ipecul  Iculitiaa  (<4.  eaily  nuckcta)- 

0-  Tb«  lalknrinc  .-  .     .    . 

preiniua:  penniiiing  childi 


Rnd  icalcd  vcuds,  acUiiig  ipiiita  lor 

(poiiUcnO  «  pming,  pomlttiii^  pmiiBaa  to  be  wed  ■•  a 

bcDtbel,   barbaoiiiig   tbimi,   pomitliBi 

penniltiaB  tbc  payment 

pfcnim  to  be  ued  for 

vilUa  M  «L  (4  Loodoo  i 

Ikcmed  pnmlKi  cicept  ludci  ipedal '. 

aOp  Tbe  p(Jkc  Eiavc  the  ri^it  of  eniiy 
at  any  tiine  lor  tbe  pujpoee  of  preventing  w  detecting  ofleacei. 
r  lip  Tbf  injvious  aduiteratioa  of  any  Liquor  a  prohibitcdi 
'  beer;  but  dUutioa  of  ipirita  li  not  unlawful 


Ulbecv 


:.  AU  dubi  in  wbicb  ii 


ngisleRd  If  ibe  UquoriiibecaUectivtpropHtyoftbenwaiben 
no  licence  ii  requited  fi»  retail  tale,  but  at  liquor  can  be  wld  loi 
Gonuunptioo  ofl  the  premiies.  dub*  run 
loi  profit,  knoTU  ai  ptopdetuy  duba, 
are  OB  tbe  aame  k^  footjiv  u  public- 

I}.  PenalliB  iBcuircd  by  licence-bakkn 
lor    oiencaa   uoder    the    fortcoiat    pco- 

[iqnor  than  ihat  authoriied — 6rtL  offeoca, 
fine  not  ^*"*^^"g  £50  or  ooa  pvukib'a 
Unpdsonnwnt;  leoood  oBence,  &ne  not 
axcecdios  jCioo  or  j  montha*  impriion- 
DKat  niib  IMfeilure  of  Ikence  and,  ii 
oidcicd,  confiscaiion  of  liquor  and  dta- 
aiuliacUiOB  loi  £ve  yean;  thin)  oSencc, 

impiiuninent  with  loifeiture  of  licence 
and,  if  ordered ,  confiscation  of  liquor 
and  unlimited  disqualificstioiL  Under 
the  Eiciie  Acta  the  penally  for 
idling  Hiihoul  a  licence  ii— for  (pirita,  a. 
line  ol  £100,  oHtfiication  of  Uquoi,  lor- 
Icilurc  ol  licence  and  peipetnil  dis- 
qualification; for  wioe,  a  fine  nf  lio;  fc 


op  to  UL  for  Bccoad,  aiid  up  to  «ga.  fee  ihinL  lUoiaiia  M 
dJBrdolyBDDduct  while  dmnk;  fine  op  to  40i.  fUidyptMnd- 
ing  to  be  a  tnveila'  or  lod^-;  fine  i^tols.  Cwug  duldrea 
10  be  in  a  bar  or  siBding  lb)m  for  bqdor  coatiuy  to  the  lawj 
fine ap  to £■  for  ifU Bad  aploistat  aecood •Scbix.  Aileaipt 
to  obtain  hqaot  by  a  pcnoa  Kitifiad  to  tkc  poboe  n  an  babkiial 
draakatd;  ftae  tip  to  aoa.  tot  tat  ofltBce,  >p  to  400.  [or  lubae- 
qunt  ooea.    Civii(  draakni  penoaa  liqaw  oi  *  ■----' 


The  longoinl  alUeuKDt  tl  Ibe  Ia«  doca  sot  In  aO  ic^icci* 
kRily  ID  Scflttand  and  btlaiMi,  what  tbe  adninbtntlBD  <hflen 
•onewhat  from  that  el  EBglaiid.  In  Scotland  tbe  pranst  and 
hailiea  are  Ibe  Uoenlnc  aaUmUy  in  royal  and  parljaiarataiy 
burghi,  and  ebewbnc  tbe  jtB^co.  lley  bold  two  naiiBni 
amntady  let  granting  liceaoea  and  have  amidenbly  iBot* 


In  Dublin,  BelbW.Caifc.LaDdiiodeny  and  Odviy  the 
litenwog  JuriadictioD  d  qaarter  aaoaioBs  i>  aiaithui  by  tbc 
leoorder,  iln  bImiii  by  tbe  julicea  aeaemhlad  and  ptoided  ova 
by  the  oouBiy  court  judga.  The  '■■^tT'-e  jurisdiction  <f  petty 
ifinna  ia  ercicised  by  two  a  mon  jwlicea,  bat  m  Dublin  ^ 
one  diviuonal  juitlcc. 

£icue  Zjcncer  and  7axaliM. — lie  eidic  Uooiota  may  be 
divided  into  four  daiss,  (i)  manufaclURn',  (1)  (riulesale 
dealen',  (j)  retail  deakn'  for  "  on "  couumptioB,  (4)  letal 
dealen'  for  "  off "  consimption.  Only  ifac  two  last  damei  come 
I  justices,  a*  eiplained  above.    The 


uii)o."oB" 


For  Bale  10  cbildrea; 
xt,  fine  up  to  li,  Becood  oHenct, 
J  Is- .  PermiiiiBg  premisei  10  be 
a  bidthcl,  fine  of  £».  lorfeiiure 


'  14.  Tbc  lotlDiring  are  ofltnres  on  the 
pan  ol  tbc  public.  Being  lound  drunk  on 
uy  highway  or  oiber  public  place  or  on 


LireB«. 

OdDMy. 

New  Duly  i«i«-i9». 

DinOlcr  (wirit.)      .        , 

£io.ioa. 

£10  tor  fini  90,000  galloni.  £to  for 
rvcfv  addiuonal  15.000  callw. 

gatitofrpirita)     .        . 

"V" 

fiy^twibwrcb. 

Sxni  (British  KJneij 

K 

£S.M. 

VUriit.  fMtr/ Uh-ot- 

S"  ;    ;    :    : 

fe? 

f:j:s 

Nochu(c 

Sweeu   .... 

is.s^ 

NochapEe! 

F«n«  Publican'. 

U.    >0>.    IS   [60 

bpuita.  bar.  wiae  and 

"™^ing^So 

havinc  mx-r  TOD.ooo  iXbiiinii 

cider) 

Beer-hoDH      . 

ii."^ 

OH-lhllilo*  „■>„.!  «!«■=«  p,™««. 

Wine  (eontBSio«r.-t 

£i.io. 

anniMl  «!«. 

SS.      :    :    ; 

b.t 

',=ii:t\l& 

jt(Kdi«(wot>r- 

Sn-ril.                         ,          . 

13.3^ 

Spim.  Igmn:  Scorlaadl 

iSt'i 

Spintaftmetfi.  Iidandl. 

%Y^i  " 

value. 

Bht  [En(UtKn 

B«r  (mjwti'.  ScoiUBd) 
WiM  (grocnV) 

u.J}Su^ 

l^-.'.'^X 

tmiTED  nSGDOM] 


LIQUOE  LAWS 


to  SaMkBd or Itdind.  ThcduticschugtilDn  themocrs^cillr 
du^ed  ukd  Increued  by  the  Fiunct  Act  of  1909-1910,  uhI  it 
teeoi*  dninblt  to  M4te  ttaa  dwngn  Ihu*  intiadiKcd.  Tbt 
labU  Ml  Ibe  pRvloiu  page  givci  tbe  prindpal  kind)  of  kicenc* 
with  tbe  old  «td  the  new  dude*. 

Hkk  ue  la  addition  "  occuioiu] "  lionca  niid  for  one  or 
Don  dtys,  trbich  ci3aw  under  tbe  juriidktion  of  ilie  juiticcs; 
the  datr  i>  ^  ^-  *  diy  for  the  foil  licemx  (niicd  to  iol)  nnd 
It.  loT  beet  or  *ttne  only  (niud  to  ;».). 

The  loU)  amouat  niKd  by  the  eidK  licencei  In  tbe  United 
Kingdom  for  the  finuicUl  yeu  ending  jiw  Uuch  loog  wu 
£3,109,918.  01  this  ainount  £i,Tit,i6o,  or  oeuly  fooi-fiftbi, 
ni  derived  From  the  full  or  pnblicuu'  Ucence,  £1  ifi.ojj  Inun  tbe 
wbolcMle  qiirit  Ucena  uid  £88,1^7  from  the  bcet-haiBe  licence; 
Ibe  rest  ue  companiively  unimponant.  But  tbe  Lkenccs  nily 
t^rCieQt  a  •mall  pert  of  the  revenue  derived  from  liquor.  The 
|Rlt  bulk  ol  it  li  collected  by  meau  of  duties  on  muuUctuie 
and  Importeiion.  The  total  amODnt  (or  the  yest  coding  Hirch 
1909  WM  £37438,189,  or  nearly  30%  ol  Ibe  toul  taxation 
tevenue  of  the  couatcy.  The  eidse  dulict  on  tbe  manulacture 
of  ^riu  yielded  £ij,4S6pj66  and  iHoje  on  beet  £ii,6oi,j}9; 
costomi  dulia  oq  impoitatioD  yielded  isfi*6,i)i9.  Tlie  eidae 
duty  on  (piriti  ma  at  the  rate  of  iii.  a  gaU«i,  raised  at  the  end 
ol  ApHl  igog  to  141.  9d,;  tbe  coireipondiag  duty  on  bcei  ii 
79.  Qd.  a  hurel  (]6  gaUona}.  Tbe  rtlallve  laialion  of  the  liquor 
trade  in  the  United  States,  nbich  bai  become  important  as  a 
political  argument,  ia  dlscusvd  bdow, 

E/k(j  0/  Lepshlum^-Tim  only  affects  which 
with  precision  and  ucrlbed  with  certainty  to  lorii 
increase  or  diminution  ol  th( 
primSsea;  seixindaty  effecls,  luch  aa  increase  or  diminution  of 
consumption  and  of  drunkenness,  are  aHectcd  by  so  many  causes 
that  only  bj  a  very  careful,  well-inlotmed  aod  dispaasionale 
eiaminaliOD  of  the  facta  can  posilive  conclusions  be  drawn  witb 
regard  lo  tbe  InHucnce  of  legislalioo  (see  TehpeulHCE).  There 
is  no  more  pioliEc  ground  lor  fallacious  alatemenls  and  argumoila, 
whethet  unconadous  or  detiberale.  The  course  of  legislation 
traced  above,  bovever,  does  permit  the  broad  conclusion  that 
great  laxity  and  the  multipUcaiion  of  facilities  lend  lo  Increase 
^  inking  and  disorder  in  a  country  like  the  United  Kingdc  ~ 


m  are  the 
■umber  of  licences  or  lifvnaed 


betwet 
applied 


le  severity  produces  the  sa 
Lrade  into  ilUcit  chann  '       ' 


IS  by 


hite  apparently  diminishing 
irceasful  course  has  always  been  a  mean 
n  the  form  of  realraint  judiciously 


Tbe   D 


___ encid  by  the  law  In  recent  yeaTs 

Is  tbe  progressive  reduction  in  the  number  ol  licensed  houses 
aince  iB6g.    Previously  they  had  been  increa^ng  in  England. 
Tbe  number  of  public-bouses,  including  beer-houses  lor  "  on  " 

in  1909  It  had  (alien  again  ta  94,794.    But  if  the  proportion  of 
public- houses  to  population  be  taken  Ihere  hu  been  a  conlinnou* 
fall  sUice  1831,  a*  Ibe  loDowlng  Ubic  shona:— 
Enffmid  ami  Waiti. 


V-. 

-«.^'i£^ 

Population. 

z 

.as 

1 

The  change  may  be  put  In  1 


.;  in  1^00  the  propoi 
one  public-bouse 


Sihcc: 


t037S-  The  proportional redi 
In  173)  there  waa  in  Xaui 
penooa  (ace  above). 

la  Scotland  tbe  numbs  of  publlc-hDUica  has  been  duninlihlng 
(ince  1819,  when  there  were  17,113;  In  1909  there  were  only 
7065, *i4iae tbe populatioDbwl man  IbimdouUcd.   Tbanumbca 


765 

pefMklicn  bu  Ihtdore  MkB  fn  moK  i^rfdlf 
uiui  lu  i^iigiMu,  tbna— i83r,  1  to  134  penout;  1909,  I  to  tgo 
persons.  In  Ireland  tbe  story  It  difi^nnt.  Tboc  bat  been  ■  fait 
in  tba  number  e<  pubUcJioua  alnce  1B19,  when  tboc  wnt 
ie,S48i  hut  it  has  not  beco  lar 


.*» 

190J. 

1909. 

46 

4a 

8 

4* 

37 

si 

The  diminution  in  the  number  of  public-housca  in  ""tf'M 
was  markedly  accelcraled  by  the  >£t  of  1904,  which  intraduced 
the  principle  ol  compensatiaa.  Tbe  avenge  annual  rale  o( 
reduction  in  Ibe  ten  yean  1894-1904  bdoro  the  act  was  359; 
in  the  four  yeait  iciOi-I«o3;  alter  the  act  it  rose  to  ijKS.  The 
average  annual  number  of  llctncet  suppressed  with  co 


and  the  average  annual  amount  rA  compentalion  paid 
i,<>4fi,  contributed  by  the  trade  as  explaiatd  above. 

uses  has  been  accDspaokd  in  ncenl 
in  the  number  of  dubt.  BylbCacI 
istralion,  Ihey  were  braugbt  undct 
iber  oi  legal  dubt  was  anudtdy 
aacertaiocd.  Previously  Ihc  Dumber  waa  only  esiimaied  from 
certain  Atfo  with  approdoiate  accuiacy.    Tbe  (oUowing  table 


w*(  £i,Dq6,<>46,  c 
Tbe  reduction  of  public-: 


a.ti;E»tfa«faa<Itrd(. 

.887. 

1S96, 

■904.  190s. 

.906. 

1907 

1908. 

»w 

Number 

■  9tla 

36SS 

6J7I    SsS, 
■  89     1.93 

6721 

690; 

Jiij 

7JM 

loe 

clubs  represent  altemalivc  chanuels  to  the  licensed  trade  and 
they  ate  under  much  less  stiingcni  control;  they  have  no 
prohibited  hours  and  the  police  have  not  the  umc  right  ol  enliy. 
In  so  Ear,  therefore,  as  clubs  replace  public-hou&ts  the  leducliod 
of  the  latter  dots  not  mean  diminished  lacililies  for  drinking,  bat 
the  contrary.  In  the  years  1903-1908  the  average  number  of 
clubs  proceeded  agunst  for  oflenccs  was  74  and  the  average 
number  struck  oft  Ihc  register  was  51.  The  increaseof  dubt  and 
(he  large  proportion  struck  o?  the  register  suggest  the  need  of 
cat! lion    in   dealing   with    (be   licensed   trade;   over4tringenl 

radical  changes  in  tbe  Brilisb  system  of  iicenvng  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  some  of  the  methods  adopted  in  other  countries,  and 
particularly  those  In  ihe  Uniled  Stata.  But  it  b  difEculI  to 
engraft  new  and  alien  methods,  involving  violent  change,  upon  an 
ancient  system  consolidated  by  successive  sialuloty  enacimeott 
and  cDnliRned  by  lima  and  usage.  The  course  of  the  law  and 
administialioo  since  1869  has  made  it  particularly  difficult. 
The  alringenf  ronditions  imposed  on  licence-holdcn  have  given 
those  who  fulfil  them  a  claim  to  consideration,  and  the  reduction 
of  licences,  hyUmiling  the  market,  has  enhanced  their  value. 
An  eipectation  o(  renewal,  in  the  absence  of  misconducE,  haa 
grown  up  by  usag 
niut  the  dialinctic 
an  old  one.  by  tl 


ibetweer 


hich  levlei  death  duties  on  the 
cndurlog  property,  by  locd 
Buthoritiei  which  tucsa  upon  the  tame  asaumption,  ud  by  tbt 
High  Courts  o(  Juitice,  wbote  dedtiont  have  repeatedly  tunwd 
oaiUtpctot.    "nacoDwquioceodtlthitiitbatvtvlaqvavna 


766 


LIQUOR  LAWa 


(IFNITEO  STATES 


Ittvt  beta  invMtad  in  Iktond  prapctty,  wtakk  hu  become  part 
of  tlie  Mltlal  Didef  d  lodny,  tad  to  destny  it  by  •orae  luddm 
lOoovuiaB  would  cause  ■  grot  ibeck.  Hie  potlUon  ii  cniirely 
diSdciU  In  otba  countriea  when  no  sucb  contiol  hu  era  been 
cxenbcd.  It  a  pOMihte  lo  impose  M.  new  ^itexn  where  previously 
then  wu  none,  but  not  to  n^llice  Biddenly  on  old  ud  Killed 

inC  pnioC  ol  the  need  uid  the  wlvHiilBgei  of  the  chuigE  would 
jultify  it;aadHich  proof  bas  not  been  forthcoming.  The  British 
■VBtEm  bit  the  great  metil  of  cocobminK  idsptability  to  diSeicu  t 

iladiiieia  oi  xlministratioi).  The  advaataeH  o[  >btadaauig 
it  far  ume  oiher  arc  more  rhuT^  doubtful,  the  difEcultu^  an  real 
and  serious.  Over  a  veiy  long  period  it  has  been  rcpeat«lly 
readjusted  in  conformity  with  the  movement  of  public  opinion 

(nt  the  traffic  wtll  in  hand,  and  a  great  and  piogns^vc  impiwe- 
meat  in  oider  and  conduct  has  taken  place.  The  proceu  is 
gnduil  but  nire,  and  the  nrmi  will  compare  favouiibly  with 
that  of  any  other  comparable  country.  Further  readjustment 
will  Idlow  and  is  desinUe.  The  great  defect  of  the  law  Is  its 
eatfeme  complexity;  it  needs  recastinjt  and  ^mpllbcBtJon. 
Tbett  «re  loo  many  kinds  ol  licence, 


1111  of  the  traffic.    Sooie 
;  others  make  no  dlttiDctlon 
ich  fulfil  enlirdy  dlSeient 
lent.    ThefuDorpublicaB's 
most  important,  places  on 
Ibe  uune  legal  footing  hotels,  icstaunnts,  village  inns  and  mere 
drinking  ban,  aiu]  liie  bck  of  diiiinclion  is  a  great  tlujnbJing- 
bkxk«    In  the  attempt  made  in  t^oS  to  introduce  new  Icgiala- 


b  the  1 
are  obsolcle  and  superfluo 
I  branches  of  th^  trade  ' 
IS  and  rcquin  different  tro 


IS  found  n< 


biishment,  alihou, 


sbeiwe 


templated  in  the  original  bill.  It  will  always  be  found  nccosary 
whenever  the  subject  is  seriously  approached,  because  tho  law 
has  to  deal  with  Ihin^  as  they  actually  are.  It  docs  not  fall 
wilhiD  the  scope  of  this  article  to  discuss  the  numerous  contro- 
versial qucitions  which  BriKiD  connexion  with  various  legislative 
proposals  for  dealing  with  the  Uquor  traffic;  but  an  account  of 
Ihe  methods  which  it  has  been  proposed  to  adopt  from  other 
countries  will  be  found  below. 

Tub  United  States 
The  liquor  legislation  of  the  United  States  ptesenla  a  great 

lytlem  gradually  evolved  in  the  courae  ol  centuries  it  embraces 
a  ttbde  series  of  diQircnl  (Hies  baaed  on  tbe  most  diverse  principles 
and  subject  to  sudden  changes  and  frequent  cipeiiirieBU.  It  is 
not  su&ciently  understood  in  £urope  that  the  legislatures  of  the 
several  states  are  sovereign  in  regard  to  internal  aflalra  And  make 
what  laws  they  please  subject 


!e  the  Federal  bw. 


Tbcre 


to  speak  of  any  parliculor  syslei 

countiy.  The  United  Sutes  government  only  inlctleres  willi 
the  traffic  tO  U)  it  for  revenue,  and  lo  regulate  the  sale  □[ 
Uquor  10  Indians,  to  laldiera,  etc.  The  Uquor  traffic  is  subject — 
whether  in  the  form  of  manufacture,  wholesale  or  icUil  trade 
— to  a  unHoim  lax  of  ij  dollars  (£5)  per  annum  injpated  on 
every  one  engaged  in  it.  CoDgroo,  under  the  conslitu- 
Uon,  tsniTols  Interslate  commerce,  and  the  Supreme  Court 

a  railway  or  other  carrying  agency  from  btingiDE  Uquor  to  any 
point  within  its  borders  from  outside.  Thus  no  state  can  keep 
out  Uquor  or  i«event  Its  consumptioB,  but  any  state  legislature 
may  nuke  what  inlcmaJ  reguUUoni  it  pleatet  and  may  picdiihil 
the  manufacture  uid  nie  altogeiber  wilhiu  its  own  borders. 
It  nay  go  fuitber.  Id  1SS7  a  judgment  vw  deUveied  by  the 
SaprciOB  Court  of  the  United  Slates  that  it  h  wilbin  ibe  di&- 
creliouiy  power  of  *  lUte  to  protect  public  health,  safety  and 
uprattevcnby  thedcatiualouoiplDpecti'iirithoHt  compenatien. 


and  that  the  cwitltatian  ol  the  UiAed  Stataa  ia  sot  tfaeRby 
violated.  Use  has  been  made  of  this  power  bi  ^f*^tri.  and  it 
appears  therefore  that  penons  who  engage  in  the  liqvn  Itade 
doaoattbeirownriak.  TbereisinfactnoslabUity  at  aUexctpt 
In  a  few  st&les  wbich  have  incoqioraled  some  pdndple  in  Lbeir 
constitutions,  and  even  that doesnotcBsurecontiouily  of  pntclice, 
as  means  are  easily  found  fat  evading  tbe  law  01  Hbstilutiag 
some  other  system  which  amountsU  the  same  thini.  A*> 
whole  the  control  of  the  liquor  InKc  oocilUtes  violeElly  bclweea 
sttemptcd  supprcssiou  and  gnat  freedom  combined  viib  heavy 
taxation  of  Ucensed  bauaca. 

In  the  great  Inijatiiy  of  tbe  slatca  acme  form  of  IkxDug 
exists;  it  ia  ilie  prevaiUng  system  and  was  adopted,  do  doubt 
from  England,  at  an  early  period.  It  la  eacraaed  ia  vaiious 
ways.  The  Uccnaing  authority  may  be  the  nunidpality  tK  a 
specially  constituted  body  or  tbe  police  or  a  judicial  body. 
The  bst,  which  Is  the  method  in  Pemuylvaola,  seems  to  be 
exo^tioiiaL  According  to  Mr  Fanshawe  then  ia  a  general 
tendency,  due  to  the  ptcviuluig  corruption.  Id  withdraw  from 
munidpkl  authoHliei  power  over  Ibe  licensing,  and  to  placi 
this  functioQ  in  the  hands  of  ronunisEbncrs,  who  may  be  elccied 

used  to  be  nominated  in  citlea  by  the  mayon  and  dtcled  elie- 
when;  but  by  the  ftaincs  law  of  1806  the  whole  adraiuisltatioD 
MU  placed  under  a  stale  cominiskinet  appaisted  by  the 
goveinor  with  the  consent  of  the  Senate.  A  limilar  plan  Is  in 
force  in  some  imponinC  cillca  in  other  atatca.  In  Boston  the 
licensing  is  in  Iba  hands  of  a  police  board  appointed  by  the 
governor;  in  Btltimore  and  St  Louis  the  authority  ia  vested 
in  roounisaioners  similarly  appointed;  and  in  Washington  the 
licensing  commissionen  are  appointed  by  the  ptcaidegt.  la 
Pennsylvania,  where  tbe  (Ouit  (rf  quaitet  sessions  is  the  aulbority, 
the  vesting  of  Uceniing  in  a  judicial  body  daica  back  to  i6;d 
and  bears  the  stamp  of  English  influence.  It  is  Dolewortby 
that  in  FhUadclphia  and  Pittsburg  (AUegbcny  county)  the  judidal 


u  Joc 
Ibe  change  was 


Jll^lUl 


abandoned  ia  iSSS.  The 
y  widely;  in  some  cases  the 
only  grounds  of  refusal  die  conduct  and  cfauacier,  and  licences 
are  virtuaUy  gtantni  to  every  appUcauti  in  olbcis  the  disciciioo 
to  refuse  is  abulute.  In  Afasfiachuseiia  the  number  of  licencca 
allowed  bears  a  fixed  ratio  lo  the  population,  namely  i  to  looo. 


ecly.    Theyai 


neralct 


slates.  Under  tbe  "  high  liceHe  "  system  (sec  below)  it  generally 
vatiea  according  toihesiieof  the  locaUiy  and  ihc  class  of  licence 
where  diScrem  classes  are  recognized.  In  J^f  assochuseiis  there 
are  six  Uccnccs;  three  for  consumption  on  the  premises — namely 
(i)  fuU  licence  for  aU  Uquois,  (i)  beer,  elder,  and  Ugbl  wine, 
(i)  beer  and  cider;  two  for  consumption  off  the  premises'— 
namely  (i)  spirila,  (1)  other  Uquon;  tbe  sixth  is  for  druggists, 
lo  New  Yorksiale  alto  tliere  are  six  disset  of  licence,  though 
ih'ey  arc  not  quite  ihe  lame;  but  in  many  states  there  aHcan 
to  be  only  one  licence,  and  no  dlstinciion  beiween  on  lavA  ofi 
sale,  wholesale  or  reialL    Another  condition  generally  imposed 

in  amoant  but  is  usually  not  less  than  aa»  doUan  {£400)  and 
may  be  as  high  as  Sooo  doUan  (£1 100}.  A  condition  pRcedeBl 
Id  the  granting  of  a  licence  Imposed  in  some  states  Is  the  deposit 
of  a  pctiLloii  or  application  some  time  beforehand,  wbich  may 
have  to  be  backed  by  a  certain  oumbei  of  local  ttsidenta  or  tax- 
payers. In  Pennsylvania  the  required  number  is  1 1,  and  this 
Is  the  common  practice  elsewhere:  in  Missouri  a  majority  of 
lax-payers  is  required,  and  the  licence  may  even  then  be  refused, 
but  if  the  peli'Ucn  is  signed  by  tno-thiids  of  [he  tai-pay«n  the 
licensing  aulhorily  Is  bound  to  grant  it.  lliis  Menu  to  be  a 
sort  of  genuine  local  option.  Frcvisicn  ts  also  geneully  made 
for  hearing  objectors.  Another  condition  soinetimes  rtquiied 
[Massachuscus  and  Iowa)  is  the  conscnl  of  ownen  of  Mtjalnlng 
property.     In  some  stales  no  licences  are  permitted  wiihin  a 


LIQUOR  LAVS 


VMITED  9TATBS) 

■UteditiiUiiccof  ccruia  [i]ititiitloia;t,t.pubIft;paiti(Mi9Kinrf) 
■nd  icboola  (MisucbUBctli).  Regulitloi 
liccoNd  tnde  nearly  alwiys  Lnclude  probibtl 
under  i8  ud  to  dnmlurdi,  on  Suadij'i,  public  bolklayi  and 
eletiioo  diyi,  uid  piohibitioa  af  tfae  cniployDiait  of  barmiir 
SuBdiy  dosing,  wbkh  fi  imiveml,  dales  a  Icul  (ram  iS 
(Indiuu)  and  it  pnbiblj'  mncb  oldo.  Tbi  baua  af  ckalng 
week  d*yi  vuy  coaiidenUy  but  are  usually  lo  rjL  or  ii  r. 
Other  thing!  tie  often  prt^biCed  lududiog  indecoit  pktur 


"  Slalt  FToUbitiim.—lB  a  few  itatet  no  licei 
State  piolubitioa  was  first  [Dlrodufvd  la  E&4A  u 
of  ■*!»«■  agitatiOD  in  Maine,  and  within  a  few 
wag  followed  by  the  other  New  En^and  slate 
iSjs,  Connecticut  in  185*,  New  Hampsbirein 
■"■■■■■.    They  hav 


e  allowed. 


855  " 


w  alter 


more  «r  leM  pnlonged 
■tateswhichhavetricd  and  abandoned  it'arc  Illinois  (1851-1SJ3), 
Indiuu  (iSlS-iBsS),  Michigan,  Iowa,  Nebraska.  South  Dakota. 
Hh  gieu  Uiddli  lUles  have  either  never  tried  it,  as  in  the  caK 
of  New  York  (where  it  wis  enacted  in  18^5  but  decloted  ancon- 
Uttutlonii),  IVRniylvgnia  sad  New  Jeraey,  or  only  gave  it  a 
nominal  trial,  ai  with  lUiioii  and  Indiana.  A  curioui  position 
came  about  hi  Ohio,'  one  of  the  great  induslnal  state*.  It  did  not 
adopt  prohibition,  which  lotUdt  the  raanulactun  and  ule  of 
Uquori  but  in  iSji  it  afaandoned  licensiBg,  which  had  been  in 
farce  alnce  17Q1,  and  Incaiporaled  a  provbionin  the  comtitulion 
declaring  that  no  Ikence  should  therealter  be  gianled  in  the  ataie. 
TlM  poiitlon  thru  waa  that  retail  uh  arilhoul  a  liance  was  illetat 
and  that  no  Ucene*  could  be  granted.  This  auigular  state  o( 
things  was  changed  in  i££A  by  the  "  Dow  law,"  which  authorized 
a  lai  on  the  trade  and  rendered  it  legal  without  eapreuJy  sanction- 
ing or  licensing  it.  There  were  therefeic  no  licencEi  and  no 
Rcensing  machinery,  but  the  traffic  was  land  and  conditiont 
ImpOBed.  In  eScct  the  Dow  lav  amounted  lo  repeal  of  pro- 
Ubition  and  its  teplacement  by  tbe  freeit  poseibk  fotin  of  liceni- 
ing.  In  lowi,  which  early  adcfited    a  ptDhibitoiy  law,  atlU 


I,  known  as  tl 
g  the  trade  and  practically 
le  itOTy  of  the  forty  yeara' 
hi  this  state  between  the  prohibition  agitation  and  ih 
appelilei  of  mankind  is  exceedingly  Instmrtive;  it  is 
ordinary  revelation  of  political  Intrigue  and  lortnous 
ings,  "and  an  impressive  warning  against  the  tally  of  .  _ 
coerce  the  personal  habits  of  a  large  section  of  the  population 


It  their 


iriU.    It  ei 


which 


e  principle  is  preserved  in  one  law  and  personal 
fiberly  vbidicated  by  another  contradictoiy  one,  TTie  result 
may  be  satisfactaiy,  but  it  night  be  iltamed  in  a  less  eipenaive 
manner.  What  suSeia  is  the  ptindple  of  law  itself,  which  is 
brought  into  diirepute. 

prohibition,      abandoned    by    the    papulous    New 


Englan. 


mlral  » 


L,   has   ii 


itates^Maine,  Kansas,  North  Dakota,  (Georgia  i 
n  January,  rgOQ,  it  came  into  operation  in  A 
sslppi,  and  North  Carolina;  and  in  July  rgoq  in  T< 


B  lorn  In  five 


prohibition  i? 
abandoned  ge 


lake  ft  up  and  drop  ii 
regnlai  manner  every  11 


an,  having  been  adopted  by  the  legislature  of 
Georgia  loUawed  in  the  next  year,  and  then 
t  up  for  several  yesrs  until  the  rise  of  state 
middle  of  tbe  century  caused  it  lo  fall  into 
.  But  the  states  which  adopted  and  then 
prohiUlion  (ell  back  on  the  bcal  (oim,  and  a 
have  also  adopted  It-  In  1907  it  was  In  (orce 
eluding  all  the  mast  populous  and  important, 
' '  -  .    But  the  «tenl  to  which  It  is  applied 


waa  running  favourably  to  tbe  adop- 

pfvkibitioD  with  the  cicqition  of  5  municipalitiea;  Arkansas, 
5t  out  of  f 5  counties;  flaiida,  j;  out  of  46  counties;  MiasisilppI, 
{6  out  of  77  cnuntfcsi  Narth  Candina,  70  oat  of  qj  couiKia; 
VenwDt.joutoflSdtiesiadseSatitaf >4itawna.  Theuepptar 
to  be  the  uwat  prohibitive  slates,  and  they  are  all  of  a  rural 
character.  Al  the  other  oid  af  the  icalo  woe  Peiuiiylvania 
with  I  connty  and  a  fewtowm  ("lawn"  lo Ameria ii gaieially 
equivalent  to  "  village  "  bi  Ea^and);  UichlgaB,  i  ceunty  and 
a  few  tOKBS;  Califamiar  parU  of  8  ot  10  counties.  New  York 
had  joS  out  of  933  town*,  Ohio.  480  out  of  7M  towns,  Maaa- 
chusetta,  ig  out  of  33  dtfea  and  141)  out  of  311  towni.  At  the 
end  ot  igo«  a  itrong  leactiini  agataM  the  ptoUbition  policy  IM 
hi,  notably  in  Haaaehuclt*. 

There  to  no  bmk  mKMmity  In  the  mods  of  piocedute  than 

In  the  extent  of  a(f>lication.    At  least  &ve  tnctbodi  are  ditlln- 

guished.    In  the  taost  com|dcte  and  regular  toim  a  vote  Is  taken 

every  year  in  all  bcallties  whether  there  shall  be  licences  or  not 

In  the  ensuing  year  and  Is  decided  by  a  bare  majoiity,    A  lecond 

method  o(  applying  the  general  vote  is  to  take  it  at  toy  time, 

bnt  not  Dfiens  than  once  In  f<«r  yean,  on  the  demand  of  one- 

tenth  of  the  dectorate.   A  third  plan  is  to  apply  this  principle 

locally  and  put  the  question  to  the  vote,  when  'demanded,  ia 

any  locaL'ty.    A  lounh  and  cntlrdy  diHerent  system  is  10  InvcM 

the  local  aulboriiy  with  powers  to  decide  whether  there  shall  be 

enco  or  pat;  and  a  fifth  Is  to  give  residents  power  to  prevent 

enccs  by  means  al  protest  or  petition.    The  first  two  melbod* 

!  those  moat  widely  in  farce;  but  the  third  plan  of  taking  a 

al  vote  by  itself  ii  adopted  in  some  important  slates,  including 

rw  York,  Ohio  and  UUnalL   Opiniani  difler  widely  with  regard 

the  success  af  local  veto,  but  all  Independent  observen  agree 

It  it  is  mote  successful  than  stale  prohibition,  and  the  prefei- 

K  accaided  to  it  by  so  many  states  alter  prolonged  eiperientc 

>vcs  that  public  opinion  broadly  endorses  that  view,     lu 

vantage  lies  in  its  adaplability  to  local  circumitaoco  and  local 

inioo.    It  prevails  mainly  in  rural  dislricls  and  amall  towns; 

the  larger  towns  It  k  best  tnlcralcd  where  they  are  In  doac 

enmity  to  "  aafety  vahres  "  or  licensed  areas  in  which  liquor 

1  be  obtained;  the  large  citio  do  not  adopt  it.    On  the  other 

nd,  it  has  some  serious  disadvantages.    The  perpetually  rr. 

newed  strug{^e  between  the  advoralca  and  opponents  of  jsobibi- 

It  cause  of  ndal  and  poUtical  strife;  and  the 

ing  up  and  opening  ol  public  houses  b  nlany 

plans  makes  continuity  of  adminislratinn  impoaaibte,  prevents 

the  eieculive  from  getting  the  traffic  properly  in  hind,  upsets 

the  habits  of  the  people,  demoralises  the  trade  and  stands  in  the 

ray  of  steady  improvement. 

Pailk  Diipnuaiici.— Tbi*  entirely  different  system  of  con- 
Tolling  tbe  traffic  has  been  in  geaieral  cqieration  in  one  state  only, 

tbe  neighbouring  stateaof  North  Carolina,  Georgia  and  Alabama. 
The  coloured  dement  ii  very  strong  In  these  states,  especially  in 
South  Carolina,  wbeie  the  coloured  far  eiceeds  IheVhiie  popula- 
The  dispensary  system  was  Inaugurated  there  in  1B93. 
It  bad  been  preceded  by  a  licensng  system  with  local  veto 
(adapted  in  rSBs),  but  a  strong  agitation  for  slate  prohibition 
bmught  mattera  to  a  crisis  in  i8gi.  The  usual  violent  political 
struggle,  which  Is  the  only  constant  feature  of  liquor  legislatioa 
n  tbe  United  States,  took  place,  partly  on  temperance  and  partly 
m  economic  grounds;  and  a  way  out  was  found  by  adopting 
in  idea  Iron  the  town  of  Athens  in  Georgia,  where  the  li<par 
[radewasmnbyihe  municipality  ihniughapublicdispensary.  A 
aw  was  pasted  in  1S91  embodying  this  pnnciple  but  applying 
:t  to  the  whole  sUte.   The  measure  was  fiercely  contested  in  the 


sole  pnrveyoT  of  liqaot,  buyins  wholeialBfrm  Om  manifaclwa*    . 


76B 


LIQUOR  LAWS 


lEUROPEAN  CtXJNTItlES 


opes  on  neA'dnyt  ukI  diuiag  tbe  diy-iiim;  tb^  doK  at 
wBKt.  liquBc  ii  mij  told  ib  bmila  and  in  not  la*  qiuMitki 
•bu  baU  ■  pint  of  ipirili  tad  a  pint  et  beer,  ud  il  bdu  ta 

onkr  t^Kcully  amcm^  Ibc  coloizral  population,  wbo  uv  vety 
auHxptifak  to  drink.  The  law  icenii  ID  be  well  canied  oul  ia 
■snanJ,  bui  CbaileUoa  and  ColumUi,  Ihe  only  t*a  niuiilnble 
tDvm,  us  b(Kwya»ibcd  witb  iilidt  diink^bopi,  ai  the  writer 
bai  pnived  by  penoital  cupeneUK  Colurahii  is  ihc  capital  and 
the  Mat  al  cMtoa  oaiaiFutana,  a*  ue  il!  the  laifs  Uama, 
with  Ihe  exception  of  CliatldtoD^  ivbich  b  the  port  and  busiiaa 
cenue.  The  ptqwIatioD  oi  the  *t«te  it  [^edomiuntly  nml,  ud 
local  prehihiiiiw  oluini  ia  iS  ont  of  41  counties. 

The  (oIlBirinc  Mtiaiial  eoneariHin.  excncKd  Inm  ttie  Uilted 
Sial»  Cemuel  loDO  aod  tbe  Inkod  Revenue  Ketiini  by  Mr  W.  O. 
Tatum  iNta  Buychfiiia  of  Sttiat  Kifmi  and  here  pnseDtcd  in 
labubr  toriD.  It  biihly  Initructlvc.    It  ihowi  the  population  and 

■nmber  o<  liiiuor  dcikn  fnylnf  the  United  State-  ■ —  — *■=- 

bilioa' itate*.  one  itate  HfMe^w^~'   ''' — 

eyKem,  and  South  Canliua. 


'.J40J'ft 


Wholcule 


Retail 


Tbit  Ubic  may  be  nid  to  e|»lon 


i>  iiliot.' In  South  CaroLi 

•ale  dialn  and  »U  oi  tbe - 
chuietta  the  auaber  < 


jmpiete  probiUtion  b 


tbi  whale  o(  the 
a  one  of  the  whale- 
—  S34  letailef*  we»  lUIdt.  in  Mau- 
mot  be  itated,  but  it  It  veiy  taree.  II  the 
licence  the  total  le^i  number  ol  licence*, 
which  li  linlled  In  proportion  10  popubtloa  (tee  above),  vould  be 
S400;andlathalcaiethanwoaldbeHueiioodtidt»Iail(n.  But 
a  lanpe  Bart  of  the  sate,  probably  nwre  tua  half,  a  under  local 
prohkbilion,  eo  that  the  majority  oF  the  500a  retail  oealen  inuit  be 
Ulidt-    Theie  facts,  which  are  typical  and  not  eaceptioiial,  reveal 


the  f^ote  ol  the  k* 


hich  are  typical  aE 
to  control  the  tn 


they  are  ifnored  by  conuaoa  coi 
on  u  openTy  that  the  United  Stil. 
IneollerlinetherederHllaa.    Itj 

The  emiaple  1>  a  gcnd  le 


.    The  ilicg*!  trade  ii  a 
coueoffinnhavenodillii 


._.     . ._  been  made  above  of 

the  "  high  licence?'  TUi  ajrneni  I>  intended 


high  UccBce?"  TlUa  ayaem  la  inte ,_.,.. 

at  an  aiAauatlc  cheek  aa  the  Bomber  al  lloenca  and  to 

It  waa  Litradueed  in  Ncbnilca  ui  iWi,  when  a  tai 

_ (£mo)  wai  placed  an  bIcod*  ^blic  hoiim)  in  lane 

indhalllbatamountinmatlerone*.  The  practice  gradualTy 
been  adopted  bv  li  larre  number  of  •Istet, 
Mil  and  induKriol  notth-eaitcm  and  ceniral 
iiett*.  where  the  high  licence  wai  adDmed  in 
^  p.-,v,etiirrcd  toliccniin^altcra  tiialof  protiitulion, 
Kceptionally  hiah.  the  nririmum  lor  a  fully  licenad  on 
'  bi^iii  1300  dollin  tCtbs);  in  Boeton  IbeaveraKe  tu 
i(  £jio.  In  New  York  itato  it  nngn  Iron  150  dollara  (Up)  In 
ipanely  populated  diitricta  to  l»0  dollan  C^a^o),  and  in  Penn- 
lylvania  It  It  much  ihe'Mme.  la  New  JerKy,  on  the  other  hand,  it 
raraet  from  £10  to  f6o;  in  Connecticut  Inwi  too  10  1C90:  in  RhcBlF 
liland  From  £10  tolSo.    in  Minouri,  which T«  a  iprcial  .yneni 

■wcamhelaieicRcd'i^sai.   Ink^^nh iiuniformar^iw! 
Tbe  Bwnn  far  the  large  ckio  i>  ftjj.  Tb*  Rniuic  deriYed  fma  (hi* 


ral^ud  I 
noticeably    ' 

iBjawhcn 


•owa  il  diaiatid  ia  aaBv  way*,  but  'a  ttotnllT  dinded  In 
vaiying  propottan*  between  ihe  icale,  the  oounty  and  tbe  douaici' 
pilily ;  ■Hnctinea  a  ptopoctioB  aoei  la  the  relief  of  the  poor,  u 


lad^nahiBE  or  aome  other  public  porpi 
■  fiwt  ciiiea  il  viiy  Itric.   It  will  be  • 

'thTun 

(oaliwi 


tnm  Ihe  loregcanc  th 


ia  the  United  KiDidom.    The  total  yield  wai  aaccrtaJncd  by  a 
ipccial  inc|uiiv  in  IsgAandfound  tobe  rather  leia  than  ij  niillioiii 
..°f:,.  ider  1  milEooi.   Allawinf  for  diflereocc 

»_  «».,.»«»...  rale  of  taaalion  waa^  tiBaiiici^t 
itiih.  It  hu  been  inferred  Ihat  the  Ikiiior  trade  ia  nuicb 
nnre  nianly  taxed  In  the  United  Slatei  and  that  il  would  bear 
iar^ely  lacnased  taaalien  In  the  UnitH  Kiqedotn^  that  arninent 
vai  btou^t  iarward  in  lappen  cd  Mi  Lloyd  Coorgn'*  bttdeet  ol 
1909.    Bui  it  only  lahca  acanml  of  thi  til  on  boenee*  and  leave* 

in  the  United  Kingdom,  ai  h*>  been  nhown  above.  The  Kalei  are 
much  Iswtr  in  the  United  Slatca,  cipedally  on  ipiriti.  which  an 
eniy  laud  at  die  average  nteolju.M.  a  fatlonagainit  III.  (iwed 
1al4a.9d.iB  igoflinlfaeUnitedKuicdoB.  Mr  Frederic  Thnapni 
haa  calculated  out  the  effect  of  the  two  icia  of  rate*  and  tbowB  Uut 
if  British  ralea  were  applied  to  Ihe  United  SUtci  the  average  yield 
in  the  three  yean  ending  1908  wonld  be  railed  from  44  ninionilo 
76  milbonii  and  converHly  if  American  nie*  ware  applied  to  the 
UmMl  Kingdom  the  avnai*  yiM  woald  be  lowered  Inn  j6 
millnnatoa^mjlliOD^  TahiiiglicenGcaaadllquortuBtioBtngethcr 
he  tndi  that  the  applicalioa  ol  the  BritiiL  itandarda  for  both 

"  -!"  ->"  the  total  yleW  h  the  United  Slateaby  39%!  and 

— -'  --■■^  *^'-b  ntea  ptcniling  in  Ma^huKtl* 


in  that  the  trade  ii 


.    iBIhei 

-Bdta  lai 

d.  in  the  United 


I  coniidenbly  higher 
lean  endiac  lOM  the 
waa  II*.  tld.  ia  the 

'•—•-a.    It  say  be 


nuiney  at  pnnible  by  any  ueani  available,  while  they  have  the 
opparfunlty.  for  no  eompenation  I*  ever  paid  for  auildcn  di»- 
po*ie«ion.  The  notion  that  the  trade  wfU  Hand  aabdeflnlteaiDooig 
of  taution  I*  a  dangeroui  and  ofl-pnivcd  fallKy. 

European  Counlria. 
Vliih  the  exception  of  Sweden,  Norway  and  Runia,  vbkb 
have  ^xdai  lyaLenu  of  their  own,  the  continental  counlriea 
ol  Europe  have  as  yet  paid  comparatively  little  lesblaliv* 
allenlion  to  tbe  aubject  of  the  liquor  tra/bc,  which  is  iccogiuced 
by  the  law  but  for  the  most  part  freely  permitted  with  a  mint- 
mum  of  jDterferencc.  Differences  exist,  but,  generally  *p^>ing, 
calablislimcats  may  be  opened  under  a  very  simple  proredure, 
whicb  amouQls  to  atl  elementary  form  of  licenung,  and  the 
permission  is  only  witbdrawa  for  some  definite  and  leikiua 
offence.  Kefidations  and  conditbss  are  for  the  most  pari 
left  to  the  ditcrelion  of  the  local  authority  and  the  police  and 
are  not  buTdeRwme.  The  Rason  for  such  freedom  aa  compared 
with  (he  elaborate  and  strinjEcni  cixles  of  the  United  Kingdwn 
and  the  United  Slates  is  not  less  concern  for  public  welfare 
but  Ihe  simple  fact  that  the  IraRic  gives  less  trouble  and  canscs 
less  hiim  through  Ihe  abuse  of  driiili;  the. habits  ol  the  people 

the  mode  of  coDsumplIoa  and  the  type  of  cstablithmenL    Cafi^ 

pot-bouses  less  so  thou  in  tbe  English-speaking  ccuntriea.  Where 
trouble  arises  and  engages  the  attention  of  the  antborilia 
and  the  legislature,  it  is  almost  invariably  found  to  be  axsodalcd 
with  the  consumption  of  spirits.  In  several  of  the  wine-produdng 
countries,  which  arc  generally  marked  by  the  temperate  habits 
of  the  people,  the  widespread  havoc  among  the  vines  caused 
some  years  ago  by  the  phy  lloieiu  led  10  on  increased  comumptiao 
of  spirits  which  bad  a  bad  effect  and  amused  considerable  aniiely. 
This  was  notably  the  case  in  France,  where  an  anli-alcoboi 
congrcsB,  held  in  igoj,  marked  tbe  rise  of  public  and  sdenttfic 
opinion  on  the  subject.     Temperance  societies  have  become 

stricter  regulations  or  at  least  a  demand  for  it;  but  m  otben 
the  present  law  Is  a  relaxation  oleuSM^CfUl.. 


dbA!A)ogl( 


e 


EUROPEAN  COUNTRIES  UQUOR   LAWS' 


fnnu.— Till  pn 

lull  dikCTRioO  wu 

driirint  to  open  >  c^4 
the  willic 


ud  Uh  propnitor»  j 

,  in  Puu  b  th*  ptMccti 

B»ine.   Tnnifcri  of  pfvpnctocihip  «. 

wiihin  IS  dayt,  and  biUnded  Iniufnmca  oTIiKUiiM  S  dajv  I 
hiad.   Tbe  penally  (or  uifnctioi  k  ■  G«  «( ifi  fnnn  lo  iM 

ib^  nnmi 


place  (or  rtuUinB  Ikjuor  imu 

~  "ila  ooDcening  hiDtelf,  tVi 

Eiit  IS  diM  bdorckaiig 

if  polin  aaa  titeArtt  ih 


E  Hk  of  (duliFnud 


10 

■he  mail 


the  FrtiK^.  bui 
tbe  imperil]  laa 


onion  ii  only  ciMtded  by  BeljUim.     Uoifcr  tbe  Local 
:al  A(l  of  iSJi  miuiidpal  luiboAtieB  are  enpDwend.loc 
mane*  ci  public  order,  lo  tx  boun  ol  ekwM.  regalaK 
'--^'■'  ihe  caoplffynneat  of  |irh  and  the  harbourtn  of 
malie  other  rejubliona.   The  hoiin  of  cle^  Afler 
il  uually  they  are  ii   r.H..  nudnighl  or  I  A.H. 
ghily  lanedi  maUen  pay  Iron  IS  to  JO  Emm  a 
-  deatcrt,  tl}  frannibfviiTnn  tbr  ■•me  ia  rioa 


of  iSn  iiuiDT  hotetioiKl  Rl 
local  aulbofity  whicb.  howevt 


dependenl  on  proof  that  a  ia  kicaLly  reauind.  and  a1»  to  impoae 
the  umc  OMdilian  on  ion-keepIiK  and  the  mailisf  of  other  dnnki 
lb  lot  than  luoo  inhabitiatt  and  in  larKr  one*  vbicb 
al  Matute  to  thai  eKect.    Before  a  Iktnceli  tnnltd  the 
'*'e  police  aod  other  encolive  oAnra  it  to  be  taleen- 

.  authorily  it  Ihe  piiyor  in  Hum  and  tbe  chaiiman  of 

the  diiltkl  ooDcil  in  runl  aieu.  ThcoroTiuHu  >ilb  ccgonliDihe 
depencience  of  a  licence  oD  kical  EKiuucnicntt  have  liren  aih^rd 
by  Prusia  and  other  Katet.  but  apparently  iiiile  or  no  ok  it  made 
of  them,  Pero^lt  arc  very  ftecly  granledn  and  the  number  of 
Ikctwed  botuva,  thousb  oot  lo  frtaL  at  in  Fraoce,  ia  very  bifb  ia 
proportion  to  population.  Three  clamet  of  csabliihiieni  arc 
reeotniird— (0  CuiwirHalmri,  (j}  AUaa^-HiriJlKihil.  uf  KItiit- 
ianJil.  Cdrt^Hirltsiia/liiinn-^ctpinil.octhrtDdiinf olHraoEenia 
an  open  houie  for  pro6t,  and  iocUido  "penHooa"  o(  a  public 
character;  the  impenal  lav  pnividca  that  a  liceKc  may  be  limiteil 
to  IhitfiinctionaiidnGediUtiDciudetlieretaiJLDf  of  liquor-  Sikaiik- 
virlkKkofl  it  tbe  retailing  [or  proCt  of  all  aortt  of  drinlti.  iocludinf 
ef^wr  anri  miiml  walen;  It  coRefpofidi  to  aii  In  Fiance  and 
In  EnglaDd;  but  Ibe  mere  lervini  of  food  doei 


n  of  £34;  IB  iIk  higlkeat  dai^  which  repreaaitta 

producinf  £2500  and  upwardi  (or  a  capital  value  of  ^jOuo  and 
apwardifthe  tai  ii  I  %  of  the  profila  There  it  alu  a  rtamp  duly 
«  ()w  i./^~.  ~»:..  ir~_  '•  M  to  £j.    The  latUr  got*  "•  •*• 


769 

btaiam  tan  to  the  gowninwt.   BMrndvMu 


n,  IfaUan^  die 
ii  both  oational  andlocal. 


oT^r  lo  check  tha  aiicima  of  apbil-drinidiif.   fhcpok 
observed,  arv  fpinc-drinllani  ipd  tba  eaceptioo 

■liuiK  from  [hat  h^ia,  aftidi  lonto  ucial  all 
Tbr  l!*,  jw  neatiaoed.  ■>  HoOaod  iTamlH 

runicularcaaHof  RuHia  and  Scandiiiavia.  deec..--,  , _.  _ 

Where  (he  drink  of  tbe  people  i>  conGnsd  to 


The  prbnary  object  waa  10  chccli  tho 

incfhicb  were  very  £rtat  in  RmiB  atnoa^ 
|..^,  The  effect  hak  been  a  very  large  reduclioo 
liquor  ^ops>  which  hai  enteiided  al^  to  the 

J  though  they  aft  not  dinillx  aflccied  ai  luch. 

Presumably  when  they  could  no  longer  acU  ifHriti  it  dad  oot  pay 

bTiig  "  or  company  lyitem  a  in  force  togetber  with  licenting  and 
^'cai  veto.    Lilte  ine  Ruuian  Kate  moai^oly  iht  coinpiny  tyitem 


kSlieil'^ 


part  of  Ihe  loth  century  produced  ili 

very  limiLir  to  that  of  EnBljr>d  in  thv  iQiu  kciiLuiy 

From  1774  to  17W  diuiinni  In  Sweden  wai  a  crows  > 

pMHilai  oppoiiiion  and  illifii  trade  compelled  the  al 

Ihit  pton  111  favfhir  of  general  pcimluioo  granted  tc 

kecpcn  and  lindownera.    Al  the  beginning  of  tbe  i^u  ceniurv 

the  right  to  di«n  licioiwed  10  every  owner  and  culiivaior  of  land 

on  payment  oratriAirigucence  duty,  and  it  war  further  ejiicnded  to 

occupicrt.     In  tS^  tlie  number  at  ttJlla  paying  licence  duly  waa 

an3  the  whole  population  wiidcbaucbcd  with  iplcita.   Thephyucal 
the  tame  at  thoac  itcordcd  In  England  a 

-he  lUDplv  «"•  tomewhai  rertricted  6y  roytf 

»  hi  IBJS.  but  the  iiaKc  wai  Bot*  tffeclively  ckalt  wiih 

*"  when  a  taw  war  paucd  whidi  practically  aboliihed 

liliing  by  fixing  a  minimum  daily  oulpui  of  20a  gallon^ 

I  about  lod.  a  gallon.    Thli  turned  the  busoeu  into  a 

and  ipeeilily  reduced  the  number  oT  itillt.    At  lbs 

— -. ,  -he  ittad  ^le  waa  tubjected  to  draatic  rcgulallona.    A 

Bcendng  lyaten  waa  blroduced  which  gavr  the  loni  authority 
power  to  lix  tbe  number  sA  licencea  and  put  then  up  to  auction  or 
•^  k.-j  «.ff  iiif  retail  traffic  altogether  to  a  company  formed  for 
of  carrying  It  on.  Thebttcr  Idea,  which  i>  Ibe  Gothcn- 
urg  lyttcm,  «u  takoi  from  tbe  example  of  Falun  and  JbnkApinB 
ibich  had  a  few  yean  ago  voluntarily  adopted  the  plaiL  Tbe  law 
-    '     -     -  f^f^\  iiiarkti  the  power  of  local  veto.    Foui- 

m  live  in  rural  dlttrtcli,  and  the  great  majority 


when  riorhenbuig  adopted  it. 


legidatlim  a  few  ytari  1 
hceming  vyKem  wai  In 
n  la  tEe  number  of  Ik 


ant^n"^ 


H  until  lUJ, 

_,„_..    Thei 

■"'  checked^ ^ 

icn.  in  IB4S  a  iixcial 
:  local  authority  power 
:he  imall  and  domcBle 


LIRA— UROCONITE 

I    Tin  nol  nvnnt  dtriml  br  the  ttotirinio 


m  nodificitjon.    The  a 


0|^u1.>«lili>y  nvuctih*  ak  both  lor ''an"iiid"aff"cainiiiipila 
in  iha  pnMic  intnal.  Tbi  pn&u,  aiai  paysaui  o(  }%  on  Ih 
opiul.  wiciiuUy  wrat  !■  SuKocn  naiflly  to  tH  BUBidHluy  i 
rU  ■!<  nia,  in  Nsrwiy  Is  obinli  ol  pubUc  utility.    Tha  latK 


(be  ppofiu  u  biffa  aa  pgwbic  pMlt 
bgtb  niHboda,  iDd  jiayiiKnt  of  piofit' 
In  rAoA  a  law  w«a  puavi  in  Norm 
diuributloa;  6s%  to  tbc  lUK.  »' 


'  pnviding  for  the 


lSTJ^ 


The  OMipany  ayitein  had  hi  if 
tri«l;  il  bad  cone  thnwgh  fana 
lueb  cfkldin,  iriiicb  mi  balan 
bad  hcU  iu  on  in  Sweden.  •! 
1906.  la  Nermy  at  Ibe  unie  di 
M  bad  adapud  taal  veto,  whic 
dUtrieu.  wbera  ■'  '"'t  r»»wimiJv 
U»aIi»9J. 


beer  traffic  it  ntiuwd 
at  a  defect  in  the  lyner 


already  Mid,  it  anty  an 


'CTi; 

Sveden  and  nscbed  J117.J00 


10  ipirila.     la  bMh 
irarikilly  free.    Tht 


(^  wme  aj  a  "  ufety  valve  "  and  by  otheie 

BaTorberinaR  d^kteriaui  ubititutea  lor  apiriii  have  come  ints 
un  in  the  Aape  of  coococtcd  "wiaei"  and  methylaled  fpiriiL 
Tha  company  oanaBeDieat  bae  bad  tbe  feUowing  cflccc*:  it  ^ — 
(leaiiy  rHuod  tbe  nuipber  of  tpirit  bare,  improved  their  chara 

aad  conduct,  added  telin ■■ -■'  -■■ '- 

icrved,  Hopped  drinking 
of  ate,  ahortened  (be  faoui 
atrcncth  of  ^lirita.     Bui 

and  hame  drinldnf. 


ire.  improved 
ca  haa  uLoiblaledlhe  leu 


Canada, — Liquor  Lniilaiion  in  Canada 


tbroufhout  I  he  Dominion  ei 

ry  in  etrinscncy-     At  a  whole  tbe  liceniing 
I  the  Anenun  (ban  tbe  Britiab  type.  The lii 

been  ihr  amc  lendcncy  »i  in  Oio  United  Sl"~  ■- 
former  for  tlie  Liiler.   Id  Briiiib  CsliiinlHa 


the  United  Stain  t 
iib  CsliiinlHa  no  - 
..  nquot  ol  tvo-il 
ing  piupeny,  but  1 


cipal  authority  bat  power  to  Umic  at  wen  at  nguiaie  tile  Jicciuod 
tnde,  Sunday  clovng  id  the  rule;  on  vcek-dayt  the  uiual  eloping 
liDur  in  the  targe  towns  it  11  pji.  The  power  in  locally  Dfohibiting 
liccntcd  houies  by  vote  wai  Inlroduced  by  the  Canada  l^perance 
Aci,  a  federal  b*  paucd  in  1S75  and  commonly  kao*n  at  the  Sate 
Act.  Eilcnilve  UH  hu  been  nude  of  it,  etpecially  ia  the  mariiine 
pTDvlncn,  vbere  the  temperance  aentimeat  it  very  atrong,  but  In 


Dr  citfea,  ol  which  t 


.    Three  ekctwna  wi 


the  Grit  two  pmhibilion  wat  defeated.  In  1910  Nov.  ^ 
apparenily  dinatikSed  with  the  progrm  of  local  prohibition  l 
the  Scoti  Ad.  paiied  a  prohibitory  hw  lor  the  whole  prov 
exempting  KaliFai,  the  capiial  and  only  contidcnblc  town, 
maklag  provitioo  for  jtt  tubitquent  iBcluiioa  hy  a  rererendu 
the  latepaveri.    There  It  in  Canada  tbe  laine  (HCiUition  of  p 

X'nionai  ui  the  United  Sialei.and  the  tame  toleration- of  ev. 
ihe  law.  The  writer  ha^  nayed  in  hotela  in  acyejal  prohib 
lowni.  when  Ihete  iHi  not  only  a  legubr  bar  but  a  printed 
lilt  from  which  anything  could  be  ordend  at  meali  witboiit 
concealment  at  alL    The  chief  dillerence  between  the  condu 


tbe  bat  il  cb 


loaeivt.   ThehwiinoDi 
tne.    In  email  tevna  and 

ol°the  UnllS' Slatei.    Inul^. _ 

luthorlilet  have  power.  In  Quebec,  to  prohibit  at 


le^l  hour,  which  ia  iieually  II 
aina  vpen  at  long  ai  there  are  ai 
HninaUy  iTapecled  by  impoMDB  _  , 
ml  diairlcit  local  [vohibition 


, of  the.  ^ , 

<iiitbQfia.-*Tba  1icen«ng  Eawa  of  Auitralia  aie  1e 
and  At  praetice  nwre  teaemblea  (he  British  model. 
baa  adopted  bical  ptobibltion.  but  i(  ii  ncpt  applied. 
Walet  l&a  a  limhad  lorn  of  veto  app<yini  only  to  1 
Soutb  Aimnlia  baa  the  aame  tofetbet  with  a  prov 
opiioaal  ndudisn  of  licenceei  inctoria,  on  tbe  oiher 
an  option  both  way*,  lor  reducing  or  Incrcating  tbe  1> 
AuKralia  and  Taamaaia  merely  Eivt  the  local  raiepat 
of  pnteMi  b  Wett  Aoitralla  it  hoMt  good  aulnir 
only  and  d  a  majority  ob>ect  the  beam  ia  rtliiBed; 

deciiiofl  liei  wilh  ihc  liceniing  authority.    There  it  f 

Km  Zolaiid.— Tbii  irate  hai  a  liceniing  lyitnn  with  local 

pcoviiJontoI  ID  own.   The  IkoitiTit  am^ — ^'"  -  -  ' — ' 

and  thereareaevenkindtof  licence,  of  wli 
an  the  premitea.  Tbe  feet  range  from  j 
for  ■  full  pubUcao'i  licence  in  townt,  01 


lOrily.     In  l«07  the  total  number  of 
the  (eea  paid  amounted  10  £4S.363.    I 

.    Tbe  doting  hour  it  ic 


3I  Mlioiv 


.      .._     .  .     .,.     ..  .     ..   1^3  local  option  vai  inlrol 

by  tbe  Alcoholic  Liauon  Sale  Contnd  Act,  which  provided  lo 
I.U..  ^ .  r^v  Q„  ibe queitioo  of  bcencet.   Tbeejectoni  din 


"C  the  puTpoae  ar 


Auckland.  Weliinp"  ,  CKmtXRV'al^ 
ngle  dmrkt  for  the  GceniinE  poll.  Il  it 
It  the  election  of  nmben  oTehe  Houk  ol 


ducet  Ibe  liuncea  by  any  number  from  %  in  ij^  of  Ihe  total. 
But  il  Ihrae-Uiha  of  ell  the  volet  cati  are  in  lavour  of  no  lictm 
then  that  tupentdet  fl)  and  (I).  Tbe  poll  taken  in  December  190$ 
gave  tbr  following  leaidia:  tif  (he  W  dbtrfcit  ao  drried  no  pn>- 
poail  (which  il  equivalent  Id  coniiniiaDCr  it  exuting  Hcencei).  iB 
carried  coadnuanee.  4  ledueiion,  6  ns  licence,  indudinc  3  which 
bad  previouily  adapted  no  ticoMe.  Women,  i(  muit  be  nmt^bered, 

abowa  a  large  proportional  increata  liDcG  tbe  Gnt  poll  bi  tbe 

AuTHOUTiBS. — Royal  Commiadon  on  Liquor  LkensinjE  Lawa 
[;-'  -"--f,  Reponiand  Appendjcei;  Licen»ing  Stadntn  of  England 
ar  I.  annual.     CanaJa  Vear-book;  New  Zealand  Var-Book; 

Ci  Cemmtra,   France^   Cnperftcofdaanc,   German   Empire; 

H  h  of  Canada  (Uririih  Aiiociaiionl :  Km  EKjdtitiia 

tt  Rfftrm:  BntKri'  Almaiuik:  Camnitua  of  Fifty  (New 

y  I  iipier  Pftblrm  in  lU  UfulalmAipica  (F.  H.  Wiset.ind 

].  ;  E.  L.  Fan^hawe.  Liqutr  LttfOatitn  in  Hit  Vniird  Slain 

»  ia;e.R.L.  Could.  TV  (;ii(»nAiirr  5Hlm  (Special  RepoR 

of .ted  Sutea  CommiHiDfter  of  Labor!  i  E.  A.  Pra((.  i,>a»n>ig 

and  Ttmpininee  inSscde*.  JVersay  a«d  Dnaurt ;  J .  Roanmeand 
A.  Sherwell.  7^  Ttmpmna  PjMtm  and  Sixiai  Rilfm;  Tit 
TmrMcn  cj  Hit  LifMsr  Tmif,  A  Shadwell,  Dnni.TmperiiiHt  end 
LtriilaUtn:  Sinuia  und  Tomey,  Sdanki-Konitssiiiniwtirn: 
F.W.  Thompson,  Jfffit  Lictnu.   See  aba  TiKPiaiKci.     (A.Sl.) 

URA,  Uk  Italian  name  (Lat.  ^a,  potud)  lor  ■  tilver  ami, 
(be  Italian  anil  ol  value  in  Ihe  Latin  Moncltry  Udiod,  tom- 
^onding  10  (he  Fitncb,  Swiu  tod  Belgian  franc  (4.1),  anil  tbe 
drachma  ol  Greece,  &c.  The  name  ia  sometimn  uicd  of  ibc 
Turkish  pound,  mtdjidU^ 

IIBL  ot  Gauoluho  (anc  Lirii),  a  river  ol  cenlral  Italy, 
which  liiei  at  Cappadocia,  7  m.  W.  of  Avezuno,  nnd  tnversa 
a  beauiHul  vaUey  b«>         '  '  '      


uAice.  Thit  valley 


slbytb 


lilt.    Bclov 

Ceprun,  the  indent  Frrgellie,  after  it  bu  'issued  fren  the 
moimtaini,  the  Lirf  is  foinei)  by  the  Sacto  (atic,  Trtrusi  latmtd 
by  tbe  union  of  leven]  iDneais  between  Paletltioa  and  Segiti, 
and  the  Melfa  bom  Ihe  mountains  N.E.  of  Atina,  and  nun 
E,  [hnugb  a  bmider  vallej'.    It  Iben  luini  S.  again  tbrougfa 


the  n 


■d  by  Ihe  n* 


I  railway  lo  Naples),  keeping  W.  <d  Rocta 
I  tbe  ttn,  iuK  bctow  Minlmnae,  after  • 
01  navigable  at  any  point. 
e  mineial  coniliiing  of  byibous  baxic 

■•— :,rt"> 


bt  pn^iUa  fu 


LISBON 


CmM,lOm,<lM)itMa/3.  It  aytuaStet  in  the  nosodlDlc 
•ytlcm,  foimiDi  Siltcoed  octahedn  ilmoit  lenticular  in  ibqic 
Quact  the  Gumvi  nimc  Liiutnhiffir),  Ctunctcriitie  it  l3i< 
blight  iky-blue  colour,  tbengb  tomctima,  pMHbljr  owinf  to 
diSerenca  in  chcmlcd  rompotltioii,  It  1*  vtrdifrli-fncii.  Tba 
cotoui  oC  the  Umk  or  povdet  i>  niher  paler;  bcncc  the  lume 
tiroconite,  from  the  Gc.  lu^  p«le,  tod  iwtia,  powder.  The 
budDCH  b  i),  and  ttia  ipedhc  gnvity  i-^j.  The  minml 
wu  found  It  the  beginning  ol  the  iflih  nniury  in  the  mppet 
■nina  neu  Girennip  in  ComiUBll,  where  it  nu  usocliied  with 
olher  copper  unutcs  In  the  upper,  oiidUcd  portioni  ol  the 
lodeb  (L.  J.  S.) 

UUOH  <Ui(m),  tbe  opilil  of  the  kiogdora  of  Foilufal 
and  of  the  dquitmcm  of  Liibon;  on  the  light  bank  of  the 
tivcr  Tagui,  aeu  it)  ectiwce  into  Ihe  Atlantic  Ocod,  io 
j8'  4i'  t*'  N.  and  9'  11'  le^  W.  Pop.  (i9oo>  356,009.    Liihon. 

ol  terraces  up  the  mia  ol  a  range  of  low  hilla,  backed  by  the 
Cranile  mouaUini  of  Cintia.  It  franu  the  Tagui,  and  the  view 
Inua  the  rivet  ol  iti  white  bouso,  and  iti  nuneroui  parks  and 
guden,  ii  comparable  ia  beauty  with  the  approach  la  Niplea 
or  Conitanlina^e  by  ica.  The  lower  reaches  of  Ihe  estuary 
form  a  chaciiel  (EnlruU  do  Tejo)  about  1  m.  wide  and  S  m. 
long,  which  is  partially  dosed  at  its  moulh  by  a  bar  of  till. 
Oning  (0  (he  redaniatioB  ol  Ote  loreshore  on  the  right,  and 
the  consequent  narrowing  of  the  waierway,  the  current  flows 
very  swiftly  down  Ibis  channel,  which  it  [he  sole  nutlet  for 
Ibe  immense  volume  of,  water  snumulitMl  in  Ihe  Rada  d« 
Lisboa— a  tidal  lake  formed  by  the  broadening  of  the  estuary 
in  ill  Dpper  pan  to  Gil  a  basin  II  m.  long  with  an  average  breadth 
M  nenrly  J  m.  The  soulbim  or  left  shore  of  the  chanBtl  rises 
Sharply  from  the  wata's  edge  in  a  lirte  of  almost  unbrokeii 
.though  not  lofty  diSi;  Ihe  margin  of  Ihe  lake  is  flat,  mar&hy 
and  irregular.  Lisbon  extends  for  more  than  5  m.  along  the 
shores  of  bolh  channel  and  lake,  and  for  more  than  j  m.  Inland. 
Ill  suburbs,  whjcb  genctolly  lerndnale  In  a  belt  of  vineyards, 
parka  or  gardens,  Inteispencd  wilh  villas  and  farms,  strcUb 
in  some  coaei  beyond  ibe  Estrada  MBilar,  or  Edindt  da  Nova 
Citrumvallallo,  aninnerlineoi  defence  1 5  m.  long.tu  Bphmenlary 
roibc  forts  and  other  mlHtary  works  at  the  mouth  of  iheTagus, 
sn  Ihe  heights  of  Gntra  and  Alverca,  and  at  Caidas.  Sacavcm, 
Monsanto  and  Ameiaocjra.  The  climate  of  Eisbon  is  Rdld  and 
equable,  though  somevfaat  iqipresive  in  summer.  Eitreme 
cokl  ia  so  rare  that  in  the  Iwenty  yttn  iS5fr-]BT«  snow  fell 
only  thrice;  and  In  the  iglh  and  cnrly  i^b  centuries  Lisbon 
was  justly  esteemed  as  a  winitr  heallh^resott.  The  mean 
annual  temperature  is  6o'i*  F.,  the  mean  for  winter  ;o-q°,  the 
average  rainfall  194  j  in.  As  In  1006,  when  no  nin  fell  bcIWRii 
April  and  Stptembcr,  long  periods  of  drought  are  not  Uncommon, 
■Itbough  Ihe  proximiiyof  Ihe  Atlantic  and  the  frequency  ol 
■ea.fogi  keep  [be  alnKsphere  humid;  Ihe  mean  atmoipberic 
moisiurelsDeaily  71  (loD-Hiunlion).  Then  Is  a.  good  water 
supply,  conveyed  to  Ihe  riiy  by  two  vast  atnitducrs.  The  older 
oF  these  is  Ihe  Aqueducio  das  Aguaa  Livrcs,  which  was  built 
fn  the  first  half  of  the  iSih  century  uid  ataiu  from  a  point  near 
Bellas,  15  m.  W.N.W.  Its  condniis,  which  are  partly  under- 
ground, are  conveyed  across  the  Alcaniai*  vaUey  through  ■ 
magnificent  viaduct  ti  thirty-five  arches,  exceeding  loo  ft.  In 
height.  At  Ihe  Lisbon  end  of  Ihe  aqueduct  is  the  Mae  d'Agua 
((.(,  "  Mother  of  Water  "),  containing  a  huge  stone  hal  In  Ibe 
Bildii  of  which  is  the  rescrviHr.  The  AlvidLa  aqueduct,  opened 
in  iKSa,  brings  water  fttnn  Alvlella  near  Pemea,  to  ■»■  NJIX. 
Numetoui  fountain*  ant  among  Ibe  means  of  dlMribalion. 
Sewage  is  discharged  into  the  Togus,  and  the  soniUtkHi  >i  the 
dty  is  good,  except  in  Ihe  older  quirten, 

Dieisimi  0/  Ut  Cily.— The  feut  municipal  dislricls  Ibalrrei) 
into  which  Lisbon  is  divided  are  the  Al/ama,  or  old  town,  in 
the  easi;  the  Cidafi  Baita,  M  lower  town,  wbich  eitsids 
Inland  from  the  naval  arsenal  and  custom  bouse;  the  Raittfi 
Alio,  comprising  all  the  high  ground  west  of  the  Cidade  BaUa; 
uid  Ihe  jllciuUdra,  or  weslertunost  disdin,  named  otter  the 
■man  river  Alcantara,  iriudi  Oowi  down  Into  the  Tagua.   Other 


■amaEeiniDDaIyu*ed,tbov^>DofficiaI,ate"  Usboa  Oriental " 
OS  an  altoBaiive  for  Alloma;  "  Lishoa  Occidental "  for  the 
)k>pes  which  lead  from  the  ndade  Baiia  to  the  Btino  Alls; 
'*  BuBHO  Ayres  "  (originally  so  named  from  the  number  of 
iu  South  American  roidmls)  for  the  Baim  Alto  S.W.  of  tha 
EslrelU  Gatdena  and  E.  of  the  Necessidades  Patk;"  Convo  de 
Ourlque  "  and  "  Rilo  "  lot  the  subucbi  re^KCtivdy  N.W,  and 
N.E.  of  BuewB  Ayres. 

Tkt  AI/ama.—Tht  Alfama,  ribkb  lepresenls  Roman  and 
lloorish  Lisbon,  is  leas  rich  in  archaeological  interest  than  iti 
great  antiquity  might  suggest,  although  ports  ol  0  Rnnali 
temple,  baths,  Ac,  hove  been  disintened.  But  as  the  corthquoko 
of  17SS  did  Qmiporalivelyliitle  damage  10  this  quartet,  many  of 
its  DOrrow,  steep  and  winding  alleys  retain  the  medieval  aspect 
which  all  other  parts  of  the  city  have  lost ;  and  almost  rival  the 
slums  of  Oporto  in  picluiesque  squalor.  The  most  conspicuaua 
feature  of  the  Alloma  is  Ihe  rocky  hill  sBrmouotcd  by  tba 
Castdlo  de  Sin  Jorge,  a  Mooriih  diodcl  which  has  been  converted 
into  a  fort  and  barracks.  The  St  Fatriatchal,  a  cathedral 
founded  in  ii^obyAlphonso  1.,  is  said  by  tradilk>n  to  have  been 
a  Moorish  mosque.  It  waawre^Ledby  anearthquakein  I344aiul 
tebuill  In  13S0,  bat  the  earthquake  of  1755  shatlcred  the  dotaea 
the  root  and  belfry  were  subsequently  burned,  and  after  (be 
work  of  tcsloration  was  completed  Ihe  choir  and  lacade  were 
the  only  pans  of  the  i4lh.cento[y  Gothic  church  luispdlcd. 
In  one  of  (he  side  chipels  is  Ihe  tomb  of  Si  Vincent  (d.  304), 
patnm  saint  qI  Lisbon;  a  pair  of  ravens  kepi  within  tlie  cathedral 
prcdnds  are  populaily  believed  to  be  the  same  birds  wblcbr 
according  to  the  legend,  miraculously  guided  the  saint's  vessel 
lotbecity.  Tfae  armorial  bearings  of  Lisbon,  representing  o  ship 
and  two  ravens,  commemgiate  the  legend.  Other  noiewotthy 
buUdingi  in  the  Alfamo  are  (he  iith-cmtury  church  of  Sia 
VicKite  de  F6ra,  originally,  as  its  name  implies,  "  oulside  "  tba 
cily;  Ibc  i^tlncentuTy  chapel  of  Noaia  Senhora  do  tdoBIe; 
the  iMhsxnIury  church  of  Nossa  Senhora  da  Grapt,  wbich 
contains  a  rcpuled  wonder-working  stalue  ol  Christ  ond  Ihe  tomb 
of  Alphooso  d'Albuquerque  (1153-1515);  and  0  leculariied 
Augutiiaian  monoilery,  used  as  ibe  archbishop's  poUce. ' 

Uadtra  Ldkan.—VJal  ot  Che  Alfamo  the  dty  dotti  chiefly 
from  the  period  after  the  great  earthquake,  lis  lofty  bousev 
arranged  in  long  straight  streets,  its  gardens  and  open  spaces, 
a  few  of  its  public  buDdings,  and  almost  oli  ils  numerous  statues 
and  fountains,  will  bear  compaiiien  with  those  ol  any  Eun^KOD 
capital  The  centre  of  sodal  and  commercial  activity  is  ibe 
district  which  comprises  the  Pra^a  da  Commerdo,  Rua  Augusta, 
Rod 0,  and  Avenida  tla  Liberdsde,  streets  and  squares  occupying 
the  valley  of  o  vanished  tributary  of  tbe  Tagub,  The  Pnco 
da  Commerdo  is  a  spacioua  aquare,  one  side  ol  which  faces  the 
liver,  while  Ibe  other  three  sides  are  occupied  by  the  oicaded 
buildings  of  the  cuilom  house,  post  oHlce  and  other  government 
piepeny.  lolbcmidslisobroueequcilriaiislalueof Joseph!., 
by  J.  M,  de  Coairo,  which  was  erected  in  1775  and  gives  point 
to  the  name  of  '■  Black  Horse  Square  "  commonly  applied  to  the 
Praca  by  the  British.  A  triumphal  arch  on  the  nonh  side  leads 
to  Rua  Augusta,  ori^oolly  intended  to  be  Ihe  delb.meichODts' 
street;  for  the  plan  upon  which  Lisbon  waa  reballt  alter  1155 
involved  the  teslliaiOB  of  each  indusliy  to  a  spedfied  area. 
This  pbn  succeeded  in  the  cclgbbouiing  Rua  Aurco  and  Rua  do 
Frato,  still,  os  their  Domes  indicate,  famous  (or  goldsmilbs'  ond 
sllversmllhs'  shops.  Rua  AugiBla  (enninote*  ou  Ihe  noith  in 
the  Rode  or  Fraca.  de  Dam  Pedro  Quarto,  a  square  paved  wilh 
mosaic  of  a  cuiious  undulatory  pattern  and  containing  two 
bronie  fountoins,  a  lofty  pillar  surmounted  by  a  scaluc  oi 
Pedro  IV.,  and  the  royal  national  Iheotre  {Theairo  de  Dodo 
Maria  Segunda),  erected  on  the  site  which  the  Inquisilkm  build- 
ings occupied  from  1510  to  tSjS.  The  nonow  Rua  do  Fn'ndpc, 
leading  past  the  central  railway  sUtion,  a  handsome  Maurt«|ua 
building,  csnnects  the  Rodainlh  the  Avenida  da  Liberdode,  one 
of  tbe  finest  avenues  in  Europe.  The  central  psit  of  the  Avnddo, 
'  resort  of  Lisbon  society,  is  used  lot  riding 
h  aide  of  it  ore  paved  double  avenue*  d 
■eds,  atolueo,  ponds,  fouDtoia*,   Jlc,  and 


and  driving;  c 


twtmea  ibcw  tad  the  bioid  pvicDMiili  mc  too  roadwiy)  to 
Utmi  and  heavy  inffic-  Tbua  the  AvruiiU  hu  Lhe  appruant 
et  three  paniLcl  i(r«ti.  Kparated  by  avcnuei  of  Irea  iuleul  o 
bouKi.  Its  width  uccids  joo  iL.  Il  owa  iu  nunc  to  u  obelu] 
p8  ft,  high,  citctcd  in  iSSi  it  its  wutbun  rod,  to  commemcmj 
(he  liberation  ei  Porlugll  licm  Spanish  lule  (Deuinher.  1640] 
North  and  aoith-uit  ol  the  AvEnldi  uc  the  Avenida  Park, 
the  Edward  VIL  Park  (so  named  in  mtmoty  of  a  viiil  pa' ' 
Lisbon  by  the  king  of  England  in  1903),  Campo  Grande,  wii 
finely  wooded  walks,  and  Campo  Pequeno^  with  the 'hull- 
Other  noteworthy  public  gsideni  are  the  Passeio  da  EitreUa, 
eommandiiig  mignificrnt  views  ctf  the  city  and  river,  the  Largo 
do  Principe  Real,  planted  with  bananas  and  other  uopical 
Iieel,  the  Tapada  du  Nrcdsidades,  oiiginaUy  the  parii  of  one 
of  lhe  n>ytl  residences,  and  the  Botanical  Caideii*  ol  llie  poly- 
technic school,  with  a  fine  avenue  of  palms  and  collections  of 
tropical  and  subtropical  flora  hardly  suip«ued  in  Eunipe. 
There  are  large  Portuguese  cemeteries  east  and  west  of  Eisboot 
a  German  cemetery,  and  an  English  cemetery,  known  also  as 
Ol  CyfrtHa  Inm  the  number  of  its  cypieues.  This  was  [aid 
out  In  1711  at  the  coit  of  the  British  and  Dutch  residents 
and  contilns  the  graves  of  Hemy  neldiig  (1707-1754)1 
■be  novelist,  asd  I>r  PhMp  Doddridge  (.ijot-iJii),  the  Non- 
cooEonniat  divine. 

Lisbon  ia  the  seat  of  an  ar^bishop  who  since  1716  has  borne 
4X  tfficit  the  honoraty  title  of  patriarchy  he  pre^da  ovt 
House  of  Peers  and  is  usually  appointed  a  cardinal.  The  churches 
Dt  modeln  Lisbon  are  gcoerally  built  in  the  Italian  style  of  the 

Ferhap*  the  tmat  is  the  Estirlla  chuith.  with  its  white  marble 
dome  »nd  twin  towers  visible  lor  many  miles  above  the  dly. 
The  late  Renaissance  church  ol  Slo  Roque  tonlaio)  two  beautiful 
chapels  dating  from  the  iSlh  century,  one  of  which  is  inlaid  will 
painted  tiles,  while  the  other  was  ttonslructed  in  Rome  of  coloum 
marbles,  and  consecrated  by  the  pope  before  being  shipped  t 
Lisbon,  Its  inosski  and  lapis  laiuli  pillars  are  ciccpiionalty  £ni 
The  I4th-ccnluty  Golhit  Igrcja  do  Carmo  was  ihaLlered  by  lb 
great  earthquake.  Oidy  the  apse,  pillared  aisles  and  outer  wall 
remain  standing,  and  the  inteiior  has  been  converted  into  ai 
archaHilogicat  museum.  The  church  of  Ncaia  Senbom  d 
Conceicto  has  a  magnificent  Manoelioe  focflde. 

"Hm  Palado  das  Cones,  in  which  both  Houses  of  Parliamen 
lit,  is  a  i6lb'centUTy  Benedictine  convent,  used  for  its  presen 
purpose  since  iS^,  It  contains  the  national  archives,  better 
known  as  the  Tone  do  Tombo  coUecllon,  because  in  1J7;  lhe 
•rchivci  were  Gist  ttoied  in  a  towtr  «(  Ibat  name.  The  royal 
palace,  or  Pace  das  Nemsidades,  west  of  Buenos  Ayies.  is  a 
vast  iSth-ceniury  mansion  occupying  (be  site  o(  a  chapel 
dedicated  10  Nossa  Scnhora  das  Necet>Id*des  [U.  "  Our  Lady 
who  helps  at  need  "). 


LISBON 

ipoa  which  ttair*  < 


o(  Akotaca  and  Bualha  al 
ivcnto  dot  Jcronymos,  a  Hieronymiie  cc 
id  In  1499  to  commemodte  the  ditco^ery 
by  Va«>  da  C«ia.    It  was  baih  of  whh 

Kilhofd-isBlKpeibafistbeiTBIeitalManaeUne. 


..     ss  banc  of  white 
deCastilhold-isBlKpeibarstbeiTBI 

tcii.    lis  cloiocn  f«in  a  iqiiafe  widi  bTuate 
y  aIwo-KDreycdarTade.ev«yava!Ublcr>Drtioflol' 


??.'^1" 


il  lonba.  includilc  that  of  Ciihi 
fe  of  Charles  II.  of  EniLind. 

_ and  VsKO  da  Cania  li^ie  int< 

In  i»M.  when  the  convent  was  wulariied.  It.  b 
In^  were  ancnRl  to  the  Can  Pia,  an  erphanage  loundcd  by  Mai 
S^nce  E903  they  have  conlained  the  aichaeolovical  oolleclkon 
the  PortunefC  Ethnological  Mufeum.  The  iwal  Ajuda  pa 
begun  (1B15-1S16)  by  John  VI,  but  left  unRniihed,  dtrivei 
name  from  the  chapel  of  N,  S,  de  Ajuda  ("  Our  Lady  nl  Ail 

houK  there  Is  aa  uaiurpuBl  nllaoisn  of  slats  coBchts.  Ibe 


re  barm  ia  proctwiai.  ndu  didnt 
he  admininralive  diUrici  of  Utboa 


AaihMyi,  Shiffiiii  and  Cmnero.— Lisbon  haa  five  railway 
ttaiiDiu— (be  ccnlral  (Lisboa-Rodo),  for  the  lines  to  Cintia, 
nonhein  ui4  central  Foilugal,  and  Madrid  via  Valencia  de 
Alcinun;  the  Santa  Apdonia  or  Catt  dos  Soldadoa,  u  lhe 
.eastern  eitteraily  of  the  quays,  f«  the  same  Lines  ' 
Cintea)  and  for  southern  Portugil  and  Andalusia:  > 
Sodif  and  Santo,  farther  west  ahing  the  quays,  for  Cascaet; 
and  the  Baireiro,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tagus,  for  soutbem 
Portugal  In  igoi  the  railways  north  and  soaLh  of  the  Tagu 
weiB  connected  npMt  Lisbon  by  a  bridge.  In  the  previous  year 
•ytlEra  of  electric  tiamwiys  replaced  (be  old- 


faahioned  cable  < 
lifts  are  used  w 


d  hydrw 


IS  lighted  by  both  electricity  and  gasj  il  hu  an  admirablr 
telephone  service,  and  is  connected  by  Ibe  CaicaveUoi  cable- 
sUiion  with  Cornwall  (England],  Vigo  in  Ctlida,  Cibnltar,  tbt 
Aioiesaod  Madeira. 

^ps  of  ibe  luiBsl  die  can  enter  the  Tsgus,  and  the  Biireiro 
iniM  il  navigable  nl  low  water  by  vessels  drawing  r6  ft.  There 
aie  otensive  quay*  along  lhe  right  bwk,  with  hydraulic  cranes 
two  graving  docks,  a  slipway,  warcfaonses  and  linn  of  railway. 
The  govenusent  and  private  docks  ar&on  the  left  bank-  Loading 
and  djyharging  are  principally  effected  by  means  of  Lighten. 
The  exports  are  wines,  oil,  fruit,  tinned  £sh,  salt, colonial  produce, 
cork,  pitwood,  leather  and  wooL  Tlie  imports  include  colLon  and 
woollen  goods,  linen,  ale  and  porter,  butler,  tea,  hardware,  tin 
plates,  coal;  iron,  machioriy,  chemical  manuie,  lie,  from  Great 

CaAcy  goods  from  France;  hemp,  flaa,  grain,  petroleum  sih] 
cloth  from  Ruaiaj  linen,  machinery,  hardware,  sugar,   kc, 
from  Germany  and  Uolland;  iron,  steel,  limber,  pitch  ud  salt 
fish  from  Ibe  Baltic;  cocoa,  callee,  wai  and  rubber  from  the 
Portuguese  coloniet,    Tuwsrds  the  cl«e  ol  the  iqlh  century  lhe 
louriM  UsfGc  from  Great  Biilain  and  Germany  aluined  con- 
lidcnble  importance,  and  Lisbon  has  long  been   one  of   ibe 
principal  porti  of  debarcation  lor  passengers  [rem  Brazil  and  ol 
ibarcalion  for  euiignuits  to  South  America.     Shipbuilding, 
eluding  the  construction  of  vcoels  for  the  national   navy,  is  a 
iwiflg  industry.    The  fishttio  have 'always  been  important, 
d  in  no  European  Eihmaikil  it  the  produce  more  varied, 
Sardinesand  tunny  are  cured  and  tinned  for  export.     In  addition 
1  atioul  60D  sailing  boats,  the  Tsgus  Is  lhe  headquarters 
fleet  of  steam  trawlers.    The  indoiVrics  ol  Lisbon  in- 
clude dyeing,  distiilatiDnoftpliiisand  manufadure*  of  woollen, 
illon,  silk  aiHl  llnun  fabrics,  of  pottery,  soap,  paper,  chemical 
ocnt,  corks,  totucco,  preserved  foods  and  biscuits, 
EdmtalitH  and  Citniy. — Alibou^  the  seal  of  the  only  nni- 
Vdsily  in  P«tugal  waa  lied  al  Coimbra  in  iji>,  Lisbon  is  the 
'lhe  Portugueic  world,  including  BiaxiL 


USBCllN- 


773 


lU  (Uil  luTMd  lodMici  an  the  Sodety  ol  Midiul  SdeniM, 
the  CtopmfiiiXMl  Society,  the  RoyU  Acukmr  of  Scicncn,  the 
Academy  of  Fine  An*,  tbe  Roytl  ConKrvUDiy  of  Music  ud  ibt 
Propifuula  4e  PcrtuiaL  The  muuuBi  of  ibe  Aculemy  ol  Fine 
Am  canl«iu  ibe  \igal  colkniso  of  pictum  and  uUnei  by 
nalivt  and  (DRigD  misulD  PonMil  The  Gnftiiphicil  Sodeiy 
bu  (lined  ui  iueniulaul  Mpidilioiii  it  peueites  >  valuable 
library  and  muieuin.  Tbe  National  Library,  founded  in  i^ffi, 
coBtaim  over  400,000  piiDltd  booka,  and  upward*  of  9000  USS. 
Tbere  an  alto  colootal,  naval,  aniUciy,  naiuial  hisiory  and 
cocamercial  muwuBU,  meteorolotical  and  aMKUHiraitil  ob- 
■ervatorin,  moloilcal  gardtn  and  an  aquarium.  Purely  tdu- 
caLioDai  ijutituliont  iacfude  the  medical,  polylechitic,  niililary 
and  naval  Kbooia,  Mmmefdal,  afticultural  and  uiduflnal 
iutitutet,  atcboelof  an,  a  central  lyceum,  a  ecbool  Eorteadiera, 
Ac.  Ttf  Engliih  ccUeie  lor  Briliih  Koman  Calholici  datn 
tioni  161S.  The  Irish  Domiaicani  have  a  leminary,  and  Porto- 
pjeK  ecckaiaatkal  ichoob  ire  nunieroiu.  There  are  hoapjtoti 
for  womeiti  and  for  conllgioui  diseases,  almshousci,  orpbanafs, 
a'fouodlinc  hospital  and  a  very  large  quarantine  station  on  Iho 
aouth  bank  of  the  Tagus,  lauiided  in  iSj;  alici  an  outbreak  of 
yellow  fever  had  devastated  tbe  city.  FotenHM  amooi  the 
tbeatRs,  citcuies  and  other  placa  of  amuMtnent  is  the  royal 
qpcn-bouK  oi  Sto  Cariot,  built  in  tjgt-it^i  oa  tbs  model  of 
the  Stalaai  Milan. 

i'ffafofiM.— The  pepulatton  of  Utbon,  iST^a*'  In  it;S, 
rose  to  3oi,ie<>  in  t8«D  and  3s6,eoo  in  1900.  It  includes  a  large 
foreign  tofony,  tompostd  thietly  of  Spaniirik,  Btitiih,  Cermans, 
French,  Braatliai^s  and  immignnta  Irom  the  Ponuguese  colonki, 
aoHjng  wrhom  are  imny  hall'Castei.  Tbe  ma  jority  of  the  Spaniard! 
aK  domeatic  scrvantl  and  labourer!  from  Galicia,  whcae  industry 
and  easily  gained  knowledge  ol  the  kindled  Porlugncsc  language 
enables  them  ii''  earn  a  belter  livelihood  here  than  Intheitowu 
bones.  The  British,  German  and  Freneh  conunuaiiin  conind  a 
large  share  of  the  foreign  trade.  The  Braailiani  and  colonial 
luunigrant!  are  often  merchant!  and  landowners  who  come  to 
lilt  mother-cauiitTy  to  qiend  their  lortunes  in  a  consniial  lodal 


o(  latereit.    The  bate-footed, 

a'      All  trayi  Bllat> 
their  eailu!  the 


The  street  life  oT  the  city  it 

ungainly  Sihwivet,  dretted  in  b  _ _  _. 

on  ihrir  heads;  the  Galiddn  watcr-carriert,  with  1 
bakers,  bending  bcDcath  a  hundredweight  of  brrad 
basket  from  their  thouldert;  the  couoti^vien,  with  itwir  mntHero^ 
aashet  and  hardwood  quartcr'ttavca,  givv  colour  and  Mninutiaa  to 
thdr  turroundingi;  while  the  bag-pip»  played  by  inBiiti  ftan 
the  nonh,  Ibc  whmlcs  of  the  knik-grinden,  and  l>ie  diitincrivi 
calls  of  Ue  vendnn  of  fruit,  lottery  lickeli.  or  oil  and  vinegar, 
eonlribuM  a  taaM  of  sound.  For  cfiuirh  fenivaU  and  holidavs  the 
<;pUPtry-folk  cooe  to  towit,  the  women  riding  on  pllliont  behind  the 
men,  adorned  in  duwU,  aprons  and  hanfikcrcniefi  of  scarlet  « 
other  vivid  hues,  and  wearing  the  ttrineiof  cant  and  omamcnti  ol 

their  best  in  the  cteal  hull-rln(  of  Campo  Poqncno.  a  MaurcwiuE 
bulldiiv  which  holds  many  thousands  odpectatota  A  Lisbon  bull, 
light  is  a  really  brlllUnt  ohibition  of  alhlct:<:  skill  and  honeman. 
iBip.  in  which  amateurs  often  take  part,  and  nciiher  hones  not 
buna  are  killed.    Then  It  •  TauiMnachic  Oub  soMy  for  anuleura 

fTfiitry-— Tbe  pama  Lisbon  is  a  modification  of  the  andeni 
nnma  Otitipi,  alao  written  Ulyitippi  under  the  Influence  of  ) 
mythical  Moty  of  a  diy  founded  by  Odyueui  (Ulysses)  in  Iberia 
which,  however,  atctnding  to  Sitabo,  wai  placed  by  ancieni 
tndltlon  ralhet  in  tht  mountains  of  Turdelania  (Ih*  eiltenn 
•oath  of  Spain}.   .Under  the  Romaiu  Olisipo  became  a  mmii 
daium  with  the  e^lbet  oi  Fdkilai  jMlia,  but  was  inferior  it 
bekwancient  &«ri(a^Mfiuta(Mitida}.    Fron 
:4  5S5  U  was  occQ^d  by  Alaric,  and  Ihenceforward  by  the 
ViBlwlblunliljti,  when  it  was  taken  by  the  Mooia.    Undi     " 
Uootl  the  town  bore  In  Arabic  the  name  of  AlOiUIln  or . 
tana.    It  was  the  first  point  of  Moslem  Spain  attacked  b 
Nermant  in  844-    Whrn  Alphonso  I.  of  Ponugal  look  sdva 
of  tbe  dcchu  and  fill  ol  the  Almonvid  dynuly  to  ' 
Ibe  province!  of  Ettremadura  and  Alemtt^i  In  his  ni 

'This  tfure  rtpreieDH  ll 
that  of  modem  Lisbon,  for  1 
a  decree  dated  the  ijtd  of  I> 


UsboB  wai  the  tait  city  of  Portugal  To  Fall  Into  tus  hands,  and 
yielded  only  titer  a  siege  of  several  months  (itst  October  1147), 
in  which  be  waa  idded  by  &igtirii  and  Flemith  cruiaden  on  their 
way  to  Syria,  lo  iifl*  the  dly  was  again  attacked  by  the 
MBilemj  under  tbe  powerful  caliph  Abu  Vakob,  bul  the  enterprise 
failed.  Iti  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  I.,  tbe  greater  pan  of  the 
town  wai  bunied  by  the  CiaiUian  amy  under  Henry  II.  (1371), 
anl  in  13S4  the  CailiUans  again  besieged  Liibon,  hut  wilhoul 
lUcceta.  Lisbon  become  the  seat  of  an  archbishop  in  tsgo,  the 
teat  nl  gnveramenl  in  1411.  During  the  idlh  nnlury  it  gained 
much  in  wealth  and  aplendour  from  the  establishment  of  a 
Ponuguese  empire  in  India  and  Africa.  From  ijgo  to  ttiao 
Lisbon  was  a  pntvlndil  town  under  Spanish  nile,  and  It  «aa 
Irom  this  port  that  the  Spanish  Amada  tailed  in  15S8.  In 
tS4o  the  town  was  captured  by  the  duke  of  BiagtRia,  and 
the  independence  of  the  kingdom  restored. 

■       ■       iiy  had  suHered  from  earthquakes, 


reducod  alnoit  in 


if  Nov 


■JSS 


tbe  gi 


1  complete  the  work 


eked  th 


in  the  Tagus;  hre  broli 

between  Jo/Mo  and  40,000  pcnoni  lost  tneinives^  ana  the  value 
of  the  property  destroyed  nst  about  £io/no,ooa.  The  shoct 
was  felt  from  Scotland  lo  Aiia  Minor.  Careful  investtgillon  by 
Daniel  Kiarpe,  an  English  gedoglit,  has  drlimited  the  am  in 
and  near  Lisboa  to  which  its  full  force  waa  confined.  Lisbon  is 
built  In  a  geolo^cal  basin  ol  Teniaty  lixmatinn,  the  upper 
ponion  ol  which  is  locse  sand  and  gravel  deiillute  of  organic 
lenaint,  while  below  these  are  the  so-called  Almada  beds  of 
yellow  satKl,  calcareous  sandstone  and  blue  clay  rich  in  organic 
remains.  Tbe  Tertiary  depoaits,  which  allogelher  covet  an  area 
of  more  than  1000  sq.  m.,  are  leparaled  near  Lisbon  from  rockt 
of  the  Secondary  epoch  by  a  great  sheet  of  basalt.  The  upper- 
most of  Iheae  Secondary  tocki  is  the  hippurite  Itmeitone.  It 
was  found  that  no  building  on  the  blue  clay  escaped  dcstmction, 
none  on  any  of  the  Teniary  dci»tits  escaped  serious  injury, 
and  all  on  tbe  hippurite  limejlonc  and  basalt  were  undamaged. 
The  line  at  which  the  earthquake  tested  to  be  destructive  thas 
corresponded  eiactlywiihthe  boundary  of  the  Tertiary  flcpcsiis. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  ipth  centuiy  tbe  French  Invasion, 
followed  by  tbe  removal  of  the  court  lo  Rio  de  Janeiro,  the 
Peninsular  War,  the  loss  of  Braill  and  a  period  of  levi^llon 

from  which  the  dty  only  recovered  after  1850  (see  Pobtvol: 
H.jtory).. 

BinLiocaaniT. — Every  book  which  deals  with  the  topography, 
trade  or  hutory  of  Fottu^  at  a  whole  WTTMSiily  dcvoect  a  portion 
of  it!  ipaci  to  the  capiiali  tee  Poati;caL :  fi<JiIu(ra«iy.  The  follow, 
ine  tmt  mare  eicltitlvcty  of  Uibon;  A.  Dayot,  tiilumtir  (N'o.  ia. 
o(  (he  "  apilalii  dM  wtmiU  '  ttrlet)  (Pant,  1B91) :  Freire  dc  Oliveira. 
Ebnnliii  Sam  a  kiitona  it  mamlatii  A  Lutui  (o  volt..  Litbsn, 
lUj-lg9a);  J.  de  Canilho.  Uitoa  ■■««  (7  vola.  LiiboB.  li«o). 
and  [by  the  sme  author)  X  J!aiiroALut«(Litbon,  1B9]). 

USBIFBII.  a  market  town,  and  cathedral  dly  of  Co. 
Antrim,  Ireland,  tituated  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile  district 
OB  tbe  Lagan,  and  on  the  Great  Northern  railway,  S  m.  S.S.W. 
of  Belfast.  Pop.  (igoi)  ii,4(ii.  Chtiit  Cbuich  (ifiu)  which 
potieuei  a  fine  octagonal  spire,  is  the  cathedral  ehurcb  of  the 
united  Protestant  dioceies  of  Down,  CoDiwt  and  Dramoit,  and 
contains  a  monument  to  Jeremy  Tsyioc,  wbo  wai  bishop  ol  tht 
tee.  The  public  park  wai  presented  (0  the  town  by  Sir  Richard 
Wallace  (d.  iS«o),  and  after  his  death  tbe  cattle  garden)  were  alto 
given  to  tbe  town.  The  staple  manufacture  it  linep,  especially 
damasks  artd  muslins,  origiaBlly  ioltoduced  by  Huguenots. 
Tbere  are  also  bleaching  and  dyeing  worka,  and  a  coniiderabk 
agrictdtural  trade.  The  town  ia  governed  by  an  urban  district 
councU.  The  ruins  of  Castle  Robin,  i  m,  N.  of  the  town,  stand 
on  a  summit  of  the  WUte  Mountalna,  and  the  building  dates 
from  the  lime  of  Queen  Eliubetb.  At  Dnmbo,  ji  m.  E,  of 
Llibum,  is  one  of  the  finest  tiamples  of  early  fortification 
in  Ireland,  known  at  Ite  Giant's  Eting,  with  a  cromlech  In  tbs 

cluirtb  ascnbcd  10  St  Piiiidt. 


77+ 


LISIEDX— LISLE 


V  ol  Englitfa 


Id  the  reiiii  at  Jtma  I.,  Lbburn, 
Liucgftrvy  (CaiBbkr't  Foit}»  vru  i 
but  in  1A17  it  «u  granicil  by  Cfaulii  I.  la  \"aa 
who  erected  the  culle  foe  hii  laidcDce,  and  laid  il 
of  the  pxoiperity  of  the  town  by  llie  iatioductU 
ind  Webh  Httlen.  la  Novembcf  1041  the  town 
Ihs  iniurients,  wbo  oa  ifae  uppcotdi  of  lupemr  Dunbcn  tel 
&n  ta  It.  The  tR»p>  of  Cronmicl]  gained  a  victory  utti  lbs 
lonn  in  164B,  and  the  caille  lunenileRd  to  Ibem  in  165a.  The 
church  wu  coutituted  a  cathedral  ia  ttibi  by  Chailea  U..  (tarn 
Khom  the  town  lecelvtd  the  privilegt  id  Htoining  littt  ntmben 
la  parliament,  but  after  the  UnifHi  it  returned  only  one  and 
in  I  Ms  ceased  to  be  a  parlianieDiary  borough.  Liibum  givu 
the  tiile*  ol  eacl  tod  viKDuat  to  the  family  of  Vaughan. 

UBIBUX.  (  town  of  Donh-weuern  France,  capital  of  an 
aTTOndiuemenl  In  the  depaKmcDt  of  Calvadoi,  10  to.  E.  at 
CacnbyraiL  Pofi.  (1906J  15,194.  Liiieui  Is  prettily  liluated  in 
the  vslky  of  the  Touqucs  at  in  conducnce  tilb  tbe  OibiqtKt. 
Toverxof  the  i6th  century,  relio  of  the  old  (ortificaliods,  remain, 
and  »me  of  tbe  itrceti,  bDideied  tbroughoul  by  taoiuei  oi  the 
14th,  15th  and  iMb  centutii*.  letain  theii  medity^J  upect. 
The  church  of  St  Peter,  formerly  a  cathedral,  ii  npuied  to  be 
the  6rM  Gothic  church  built  in  Notmand)'.  Begun  in  ibe 
!r  half  of  the  iitb  century  it  wai  completed  in  the  ijlh  and 


a  ipire,  added  towards  the  tvd  oT 
interior  there  il  a  Luly-Chapel,  rotorcd  in  tbe  ijth  centoiy 
by  Bishop  Pierre  Caucbon,  une  of  tbe  judget  of  Joan  of  Arc. 
The  cburcb  of  Sr  Jicqua  [late  ijih  centuiy)  containi  beiulllul 
gUu  of  the  Rcnauaancc,  aome  renuikable  aialli  and  old  [rocoei. 
and  a  curioui  picture  on  wood,  restored  in  iMi.  Tbeehurcbof 
St  DMi  (i8lh  century)  once  belonged  to  a  Benedictine  abbey. 
Tbe  old  episcopal  palace  near  the  calbedral  is  now  used  as  a 
court-house,iiiuseuni,  library  and  prison,  and  containi  a  beautiful 
hall  called  the  salle  daiie.  Liiicui  ii  the  (cat  of  a  sub-prefect, 
and  has  tribunals  of  fint  instance  andof  commerccachamber 
of  arts  and  mani^facturea,  a  lK»rd  of  trade  arbitrators  and  a 
communal  college.  Its  manufactures  of  wooUens  arc  important, 
and  bleaching,  wool  and  Hax-spinning,  tanning,  btewing,  timber-, 
laving,  metal -founding,  and  tbB  manufacture  of  machinery, 
boiiuy  and  boots  and  shoes  IK  carried  on;  tbcie  is  trade 


In  tbe  tj 


ertbeiM 


of  the  Lcnovii,  Though  destroyed  by  the 
.-,  _^  .it  6th  century  it  had  become  one  of  the  moat 
toiponaat  towns  of  Neustria.  Its  bishopric,  suppressed  in  tSoj, 
data  from  that  period.  In  S77  it  «■>  pillaged  by  ibc  Normans; 
and  in  qri  was  included  in  the  duchy  oi  Noimindy  by  the  treaty 
of  St  Ciait-aur-Epte.  Civil  anthotity  wu  eurdsed  by  the 
bishop  as  count  6f  the  town.  In  IT36  GeoSrey  Plintagtnet 
laid  siege  10  Liileui,  which  had  taken  ihe  lide  of  Stephen 
of  Blois.  The  town  was  not  reduced  till  iiar,  by  which  time 
both  It  and  the  neighboarbobd  had  been  biimght  to  tbe  direst 


>f  fair 


England  to  Eleanor  of  Guienne,  which  added  10  largely  to  his 
dominians,  was  celebrated  in  the  cathedrat,  Tliomai  k  Becket 
Wok  refuge  here,  and  tone  vestments  used  by  bim  ate  riwwa 
fa  the  boMtal  chapel.  Taken  by  Philip  Augmtus  ind  reutiited 
to  Fnnce  In  iio],  the  town  was  a  frequent  subject  of  dispute 
between  tbe  comendlng  partla  during  (he  Hundred  Yean' 
Wu,  tbe  reUfiaut  wan.  and  those  of  the  League. 

UIKBAU).  a  maikM  lawn  and  muiiidpa)  borough  in  the 
Bodmin  pailiaawniary  dlvbJon  of  Gmwall,  England,  is  m. 
W-N-W.  of  Plymoutb,  on  the  Great  Watern  and  the  liikeatd 
tad  Looc  railways.  Pop.  (1901)  4oro.  It  lf«  high,  above 
IWD  smal  vaOeyi  opening  to  that  ot  the  Looe  river.  In  a  hilly, 
pklorewiue  district.  The  Perpendiculu  church  of  St  Martin, 
with  a  toner  of  earlier  date,  baviog  a  Nornan  arch,  iiooeot 
tbe  largeM  (cdeiiuikal  huUdlngi  in  th«  couaiy.  Tie  tite  of 
a  culls  btrilt  by  RKAant,  bratbir  ol  Henry  III.  and  eari  of 
,   Altbe  ■     ■ 


formerly  occupied  a  faoriillng  in  ihoae  garden,  Dr  Joko 

Liskeard  was  fonneriy  an  important  mining  centre.  Ill  miflu- 
es  include  Icsiher  aitd  woollen  goods,  and  there  an  Iron 
rio.     Tbe  borough  is  under  1  miyot,  4  ■Idenned  uid 


Liiheird(LiscatrB)  waaii  the  tlmeol  the  DomeMlay  Survey  an 

iapuitint  manor  with  a  milt  mdcfing  i>d,  yeariy  did  anarket 

rendering  4a.    By  Ihe  Conqueror  it  had  been  given  to  the  count 

~  'oniin  by  whom  it  was  held  hi  demonc.    Ever  since  thai 

it  has  pused  niik  the  earfdom  sr  duchy  of  Cornwall.    The 

ily  ot  its  soil  and  the  river  Looe  probably  led  to  earty 

~  Liskoard.   Richard,  king  of  the  Ronuns,  recogniccd 


Its  B 


■1  advantages  and  b 


140  he  conslfluled  Lsheatd 

ecmen  with  all  Ihe  Ebenin 
ine«ton  and  Helstoo.  In 
I  of  iha  Attomptlon  and  5( 


and  resided  there  occanDiuilly.  I 
a  free  borough  and  its  buigtses 
enjoyed  by  ib*  burgeaei  ot  I 
1166  he  granted  fairs  at  Ihe  Fea 
Halthew.  His  son  Edmund  b 
10  tbe  burgenei  for  a  yearly  ml  of  lit  (sold  by  Waiiam  UI. 
lo  Lord  Somers]  the  boreugh  in  fee  farm  with  iti  mills,  tolls, 
fines  and  pleas,  fdeas  of  the  crown  excepted.  Lskeard  wu 
made  a  coinage  town  tor  tin  in  i]o4.  Edward  the  Black  Prinei 
secured  lo  the  burgeswi  In  tjsj  immunity  from  pieu  cutiids 
their  frauchise  for  trespui  done  within  the  boniugb.  Queea 
Elitabelh  granted  ■  charter  of  incorpnillon  in  1580  under 
vhich  there  were  to  be  a  mayor,  recorder  and  eight  coundZloii. 
This  ehancT  was  lurresidered  to  Charkl  11.  in  r6to  and  a  new 
one  granted  by  his  brother  undti  which  ihe  corpoiatlOB  became 
a  sell-elected  body.  Frvm  1145  to  i8]>  Lilkcird  lent  two 
mcntbcrstothtUouscofCamnians.  .Theptrliamenluyfnticfaiv, 
Bl  fint  enercised  by  the  burgusct,  wu  vested  by  Jamei'  diaitei 
in  Ihe  corpocitioa  and  fnemen.  By  determining  to  admit 
no  hew  freemen  the  voters  became  reduced  to  between  joand 
Oo.  Sir  Edward  Coke  was  returned  for  this  borough  In  1620, 
and  Edwird  Gibbon  the  historian  in  1174.  In  iSji  Liskeard 
was  deprived  ol  one  of  its  membeii  kiid  In  iMj  It  becan* 


Bniin  the  t 


mdy  mentkHied  a  third 


belh'i  chincr  ID  be  hekl  «i  AsnnU' 

raljkdamaili 

The  latter  i> 

~   i(  mill  H  I 

<lr  idciHica 


lie  Domesday  Survey,  Is  Kill  drjvei 


commonly  known  m  Lady 
4.  Her  father,  Sir  While 
an  old  Hampshire  family; 
her  husband,  John  Lisle  (d.  1664),  had  been  one  of  the  judges 
■1  the  trial  of  Chariest,,  and  was  subsequently  a  meii^>ero{ 
Ctomwell'i  Houio  of  Lofdi — heiKe  hi»  wife'i  courtesy  title. 
Lady  Liile  seena  to  have  leined  to  Royitlim,  but  with  this 
altitude  the  combined  a  decided  tympaihy  with  rdigiaas 
dissent.  On  the  10th  of  July  iMj,  a  fortnight  after  Ike  battle 
of  Sedgemoor,  tbe  old  lady  cdnacnled  to  shelterjohn  Bkkes, 
a  well-known  Nonconformist  minister,  at  her  residence,  Uoyhs 
Court,  near  Ringwood.  Hickcs,  who  was  a  logiliTe  fmai 
Monmouth's  army,  brought  with  him  Richard  Nehboipc,  alio 
a  psniian  of  Monmouth,  and  under  lattnce  el  oullainy- 
The  two  men  paced  Ihe  night  at  Moyles  Conn,  and  on  the  foUaw- 
ing.moRiing  were  aimted,  and  (heir  hotlen,  who  had  denied 
Iheic  presence  In  IhebouK,  wuchugedvitbhuboarinf  tniiois. 
Her  case  was  tried  by  Judge  Jeff reyi  at  the  opolng  of  (be  "Bloody 
Assiics  "  at  Windictter.  She  pleaded  ibai  she  had  no  knowledge 
that  Hickei'i  oHence  w*i  anything  more  aerious  than  illegil 
preaching,  that  ibe  had  ktuwnnothij^pcievious^of  Ndlboipc 
(whose  name  was  rtot  Included  in  tbe  indictmcit,  but  was, 
nevecihelesa,  mentioced  to  strengthen  the  case  fot  (be  CrowiO, 
and  that  the  had  no  lympathy  with  the  rebtlBoo.  He  JoiT 
tcluclintty  found  her  gnilty,  and,  tbe  law  ttcognltinf  ao  diaUnc- 
tion  between  prioeipali  and  acnoorlei  la  (nooa,  Ar  vu 
tenlenced  (o  be  buined.    JeSHvB  ordered  that  the  seMtace 


Ll^MORE— LI3SA 


775 


Aoold  be  curicd  out  ihit  BUM  tflenwon,  but  ■  r«w  dsyi' Rspi 
WM  ufaKqucmly  giuted,  and  Jtaea  IL  (llovtd  bctiaiduig 
be  nibMitultd  lor  burning.  Lady  Llilc  wu  ciccuted  in  Wi 
chntfar  mutet-pticc  on  the  and  of  ScpiembCT  1685.  By  nuny 
wrilcn  her  dealh  hu  been  tBToied  1  ludidil  mordeTi  dad  one 
ol  the  Gnt  act!  of  pariiuneot  ol  Williun  ud  Mary  revmed 
the  eUkuidcr  oo  the  gnnuid  that  the  proKcutiaQ  mu  iireguUr 
■■d  (he  veidkt  InJniiDUily  eitoiled  by  "  the  msuca  ud 
violeacauidwherilte^pncticei  "ol  Jeilreyi.  Itu.bowever, 
•xtitrndy  doubtful  wbtlfaCF  JeRreyi,  foi  all  hii  gnu  brutality, 
mceeded  Ih*  ttrict  letttt  ol  tfae  eiiiting  taw. 
_  See  Howell,  AoU.TViaili;  H.  B.  living,  Lijk  ^  Jaiv  Mr^: 


Stephen.  Hillary  0/  lb  Crim 


at  Lav  ij  fSifliml. 

c  entrance  to  Loch  Unnhe,  Aigyll- 
ihire,  Scotknd,  5  m.  N.W.  ol  Oban.    Pop.  {1901)  joo.   It  lies 
S.W.  ind  N.E,,  it  9)  ID.  Imt  and  1)  in,  bnad,  arid  bai  an  area 
o[  g6es  aero.    It  divi'dei  Ibe  lower  end  of  the  loch  into  two 
channel),  the  lytin  ol  Morvera  on  the  W.  and  the  Lynn 
■tome  on  Ibe  E.    Tlw  name  it  deiived  from  the  Gaelic  lioi  m. 
"great  garden."     Scveti!  ruined  catlk*  Mand  on  the  cob 
and  the  bigheit  point  si  the  Iiland  ii  50a  fl.  above  the  si 
Tfae  inbabitanli  raJK  polaion,  oaii,  cattle  and  bone*,  a. 
these,  with  dairy  produce,  lofm  iht  bulk  of  the  trade.    Steami 
call  at  AuchnacRsan.    A  Columban  monattety  wu  founded 
Uamoie  by  St  Moiuag  about  591.    About  iioo  the  Kt  of  Argyll 
was  Eeparated  from  Dunkfid  by  Biihop  John,  "  '     *^ 
qun,*'  and  Lismore  soon  afterwards  hicame  the  seat 
ol  Argyll,  sometimes  called  "  Episcopus  Lismotii 
^Hltinct  fiotn  the  bishop  of  the  Isles  (Sudreyi  and  Isle  oT  Man), 
called  "  Episcopm  Sodoriensis  "  or  "  Insnlamm,"  whose  see 
«*a  difdded  in  the  14th  century  into  (he  English  tHshopric  of 
Sodor  and  Man  and  the  Scotlfih  bishopric  of  the  Islei.   The  Rev. 
John  Hacaolay  (d.  ITS9),  Imdfatbcr  of  Lord  Macaulay,  the 
UMoifaB,  and  Ibe  Rev.  Donald  M'Nicol  U7sS~i^'),  who  took 
up  (be  defence  of  the  Highlandi  against  Dr  Johnson,  were 
miuitten  of  LiimoK. 
For  the  Bttk  if  tU  Diet  if  UnuH  see  Cilt:  SuWil  GetUt 

UIXORI,  a  (own  oT  Rous  county,  New  South  Wales,  Atalcalia, 
J»o  m.  direct  N.  by  E.  ol  Sydney.  Fop.  doai)  437*-  H  1»  the 
principal  town  el  the  north  coast  district,  and  the  seat  ol  a 
Roman  Catholic  bishop.  The  surrounding  country  is  partly 
pastoral,  and  partly  agricultural,  the  soil  being  very  fertile. 
The  town  has  a  catholral.  school  of  art .  and  other  public  buildings, 
while  its  industrial  cstaUishmcnts  include  saw-milli,  sugar- 
milb,  buKer  lactorln  and  an  Iron  fonndiy  Standing  at  Ibe 
head  of  navigational  the  Richmond  river,  lismore  has  alarge 
export  trade  la  dairy  produce,  poultry,  pdgs,  and  pine  and 

LmORK  a  market  town  and  seat  of  a  dlocne  in  Co. 
Waletrord,  Ireland,  4]  m.  W.S.W.  ol  Walerford  by  Ibe  WatKfotd 
and  Mallow  branch  ol  the  Cieit  Southern  &  Western  Railway. 

rising  abruptly  from  the  Blackwaiei.  At  the  verge  of  the  rock 
on  the  western  side  If  the  old  baiDnfal  cislle.  erected  by  King 
John  in  11S5,  which  was  the  residence  of  the  bfsbopa  till  the 
I4(h  century.  It  was  besirgcd  in  1641  and  164J,  and  in  T&4J 
it  wa«  partly  destroyed  by  Ere.  The  present  fabric  is  largely 
nodtnii  while  the  portico  was  designed  by  Inigo Jones.  Tothe 
cut. on  (be  summit  of  the  height,  is  the  cathedral  of  St  Cartha^, 
of  various  dates.  There  are  portions  probably  of  the  lath  and 
I  Jib  centuries,  hut  the  buf  k  of  ihe  building  is  ol  the  1  ;th  century, 
and  considerable  addilioni,  itKhiding  the  tower  and  tiMre.  were 
made  In  the  iglh.  There  an  a  groramar  school,  a  free  Khool 
and  a  number  of  charities.  Some  trade  js  carried  on  by  meant  el 
(be  liver,  and  the  town  Is  the  centre  of  a  Ulmoo  £shcty  district. 
The  original  name  ol  Llimore  was  Maghsciatb.  A  monastery 
founded  here  by  St  Carthagh  in  Bj]  became  10  cetebrattd  a.s  a 
■eat  of  learning  that  it  b  uid  'no  lewer  than  iMenly  churches 
were  erected  In  its  vicinity.  The  bishopric,  which  ii  said  to  have 
Dfiginaied  with  this  foundation,  was  united  to  that  olWateriord 
btita-   lalhegikudbctiBaiiSoIthBiMhiMitittiatbeto.wn 


wa  iqxatedly  plondercd  by  the  Danes,  and  In  9?gAetowD 
and  abbey  were  burned  by  the  men  of  Onory.  Henry  11..  after 
landing  at  Watteford,  received  In  Lismore  caitle  Ihe  allegUnce 

of  the  archbishopa  and  bitfaops  of  Ireland.  In  ijig  the  manoi 
wu  granted  to  Sit  Wallet  Raleigh,  from  wbaoi  it  passed  to 
Sir  Richard  Boyle,  afterwards  eari  of  Cork.  Fiom  Ibe  eaila 
ol  Cork  it  descended  by  muriage  to  the  dukes  of  Devonshire. 
It  was  incorporated  u  a  munidpiii  borough  in  thetimeofCborica 
I.,  when  it  also  received  the  privdege  of  retuminc  membcn  to 
tKuHamant,  but  at  the  Union  In  180a  it  wi 
also  ceased  to  eicrcise  its  municipal  f  unctioni 

LIUA  (Serin-Creation  Vi3;  Lat.  Iiia),  an  Mud  in  tbe 
Adtiatic  lea,  forming  part  of  Dabnatia,  Austria.  Lisia  lies 
31  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Spalato.  and  is  the  ontertnost  island  of  the 
Dalmatian  Archipdago.  Its  grestest  length  Is  lo}  m.;  Its 
greatest  breadth  4I  m.  In  dtape  it  Is  a  long,  roughly  drawn 
parallelognn],  surrounded  by  a  wall  of  rock,  which  incloses  tbe 
fertile  cmtcal  pbiin.  and  is  broken,  on  Ihe  north,  west  and 
euc  by  natural  barboura.  Its  cubninating  point  is  Mount  Hum 
(TQti  It.],  on  [he  lotith-wcst.  ^le  island,  which  belongs  to  the 
administrative  district  of  I^na,  is  divided  between  (wo  com- 
munes, named  after  the  chiel  towns,  Lissa  (Kir),  on  the  tioitb. 
ud  Comisa  (Kamila),  on  tbe  west.  Lissa,  the  capdul,  hu  a 
bed  haciuur.  It  cantains  tbe  palace  cf  the  old 
nts  Gariboidi.  the  former  reddence  of  the  £ngKsh 
monutery  of  the  Minorites  and  at  a  little  distanci 


Xhewi 


lof  th 


.    Tbeid 


gain  their  Uvelihood  by  viticultun!.  for  which  IisB  w 

famous,  Ijy  sardine  fishing  and  by  the  distillation  of  rosemary 
oil.     Pop.  (1900)  9418,  ol  whom  $161  bdoagui  to  tfae  town 

nd  commune  cf  Liiia,  ud  4657  to  Comisa. 
Issa  Is  said  to  have  been  leltlBl  by  pei^le  from  Lctbos,  the 
Issa  of  Ibe  Attean.  The  Parians,  assiainl  by  Dionysiui  tbe 
Elderof  Syracuse, in ttoduced  a  colony  in  the  4lh  century  B.C. 
g  (he  First  Puidc  Wai  (165-141  B.C.]  the  imfjnt  with 
(heir  beaked  ships  helped  tbe  Roman  Duilius;  and  Ihe  great 
republic,  having  delcnded  their  idud  against  Ibe  attacks  of 
Agton  of  lllytia  and  his  queen  Teuta,  again  found  them  senice- 
lUe  allies  in  the  wu  with  Philip  of  Maccdon  (e.  115-111).  As 
ariy  u  in6  the  Venetians  ruled  the  island,  and,  though  they 
etired  iora  time  before  the  Ragusani,  thdr  power  was  effectually 
atablished  in  1178.  Velo  Selo,  then  Ihe  chiel  settlement,  wu 
leslroyed  by  Ferdinand  of  Naples  in  14S]  and  by  the  Turks  in 

S7I.    The  preseid  dty  arose  shortly  afterwards.    During  the 

this  period  the  island  prospered  greatly,  its  population  increasing 
fiom^ooaloriiooobetween  iSoiand  iSu.  In  tbe  latter  year 
Ihe  French  squadron  wai  defeated  by  tbe  British  (we  bekw); 
though  in  the  same  year  a  French  fleei,  liying  British  colours, 
entered  Lissa,  and  only  retired  alter  burning  64  merchant  men. 
Thenceforward  the  islud  gained  a  valuable  trade  In  British  good^ 
,  being  excluded  from  every  |»rl  under  French  nm trot, 
.muggled  into  Dalmalia.  In  iSii  Ihe  Brili^  esUbUshed 
ministrative  system,  onder  native  officials,  in  Lissa  and 
Ihe  adjoining  islands  of  Cuteola  and  Logasta.  All  thtee  were 
ceded  to  Austria  in  1S15. 

BaOla  ef  Liia.—Ttio  naval  actions  have  been  fougbt  in 
iHKkm  times  near  this  ishmd.  The  Eist  lookt^aceon  the  ijth 
ol  March  iSir,  and  wu  fought  between  a  Franco-Venetian 
nn,  under  tbe  command  of  an  officer  named  Dubourdicu 
(of  whom  littlt or  nslhing  else  tsknawn},ud  Captain  (afterwards 
~  r)  William  Hoste  with  a  small  Briiith  loKt.  The  Franco- 
Venetian  squadron  (Venice  wu  then  part  ol  the  dominions  of  ibe 
emperor  Napoleon)  consisted  ol  sii  liigatn,  of  wbich  lour  were 
of  forty  gpns,  and  ol  five  corvelle*  or  small  craft.  Tbe  British 
squadiim  wu  composed  of  three  (rigstes,  the  "Am(rtiioni"  31 
(Captain  William  Hoste),- the  "Cerixrus"  (Captain  Henry 
Whitby)  ud  the  "Active,"  3X  (Captain  James  A,  Gordon). 

ibem  was  Ibe  "  Vdagc."  11  (Captain  Phippa  Hornhy). 

I^ion  hu  a  peculiar  Interest  because  tfae  FVench  captain 
fd  tbe  method  Of  attack  eaployed  by  Nelson  al  Tialalgar. 
00  down  fioa  windwsxd  in  two  lines  parallel  loancMOIhcr, 


776 


LISaA— UST^F. 


idiCntuiilitBIbeBriltdiquidraa,    CipUin  Hots  wu  not 

impdlcd  ID  Uf  >IiU  u  Lfae  illia  did  U  TW  ilcu.     He  iload  on, 

ihd  u  the  two  French  Una  hut  to  ovcrtAke  him  V  be  clipped 

It  in  uglc  Id  Iheir  couns,  ons  of  llKm  got  in  Lbeartji 


"  Famile,"  40,  an  to  >  ntl,  whidi  »u  kumni  lo  hBuell.  but 

_  _  M  defeated  in  ijHle  c4 

Ibt  fiUiBt  Efblinc  of  tbc  tndindiuil  lUp*.     Tm  pdu  wc 

Ukm  uid  Duboucdieu  wat  Ulled. 

The  Mcond  naval  battle  of  liiaa  wu  fooflit  betiRD  tbe 
Antrian  and  Italian  naviei  cm  the  loth  ol  July  1S66.  Hie 
Uand,  IhoL  in  pimmion  of  the  Auitilaii*,  *u  attacked  by  aii 
Italian  aquadroD  fnin  Ancona  o[  11  inndadi  aiid  ii  mnden 
vcaieli.  One  of  the  iiondad*  wu  dauu^ed  in  a  bombaidnient 
of  the  iDTti,  and  two  one  diiticbed  on  otltei  Krrice,  when  an 
Austrian  squadren  of  7  ironclad),  one  uDumoured  miihip  the 
"  Kaiaer  "  and  a  numbs  et  amaU  craft  which  had  left  FauDO 
under  the  command  of  Admiral  TegelhoS  oms  to  inleiTDpt 
their  openliona.  The  Italian  adminl  Penano  amngsd  bii 
■hip*  iDaainglehmiliDe  ahead,  which  allowing  lor  the  necatary 
(pace  between  tbtm  meant  that  (he  Italian  focmalion  itietcbed 
for  nwre  than  1  n,  Jwt  befotc  the  action  began  Admiral 
Penano  aUIIed  his  Bag  from  the  "  RE  d'llalia,"  tbe  fouith  ahip 
in  order  from  the  van,  to  the  nm  "  Afiondaloie,"  the  ilth. 
Thia  made  it  acRs9ary  for  tho  "  Aftandatore  "  and  the  ahipi 
aalem  In  ibollea  tpced,  and,  aa  the  leadmg  TBieli  ilood  on, 
a  gap  was  cieatKl  in  the  Italian  line.  Admiial  Tegethofl,  who 
was  on  the  pon  bow  si  the  luUant,  attacked  with  his  sqiadron 
in  three  divisions  focsKd  in  obiuie  angles.  The  Italians  opened 
a  vay  tapid  and  tU-direcud  £tc  »t  a  distinee  of  loeo  yd).  The 
Anstriani  dkl  not  reply  till  they  were  al  a  distance  of  300  yds. 
Under  TegethoB's  vigonms  leader^ip,  and  aided  by  the  discmlei' 
In  tht  Italian  line,  the  Austiians  brought  on  a  brief,  but  to 
the  Iialiaiis  desliuctive,  mdie.  They  brake  through  an  interval 
between  the  ibicd  and  fourth  Italian  ships.  The  unaimed 
Austrian  ships  headed  to  attack  (he  unarmed  Italian*  in  the 
(ear.  Al  this  poinlaninddent  occurred  lo  which  an  eiaggerated 
importance  was  given.  The  Italian  imnclad  "  Kf  di  PonagillD  " 
of  sfioo  tons,  in  the  real  of  the  line,  itood  out  to  cover  the  un- 
■Bnoured  squadron  by  nmming  (he  Ausliiana.  ^lewaahcrseU 
rammed  by  the  wooden  "Kataer"  (5000  tcms),  but  received 
little  injury,  while  the  Auatrlan  was  mnch  icuured,  Ttie 
"  Kaiser  "  and  the  wooden  vcaiels  then  made  foe  the  protect  ton 
of  loit  San  Ciorgio  on  LIssa  unpursDcd.  In  the  centre,  where  [be 
action  wro  hottest,  the  Austrian  Ragihip  "  Ferdinand  Mm  "  of 
sua  tout  tammed  and  lank  the  "  Rf  d'ltalii."  The  IlaUan 
"  PaksDD  "  of  IDOO  tons  wa>  fired  by  a  shell  and  blew  up.  By 
nuddsy  the  Itsllani  were  m  retreat,  and  Tegethofl  anchored  at 
,San  Cioigto.  Hlssquadronhadsuflered  very  little  from  the  wild 
Ere  dI  the  Italians.  The  battle  of  the  lolh  July  wa*  the  first 
fought  at  sea  by  nodeni  irandad  steam  fieett,  and  ttaeretore 
attracted  a  great  deal  of  attention.  The  sinking  of  the  "  lU 
d'ltalia  "  aid  iheranniingol  the"  Portogallo  "  by  the"  Katser  " 
gave  an  immense  impulse  to  the  then  popular  tbdocy  that  the 
ram  would  be  a  leading,  if  not  (he  principal,  weapon  in  modem 


It  justified  by  tbe  biltle 


itself,  io  which  Ibe  attempts _^ 

Tery  few.  Tbe  "  Rt  dTtalla  "  wa*  Mruck  only  beauae  she  was 
suddenly  and  most  Enjudicnusly  backed,  so  (hat  the  had  po  way 
on  when  charged  by  the  "  Ferdinand  Hu," 

For  (he  fint  binV  of  LIna  see  I>nin-<  Kdmt  IflMry.  Wl.  v. 
(iSjj).  A  clear  account  o(  the  iecand  bjiile  will  be  found  in  Sir  S, 
Eanlley-Wilrnol'.  Dmlepmnl  tl  Kma  (London,  1891)1  xe  alio 
H,  W.WIunVJ'miiuIjMAifuiaoBdan,  1896).  (D.  If.) 

UUA  (Polish  £A>»).  a  town  In  the  PruMhn  province  of 
Poten,  05  m.  N.E.  (lom  Clogau  by  rail  and  at  tbe  jtmcticiB  of  lines 
to  Brcslau.  Posen  and  Landsbsg.  Pop.  (1905]  tG,aii.  Tbe 
chief  boiidiigs  are  Ibi  bandsome  pdtct,  (be  medieval  town-hall, 
tbe  four  tbuAm  md  tbe  synagotBe.    Iti  tnunlacturea  cmita 


Palish  family  of  Lcaacxynski.     Tbdr  ai 

received  monidpal  richu  in  tsti.  During  the  Thirty  Yon' 
War  tbe  popuhitioD  was  reinfmeed  by  Btbet  relucecs,  ud  Lint 
became  an  important  cnuinierdsl  town  and  the  dM  seat  (I 
the  MonvJan  Brother*  in  Poland.  Johaim  Amoa  CoBoiiia 
ru  long  rector  of  the  cdebraied  Moravian  Bibid  bete.   Initji 


tr  BMeuil  (LiMa,  190s).  td  Saada, 


See  Voift,  Am  ZiiKu  tr 

CticUc)ili  itr  Lvmr  Sdnlt  UJm,  r. 

LIR,  PBIEDKICB  (1789-1840],  Gntnan  zcoEoralsl.  was  inni 
at  Keotlingcn,  WUntembecg,  on  the  6th  of  August  1789.  Un- 
wilUi;g  to  billow  the  occupalioa  of  bb  father,  who  was  a  pro*. 
perou*  tanner,  he  became  *  clerk  In  (he  public  service,  and  by> 
1S16  had  risen  to.  (he  post  of  mioislelial  under-secrelary.  In 
1817  he  was  a^winted  professor  of  adminLStration  and  politks 
at  the  univEtsity  of  Tubingen,  but  the  fall  of  the  ministry  in 
I S 19  compelled  him  to  resign.  As  a  deputy  to  the  Wilrttenibfig 
chamber,  he  was  active  in  advocating  administrative  refonna 
He  was  eventually  eipelled  from  the  chamber  and  in  April  ilii 

the  fortra)  of  Atperg,  He  eicqied  10  Alsace,  and  after  viiiiiog 
France  and  Entfand  returned  in  1S14  to  Gniih  his  sentence, 
and  was  released  on  undertaking  to  emigrate  to  America.  Then 
igaging  in  fanning  and 
necifa  that  he  ^thenl 
iium  a  sLUdy  of  Alexander  Hamilton's  work  the  iaspiialiiai 
which  made  him  an  ccoooniist  of  his  pronounced  "  Natioaal  " 
views.  Thcdiscovecyolcaalansamelandwhich  be  bad  acquired 
made  him  Anandally  independent,  and  he  becanw  United  Statu 
consul  at  Lcipiig  in  iSjj.  He  strongly  advocated  the  uteiuiM 
ol  the  railway  lytltm  in  Germany,  and  the  eslablishment  of  lbs 
ZtUterdH  was  due  largely  to  Ms  enthusiasm  and  ardoat.  His 
latter  days  were  darkened  by  many  mtrfortunea;  be  lott  nnch 
ol  his  American  propeity  In  a  financial  crisis,  iU-healtb  ske 
overtook  him,  and  he  brought  his  life  to  an  end  by  hia  awn  hand 
on  the  3olh  of  November  184S, 

List  holds  hisioricilly  one  of  the  highest  p[ac«  in  economic 
thought  as  applied  (o  practical  objecta.  Hi)  principal  work  <s 
entitled  Uai  Nalii'iBlr  Syilim  ia  Poliliukat  OkuHtmit  {lAtl}. 
Though  bs  practical  conclusions  were  diRereot  from  Ibiw  ol 
Adam  MUllir  (1779-1*19),  he  was  largely  influenced  not  onbtqi 
Hamilton  but  also  by  the  general  mode  of  thinking  of  that  writer, 

paiticulaily  against  the  cosmopolitan  principle  in  tbe  nndtn 
economical  lyitem  thai  he  pcotesicd,  and  againat  the  absoluic 
doctrine  of  free  trade,  which  was  in  harotony  wi 


D  the  ni 


ionalk 


■ntbe 


He  lefused  la  Smith's  •yMem  the  title  gt  tbi 

le  thought  more  ippnwriite  to  the  mercantile  i 
laled  the  rormcr  ai  ''  the  exchange-value  syst 
he  paralldliin  ■Denrd  b^  Smith  between  the 


.anJdfsii- 
He  deniid 

,,niccondiicl 

and  hetdihattbeimnedian 


™.~.™,  JKwldbe'moreim'pmt.—  -<-"'-- 
of  values,  and  it  mliht  be  right  1 

In  the  loaad  and  nooaal 


!  and  Cnii 


imigotion.  railwtp.  all  hi|b« 

1  [Hiiijy  icriculiunJ  K*ts  tlwe  iam  fflidnicy  to  lUEaatioa- 
nc  pvwth  oi  the  higher  formi  of  ioduttry  all  cohqitih 
idapicd— only  IhoK  of  the  tHipnmte  unei.  wliilK  t1i« 
«n«  luTC  X  idlDnl  nHoopoly  ia  the  pnducdoo  of  crnain 

1  of  Uxwi  *Dd  confcckniMa  oi  powtn  apoaiueniuJy 

ti  to  eiplatn  hift  Ehnry  vt  Ehc  BlafH  of  eCDnomlf 

onomic  luk  of  the  «ai«  it  lo 


LIST— USTER,  BAKON 

lacd  of  Ifae  ipBu 
'  of "  list,"  D 


in  manufactun  for  iikU,  Ihrn  a  nHan 

be  employed  w  allow  the  home  IntJuuiln  to  _     .    ,  

futly.  andaavelhem  Tnim  being  overpowered  In  ihdr  earlier  effort* 
by  the  cnipnitiofl  of  more  nutuied  foreifD  indiHtne*  in  the  home 
■iikct  when  the  luiional  indiutriei  have  irowa  nronE  enough 
DO  longpr  (D  drrad  lliia  coin  petition-  then  the  hi^ieal  alage  of  pmgieH 
hx  bceo  mched.  Ircc  Iridc  ihouM  auin  beeome  the  rule,  and  [he 
nitron  be  thin  Ehorouglilv  iftcorpersted  with  the  omvenal  induttiial 

the  ptolKIiva  period  ihr  aach  more  tlgn  gaioa  bi  the  long  run 
in  productive  power — the  teoiporary  expenditure  being  Hriclly 
analogouf.  wbeo  wc  place  ounelvef  at  the  point  of  vu;w  of  the  Hfi^ 
of  the  nation,  to  Ihecoitaf  the  mduMrialedtKalionof  the  Individul 
The  pnctical  conduiian  whKh  Lie!  drew  for  Cermany  waa  that  ihe 
Btcded  far  her  economie  prweia  an  b 
bounded  territory  reaching  lo  Ine  BEa-CQai 
and  a  vigoroui  expaiuion  of  mviuraciun 
the  way  to  the  latter  lay  through Judic 
with  a  cuaiooia  union  eompriiing  all  Gen 
miiw  with  a  Navlgatioii  Aet.  Thcnatn 

•Iter  independence  and  power  Ihrsof  h 

Industry,  awatcing  from  itt  lethargy  ana  eager  to  lecover  Lost  HDUod. 
'  -■■--<     -  jceeiaof  UK'ibouk.andit  pToduceda  great 

pmenled  the  tendeneiet  and  demandi  of 
^  ^    '    le  effei:t  of  fiaini  the 


a  erotcctive  Mtlation 
in  fanda.  and  a  German 


k  ably  repmeoled  II 


t  and  official 
o(  political 

niui  cT^m 


I  of  modi^r 


fSerlin. 


of  LlM'a  Oulhuri  a/  Amenian  Ptlilical  Einom}  (1817) 

UST  (0£.  /u'<.  a  Teutonic  woid,  cf.  Dut.  Iijil,  Cei.  Lriifr. 
adapted  in  Iial  iiifs  and  Fr.  lull),  properly  a  botder  ai  edvni. 
The  word  wai  thui  lormedy  uKd  of  a  geographical  boundary 
m  fionlier  aod  of  ihc  lolie  ol  Ihc  ear,  Jn  current  uuge  "  liu  " 
ia  the  tetin  applied  to  the  "  aelvage  "  of  a  piece  ol  cloth,  ihc 
edgJDg,  u.  of  a  web  left  in  an  unfinished  ilate  or  ol  diSereot 
material  Irom  the  ml  ol  the  fabric,  la  be  lom  or  cul  oS  wfaen 
ft  ii  made  up.  or  used  for  forming  a  Kam     A  aimilar  edging 

rivenii   unravdkng     The   maitrial,   cul    off  and   collected, 
known  as  "  iial."  and  u  uud  ai  ■  aofl  cheap  miteiiaJ  for 
making  ilippcn,  padding  cushiom.  &c    Until  the  employment 
of  lubber.  liiL  wai  used  10  alufi  Ibc  culhiona  of  bitluid  lablct. 
The  lame  word  probably  appean,  in  a  plural  form  "  liHa." 
applied  to  the  barrien  or  paiiiadcs  endoung  a  apace  of  ground 
let  apan  lor  tilting  (see  Toubniheni)     Ii  ii  thui  laed  of  any 
place  of  corn  ell.  and  the  phiaie  "  to  enter  the  litli  "iifnqu 
IMed  in  Ihr  lenic  ol  "  to  challenge. "    The  word  in  thii  ap| 
lion  wu  laken  directly  from  the  O   Fr  lisit.  modem  Jn 
Med.  Lai.  liiim.  Thii  word  ii  uiually  taken  lo  be  a  Ror 
■daptttlonollhe  Teutonic  word.     In  nKdlevailorlihcatioB 
littl  were  the  paliaadei  [orniing  an  outwork  in  front  of  Ihe 
wiHi  of  a  cattle  or  other  lortihed  place,  ud  tlie  word  wu  abo 


idoaed  belweea  the  piliiada  and  the  en- 

ining  edge  or  border.  10  a  "atrip"  of  piper, 
loining  a  "  lilt  "  of  names,  uimbet*,  la.. 


ol  penoa*  or  thing*  arrangid  in  order  for  lome  qied&c  puipoie. 
It  ii  the  iQOil  leDetai  word  for  such  on  enuaietation,  oibct 
wordi,  auch  u  "  regiiter,"  "icbedule,"  "inveoiory,"  "c»i»- 
k^ue,"  having  uaually  tome  particular  coanauilon.  The  chief 
eariy  me  of  liil  in  iMi  meudng  wai  of  ihe  roll  coBtainiog  the 
namei  of  iddieni  hence  to  "list  a  loldier"  meant  to  enter 
■  leendl't  natne  fat  ictvlce,  In  nudetn  loase  "  loenliit  "  him. 
There  are  uuioerout  particular  appiicaiions  of "  liii,"  at  in  "  civil 
lln  "  (f.».),  '■  active  or  retired  Uit  "  in  Ibe  navy  or  army.  The 
term  "  free  liM  "  ii  »ed  of  an  eniunerotion  of  auch.  commodities 
>*  may  at  a  particular  tine  be  eiempl  from  Ifae  revenue  laws 
impoiini  an  inpcst  duty. 

The  verb  "to  titt,"  moiC  coimDonly  foond  in  Ibe  impenclva. 
meaning  "  harit  I  "  ia  another  form  of  "  liil*?!],"  "  "■" '  --*■--' — ■■ 

ai  to  itt  ultimate oiilin.  loan  Indo-Europear. 

•Ua>.  to  hear.  .Mm,  gbn,  renown,  and  in  the  Engliah  "  loud." 
The  lame  root  la  aeen  In  Welsh  fjtiu  and  Irlih  (Mar,  er-  •  —  - 
word  "liu."  meanliw  pleaaure,  dclighl,  or.  as  a  ve 

"to  pluBe.  chooie.*'  is  chiefly  found  la  such  phrases  a.     ^ 

bloweth  where  it  llHelh."  This  I>  from  the  O.E.  tysun,  cf.  Dul. 
ham.  Cf.  luifni,  to  take  pleaiure  in.  and  it  alio  found  in  Ihe 
English  doublH  "  lutt,"  now  always  used  in  Ihe  icnie  of  anevil 
or  more  particularly  aeiiiB]  desire.    It  is  pnbably  an  applicaiion  of 

LISTA  Y  AHAfiOM.  ALBEHTO  (1775-1S4SI,  Spanish  poet 
and  educationalist,  was  bom  at  Seville  on  the  i  jth  of  October 
1775.  He  bepn  teaching  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  and  when  lillk 
over  twenty  wai  made  professor  of  elocutioa  aod  poetry  at 
Seville  univcnity.  In  1813  he  was  exiled,  on  political  groundl, 
but  pardoned  in  1817.  He  then  returned  to  Spain  ajid,  allei 
leacUnl  for  three  yean  at  Bilbao,  Itarlcd  a  ctilical  retoew  at 
Madnd.  Shortly  afterwards  he  founded  the  celebrated  collefc 
of  San  Mateo  En  that  city,  TIk  liberal  character  of  tbe  San 
Mateo  educational  system  was  not  lavoured  by  tbe  govenimeni, 
and  in  1833  the  college  waa  closed.    Lists  after  some  tii 


enioCr. 
.1  ■■  loud," 

"a 


la  edit  Ihc  ofl 
young  general 


iiFiS 


111!  1S40 


ial  Madrid  Caullt.    He  was  one  ol  th 
Ihc  free  univetsity  of  Madrid,  sod  u| 
college  at  Cadiz.    AH  the  leading  tpirtii  ei  ine 
<n  of  Spaniards,  atatesnea,  wiitcn,  soldien  and 
lie  under  bii  inSueoce.    He  died  at  Seville  on 

the  sill  of  October  it4S. 
USTBR.  JOSEPH  UCTBE.  ut  Baron  (1817-        )i  Englt^ 

surgeon,  was  bom  al  Upton,  in  £uei.  on  the  ;lfa  ol  April  1811. 

His  father    Joaeph  Jacknon  Liitei]   F.R.S..  wu  eminent   in 

Kience,  especially  in  optical  science,  hli    ' 


the  compound 
"  diiloning  as 


nbe  raised 


luch  »  il  nuigniJied,"  lo  lit  prdeiil  place  as  a 
of  meaith.  Other  membets  of  Lord  Utlct'i 
nent  in  nalunl  science.  In  hii  boyhood  Joseph 
led  at  Quaker  scbools:  Atit  al  Hiichin  in  Hen- 
ilterwards  al  Tottenham,  near  London.  In 
1344  he  entered  Univeniiy  College.  London,  at  a  iiudent  in  aril, 
and  took  his  B.A.  degree  at  the  University  of  London  in  1S47. 
He  continued  at  Univeniiy  College  at  a  medical  student,  and 
becinw  M  B  and  F.R  C,S,  in  1851.  Tbe  keen  young  student 
osi  nol  long  in  biinging  Us  Faculties  to  bear  upon  pathology 
and  ihepTscticeof  medidne.  While  houM -surgeon  at  Univeniiy 
College  Hospital,  he  had  charge  td  certain  cases  during  an  out- 
break  of  bospilal  gangrene,  and  carefully  obaerved  tbe  pbenomcna 
of  Ihe  disease  and  tlw  eflecta  of  treatment  upon  it.  He  *v 
thus  early  led  to  luspecl  tbe  parasitic  nature  of  the  diiorder, 
and  searched  with  tiie  microscope  the  material  of  the  ipreadiBg 
•ore,  in  the  hope  oi  diicoveHng  in  il  some  Invading  fungui, 


ruth  II 


pyacnua.  anotlwr  lerrible  t> 


77« 


LISTER;  BAHON 


a  lutiia  skttdn  o(  tke  i) 


To  laliic  Uiler'i  wmk  h  b  ncctsacjr  to  rcnjembet  the  an- 
dllioa  of  mrsicil  pnclke  al  that  dale.  About  Ilic  nuddle  of 
ibe  iiKh  century  tbe  ialrDduclioB  of  inustticiics  bad  idkved 
the  paliesi  of  mucb  ol  the  betrar  of  tbe  knile,  and  ibe  sirjcOD 
of  tbe  duty  ol  speed  in  bia  vDrk.  The  agony  oi  the  suaem 
had  nituially  aiul  rightly  compcUed  tbe  pabUr:  to  demand  ra|Hd 
il  not  lUp-dasb  nirgeiy,  aod  tbe  imxeon  to  pride  himieU  on  it. 
Within  decent  limiti  ol  ptecuioo,  Ihe  quickeit  oailiBUD  wai 
the  bat.  With  inaestbetia  thb  tUte  of  Ibingi  at  any  rale 
wu  dunged.  Tbe  pain  of  tbe  opeislian  iudi  no  longer  counted, 
tad  tbe  •oigeoa  wai  cnabkd  not  only  to  be  ai  caulioui  and 
(cduloiu  «  deitecDia,  but  alio  to  Tenlun  npon  long,  pro- 
found a|id  inUicate  ofientioiB  which  bdore  bad  been  out  o<  the 
qootian.  Yet  unhanHly  tfaia  DC*  eofnndiiKtncni  teemed  to  be 
but  10  iionical  liberty  of  Nature,  who  with  tbe  other  hand  took 
away  what  die  bad  giTen.  Direct  boding  ol  lurgical  wounds 
("  by  first  inientiwi  "),  far  from  being  the  rule,  wu  a  piece  ol 
luclf  too  rare  to  enter  into  the  calpiblkint  of  the  operator; 
whde  ol  the  graver  surgical  uadetlskings,  however  luccessiul 
mechanically.  Ibe  nwiistity  by  tepai*  waa  ghailly.  Suppuration, 
phagedaena  and  leptH:  poisoning)  of  the  lystera  carried  away 
even  the  most  promising  patlenu  and  loUowed  even  trifling 
operations.  Often,  too,  these  diuaws  rose  to  tbe  height  of 
epidemic  pestilences,  so  that  patient),  however  eitreme  their 
need,  dreaded  the  very  name  o(  hospital,  and  the  motl  )lul[ul 
surgeons  distrusted  their  own  cnfl.  New  h«pi1alt  or  new 
wards  were  built,  yet  after  a  very  riwrt  time  (he  new  became 
as  pexif erous  as  the  old;  and  even  icnipulous  care  in  ventilation 
and  houaemaida'  clnntineu  failed  to  pievent  tbe  devastation. 
Surgery  had  enlarged  lis  fttedom,  but  only  w  find  tbe  weight 
of  its  neur  responsibilities  more  than  it  could  bear. 

When  Lister  was  appointed  to  tbe  chair  of  lurgcry  in  Glasgow 
tbe  InArmary  o[  that  city  was  a  bolbed  of  septic  disease;  so 
nuch  so  that  his  hospital  visits  evidently  distressed  him  greatly. 
Windows  were  widely  opened,  piles  of  dean  towels  were  supplied, 
tm  itlUtbe  penitence  stalked  thiougb  the  wards.  The  building 
Hands  lo^Iay  as  it  stood  then,  with  no  substantial  allerallon; 
but  by  ibe  geniui  of  Lister  ils  sorgical  wards  are  now  as  free 
from  septic  accidents  as  the  most  modem  bospitaj  in  the  land. 
Janiea  Sicnpaoo,  early  In  the  '^xtiea,  pathetically  denouiKed 
the  awful  mortality  of  operations  in  hospitals,  and  indeed 
ottered  deqierale  protests  against  the  boqiital  system  liself. 
yel,  not  long  afterwards,  Liater  came  to  prove  that  it  was  not  in 
Ihe  botpilal  that  the  causes  of  thai  mortklity  lay  hidden,  but  in 
tbe  operalor  himtelE,  hit  tools  and  hit  attistants,  Happily  ibis 
benelieeiit  discovery  wat  made  in  lime  to  pmerve  the  inetdm- 
able  boon  of  the  hospital  tyitcm  from  the  counsels  of  despair. 
When  Lister  took  up  the  task  qiecuUiion  wu  on  Ihe  wrong 
tui;   the  oxygen  of  the  air  wat  then  supposed  to  be  the  chief 

of  air  wulmpcssible.  For  instance,  a  simple  fracture,  uo(  a  bone 
of  the  leg.  would  do  perfectly  well,  while  in  the  very  neil  bed  a 
oonpound  fracture — one,  that  is.  where  ihe  akin  is  lacerated,  and 
access  to  the  seat  of  injury  opened  out — would  go  disatlrously 
.    If  the  limb  were  amputated,  a  large 


lof  ai 


iepoisoi 


On  graduation  as  bachelor  of  niedii:!i 
butgh,  where  he  toon  afterwards  became  house-surgeon  to  Mr 
Syme;  and  he  wu  much  impressed  by  the  skill  and  judgment 
of  this  great  surgeon,  and  also  by  Ihe  luperioriiy  of  h^  melhod 
of  dressing  recent  wounds  with  dry  lint,  u  compared  with  the 
"water  dressing"  in  use  al  University  College.    Yet  under 

ol  degree,  in  most  wounds  indeed  "  union  by  tint  intention  " 
was  rendered  impostibte  by  the  prtsena  of  Ihe  silk  ligatures 
cnptoyed  lor  arresting  bleeding,  for  these  could  come  away  only 
by  a  proces  of  suppuration  On  the  etplry  of  hit  housc- 
EOrgeoncy  in  Edinburgh.  Lister  siaited  in  that  dty  an  eitra. 
academical  course  of  lectures  on  surg-'y,  and  in  preparation  for 
IhcM  ht'  entered  ea  a  series  of  iDvestigatlons  into  iDfismnutioD 


and  allied  subjects.  Tine  re«aidia,  wUcb  were  detailed  faDr 
In  three  papers  in  PkU.  rroni,  (ig59),andinhisCrDaalan  lecture 
to  Ibe  Royal  Society  in  1U3,  leslihed  to  an  camestneis  of  pui- 
poae,  a  persevering  accuracy  of  otaervalion  and  capcricoertt 
and  an  insight  of  scientific  conception  which  sliow  that  if  Lister 
lethod  of  surgery,  he  would 
lalhology.  tn  bis  speech  ia 
lal  CongieM  of  Medidoe  in 
1900.  Lord  Lister  said  that  be  had  dooe  no  more  than  soae  upon 
Pasteur's  discoveries  and  apply  them  to  surgery.  But  though 
Lister  saw  the  vast  importance  of  the  discovciiei  of  Futeur,  he 
saw  it  because  be  was  watching  on  tbe  bcigbta;  and  he  was 
watching  there  alone.  From  Pasteur  Lists  derived  no  doubt 
two  tniitful  ideas:  first,  that  deconpoflition  fn  organic  substances 
is  due  to  living  "  germs  ";  and,  secondly,  that  these  lowly  and 
oE  .vegetable  nfe  spring  alwayi,  Ukc  higher  orgu- 
ranta  like  themsclvea,  and  cannot  aiD 
il  body.  After  his  appointinent  to  the  G 
in  rS6o,  Lister  hid  continued  his  r  ~ 

and  he  had  king  been  led  to  suaptct  that  decompoaition  of  the 
bkwd  in  the  wound  wu  the  main  cause  of  suppuratioo.  The  two 
great  theories  established  by  Pasteur  seemed  to  Lister  to  open 
out  the  possitnlily  of  what  had  before  a^qieared  hopelest— 
namely,  the  prevention  of  putrefaction  in  the  wound,  and  coote- 
quently  tbe  forestalling  of  suppuration.  To  exclude  tbe  oaygefl 
of  the  air  from  wounds  was  impostiUe,  but  it  might  be  practicable 
to  protect  them  from  microbes. 

The  £rst  attempt  to  realiie  tbia  Idea  waa  made  upon  cov- 
pound  fractures;  and  the  means  first  employed  vu  raibolir 
add,  the  remarkable  efficacy  of  which  in  dcodoriiing  sewage 
made  Lister  regard  il  as  a  very  powerful  germidde.  It  wu 
applied  to  the  wound  undiluted,  10  u  to  form  with  the  blood  a 
dense  cnisl,  tbe  surface  of  which  wu  painted  daily  with  the  acid 
till  all  danger  had  passed.  Tbe  results,  after  a  fiiu  failiue, 
were  in  the  highest  degree  sallsfaclory,  so  that,  u  Lister  said 
in  hisprcsideutialaddressto  the  British  Association  in  Liverpool, 
be  "  bad  tbe  joy  ol  seeing  these  formidable  Injuries  follow  the 

property  ol  undUuled  carbolic  acid,  though  Iniignifioml  in  foro- 
paiison  with  the  tar  greater  evils  (a  be  avoided  in  compound 
Inclure.  made  it  unsuited  for  genetal  lurgEry,  To  make  it 
applicable  to  the  treatment  of  abscettet  and  Incised  waunds, 
it  was  necessary  to  mitigale  ID  aciion  by  blending  it  with  some 
Inetl  body,  and  the  endeavour  to  find  the  best  medium  for  this 
purpose,  such  u  tb  combine  perfect  antiseptic  eCficiency  with  tbe 
least  possible  initation  of  the  tittues,  formed  the  aubiect  ol 
experiments  coniinued  for  many  yean  in  the  laboratory  and  in 
the  ward.  At  one  stage  in  these  inquiries  an  attempt  wu  made 
to  provide  an  atmosphere  free  from 


il  a  fine  sprai 


icid;  for 


Ihea  supposed  liy  Lister  to  be  necessary  not  only  to  purify  the 
turseon's  hands  and  inslrumenis  and  the  skinol  Ihe  patient  about 
the  teat  of  operaiion.  but  aiso  10  wage  war  wlih  the  microbta 
which,  u  Pasieur  had  shown,  people  every  cubic  Inch  of  the  ait 
of  an  inhabiLcd  room.  Under  the  use  of  the  spray  betlet  itsidti 
were  obtained  than  ever  before,  and  this  success  encouraged  its 
use.  But  researches  earned  on  for  several  yeits  Into  the  rela- 
tions of  the  blood  to  micio-orgiinTsms  led  Lister  to  doubi  the 
harmFutness  of  the  atmospheric  dust.  At  Ihe  London  Congress 
in  iSSi  he  ninated  experiments  vihich  proved  that  the  scrum 
of  the  blood  is  a  very  unfavourable  soil  lor  the  development  ol 
the  bacteria  diffused  through  the  air,  and  othen  which  showed 
that  the  ceils  ol  an  organiiing  blood<lot  have  1  very  rematVahle 
power  of  disposing  of  microbes  and  of  limiiing  their  advance. 
Hence  he  considered  it  probable  that  in  surgical  operations  the 
atmosphere  might  be  disregarded  altogether'  As  k>ng.  however, 
islhiswasonly  a  matter  oIprobabiliLy,  he  did  not  dare  to  discard 
the  spray     Em  at  length,  >1  the  Berlin  Congress  In  it^.  he 

had  been  amved  at.    A  careful  consideration  of  the  physical 
'See  T-maj.  b/ lU  hUrnoiiful  UcAhI  Cny,„  (ttii),  vol  u. 
p,  j:3- 


QlBMltUlon  of  (hi  ipn^r  hid  *Imwb  Ub  ttat  I 

dat  ianlvtd  ia  in 'nttm  cooM  KM  poadUy  Inc  thdt  viuUly 

dotnytd  or  tvt>  ivpdnd  by  It.   Such  bcfag  tha  cut;  ibc ' 

cd  tb*  qxigr  inplidliy 

Haplcutr  coMin  -"-  - 


Mty,  but  an  uttafpiiciiTigMkgM  < 

Kkb  tbeir  utcDdtnt  Irriutloa  o<  Ibe  cM  nuhco,  nlffcl  b« 

diipcued  irilh-4  gnul  iin)plI£ciU<Ni,lndirRllr  dutMmptH' 
meois  trilh  (ht  Jpt»y.  The  ipwy  hid  tlto  ttrteA  ■  «y 
purpoee  by  nmiiUiiiiiiig  ■  pun  CDadhion  of  the  flflinvi 
(be  opetationi  not  indeed  hi  the  my  for  wUrb  ii  wu  dc 
but  u  ■  very  ndid  foroi  ol  iinguiaa.  Md  lister  toek  e 
empbulie  Ihe  neceuily  for  ndoablcd  vigitince  oa  the  put  of 
tbdsistsntndbitawslanlsiihatthii "  uiioni*ci9utcaret*ber," 
u  be  ttUed  ll,  bid  been  ducaided. 

Tbe  uinoUBceinenl  (hil  be  had  given  up  ibe  fpny  wi 
dmiidiy  iatecpnled  In  lOBir  qunen  to  Dicmn  (bat  be  bad 
vhtoally  abandaned  bii  theory  and  hk  antiKplic  oitithod). 
The  tnirh  is  that  Ihe  spray  waa  only  one  of  many  device)  tried 
for  a  *hile  ui  Ihe  covr*e  ol  the  long-cnHinueil  endeavour  to  appty 
tbe  aMbeplic  principle  to  Ihe  beit  advantage,  and  abandoned 


Tnai 


Jwayi 


ktpc  eteadlly  In  viev  by  him — during  the  opeiaiion  to  eai 
the  vound  agsirut  leplic  nicTDbei  by  loeti  nRani  as  eiiitint 
kuowledgs  indicated,  and  alierwsrdi  to  protect  It  ognlnet  theii 
iotniductlon.  avoiding  it  the  lame  lime  atl  neecUeta  iitftitkiti 
□t  Ihe  tluuei  by  Ihe  intiseplic.  Upon  the  leebtilcil  method) 
of  attsinlng  Iheae  endi  ihii  ii  not  the  pUce  lo  enbrge;  suffice 
it  ID  aay  that  the  endowment!  and  the  mdutty  of  Ihe  diaeovenr, 
ai  seen  in  the  iipidily  and  neiibilily  ol  mind  adih  whkb  ha 
nlied  upon  and  telecled  tbe  bcM  meam,  neie  Itttle  leu 
ranarbable  than  (he  activity  of  (be  Mine  faculliei 
ocistnal  ideat. 

To  lUwdate  thd  opinion,  hii  woA  on  the  ligature  may  be 
taken.  It  had  long  been  the  universal  pnd' 
employ  ihreada  of  ^Ih  or  flan  for  lying  aileries,  long  ends  being 
left  to  provide  «wape  of  the  pui  (invariably  lomcd  during  Ihe 
tedioui  proceM  d(  (he  Mparation  ol  the  Kgature)  logMher  v!ih 
tlie  poTtion  of  Ibe  aclerinl  coalt  hicTuded  in  the  knot.  Lister 
bcqwd  that  If,  bj  aniiKplic  meani,  the  thread  wete  deprived  ol 
living  microbe),  it  nould  no  longer  canse  luppiliation,  but  might 
be  left  «4tb  ihort  cut  end)  ID  become  embedded  pcrmanenlly 
among  the  tbsuo  of  (he  wound,  which  thus  would  be  allowed  lo 
heal  by  primary  union  IbroughoDl.  A  (rial  of  this  method  upon 
the  carotid  ariery  of  a  horui  having  proved  perfectly  vuccbsFuI, 
he  applied  it  in  a  case  of  aneurysrti  in  the  humon  subject;  and 
here  again  (he  immediate  remit)  were  ill  (hat  could  be  desired. 
But  a  year  later,  ihe  paticni  hiving  ijied  from  olher  caoses,  the 
oeCTOpsy  ibowed  remnints  of  the  rilk  thread  incompletely 
abiorbed,  wllh  appeinnces  aroiuid  them  wfaich  seemed  lo 
indicale  that  (hey  had  been  acting  u  causes  of  dliturbance. 
Thus  waasuggealfd  lo  him  the  idea  ofemploying  for  (he  ligature 
lome  miteriil  su>cep(ibie  of  more  speedy  absorption;  and  the 
antiseptic  treatment  of  conlvsed  vmiimfa  having  shown  that 
dead  tissue,  if  pntected  from  pulnficiion.  Is  removed  by  the 

be  renJved  to  (ry  a  threadofsomesuchnaiure.  Cilgui, which 
ia  prepared  from  one  of  Ihe  consiiiucnij  ol  the  nnall  iBtesline 
of  Ihe  sheep,  after  sleeping  In  a  aolution  of  carbolic  acid,  was 
Osed  in  a  preliminary  ttiil  upon  the  carotid  artery  of  a  calf. 
Tbe  animal  wu  killed  a  month  later,  a'ben,  on  dissection,  a 
very  beanillul  rault  wasdiKloscd,  Tbecatgut,  though  removed, 
bad  not  been  simply  absorbed;  pari  passu  with  its  gridtial 
nnoval,  fibrous  (iiiue  of  new  fonnition  had  been  laid  down, 
act  that  in  place  of  the  dead  csigut  was  seen  a  living  ligalme 
embracing  the  artery  and  Incori>ora(ed  with  it.  The  wound 
meanwhile  had  healed  without  a  (race  of  soppurailon.  This 
HHKired  to  juatify  ihe  U)e  of  (be  ciigut  liniure  in  the 
'MiHilwiin  ill  k  immMiMtHH  Cti^nm;  Bd,  i.  ^  3I' 


■fSTJESS 


,t  ttr  (ungial  purpoaea.  Ibe  atlenpt 
to  obuin  (B  aitide  Id  all  mfta*  tlwM- 
~ '  w  from  time  lo  time  for  yiaia  (ilei< 
hit  Sic  Heooc  CaaMioa,  who  wai 
o  Lord  LiMcr,  it  icquiied  "  labour 
'      khlewDwUve 


in  1S69  Lister  lucneded  hu  fatbca>in-la«'i  Syme,  in  the  cbait 
ofcUnkaliuigByafEiUBbaT^  Jo  1877  he  accepted  an  inrka- 
tlOB  ts  tbe  chair  of  surgery  at  King'a  Cidlcaei  London,  u  the 
aaticipallon  that  hen  ha  would  be  DWn  cnlialy  placed  for 
coamuniGadDn  witb  Ibe  Mcgici)  woiid  at  booe  and  abroad,  and 
mighl  thus  emdsa  his  betidiceni  mnsioa  (a  aicn  innMdiaU 
advantage.  In  i8g6  IJitcr  ictired-lna  piactice,  but  not  Inn 
sciouific  slady.  From  iSi)s  lo  iijoo  be  was  Preaideot  of  ihe 
Royal  Btcieiy.  In  1U3  ha  was  cnated  a  banwct,  and  in  1B9) 
he  wai  raised  In  the  parage  aa  Bann  Liata  of  Lyme  Regi*. 
Among  the  Corooation  honoun  in  1901,  bi 
orii^nal  memhcrol  Ibe  new  Ordei  of  Merit. 

In  Engbnd  Lailer'i  teachlBg  was  stow  i 
Tbe  leading  surgeons  of  Genany  were  aoM 
upon  the  new  Ida  with  avidity  and 
as  187],  JBihecoutaeofatoBrbaD 

'  »livil«  aren  hold  in  hia  hi  .  .   . 

•unlrymen  of  Pisteur  did  nA  lag  lar  beUnd:  and  It 
:jggenilion  to  speak  of  Liner's  appearances  In  loidgn  couitiie* 
this  time  13  triumphal. 

The  relition  of  Semmelwelsa  to  Lfater  Is  ol  Mtloricil  Impon- 
i«.  Lister*)  work  on  (he  antiseptic  lyatera  b^^an  b  1864) 
)  lirst  piibUcation  on  Ihe  subfect  was  in  March  iB6j.  At  (hk 
date,  and  for  long  aflnwards,  Senmwlwelu  was  trnkDown,  or 
ignored,  not  only  by  French  and  CerMans,  but  also  by  his  own 
TIB  peopla;  and  Ibis  ne^ect  brolio  his  heart.  The 
Academy  pronounced  igainsl  hi)  Anions,  and  so<UdIh« 
U(hest  pathological  aulhoriiy  In  Germany,  In  England,  (ID 
long  after  hi)  death,  probiUy  hla  name  was  not  so  much  a) 
mentioned.  In  the  early  'seventies  Lbtn's  meihod  wai  in  luR 
opention  in  Hungity  as  elsewhere,  yel  none  Of  the  surgeons  ol 
Budapsi  ever  menlhined  Semmclweira;  not  even  when.  In  iMj, 
ihey  gave  a  great  banquet  lo  Lister.  It  nu  after  thi)  ocearion 
Dr  Duka,  a  Hungarian  physician  practWng  in  London,  wfoie 
■       '  ~  o  litter. 


.    Tbenceferth 


belorehimforlhefinttii 
Lister  generously  regarded  S^mmelwei))  ss  in 
loretuntier;  (hough  Stmmelwefa)  was  not  aware  ol  Ibe  microbJc 
iri^  of  septic  poisons,  nor  were  his  methods,  magnificent 
IS  was  Iheir  success  lo  iying^n  faosfrilals,  sultabte  for  soqiical 

In  public  Lord  Lister's  speeches  were  simple,  dear  and  graceful, 
ivoiding  rbeiorical  disfJiy,  earnest  For  the  trutb,  Jealoni  for 
his  science  and  irl,  forgetful  of  himself.  His  wrilings,  in  like 
ininner  plain,  ludd  and  forcible,  scarcely  bettay  (be  labour  ind 
:hought  of  their  production.  Wiih  ihe  courtoy  and  serenity  ol 
Sis  carrhge  he  combined  a  passionate  hnminily,  so  often 
!hiraclerijlic  of  those  who  come  ol  the  Society  of  ^ri^»d^ 
ind  a  simple  love  ol  trulh  which  showed  Itself  in  his  gennoui 
wcouragemenl  of  younger  workers.  (T.  C.  A.) 

UlTEn,  MARTIN  (c-  1638-1711),  English  Daluralist  and 
ibysician,  was  born  at  Radchve,  near  Buckingham.  He  was 
lephcw  of  Sir  Mattbei*  Lister,  phyitcian  to  Anne,  queen  of 
James  I.,  and  lo  Cfaaiica  I.  He  wu  educated  at  St  john^ 
College,  Cambridge,  rftsSi  graduated  in  lejSft,  and  ws» 
decled  a  fellow  in  i««o.  He  became  F.R.S.  in  i67r.  He 
practised  medidne  at  Yorii  until  i58j,  when  be  removed  to 
London.  In  i6S4he  received  Ihe  degree  of  M.D.  it  Oxford,  iihI 
1687  became  F.H.C.P.  He  contribuied  numerous  ariklei 
latHvri  history,  medlelat  and  anliquitiet  M  the  Phihitfltkid 


78o 


LISTON,  J.— LISZT 


TViNMdiou.     Hb  piiadpU  woik«  •«•  BUtrla  animaliaM 

An^itt  Ira  traOalui  (iA;8)i  Hiiisriat  Ctitdiylierum  UK%- 
1691),  wd  Co«*)*w™i"  BiMlni.m  {16-36).  -A*  •  loncholotitl 
he  WIS  hflil  in  high  olMRi,  but  while  he  ncmniied  the  ilmilaciry 
of  fostU  molluKi  to  living  lomH,  he  regstded  Ihem  m  ioorgioic 
Imintioni  produced  in  ih*  roclu.  In  iM]  be  conununkued  la 
the  Royal  Sodety  IPkii.  TioMi.,  1684),  An  i-inumi  propaullfr 
a  ■»  li»f  if  Mi/>  '/  aamlrla;  IcplMB  urilk  utla  0/  it^Ji 
and  da-n,  tuck  at  art  Mrfiy  f«ad  in  Uh  ntrih  fatlt  of  Ei^md. 
In  Ihb  any  he  snEgcued  ibe  pnpuition  of  1.  loil  or  nuoenl 
Dup  ot  the  courtiy,  Mud  Ibneby  ii  jiully  oeditfd  with  being  Ibo 
firel  ID  leiliie  the  importance  of  •  geological  survey.  He  died»t 
Epwm  on  the  ind  of  February  1711. 

UrrON.  JOHN  (c.  i;76-iSj6),  EogUih  comedlui,  wu  bom 
In  London.  He  nude  bii  public  <fUiit  on  Ibe  Mig«  al  Weyaonth 
u  Lord  Duberley  in  Tit  Hiir-et4am,  After  leveral  diimal 
failure*  in  tragk  pari),  tame  oi  Ihem  In  rapport  of  Mn  Siddoni. 
he  diKOVered  teddcnlally  that  bis  lerli  ma  comedy,  espedally 
in  Ibe  penonilion  0(  old  men  and  country  boya,  in  which  he 
dbplayed  a  fund  of  drellR]'  and  broad  humour.  An  inaoduc- 
tion  to  Charlc)  Kanble  led  to  his  appearance  at  the  Hay- 
markel  on  tb»  lotb  of  Jane  iBoJ  at  Sheeplaee  in  the  Vfllop 
iraryer,  and  hil  uraoeiation  nilb  thii  theatre  continued  wilh  few 
inlemiplioni  until  iSjo.  J^«l  Pry.  the  most  fainoui  of  all  hia 
iaipetsonailona,  waa  bra  pre»cnled  on  the  13th  of  September 
1R15,  and  loon  became,  Ihanlu  10  his  creative  genius,  a  real 
petaonage.  Litton  rtraained  on  Ibe  stage  till  iSj;;  during  hit 
lait  yean  Ui  mind  failed,  and  he  died  on  the  iind  ol  Uarch  1846. 
KchadmarTiedlniao7MissTyRr(d.  1854), asingcr and  actress. 

Several  picture,  of  Liston  in  ch.n«1«  .re  in  the  Garrick  Qui., 
Loodoo.and  one  a.  Paul  Pry  m  the  Soulh  Keiuiui ton  Museum. 

USTON.  BOBBBT  (1794-1847),  Scottish  lurgcon.  was  bom 
on  the  aSib  of  October  1744  at  £cdesnia(haa,  Linlithgow,  where 
hit  (atber  wtj  par^  minister.  He  began  the  study  ol  anatomy 
uodtr  Dr  John  Btrcliy  (1758-1816)  at  Edinburgh  In  iSio,  and 
toon  became  a  ekilful  anatomist-  After  eight  years'  study,  he 
y  and  surgery  in  the  Edii ' 


ind  Beethoven  one  10  hfcttctadnacnt  fa  Afrilltsa.  Dofac 
he  ihiee  ycM»  foUowing  he  pUyed  In  Ports,  the  Fwacfa  p«>»<nc« 
ind  SwitMriand.  and  paid  ihrst  visits  la  EoglaBd.  la  V»A 
be  had  componlioa  letwnt  [ron  PaCr.  aid  a  tia  nontha'  cootK 
9I  leiaont  in  coBMcrpoiBt  Iran  Seicba.  In  the  auniBB  of  rSij 
LheharuSsone  and  fascinating  cH/aaJ  fU  of  the  vUona  and  atdicra 
— "  La  Neuviime  Merveille  du  moade  "--had  the  lack  to  get  an 
operetta  {Dm  Sancko)  performed  tbm  liiiMa  at  tha  AcaiUmie 
Royale.  Thb  score  was  accidentally  AaxivftA  by  ire,  bul  a 
'  ttudiei  i  la  Csmy  and  Cramer,  belonging  to  iSitS  and 
h«d  at  Marseillca  as  tj  £tudea,  op.  L,  is  extant,  and  sboin 
kable  precocily.  After  tbe  death  of  ha  father  in  1B18 
young  Lact  led  the  Ztfe  of  a  teacber  of  the  piarufoflt  in  Paria, 
got  through  a  good  deal  of  mbcellaBeaua  reading,  and  felt  Ibe 
'  '*     see  of  the  religious,  literary  aiKl  political  aspin^'  ' 

me.     He  attended  tbe  meeting  of  the  ^int-Si 


alB  played  Bcctboivn 
ana  nener  m  puojic— a  very  courageous  tbing  in  thMe  days. 
Tbe  sppeannce  of  the  vioUnisC  Faganini  la  Paris,  ISJI,  atiki 
the  ItiTling-point  o!  the  ai^Hene  eminenlB  Lisit  ultiauteljr 

insf^red  bim  to  practise  as  no  pianist  I 

He  tried  to  find  equivalents  lor  Paganini's  cite 

his  violin  upiices  for  ibc  piaoo.  and  perfected  bis  own  techaiquc 

10  an  extraordinary  degiee.    After   Faganini   he  neciived  a 

f  ceth  impulse  Cron  tbe  pUyinf  and  (he  coniMailioDi  of  Chopin, 

who  arrived  in  1831,  *nd  yet  another  imjwlM  of  equal  force 

fiont   a   perfomunc*  of  Beilioi't  "Symphoiue   Fantatttque, 

tpitode  de  la  vie  d'un  titlsie,"  in  1831.     Lisat  tranicnbed  this 

work,  and  it*  inlhience  ultimately  led  bim  lo  tbe  coBpooitioB 

of  his"  Poimet  tymphtniquei "  and  other  e»inplei  o<  orchcatral 


School 


.  iSi)  he  a 


i  the 


1  the  Royal  Infiimaiy.  lo  1835  he  was  chosei 
professor  of  clinical  surgery  in  Uoivcitiiy  College,  London,  and 
this  appointment  he  held  until  hit  death,  vhkh  occurred  Iti 
London  on  tbe  7ih  of  December  1S4V'  Litton  was  a  teachei 
note  by  what  be  did  than  by  what  he  said,  fie  tnugbc  sin^liciiy 
In  an  operative  proceduresi  fertile  la  eapediratt,  of  great  nerve 
and  irf  ponuCul  frame,  be  is  remembered  at  an  eilrannlinarily 
bold,  skilful  and  rapid  operator.  He  was  the  author  ol  Ike 
Eltmtnli  ol  Surccry  (18J1-1831)  and  Proaical  Suttry  (1837), 
■ad  made  severtd  improvemeats  In  methods  of  amputation,  aiul 
Ib  the  dresabf  of  wounds. 

UlZI,FIUllZ(i8ii-i886),  Hungarian  pianist  and  composer, 
was  bom  on  the  iindof  October  iSii,  at  Raiding,  In  Hungary. 
Hit  appeal  to  mwtidant  was  made  in  a  threefold  capacity,  and 
we  have,  Ibeicfore,  to  deal  with  Lisit  the  unrivalled  pianoforte 
vlnuoH  (1830-1848);  Lisil  the  conductor  af  the  "music  of 
the  future  "  at  Weimar,  tbe  teacher  oi  Tausjg,  Billow  and  a  host 


if  Betlio 


;    and  Lis; 


piece*,  ca 


d  Wagner  (iS48->S6 

for  some  five-»nd-thi 
tnoforte  pieces,  sonp,  symphonic  orchestral 
lea,  psalms  andoralorioa  (1847^1""  ' 
wn  for  the  entire  period  during 
public;  but  the  mihtant   condi 


D  appear  m 

propnel  of  Wagnv  naa  a  nam  urn.  oi  11,  am  tne  tronipcfsar  a 
place  is  iliU  in  dispute,    Uai't  [atber,  a  clerk  to  the  agent  oi  the 

was  Hungarian  by  birth  and  ancestry,  bis  mother  an  Austrian- 
German.  Tie  boy's  giiis  atiTacled  the  attention  of  certain 
Hungarian  magiuilei,  who  furnished  600  gulden  annually  for 
anoe  yean  to  enable  hin  lo  study  music  al  Vienna  and  Parit. 
At  Vienna  he  had  leaiont  in  pitnolorte  playing  from  Carl  Cieiny 
of  "  Velocity  "  fame,  and  [iDm  Salieri  in  harmony  and  analysis 
olMma.     In  his  clevEaLh  year  ta*  bcgto  In  plv  it  puUic  Ilieie, 


[848 — wbeo  be  vnre  up  pUyJog  in  paUic — ha 
was  peeled  with  Inntic  apfdaute  at  tbe  prince  ol  pjaaistt. 

Five  years  (183^-1840)  were  spent  in  Switzerland  aai  Italy, 
in  semi-retirement  in  the  company  of  Madame  la  codUette 
d'AgoulI  (George  Sand's  friend  and  would-be  rival,  known  tai 
literary  circtea  as  "  Daniel  Etera,"  by  whtkm  LisEt  had  three 
children,  one  of  them  afterwards  Frau  Cosima  Wtgnei)i  Lbcte 
years  were  devoted  to  futtber  study  in  playing  and  compaailioa, 
and  were  interrupted  only  by  occasional  tpftuiactx  at  Geneva, 
Milari,  Florence  and  Rome,  and  by  annuaj  visitt  to  Paris,  when 
a  famous  conteti  with  Tbalbeu  look  ;dace  in  1837.  Tbe 
enthusiasm  aroused  by  Litat't  playing  ajwl  bia  pcnonaiit^-^ 
the  two  are  inseparable — reached  a  climaa  al  Vienna  and 
Budapest  in  1834-1840,  when  he  received  a  patent  of  nobility 
[rum  Ibe  emperor  of  Austria,  and  a  swvd  of  honour  from  the 
magnates  of  Hungary  in  the  name  of  ihe  nation.  During  the 
eight  years  following  he  wat  heard  at  all  Ibe  priacipo]  centres — 
including  London,  Leipzig,  Berlin,  Copenhagen,  St  Ptfersburb 
Moscow,  Warsaw,  Conttanluiople,  Liibon  and  Uadrid.  He 
gained  much  money,  and'-gave  loige  sumt  in  charity.  His 
munificence  with  regard  to  the  Beethoven  statue  at  Bonn  made 
a  great  sllr.  The  subHiiptiont  having  come  in  but  sparsely, 
Usit  took  Ihe  matter  in  hand,  and  the  monument  wot  conqileied 
at  his  eifiense,  and  unveiled  al  a  mujical  fettiva]  conducted 
by  Spohr  and  himself  in  1845.  In  1S48  be  lellled  at  Weimar 
Kith  Princes  Sayn-Wiitgeoslein  (d.  1887},  and  remained  there 
till  i86i.  Dutinj;  this  period  be  acted  as  conductor  al  court 
concerts  and  on  ipedal  occouons  at  the  theatre,  gave  lessons 
10  a  number  of  pianists,  wrote  articles  of  permanent  value  oa 
ccrlain  works  of  Berlioi  and  tbe  early  operas  of  Wagner,  and 
produced  iJiose  orchestral  and  choral  piecn  upon  which  his 
reputation  as  a  composer  mainly  dcpenda.  His  ambilioo  to 
found  a  school  of  composers  as  well  as  a  school  oi  pianists  met 
n-iih  complete  tucccsi  on  the  one  haiid  and  partial  lailuie  on  the 
other.  Hit  efforts  on  behalf  ol  Wagoer,  who  was  Ihen  an  exile 
in  SwiUerltnd,  culniioatcd  in  the  Siat  perlorauince  of  Zfieagna 
on  Ihe  i8lh  ol  August  18^0,  before  a  special  audience  assembled 
for  and  near.    Among  Ibe  works  produced  for  Ihe  first  lii 


id  with* 


w  In  ibt  luihatUBi  af  owictl  ut  m 


78l 


Wifoar^  TannUuttr,  Dv  fiUtnii  BMXiJir,  Du  Li*umM 
ia  Apsstd,isA  Eini  FaiuiOtBiUri,  eeilku's  Birn^nle  CtUui, 
the  Symftonu  FanlaiUquc,  Hadd  m  /u/k,  Rjmte  O  JlllitlU. 
la  Damnalion  it  Fcuil,  and  L'Ehjioki  dit  daUt—lht  lut  t«» 
Conducted  by  the  compour — Schum^iui't  Cduku^  Pcradiuand 
Ike  Pcii,  lbs  atatic  lo  Uanjiid  uid  Lo  faml,  Wiber's  fBjunukc, 
Schuben'i  /ll/auiii  uad  EsliiBa,  RaH'i  Ktnit  Al^id,Contliia's 
Drr  BarUtr  ten  Baslniiid  ud  Quay  nwce.  It  t;u  Liut')  habit 
to  iccommecd  noveltia  lo  tha  public  by  cipluiatory  utick* 
or  ti>iayi,  nblct  were  writtui  ia  Fiencb  (ume  ha  tJie  Jturnal 
iti  ilbatt  vA  the  GoKUc  nuKoJc  of  Parii)  and  Inulalcd  lor 
■be  JQumali  cA.  Weimir  and  I.equig — thui  hi*  two  maueijiaccci 
oi  sympalhuic  niticiuB,  the  culyi  Lokcnoin  tl  TtnrMiuir  i 
Wdmar  and  HmM  n>  llalii,  lound  nuny  readen  and  proved 
vciy  eflccliva.  They  aie  noir  indudcd.  WfellMt  with  aitidci 
on  Schunuoa  and  Scbubat,  and  ihe  dubcTute  and  imlber  bi(b- 
llawii  may*  en  Chi^  and  On  BiMmuia  M  Jt  fcir  imix((h  «■ 
Honpit  [the  latin  uilainly,  and  the  iMnttinobalitl'iWiUlefl 
In  ccllabonlion  wilfa  MadSDU:  de  Wlll|m»<w}<  lit- Ul  <««■■- 
nulle  SthtijUn  [6  voU.,  Uip^.  Ths  compoalilcM  bdeoru 
to  the  period  of  hii  reaideoce  at  Wdcur  compHu  two  piaiuiforle 
concetto*,  iu  £  flat  and  in  A,  the  "  T«!leiilaiu,"  Ibe  "  Conctlto 
(HlUtiijuB "  for  two  piano*,  tha  tolo  loaata  "  Ad  Robert 
Scbiimajin/' iundry  "  CtudeSk"  bfteen  "  P  hapyK?ir^  JTon^mifi ," 
twelve  orchestral  "  Po^ea  aympboakjuea, "  "  £iae  FauM 
Sympbotiie,"  and  "  Eioe  Sympboiiie  n  Dlntc'a  '  Divina  Com- 
media*' "  the  "  lith  Pialm  "  for  tenor  lolo,  chonia  and  orcfaeatra, 
the  cboruBca  to  Herder'*  dramatic  Kcnea  "  Fromefhcoa,"  and 


.mica],  for  the  order  of  the 
apt  lo  iiitefFare  ivitb  the  order  which  Like  muaical  exfrnitioa 
ilurally  usurna— and  the  result  in  moat  caaa  i*  but  an 
lulgam  of  inersDciiable  raatedals.  In  {neco  Buch  ai  Ljtil'l 
Vairaa  tymphDniques,"  Ce  gK'm  mind  Mr  la  Huiaaiat 
(iU&-tii6),aIiatpoea,by  Viam  tlapi,  and  Dit  Idtaii  {iS^~ 
iBj7),  after  a  poem  by  Schilla'.  tHie  beotet  is  bewildered  by  a 
cries  of  startling  orchestral  effects  whifli  lUCCBed  one  another 
apparently  without  rhyme  or  reason.  The  music  does  not  coo^ 
'otm  to  any  iiJSdently  definite  musical  plan— it  Is  hardly  in- 
elligible  as  music  without  reference  to  the  prograrama-  luAit'a 
lusterpiece  in  ordiesltal  music  Is  the  DaiUt  SjmfMcny  (1S47- 
:Sj;).  the  subject  of  which  was  pirtlculatly  well  suited  lo  his 
cmperament,  and  ofFn^  good  chances  for  the  display  of  hi* 
peculiar  power*  as  a  master  of  instrumental  eSccU  By  thesuf* 
of  it  ratilia  the  fowfSyiHfitMy  (igj4-iSs7),  invhlcfalbemaodl 
Of  Goethe*!  cfaaracten — Fatist,  Gretchen  and  Mepbistophelea— 
are  depkled  b  three  initnimeolal  movemEnts,  with  a  cbocus  of 
'  vnict*,  lUHilying  a  luod  of  conuiuni,  by  way  of  dose, 
lelhod  of  presentation  in  both  symphonies  a  by  meani  oi 
entatlve  themn  {LalmoHfl,  1    '    '  '  "      ' 


"Miss 


Biennis 


lisil  letlred  to  Some  fa  iS£l,  and  joined  the  Franciscan  order 
in  ie65.'  Fron  1869  onwards  Ablit  Uut  divided  hia  time 
between  Rome  and  Wnmar,  where  during  the  ninimei  noeihs 
he  receiTed  pupils — gratis  as  formerly — and,  from  1A76  apiabis 
death  at  Bayieuth  on  lbs  31K  ol  Jidy  iSU,  he  also  taught  hv 
several  months  er^ry  year  at  the  HutigBrian  CoascrvatoirD  of 
Budapest. 

About  Lisit'i  pianoCone  techniqu«  ia  geaeial  it  may  be  said 
that  it  derivB  its  efficiency  from  Ihe  leaching  of  Cieray.who 
brought  up  hia  pupil  on  Moaart,  a  little  Bach  aiui  BeeUiovio,  a 
good  deal  of  Clemenli  and  Humiucl,  and  a  gOod  deal  of.  hia 
(C«l9y's]  own  work.  Chstidsie  in  (be  shape  ejtoliil,  re^Kctablo 
Hummel  on  the  one  hand,  and  Col  Cieny,  a  ttiile  UppanI, 
pcibap*,  and  inclined  to  appeal  10  the  gatlccy,  on  ibe  Mber, 
these  gave  the  musical  parentage  of  young  Usat.  Then  ajqieara 
the  Faiiuan  Jncroyable  and  gmnd  seigneur —  "  Monsieur  Lils." 
aa  the  Farisiana  called  him.  Later,  we  find  him  imitating 
Paganini  and  Chopin,  and  at  tbe  same  time  making  a  really 
passionate  and  deep  sLudy  ol  Bedbovan,  Weber,  Schubert, 
Berlioi.  Thus  giadunlly  was  formed  tbe  master  of  style— 
whose  command  of  the  iostrumant  was  supreme,  and  who  played 
lihe  an  inspired  poet.  Liszt's  iliaoge  musial  nature  wai  long  in 
maturuig Its  fruits.  Aiihepianofonehisachieviiiieolsculmiiuil* 
in  the  two  book*  of  studies,  twice  rewritten,  and  finally  published 
in  iSjs  as  £liida  d'atcHlim  traniandatOt,  the  ^adts  de  amcot 
and  the  Patoniai  Sludia;  the  two  coocertoa  and  the  Tii- 
tinlons,  the  Seuala  in  B  miner,  the  VmctriaM  KJufmdia  and 
Ibe  fine  transcriptions  of  Beethoven's  lympboiua  ((be  gtb  for 
two  pianoforte*  as  well  as  solo),  and  of  BeriJna's  SjMttewii 
fsWoiIifiK,  and  thesymphony,  HcrMtmllaii*.  laUsorcbmual 
pieces  Liszt  appears — neil  to  BeTliOF-*a>  tbe 
and  mutt  thorough-going  rtpreHntaiive  Of  programme 
i.t.  instrumental  music  eipressly  cwtrived  to  illustrate  in  detail 
some  poem  or  some  succession  of  ideas  or  picture*.  It  -ma 
IJsst's  aim  (o  bring  about  a  direct  alliance  or  amalgamation  of 
tnMrumental  muuc  with  poetry.  To  effect  this  he  made  UM  of 
the  means  of  musical  expression  for  purpose*  of  iQustratlon, 
and  relied  on  points  of  supp«(  outside  the  pale  of  music  proper. 
There  is  always  danger  ol  failure  wben  an  attempt  ia  thus  made 


II  delermined  to  marry  Ln 


that,  [n  jxrbilof  fid,  1I 


tPHnci 


IS  of  ll 


>e  play  ai 


.rated 


r  alluded  (0  as  may  be  convenient,  ami  the  eugeades 
irm  arc  not  unfrequcntly  dBrrgarded  for  tbe  sake  of  special 
locts.  Of  the  twelve  I"D*nies  symphoniqua,  Orpkle  is  (be  most 
insistent  fmm  a  mioifa]  poiii(  of  view,  and  is  eiquuiiely  scored 
(ebdioui,  effective,  readily  InielllglUe,  with  a  dasb  ol  lb* 
imraunplace,  La  PrSadts,  Tasse,  Uaatppa  and  Fal-KUbitt 
id  for  popularity.  In  these  |neces,  a*  in  almost  every  productioq 
[  his,  in  lieu  of  melody  Licit  offers  fragment*  of  melody — 
aching  and  beautiid,  it  may  be,  or  passionate,  or  tinged  witb 


accordance  with  some  definite  plan,  he  presents  derer  com- 
binations of  chords  and  ingeruoui  modulations  from  point  lo 
;  in  liea  of  muucal  logic  and  consialcncy  of  design,  he  is 
nl  with  tbapndical  improvisation.     The  power  of  persial- 
leemj  wanting.     The  murical  growth  is  spoilt,  tbe  develotf- 
of  the  Ihemci  is  slopped,  or  prevented,  by  some  reference^ 
traneous  ideaa.    Everywhere  the  programme  stands  in  tha 
In  Druch  of  Liszt's  vocal  music,  particularly  in  tbe  sofigs 
and  cboial  plecea  wrilten  to  Gennan  words,  an  annoying  dis- 
crepancy is  felt  ID  eiiit  between  the  true  Bound  of  Ibe  word! 
'    ho  musical  accents.     The  muiic  is  generally  emotioiial. 
pression  direct  and  patiionaie;  (hen  la  no  lack  of  melodio 
1  and  originality,  yet  the  total  eHect  is  frequently  dia- 
nting.     In  the  cboro]  numbers  of  the  five  masses,  and  in  tbe 
10*  Dit  Haiigi  EUnOcA  and  Chriilui,  the  rarity  of  lugal 
polyphony  acts  as  a  drawback,    Ita  alnHat  complcta  absedca 
K  of  these  works  makes  for  monotony  and  produces 


iS  the  details  of  Aie 


It  have  been  cancelled, 


c,  but  is  none  Ihe  lei 


[Dllewing  list  ol  csmpOBtioe*  may  be  lakes  as  fairly  cc 

ianafarU  Pucu.— tludes  d'ofcutii 
xn:  Zwei  Eiuden,  Wa1det«u«hf 
mini  Studies;  Aw>«a  de  Pilerina 


.  _..   dtn^ogeli 

;    Saiabande    i    ~ 


chromaliqiKi  Mraiiiuo-WBlier,  l.llUI 

"  Die  VwelpredUi,"  "  Der  he>nge  Fiai 

sehn*end^',-   "Der   Wdhnaehtibaum,"    .-..,    — «..«    ..■.. 

Chsconne  rAlinln")i  Eleries,   U  It.  and    111.;  U  lagubn 

C^ndola:  Den  Awdenken  FetM's;  Maeoayi  >  Ciabfeleil ;  Romanc* 

oublife:  Vain  ouUite.  t-y,  Liebesulume.  1-3  (originally  soBg*>: 

Heomeniii;miap«diesHongroise*,  i-IB.    .  

-itai  prr  7W  /Nsmi.— Coiioerto  pathMqoe  ndenihal  with  the 
ivn&la  in  E  miiui);  Dann  lyinphBny;  Fauet  synpboayi 


'cdbyGoo^Ie 


782 

IbatoJibiib  Camcwt  fir  e<m*  SaU^DoB  SioMt  NanM:S>«- 
mriit-'*:  1  Puriunii  Luca,  U  H-i  Lucru,  I^  II.:  La  IiUve: 
Robert  [c  Dlable:  la  Huiueiiou:  Lc  Prophtlc,  1-4.  riiniMraui, 
Aubcr,  TinMtUi  di  Imvun  (MiMludto);  Vcnii,  RirglRta,Eniul, 
II  Travuon:  H«ndcliHhii,  '^  HoekHlUnHKh  UHTEireiiMBa":' 
CwMd.  Vtba  da  Fmm,  La  Adinii  dt  Ronto  a  JdlMU:  tictai- 
konliy.  Filaiuiliei  DuioBiiyila.  Tuuttlb:  Cid,  TtraBttlu; 
SalnTSihu,  D*Me  ausiGni  Sdmben,  SoMa  dc  VUiuie,  Vilm 

^>autr<f(iMt.— BHIkovn't  Nine  SynphoniH;  Bofioi'i  ■'  Syffl- 

Sf^atudqiiv,"  "  tiaxtM  ca  Italic  "i  BtaMiction  «  SawBt 
nula  CdtUi);  Didk  da  Sylphs  (DamulioD  dt  Ftuu); 
>  ovHtiun,  ber  FrBKhUU,  EuryintlK,  Obcron,  Jubilee; 
Beethoveo'i  and  Humrael'i  Septtli;  SchubertV  Divmisieinfru  1 
k  MoiwalKi  BtBllKna'*  ConccncK  ia  C  minor.  G  and  E  la( 
(oiclieMim  tor  a  Hcond  piuioji  WafHT*!  T»mh*ii«t  trvntinft 
nreh,  iDnun.  dwna  oliiiknput  LohaPinn,  Famtati 
HnglllHl,  EWa  (  BiauiiaBi,  Eba>  Traum,  Ldlmniii  ■  Venrdit  *a 
Elu:  Fuimdc  HaDlSdS;  Splridicd;  fUend,  Clcbet;  UidnioM. 
VhlbilirMtutAilHer,  "Am  nilltn  Hi«l"i  TrHCin,  liolde'i 
LUiatod;  Cbopio'i  itx  Chaau  Puloiuki  MewrbKc'i  SdilUs- 

1.  tf-.i.-.  J u  Ptdudwanii  Fuiiiib;  Fnlwle  and  Fuim 

.j.,_.j_.,  _^__TI1 --eGeiMlkbi; 

H  Schubnr 


LITANY 


Bunebs  BithV  lix  m 

'    "   lUDor;  Beelhovcn,  nana 


IVtuKtuL— Mi 


[•:  Mmdri-oba,  I 


j;  Fanlula  and  FuKua.  "-Ad  uc 


Buta  CDfitinuo,  -WAncn^   Kugcn  ';   Dach'i  Inlroduct^n  aiii 

FatiM.  -Ich  bttlB  vlrf  BtWoimmiLx  "i  Bach'i  Choral  Fupii, 

"  Lob  DDd  EhR  ":  Nioolai'i  Kiichliclic  FeaoaTmOn,  "  Sin  fnu 

'1  ADcati'm  Mlienni  Moiart' 


':  Nioolai'i  Kifchliclic  FeaoaTmOn,  " 
Hun  '1  AUcani  Mlienni  Mc  ■       ■ 

Manai  Lb«?<  Ri^oa  CocU. 

Ordiamt  Pitta.— Elne  Syaiyimn-c  «■  i»>iui  u..««  tuui- 
modia"!  Eine  Fault  Sympfonle!  Fotina  tympliDoiiiu™:  i.  "Ce 
qu'ofl  entind  lur  ia  iwintuH  ";  i.  Tiivi:  j-  Lq  FrMudei;  41 
ikpMa;  i.  PniialtUei  6.  Bucppii  7.  Fm-KUhk;  S.  Hinildc 
lunibn;  9.  Huagariai  10.  Hamlet:  11.  HumKiwHlicIil :  13.  Die 
Idtale:  ZikI  EpGoden  bu>  teniu'i  FauK:  I.  Da  akhtlicbe  Zui, 
II.  Der  Tana  In  dor  DorfidHmlia;  Matchei,  Ralueiv,  Coetbe.  Hul- 
diniw, "  Vooi  Fib  mm  Men  "  Aoc  «  military  hud) :  Uiuaifadur. 
HeUHKlwr  aod  Sunniainehi  Lc  Trioaplw  runtbic  du  Tuk; 
"  Vos  dor  Wifse  bn  wm  Gnb";  ^i  Hunmnan  rifapiodiai  (our 
imrchni  four  lonn.  and  Die  AlbBaclit,  by  Sdiubcrt. 

VkuJ  ifiiifa.-<)raIorioi:  "  Die  Lennde  von  der  HeitEeo  Ella- 
beth,"  "Cbriitui."  "Stanidaui"  (uobndKd).  Manet:  Mina 
fplefuui  tqr  t1i«  iaaupiratioa  of  the  cathedral  at  Gran;  Uondidie 
Krtnuun-nHne;  Miu  choralii  (with  otsan):  Miua  and  Eeqiuem 
lor  male  voicea  <irilh  otjan);  Folaia,  I),  137,  33  and  IS:  11 
Kirthen-Clur-Gaaline  {vith  oroan).  Canutaa:  Praiii«heii»<h6iT; 
"Siab«K9  Caatau"!  "An  die  Kdiutler";  Die  docksi  dB 
Stiuiburiet  MQnnai;  11  Ch&c  llkr  Ulaoaqtaaiii)  Seli(^  • 
bDola:  Scena.  Jeanne  d'Arc  au  bOchcr. 

lf<Mrai«l>e  Pieat  fur  DalanHlian,  uM  Piaiuftrte  Aaawipuii- 
■«<-— Leonofe  IBOracr):  Der  traurlEe  HOiich  (Lenau);  Dea  tod- 
tea  Dichter'i  Licbe  Uplail ;  Oar  bUnde  StBaf  (Tolaiw). 

EiUumt,  red  nixrVariaiui.— Beethoven^  SonatacWeber'aCoo- 


■0l.vi.(lB0S). 

(E.  Da.) 

UTAHT.  Tbi*  word  (hroHia),  like  >it4  (tuib  (rom  UretiBi), 
fi  utod  by  EuMbiiu  and  CbiyHitoni,  camtaonly  in  the  pluni,  in  a 
geneia]  aoue,  to  deoote  a  pnyei  or  pnyen  oS  any  url,  whether 
public  or  pEivatc;  it  i»  similarly  employed  in  the  law  of  Arcadiui 
{Cod.  Tktal.  ivi.  til.  j.  teg.  30],  which  toibidg  hetelict  to  h(^ 
iMtiablicaintbedty"  ad  litaniam  faciendfitfi-"  Bui  lome  trace 
leaning  la  found  Id  the  epiille  (£^.  63)  ol 


tbote  who  n 


if  Neo 


WHC  "  uiaiuci "  UKd  in  the  time  of.  Gtcgory  Thaumaiuigu. 
Tbe  natore  ol  the  tccenlly  introduced  Utaniei,  which  muil  be 
auumed  to  have  bcea  practiicd  at  Neocaeaarea  En  Basil's  day. 
can  only  be  conjectured;  probably  they  had  many  poinla  in 
comnHm  with  the  "rogationea,"  whldi,  according  to  Sidoniui 
ApoUlnaiii,  had  beea  coming  into  occasooal  uie  in  Fiance  about 
the  beginnlot  of  the  jtb  centuiy,  especially  when  rain  or  fine 
weather  wu  deaircd,  and,  90  far  ai  the  three  fait  dayi  before 

dislrictatIeut.byMamen'isorMaTnemi>ofVteiineU.ii.c.4;o). 
We  satbei  tlut  tbey  were  penitential  and  intercosoiy  prayeri 
oSaed  by  the  communily  while  going  about  in 
tailing  and  clothed  in  udiclolh.    la  the  lollowing 


oS  the  JVokTi  ol  JinliniBn, 
Itbont  tbe  prescDCs  of  the 
ut  the  erosjej  wWch  wen 
be  depoailed  dKwheie  than  lo 
cknidMt,  DM  be  canted  by  any  but  duly  aii^ninled  penoo. 
Tfic  6nl  lyaod  of  Ortiau  (kO,  s'>>  enjoint  for  all  Gaol  that  Ibe 
"  lilanits  "  beloce  AKeuioB  he  celebrated  (or  tbnx  dayi;  od 
tbcM  days  aO  mtrialt  are  to  be  exempt  from  work,  so  that  eveij 
ODC  nay  bi  (nc  to  UlaBd  dinne  lervia.  The  diet  ii  to  be  iba 
■ante  at  in  Quadragcaima;  cioki  hot  obierving  these  ragaUom 
■re  M  be  punbhad  by  tin  biibop.  In  a.d.  517  tlie  lynod  ol 
Genuda  pnvMed  loi  two  Ma  ot  "  litaniea  ";  the  fint  were 
to  be  obaimd  tat  thrae  day*  (don  Thunday  ta  Saturday)  in 
thi  week  altet  Penucnt  widi  huinf,  the  Mcmid  hr  three  dayi 
from  MnveubCTi.  11ieMcowlcoiDdlolV(tMn(siQ),cimAtiiis 
ol  twdra  Uibofa,  ovdtndtbe  K)ne<Igflm— no*  fint  introduced 
from  tfet  Euun  CfaBKk^f  0  be  taiii  at  natim,  mats  and  vapen. 
A  vnod  e<  Ftiia  (]7j}  wdered  Ulaoia  lo  be  held  for  three  dayi 
at  the  begbMins  of  Lail,  and  Ibe  fifth  ^nod  of  Toledo  (,636] 
appeiateil  Ulanfei  to  be  observed  throughout  the  kingitnm  for 
tkiee  dayi  from  DecenbCT  14.  Tbe  fint  mention  of  the  word 
htaoy  in  cooaodaB  wilb  the  Roman  Church  goes  bach  to  the 
pontMots  oi  Peta^Ht  I.  (55s),  but  ImpBes  tlul  the  tMng  was 
at  that  time  already  old.  In  590  Gregory  I.,  moved  by  tbe 
aeMfleBoe  wkkb  bad  foBowsd  an  iaundilion,  ordered  a  "litania 
major,  that  is  lo  say,  a 
monks,  vitlBs,  milrooi, 
not  be  confused  with  the 
In  cburcJi  on  Eaiter  Even.  He  ii  lald  alis 
the  pncasioni  or  litanies  «(  April  15  (St 
nans  oayj,  vmca  sMm  to  have  come  in  the  jdace  of  the  cere- 
mcpies  fif  the  old  KoMgalia.  In  747  the  syriod  d  Oonsboe 
ardend  tba  litaniea  or  lUfatloai  to  be  goee  about  on  Aptil  ti 
"  atta  Ibamatmer  of  the  Runan  CbuKh,"  and  on  tbe  tiBte  days 
before  Asaiislon"aftettbemvuiei  of  our  anostora."  Tbelattet 
siestiUkDOvniDtbeEstfishChDrchaiKosatlonDayv  Games, 
horse  ndng,  JoDketUngs  were  foriiidden;  and  in  tbe  Iftanits  the 
nameal  Augiutlne  was  lobe  Insdted  afta'  that  of  Gregory.  Tk 
icfbrming  lynod  of  Ualnain  Sijordeied  therasjor  litany  lo  hi 
obaervad  by  all  for  tbree  dayi  in  sickdoUi  and  ashes,  and  baie- 
JooL    TIb  sick  only  were  eutnpied. 

Ad  rcgarda  the  Corm  at  words  prescribed  for  use  in  these 
"  litanki "  or  "  sappDatioos,"  documentary  evidsice  is 
ddectivfl.  Somctin»  it  would  appear  tliat  the  "  procession'' 
or  "  litany  "  did  DOiUnc  die  but  chant  Kyrit  etrinm  wltboat 
variation.  There  ii  aoicason  to  doubt  that  from  an  eaily  period 
the  special  written  litanki  of  Ibe  vailous  chuches  ill  ahowtd  the 
common  features  wUdi  arcDOWragmledaieaentiiltaaUtany, 
in  IS  far  as  tbey  coarittad  of  ( I )  invoatkoi,  [  >)  deprecatlooh  U) 
intercesaioBi,  (4)  niCfiBcatiow.  But  la  details  they  miBt  ban 
vailed  Immensely.  The  offitia  nl  the  Roman  CalboUc  Church 
at  preKnt  rcc^nlte  two  litaniea,  the  "  Lilanlae  majores " 
and  the  "  Litaniae  btcvei,"  which  differ  from  one  anotha 
diieQy  In  lopect  of  tbe  fulnes  *ilh  irhicb  detalli  are  entered 
upon  unda  the  heads  mentioned  above.  It  is  laid  that  in  the 
time  of  Cbsriemagne  the  sngeb  Oilhel,  Rignbel,  Tobibel  cere 
invoked,  but  the  lamts  were  removed  by  Pope  Zichirias  ss 
really,  bdongiug  10  demons.  In  some  medieval  litanies  there 
were  speda)  imwations  of  S.  Fides,  S.  Spts,  S.  Charjiai.  Th* 
litaniei,  «*  givoc  in  the  Breviaiy,  are  at  present  appointed  10  be 
icdted  on  bended  knee,  along  with  the  penitcnilil  psihni.  bi  all 
theiixlieek-days  of  Lent  whenoidinaiy  service  is  held.  Without 
the  psalmi  they  aie  slid  on  the  (east  ol  Siint  Mitk  and  on  the 
thiee  logition  days.  A  litany  is  chanted  In  pncesslon  before 
mass  on  Holy  SaiDiday.  The  "  litany  "  or  "  general  luppUca- 
tion  "  of  the  Church  of  England,  which  Is  appointed  "  to  be  sung 
or  aaid  after  morning  piaycr  upon  Sundays,  Wedneidayi  and 
Fridays,  and  at  olber  times  when  it  shall  be  commanded  by  Ibe 
ordioiiy,"  closely  fulloni  the  "  LiUniae  ma)orci "  ol  the 
Breviary,  the  invoctiioni  of  saints  being  of  couiia  omitted. 
A  similar  German  litany  will  be  found  in  tbe  works  of  Lutbo. 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


LITCHFIELD— LITERATURE 


7«3 


111  the  Rodun  Cbunb  tbcte  in  >  minbi 

peculiu  to  pviIcuUi  loulilis  or  ositn,  n 

of  Miry"  or  the  "LLimuo  of  the  S.ct«d  Nan 

Tien 


n  belwc 


olj™ 


liEliturgy (?.!.).  TbcDindcM Kyricdcimt mbtbt^Biing 
a  me  Roman  Mas  ii  ■  relic  oF  a  longer  Uiuiy  of  wluch  a  ipecimen 
■luy  itiU  be  leen  in  the  Stove  miiul.  In  theAmbniuu  Utuiiy, 
the  ihredold  Kyrii  litliiM  or  I.<uet  Litany  oecun  thrice,  nfier 
the  Ghria  in  aidsii,  alia  the  |D)pel  and  at  tbe  aid  of  Mau; 
ud  on  the  fint  five  Sundayi  in  Lort  a  miiaBl  liiuy  b  placed 
before  the  Oralia  laftr  ftfulum,  and  on  ilie  Bme  five  Sundayf 
in  the  Moarabic  rile  before  the  ejRille.  In  Eutein  liturgia 
Utaaja  are  a  prominent  feature,  ai  in  Ihe  cue  of  ike  deaoan' 
Huny  at  Ifae  beginning  of  the  Uiiafidtlium  in  the  Clementlt 
Utiuiy,  Innnedlately  before  the  ^nofieraiii  Ihc  Creek  Hlmgy  • 
St  Jama,  &c.  (F.  E.  W.I 

UTCHnsLB,  B  townihip  and  the  CDOiUy'Mal  erf  Litchfield 
coonty,  Coiuiecticat,  U.S.A.,  about  iS  ra.  W.  of  Hartford,  and 
hdudlos  Ihe  bocotigfa  of  the  <amt  name.  Pop.  oC 
ftSjo)  1364:  (1900)  3114;  ligio)  jooj;  of  Ihe  borough  (1890) 
10^;  tlvoo)  iTTo;  (iQio)  90].  Area  of  tbe  lownhip,  4S-« 
•q.  m.  -  Tha  borough  it  Krved  by  Ihe  Ne*  Vorli,  New 
Aven  ft  HanfDid  raliradd.  It  It  situated  on  dcvated  land, 
■nd  is  one  of  the  moil  ttlnctive  of  loslherti  New  England 
■ammei  raortt.  Tie  prineipti  devatioa  in  tbe  toinuhip  li 
Mt.  Prospeti,  at  tbe  baie  of  whicb  iheie  b  t  vein  of  pytthoiite, 
vlth  iraall  quantities  of  akkd  and  copper.  Od  the  toutbem 
border  of  the  borough  It  LiVe  Bantam  (about  900  acres,  " 
Mrgst  lake  in  Ihe  ttate)  whose  talk,  al  its  outlet,  provide  wi 
power  for  factories  of  carriages  and  elcclrica]  appliances.  Dairy. 
fng  la  the  most  imporlanl  indualry.  and  in  iBw  the  toBoty 
ranked  fint  among  Ihe  counties  of  the  alitc  in  Ihc  vahie  of  it* 
dthy  prodDCt*~ti,3T3,9S7,  from  m6j  tainu,  th*  value  of  the 
product  for  the  entire  itatc  bdng  17,090,183. 

Tbe  tinds  inchtded  in  the  toviuhip  of  Lilcbfidd  (orlffnally 
ctQed  Binlun)  vere  boughl  from  tbe  Indiiiu  In  t7i5-t!i6  for 
£15,  thclndlani  reserving  a  certain  part  for  banting.  Tbe  tvWD- 
■hip  was  incorporated  is  1719,  was  named  Lllchlield,  after 
Licttfield  in  England,  and  was  sellled  by  Inmigrlnli  from  Hart- 
ford, Windsor.  WelhcnMd,  Farminfton  and  LAason  (all 
within  theslsl^  in  1710-ipi.  In  17JI  It  became  tb>  eoonty- 
lal  of  Ljtchfieid  county,  and  at  the  aanx  lime  the  boraagta  oi 
Litchfield  (Incorporated  in  1879)  wu  laid  oiu.  Fnm  iVTd  to 
1780  two  depUs  for  mililtry  ttoia  and  a  wnAihop  lor  tbe 
Continental  army  were  malntabied,  and  the  leadn  atalne  of 
George  III.,  erected  in  Bowling  Crcn,  New  York  City,  in  i};o, 
and  torn  down  by  dtbena  on  Ihe  9th  ol  July  1776.  wti  cnt  iqi 
and  taken  to  Litchfield,  where,  in  tbe  house  (sIlU  Muidingl  of 
Oliver  Wokolt  il  was  mdted  into  bullets  for  the  Amencaa  army 
by  Wokoti's  daughter  and  lisler.  Aaron  Bbtt.  whote  oaly  utter 
married  Tapping  Seeve  (1744-Tgij),  Nved  fa  Lilchfidd  wliH 
Reeve  in  1774-1775.  In  17B4  KeeveetUblMicd  here  the  Litch- 
field Law  School,  the  fint  Instltotion  of  itt  kind  In  Ameitca. 
In  179S  he  associated  with  himself  Janet  Gould  drja-igjg). 
who,  tfier  Reeve's  retirement  In  i8»,  coniinued  the  work,  with 


lectura  were  delivered  in  the  law  offices  of  itt  inttnictot^  but 

became  famous.  Including  John  C.  Calhoun;  Levi  Woodbury 
(1789-1851).  United  States  senator  from  New  UampditM  m 
|giS-i8ji  and  in  1841-181^,  secretary  of  Ihe  navy  lo  iSji- 
1834  and  of  (he  treasury  in  1814-1841.  and  a  juiliee  of  tha 
United  Slates  Supreme  Court  from  1B45;  John  Y.  Masoni 
John  M,  Oayton;  and  Henry  Baldwin  (1780-1844),  a  juiiict 
of  the  United  Stttt*  Supreme  Court  from  iSjo.  In  1791  Mrs 
Sarah  Pierre  made  one  of  the  first  efforts  loward  tbe  hlfbs 
education  of  women  In  tbe  United  States  by  opening  In  Litchfidd 
her  Female  Seminary,  which  had  an  influeailil  career  of  aboal 
forty  years,  ind  numbered  amang  ill  alumnae  Harriet  Beccha 
Stowe,  Mn  Marshall  O.  Robettt,  Mrs  Cyrut  W.  Field  and  Mn 
Ilta(h  McCutloch.     LttchBddwuiheblRbpliuofEtbaaAllaiii 


of  Ucory  Ward  BeKher;  ol  Haniet  fieecfaet  Slow^  vbnc  aovd, 
PofdHiif  Pufit,  pretcDls  a  pictuie  of  aadal  conditiona  in  Litch- 
field during  her  girlhood;  of  OUvti  Wokolt,  Jr.  Ci76Q-iB33);d 
John  PierpoDt  (1785-1866),  the  poet,  prcactaet  and  Iccluia; 
and  of  Chailt*  Loring  Brace,  the  phlbntfaraplst.  It  was  also  tlw 
home,  during  hit  lati  years,  of  Oliver  Wolcott  (1716-1797);  of 
Colond  Beojamio  Tsllaadge  (11174-1835),  an  offics  on  lb* 
Amoicaa  tide  in  the  Wat  of  Independnce  and  later  (Iron  iSoi 
to  1817)  a  Fedcfallst  member  of  Cancrcsai  andof  Lyman  Beocher, 
who  wu  pMMr  of  the  FiiM.  CoBgrtialknal  church  c(  Lildifidd 

See  hym  It  XObourae.  i 


.HchfieU,  lOOOj ;  and  &  an  aenaiM 
iry.  Emily  N.  Vanderpwl,  Clinmidti 
.  Hats.,  1903). 


UTCHFULD,  a  dty  of  Montgomery  county,  DUnoIi,  U.  S.  A-, 
aba>it5om.N.£.dStLaui».MBtouri.  Pop.  (1900)5918;  (1910) 
J97>.  IlsprincipdimportanceBasaraHwayajidmanuJactarinj 
centre;  K  it  ta^ed  by  the  Cbicaga,  fiurlingtoa  k  Quincy,  the 
Chicago  &  Akm,  the  Clevdand.  CiDciouti,  Chicago  ft  St 
Louis,  the  lUioan  Centnl,  the  Wabash,  and  tbe  Litdifietd  ft 
Madison  railoays,  and  by  electric  lines  connecting  with  St 
Louis  and  the  neighbouring  lowu.  In  the  vicinity  an  depoula 
ol  bituminaui  coal,  fire-clay  and  Dwuldiog  sand.  There  are 
various  manufactures  b  the  city.  Litchfidd  was  incorporsled 
aa  a  town  in  1156,  and  was  first,  chartered  as  a  dly  ja  1839. 
UTCBI.  or  Lee-Cbee,  the  ftult  of  IftfluUam  LilM.  a  snail 
tree,  native  of  southern  China  and  one  of  the  most  important 
indigcnooi  fmiti.  It  it  also  cultivated  in  India,  Tlie  tree  bears 
large  compound  leaves  with  two  fo  four  pun  of  leathery  lao- 
colate  pointed  leiflets  about  ]  In.  long,  and  ptnlda  of  small 
loweis  without  petals.  The  fruits  are  commonly  raundlifa,  about 
)  in.  in  diameter,  witb  a  thin,  brillle.  red  did]  which  ban  nogh 
protuI)ertncei.  In  the  fieih  ttate  they  are  filled  witb  a  sweet 
white  pulp  whidi  envelops  a  large  brown  teed,  but  in  the  dried 
condliioTi  the  palp  forms  a  blackish  fleshy  mhttanee.  The  pulp 
of  the  natun  of  an  aril,  that  it,  ta  additional  seed-coat. 
JVifWiaw  Lnjiiu.  the  longan  tree,  tbo  a  native  of  southern 
lina.  II  culilntrd  In  that  country,  in  (he  Mslsy  Pcniiuula.  India 
and  Ceylon  lor  tt>  Iniit.  wkich  la  amalkr  Ibaa  thai  ol  the  liulii.  beinc 
half  aa  lack  tn  an  inch  in  diaamer  nth  a  nearly  imoiidi  yoUowiih- 
briitle  skin,  and  eanuiiunc  a  pulpy  aril  raembUng  Ibat  id  tlw 

n  flavour.    Another  specio.  H.  lappattum,  a  talTtnc  native 

of  the  Malay  Peniniula,  when  It  li  known  under  ihe  names  Ram. 
bouii  or  RamboBien.  ■■  abo  eultimed  tor  lu  pleaiudy  acid  pulpy 
ariL  Tbe  IniH  ii  oval,  briiht  red  in  colour,  about  I  is.  king  and 
eonanil  witb  lau  fleshy  bain. 
Nifkdam  bdbngi  lo  the  natural 


lU    VI 


inces  Bcuiini  tbe  predoaiinance  of  one  social  class  which 
labled  lo  propagate  its  ideal  and  lentiments.     In  early 

an  priests  who  rwn  pile  tbe  cbraoiclcs  of  tiibd  religiout 

rhaptodcs  who  celebrate  the  prowess  ol  tribal 

fedi  before  he  reuoos,  ao  poetry  generally 

It  cnbodiet  mote  poignantly  the  sentimenl  of 

■an.    Hence  ucred  books  and  war-songs  are 

..  .   OtNeM  litenry  monuments,  snd    boih    src 

eaintinBy  paetfe.  conpoajtiont  which  have  received  s  rdigious 

qnall-rdigloiwtUKtioB.    TbendtalisnoflheHomericpoems 

tha  ftaWhmtn  (orNtpODdt  to  the  Rcitslion  elsewhere  of  the 

end  texts  la  tbe  lenple;  the  ■tslement  of  Phemios  (Odytiey, 

nil.  }47)  thai  a  gsd  inspind  bis  soul  with  sll  ihe  varied  ways 

ol  song  optoica  tbe  oidintry  bdief  of  early  hi>iorical  timet. 

Vtnida  of  ihc  sacred  chronicles,  or  fragments  of  e[^c  poena, 

leaistd  by  heart  and  supplied  a  ttandard  of  popular  Uieraiy 

TTw  pnblledeehiinsiion  of  kmichoien  pattages  by  priests, 

kHI  nen  by  csatcDdini  ih^Modes,  ictved  to  evoke  ihs 


784 


LITERATURE 


btenl  KRM  of  Ihency  eriticisn;  and.  >t  t  kttf  lUsc, 
critk*l  spirit  wu  itill  funber  itiimdalcd  hy  tbc  palnrnuDCe  d( 
dramiUc  pitcn  wtitien  by  compttlitfi  pocU.  Thg  c[ucal  iccocd 
a(  the  put  wu  >uppleineDUd  by  the  lyrkiU  record  ol  en 
foary  evcDU.  tad  u  the  Hooii^  poeu  hid  uiitiion*liied  the 
ilege  of  Troy,  n  nndu  commeraoiBied  Sikmit.  Fioee  of  *ny 
petmanent  vtlue  would  fint  ibon  ittdl  in  the  form  of  ontoiy, 
■nd  the  insertion  ol  ipctcha  by  eaily  hiitoriani  indicua  ■ 
conneiion  with  rhetoric.  The  development  of  abttrul  reasoning 
would  tend  to  deprive  pnac  of  ill  luperflucnu  oroanait  and  to 


No  n 


bu  been  iaveated  lince  the  diyi  ol  Plato, 
litenture  b  coisi^lcd  in  Ciubct,  and  there 
ly  belt  be  studied.  Epic  poetry  ii  rtprmnied 
cle,  lyrical  poetry  by  Tynaeia,  dra 
'  "  todotua,  oratory  by  Fe 
1  hy  ZoiliB,  th>  earlii 
Muning  reneHen;  and  m  each  dtpanment  there  b  1 
luccea^n  of  illustriom  namti.  Roughly  speaking,  all  lubsc- 
quent  literature  i)  imitative.  Ennini  transplanted  Greek methodl 
to  Rome^  his  contemporary  L.  Fabius  Pictor,  the  euUcst 
Roman  hiilorian,  wrote  in  Creek;  and  the  liter  Romu  poeU 
from  Lucrtttui  to  Horace  abound  In  imltalloni  of  Greek  Ofj^nak. 
The  ofiiciil  adoption  of  Chriiliinity  u  the  state  rell^on  cbanicd 
tbe  sjHrit  of  literature,  which  hecane  more  and  nwtc  pnvindsl 
alter  the  downfall  of  tbe  empire.  Literature  did  not  pcrldi 
during  the  "  dark  ages  "  which  eitend  from  the  siith  cattmy  10 
the  heginDiilg  of  the  nth,  but  it  wu  lubordinite  to  KhBUaltip. 
The  diiKlution  ol  Lilin  wu  not  complete  till  ibout  the  Kiddle 
of  the  oLh  century,  isd  tbe  new  vaiietia  of  RomiDCe  did  not 
became  ripe  lor  Utenry  purpoKS  till  a  hundred  years  liter. 
Ueaowhile,  not  a  lingle  liiemty  iiuiitei{dece  wu  produced 
in  WBittn  Eunve  for  five  cenlurio;  by  coinpariKrn  only  do 
Botthlu*  and  Venantius  FortuoitU)  Kem  ID  be  luminoui  points 
in  the  pmlanged  night;  the  promise  ol  a  literary  rcniiisince 
at  the  court  of  Chailcoutgne  wu  unfulfilled,  and  the  taik  of 
creating  a  new  literature  devolved  upon  the  dcacendanti  of  the 
baiblHans  who  had  datroyed  the  old.  Tbe  Celtic  and  Teutonic 
races  elaborated  literary  methods  of  their  own;  but  the  fact 
that  the  moil  popular  form  of  Irish  verse  is  adapted  from  Latin 
prosody  is  conclusive  evidence  that  tbe  influence  of  Romm— 
and  therefore  of  Greek — models  penisted  in  the  literature  ol  the 
outlying  provinces  which  had  attained  political  independence. 
The  leal  letvice  rendered  to  literature  by  the  provincials  lay  in 
the  inttwiuclion  and  diffusion  of  legends  freighted  with  a  burden 
of  mystery  which  had  diuppeared  with  Fan,  'ind  Iheao  new 
valuable  maledala  weol  to  loim  the  lubstancc  of  the  new 
poetry. 

Tbe  home  of  nwdem  European  Itteriture  must  be  sought  in 
France,  which  ai^ilited  tbe  hot  eleifcnts  in  Celtic  and  Teutonic 
Uttralnre.  From  tbe  iilh  to  the  t^th  century,  France  wu  the 
centre  of  intellectual  hie  in  Europe,  u  Greece  and  Rone  had 
been  before,  and  u  Italy  wu  10  be  alterwardi.  The  tkaaiaa 
da  [esit,  inspired  by  tbe  sense  of  palrioliim  and  the  yearning  for 
religious  unity,  incidcate  feudal  and  Catbidic  doctrine,  and  u 
lociety  in  the  western  world  wu  univenaUy  committed  to 
feudalism  and  Catholicism,  these  literary  eipressioni  ol  both 
theories  were  widely  iccepied  and  copied.  The  Germanic 
origin  of  the  French  epic  is  lost  sight  of,  and  imitators  are  attracted 
hy  the  French  execution,  and  by  tbe  creative  power  of  thg 
cksaiarudetiU.  Again,  Francctikealheslorieiof  the  Arthurian 
CDOii  from  Welsh  teiii  or  (mm  the  lipi  of  Welsh  leitlcn,  te- 
hindles  the  remanllc  dement,  and,  throu|^  Marie  dc  France  and 
Chrilicn  de  Troyes,  imparta  lo  the  whole  a  touch  of  personal 
■illstry  which  b  absent  from  tbe  dHHuam  it  guto.  The  rutilri 
i4  Bittaiat  gott  lortb  10  Italy,  Germany  and  England— later 
lo  Portugal  and  Spain — bearing  the  imprint  of  the  French  genius. 
Thus  France  inttnutionatiies  local  subjccit,  and  firu  aiiumta 
■  literary  function  which,  with  few  Intemiplions,  ihc  hu  lince 
discharged.  She  further  gives  to  Eurapc  modds  el  allegory 
in  Ihe  Stmam  ii  It  rest,  founds  tbe  Khoo)  of  modern  history 
throujdi  ViUehardouin,  iiiRiunta  tbc  MU|io«  dnma  and  the 


leculu  theuit.    She  n         . 
Europe  so  absolutely. 

The  liieraiy  septic  passed  from  France  to  Ilaly  during  the 
i4(h  century.  Brunettn  I^tini,  who  wrote  in  Frendi  u  weD  u 
in  Italian,  is  the  connecting  link  between  the  literatures  of  tbc 
two  counrriei;  but  Italy  owes  its  eminence  not  so  much  In  a 
generil  diffusion  of  literary  accompliihment  la  to  the  emergence 
■■  ■        ~    lie,  Boccado  and  Fetiarch 


eatedai 


[ofpc 


lolpi 


:o  tbc 


ol  Chaucer,  Spain  in  tbe  peraon  of  her 
chancellor  L6pea  de  Ayala,  and  France  ia  the  person  of  Charlei 
d*C>rL£ani,  the  un  of  an  Italian  nuther,  Petrarch,  once 
ambassador  in  France,  alleged  that  there  were  no  poeti  out  ot 
Ilaly,  and  indeed  there  were  no  living  poeti  to  compare  with  bin 
elscwben.  Bui  in  lU  couoUis  he  raised  up  rival* — Chaucei, 
Marol,  Gajdlaso  de  la  Vega — u  Sarmaiaro  did  a  centui^  aod 
a  half  later.  Sarmaiaro's  ^rcdiia  captured  the  Portuguese 
MontemOr,  whose  putoral  novd  the  Diana,  written  in  Spanisb, 
ins^HTcd  d'Uifi  no  less  than  Sidney,  and,  u  d'Urlf'i  Ailrtt  is 
considered  tbo  starting-point  ol  the  modem  French  novel,  lb« 
bistorkal  importance  of  Ihe  Italian  original  cannot  be  exagger. 
ated.  Spain  never  obtained  any  intellectual  predominance 
cotigpondlBg  to  that  eieicised  by  Prance  and  Italy,  or  to  bei 
polilfcal  authority  during  the  i6th  ind  i;th  centuriei.  Thii 
may  be  Utfibuted  partly  U  her  gisgraphical  position  which 
lies  otfibe  miia  madi  cf  Europe,  and  partly  to  Ihc  fact  that  bei 
literMuie  is  iMentiiBy  locaL  Cervantes,  indeed,  may  be  laid 
to  have  inSuHKtd  all  subaequent  wrilen  of  fiction,  and  the  ib- 
fiucDce  of  Spasiib  lUeralwe  it  visible  in  Ihe  body  of  Enropeaa 
picaieique  talei;  but,  apart  from  Comcille  .ind  >  lew  otha 
dnmaiiils  who  preceded  Moliirc  ia  Fraice,  aud  apart  from  the 
Restoration  drama  in  En^and,  the  infiuetica  of  Iba  Spantsb 

to  be  imitated  with  success.    Much  the  same  may  besaidol 

England  u  of  Spain.    Like  Spain,  she  lit*  outside  tbe  ^htfe 

of  continental  inffucnce;  like  Spain,  she  hu  iimunieiible  gnat 

names  in  every  province  of  litenture,  and,  in  both  fian.  Itr 

Europe  at  large  these  long  rtmained  uma  and  utbiiig  more; 

like  Spain,  she  is  prone  to  reproduce  borrowed  matcriala  in  shapci 

so  tranafonned  and  rigid  u  to  be  nncecofnitabkand  unadaptable. 

Moreover,   Ihe  RefonnatiiHi  Isolaled   England  from   lileraij 

conmeicewilhihe  latin  racea,  aod  till  the  iBlhtnatuiyCeniiany 

wu  little  more  than  a  geogr^Ucal  expeesiioD.    Even  when 

Ctrauny  recovtred  hs  Ulerary  indtfXQdeiloc,  Leldag  first  beard 

of    Shakespeare  Ihiougb  Vohaire.    Neither  Shakopcarc    nor 

"■''  ■     Fiance  before  the  iSih  ceoturj — tbe  £« 

the  second  hy  DupiC  de  Saint-Haiu — and 

I  curioHty  rather  than  wilh  rapture.    On 

tbe  otha  hand,  BoHeau,  R^nn  and  Le  Boau  were  regarded 

oradcs  In  England,  and  through  them  French  literaion 

produced  the  "  ooirectncst "  of  Queen  Anne's  reign.    Horace 

Walpi^  B  half  a  Frenchman,  Hume  imiUtes  Montesquieu'* 

cohl  lucidity.  Gibbon  adapts  Boasuet's  majatic  periods  to  otbei 

purposes.    On  Ihc  olher  hand  Voltaire  takes  ideli  from  Locke, 

hia  form  is  always  intensely  personal  and  inimitably  FreiKk. 

a  the  lAtb  century  English  literature,  as  a  wh^c,  11  lermclecy 

itemal  ioflnence.    Waves  ol  enthusiasm  pau  over  En^and — 

RouBssu,  lor  Codhc— but  leave  00  abiding  trace  on  English 

ralure.    During  tbe  latter  half  of  the  iSlh  century  Fruct 

imed  something  of  her  old  literary  lupremacy;  tbe  Uttiaiuia 

of  Italy  and  Spain  at  this  period  are  purdy  derivative,  and 

French  influence  was  extended  siiU  funho  on  tbe  contineol 

u  the  result  of  the  Romantic  movement.    Since  that  impulse 

.    iterature  everywhere  hat  been  in  a  Hate  o( 

less  national,  and  yet  fails  lo  be  coimopoliiaa.    AB 

importance,  and  many  el  no  importance,  art  trau- 

olher  European  languaga;    Ibe  quick  wliiii  gi 

id  violent  imprenioni  hu  conluied  the  idkene  of 
Liieralure  luften  likewiie  Iron  the  conpctjtioa 
of  the  newipaper  preH,  ind  u  the  preu  hu  multiplied  it  baa 
grown  less  lileiary.  The  diveniiies  of  modem  inicrcsu,  the 
'  leinin  (k  CMCcDinted  ihDHgbt,  suggeM  that  litoaiun 


LITERNUM— LITHOGRAPHY 


7«5 


emn  for  the  OH  Just  !« 

-m  which  ilwiyi  inipim  the  iiunry 

uti.t  <ri>itr  nM  «n  M 

iKtitMi,  ud  k  QUUMt  tw  donblnl 

that  liltntBie  will  conti 

condiliora. 

Q.  F.  K.) 

UTEXmni,  u  uicin 

town  ol  Ounptnfe,  luly.  on  the 

l»w  VBd]'  cout  between  Cuniu  ud  the  moulli  of  the 
It  m  pRlbably  once  dependent  on  Cumae.  la  194  I.e.  il 
becuK  a  Roman  caloay  h  a  mainly  lanwus  a>  ihe  KsdoKe 
o(  Ibe  ddar  Sdplo,  wbo  witSdrev  [ram  Rome  and  died  ben, 
HIa  tvaib  and  villa  an  dncriixd  by  Sentf*.  AnguKui  la  uU 
to  lave  oDDductedheneacolony  of  ntenu,' but  tha  place  neve* 
had  any  gnat  ImpgnalMie.  and  llie  lagooH  bdund  [t  made  II 
oaballfay,  Iboo^  (ha  CMBtninion  d  tbe  Via  Domitlana 
Umufb  it  nuM  hav*  mad*  It  a  paMlni  ttaiien.    tl  ceaied  to 


icated  in  ! 


Tbytl 


LOi  ll 


lady  (hence  the  aobrlquel  "Cut-lusged  Willie"),  and  torccd 
to  leave  Scotland.  Fm  nineteen  y«ri  be  Ijavelkid.  monly  on 
fool,  ihiDugli  Europe,  the  Levant,  Egypt  and  nottfaera  Africa, 
covenng,  accofdfns  to  his  alimale,  over  36,000  m,  Tbe  itory 
or  bb  ndvenluiei  may  be  dnwn  from  T)h  TtlaS  Dacnrit  ef 
lit  Rari  AAtHlara  and  ptinfuU  Ptricrhatimi  tf  tmt  lim- 
Ittut  Yarti  (Locdon,  1614;  fgllet  edition,  163?,  lie.);  A  Tna 
end  EtftrimtnUU  DiuBurie  upon  lit  lail  lirfiaj  Srida  (London, 
'637);  and  a  sfmifar  booli  giving  an  account  of  Ibe  liege  of 
Newiaitleand  tbelMitleof  Manlon  Moor  (Edinbuigh,  1641). 
He  b  the  author  of  a  Pmaa  Smtitk  t/ Lmdim  tloaian,  164J)- 

byMaldnienI,EdiDbiiTgh,  1M3),  0(tbe*c"5cotland'i  Welcome 
to  Kloc  Cbtrlet.  1633  "  ho  cDmlderable  aciiquarian  hilcteit. 
Ht>  wrtifng  baa  no  Utecaty  merit;  but  iti  eictuivtty  aureate 
MykdcKTva  notice. 

Tbe  bett  account  of  Uthgovand  hlivorlaTtbyF^HifufeaGroome 
fai  the  Ditt  NtL  Bin-    The  p^ece  entitled  Sctiatifi  Paiatuna  u 
Kimr  Omrla  U.  <tu6i.  ueiibid  to  h>n  In  tin  catalafK  of  ihe 
lot*  fiwn  inecnal  evidtnce,  be 


a  t<nra  of  Cook  caqniy,  New  South  Walea,  Aui- 
ttaIia.96ni.W.NW.olSydneybynlI.  Pop.  (i«oi)  ;iU.  The 
Wmi  k  ritualed  at  an  altitude  of  joeo  ft.,  In  a  valley  of  Ihe 
Blue  Mountaina  It  haapotteiy  and  tein>totIa wotki,  brewtrie), 
a  tweed  lactaiy,  bon-wnrka,  uw-milfa,  aoap-wotiu  and  briclc- 
(iflilt  CoaL  kenaene  ihale,  IfMi  on  and  boUdlac  Mom  are 
losnd  In  the  diMrict. 
UTRlim  laymbol  Li,  atonic  wTJ|htT-eo(0-i6)1,         "    " 


I7byj,  A.  Arivtd«)B('<wi 


m.tty,. 


10,  p.  ll).  It  ia  only  foaad  in  oombiBatloB,  and  it  a  canalituent 
of  the  minanli  pclalile,  tripbybne,  ipoduineae  and  lepidoUie 
or  liihla  mica.  It  ocnn  in  auO  quaatltlta  In  tea,  ilvn  and 
tpring  wmter,  tad  it  alto  wlddy  but  vny  ipaiin^y  diuributed 
thraucbmit  the  vegetable  kingdom.  It  may  be  obtained  (in 
'     '    n  itf  Ita  chkcide)  by  furiag  lepldolite  with 


barium  carbonau  ai 


e  (L. 


Tloaat.  CamfUi  nmdmt,  iSjA,  4],  p.  qit).  TIm  f<Bed 
Mpacattt  into  two  layen,  tba  npper  of  which  cotuaiaa  a  miaiuie 
erf  potaBlun  and  lilhlum  ■nlphala;  thit  It  bilriatcd  with 
water  and  convened  into  the  mixed  cUoridea  by  adding  barium 
ehloiide,  the  tototioo  evaporated  and  lbs  lithium  chloride 
mtacled  by  a  Roiture  oi  diy  akobol  and  etber.  Tlie  tnetal 
may  be  obtained  by  beating  dry  Uthium  hydiwlde  with  mag- 
netium  (H.  N.  Warren,  CHem.  lint.  1S96,  n.  p.  «l.  L.  Kablen- 
berg  War-  t^'-  Ckrm,.  3.  p.  Aoil  obtained  ii  by  elecuolyung 
the  chloride  in  pyridine  idulion,  a  cariuu  anode  and  an  inn 
^  piatinura  cathode  being  utad.  O-  l^uff  and  0.  Johanmen 
{ZaI.  dtUrttkrm,  i«e6,  jj.  p.  jj7)  ekclrolyae  a  mixlun  of 
btOMldE  and  chloride  which  raelta  at  511^.  It  ia  a  toil,  lilvery- 
•  Maaimwn  hi  C.I.L  (.  MJ  daea  soi  aotepi  thit  Hateoient.  but 
m  tovad  ia  iMf  coatoaa  It. 


idildi  readily  tamithes  40  atpcauft.  lit  *p**<ft^ 
gravity  u  o.jfl,  and  il  melu  at  180°  C.  It  bums  on  Ignition  la 
(rr,  and  when  strongly  heated  in  an  atmoiphere  of  nilra- 
fen  it  tantn  lithium  nitride,  UiN,  It  decomposea  water  at 
ordlnaiy  lempciaturc,  libenting  bydrageo  and  fortnlng  UtUum 
hydmidB. 

Lilklmm  IDdriU.  UH.  obtained  by  healing  the  nelal  in  a  carren 
of  hydrofrni  at  a  red  beat,  or  by  healing  the  metal  with  ethylene  to 
Too'C.  (M.Cuou.CnBricimdiu.  it^,  ti3,p.i44:iai,  p.  iiij). 
a  a  whiM  lolid  which  inaaoei  whea  heated  ia  chlidae.  WU 
alcohol  it  fonns  Uthium  nhylsie.  UOCtH>  with  libeniion  d 
hydrogen-  LttJHvm  nUtt  LiiO,  is  obtained  by  biiTnlng  the  metal 
in  ongen,  or  by  smtion  of  the  nitrate,  ti  it  a  white  powder  which 
MMlily  diiiotRi  m  water  Is  lena  tin  latriH:  UOK.  which  is 
alsoofaaiaedbybeaiMthagrtMiawwitliiaillipflime.  Itforowt 

Ilibiarbacaiboadioidde,biiI&KildeliqueKenl.  IMiS^mSm 
Ua,  pRpaied  by  hcatlni  the  netal  in  chlorine,  or  by  ^Holviiic  the 
oiidc  V  iBilmatla  in  hydtochkicle  acid,  ia  eicaeduwy  d^nttocwl, 
aieltm  briow  a  nd  heal,  and  b  *en  tohibla  in  aKhol.  liW 
U^COf,  obtained  at  a  while  amotphous  precipitau  by 
Hum  taiheuKtoaiolutlonalBihiunI  chloride.  Is  sparlngA 
water.  £fliiaH  ^tofiale,  U.PO.  obltined  by  ik  aAt 
linn  ;Aoiphale  ts.B  tohibla  UihiBm  tall  in  the  pnnot  oi 


ddlnfiot 
iluUeiB 


LiK Ht.it  obtained  ^ptstina ammonia  cas over  liihiuiD.  the  product 
being  healed  ID  TO*  C.  ui  order  10  eipcrany  euew  of  ammonia.  It 
luma  brown^cd  00  ciqinBire  to  air,  and  it  inflammable.  It  ia 
deorapnted  by  water  evidving  hydfogen,  aod  when  heated  ta  vofiw 
aISO*-«o*C.itgivctliihiumandammonia.  Withammonia  loUitioB 
it  vvet  hydrogen  aod  RUiumii,  UNHi  (H.  Moisun,  iM..  xtoA. 
117.  P-  Ms),  ^illin  orMt,  UiC,  obtained  by  heating  lithium 
cartxmau  and  carbon  in  the  dcctik  furatce,  formt  a  irantfamt 

cold  water  dving  acetylene  (H.  M^un.  ihif.,  iB^  111,  p 
Jthium  it  detected  by  the  faiol  yellow  line  of  w 
I  the  bfwht  red  line  of  wtvc-lcnglh  670S,  the 
Rrum.    11  may  be  diuingulAed  from  Bdium  ai-  r- 
naring  telubiUty  of  ila  carbonate  and  phouhtte.    1 
iJuiflilluiun  wai  deteimined  by  T.  S.  ^iTrom  Ibe 
chloride,  and  tliaby  convenion  of  tbe  chloride  inl 


ue  obtained  being  T" 


&i^' 


It  of  lithium  Uied  In  medlchie  ar 


dd.lilb^ 


■.l^iiCaAnii, 


add  calculi  or  gravd,  but  cbcir  action  as  a  Kifvmt  at  uric  acid  bai 

by  their  (ctioo.    In  medicinal  uie'tbry  ihouQ  therefore  be  alwtyi 
freely  diluud, 

UTHOaiUPBY  (Gr.  Ufet,  a  Mow,  and  'yeU«r,to  ttrite), 
Ihe  procets  of  drawing  ot  kying  down  a  design  or  transfer, 
on  a  ipedally  ptepand  none  or  other  suitable  lUtlact.  In  such 
a  wiy  (bat  Impretsioni  may  be  taken  iberefrom.  The  principle 
on  which  lilhogrtphy  it  bated  is  the  antagoiusm  of  gresK  and 
water.  A  chemically  pure  surface  having  been  secured  on  some 
substance  thai  hat  an  equal  (flinity  lot  both  grease  and  water, 
in  a  method  heieaftet  to 


of  ibesurfaceisiriaiBlHMd,  t 
Ihe  portion  (hat  b  wei  reti 
aRlnJly  for  grease  has  been 
the  turfaoe  thus  treated  il 


xnpoaltio 


greaiy  roller  ia  applied, 
the  gnase  and  that  in  wUch  an 
r  up  readily  accepts  ft;  and  from 


jr  oilier  material  b] 


-■Sj4); 


Ion  of  pi 

a  matter  of  evduiion,  Uihography  teems  to  come  upcm  the  scene 
fully  equipped  for  the  battle  of  life,  so  thai  it  would  be  a  bold 
craftsman  at  the  present  day  wbo  would  affirm  that  he  knew 
more  «1  the  principled  undcrl)niig  his  trade  than  Seneltkte* 
(ft.)  did  within  thirty  years  of  its  invmiloB.  Of  courtc  pnctic* 
hat  led  to  deiieriiy.  and  the  great  volume  •(  trade  hat  Indaeed 
many  mechanical  improvements  and  facilitiei,  but  Ibe  principle* 
tavc  Dot  been  taken  any  fiHther,  whilf  loiqe^v^p^blc  melhodi 


r,  whilt  tome  nlubic  m 


7S« 


LITHOGRAPHy 


-luvi  ban  aUooed  lo  (>U  Into  douetude  >nd  vauU  kcB  itp^y 
■DDK  ciptruDeiiUlly  dupoied  pujoa  to  revive. 

lilhography  nuy  be  divided  into  (vo  main  brtDcbcs" 
tbat  which  ii  dnwn  with  ■  grcur  cnyoo  (alber  iUociciU]' 
called  "  chalk  ")  od  i  iniiwd  mode,  tad  ibat  obkb  ii  dnwn 
in  "  ink  "  on  •  polijhed  >Ion«,  Wbiievn  my  be  tliautht  in 
rqnrd  lo  Ibe  origini]  nork  ol  tbe  miit*  ol  virioiu  counirics 
who  have  used  Ulhognphy  ts  a  means  o[  expression,  ibcre 
can  be  LLlle  doubl  that  in  the  lomier  method  the  EnsUsh  pn>- 
(eised  Lihofraphcr  has  always  bdd  the  pre^eRiinttm,  while 
French,  Gennan  and  Atnerican  aniiu  have  luipaued  ibem  In 


il  modified  cokm — this  bi 
and  tint  "  wock— and  that  in  which  the  black  is  only  Dwd 
locally  like  any  othtr  caloui.  Ficquenily  tfci*  Ullei  clast  of 
work  will  require  a  doien  or  more  colours,  while  some  ol  ih« 
Snni  eiamplrs  have  had  some  twenty  to  thirty  stones  employed 
in  them.  Wock  of  this  description  ii  known  u  chromo-liiho- 
(raphy.  Each  colour  requires  a  separate  atone,  aitd  work  nf 
the  highest  quality  may  w>nt  two  oi  three  blues  whh  yellows, 
itds,  greyi  and  browns  in  ptopoiiion,  if  it  i>  daired  to  hcur 
a  ntult  that  is  an  appioiimue  rendering  ol  the  original  painting 
•c  drawing.  The  t)uestion  may  perhaps  be  asked:  "  II  Ibi  well- 
known  three-colour  process"  (see  PaocESS)  "can  gjve  the  full 
result  of  the  artist's  palette,  why  should  it  take  >o  many  more 
toleuTs  In  lilbofraphy  to  wcute  the  lame  result?"  The  answer 
is  IhH  the  tlone  ptaclitilly  gives  but  three  gradalionB—the 
iOIhS,  the  half  tint  and  the  quarter  lint,  so  that  the  combination 
ol  three  very  carefully  prepared  stones  will  give  t  very  limited 
number  of  cambinations,  while  a  moderate  oiimateci  the  ihades 
on  a  toned  block  would  be  sii,  so  that  a  very  smplc  mathe< 
maticalproblem  will  show  the  lar  greater  number  of  combinations 
that  the  three  blocks  wilt  give.  Beyond  this,  Ihe  chmmo- 
lithograpber  has  lo  eierdse  very  great  powcn  of  cdour  anaiyni; 
but  the  humln  mind  is  quile  anable  to  tdlk  offhand  the  eiad 

ol  grey,  and  this  the  camera  with  the  aid 
of  colour  biters  does  with  almost  perfect  precision, 

Notwithsiasding  these  disadvanlegcs,  Uthography  has  Ihew 
strong  points  (i)  its  utility  (or  small  editions  on  lecoum  of 
lis,  at  present,  smallei  prime  cMt:  (i)  its  suitability  lor  subject] 
ol  large  siie,  Ij)  its  (upctiotity  lor  subjects  with  outlines,  lor 

secure  this  effect  by  the  admixture  ol  the  three  colours  require* 
narvellously  good  re^slration,  the  abselce  oi  which  would 
produce  a  vi^ry  large  propoftian  of  "  waste  "  sr  faulty  copies; 
(4)  capacity  for  ptjntiog  on  almost  any  paper,  whcteu,  at  the 
time  ol  writing,  the  t^^eoknir  process  is  almost  atlirtly  limited 
10  printing  on  coated  papers  thai  ate  very  heavy  uid  BM  very 

With  regard  to  the  two  bnoches  of  chalk  lithopapfay,  tbe 
Grmi  thai  maintained  tbe  English  supremacy  lor  black  and 
lint  nark  in  the  early  day*  were  Hulemandel.  Dsy  and  Haghe 
and  Maclure,  while  Ihe  best  cbtoaa-Utbognphic  work  in  the 
same  period  was  done  by  Vincent  Brooks,  the  hrothen  Hanbart, 
Thomas  Kell  and  F.  KeU.  In  relerence  10  the  personal  work 
«f  prolesaed  lithographers  during  the  same  period,  the  names 
e(  Louis  Haghe,  J,  D,  Harding,  ].  Netdham,  C.  Baugniet.  L. 
Ghemar.  William  Simpson.  R.  J.  Lane,  J.  H.  Lynch,  A,  Maclure 
and  Rimanticy  stand  (or  black  and  tint  work;  while  in  diromo- 
lithognphy  J.  M.  Cactick,  C.  Risdon,  Wiilian  Buoney,  W. 
Long,  Samuel  Hodson.  Edwin  Buckman  and  J.  Lewb  have  been 

of  their  craft.  In  the  Inrefoing  list  will  be  recogBiud  the  names 
ol  several  who  have  bad  admirable  wocka  on  tbe  wails  ol  the 
Royal  Atidemy  and  other  exhibitions;  Mr  Lane,  who  exhibited 
lithograpba  liom  1814  to  1B71,  was  foe  inaay  yean  the  doyen  of 
Itbofiapben,  and  Ihe  only  one  oi  their  number  lo  attain  aca- 
demic rank,  but  Lynch  and  John  CardweU  Bacon  were  his  pupils, 
and  Bacon's  son,  Ihe  painler  John  H.  F.  Bacon,  was  decled 


10  the  Royal  Academy  in  r^aj.    In  tic  fittt  dead*  ol  tbc  lotk 

century  the  number  of  firms  doing  htgfa-claaa  wodt,  and  tbc 
artists  who  aided  them  in  doing  it,  were  more  nusnemua  cha« 
ever,  and  Karcely  less  able,  but  It  would  be  oulmde  the  pnaest 


ilended  ih 


1  artistic  as  tbe  methods  jiHI 


Rtlnuulerring  is  tbe  pi 
otigina]  itoDea  with  a  view  to  nuking  up  a  large  sbect  of  one 
or  more  smail  subject),  or  where  it  ii  dalttd  to  print  ■  very 
large  number  wiibout  deterioration  of  the  eri^nal  or  oatrii 

France,  CenoaAy  uid  tbe  United  States,  where  for  many  years 
auperkxity  ha*  becD  ahown  in  regard  to  the  cicellence  and 
rapidity  of  retianilening.  To  tbia  cause  may  be  attributed 
the  fact  that  the  boi  topi  sod  Chriatma*  eardi  oo  Ihe  Eotfiih 
market  were  so  largdy  done  abroad  until  quite  recent  limes. 
Tbe  work  of  producing  even  a  small  face  in  Ibe  finest  hand  stipple 
is  a  lengthy  and  tedious  affair,  and  the  English  criltsmaa  has 
•eldom  shown  Ihe  patience  necessary  for  this  work,  but  since 
the  American  invention  known  as  Ben  I>iy'>  ahading  mediun 
was  inlrodLKed  into  England  the  Irade  has  largely  taken  it  up, 
and  thereby  much  of  the  tedium  has  been  avoided,  so  Ihat  it 
has  been  found  possible  by  its  means  to  introduce  a  freedom 
into  stipple  work  thai  had  not  before  been  found  possible,  and 
a  very  much  belter  dasa  of  woik  bat  since  been  ptoduced  is 

AboLU  the  year  1S6S  gralnol  paper  aia*  ioTcnled  by  Madun, 

Mncdonald  &  Co.  Tbianiethodconfiiisinisipreiaingon^iiina^ 
Scotch  Iransler  or  other' suitable  paper  a  grain  closely  allied  10 
ita\  of  the  lithographic  ilone.  iL  appears  to  have  been  rather  ag 
iinpiDvemenl  than  a  new  inveniion,  for  drawing  paper  and  even 
canvas  had  been  coaled  previously  with  a  material  that  adhered 
to  a  stone  and  left  on  the  sloT>e  the  greasy  drawing  that  had  btoi 
placed  thereon;  but  stiti  from  this  to  the  beautifully  [Kepued 
paper  that  was  placed  on  the  market  by  the  hrm  of  which  the 


It  advan 


imineoca  saw  ihai  ■  new  andcenvenitBi 

I  opened  up  to  them. 
On  Ihe  Gnt  introduction  oi  lithography  tbe  artists  al  r 


nation  haateDEd  10  avail  ihenBelvesofii.bui  soon  the  cunbroui 
character  of  ibe  stone,  and  the  fact  that  their  lubjccis  had  10  be 
dnwa  backwards  in  order  that  they  might  appear  cwreetly  on 
thepaper,  wore  down  their  itewly-b«naeal,  and  it  was  only  when 
the  grained  papa  system  was  perfeclod,  by  which  they  coold 
make  their  drawings  in  the  comfort  of  their  atudios  witboni  re- 
VBsIng,  Ibal  any  teoou  revival  took  place.  Although  eiKclIent 
woril  OB  grained  paper  had  been  done  by  Andrew  Madsre, 
Rimanoccy.  Jaiia  CardweU  Baton.  Rudolaky  and  other  cnfu- 
men.  die  credit  for  ita  futiherance  amoog  arlials  mnsl  be  tfvea 
to  Tlioinas  Way  and  his  son  T.  S.  Way,  who  did  much  valuabk 
pioneer  work  in  this  dtrectioa.  The  idhtaion  ef  such  artists  of 
eminence  as  Whistler,  Legros.  Frank  ^lort,  Charles  ShannoB. 
Fantin  Litour.  William  Sitaag,  Will  Rothenatcin.  Herbert 
Raillon  and  Joseph  Pemell,  did  not  a  little  to  ai't  lithography  in 
Ruling  the  encroachaenu  ol  olher  methods  iolo  what  may 
sidl  be  considered  its  sphere.  Asa  means  (^  repivjudng  eSeels 
which  an  artist  would  othenriae  gel  by  pencil  or  ciayoD,  it 

art  that  Iwaniy-live  or  fifty  copiea  of  an  origiBal  work  should 
exist .  wMeh,  without  Ibe  aid  of  lit  bography.mi^t  have  only  becB 
^tch,  pcrhape  alowid  away  amoog  th* 

regard  10  gmined  paper  work,  undue  atreaa  has  aim  btca 
placed  upon  the  rapid  deterioration  of  Ihe  stone,  tome  coBIeiHlinf 
that  only  a  few  dozen  firsl-claia  proofs  can  be  taken;  this  hat 
kd  lo  the  feeling  thai  it  is  unsuiled  to  book  MluslralioD,  and 
damage  haa  been  done  10  the  trade  of  lithography  thoel^- 
II  may  be  mentioned  that  quite  recently  about  100  auto-lilho- 
graphs  in  black  hnd  ihree  coloura.  the  tsaabincd  wo^  al  Hi  Md 


represented  -by  a 


LITHOGRAPHY 


787 


Mn  Hnteff  Rdhon,  haw  b«M  IrnUcd  by  Ihc  EkHe  ijMcnt 
ii(  Rching  dncribcd  below,  and  alihough  in  lnHniisinuJ  ha 
of  quality  may  have  ariien,  tgcb  ai  uxun  when  i  copper 
(telling  is  ilcel  laced,  uim  iooo  to  jooo  (npia  were  pnnlcd 
■fibcui  fnnhci  deteFknuion,  and  an  ediilon  of  vignnttd 
skelchts  wal  secured,  fit  in  advincf  o(  anylhing  Ihit  could 
have  been  attained  Icom  tiie  usual  scrtca  or  halC-toiwd  blocU. 

Cnined  papci  ii  much  used  in  the  ordinary  lithognpfaic  studio 
for  w«t  HKh  u  Ihc  hiU  shadingol  napi  i^iat  can  be  doM  irii  hout 
much  worluni  up,  but  the  velvety  effecK  rhai  in  Ihe  htnda  of 

be  Kcured  by  lUs  method.  The  eSects  rthned  la  were  otMaincd 
bynoch  patient  work  of  a"  linier,"  who  practicadly  laid  n  ground 
which  the  more  eiperfenccd 


ntuaiion      When  fine  rii 


inneeded 

■rtisU  wiU  do  wdl  to  itad  ihr  nots  on 

the  "  aqM- 

dnt  ■■  and 

"  waih  • 

methods  dtscn 

well-known 

and  arietw3nls  p 

[ttal  ikill  by 

Lilhogra 

*yi.o 

maiten.  1* 

ill  UK  for 

diagram! 

wall  pteturt. 

and  m>pi  b 

wry  gHieial. 

nor  doe*  t 

e  Inllucn 

-c  end  with  nhoddays.  for  in 

the  form  of 

pieiurn  a( 

amodtr 

te  price  il  liringi  an  in  10  hon 

i«  and  lives 

that  need 

righleni 

g.  and  even  in 

he  forin  of  posters  an  Ihe 

much -abused   hoard 

ngs  doej  unirllUng  for  Ihos 

who  have 

ehollh 

nimtlnihtstti 

enau.  o(  i(oi.  1 

,6S6pcopJei 

the  United 

Kingdomf 

nindtlu 

n  the  trade,  while  accord- 

ing  LO  a  Home  OSTic 

muM  dwxs). 

!o,i6»  WTsfflu  other  than 

lilhographi 

rrinUrs 

were  employed  by  the  firmi  ca 

Tying  on  the 

and  the  world  at  large, 


Germany,  the  United  Smi«  of  Amtiica 
hat  a  Tail  IndoMrrat  umy 
rtpreis  printing,  hai  1  very 


of  the  Bumerous  text-books  on  the  lubJKt. 

Stum  amd  Sbmt  SuiilUnlil.—'Itii:  quality  ol  uone  lint  used  by 
Alois  Senefcldcr,  and  discovered  by  him  at  (he  villaxc  of  Sglcnhorcn 
in  Bavaria,  Kill  rcnulns  unsurpaurd^  This  dcpoJl,  which  covets 
a  vdvlar^  area  and  underlies  the  villages  of  5oleob<iCcn.Moeriisheim 
and  Langenaltheim*  has  often  been  described,  soAKtimes  for  inter- 
ested motives,  aa  nearly  exhausted:  but  a  visit  in  Ir/ol,  revcidcd 
that  the  output — conuderablc  as  it  had  beea  during  a  period  little 
■hort  of  ■  cintuiy — waa  very  nnimpsnanl  when  mmpaied  to  Ihe 
treat  maas  of  carbonaccoiia  limestone  eilulni  in  the  ncnhbouihood. 
The  stconi  point  in  favour  of  this  aoucee  nl  supply.  In  addition  to  its 
uniivalhsT  quality,  is  the  evcnneia  of  its  stratiScatioo,  and  the 
fact  that  after  the  cemaval  ol  the  surface  deposits,  wlucb  are  very 

thus'  jiHl  suited  for  lilhofraphie  puipoKi  and  needing  only  to  be 
wrought  in  the  vertical  duKiion.  Other  depotiu  o(  suitabb  UoDe 
have  been  louod  in  France,  Spain,  llalv  and  Creecc,  but  traiuit  and 
the  absence  of  u'    ' '  '      ' 


6nd  other  soiirca  ol  supply 
sanl  proprielon, 
,.jn  icldorn  aupplv 
who  will  not  lil^ 


with  sufficient  readiness.    : 

has  been  stimulated  by  ths  ikmi  moaiiiatis  eii 

fisvaria,  for  the  quamn  are  largely  owned  by  pe 

wi»  luvc  very  well-dehiied  business  habits  of  ihcii 

cransactlaiH  difficult-   Amoog  other  things,  they  ' 

the  highest  pades  and  the  largest  aisc>  to  thoss 

tiieir  proportion  of  lower  quality  and  snulker  siiei 

of  Ih*  very  ejipeosive  transit  down  the  Rhine  to     .    ... 

ivl^y  journey  atone  end  and  a  sea  jonrnev  at  the  other, 

ol  difficulty  to  the  inponer  In  olhsr  ceunlnes- 

-n>e  earfieat  suUlhulc  for  lithographic  stone  was  einc. 
been  used  from  early  days  and  is  now  nw™  >"  drmaml 
it  iHinlFea  very  canful  printing  as  the  gi 
ouioial  to  a  vwv  slight  eneni,  and  the  aai 
to  the  wales'-    From  Ibis  cuse.  when  • 
tUMbla  i*  liMy  to  arise;  and  when  this  nas  occurred, 

Clhoda  aie  much  noce  dilGcvlt  than  with  stoat*.  WbenpMairay 
sca(Bn,adryplaeaisvery  ssstntial,  asesmsiiin  is •aiity set  up, 
At  Gr*t  tM  ^tea  wan  quiu  [hick.iod  alauM  lavaiiab^gnuied  by 
a  disc  ■■inulltr  "  and  acid;  now  t  bath  d  acid  li  meie  gencrall)' 


known  as  "  iMssmg."  whil 
t  them  su>uUe  &  bml 


So  tar  we  have  bean  deahng  wnb  ptan  sine,  but  vanoms  am 
lussd.aitheebyiheoiiKEaiioaoftheiurfaeeiirbvogatiiigihapkBr 
ilh  a  saia^tMn  dnaely  allied  rn  bihotrsphicsiaHHdaspliedni 

' ' ■  — ■"■-  -'--s  of  plate  WIS  lini  invested  by 


Messrs  C  A  E.  Uyron,  and  a  madiKcatiHi  ■ 
la (or  IranslHTedwark such  uChr 


of  lion  plates  by  eiipesi«  then 
[ly  been  paienied,  snd  has  had  soi 
vkcr  ptfi  filing  plaie,  which  is  pi 


••  Parker 


)d  (medom  In 


eanfully 


PnptftUm  4  Iki  SiMKi  —In  ihis  depaitment  the  . 
necessary  right  thriHigh  the  Hthofraphic  proreie  must 
observed,  and  a  kadlM  point  ii  to  secure  a  \tvM  surface 
thar  ibc  Inrnt  and  hoek  ol  Ih*  stone  an  siriclly  panIM,  tj.  that 
stones  stand  the  lest «[  both  Ihe  snaigtai  edge  and  ihe  talkpen, 

twe  oiagonal  lines  of  some  non-greasy  subalance  liTI  the  too  si 
(which  shonki  not  be  too  small,  and  shdukl  be  c«utamly  level... 
on  the  Urger  one)  has  entiiily  removed  them.    The  appBolion  of 
the  sinighi  edge  from  lime  10  lime  Irlll  end  In  secari       -     -   -     • 


ind  poliih  > 


ne  10  lime  SrHI  end  In  Hearing  the  • 
rh  al  the  fntine  piinling  qoaUly  di 


*„, 


!>r  large  surfaces  the  ceiling  rmdi  to  lie  raiher  hie^ 
I,  I"— expanding  red  reichipg  the  surficr  at  i  modei 
—-'■■"  -  »"rd  wiih  Triction  disk  driving,  i 


of  spcni  are  ptA^le.an 


which  ii  Ihe  chief  an 


Priftrmt  0  XuiiKl  rn  CIuH  or  CToit  Old  TiMi.— This  branch  of 
work  n  much  less  in  deniand  than  formerly,  A  grey  stone  having 
been  selected  and  finely  grained  with  sand  or  powJeied  glass  paucd 

having  made  his  tracing,  this  tracing  is  reversed  upon  the  slone  wilh 
the  Intemositkin  of  a  piece  of  paper  ceaied  with  red  chalk,  and  the 
chalk  sir»  towards  Ihe  surfsa:  the  lines  on  the  traciiigare  then  gorie 
over  with  a  tracing  point,  ae  that  a  reproduction  in  red  clnlk  is  left 
upon  the  stone.  It  will  then  be  dainble  to  secure  a  stock  of  poininf 
Lcnwreierchalksof  at  least  two  grades,  hrd  and  soft:  the  pointing  Is 
a  rnattor  Ihit  requireseiperknce.andlsdone  by  rheworiier  drawing 
a  sharp  pen-knife  lowarrls  him  in  a  slicing  ma nneris  ihoLigh  Irying 
to  put  a  point  upon  a  piece  of  cheese.  Cam  should  be  taken  that  the 
lalling  pieces  arc  gathered  into  a  box.  or  they  may  do  irrecorabtc 
miKhlellp  the  work.    Thewortr  d  outlining  Is  ,ikinc  «lh  Nf  1  or 

chicAy  on  this  grade,  securing  rich 

over  the  stons In  various  direclroi 

graphic    ink   vhcie   absolute   blacks 
O^anhymbock's  or  Lcmercler's  an    ' 
preparatkin.  the  method  being  10  nrm  ■ 
dry  upon  it.  then  add  a  little  dutHled  water 


daily  n^ply. 

d,  It  will  require  wl 


Lineady  protected  by  an  acid-reatstlng  grease,  will  be 

unpTDteeled surface.  Theaddandgum  — '-' --^— 

with  Ihe  quality  of  the  sr--^  — ■  -•- 


:  and  Ihe  cli 


(eetchin 


..  VSiTuone 

perform.   A  prrwortlon  of  T-5  parts 

„  _ -  _ ._  solution  of  gum  arable  will  be  ImTnd 

to  be  approsimately  wliat  Is  required,  but  the  euct  proportion  must 
be  sett  led  by  eipenencr,  a  safe  course  being  to  srarcb  Ihe  action  that 
occurs  when  a  small  quantity  is  placed  on  the  unused  margin  d  At 
stone.  Many  put  the  tlehinf  niature  on  wilh  a  Hal  mnel-hair 
brush,  which  should  beofgaodwklth  loavoidstrcaks.  Thepresent 
writcr'sownpreletericebtopHirthe  mixture  on  to  the  stone  when  it 
is  in  a  staoting  position;  rir  it  D_perhaps  better  to  have  an  etching 
trou^.  a  strong  box  lined  sdth  pitch,  with  bearers  at  the  bottom  to 
prevent  Ihe  storw  coming  in  contact  with  it.  and  a  hole  rhnnigfl 
which  ihtdilutedaddmaypaasawaylarsubaeqaentuie-  Tbeetch- 
ing  is  then  done  sriih  acid  aiid  waur  poured  over  the  stone  whBe  in  a 
sloping  fkisiiion,  and  the  subsequenlDouring  of  a  solution  of  gum 
arable  completes  the  preparation.    The  tale  Mr  V/illlam  Smpson, 

Socict]'  of  Arts  that  in  hli  opinion  Mr  Louh  Haghe's  reproduction 


LITHOGRAPHY 


g.  It  *Am  uDder-vEdnd, 

■      mrandlx 

ufficienEly  ihv 

li  dKchilirdniwini  hu  to  Inn  tiUh  il  will  be  irnnHTy  to  aukc 
ainiuiydiuudofiietiiaiihRT  jrccsloun  to  be  uwl.  in  thiiclui 

coioyf  KGUEvd  by  iba  lupspasiiiDn  ol  ihe  i«-a  ihvln.  fjve  m 
oaneni  mull,  of  i>liii:li  M^'i  ikcuha  in  Bd|iuio  my  be  ulva 
■  •  lud«t  eumpie 

niK"h™.  IS  ^rlli/l'^ij'i'rli'To  bt"  f^'-  Xt  ■■  <ilSiy.lnt 
Irocn  BB  uid  d*inpsd  befon  priming  To  •fcuk  (nuncy  ol 
RtiUtr  (h*  papemiuu  br  kept  in  1  ibnip  cloth  topnvnu  ihctdrn 
^n^nf.  fod  gllRr  mvbinrt  lAould  be  kept  jiviLiUblc  Tor  c4ch  ol  the 
lwi>  »  that  an  mark  printed  in  bbck  in  the  mninmc  nay  be  cwn- 
^ud  theunw  ni(hl.  In  thu  vty  ljr(eedltiaTiimi|lit  be  ninlo]  of 
chher  oridniJ  or  rviruqfemd  work  al  oncr±  imdaina  tiv  print* 
niable  Iw  UiImLui  i<ia(ui«>. 

PrtpariMtaCimmt  Ltititffafk. — F«  Ibii  (Hjrpov  the  pioeeedinn 
will  Iw  Buicn  tbe  Bine  u  thAie  hineiud  for  the  bLickand  tint  work, 


will  be  buicTl  tbe  nine  u  thaie  hiHHUd  fa 
but  the  pnUmEnry  tncing  wiube  done 


*iU  be  Co  CMwdcr  if  Ibe  work  ii  to  have  the  cdi|ioii  printed  Itnra  it, 
«  whether  it  huu  be  ti*iwemd  after  pnivinfl  and  bctfgRpriniinE; 
fenerally  ipcakiiw.  biWHibjccuaiKhaidiaEraiHar  pMIen  willbc 
worked  direct,  trnde  Cbrinmaa  carda,  poitcardi,  handbUti « labels, 
will  be  reiKated  many  [incs  on  la^er  atonca.  Fbr  the  fomier  clau 
A  much  wider  range  of  OKtbcdi  ia  ponibTc,  but  many  of  Iheie  are 
diHiciilt  ta  tniiiler.  and  the  detctioiaclon  tbac  aiiso  nukn  it  de- 
ainble  toJunic  Ihciruw  when  traulerriiigiicDntcniptatfd.  There- 
»re,  chalk-rubbed  tinta,  vartiiih  tint*,  uunirnnE,  wash,  air  brufh,  are 
tlHiKlbodtlbrorJBina]  work,  while  work  inat  haa  tobe  traaiferred 

ik)  of  "  ncdiiuiu  "  aa  hcfoR  dcKnled,  and  ^  "  ipluitcml "  on  to 
ikc  uone  from  a  tooth, bniih.     It  ihouU  be  mtniioncd  thai  work 

dulk  worli. and  w  Eolten  my  luefui  when •  chalk edect  it dciiicd 
Iron  a  polithcd  aione^  li^  provinf.  apaqne  cokiiin  will  be  got  on 
firU.andU  win  often  bC  found  a  Kood  plan  lopul  the  bUck  on  early. 
IbrUpvean  good  idea  ol  bow  ihc  work  i> pnieetdinf. and  the  itreniih 
at  the  (ouchn  (lor  the  black  ihould  p^nrratly  be  used  laarinfly)  l> 
often  pleasantly  lorteBcd  by  the  aemk-opaque  coloun  which  should 
ctHne  on  next.  It  u  deairable  to  pall  rnipteuions  of  each  coTojr  on 
thofOUlhly  white  pajier,  and  beyond  ihii  in  imporEdnt  work  tbcrr 
abould  oe  a  profieaaive  colour  pattern  Ihal  will  aHow  how  the  work 
looked  when  two.  three  or  Biore  colour*  were  oti,  tor  ihii  may  at  the 
inifth  be  inmluablc  to  Uiow  where  error  hai  crept  in,  and  i>  in  any 

In  rcfaid  to  paper,  a  dncrtpllon  made  of  rag  or  rag  and  ewano 
It  moft  desirable  for  all  work  on  grained  alonn.  but  for  work  In  ink 
■nd  consequently  froiq  polished  stone  a  Kood  coated  paper  wlih 
Bufficienc "  (lae  in  il  is  liequcntly  desiisble;  this  paper  Is  generally 
called  "  chromo  "  paper. 

There  is  at  the  present  time  veiy  little  eneouragemeBt  for  the  high 
dassof  chromo-lithMrraphy  that  wai  so  much  in  evidcBce  from  iBSS 
M  IBIS,  bul  Ibete  il  fit  tie  (toubt  that  the  work  cauM  be  done  etgiially 
wdl  by  Ibepment-daycnltsmen  if  the  demand  revived.    Belonging 


"  Qiiccn  VictoTiareeriving  the^Cuardi.' 

Gilberts  ar''  '*—  — ^^  "'  -**-"""-  -' 


and  the  series  of  cl 


■Iter  ioim  Leech,  prvd 
nt  BnoKs.  A  small  propoi 
writ  executed  in  En^nd, 


Wainwc^ht  and  olben  were  ettcuted  by  Samuel  Kodsnn.  jamei 
tcwii  and  otbeia.  Perfaapa  the  most  conutienlly  good  work  of 
•lodem  times  hai  been  the  Rproduction  of  Pelleirlnri  and  Leslie 
Waid'i  drawings  for  Vanffy  fair,  srhich  from  1870  lo  ijodwere 

SIh  vcTv  few  Exceptioni  ciecuted  by  the  firm  of  Vincent  Broeki. 
IV  ft  Sob. 

TriHifiri.—A  very  large  proportion  of  work  Is  got  on  to  the  ilone 
by  transfer,  and  thf^rr  is  no  moic  iraporlant  port  of  the  busmen 

R3^hy  done  on  grained  pa^  b^  aniits  of  eminence,  the  irans- 
(crnng  of  erained  paper  drawings  u  the  most  important-  The  stone 
most  desirable  for  this  purpose  will  be  neither  a  grey  nor  a  light 
yellow,  but  one  that  stands  mid'way  between  the  two:  il  ihoukfli* 
v«ry  carefully  polished  so  as  to  be  quite  free  from  scratches,  and 
brought  to  blood-beat  by  being  gradually  heated  in  an  iron  copbdaid 


■  nectstuy  afpaania.    Th*  nsnlHida  ibataa 


.e  undnh,  h< 
ixylorlhee, 


— J  Brnily  to  (he  finfer.  befon 

11  ahouhj  then  be  pulled  Ihnuih  iwioi,  ali 
nped  on  the  bock  and  pulled  through  si 


trsh^'2  tl 


learhaltihecompoHiuB 


L  we1*taDe,buiaiHeceof  ihemai-Einof  thepapershouldbe 
i,.<eihal  It  isof  a  class  that  will  adhere  to  the  slone  the  hrst 
pulled  ihrouth  Unlen  the  adhesian  is  very  cAmplett  it 
be  safe  to  pull  it  ihrDii|b  more  than  once-  For  a  snial 
icapaavnyiKiibnte  etch  "  is  desinble.  but  foe  a  loag 
good  [»infl.  the  Eberle  system   may  be  adopted.     This  method 

applyuig  the  ^me  of  an  ordinary  plunber's  lamp,  this  wUi  neh 
-^'  -^-— --,»  ncflmA  nhind  Lhc  Ldsc  of  each  grain  of  work  and 

s"eich"br:lniraoDl.ed.    As bcloie staled  it  is 

in  the  machine  aim 

When  the  artist  who  is  not  a  professed  Utbographer  desires  tn 
make  tknts  10  hia  work,  a  rcvcrvd  oTTset  on  grained  paper  shoukl  be 
made  for  each  colour,  this  is  done  by  putlint  an  Emprcstion  in  the 
usual  way  on*  hard  picceof  paper,  and  while  it  Is  yet  irct  this  shawld 
be  faced  with  a  pieoe  of  grained  paper  and  puUed  thmugb  afain. 
when  the  grained  paper  will  be  found  10  have  ncaived  the  gnicr 
portion  oT the  ink.  this  should  be  immediatcl)'  dusted  sriih  oSiH 
powder  of  a  red  shade  to  prevent  the  grease  pasdng  into  the  paper. 
and  the  drawing  of  the  tints  shsuM  Ihea  be  proceeded  with  )n  the 
usual  way.  Annher  method  of  iranaiee  mrk  is  id  pull  impnasioaa 
liom  copper  V  sled  plains  in  Innshir  bik.  it  is  in  such  way  that 
simple  etchings  like  Ihosc  of  Cruikshank.  Phiz  and  others  are  wo. 
duced,  and  nearly  ail  commercial  work  such  as  mapa.biD  lieads.  tfc., 

"     "■  '1  done  in  litkegtaphE  bik  on  what  is 
',  such  u  dicuUn.  law  writlof  for 

I  a  mbe  hand  presses  and  the  mach  i  nes, 
'  prfncilial  places  of  manufacture  befng 

the  United  Kinatlom  has  bi 
ars.  The  rotary  machiMshL- 
Hi,,*ni  ■■«*  of  aluminium  and  iIl-^,  ,_, 

1  being  that "-   -     - 


eJli3'°!lrii!D 


sullalih! 


uone  are  moce  easily  accompilshst  and  iih 
Prelinunaiy  work  is  tbetefbre  frequently  il 
iranilctmf  to  plates  for  the  machine. 

The  qircstbn  is  very  fretnienrly  ashed  as  to  ho 
regisiration  of  the  colours  is  sccuicd:  it  may  be 
Mncfii  of  ihe  amaitw  that  in  band  printlnf  this  is  aenerally  done  by 
pricking  wirh  a  pair  of  needles  Ihmgh  printed  narEi  present  on  eacn 
itoneiCut  in  the  machine  this  has  bcendone  in  dif>creniwayt.alihDu|h 
in  quite  early  days  "  pgintine  "  tir  "  needling  "  was  done  even 
machine  On  medem  machines  this  irgtstratun  depends  i 
teeunte  cutting  of  the  edge  of  the  paper,  of  which  at  least  one 
nmer  must  beanabsBluie  light  iinle.  The  paDcr  Is  then  laid  on  a 
uoHng  board  in  such  a  way  that  the  bngest  of  the  two  true  edge* 
[raviiales  into  the  gripper  of  the  machine,  the  stops  of  which  nwi'e 

-,:.v..-  ,- i  ..  ..-.  .J . ,_.., ...  _,h„  i,  j,ifcj 


ie  on  lle''staae  and 
alihouah 


lasses  of  machines  the  hnest  enm^ 
n  tough  paper,  ani  cofoor  work.  Ih 


that  has  lor  so  loni  been  anfinnl 


LITHOSPHERE— LITHUANIANS  AND  LETTS 


789 


rr  (R.  AckindAnn.  Lbodon 


nalr.  tuy  Al.      _.„,  ._ 

Gratmar  if  LUiertiky,  by  W.  D,  RkhniDUd  Ojtli  cdilios,  E. 
Healua,  Londan);  Suttibtok  ol  Lillwpiiptij,  bv  David  CuinraiDf 
aondao.  A.  &  C.  BUck).    The  Am  d)  Ihw  »ni  only  bi  found  ia 


ri  tbe  otbert  are  preienl-t&y  tol-bt 


ihc  ctoM  of  Ihe  euUi  lu 


fidil  Hil,  ■  iijtc 
(t/m  bundndi  ol  Icet  ii 


Lome  cuthy  material  fr 


Inly  <A  undsiones,  ihiles,  c 


ud  meumorphic  rocVi.  These  two  lajera  form  the  lllhospbere. 
All  the  ttcunic  raavimcnt*  ol  tbe  »Uil  nudeu*  pioduce  clvuiget 
in  tbe  mobile  lithophcR.  Volcanic  and  aeiamk  actirity  ii 
manifciled.  mODnlJuni  an  folded,  levdi  chanBc,  [nib  lurfaces 
lire  nposed  to  denudaUon,  ctosioa  and  depiMiion.  Tbe  oust 
If  ihu>  subject  to  coniiant  chan^  while retaiiuiig  Ui  moic  01  Ira 
|i«TRUDcnt  character, 

UTHUABIAIK  iiid  IRTa,  tire  kfndnd  ptusiia  of  Indo- 
Euiopnn  arigiii,  which  Inhabll  Mvnal  miteni  piovliica  ol 
Rusaia  *nd  the  norih-ciutcni  pant  «f  Foluid  and  Pnusia,  on 
tbe  shorea  of  ibe  fiaiiic  Sea,  and  in  the  baiina  oj  tbe  Nicmea  and 
nS  the  Dunt.  L*tge  coloda  of  Liibuiniin  and  Lettk  emignnii 
liavc  been  esiabtiibed  In  the  United  Stales.  The  tvo  nra 
number  about  3,ioo,ai»,  ol  Khooi  i^od.boo  ate  LeiU.  little 
ia  luKiirD  about  theii  origin,  and  nothing  about  tbe  time  of 
their  appearance  in  the  eoiintiy  they  now  inhabit.  Ptolemy 
mendoni  <Ui.  s)  two  clam,  the  Gillndae  and  Sudeni,  «bo 
probably  beloaiged  id  the  weitem  sutxilvlifan  of  Ihli  ndil 
Binua.  the  Bomailans.  Ia  tbe  lolh  centuiy  the  Lllhaaaiani 
a,  and,  together  with 

»  BoTUBialla  and  the 

Lett* — (hey  ocaq>led  the  aouili-eutein  cout  of  the  fiillk  So 
from  the  ViUula  lo  the  Duna,  eilending  north-eail  tomrdi  Ib> 
Lakn  Vienl-jlivl  and  Peipua,  wnHb-eut  to  ib«  watcrahed 
betvren  ibe  affluenia  of  tha  Baltic  and  thoie  of  the  Black  Se*, 
■nd  (outh  to  tbe  inlildle  coune  of  Ihe  VbiuIh  (Brat  Liionk)— 
■  tnct  bounded  ^  Finniih  tribci  In  the  notlli,  and  by  Slavii 

isbtve 


re  already  known  under 


elacwt 

Inhabiting  a  foreiled,  muiby  covntry  tiK  Ltlbuai 


the  vicluitudet  of  theit  hiiiaTy.  Tbeir  c1 
Krhrylt  (the  Judge  of'the  judgs).  under  wb 
dasiea  of  priiau  and  cidcn,  wor^ippcd  i 
■        ■  ought  ti         -    ■ 


Ll  the  fo 


■pread  cu 
liie  LelU- 

EvcB  in  tbe  lolb  tentuiy  the  Litkuaniu  ilcm  was  divided  hits 
llire<  nnin  bnnchta: — Ihe  Beriudiiiii  «  Pnutiaiu;  ihtLtUi 
(who  all  llieiiiMlvf*  lalvii,  whilat  the  nana  under  which  ibey 
■rs  known  ia  Ruauan  cbroniclct,  LtlyvAa.  ia  an  abbreviation  ol 
XJi(«fif-gdfa(,  "  the  confines  of  Lithuania  ") ;  and  l.\\t  LUkmaniaix, 
or  rather  Litiusniam.  Lilta  or  ZtmiNJntoIi—lheK  lati  being 
aubdivided  into  Lithuanians  pioper,  and  Zhmut  (Znunfa ,  Samti- 
ittamotiemaSiy't.  the  "  LowUndcri."  To  Ibeie  main  branches 
must  be  added  the  Valtyats,  01  YaioiKgs,  ■  warlike,  black- 
haind  peaple  who  inhibiled  the  (oresti  at  the  ufqier  Iribuluies 
ol  the  Niemen  and  Bug,  and  the  aurvivoia  of  •rhom  ate  eaaiiy 
disllnguishabla  a*  a  mixture  with  Wbile-Ruulana  and  MBun 
In  some  patltof  Grodno,  Plotik,  Loma  ud  Wanaw.  Neitor'a 
tbronkJe  disllnguishes  also  the  Zlumiala,  who  later  became 
known  under  the  name  of  Simigallia,  and  in  the  lotb  centuty 
inhabited  the  left  bank  of  (he  Sunn.  Several  auibon  consider 
tlso  u  Lithuanians  the  Korioi  Ruuian  cbronlckea,  or  CMrOflf  of 
Wcatem  (uthon,  who  inhaUitd  the  peoinsnla  of  Courluid,  and 
the  Gtlad,  a  dan  sellled  on  Ihe  banks  nf  the  Porotva,  tributary 
of  the  Moakvt  river,  which  seems  10  have  been  Ibrown  far  from 
tbe  maio  ■tem  during  lla  migration  to  the  north.    71m  KthicM, 


of  Smolenk,  teen  Hi 
belaatlathesameatein.  TbeiriumerenillaiheKriire-Kiiveyto,- 
and  tbdr  ohoological  features  recsU  the  Uthuaniau;  b« 
lliey  are  no*  u  much  Slavoalc  as  Lilhuanian. 

AH  tbcie  peopki  ate  only  etlmographlcal  lubdlviiiDns,  and 
each  of  them  wa«  aubdJvMed  bao  numeioiu  indqwndcM  tlana 
and  villagea,  icparated  from  one  uMber  by  foRM  and  manber, 
they  had  no  tswai  or  loniflid  placet.  Tbe  UlhMuian  tenitaiy 
thus  lay  open  to  foreign  inviiiiioe,  and  (b«  RnnlMB  as  well  i» 
the  German  cniiaden  trndled  Ihcouehra  of  the  opportunity. 
The  Boruniaai  looci  fell  under  Ibe  domiBlon  of  G«mau,  and 
ceased  to  constitute  a  ieparate  nalkiniiity.  leaving  only  their 
name  lo  Ibe  sute  which  lata  became  Pnosfa,  Itie  Letu  were 
driven  lanher  to  the  north,  mixing  there  with  Livi  and  Ehsts, 
and  fell  under  lb«  dominion  of  tbe  Livonian  rader.  Only  the 
Lithuanians  proper,  together  with  Samogilians,  succeeded  in 
fonning  an  Independent  slate.  Tbe  early  hbloly  of  Ihia  itate 
ii  Impofectly  known.  Ihjring  the  continuous  petty  war  carried 
on  against  Slavic  Invuions,  the  military  cMef  of  one  of  tbe 
dana,  Ryngold,  acquired,  in  Ihe  finl  hall  of  the  ijth  century,  a 
certain  preponderance  over  other  dnns  ol  Lilhuania  and  Blail 
Roilia  (YUvyags),  as  wdlasover  (henpubUaotXed'Rus^a. 
At  this  time,  Ihe  Invuions  of  (be  Livonian  otdei  becoming  more 
frequent,  and  alnays  eitending  louthward.  ibcre  was  ■  general 

Ryugold'i  son.  Meodowg,  avaUed  himscU  of  this  opportunity 
10  pursue  the  policy  of  his  lather.  He  made  diSerenl  conctsaiont 
lo  tbe  rader,  ceded  to  ii  eeverat  parts  of  Liibuuia,  and  even. 
agieed  lo  be  beptised,  in  isjo,  at  Novogmd  Lilc^sk,  receiving 
in  eichange  1  crown  from  Inmcent  IV.,  with  Khifb  he  wia 
aoRrscd  king  of  Lilhuanlana.  He  also  ceded  the  whole  of 
Uihuanta  to  the  order  in  coie  he  should  die  wit  bout  leaving 
offspeing.    But  he  had  accf^ted  Chriatiaiiity  only  lo  increase 

aoUdated  a  trnkni  between  Lllhuanliuu,  Eamogltlens  and  Couii, 
he  relapsed,  proclaiming,  in  1)60.  i  general  uprising  of  the 
Ulhusnun  people  against  the  Uvonlan  order.  Tlie  yoke  was 
shaken  oS,  bul  inlemil  wan  followed,  aiu!  three  yttn  later 
Mendowg  was  killed.  About  Ihe  end  of  Ihe  13th  century  a  new 
dynasty  of  rulers  of  Lithuania  was  founded  by  luluwer,  whose 
second  ion,  Gcdymin  (i]i6-ij4ij.  nilh  ihe  aid  of  fresh  forces 
he  orguuied  through  bit  iclitiont  with  Red  Russia,  established 
■omelhing  like  regular  govemmenti  be  at  Ihe  same  lime  ei- 
leoded  his  dominions  over  Russian  counlrics-— over  Black  Russia 
[Novogrodok.  Zditov,  Gmdno,  Slonim  and  Volkovysk)  and  Lhe 
princii»lili(sof  Pololsk,  Tourovsk,  Pinjk,  Vitebsk  and  Volhynio. 
He  named  himself  Ka  LtHanuwrum  ilmlimtK  RiulmBrum. 
In  1315  heconduded  *  treaty  with  Poland  against  the  Livonian 
order,  which  treaty  wu  (he  £rsi  slep  towards  the  union  of  both 
couDtriesiealludlwocealmies  later.  Tbesevensonsof  Cedymin 
eonsidered  Ihemselvcs  as  quite  independent;  but  two  ol  them. 
Olgierd  and  Keistut,  soon  became  tbe  more  powerful.  They 
represented  two  diflerenl  tendencies  which  existed  at  that  lime 
in  Lithuania.  Olgietd,  whose  family  iclsUons  attiacled  him 
lowaids  the  south,  was  Ihe  advocate  of  unina  wilh  Ruuie; 
niher  politician  Ihsn  warrior,  he  increased  hia  Influence  by 
diploDiicy  and  by  OTganiiation.  His  wife  and  ions  being 
Christ  ians.  he  also  soon  agreed  to  be  bipllzcd  in  the  Greek  Chuicb. 
Keistui  represented  the  revival  of  the  Lithuanian  Daiionallty, 
Conllnuolly  engaged  In  wan  with  Uvonia,  and  remabiing  irue 
lo  Ibe  nnlinoal  teligion,  be  became  the  national  legendiiy  hero. 
In  i]4;  both  brothen  agreed  10  re-ettabllsh  lhe  great  princlpalily 
of  Lithuania,  and,  afier  having  taken  Viloa,  tbe  old  Bncliutry 
of  the  country,  all  the  brothers  recognlud  the  supremacy  of 
Olgierd,  His  son,  Jagiello,  who  married  (he  queen  of  Poland, 
YadvIgE,  alter  having  been  baptized  in  the  Latin  Church,  was 
crowned,  on  Ihe  i4lh  of  Febrwy  rjW,  king  of  Frdand.  At  the 
beginning  of  Ibe  ijlbcenlBryLIIhatnla  extended  hcrdoninians 
u  far  eotl  as  Vyami  on  Che  banks  of  lhe  Moskva  river,  the 
preteni  government  of  Kaluga,  and  Poutivl,  and  ioutb4Ut  it 
far  as  Pollavt.  the  (bore*  of  the  Set  of  AaoV,  and  Hajl-bey 
(Odeiu),  (but  iDcludiDf  Kkv  tod  L  '  *     ~* 


;:'r,(ff)^'' 


UTHUANIANS  AND  LETTS 


FnltnrI  nmdnad,  bomKr,  hut  noiBiBal  until  1561^  Kbcn  , 
ami  Adcuuib  «u  kini  of  Folud.  la  the  i6(h  tcntuqr 
111''"'*™*  did  not  utcDd  iU  power  to  far  can  mi  taah-tut 
u  two  centiuict  bdm,  but  X  cSBtilBted  a  coBpKt  MUc, 
IWliidinf  FokMik,  HaiUlev,  lUaikt  Gfnliu,  Konia,  Vital,  BrM, 
ud  ro^doi  M  iu  loulh-nu  ■>  Chctniiov.  Fiom  Um  unla 
wilb  Pobnd,  tlM  hiKOfy  ol  Ulhuuiit  btcona  ■  pul  ol  PoliBd'i 
biitoryi  lilfciMatam  uul  Wblttf-RoMiuM  partakii^  of  tht  fiU 
«l  tbc  FoUib  kiwdon  (kc  Found:  HiMw?).  Ahn  iU  thne 
partitiom,  they  Ml  UDdet  tha  doninioa  oi  (Iw  Roitlia  a 
In  1791  Knidi  t«A  the  pnvioixi  of  Hotfiikv  wd  Fdout,  ud 
in  ijgj  thoH  al  Vilni.  Tnki,  Kwionil-^Fnaik,  Bust  and 
Viut»k.  In  1797  ill  Oku  imviBCM  «n  Imited  togEthtr,  coi- 
u  BOvenuMnt "  <Litovduya  Gubcniii). 


duly  to  the  gonnuMoti  of  Vilu  ud  Kovno, .  ud,  though 
Nldtok)  I.  problbiKd  the  lac  of  lU*  ume,  it  is  itill  uKd,  even 
in  «fidal  documeatL  Id  -Ruaia,  mH  the  Whitfr-Rut^an  popola- 
tioa  «f  the  fonaet  Polish  Lithuajii&  ue  uiuiiiy  comidcnd  u 

TbcethiiacrephicilUnItioftbaLitbuiu*asuiaiidcBiKd,iiid 
Ihdr  onmba  ii  vuiouily  atinuied.  The  Lelt>  occupy  *  put 
•I  the  Couitand  pemmk  oI  livoma  and  ol  Vitebak.  a  lew  other 
wttleBenti  bciag  aprrad  abo  in  the  govcrameDta  of  Kovnoj 
St  FelBibvtg  and  Moghiler.  The  Lit  buaalanaptopei  inhabit  tba 
ta  of  KovDO,  Vihn,  Suiulki  uid  GiDdooi  whik  tha 
X  Ztmtid  iolu^ijl  the  tovetament*  of  Kovoo  and 


nlwIeDiimberoflithuaniaai  and  Lain  in  Ruaaja  bdDg,  BaacdiDg 
W  the  cenaoa  of  1*97,  1,094^69.    They  an  »b«ly  exit   " 
tinnzda  the  south,  ^lectally  the  Letia;  aumerova  enij| 


mally  plain 


The  LitbuanlBBi  an  irFll  huilt;  Iht  (aceia  mOMly  donated,  tbe 
featurca  &oe:  the  very  fair  hair,  blut  cyt*  and  dcV""""   "'"'"    "■■" 
linjuilh  thf  HI  from  PoIh  and  RuBant    hrir  dreu  i 
la  compari»ii  with  that  of  PoIm.  and  the  prFdocnir, — -  . 

n  acritultare.   The  Iradn  lo  lowni  are  nfienlly  ourkd  on  } 
g|  oihR  ncea-moilly  by  Getmanj,  Jewa  or  PoLm.     Tl 

OKCption  i>  afforded  lo  lonii!  emenl  hy  iTie  Utti.    The  Same, 

BtT  Eood  hunlen,  and  all  Lithuaniana  are  oven  to  ancultuTe  ntid 
cattw  breedina.   Btit  the  U^daniaDB,  a>  well  io  the  Balcit  Tmrvftnca 

a»  in  the  cental  oo«.iiere  not  UBtil  the; ■—■-• ■ 

at  the  aoil  they  tilled.  Tbeyhavei' 

nobility,  but  the  freat  maai  of  tL.  ^._ 

landovnefi,  Gennan  and  Pollihi  who  reduced  1 

laiaery.    Since  tbe  PoKih  InHinectlonef  itu,  , 

oeflthaa  given  le  the  LithuaoianiUietaad  of  tba  PoUahpco^iietan 
•B  Dueh  euiet  tenia  than  ia  ccntial  Riuila  i  hut  tbe  allotmeata  «( 
a^  and  the  redenption  ta«a  are  very  itneqiiaUy  diatributed ;  and 
a  not  In^inllicant  nanber  ot  peiMnu  (the  cMaiJkRiH)  were  even 
deprived  of  the  land  they  had  tor  emtarfea  coniideted  their  awe. 
The  Letianntaia  intbeaaaKatateaabefoFe.aiidannuninadtRiB 

lie  Letta  of  Coiulaad.  with  the  cwxptiDn  of  about  S0.000  who 
bclaia  to  the  Greek  Church,  are  LutheisM.  Nariy  ad  can  read. 
ThoK  of  the  fovemneat  of  Vitebik.  ariio  *tre  under  Poliih  donlnJoii. 
ate  Roman  CathoUca.  aa  well  aa  tbe  LIthuaniaaa  proper.  ■  pait  of 
■dHHn.  bowriw,  have  returaed  to  tha  Cre^  Church,  in  wbkh  they 
•nre  befon  the  aidon  with  Poland.  Tbe  SaiDOfitiaiu  ate  Roman 
Caibolioi:  tf^  mon  than  other  UthuiDbnt  have  cunaerved  thcit 
national  lemna.  But  all  Lithuaniana  have  mdnltintd  much  of 
their  battken  pnctlna  and  creed;  tha  nanea  of  pan*  divlnltlea. 
*By  nanaiwa  in  the  leroHa  mytholoty.  are  OgMlaudly  nntioDed 
<■  onnn.  anrl  alwi  In  cannKm  tptea. 

ann,  Jtwitgiid,  Ptlni  nd  lAlaiii 
..   BeHin,    tIM-ir-  ■     -     -     ■ 


Imr  la  Lillaamr '"—'-  -"— >■  "  "  *■ —  '-     ■      ■ 

CpnutniiM  (Vi 


"ia.  IBM); 


*«." 


Lanpial/'  «d  LiMrofim.— Tin  Utbuanian,  Letlic  or  Leitiib 
and  Bonnriu  or  Old  Fraadan  liastiaiea  together  conaUmte  a 
dlMltK*  liifiiHic  iiAdlvtaiod,  coontonly  called  tha  Baltic 
Mbdivirion.  wttUa  the  Ind^-Eurapcan  lamUy.  They  have 
aanv  affiidtie*  to  the  Slavonic  lufiugca,  and  are  aomeUmea 
induded  irith  thant  in  a  alogla  linftdslic  gtoup.  the  Balto-Slavic 
In  dtdt  pbooglogy,  bonvR,  thoiub  not  in  tbeii  tttuctuic  tbe 


Biltk  laagnacee  appear  to  be  notr  jMmrtlve  Itita  the  Slavoi&L 
[ilhuanian.  lor  example,  rctaim  the  archaic  diphiboop  which 
diitppear  in  Slavonio— Liih.  nadas,  "  lace."  Gr,  Win,  aS, 
tiU.  Anont  otbci  notcwonhy  phanologici]  duiactcriaiici 
of  Lithuanian  are  tbe  coBveralon  of  *  tnlo  a  sibilant,  the  tola  of  il 
and  change  of  all  atpicatca  into  tcnucs  and  tbe  tetention  li 
primitive  conaonaotal  poun-terminaLiana,  r.f.  Lbc  final  j  In  Sana. 
VfUi,  Lilh.  Mkai.  O.S.  Mki.  Leiijc  ia  pbonologicaUy  kn 
archaic  than  lithDajiiaB ,  although  in  a  fcr  oeci  it  hn  pecaaivcd ' 
Indo-Eunpean  forma  which  have  been  changed  in  lithmnan, 
(.j.theiaBdt«hiehha*abeoOBeLiih.(B(M)aBdlUI).  The 
acCBt  in  Uthniaiam  i*  Inn;  in  Latlic,  aul  appumlly  in  OU 
Fnuaiia,  it  Bltimatdy  becuw  iKd  OB  the  £iat  ayltaiUk 

la  jtameephslon  Lattic  Rsnaantaa  later  atafeof  itiaatiniaal 
than  uthuaolaa.  their  nuloal  lelatianafaip  beliw  analocoua  to  that 
between  OM  High  Genaan  and  Coihkr.  Both  boriaRa  have  ne- 
aetved  aeven  out  of  thceijfat  tndo-Eunpean  caaea;  LKhnaniaa  hn 
three nunbera but  LetiicliuloK the doalfeirept  lndM."tWD" 
sod  aUi.  "  boib  ") ;  the  neuiB  ■endcr,  wbicli  itaTannn  la  Uih» 

proaouoi.  baa  alao  been  eniitely  loal  in  Leillc:  ia  UlhuaiiiaB 

are  four  rimple  tenaea  (pteaenl,  future,  imperfect,  preterite). 

Lettictbehnperfectiawandi^.   In  both  kn^nagea  the  Dumber 

of  penphraatic  vcrh-formaandof  diiBinuTivtaialai|v;  In  both  then 
an  iracnof  a  auSiii  inide;  and  bgth  lave  niriikMl  thnt  vncalw 
lariea  with  niaay_worda  of  (oreifa,  eapeeially  CicnMn,  Raiaian  aad 
Poliih  oiigin.  ^e  niuDcnHiaLithuaiUan  dlalecu  ate  connHHiIy 
divided  bito  Hitti  or  Southern,  which  changea  n  and  dv  into  a.  ii, 
and  Low  or  Nonbem,  which  Mtalne  ly.  dy.  Leak  k  divUed  inn 
HMi  (tbe  eaetin  dialnm).  Uw  iufSbn  in  N.W.  Coalaad]  and 
Middle  (the  Etennrla^iaie).  <M  Pnwiao  ceased  to,  be  a  a^elia 

(ram  tbe  period  IJIT-Isbi 

tbsniBgh  itcDBitnietfaa  tA-  the  gr .^ 

Tbe  lilnaqr  hiatoiy  dI  the  LltbuanianiiDd  LeUsdalH  bom  the 
Rdoimatioa  and  cooipriiei  tbie*  clearly  defined  pericala.  (1) 
Up  to  ijoo  the  chief  planted  booka  wen  of  a  lit  urgici]  chancier. 
(1)  Duiioc  tbe  iSlh  tsmtuy  a  vignoa  educational  nwvcmeu 
bcgani  tiklioiiarieii  giMninaia  and  olbit  inalractivc  weifca  woe 
nimpiled,  aad  wditen  poenu  befan  to  take  tbe  place  of  aov 
pnaetvcdbyanltnditiDB.  (3)  The  (evival  oi  nalloaal  (eDtimcM 
at  tbe  basoning  of  tbc  iqthceottiiy  multed  in  the  estabUibnmit 
ol  newvapet*  and  the  colkclion  aixl  puUicatlon  ol  the  national 
folk-poeliy.  In  both  Uteramei,  works  of  a  lelifioui  cfaanctei 
ptcdominala,  and  both  ate  lich  In  pcfitilar  ballad*,  foik-taka  and 


^S6i  and  an  luuKieiem  to  puult  e) 


Luthcr^a  abortcr  Catedaiam  (K&iigaberg,  1547)^  other  traEula< 
tiona  of  devotional  or  Utuqpcal  works  foUowed,  and  by  1701 
14  Lithuanian  boohs  had  appeared,  the  mat  iMMeaDnby  bdi^ 
those  of  the  preadier  J.  Breikun  (lUs-ibai).  The  iprcad  of 
Calvinism  led  to  the  puUiraikin,  in  1701,  of  a  Lithuataan  New 
TeUameni.  The  fitil  dictionary  was  piinted  in  iji,<i.  But 
peibapa  the  niou  renarkable  work  of  tbe  second  period  was 
Tkt  Fma  Soma,  a  paitoni  poem  in  heiameten  by  Christian 
Donaliliua  I1114-1780},  which  was  edited  hy  KtiBclmantt 
(iUnigsbcTi,  1869)  oilb  a  Cemaii  tiuslaiion  and  note).  Id 
the  i«th  century  various  coUtctioDt  of  fabica  and  lolh-talia 
were  published,  and  an  epic,  tbe  Onihkia  CrtH,  wh  writtcs 
by  Bishop  Bannotkl.  But  it  was  in  joumalitin  that  tbe  chief 
original  work  of  tbe  third  period  waa  done.  F.  Kelch(i3oi-i8;7) 
founded  the  £m  Lilbusniiin  ocwipaper,  and  belween  18^4  mat 
iSOS  no  fewer  than  ^  Ulhuaniu  periodicals  were  publiabed 

Luther's  Catechisni  [KSnigaberK,  ij«6)  «ai  tbe  Gtil  book 

piinted  in  Letlic,  aa  in  the  aiiter  apeech.    In  the  i7tfa  ceotuiy 

vaiiou  tianslations  of  psalms,  hymns  and  other  rdigioas  weak* 

wen  published,  the  majority  being  Calvinisiic  in  lone.     Tbe 

educBlicinal  movement  of  Ihe  iBth  cenLuiy  was    Inaugonled 

G.  F.  Slender  (iri4-i795),  aulhn-  of  a  Lelik  dictioiuty 

I  gnmniar,  of  poems,  t*ie*  and  of  a  Swl  tf  Wiiitm  which 

ita  of  ekmenlaiy  adeoce  wd  luitory.     Mncb  educational 

:k  »aa  nibuquenUy  done  by  the  Leiilc  Lilcnry  Society, 

which  publiahea  a  nugaaine  {Uofatin,   Milan,    from    iIi?), 

and  hy  the  "  Young  L«tU," 


Ai'HI'^IC 


UTMOS-UTOPTERNA 


dtHr  language  and  thouilit  tima  GAawB  InfliKiKt*.  SonwuriiM 
«B)[hr  tads  wen  underUkcD  b]>  the  "  Mtaot  LUhaaaiuit," 
vbcsc  fint  magufnc  ihe  Auara  ("  Dam ")  was  iMaiM  tn 
lU].  Ffom  tS9D  10  t9(o  the  liteiatun  of  both  p«o|>fc*  wai 
nurked  by  an  cvei^UKTcasing  oitianilbm;  aooif  th«  nuao 
moit  pnmineiil  dnrins  thii  paiod  m^  be  mcntiaDad  IbOK  «t 
lbs  dnmatlai  Stcpomaa  and  tha  poM  Hutb  Lap,  bo(k  st 
wIkmb  mow  lit  Ldtie. 
Hini  ini  aiiBt     I  litiaiiliii  illiiliiaaiha    ItlMiJiaaiM    mM)r> 

twt  ^  tiUuiKluiiSfrailu  (HaDe.  il70-lW3)l  A.  JuBUnicn. 
LiunHy  SIokt  (Si  iWnbun,  ite;,  Ac);  P.  Saunwitit.  J« 
^Mlp)  Diitirwery  ^  Mf  fiifiiit-uiliuiHm  tAutttfa,  1  «•. 
(WitRfawy.  Conn  il9»~i9oa)!  A.  UU*.  Diaimtry  o/lte  tutu- 
OHM  *■<  fiHcliik  iaataifH  (Qik>(D,  190L  Ac).  Cniuu  aad 
UnEuittic:  SchlcicliiT,  BamHiuk  ia  Ulamidm  Sfnuiu  (Fiicue. 
iajS-iB<7);  0.  Wkacmana,  ffajuOut  iir  liUu^tun  Sfntlu 
(Stiurtnri.  1997);  A.  Bombcnrr,  BtiUM  aa  GiiMctu  At 
liUmidm  Spniit  (GMtinio,  An)i  J-  ^iakopp,  GfmuyU 
UUmOa  fscaltiM  (Cnccv.  ivu).  .  LiMntan:  Wwlwwia, 
LiUniicW  ViUOitiB  (fiaUn.  185^:  X.  ]i~^i«<ric).  UtHmOat 
Dtjnoi  Vtranui,  ftc.  tKaan,  ilai);  A.  Lnldoi  and  C  Brufnan, 
Likniidkt  VMOMa  (Smaboii,  lUi);  C  Banadi,  MMim 
Uitntitiir  VMOititt  (UcUdbert.  1(86);  A.  JuMld«ria,  V<li>«( 
lndMW  UMkt  (Cnco*,  1900,  *c.):  t.  A.  Vol'ts,  UhiIs-m 
XjtHjtfRofna  (St  PcUfabui(.  igoi.  fc.}. 

Ltitic  dictlaoaiici  and  leainman;  BlelenBdn,  Vit  LtUiiAe 
SfntlU  (Bnlln.  lM]'lS«4};1d..  Ltlliiclit  Cranmuki  (Mluu.  iHj) ; 
trimM  and  DnictK.  LtlSuliit  ICMtrtKJI  (Rin.  i«7i-iMa)i  A. 
BeucabtciK.  Ottr  Ht  SfndH  dir  Mui^ckniLMn  aad  IHiucb 
l>MUt-5tiidin  (CMtingiB.  lU})j  BideaauiB.  Cmiea  du  U/iHihcii 
KsdkiuaiiiiiKi  md  dir  bMicin  5«nift«  (St  FeienburE.  iteili 
J.h<ntiin:  BMmKda  rumd  hUucJhc  ktlha  (Milan,  isii); 
T.  TfoilIDd,  LlyillMju  Nartinyya  S^M  (Mnmw,  1M7.  Ar.); 
K.  Bana  and  H.  WuMndcirff,  Laiwp-  dtimai  (Mitau  i8«4.  &c}; 
V,  AadnyawK.  uii>4<  VUhliidB  ud  M^Mm  (Hall^  1896). 

(Berlin,  IB4;):  Id.,  nannnu  Hhiw  fnuiiat  (BtiHn,   187]); 

OnwoMdt  dv  ^(jpnanidkn  ^ndW  (Ltlp^  iSg;}- 

LITMUS  (qipaiauijr  a  cornqMiM  oi  iMHW,  Dutch  AuMKi,  Jm, 
l«^  and  awM,  po^  due  to  aaiaciMiin  *hb  "  lit,"  an  obaolete 
1  kr  djw,  ajau;  the  Gcr.  eqoinknt  li  Liilnmi,  Ft. 
■    nnneRsinib 

id  Hi'  ■  ' 

CT  devoiil  ol  tinctoria)  value.    LilMtia  ii 
employed  by  cbamiita  as  an  indicatoi  feu  the  det«tun  ol  Ine 
adds  and  iRe.alkaHa.    An  aqueous  InfnsioB  of  litnnn.  wHea 
exactly  neuttalued  by  an  add,  ahiUti  a  violet  colour,  whidi  by 
the  least  tiace  of  fiec  add  i>  cbaBECd  to  red,  wbie  Irea  alkali 
turn*  H  to  blue.     The  leateut  i*  (eoenlly  used  in  the  fond  of 
lest  papei — Ubulout  paper  dyed  led,  potple  or  blue  by  the 
teapective  kind  n(  Inf  itiaB.    Litmu  it  maoiifacliued  in  Holland 
from  the  isBe  kindi  ol  lichens  {species  of  ituMtUa  and  Ucuuia) 
as  are  used  for  the  prcpaiatiaa  of  aichD  (f-e^. 

a    auboider   of    Sooth    American    Tertlaiy 
la  typified  by  iiacrawdaiaa,  and  takiaf  their 
'"  'tea  the  [naeiice  of  a  flat  facet  on  the 
1  fat  the  arliculstkm  of  the  fibula. 
The  mare  typical  taembert  of  the  (roup  were  digitlsrade  aniraal*. 
ncaUiog  ia  general  buHd  the  llamas  and  boracs^  they  have  amsfl 
brains,  and  a  facet  on  the  calcaneum  for  the  fibula.    The  dieek- 
dentition  ippreiimales  more  01  lea  to  the  pernidaclyle  type. 
Both  tbe  lerminal  (aces  of  the  cervical  vertebrae  are  flat,  the 
fensr  carries  a  third  trDchanter,  the  bones  of  bath  the  carpus 
And  larsA  are  arranged  in  linear  series,  aad  the  number  of  loea, 
■Itbough  cnmmonly  three,  varies  between  one  and  five,  the  third 
or  tnfddls  digit  being  iovarlabty  the  tarteal. 

Of  the  t*o  Umihcs.  Ibe  fini  is  the  FriltnUitriiiat,  which 
exhibits,  in  tespecl  of  the  rcduaian  of  the  digits,  a  cnrions 
paralldiua  n  the  eqnioe  liae  aomig  Ibe  Pfriteedactyla;  hi  this 
lealure,  m  well  as  in  ibe  rtductioD  ol  the  teeth,  it  ia  nore 
netialiaed  Iban  the  lecond  (anuly. 

T1»  midar  teeth  Ipproiiinate  to  the  PalaallitTiam  tnt.  but  haw 
■  mora  or  lesa  stnnqpy  dewloped  median  longitudiDal  cleft.    The 
thr«e-rged  type  is  reprnepted  by  Duutiaph^riu,  in  whicli  the  denial 
........  1  .  .    .._.__j.._> — -in  vtryiaathoKlA  Hi f Parian. 

ira.  tha  orbit  (ae  la  the  aacoad 


thr«e-rged  type  is  repretented 
focmula  it>.4t<4.  P  {.o.l.aiHl  I 
Tbfl  oerWeaf  vertebrae  era  (■  r 


laaOM  hMdRbd  by  bene,  ^hit  BHlarkaaa  tbM  lobe.  theria(lt 
pair  ol  uppir  ucibts  are  aonewhai  ekMcaied.  and  haw  a  aa* 
KlwM  and  befaM  Ihem,  idUle^  niterJnHr  Uana  an  lu^ 

'JEX 

'    ~  "        la.  the  molBr  tcMk  differ  Croa  th 


M,  xKt  gcnui  ia  slen  thnc-Ioed. 


nadtephmu  by  tbe  dnper  nmlian  longitudiiist  deft,  which  eon 
pletaty  d:*idn  &t  emwn  into  an  Inner  and  an  outer  awiely,  the  I* 
Ceaea  ol  the  Inner  half  Mng  united.    Acconllng  to  the  ifcseri|iaio 
^vea  by  Arieathte    — 
the  iinglo.eacd  renn 
whIchtTie  lateral  mei 


tnetapodlali,  or  qiUpt'boMs,  I 

In   the  Kcoad   timay— JfacrmnhiiuJei — the  dentition  k 

complete  (fotty-foui)  and  without  a  gap.  tbe  crowns  of  nestly 
all  ^e  teeth  being  of  nearly  uniform  height,  whtit  the  upper 
molsn  are  dlilinguiihed  from  th»c  ol  the  Prcltrtlktriidiu  by 
a  peculiar  arrangcmcDl  of  Ihcii  Ino  intier  cones,  and  the  eleva- 
tioB  of  the  anlero-pottetior  portion  of  the  degulum  to  u  to  form 
an  eilta  pit  on  the  ciown.  To  describe  ibis  airangement  In  detail 
is  impossible  here,  but  it  may  be  staled  that  the  two  inner  cones 
are  closely  ipproiimaied,  sod  sepuated  by  a  narnxi  V-ihaped 
notch  on  the  inner  side  ol  the  crown.  The  eloogated  cervical 
veHefaiae  ate  peculiar  in  Ihal  the  arch  is  perforated  by  the  aittiy 
in  the  tame  manner  as  in  the  namas. 

In  the  Santa  Crui  beds  of  Paltgonia  the  famSy  it  represented 
by  the  jeneialiied  genus  OiytiexltUiaiiaK  (in  which  TMtiruiim 
tfiay  apparently  be  included).  It  comprises  animals  tanong 
up  Id  tbe  liie  of  a  tapir,  In  which  the  nosltOa  were  more  or  lets 
in  the  normal  anterior  poiillon,  and  the  cheik-tcclh  abort- 

and  separated  by  a  notch,  and  the  pita  of  modttate  depth. 
The  last  upper  premolar  is  simpler  than  tlte  tnolan,  and  the 
canine,  which  may  be  double-tooled,  it  tike  the  earlier  piemolart. 
The  radiut  and  idna,  like  the  tibia  and  fibula,  are  distinct,  and 
the  metapodials  nidimcnliry.  On  the  other  band,  in  Uatmu- 
ehcnia,  which  was  a  much  larger  Hima-tike  animal,  the  ikuU  It 
elongated  and  narrow,  with  tuiUmentiuy  oasala,  and  the  tpetluiB 
ol  the  nose  placed  neariy  on  the  line  ol  the  eyes  and  directed  up- 
wards, tbe  mu£a1e  not  improbably  terminsling  in  a  short  trunk. 
Seep  pits  on  Ibe  forehead  probably  served  for  tbe  attachment  of 
special  muscles  connecicd  with  the  latter.  Very  curious  Is  the 
itiuctute  of  the  check-lceth,  which  are  high-crowned,  with  the 
Ivro  inner  cones  reduced  to  mere  points,  and  the  pita  on  the 
ciown-surftcc  large  and  funnel-shaped.  In  fact,  the  pciisiodac- 
lyte  type  is  almost  lost.  The  cervical  veitebiae  and  limb-bODtl 
are  veiy  !ong,  the  radiusand  ulna  being  completely,  and  the  tibia 
and  fibula  partially,  united.  The  typical  if.  falatunicB  i>  a 
Pleistocene  form  as  laige  as  a  camel,  ranging  from  Patagonia 
to  Brasi],  but  remains  of  smaller  spcdcs  have  been  found  in 
the  Pliocene  (J)  of  BoUvia  and  Argentina. 

The  imperfectly  known  SaJabrinia  of  the  Aisentlnc  Pliocene 
appears  lo  occupy  a  position  intennediaie  between  OiyodoiKo- 
IktriKm  and  Itacntutkenia,  having  the  nasal  aperture  situoied 
in  the  middle  of  the  lenglli  ol  the  skull,  and  the  crowns  of  the 
cheek-teeth  neatly  at  tall  u  in  the  Itllei,  but  the  lower  molati 
lumished  with  a  projecting  pisceu  in  the  hinder  valley,  liiDilai 
to  one  occurring  in  those  of  the  former. 

In  this  place  may  be  oientioncd  another  strange  unfvtale 
Irom  the  Santa  Cruz  beds  at  Patagonia.  Darncly,  AUraftOtrrium, 
■ometinics  regarded  as  typifying  a  subOTdcr  by  itself.  Tbii  huge 
had  cheekteeth  ungularly  Kkc  thosi     ' 


ol  UoclmfTodia 


;-like  upper  inri 


ting  the 


enlarged  scale.     In  the 


three  pain  of  curioutly-lonned  spitui 


re  of  a  leaa  decidedly  rlilnocerotic  Ij-pe  than  In  A  itnffllunnm, 
ihe  whole  dentiiioo  lomn  an  even  and  uahntm  leriee.  Tbt 
It  of  thaccrrfcal  vwtebsaa  aia  ilMeti  wilt  BalKasd  artadw 


UTOTBS— LITTLE  ROCK 


pKMBttdby  ■ 

UTOTBS  <Cr.  Xirinit,  pUiontn,  irrM,  plain,  siniplt,  smoolh). 
a  Thdoricil  Ggun  in  whicb  Frnphuit  li  iKund  Cm  x  Uiicmtni 
by  tumins  U  iala  >  denUl  or  the  contnjy,  i.[.  "  i  ciiiien  al  no 
mean  dly,"  i.t.  i  dtiien  of  a  timoui  diy,  "A.  is  nol  >  mim 
to  be  iug1«cta],*'  Ijtolca  is  somelima  lued  (or  what  abouLd  be 
more aliicily  called  "meiosia"  (Gr.  iidutu,  Icsienins,  diminu- 
tion, lulur,  leuei),  Hheie  the  eiproalons  used  apparcnily  are 
weak  or  undeniaKd,  bui  ihe  eff«i  it  lo  loleniify. 

UTTBK  (ihrough  0.  Fi.  liUri  or  liliai,  mod.  lillbi  from 
Med.  Lai.  lalaria,  classical  talia,  lulus,  bed,  couch),  a  vord 
Died  of  a  porLabLe  coucb,  shut,  in  by  curtaJni  and  borne 
on  poles  by  bearen,  and  of  a  bed  of  itra*  or  othei  luiiable 
■ubstance  for  aniinslt]  hence  applied  to  the  number  of  young 
produced  by  an  anicnil  al  one  binh,  and  aba  lo  loy  diiordered 
beip  of  waste  malernl,  rubbish,  &c.  In  ancient  Greece,  prior 
to  the  influence  of  Asiatic  luiury  alter  the  Macedonian  conquest, 
the  Utter  (fofKiw]  was  only  used  by  invalids  or  by  women. 
The  Romani,  when  the  Uaica  was  Introduced,  probably  about 
the  latter  haU  of  Ibe  ind  century  a.C.  (Gelliut  i.  j),  used  it  only 
lor  IravclliDg  purposes.  Like  the  Greek  or  Asiatic  litter,  it  had 
■  roof  of  skin  (^>')  and  side  curtains  (tda,  ptatsi).  Juvenal 
'        ' '    {laiU)paidaribiu).    Theslaves 

[ury  and  wealth  to  employ  six 


Uaktt 


re  the  Utter  < 


Is  of  Roir 


ricted  ■ 


granted  t^  a  privilege  (Si 
must  be  distinguished  ' 
or /erclniiii,  the  funeral 
Iteir  burial-place. 

UTTLB  PALLS,  a  city  and  Ihe  county-acat  of  llorriion 
county,  Minnesota,  U.S.A.,  on  both  banki  of  the  Uisiiuppi 
river,  about  t8  m.  N.W.  of  Minneapolis.  Fop,  (1S90)  im; 
(ijoo)  S7J4,  of  whom  1559  were  foreign-bora,  ehldly  Cetnuuu 
«nd  Swedes;  (1905)  s85<;  (lOio)  607!.  It  is  served  by  the 
Northern  Pad£c  nilway.    The  city  Is  tiiualed  in  a  pRm>erous 

Rianufacturei  Little  Falls  was  settled  about  iSjo,  was  chartered 
at  a  city  in  1SS9  and  adopted  a  new  charter  in  r90i.  Here 
was  buried  the  Chippewa  chief.  Hole-in-t  he-Day  (c.  rg»7-lSM), 
or  Bagwunagijik,  who  aucceeded  his  father,  ^so  named  Hole- 
ln>the-Day,  as  head  chief  of  the  Chippewaa  in  1&41S.  Like  his 
father,  the  younger  Hole-in- the-Day  led  hit  tribe  against  the 
Sioux,  and  he  Is  said  io  have  prevented  Ihe  Chippewaa  from 
joining  the  Sioui  rising  in  iSii.  His  body  wu  aobieqnently 
removed  by  his  relatives. 

UTTLB  FALLS,  a  dty  of  Herkimer  county,  New  York, 
VS.h.,  on  [he  Mohawk  river,  ii  m.  ££.E.  of  tliica.  Pop. 
(iSgo)  ilty,  (1900)  10,381,  of  whom  Igis  were  foreign-bom; 
(i«tocentus)  Ii,i7j.  It  ii  served  by  the  Ffew  York  Central 
t  Hudson  River,  the  Wat  Shore,  the  Uli<:a  tr  Mohawk  Valley 
(eleclric),  and  the  Mill*  Falla  &  DolgeviUe  nilways  (the  last 
aamed  bdng  ij  m.  long  and  running  only  to  Salisbury  Center 
■nd  by  [>e  Erie  canaL  The  Mohawk  river  falls  herr  by  a  aeries 
of  npids  4;  fl.  in  leas  than  a  mile,  lumlshing  water  power. 
Among  tbe  manufactures  are  cotton  yam,  hosiery  and  knit  goods, 
liaiha,  Ik.  In  igoj  the  dty'a  factory  prodiicli  were  valued 
•>  t4i4)i^>o>   Tlw  dtjr  hu  one  tt  the  latgat  checae-mtrfcefa 


in  the  United  Stuct.    tbt  m 

product)  was  lormcriy  an  Important  Industry;  a  null  burned 
in  iiSi  by  Tories  and  Indians  had  lupplied  almoat  tb*  entica 
Mohawk  Valley,  and  particularly  Font  Hokimer  aod  Dayton. 
Near  the  alj  is  the  grave  ol  General  Nicholas  Hsklraer.  lo 
whom  a  monument  wai  erected  in  rSf6.  Little  Falls  was  teltled 
by  Germaos  in  ijii,  and  was  almost  inunediatdy  destroyed  by 
Indians  and  Tories-  It  was  resettled  in  1790,  and  was  in- 
cotporated  *a  a  village  in  iSii  and  aa  a  city  b  iBgj. 

^  Geoile  A.  Hardla.  Haitrj  if  Htrklmit  CtwKH  {Syracnie, 
I«9]l.  

LrnUHAMnOH,  *  icaport  and  waleriag-plact  In  the 
Chich  ester  pariiammtary  dlviiian  of  SoMi,  Eo^and,  at  Ihe 
mouthotlheArun,6im.S.  by  W.  from  London  by  the  London. 
Brighton  &  South  Coast  railway.  Fop.  of  urban  district 
(19D1)  7jej.  There  1*  a  beach  of  firm  sand.  Tlie  hariuur  k 
easily  accessible  in  all  weather*,  lod  has  a  small  genenl  mde. 

UTILB  ROCK,  the  capital  of  Aikanws,  VSA.,  and  Ibt 
ODunty-teat  of  Pulaski  connly,  situated  near  Ihe  centre  of  the 
Slate  and  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Arkansas  river,  at  the  E.  edge 
of  the  Oiark  looihilla.    Pop.  (rSoo)  15,874;  (1900)  jljo;.  >* 

born;  (m'lo  censui)  45,94'-  Little  Rock  it  served  by  ibe 
Chicago,  Rock  Idand  &  Paclfii^  the  St  Louit  South  Western, 
and  the  St  Louia,  Inm  Mountain  A  Southern  railways  and  liy 
rivo-  boats.  It  occupies  a  eetnpanlively  levd  tile  of  11  sq.  m. 
at  an  attitude  of  ijoio  40a  ft.  above  tea-levet  and  soft,  or  more 
above  the  rivo*,  which  it  crosted  here  by  three  railway  bridges 
and  by  a  county  bridge.  The  city  derived  its  name  (onffnally 
"le  Petit  Roche"  and  "The  Little  Rock '7  (mm  a  rocLy 
pcointuli  in  the  Alluasts,  distinguished  from  the  "  Big  Rati  ' 
(theilteof  Ihe  army  post,  Fort  Logan  H.  Roots),  i  m.W.  of  the 
dly,  across  the  rivn.  The  Big  Rock  is  laid  to  have  been  £nt 
discovered  and  named  "  L*  Rocher  Frtntu  "  in  iJJI  by  Sieur 
Bernard  de  la  Harpe,  win  was  in  sesreh  of  an  (OKetld  mountain; 
theUttle  Rock  is  now  used  as  an  abutment  fn  a  railway  bridge. 


ledioland 
tile  Rock; 

uid  the  dly  is  also  the  teat  of  the  United  Stales  court  for  the 
eatton  diitiict  of  Arkansas,  of  a  United  Slats  land  oftce.  ei 
Little  Rock  College,  of  the  St  Mary's  Academy,  of  a  Roman 
Catholic  orphanage  and  a  Roman  Catholic  ccnvent.  aod  ol  Ian 
schools  for  nigrae* — the  Philander  Smith  College  (Uabodiit 
Episcopal,  1S17),  co-educational,  and  the  Arkansas  Baplitf 
College.  The  dty  b  the  wat  of  Protestant  Episcopal  and 
Roman  Catholic  i^^opa.  little  Rock  has  1  Catnec'e  Ubniy 
(1908],  an  old  India'  bone,  a  Florence  Criticntoo  rescue 
home,  1  children's  home.  St  Vincent's  infirmary,  a  dty 
hoipital,  a  Calhdlc  hospital,  a  physicians'  and  lurgeoos' 
hospilal  and  the  Arkansas  hospital  lor  nervous  discaso. 
A  munidpal  park  system  includes  City,  Forest,  Wanderlaad 
and  West  End  paiki.  Immigniion  front  the  noitben  stales 
bas  been  mcouraged,  and  nonfam  men  control  mu^  of  the 
butinot  of  the  dly-  In  1905  Ihe  value  of  factory  prodvcts 
was  t4,689,;g7.  being  38-8%  greater  than  Ihe  value  io  i^ee. 
Cotton  and  lumber  industries  are  the  leading  interests;  the  value 
of  cotton-seed  oil  and  cake  manufactured  m  1905  waa  tofi7,Qeji 
ol  planing  mill  prodncu  t8j5/i49i  and  of  lumber  and  tinbet 
products  (341.134.  Printing  and  publishing  and  the  maBit- 
faciure  of  foundry  and  machine  shop  producta  and  of  fumiiuR 
are  other  important  induatriea.  ValuaUi  dtpotila  of  hauilte 
are  found  in  Pulaski  county,  snd  the  mines  an  the  moat  inponaot 


cupied  by  the  Qoapaw 


white  still  a  part  of  Minouri  Territory;  LKile  Rock  wai  surveyed 
in  itii,  was  incorporated  as  a  town  and  became  the  capilal  of 
Arkansas  in  1811,  and  was  chartered  at  a  dty  in  1836-  In  i8ia 
its  populatioa  was  ooly  S167,  asd  ia  1I60  )7tj;  but  la  1870 


LITTLETON,  BARON— LITTLETON,  SIR  T.  DE 


ii^Se.    Utttc  Rock  * 

JOAB   w.   Davidson    (iBii 
SlerLiiiE  Pcict,  ciptuinl  tl 


flilhuliBtlcmDy  utl-Unlon 
at  [i»DLiu»ait  oi  lae  Mvii  nar.    in  February  iS6i,  Ihc  United 

~         "  1   Slak   (iBi9-iMj)  and 

4-1BB1),   opcntins  igatiut   General 
'       ~  '  '"     rmalned  throughout 

tti«  nu  01  me  wai  unoer  ccucral  conlioL  Conslitulianal 
tanvcntioni  met  at  Utile  Rock  in  1S16,  1864,  186S  and  1S74, 
■nd  alu  the  ScRssion  Convention  ol  i36i.  The  Arkaniai 
Camt,  euablishcd  at  Aikanui  Poit  In  iSig  and  won  after- 
HAnU  lemoved  to  the  new  capita],  was  the  fint  newipapci 
publiiliBd  in  Ailianui  and  one  ol  Ibe  Anl  published  west  of  Ibt 


1615  he  ' 


and  beramc  a  lawyer,  succeeding  hi!  father 

North  Wale 

and  acted  in  161S  ai 

upon  whose  report  the  rclilionoE  Right  waaba 

of  the  party  opposed  to  the  arbitral 


![bc  hi 


ilonhadshuwiin 
and  in  i6]4<  three  yeai 
London,  tbc  king  atiachea  mm  lo  lu 
him  xolieitor-general.  In  the  famou 
Sir  Edward  argued  agaiiHl  Harapdei 
chicf-iutlice  of  the  cammon  picju  ao 
the  great  seal,  being  created  a  peer  as 
this  time,  the  lordfceeperbejan  tod 
indilTerence  to  the  royal  cause.  In  Ji 
put  the  great  9Ci1  to  the  prLxlamilioi 
Riembers  and  he  ilw  incurred  the  t 


jrlhan 


I  ordini 


In  1640  he  was  made 
in  1&4I  lord  keeper  of 
laron  LytlelloD.    About 

[or  the  anst  of  the  five 
<plea>un  of  Cbulei  by 


party  who 


Edward  Hyde,  aflerwardi  earl  of  Clarendon,  thai  he  had  only 
takea  this  step  to  allay  the  SEispicions  of  the  parliamentary 
:mplated  depriving  him  of  the  seal,  and  he  under- 
lis  to  the  king.  He  fuUiUcd  bis  promise,  and  in 
Hay  1641  he  himself  joined  Chaiics  at  York,  bat  it  was  some 
time  before  he  regained  the  favour  of  the  kii\g  and  the  custody 
of  the  icaL  Littleton  died  at  Oxford  on  the  ijlh  of  August 
16457  he  left  no  sons  and  hit  bamny  became  ertinct.  His  only 
daughter,  Anne,  mattied  her  cousin  Sir  Thoiuai  Liltlelon, 
Bin.  (d.  leSi),  and  tbeir  ion  Sic  Thomas  Ullletoa  (c.  164;- 
■710),  was  speaker  el  the  House  or  Canunont  [[Om  169J  to  1711s, 
ind  lieasurei  ol  tbe  navy  from  ijeu  to  1710.  Macaulay  thus 
sums  up  tbe  chsiactec  of  Speaker  Littleton  and  hit  idaiiotu  Id 
the  Whip:  "  He  was  one  ol  their  ablM.  matt  zealous  and  most 
(leadfast  friends;  and  had  Iwen,  both  in  Ihc  House  (A  Coouaooi 
■nd  at  (he  board  of  tittsury,  an  invaluable  tecoDd  to  Montague  " 
(the  ead  of  Halitia).        ' 

UTTLETOH,  StB  THOVAS  DE  (c.  1407-1481),  English  Judge 
^nd  legal  author,  was  bom,  it  is  supposed,  at  Fraukley  Manor 
Honse,  WoRSStenhire.  about  1407.  Littlelon'a  surname  was 
that  of  hit  mother,  who  was  tlie  ide  daughter  and  lieiress  of 
Thomas  de  Liitlelon,  loni  of  Frankley,  She  married  one 
Thomas  Wrslcole.  Thomas  was  the  eldest  of  four  tons  of  the 
marriage,  and  took  the  name  of  tjtlleton,  or,  as  it  teemt  to  have 
been  more  commonly  spelt,  Laltellon.  Tbe  date  of  his  birth 
b  nncettaini  a  MS.  pedigree  gtvrs  14J1,  hut  it  was  probably 
earlier  than  this.  If,  ai  is  generally  accepted,  he  was  bom  at 
Frankley  Manor,  it  amid  not  have  been  before  1407,  b  which 
year  Littleton's  grandfather  recovered  the  manor  from  a  distant 
branch  of  the  family.  He  Is  said  by  Sir  E.  Coke  to  have  "  at- 
tended one  of  the  unfvtnitics,"  but  Ibere  Is  no  corrobonition 
of  this  tiatemenl.  He  was  probably  a  member  of  the  Inoer 
Temple,  and  lectured  ihere  on  the  italute  of  Westminster  tl., 
Dc  Ihnis  CaidlttimBliits.  His  name  occun  in  the  PasMn  Letters 
(ed.  J.  Cairdner,  1,  6e)  about  1445  it  that  of  a  well-known 
counsel  and  In  1481/1  he  received  a  grant  of  the  manor  c4 
Shctltf  Hales,  Shropshire,  from  •  Sir  Wniam  Trurael  as  a  reward 
for  his  aervlces  as  counsel.  He  appeart  to  have  been  recorder 
of  Coventry  In  i4]o;  be  wa  made  etcbator  el  Worctstcrsbire, 


and  in   ^^^^|i   wai   onderihtiffl    of  the   ume   couBly,   he 

became  serjeant-at-law  in  1453  ind  was  alterwardt  a  jusiitt 
o[  assise  on  ihe  northern  cucuit  In  14M  be  was  nude  a  jtidp 
of  ibe  common  pleaS,  and  in  I4;j  a  knight  d  the  Batb.  Ut 
died,  according  to  the  injcription  on  hts  tomb  in  Worcester 
cathedral,  on  tbe  )3rd  of  Auguit  1481.  He  married,  about 
1444,  Joan,  widow  ol  Si[  Philip  Cbetwind  of  IngeMne  in  StaSoid- 
ahire,  and  fay  her  had  three  tons,  (brough  tvbom  be  beeamt 
arKcstor  (d  tbe  families  holding  tbe  peerages  of  Cobban  (lonneflj 
Lytlellon,  ;.i.)  and  Hatherton. 

His  Traliu  m  Ttnurti  was  probably  written  after  he  had 
been  appointed  10  tbe  bench.  It  is  addrttsed  (0  bit  iccood  ton 
Richard,  who  went  to  the  bar,  and  wboae  name  occun  in  tb« 
year  books  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VII,    Tbe  book,  both  bistori- 

first  teit-book  upon  the  En^ish  law  of  property  The  Uw  of 
property  in  Littleton's  lime  was  maiidy  ctMtcnned  with  rigbta 
over  land,  and  it  was  the  law  relating  to  this  dasa  ol  rights  which 
Littleton  set  hirnsell  to  digest  and  classify.  The  time  was  ripe 
for  the  task.  Ever  tJDCe  Ibe  CoDquest  regular  courts  of  justke 
bad  been  at  work  admioitteiiiig  a  Uw  which  had  grown  out  of 
an  admtjiure  of  Teutonic  custom  and  of  Nonnan  feudalism. 
Under  Henry  II.  the  count  had  been  orgBoized.  and  the  praCllce 
o(  keeping  regular  records  of  the  proceedingt  had  been  caidully 
observed.  The  cenlratiiing  inBuence  of  the  royal  courts  and  Of 
tbe  Justices  of  as^K,  working  steadily  through  three  cenluriea, 
rults  governing  the  law  of  properly  uniform 


within  I 


limits,  and  were  only  recognized  as  giving  rise  loccriain 
welt-drSned  classes  ol  rights,  such,  for  instance,  at  the  security 
of  tenure  acqulttd  by  villains  by  virtue  of  the  custom  of  the 
manor,  and  the  rights  of  freeholders,  in  some  towns,  to  dispose 
of  tbeii  land  by  wilL  Thus,  by  tbe  time  of  Littleton  (Henry  VL 
and  Edward  IV.),  an  immense  mast  of  material  had  been  ac- 
quired and  preserved  in  the  rolls  of  the  various  courts.  Eeportt 
of  important  cases  were  published  in  Ibe  "year  books."  A 
glance  at  Statham't  Abridfuunl,  tbe  earliest  digest  of  decided 
cases,  published  nearly  at  the  same  time  as  Llttleton't  reimret, 
b  tuBidcnt  10  show  the  enormous  bulk  which  reported  cases  had 
already  attained  as  materials  for  tbe  knonlcdgE  ol  English  law. 
Litlielon'a  treatise  was  wntten  in  that  peculiar  dialect  com- 
pounded of  Nortnan- French  and  English  phrases  called  law 
French.  AHhough  it  had  been  provided  by  a  statute  ol  36 
Edward  DI-  that  n'ta  nu  proceedingi  in  court  should  no  longer 
be  conducted  in  the  French  tongue,  "  which  wai  much  trnkDown 
in  Ihe  realm,"  tbe  practice  of  reporting  proceedings  in  that 
language,  and  of  using  it  in  le^  trealises,  lingered  till  a  much 
later  period,  and  was  ai  length  prohibited  by  a  statute  patted 
in  the  time  of  tbe  Commonwealtb  in  1650.  Unlike  Ifae  preceding 
writers  on  Enijish  law,  Glanville,  Biacion  and  the  amhort 
by  the  names  of  Britlon  and  Fleta,  Liltle- 


g  from  the  1 


t  the 


Gommentaton.    He  deals  exclusively  with  English  law. 

The  book  is  written  on  a  definite  system,  and  is  the  lint 
attempt  at  a  scientific  classiAcalion  of  rights  over  land.  Little- 
Ion's  method  is  to  bc^n  with  a  definition,  usually  dearly  and 
brlefiy  expressed,  of  the  class  of  rights  with  which  he  is  dealing 
He  then  proceeds  to  illustrate  the  various  characteristics  sihI 
incidents  of  the  class  by  staling  particular  instances,  some  of 
which  refer  to  decisions  which  bad  actually  occurred,  but  more 
commonly  tbcy  are  hypothetical  cases  put  by  way  ol  illuBtralion 
of  his  principle*.  He  occaaionallr  itfen  to  reported  catca. 
His  book  it  thus  much  more  than  a  mere  digest  of  judicial 
dccUons;  to  some  extent  be  pursuci  the  method  whicb  gtve 
to  Roman  law  ila  breadth  and  consistency  of  prindple.  In 
Roman  law  this  mult  was  attained  thmich  the  practice  of 
putting  to  juriscontulta  hypothetical  cases  to  be  solved  by  them. 
Littleton,  in  like  manner,  is  constantly  Mating  and  solving  by 
reference  to  prindples  of  law  cases  whicb  may  or  nuy  not  have 
occuned  in  actual  practice. 

In  denting  with  FmhoM  estates  Utiletan  adapts  a  daadSeatfan 
which  has  been  felkimd  t^  ah  wiitetf  who  l»v«  itKOQled  to 


794- 

moDUiB  ihe  EnfUih  bw  of  tud.  eiiiKiiny  Sit  M  Hile  jind  Sir 

WQUani  DlickitoflBv  tt  b  indeed  the  only  powble  approach  la  a 
iciegtiSc  unniRiDent  ef  ibc  intricaie  "  nut«  in  land  known  (0 
EniUtli  hw.   lie  diiufin  cMam  u  land  by  ret 


LITTRE 

Ike  ipirit  el  KomiD  (tudalkm  tktn  thn 
diuoee  of  Itiem  by  will,  we  And  Lillleton 
tcoffos  o<  ccnain  manon 


■be  penoni  who  arc  entitled  to  luccBfd  upon  the  death  of  the  peooii 
in  poaiMiioB  or  "  tenant."  Fint  of  all,  he  docribci  the  character' 
iUki  of  tenancy  in  fee  umple.  Thii  i>  «itl  u  it  waa  In  IJItlelan'i 
lime  the  laiieM  inttmC  In  land  kaova  (o  tbe  law.    Next  la  ardn 

by  Littktoa  with  brevity  and  aceuracy,  but  he  it  lilul  aa  to  Uh 
jniptirlanl  practice,  which  tint  received  judicial  receonition  ibortl} 
bffoce  hit  death,  01 "  bjfferiiLf  a  recovery."  whenby  tlirQUBh  a  ieriei 
of  judicial  ficiieiu  a  tenant  io  tail  waitnablnl  lo  eonven  tiii  eitati 
tail  into  a  fee  ainiple,  thin  acquirinE  Ml  power  id  aLenatinn-  Aftn 
diic— inf  in  Ihiir  lo^ncal  eider  other  lieehoU  intemu  in  land,  he 
pmci  (0  intereua  inland  ailed  by  laiec  writen  iatcmtt  lea  Ihae 

Whti  the  etfeirtion  of  tenancy  froni  vnr  tn  vnr.  nnw  an  fsmilimi 

K  which  wu  a  iudioal  ct 


time  of  Littleton,  Ihe  b«  book  ia  ■  complete  tulenenl  of  Ihe 

ptinciplei  of  the  common  law,  u  they  for  the  mou  part  Mill  caiM, 
(ovemini  and  regulatini  inieima  in  landi  The  Ant  book  concludra 
with  a  vety  inieiMiine  chapter  on  cDpyhoM  tenuree,  which  marka  the 
eiact  piunt  at  which  the  tenant  by  copy  of  court  roll,  the  tucccaut ol 

viUenage  by  the  growth  of  ibe  manotial  tyalem.  acquired  aecurity  of 

ThcKco 
and  teiunt 

ind  ii  mainl"of  fahtaricaf^tmM  to  tlw  moder 

noflonl 

la-TT- 

liDK  rdalJDg  to  boaiace,  fealty  and  eacuie,  Ibe  money  compnua- 
lion  to  be  paid  to  tbe  lord  fa  Ueu  of  military  aervice  to  be  rendered 
10  Ihe  hinf,  a  pecuftar  chaiActcriitic  ol  Elii|luh  ai  distin^iihed  frDm 
CanlhKBIal  feudafiam. 

[Jllleloa  thea  peooecda  to  notlea  the  Impartant  ftAtnrea  of  tenure 
by  knleht'*  aervice  with  Ita  dlitin|uiita[n«  iciclclenti  of  the  tight  of 
wardiliip  of  the  landi  and  peraon  of  the  infant  heir  or  hdreai,  and 
Ihe  right  oI  ditposing  of  the  ward  Id  fflarriage.  The  non-military 
freebiAl  lenurei  ace  next  dealt  wlthi  we  have  an  account  of  "  vKitgt 
Bmute."  Into  which  all  military  tetuuca  wtic  •uhaeiluciitty  cHn- 
awisd  by  a  now  uarecafniiBd  aet  e<  Ibe  Uat  Patlhrnenl  In  I6SO, 
*ftcrwaida  te-enacted  by  the  wcU-known  ataiuu  of  Charlct  11.  (i64o), 
and  of  "  franltalmoign,  or  the  tpiritual  tenure  by  which  churchmen 
bcU.    Inthedeacriiiliinaf  burtanlenuieand  lenuTCtn  villcnage, 

by  law,  we  ncogaiH  wirivali  of  a  tine  befoie  the  iron  rule  of 
feudaliam  hul  moulded  tbe  law  o(  land  in  the  intenBa  of  the  king 
and  the  great  tocdt.  Finally  he  deala  irith  tbe  law  of  lenti,  diicuuing 
the  varioiii  Idndi  of  tenti  which  may  be  reeerred  to  the  gianior  bpon 

a  giani  at  landa  and  the  lenedi^  for  leeavecy  iJ  reel,  eipedally  the 


as 


terrninated  in  the  caie  of  a  dngle  poaaesBor  or  eei 
Thia  lt>da  blm  to  diacuia  the  vaifuua  modea  In  which 
may  ■nnllamQiiy  have  Tighla  o^  tbo  aaine ' 

daiightetm  who  are  co-bebein,  or  aona  ia  gat 

and  tenanCt  ia  common.    Not  lotlowi  aa  ebbotati 

what  are  called  eitatn  opon  con^tioo^^  daaa  ol  

occupied  a  huge  nacc  ia  lb*  eaitycamnoa  law,  giyiaj  ria  on  one 

lander  Ihe  tenant  to  .  _ 
tenant  paid  to  the  mortg? 

l!lilllH)7i^  intma  of  t  he 
^ve«  no  indication  ol  any  modiAc 
lotroduced  by  coutti  of  equity, 
hii  land  by  payment  -'  -"  •■—  - 
the  day  ci  payment  J 
'-'-'— '"-The  n 


prooerty,  the  aaalyiia  of  which  iroukl  occupy  too  large  a  apace. 

The  wtrtl£  it  thufl  n  complete  nimmary  of  the  comquKi  law  aj 
•tflod  at  Ihe  time.  It  b  marly  rileni  a>  ta  the  remarkable  daia  „ 
ri|^  which  had  alieady  asumed  nat  practiol  Importaiice" 
•quilable  intotiti  ia  badi.  Tlieaa  at*  only  noticed  incidentalty  ii 
the  chapter  on  "  Relcsicf."  But  it  wat  already  clear  in  Litileton' 
time  that  thii  data  of  righta  would  become  Ihe  moflt  important  a 
alL  L-ittleton'i  own  wIU,  which  baa  been  preacnFed,  may  be  adduce* 
la  proof  of  thia  aaienion.    Although  nothing  waa  tnorr  oppcoed  li 


>Theai  n 


>e  table  at  the  con- 


>g  b,-  hj 


.  _     ...    . ,  ...  , „  acoDireover  landt  pawm 

unknown  to  tbe  connnaa  law,  ibc  bnda  had  been  conveyed  lo 
''  feoffees  "  who  had  full  tight  nv  Ihcm  according  to  tbe  euninioii 

righ'tlat  Ihe  diieclion  and  for  Ibe  exclusive  brncAt  of  the  penon  to 
wboae  "  uie  "  Ihe  landi  were  hcM.  Thit  coiuciemieiH  oHItatiaa 
waa  tccegniied  and  eaftuceri  by  tho  chaactUor,  and  thiu  amE  th* 
claia  a<  equilabk  inteieila  in  landi.  Ulllclon  ia  Ihe  bit  ■liiei  oo 
Enaliih  law  aliet  theie  righta  had  liacn  into  a  prominent  poaiiion, 
and  it  ii  cuikiui  ts  find  lowhateitcnt  they  are  ignored  by  him. 

BtiLiociilFKv.— The  work  of  Littleton  occDpie*  a  plw  in  ib* 
UBoryeflypeirarhyaiticHuaflBW.  TheearneatprfaHdedilHI 
•eemt  Is  be  that  ^  John  Letlon  and  WlUara  de  HadUinia.  >wa 
prlnien  who  probably  cama  fram.  tbe  Coanaeat,  awl  earned  oa 
thdr  bunneu  in  paitnenhip,  at  tbeir  note  to  ttle  tdltlan  el  Uulclon 
•tatea,  "  hi  riviiate  Londoniar 
otum?<   Tbedawolthixij" 


.  a£m  ibt 


led  on  typognphical  gnunda,  placea  k  an 

latter  part  of  1481.    Ilie  neit  edition  iaonetiy  Machlini . 

pCDbably  about  two  or  Ihrec  yean  later  than  the  lemur.  Machbnia 
waa  then  in  busneaa  alone  "juata  pontem  cuae  vulgodJcitnrFleia 
briage."  Neat  came  the  Itabu  or  Beucn  cdiliaa.  ercwienuily  ilaied 
by  Sr  E.  Coke  lo  ba  Ike  enriioi.  and  to  have  been  nrlnbid  ^om 
ISU.  It  waa.  however,  of  a  much  earlier  dale.  Tonfioa,  the  laini 
edilot  of  LJtlkton,  givet  leaioni  for  IhinUng  Ihal  it  cnnnnc  have 
been  later  than  1490.  It  ii  nated  in  a  note  to  have  been  printed  at 
Rouea  by  William  le  Tailleor  "ad  inaunilam  Riehaidi  Pyaion." 
Copicaof  all  Ibcat  ediliona  an  (a  Ihe  Bridih  Moanim,  lB*athc<i 
edition!  t>f  *or<'  u  aVlcd  Tatra  Wmfli,  prcjubly  to  diatingsiA  it 
ThcfT  are  three  earlvMSS.  of  Littleton  In  the  Univeiiity  library  at 

to  the  (ficci  that  it  w»  bniihl  in  5t  Paul's  Churchyaitl  on  July  lo. 
1480.  It  waa  Ibeiefore  in  circulation  in  Litlklon  s  liletioc.  The 
oilier  two  MS5.  are  of  a  aomcwhat  later  date;  but  one  of  them 
conumt  what  lecmi  10  be  the  earlieB  Engfiih  lianllation  of  the 
reaarai,  and  ii  probably  not  later  than  laa. 

In  the  lAtb  sonlun' cdltioaaaf  Lhlleloa  laODwed  hi  rapid  sacGcaHia 
from  the  pmaaa  of  iVnaoo,  Redrnqme,  Benhdcl,  Tetlvl  aad  otban 
The  practice  of  aonolallnf  tbe  text  eauicd  icveial  additlooa  10  be 
introduced,  which,  however,  are  eaiily  detected  by  compariaon  1^  the 
eariiar  capiei.     In  ijii  West  arifcd  the  text  into  746  acctioia, 

□zinErri  nrfa  luv*  ■i^]^Ba  foT  purpflaet  df  anootatiov,  vcidine^ 
n  Lincoln  a  loa  Library. 

^Llltlctoa  waa  vaj  general,  and  waa 
wyera  beildra  Sir  E.  Coke,  amongst 

OBecoouaenlatyodhiakuid.byMaBknowB 

dale  than  Sir  E.  Coke'a.  wna  ediled  byCaryin  liaf. 
■  cencial  practice  of  dcallaf  with  Lilllllaa  H  tbe  gieat 
ilie  law  ol  England,  tbe  amst  periect  and  absohite 
T  was  written  in  any  hnmaa  science."  Sir  E.  Coke  made 
ttn  of  that  poitBB  of  hii  work  which  h(  alk  Ibe  fira 
(tilDtcs  of  tbe  law  of  Eo^nd,  in  other  woad^  the  law 

[inted  Engliih  tranilation  of  Littleton  was  Itt  Rasten. 
have  combined  the  proresHins  o(  author,  printer  aaJ 

r  'iie'beH  'I'^ith'-*"-}-  ^"^'"^  "*, 


The  pncike  of  I 


S.'SJ 


E.  Coke  adopted  go , 

^ne  by  the  name  of  sir  E.  Cuke's  tianstalion.     ne.  nowever, 

See  E.  Wambaagh.  liltftfn'i  rnsvn  ia  S^iii  (Wadiingtoa. 
D.C..  1903). 

Utnui,  MAZIHIUBK  ?UIL  fMILE  ti<oi-iSSi),  Fiescb 
kiioogiaiijiei  and  [diiloMphcc,  wis  bom  in  Paria  on  Ihe  lU  of 
Februaiy  1801.  His  fatber  had  been  *  lunoer,  and  altcniardi 
Mtgeuit-tnajoi  of  marine  uttlleiy,  in  Ibe  Ftencb  navy,  and  waa 
deeply  imbued  with  the  cevolutionuy  ideaa  of  Ibi  d«y-  Settlinf 
down  ai  ■  collector  of  lues,  he  matried  Sophie  Jobaniiot,  a 
ftee-ibinker  like  himitll,  and  devolnl  hanself  to  tlie  education  ot 
fail  loh  Emile.  Tbe  boy  wu  sent  to  the  Lyc«c  Leui>4e-Ciud, 
wb«re  be  had  for  friends  Uadielte  and  Engine  fiuraeul..  Aftcl 
he  bad  complelfd  hit  count  at  tcliool,  be  bcailated  for  a  time 
aa  to  wfaat  prafcvion  be  sbould  adopt,  and  mEtowlifle  made 
himself  master,  not  only,  of  tbe  En^iih  aad  Ctnoan  lasgDafir. 
but  of  the  dasiical  and  Sanikiit  littntiire  lad  pbilolafjr.  Af 
btt  be  deiennined  lo  smdy  DMdidnt,  aod  in  i((i  snteRiI  Ui 


id  ooly  Ilia  Ihali  lo  pnpan  {aocdct  U  elMa 


hn  Atgrte  ii  doctoi  when  in  ittj  Ui  fittin 
mother  ibnlulely  witbdut  Rwurto.  He  U  onct  nnoiumd 
his  degm,  ud.  while  illeading  the  lecturei  ol  P.  F.  O.  RAyei 
and  IiUdb  >  kMD  Intentt  in  nudicine,  begin  tftching  LUin 
ud  GnA  lot  ■  livdibood.  He  canied  •  nuilet  on  Ihe  popular 
nde  is  the  revolulion  of  Pebruuy  1S30,  ud  wu  one  of  the 
TUliona]  guirds  who  followed  Charlei  X.  to  RainbouiUe' 
iSji  he  obliined  in  introduction  to  Amund  Cunt,  the 
of  the  Naiionait  wbo  gave  hinx  the  task  of  reading  the  E 
4ad  Cermaa  papen  for  excerpts.  Carrel  by  cbiDCf,  In 
discovered  the  ability  oi  his  leadi        '     '        ^*'  '  ' 


itually  di 


;lor  of  the  [  . 
ill  Mrts  of  iitbi«li 


la  TB36Uttr£ began  toe 

to  the  Rtm  ia  itai  amua;  In  1037  Be  munca;  ana  in 
lSj9  appeared  tbe  first  volume  of  his  edition  of  the  work)  of 
Hippoct«t«.    The  value  of  Ihij  wort  was  ircogniied  by  his 


cripHoni 

...    ._._    ., s  the  work! 

pule  Comle,  the  reading  of  which  formed,  as  he  hin' 
d,  "  the  tardinal  pmnt  of  his  life,"  and  from  this  lime  on" 
peais  the  influence  of  positrvism  on  his  own  life,  and,  ■ 
sf  more  impoilince,  his  influence  on  posilivism,  for  he  g 
much  to  pceillvism  as  he  received  from  it.  He  soon  beci 
riend  of  Comte,  and  popnlvizcd  hii  Ideas  In  numerous  w< 
the  positivut  philowphy.  At  the  same  time  he  contin 
ediiion  of  Hippocrates,  which  wis  not  completed  til 
.  slishcd  a  similar  edition  of  Tliny's  Nulnral  Hislery,  ta 
tSt4  look  Fauricrs  place  on  the  commiltn  engiged 


HiiU 


iwledgc 


after 
n  (he 

great  DitHtn- 
uiion  of  July 


It  was  about  iBuIbat  be  iiartcil  working 

completed  tiD  thirty  years  after.  In  thi 
1848  he  look  part  in  the  repression  of  the  eitreme  repuDiican 
party  in  June  1849.  >!ii  essays,  tonlrihuted  during  Ihij  period 
to  the  Nalional,  were  collected  together  and  published  under 
the  title  of  Cmsenatka,  rttvlulha  tt  faiilniinu  In  iSsi, 
and  show  a  thorough  iceepl»iin  of  all  ibe  docirines  propounded 
by  Comte.  Hovrevelj  during  the  blcr  years  of  his  mailer's 
life,  he  began  to  perceive  thai  he  could  nut  wholly  accept  all 
Ihe  dogmas  or  Ihe  more  myillc  Sdeis  ol  his  friend  and  master, 
but  he  concealed  his  dlffeiencM  of  opinion,  and  Comle  failed 
to  perceive  that  his  pupil  had  outgrown  him,  as  he  himself  had 
outgrown  his  master  Saint-Simon.  Comte's  death  in  i8sB  freed 
Llltr*  frem  any  fear  of  emWttfring  his  master's  later  years, 
published  his  own  idess  in  his  Po'ofri  it  la  pkih'i'tliii 


« in  iSsg,  ai 


finally  piocctda  to  show  1 
approved  wholly  of  Coml 
and  his  philosophical  met 
■gainst  J,  S.  Mill,  but  1 
ihiUnophy,  hi 


length  In 


ough  Tun 


n  ihii  boot  he  traces 
jOt,  Kant  and  Saint- 

.  jBielhodoIphilosophy. 

ind  the  effect  of  bis  works,  and 
le  himsell  differs  from  him.  Be 
osophy,  his  great  laws  of  soclfiy 
hich  indeed  he  defended  warmly 

believe  in  »  rtlipon  of  humonily 
iSfij,  afler 'completing  hii  Hippoctatu  and  his  THny, 
.  work  in  eirnttt  on  hii  French  dictionaiy.  In  Ibe  same 
Se  Academic  Frantalie,  bul  rejected, 
Mgr,  Dupanloup.  bishop  of  Orlvins. 
rho  denounced  him  In  his  Atcrliiiminl  aux  pirti  4c  f-imillf 
t  the  chief  of  the  Fiench  miteritlisi*.  He  also  it  this  lime 
larled  with  C.  Wyronbofl  the  Fhassfphii  Pailnt.  a  review 
rhich  was  to  embody  the  views  of  modem  poniivisli.  His 
overthrow  of  I  he 


year  he  was  proposed  fo 


etnpiH  called  on  him  to  take  a  part  fn  polilii 


le  leh  bi 


0  undergo  the 
leiind  with  his  family  i 
by  M  Cambella  10  Bordeaui,  10  lecture  on  history,  and  Ibencr 
10  Versailles  to  lake  hit  seal  In  Ihe  Kiuie  lo  which  he  had  been 
chosen  by  Ihe  department  of  the  Seine  In  December  iSti 
ht  was  riecicd  ■  member  of  the  Actdtmfe  Francaiit  la  spile 


Kl,>  795 

'  of  the  renewed  oppo^tion  of  Ugr.  Dupanloup,  who  resigned 
his  teat  nlhei  tbin  receive  him.  Littrf'i  Z>tElidiisry  was  com- 
pleted la  187J.  An  authotilBlive  inlerpretaiion  is  given  of  iIb 
use  of  each  word,  based  on  the  various  meanings  it  had  held 
In  the  past.  In  1S7J  IJtti£  was  elected  a  life  senator.  The 
most  ngUble  of  his  productions  in  these  yean  were  his  political 
papan  attacking  and  unveiling  the  conlcderacy  of  the  Oileanisti 
and  legitimists,  and  in  favour  of  the  republic,  bis  republicalioi 
of  many  of  his  old  artidei  and  books,  amonj^  othen  the  Con- 
KfM/tmt,  rttdutioH  el  posilitiipu  of  1851  (which  be  reprinted 
word  for  word,  appending  a  formal,  categorical  renundaLiop 
of  many  of  the  Comtist  doctrines  therein  conlakied),  and  a  little 
tract  Pwr  ft]  ^tni^/rni.  in  which  he  maintained  hfa  unalterable 
belief  in  materialism.  When  It  became  obvious  that  the  old 
man  could  not  five  much  longet,  his  wife  and  daughter,  who  had 
always  been  fervent  Cathi^its,  strove  to  convert  him  to  their 
religion.  He  had  bng  bterviews  with  Piie  Mill  Mot,  a  celebrated 
controvenlalisl,  and  was  much  grieved  at  his  death;  but  it 
is  hardly  probable  he  would  have  ever  been  really  convened. 
Nevertheless,  wben  on  the  pcdnt  of  death,  his  wife  had  him 
baptized,  aod  his  funeral  waa  conducted  with  the  lita  of  the 
Catholic  CbuTch.    He " 


Mullei'l  Utanurl  ill  pky 
Aimarid  Carrd.  with  m 

iwiFe  dt  ia  lantut  frimfa 
niiB  be  Bend  his  edllia 

(i84S):  ApHkilhi  ii 
(1S40);  LnUAHItfif,  rh 

Anpau  CutHi  «  Xi'^ili 
pkilmopHait  (187 
~i>«lli7 — 


i(™|m>«  IiStS):  an 


and  tf«> 


c.  NeHa 


«p^by 


18S1,  E.  Cam,  UIBiilt 

&(«;«!  at  the  Academy,  .._ 

L  Renin.  (H.M.^ 

UTUROT  (Low  Lat.  Jitarffa;  Gr.  y^nt,  pubUc,  and  ^ryoi, 
vork;  XiirgtpT^i,  1  public  ■crvini),  in  the  technical  language 
)t  the  Christian  Church,  the  order  lor  the  celebration  and  ad- 
ninislration  of  the  Eucharist.  InEaatemChrislendom  the  Creek 
Fiord  >tir«pT''  bused  In  this  tense  eiclusively.  But  in  English, 
ipcaking  countriea  the  word  "  Utursy  "  has  come  to  be  used  in 


3r  all  ol  the  vi 


vtnient  to  give  the  tabular  form  the  chief  component  pans  of  a 
lilurgy.KlecUngtbfLirutgyolRomeaschiraclctisticolWtttein, 
and  that  ol  Constantinople  as  characteristic  of  Euiein,  Chiitlen- 
dom;  SI  the  same  time  appending  an  eiplanaiion  of  tome  ol 
Lhe  technical  words  which  must  be  employed  in  enumtrating 


I.erclrriyaiid 
niiMi  Imgihlly  ftrsed  npre- 


.ji)  Fri<._, 

ih  Sundiyi  in  Lni. 


"io"6j(le 


J96 


i.  Cnda*t.    A  ftw  vratt  Inmi  tbi  PhIbh,  die  ihrnnkcB  n 


ID.  CDllrcl.  iiow  obnlrtc.  thoiith  the 

nffnini  □(  the  elcmcau.  .... 

iirSsnt.  A  tnyo-  v  piayen  lud  at  Ibe  concluiao  d  (be 
OHtrtoiy.  

13.  SunuA  Corda.     *"  Lift   up  your  heara      inth  lolloinnE 

14.  I?rf»c«.  Thute  trt  new  ten  jmper  «  ipeoal  cnttaa  •oil 
■IniHIcviTy^iiilariodHoly-iUyluiviniDiiEUHgncdloit.  Many 
o[  theni  WRT  very  buutiful.  Id  oldu-  misali.  r&  11,  14  ind  >S 
irere ■amHimtm imn^  bm uthc cmcTutliiit pan ofllic Oidiniry, 

cDJag  put  of  the 


Hol^,"fa 


Ending  with  tbe  BcDcdictui, ' 


iplial  Hvmn,  "  Holy.  Holy, 
'^BtoKa  it  he  tlul  csneth ,'' 


I.  Inlrodurtory  prtycr  (or  acctplance.   Tc  ip'hir,  »c. 
9.  ImcicEHwf^l&elivEnt.    MeiDcnto,  Domine  faraulomc 

3.  Qnoineauntiop  of  apoalkt  and  raanyrm.    Coomuoicaa 

4.  Pnyci  for  acnpUBee  and  ecoaKTatiaa  of  offBuit.     Haoc 
Igiiur  obLuioneiB.  &c 

tRKilal  of  mnli  of  in«il>iti«i.  Qui  nidic  quan  pilcretiii,  1 
Dblnioa.   Uade  (t  mnaom.  Ac 

7.  Invocadon.  A  poBie  dlKailt  nl  iataimtation.  bol  app 
eatiT  meant  to  be«|Biv(1(M  to  the  EaaUm  E]iliileuor  iowBcxIiDi 
■be  Holy  Gboat.  Supptio*  te  itKamui.  Ax. 

C  iMercoMn  for  the  dead.  Memaou  etian,  DomiK,  fan 
Crunl,  Ac. 

9.  Lofd'i  Player,  aith  a  ahoit  Intraduetion  and  the  enpanun 
the  tail  pMiliiia  into  a  prayer  koown  ai  the  "  Enboliiniiu." 

ID.  Fiactioo.  u.  bRaliin(  ol  (he  hoat  Into  thiee  pani, 
tymbolize  the  death  and  paaAuw  of  Chrut. 

II.  ComralxtuTe.  i-t.  pucing  a  aniaLI  pDrlian  ot  the  conaccn' 


i'ffi'S 


re  Paa  and  prdiminary  1 
:  fiF  Any),  a  diort  aathcm 


riclly  cndi  with  No.  9i  Noa.  ia>lS  beiot 


17.  Paat-conini 

it.  Dkmisial. 

The  Canon  of  tl 

Apappeadbi  toit. 

LiTUXOV  OF  C<l*>IAHTINOn.B 

UtiifUitCtUiluimtiu.  AJItrpnptnHmt9iftlU*t 


RnJi 


IS.  C  -.-. 

li.  Tin  BenediMiaB.  u 

19.  SanctiH,  or  TenanctiH.  or  "  Triamphal  Hyntn." 
10.  Rniial  si  Worda  of  Imtkutkn,  piefaced  bf  m 

"-^U'^IOB. 


wa  "  Ho^rlhinia  to  Mr  pMp 


iny1nl«ertin(featDre>ofcereinentaI,  tbenw 
of  warm  inter  (BynntiDe  enfy}.  Ac.,  have 
be  Rfinkd  a*  aketrtosa  oaiy. 

There  are  ^  main  tamJliei  or  fiaupa  of  litur^ef^  four  of 
them  being  of  Eaaleni  and  two  of  tlwa  oj  Wealeni  origin  and 
'^  are  known  either  by  the  nanica  of  the  ip^ti**  vritb 
are  tcaditionalEy  coEmcOed,  01  by  tbe  name*  of  the 
'  ciiiea  in  which  they  have  beco  or  are  itill  ia  uu- 
!"*(  Syrioil  Rili  (Si  Jame^.— The  principal  litur^ 
leraled  under  thia  group  an  the  ClemeDiine  lituigy, 
io  called  from  being  found  in  the  eighUl  book  of  the  Apostolic 
f^ODStitulioni,  which  claim  in  their  title,  Ihough  enoneoiuly, 
Clement,  "Ihe  jit-(*nlu<y  biihop 
of  Rome;  the  Cieek  Etutgy  of  St  Jamct;  Ibe  Syriac  liturgy 
Janiea.  Siiiy-four  more  Utuqtie*  •>(  Uua  Fi"?  )<ave 
entted,  the  nujoriiy  being  ttUl  in  eiittence.  Tlieii  title*  are 
given  in  F.  £.  Bdghtmaa's  Lilarfia,  Eailtm  and  WaUt» 
(189a),  pp.  Iviii.-bu. 

Cnnjp  U.  TIh  Etyflion  RUt  (St  Mtrkj.'^Thi*  poup  io- 
duds  the  Cicck  lilurgica  of  St  Miik,  Si  Basil  and  St  Cngoiy. 
id  Ibe  Coptic  liluigies  of  St  Basil,  Si  Gregoly,  Si  Cyril  u  St 
Muk;  togelhn  Kilh  cetlain  lew  known  litiugiea  tbe  lillet  o( 
.led  fay  Brightman  itf.  <U.  pp.  luiii.  Uiiv). 
The  tiluigy  of  Ibe  Elhiapisn  chuicb  ordinancet  and  the  HlurQi 
of  the  Abyuinian  Jacobilei,  known  aa  thai  ol  Ibe  Apotlle*, 
[all  under  Ihia  gioup. 

Croup  ill.  Tin  Pmim  ROt  (SS.  Adaeua  and  Maiu).— 'Hua 
Nestorian  tile  ti  repreacnlcd  by  the  liturgy  which  bean  the 

after  Theodore  of  Mopsuealia  and  Ncatoriua.  Hiii  gmnp  haa 
■omeUma  been  called  "  Eaal-Syrian,"  The  titlea  of  three  more 
of  its  now  lost  liturgies  have  been  preserved,  namely  Ihoae  ol 
Naraes,  Danumaa  and  Diodoiua  of  Taiaus.  The  Ulurgy  ol  the 
Chntlians  of  5l  Thomas,  on  the  Malabar  coast  of  India,  f  ormeri/ 

to  the  Roman  Liurgy  by  Portuguese  Jcsuila  at  the  aynod  of 
Diamper  in  159Q. 

Croup  IV.  Tit  BpantiM  giii.—Ttit  Creek  liturgies  nf  St 
ChTywttom,  St  Basil  and  Si  Gregocy  Dialogus,  or  Tbe  Vn- 
sanctified,  also  eaianl  in  other  languages,  arc  Ibe  living  leprt- 
teniaiiveaof  ihisiiie.  The  Creek  liiurgyolSl  Pcurisclassibcd 
under  this  gioap,  but  it  is  merely  Ihe  Roman  caiibn  ol  tbe  Mas 
kc.  inlcrled  m  a  Byzanline  Iranework.  and  seems  to  have  been 
used  al  one  lime  by  some  Creek  communitiel  in  Italy.  Ta 
thia  group  also  bclonga  the  Armenian  liturgy,  ol  whH^  ten 

general  use  named  after  Si  Albauastua. 

Wc  now  come  10  ibc  two  western  groupa  ol  liturgies,  whiifa 
mote  nearly  concern  Ihe  Lm  in-speakiDg  nailoni  of  Europe. 
and  which,  lhcIj:lDte.  musi  be  treated  <A  more  fully. 

CtDvp  V.  Thi  Hupiuu-CttlKaii  Bit€  (Si  John)  — T>iii  group 
of  Lalin  lllurgies,  which  once  prevailed  very  widely  in  Wnltm 
Europe,  has  been  almost  universally  Bupcneded  fay  Iht  liturgy 
ol  Ihe  Church  ef  Rome  Where  il  autvivea.  ii  fan  been  ante 
or  less  asaimilalcd  to  the  Roman  pattern.  Il  prevailed  once 
throughout  Spain,  France,  northern  Italy,  Creal  Brilain  and 
Irdand.  The  term  "  Ephesine  "  has  been  ^fplied  to  this  group 
or  family  of  litutgiei,  chiefly  by  Englllh  liturgiaUigiatai  a«d  iht 
nana  (rf  St  John  and  of  Ephctus,  hit  p)ac«  of  roujaiKe,  have 
been  ptesied  mlo  service  in  support  of  >  theory  ol  Epbesiac 
tnigin,  which,  however,  lacks  proof  and  may  »■  be  regarded  as 
a  diacarded  hypothesis.  Oiber  theories  represent  tbe  Galilean  to 
bca«irvjv*l  (^  IheorigiDal  Roman  liluiyiBi  as  •■  imfiaitaiica 


797 


igiu.  ind  «d.,  p.  «4)- 
Wc  raiut  be  coalcnt  vUh  sxuiaaiiii  thai  danria 

The  (hid  tncei  o{  oritnul  JnAuoice and  illinily  Be  in  Ihe  I 

nAiiif«: — it)  virifHie  praduuCiooA  ude  by  the  ikKwt,  ii 

I  ■■  Slenlun  fuite  "  befon  Ibc  (titak  (hlifne,  FaLLl.ta 

~'  ^ii^'.usj'^sssi.^.r ""' ' " ' 

■»M  RKDIbllni  tbe 
pnUionof  UMbniit 


vdy  ind  Eload  o(  air  LdkTJh 

acv.«d.>sa).  Onlheolberliindchc. 

—  , ,  ud  the  unmeiue  number  of  iu  proper 

pRface*ka]|]r  it  LDiheWmciAfimiJyof  Jiturgiet. 

We  proc«td  DOH  lo  livt  i,  won  dcUilRl  Kosomt  «f  (he  chid 
liluisic*  ol  Ihit  iroup. 

I.  TIb  Mitaraiic  Unrcr.— Thii  «u  the  oMiMul  lituigy 
of  the  Spuiub  chunh  till  the  doH  of  the  ittb  centiii7,  when 
the  Rooun  liiurnr  wu  forced  upon  it.  Itt  uw,  however,  lingeced 
on»  till  ih  the  J6ih  centuiy  CAidibAl  Jimenci.  uijuoua  id  prevcot 
ite  becoDiint  quite  obeolcte,  hid  ita  boolu  miorcd  and  printed, 
KfMl  founded  I  coUcge  ol  pricstl  at  Toledo  to  perpeLiLate  itt  ux. 
U  Hirvive*  naw  only  in  MVer*]  churcbn  In  Toleda  *ad  in  i  chiptl 
■I  SnUmttUi  uid  eren  tbere  nst  witboM  ciiuila  Rooiu 
tnodificatioai  of  in  orlglnil  ten  and  liiiinL 

It*  dan  and  oricifl,  liice  the  date  and  oricin  of  all  cxittinf  litursvti 
Are  uncertain,  and  enveloped  in  Che  miitt  of  aniiquily.    It  it  not 

well  aa  lepanM  dctaili  diHmne  auch  a  parenuie,  and  thRrfm  it 
la  KiwiH  to  find  Si  liidoc*  o(  Seville  (Lit.  4t  Eala.  O/k.  I  is) 
nuributini  it  to  St  rtter.  No  proof  ia  adduced  and  the  only  nlue 
vhich  can  be  placed  upon  aucb  an  uDBupported  ueertHn  ia  ttiat  it 
ahowi  that  *  very  high  and  even  apauolie  ajiiiiiuity  ana  diimed  for 
it.  A  theory,  or^""'"!  ■>■'> '^'™a>  ■!■**■' ">ay  have  been  bnmllt 
by  the  Cotti  fnmi  CanBtaBIiao|de  wben  tbey  imiled  Spnla,  ia  na 
inipiDlHbIt  aa  it  ia  impAven.  U  nay  have  been  derived  Irom  GauL 
The  Cafiian  aiuer  iiDod  la  it  in  the  rctatioo  of  Iwin«icer,  if  it  could 


■he  ainady 

anlah  pricsia 


obaolele  CaUicu  nu,  ha  at 


Uiuigy  of  the  cl 
who  dlrecIHl  the  ! 


at  ita  iituriy  wi 
t  i^furty.— Tliia   ni   Ihc  al 


a  tint  Gallica 


»lfor 


d  by  Thomailui  in  1680  under  the  title*  el  Uinalt 
'CeOuum,  UhaU  CaUianH  and  UiiuOt  Praneimm.  nnd  a 
fourth  was  diacovetnl  and  publiihed  by  MabiUon  in  16S7  under 
(he  title  ol  1/iiialt  Gaaitamim.  Fragmenlaiy  diicavcriet  have 
been  nude  lince.  Mone  diacovend  fngmati  of  eleven  CalBcan 
inasiei  and  publiihed  iben  at  Cailnuhi  In  1S50.  Other  frag- 
incnii  from  the  libniy  al  St  CiU  have  been  )nblished  by 
Bumen  (.AmOala  jlitlf-JVicana.  ilL  a6y-itA),  and  fnnn  Ibo 
ttmbnniln  libniy  al  MDan  by  Cardinal  Mai  IStritm.  Vn.  Vat. 
Can.  ill.  I-  i4t).  a  ain^e  pafC  vai  dlKweitd  hi  CoDvUte  and 
Caiui  Cidlece,  Cambridfe,  pubUibed  ia  itUtciirifi  JUr  Kali. 
Tkniftk,  vL  )7o. 
Tbtae  docnnKnta.  UluHnted  by|  tnily  CalUean  cnnonib  and  by 

C«(OO^of  TouriTGiMnui  ot'fSril  and  olfer  aulhm  enable  ui 
to  (tCDUIruct  tbe  neater  put  of  thii  liluiiy.  The  pnviouily 
BHimented  fifna  of  Eaucm  ulfln  and  iaflaaaw  aie  buad  ban  aa 


Utumr,  t( 


ather  «(ih  certain  oths  UK 
uM  be  oTlnterett  |o  |nl> 
'.  pauie  to  ipccify  hcie. 


r  tlie  ongln  of  the  Epheune  theorv  iW  the  Cillican  lliui)iy  wu 
— roduead  into  uie  by  Irenarua,  bbhop  of  Lyoni  tt.  130-TOa)  vho 
bad  lariHd  it  in  iJk  CaM  (nun  St  Polycaiiii  tiK  diacipk  of  iht 

E    variety    of    a{Mon 


apoaiie  St  John. 

J.  i4iiilrnim  IMuro.-^m 
baa  euied  among  liturgical  writ 
of  the  "Amhtnsiu  "  or  "  Milani 
it  is  ita  pieaeoc  form  and  to  malu  the 
peat  interooiion  (or  quick  and  dead  Ihi 
vc  muBt  clasaify  it  aa  "  PKrine  "  and 


e  Roma 


fimny.     If,  c 


:r  It  ai  a  branch  of 

I,  we  consider  tbe 


ui  in  Ibe  oMe*  printed  and  MS.  c^la  of  the  AmbnBian  rite, 
we  shall  detect  in  it  an  ori^nal  menibet  ot  the  Hiipano-Gallicim 
group  ol  Ulurgia,  which  for  centuiie*  underwent,  a  gradual 
but  ever-mcreiBing  aiaimiiatiaa  to  Rome.  We  know  thli 
at  R  (Miter  of  hinoty,  aa  well  ai  a  matter  of  inference  fimn 
change*  h  tbe  lot  liielf.  Charlemagne  adopted  the  same  policy 
lowatda  tbe  Milanete  as  towards  the  CaUican  church.  Ha 
carried  nff  all  the  Ambnuian  church  bonki  which  he  could  obuin, 
with  tbe  view  of  nbsiituiinf  Roman  booka  in  their  place,  but 
the  completion  of  his  mtentions  tailed,  partly  thnjugh  the  attach- 
mcnl  o[  the  Lombaidi  to  their  own  rilei,  pwlly  thioigh  the 
intercession  of  a  GalUcan  bisbop  named  Eugenius  CMabiUon^ 
Uui.  Iial.  lorn.  I.  Para,  ii,  p.  io«).  It  haa  been  auened  by 
Joseph  Vicecomes  that  this  Is  an  originally  independent  liturgy 
drawn  up  by  St  Bamabu,  wbn  £iU  preached  the  Gwpel  at 
Mdan  (Dt  Uitsat  Kit.  1  capp.  D.  lii.),  and  this  tradition  ii  pre- 
•erved  in  the  title  and  pn^ier  preface  lor  Si  Bamabaa  Day  tn 
the  Ambnnian  missal  (Pamelius,  LUwiicffH,  I,  3S5,  386),  but 
it  haa  never  been  proved. 

We  an  trace  the  tonowint  poInCi 
frtm  the  Raman  Tituiry.  bany  oT  (I 
influtMe.    Soma  of  Ihnn  are  no  loi 

miiuls  and  oaly  aurvive  b  earlier  t,_ , 

PameUiu  {L«*rAn,  ton.  i.  p.  nj),  Muratori  (£tl.  Kem.  Ya.  L  iji) 
andCerianl(inhlaedllion.lSdT,r)!^nancIentMS.BtMllan].  MTbt 
Img  to  the  prayer 


It  Ambmian 
pyblidiedbv 


after  the  apreading  of  tbe  corporal ;  (A)  the|ki 
the  deacon  befon  the  eiHfUt:  te}  tbe  litaniea  buu  diur  uir  jiwiwa 
(Intml)  on  Sundays  in  Lent,  eloaely  resembling  the  Gieek  EEen«i 
U)  varying  tomia  of  Iniroduciiiin  to  the  Lflnfe  rvayer,  in  Coena 
bemhu  (Ceriani  p.  116)  in  Paac^  (Ii.  p.  iia);<r)  the  preanceof 
paaaafea  ia  the  prayer  of  conMciatuiB  whkh  are  not  part  ti  the 
Roman  eanon  and  one  of  which  at  lean  cormpoodi  in  import  and 
poiiiion  though  not  in  wordi  to  the  Greek  Invocation:  rnwn  vera. 
ril.  emalpelmi  PaUr.  mittcri,  &c.  (lb.  p.  116);  f/|  the  survival  of  a 
diitinnly  GaHiean  fonmila  of  conierntiAn  in  the  PcM-aanetut  "  in 

(lb.  a.  i>s>:  ft)  Ibe  varying  nomencUtun  of  the  Sundiya  after 
t^nUcoel:  (b)  the  pOHtion  of  tbe  fracik>n  or  ritual  bieaUng  of 
bread  befon  the  Lud'a  Pra«|  (i)  the  oauwoei  of  the  second 
abialiofl  after  Ihe  words  of  Inscltutian  (Muratori.  La.  Ksm.  VA  i. 
'31>:  (1)  ■  third  lectlea  or  FrtHtkm  baa  the  Old  TesUnunt 
preceding  tbe  epiatle  and  goapel;  (IJ  tbe  lay  afrarlw  at  Iha  obla- 
Innt  and  ihe  lotniulac  accompanying  their  rcceptioa  (Pimelius. 
LilBlfcan,  1.  JJ7)i  (m)  the  posilio-  -'^■-  -■-■-•--  ....  -  t--.  -- 
tbe  middle  of  the  cnnon  jurt  befon 


mailer  bal  not  in  BUD*  10  Ihe  coUdcI  for  the  day,  befon  the  Gkria  ia 

4.  Caftie  Uliiriy.— We  postpou  the  CDnddetition  ot  (Ua 
lituTgy  tHI  after  w«  havl  treated  of  the  next  main  group. 

VL  n<  JtHMii  Xilt  (St  Peter).~There  it  only  one  Lturgy 
be  catnwnttd  ututtr  this  gisup,  via.  the  pieient  litnrgy 
of  Ibe  ChuRhot  RomCiVliicfa,  though  originally  local  in  chanctcT 
and  (ilcumcribcd  Im  me,  ba*  mne  to  be  nearly  co^aleniiva 
with  the  Ruani  Catbobc  Cburch.  looieCiiDci  auiMnedhig  enrliei 
nalional  litnrgie*,  aa  in  Caul  and  Spain.  noeUmes  iaaupotsttng 
DDic  or  ton  ol  tbe  ancient  ritual  ol  ■  coantiy  into  itadf  tui 
predndng  f  ram  tuch  iKsipixntian  >  nb<iaa  of  distinct  Uta, 
aa  in  England,  Fruu  and  elsewbcte.  Even  tbcM  ubonUnalt 
Usei  have  tot  tbe  moat  part  bennw,  ei  ai*  lapidly  btcoBiinff, 


DigilizcdbyLjOOQlC 


79? 


LITUftOV 


Tbc  diic,  origtD  and  uriy  bEUoiy  of  the  Roman  Ulnigr 
obKurr.    The  Gnt  Chiiitiaiu  u  Rome  were  t  Cretk-spuking 
cammunit]',  lod  theii  liturgy  nuil  hive  been  Greek,  i     '  * 
poKiUy  reprcsenud  in  the  ui-calln)  QcmentiDe  kituiiy. 
the  dll«  when  lucb  a  Mile  o[  things  caMd,  when  and  by  ohom 
the  prwent  Latin  lilurjy  WIS  compo«d,     '     ' 


implr,  a 


litu[iyaailexiBeillBtbeiiiaca(l.eaI..44CV461.  Ii  vu  dHmUend 
It  Verona  twBiaaduiiimiluandnipiid  by  hiiauiheBihetiilurv 
lod  publiibed  under  Ihe  UUc  o(  SatromtaUnxm  Imiaium:  hut 


jn  the  leeib  ti 


Axcuni  publiihcd  it  luder  the  lilteol . 
tom.  vL  oThia  CHa  LUuit.  EaUi.  Vna, 

A  MS.  of  ibe  nh  or  Sth  nntury  WIS  found  at  Rome  by  Thomaiiui 
and  iHibliihed  by  him  in  i60o  undrr  ihe  title  of  Saitamtnlwii^m 

GeiuUii  cvdex;  ipd  although  there  ii  hiiiorical  evidenoe  ol  npe 
Celaiiui  I.  {«1^961  hivioi  nude  >cHne  cbania  in  the  Roman 
niutgy.  ind  aldioiigli  MSS.  Rave  been  publiihcd  by  Ccrbenus  ind 

to  have  teaidni  and  emtcniponry  MS.  evidcoa  of  the  real  uitc  ol 
(O^fenl,  189^). 


ia  that  by  H.  I 


orianSacraraenta 


of  MSS.  o(  ihia  croup  ire  coplei  of  the 

y.  that  ti  to  wy.  MSS.  repreKntfag  or  puroon- 

repre«at,  the  Kate  of  Raman  liturgy  in  Ibe  dayi  aS  Pope 

CiTeoryi>e Great.   But Iheycaniuibeicceptedaicenaiiicvidinn 

the«hnntui7,  not  one  of  them  wai  written  in  lialy.but  everyone 
■onh  ol  (be  A1]M;  tvtry  one  eonlaiu  iatemal  eviilence  et  >  poit- 
Cregwian  dale  in  the  ibape  of  nuuea  (or  the  cepoie  ot  (or  the 

The  Roman  liturgy  leemi  to  have  been  introduced  into  England 
in  Ibc  ;lh,  inlo  Fnnce  in  the  «th  and  into  Spiiu  in  the  iiih 
centuiy,  though  no  doubt  it  was  luiown  iniioth  France  and  Spain 

of  the  lervkc  and  cert^n  poj 

ftationil  liturgy  became  inier 

those  many  varying  medieval  Cjalliean  Usea  which  iie  issociatcd 

witb  the  nimel  of  different  Ficnch  sees. 

Tbc  chief  diilinguiibiDg  chuaciertnia  ot  the  Koman  tfte 
arc  theMt  (u)  the  pasition  of  the  gieit  intetceuian  for  quli^ 
and  dead  within  the  canon,  the  cemmEmoritian  of  the  living 
b«iiig  plaied  jiat  before  and  the  comiDenuraliOD  of  the  depuled 
Juit  after  Ibc  wordi  of  inilituiioni  (t)  the  abMnce  of  an 
"  Epikltjii  "o(  invocation  of  the  Holy  Ghost  upon  the  elemenW; 
(c)  tbe  poulkm  o(  the  "  Pai  "  or  "  Kiss  of  Peace  after  the  coo- 
secratioa  "  and  before  the  rammunion.  whereas  la  other  liturgin 
It  OKors  at  a  much  earlier  pdDI  in  tbe  service. 

UOirtlit  (•/  Uu  Briliik  Istanir 

Fniod  I.  rjkt  Cdtk  CWiit.— Until  recently  almcW  nothing 

was  known  of  tbe  chaiactn  ot  the  lilutgical  servin  ot  the  Cellic 

chuich  which  eiiited  in  these  Islands  before  the  Anglo-Saion 

Conquest,  and  cnntinued  to  exist  in  IielaDd,  Scotland,  Wales 
and  Cornwall  f«  considerable  though  varying  periods  ol  time 
after  that  event.    Bui  in  lennt  timea  a  good  d«l  of  light  bai 

publicatioi)  ol  the  lew  genuiDc  worlis  el  Fatiick,  Colnnba, 
ColumblBui,  Adamnan  and  other  Celtic  saints;  partly  by  the 
dbCDVny  of  lilur^cal  Temains  in  the  Scottish  i>*eil  ej  Dea  and 
in  th«  IiUi  Btda  «/  Dimiu  anif  ifafffaf  and  tbc  2l«a  Vitiol, 
fee.;  pnttly  by  tbe  publication  of  medieval  Irish  compUatiann, 
nth  a>  the  later  Brea,  Uba  Hywuunm,  liartynlotf  ^  Qapa, 
fee,  wbicb  contain  ocd^aatical  kalendats^  legends,  Inattes, 
fee.,  of  comidenblc  bat  very  vnyiag  antiquity.  The  endaaci 
Mttecttd  from  tteu  (ooretn  is  nttdent  to  pmt  thu  Ibe  Ktiao 
oftheCthkchiuAintottbtGiUicuitype.  In  central  Bn|l>Bd 
Ite  dmrcbei,  with  evoytbini  beiontinc  to  Iben,  wti«k«ny*d 
by  tbe  heathn  lovadoi  al.  tbt  clou  ot  the  5th  ctmuiy;  bul 
tbe  Celtic  church  In  tbe  rcmolet  parts  ol  England,  as  wtH  as 


its  inc 


id  Ireland,  ictalned 


:eler  by  Leofric, 
n  the  Bodleian 
[Oiford,  iSflj): 


*ki  yidds  tbe  following  evidence  of  the  Callican 
origin  ana  chancier  of  ibe  Cclik  liturgy-  (a)  ihe  piesente 
ol  collects  and  anthems  which  occur  in  the  CiUican  01  Uuuibic 
bul  not  in  the  Rooian  liturgy;  (6)  various  foraiuUe  of  thanks- 
giving after  commutilon,  (t)  frequent  biddings  or  addiHWi 
to  the  people  in  the  fonn  ol  Galilean  Piatjaiains,  [if]  the 
Gallicin  form  of  consecitiion.  being  a  prayer  called  "  P011- 
Sandus  "  leading  up  to  tbe  words  of  institution;  (<)  Ihe  cora- 
pticiled  lite  of  "fraclioa"  ot  "the  brcikmg  of  bread,"  as 
described  in  the  Iruh  treatise  at  the  cii(J  of  the  Surwt  Uiiiat. 
finds  its  only  counterpart  in  tbe  ebibarele  cerenionisl  of  the 
Mouiabic  church;  (/)  Ihe  prevnce  oi  tbe  Callican  ceremonial 
of  Pedilatium  or  "  Washing  ol  feet  "  in  the  eiriini  Irish  baptismal 

For  a  further  dncriptlon  of  these  and  oilier  fniurta  which  art 
to  F.  E-wi^n"  ^V|y  and  HiiM'tJ  II^Uui'  CJbrriMOifiin). 

Period  II.  Tke  Ai^a-Sanm  Cktrnk—Vfc  find  oarsriva 
here  OB  firmer  ground,  ind  cm  speak  with  ceitiinty  as  to  the 
nature  ol  the  liturgy  of  the  English  church  after  tlic  beginning 
of  the  7lh  century.  Information  it  drawn  tromUturglulalluHens 
in  the  eiinnt  canons  of  numerous  councils,  from  Ihe  voluminous 
writings  of  Bede,  Alcuin  and  many  other  ectlesiulical  anthers 
of  Ihe  An^o-Saioa  period,  and  above  all  ttom  a  (omidttaUe 
number  of  service-books  written  in  En^nd  before  tbe  Norman 
Conquest.  Three  of  these  books  are  missals  ol  more  01  leu 
completeness:  (1)  tbe  Ltoftic  Uisial.  a  com| 
century  MS.  pmcnicd  lo  the  cathedral  of 
the  first  bishop  of  Chat  see  (1046-1071),  ni 
Ubrary  M  Oiford;  edited  by  F.  E.  Wan 
(1)  the  missal  of  Robert  of  Jumi^,  irchb: 
(loji-ioji),  written  probably  at  Wincbesier  and  pre 
Archbishop  Robert  to  his  <M  Diotiasl^  d  jumicf 
neighbourhood  of  Rouen,  in  Ihe  pnbbc  library  of  which  it  now 
lies;  edited  by  H.  A.  Wilson  (Undon,  t!9»);  (3)  Ihe  Rti  Bail 
a/  Daby,  a  MS.  missal  of  the  second  halt  of  the  iilbccnlury, 
now  in  tbe  blinry  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge. 

A  penisat  of  these  volumes  proves  wliat  we  sbDuKI  have 
expectedapriori,  that  the  Roman  liturgy  was  in  tue  in  the  An^i^ 
Sanon  church.  This  was  the  case  from  Ihe  very  fint.  Iliat 
church  owed  ila  foundalion  to  a  Roman  poniiS,  and  to  Rooiaa 
missionaries,  who  brought,  as  we  are  tdd  by  Bede.  their  native 
liturgical  codices  with  then  (/Ti'if.  Etilci.  lib.  ii.  cap.  iB). 
Accordingly,  when  we  speak  of  an  Acgto-SauMi  missal,  we  mean 
1  Roman  imssal  only  exhibiting  one  or  nton  of  the  follawing 

Ibe  sane  centuiy.  (4)  Rnbrki  and  other  entries  of  ■  miscel- 
laoeous  character  wtitten  in  the  veniaculu  language  el  the 
conntty.  (1)  The  coDmemoniion  et  naliooal  or  local  saints  in 
Ibe  kalendar,  io'the  canon  ol  the  mass  and  in  tbe  litanies  which 
occur  for  uae  on  Easter  Even  and  in  the  baptismal  offias,    (e) 

■atnts,  together  with  ■  certain  number  of  collects  of  a  tkeceuarily 
local  character,  tor  the  rulen  of  the  country,  for  its  natural 
prDdnce,ftc.  WTbeadditioDof certainpeculiaiiiiesof litutgic*! 
structure  and  «r>*ngemeul  iblcipidatcd  into  the  otbetwin 
purely  Raman  setvic*  (torn  an  eitnneous  source.  There  art 
twDiMtnnitthy  enoiplesol  tbbin  Anglo^axon  seiviGe-boaki, 
Eveiy  Snaday  and  festival  and  alnwol  evcty  f  otive  naa  hat  its 
pnqn  pnfaoe,  althotigb  Ihe  Munbet  of  inch  pcefacei  in  Ibc 
"  igoriiii  laeramentuy  ol  tbe  laroe  period  bad  been  ledaced 
:igh(.  ThenwaaataigebiUBMqiJteeqiwl  number  of  iripli 
ei^scopal  bcBedietions  to  be  pronounced  by  the  bishop  aiiei  ibt 
'  "  Prayer  and  befote  tbc  communion.  Tbia  custom  must 
have  been  pctpetaiod  fmn  (be  aid  Cchic  liturgy  ot 
directly  derived  from  a  Callicin  souree. 

Period  III.  An^o-Ifiriiuui  Otiirck.— Tbe  Influx  ot  nummM 
foieiiavt,  cqiociBlly  Irom  NotiMBd 


Dgady  .wd  LnniM. 


LITUROV 


799 


prcccdnl.  icnmipuiicd  ind  fcflavcd  tlic  Conqiiat,  iad  tbc 
occupALioD  by  ibem  of  ibc  highol  poLs  in  cbLidi  ta  tvcll  u 
ituc  hid  I  diiLioci  cSkl  od  itae  iituigy  oi  the  Eagliib  church. 
Tboe  foreiga  cccloilMici  bnrusbl  evei  wiih  Uwm  m  pRfennca 
foi  Biid  •  bibit  ol  luiag  ceniia  fesium  dI  the  Gklliom  lilurgy 
■nd  lit  lul,  ■bkh  they  iuccetded  io  Incorpotsting  into  ihe  lervict- 
biwki  ol  Ibc  dmich  ol  EogUod,  Oh  of  the  Nonnui  pidatn, 
Dunund,  (Ouflt  oi  S^u,  tMil  at  Donel,  chuictUor  cd  EngUnd> 
and  bishop  ot  SiKsbury  (1078-1091)),  a  trediltd  with  hiving 
undertiktn  the  nTOion  of  the  EngUih  leivicc-books;  uid  the 
nbul  which  we  Vjiomi  alheSarumiliuat.otxbt  Uissalautiriiitt 
(p  (fa  t/n  s/ 5ani«.  pncLically  becuDC  the  ]iluicy  of  Ihe  Eugliih 
cbntch.  It  wu  not  only  [KCived  Into  uM  in  the  province  of 
Cinlerbury,  but  wu  latgtly  >d(^ted  beygod  those  limiii — In 
Iielaod  fn  the  11th  ud  in  vuioui  Scottish  dioct$ei  in  the  nth 

It  would  be  beyond  oar  icspt  ben  10  give  *  ooinpleie  lin  U 

medieval  Suum  und  the  euUer  Anglo-Suon  or  (onleniporutemis 
Roman  liturgy.  They  lie  mainly  In  differtncce  ol  coUecti  and 
kctiom,  vuiatloniartiliulonCindlemus,  Asb  Wedneidayiind 
thtougbout  Holy  Week;  the  inlrodoction  into  the  canoo  of  the 
maas  of  certain  ctausea  and  uugn  of  Galilean  chancier  or 
origin^  the  wording  of  njbrica  in  the  subjunctive  or  fjnperallve 
tense;  the  peculiar  "  Precca  in  proatmllone  ";  the  proeeaaion  of 
CorpUJ  Chrfjtl  on  Palm  Sunday;  the  forma  of  ejection  and 
recondllMion  of  penilemi,  ftc.  The  varying  episcopal  bene- 
dfclioni  u  toed  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  church  were  wtnlncd,  but 
the  nunMroiD  proper  pnfacea  wett  discorded,  the  number  being 
reduced  lo  ten. 
Beaidci  Ihe  famous  and  tat-spteadlng  Uk  of  S«ruin,  other 

dioceses.  In  virtue  of  a  lecognlied  diocesan  independence, 
bishopa  Mere  able  to  ifgulale  oT  alter  their  ritual,  and  to  add 
(pecia!  maiaes  or  commemontions  for  use  within  Ihe  limits  of 
tbeir  juiiMliction.  The  better  known  and  the  more  dlstinctlvE 
of  theae  Uses  wtie  IhoM  of  York  and  KereFord,  but  we  aUo  find 
traces  of  or  allusions  to  the  Uses  of  Bangor,  Lichfield,  Lincoln, 
Ripon.  St  AMph.  St  Paul's,  Wells  and  Winchester. 

£tfnii-tiM*i.— The   Euclsriitic  Krvice  w«  contalint  in  Ihe 
voluni*  oUed  ih*  Miwl  (j.».).  a>  the  ortinwy  cM      " 
eoncained  in  the  vofumc  known  as  the  Bieviaiy  (».».). 

Mr  W.  Maikdl  has  enummied  ind  dncribed  nin'eij-one  inch 
votumei  employed  by  (he  Weueni  Church  only.    It  nan  be  iindn- 

iila*-  Xil'  Ecciei.  Antlii.,  lasi.  vol,  i.p.  ctuu.).  The  list  mlihi  be 
incnised,  but  it  will  be  poiable  here  only  to  name  and  Erielly 
describeafewof  themDrrimpOTtanlDf (hem.  fi)  The 4rnr Ja ii the 
'  "  wt.  (or vhich  K*  below.  {l)  T1ie^rui>b«ry<an- 
~  the  eaaonical  hours,  and 

,. ,    0)  The  Batdulioiul 

contained  those  triple  episcopal  bencdiclians  previously  dncribed 
■I  used  on  Sundays  and  on  the  chief  festivals  ihraoghoul  the  year. 
(4)  The  CMtlvutm  containnj  the  coUcfli  tor  the  _■««,  Iggtlhn 
(riihifcwodierparuodhidayoPlcei.  Iimaaninchnale breviary. 
is)  Theffun'anHiicaquiiRdihtepSiilea.aiidihefMiMffiiUniiM 
lEe  sonieh  for  the  year.  [7)  TV  Cmiiat  contained  the  inlnil. 
giidual,  aequeuccs,  and  Che  other  po  ''        ''' '  "  "  '' 


tutted  iIk  auiphom  or  aathma.  au 


...^ FT  Bung  by  the  choir  at  high  man. 

lined  the  leciLOni  which  were  read  at  mar 
\d  may  he  taken  >«  a  gencrie  term  to  hu 
■-■— -'— -L   (9)The^oiiii 


nnplaycd  in  England 


«  the  X 


ontaincd  Ihe  oiden  of 
ily 


id  other  oflleei  which  might  be  peric 

oy  me  fmniB  pncji.    iio)  The  PmiJIal  eoniai — ■  ■■■ '■ 

coniecralion,  orcfination,  and  such  other  rriev  ai 
only  be  perTormed  by  a  Irishop-  Tothesewemust 

was  not  stiklly  a  choieh  ofitce  book,  but  a  hind'   

cir  the  laity,  and  which  walln  very  popular  use  and  often  very  tiighl; 
embenished  finm  the  I41h  to  the  IMh  century,  the  Batk  rj  Hnn 
or  llarae  Bbum  Uatiti  Virtmis.  alio  known  ai  the  Ptymtr  - 


lof  th 


s,  Ihe 


penitential  Psalms,  and  other  devotioiK  of  a  mivellaneDus  and 
Drivite  chancMr.  Detailed  inrormation  about  all  the«  and  otKtr 
EocJia  ia  10  be  found  hi  C.  Wordnronh  and  K.  LItllcfailea',  Tki  OU 

Tha  Eaatern  Chun:ll  100  poueiitd  and  nil  possestn  numennu 

(I)  Tke  Ew)HJ*(taii,«niaiidngih*lturgyii>e1[inthihertnHirdnt 


, ,_.po(tBBalUiaBtevIaiy.   (1)  Th*  JWnaaa, 

be>i«  (wSvaloit  10  a  complHe  Bnviary.    Ul  The  UtmAviat  or 

Martyraloty.  UJ  TheOLUnluand  WTheyirarJMwi.coniaining 
Tiopiik  and  aan«rlnt  10  th*  W«M«ni  antiphonary.  (7)  The 
PnumiUTm,  cBiiiaifiiac  ihe  nrviaa  fma  Eaitcr  Day  ts  AU 
Sainie'  Sunday.  IMi  The  Triodi^i,  cmutiniag  thoac  from  Septus 
gesima  Sunday  10  Eulei  Even,  (ol  The  TjptCMm  il  a  general  Wk 
of  rubiio  corresponding  10  ilie  Otdinale  or  the  Pie  of  We«ero 
ChrisUndoAL 

Period  IV.  Tkt  KrfaniuJ  Cjbvbl.— Hie  AngUcu  lilutsy  tt 
Reformation  and  poat-Refaniulioii  timea  la  described  under 
the  heading  of  Puvu,  Boos  or  Commos,  but  a  brief 
descrlpilon  may  be  added  here  of  Ibe  Utugiei  of  other  leleciacd 
chuichei. 

TIk  LUvrf  ef  On  ScMiH  Bfitafol  Ckiirdi.—1}ih  liturgy 
in  nearly  Its  present  form  waa  compiled  by  Scslikh  bi^cfa  In 
i6jC  and  imposed — or,  to  speak  more  accuniely,  attempted  to 
be  impoaed — upon  Ibc  Scottish  people  hy  the  royal  authority  id 
Charles  I.  In  i6jt.  The  prelates  chieSy  (nDcerTied  in  it  were 
Spoltlcwood,  bishiv  of  Glasgow;  Maiwell,  bishop  of  Roa^ 
Wedderbura,  bishop  of  Dunblane;  and  Forbta,  hilhop  of  Edin- 
burgh. T^irworkwasapprovedaudrevisedby  certain  membeia 
oT  Ihe  English  episcopate,  especially  Ijud,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury; Juion,  bishop  of  London;  and  Wren,  bishop  ol  Ely. 
This  liturgy  bas  met  with  varied  fortune  and  has  passed  Ihraugli 


everal  et 


s  froi 


1764. 


munioti  oBice  in  Ihe  Scottish  Episcopal  Church. 

The  general  airangements  of  its  paitt  approiimalea  more 
riosely  10  that  olthefint  book  of  Edward  VI.  than  to  the  present 
Anglican  Book  of  Common  Prayer-  Among  its  noteworthy 
featurei  are  (a)  the  retention  in  Its  integrity  and  in  its  primi- 
tive poution  after  the  words  of  inslilulioo  of  the  invocation  ot 
Ihe  Holy  Spirit-  That  invocation  runs  thus;  "  And  we  moal 
humbly  beseech  thee,  O  mercllul  Falher,  to  heat  us  and  ol  Xhj 
almighty  goodness  vouchsafe  to  bless  and  sanctify  with  II^ 
word  and  Holy  Spirit  these  thy  gifts  and  cieaturn  of  bread  and 
wine  that  they  may  become  the  body  and  blood  of  thy  most 
'  '  '  '  nl  Son"  (edit.  1764).  This  kind  of  petition  thus 
placed  is  found  In  the  Eajten  ■---■--■•■  ■     ■- 


)  The  re 
sage,  for 


purpose  of  c 
noRi  numbci 
three  or  fou 


Krmitted.  by 


I-  Dowden,  Tit  Amulaiti 


i  CcmmmiitH  Strtiic  (Edinburgh; 

fktti  LilTtj.— The  Prayer  Book  of  "  the  Proiestant 

Episcopal  Church  "  ia  America  wu  adopted  by'  the  gcnenl 

intioD  of  the  American  church  In  17^0.    It  Is  substantially 

ime  as  Ihe  English  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  but  among 

Inqiortant   variations   we   nay   name   the  following:  (4)  The 

^mcnl  and  wording  of  Ihe  order  for  Holy  CommDnioB 

'  lescmhles  that  of  the  Scottish  than  that  of  the  English 

tilucgy.  especially  in  the  position  of  the  oblalioD  >nd  tnvocalioo 

yomedisiely  after  tbe  wc^s  of  insiiiuiioD.    (i)  Tbc  Uagnifical, 

Nuc  dimillis  and  gnater  pan  of  Beitedictiis  were  flisnsed; 

bul   these  were  reinstated  among  the  changes  made  in  the 

Prayer  Book  in  1851.    (c)  Ten  sckciions  of  Pulmsare  appointed 

loTuwasallcrcaiiveafortherulmiof  the  day.    id)  CJwia  {■ 

iHiJiu  is  allowed  as  a  aobstituu  for  Cforia  Pairi  ai  the  end  ol 

Ihe  Psalms  at  morning  and  evening  prayer,    Inaddilion  tolhese 

theif  ate  many  more  both  Impoitani  and  unimportant  virialioiu 

km  the  EaglUb  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

Tin  Iriik  Praya  £»1.— The  Piayer  Book  in  use  io  Ibc  Iiisb 

portion  of  the  United  Church  ot  England  and  Ireland  was  the 

*     "can  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  but  after  the  discstablish- 

of  the  Iri^h  church  several  changes  were  introduced  into  It 

synod  held  al  Dublin  In  1870.     These  changes  included 

such  important  ptrints  aa:  {a)  the  eicisloo  of  all  lessons  from 

Ihe  Apocrypha,  {*)  of  the  rubric  ordering  the  reeitaiion  of  the 

'lanasiin  Creed,  (cl  of  the  nibrlc  ordeiint  the  vt^imcnis  of 

iccwid  year  of  Edward  VI-,  U)  of  the  form  of  absolution  in 

office  for  Ibe  viahslion  of  Ibe  vA,  [1)  the  kMUiao  te  the 


8oo 

CatK^nm  of  ■  qutsdoB  ud  UBwcr  briiiciii(  oat  man  dnrijr 

the  ^siiiuil  (Jiancin  of  the  rhI  pitiaice. 

Tin  Prabyloian  CAn/iJi.— Tht  Piabywriin  churches  rf 
ScDikDditpreudi  pounsodlituriypropDlyKtcaUed.  Cauin 
fCBcnl  nilea  for  the  cooduct  of  divine  ttrviee  ue  cohUined  ia 
tire  "  Dittcioty  for  the  Palriii  Worship  of  Cod  "  igreed  upon  by 
the  UKmhly  of  divines  it  WetminstB,  wiUi  Ihc  Uiistsucc  of 
commiuioBBs  fnm  the  Church  of  ScoUutd,  ipproved  utd 
id  by  an  ut  el  the  (tgenl  uaembly,  and  loi  ui  Ml  of 
It,  both  in  1645.  In  1(54  John  Koei  hwl  dnwo  up  u 
ude  ol  hlwiy  dos^  modelled  on  the  Ceaevm  pitiem  foe  the 
UM  of  ibe  Engliib  canpt|aiion  to  vhich  he  wu  then  mioiiteiing 
*t  FtinUon.  On  his  relum  to  Scollind  thii  [arm  of  Uturgy  wm 
(flopted  by  u  Kt  of  the  genoi!  uscmbly  in  i;6oind  beame 
the  cuiblishtd  fana  of  wonbip  in  the  Ptesbylerian  chuich  until 
the  ycu  1645,  whea  the  Ditecloiy  ol  Public  Wonhip  look  itl 
place.  Hodn  ttgulations  ue  laid  dovD  for  tha  conduct  of 
'  puhlic  uronbip,  (or  Ibt  sading  of  Scripluie  and  for  eitempaic 
pnyei  befote  and  aflei  the  >ern»n,  ud  in  the  idmmiatratlon 
of  the  ucramcnt  of  bapUsm  and  tht  Lotd'i  Supper,  loc  the 
lolemnizatioD  of  maniage,  visitation  of  the  sick  aod  burial  of 
the  dead,  lot  the  ebMrvance  of  days  of  public  luting  and  public 
thankifiviDi,  logether  with  i  lorm  of  ordination  and  a  dirnleiy 
for  family  wontup.  Id  all  these  coua,  though  the  |en«al  lertm 
of  the  pnyer  are  fniqueoily  indicated,  the  wording  of  it  ia  leli 
10  the  diicniioD  d  the  miniuet,  with  iheie  cicepiions:  At 
Ibe  act  of  baptism  this  loimula  must  be  uted— "  I  l^tiie  ihee 
In  Ihe  Dsme  of  the  Father,  and  of  the  Son,  and  ol  the  Holy 
Chott  ";  and  lor  the  Lord'I  Suppei  these  forma  are  auggeiled, 
but.  with  libecty  to  the  minister  lo  use  "  other  Ihe  like,  used  by 
Chtiu  or  hii  apoMlei  upon  this  occasion  "— "  According  to  the 
holy  institution,  camDiand,  and  ciimplc  of  our  biased  Saviour, 
Jesui  Chritl ,  I  tike  this  bread,  and  having  given  thanks,  break  it , 
ud  give  il  unto  you.  Take  ye,  eal  yo;  this  is  Ihc  body  of  Christ 
which  il  broken  fc 


LITUUS— LIVE  OAK 


ir  Lord  Jen 


bcTore  the  mi 


ling  ID  the  i> 


impla 


la  this  cup  and  give  it  unit 
ratamcnt  in  the  blood  of  Chtisl,  wbidi  is 
1  of  the  lins  of  many;  drink  ye  alt  of  ii," 
varying  form  aS  word*  directed  lo  b«  uicd 
linisier  by  the  man  to  Ihe  woman,  and  by  the  woman 
to  ine  man  in  IhecascoitbeMlcmniialiDn  of  matrimony.  The 
form  ol  words  on  all  other  accauons,  including  otdinaiiOD,  it 
left  to  the  discretion  ol  the  officiating  miiustCT  ot  'of  Ibe 
prabytcry. 

fxrgMn  PnUsUnl  Oamlia.  TV  C^miitit  Cbvcks.— Rather 
man  ol  (he  liturgical  ekmenl  In  the  shape  of  1  k<  bitm  ol  words 
enten  into  the  Mrvice  ol  the  French  sod  Csnan  Cslvinitilc 
PlotMtaoIt.  The  Sundly  momiiu  leivice  ai  dnwn  up  by  Cilvin 
wiitoDpcnwiihaponionol  Floly  ScriptumndiheRciiitianol  ihr 

ceiDcem;anv  him.  proceeded  los  confiwai]  of  uni  and  lupphciiiini 
(or  trace.   Then  one  of  the  Palms  of  David  wu  sung.   Tbrn  cane 

the  Iwd's  Kayer.  creed  and  benediction.  The  communion  service 
bran  with  an  tihoRalion  leading  up  to  the  apoules'  CRcdi  Ihea 
foBomd  ■  long  exbonaiion.  after  which  the  hicad  ud  whM  wei* 
distributed  to  the  people,  who  advanced  jq  reverence  and  ordef.  while 

a  Psalm  wasbeing  sung.ora  suitable  paHagenrScripine  was  being 
—  -"     Vter  an  had  cnmrnunicatcd  a  set  lorm  of  thanksgivinr  — 


■rofSinH 


a>  been  modiBed  in 


by  Ihe 


Calvinistic  chuithei  of  Germany.  Swltierland  and  Prance. 

nt  iMlJimn  CTKrdt.— Luther  was  l^r  more  tonservatit 
the  rest  of  Ibe  fVelenaal  reformeis  and  hit  ronrrvaiinn  n; 
Bowheee  more  than  In  the  servlcv-boaks  which  he  drew  up  for 
of  the  chuich  which  bears  his  name.  In  I511hepiibli>bcda 
Of  Ihi  Orirr  (tf  U>  Stnia  in  Ul  Canfefiltsi  and  In  1 


published  the  Crr«ua  JVnn.     ExcetK  that 
lubMltned  for  the  Latin  tanguan.  the  oM  frimewoni  ann  on> 
of  the  Roman  misstl  were  closrly  followed.  beginDfaig  sriih  1! 
"    ~    Mion,u1llal«aviwng  in  Creek.  Clor 

m  Amit  Ii'  ctiitllKlu  Crmriltrn  in  Lulkiriidm  Brtrntinln 
(MOrdlinRn.  iljj).  At  Ihe  same  time  Luther  was  lolrnnt  v 
eipiiKil  a  hope  ihii  dUeicnt  poniooa  o<  Ibe  LulheraD  chun 


In  tail,  on  the  union  of  the  Luibenn  and  Reformed  JCalviniHic) 
churches  of  Pniuia.  a  new  Uturgy  was  publiAed  a>  BerHiL  It  la 
used  In  Its  entirety  <■  Ihe  ehipel  royal,  but  great  liberty  as  m  iti  nae 
wasaUowed  toIheparochkalckripF,  ud  eoaiidtnbk  oarialaoia  cf 

The  Chunh  of  the  New  Jeruiilem  (SwedcnboigiaBs)  and  the 
Cithonc  ApDitalic  Church  (Irvingiie^  and  other  Protestant  bodte 
have  drawn  up  lilurgiei  lor  tbemidves,  but  they  ai  '  "  ' 
sufficient  historic  ImpntaliGO  10  """  "■ ^""^  ""  ■--— ' 

The  Old  CiihoUa,  Ujtly,publ 
the  occuiona]  ofBces  for  baptism,  matrimony,  burial, 
lor  reception  of  Holv  Communiori,  in  the  German  I 
latter  iA  tor  uie  in  the  otherwise  unaltered  servree  et  IMe  naaa, 
cDrrevonding  in  punuse  to  the  order  of  Comnwidoa  ia  Engliik 
publialied  the  gch  of  Match  1J4I  and  hi  uc  tlU  Whitiumtoy  luj. 

LITUUS.  Ihe  cavalry  trumpet  of  the  Romuu,  uld  by  Uacto- 
biui  l^olan.  lib.  vi.)  lo  have  reKmblcd  the  crooked  slaS  beine 
by  the  Auguis.  The  lituus  coniisled  of  a  cylindrical  tube  4  » 
I  ft.  long,  having  a  narrow  bore,  and  tcrmituting  ii)  *  tonlcil  bdl 
joint  turned  up  in  such  a  manna  aa  10  give  tht  inttrvmeat 
the  outline  of  the  letter  "J."  Unlike  the  buccina,  caraa  and 
tuba,  the  other  military  Mrvice  instruments  of  the  Romicn, 
the  liiuut  has  not  been  traced  during  the  middle  agea,  the 
medieval  inttiunent  moil  nearly  resembling  it  being  ibe 
bicfai  however,  had  lateral  hfdti  and 
teed  mouthpiece.  A  lituus  found  in 
Cetveiri  (Etiuria)  in  1817  is  preserved 
UahilloB  givB  ils  length  as  1  m.  60,  and 
'ith  that  of  Ibe  iiumpel  in  C  (Cefoietue 
iflif.  i&tfi.  pp.  19-jo).  (K.  S.) 

"  LnnMaN*)  ({.  flfi-fljj),  Italian 

linning  ol  the  lolh  century,  ol  1  good  Lombard  family.  In 
I  he  entered  tbe  service  ol  King  Hugo  ol  luly  as  page;  he 
ciwuds  rose  to  a  high  position  at  the  court  ol  If  ugo's  successor 
rengar,  having  became  chanceUoi,  and  having  been  sent  (949) 
u  embassy  10  the  Byianli 


ru  played  by  means  ol 
Raman  watrior's  tomb  J 
II  the  Vati 


wiihB 
Otlol, ' 


ached  hi 


061  he  accompajiied 
in  96]  he  was  made  bishop  of  Cremona.  He  was  fi 
employed  in  missioni  to  the  pope,  and  in  Q68  to  Const: 
to  demand  for  Ihc  younger  Otto  {afterwards  Otto  II.) 
it  Thcophano,  daughter  of  the  emperor  Nicephorus 
His  account  of  Ihis  embassy  in  the  Rrlalh  ii  Ucalianc 
}felila*a  is  perhaps  ihe  nwit  graphic  and  lively  pit 


Phoa 


ui  from  the  le 


«t 


detailed  docripiion  ol  Constantinople  and  the  Bycli 
is  a  document  of  rare  value — though  highly  coloured  by  hii 
reception  and  oSended  dignity.     Whether  he  relumed  in 
whh  Ihe  embassy  to  bring  Theopbaoa  or  not  is  unccrt 
Liudprand  died  in  97  s. 

He  wmte  U)  AnUipedouoj,  lem  ftntm  per  Eurfffiam  Hilar 
tibri  VI,  an  hniorical  narrative,  refalii^c  to  the  evenis  from 
to  044.  compiled  wiifa  ihe  object  ol  avenging  himietf  upon  Berer 
andWilli  hii  queen  1  (1)  Hiilaria  Ouonii,  a  work  of  grnltr  impi 
aliiy  afid  merit,  unfortunately  covering  only  the  y^^^r^  rti^m  nA, 
964 ;  and  (i)  the  Jtilefai  ii  tefnftm  CaiUaliiHM 
All  aie  lo  he  found  in  the  tlanm.  Cera.  Hul.  at 
Jter.  lul.  Sirifl.  of  Muraloii;  there  is  an  ediiioo  t>y  b.  unmmler 

by  W.'WattenWh.  Is  given  in  the  second  volume  ol  the  Ct«UttU- 
■■•    rUrt    ilt    dfOsckcw    Verstil    (iSsj).      Coinpare    Wattenbach. 
'':iikiiliUoMdln  im  UStdaOtr.    Three  other  wuka, 
via.  CJinmiiai,  6g6-Dio.  and  Optaailtim  it  Mil 

llii^~Hln  Emeil  HrK'lrnan\S€UiJ  Dttamnit  ^iL  If Uill  Hca 
iBohn  Kriet.  i^V  A  complete  bibliogiaphy  is  ia  A.  PolihaB's 
BM.  Hta.  Uiiii  Aai  (Berlin.  iS96>. 

UVB  OAK,  a  dly  and  Ihe  county-seat  of  Suwannee  cminty, 
noridi,  U.S.A.  Si  m.  by  rait  W,  of  JsckjonvHIe.  Pop.  (1890) 
(Sj;(i9Ba)  i6j9i  11901)11001  ligioluSO'    UvrOak  is  lerved 


DnluUsMti  Gtick 


br  the  Albalic  Cout  Uk,  the  Snbouid  Air  Unc,  tbt  Live  Oik, 
Peny  k  Cull  utd  the  Floridi  nilmys.  Thtii  are  eilcnsivc 
■RU  of  pine  lands  in  the  vicinity,  and  large  ttuaolitis  of  Ka- 
illand  cotton  are  produCAi  in  the  county.  Lumber  and  naval 
■lorn  an  alu  inptHtant  producta.  The  fint  ■ettktneDt  on  the 
lite  of  ibe  city  wa>  nude  in  iMj  by  John  Pinhley,  of  Matu- 
choMita,  wbo  eiKltd  »  licge  uw-mill  btn  Liv«  Oak  wai 
Gnt  incocpomed  u  a  lawn  in  1S74,  and  in  190J  wai  chanetcd 

UVER  (0.  Eng   /i/n-;  cf,  cognate  forms,  Dutch  Ittit,  Get 
LlbiT.  Sw«d,  kfoa,  lie;  the  O  H.  Gti  forma  an  libata,  lipara, 
la.;  the  Teut.  woid  has  iieen  connected  with  Gr.  i(nip  and  Lat. 
itcnr).  in  anatomy,  a  brgcceddiahbrewndignlive  gland  situated 
in  the  uppCT  and  right  part  of  the  abdominal  cavity.    When 
birdened  in  lilK  its  shape  is  that  of  a  right-angled, 
triangular  prism  showing  6ve  surfaces — superior, 
anterior,  inlerior,  posterior  and  right  bierai  which 
represents  the  base  ol  the  prinn.    It  weighs  about 
three  pounds  01  one-lorticth  oF  the  body  weight. 

Although  the  liver  ii  a  fairly  solid  organ.  It  ii 
plastic,  and  moulds  Itself  to  even  hollow  neighbour- 
ing viscera  rather  than  Ibey  to  it.  The  superior 
■'     'le  diaphragm,  but  hat 


Meh 


At  ii 


and  at  tight  angles  to 
and  It/1 /«t«i  oF  <l 


^  Coil. 

sletior  margin  the  p«i- 

:  is  reflected  on  10  the 

:he  mid  tine  of  the  body, 


e  right  and  w 


thL-  diaphragm  and  the  anterior 
The  attachment  of  the  falcilorm 
lueddownii.  The  poWerior  sut- 
plicaied  (see  fig.  1);  starling  from 


vard  tl 


.    This 


direct  contact  with  the  diapkiasm,  is  si 
bounded  on  the  left  by  the  inFCrior 
which  is  sunk  Into  a  deep  groove  in  the  uvet,  ano 
into  the  u^ier  part  oF  this  the  ktfalic  kihj  open. 
Just  to  the  right  oF  this  and  at  the  lower  p»rl  of  the 
ba  re  area  is  a  trianguLir  depitnion  forlheright  supra- 
renal body.  To  the  left  ol  the  vena  cava  is  Ibe 
Spierlian  fete,  which  lies  in  Itonl  of  the  bodies  ot 
the  tenth  and  eleventh  thoiacic  vertebrae,  the  letier 
aac  of  peritoneum,  diaphragm  and  thoracic  aorta 
intervening.  To  the  leftoFthiaisthe  lisiureror  the 
ditilul  IviuiHi.  and  10  Ihe  left  of  this  again,  the  left 
btosd  shallow  g 


The  under  lurfacr  sf  the  teF(  lobe  b  concave  for  the  Interior 
surface  of  Ibe  atoinacb  (see  AuMKNiABY  CAKat:  SUmack 
Ckiimitr),  while  a  coDveiity,  known  as  tbc  tubir  tnunuii,  6ta 
Into  the  lesser  curvature  of  that  otgau.  The  posleriar  bouadarf 
ol  the  quadrate  kibe  is  the  Irtmvtm  fisan,  which  is  little  mon 
than  an  inch  long  and  more  than  hall  an  inch  wide.  Thil 
fissure  ivpresents  the  hUum  of  the  liver,  and  contains  Ihe  right 
and  left  hepatic  ducts  and  the  right  and  Idt  baoches  ol  Iht 
bepalic  artery  and  portal  vein,  together  with  nerves  and  lym- 
phatici,  the  whole  being  enclosed  bi  same  condensed  lubpetitoneal 


IS  Qurn 


id  of  the  Spigelian  lobe  is  seen  as  a  knob  called  the 
irr,  and  from  the  right  of  this  a  narrow  bridge  nms 
to  the  right  to  join  the  Spigelian  lobe  to  the  right 


oesophagul  may  1 


IS  fat 


uaUybi 


ie  left  al 


body.  The  relalioto  o 
only  be  understood  IE  it 
backward  and  to  the  1* 


Neit  CI 


is  for  the  hepatic  fleiute  of  the  colon,  and  the 
upper  part  ol  the  tight  kidney.  To  the  Icit 
■ninn  i>  •  smaller  one  for  the  second  pan  ol  the 
he  (Off  Uaddcr,  a  pear-shaped  bag. 
Tint  and  below,  the  neck  V'----'  — ' 


c^hld£ir!n°l!li'e  di 
lobe  and  to  shut  off  t 


Eal  surface.  The  portal  AHwn  haa 
paniTiE  Lhmigb  il;  the  other  luaurca 
-<rlo«3.  In  tliii  liver,  which  was 
ciiUlions  ol  the  colon  are  disiinclly 


u  of  Ihcir  hstuiei 


dmdenL. 

the  fundus  ol  which 
above.  From  the  neck  passes  the  tyjl 
twisted  into  the  form  of  an  S.  To  the  •'•l  ' 
is  Ihe  fuaJraU  lain,  which  is  in  contact  with 
itonutch.  To  the  left  of  this  is  the A/' JehoF 
from  the  quadrate  lobe  by  the  umbilical  ■ 


dull,  which  is  often 


the  reHHd  Ut 
of  tl      ■ 


-.1,  the  lei 


in  which  lie- 
imbilical  veif 

■n  as  the  ptniktpalii 


transverse  fisaure  from  that  lor  the  vena 
date  hbi.    The  right  surface  of  (be  Uvir 

is  covered  wiin  pentoneum  and  a  in  contact  with  the  diaphragm, 
outside  which  an  the  pleura  and  lower  ribs.  From  its  lower 
margin  the  ri[ht  laleral  Utameal  is  ledcacd  on  to  the  diaphragm. 
A  limilar  Fold  passes  from  the  lip  of  tlie  kit  lobe  as  the  UJt 
lalaai  titamal,  and  both  these  are  the  lateral  margin!  of  the 
coronary  ligament.  Sometimes,  especially  In  women,  *  tongue- 
shaped  projection  downward  of  the  right  lobe  b  found,  known 
as  Ricdtl'i  lobf,  it  is  oF  clinical  interest  as  it  may  be  mbuken 
for  a  tumour  ot  ftoating  kidney  (see  C.  H.  Uaf,  Pnc  AiaL 
Stc.,  February  i«w;  J'^nf-  JtMl.  and  Wyr.  vol.  33,  p.  iJi ). 
The  light  and  lelt  hipmic  ifiirfi,  wbUe  siill  in  the  transverse 
fissure,  unite  into  a  single  duel  which  joins  the  cystic  duct  from 
thegall  bladder  at  anacute  angle.     When  IhCK  ha\-e  united  the 


UiBuusi'-'HuttnllhiUrt,.-  Tht  Liver  ii  rude  up  of  in  I 
number  ot  WWij  of.  coniral  form  lt«  Be.  j),  l(  ihf  pon 
(□Honed  Ima  tbe  imuvrric  fimn,  it  wilt  be  wen  lo  brand 
briiKh  uniil  mouu  laifi  callol  uttritMor  tniii  (E«.  z. 


LIVER 

down  Id  the    •^^„  lob*  uuchca  bjr  in  mlk  lo  ihe  S|il(Fli*>>.  ud  hiviin  lu 
blidc  fUuened  bet<Knt  ihc  rifhl  liKnl  lobe  ind  iIk  dfln  ludncy. 

ind  derail  lo  the  tialll  "iht  IHndatl    In^ra^jng'thr  ^b)i 

ciiodrue  lobedgca  oc 


«r,\[v 


f  the  lobule.  fDnninfl 
.    On  iwhiKK  the  <- 

nch  Ihc  hcpallc  radit 


th*  bkwd  11  conducted 


one  ha<  ■  £braui  (heath 

•SJ  (fa,  3.  It.).  "^  '  ""^ 
fHtryglfty.— Tbe    litcr 

derinil  hoUow  longitudinal 
outgrowth  ffem  the  duo- 


;.   Theu] 


1   (he   (> 


and   ETOwi  up  into 
t.  i.l.Interlobulit  vein,  ending  !n  the  whie'h  the  ctii!r»l  part  ci 

lobulirapilLaries.  Ata.nthe  li^licnBrtofitiitprimar^ 
apdlane.  of  one  lobule  com-  divenicglum  lolid  rodi  of 
Dunicitc  with  tboac  adjacent  rcU,     called     the     lupatit 

tlXK  branch  a«ai 


d  breaking 


iluUr  Dctworlc  la 


1    lb*   i 


The  loser  Icaudil)  nn  of  the  (urrow-like  outsrowlh  lenuin 
hollow  and  lorma  the  gall  bladder.  At  hiu  iSe  Uvet  i>  em- 
brdded  in  the  leptum  tmnnenum.  but  later  the  dia_phra|in  and 

very  lanre  and  fiUi  the  vreatcr  part  of  the  abdomen.    At  birth  it  ti 

^    the  right  and  leit  loDn  beiJlB 
U  the  AcraniA  (Ampfaioaui)  the 

haa  a  hepatic  ptirtal  circuit- 
tiofl  and  aecretei  dideitive 
fluid.  In  all  tbe  Ciafliit*  a 
aolld  liver  it  deyeh>ped.     In 

_  tbe  adult  lamprey  among  the 

,  Cyclo»tomalatl»U«r  under- 

hepatic  lobulet  of  a  pit-  bile  ducts  am]  nil  bladder 

*,c,  Ce(Hralvein»recEivin(theint™-  diiappenr.    ilwuAihev  are 


cail-Uaddcr  is  pmeni. 
aame  description  appliet 


(Menilon)  the  hepatic  duct  ia  al«  reiifocm  (lee  P.  E.  Beddatd. 
PrK.  Zml.  Sx..  im.  p.  los).  Ia  bitdi  two  bba  arv  alK  preanu, 
but  in  lome  ol  them.  tj.  tbe  agcoa.  there  n  no  gallbladder. 

type  of  liver  eiiBi.  from  whkb  that  o(  any  mammal  may^  derived 
by  upprEnian  or  fuiiaa  of  lobes.  Tbe  luxompanyiDi  diiiram  of 
Flower  (fif .  4)  reprewita  an  ideal  maiamaliaD  liver.  Il  will^  aecn 
thai  the  umbilicu  fiaaure  (ir)  divides  the  orvan  into  right  and  left 
halves,  as  in  [he  lower  vertebrates,  but  that  tbe  ventral  mri  of  raih 
half  ir  divided  (me  a  central  and  lateral  lobe.  Panins  i 
1.,.  ... 1 — ._,  ^j,,  |j,j^  (^_  ^1,,  .._. 

., .3l(Il)lsbee.  Theglll-biat 

-be  Spijeli 


...... (ifl.'riiht  mirai VS.  Wt 

littial  (ll)  lobee.  The  gall-bladder  (r).  when  ii  is 


rbelDf  ui 


tus 


bladder  and  the  umbil 


generaHaed  type,  it  i 
correapond  to  any  one  teneraliii 
the  rigUi  eouial  which  Tiei  bet* 


1  [n;  A,  ThomKUi 


ii%>i.  -• 


Inonh  lUirfluieiy  and  AtiAni- 


Fic.  ^.— Diammnutic  Plan  c<^he  Inferior  Surface  of  a  Multl- 
lobed  Ltver  ol  a  Mammal.    Tbe  posierioi  or  attached  border  ii 

a.    Umbilical  vein  of  tlie  foetus,     rlf.  The  right  lateral  biurc. 
represented    by    Ihe    round     (/.  The  cynic  liaMire. 
ligament  in  Ih.  adult,  lyinf    fl.   The  left  lateral  lobe. 


dt.  The 
K,  The 

'■   ""I'rL 

Jtf.TheUViatnrftiHre.  g,   tiu  ^u'bladder 

(Bjorj.  Cambridge.  (^W.  p  JB),  it  u  (airly  clear  that  the  hu 

fiuutca.    This  fusion  is.  pr 
.1..  iB.rf  „t  nmaiin-  f-lln..^,.  ^^  , 
»/  a.  Bl 


n.  The  right  central  lobe. 
rf.  The  right  lateral  lobe. 
J,  The  SpigeBan  kbe. 


(uiion  is.  piobablv  (orRcily.  auribined  by  Keith  to 


plnying  dii^ni  (fig.  j) 
showB  an  abnofnal  human 
liver  in  the  Anatomical  De- 

SotT 


.     of     St     Tlioma: 


the    fleneraliud    type.      In 

tally  like.'T  Mny'  dSt 
that  of  the  baboon   {Fiipis 

Prx'.  Anal.  Soc-Frb.  19(4! 
Jnrn.  Aiml.andFlitj.  vol.  ti, 
D.   oiij.     Ceorj  Ruge  "  Cie 


n  aunnu  the  re-  malian  typ^' 
A  (hc^iigc^n  and 
.vbct  ai  parts  ol  a  tingle  lobe,  (or  Vhich  he  propoacs  the 
:!-»...- \ -_     TfctI  ,T.«.t..i — '*  »—  —  .J.  .^ ^ 


Fm.  Aatl.  Sk.,  Jtarn.  Anal,  u 
Sn«CE»v  or  Liver  1.1m  Cj 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  ibdoni 
Ihe  human  liver  i»  often  lorn  or 
tbe  ltr(e  blood-vtnela  betn(  lli 


LIVERMDRE 


803 


into  Ifae  bcBy'cavily  mty  take  plue.    The  imUvidual  btcomn 


leiui 


lEliicr- 


.    The  I 


right  ihinr 
open  ine  Miiy  la  \ae  miaaie  line,  ketcb  lor  ■  wotiDd  in  Ibc  live 
■nd  tnat  it  by  deep  Hilures,  01  by  plugging  it  •rith  gauze. 
Cirrktsit  oj  Ihi  Lmr. — Ai  tiK  nsult  of  chronic  EirilalEon  i 
tlie  livei  innuHd  tuppliest't  blood  pan  to  it,  and  ff  the  itriiath) 
ii  unduly  prolonged  inAammation  Ii  the  mull.    The  commontM 
cauHs  of  thit  chronic  hepatitis  arc  alcfiholism  and  sypblli 
The  new  fbroiia  liuue  which  Is  developed  Ihroughout  the  live 
u  the  result  of  the  chronic  inflimmaiioD,  cavia  genera!  enlargi 
roeot  of  the  liver  with,  perhaps,  nattiea,  Tcoiltlng  and  ^aundio 
Later  the  new  lihroui  liiaue  undergoes  contraction  and  the  livi 
brcomes  smallfr  than  niluial.      Blood  then  Ends  difficulty  in 
passing  through  il,  and,  as  a  result,  dropsy  occurs  in  the  helly 
(ascites).    Tliia  may  be  relieved  by  tapping  the  cavily  with 
rniall  hollow  needle  (Soulhey's  linear),  or  by  pawng  into  il 
krgc  ahaip-pobitnj  tube.    This  relieves  (he  dropsy,  but  it  dot 

operation  is  samelimea  undenalen  with  success  for  enabUng  the 
engorged  veins  to  empty  thcmstlvei  into  the  blood-strti 


i  Ihe  Uve 

tTiJIammalion  0/  Iki  Lmr  (hepaiiiis)  may  aho  be  aiati 
an  sllack  of  mJcHMKganJsms  which  have  reached  it  (hrt 
the  veins  coming  from  the  large  inlcsline,  ot  through  the  r 


in  bed.  fomcnialiona,  calomel  and  saline  aperients.  But  whe 
the  hepatitis  is  of  septic  origin,  suppuration  Is  likely  to  occu 
the  result  being  an  hepatic  abscess. 

Htfalic  A  bsiesi  is  especially  comnion  in  persona  from  the  Ea! 
whohiverrcenlly  undergone  an  attack  of  dysentery.  In  adililie 
to  the  local  pam  and  tenderness,  there  is  a  high  icmpeiatui 
accompanied  with  ahivciings  or  occaiiona!  ligon,  the  pallet 
id  miserable.    Sometimes  theabsen 


dedar. 
should  be  ir 


If  by  a 


It  Ihe  9 


ough  the  belly-wall  over  the  most  tender 
spot,  ana  a  airea  eiaminilion  of  the  surface  ol  the  liver  nude. 
A  bulging  having  been  found,  that  part  of  (he  Hvci  which 
apparently  oveilrei  Ihe  abscess  should  be  Hitched  up  to  the 
sides  ot  the  opening  made  In  belly-waH,  and  should  then  be 
eiplorcd  by  a  hollow  needle.  Pus  being  found,  the  abscess 
should  be  freely  opened  and  drained.  It  is  inadvisable  to  explore 
for  a  suspected  abscess  iviih  a  hollow  needle  without  iiret  opening 
Ihe  abdomen,  u  septic  fluid  might  Ihuibeenabled  to  leak  out, 
and  infect  the  iieneral  pcntoneal  cavily.  If  an  hepatic  abscess 
is  injudiciously  left  to  itself  il  may  eventually  discharge  into  the 
chest,  lungs  or  belly,  or  it  nuy  ntablish  ■  communicaiion  with 
a  piece  of  intestine.  The  only  tafewayfoi  an  abscess  locvacuate 
itself  it  on  to  the  surface  oF  Ihe  body. 

Hydalit  Cywi  at  often  mel  with  In  the  Bver.  They  are  due 
to  a  peculiar  development  of  the  eggs  of  the  tapc-woim  oI  the 
dog,  which  have  been  received  Into  Ihe  alimenlnry  canal  with 
infected  water  or  uncooked  vegelables,  such  as  watercress.  The 
embryo  of  the  taenia  cchinococcuj  findsiis  way  from  the  stomach 
or  intestine  into  a  vein  patsing  to  Ibe  liver,  and,  settling  itself 
in  the  liver,  causes  so  much  disturbance  there  that  a  capsule 
of  inflammatory  material  forms  around  it.  Inside  (bis  wall 
is  Ihe  special  coveting  of  the  embryo  which  shoVly  becomes 
distended  with  clear  hydatid  fluid.  The  cyst  should  be  trealed 
like  a  livir-absccis,  by  Incision  Ihrough  the  abdominal  or  thoracic 
wall,    by   circuinfereniial    suturing   and    by  ^Joialion   and 

Tumvuri  ef  llit  Lmr  may  be  Innocent  or  malignant.  The 
most  imporianl  of  the  former  Is  Ihe  [unma  of  Icrliaiy  syphilis; 
(his  may  steadily  and  completely  disippear  under  the  influence 
of  iodide  of  potassium.  The  commonest  form  ol  malignant 
tumour  is  Ihe  result  of  Ihe  growth  of  cancerout  elements  which 
have  been  brought  to  the  liver  by  the  veins  coming  up  from  a 
pdmary  focus  of  the  large  intestine.  Active  surgical  treatment 
of  such  a  tumour  Is  out  of  the  question.  Fortunately  il  is,  u 
a  rule,   pafailew. 


If,    0] 


whether 

the  abdomen  to  find  out  what  serious  efleclt 
some  severe  mjury  has  caused,  the  gall-bladder  be  found  torn, 
the  rent  may  be  sewn  up,  or,  if  thought  better,  the  gall-bladder' 
may  be  removed.  The  poitoneal  surfaces  in  the  region  of  the 
liver  ahould  Ifaen  be  wiped  clean,  and  the  abdominal  wound 
cloied,  except  for  the  passage  Ihrough  It  of  a  gauie  dtahi. 

Biliary  conautlons,  known  at  iol!  iloaei,  are  apt  to  form  la 
the  gall-bladder.  They  are  composed  of  crystak  of  bDc-fal, 
cbolestcrine.  Sometimes  in  the  course  oF  a  fest^rerliM  ex- 
amlnation  a  gall-bladder  it  found  packed  full  of  gall-slona 
which  during  life  had  caused  no  inconvenience  and  had  given  rise 
to  no  suspicion  of  their  presence.  In  other  cases  gall-stones 
set  up  irtflallon  In  the  gall-bladder  which  tuns  on  to  inilamma- 
tion,  and  the  gall-bladder  being  infecled  by  septic  germs  fmtn 
the  intestme  (iaeaii  cdi)  an  abscess  forms. 

Aticisi  ef  Ou  GaU-HaMtr  gives  rise  lo  a  painful,  tender 
■welling  near  (he  cartilage  of  Ihe  ninth  rib  of  the  right  side. 
If  the  abscess  is  aOowed  to  take  its  couise,  adhesions  may  form 
around  11  and  it  may  burst  Into  the  intestine  or  on  to  the  surface 
of  the  abdomen,  a  Uliary  fsltila  remaining.  Abscess  in  (be 
gall-bladder  being  suspected,  an  incision  should  be  made  down 
to  il,  and,  its  covering  having  been  slilchcd  to  the  abdominal 
wall.  Ihe  gall-Uadder  should  he  opened  and  drained.  The  prea- 
enccol  concretions  in  Ihe  gall-bladder  may  not  only  lead  lo  Ibe 
formation  of  abscess  but  also  to  invasion  of  the  gall-bladder 
by  cancer. 

Stones  in  the  gall-Uadder  should  be  removed  by  operation, 
as,  if  left,  there  is  a  great  risk  of  thefr  trying  to  escape  with  the 
bDeinlo  the  Intestine  atKfthuscausinga  blockage  oE  the  commoA 
bile-duct,  and  perhaps  a  fatal  leakage  oFhile  into  Ihe  peHtoneum 
through  a  peiforating  ulcer  of  Ihe  duct.  If  before  opening  tba 
gall-bladder  the  surface  h  stitched  10  the  deepest  pan  at  the 
abdominal  wound,  the  biliary  fistula  left  as  the  result  of  the 
opening  of  the  abscess  will  close  in  due  course. 

"  Biliary  colic  "it  the  name  given  10  the  distrea^g  symptoms 
associated  with  the  passage  of  a  stone  through  the  narrow  bile- 
■  cl.     The  Individual  is  doubled  up  wiih  acute  pains  which, 

tting  from  the  hepatic  region,  spread  through  (he  abdomen 

d  rsdiale  to  the  right  shoulder  blade.    Inasmuch  as  the  stone 

is  Mocking  the  duct,  Ibe  bile  is  unable  to  Sow  into  the  inteatinei 

,  being  absorbed  by  (be  blood-vessels,  It  gives  rise  to  Jaundice. 

he  distress  is  due  lo  spasmodic  muscular  conlrection,  and  H 

isery.     He  breaks  out  into  profuse  sweats  aiid  may  vomit. 

the  stone  happDy  finds  its  way  into  the  iniesltne  the  distrea 

ddenly  ceases.    In  the  meanwhile  relief  may  be  aSorded  b; 

menistions,  andby  morphia  or  chloroform,  but  if  no  prospect 

the  stone  escaping  Into  the  intestine  appears  likely,  the 

surgeon  will  be  called  upon  to  remove  it  by  an  incision  Ihiough 

"     gall-bladder,  or  the  bile-duct,  or  Ihrough  the  intestine  at 

spoi  where  it  is  trying  to  make  its  escape.     Sometimes 

ll-sione  which  has  found  its  way  into  the  Iniestint  b  large 

igh  to  block  the  bowet  and  give  rite  to  intestinal  ohttnicllon 

:h   demands  Sbdominal  section. 


should  live  sparinfly  mai  la 


a  el  what  uied  to  be  called,  a 


be  some  very  light  French  vim 

IphaiB  of  toda  in  a  glut  of  faol  water. 
:hV  or  Contreaivine.  tuy  •-  '■-'-'■■'     '■  - 


Carlri»d,  Vk..  - 

la.  oUve  oif  or  olnte  of  iodi 
1-bbdder  lowirdi  Ihe  iatnlii 


I'ttone  from  I 
itmenl  miatt 

(E.o.n 


UVZBMOBB,  MABT  ASRTOIT  [BICB]  (iSsi-igos),  American 
..former,  wis  bom  in  Botlon,  Massacbusetta,  on  Ihe  i«ih  ol 
Decenbtr  iBii.  She  studiad  at  the  female  senlouy  at  Chailet< 
VtM.;  la*^  VttBidk  ltd  Utfa  tbmi  UsKhL  bi  • 


8o4 


LIVERPOOL,  EARLS  OF— LIVERPOOL 


pUnUtwo  kIiiDoI  in  loatbeni  V^rpnti;  tni  lor  Ibrte  jtin 
oMHlucicd  m  Khool  at  her  okd  in  Diubu(>i  Mui.  UpoB 
Rlurning  [lom  Virginia  ihe  had  joined  lIk  ibotilionitu,  nod 
ihe  togk  in  acLive  put  in  th«  Washingtooiui  tcmpctuicc 
DiovenunL.'  In  iS4j  ihe  mirried  Daniel  Patkci  livnmiHe 
(1819-1899).  ■  UnivemlisI  clerfymui.  In  i8j;  Ihey  lemovcd 
to  Chiow>.  IlliDoii,  wheie  she  auiiled  her  hiutwnd  in  cdiiinK 
the  reliiioiu  weekly,  Tid  Nns  Cnmaia  (1857-1869).  During 
the  CivU  War,  ai  an  asudatc  mcmbce  ot  the  United  Slates 
SaniUiy  CaEiuniuion,andu  an  agent  ol  iu  Nonh-ircsiern  hranch, 
■he  oiganizid  many  aid  tocietin,  cDntribuIed  10  ihe  luccns 
ol  the  Noith-westem  Sanitary  Fair  in  Chicago  in  1863,  and  visited 
army  polls  and  boqjitals.  Alter  the  wai  she  devoted  hencU 
to  the  promotion  of  woman's  sufEiage  and  to  lemperanu  rcfonn, 
founding  in  Chicago  in  1869  Tin  Atilalar,  which  in  1870  was 
merged  into  ihe  Ifmuii'i  JounuS  (Botton),  ol  which  Bbe  was 
*n  associate  editor  until  i8;i..  She  died  in  Melnte,  Mass- 
on  Ihe  1314  of  May  1905.  She  had  been  picsideig  of 
Ibe  Illinois,  the  Massachuielta"  and  tbe  Ameiican  woaian'* 
auBcage  associaiioni,  Ihe  MssHchusetli  Woman's  Chiiitiaa 
Temperance  Uniwi  and  the  Wonun's  Congnss,  and  a  member 
o[  many  oihei  societies.  She  lectured  in  the  United  States, 
England  and  Scotland,  contributed  to  magasinci  and  wroto: 
Tht  CkUdna's  Amy  (1844).  temperance  Hoiiesi  Thirty  Yean 
Tm  Lalt  (1S48],  a  unperance  ttory;  A  Ui«4al  Tramferrwliiui 
US^i),  Pen  Fiaurci  (1863),  tboit  stociesi  What  Sludt  Wt 
Do  Wilk  Oat  DaiiAleri/  and  Oilier  Leclxra  (iSSj);  Uy  Slory 
tj  ito  War  (188S):  and  Tkc  Srtry  af  Uy  Uje  (1897).  With 
Frances  E.  Willard,  she  edited  A  Wman  g/  Ihe  Cmlkiy:  Bio- 
papkicai  Skadta  oj  Itadini  Ameritan  Wamin  {iS«3). 
-  UVSBPOOU  KAHU  OF.  CiuaLBS  J£NKU.soh,  ist  eaii  of 
Liveipool  (1729-iSaB),  English  slateainan,  eldest  ton  of  Colonel 
Charles  Jookinson  (d.  irso)  and  grandson  of  Sir  Robert  Jenkio- 
■on,  Bart.,  of  Walcoi,  Oilordihire,  was  Lorn  at  Winchester  on 
Ihe  i6thoI  May  1719.  Thefamily  was  descended  from  Anlhony 
Jenkinson  [d.  1611),- sea-caplaini-mcrchanl  and  traveller,  the 
first  Englishman  to  penetrate  into  CcBttal  Asia.  Charles  was 
educated  at  Charterhouse  school  and  Vnivenity  College.  Oatoid, 
where  be  giaduaud  M.A,  in  1751.  In  i;6i  he  entered  parlia- 
ment as  membei  for  Cockeimoutfa  and  was  made  under-«cretai> 
ol  state  by  Lord  Bule;  he  won  Ihc  favour  of  George  III.,  and 

friends  "  in  the  House  of  Commons.  In  1763  GoHge  Crcnville 
appointed  him  joint  secretary  to  the  treasury;  in  1766,  after  a 
■hon  retirement,  he  became  a  lord  of  the  admiralty  and  then  a 
lord  of  the  troasuiy  in  the  Gralion  admin  istialioni  and  from 
ihS  until  the  close  of  Lord  Nailh's  mioisLIy  in  17S1  he  wa 
(ecrelary-al.unc.  From  17S6  to  iSoi  he  was  president  of  lh> 
board  of  Hade  and  chancfllor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancasier,  and  h< 
was  popularly  regarded  as  enjoying  Ihe  confidence  of  the  king  to  1 
special  degree.  In  1771  Jenkinson  became  a  privy  coundllo 
«nd  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland,  and  in  1775  be  purchased  Ihi 
lucrative  unecurc  of  clerk  of  the  pells  in  Irelajid  and  becam< 
master  of  the  mint.  In  1786  he  was  ciesled  Baron  Hawlcsbury 
and  ten  years  bier  carl  of  LiverpooL  He  died  in  London  on  lb 
17th  of  December  iSoS,  .  iiverpoolwas  twice  married:  firsll; 
to  Amelia  (d,  177a).  daughter  of  William  Watts,  governor  0 
Fon  William,  Bengal,  end  secondly  to  Catherine,  daughter  0 
Sir  Cecil  Bisshol!.  Bart.,  and  widow  of  Sit  Charles  Cope,  Bart. 
he  had  a  son  by  each  marriage.  He  wrote  several  political  works 
bill  «cept  his  rrMlijs  on  Iht  Coins  of  llu  Rialm  (1805)  these  at 
without  striking  merits.  They  are,  Diistrtalion  en  Uit  ulabliii 
meni  ej  a  nalinniJ  and  conitilulioHal  Jura  in  England  iadepcniaa 
^  a  slandint  army  (17S6);  Diiconrsc  on  Ike  cendacl  oJ  Ike  t 

1837)1  and  Calienitn  of  Tretlia  beOaat  Great  Britain  ani  olkir 

I  This  movimenl  was  started  in  1840  by  habitu(«  of  a  BallTi 
(Md.)  uvern,  who  then  founded  Ihe  Waihm(tan  Temper 
Sixicty  (named  in  boiwur  o(  t^orge  Wa«hington).  The  rnovin 
•prMd  rapidly  in  rg4'-'B«.  but  by  the  ckiK  of  iB«  It  had  ne 
tpcot  ill  lom.  The  memben  of  the  Society  made  1  phsdfe  nc 
cfrink  •piriluous  or  malt  liquon,  wioi  or  cider.  Women  or^a 
Uanh>  Waitiingaik  SociqMti  as  ao^liacy  orgH^atians. 


aarcfvinted 


Pmicri  iStt-ifSj  (ttIs)    Hii  C*j»t  c/tte  Ridm  «i 
by  the  Back  of  Engknd  bi  1880- 

Hit  ion.  RoaeiT  BanM  Jemeinson,  >nd  etil  (i  7jB-t8i8),  an 
educated  at  Charterhouse  and  at  Cbriil  Cbv  tch,  Oxford,  wlwie  be 
1  George  Canning,  afterwatds  hi)  dose  political  associate, 
a  contemponiy.    In  1790  he  enlemd  parliament  a*  numbei 
Appleby;  he  became  maiter  of  the  miiit  in  1799  and  IsnigB 
reiary   in   Addinglon'i  administralion  in    1801,   when  be 
ducted  ihc  negotiations  for  (he  abortive  treaty  of  AniicBa. 
On  the  accession  ol  Fill  10  power  In  1S04,  hi  obuincd  the  home 
'      '       '     tiie  previous  year  bees  elevated  na  Baton 
le  House  ol  Lords,  where  he  acted  at  leader 
of  the  government-    He  declined  the  |»BnieIihtp  on  the  death 
nlPtltin  1806,  and  remained  out  of  office  until  Ponlaixlbcasic 
'hen  he  again  became  secretary  of  Btatt 
for  borne  anairs.    Id  1808  be  succeeded  his  father  as  carl  ol 
Liverpo^    lo  Ihe  mininry  of  Spencer  Perceval  {1809-1811)  he 
for  var  and  tbe  coloaiei.    After  tbe  assattlnaitoB 
of  I^mvalin  May  iSo  he  became  pttmc  minister,  and  retained 
iGicc  tilt  compelled  in  Fcbruar;  1817  lo  tctlgn  by  the  illness 
(paralysis)  which  tecminatedbiilifeonihetib  of  December  181S. 
Tbe  political  career  ot  the  ind  Lord  Uverpoo]  was  of  a  negative 
character  so  f ar  ai  Illation  wai  concerned;  bul  he  beM  office 
LTS  of  great  danger  .and  depression,  during  wbicb  be  "  kept 
anu>ng  bia  colleagues,  compoaed  their  quarrels,  and  oiled 
heels  to  make  it  possible  for  the  nuicbioejy  of  govenuueot 
>rk"  (Spencer  Walpole).    The  energy  of  Castlereagh  and 
ing  secured  the  success  of  the  foreign  polity  of  bis  cabinetj 
I  his  home  policy  he  was  always  retrograde.   Tbe  introduc- 
)f  (he  bill  of  pairu.  and  pcnall^  ■     -  ^  .- 

greally  increased  his  unpopularity, 
measures  of  repression  employed  ti    _  _ 

which  had  been  created  by  ihe  excessive  (aaalion  which  followed 
the  Napoleonic  wara.  Lord  Liverpool  was  destitute  of  wide 
sylnpBthiI^s  and  of  true  political  insight,  and  his  resignation  of 
olfice  was  foUawed  almost  immediately  by  (be  complete  and 
permanent  reversal  of  his  domestic  policy.  He  waa  t^ice 
married  bul  had  no  children,  and  he  was  succeeded  by  bis  hatf- 
broihcr  Charles  Ceoi.  Coie  Jehkinsoh,  3rd  earl  (17S4-1831), 
who  left  three  daughters.  Thebaronelcy  then  passed  to  a  cousin, 
and  ihv  peerage  became  ulinct.  But  in  1905  the  earldom  was 
revived  in  Ihe  person  of  tbe  3rd  carl's  grandson,  Cecil  Georce 
SaviLK  FotiiuaE  (1844-1907),  who  had  been  a  Liberal  membcf 
ol  parliamcnl  from  18B0  to  1891,  and  in  1893  was  created  Baron 
Hawkeibury.  He  wai  succeeded  in  ^907  .by  bis  son,  Atlbor 
(b-iSjo). 

For  (he  fife  of  (be 'and  eari  lee-Ibe-ananymoui  Unuiri  tf  Ot 
PiMit  Life  and  Adminiilraliim  of  Lmrpuct  (l8J7);  C  D.  Yonge, 
Lift  and  AimiiUaratiim  oJ  Ike  tnA  Earl  cj  LaerpcBl  (I«MJ ;  T.  £. 
Kebbcl.  BiOvry  el  Teryitm  (1I8&)  i  and  Sir  S.  Walpole,  if  liMry  ^ 
Entbini,  vol.  ii.  (189a). 

UVEBPOOU  a  dly,  municipal,  couutv'  and^pariianieniary 
borough,  and  seaport  i^  Lancashire,  England,  101  tn.  N'.W.  e( 
London  by  nil,  silualed  on  the  right  bank  of  Ihe  estuary  of  Ihe 
Mersey,  Ihe  cenlre  of  the  city  being  aboul  3  tn.  from  the  open 
aea.  The  fonn  of  the  city  is  that  of  an  irregular  semidrde,  having 
Ihe  base  line  formed  by  the  docks  snd  quays  eilending  about 
9  a,  along  the  east  bank  of  the  ntuary,  which  here  runs  nearly 
nonh  and  south,  and  varies  in  breadib  (mm  1  to  1  m.  On  the 
Dorlh  the  city  is  partly  bounded  by  the  borough  of  Bootlc,  along 
tbe  sbore  of  which  the  line  of  docks  Is  coniinued.  The  ana  of  ibc 
city  is  16,619  acres  exclusive  of  water  area.  Tbe  population  at 
the  census  of  1901  was  684,9jS;  the  eilimated  population  !b 
1908  was  753,103;  the  bitlh-rate  for  1907  was  jr-j  and.tbe 
death-rate  18-3;  in  1908  the  rateable  value  was  £4,679,5». 

Tbe  city  lies  on  a  continuous  slope  vaiyrng  in  gradient,  DGl 
in  some  districts  very  sleep.  Exposed  lo  tbe  western  s«  breeiei, 
with  a  dry  subsoil  and  excellent  natunl  drainage,  tbe  site  is 
naturaQy  healthy.  The  old  borough,  lying  between  the  pool, 
now  completely  oblileraied,  and  the  river,  wss  a  conglomeration 
alleys  without  any  regard  to  tantlaiy  provlsjons;  ar' 
1  i7tb  c<        ■     ■ 


during  lb.  . 
bvplague.  WbeotbEta 


Sos 


■nS  9"*^  op  the  llopn  beyond  the  podl,  i  better  iMte  of  thinp  i 

befin  'o  <"».    The  alder  pull  ol  the  town  bave  II  iiicceuive  1 

^riodi  been  entirely  taken  down  vid  renovated.    The  com-  : 

pjlei  0(  «Aicn,  built  chiclly  of  ilone,  viKnig  which  the  binkl  and  I 

iiiMrtnce  officn  ilind  pre-emincnl.    The  demand  lor  coltagei  i 


e  revenlon  bti  been  Mquind  by  tbe  cofponiton.  Sefton  Fuk, 
e  OKHt  eareniivep  fflntaining  jAq  acre*,  wm  opened  in  iSji 
large  portwD  of  tbe  land  round  the  margin  has  been  Seated  (or 
e  erection  of  villai.  Wanrtree,  NewiluRi,  Shell  and  Stanley 
Lrka  have  also  been  constructed  at  the  public  expense.  Con- 
tted  with  Wavcrtrcc  Park  are  the  botanic  coldena.  A  palm 
bouK  in  Seflon  Park  wat  opened  in  iSg6  and 
I  a  eonaervalory  in  Stanley  Part  in  1(100.  SbMe 
veral  of   the   city  churthyarda   a 


il  grouni 


a  have 


gfonndt.  A  pliygiound  contalniDg  loB  icm 
In  Wavenre*  w«j  preunted  10  Ibe  dty  fn 
i*4S  by  an  anonynxnls  donor,  and  in  ioo>  Ibe 
grounds  of  a  private  reaidence  outside  the  city 
boundaries  containing  g*  acres  were  acquired 

1906  about  too  acres  of  land  in  Roby,  also 
oulilde  the  boundaries,  was  preaented  to  tbe 
dty.    The  total  area  of  the  parks  and  gardem 


o  tbe  en 


I  In  the  a 
I  Park. 


e,  leadi 


about  the  beginning  ol  tbe  it, 


ituiy  led  I 

packed,  with  no  IhroBgh  ventilation.  TbilTeaultedinahighials 
of  morlitiiy,  to  contend  with  which  eiwrmoua  auma  have  been 
expended  in  sanitary  nf  ornis  of  various  kindi.  The  more  modern 
eotlagci  and  blocki  of  artisaa  dwcUingl  have  tended  10  reduce 


PMk  BtiOdinii.—Saiaiy  any  at  the  public 
birildinga  date  from  an  earlier  period  than  the 
iQtb  cenlmy.  One  of  the  earliest,  and  in  tnanv 
respects  the  most  interesting,  is  the  town-haU 
in  Castle  SltnC,  Tllia  was  erected  from  tbe 
deigns  of  John  Wood  of  Bath,  and  was  opened 
in  '754-  The  building  has  ilnco  undeigDne 
conuderable  alteeations  and  extenaiona,  but 
Ibe  main  features  remain.  It  is  a  rectangular 
none  buOdlDg  bi  the  Corinthian  style,  with  an 
advanced  portico  added  10  the  original  build- 
ing in  iBir,  and  crowned  with  aloftydotne 
surmounted  by  a  sealed  statue  of  Britannia, 
added  in  rSoi,  The  interior  was  deatroyed 
bv  fitv  in  iT^S.  and  was  entirely  rFmodelled  in 
(he  reataration.  In  1900  eon^erabte  aliera- 
(iona  tn  the  internal  struclure  were  made,  and 
Ibe  council  chamber  extended  so  as  to  eSonI 
accommodation  for  the  (tilatged  council.  It 
cont^jis  a  splendid  suite  of  apailments,  inchid- 
ing  a  ball-rooin  approached  by  a  noble  stair- 
case. Tbe  building  is  occupied  by  the  oiayot 
u  Ibe  municipal  maniion  hoUM.  A  rang*  of 
municipal  oHlices  was  erected  In  Dale  Street 
In  iSeo.  Tbe  building  is  in  tbe  Palladianityk, 
with  a  dominating  lower  and  square  pyramidd 
^re. 

The  crowning  architectural  feature  of  Liver- 
pool is  St  George's  Hall,  completed  in  iBs4. 
The  original  intention  was  to  eieCt  a  hal 
suited  for  the  triennial  music  festivals  which 
had  been  beld  in  the  town.  About  the  same 
time  the  corporation  proposed  to  erect  law- 
courts  for  the  assises,  which  had  been  trans- 
ferred to  Uverpool  and  Manchester-  In  the 
competitive  designs,  the  fiiit  piiie  wis  gained 
in  both  cases  by  Harvey  Lonsdale  Elmes. 
He  was  employed  to  combine  tbe  two  objecli 
in  •  Dew  design,  of  which  (he  present  building 

the  most  central  poution  In  the  town,  and  surrounded  by 
an  area  suSdenlly  extensive  to  exhibit  Its  proportions,  an 
advantage  which  was  accestsated  in  i8«S  by  the  remuval  of 
St  John's  church,  which  previously  prevented  an  unintetnipted 
view  oF  tbe  west  side.  The  plan  it  simple.  The  cenue  la 
occupied  by  tbe  great  hall,  164  II.  in  length,  aad,  with  the 
galleries,  B7  ^L  wide  and  )4  ft.  high,  covered  uritb  a  aohd  vioK 
in  mawnty.     Attached  lo  each  enU,  nod  opening  therefrom. 


So6  Lrt 

lit  Itw  liw-cMrU.     A  conidtir  nnt  moBd  Lhc  lull  iihI 
UHini,   coaununicuing    oilh   the   vuious   iccatiii]i    rq 
EilBuUy  Uii  Bit  irool  ii  laced  itilli  »  6ae  poitkil  ot  Hi 
COnnthiiin  columnt  ■bout  te  It.  Id  hdghi.    An  tdvanccd  pa 
of  (inuki  columiu  fTonii  ibt  touib  aid  crovnol  mith  ■  pudimenl 
filled  alih  Kulpluic.    The  nyie  a  Roman,  but  the  refiiwmeni  of 
Ihc  diuUi  ii  luggetiive  of  the  bat  period  el  Giedan  in.    Thi 
giat  hkU  ii  finlihcd  with  poluhcd  gnnlte  columiH,  marble 
balustnda  ud  pavcmeolSj  pollihfd  b:ui  doon  with  folial    ' 
Uicoy.    Tb«  fine  oigu  wu  built  by  Mcun  WiUii  ol  Lomii 
from  the  spedfioiiDn  of  Di  Svnuel  Wolcy.     Elmo  hivl 
died  ia  1&4;  during  tbe  procia  of  the  wuk,  the  baddiiig  « 
eonpleted  by  C,  R.  Cockerel!,  Kj\. 

Xeit  U  Ihe  public  buHdingi  belanglDg  to  ihe  dty,  (be  ciK 
ImpOTtuit  is  the  CKCbaDge,  lorming  three  tidtt  of  Ji  qiudrnot. 
__.,.     ...,.-.     ...    .     ,n-h»lL   The lo^hall «(« oriiiMaiy 


ID  romblDi  I 


■Dtika 


teol  theoriglMl 


I,  led  10  the  eiectkiD  0 
ocbugc.  ■  building  of  conudenhle  merit,  which  n 
IniSoiindopoied  in  iSoS.   It  had  Kucely  been  in  uie 

had  ouutripped  the  ucommodiltOD,  end  Ihe  ilnictuie  w 
donn  lo'D^e  n»m  for  the  prcHQt  building 

TbeimrcDue  buildiiw,  begun  Is  1S18  on  thi 
Uverpool  dock,  locmrtiy  combined  the  cuBon 

r -office  and  dock  b«td  depaiUnenli  but  are  now  only  uicd 
iht  two  £ni  named.  It  it  s  heavy  Hnitture,  with  Ihiee 
advanced  porticoei  in  the  Ilynus  Ionic  iiyla.  Near  by  Hand) 
^Ihe  tailon'  borpe,  a  targe  buildiDg  in  the  ElliabeEhan  vtyle. 
The  Philbamonic  Hall  in  Hope  Slccet,  with  ocK  much  prnensoii 
aieriully,  i>  one  el  tbe  fiiKit  miuic  tooma  is  the  hiogdodii 
It  iccomnwduci  an  audience  ol  about  ijox 

The  group  of  buildiogi  lonning  the  county  kmIooi  bouw, 
Ihe  free  pubbc  library,  mu3eam,  central 'technical  achool  and 
gallery  ol  art  are  finely  tituated  on  the  ilope  to  the  noi^  o(  St 
Gcorge'a  Hall.  The  Ubiuy  and  gallery  of  ut  aieseparate  build - 
ingi,conn<itKl  by  the  circular  reading-room  in  the  middle.  The 
latter  poMeatt*  tome  leatoia  in  conatructioa  nnhy  of  note, 
havtog  a  circular  Soor  lOo  ft.  in  diameter  without  colunmi  or 
any  intemediaie  tupport,  and  ■  lecture-room  ondcmealh, 
amphitheiLrica]  in  form,  nilh  gndei  or  benches  hewn  out  o(  tbe 
Kilid  rock.  In  1SS4  the  county  M«iont  houM  juil  otntioned, 
■d^iining  the  art  ^ay  vaa  opened  tor  public  buunesi.  In 
itMoew  pott-office  buiidmgi  in  Victoria  Street  were  completed. 
In  190;  two  Important  addition*  ncie  made  to  Ihe  biiOdioei 
tt  Uvopool,  the  ne*  oScea  ol  the  dock  board,  built  on  the  iile 
tt  •  portion  of  the  Old  George'a  dock,  and  the  d«>  coiion 
CKb^  in  Oldhall  ureel.  The  fine  mass  of  buadingt  which 
OKIMltutc  the  univenity  and  the  Royal  Infirmary,  lying  betwocn 
Brownlov  Hill  and  Pembroke  Place,  both  groups  dcaigoed  by 
Alfnd  Wateibouae,  ma  b«ua  in  itSs- 

Liverpool  cathedral,  Intended  nhm  complcttd  to  be  Ifao 
brgiM  in  the  country,  from  detlgu  by  G.  F.  Bodley  and  G. 
Ci^crt  Scott,  «»  begun  in  r$at,  wheo  tbe  [ouodMioii  Hone 
'  «M  laid  by  Qgg  Edmid  Vn.  The  louodatioeu  wse  coinpleted 
In  1016  and  Ihe  npenliBCture  begun-  Tho  fbundalion  ol 
Che  chapter^KMuo  waa  laid  in  that  year  by  tbe  duke  ^ 
Qoniuusht.  and  work  mi  tbea  bcguo  on  tho  Lady  diapd,  the 
veUiia  and  the  choir. 

Iblhvn.— Then  are  three  terminal  neneiiger  ittlioM  In  Llvei^ 
naL  the Uwdoa  ft  North  Wmetn at  LbHStmt. WUnihire ft 
VciiiUR ai  EadMBta od  tbe  eonblBcd  *Bi>«i  o(  fiUidlaod, 


GrHt  Ontral,  the  GrM  WMtem  and  the  LoodDB  A  Nanh 

on  the  CboUic  dite  et  tbe  riw.   The  UwposI  cketrle 

nilBay  nnnfaigdaag  the  Ibe  of  docta  bam  Siafanh  ta  Dhigk 
••TO  !5JS?3.  "^  "901  •J.™'!?"  ■»»•*•  with  tbi.UMili 
and  Yorkjddn  nilway  by  which  ihmah  f  iiii  1  uafic  betw< 
*""  -'  and  the  Hnile  hu  been  oSUiihed.  ^n  llgllheRIi 
....v.tu — ..j_i 1 — I  -"-J-- (ilia  an 


■art- wen  eaoamcMd  M  Jti>4i«IM.  ehaat  «  <>.  dbttet.  Md  • 
niKb  Uujer  tupidy  wai  abtained.   The  vait  Inenaie  d  populalioa 

impound  the  waters  o(  the  Vymwy,  one  of  the  afflunu  ot  the 
Severn.  The*  worki  were  cenplRed  in  it^i.  a  tempaniy  •upply 
havHf  ban  obiaiMd  a  year  earlier.  TW  cgipmalieii  tu)  abs. 
however,  obiained  power  u  impouiad  the  waien  of  the  Caawy  aid 
Msrdinani  riven,  and  to  brini  them  lata  Lake  Vymwyiihe  main 
reservoir,  by  oaaa  of  tunnafc.  This  walk  wa*  eaaiiieud  aid 
opened  by  the  priaea  rf  WalH  (Ceeige  V.lln  March  1910. 

TrurBiyi.— The  eerpantmi  in  itfC  purchaad  tbe  pfBserty. 
rtghls.  powen  and  prTvaM  «f  the  Liw^oal  Elsetrie  SmIt 
Canpany.  and  in  theraKowiit  ysr  the  undcrtikini  ->  ■■-- '  '-^^^^^^ 
Tramway  Company,  whirh  Ih^  forniBlly  took  ovti 
cl  (he  aine  veir.    £<nce  thai  dare  a  laije  and  e 
o(  electric  iiamwayi  has  beei)  laid  down,  which  ka 
renurkaUe  inciease  iu  the  recelpta  and  the  numbl 


■(  Ibe  Uverpaol 


aiim  if  JiiBiu.— The 
!S.pnBdtdoTerbyihe.-- 
erby  the  itipendiaiya 


"WS 


aocieiit  ianiiutiiw,  poariUy  dating  fmn  Sii  (aiin^rign  ol  Ihe 
barough  by  King  John,  and  hteaded  l9r  cues  uiiing  nut  ol  the 
impom  and  aapam  paiiini  ihrDuib  the  tdwa.  Ita  jundieiiiB' haa 
been  confirmed  and  mikd  by  parlkmeni  and  ii  iacompetHH  D  ny 
civil  lua  aridng  wiihin  the  city  to  any  aniount.  tlic  mayor  It 
miMtij  the  judee.bunbe  pieriiiagiiiiSe  lean  iiminrappainnJ 
bythecrownandpaidbyihecnepgndott.  The  eoun  ihi  aSeut  Eve 
lunei  a  ytv.  There  is  a  Liverpnnl  diiuict  registry  of  the  tbanceiy 
ol  Ihe  Ceimly  lUadne  of  Lancaster  whMi  has  eoncumoi  iuiif. 
dinioa  *kh  the  luh  court  (chancery  diviwn)  wlthbi  tbe  Inindnd 
-*  •"—  "-^,  The  vicKhanceUsc  hokii  tiltlncs  in  Livtrpcol. 
-  '  "-- ^  ^gistry  of  the  hitfi  court  el  tiMicc 
irabare  and  adminlty  juriidieua, 
lie  Liverpool  coumi 
a  wide  kcal  area. 


Than  la  a  Liverpool 


, ety,  moban 

under  two  dl>ti4cl  regiifnn.    The  Li  _,.__. , 

uual  hmited  iurlidietlon  over  a  wide  local  area,  logetlier  siih 
bankruptcy  Jnrisdkaiim  over  Ihe  cauaiy  eeun  diHrkm  <3  St  Helen, 
Widoei.  Ormakirk  and  Saulhpon,  and  adminlty  jurtsdictlDa  ow  the 
same  diatricl*  with  the  addiikm  ol  Birkenbad,  CbHler,  Rnncon 
and  Wimngton.  TTienare  two  judgesatlached  toiheeourl. 

EaktiAiOaL — Tlie  ice  of  Liverpool  was  created  in  iMo  under  the 
let  ol  1(79.  by  the  authority  of  the  ecdesiailkal  eonininknen.  an 
endowment  fund  oi  about /loa.ooo  hiviiu  been  aubicribed  lor  the 
purpose.  The  parish,  which  waa  srpan  led  Iracn  WaltonHJst-the-Hill 
in  Itoi),  contained  two  diorche*.  &  Nicholii.  the  ancient  ihapeL 

held  ia  tnedieiiea.   Of  recent  y^^iclftngts  have  heefl  sarthmed  by 

Ciriiament.  The  living  n  now  beM  by  «.  sinile  iocunbeni,  and  a 
ige  numbo'  of  the  chuidn  which  bate  unce  bee*  built  have  been 
formed  hno  parishee  by  Ibe  ecdeiiaarkal  ccpriMJonen.  St  hter's 
has  been  esnsdtuted  the  prtKatbedrali  pending  the  erection  ol  il« 
cithcdraL  B<aMei  Ihe  tn  aiWnal  paMi  ebnirlM,  then  an  lo} 
othen  bekBglog  ta  the  estahlisnaieBt.   The  Rumia  Catholics  form 

that  Inm  a  tbiid  to  a  bwnh  ol  ihe  eniiR  popiilallan  air  Roman 
Catholka.  A  laige  pan  of  IheK  are  Irish  ■eillcn  or  iheir  dcnnd- 
nlB.  hut  this  distiielotLaHssblrehu  always  been  a  uningholdol 


dengned  IB  p 
modenie  eha 
■Jvemeen  b. 
losCdbaael 


Ctarilfu.— The  cnriist  charitable  foundiiisn  is  Ibe  Blae  Ceu 
boultal,  eMabliahed  la  ing,  fur  orphans  and  laihcrleH  ebildieo  bva 
within  the  botnigb.  Tlie  ai%>nal  builduig,  opened  in  171^.  is  ■ 
Int  and  characuiinic  spedmen  ol  the  atihiteciuR  of  the  period. 
ow  maintains  two  hunditd  and  IFly  boys  and  one  hundred  girls. 
.-  jged  the  achool  wu  itnaoted  tn  mw  buiUings  at  Wavertree. 
Then  Is  an  orphan  aajdun,  establiahed  ia  1140.  to  bn*,  riils  and 
ifanta.  and  *  seanea's  orphan  aaylua.  hetun  In  iMl,  br  hoys  and 
irb.  The  Roaian  Caibollei  have  ^mitar  eiubtiiiinieiil*.  The 
JverpDol  diKwoaariea  founded  in  1778  were  among  the  pionecTa  ol 
aedjol  charily.  Tlw  Royal  InAmury  (cqmvd  in  1749)  hid  t 
chool  ol  mcdidne  atlachecl.  which  has  heen  vcsy  aucceMuf,  and  it 
■  ■    -■  iiy.    The  ailan'  borne,  opened  ia  iSji. 

.  lodglniand  medical  aeiendaoce  ai  a 
learaen  frfcuenling  the  pan.  ia  one  cl 
aritfce.  Tie  Da>%d  Lewis  Workmen*! 
he  difficbtly  af  pfmridfaif  accannudalloo 

fimiiBin,  Ah  ant  ScliM*.— The  Ine  Mnry.  m 


bin,  AH  aad  ScliM*.— The  Ine  Imnry.  nnneiin  and  taBery 

.  jaablidHda«]  managed  Inr  tbe  ehycaaneH,  waa  oiMnated 

in  itjii.  The  fan  Ubnry  bmUM  waa  ancttd  by  Sir  Winan 
Bmwn.  The  Derby  nusean.caUBiaiai  tbe  aollcciloDeol  Edward, 
the  tub  eori.  wae  presented  by  his  son.  The  Mayer  museum  ol 
hiilonal  latkiulties  and  an  was  connibutad  by  Mr  Joseph  Mayer, 
F.S.A.  9ir  Andrew  Welter  (d.  Itaj)  erected  in  1B77  the  art  nllerr 
rtkh hiws his aame.  Lwgeadditianiweresiadain  itM,  tbecoet 
heinaaKhldsblndbySiiABdRwIMitkBr.  Aeannaal  eAlhilina 
ol  punting  is  Ud  in  the  autumn  and  a  pcmuaent  ctdleclioa  has  been 
fonued,  wUtft  ivaa  angmeoted  in  i9t^  vben  the  examples  of  eaTl]^ 


mt  pncMcsllr  diHibKd-   The  l^ntiy 
aubUihed  in  1S12.     Ttie  R^  Iiu 

uHy  in  in  Ihc  Wallur  Art  Cill«y,  and  u^ 

iOUilUllOHOf  Ihc  to  - 

~  ^iaimu — Sunda 

ly-Khoob  lupptied  by  ^  v; 


MbMt  itiisktan.  collKtcd  u  ilic 
Williaim  Rdkoc  wen  ifejieHled  ■■ 

\  m  Luiu  by  «hid>  kl  llie 


LIVERPOOL 

lull 


ae  01  wbicb,  the  NorUiCafninl 

iIuiioQ  [or  the  tnminr  Kbnl  I 


tA  Liverpool,  in  1^15.  and  carried  on  by 
Fron  toiB  due  onward  tbe  nnber  c 
>>w*""'"it  U  the  Scbsol  Board  ia  1S70, 
■bouid  be  made  rA  tbe  trainina  ihip  "  Ini 
Meney  for  tlie  fou  and  vphans 


liildiM  in 

I  folbwed 

-nalionk.  Tbe  fint 
itSj).  tbe  Uahuian 
une<l7«l)  and  tbe 
'tAHiujattofi  iaiiiidad 
"  pontioB  icbaiiL 
lool  founded  by 


iluttofi  at  Hennll.  C 


ra.  and  Ibt  rvtannliory 
ua  menrly  rndnrrd  the 
in  the  Meney.     Seini- 

Gnte  achaoli  wen  [bunded  in  pubUc  nibKription— the  itoyal 
tilulion  KhoDl  [iSl9).  the  Uver^  Initiiuie  (iSijl  and  the 
Uverpool  XJAtrft  (1B40).  The  hnt  hai  relied  10  cdu.  The 
Insiitute  wu  a  deveiopment  of  the  Mechanica'  Inilitute  and  waa 
onanated  by  a  oouad]  at  aubicfilxtfL  It  vaa  divided  into  a  hiEh 
Khooland  ■  eoBuoetd*!  shooL  Undet  •  ichMiM  o(  tbe  Boud  of 
Educalion  under  the  Chwiuble  Tnnti  Act  Ihia  Khool,  locether  with 
the  Blackbume  Home  bigb  achool  for  giilf ,  became  a  public  aecondojy 
acboel  and  waa  handed  over  to  tbe  corporatiDD  in  1905.  Uverpool 
Cokfe  waa  formerly  divkled  into  three  achoeli.  upper,  middle  and 
tower,  farditeient  claim  of  the  comaiiniiy.  The  middle  and  Ibmr 
tfboou  paiaed  into  tlie  control  d  the  cvporatioa  in  1907.  The 
Seflon  Paili  dementaiy  achool  and  Ibe  Pu^  Teachen'  CoUeie  in 
Clareocc  Stmt  were  transformed  Into  nuinripal  lecondary  tcinola 
for  boya  and  [iria  id  igar  tbe  eorpontioa  haa  bIb  ■  accondary 
ecbopJ  for  BJrta  at  Aigbwth.  Then  wa  ieveml  acboola  maintained 
^ibe  Roman  Calhdica.  two achoob of  tbi Girk' Public  Day  Schoid 
Company  and  ■  taqpe  nbmber  of  private  acboola.  A  cadet  viip,  the 
*' Conway,"  for  the  Inininiaf  bon  iDtendinf  to  beoome  lAceta  in 
Ikt  neicaaiile  maiine,  la  noond^  in  the  Meraey.  Then  are  tm 
Hvninr  cofktei  for  women,  one  undeDaaloatkHiaL  and  the  other 
conducted  by  the  Httera  o<  Noire  Dbbw  for  RooaaCatluiie  women. 
Hie  central  municipal  technical  achool  it  in  tbe  MuKum  BDildinga, 
and  there  are  three  branch  technical  Kboolt.    Then  are  alto  a 


livenxiol  Uniymily,  aa  Univemty  Colieee.  received  itt  chirter 
of  mcDrpciralion  m  1881.  and  in  ia&4  wag  admitted  a>  a  collese  of  the 
Victoria  Univertity.  In  the  tame  year  the  mtdicat  tchool  of  the 
Royal  Infirmary  became  port  of  the  Univenity  College.  In  1900 
■  aupolenicntal  charter  extended  the  powert  of  teif^tovemment  and 
bnHiiU  the  colkfe  into  doter  telatioaa  with  the  aulhorilin  of  tbe 
dty  and  with  loot  laatitntiant  l>y  prnvidinv  for  their  fidier  rcprv- 
aeatathmonthecourlofflDvernorB-  In  l^ojtliecharlerof incorpora- 
clon  of  tbe  univentty  01  Liverpool  w  received,  IhuH  conitituiing 
It  an  iadependem  Hivtndty.  The  univerHly  ii  toremed  by  the 
latviitloribyaehancdlce.twBpiVTbaiicellari.avir-  -' "— 


Uuatviillor.bva 

•od  jHiUic  bodiet.  a  council,  ter 


IVS^l 


of  buOdii 

Dj  in  1906  it  reached  17 


vedek  entered,  averauing;  94  lont;  id  190S  there  laete  as,7J 
•veruint  665  tont,  Tbe  commerce  of  Liverpod  entendt  to  evei 
part  ai  the  world,  but  proidbly  the  intercoune  with  North  Amerif 

Philide^hH,  Ba«i^,.BBltiniiiie.  Catvetliin,  New  Orlennt  and  il 
Canadian  porta.  Colion  ii  the  treat  itaple-  bapon.  Grain  mm 
peit.  American  (North  and  Souih)  and  Auilialiln  wheal  and  « 

kaa  tlwayi  been  ■  kadini  anicla  of  Hnpon  into  Liverpuol,  aim 

importanl  part  of  the  importt,  the  atacVini  yardi  ejilending  f 
hiilci  alonz  the  northern  docki.  In  regard  In  e^poiti.  Liverpo 
posienet  decided  advantanfiMntttanearlheemt  manuractiirir 
Witrictiof  Uocatbire  and  Ibe  We«  Ridini  of  /nrk!hire,  ihii  port 

B'  c  naluial  channel  of  tranimiiikM  lor  their  foodi,  althouih  il 
anchciter  ihip  canal  divent  a  certain  pnipn«'»i  r^  >>»  tnfli 
Ithxk  coal  and  tail  are  also  larnly  eaponed, 

Attemptt 


8o> 

t  oarly  part  of  the  loih  centuiy,  iraa 

, _  ,jraclially  ceamL    During  ihe  laller 

Iftth  century  and  the  beginning  of  ihe  19Th,  pottery  and 
cji  .r....._  '--r]g]icd  in  Liverpool.  John  SnJler,  a  Liverptxif 

mi  '  inventor  of  printin(  on  pottery,  and  doiiiiK 

th  ioh  Wedgwood'icanei  alt  hia  gwda  which  re- 

qu  he  lenl  to  Livctpool.   A  larae  eatabtiibmcnt, 

CI  m.  Pottery,  wu  Younded  in  a  tubuili  on  Iht 

ba  t  the  tnde  haa  lon^  diiappeared.  Lilherland, 

th  er  watch,  waa  a  Liverpool  manufacturer,  and 

Li  a  hiiva  alwaya  been  held  hi  hiah  atimalioB. 

Tl  -naivt  luiai  Rfinoici  and  eoA  milli.    Tbe 

CO  I  devefoped  during  recent  ytart.  teveral  tar^ 

wt  :t,  inducedby  the  protpect  of  obtainint  cheap 

HI  LivEipaal  quayt.   The  cultlof,  blending  and 

pr  bacco  have  led  to  the  ercctioB  of  factciica 

en ,    .    _  uida  of  handt.  There  are  alao  large  milli  for 

oil-pTHiing  and  making  caltk-cabc 

Cocti.— Tbe  dock!  of  the  poit  oi  Liverpool  on  bolb  udei  of 

the  Mcney  Dockt  and  Huboui  Boaid.  On  the  Liverpool  aide 
tbeyutend  along  the raai^nci Ibe egluaiySI  m.,of  which  it  m. 
tj  in  the  borou^  of  Bootle.  The  Biiknibeiid  docks  have  not 
■uch  1  frontlge,  but  they  extend  a  long  way  backward.  The 
water  area  ol  the  Liverpool  do^  and  baaitu  it  41S  acres,  with 
a  lineal  quayage  of  17  id.  The  Sickenbead  dodtt.  induding  the 
gnat  float  of  i»tcrti,  conuin  >  water  area  ot  iiSj  acm,  with 
a  lineal  quayage  of  q)  m.  The  lyitaii  of  toclosed  docki  wai 
begun  by  tho  coiporation  in  1709.  Tfaey  consliluUd  fron 
the  hut  a  public  tniil.  the  cotporation  never  having  deoved 
any  direct  Rvenue  tmai  them,  though  tbe  common  couacil  ol 
Ibe  borough  were  the  Inuteeti  and  in  tbe  Gnt  iulance  formed 
tbe  coDuniltee  of  maoagcment.  Cndually  the  payen  dI  dock 
rata  on  thipi  and  good*  acquired  ioBuencc,  and  were  introduced 
into  tbe  governing  body,  and  ullitnalely,  by  Ul  act  of  1S57,  the 
corporation  wai  lupcrBeded.  Tbe  management  ia  veited  in  the 
Meney  Oockt  and  Uaiboui  Board,  consiiting  of  Iwcnty^eigbt 

lervancy  commiulonen,  who  conslu  ol  the  fint  laid  of  Ihe 
Admiralty,  Ibe  cbuceUoi  ol  the  duchy  ol  Lancailer  and  the 
pceiideat  of  tbe  Botrd  of  Trade,  and  the  real  dected  by  Ibe 
payen  of  ratet  on  thipi  and  goods,  of  whom  a  renter  it  kept 
and  annually  reviaed.  The  revenue  it  derived  from  tonnage 
ratr*  on  tbipi,  dodt  rates  on  goodtt  town  dues  on  goods,  with 

Down  to  1S43  the  docks  were  confintd  to  tbe  Llvopool  aide 
of  the  Meney.  Seveial  aLtempu  made  (0  oublith  docks  ia 
Cbeahire  bad  been  fnntrated  by  the  Liverpool  corpwalion, 
who  bought  up  the  land  and  kept  it  in  Ibrir  own  bajulL  In 
164^,  however,  a  tcheme  for  dockt  in  Birketihead  wat  carried 
through  which  ultimatdy  proved  untucoetaful.  and  tbe  enterpriie 
was  acquired  in  iSjs  by  Liverpool.  Tbe  Birkenhead  docks  wete 
for  many  yean  only  partially  used,  but  are  now  an  impottuU 
centre  lot  cora-milling,  tb*  importation  d  foreign  cattle  wid 
export  Trade  to  the  Eait.  In  addition  to  the  wet  dockt,  there 
are  in  Livcipod foultcen  graving  dockland  three  inBiikenhesd, 
besidel  a  gndiron  on  Ihe  Liverpool  tide. 

Tbe  £rsl  porlian  of  the  great  landing  ilage,  known  as  (be 
Georges'  ilage,  wu  constructed  in  1B47.  from  the  plans  of  Ur 
[afterwardsSii) Wllliain CubiK, F.R.S.  Tfatswaisooft.Umg,  In 
iSs;  the  Piince'i  stage,  looo  ft,  long,  wubuill  to  the  north  of  tbe 
Georges' stage  and  distant  from  it  smft.  In  1874  the  intetvening 
tpace  was  lulled  up  and  tbe  Georges'  slage  reci>iuiructed.  Tbe 
ft  brie  bad  juil  been  completed,  and  was  wailing  lobe  inaugurated, 
when  on  the  iSih  of  Jsly  1874  il  was  deslioyed  by  fire.  It  whs 
sgain  coniirucieil  with  impicrvementt.  In  1896  it  was  farther 
ciiended  to  the  north,  and  its  length  is  now  147B  li.  and  its 
breadth  So  II.  It  b  supported  on  floating  pontooni  about  »0 
in  number,  connected  with  the  river  wall  by  eight  bridgei.  betides 
a  floating  bridge  for  heavy  traffic  sso  ft.  in  length  and  15  ft. 
inwidlb.  ThesoulhernhalfisdevoledtoIhetraRicoflbeUcnty 
lenies,  of  which  there  are  seven— New  Brigblon,  EfrtmoDI, 
Seacombc,  Birkenhead,  Rock  Fetry,  New  Ferry  and  Eaathin. 
Tbe  northern  half  it  uted  by  acean.gcring  tleiunen  and  Ibelt 
tenders.  The  warehouses  for  tiodng  produce  fono  a  pronliwiM 
ftilUK  in  the  commercial  pan  of  tbe  dty.     Down  to  1^41 


•ot 


r  b  prinlc  huxb,  Jbtritnlnl  u  dunce 

__.  [a  th»t  )T»f  •  dcitrmined  effort  wu  mide 

MraoKtuct  dock*  with  aruchov ■■- ~'  ■'■ 


nlbdv  b 
t.  but  ia  il 


TU*n 


D    flOI 


rated. 


Ud  ltd  to  ■  niokipil  nvolutioB,  but  the  proidt  wu  ultimiuly 
ttrried  out  in  Ibe  conilmclion  u(  the  Albert  dork  ud  wire- 
bould.  wtiicli  wtie  opened  by  Piicce  Albert  is  1S45.  For 
inwnil  imduct  tbeae  wuthoiHei  uc  filling  somewbit  into 
dtiiae.  but  run  nreboiuei  hive  been  cotutnicted  by  the 
dock  boud  >l  Livetpool  and  Birkenheid,  ^th  muhineiy  for 
dhchuiini,  elevating,  ditliibuting,  irying  and  deUveiiag. 
Wiiihniufi  tor  the  (tones  of  tobtcca  ud  wool  htn  alM 
bMQ  built  br  Ibe  boud,  IIb  Stwdey  tobuot  nnlKnne  b  iht 
lufeiE  of  its  kind  in  the  mottd,  Ibe  ins  otlti  foDttcoi  Soon 
bdngKHne  j6v:R9. 

Dndiuu  ooentioiH  at  Ibe  bar  oF  the  QtKca'i  channel, 
ehiDDdi  iue"    -"  -  ■■-  '— '■ ■•'-  ■■"  ' 


rit«H  and  11 


Ihcn 


hard  with  «D(iifiigij  1 


[ftner  vcaadt  have  been  iniroduced. 
be  dFpIh  of  later  at  diwi  low  ntei  tl 
too  IDC  lur  mi  DDly  II  It.;  Bow  then  ia  about aS  fL 
■rae  coDdition.  The  ipau  avrt  whkh  ditdfinf  haa  beea 
at  the  bar  mnMim  about  7000  ft.  by  1230 Tt..  the  latter 
!  avcruc  wjdili  of  tlie  buDynl  cui  or  cbaEmel  through  the 
tian~  DndEing  naj  alio  ukm  placF  on  idhiala  and  proJeetioBi  ol 
and-banki^  the  main  «  rhanneli. 

Itwildf^y.— Voice  the  Muiddpal  Reforra  Act  ot  iSjj, 
tbe  boimdatfta  of  the  oiigioa}  borough  were  extended  by  the 
tDneatlon  of  portiou  of  the  lumunding  district,  while  further 
additiinu  were  made  in  iSgj,  1901  and  igoj.  TIk  city  b  divided 
Into  thiily-five  wirdi  with  loj  councniara  and  34  aldermen. 
Ib  iSoj  the  title  of  mayor  waa  niaed  to  thai  of  lotd  mayor. 
tn  1SS5  the  number  of  memhen  of  paiiiameDt  was  increaaed 
to  nine  by  the  creation  of  six  new  wards.  The  corporation  of 
Liverpool  has  possessed  ftom  a  very  early  period  coniiderable 
landed  property,  the  fint  grant  having  been  made  by  Thomas, 
carl  of  Lancaster,  in  13^  This  land  was  originally  of  value 
only  as  a  soorce  of  supply  of  turi  for  firing,  but  in  madern  lima 
iti  capacity  u  building  land  his  been  a  fniiiful  soutn  of  profit 
to  (he  town-  A  large  proportion  of  the  southern  district  is  held 
ia  fiRbold  by  the  corporation  and  teased  to  tenants  for  tenbs 
of  leventy-five  yean,  renewable  from  lime  to  tioK  on  >  filed 
fcale  of  fines,  lliere  was  formerly  another  source  of  bcom*  now 
<ul  off.  The  fee  farm  rents  and  town  due)  originsUy  belongipg 
M  the  crown  were  purchased  tiom  the  Molyneui  family  in  167s 
on  a  long  lease,  and  aubsequenlly  in  1771  converted  into  a 
perpetuity.  With  tbe  growth  of  the  commerce  of  the  port  IhfM 
dues  emrmou&ly  increased,  and  became  a  catise  of  great  com- 
plaint by  tbe  shipping  inlenM.  In  iBj6  a  bill  was  introduced 
Into  parliament,  and  passed,  by  which  the  town  does  were 
transferred  to  the  hf  eraey  Pock4  and  Harbour  Board  on  payment 
of  £'.500/100,  which  was  applied  In  part  to  Ibe  liquidation  of  the 
bonded  debt  of  the  corporation,  anwunling  to  £i,rso,ooo. 

Hillary. — During  the  Norse  irruption  of  the  Sth  cFnUiry 
colonies  of  Nonemen  settled  on  both  sides  of  the  Mersey,  is  is 
[adicsted  by  some  of  the  ptace-nimes.  Afler  the  Conquest, 
tlie  site  of  Liverpool  formed  part  of  tlie  fief  (Inter  Klpam  et 
Hertham)  grantnl  by  the  Conqueroc  to  Roger  de  PoictoB.  one 
<rf  the  great  family  of  Uontgomery.  Altbougb  Liverpool  is 
not  named  in  Domesday  it  is  believed  to  hivt  been  one  of  the 
Hx  berewicka  dependent  on  the  manor  of  West  Derby  therein 
mcnlioned.  After  various  forfeitures  and  regnuts  fma  the 
UDwn,  il  wu  handed  over  by  Henry  II.  to  his  falconer  Wirine. 
In  a  dctd  eteculed  by  King  John,  then  eiri  of  Mortain,  about 
tiQi,  confirming  the  gram  of  this  with  other  manors  la  Henry 
FitEWarine,  wn  of  the  former  grantee,  the  name  of  Liverpool 
first  occius.  Probably  its  most  plausible  derivation  it  from  the 
None  HlUlut-fcar,  "the  pool  of  the  tliHxs,"  Ibe  pocJ 
si  the  mouth  of  which  the  village  grew  up  being  sun 
by  gently  rialng  [lopes.  Another  possible  derivation  is  fror 
the  Prov.  E.  Ittcr,  tbe  yellow  Bag  or  rush,  A.S.  laifir. 


Afler  tbe  partial  BSoqiKM  «l  Iwkadby  Sma^Hiw,  ««ri  «( 
Pembroke,  under  Henry  II„  theprindpai  portsol  comniuikaiiaa 

were  Bristol  for  the  soiuh  and  Chester  for  the  north.  Tliegndiul 
silting  op  of  tbe  river  Dec  sooo  10  ohatmcted  Uk  savigsliMi  ■> 
to  render  Chester  nstullaUe.  A  qiuy  was  tbea  CDBsmclcd 
at  Shotwick,  about  S  m.  bitew  Cheter,  with  a  castle  W  protect 
it  from  tbe  incuiiiona  of  the  nei^bouring  Welsh;  but  a  bellec 
site  was  sought  and  soon  found.  Into  the  tidai  waleii  of  tlK 
Mersey  a  small  stream,  fed  by  a  peat  moa  on  the  devatcd  (and 

its  mouth  an  open  pool  or  sea  lake,  ot  which  many  existed  oa 
bulfa  side*  of  the  live.  The  iiiangulai  piece  el  land  thus 
separated  farmed  a  promontory  of  red  aaadatone  lock,  ring  la 
tlie  centre  about  50  ft.  above  the  leaJevd,  sloping  on  three 
sides  to  the  water-  Tbe  pool  was  admirably  adapted  as  a  harbour 
fur  the  vessels  of  that  period,  bebg  well  protected,  and  Ott  tide 
rising  from  ij  to  ii  ft.  Bjng  John  tqiuiThased  tbe  manor  fmm 
Hetuy  Fiizwarine,  ^ving  him  oihef  lands  in  eichangei  Hen  he 
founded  a  borough,  and  by  letters  patent  dated  at  Winchester, 
iSthof  August  i»7,  invited  his  subjects  to  take  up  burgagr*. 

From  tbe  patent  loUi  and  the  sheriff's  accs^ints  it  iRiean 
that  cansideiab4e  use  wai  made  of  Liverpool  in  the  ijih 
century  for  riun>iiic  stores  and  renforcemenls  la  Irduil 
and  Wale*. 

In  1 124  a  charter  was  granted  by  Henry  nL,  amhariiing  tbe 
formation  of  a  merchants'  ^,  with  hanse  and  olher  hberlia 
sndfreecostoms,  with  freedom  from  toll  throughout  the  kingdom, 
Chartera  were  subsequently  granted  by  successive  monardia 
down  10  tbe  njgn  of  William  and  Mary,  which  last  was  the 
goveriiing  chaner  10  the  date  of  tbe  Municipal  Befonn  Act 
[i8j5).  In  iSSo  when  the  diocese  of  Ijverpool  wu  ciealed,  llw 
borough  was  transformed  into  a  city  by  royal  charter. 

~~  the  burgage  rents  and  the  royal 


10  the  eorp 


le  leased  in  fee-fan 
u  tern  Heniy  III.,  in 


I  to  private  persons.     Tbe 


bestowed  with  other  lands  on  Hanulf,  eari  Of  Ciicster,  fiDin  wboo 
it  passed  to  ha  brother-in-law  William  de  Ferrers,  eari  of  Derby, 
who  leemi  10  hive  built  Liverpool  outle  between  iiii  and 
1137.  His  grandson,  Robert  de  Fenera,  was  implicated  in  the 
riling  of  Simon  de  Montfort  and  his  laiKls  were  DonAsraled  in 
ii6i  when  Liverpool  passed  Inio  the  hands  of  Edmund,  ead 
of  Lancaster.  Ultimately  LIvetpool  again  became  the  property 
of  the  crown,  when  Ueoty  IV.  inheiiled  il  from  his  father  Jobn 
of  Cannl,  duke  of  Lancaster.  In  i6iSCharie>I.,lngreat  iHails 
fot  means  which  were  refused  by  partiunent,  offered  lot  nk 
about  1  thousand  manors,  among  which  Uverpool  was  ioclndid. 
The  portion  containing  Liverpool  was  purchased  by  certain 
DcrchanU  of  Londm,  who,  in  163J.  lecoaveyed  the  crown 
rights,  including  the  fee-fsrm  rent  of  £14,  tt.  8d.,  to  Sir  Richsrd 
Molyneui,  then  tecently  created  Viacounl  Molyneui  of  Mary- 
borough, for  the  sum  of  £4^0.  In  iBji  all  these  rights  and 
ialercsts  were  acquired  by  the  corporalion. 

Apart  from  the  astional  objects  for  which  Liverpool  was 
founded.  It)  trade  devdoped  slowly.  From  £10  per  annum, 
!n  Che  beginning  of  the  13th  century,  the  crown  revenues  had 
increased  toward)  Ihe  end  of  the  i4ih  century,  10  fjg;  but 
then  Ihey  underwent  a  dtchne.  The  black  death  paased  over 
Uveipool  about  ijtiD,  and  carried  offalargcpanofthe  popula- 
tion. The  Wm  of  the  Roses  In  the  ijih  century  unseiiled  ibe 
norlb-vesltm  districts  and  retarded  pn^ress  for  at  leasi  s 
century.  The  trown  revenues  diminiabed  from  £]8  to  1m 
Ihan  half  thai  sum,  and  were  filially  teased  It  £14,  fis.  id.,  SI 
which  they  continued  until  the  sale  by  Charles  1.  Il  is,  bowcvei, 
not  sale  to  conclude  that  the  reduced  fee.fsnn  rent  repnsenll 
an  equivalent  decline  in  praperityi  the  prrvilegts  conlened 
by  the  various  leases  differed  widely  and  may  aceooM  for  mixb 
of  the  ippatent  discrepancy, 

Liverpool  sent  do  representative*  to  Sinran  de  Hootlott'i 
parliament  in  1]6t.  hut  to  the  fint 

tiQs,  the  boraagli  sent  two  me^ba*,  and  ipfa  ia  1J07; 


o  membei*,  and  lojn  ia  1; 


LIVERSEDGE— LIVERY  COMPANIES 

(iQu)   i]j)8a.     The  [sdiBtria  1. 


809 


Tkt  wtiu  of  —aoni  wm  tbca  waptmlnl  for  tm  ctBtnriB 

■adshiU.  In  tHjUmpoolRMiDcdIheprivittgcofRlureiiid 
nMrnben.  In  15S&  Lhc  boroufh  wu  KprocBlcd  by  Fnadi 
BacoD,  tlic  philoKvhCT  wid  tuuuiu.  During  Lhc  Civil  Wir 
lhc  town  wu*  fortifihl  4Dd  ^niaaotd  by  ibe  pu1uim«it.  It 
AuiUiocd  lhie«  kicga*  and  in  1A44  waft  ocaladcd  and  lakca  by 
Prince  RupcR  wiih  coniidcnbk  ilauihtcr. 

The  tnie  riic  si  iIk  commcns  of  Uvepool  dale*  rmm  lhc 
Rcuoraitaa.  Down  to  Ibal  pcnod  iti  popuktisn  had  been 
cilbcT  ttalimuy  or  letrDgmiive,  probably  never  eiceeding 
about  leoOL  Jtt  Irade  ms  cbielly  with  Irelaad,  France  and 
Spain,  FipotLin^  &Kh  and  wool  lo  the  contijitnt,  and  iptporling 

iog  indujLiy  ol  uulh  Lancsshtie,  (lu)  Iheopenini  of  the  American 
and  Wetl  Indian  lrade>  gave  the  first  impulse  lo  the  progress 
' '  h  has  (Ince  conEinucd.     By  the  end  of  the  ccDtucy  (he 


:reased  Ic 


n  WaltoQ, 


tcheme* 


lined.     Id  1709,  the  ir 


it  had 

ihe  shipping,  several 
neni,  trhidi  resulted 


>l  the  ll 


.    This  dock  WIS  (he  hist  of  il 


About  Ihis  dale  the  mcrthinls  of  Liverpool 
the  slave  trade,  inlo  which  they  were  led  by  Ibeir  c 
the  West  Indies.  In  iTO^asinslevcsicloljo  loni 
a  venture  from  Liverpool  and  carried  fifEeen  slaves  across  inc 
Attanlic.  tn  i;ja,  cnonirigcd  by  parliaintnt.  Liverpool  went 
beaiiily  into  ihe  new  irade.  In  1751,  Gfiy-three  ships  saded 
from  Liverpool  [or  Africa,  ol  sd4  tons  in  the  aggregate.  The 
ships  sailed  Gnl  lo  ihe  west  «ust  ol  Africa,  whete  they  shipped 
the  slaves,  and  ihcncc  10  the  Wcsi  India  Islands,  where  the  slaves 
were  sold  and  the  proceeds  broughl  home  in  cargoes  of  lugat 
and  rum.  In  176J  Ihe  number  of  Liverpool  slaver)  had  in- 
eieiUcd  to  cighly-sii,  carrying  J4,ioo  slaves.  By  the  end  of  Ihe 
cenlury  five-sinlhs  of  Ihe  African  trade  ccnltcd  in  Liverpool. 
Just  before  ili  abolilion  in  iSo]  the  number  ol  Liverpool  ships 
engaged  in  Ihe  traffic  was  185,  eaityiog  «,jij  slaves  is  the 

Another  branch  of  mariiinie  enterprise  which  iltracled  the 
■tlenlion  of  the   meichanls    ol   Liverpool  was  privateering, 
which,  during  the  latter  half  of  Ihe  it 
Investment.    After  the  oulbreak  o[  I 
France  and  Spain,  In  I7j6,  Ihe  comi 

privateers,  and  the  prcmiunu  for  i 
nl  almost  pro! 


n  from  the  ei 


.    The  Liverpool  merchan 


leering,  with  results  of  a  very  chequered 
the  War  of  InJipendencc  broke  out  in  ij7j  1 
iwarmed  about  Ihe  West  India  Islands,  and  c 
Intercepted  British  commerce  in  the  narrow  s 


^1^7) 
laiua 
lilM  I 

UvEHSEDOI,  an  urban  diilrict  in  the  Spen  Valley  pailia- 
mentary  division  of  the  West  Riding  ol  Yorkshire,  England, 
J  m.  S.S.E.  of  Bradford,  on  the  Lancashire  &  Yorkshire, 
Gnat  Nothem,  and  London  &  Nonli  Western  railwayi.    Fop. 


■pedilions  proving 

character.  When 
.metican  privateers 
■ossing  the  Atlantic 
:as.  The  Liverpool 
o  retaliation.    Between 

I.  Aikin,  Ftorty  Mila 

St.  (i8)s)i  R.  Syt'™, 
iT  [TsKFUy  Pal<aM  -I 
(  C-^mmt  itni  Trm, 
riwt  i^  l^^  qiLoritr 

a.  A  Hutoi 


"%.l" 


chiefly  the  maauhcMt* 
woouen  goods,  the  making  01  machinery,  chemical  maul- 
^ures  and  ooal  mining- 

UVBRY,  originiilly  the  provision  of  food,  clothing.  Sic,  lo 
Hisehold  servants.    The  woni  ii  an  adaptation  ol  the  AnglD- 

ive  freely),  it    '  ■-..;.. 


a  fixed  all 


nior 


"livery  .liable,"  ix.  an  eslabliahmeni  where 
ta  are  kept  or  let  out  for  hire  Fnnn  Ihe 
on  ol  food  and  doihing  Ibe  word  h  applied  to 
y  the  relaineis  and  servants  of  a  faoujebold. 
y  in  England  a  badge,  collar  or  other  insignia, 
i  worn  by  all  th^  who  pledged  theraselvea 


■uppreased   b7 

...  ,  IS   "dflrveiy," 

the  legal  banding  of  property  into  the  possession  of  another; 

UVBBY  COIiPAlllE),  the  nante  given  to  paniculat  compania 
or  tocielic*  in  ihe  city  ol  London.  They  belong  10  a  class  of 
inililulions  which  at  one  lime  were  universal  in  Europe.  In 
most  oihet  couotrici  ihty  have  disappeared;  in  England, 
while  Ihcir  functions  have  wholly  changed,  the  organization 
remains.  The  origin  of  the  city  companies  is  to  be  found  in  the 
craltgildi  e(  the  middle  >gc*-  1^  absence  ol  a  strong  central 
authority  accounts  for  tbc  tendency  of  conlrdcration  in  the 


ts  of  town 


re  force 


nto  th< 


able.  10  undtita 


le  growth 

re  such  societies,  compraed  of  handicraftsmen,  which  entered 
on  a  struggle  with  Ihe  eariicr  gilds  and  finally  defeated  ihem. 

BC  character  ui  England  and  on  the  toniincnt.  In  London  the 
rtory  of  the  crslls  is  decisively  marked  by  the  ordinance  of  the 
MofEdwati .    . 


id  by  another  ordinanc 


1 13;  S  which 


transferred  Ihe  right  ol  cl 
member]  of  patliamcnt)  from  lhc  ward -representatives  to  the 
trading  companies.  Henceforward,  and  for  many  yean.  Ibe 
companies  engrcBsed  political  and  niiuucipal  power  in  the  diy  ol 

The  trading  fraleniliet  assumed  generally  the  character  ol 
corporalions  in  the  reign  of  Edwaj 
chartered  before,  but  their  pcivlh 

suDerance  and  by  payment  of  their  terms,  were  now  conDrmea 
by  letters  patent.  Edward  III.  himself  became  a  member  of 
Ibe  fraicrniiy  of  Linen  Annouren,  or  Merchant  Taylors,  and 
other  distinguished  persona  followed  his  example.  From  this 
lime  they  are  called  livery  companies,  "from  now  generally 
assuming  a  distinctive  dress  or  livery."  The  origin  of  the 
Crucets'  Company  is  tbus  described:  "Twenly-lwo  persons, 
carrying  on  Ibe  business  ol  pcpperers  in  Soper's  Lane.  Cheapsidc, 
agree  to  meet  logelber,  to  a  rlinner,  at  the  Abbot  of  Bury's.  St 
Mary  Aic,  and  commit  the  particulars  of  theii  formation  into  a 
trading  society  to  writing.  They  elect  after  dinner  two  persons 
of  tbe  company  so  assembled — Roger  Osekyn  and  Lawrence  de 
Haliwell— as  their  first  goveinoti  or  wardens,  appointing,  a( 
ilh  the  pious  custom    of  ihe 


age   a 


'  chaplair 


0.  celebi 


t   their 


"  (Heath's  "Account  ol  the  Grocers'  Company,"  quoted 
in  Herbert's  TikIk  GrtsS  Zi'gery  Cumfania,  iSj6,  L  (3). 
The  religioua  observances  and  tbe  common  feasli  wen  clw>- 
aciertsilc  feature*  of  those  Inatltutiona.  They  nere  Ibfrefoie  not 
merdy  trade  onions  in  the  CBRiBt  metibif  of  th*t  tt""*!  ^"^ 


l.H)t^|t 


LIVBRY  COMPANIES 


aty  iBlher  be  dcuribcd  **  fOimi  of  iDduMiM  idt-govcmmeni, 
the  bciss  of  union  bnng  the  membenhip  of  i  comDUB  inde, 
■nd  the  ftuihoiiiy  of  ihc  society  eitcQcUtig  to  the  gcunlwr^fuc, 
•piritual  utd  temponl,  of  iu  mcmh^r).  It  must  be  icmenbcted 
thit  they  flouii^ied  Ml  a  time  wbeQ  Ihc  sepanti 


gradually  Joat  I 


ioa  ol  intcreati  arose,  the  coaipanies 
IDS  in  the  repiUtioa  of  indu&Lry, 
CD  vfrc  ■  bomogeaeoui  ordet  will 
account  lot  Ihe  vide  sutboiity  claimed  by  Uieic  (odeilet,  and  ifae 
imponant  public  ponera  which  were  conceded  to  them.  In 
Ibe  regulaiioQ  of  trade  they  poswued  eitensive  powers.  They 
teqaired  every  one  carrying  on  the  trade  to  join  the  compaay. 
laijdjpinanawer toaremonstrancfiagainst  the  mlKhief  caused 
by  **  the  mcrchanLi  called  grocen  who  engroased  all  Dianner  of 
tDerchandize  vcndable,  and  who  suddfnly  raised  Ihe  prices  of 
■Itch  menhandiie  wilbin  the  realm,"  it  wai  enacted  "  that  all 
artificers  and  people  of  mysteries  shall  each  choose  hia  own 
myilery '  befoiB  neit  Candlemas,  and  that,  hai^ng  so  chosen  i(, 
be  shall  henceforth  UH  no  other,"  L.  Brentino  (On  Gildi)  holds 
that  it  is  wrong  lo  repreHni  such  legulaiions  as  monopdittic, 
inaamuch  as  there  was  no  quetion  whatever  of  a  monopoly  in 
that  time  noi  until  the  degeDcralion  of  ihecraftgflds  into  linuled 
corporatlona  of  capiLaltsts.  In  the  regulation  of  trade  the  li^t 
of  seaidi  was  an  important  instrument.  The  wardens  of  the 
grocers  are  lo  "assayen  weights,  powden,  confecdons,  platen, 
oyntments  and  all  other  thitigs  belonging  to  the  same  crafle,*' 
liie  goldsmiibs  bad  the  assay  of  melals,  Ibe  £shtDonge[>  Ihe 
ovenlgbt  ol  fish,  the  vintners  of  the  tailing  of  wine,  ic  The 
Companies  enforced  their  regulations  on  their  members  by  force. 
Many  ol  their  ordinances  loolied  to  the  domestic  affairs  and 
private  conduct  of  the  members.  The  grocers  ordain  "  that  na 
man  of  the  fralcmile  take  his  neyghbor's  bouse  y'  is  ot  the  same 
fraletnite.  or  enhaunce  the  rent  against  the  will  of  the  loresaid 
is  to  be  punished  by  the  wardens  and  society 
u  that  oiber  men  of  the  fellowship  may  bo 
wtmed  tbetetjy.  Members  reduced  to  poverty  by  adventures 
on  the  sea,  increased  price  of  goods,  borrowing  and  pledging, 
or  any  other  misfortmie,  are  to  be  assisted  "  out  of  the  common 
money,  according  to  his  situation,  If  he  could  not  do  wiibout," 

Following  wbat  appears  to  be  the  natunl  law  ot  their  being, 
Ibe  companies  gradually  lost  their  Industrial  character.  The 
course  of  decay  would  seem  to  htve  been  the  following.  The 
capitalists  gradually  assumed  tbe  lead  in  the  various  societies, 
the  richer  memben  engrossed  the  power  and  the  compania 
tended  to  become  hereditary  and  eadusive.  Persons  might  be 
members  «bo  had  nothing  to  do  itilb  tbe  cmtt,  and  the  rise  of 
great  capitalists  and  tbe  developmenl  of  competition  in  trade 
made  the  regtdation  of  industry  by  means  of  companies  no 
longer  possible.  For  aA  account  of  tbe  ^'degeneration  of  craft, 
gilds"  a  genecal  reference  may  be  made  to  Brentano,  On  GUdi 
CtBTo),  and  C.  Gross,  The  Gild  UadanI  (i  vols.,  iSqo).  Tbe 
usurpation  of  power  on  Ihe  pari  of  the  richer  memben  wu 
not  always  effected  without  opposition.  Brentano  refers  lo  a 
pamphlet  on  Ihe  Oothworken'  Company,  published  fn  ifi4g, 
whicb  asserts  that  "  Ibe  commonalty  "  in  the  old  chart  en  meant, 

Hetbeil  records  a  dispute  in  the  Coldimiths'  (jimpany  in  1519. 
The  mode  of  electing  officers,  and  the  system  of  management 
Eencrally,  was  challenged  by  three  memben  who  called 


neygbbor." 


ol goUsmlths."    Thee 


d  live 


riy  preset 


wercd  by  the  dls- 


pctllion  to  the  lord  mayor,  which 

contented  craftsmen.  The  dispute  was  cameo  mio  tne  court  01 
chancery  and  the  star  chamber.  The  aitificecs  aftused  the  com- 
pany ol  subverting  their  grants,  miuppnpciating  tlie  funds 
'  Pmperijr  the  woid  ihould  be  ipellcd, 


Lat. 


|h  the  O.  Fr.  ■- 

hence  the  wys  acted  by  cialtamen  j 
-■  -——-.plays"  (see  DuABA). 


ib>«ciMr,mdlhe]r«aa)tiliIo 

of  tUf  bdof  done  by  Ibe  BHTpalioa  of  pcnoni  «bo  "were  bkl 
merdunt  galdiinilhi,  and  bad  but  lillle  knowledge  lu  ilte  aclaiit. " 
In  isji  tbe  tbiea  ompUiaaBti  were  expelled  from  Ihe  eod^iuiy. 
and  then  tbe  dispute  letDt  to  have  ended.  In'  ibe  lait  Mage  of 
the  companies  the  nemben  have  ceased  Is  haw  any  CDoBeifoa 
with  the  tnides,  and  in  moat  case*  IbeirrcfuIaUreluncdDai  have 
disap^ared.  The  one  characteriMk  wUdi  baa  dung  10  dien 
throughout  is  that  of  ownen  of  propoty  and  Danagas  of 
charitable  trusts.  The  conneiioo  between  Ihe  campanic*  and  Ibe 
municipality  b  shortly  ai  follows.  Tlie  ordinance  of  Edward  n. 
recfuired  freemen  of  the  city  to  be  memben  of  one  or  otber 
of  the  companies.    By  the  ordinance  of  49  Edw.  IQ,  (137s),  the 


iminate  the  m 


both  at 

Rkhardll,  (tjSj)  restored  the  elections  of  coi 
to  the  wards,  but  corponneofBccnandrepreaentativesin  parlia- 
ment wen  dected  byacOTventionsamDoncdby  tbelord  mayor 
from  the  nominees  of  the  compuiics.  An  act  of  comnion  council  in 
7  Edw.  IV.  (1467)  appointed  the  election  of  mayor,  sberifia,  be, 
lo  be  in  Ifie  common  councQ,  together  *ilb  Ibe  maSers  and 
wartfens  of  tbe  companies.  By  15  Edw.  IV.  masien  and  waidena 
wereorderedtoassociate  with  IheMselves  the  hone&t  men  of  tbeir, 
mysteries,  and  come  in  their  best  liveries  to  the  elections;  that 
Ii  to  lay,  Ibe  fnnchise  was  restricted  to  the  "livecyraen"  of 
Ihe  tompinles.  At  this  lime  the  corporaiion  exercised  supreme 
control  over  the  companies,  and  tbe  companies  weie  still  genuine 
associations  of  tbe  leaden  and  bouseholden  of  ihe  chy.  The 
delegation  of  the  (lanchise  lo  the  liverymen  was  thus,  in  point  of 
fact,  the  sdecllon  oi  a  superior  dass  of  bouseholden  lo  represent 
the  real.  When  the  coipotalion  lost  its  control  over  Ibe  com- 
panies, and  the  memben  of  the  companies  ceased  to  be  Iradera 
and  houscholden,  tbe  liverymen  were  no  longer  a  representative 
dass,  and  some  change  in  tbe  system  became  necessary.  The 
Reform  Acts  of  iSji  and  1SS7  reformed  Ihe  represeniaiion  in 
several  particmlan.  The  llveiymen  of  ibe  csmpaniet,  being 
freemen  of  the  dty,  have  still,  however,  tbe  oidusive  power  o( 
electing  ihc  lord  mayor,  sheriffs,  cbamberiain  and  other  coipoiale 

The  contributions  made  by  ihe  compaoiea  10  tbe  puUk 
purposes  of  the  stale  and  the  dty  are  fntercsling  points  in  tbdr 
eariy  hlsloiy,  Tbdr  wealth  and  their  representative  character 
nude  tbem  a  most  appropriate  instrument  for  the  enforcement  of 
irregular  laialion.  fte  loan  of  £iI,lSj,  61.  Bd,  (o  Henry  VIIL 
.._  >.. _  ^_...._i   ,_    .j^^^  ji  i,^]j(^5j  dy  HnJun  to 


be  the  Brat  instance  of  a  pecuniary  gr 
practice  rapidly  gained  ground.  The  conBscatlon  of  ecdedailicil' 
ptopeMy  at  the  tinie  A  ibe  Refomation  affected  many  of  the 
trusts  of  the  companies;  and  tbey  were  compdled  to  make 
returns  of  their  properly  devoted  lo  rdigious  uiea,  and  lo  pay 
over  the  rents  to  tbe  crown.  In  count  of  time  the  laution  of 
the  companies  became  "  a  regular  source  of  supply  lo  govern- 
■neni,"  The  bisiorians  of  the  diy  have  for  the  moat  part 
described  these  as  un|usl  and  tyrannical  ciaclions,  but,  looklag 
at  the  represeaiatlvc  and  munidpal  character  of  the  companio, 
and  the  purposes  to  which  their  coDttibulions  were  applied. 
we  cnay  regard  Ihem  as  a  rou^  but  not  unfair  mode  ol  lazalion. 
Tbe  eovemmonl,  when  money  was  wanted  foe  public  works, 
inflamed  the  knd  mayor,  who  apportioned  the  sums  lequixvd 
among  Ihe  variotu  scxielits,  and  ined  precepts  for  ita  paymenf. 
Contributions  towards  setting  the  poor  (o  work,  ereciini  tbe 
Royal  Eichange,  deansing  the  dly  dltcb,  dilcovering  new 

arm  and  aoununilioa  for  the  deface  of  the  ti 
what  Herbert  (ails  the  spongfng  apedjents  of  tl  _ 
Thecrownoccaslonally  interfercdinamore  unjunifiable  m...  . 
with  the  comparuei  in  tbe  eierdie  of  tbdr  patronage.  The 
Stuons  ntade  strenuous  ciforts  to  get  the  control  of  the  companies- 
TerriGed  by  the  proceedings  in  the  quo  iparravU  case,  nosi  of 
the  companies  surrcndetcd  their  cbanen  to  the  crown,  but  nA 
■urrenden  wen  aanufled  by  Ibe  act  of  9  Wiliaffl  and  Ilary 


LIVIA  DRUSILLAr-LIVINGSTON,  E. 


The  FoUowfnf  jirc  tbc  iwdve  fmt  companies  fn  onter  of  rlvif 
pnaden«:  Herun,  Grocen,  Dnptn,  FlihrnDnpn,  GoM- 
■mllbi,  SluDncn,  Merdunl  Tiybm,  HibenlEsInn,  Siltni, 
Iroamongtn,  Vlnlnos.  Ootb-worksn.  Tbg  "  Iriih  Sncicly  " 
>FU  inCDipantcd  ir  Ehc  ii  Juki  I.  m  "  Ihe  gonrnor  uid 
19  cf  the  new  pliniaiian  In  Uliii 


Ireiiin. 


n)  of  £60,00 


nclve 


bulcd  in 


ac,  by  Kbich  It  ou  Intradcd 
tt  colon]'  bi  the  luidi  rulciicd  b^  Ibe  Irlifa 
^  anitf  divided  (be  iKdcment  loto  twelve 
mcaiJy  equil  parts,  UBfiiini  one  (o  eich,  bm  the  lepante 
(ctalcs  ire  Mill  held  to  be  under  the  panmount  jnriidzdlon 
at  ibe  Iriib  Sodeiy.  The  (biiter  of  tlie  tocieijr  wu  Tevokcd 
by  the  court  of  ilar  cbamber  in  tbe  reign  of  Chuia  1.,  but  A 
new  one  wu  gnoccd  by  Chula  U,,  uBdsr  vUck  tbc  ndety 
itiU  acli. 
Mom  oC  ibe  conpanlet  addilnhter  durilfee  of  brfe  veTne.   Meny 


theTonbridie 
Hcrehatit  iSyl 
lulion  oT  Ibe  llveiy  ennini 
Include*  the  muter  anif  wi 
tiulvc  bcrfy:  0)  ibe  " 


Scbooli  Ibe  Mcnai,Sl 

.ylorj,  the  Khsol  bui' '' 


Flul'ii 


•l:i>K 

^'wh'icli 


poym^t  ol  coHMdcrabl 
^1.31.  4d.{  by  ridcmpi 
poiJiion  of  (be  livery 


etue,  beinc  Ibe  body  inn 

Ibe  icneral  body  ul  frccncn, 

rither  E>y  fatrimony  (by  Any 
n  in  lawful  wcdiock  ofter  the 
n),  by  •endlude  {by  beinf 
IV  ■  Mmiv4  «  tbe  company)  or  by  re- 
i  nuny  of  the  companin  it  lubjcct  to  ihc 

;  up  the  freeJom,  by  pelrinHHiy  ori 


oleic  bo 
he  fRuk 


•.£115,  1. 


V.  iC«o.  81. 


.ubkrli 


orpoiiatian  of  Loodon;  cm  Ibe  otitrr,  Ibcse  who  viihed  lo'carry 
forward  the  prooncf  infpcclionuKl  revftlonof  cndowflKHIt.  wfaicb 
had  already  overtaken  the  univertttfeti  ichooU  and  other  cbarilicA. 

livrry  campanin,  into  the  cirrunHlancn  and  dale*  of  Ihcir  founda- 
tion, tbc  object*  for  idiich  ihry  were  founded,  and  how  far  thoie 
obiccu  were  bcioi  canicd  inia  cflcct.  A  very  valuable  Kifarl  end 
Appt<iii<i  (4  ""<■■.  iM*'  J"'  P|jbU.h«I,  """"ri"*.  "'"■''"■^^ 


Royal  Conniwoni  'P.'  i 
LmtcM   [1904};  Q.   Unwii 


jn  10  lb*  IMaft  iclcmd  la  above  tin 

D(  worbi  may  be  conullcd:  H.  T.  RDcy.  Jlfnumii  ef 

J  ani  LeiOBnUJt  (iSM):  CluinacU  sf  Ltmion  frirm  laSBla 

ij»]  fed,  by  Sit  rr.  H:  Nkolu  and  E.  Tynel,  i«i7!:  Miaimnla 
GUSkOa  Umdimauii,  ia  RuUi  Series  ed.  ^  H.  T.  Rilry  U  vuk. 
it»-ia6J)!  I.  Taabiiin  Soiilb,  BadiA  Oldi  (pubtisbed  by  Euiy 
Eniliib  Text  Society),  wiLb  euiy  b/  ^  DrT:iiIana  [1870):  'S. 
Hrhcn,HiiUrj  of  1*1  Trntl^  Crtal  tneiy  C-mpnia  (lijTJ;  C. 
Grw,  ni  CiU  if^tem  (1  Yol*.,  iSao);  W.  C.  Haititl.  nt  I^My 

,._ ..__  _,  .._  -..._  _,  v__j._  ,.,f_,,^  contain*  a  prtcta  of  Ibe 

1,   Thi  Cit)  Cmfn^  4 
ami  Ctmpamti  u  Lndow 

UVU  DBUniU  (c.  55  B.C.-A.D.  ig],  Romao  etopteu,  wai 
originally  tbc  uile  of  'Hbcriui  Oatidiui  Nero,  by  whom  the 
hid  two  loni,  Dnuui  and  Tibcrim  (iflerwardi  emperot}.  But 
ibc  uLiraclcd  tbe  aiLention  of  ibe  luiure  empcroi  AucuiLUB. 
>t-ho  in  ^  compeDed  her  buiband  to  divorce  her  and  majried 
her  hiouell,  having  first  got  rid  of  bii  own  wife  Scribonia.  Her 
two  lont,  at  Ihcir  dying  lalhei's  [equest,  were  entrusted  [0  Iho 
guaidianihip  of  Auguiiui,  to  whom  she  bote  do  childicD.  Livia 
WIS  suifiocied  of  commiiting  vaiiou*  cjlmei  to  secme  the  thiom 
for  TJbcEJus,  whereas  Augustus  naluralEy  favoured  the  dainu 
of  his  blood-ieblivcs.  Tbc  ptemalure  dealbi  of  hii  nephew 
MaiccUut  (whom  he  had  at  tint  £ied  upon  as  his  succeuoi] 
and  of  hij  grandson*  Caius  and  Lucius  Caesar,  the  banishineDt 
of  his  grandson  Agtfppa  Poiiumui,  and  even  bii  own  dcalb, 
were  attribute^  10  her     But  in  any  caK  Augutlui'j  aflectioo 

lasii  by  bit  will  be  declared  bci  and  Tiberius  [whom  he  bad 
adopted  in  A.l>.  4}  hit heirii  Livia  inherited  a  third  ol  his  properly; 
she  was  adopied  into  the  Julian  gent,  and  heucefoiib  auumcd 
the  name  of  Julia  Augusta.  The  senate  aba  circled  her  chiet 
priestess  of  the  college  founded  in  bonoui  of  the  deibedAuguslua. 
She  had  oow  reached  tbe  summit  of  her  ambilloo,  and  at  fint 
acted  at  ioinl-iulcr  with  Hbetiut.  Tiberius,  however,  looa 
became  liicd  of  Ibe  nuietnal  yoke;  bia  reliiement  to  Cafucat 
is  said  to  have  been  caused  by  hi]  desire  to  ncape  from  hei. 
Livia  cDutlnucd  to  live  quietly  at  Komci  ia  Ihe  full  enjoycieiil 
of  aulboiity,  until  bcr  death  at  an  advanced  age,  Tiberiiu 
appears  to  have  received  the  oevri  with  indiferrnce,  if  not  with 
satisfaclioni  he  absented  himself  from  the  funeral,  and  refused 
to  allow  her  apolhcosisi  bcr  will  wia  lupptessed  for  a  long  time 
and  only  carried  out,  and  the  legacies  paid,  by  Caligula. 

SccTaclEus.  Jlmili.  L  v.j  Dia  CaMiu  liii.  u.  Iv.  la-ji.  Iviil.  a, 
liic  1:  SuelSu^  TUniu.  so,  su  '  *-'■'—'■  '—-  f: — "~ 
ia  ltiti>ifi  AutuMii  (.itbal:  V.  Gi 

zeii.i.  ioiafair,u.e3ifcil. 

UVllfaSTOH,  EOWARD  (i;«4-iB3e),  American  Jurist  and 
ilntesRun,  waa  born  in  Clemiool,  Columbia  county,  New  York, 
on  tbc  i6th  ol  May  i;&4.  fie  was  a  gteal-giandton  of  Robert 
LivingitDni  the  Gnt  of  tbe  (ainily  lo  tetile  in  America  (tee 
UvraCSTON,  WiLUAH,  bclow).  He  giaduiled  at  Princeton 
in  i;Si,  waa  admitted  to  the  bar  in  ijSs.  and  began  to  practise 
law  in  New  York  City,  rapidly  rising  In  distinction.  In  i;gi- 
iSoi  be  wai  a  Republican  tepteteot alive  in  CoDgnss,  where 
he  waa  one  of  the  ieaden  of  the  opposition  to  Jay't  Uealy, 
iplroduced  the  resolution  calling  upon  Presideot  Wasbiogton 
for  all  papers  rebling  to  tbe  treaty,  and  at  the  dose  of  Washing, 
ton's  administration  voled  with  Andrew  Jackson  and  other 
radicals  against  tbc  address  to  tbe  president.  He  t^^posed  the 
Alien  and  Sedition  Laws,  introduced  tcgislaiioB  on  bcbalf  of 
American  seamen,  and  In  iSoo  altacLed  Iht  president  [or  pei- 
miiiing  the  nlndiUon  by  the  British  gDvernmeut  of  Jonathan 
Robbini,  wbo  had  commilled  muidtc  on  an  English  frigate, 
and  bad  then  escaped  10  South  Carolina  and  falsely  claimed 


i   i,-       l™iital 


..  . .   „  . ..    ,..  .  in  Ihe  tame  year  appointed 

of  New  York  City.    When,  in  the  lUDunei  ol  itej,  tbe 
tt  vftited  with  yellow  fevar,  Livingstou  di^ilayed  cotirage 
and  energy  in   his  endeaTours  |o  prevent  the  ^nvad  d  Ihe 
'  idieve  AnreM.    He  tuBcrcd  >  vloleni  «iuck  ol 


UVWGSTOM,  R.  R, 


.  I 


■be  fivn,  durini  wbich  the  people  gave  nuny  proofi  of  their 
■tlichment  lo  him.  Oa  his  cecovciy  he  found  bii  private  liFnin 
tn  ume  confuHOn,  and  he  wu  *t  the  unie  time  deeply  indebted 
tg  the  govetniDent  for  public  fundi  wfakh  had  been  hut  through 
Ibe  miaiDanagFinenl  or  diabonsty  of  a  confideulial  dtA,  and 
for  which  he  was  respomible  as  district-attorney.  He  at  once 
amrendered  all  his  pn^Krty,  resigned  his  two  offices  in 


l.8!H^ 


Hesc 


laciii 


taige  Uw  practice  in  New  Oiteans,  and  tn  iSiSiepaid  Iheiovein- 
rncnt  in  full.  Including  the  interest,  which  at  that  lime  amounted 
\a  more  than  the  original  prjncipd. 

Almost  immediafcly  upon  his  arrivaj  in  Loui^ana,  where  the 
legal  system  had  previously  been  based  on  Roman,  Freacfa  and 
Spanish  law,  and  where  trial  by  jury  and  other  peculiarities  of 
^^ish  common  iaw  were  now  hist  introduced;  he  was  appointed 
by  the  legisblure  to  prcpan  a  proviiioiial  code  ol  jucUcial 
procedure,  which  (io  the  form  of  an  act  passed  in  April  iSoj) 
wu.  continued  in  ^tce  from  lEoj  to  iSij.  In  lioj,  attu  con- 
ducting a  luccessTvl  suit  on  behalf  of  a  client's  title  to  apart 
of  the  balture  or  alluvial  land  near  New  Orleans,  Livingston 
■  llcinpled  to  improve  part  of  this  land  (which  he  had  received 
II  his  fee)  Id  the  Balluie,  Sle  Marie.    Great  popular  eiicilemcnt 

Governor  ClaiboEne,  when  appealed  to  for  proLfclion,  referred 
the  question  to  the  Federal  govaoment.  Livingston's  case  was 
damaged  by  President  Jefferson,  who  believed  that  Livinp[on 
bad  favoured  Burr  in  the  presidential  election  of  iGoo,  and  that 
he  had  afterMfdj  been  a  party  lo  Burr's  schemes.  Jefieison 
madeit  impossible  for  Livingston  tosecurt  hi?  title,  and  in  iSi? 
published  a  pamphlet  "fortbeuseof  counsel"  in  the  case  against 
Livingston,  to  which  Livingston  published  a  crushing  reply 
Uvingslon's  final  victory  in  the  courts  brought  him  liltle  financial 
profit  because  of  the  heavy  eipenses  ol  the  htlgation.  During 
Ihe  war  with  England  from  i8ij  lo  i!is  Livingston  w«i  active 
in  rousing  the  mixed  population  of  New  Orleans  to  resistance. 
He  used  his  influence  lo  secure  amnesty  for  Lafilte  and  his 
followers  upon  ihelcofler  to  fight  foe  the  city,  and  in  i8i4-i3i5 

who  was  his  personal  friend.  In  iSjr,  by  appointment  of  the 
legislature,  of  which  he  had  become  a  mcrnl>er  in  the  precediTig 
year,  Livingston  began  the  preparation  nf  a  new  code  of  ctiminal 

ai  the  "  Livln^lon  Code."  II  was  prepared  in  both  French  and 
English,  as  was  required  by  (he  neceisities  of  practice  in  Louisiana, 
and  actually  consisted  of  Four  codes-^crimes  and  punishments, 
procedure,  evidence  in  criminal  cakps.  reFonn  and  prison 
discipline.  Though  substantially  completed  in  1834,  when  it 
was  accidentally  burned,  and  again  in  iSjA,  it  wu  not  printed 
entire  until  iSjj.  It  was  nevct  adopted  by  the  state.  Iiwasat 
once  reprinted  in  England.  France  and  Germany,  atlnding  wide 
praise  by  its  remarkable  simplicity  and  vlgour,and  especially  by 
reason  ol  its  philanthropic  pmvisions  in  the  code  of  reform  and 
prison  discipline,  which  noticeably  loSuenced  the  penal  legisla- 
tion ol  various  countries.  In  rcfctring  to  this  code.  Sir  Hcniy 
Maine  ipoke  ol  Livingston  ai  "Ihe  Erst  legal  genius  of  m.odem 
timet "  ICambridte  Eisays,  1B56.  p.  i ;).  The  spirit  ol  Livingston's 
code  wu  remedial  rather  than  vindictive;  il  provided  lor  the 
abolition  of  capital  punishment  and  the  making  of  penitenliaiy 
labour  not  a  punishment  lorced  on  the  prisoner,  but  a  matter 
of  hl>  choice  and  a  reward  lor  good  bi^avloar.  bringing  with  it 
beller  accomnwdalbos.  Hii  Code  o[  Reform  and  rrison 
Discipline  was  adopted  by  Cuitemila.  Livingston  was  the 
leading  member  of  a  commission  appointed  to  prepare  a  new 
civil  code,'  which  for  the  most  part  Ihe  legislature  adopted  In 


IBJS,  ar 


important  chaplcn 

re  prepared  by  Livingston  alone. 


'  i>cfimiiiary  woriE  in  the  prnuratKifi  of  anewetvilcttdehadbtn 
dane  by  Jama  Brown  and  Mofean  Liilet.  whs  is  ISot  reported  1 
'  DigcH  of  the  Cvil  Lawi  Kw  in  [on  in  i)e  Tariury  ofOrkan 
id  Aoeadmenu  adapted  co  the  pracnt  Form  0 


ilij-tSig,  asedalorln  lii^-iRji.tndfR'twoyunFilji-iS)]) 

secretary  ol  slate  under  President  Jackson,  In  thia  laii  positfon 
he  was  one  ol  Ibe  most  traled  advisers  of  the  president,  for 
whom  he  prepared  a  number  of  state  papers,  the  most  important 
beipg  the  famous  anti-nullification  proclamation  ol  the  lolh  of 
December  iSji.  From  igjj  to  iRji  Uvingslon  was  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  France,  charged  with  procuring  Ibe  hdfilment 
by  the  French  government  ol  Ihe  treaty  oegotiated  by  W.  C 
Rives  in  iSji,  by  which  France  had  bound  hendl  to  pay  an 
indemnily  ol  IwenfyBve  millioni  ol  francs  for  French  spoliatians 
~'  '  ~  ' ''  '  _  :hiefiy  undcrlbe  Berlin  and  Milan  decrreii 
and  the  United  Slates  in  turn  agreed  to  pay  to  France  i,soo,ooo 
iifaction  of  French  claims.  Livingston's  Degotia- 
iniluciKl  with  excellent  judgment,  but  the  French 
Chamber  of  Deputies  refused  to  mike  an  o[Vn^itlon  10  pay 
the  first  instalment  due  under  the  treaty  in  iRjj,  rtlaiioss 
between  the  two  governments  became  s)i*ined,  and  Livingston 
■asliniilly  instructed  to  dose  thslegUioo  and  return  loAmericl. 
He  died  on  the  13rd  ol  May  lEjA  al  Montgomery  Place,  DolcbcM 
county.  New  York,  an  estate  lelt  him  by  his  lisler,  10  which  he 
had  rcnwved  in  1B31.  Uvingston  was  twke  married.  His  first 
wife,  Mary  McEver^  whom  he  married  on  the  lothol  April  i;gB, 
diedontheijtbolMarcbiSoi.  InJirneiSoshemarriedUadame 
Louise  Moreau  de  Lassy  (d.  iS6a1,  a  widow  nineteen  yean  ol  age, 

refugee  in  New  Orleau  from  Ihe  revolution  in  Sanio  DomiBgOb 
She  ns  a  wiKau  of  extraordinary  Iwauly  and  intellect,  aiid  ii 
said  to  have  greatly  influenced  her  busbsiid'l  public  career. 

See  C  H.  Hunt,  ZJU  nf  EJmmri  Utlnp"'  O'e"  ^"1^  '^tt 
Livinralon'i  Warkl  II  vuli..  New  Voik.  I*?]):  and  Lsuik  Livinf 
sion  Hunt,  UcmmroJiSii  Eiwari  Lai^tKOI  (Tlcw  York,  lU«]. 

UVIHOITOH.  BOBERT  B.  (174^1813).  Americu  Malesiuii, 
son  of  Robert  R,  [jvinpton  (i7iS-i7;5'  ■  justice  of  Ihe  Ne* 
York  supreme  court  alter  i7('j)  and  brother  at  Edward  Livinf- 
BlDB  (see  above),  wu  born  in  New  York  City,  on  the  nib  ol 
November  1 74<i-  He  graduated  at  King's  College,  New  Yoit 
(now  Columbia  University),  in  17AJ,  wu  admitted  to  the  b«  in 
irrj.uidtoraihoti  lime  wutalawptflnerof  John  Jay.  In  i7)j 
he  became  Reorder  ol  (few  York  City,  but  i«h>  Idcatified 
himself  with  Ihe  Whig  or  Patriot  element  there,  and  wu  forced 
tagiveupthispsHtionini775.  He  was  a  member  ol  ihi  serand. 
third  and  fourth  Piovincigi  Coiigit»aofNewyork(iT7s-i7T7l. 
wu  a  ddcgate  from  New  York  to  the  Continental  Congms  in 
'J7S-')?;  »od  again  in  1779-1780,  and  was  a  member  ol  the 
which  drallcd  the  Declaration  et  Independence. 


d  frm 


nt  by  ha 


Congress,  which 


*  York, 


Kingston  il  , , , 
Livingston  having  been  a  Inembcrof  the  committee  (hat  drafted 
this  instrument.  He  wu  Ihe  firti  chancellor  ol  the  sUte.  fivm 
1777  to  Fetfuaiy  iSoi,  and  il  beat  known  aa  "ChanceUar** 
Livingston.  In  this  capacity  he  administeied  (he  Mlh  of  oBice 
10  Washington  at  bis  Ihst  inauguration  (0  (he  presidency,  in 
New  York,  oii  the  30th  ol  April  1 789.  Previously,  [rom  October 
1781  to  June  178J,  be  had  been  the  lint  secretary  ol  fordga 
aSoin  muler  (he  Confederation,  and  his  EuiSfiean  corrvapand- 
ence.  e^)ed«l!y  with  Franklin,  was  of  Ihe  utmost  vahieln  accom- 
plishing peace  with  Crest  Britain.  In  i  jM  he  had  been  a  memhel 
ol  the  New  York  Convention,  which  ratified  lor  that  state  the 
Federal  Coulitution.  He  became  an  an[i-Fedcralisl  ud  ia 
ij^gunsuccessfuilyoppesedjohn  Jay  in  the  New  York  guber- 
natorial campaign.  In  iSor,  having  refused  an  appantment  as 
'     navy,  he  became  m'  ■  ■■  .»     -.  - 


Jeflers 


ember   lAoi,  and  in 
,  effected  on  behalf  ti  I 


He  had  r 

In  179). 


He  jiTTived  in  France 
tssocistiOB  with  James 
meat  the  purchase  frotf 


t    being   largely  hb  (see  LoDtsUHa  PtaciusE), 
giton  withdrew  from  put^Ue,  mA  tlux  ■  ynr 


LIVINGSTON,  W.— LIVINGSTONE,  DAVID 


S>3 


ot  tnvd  b  Eunpc  nlurDed  Lo  Nev  Votk,  ubin  hr  pmmoitA 
VMnoia  iippnvcmeota  la  igricullurc,  H>  did  much  lo  inlntducr 
the  UK  oi  gypHim  u  m  lerliliKr,  tad  pubLishtd  an  Ettay  om 
Stat  ('^1-  M'  "U  long  intentlol  in  the  prabkra  of  utua 
■wvigitioa;  before  he  nal  U>  Fnnce  he  received  InnivIheUBic 
of  New  Yoik  s  tnoDapol]'  of  tteun  ntvigitloii  od  tbe  nien 
of  thoLateuid  uaUtedio  IbeeipeiimeBUofhit  brothet-in-taH, 

in  lEoi  made  ucnuliU  Iriak  on  Ike  Seine  of  s-peddle  wheel 
lUamboati  in  i9oi  Livin^lon  Uoin'lr  vith  Robcit  Ftdloo) 
nceived  a  reocwal  oI  hii  moDopal)'  lo  New  Yock.  and  the  fint 
■ucna^ul  tleam-veisel,  whicb  opcnied  on  the  Hudson  in  iSo;, 
■as  named  alter  LivingXaB'a  bame,  ClennOM  {N.Y.}.  Ha 
died  a[  OcRnont  oo  the  i61h  ol  Febniaiy  iSij. 

Ltviogalon  and  George  Clinton  wen  cboaen  lo  repreiem 
New  York  Ilale  in  Slaluacy  HaU,  in  tbe  Capitol,  at  Waakington, 
D.C.;theitalueD(Uviii^aniibyE,D.Palma. 

Sec  Frederick  de  Peyiler.  BiatrafiiUal  Sttck  al  JWM  JL  LMif- 
Jinn  (Nev  Vo'k.  1876);  Robert  K.  MoDon,  "  Ridien  R.  LiviiHIan: 
Besinnir^  of  AmcTican  Oii>k>inacv,"  in  Tb  Jell  i*.  firaacA 
HiitorUtJ  Papii!  n)  ReiuMoli-Mao*  CcUcii,  L  139-114,  and  ii. 
u-46:  and  j.  B.  Noare.  "  Robert  R.  Llvinpion  andtTie  Lauli- 
Una  Purcluie,"  in  CUuiaMi  [/■Kriilj  QuitUtty,  V.  C  (I904),  Ml. 

UVUKSiail,  WHLUH  (i7>1-iT9o).  Annican  pditkai 
leader,  was  bom  11  Albur.  New  York,  probably  on  tbe  joth  oi 
NovembcT  171J.  He  wai  the  son  a<  Philip  LIvisgitaii  (1686- 
1740)*  and  grandson  of  Robert  Livin^tDO  (T6S4-tT35),  vdw  waa 
bom  at  Ancrum,  Scotland,  enugiated  to  America  about  T673, 
■■d  received  granlt  (beginning  in  i6S6>  10  "  Livingiton  Manor  " 
(a  traft  of  land  on  the  Hudson,  comprising  the  greater  pan  of 
what  are  now  DulchH  ind  Ccdumbia  counliei).  Thit  Robert 
LivingnoB,  founder  ol  the  Ameiicin  (amfly,  became  in  167$ 
■ecretary  oil  the  important  Board  of  Indian  CominiuioBeni  he 
waaa  memherof  the  New  York  AseemblylmTii-tris  indijiS- 
iTr?  at^  Iti  ipeaker  in  171^-1715,  and  in  T701  made  the  pro- 
posal that  ail  the  Englisb  colonies  in  Ameri<!B  should  be  grouped 
(of  adrntutialrve  purposes  "  into  three  distinct  govemmenia" 

WaUun  Livingston  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1741,  studied 
bwln  the  dtyol  New  York,  and  wasadn^ttH!  to  the  bar  in  I74«. 
He  aerval  in  the  New  York  legitlatun:  <i7;9-i7te),  but  hH 
political  iBfluence  waa  long  eiened  chiefly  throu^  pamphlets 
and  newspaper  articles.  The  Ijvingilon  family  then  led  tbe 
DisaeDters,  who  later  became  Whigs,  and  Ibe  De  Lincey  (arnily 
ttpresented  Ibe  Anglican  Tory  interests.  Tbreugli  the  columns 
dt  the  IniiftHitnl  RiJIeclor,  which  he  established  In  17;!. 
Livingston  fought  the  attempt  of  tht  Anglican  party  to  bring 
the  projected  King's  College  (now  Ccdumbia  Univenity)  under 
the  control  of  tbe  Church  of  En^nd.  Alter  tbe  luspendon 
of  the  Rtfater  in  17SJ,  he  edited  in  the  Wn>  Yurh  Uae*ty  the 
"Watch  Tower  "  section  (1J54-15SS).  "kich  beaime  tbe  recog- 
tsied  organ  of  tbi  Presbyterian  faction.    In  opposition  to  the 


n  open  Utter  \»  Oa  Ki^ 
XmrcKj  Pailur  in  Gtd,  Jakn  Lufi,  BUMtf  ef  UaniaJ  (itMI, 
and  edited  and  in  large  ineDiniTU  wrote  tbe  "  American  Whig  '* 
colomns  in  the  New  Ftrt  Carile  (i76S-t7Ao}.  in  1771  he 
(cmoved  to  EUiabctb,  New  Jeney,  where  Bftcr  177]  he  lived 
OB  his  estate  known  u  "  Liberty  Hall."  He  i^ieMnied  New 
Jeneylntbe  lint  and  tecand  Continental  Congreues  (1174.177!- 
iT7e).  bat  left  PUIadelphia  In  June  1176,  probably  to  avoid 
voting  on  the  question  of  adopting  the  Declaration  of  Inde> 
peodeoce,  which  be  regarded  as  ineipedlenl.  He  was  chosen 
fint  goveinor  of  the  stats  of  New  Jeisey  in  1776,  and  waa 
regularly  rc'dected  until  bis  death  in  1790.  Loyal  to  Amerlctn 
interests  and  devoted  to  Gencnl  Washington,  be  «u  one  of 
Ibe  most  useful  o(  the  state  eiccutives  during  tbe  War  of  Inde- 
pendence. WhOe  governor  he  was  a  frequent  cnniributor  to 
the  New  Jemj  GiatM,  and  In  Ibis  ii*y  be  (reatly  aided  the 
Amertcan  caurt  during  the  war  by  hb  denunciation  of  the  eoemy 
■nd  appeals  (o  the  pattfoiism  of  hit  couBtrymen.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Federal  Constitutional  Convention  of  17S7. 
•Bd  soppontd  the  New  Jtnry  tmall-atate  plan.     In  1754  be 


joined  with  Us  brother,  PbiBp  Uvingslon,  Us  "BRitlier-in-Uw, 
William  Aleiandn-  ("Lord  Stirling")  and  otben  in  foundint 
what  It  DOW  known  as  the  Society  Library  ol  New  York.  With 
the  help  oi  Williain  Smith  (i75»-ijqj),  the  New  York  historian, 
Williaca  Livingston  prepared  a  digest  of  the  laws  of  New  Votk 
for  the  period  I(i9i-i7s6,  which  was  published  in  two  volumes 
(1751  and  i7«)).  He  died  >1  EUiabeth,  New  Jersey,  on  the  15th 
oljuly  i7«o. 

See  'n>«p>tnr»  Sedjwicir.  Jr..  ti7f  af  WlOiam  ZAintiten  (New  York, 
l9jiJ^aii<IE.B.livin{siDn.ribi^uiji|ilHii^^iiiaiAnUuw(i9ia). 

His  brolfan,  Petu  vui  Barren  LiviNcnoN  (i7io-r7gi). 
■as  a  pruniiKnt  merchant  and  a  Whig  political  leader  in  New 
York.  He  was  one  of  the  founden  ol  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
(now  Princeton  UnivCTsity),  was  a  member  of  the  New  York 
Council  ka  some  years  before  the  War  of  Independence,  a 
member  and  pnsldeBt  o(  the  First  PtovIbcIbI  Congnu  of  New 
Yetk  (i77J)i  *nd  a  member  of  the  Second  Provincial  Congraa 
(1775-177*). 

Aoother  brother,  PmuF  LiymoaTOH  (1716-1778),  »u  also 
prominent  ss  a  leader  of  Ibe  New  York  Whi)p  or  PsiriBts.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  New  York  Asembly  Ib  1759-1769,  a 
delegate  to  the  Stamp  Act  Coogrea  of  1765,  a  member  of  the 
Continental  Congnas  (mm  1774  until  his  death  and  as  aucb  a 
signer  of  the  DeclststBO  of  Independence,  and  in  1777-1778 

William's  son,  (Htmtv)  B«6ckbol»t  LivnronoN  (1757- 
1813),  was  an  officer  in  the  American  War  trf  Independence,  and 
waa  an  able  lawyer  and  fudge.  Fitm  i3o7  until  his  death  he 
was  an  associate  fustice  of  the  United  Stales  Supreme  Court, 
and  he  wrote  poblical  pamphlets  under  the  pen-name  "  Dedus." 

UVtWnOHI.  DiVID  (iSi]'iS7]),  Scottish  missionary  and 
eiptorer  In  Africi,  wis  born  on  the  19th  of  Msrch  iHij.  at  the 
village  of  Blantyre  Works,  in  Lanarkshire,  Scotland.  Dsvid  ws* 
the  second  child  of  his  parents,  Neil  Livingston  (for  so  he  spdled 

His  parent!  were  typical  eiamplei  of  all  thst  is  best  among  the 
humbler  familict  of  Scotland.  Al  the  age  of  ten  yean  David 
left  tbe  village  school  for  the  neighbouring  cotlon-mlll,  mmI  by 
sltenilim!  efforts  qualified  himself  at  Ibe  age  of  twenty-three  to 
undertake  a  college  cuiriodum.  He  attended  for  two  MsshAB 
Ibe  medical  and  the  Greek  classes  In  Anibnon's  College,  Glas- 
gow, and  also  a  theological  class.  In  September  tgjS  he  went 
up  to  LondfHi,  and  waa  accepted  by  the  London  Hixaonary 
Sodety  as  a  candidate.  He  took  his  mertjcal  degree  in  \ht 
Faculty  of  PhyHoans  and  Surgeons  In  Glasgow  in  November 
■ '  '  igMone  had  set  hl»  heart  oi 


o  Um  that  the  sodety  EnaBy  di 


10  send  htm  to  Africa.    To  an  eileiior  in  these  early  jt 

what  heavy  and  uncouth,  he  united  a  manner  which,  byunlveraal 

simple  humour  and  frni  that  would  break  out  on  the  moal  un- 
likely occasions,  and  in  afts  years  enabled  him  to  overcome 
difficulties  and  mdlow  refractory  chiels  when  all  other  methods 
failed. 

Uvlngttaiw  sailed  from  England  on  tbe  8th  of  December  1840. 
From  Algoa  Bay  he  made  direct  for  Katunan,  Bechuanatand, 
the  mission  station,  700  m.  north,  estaUished  by  Robert  Moflat 
twenty  years  before,  and  there  he  arrived  on  the  jist  ol  July 
1841.  'The  neet  two  years  Livingstone  spent  tn  travelling  about 
the  country  to  the  northwards,  In  srarch  of  a  suitable  outpost 
for  settlenieBl,  During  these  two  years  he  became  ctmvinced 
that  the  success  of  the  white  misBioiiuy  in  a  field  Uke  Africa 


dbyll 


lale  of  di 


could  send  home  each  year — that  the  proper  worit  for  such  msn 
was  that  of  T^oDcering,  opening  up  and  starting  new  troond, 
leaving  native  agcnu  to  wntk  it  out  in  detail.  The  nAale  of 
his  subsequent  career  was  a  develepmeni  of  thk  Idea.  He 
selected  the  valley  of  Mabotsa,  oD  one  of  tbe  sotocic*  of  Ibe 
limpopo  river,  room,  mlh^sst  of  Kunifnai,ai  his  fint  slstioB. 
Shortly  after  hia  settlement  here  he  wai  attacked  by  a  lion 
which  crushed  fail  left  arm.  The  am  was  bnpecfcttly  let,  and 
<l  wui*ouRco<lnuUt  t»taimMIfaiwaMa|baBtU>Ua, 


•A''«'8" 


8h 

ud  wutbaBcaasolidaitilyllsUibody  aHnkadWh.  To 
■  howe,  aaialy  buUt  by  hiBWlf  aLUtboti^  LiviniitDns  in 
1844  brought  bame  hii  wife,  Mtiy  UoBit,  Ibe  daufliler  of 
Uofiil  ol  XuruDUUL  Here  he  biKMred  ttU  1I41S,  when  be 
nnwveil  la  Chonuue.  40  "-  lanhcr  Dorth,  Ihe  duel  fUce  ol 
the  Bik  wain  ac  Bikweni  iribc  under  Secbele,  In  1847  he>|un 
Kinoved  lo  Kolobeng,  ibotit  40  m.  we&lwardi,  the  whole  tribe 
foUowing  iheJT  missionary.  With  the  aid  and  in  tJu  company 
"     -■  B.WiUianiC.  dwell, 


UVINGSTONE,  tJAVID 

ud  rii  BWBiha  one  of  t)i 


ieKg«i: 


.  .        ,  .  man.    CiwiiiTg  the  K. 

I>etcn,  dI  which  Livin^lon*  gave  the  Em  detailed  ai 
they  rtuhtd  the  lalie  on  Ihs  i5t  of  Augutt  1I49.  In  Apr 
year  lie  raadfi  an  aiiempt  10  ruch  Sebitiune,  iwbo  lived  . 
beyond  the  Uite,  thia  time  in  ooapiay  with  his  wile  and  ch 


11  again  got 
leiMd  with  Fever. 


a  laithei 


ID  childrci: 


.Er,ApRliS3i,Lii 
■nompaniea  Dy  nis  iimiiy  and  OiwtU.  kI  out,  thit  lime  with 
the  intemtion  vi  KllUng  unong  the  HdMlolo  for  a  period.  At 
Ui(  he  ucceeded.  and  reached  the  Chobe  (Kwando),  a  louihcm 
tiibutvy  ol  the  Zambeai,  and  in  the  end  o(  Juno  reached  the 
Zambeii  Iticif  at  the  town  of  Staheke.  Lttviog  the  Chobe 
on  the  ijth  <^  Auguit  the  pany  teadted  Cape  Town  in  Apiil 
i8;i.  livlagMose  nuy  now  be  laid  to  have  compJeicd  the 
finl  period  ol  hii  career  in  Alriu,  the  period  in  which  the 
•otk  ot  the  mlsaioniTy  hud  the  pGile*l  prominence.  Heve- 
ionh  h«  appcan  more  In  ibe  chancm  of  40  eiplorer,  but  It 
■uit  be  ntncmbcrtd  th»t  he  regaeiled  himself  t«  the  last 
■■  ■  plODMi  miiuouiy,  mhnae  wnck  wu  to  open  up  the 
emintiy  to  others. 

Having  seen  his  family  off  lo  England,  Uvingstone  left  Cape 
Town  on  the  SIh  of  June  iSsi,  and  lucoing  noitk  agiin  reai h«l 
Linyinte,  Iha  capital  of  the  Makololo,  on  the  Chobe.  on  the 
Ijid  of  May  iSu,  being  cimtially  received  by  Sekeletu  and 
his  people.  His  first  object  was  to  seek  for  (omi  hcallhy  high 
land  in  which  to  plant  a  Italian.  Ascending  ihe  Zanbui,  he, 
bowcVM,  found  no  place  Iiee  from  the  liatsa  By,  and  therdoie 

or  east  coast.  To  accomjiany  LivingMona  tweBiy.Mvcc  men 
were  selected  from  tlie  vaikiui  tribes  under  Sekdelu,  partly 
with  »  view  to  open  up  a  tradi 


.    The  I 


of  November  iBji.  and,  by  ascending  Ihe  Libe,  Idke  Dilolo 
reached  on  the  leih  of  February  1854.  On  the  4ih  of  April 
the  Kwango  was  crossed,  and  oa  the  jitt  of  May  the  lawn  of 
Loanda  was  entered,  Livingstone,  hoveverj  being  all  but  dead 
fiom  fever,   senu.4LArvalion-  and  dysentery,     from  J^anda 

Uaclear  at  the  Cape,  and  an  account  of  his  journey  Lo  the  Royal 
Ceognpbical  Society,  which  in  May  1S5S  awarded  bim  iia 
palion'i  niedaL  Loanda  was  left  on  the  10th  al  September 
1>54,  but  Livingstone  hngeccd  bng  about  the  Portuguese  settle- 
menta.  Makuig  a  slight  ditour  to  the  north  to  Kabango,  the 
party  reached  Lake  Dilolo  on  the  13th  of  June  1825.  Heia 
liviagstone  made  t.  careful  study  of  the  hydtogi>[^y  of  the 
country.     He  '^.tKW  iot  the  first  time  apprehendoi  the  true 

elusions  he  came  to  have  been  enentially  conhrmed  by  aub- 
aeqilenl  observatuins.  The  letutn  ioumey  from  Lake  Dikile 
was  by  the  same  route  as  that  by  which  Ihe  puty  atm,  LinyaBte 
being  readied  in  the  beginning  of  Septcmbei. 

For  Uvingitone's  purposes  the  louLe  to  the  west  was  un- 
available, and  he  decided  to  follow  the  Zambesi  to  its  mouth. 
With  a  numerous  loUowing,  he  left  Linyante  on  the  Slh  ol 
November  igji.  A  fortnight  aflecwariL  he  discovered  the 
famoiB  "Viclorla"  falls  of  the  Zambni.  He  had  already 
farmed  a  tnie  idea  ol  the  configuratiDn  of  the  contu 
great  boUow  01  b*ahi.|luped  plateau,  aunoundtd  by 
mounUins.  Uviopuone  leached  the  PoriuguiH  > 
of  Tele  eo  the  and  of  March  iSjO,  in  a  very  emacialed  1 
Here  he  left  hia  men  and  pnceeded  to  Quilinune, 
anivcd  on  the  ntb  ol  U*y,  that  bivisf  ccmpleted  in 


I  nfceasitaled 
rn  UvingWon 


raoM  mnaikaMe  and  fruiltel  foaTDcyi 
1  geography  and  in  naliinl  sdOKe  in 
abundant  and  accurale;  his  obaerva- 
ilruciion  ol  l*l<  map  of  Centnt  Afrka. 


w  any  doubt  01 


le  arigioBllty  of  his 


Oa  the  nth  of  Decenibei  bt  arrived  in  En^and,  after  an 
absence  of  aiitccn  years,  and  met  everywhere  ihe  weloDnM  ol 
ahcTo.   HetoldhisstoryinhitifiiiiDiury  Tramli and lUuarclut 

iuSauH  j4/riu(iS]7)wilhstraighl[arwsidiiinplicily,  and  with 
nO  effort  after  Hieriry  style,  and  no  apparent  coiKcioutntiB  that 

what  he  would  have  considered  arampelency  had  he  leltbiniMlf 
at  liberty  to  ictile  donm  for  life.  In  i»S7  he  tevtnd  his  con- 
neiion  with  Ihe  London  Missionary  Sociely.withwhoni,  however, 
he  alway*  remained  on  the  best  of  terms,  and  in  FebiBary  igjS 
he  accepted  the  appointment  of  "  Her  Majesty's  consul  ai 
QuilJRunefor  the  easiem  coatt  ind  Iheindependenldisiricisin 

eaaiem  and  ceulral  Africa."  The  Zsmbtai  espeditian,  of  which 
Livingstone  thus  became  couinunder,  sailed  from  Liverpool 
in  H.M.S.  "  Fearl  "  on  the  lolh  of  Maidi  1858,  and  reached  the 
mouth  of  the  Zambezi  on  the  T4th  of  May.  The  patty,  which 
induded  Dt  (allccwaids  Sit)  John  Kirk  and  Livinptone') 
brother  Charles,  ascended  the  rivet  Itom  the  Kongooeraouihin 
a  steam  launch,  the  "  Ha-RclieR  ";  reaching  Tete  on  the 
8th  ol  Septembet.  The  remainder  nl  the  year  was  dented  10 
an  saamination  of  the  rivet  above  Tele,  and  especially  the 
KebtabsM  npida.  Most  of  tbt  year  iSm  was  spent  in  the 
eiploralioo  of  the  river  Shirj  and  lake  Nyasa,  which  was 
discovered  in  September^  end  during  a  great  part  of  the  year 
1S60  Livingstone  was  engaged  in  fulfilling  his  ptottiise  10  lake 
SDch  of  Ihe  Makc^lo  hotne  as  cared  to  go.  In  January  of  uit 
year  arrived  Biibop  C.  F.  Mackeniie  and  a  pally  of  miBsionaries 
tent  out  by  the  Univeilities  Mission  10  establish  a  UUioD  on  the 


After  eipl«ing  ibr  rivet  Rovuma  for  jo  m.  1 

the  "  Pioneer,"  Livingstone  and  the  mlasiof 
up  the  Sbit6  to  Chibisa's;  iheie  they  found 
rampant.    On  the  ijth  of  July  Livlngnone. 

Several  bands  of  slaves  whom  they  1 

ol  Lake  Chilwa  (Shirwa)  Livingsi 
Novcmba  in  eiploring  Lake  Nyasi 
Ihe  west  side  nf  Ihe  lake  to  near 
marched  along  the  shore.    He  relumed  rn 


ihitnt 


desolaiiof  tUve- 

rade.    On 

he  joih  ol  January  iMi,  at  Ihe 

Zambeii  mouth, 

Livingtione 

were  the  leclions  ol  the  "  Lady 

Nyassa,"  a  rive 

steamer  which  Uvingslone  had  bad  bliUl  at 

hiiownupense. 

When  Ihe 

mission  bdies  reached  the  mouth 

of  the  Ruo  tribi 

lary  of  the 

Shir*,  ihey  we«  atunstd  to  heat 

of  the  death  of 

the  bishop 

wu  a  sad  blow 

to  Livingstone,  seeming  to   have  rendered 

all  his  eSorU  I 

establish 

a  mission  futile.     A  sliU  Dealer 

kw  to  him  wu 

that  of  his  wife  at  Shupan^.  on  the  37ih  of 

Apra  i8ij. 

The  "  lAdj  Kyasia  "  wu 

taken  to  tbe  Rovuioa.    Up  iVa 

river  Livingstone 

Keam  .jfi  Bi.,  but  farther  progrns 

:ed  by  rocks-  Sclurning  to  the  Zambesi  in  the  be^n- 
ung  01  i86j,  he  found  that  the  tkaslalion  caused  by  tbe  slave 
trade  wts  more  hoirible  and  ividespieul  than  ever.  It  was  dear 
Ihat  the  Fonuguese  officials  were  ihenuelvei  at  the  bolton  of 
Ihe  tiaffic.  Kiik  and  Chattes  Livingslone  being  compalkd  lo 
retuin  10  England  on  account  of  Iheit  health,  the  doctor  resolved 
once  mocc  to  visit  Ihe  lake,  and  proceeded  some  distance  up  the 
west  side  and  ibtn  north-west  it  fat  aa  Ibe  watershed  ihu 
acpaiales  tbe  Loangwa  from  the  liveia  that  nia  tMo  the  lab. 


zcdbyGoO^lc 


LIVINGSTONE,  DAVID 


Sis 


UaUwUlaaletlB  vurocdndfnmiEul  RdhU  noUisi  the 
•xpcdiliMi  bj  the  end  ei  tbs  ynr.  Id  Ibe  cod  of  ^nil  1864 
LIviapUMW  K*ched  Ztmilitr  ia  the  "  Ltdy  NyUMi,"  tnd  on 
Ike  tiii  Df  July  Liviogitonc  urivcd  in  Engluid.  He  wu 
Dfttunlly  du^>pomtcd  «iLh  the  comparative  fuLDT«  of  tiiia 
eipcditian.  StiJl  Ihe  ^ographical  nsuld,  tbouj^  not  in  eiteni 
to  be  comparnl  to  Iboae  of  ha  6nt  and  hit  final  eipediliou, 
9  depaiunenls 


e,  uid  he  had  unknowingly  laid  ibc 
>j>tale  of  Nyaiiland.    Dctiili  11 
SaireliH  if  nit  Eifeiitwm  to  Ike  Zamkui  a 
pubiiihcd  in  iBtS- 

By  Sir  Roderick  Murdiiaon  ud  hii  oChs  lUiuich  fricndi 
LinngBtDDc  wu  u  ocrndy  wilcomed  as  ever.  Wbts  Untchiion 
propoaed  la  him  thai  he  ihould  go  out  again,  allhoogli  be  •cemi 
to  have  bad  a  desire  to  >pend  ibe  ttmiinda  it  liii  days  u  bomt, 
Ihe  prospect  was  too  lonpting  to  be  rejected.  He  wu  (ppolsted 
Biiiiih  conaul  10  CenlralAfriu  vilbout  a  lalaiy.andgiivMiiIMal 
nmtribuled  only  £jaa  to  the  opedition.  The  thief  help  mne 
Imn  private  (liendi.  Daring  the  lattB  pan  of  the  SQMditloa 
fsvenuiienl  gnnted  him  £1000,  but  that,  when  he  leaned  of  it, 
wu  devoted  to  kii  gieal  nndeiuLiiig.  The  Geognphkal 
Society  conlribuled  £joa.  The  two  main  objects  of  the  expedi- 
tion were  the  Buppresson  of  sJavcry  by  means  of  civilizing 
InSneDCes,  and  the  ucertainmcnt  of  the  watenhed  id  the  region 
between  Nyau  and  Tanganyibi.  At  £nt  Livingnooe  tlwughi 
the  Nile  pnbleio  had  been  oU  but  adved  by  Speke,  Baker  and 
Btmoo,  but  the  idea  grew  upon  him  that  the  Nile  lources  must 
be  sought  farther  south,  and  Ids  iaat  journey  became  in  the  end 
a  forlorn  hope  in  search  of  Ibe  "fountains"  of  Herodotus, 
Leaving  EngLand  in  the  middle  of  AugoU  iS^s,  via  fiombay, 
UviofitoiK  itrived  U  Zanabai  on  the  iSth  of  Jaauvy  jS66. 
He  wu  landed  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rovuina  on  the  4nid  of  March, 
id  foe  the  inlerioc  on  the  4th  of  April.    His 


en  ;oh« 


le  African  bsys 


from  Nasik  school,  Bombay,  and  four  boys  from  Ihe  Shi 
beiides  camels,  bulfatoea,  mulea  and  donkeyi.    This  fopoaing 

■Mlh  end  of  Lake  Nyasa,  Livingstone  struck  in  a  oath-Dorth- 
west  direction  for  the  south  end  of  Lake  Tanganyika,  over 
country  much  of  which  had  not  previously  been  e^lored.  The 
Loan^wB  wu  crosed  on  the  15th  of  Decemba  1866,  Ou 
Chriolinas  day  Livingstone  lost  his  four  goiU,  a  ton  which  he 
felt  very  keenly,  and  the  medidne  cheat  was  altrfen  in  Jaimary 
1&67,  Fever  came  upon  him,  and  for  a  time  was  his  almost 
constant  companion;  this,  with  other  serious  ailments  which 
aubsequenily  attacked  him,  and  which  be  bad  iu>  medicine  to 
counteract,  toM  on  even  his  iron  frame.  The  Chambeil  wu 
crossed  on  the  i8th  of  January,  and  the  south  end  of  Tanganyika 
reached  on  the  jisl  of  March.  Here,  much  to  his  vexation,  he 
got  into  the  tompiny  ol  Arab  slave  dealen  (among  them  being 
Ijppoo-Tih)  by  whom  hia  mavemeoia  were  hampered;  htii  he 
meeeeded  in  reaching  Lake  Mweru  (Nov.  iMjI.  After  visiting 
Lake  hfefwa  and  ihe  Lualaba,  which  he  hdieved  was  the  upper 
ptirt  of  the  Nile,  he,  on  the  iSth  of  July  1S68,  discoveMd  Lkke 
Bangweidu.  Proceeding  up  the  west  coast  of  Tanganyika,  be 
reached  Ujiji  on  tbe  141b  ol  March  1869.  "  a  ruckk  ol  bone*." 
Livingstone  iccmssed  Tanganyika  in  July,  and  passed  Ibrougll 
Ihe  country  of  Ihe  Manyema,  but  bafBed  partly  by  the  nolini, 
parity  by  the  alive  hunlen.  and  partly  by  his  long  iUnciM*  il  *■» 
not  till  the  iqtb  of  March  i3t>  that  be  succeeded  in  retddos 
ikc  Lualaba,  si  the  loMn  of  Nyangwe,  where  he  stayed  four 
montha,  vainly  trying  10  get  a  caine  10  take  him  acroai.  It  wu 
hereliul  apany  of  Arab  divers,  willwal  warning  or  provoca- 

commeliced  iluoling  the  women,  hundreds  being  killed  or 
drowned  bi  trying  to  escape.  Livingstone  had  "  the  impresiian 
tbil  be  »u  in  hcU.''  but  wu  bripias,  though  his  "  £rst  impolse 
wu  10  fHStd  the  murdeters."  The  account  of  this  scene  which 
be  MM  home  rowed  Indignaiion  in  EngUnd  to  such  a  degree  13 
to  lead  to  detennned  and  to  a  considerable  ealenl  successful 
tMntU  10  get  the  buIiob  ol  '*•"'*■"  10  aappim  the  tnda.    In 


■ciencd  disgiat  the  weuy  tntdlet  made  U)  way  back  lo  Cjiji, 

which  he  reached  on  the  i]th  of  October.  Five  days  aftet  hii 
arrival  in  Ujiji  he  wu  inspired  with  new  life  by  the  timely 
aiiivol  of  U.  M.  Stanley,  Ihc  richly  laden  almoner  of  MrGordon 
Benoetl,  of  the  NtK  Yert  Herald.  With  Stanley  Uvin^toDe 
eaploted  the  north  end  of  Tanganyika,  and  proved  conclniveiy 

the  two  started  eutward  (or  Usyamweli,  where  Stanley  provided 
Livingstone  with  an  ample  supply  of  goods,  and  bade  him  farewtU. 
Stanley  left  on  the  15th  of  March  tS;],  and  after  Livinplonh 
had  waited  wearily  la  Unyamweii  for  five  months,  a  troop  of 
filty-aevo)  meaand  boys  arrived,  good  and  foJihful  (eBon  oh 
the  whole,  adected  by  Stanley  himself.  Thus  attended,  he 
storUd  OB  the  ijth  of  August  for  Lake  BangVeulu,  proceefng 
along  lbs  eaat  side  of  Tanganyika.  His  old  enen^  dysentery 
toon  foond  him  out.  In  January  1S73  the  party  got  among  the 
endleu  ^ongy  jungle  on  the  eut  of  Lake  Bangweulu,  Living- 
stoned  <^jea  being  to  go  round  by  the  south  and  away  west  <0 
find  the  "  iouaialna."  The  doctor  got  wone  and  worse,  and  fn 
tbe  middk  of  April  he  had  unwillingly  to  submit  to  be  tarried 
in  a  rtnte  litter.  On  tbe  iQth  of  April  Chitamho')  village  on  (he 
Lulimala,  in  tlila,  on  the  south  shore  of  the  lake,  wu  reached. 
Tlie  last  entry  la  tbejoutoal  is  on  the  97th  of  April:  "Knocked 


areoalbe  banks  of  the  Molilamo.' 
difficulty  wound  up  his  watch,  an 
1st  of  May  tbe  boys  found  "  the 
him,  kneeUng  by  the  side  ol  his 
preserved  the  body  in  Ihe  sun  as  wi 


OntheJolhofA^hewhh 
laify  CO  the  raoimng  of  the 
eat  master,"  u  they  ctDed 
d,  dead.  His  faithful  men 
IS  they  could,  and,  wra|qnig 


other  things  acron  Africa  to  Zanzibar.  It  was  borne  to  Engtand 
with  all  honour,  and  on  tbe  lEth  of  April  1874,  wu  depoailed 
in  Wettmiotter  Abbey.  His  faithfully  kept  journals  dutfif 
these  seven  years'  wanderings  were  published  under  the  title  tt 
the  taa  JounaiM  aj  David  Laitislmt  m  CruSrat  AJrita,  In  1074, 
edited  by  bis  old  friend  the  Rev.  Horace  Waller.  In  Oh)  CUt- 
amho's  tbe  time  and  place  of  his  duth  are  commemorated  by  a 
permanent  monnment,  which  replaced  in  190s  the  tree  r/a  which 
his  lutive  loUowets  had  recorded  the  event. 

In  qiite  of  his  mfferings  and  the  many  compulsory  ddays, 
Livingstone's  discoveries  during  these  last  yean  were  both 
extensive  and  of  prime  Importance  u  leading  to  a  solutioa  of 
African  bydtogml^y.  No  single  African  ejpl«er  hu  ever  done 
BO  much  lot  African  geography  u  Livingstone  during  his  thirty 
yean'  work.  His  travels  covered  one-third  of  tbe  oonlinent, 
eatrading  from  tbe  Cape  to  near  Ibe  equator,  and  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Indian  Ocean.  Livingsionc  wu  no  hurried 
traveller;  he  did  his  journeying  leisurely,  carefully  ohaerving 
and  recording  all  that  wu  worthy  of  note,  with  rare  geographical 
instinct  and  the  eye  of  a  trained  scientific  observer,  atudylBg 
the  ways  of  the  people,  niing  their  food,  living  In  thdr  bvts, 
and  >ympathiaii(g  with  their  joys  and  lOtrawt.  In  all  tht 
countries  through  whidi  he  travelled  his  tnemaiy  is  cherished 
by  the  native  tribes  who,  almost  without  eiceptioB,  treaied 
Livlnptone  u  a  superior  being;  his  treatment  of  Ihem  wu 
always  tender,  gentle  and  gentlemanly.  By  the  Arab  slaven 
■boa  hooppoted  he  wu  alio  greatly  admired,  and  wu  by  then 
ityled  "  the  very  great  doctor."  "  In  the  annals  of  exi^onllon 
of  tbe  Dart  Cmtintnt,"  wrote  Stanley  many  yean  aflcf  ibc 
death  of  tbe  nisrionaiy  ea^Jorer,  "  we  took  in  vain  areong  Other 


isLiviT 


He  St 


best  qualltiM 

of  oiber  explorers.  .  .  .  Britain  .  .  .  eiceUed  henelf  even 
when  she  produced  the  strong  and  perseveranl  Scotchman, 


'  perhaps  not  the  greatest  nsuhs  of  Livingstone's  journeys. 
I  examide  and  Ids  death  atted  Bke  an  insplrailon,  flllng 
ica  with  an  srmy  of  eitplottn  and  mbakMaries,  end  raising 
Europe  so  powerful  a  (ecUng  agiJnai  the  ilave  trade  (hat 
migh  him  it  may  be  considered  u  having  received  ita  death- 
m.  Personally  Livingstone  iru  a  pure  and  tender-hearted 
.n,fuj|  of  humanity  and  lympatby.BiBple-tfitndMlaa  a  cUM 

I:  Aioot^ie 


LIVINGSTONE  MOUNTAINS— LIVONIA 

KHHlcbool 

tI." 

m  (■Mo). 


HSS^ 


8i6 

The  motto  a(  hit  lite  n*  Um  ulvice  be  pi 
diildRn  in  Scotluid— "  Fcai  God,  ud  wa. 
See.  bHidu  hu  own  umiiva  ipd  W.  G.  R1 
the  ptibUcetiodi  ef  the  London  Mi 
tbo  Jtariui  atid  Fnatdmp  ff  At 

tka  iliiialilin  ta  the  Foroca  (MHn ,  _ 

duridi  me  luc  twoeipeditiom,  and  Sta4iley'a  Amiohirrai 

LtVUOnOHE  HOUllTAim.  I  bud  of  higUuxk  io  Gcmum 
£ut  AEiice,  ionniDg  Ibe  euieni  botda  o(  Um  litl-vaUcjr  a{ 
Ijkt  Nyau,  U  tlie  noctbem  eod  of  the  Uke.  In  piiu  ihne 
hiihlaDds,  kaciwa  Al*a  undei  thcif  utive  ume  of  Kinga,  pracDl 
ntbcr  the  chantctcr  of  e  plateau  thui  of  a  true  ciouziLaJD  ruse, 
but  the  lalLec  ume  may  be  juililied  by  the  lacl  thtt  tbey  fonn 
1  comparatlnly  Dacrow  bell  of  counUy,  nhich  Itlli  cfuuidenhly 
IO  the  eait  al  well  t*  to  the  wett.  The  DoriheiD  end  ii  mil 
Diirked  La  S*  jo'  S.  by  an  acaipmcnt  falling  to  the  Ruaha  valley, 
trhich  ia  regarded  aa  a  northeasLem  branch  of  the  main  rift- 
valley.  SouLhwarda  the  LivingatoDc  lange  lerminalea  in  the 
deep  valley  of  the  Kuhuhu  in  io°  yi  S.,  the  fint  dedded  break 
In  ihe  hiKhiandi  that  a  reached  fmni  Ibe  iwnh.  on  the  eait 
coail  ol  Nyua-  Ceolo^cally  tlie  nnge  b  fotined  on  the  aide 
of  the  lake  by  a  lone  of  gnein  running  In  a  leria  of  ridgea  and 
valleyageneially  paiaUd  toiliiiis.  The  lidge  nearcU  the  lake 
(which  in  MdubI  Janiimbi  oc  Chamcrabe,  »°  41'  S.,  >ua  to  an 
abulule  beighl  o(  )S;ofi,,  orfiioofi.  above  Nyua)  lalltalniait 
(faeer  to  the  watee,  the  lame  Iteep  slope  being  continued  beneath 
the  vaiiut.  Towaida  the  louth  the  range  ^ipcars  10  have  a 
width  of  some  »ni.  only,  but  Dorthwardait  widens  out  to  about 
40  m.,  though  broken  here  by  the  deproaion,  drained  towards 

kaown  lunaiil  of  the  range  («6oa  ft,).  North  tad  eaat  of 
Buanyi,  aain  thceaatcni  half  of  the  range  generally,  table-topped 
mountaina  occur,  composed  above  of  horizontally  bedded 
quartvtea,  tandatoDB  and  conglomeratea.  The  uplands  are 
geoetally  clotbed  in  rich  gnss,  lortat  occurring  principally  in 
the  hollom,  ubile  the  thipei  lowanii  the  lake  lie  covered  niih 
poor  scrub.  Native  settlements  are  scattered  over  the  whole 
range,  and  German  miasioD  sto-tioDs  have  been  established  at 
Bulongtva  and  Mlandalw,  a  little  noitb  of  the  north  end  cl 
Nyaia.  The  diiDBte  is  here  healthy,  and  night  fnista  occur  in 
tlH  c(dd  geBSDa.  European  craps  are  nited  with  success.  A( 
the  foot  ol  Ihe  mountains  on  Lake  Nytn  ue  Ibe  ports  of  Wied- 
haten,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ruhuhu,  and  Old  Laogeoburg,  M 
the  Doilh-east  corner  of  the  lake.  (E.  Hi.) 

UVIUS  AHDBOHICDS  (c.  i84-»4  ax.),  the  founder  ol  Rnman 
epic  poeliy  and  drasia.  His  name,  in  which  the  Greek 'Afd^^eiflDt 
is  combined  with  the  gentile  name  of  one  of  the  great  Roman 
houses,  while  iodicative  of  bis  own  position  ai  a  manumitted 
slave,  is  alto  ligniCcam  of  the  influences  by  which  Roman 
lilcralure  was  fostered,  vie.  Ihe  culture  ol  men  Kho  were 
dlhet  Creeks  or  "semi-Graeci"  hy  hirth  and  education,  and 
the  protection  and  favour  bestowed  upon  them  by  the  more 
CBllghlencd  membcn  of  the  Roman  aristocracy.  He  is  suppoicd 
to  have  been  a  native  0!  Torentum,  and  to  have  been  brought, 
while  itill  &  boy,  after  the  capture  of  that  town  in  >;i,  as  a 
slave  to  Rome.  Ke  lived  in  the  bouwbold  of  a  membn  of  the 
gent  Livia,  ptohahl)'  M.  livius  Salinitoi.    He  delemincd  tht 


which  Ri 


re  folk) 


dfoc 


alter  hi>  time.  The  imitation  of  Greek  comedy,  tragedy  and 
epic  poetry,  which  produced  great  results  in  the  buds  o(  Naevlua, 
liautuB,  Ensim  and  their  aueceseots,  received  iU  firal  impube 
from  bim-  To  Judge,  however,  from  the  insgnificanl  remaiDs 
of  bis  writings,  and  from  Ihe  opinioni  of  Ciofo  and  Horace. 
be  can  have  had  do  pretensioii  either  to  origiittl  genius  or  to 
artistic  accomplishmeni,  Hb  leal  daim  ID  distinction  was 
that  he  was  the  fint  great  schoolmaster  of  the  Roman  people. 
We  learn  Icon  Suetonius  that,  hke  Eanius  alter  bim,  be  obtained 
kit  living  by  leuhhig  Creek  and  Latin;  snd  it  was  probably 
u  a  scbod-book,  nlher  than  aa  ■  work  of  bteiuy  preKudon, 
that  hii  mnalation  of  the  Oiyitej  Into  Latin  SatuinlU 
verso  wi*  atculed.  This  woili  wu  still  lacd  in  schools  In  the 
tint  of  Honci  {Eft-  iL  ■., ««), 


salla&ed  a  real  warn  by  tnlraduciDC  tht  Botnaa 
of  Otttk..  Such  knowledge  became  essential  to  men  in  •  man 
poaition  as  s  means  of  intercourse  with  Greeks,  while  Gic^ 
literature  stunulaled  the  minds  ol  leading  Romans.  Moreover, 
southern  Holy  and  Sicily  aBorded  many  oi^wrt unities  foe  witaeia- 
iog  representations  of  Greek  comedia  and  tragedies.  Tbe 
Romans  and  Iialiaos  had  an  lodigenous  drama  of  their  own. 
kiMwn  by  the  name  of  SoUtn,  which  prepared  tbcB  lor  the 
receplioD  of  the  more  regular  Greek  drama.  The  distinctioa 
between  this  Soluri  and  the  plays  of  Eutqiides  or  KeDindcr 
was  that  it  bad  no  regular  plot.  This  the  l4lin  drstna  fim 
received  from  Livius  Andronicus;  but  it  did  so  si  the  cast  of 
its  ori^nalily.  In  340,  the  year  all«r  Ihe  end  of  the  £rit  Punic 
War,  be  produced  at  the  ludi  Roman!  a  translation  of  a  Creek 
play  (it  ia  uncertain  whether  a  comedy  or  tragedy  or  both), 
and  this  rtpresentation  marks  the  beginning  of  Roman  litefUxitc 
(Livy  vjL  1).  Livitis  hiimeU  look  put  in  hii  play*,  and  in 
ordet  to  span  hit  voice  he  introduced  Ihe  cuitnn  of  having  the 
1^01  (fdHficBj  sung  hy  a  boy,  while  he  himself  rqvesentcd  tbe 
actionoi  the  song  by  dumb  show.  In  his  translation  he  discarded 
the  native  Satumian  metre,  and  adopted  the  iambic,  tzochuc 

than  eilber  to  tbe  beumelcr  or  to  Ihe  lyrical  meuures  of  m 
later  time.  He  oontioued  to  produce  plays  for  more  than  ihiny 
years  after  this  lime.  The  titles  of  hit  Irtgediei — .tdillei, 
AitiMia,  E^ma  Trigam!.  Hamiimt,  Tami—Kt  all  suggotivc 
of  subjects  nbicb  were  treated  by  the  later  tragic  poets  of  Rome 
In  tbe  ytac  so),  when  he  must  ban  been  of  a  great  age,  he  vaa 
l^pointed  10  compcae  a  hymn  el  Ibanksgiviiig,  sung  by  mwdciB, 
for  the  victory  of  the  Ueiiutng  and  an  inierccanry  hymn  10 
the  Aventine  Juno.  As  a  further  tribute  of  national  recoKnilioii 
the  "  college  *'  or  "  gild  "  of  poeta  and  actois  was  granted  a 
place  of  meeting  in  the  temple  of  Minerva  on  Ihe  Aventine. 

See  (ragmenii  in  U  MUlfer,  Lm  Aminmii  d  C».  Ntai  Paial- 
sriui  SAipiilu  iltSil:  alio  J.  Wsrdiwonh,  FratKCMi  awi  Sftti- 
«™.  */ Early  L««  fl874);  MomniKn,  Hirf.  ./Jt™..  bk.  m.  ch.  14. 

UVXO.  a  town  of  Bosnia,  situated  on  the  casttn  side  of  Ibe 
fertik  plain  of  Livno,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Krug  (fitfix  ft.]. 
Pop.  about  jooD.  The  Dalmatian  border  Is  ;  m.  W.  JJtiw 
had  a  trade  in  grain,  live-stock  and  ailver  filigree-work  up  10 
1904,  when  a  fire  swept  away  more  Ihan  sooeflbeokl  TuihiA 
houses,  logethec  with  the  Roman  disdel.  Bemaios  prove  that 
Livno  Dccupio  the  file,  of  a  Ronuin  teuknienl,  Ibe  iHunc  of 
wfai<i  is  tUMxnain.  The  Roman  Catholic  c«mM  of  Gorki 
is  fi  m.  S. 

LIYOKIA,  or  LlVLAHn  (Ruaian,  lihmiia),  on  ol  the  Ihiee 
Ballk  provinces  of  Russia,  bounded  W.  by  the  Gidf  of  Rip, 
N.  by  Esthonis,  E.  by  the  gDvemments  of  St  Peteisbuit,  Ptke* 
and  Vitdak,  and  S.  by  Couiland.  A  gnap  d  Uinds  (ttio 
■q.  m.)  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Rif^  of  whkh  Otid, 
hlohn,  Rino  and  PaienMEier  sie  Ibe  IsiacM,  bdeng  to  lhi> 

part  of  Ldkc  Peipua  which  belongs  10  it  occupts  logo.  Its 
surface  b  diversified  by  several  plateaus,  Ihiae  at  Haanbof 
and  of  tbe  Livonian  Aa  having  an  average  devalion  of  400  to 
Too  fl..  irtiik  IcvrnI  summits  reach  Soo  to  1000  It.  or  itae. 
Tbe  edges  of  tht  plitesui  are  gapped  by  deep  valleys;  the  billy 
Inct  between  the  Dvina  snd  its  tributary  Ihe  Umniai  Aa  hn 
received,  from  it*  picturtsque  narrow  njleys.  thick  lonst)  and 
nomeiout  lakes,  the  name  of  "  Livcoian  SwiiuilaBd."  Hie 
plateau  of  Odenpth,  dnined  by  tnbutatie*  rf  the  EiAsrb 
rivet,  >rhkb  flows  for  93  m.  from  Lake  Vrn-ylrvi  Into  Lake 
Peipus,  ocnqjies  an  area  ol  1830  sq.  m.,  and  ha  an  average 
clevstion  of  500  fl.  More  than  a  thousand  lakta  are  tcalleied 
ova  Livonin,  of  which  ihst  of  Vin-ylrvi,  haviag  a  siafsa  of 

rivers,  the  Dvina,  which  Aowt  for  00  m.  along  its  ImilieT,  the 
Pemiu,  Sllii.  Livonian  Aa  and  Embach  are  navigable. 

Tbe  Silurian  formallon  which  coven  Eatheua,  appears  i> 
the  Bonbem  put  of  Livonia,  the  remainder  of  the  pioviact 
>.    Hw  wtate  h  omM  "itk 


Digilizcd  by  Google 


LIVY 


817 


a%iamu 


N  '«M  ft.  tUck.  Tlw  tnlol  bMiom 
maniBc.  villi  antia  fniBi  nnknd,  axuadi  in  am  tbc  OMUitrT. 
Claciiil  fiunmi.  itiiae  aail  skn^ted  ttou^ 
enfywbne.  nmnint  luauly  Iron  aonli-wat  to 
wcOuiu'fVBilirj.vhichhaveUieftAiiicdiiectkm.  Saad-dtuus 
oner  Urge  uacti  an  Uw  ibotcs  of  tbe  Bihlc.  No  tnat  of 
DHiiait  dcpoiiii  an  louod  Idgba  ll&n  100  or  tjo  fl.  than 
Ike  pfBCBL  mltud.  The  loU  ii  not  vay  itnSt.  Foretta  covet 
■fadut  lin>-fihl»  of  tbe  (uibce:  Hu  ijioute  la  ntber-  severa. 
The  mean  InapcniDm  ars  «j*  F.  at  Rip  (wIdIr  13* 
tBmaB-6i°)  and  40°  u  Vuricv.  Tlw  wind*  an*ay  TarbUe-, 
Iht  avmge  Buabcf  ol  Runy  and  sooay  da<n  Ii  146  at  Kiga 

Tbfl  pofmluioa  of  Livonia,  wUdivai6]i,&»  In  1S16,  reached 
t^yofitt  ia  1870,  and  i,i95,ij>   in   >S97.  of  whom  43-4% 
•     -  -.".-_   j^^  Ceimans,   s-4%  Rumiani, 

.  The  eMlmated  pep.  in  i«o6  nos 
Tbe  LJvi.  trho  fonneriy  citeaded  eul  into  ibe 
M  gf  Vitebik.  have  nearly  all  paaed  oway.  Their 
MUve  lanfuga,  of  Finniib  origin,  is  lapicUj  diiappeanng,  their 
pTcaeat  language  being  a  Leiiiih  patob.  In  1846  a  grammar 
and  dktionacy  d!  il  wbie  made  wilfa  difficulty  fnm  ibt  inouiha  ol 
old  people.  The  Ebaia,  who  reienble  tbe  Finn  of  Tavaulud. 
have  majntaioed  (heir  etbnic  featurea,  tbdr  cusLoms,  tLaliooat 
imUtioDs.  wnp  and  poetry,  and  thclt  hermoDious  language. 
There  b  a  ranked  levlvii  of  niiional  fetliDg,  lavouied  by 
"  Youot  Eitbonia."  Tbe  prevalllDf  religion  is  the  Lutheran 
(79^%):  I4'J%  belong  to  the  Ortbodoi  Greek  Church; 
gf  dut  Rvauna,  however,  a  considcmble  proportion  arc 
RaikdlDik*  (NoncanfonniiU)  1  (be  Xomao  Caibolia  ataounl 
■o  i-j%  and  tbe  Jen  to  t%.  The  Ruuian  dvil code  >as  tn- 
.....    r....._  iniflj  J,  and  tbe  use  of  Ruuian, 

■leoi 
waa  oidoed  la  1867,  but  bm  i 

Nearly  all  the  «]  beloi«i „ 

pcasnli'  enatn  bcinc  only  ij^  of  the  cntin  area  ol 
meot.    Serfdom  vat  aboUuea  in  rSif,  but  the  pcaen 

under  Uh  juriidktioa  o(  tben- hndlordai   Theclaiaofi. . 

prictoct  being  nnerktcd  10  a  vnall  naabcr  of  wcotthy  pcaBitu,  the 
bulk  kivc  iHuiDcd  tewuii  at  vill  1  tbw  an  vnf  ■JnUe,  aod 
abour  oDe-rounh  of  them  ar?  coiUiDiiaIfy  wandenae  in  icwch  of 
•wk.  From  rime  10  time  Ihe  enigraiim  t«kn  ihe  titpe  el  a  duh 
nnveiaenl.  »h<ch  ihe  (ovemmnt  Kopt  by  lordble  ouawm.  The 
avenge  ilie  of  [he  biidcd  tatalea  ii  MOD  ta  ltMOaei«,Iarabi>ve 
ilui  axml  auenge  for  Riuaa.  Aninihaic  baa  Kached  a  hiih 
:^n  on  the  eMatu  (f  Ihe  landlorda.  Tbe  priBcipal 
■u.  barley,  flan  and  potaloea,  wlh  aoDe  wheat,  hemp 
-.  Daiiy^amuDg  and  prdeniflg  are  on  the  locreuc 
te  Peipu  tfvea  eccuaailin  to  nearly  lODMO  pcnonj, 
riMlanlaiheCBliotRitaaBdiniberiwn.  Woollen, 
'  '         '"  n  dour  and  mm  mplM,  dlitUeciei 

iper  miOa.  furniture,  tobacco, 
re  anxMlg  the  duef  indunrial 

laige  eicport  trade,  eenecially 

Ji  (tf^aad  Peraiu.  in  pttmieuai.  weal,  edkatc.  lai.  linKod. 

hemp,  aiaia.  timber  and  voadeD  waiaai  the  Dvina  fa  the  chief 
chaoneTlef  ihii  tndc. 

Education  Kaods  on  a  nudi  higher  levd  than  daewheie  in  Kuku. 
mleaalhaa  IrKefilHchildren  recdviDgRguUrlDKrocliim.  The 
higher  cdueatKMl  iotituliaat  include  Yinicv  (Dorpal)  Univenity, 
R^  folytechnk  ud  a  high  Khoel  lor  the  ckigy. 

Tbe  goyernnical  11  divided  into  nine  district!,  ibc  ■-^■'^  ~>~—  -r 
vhich,  with  their  population*  ia  1897.  ue:  TOip, 
Rinnent  (7»iMi):  Areotbuiv.  in  the  idanifef 
Yuilevor  DorpatTIi,:— '■=-"■-  '-*"■'    " 
Op.iM>:  Wrndcn   t6j 
The  capjul  of  the  govc 

Cdidi  of  Ibe  lime  o!  Alciander  ibe  Gnat,  found  on  the  iilaild 
at  Oesel,  (bo«  that  the  couii  ol  tbe  Baltic  were  at  an  orly 
period  in  commercial  relation  wiih  tbe  dvilixed  icorld.  Tbe 
duonkle  of  Ncuor  oietilioiu  aa  inhabiianti  of  ihs  Baltic  caul 
the  CSiudea,  the  Livs,  the  Naiova,  Letgola,  SemigalUaDi  and 
Karl    I1  was  probably  abmil  the  Qlb  century  that  the  QuidM 

reacquired  their  independence.  Yaroilav  L  undetlook  in  103a 
a  campaign  againat  them,  and  Isaoded  Yoriev  (Dorpal).  The 
Cermani  finl  ptneinled  bio  Livonia  [n  the  nth  century, 
SDd  in  1 1  st  aeveial  Lobeck  and  Vitby  mercbaou  landed  at  thi 


— ... ef'^H  (4611I! 


'   C4'M)1  ' 


I  (3114). 


DOdtboItbeDvta*.  iDiiSfitlwnalBariciof theatrliUdioprf 
Bremen  begui  10  pieach  ChriiibniTy  aneng  the  EhsU  and  Lilti. 
and  in  1101  the  tnahop  of  Livonia  establ^ed  hia  realdaice  at 
Riga.  In  i»>  or  1304  Innocent  III.  recognized  tbe  order  of 
Btotbm  of  the  S*ord.  tbe  residence  of  Iti  grand  maaier  being 
at  Wenden;  and  tbe  order,  spitading  the  Cbriitlan  rfU^on 
by  Ihe  anord  among  the  nativB,  carried  on  from  that  time  a 
aerlea  of  oniBtcrrupled  wan  against  tbe  Russian  repubHca  and 
Lithuania,  as  acD  as  a  struggle  agamst  the  archbishop  of  Riga. 
KiSi  havbig  becofoe  a  ccnire  lor  trade,  intermediate  between 
Ihe  Hanaeallc  towns  and  those  of  Novgc^od,  Pskov  and  PoloWk. 
ITie  lint  acdre  inlerfeience  of  Lithuania  in  tbe  affairs  of  Livonia 
took  place  Immediately  after  tbe  great  outbreak  of  the  peasants 
na  Oeael;  (Xgterd  then  devastated  all  soutbcm  Livonia.  Tbe 
order,  having  pnrehaaed  the  Danish  part  ol  Esthonia,  in  1347, 
began  a  war  against  the  bishop  of  Riga,  as  well  as  against 
Lithuania,  Poland  and  Ruuia.  Tbe  Wars  against  those  powers 
were  terminated  respectively  in  14JJ,  1466  and  14S3.  About 
tbe  end  of  the  i  sth  century  the  master  of  the  order,  Plettenberg, 
acquired  •  podtion  of  great  importance,  and  in  rji;  he  «ai 
reoogniied  aa  a  prince  of  the  empire  by  Charles  V.  On  the 
other  band,  tbe  authority  of  the  bbhopa  of  Riga  was  soon 
completely  dettroyed  (i!66;.  The  war  of  the  order  with  Ivan  IV. 
of  Ruula  in  ijjS  ltd  id  a  dlrbiencif  Livonia,  its  northern  part, 
Dorpat  included,  being  taken  by  Russia,  and  Ihe  touthem  part 
falling  under  tbe  dominion  of  Poland.  From  that  time  (1561] 
Uvonla  fonned  a  iub]ect  of  dispute  between  Poland  and  Russia, 
the  latter  only  formally  abdicaling  its  rights  to  the  tnunlry  In 

Sweden,  and  wai  conquoied  by  the  latter  power,  enjoying  thus 
lor  t*enty.fivt  years  a  milder  rule.  In  id;t,  and  again  at  Ibc 
beginniiig  of  (he  rSth  century,  It  became  the  theaire  ol  war 
between  Poland,  Russia  and  Sweden,  and  was  finally  conquered 
by  Rustia.  The  official  eonctsiioa  was  confirmed  by  tbe  (ita(y 
of  Nyatad  ia  ijji. 

See  E.  Seiaphim,  CwUckx  Z,^,  Ealf.  mi  Kvtiait  (mi  cd.. 
Revel.  1897-19041  and  CucAuibimZMiadlCelhi,  190;,  Ae.). 
(P.A.K.i  J.T.B*.) 

UTT  [Tirrs  Livios]  (j9  b.c.-aj>.  17],  Roman  historian. 
waa  bom  at  Patavium  (Padna).  The  ancient  conneiton  between 
his  native  city  and  Rome  helped  10  turn  his  atleniioa  to  llK 
study  which  became  (be  work  of  his  Ufe.  For  Pkdun  claimed, 
like  Rome,  a  Ttoian  oripn,  and  Uvy  Is  careful  to  place  ill 
founder  Anlenor  aide  by  side  with  Aeneas.  A  more  real  bond  of 
union  was  found  In  tbe  dangers  (o  which  both  bad  lieen  esposed 
from  the  assaults  of  the  Cells  (Llvy  i.  i),and  Padna  mot  have 
bsen  drawn  to  Rome  es  the  contiueror  ol  her  hereditary  toes, 
HoROver,  U  tbe  time  of  Livy's  birth,  Padua  bid  long  been  In 
poaseuion  of  tbe  full  Roman  franchise,  ami  the  historian^ 
Eamily  name  may  have  been  taken  by  one  of  his  anoslon  out 
he  great  Livian  gens  al  Rome,  whose  con- 
ith  OstplM  Caul  is  weH-estaUIshed  (Suet.  Tit.  ]), 
ana  oy  one  of  whom  bis  family  may  have  been  enfranchiied. 

Livy's  easy  independent  lile  al  Rome,  and  bis  arrstoeratie 
IsDiopin  politics  seem  to  show  that  he  waj  the  son  of  well.bom 
and  opulent  pannu;  he  nis  certainly  well  educated,  being 
widely  read  in  Greek  literature,  and  a  amdeot  both  of  rhetoric 
and  phikiaophy.  We  have  also  evidence  In  his  writing  that  be 
had  prepated  Unaelf  for  his  gnat  wort  by  researches  into  the 
histoiy  oi  his  native  (own.  His  youth  and  early  manhood, 
spent  perhaps  chiefly  at  Padua,  were  cist  In  slonny  limes,  and 
the  impression  which  ibey  left  upon  bis  mind  was  ineffaceable. 
In  (he  OvU  War  hie  personal  qmpathiea  were  with  Pompey 
and  the  republican  party  CTac  .fjvi.  iv,  n);  but  far  more 
bsfingin  its  eflecta  was  his  eipeiiecce  of  tbe  Hcence.  atorchy 
and  confusioa  of  tlioe  dark  days.  The  rule  of  Augustus  be  seema 
to  have  accepted  aa  a  necessity,  but  he  could  i»t ,  Hke  Horace 
and  ViigO,  waknme  i(  1*  tjungmwtag  a  new  and  ^orious  en. 
He  wiiiei  of  It  with  dcipandtccy  ai  a  dcfUMnW  and  dedlidng 
age;  and,  {Batead  of  triumpbast  geophaciea  of  worid-wide  rale. 


rs  wUdi  already  thnataMd 


1IMK>  Md  (xbMilM  U 


tOBlanpimiJci  ta  lean,  in  good  lime,  tbt  le 


hittoiy  of  Uksl 
It  wu  probably  al 


UVY 

mwlucli  tbcptM 


u  dI  ibe  baitlc  oi  Actiuin  ibat 
n  Komc,  and  theiE  be  milB  chiefly 
to  bavc  loultil  uniil  liu  nlircouiu  (o  Pidua  thanly  before  his 
d^tlu  \fc  bave  do  evidence  tbat  be  uaveUcd  mucb,  thou^ 
he  miut  bavc  saiA  at  least  ooe  visit  to  Campaoia  (Kurviii.  56), 
and  be  never,  so  far  as  we  koowi  took  any  part  ui  pobtical  life. 
Hot,  tliciugb  be  enjoyed  Ibe  pcnoul  friendslup  aiid  pationace 


IS  (Tac 


'■  m)  * 


[utiue  empaot  CUudius  (Suet.  Clayi.  ilL],  can  we 
detect  in  bin  ai)ylbui£  of  tbc  courtier.  Tbere  is  not  in  his  history 
a  traa  ot  thai  raLbcr  gross  adulation  in  whidi  even  Vii^  does 
Pol  disdain  to  indulge.  His  republican  sympatbiefl  vcie  freely 
cirpressed,  and  as  fnely  pardijncd  by  AuguMua.  We  must 
imagjoe  lum  devoted  to  Ibe  great  luk  which  he  had  scl  hunKll 
10  peifonn,  iritb  a  mind  iiee  [rem  all  dilturbing  cues,  and  in  Ibe 
enjoyment  of  all  ibe  facUilies  for  «udy  affoideit  by  Ihe  Rome 
o(  AugustiB,  wilb  iU  liberal  rncoungemcDt  of  IcIltiB.  its  newly- 
founded  libraries  and  ils  bhllianl  bteiary  drdes.  As  his  voik 
went  on,  the  fame  which  be  bad  nevei  toveted  came  tj>  him  in 
ample  measule.  He  is  uid  to  have  dedaitd  in  DM  volume  of  his 
bisteiy  iblt  be  had  already  won  ^ory  eiougb.  and  the  younger 
Fliny  lEfiiL  iL  3)  lelates  that  a  Spaniard  came  all  Ibe  way 
ftOD  Cades  merely  to  see  him,  and,  ibis  accompiiihed,  at  once 
muncd  home  aaliifitd.  The  itceHioa  of  Tiberiut  l^-o.  14) 
materially  altered  for  Ibe  worse  the  proqiects  of  literatun  in 
Rome,  and  Livy  retired  to  Padua,  where  he  died.  He  had  at 
least  one  eon  (QuinliL  l  i.  jg),  who  also  was  possibly  an  author 
(Pliny,  Jl/dl.  HiiL  L  5.  6),  and  a  daughter  married  Is  *  ceiuin 
L.  Uagius,  a  rbctoridaD  of  no  great  meril  (Seneca.  Ctrlm.  x. 
99.  2).    NoibJDg  (unber  I>  ioBvo  of  bis  penoul  bltiory. 

Amlyiil  pf  IMt  Biiisry.—Toi  us  the  interest  of  Livy's  life 
dcnlrs  in  the  work  to  wMch  Ibe  gnoler  part  of  it  waa  derotcd, 
Ihe  history  0!  Rome  from  lis  foundation  down  Is  Ibe  death 
of  Drusus  (g  B.C.).  In  proper  title  wai  All  mbt  uadUa  libri 
(alio  called  ki^oriae  and  annala).  Various  iiKllcalions  point 
to  Ibe  period  frtMn  37  to  io  B.c  ,  as  ihal  during  which  ibe  first 
decade  was  written.  In  Ihe  fint  booh  (14.  3)  the  empetor  it 
called  Augustus,  a  title  which  be  assumed  eady  in  i)  >.c.,  uui 
tn  ii.  i3  the  omiisioa  ol  all  reference  to  the  resloniljon,  in 
»  BpC^,  ol  Ibe  Uandards  lakes  at  Carrbae  secns  to  jntiify  the 
jnfenwx  thai  the  pasuge  was  written  before  that  date.  In 
Ibe  e[MlDme  ol  bodt  lii.  there  is  a  reference  to  a  law  of  Auguum 
which  was  pissed  in  iS  B.C  The  bocdu  dcafiag  wilb  the  civil 
wars  must  have  been  written  during  AugualiB'i  lifetime,  u 
tbey  wem  read  by  bim  (Tac.  Ann.  iv.  34),  wlule  there  ia  some 
•vidence  that  the  last  part,  bom  book  ccd.  ODwatdti  wu 
published  after  Jiit  death  aj>.  14. 

The  work  begins  wiib  the  landing  of  Aeneas  bi  Italy,  and 
does  wilb  the  deaib  of  Drunii,  g  ax.,  though  it  is  pueible 
that  the  autbcr  iniinded  10  continue  it  as  far  u  the  deiib  of 
Augaslus.  The  division  into  decadet  i>  certainly  noi  due  to  Ihe 
author  himself,  and  is  hrsi  beard  of  at  the  end  of  the  jlh  coitury; 
BD  the  olber  band,  ibe  division  tnio  libri  or  HifKiiina  seems  to 
be  original.  That  the  books  were  grouped  and  pcasibly  pub. 
lisbed  in  leia  is  rendered  probable  bolh  by  Ibe  piefaas  which 
Introduce  new  division!  of  the  work  (vi.  t,  to.  1,  niL  >}  and 
by  the  dcsciiplian  in  one  MS.  of  books  dx.-ciTL  as  "  beUornm 
civilium  libri  octo."  Such  arrangement  and  pnblicatim  in  paru 
were,  moreover,  common  wilb  andent  aBthoo,  aad  hi  tbe  ata 
ol  a  lengihy  work  almosl  a  necessity. 

Of  the  141  libri  cempoiicg  the  hi^ry,  the  fint  IS  carry 
us  down  to  Ihe  eve  of  the  great  strug^  with  Cnthage,  a.  period, 
at  Livy  reckons  it,  of  4S8  yean  (imd.  1);  15  Dnre  (ivi..n^) 
cover  the  (Ij  yean  of  Ihe  two  great  Punk  wan.  With  Ihe  close 
«l  book  liv.  we  reach  the  ccmquesl  of  Macedonia  in.  167  i.e. 
Book  IviiL  described  ihe  Iribuaate  of  Tiberius  Gracchus,  ijj  ax:. 
In  book  lunii  we  have  the  dictntoiihqi  of  Sulla  (81  (.c.), 
in  cUi.  Caesar's  fint  oonsubbip  (»  n-c).  in  cii..cxvl  Ihe  dvfl 
wars  to  the  death  of  Caeaal  (44  BX.),  In  ciiiv.  the  defeat  et 
Bniliu  and  fiMiu*  at  Fhitippi,  in  oxiiii.  asd  cixilv.  iha  batth 


.   Ttaeie 


of  Aolua  and  the  acccMtoo  _  _     _ 

books  give  Ibe  hist  ory  of  the  fint  iweniy  yean  of  AagnsUD's  leipL 
CM  this  vast  work  only  a  small  ponioB  haa  oniBB  down  t« 
modem  Uma:  only  thiny-Gn  book*  are  now  cxtaa  (L-x., 
ixi.-ijv.).  and  of  ihoe  xlL  and  xhii.  ue  tnccaipleu.  TV  lost 
books  seem  to  have  disappeared  ItwBen.  the  7th  oeslaiy  ud 
Ihe  revival  of  letters  in  the  ijlh —  a  fact  sufidenily  acconnled 
for  by  the  difficulty  of  iransmilling  so  vofumiiKnis  a  week  in 
times  when  printing  was  unknown,  foe  the  story  ihai  Pafie 
Gregory  L  buml  all  Ibe  (opia  of  Livy  be  cookl  lay  bis  hudt 
on  rests  on  no  good  evidoKe^  Only  one  impoManl  frapnent 
has  uoce  been  recovered — Ihe  portion  el  b«o4!  nxL  iliscuvool 
in  Ibe  Vaiicnn  in  1771,  and  ediud  by  tflebuhr  in  iSm.  Voy 
much  no  doubt  of  the  lubaUBCC  ol  ibe  loB  boet*  has  been 
preserved  both  by  such  wilien  ■>  FlutBRh  and  Dio  CitdM, 
.and  by  q>itomiscrs  like  Florua  aitd  Eutwipil^  But  our  kiww- 
ledge  of  thdi  contenu  Is  chlety  deifnd  boa  the  so-caOcd 
ftnaikn  at  epftame*,  of  which  wt  have  foftunalcty  m  neariy 
complete  iciiei,  tbe  tpitsaci  of'hooka  cmvi.  and  cxxzviL 
being  the  only  oaet  mMiig.1  Ihtie  epitomn  have  been  atnftied 
without  suffideat  reason  W  Fiona  (lod  etolury) ;  but,  thoDgh 
they  are  probably  of  even  later  dale,  and  ate  dJHFfiafntingty 
meagre,  they  may  be  laken  as  giving,  so  far  as  they  go,  a  fairly 
aulhenlicdeKTiplioDOf  IheoriginaL  They  have  been  eicpanded 
wilb  great  ingtnuily  and  learcilng  by  Freinsheim  in  Dnken- 
borch'i  edition  of  Livy.'  The  Pitdipa  of  Julius  Obscquen 
and  Ihe  list  of  aomub  in  the  Clmiiica  of  Caniodenu  an  Ukea 
directly  from  Livy.  and  to  ihat  extent  reproduce  the  conletits 
of  the  loll  boolu.  It  i>  probable  that  Ohaeqaens,  Casalodona 
and  the  conpilei  of  the  e^iomes  did  not  Be  the  original  work 


Standpoint. — If  we  are  to  form  a  correct  judgarnl 
on  the  meriit  of  Livy's  history,  ve  must,  abo^  all  ihjnga,  b^ar 
in  mind  what  his  aim  was  !n  writing  it,  and  this  he  has  lold  14 
hinuell  in  the  celebrated  preface.  He  set  himself  the  task  of 
recording  the  history  of  the  Roman  people,  "  the  first  in  Iht 
world."  from  the  banning.  The  talk  waa  a  great  one,  and 
ibe  fame  10  be  won  by  il  uncertaiD.  yet  il  would  be  something 
to  have  made  the  attempt,  and  the  labour  itself  would  bring  a 
welcome  relief  from  Ihe  coniemptallon  of  piesenl  evils,  for 
his  readers,  loo,  this  record  will,  be  says,  be  full  o[  fnsuuciion; 
tbey  are  invited  10  note  eqicclally  Ihe  maisl  lesions  uughi  by 
the  story  ol  Rome,  lo  observe  how  Rome  rose  to  giealne»  t^ 
Ihe  simple  virtues  and  unselfijh  devolion  of  her  ciiiiens,  and  bow 
on  the  decay  of  Lbnc  qualitli^  fallowed  degeneracy  and  decline. 

He  dees  not,  therefore,  write,  ai  Polybius  wrote,  [orstudents 
of  binory.  With  Polj^ns  the  greaiBwa  of  Rome  is  a  pheno- 
menon 10  be^tilially  tludled  and  scffnlificaUy  explained;  the 
rite  ol  Rome  fonm  an  impoitani  chapter  in  universal  biuory. 
and  must  be  dealt  with,  not  as  an  is<dated  fact,  but  in  (cDneiioii 
with  Ihe  general  march  of  evenlt  in  the  dvilited  world.  Slill 
leiB  haa  livy  anything  In  common  witb  the  mtvt  aiwlfly  a( 
Dionyuus  of  Halitamassus  10  matejt  dear  10  bis  feOow  Creda 
that  Ibe  iiieustiUe  people  who  had  maslered  tbem  waa  in  ori^n. 
in  race  and  in  lai^uage  Hellenic  like  Ihemsehres. 

Livy  writes  as  a  Roman.  10  raise  a  monnmRit  wonhy  al 
ibe  greatness  of  Rome,  and  to  keep  alive,  for  Ihe  guidance  and 
Ihe  warning  of  Romans,  the  cecoUeclion  alike  of  the  virtues 
which  had  made  Rone  great  and  of  the  vices  which  had 
ibeitened  her  wlih  destruction.  In  so  writing  be  was  in  choc 
agreement  wilh  the  Indillons  of  Roman  literature,  as  well  n 
with  the  conception  of  tba  naturv  and  objects  of  hisiory  current 
In  hia  thnb    To  a  large  eMent  Roman  Ittenture  grrw  out  of 

'For  the 


J.5.B< 

tm«-l 


«fiuBeatsaf 

in  aunraJ  Ri 


Lrriiu-Epilomr  aas  :7l>riyniAiu.  with  leu  andcommrntary 
I904):  C,  H.  Moore,  -'The  OiyrhyTKhu.  Epilorae  ol  LIvylc 
<o  Oinequcns  and  Cssrisdorui."  in  Amema*  Juknd  §/  . 

>ne'vari«is  rumsun  on  carrcit  of  onplele cnics ol  I 

Constanlinople.  Chiot  and  elievVre,  are  noticed  brBTc.  Ni 
L^cm-n  «  lit  Uiiitry  »/  Xfw  Jrem  till  >rtf  Ptnic  Wo  | 
Sd.«ita,lB44).Lej. 

zcdbyCiOO^lC 


(Lrijiaig. 


pfide  in  RoaM.  for,  ihoMgh  1»  evEnt  auhm  took  tb 
uul  often  the  Uiuuagc  oE  Iheir  wrilinp  liom  GnKr, 
ic  that  iiupircd  Ihe  bol  □[  Ihem, 

dthcRonuhisUKianii 

tb«  mcHnent  when  the  greit 

bcoughl  Rome 


wiUe  Ibe  uiiiiU  oi  Rorrj  beui 
best  of  her  citizens.    Though 
be  Ihoujtht  unbeoiniing  to  Ihe  dignily  < 
et  90  *iih  hiiwry-     On  (he 


X  loii 


mhy  o[  the 

IDighl 


ihit  *M  never  so  *iih  hiiwry-  On  (he  conirary,  men  o[  high 
nnk  And  Iried  Mitfunanship  were  on  that  very  arcount  lliouf  hL 
ail  the  fitter  to  write  Ihe  chronicles  of  Lbe  stateihey  had  served. 
And  history  in  Some  never  tost  either  its  social  prestige  «  lis 
intimate  and  exclusive  connciion  with  the  (ortuntt  oT  Ihe 
Roman  people.  It  was  well  enou^  for  Greeks  to  busy  Ibtm- 
selvH  with  the  nunncs.  inslilulions  add  deeds  of  lbe  "  peoples 
oulside."   The  Roman  historians,  from  Fibius  Pictor  to  Tacitus, 

was  doubtless  encvun^ed  by  the  peculiar  characteristics  of  the 
lisiory  of  Ihe  state.     The  Roman  annali^  hid  nol,  lite  the 


Greek,  tc 


o(  a  Kngle  city.    Not  wa 

his  allenlion 

rawn 

rom  the  main 

lines  of  political  history 

by  the  claims  o 

rart. 

literature  and 

^ilosopby,  for  Just  u  t 

e  tie  which  bou 

odRo 

mans  together 

Ihe  history  of 

Rome  is  thai  ot  the  sute 

of  its  political 

lion,  its  wan 

and  conciuau,  its  miliuty  and  administn 

Livy's  own  circunstan 

es  were  all  sue 

™krlh(« 

views  natural  to  him.    H 

began  to  wrile 

tali 

ne  when,  hfttr 

a  century  of  disturbance, 

had  been  contented 

Is  pureha«  poet  al  the 

rice  of  Ubenv 

The 

Inul  inglorioot,  the  futm  doubtful,  and 

lurntd  gladly 

to  the  past  [or  consolatl 

n.     Thisretros 

lecllve 

tendency  <ns 

favourably  regarded  by  the  government 

It  wa 

the  policy  of 

Augustus  to  obliterate  a 

connect"  the  new  imperia 

regime  «  Cl«ely  „ 

pwible  with 

htandent  tradllioi 


id  Inst  it  u 


u  of  Rome  and  Italy.     The 


Virgit,  the  Fasti  o[  Ovid,  suited  well  with  his 
restoratioD  o[  the  ancient  temples,  his  revival  of  such  ancient 
ceremgnies  as  the  Ladi  Saeculares,  his  eSorts  to  check  the  un- 
RomlD  luxury  of  the  day,  and  his  jeaknis  legard  lor  Ihe  psrily 
of  the  Roman  stock.  And,  though  we  an  nowhere  toM  thai 
Livy  undertook  his  history  at  the  emperor^s  suggcslion,  it  Is 
certain  Ihat  Augustus  read  parti  of  it  with  pleasure,  and  even 
honoured  the  wiilel  with  hit  aminantx  and  friendship, 
Livy  was  deeply  penetrated 


ofRoBi 

declares  it  10  b< 
of  the  world;  i 


and  high  di 


a  is  led  to  Italy  by  the  F: 
ome.  Ronulua  aftet  his  asci 
e  the  win  oF  heaven  that  Rome  should  be  mi 
and  Hannibal  marches  into  Italy,  thai  hi 
orld"  tromRomanrule.  But.  if  this  evrr-p 
iii«n  gives  dignity  knd  ekntion  to  hit  nari 
Te«ponsIhle  for  some  of  its  defects.  It  leads  him  occ 
a  eiajieraled  language  (e.j.  nit.  jj,  "  nuIliiB  u 


direct  bearing  on  the  fmtunes  of ' 
wlvcd,"  he  says  (luii.  4S),  " 

lit,  we  get  from  Livy  very  deiecl 
ic  peoples  most  cksely  connectn 


:en  by  the  Roma 
med  more  suital 
n  his  Jealousy  1 


HI  by  Uvy  ol  >U 
be  Roman  people. 


/Y  819 

Ihe  past  hiatory  and  Ihe  internal  coodillon  of  the  more  disuni 

he  found  iucb  details  carcluUy  given  by  Polybius. 

Sca^ly  less  sliung  than  his  iuleresi  in  Rome  is  his  interest 
io  the  moial  leaent  which  her  history  leemed  to  him  so  wcH 
qualified  to  leach.   Tills  didactic  view  a[  hisioiy  was  a  prevalent 

■     ■    ■     ~  ■     ~  lorncd  the  chief  p: 


aught  m 


liltle 


tion.  But  it  suited  also  the  praclical  bent  al  the  Roman  nund, 
with  ha  comparative  indifference  to  abstracl  speculation  or 
purely  scientific  research.  It  is  In  the  highest  degree  natural 
that  Livy  (hould  have  sou^I  for  lbe  secret  oi  the  rise  of  Rome, 
not  in  any  brgc  historical  causes,  but  in  the  moral  qualities  ol 
the  people  themselves,  and  that  he  should  have  looked  upon 
the  conlempbtion  of  these  as  the  best  remedy  loc  the  vices  of 
his  own  degenerate  days.  He  dwells  with  delight  on  the  unsclhsh 
pittiali^m  of  the  old  heroes  of  lbe  republic  In  those  limes 
children  obeyed  their  parents,  Ihe  gods  were  slill  sincerely 
worshipped,  poverty  was  no  disgrace,  sceptical  philosophies  and 
foreign  fashions  in  religion  and  in  daily  life  were  unknown. 
But  this  ethical  inurcsl  is  closely  bound  up  with  his  Roman 
sympathies,  Hii  moral  ideal  it  do  abstract  one,  and  the  virtues 
he  praises  are  those  which  in  his  view  made  up  lbe  truly  Roman 
type  of  character.  The  prominence  thus  given  to  the  moral 
aspects  of  the  history  lends  to  obscure  in  some  degree  the  true 

does  30  in  Livy  to  a  far  less  extent  than  in  some  other  writers. 
He  a  much  loo  skilful  an  artist  cither  la  rcwlve  his  history 
into  a  mere  bundle  of  examples,  or  10  overload  it.  as  Tacitus 
is  sometimes  inclined  to  do,  with  rcSeaions  and  aiiomt.  The 
moral  he  wishes  to  enforce  a  usually  either  conveyed  by  the 
Itoiy  ilscll,  with  the  aid  perhaps  of  a  single  sentence  ol  comment, 
or  put  a*  a  speech  inu>  lbe  mouth  of  one  ol  his  cbataclcrs  (e.(. 
iiiil.  49  \  the  devotion  of  Dccius,  viii.  la,  cf  vii.  40;  and 
lbe  speech  of  Camillus,  v.  54);  and  what  UitlB  hit  narrative 
ihus  loses  in  accuracy  it  gains  in  dignity  and  warmth  of  feeling. 
Jn  his  ponrails  of  the  typical  Romans  of  the  old  style,  such  as 
Q.  FahiuB  Maiimus,  in  his  descriptions  of  the  unshaken  firmness 
and  calm  courage  shown  by  the  fathers  of  the  Male  In  the  hour 
of  trial,  Livy  is  at  his  best;  and  he  is  so  largely  in  vlrtneof  hb 
gennine  appreciation  of  character  as  a  powerful  force  In  tht 
aSaits  of  men. 

This  enthusium  far  Rome  and  for  Roman  virtues  is.  moreover, 
saved  from  degenerating  into  gross  partiality  by  ihe  genutnc 
candour  of  Livy's  mind  and  by  his  wide  sympathies  with  every 
thing  great  and  good.  Seneca  (^noiori'se  vl.  ii-}  and  Quinlillan 
(i,  1,  lot)  bear  witness  Id  his  impartiality.  Thus,  Hatdnibal's 
devoiionand  valout  at  the  battle  on  ihe  Metautut  are  described 
in  lerms  of  eloquent  praiw;  and  even  In  Hannibal,  the  lifelong 
enemy  of  Rome,  he  frankly  recognises  the  great  qualities  that 
bab  need  his  faults.  Nar,ihough  his  sympathies  are  uomiitakably 

cruelty  and  selfishness  which  too  often  marked  their  conduct' 
(ii.  S4;  the  speech  oi  Canuleios,  Iv.  3;  of  Seilius  and  Licinius, 
vi.  }6);  and,  though  he  tcela  acutely  that  the  times  are  out  «f 
joint,  and  has  apparently  Utile  hope  of  the  future,  he  still  believes 
in  justice  and  goodnesa.  He  is  often  righleously  indlgunt, 
bat  never  sal irical.  and  such  a  peuimltm  uihai  ol  Tacitus  and 
Juvenal  is  wholly  foreign  to  his  nature.  , 

Though  h«  studied  and  even  wrote  on  phSoMphy  (tenccs, 
Ef.  100.  g),  Livy  is  by  no  means  a  philosophy  hiitoriaa.  We 
learn  indeed  Irom  incidental  nolicet  Ihai  he  Inclined  to  Stoicism 
and  disliked  Ihe  Epicumn  system.  With  Ihe  Icepllctom  thai 
despised  Ihe  gods  (i,  40)  and  denied  that  tbey  meddled  with  the 
afTaiTTOf  menfiliii,  13I  he  bni  no  lympathy.  The  Immorul  gods 
are  everywhere  the  same;  they  ywern  the  world  (xixvii.  4sl 
and  reveal  the  future  to  men  by  signs  and  wondnt  (iKiL  13), 
but  only  *  debased  supertlilion  will  knit  for  Ilnir  hud  ia 
every  petty  incident,  or  aban 
belief  in  the  portents  and  mir 

.■zcd.,G< 


jOOgli 


e 


ptfeiu  ■Bd  ausiuia,  he  dim  onJir 
tl  the  Roman  conMituIiixi,  with 
he  stwUet  il.  bul ,  Hkt  V«m.  and  i 
k  u  a  vahuble  i 
•bk  in  1  weU-onknc 


n  of  RoDK,  with  <u       .     . 
vvenam  u  an  Inl  egnt  part 
I  sympalby  which  gnwt 
Irvc  Stoic  (asliiop.  he  i^gj 

ty  Ai  dittinclly  Stoiial  is  the 
ra  the  gods  miul  yitld  (it.  4). 
I  (i,  42)  and  iilinds  their  minds 

C  (OQvii.  4S). 


LIVY 


•filch  diiposes  the  phins  of  1 
(v  jj),  ya  leaVH  thrir  «i)l» 

Bui  me  find  no  trace  in  LIvy  of  any  tyjicnuljc  application 
o[  philasapby  to  the  (acii  nf  history.     He  ii  as  innocent  of  the 
ktdltif  ideas  which  shaped  the  wo^  of  Pofybius  u  be  is  of  the 
cheap  theorizfnf  which  wearies  us  in  the  pafes  of  Dlonyslus. 
The  events  are  graphical]/,  if  not  afwayi  accurately,  described; 
but  of  the  brger  causes  at  work  in  producing  [hem,  of  their 
nibtlt  action  and  tractioa  Dpoa  ntch  other,  and  of  the  genera] 
conditions  amid  which  \bt  history  marked  itself  out,  he  take* 
no  thought  at  il].     Nor  has  Livy  much  acqmintaace  with 
the  theoiy  or  the  practice  of  pollLlcs.    He  exhibits,  it  is 
potitiiTEi]  sympaLhics  and  antipathies.     He  is  on  the  who 
(he  nobles  aod  against  the  commons;  and,  though  tlie  unfi 
•tie  colours  in  urhichhe  paints  the  leaders  of  the  tatti 
possibly  reflecled  from  the  authorities  he  foUowed.  ft  is  o 
that  he  despised  and  dishlied  the  multitude.     Of  moD 
he  speaks  with  a  genuine  Roman  haired,  and  we  know  tl 
the  last  days  of  the  republic  Ids  sympatbics  were  wholly  with 
those  ^fiv>  strove  in  vain  to  save  it.    He  betrays,  100,  an  insight 
into  the  evils  which  were  destined  finally  to  uodcnoine  the 
imposing  fabric  of  Roman  empire.     The  decline  of  the 
papulation,  the  sptead  of  slavery  (vi.  11,  vii.  25).  the  univi 
craving  for  wcilib  (iii.  16],  theeinployment  of  fontign  mcrcen, 
(Wv.  3j),  tie  corruption  of  Roman  race  and  Roman  man 


d  life  t 


0  wide 


experience  of  men  and  things.    It  is  not  surprising,  therefore, 

10  find  that  he  tails  altogether'to  pttsent  a  clear 

picture  of  the  hlsiiuy  and  working  of  the  Romai 

or  that  hts  haodling  of  tniricalc  .questions  of  pdicy  is  weak  and 

Inadequate. 

.    .£nrai. — If  from  ibc  general  aim  and  ([Mrit  of  Livy's  luslvy 

««  pass  to  coBsider  his  method  of  wocJunanship,  wi  are  struck 

at  ODca  by  the  very  diflerent  measure  ol  success  attained  by  him 

in  the  two  great  departments  ot  an  historian's  labour.     He  is 

a  svnaummaie  artist,  but  an  unskilled  aod  often  caicleu  iavnii- 

gUor  aod.ciiiic.     The  nutuials  which  lay  ready  to  his  hasd 

m«y  be  roughly  clawed  under  two  heads:   (i)    the  origiiul 

eviducc of  monuments,  inscriptions,  Jkc,  (3)  the  written  tradition 

ol  ibese  two  kinds  ol  evidence  that  Livy  almost  eiclusively 

oricliial  evidence  sti^  eiisted  it  ptovcd  by  the  use  which  was 
made  of  it  by  Dionysius,  who  mentions  at  least  three  important 
iotciiptionsi  tvo  dating  from  the  regal  pciiod  and  ope  from, the 
first  yean  of  the  republic  [iv.  afi,  iv.  58,  ».  3')-  We  know  Imm 
Livy  himself  (iv.  »)  that  the  breastplate  dedicated  by  Aulus 
Corneliiu  Cossus  WS  n.c.)  was  to  be  seen  in  his  own  day  in  the 


>l  J"? 


(',  quoted  by  Lidnius  U 


Fori 


3  the  I 


least  to  the 


plentiful,  and  a  rich  field  of 

10  the  long  series  of  laws,  d,.^.^.-  «  ^-»>  -> 

regfalers,  reaching  back,  as  it  probably  did, 

b^jnning  of  the  jrd  century  n.c    Nevertheless  it  seems  cenain 

that  Livy  never  realised  the  duty  of  consulting  these  relics  of 

the  post,  even  in  order  to  verify  the  suicmenla  of  bis  autboiities. 

Utay  of  them  be  never  mentions:  the  olhen  ((.(.  tbc  libn 

tiMti)  he  evidently  tiescribes  at  second  hand.     Antiquarian 

i>  whidt  be  kas  turned  their  r^ts  to  account.    There  is  no  I  f^"},'*^ 
Sim  that  be  had  aver  read  Varro:  and  he  never  alludes  to  Verrius    ^^tl^'l^t^  „mU^^k.^  , 
.    The  baaioaa  and  laaccutuy  el  bit  topography  make    ing  rhe  aifer  obck  we  ahnld  u 
1  .  .  -  J  Biapfcaiid  tatcrably 


I  even  thai  look  platt  ta  Italy  Not  osly 
-non,  the  CDpiial  of  Actolia,  with  Ther- 
3ut  his  DccouDii  of  the  RoDiao  campaigm 
I  and  Simmies  swarm  with  nmlusions 
are  even  his  descniHioas  of  Haonibal'a 
I  an  occatioDa!  vagueneia  which  beneys 
act  knowledge  of  locabties. 

tht  have  heed  leia  tenaui  bad  tte  wriitca 

y  preferred  to  rely  been  more  InjsIvoFihy. 
lala  out  of  khich  It  ^as  composed,  DOT  the 
t  been  put  together,  were  n-'t*  ■• ".  ™>i»  i* 
irti  rtprewnttd  by  a  long  I 


rales  and  tradilieiH  ef  tbcir  aafi  thai  the  cauia  <rf  their 

Il  was  aoi  uatiltb  Mi  cenluiy  fiWD  the  faundaiien  ol  i! 
that  historical  wriling  bc^a  in  Rome.  The  father  of  ] 
hinory.  Q.  FabiiH  Pielor.  a  pairleiin  and  a  ienaioT.  can  _^ 
•cailalv  have  publiahed  hit  anaals-belae  tbc  doe  of  the  " 
SBHKfPuaic^Vir.  but  these  annals  c«i«d  the  wbMe  " 
period  from  the  arrival  of  Evandcr  in  Italy  dowa  at  least 
baiilcby  LakeTiavmene  (iir  >c  ).  Out  of  nhal  matenali 
did  lie  piH  together  his  account  of  the  («i*ef  bi«ory?    ■ 

of  cifuiaty.  AcarefulcaanuDtiioiKit  the  IngnnHiel  Fabiiit' 


JUIifiaiu.  Leipiii.,1870;  and 

ihcly  period  and  that  vhi^ 
uMk  The  hiHory  o(  the 
of  pun  nytbolegy  It  ia 
1  with  tcticely  any  ittenipt 


mhlyor 


icalte. 


history  tt  the  stpMhlk  weaia  a  diflciaiit  aspect.  Thcinuscf  OoatiM 
traditiDfl.  which  bad  come  down  from  caAy  days,  with  its  tain  ti 
border  r^ds  and  forays,  of  valiant  di  left  and  deedi  ol  patrHXiicn.  is 
now  rudely  fitted  Into  a  lianiewoili  of  a  wholy  diHenat  tund.  TMs 
fraasewofk  ooaHin  vl  tun  Mtica  of  innanan  eimiit.  wan.  pn- 
digiet.  coBMCDtion  of  (caiples,  At.,  all  rcohIhI  witli  estnac 
brevity,  precisely  dated,  and  couched  in  a  loncwbat  archaic  Hyk. 
They  were  uken  probably  from  oae  or  more  of  the  state  regiiicnL 
■sch  »  the  annals  of  the  poniUli.  or  these  kept  by  the  aiJiirt  ie 
the  temple  of  Ceres.  TUi  ben  oOcbl  aoiliae  o(  the  peat  hiMecy 
of  his  city  was  by  Fabivt  fined  in  Imeo  the  rich  ■«  of  uadUion 
that  lay  ready  to  hit  hand.  The  manner  and  q^irit  in  which  he 
effected  tWs  cooibioaiion  were  no  doubt  *h(Hly  uncritical.  Usually 
he  seems  to  have  tranderrrd  boib  annaljfltic  noticct  and  popular 
tiaditions  to  his  paset  much  in  the  shape  ia  wluch  be  found  then. 
But  he  unfluewionaV ' ■- •  " 

iwyb«i.™onspicii™bloi"iii"FabiBt'a ._.... 

..... .J  'uU  lad  in  the  naia  accBiate.  and.  like  the 

^  of  officul  aoaaliitic  notices.  tiip|dc- 

, 1  tourcn.    But  even  here  PMybius  cbarget 

hidl  smh  favouriiw  Rome  at  the  mipntc  of  Carthage,  and  with  the 

undoa  enliailon  al  the  great  head  J  bit  house.  C-  FaleuaCuBttatot. 

Nevenheleis  the  comparative  fiddity  with  which  Fhbiiu  teeau 

ht^  Feproduccd  hit  matcrialt  might  have  made  his  annals  the 

irting  point  of  a  critical  biiiory.    But  ualonvnatcly  intcnigini 

me  respects  a  dectdrd  advance  upon  Fabnit  wu  bbA  t^  tab- 
naeui aenayxsi  M..PoniiMCato(lJ«-i49B<c.lvidencdibeiccT* 
Kooianhistory  toastoiiKlude  that  of  the  ch>el  hallan  cities,  and 
ade  the  first  serious  alteinpt  to  sntli:  the  (hronolDgy.  In  his 
Mory  of  the  Puidc  wan  Cadius  Antipater  Ir.  130  a.c.)  addtd 
..<sh  material,  drawn  probably  from  the  works  of  the  SidMea  Cmth 
Silenut.  whUe  Lteinlut  Macer  C;a  B-C.)  disIiiHuiihfd  hiaiell  by  ibe 


le  Fjfaii.  aod  prObabiy  also  ailD«,cd  hi 
.-ipathies  to  colour  hit  version  of  the 
.    This  faull  of  partiality  w«i,  accordi 


icalaBa™s«'^ 

main  tacts  ii 


id  not  altompt  I 


famitiarLie  himself  with  the    before 


.,  jd  the  one  beCoie  him. 
emielwt  with  ■mply  jep 
East  have  had  the  dd  tn 
genuiot  feria.   At  it  was, 

b,  Google 


iki*foyiiH>fftfT«<rfittofjiiMllcriTUiidn]toarii 
mlijclrf  tfK  aid  Ip^ihi*  to  the  levvl  d  comnK 


KrcXliTA'Ti' 


^,  j«  pwtdent  twMgK,     H*  I — 

liirrii«l  hh  pijAwilhfhamuIn,  Alhlilnifd.  * 
iwl  atrtty  nimlinc  («;»  but  ilB  al  baud 

tald'XniMn  at  n'rKc*  wrUtn  otThitTtli 

TTie  oM  indiiiiini  om  ilMnd,  a' ' 

remfnitian.  bj'  tnntnlloa,  !<•■" 
Inciirnri  wtre  Intchcd.  new  n> 
iwicd  ill  Dfiler  to  fr ' 
bonn  of  hMtory. 

•tni^  ol  piti 

Ihcfrowfi  ibv,  and  nainml  < 

GfBMhiarofr - 

loiwd  l<if  vtr .., , 

lavsuTfif  ihrammliiicycif  i(w  kium,  ai  cMabliilwd  b*  Sultt.  To 
politCcil  bill  m  adiM  ramlly  firiik,  foi  the  (rali&calliHi  it  wbidk 
Ibv  iTcHlvn  of  tlie  ^reat  hHtct,  ttw  runenl  paneiyriea,  or  th« 


lHno4Hi  werv  lonnally  iiKomnlM  < 
■niinp  wwB  noi  much  bmcr  ai 
dniHw  whb  rrMnt  or  containi 
='-  -™  natunflffujbf  a 


a  tminnflky*  and  Lcai  roi 


facta,  B«  their  mRhodi  an  ia  Iht  maiaimehanBtd.  What  tbey 
found  wrirtm  they  copied;  the  gapa  the*  auppHed,  when  pencn^ 
«initririice  failed,  by  bivtiiutKiii.    No  bener  pnnf  of  thbcan  be 

. . ,^ .■_. ,_.  -'(.(ao^^rti 

of  Uvy  tb> 
muMtlldni. 


aad  Rfih  dMldta  of  Uvy 


Sw"or  PofybiiL-     

two  appear  tide  byiiila.  aad 

PohbiDf ,  IW  liutince,  tlwa  the  aiinber  of  tbt  ikln  u  Cyooi^ephalM 
•a  Ion);  the  annaliui  lahe  it  aa  Mgh  aa  mooo  (tin  am.  la). 
In  analher  am  [mil. «)  VaMw  /Min,  t^  chief  of  dfanan  in  thil 
reapect.  Inwrn  a  decfftve  Roman  vkvory  v^r  the  Hacedanlantt  <n 
■hich  I>,eaD  of  the  llltir  MR  ilafa  and  ttet  uban  pfiHiur,  an 
(cMevenKnt  needled  by  iMMber  astbol^. 

Such  am  the  wtiiicn  tradfikm  an  irhich  Uvy  mainly  nlio).    We 
. .  ..  _ , 1 („  ■hkh  heuicd  h,  and  hen  we 


^n-foei. 

Cy  name,  li  <•  ii«iiemly  ckm  that 

lAmtt  tead  ht  h  Mlo*W  at  the  mnnt,  but  that  ha  ta 
bicMentilly  *>  dlHeihii  finil  U*y'«  (aide  for  the  thaef  bnng  m 
aome  point  af  detail  (corauira  the  movma  to  Piao  In  iht  Krw 
dendTi.  ».  K.  Ji.  &c.).  It  b  very  ranly  (hat  Uwei^lly  trih 
m  whom  nr  hai  lelccled  ai  hia  chief  nurve  i/r-j.  Fauiu  ic''*  ^  • 
Psiyttai  uniil.  lot.     By  a  ™^aj,  analynt.  Jmnw,  of 

of  hit  aeknewledced  authorl...  ,..,   

H.  Niuen.  falrrncakaar*,  Berlin,  iMj).  and ' 
ln|  hii  verwn  with  ihc  kna-r  ' '  ■ 

an  afc^  to  form  a  ^Fneral  idea  of  hu  [rian  of  procedur 
fim decade,  l(  btiBatally  agreed  ihat  in  the  firU  and 
■t  any  rate,  h.  MlMn  eucb  okkr  and  i^nAa 
Plctor  and  Olpuratui  Pin  (Ihs  oaly  oan  whom 

by  name),  to  whum.  lo  far  aa  the  Ium  book  ii  ca _,  ,.-,..„ 

(inlarn,  p.  3i1  wuld  add  the  pon  Enahia.  Wkh  Iba  diw  rf  the 
eeeond  book  or  the  opcnini  of  the  ihlnl  mcoim  upoa  ibBint  Inca 
of  the  an  of  lalw  aulhora.  Valeriua  Antiaa'  b  bat  aimad  In  iu.  5. 
and  itoi  gf  hit  handiwork  an  vlnble  here  and  theft  thniiahsiit  Iba 
rti(ofihedtci>da(vn.i6.1i.iT,i.3-ll.  la  the  founhlMsk  the 
principal  lUihorliy  b  anpanntl*  LiciiitiB  Macer,  and  fat  the  pensd 
btiwiai  Iht  lack  of  Rome  by  the  Gaula  Q.  ClaiaUiH  Ouadrkarin 
whoae  aaiiala  hetta  at  Ihia  paint  in  the  hwocy.  Wa  have  hiiidei 
a  ainrit  Rfennoe  (vn.  j)  to  (be  aMiq_sariaB  CiBciui,  and  Ins  <iv.  IS. 
■.  g)  10  Q.  Aelim  TaEen.  one  oitbc  laat  in  the  Hr  o(  amialiMa. 
b.Zj^>  Jr.k.  •k:-«  j.»J.  -.*artrt  ^,.—-1.—  ->  --—  -..-I..--, -.II... 


idPolyblua.    KdUv, 


or  Utya  dtbl  10  V»ltrhn  Aaiiah  ae 
II  in  Oaiiicaf  f<kiM>c/,  ivn.  (i»a> 


i^Pot)^t(l 


aulhodtiea  than  Poiybin  (i.t.  Fabiiii  Hil. 
id.  )S,  4b.  41.  Dit  3i,*cJ.  that  he  only  a« 
1 45),  and  that,  if  he  laeil  him,  he  -j.u_ 
ntem  than  In  iht  fcainb  and  hfih     "'"** 


la  have  been  drawn.    Oath 


iihariiy  ((.|.  Hannibart  movooNnu  prior  to  hi> 
■a  take*  by  LWy  dincily  from  Polybwi,  with  pc 


lauiiidlhit  Uvy,  who  in  the  taucth  and  fifth  decmdcBih 

•oapnaible  at  thainat  merka  eC  PatybloL  b  not  likely  IS  hnc 

hun  n  iha  thiid,  and  that  hia  non  ikniieil  uat  of  him  in  th 

eaieia  fnlly  IMounMd  for  by  Iheckner  eonnadon  of  the  hialoiy  with 
Rom  and  Ramm  affain,  and  the  eoaparttlvc  ausHcne*  af  the 


nenc  with  Palyhlua.  not  eaty  in  matter  but  hi  1  iMiiadmi.  am  only 
be  ciplaincd  aa  the  Iheory  that  Livy  la  directly  foUnrini  the  (nai 
Cnek  hiatoriaa.  On  the  other  haad.  it  ia  nialalahMd  (eneMlly 
by  Sehweiler,  Nitiach,  aad  K.  BAnehfr)  that  the  antnt  aMrwiiiE 
of  IJvy'a  aanement  with  Polybiw  in  Ihli  pit  of  hie  wtrk  pate 
raihcr  to  the  vie  l>y  boch  'af  a  eoduaea  avMnal  anihority.  ft  la 
annicd  that  Livy'*  nande  of  uhhe  hi*  authneiM  iaiidrnbiy  unifonn, 
Hd  that  hia  modt  of  u^nf  Polybcilt  in  paitkulur  ll  known  with 
ctitwalyhnm  thi  kiir  daode*.    Caninuenlly  the  theory  that  he 

one  inatanc*  he  depundwidcly.  and  wilbnu  nHiciem  leaaon.  fna 

th.  .•T.^^mtSv^^  !•  ulT^^^I?  theaST"*" 
_.ji i..i,j^.u  indaomaayin 


lie  ihM  ha  had  the 

lenoirBybliBbefonhiia:  Bat  all  tbw  an  made  lattllMblo  if  wa 
aappoat  Uvy  to  have  beta  her*  (olknriac  directly  or  hidfi«ly  the 
Banaiwi(inlaBi>n»>h«wmiBedbyPsh4wa.  TheearUwol 
thna  ofHoal  ■aaiawnajnihaUy  Sile^with  whoa  may  pearitaiy 
ba  pkcad,  lor  booka  laTiaiL.  Fatai^Phmr.  The  latter  Urvy 
eefUinly  need  dimly  f«  Kiaa  puta  of  the  decade.  The  fsrawr  bt 
ahnoit  a*  certainly  knew  only  at  aecoad  hand,  the  in1«rrnediate 
BBthotity  beiac  probably  Cacbua  Antipata.  Tha  wiiter.  who  ooi- 
bied  hlmielf  to  a  hlitory  (4  the  Second  PuoEWar.  in  aev«B  tnoka.  ii 
capreaaly  referred  to  by  Uvy  deven  timttla  tt»  third  decade;  and 
ia  other  paaBte*  whtfe  hi*  nane  ia  aot  nentioaBl  Livy  c»  ba 
•hoaiB  tohave(oIlowodhiia(r.i.  EDi.  3.«,Jo,}i,xidT.  0).  In  the 
biter  book*  of  the  decade  hi*  chief  authwiy  la  poraibly  Valeriiia 

la  ibe  foanh  aad  fifth  dccadei  th*  quaatbn  of  Uvy**  authoiitiia 
pnantv  oa  mat  diAcaklea,  add  tho  cDncliialoDt  anlved  at  by 
Nilaefl  ia  hu  nuMetly   CWrriKfan>|ea  have  net  with  |ent»l 


n  the  nal  by  ihdr  tuper 
lolhH  hand,  far  the  hi 

Quadri(ariiii  and   Valnfua 


ll   Italy  aM  a 

aptciaQy,  it  •> 


, .. nimli  <rf  auihsn  ai 

ined '- (uii.  7).   N«  I.  be  uocooKioi, 
1  of  oriiiciim.    He  dluiocuiahta  beti 

Ki*aitateiaanta<4tcco)niiiedauthonli"  '~' 
latter  he  npnductd 


of  ddiberale  jj,,^^ 
■^^  an<**A 
of  the  neceuit  V  for 


Itlti^llnf  to  ncaacUa  and  npja&^d 


1y  pniBoitnciBE  in  tavou 

ni.  46}  tboiilib  often  oa 

-"-and«plB&  diactnancica  ( 
tht  iueftion  of  ubuloua 


iSlTa 


ssiiSi 


.H...^^  — -ulgodi  he  rounlly  denounoea,  and  with  coual 
at  apMcb  he  eendnnni  the  family  vanity  which  had  lo 
-  Mrnptad  and  diatanad  the  (nitb.  "  1  luppoii,"  he  mya 
that  the  lacord  and  mtmoiiil  of  theae  inailen  hath  been 
.od  comiptid  by  theaa  luoml  oratiooa  of  pr^ieit  .  . 

_.j  houteandlamiiydimweth  toit  the  honour  aad  renown  of 

oobb  exploila,  maitbl  fcaia  and  diBnliie*  by  my  luitnithnndlie.  «o 
it  bo  cDlDumble."  TheWn^iyduncteioitheevliaailiuUlbna 
he  franUv  idmiti.  "  Such  ihinga  ai  an  irpoRed  atbei  bclore  or  al 
Ibe  foundation  ol  the  city,  moR  beautiful  and  art  out  vilh  pocia' 
[ablet  than  grounded  upon  pan  and  faithTul  ncotda.  [  mean  aeilher 
lo  aver  nor  dbfrOTt "  (nvtf-);  and  el  the  w^ola  hlNoty  fnvioua 


»™  "foi"  Bway  lanp 


kuvBi*  with  bii  own  VHWt  o[  the  dtuai 
nuoH  M  givn  for  hb  pccTemict  <A  mc  kco 
«aillHltl)F  iHHckntik.    Ury>  >>>aiiip'.  (hriii  rt 


ikbvrfdcudliiKliiclii. 

•d  Unsftoit  Wb  Weoaaol  Uw  luk  e(  inUniBl 
sf  U*/>  iBoaiMiNadcs  >n  dua  to  Ua  havin 
■wrMii,  mil  <i  vhidhpTCa  diffemilly  colouicd 

•  (vot.    MoomKn  (Am.  AriitavK-  ■>-)  hn 

dartr  ibaini  that  thia  b  wktt  hu  hippCBHl  in  Mi  idatioa  si  the 
IibI  pnceedir^  ■unav  tli*  ctdd  Afrlaout  b  book  kiuviq.:  And 

,_  .^_  ^ .■»!  .^  —=Ti,»  he  telle  b.  the  older  vcnioa  which 

r al  aod  the  lucr  Bhlch  eudiiiied  it  by 

pa  looDd  dde  by  lidev   Sunabny  a  change 

.-^  ._...  .., ^■^'^V  "O  <OH 

bu  pnvinHly  <^,  «  to  treat  ai  luiowit 
la  laefllioiwa  bafore  fcf.  iL  i,  nuv,  6. 

matai  Thill  tha fair tawpaipaapiii It  the  Viitid(iLi7eeq.l»tT.ai 
S^Mriar  (JLC,  L  ij)  ri^tly  Bye.  daudy  veriadoat  of  one  iB^b 
aapadUlon.  Other  UHancea  of  aucb  "^deubtellea"  aco  the  m 
iiiHde  cDflUMe  4eaciibed  in  uiil.  tfi  and  nv.  tt.  and  the  na 
tMim  M  BMOda  ia  Soals  tevIL  i«  and  xwliL  ti).  Wilhaul 
doubt,  tob  niKb  el  Iba  cbroBeiotkal  caaftiiiBB  obaemUa  thraiab- 
on  uvy  b  due  to  the  fact  that  he  lodowa  now  ana  now  anadier 
uthodty,  headlea  of  their  ^SHerencei  oa  thia  head.  Thua  he 
IMJIliraa  baewoan  the  CaioiAn'apd  Vantariaa  laelGOflbf  of  the 
nan  o(  the  olty,  aad  hafia  tb»  ahmoalptiei  at  MyMiaad  tha 

Td  Ikeee  defieti  la  hia  natbod  wax  be  added  the  fact  that  he 
doaa  Mt  alwava  aaeeeed  even  In  accaratehr  reprndnclna  the  aulhorily 
htb fortha tJoelbnowhiK  lothacaaeof P<ilybii».larlnKaBce,hc 
rikwa  Uoaril  paat  Inedm  l>  oaiittlaf  what  atrilia  Ua  ■•  ir- 
relevant, or  tedioui,  or  vnintenadnc  to  hb  Roman  icadan.  a  pcoeaa 
bi  which  nodi  mluobla  nuutw  dhappcan.  la  caho'  aiaa  hia  deiire 
to  iIto  a  Tlvidnaaa  and  point  to  what  ha  doobtleaa  coaaidiped  tbo 
rather  bald  nd  dry  ayla  a(  Potyhioa  leada  bin  biio  abamdltie*  and 
InucuoKiea.  Thaa  by  the  tnaty  irttb  Aatbchoa  (>W  a-C.)  it  wai 
providid  that  tba  Cncfc  eomnnitlca  of  AaU  Mianr  "  iball  aetlle 
ihcir  nolo^  dlfferencea  by  aiUtnuloB,"  and  B  (*r  U/n  conceit* 
tnn««iea  PalybliH.  but  be  adda  with  n  rbecnricnl  flnaridi,  '  or.  B 
b(iihpartien|in(erit.byinr"<«rriiL3S).  ElmriKn  Ma  UondeiB 
are  apparently  due  to  bane,  or  itnaranc*  «r  ahacr  caieltiiBiia; 
tbaa,  lor  initance.  when  PiilTMua  ipeaki  oC  the  Aetoiiaaa  aaaeaddlaf 
al  Ihdr  aidtal  Tbennn,  Livy  (iniii.  »)  not  SBhr  aubatkutai 
Thermopybc  but  fnluit<Mdy  infoma  Ma  tiadan  Ehn  hen  the 
Pylaean  aaaenUica  wen  held.  Thaiiha  partly  to  nidtnaan.  partly 
■o  iristtmilatioa.  he  laabn  ad  havoc  (suv.  ;  aaq.)  rf  ndybhii^ 
account  c(  the  tattlo  ol  Cynoacephalae.  rudly,  U>r  cannot  be 
ahORther  tcqoitMd  oa  thechar|eo(  havinf  ben  wut  then  aodiSed 
MyMua  h  die  hitenati  of  Rome, 

Jbb.— Serfout » theae  defeeti  la  Livy"!  method  appear  if  viewed 
la  tke  Brfit  of  modem  ciilidani.  it  it  pnbobb  that  they  wen  eaiily 
pardoMd.  if  Indeed  they  wen  em  duEovercd,  by  hb  contemtur- 
lAet.  For  It  wii  on  the  attlatic  rather  than  on  the  critical  lide  of 
Uatoiy  that  atTHa  waa   ' 


covered,  by  hb 

ilverally  bid  in  intl^iily,  ai 


ItMh.  ai  ha  tMlfiri  pc 


Htlfitkin  a 

ititkn  imu 


d.  Livy  deaervcdiy  WOB 
ilui  PmUo  meendal  Ua 


l¥  raad.   . 

'  of  nodem  liaica  it  CO __. , ._    ^.   . 

lourinf ,  eipecialiy  in  the  sritcr  parta  pi  hi 

_.,, unreality  o(  anany  of  the  tpeochea.  aod  by  the  n 

rhicfa  he  oiaiu  everythina.  however  important,  which  be 

hb  Rodera.    But  in  uite  of  lU  (hu  we  are  fn .        .     . 
~.ua  Biulet  ol  what  Wl  may  prrhapacall  "  lUmtivc 

„ II  no  aaperioi  in  mliquity;  for,  inlensr  ai  he  u  lo 

Thiicydidei.  to  Polybiui.  and  even  to  Tacitui  m  philainpluc  powrr 
and  bindtli  ol  vbw.  bt  bM  beat  their  eouil  In  the  akill  with  which 
he  lelb  Ui  Kiiry.  He  bindetd  Ibc  prince  of  (hmnicbn,  and  ia  ihii 
reapwit  not  unwucifayiD  In  fliiaail  1 1  nil  riilhllirnrt  iliiifCiilnliliin 
LI.  loi).  Nor  banytluni  more  nmariuble  than  the  way  in  which 
Livy'a  fine  tairv  and  aenae  of  proportiDn.hia  due  poetic  feeling  and 
Benuine  cnthuHAim,  Avcd  hifa  from  the  bcaottini  laiilta  of  the  mode 
of  (naimmi  which  be  adooied.  The  mnii  aupeifidai  coaataiiKia 
of  hb  account  <rf  the  eailW  dayi  of  Rnme  i^Ih  that  fives  by 
Dionyiiua  abowa  froni  what  depiha  of  ledioneoeaa  be  waa  pnaerved 
by  thcae  ouaHtieL  Inatcad  of  the  waaiiaonie  probaitT  aad  tha  nia. 
pbcad  padantiy  wbkk  aiake  the  latter  ' 
thaoldtalHbiUyaadBiaalvtoU.  Tl 
mantd  by  any  attanut  to  lain  th 
diwriatdbaoMOaiTrii^Br-' 


L   TMr  ptlnitiv*  baaaty  b  ao( 


,1.  for  Uvy  never  fin^a  tba  difidty  that  bdonn 

■e^pr^wk  to  tha  nsit  epic  of  Rooie.  and  la  ooBKcnt t3 1 


f  aeaaationa.    nirhasa  an  avn 

u^M  Llvy  to  Bvcad  daatm  w1 


ilnrlhcfiilh 
'  diU  whidi 

"llShtS 


letaon'whicb  titt  aMboTbuawtf  haa'M  hoin.  The'sibatanc*.  h 
doubt,  of  many  of  them  LivytoDb  from  kbauthoritiea,  but  their  form 
la  hb  own.  and.  In  thniwiii(  Into  the*  tU  hb  tm  eioquaoce  and 
enlhiwiaaat,  be  aot  oaly  actad  in  ennlormity  idih  the  eMaUiihed 
tndlllnaa  of  Mean,  but  iound  a  wekemeouilel  for  fecUaaa  and  ideia 
wUek  the  fan  of  tha  repablic  h«i  dmivtd  if  all  other  meant  of 

I  III Inn     To  m.  Ibeiefora,  they  an  valuable  not  only  fat  ibeir 

ebqueBcattaut  idHmonaaiiiriiwiiaodrclcamt  iail|ht  Intn  Livy'e 
own  aentiMtolfc  bb  tofty  lanae  nt  the  pent  ataiof  Rome.  Ma  tppaecia- 

viituaa  of  oMar  limt.  But,  Indy  ai  Uvy  uaei  tha  privMe(e  ct 
watcbaiahiin,  hiaoortact  laito  heapa  bb  thetoric  within  reamoable 
BButa.  Wilbawtylawamptionatheipaicheanndiiiiiliediniooe. 
lull  of  life  and  hav*  at  lew*  a  di*aiaiic  orenictv.  while  of  wch 


iMsfcN  with  Mr  Aliailon  for  the  akin  with  wliicb  hr  hna  diawn 
tbaportraitaoftbepcataaenwbofilDflolnhbpBtea.  Wemayindeed 
doubt  whether  in  dicaaea  they  ar*  dnwn  with  perfan  accuracy  and 
baiwtblky,  but  of  their  IIfe4ke  vbour  and  cleaTOeia  Iheie  can  he 
aoquiadoa.  With  Uvy  thb  poniJtiialntbic  wai  a  bbour  of  Icm. 
"  To  ^  neat  nen,"  aaya  Scacca. "  be  tave  tbrir  d  oe 
but  ha  b  at  bb  beat  bi  A^kim  wllli  thf 


Bowiai  atyle  wbkfa  carriiil  Mm  uiiMy  thnwih  tl 

of  Ma\^ory:  and  aUn  more  nmaifabb  ia  the 

diaolaya  when  note  neat  cii^  or  thiilUng  epiamie  tan  am  duoo. 

auA  na  tha  aack  of  Rbme  Inr  the  Gaola.  Ibe  battle  by  the  Metauia 

and  the  dauh  al  Haadnibat 
In  aiylf  and  laniiiateLhynpnicmi  the  beat  period  of  Latin  proic 

writini.    He  haa  paned  far  beyond  the  bald  and  mcaire  diciHB  of 

tha  caily  cknaddera.   In  blahanda  Latbi  aoqakad  a  SoiUlity  and  a 

_!-,. '  vocabulaty  mknown  to  it  before.    Khewrlioa  wnhlna 

I  baa  perfect  rhythm  Ihanhlahvourfte  modelOccfO.  he 
■-'"■■'  -■■  »ri>da.aiidlba)raikpt«>» 


di  and  a  baa  perfect  rhythm 
lb  biiB  ia  Aentied  atnctan 


8=3 


to  the  wbJKt-niantt.    tt  b 


u  m  *  pMiic  diciiM  In  pt 


bit    ttcn    ol    enlhrU, 
t.  From  Oie  wodincy 


'tic  riiK  rniliv  loiiutinis  Eaniin  i 

ry  Vii^  But  in  Livy  iIih  poedc  elcnu 

p,  — «  Krvct  only  to  |ive  wunin  utd  vividn 

mibrly,  ihouBh  ihe  indKPCfl  ol  riictanc  u[ 


Dl>  BnfUlfV.  u  wen 

at  ibc  Vcoclkn  richiKH  of  hu  coburlDf ,  *iid  cbc  copiout  flW  «  lii> 
tvordB,  Iw  u  on  (be  whdl*  wondcffulLy  nAiiinl  and  liiiiple. 

TIhm  mcriu,  DM  lew  Iku  ilie  HIk  Ioin  ■»■  any  pan  ol  bU 
namiin  iiad  Iks  doqaencc  g<  kk  <pm.liu.  nvt  tivy  t  bold  a 
Rumia  Riden  hkIi  m  only  Ocoii  uid  Viidlwiides  bim  evit  ob- 
IdiTWd,  Hi>  hiktory  Jbcmcd  tJM  (nuDdworkoC  oeuiy  ft]]  llbl  na 
if ttmidi  writRo «ii t]H iiUiiKt.  PluUKhiWriunairtwIoik  lilie 


Hmpls.  FtonH  lod  Evtropim  abridfed  biniOfHiii: 
en  bim  hi*  proofi  o(  Ibe  niuul  b]indn««  of  tlic  pagai 
n  evrry  ecJiool  Ljvy  wu  finiUy  otablialted  u  ■  text 

'  ihp  Qctinr  fliiny-Gwboo]E«of  Livy  i: 


ToL—Thr  mxivcd  lut  of  the  at 

all.  TheMSS.  a(ibEliiiIikcadJrun^lbinri'n^>!i^>n'< 
Due  empiion  derived,  iiiiv«i>r  len  dirvcily.  JroiD  A  lidflc  vrclict' 
vii..  the  receniioa  nude  in  Ike  4lh  cenluivby  lbs  two  NkonH 
Flaiianiuaiut  Dens, and  by  V^iitarianue.  Tbu  ia  pnved  in  the  i 
o[  tlie  older  MSS.  by  writlBi  uibecrlpliaH  M  Ikat  tffen,  aad  in 
ru*  of  the  reu  by  Internal  evidence.  0(  ■■  tbeie  deaxudanti  of 
Nicomuhnn  iKenion.  the  oldeet  ii  the  Codex  Pariniu  d  t]ie  i 
Rntui^,  and  <be  bat  tlie  Coda  MedknuorFlorcntiiiueoI  the  i 

ot  i" 


lira  LUm  (SlK  id..  Cy  eTPruii,  iS8i);  1.  E.  B.  Mayor,  BOnio- 
Iratiual  Clut  It  LtU*  Uurttmt  (187$) ;  TeulTd-Scliwabc,  Hiarry 
tf  Amtai  IMrnltri  (En>-  tnna.}.  lA.  137;  M.  Schaiu,  CticUcUi 
in  nmiiclitm  Liorraitr  U.  i  jind  ecL  iflm)-  Tlic  bnt  fdiiiont  of 
■   tteitmibMcofW.WeiWdEor    ' 


r/  Amtai  IMrnltri  (1 

Eru  an  intradimory  eiuy  oa  Uvy'a  11^  and  vritinn:  ncv  edition 
by  M.  MQUer.  ifinl,  and  J.  N.  Madvic  and  I.  L.  Uaalnc  (tS6}~ 
IBM).    Tilt  only  Ei^iik  Iranalation  o[  any  merit  ia  tn  Philnnon 


lS?i).    TJi 
HoOudd 


rit  iaby  . 


.;X.) 


UZARB  (Lai.  Joccrfa'),  I'name  orl^nany  lelened 
the  iDull  European  ipcciei  of  (our-tencd  nplilei,  but  now 

applied  to  a  whole  order  {Laanilia),  which  i>  r^rciented  by 
tnmennu  (pecin  in  all  lempetale  and  tropical  regtoni.  Liiardi 
are  repilles  which  have  a  Iransvenc  eitcmal  anal  opctiing  (initead 
of  a  longiludinal  slit  as  in  Ciocodillans  and  tortoiMt)  and  which 
have  the  right  and  left  balvri  oi  the  mandibles  conDecled  by  k 
ntuni  (ymphysii.  The  majority  a>e  disiinguished  trom  inakn 
by  Ihi  potKtakin  of  two  pairg  of  limb),  g(  wlemal  ear-openinp 
and  movable  eyelids,  but  since  in  not  a  few  ot  iht  burrowing, 
snake  shaped  lizards  Ihoe  chaiaclen  give  way  cnlirely,  it  ii 
'  impoasiblelDfindadiigMXiswhichshovldT 


such  iloubtful 


while  I 


if  these 


ly  fail 


been  evolved  as  a  qwcialiied  branch  from  sor 

,  and  that  both  "orders"  are  intimately  cell 

only  Ihtough  the  degraded  m 

For  the  etynwlcgy  of  tlila  word,  aec  CaoCi 


EyeST"" 


MoMlynx 


Osteoocrmaco 


Always   biU  and  n- 

inctile  into  ilHir. 
AcTodont.  anchybsed. 


of  n 


of  lizards  is  about  J700.  As  a  group  they  are  cosmopolitan,  their 
northern  limit  approafhing  that  of  Ibc  pennaDcntly  Iroaei 
subsoil,  while  in  the  soulbern  hemi^heie  the  aoutheni  point  of 
Patagonia  forms  the  farthest  limit.  As  we  approach  the  irofilcii 
the  variety  of  Forms  and  the  number  of  individuals  increwc, 
the  most  specialized  and  devekved  fonns.  and  also  the  meat 
degraded,  being  found  in  the  tropics.    In  the  temperate  regions 

without  much  vegetation;  many  are  arboreal  and  many  are  true 

leguan  of  the  Galapagos,  AmilyrliytKlna,  even  enten  the  sea. 
Some.  Uke  the  majority  of  the  geckos,  arc  nocturnal.  In 
adaptation  to  these  varied  lurroundinp  they  cihibit  great 
variety  in  shape,  siie  and  stmcture.  Most  of  theM  modiflcations 
the  skin,  limbs,  tail  or  tongue.    Host  Uantt 


whole  digettivetn 
the  tongue,  the  n 


«froi 


ytnse, 


n  with  the  kind  of  food  and 
icured.  Generallythe teeth 
blunt,  grooved  orserraled. 


ate  conical  or  pointed,  moi 

They  are  inserted  either  on  me  inner  sioe  0]  tnc  msrgm  01  tne 
jawi  (plarodimiai  or  on  the  edge  of  Iht  bono  («rod«ifd>.  Tbe 
tongue  is  generally  beset  with  more  or  leas  sealy  at  velvety 
papillae  and  has  always  a  well-marked  posterior  margin,  while 
the  anterior  portion  may  or  may  not  be  more  or  less  niractile 

loosely  connected  and  (he  vertebrae  are  so  weak  that  the  laH 


y  some  other  aniDiiI,    which  is  tatiiGed  with  capturing  the 

The  motions  ol  most  licards  are  executed  with  great  btil  not 
nduring  rapidity.  With  the  exception  of  the  chameleon,  all 
rag  their  body  over  the  ground,  the  Ifmbs  being  wide  apart, 
umed  outwards  and  relatively  lo  the  bulk  of  the  body  generally 
mt    But  the  limbs  show  with  regard  10  development  great* 


est  iges  tinea 

hthesk 

re  similar  to 

those  0 

ongatebody. 

The  eggs  an 

elliptic 

e,  both  pole*  being  equal,  and 
y  be  thin  and  Icalhay  or  hard 
•ggs  laid  ia  small  in  comparison 


82+ 


with  othtr  [^i)«,  mtly  cxtcnUng  •  tcort,  ud  lome  like  the 
uioLidi  md  the  lectDS  depMJt  only  one  or  two.  Tkc  ponnU 
Leave  the  tggs  lo  hilch  when  Ihey  lie  dcposiled,  is  und  or  ia 
mould.  Many  Uiardi,  however,  letaio  the  eggs  in  the  oviducu 
until  the  cmbiyo  is  fully  developed;  IbeM  ip«i«  then  bring 
(onh  living  younglndue  oiled  ovo-vivlpaious  by  punsts. 
Some  linidi  pOMCU  ■  comiderabie  amount  of  intelligence;  Ihey 
play  with  each  other,  become  very  lame,  and  act  dehbenlel)' 

lie  15  btighl  ai  the  Agamai  an  dulL  Uuiy  have  the  powei  of 
changing  coloui.  a  faculty  nhich  they  thue  only  with  variau* 
frogi,  toadi  and  fiibea,  lizards  arc  not  poisooous,  with  the 
lingle  eiception  of  Hdoderma^ 

The  Lacenilia,  oc  Liiidi  In  the  wider  atiuc,  (lU  esnly  into  three 
rulural  Bntupi:  fKk»  lo-t.),  chanuleona  {qt^  md  lixardt- 

1.  SuC^er,  CfBCKOHH.  Pleurodom  Uiardi  with  weU-developed 
limbi;  without  tempDIlL  bony  Arches;  KHtlhoncic  ritn  united 
aeroti  the  ibdoaacn.  Tonvoe,  thick  and  bmad.  lUglitly  nicked 
anteriorly.  With  lew  euepiiDU  they  havnampJiicoelouswtebne. 
the  parietal  boneB  rtmim  tepwte  ind  they  have  nu  eyelids,  with 


panelah     lenral 


I.  Family,      ^tmJdH.— AmphicnelouH;      parielala 

HklHy  all  cec1i»  are  noctuma]  and  the  punl  contiact*  into  a 
vertical  lilt,  except  in  a  few  diurnal  kindi,  et  PSiliuma  of  lilindi 
In  tkc  Indian  Ocean,  and  Lypiselylui  of  Atrici.  Advmimii  ol 
Borneo  and  AuHialia.  aad  PUiuMi  of  South  Alrica,  hive  upper 
and  bwer  movable  eyelids  Whiltt  the  akin  ia  movLy  iolt  on  the 
back,  with  Utile  graoutar  tubercles,  scalea  (eicept  on  the  belly]  are 
abaem,  bat  Ibey  ue  preeent  in  Btmnflu/U.  in  Gecisk^  of  Madi- 
^tcMi,  iDd  moit  fully  developid  in  TirUueiini  icinnu.  Thii 
Deculnr  1it4le  InlialMtaDt  of  the  ateppe*  and  deaert  icfvnu  of 
TurkeMaa  ind  Penia,  by  nibbU     "'■•''  ch 

other,  producee  a  diriH  cricket-1  in 

fnnt  of  111  hole  In  tho  iroond.  ily 

adapted  tu  nnnint  upon  ib*  da  of 

■dhcrfve  lanvIfaK  -niTwMbi  >d- 

Imi  eiiiU  abo  in  Plaitp<a  (wi  u, 

wliich  are  llkewlae  deKiticolini  nd 

Seychdiea  hu  cal-IIke  retiactUi  ew 

Zealand  ia  aald  to  be  ^vlpaiouii  "ge 

en  at  a  time.   Many  aptdea  ha  1 1 

repealed  dick  of  the  toiuiiet  and  th^  mate  "  gocko    it  luppoeed  10 
bean  Indian  Imltatloa  of  the  aound, 

J.  f^nfly,  Ifroplatidae. — Amphkoelous;  paHeials  i 
the  HBl  bone*  ice  fuied  together,  and  the'ctavtelM  n 
Genua  VrtfUiUj  *Uh  a  few  apcclefl,  ex-  V.fmbnatma  k 

*,  Family,  EubUpharHat. — ProcDeloua;  pirietals 
Bda  functionate  clavlclei  enpanded  at  in  the  true  gecki 
leienble  in  othel  rspectb    The  few  genm  and  n 

^-^. ' 


^A:^ 


EiiUt^^ 


daricbnwn  to 


,    Acndont.  OM  U 


Lh  latefalhr  coinpriaaad  body,  prebenaile  tail  ar 
iba  with  the  dipita  amnged  tn  opposinE,  gra'pii 
d  three  retpectively.  The  cbamdconA  &.D-)  h^v 


U,  the  leeth  and  the  t 


It  been  evolved  Irom  vanoi»  grou 

bt.   ZnuriJai  and  AntmUat  im 

imiitt  and  Irmtiiia  at  two  panlld  familiei  InM  very  different 

m  eaeil  Wbe^  ol  higheM  JevefajmeBt.  one  In  the  OM  W«M.  the 


ip  ia  formed  by  the  fe 


lIb  Bpecialiied  and  b 

in  TijUai.  and  the  butrowfalg,  degraded 'Aaioicaa  a 
it,,,^^^  AmptubotitidoA  A  third  gmp  eoaiprlaH  the  comopoUtan 
Scimidai.  ibe  African  nnd  MalaiMy  Gtrrlmnhiat  whidi  In  wioiB 
leaturei  resund  ui  of  the  AnfwUai,  ind  [be  African  and  Eunaian 
lataUiai  which  ar*  the  HftMat  ranabn  e(  Ifaii  gnup.  Amttf- 
tnpiiat  and  pcrhape  aln  l>iloHjdai  may  be  degtaded  Scinawh. 
The  VaanHiit  Hand  quile  alone,  in  many  iHpeda  the  Mgheal  of  all 
Uxarda,  with  ■ome,  quire  auperfidal.  Cmtjodillan  reflenbleDce*- 
LaKly  then  are  the  few  Pvfo^rAla  of  the  AUKraliah  rrgkn,  with 
■till  quite  obacum  lelatktaahlp. 

Far^tv  1.  AtaMiiat, — Acradont:  'toofue  beoad  and  tUck,  not 
proUMXllliiiaoHeodenaa.    OU  Woitd. 

The  jnnaa  ba«a  alwajt  ti ■— 

Tbe-IeelEareuauallydlSefanlal 

The  eUn  k  devoid  of  oaMcatlona,  but  large  and  no 
Q)lns  an  often  pfeaent,  ceoedaHy  on  tbe  hi  ' 
ThefamI'  .... 

Eodled,  then 

very  loag  tal.   Hoitoftb 

entMy  wgetabl*  (eaden.  They  an  an  oKhiiively  Old  WoiU 
lanity:  they  an  wM  miMW  in  AntiMi  (oeept  New  Zealand) 
„j  .u-  ..j:..  —j  u-1,  joartita;  conpaniMy  lew  Sve  ia 
r)  and  in  tka  eoBMriei  fran  Aam  Minor  to 


di^cicu  of  AEnca  nnd  As^ 

leCH  arc  Hrtkvtarly 

of  (he  Armbs  \fi  nnra 
drawn  upon  ita^  the 


thbaafewaiealnK 


of  Africa  m 


'y^ji^. 


they  laterpnt  aa  a  moehety  of  their  own  movemenli  whilit  en- 
gaged la  player.  In  lome  of  the  Grecian  iBlands  th^  are  aOI 
c^ed  JMnEvMH.  fuit  ai  they  wen  in  the  time  of  Rerodonn. 
Vrtrnvtix  ii  one  of  the  largeat  of  gronndHHamaa,  and  hliewiie  foaod 
ii  Africa  and  Alia,  The  body  ia  nrnformly  covered  with  gnnnlar 
icalei,  whiln  the  thort,  atrong  tail  ia  armed  wflb  poverfal  apnin 
diapoied  hi  wherli.  The  Indiin  ipeciei  ([7.  tordvicH)  b  mahily 
bemvomia;  the  African  V.  aetnlhmiinu  and  U.  ifMtti,  the  M 
of  the  Anbh  take  mixed  food.  ^kryiHaMdiK  •  typical  of  the 
■eppn  aiKl  deasta  of  Alia.  CmAiAkint  and  lyritittlMia  KuUHa, 
tbe  latter  remarkable  for  ha  OBmelcon-like  appcitam.  an 
Ceylooeae.  CqMb,  peculial  to  Indian  couiilrin,  comprtaei  many 
ipeciel,  l.g.  C.  i^M<i«ac*iu,genera1lyknownuthe"bbodtuclter' 
an  amHint  of  rhe  red  colonr  on  the  head  and  neck  di^laved  during 
»  (ace  Dbacoh)  ia  Indo-Mlbyao.  Ftjifrw'**' 

iroia  nintralla  (D  Cochin  China. 

AuptniHao  agamaa  no  other  genu'la  to  mimerouily  repn 
_  _jI  wiiely  diitrlbuted  aa  GrmmmaltplHn,  the  apetiei  of  which 
grow  to  a  length  of  from  g  lo  tS  in.  Their  valet  an  genirrally  rosgh 
and  ^Boua;  but  olberwiie  tfiey  poBBeia  no  itriktngly  dlitlngniaMnf 
pecnilarity,  mleti  the  looae  ddn  of  theirthnat,  which  It  IraDaveraely 
tolded  and  eapabte  of  infbtion,  be  regarded  la  Hch.  On  the  otfcs 
hand,  two  01  het  Aaxraean  agamoid)  have  atl  ai  ned  »me  celebrily  by 
their  gToceaqne  ippevnnce,  due  to  the  eitrtordinary  developinenl 
of  th^r  hitegunmlta  One  Ifi.  0  i*  the  fiiltM  loird  (Ctiiiwy 
tfamanu- Map'),  which  li  leitncted  to  Qoeeailand  and  the  iwith 

ceas,  and  growi  ig  a  length  of  s  ft.,  ti—"-^' ■■- ' ' ' 

[I  ii  provided  with  a  Irill^ke  fold  of  t 
when  erected,  reaeroblea  ■  bnsuJ  coll 
titet  with  the  fare.Wfl  olT  the  eroun 
Mnd-lega.  The  other  Kurd  is  one  ' 
been  callld  Jfaloc*  hwriiliu.  It  ia 
^Mne.bearing  uiberculsj  the  head  a 


only  to  a  h^glh  of 
ud  Wen  Atiatnlb 


vari^°:lf;hR,^d'J 


■  amongn  the  ya  ipccic^  with 
Mi  have  well-^vdopcd  hmba- 


Aramidw,  from  which  they  difier  mninly  by  tbe  pleurodoat  deultioB- 
Most  of  them  are  invctivorous.  Some,  eipeciatly  .Ini^ii  and 
Palyclm,  can  chinge  colour  to  i  remarkable  enent.  Tbe  family 
rangei  all  throngh  the  neotro^cal  region,  induiive  of  the  Galapagoa 
auT  the  AnlillM.  inn  the  aouthem  and  weatein  ttalei  tA  North 

Oolnrofn  and  Hopbion  In  Madagaicar.  and  Brwtyfiwltari  luiiatn 
in  the  Fiji  Itlandi.  fsmtefritu  ntcrudiliu  and  AmUjrkyntlia 
criauu  inhabit  th«  Galapagoa:  the  lonnei  fiedt  tvon  cictua  and 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


tMwt;  tlw  lutcr  It  mai-ntAf,  dli^ni  fa  iht  tlmc-whicii  itaw 
bctow  tide-mulo.    For  BHaiiaa  tea.  BamloS:  Iobaha  u  dealt 

...         ._...,..  sf  HtylL 


LIZARD 

L(l( 


825 


Mcuu.     5plirt»liti/iu.   (Trala^irliu,   Callini 

Mexicd.  Atlint  ii  Saloporus,  with  About  34  ipeciH,  tht  mot 
cbancterUlic  tea\ia  of  MckiuA  liarda;  only  4  fprcin  live  ia  Ihc 
Uniwd  Suia,  aod  only  j  or  a  mn  [ouod  aouUi  ol  the  lukmiii  tl 
TcbiiuiupK  Biui  an  iquicin  to  CmtnL  Antrio-  Tli*  niuofity 
an  humivaanin,  wbik  ollini  an  uuly  aitonal,  ij,  S.  mitnltfiltna, 
m  tpfcio  wliicli,  momirr,  bn  tlw  gnMot  poaiblt  ildtudiiiil  ntigt. 
Inn  the  hM  coUDIry  o{  loutbtni  Ouem  10  the  iipiicr  tne-liBa  ol 
CuUltcfinl,  (bout  luoo  ri.  ctwiliaBi  amy  iiicdaaR  viTipuDU. 
Fitymoitmit,  with  ibout  m  daKB  HKcia,  the  "  banal  losdi "  of 
dbloraia  u  TsaK  mivd  thnwah  Medco.  SooK  af  ihtae  oiiaicil' 
tooltini  litth  cnalurH  in  vivieiMum.  otbcn  dcmLit  tbar  izn  in 
tkc  pouKt,    Tbcy  uc  wiH  conctakd  by   '  '   '  ' 

iy  uid.Hany  or  andr 


rt^  the  lu|e  ipilici 


.— Frilhd  Linrd  (CUruojdsiminuiliiipl. 

...,  ___.„  ___ _  .        ..l"back  kw^  ™i[  it  »«e 

ouBr  lUH  on  (he  brvHJng  hot  und  and  then- can  nin  fait  enough; 
otberwiie  thw  arc  aluffUh.  d^  thtmvlvcf  into  the  und  by  a 
peculiar  ihulmnf  nwiion  ol  the  fnoEcd  cdni  or  iheir  flatieoed  boJica. 
and  when  lurpnicd  Ihty  Ician  draih.  Ttie  alatemcnt.  ptnlvtrntly 
rnnlcil  (O.  P.  Hay,  Proi.  U.S.  NiU.  Kmi.  n...  1891.  Pp.  37J-37«). 
that  KinK.  i.t.  P.  UaintiOci  tH  California,  have  the  power  of  aquittine 
■  hlood-ml  fluid  fmn  iht  corntt  of  the  eye,  Hilt  ic<|uite>  nnnn!? 
hivMilKIkin. 
The  imillcil  liardt  ol  Ihll  lanrily  belong  to  the  genui  Arialii, 

viduilionbutheaandtnexillropi^l  America,  and  npcdaDy  of  the 
Weat  Indiei.  They  ofier  many  piBnU  of  aiulogy  10  the  hummfne 
birdft  in  Iheir  diMnbuibn,  roloun  and  even  cTl^ooitEon.  Hundred! 
may  be  lefD  on  a  bright  day,  disponii^  ibemtelvn  on  tnei  and 
fenecfl.  and  enlerina  Iwusea.  Like  the  iguanaa.  the^  (at  [eait  tbc 
mala)  ate  provtdej  with  a  large,  eapanuhle  dewlap  al  the  throat. 
which  >■  brilUanlly  coloured,  and  wblch  they  diiplay  on  the  allghteit 
provocation.    Thla  appendage  ii  mcnly  a  lold  ol  thfe  akin,  orna- 


cncied  and  apniu)  u  Ibi  will  ol  the  animal.  The  ptncncc  of  lucl 
4eadapa  ia  liaaida  ia  alwaya  a  aign  of  an  excitable  temper.  Many 
4-t-  <f.cara/fiifltrirtfhe**cliame1eonj'' can  change  colour  10  an  extra 
ocdlnary  dwee.  They'an  much  led  upon  by  ^rda  and  fnakei,  ant 
kavt  1  (raglle  Mil.  eatliy  nproduced.  They  hrlne  lorth  only  oni 
tut*  *n  at  ■  line,  but  probably  bned  weral  itmea  during  thi 


Faanly    }.    JTetwridir.^-JlwniJaat :  anlid   taetlit   aittttiar 

Ktd  loigug  aliiUly  mainnau  aid  nuanile.  and  covend  wUli 
_|apUlae;  no  oaleadcmv.  lleiico.^ 

donliiba  and  Ouaca.    Hk 


&t  aninlaini  ol  Driialia,  C 

red  above  with  minula  granulea 

E  akin  cstcoda  flam  the  aiilla  to  the  g 

dof  aoma^Hcaidiv,  to  which  thii  ainguiar  gMua  leen 

Aii(ii>il«.—I>)eutcidoot :  tccih  ,«olid,.  aometiniia 
grooved;  anlenor  pan  ol  tongue  emarflioate  and  rv- 
LK  poatoior  portion;  cateoderaia  on  lAa  body,  and 
.L.  L--^  -ijoe  tbcy  art  nofleg  over  tha  ttfnpsrmj 
la  and  ovi>.viTlparDua.  _  Adcrica,  Europe 


GcTkiHliu.  S  apeciea.  In  nanntaiiiooa  csuntrica,  from  Biitiih 
ColuiabiatoCoataRka:likai>>>latl«»if.  C^lulu  ol  MoicA  t^ 
Antiliea  and  Central  America,  with  wtU-devebpcd  linlM,  but  •rilli  • 
lateralleU.  .liwaijyM{iNiaiid  ImtpedtaoCfWUBaaruaiclka 
only  ABi^iera  ofaia  Jamihr  arhidi  ate  not  Aidcrfcan,  add  even  Iha 
thiid  tpKka  of  MUaaaru,  O.  antfoUf,  lives  iB  Ihc  Uakcd  Stwea. 
Oetamma  i.  AndaM).  the  glaia-Hialie,  Iram  Mocoeca  and  tlw 
Balkaa  penlnaiaa  to  Bnrms  nSlFaUea:  aha  ki  tls  U.SA..  wllh 


'^bady.  jliapiMj  with  ita  a 

pa,  Algeria  and  1 

Hdadnaof  Al 

isfm  ol  Bonico.— The  teeth  ol  HOiit 
t  amllei  baaca.  kneely  attached  to  lb 
— '  ' -■,  and  thoKol  the  low 


jt  bEnd-mtiB.  ia 


ell  dcv^opcd.  .ToKBore- 


H.  nujtaiin,  ll 


only  in*tanc«  among  liaank.* 
granular,  with  many  imgubir  bo 

animai,  which  nachea  a  length  ol 

an  amnaed  in  alternate  ringa    BmailanimnlaanprDbaL^lyparnl^^rd 

Tlltchlni.  and  other  Iribei  ol  Meiko  have  endowed  it  with  Ubukxu 
napeniet  and  kxw  It  pnn  than  Ibe  mem  pcoaonoua  anakia. 
LaiMnnadu  ununuii,  of  which  only  a  lew  epecimena  an  koowa, 
i>  appnmuly  ckiaely  allied  10  SrfoJrnKi.  allhongh  the  iwh  an  not 
grooved,  oatcadenna  an  abient  and  pnhnUy  alio  the  poiion  ^and». 

ofXafnur  Thecyn and rara an coDCeaied.  ibelimbaaneBtinly 
abitni.  body  and  tail  covend  wHb  loII.  imbtkatiog  icalea,  IIh 
tongue  ia  villoae,  imoolb,  biU  aniertoriy.  The  few  tedli  are  re- 
curved, wiihawollenbatea.   Theekuliiamuchnduccd.  Toollength 

Fan^y  7.  Ziiiandaf.— Pleurodont;  tongue  abort,  vilicae.  acarcdy 

(be  ihull.  wbov  they  Tool  in  ine  lempcnl  region-  Alrica  aad 
Madagaacar. 

Only  4  genera,  with  about  is  ifieclei,  Ztniirm  of  Soutb  Africa 
and  Mada^Karhaithe  triiolch^.  neck,  back  and  tail  covered  with 
atrong  bony  scale*,  the  homy  covering  of  which  Icnni  Atop  apihca, 
eneciallyon  thcuil.  They  defend  ihenatlvta  by  jeikina  head  and 
tail  iidewarda.   Z,  lifsiittiii  nnchea  15  In.  inlengib,  andia.likelha 


•mia;  aaiiraiampoiai  foaal  roofed  ovo'  by  Iha 
n  devoid  ol  nwvaWa  lida;  tywunninn  enpoaed] 
KRioni  pona preaent ;  lirnbaand  tail  wall  drvrloped.  Anieriean. 

j:»(iina  (  (0  nannl  allei  Xantui,  a  Hun^rian  coUeRei).  m. 
X.  tiplil  and  a  lew  other  aprctra  fnom  the  desert  tncia  vl  Nevada 
and  California  to  Lower  Calilornia.  UfiiBflrjma  fiatmmaalclltm, 
Ctnlnl  Ameiica ;  and  Crf'tmaiini  lypia  in  Cuba. 

Family  9.  TVnilac.— Teeth  aoNd.  ainioil  aerodoni:  toiviie  loat 
andaarmw.decply  bind.  boHl  with  iMpillae:  no  osni '  -'- 

Thia  Urjf.  typically  Ametida  Camily  cc 
arl»real,  di^Ueia  in  fonaia,  whilw  bt 

'U  below  Ihe  Hurface  and  an  traniloroed  in 


'  for'TuiWufdeUil  and  eipmaie^f:,'  lee  K.  W.  fihuMdt. 
P.Z.S,  (1I90).  p.  I7S:  C  A.  Boulcnger,  I'M.  (1S91),  p  109,  and 
C.  Siewait.  aid.  (ilji),  p.  1 19. 


&aB 


nisas 


U2ARD 

lyKotmioL   Of 
vufh  fend  bf  ' 


H«S^ 

■—  . ,  —  JU  <iiHiiKiinpliad  br  H.  Gadow,  fV<c.  2hJ, 

Sk.,  ifoft,  pp.  iTT-SZS)  throuth  Hoiciilato  the  Unhtd  Suu*.  wfiin 
C.  aiJiMMWit,  tk  ■'^nrilt."  h«  qimd  over  noM  ol  the  Unim. 
TVMhmNi  MtuMi,  Iha  "  Mjn  "  «l  South  Ancciea  ud  the  WcK 
IkUm,  ii  the  lunl  acmtwr  of  the  <Hulr  1  Unck*  ■  laMh  o(  ■ 
niil.  iiH«  ol  atiidK  bonnr,  bdo^  to  ths  imiic,  wUpIte  uO. 
iVfHuu  H  talao  bom  tha  Aoac  Itet-aiii,  ij.  rock-Eiud',  tb* 

■ .  ■•■-•— mi  imimmi  whiA  koatat  tht  ItmUat 

Tha  ttiia  (nquaat  (qntauid  {Jutulana 
It  uytiiag  chay  cu  ovcrpawcr.   Tlw  In 


thorpownfidiain  and  than  dat— . 
ithLuhincitrDliHof IbtloDftail.  Ttiay al» lua lliii wl^ 
nukca  wRlch  ibajr  an  laiil  to  «t   Thair  loaf-oval,  hard- 


licaiaBaDdLowBrCalHanla.  Wlthhie.fv 
■tautllttladtaKlvbiR-limba.  Tkaepiak. 
ia  aaady.  maSt  '—-"•'—  bmowiai  Utile  ti 

iHK  sa  the  aulaoa.    AaMJilaMBbA).    I 

ate>  tDsn  Cnm  the  Oliaogae  of  Sn^  DalBta;  LaUaUn 
Sooth  Amrica;  aod  ^n^  in  Amarkaaad  Africa  1  £)«■»  (Ji 
"-■■• '—      T>«(nvpW(,  Ftukjialamai  aad 


.    fiWnfwaoI  Flerida.aHl 


iBxraivE.  unaooenBa  on  uv  naaa  via  CHxiir.  i^unoa  ocini  rcaiKeo- 
Cnnnspnlitan.  The  (empcnnl  icgion  ia  nneml  om,  u  in  (Iw 
fjt.-M,ii£UA  And  AHptidatf  with  stnuUly  dewdond  deniul  owficft- 

Fcaoral  ponaafe-^iaeflL 

I    All  the  ikiBka  teen  to  be  vivliianiiia,  aad  they  preCer  dry,  undy 

mdDd,  is  oiiidi  they  bnmv  aad  man  quiddy  about  Id  i^trrh  ol 

(be  [RqiMit  reductiDii  stila  Unba  whidi.  in  doatiy  allied  lomu, 
abow  cvBfy  ataca  Itoo  hilly  denloped,  five-dawcd  llmba  tA  cdmphEe 
abaeaca.    SeiDa  hav«  ianetlaiial  bie-lliaba  but  aien  vcBii|e>  of 

alalia  kiada  («  AUtfianit,  the  Iswet  cydid  ia  tnarfonucd  Inta 
tiaaapamnt  eow  whidi  ii  fuaed  with  the  rim  of  the  reduced  uppc 
Kd.  tha  ■na  apDbH  M  th>  limtliii  little  OpUafiiitti  HiMu  c 
Antnlib     Una  1ai9  favuly  cooTaina  about  400  apedei,  wit 

ia  the  tropical  puti  ill  the  Old  Waild,  npniilly  in  the  AuKrali* 
KfiHi,  todOBVe  id  uany  of  tbc  Pad&c  iilandL  New  ZtabiDd  hat  a 
ttial  6  ^leclea  of  Ljtnima.  AnKika.  notably  South  AoKiia.  lu 
caiaparaav^  wy  lew  ildnka. 

'    Ttia  flkialL  which  baa  fiven  the  name  to  the  whole  family, 
aiBallliianluiniicwariKcMalii)of6orain.inleintli,comniaa  Im 
dkuleta  s(  North  Altla  and  Syria.    A  pacufiarty  we'      ' 
iaaut.  Bad  toaa  provided  with  MnMtf  frinpvh  tnJU: ' 
barmr  xapidly  in  and  uiider  theaand  atf  the  iaat. 


ifiarty  wed(B;dUDCd 

, _t.le  into  Eun™  lor 

purppiaa,  the  dnia  havidc  the  Rimtatioa  of  hoirw  e 
■a  of  the  aJiia  aad  iau;  and  evea  now  it  may  be 
ariea'  ihope  ia  tha  aButhof  Europe,  country  people  r 

swarful  an' — ■^~ ' '- 

■JB^thi] 


■eve  ftiWi.  LwafaaM  ciicanitiopicait  Eitmtaa,  alio  with  many 
aoHH  ioeeiia,  In  Aairica,  Africa  and  Alia.  Cydaini  t.  Tiliqua  nl 
AMrdaTTHia^  aiidHally  lilanda,  haa  Boui  lanni  lo^  wilb 
RMBded^a  oowH!  C.liiaii/thaMoliKcaaandaf  NewGulnsia 
Tha  laiirar  ■unhir  nf  iTia  fiiaih-  narhli^i  liiitlli  iil  aearly  aft.; 
lhaRBibaan«Bfidiveleped,aalB  nadjaaanu  rtvitiu  of  AuKralia, 
which  ia  caiily  taaHuiaed  by  tha  krse  aad  rouah  icaka  and  ihe 
abgat,  bnad.  mitaaWte  tail. 

I  FaaiOy  1>.  A  adjinpUatj—hB  anihdal  aaatmbly  of  a  lew  de- 
tndMl  Sclaail<ta.  ^  wonn-ihaped  body  U  devoid  of  octeodemu. 
•nie  UiQiue  k  ihoit.  covered  with  imbricadnE  papniu  and  iliiktly 
nidrod  antnwrly.  Teclh  piciirodont.  Autlyiroptis  pofnUatiu,  dE 
which  Doly  tbiae  tpecioicna  arc  haowa,  from  the  humua  of  foraata 


in  the  «au  of  Vera  Cms.  ^raa  oMioaalad,  7>^Uu»Mi  aM 
Ftntmia  in  troncal  Africa  and  MadaifBicU'. 

Family  IJ.  DttamUat.—Dlttmiu  Mnr^HWuot  New  Goiaca, 
the  MohKCH,  Celebei  and  the  Nicobu'  lilanli.  Toatae  mw- 
•hapcd,  covered  with  curved  papillae.  The  venMotm  .body  ia 
■svend  with  cydnd  iBbricatlB(.  acale^  devoid  of  oateDdmn. 
Llmha  and  avan  thcfc  aidiea  an  abieal.  <aoqxinc  a  nir  of  laia 
which  (apfalen  tha  hind-liaitaiB  the  aakir^  ^^ 

FuiOr  I      "     ■  ■■        -        ■ 


upUlae,  lb  duof  Ihe  £acvMBtbutan1y  ttebiv  uchtd  utBiDrty. 
tMaoderma  an  (be  head  and  bod*,  mofiac  aver  tfce  teBpotal  Rxioo. 
reiDonJ  pona  pieaeBt.  abo  lacanyv  lateral  fold.    Linn  lofnctioKi 


L  Tail  loni  and  biiRlB.  The  few  fc. 


In  Afiiak  ~2owia*nv  and  TXdWeMnkiu  in  lllndaturar. 

SlacerMaa.— I>laoradaBt.  Teafue  lonKaod  bifid,  wia 
lib,  with  oateoderma  oa  the  haad  but  not  on  the  body. 
"  developed.    Miaairrle  and  palaeotropical  with 

adacanri  sal  ia  tha  AuualwnTciion. 

The  Lacartidaf  or  me  Unnbcovpilaa  about  M  icncn,  with  toae 
100  apedea.  Boat  abuadant  la  Africa;  their  noithcm.  limit  toincidei 
fairly  with  that  oC  the  pcrmaaantly  fnan  aubaoil.  They  all  in 
terrstrial  aad  aoophafBua.     The  hng,  poinnd  Mil  ii  brittle. 

Moat  of  Che  Eaiopcaa  liaanb  whb  f  001  well  developed  limba  belont 
to  the  lenui  lauHa.   Only  thrtaepeeiei  occur  in  Great  Britain  [ice 

'-  -'     *" OB  lliaid  ILaarla  tMptra)  Frequesta  bcacbi  aad 

and  Scotlaad.  and  Ii  locally  met  with  aba  in 


fMiae  or  rolda,  wit 
LinbaalwayB  veil  d 


Flo.  >.— Head)  of  Briibh  Llunb.  a,  Ltant  rhttva; 
t.  L.  aplii;  c,  L.  tiriiu. 
tielandi  It  b  vEvhtanna.  Much  icanar  la  the  atcond  apeciia.  the 
■and-liiard  {LauHt  anfii),  which  ia  eonGned  to  ioac  *-— "•'-t  in  (he 
loutb  of  England,  the  Mew  Foitat  and  ita  vidnity;  it  doea  net  nfifiAr 
to  attain  on  Ei«lith  ioi]  the  laaie  tiie  aa  on  tha  caattaent  it 
Europe  wbeiv  It  abounda,  srowinf  aonmlmca  to  a  laiwth  of  g  ia. 
Siuiaariy.  B  wiako  (C^nwilfa  lB(t^.  alna  oommon  on  the  CHtioBil. 
and  fccdmg  priadpaUy  oa  thi*  liaud,  haa  followed  it  acma  the 
Britiah  Channel,  apparently  eiuKiaf  ia  thoie  lo^itiea  oidy  ia  wfaicft 
thi  land-liianl  baa  aeltled.  Thia  liaud  b  ovipaiwia.  The  malca 
difEer  by  their  bri^cer  Bieea  snuad  colour  from  tha  female*,  whid 
aie  bnWD.  ipoctd  with  Made.   The  third  Britiihipedea.  the  ireca 

liaacd  (LdCfrIa  winAit\.  rLiM  tint  iV|.ilP  in  VnwUnA   Prtvv.M.  it   hM 


Made   The  third  Britiih 

doea  not  occur  in  Ei    ' 

lial  home  in  the  bland  of  Cuem 


!S.S^ 


leu  de«loped . 

Thit  ipeciei  b  larger  than  Ihe 

L  grows  to  a  leii£ifa  of  1I 
tatcd  with  Uue  eye-like 

....  -■--•■■-terHMar, 


■  iU'oSS"'  "'■'* 

th  Df  Europe  ibt 
larfcat  and  fincat. 


llheM 
e  attracted  miich  at 


cupied  by  peculiar  r 
llion  from  the  lact  th 


',  pp.  SJ>-43>,  pi'  *'-■  -,- 

» jiencn  aiT  pianiiudraiiiiu  and  ,4cgiillkad*irifn(  in  aoatb- 

n  Europe  and  nortliem  Africa.    Cutriia  in  IhUi,  with  tnua- 

parent  lower  eyelids.   OpAio^,  nkowiae  with  tTBAipatTal  but  luuted 

lidh  from  North  Africa  10  India. 
Family  iS.  VaMaiAK.— Pleurodont.  Tonfue  wnr  hmgi  muoth 

and  bilid.  OBeodernu  abKot.   Limbt  alwayi  weQ  ifcvekiied.  .Obt 


(U  of  the 


Wri^ 


ily  one  genua,  Varaau^  wllh  ncBi^  ] 
nd  Bouthem  Akb,  and  Aiulnlia,  but  nc 
>c  term  !>  derived  f  mm  (be  Anbic  Oaaroi 
{ 10  a  ddiculoui  nuddle,  Ihii  Araliie  wot 
irning  ~  tiord,  hence  (he  Ulla  Voitta 
i>  of  (Ida  Renna,  now  cflea  uaad  aa  (h 


div  Hftdy  dinricu.  (X  V.  iciiKKi,tli(iniim«<lvdo(N(Hth 
othcn  prefer  wopded  locilitie*.  V,  tahator  a  the  largot 
iWfliliU  1  lirnph  rit  ;ft.ik  luteafniii  Nepil  and  KHithiri 


LIZARD  POINT— LLANBEWS 


HBprcHcd  uUi  Mlwn  iobibil 
<lvdo(N(>nh  Africa! 


827 


LUHA,  tbc  Sponuh  iDodilktIiDa  of  tbc  PcnivUn  dum  of 
the  Uigct  of  (bs  (iro  domcMkatcd  meBben  of  Uw  ound- 
'     '    "  South  AsKrio.    lbs  lluu  (£au  jIhokmu 


Chiu  I  fimn)  it  \  doiMMIciMd  daivuive  of  tbt  wi 


Fioi  3.— Mofiitot  o(  the  NDe  (7dniwi  ubiiciu). 


to  Cwe  York;  ■  nulkr  ipedet.  csmmoo  in  New  Cuina  ind 
Aii*tTUa»  li  V,  gnUi.  Thty  M  vt  predaceooi,  poivcrf  ul  CTUturei» 
whk  ■  putiality  lor  «n.  Thrir  own  cffit  are  Uid  in  hollov  tiKi,  or 
'HliBtiKHM].    file 


____..   __  ,  _._  _        r  of  icile-cmwtd 

flua.  TOBOiae  dwhtLy  foirlird.  Eyd  funciiDnil  but  devoid  df 
aonblcttb.   AiiHnl^,-TlBHni>.ndt(c*GuiiM. 

Pyltmi.  t^.  P.  UfUapia.  about  1  It.  long.  t<n>-Ihinli  M«^n( 
to  tM  nl,  dMribnifll  onr  tht  vMe  o<  Asnnlia. 

tislil  hirfiiiii,  ol  (iinibr  lin  uid  (Uxribution.  hu  Iht  hind-limbi 
fVdind  to  WTTV  »ina1l»  narrow  apprndasn.    The  mrmbcn  of  lhi» 

■nakc-liln  ap^caranUp  tni^  a  Iode,  poiaLcd  toout  Jilw  ortain  trr*- 
taaka,  but  vitti  ait  euily  visible  eAr-openinE;  their  eyelida  air 
reduced  to  a  riiiE  wluch  is  compoeed  of  Iw*^  or  three  rowi  of  aniall 
nie*.  (HFC.) 

ilTHWP  MIHT.  or  TBe  Luaid,  tlie  loulhenimott  point  of 
Gnil  Britain,  in  ComwaU.  England,  in  49°  i7'  30'  N.,  s^u'W. 
It  b  (awrally  (be  Gm  BHiish  land  lighted  by  ifaips  bound  uptbc 
Englilll  Channel,  and  there  are  two  lighthouia  on  i(.  He  cliS 
Kenei]'  li  magnlGunt,  and  atlracti  many  viiiton.  Titt  coajt 
a  fretted  into  levetal  imall  tiayi.  nich  ai  Houtel  knd,  m«t 
laiBsua  of  all,  Kynann  Cove;  cavea  pierce  the  cliff*  at  many 
polnti,  and  boh)  isolated  rocki  fnnge  the  shore.  The  coloured 
velning  of  the  serpentine  ro^  Is  a  remaritabk  fcaturr.  Tlie 
IJea'a  I>eD  is  a  chasm  formed  by  the  falling  in  of  a  sea-cave  in 
i&t; ;  the  Stags  is  a  dangerous  reef  itretcbLig  southward  from 
the  point,  and  at  Asparagus  Island,  Kynaoce  Cove,  Is  a  natural 
(iinnd  in  which  the  air  is  compressed  by  the  waves  and  causn  1 
vWent  ejection  of  foam.  The  principal  viUage  is  Liiaid  Town, 
id)  m.  from  Hditon,  Ibe  neiami  railway  station. 

LIDIIOOUII,  flCSTAF  hAkAX  JOHDAK  (iBij-tqos), 
Swedish  man  of  Ittten,  was  bora  at  Ltrad  on  the  tlh  of  March 
iBsj.  He  was  educated  at  Lund  univeTsily,  where  be  was 
pnfeaoT  of  German  {i8jo-i3jq),  of  aolhelics  (iSs^-iUq)  and 
rector  (1875-1I8]).  He  had  been  a  member  of  the  Swedish 
Academy  for  twenty  yean  at  Ibe  time  of  his  death  in  September 
igos.  H><  most  important  work,  StniltatiUeriMewW/iJerf/ler 
Guilatlll.'riMfs  vols,,  Lund.,  iSrj-iSgs),  is  a  annprehoislve 
■tudy  of  Swedish  literature  in  tbc  iQih  century.  His  other 
workl  include:  FramiUUmiii  cf  ic  JtrnSmle  cHtliita  lyslemcTHa 


{•o 


jFjhfiufradeJ 
itory  of  the  Swedish  drama  down  to  the  end  of  the  17th 
iry,  Lund,  1W4);  an  edilkia  (1S64)  of  the  E^uUor  of  Bell- 
aad  Fredman,  and  a  hiMory  ol  tbc  Swedlah  Academy  in  the 
of  Hs  centenary  (iSW). 
I  acattcnd  writiBcs  were  euOtded  as  5iis4rn  StrijUr  U  vols.. 


usually  white  or 
I  qwtted  with  brown 
I  01  black,  and  tome- 
'  time*  tltogelher 
'    black.  Tbelollowing 

de  ZaratE  wai  given 
in  1J44: 

"  In  places  whcc» 

there  is  ao  bow,  the 

fpply  (his  Ihey  fiU  the  skin*  ol  sheep  with 

B  Bhrrn  rxTTV  them,  foT,  it  musl  be  re- 

i(h  (o  serve  ••  beans  of 


marked,  these  dieep  of  Peru  arc  larfe 

burdm.  They  can  cany  at»wt  one  huj. ,.,_ — ,..,„,_. 

SpvUards  need  to  ridr  inem,  and  they  would  go  four  or  live  Icsguca . 
day.  When  tlvy  an,  nary  they  lie  down  upon  theBnnjnd.andasthcr 
are  no  mean!  of  nukinv  them  nt  up,  ^ihcr  by  bealinf  or  aiBtalin 
them,  the  load  mufl  of  nimSly  be  ulen  od.  Wlien  there  ia 
nun  on  one  at  them.  If  the  beast  is  tired  and  urged  to  go  on,  h 
tuma  hia  head  roimd,  and  diidurgcs  his  saliva,  whkih  haa  an  ua 


plcannl  odour,  into  the  lider'i  laee.  These  animals  are  ol  gnat 
UK  and  profit  to  theh-  maslera.  lor  their  wool  is  very  good  aad  fine. 
Hn>cula]rly  that  of  the  species  called  pacaa,  wtuch  have  very  long 
fieecTs;  and  the  eipenst  of  their  food  i>  trifling,  as  a  handful  of 
ifheti  them,  and  they  can  go  foui 


.*i.b™.,.,S2.,i,.s 

Indian  had  killed  ■  sheep  hla  neighbours ' .,^- -  --., 

warned,  and  then  anolbct  Indian  killed  a  ibeep  io  his  tun." 

The  disagreeable  hahil  ol  spilling  is  common  to  all  the  group. 

In  a  wide  icnie  the  term  "llama"  ii  lued  10 deaignale all 
the  South  American  Camdida:    (See  TYUirou.) 

LUnSRIB,  a  town  of  Camatvonshft*,  N.  Wale*,  ■)  rl  E.' 
by  S,  ol  Carnarvon,  by  a  branch  of  the  Lmdm  k  NoRb- 
WtMon  railway.  Pop.  (1901)  3011.  It  ■  finely  tilauad  in 
a  valley  MU  tb«  foot  of  Snovdoo.  The  nQey  haa  two  Ue*. 
Llyn  Peri*  and  Uyn  Padan,  ef  over  1  m.  od  1  m.  kii« 


LLANDAFF— I.LANDOVKRY: 


i.  (put.    From  P 


cilkd  Rothdl  iuiuu 
taws' mrtbe  foot  of  Peril  late.  Dolbidvo  mou  tlie  "  PitUrii 
miukiir."  Seven)  WeUi  churdto  mc  dedicated  la  Pidun. 
In  thB  culle  Ona  Goch  (Owen  Ibc  Rcdl  was  impHuntd  from 
iij4la  19)7,  bytbelutlieodyn.whoK  brother  Dafydd  bddil 
liic  ume  ilrae  ipinit  Edward  i.  During  ihe  lime  of  Owen 
GlcndOBer  (mf-  Heniy  IV.  ind  Heniy  V.],  the  culle  ollen 
fbuiged  hvadL  Ncir  u  CcututnlinMwT  WMterfalt.  The  Vaenol 
■lite  quuiiei  irc  hoc,  lad  hence  a  the  euieit  uunt  of  Snowdon, 
irilb  k  ntlny  to  the  luminil.  From  the  iwd  over  (he  fine 
u  poB  lovaidi  Capel  Cuiig,  ■  tom  tothe  lighlleads 

'  t,  Ihraugh  Niuil  Gwynnuii  ["while"  or  "happy 
vkUey/'  <a  "  attevn  "),  where  Paabroke  Mid  leuan  ap  Robert 
(lor  iJh  LaDCUIniUD)hu)  inuyjkinnnhes  in  the  lime  aS  Edward 
IV.  Gwynnud  L*ke  a  about  i  m.  long  by  }  m.  broad,  and 
bekiw  il  ji  the  amaller  Llyn  Dinaa. 

I  LUHDAFP.sdtyofGlaniocganaliire.Wdes.onlheTaAVile 
railway,  no  m.  from  London.  Pop.  {1901)  5777.  11  is  almost 
cnllnly  within  the  parliimentaiy  borough  ol  CanHa.  il  is 
nobly  ailuated  on  the  facighla  which  slope  towards  the  southern 
bank  of  the  TaQ,  Formertr  Ibe  see  of  Uandaff  wu  looted  upon 
u  the  otdcil  is  the  Uogdom;  but  its  uigin  ii  obscure,  although 
l)u  Erst  two  bishops,  St  Dubridus  and  St  Teila,  certainly 
fbnuiahed  daring  the  taller  half  of  the  Uh  century.  By  ike 
Iilh  century,  when  Urban  was  bohop,  the  see  had  acquired 
great  wetllli  (11  may  be  icen  Iiom  the  Bitni  oj  liiudaS,  a  collec- 
tion of  its  noinls  aixl  land-gninU  coopilEd  pnibably  by  Geoffrey 
el  MoDmoulb),  but  after  the  ragn  of  Henry  VIIC.  Llaodifl, 
largely  thnugh  the  tJienalions  of  in  biihopa  and  the  depreda- 
tions of  the  canons,  becuDe  impoveriihed,  and  iis  cathedral  was 
Idl  for  more  thati  ■  ceniuiy  to  decay.  In  the  iSlb  ceniuiy  a 
new  cburch.  in  debased  Italian  style,  was  planted  amid  the  ruins. 
This  was  demoliihed  and  replaced  (1844-186(1)  by  ih*  present 
Itatored  cathedral,  due  chitiiy  to  the  energy  of  I^an  Williams. 
The  oldest  remaining  portion  is  the  chance]  arch,  belonging 
to  the  Norman  calhednl  built  by  Bishop  Urban  and  opened  in 
ii».  Jasper  Tudor,  unde  of  Henry  VU„  wai  ihorchilecl  of 
the  norlb-wc*i  lower,  partiona  of  which  remain.  The  cathedral 
IS  also  the  p«riih  churcb.  Tic  palace  or  castle  buill  by  Urban 
was  deslt^red,  tcconling  lo  tndilion.  by  Oveo  Ctcndower  in 
1404,  and  only  %  gateway  with  flanking  lowen  and  some  fng- 
menu  of  wall  lenviia.  After  this,  Matbem  near  Chepstow 
became  ibe  episcopal  residence  until  about  1&90,  when  il  (ell  into 
decay,  leaving  the  diocese  without  a  residence  unlU  Llandaff 
Court  was  anguired  during  Bishop  CSIivant's  tenure  of  the  see 

'      "  yi'in  the  bishops  had  been  non- 


Tfae  I 


a  the 


noted  i 


iS«;)  ii  said  to  mark  the  qwloa  which  Aichtaisbop  Baldwin,  and 
hii  chaplain  Ginld us  Cam brensis,  preached  the  Crusade  in  11S7, 
Money  bequeathed  by  Tliomas  Howell,  ■  merchant,  who  died 
in  Spain  in  i;4e,  maintains  an  intennediate  sdiool  (or  girls, 
managed  by  the  Drapers'  Company,  Howell's  tni$iea.  Tbere  ii 
an  Anglican  theological  college,  removed  to  Llandaff  from 
Abcrdare  in  1Q07.  Tbe  dty  ii  atmost  joined  to  Cardiff,  owing 
U>  the  expanun  of  that  town. 

v  lUnHaff  Court,  already  mentioned,  waa  the  andcnt  mansion 
of  the  Malhew  family,  from  which  Henry  Mattbewi,  iil  Viscounl 
Uindafl  [h-  1816),  was  descended.  Another  branch  of  this 
family  formerly  held  the  earldom  o(  Uandaff  in  the  Irish  peerage. 
Henry  Matthews.  ■  barrister  and  Conservative  M.P.,  wh«c 
father  was  a  judge  in  Ceylon,  was  home  seoetary  1886- 
1(91.  and  was  created  viscounl  in  iSgs. 

LLAHDEIU)  QROnP,  in  geology,  the  middle  subdivision  of 
tbe  British  Ordovidin  rocks.  It  was  first  desciibed  and  named 
by  Sir,  R.  I.  Murchison  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Llandeilo  in 
Carmartbenshiie.  In  the  type  area  it  couisis  of  a  series  of 
•laty  rack*,  shales,  cakonous  Sagnoocs  and  sandstones^  the 
termed  the  "  Uaodeilo 


•ru  the  ontbrtak  of  volculc  action;  vM  pila  of  TliadHts        { 
lava  and  ashea  form  such  hdli  as  Cadeildrta,  utd  the  Aieniti        1 

in  Wales,  and  Helvellyn  and  Scalell  in  WesUVKlaad  and  j 
Cumberland-  The  series  is  alio  found  at  Buillh  Mdin  Pembwk*- 
shire.  The  average  thickness  in  Wales  is  about  »oci  ft.  The 
ji\4ip  is  usually  divided  in  this  area  into  three  sulMllviaiona 
In  the  Comdon  district  4^  Sbiopshin  the  MUililMH  Stria 
represenli  the  Uandeik)  group;  It  includes,  in  dacendlag  | 
Older.  Ihe  Rorrington  black  ihllH,  the  IlBiiviiiImm  liwtaltmH 
and  flap,  and  the  western  griU  and  shales.  In  the  Lake  District 
tbe  great  nVcanic  irril!  of  BanmdaU,  green  slates  and  porphyries^ 
Eooo  to  9000  ft.  in  thickness,  lies  on  this  hoiiiOD;  and  iutheCioti 
Fell  ares  the  UUkxtti  beds  of  the  Skiddaw  slates  (see  Aiuac) 
appear  to  be  of  the  same  age.  Id  Scotland  the  Llandeila  group 
is  represented  by  the  (StnkUn  ikala,  black  ahiles  attd  ydlowtth 
mndslones  with  TadioUiiu  cberli  and  vohiuic  tuffs;  by  tbe 
Borr  Series,  indnding  the  Benan  conglomerate^  Stinchar  hme- 
■lone  and  KirkUnd  sandstones;  and  by  the  Clentpp  cco- 
glomentes  and  Tappins  madstones  and  grits  south  of  Sliachar. 
Griplolltic  shales,  similar  to  those  of  soulhcn  Scotland,  are 
traceable  into  the  coiih-east  of  Ireland. 

The  fonils  of  the  Llandeilo  group  iodiidc  aumerous  gnpteiatt. 
CwfUfraHm  irapiiii  being  tflken  u  tbe  zonal  fosiij  oTthe  up^cr 
poninn,  2>iilyHg(rDlili.]  Unrdtisni  ol  the  lower.  Other  (enu  are 
Cf rnnufrafiliu  SJianabtrti  and  Diflomtliii  '  " 
Ir^obiles  are  found  in  these  roclo.  f.r-  Ogytia 
(ymuMi.  Odymnt  u  '  —  ■  ""' 
brachinpodft  are  Craai-,  — , . , — . ,. ,  — 


rod™,  i-t-   "cma  Biuii,   Aisfi" 
I,   Charurus  StdfouHi.  Amocg  ibr 


,„--,  , jng  the  Caateropodi ;  Cmt^BnA  And  HyeiitMi 

among  the  Ptempods;  the  Cephalopodi  are  lepreaented  by  Ort^ 
tt'V  and  CyiloctfV.  The  green  roofing  slales  and  plumbum 
(graphite)of  the  Lake  District  aie  obtained  imm  this  gnHpolracb 
(•«  OaoovIclAK). 

LLAMDILO,  or  Llandeiixi  FaWi,  ■  market  lown  and  urban 
dislricr  of  Carmarthenshire,  Wales,  picturesquely  situalrd  above 
the  right  bank  of  the  liver  Towy.  Pop.  (looi)  1711.  IJindilo 
is  a  station  on  Ihe  Mid-Wales  section  of  the  LomIbd  *  NortV 
Western  railway,  and  a  terminus  of  the  LlandOo-LIanelly  brandh 
line  of  the  Great  Western.  The  Urge  parish  chunl  of  St  Teila 
has  a  low  embattled  Perpendicular  lower.  Adjoining  the  Iowa 
is  the  beautiful  park  of  Lord  Dyikevor,  a^icb  "wilf^  ihe  ruaed 
■  -■  Cattle  and  the  residence  ol  the  Rjcei  (Lords 


rected  early  in  the  17th  a 


in  i8j8.  Some  of  th 
reach  of  Uandilo,  a 
of  Towy. 

The  name  of  Uandilo  implies  the  town's  early  (cue 
St  TeiK  the  great  Celtic  minionary  of  the  6tb  cei 
friend  of  St  Oavid  and  reputed  fouoder  of  ihe  see  oi 
The  historical .  interest  of  the  plan  centres  io  its  . 
to  Ihe  castle  of  Dinefawr,  now  commonly  called  Qynevee. 
which  was  originally  erected  by  Rhodri  Mawr  or  fail  son  Cadell 
about  the  year  S;6  on  Ihe  sleep  wooded  slopes  nverbanging  the 
Towy.  From  Prince  CadeU's  days  to  Ihe  death  of  tbe  Lord  Rhya, 
last  rdgning  prince  of  South  Wales,  in  uqiS,  Dinelawi  continued 
to  be  the  recogniied  abode  of  South  Webh  royally.  1^  castle 
ruins  remain  In  tbe  potsestion  of  Ihe  Rices,  Loids  DyDcvuc. 
heirs  and  desceudaata  of  Prince  Cadell.  At  ooe  period  rcsidciHi 
and  park  became  known  as  New-iown,  a  name  now  obsolete 
Some  persona]  relics  ol  the  cclebraied  Sir  Rhyi  ap  Thomas,  K,.C 
(t4Si-iS'7}f'*re  pieserved  in  the  modern  bouse.  Dinefavi 
Castie  and  its  estates  were  granted  away  by  Henry  VIII.  od  iIk 
eiecutlon  for  high  treason  of  Sir  Rhys's  gratidisa.  Rhys  ap 
GtiSih,  but  welt  restored  to  Ihe  family  under  Quoen  Uary. 

LUHDOVRBT  tUvi-ym-ddySri).  a  market  town  and  ancient 
rauoidpal  borough  of  Carmarthenshire,  Wales,  (ituated  asud 
liills  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Towy.  Pop,  (igei)  igo^,  Uaa- 
dovery  Is  a  station  on  the  Mid-Walea  section  of  the  Ltmdao  A 
North  Wesun  railway.  The  old-fashioned  lown  ba  in  Ibt 
parish  of  Llandingat,  and  contains  tbe  twochurcbes  of  Uaadir^sl 
and  Uanfair-ar-y-biyn.  The  slight  remains  of  tbe  Cttlle  slaal 
on  ■  hillock  above  the  river  Brin,  The  public  scboot  71* 
founded  hereby  Sir  Tliomas  PhillipiJn  1S47. 


LLANDOVERY  GROUP— LLANELLY 


829 


Tlw  phcc  pntably  ova  i»  Cihk  nam  a<  Uan-yin-ddyRri 
(die  diunh  mud  tbc  walen)  id  the  pniimity  ol  IJandingat 
church  In  the  itrelini  of  the  ToHy,  BiAn  ind  Cwyd(ifH|. 
On  BconiDt'of  JLs  commanding  posiiion  M  tbc  hcatd  of  ihv 
knile  vnte  o(  Tovry,  Uandoveiy  w»  t  slrattsic  )ile  ol  ume 
imponuce  In  tbc  middle  ages.  The  caslte  creeled  hire  by  (be 
NoRBtn*  ear)/  in  (be  ulh  century  fiequentiy  chingrd  owners 
cluring^bcc(llrrworlbeAn^We]^Jlwa^b^krtelJS^.  In  r.«s 
thebonufbof  Llandovery,  or  LlanymLbeverye,  was  innrporaled 
by  ■  charier  from  Richard  111.,  and  th^s  king's  privileges  vere 
nbiequenllyainGrniedbyllcnryVIII.  lni;ir,in<lbyEliubel>i 
in  rspo,  Ibe  Tudor  queen's  original  durtei  bring  iliB  cutant 
and  In  ihc  posicssioD  of  (he  corpantion.  vhich  b  officially 
Myled  "the  baiiil  and  butgrswa  of  the  boroogh  ol  Lianyn- 
Iheveiyti  othcr*iie  Llindovciy."  Th(  bailiU  Uliswise  holds 
the  office  of  recorder,  but  has  neither  duLies  nor  emolumenls. 
In  the  17th  century  the  vicarage  oF  Uandingat  was  held  by  the 
celebrated  Welsh  poet  and  preacher,  Khys  Prichiid,  comnionly 
called  "  the  vicar  of  Llandoveiy  "  (d.  r644)-  In  the  middle  of 
the  igth  century  Williin  Rees  ol  Toon  published  at  Llandovery 
nany  imporlsni  works  dealing  with  early  Welsh  history  and 
■TchacDlagy. 

LUHDOVBaV  eSOUP,  In  geology,  the  la*est  dfvbton  ol 
[he  Silurian  (Upper  SilidaBJin  Britain.  C.  Lapworth  in  1879 
proposed  the  name  ["afciUioji  (from  the  ancient  norih  British 
pR>vince  of  Vaicniia)  for  this  grotip.  It  includes  in  the  type 
am  the  Tarsnnon  Shales  1000-1500  fi..  Upper  Llandovery 
•nd  May  Hitl  Sandstone  Scs  It.,  Lower  Llandovery,  60a  -i  500  ft. 


Th«  LawB  Uaniowrj  1 
and  sbly  betU.  A>'  LI. 
Onloviciaorock.(Bili>  I 


U  of  congloneralee,  sa 


upcMlDCmably  upon 


iceur  wirh  a  narrow  crop  in  FcmbrDkohire. 

£'i  UaRlovtry.  and  in  ibc  Rhyader  district 
(l^cluKH.  Nonhnrdi  Ihcy  thio  nut 
irds  Bah  Lake.  They  uecui  alio  in  Caidiganshire  and  CSr- 
.,  ._.!.;__  :-  ___..  pijp^  where  they  have  not  been  clearly 


Hgdrated  iron  the  inociited  Ordoi 

'i  ■  diAnge  in  the  fauna — .--,  — -  , —  _- 

ke  Uitndovery.   Amonsthegnptotittt  the  Diplcgnptidai 


"*L,L.U...™     . _„» 

.        ^    .  _   .  ChvacteristiC:grapuUl( 

avrinarw,  FtaiiM,  PitHta;  WHont  the  brachlopsdi  are  Orlhli 
dfMMa.  O.  UMidimric,  Mtridiaa  mam  ud  JVnfcTni  ISlhct- 
Itniiniai  (uu  (>'inlaiii«ii  ia  an  charaeuilnic  that  (he  Uandmery 
recks (le  lieoucntly  deicribcd3sthe"IVnUBeraB  bedt"). 
Tkr  Utpir  Uaniimrj.  incruding  the  Uiy  Hill  SanduoMt  oT  May 

1^..— — LI—  :_ =— ge*ieFaiHycongloineraIic 

(ita  of  didly  knettoM 


ill.  OoBcestenhlrT.  ii  an 
(he  tBie.  with  local  kL___ 
loibury,  HoUita  ud  Faltai 


Llaodovery,  Candoc.  LUoddlo.  Camk 

The   rouifs  Include  the       

Miiuhuu,  Ctdvnru  Bit 
DNnilU.  Orthl  eaiHtnmma.  Atrjpa 
hlex,  Li'iidPK'p«Mia,ffe.,and  thenmal,  ^  .  . 
and  J^HMuMw  itinifriB  and  olhen  (Wn 
U.  Clinpni.  V.  fOtu.  DiplafBflu  llotkiiiii 
The  rnnewHi  liaiei.  trey  and  blue  il>te> 
Sedgwick  the  "  pule  raek,"  is  traccit 


i^[*  Shalei 

tMist  alui 


detiguted  by  A. 
.«..>  Conway  into  Cki- 
•lary  laciea.  piny  beds 

^^ -_  jourliood  of  fiuillh  M(t 

dark  shales.  The  group  ii  ptmr  in  fouils  with  the  ciccptian  of 
graplolitM;  ol  these  CyrbspuplUi  (rayat  and  MtWopapiut  riitum 
are  lonal  fonni.   ThcTaraiinDiiiniupTirTpresentedby  theRhyader 

'■ '--    -  Itsdnmhin!  by  the  Btouwll  b*dm  with  Mtiu. 

ind  M.  Imrriabuu.  m  the  Ukc  diuricti  in  the 
bell  in  (Hth  Scotland  bv  a  thicli  devdopnent, 
wick  rocks  and  Ardwell  beat,  ajid  the  Queensberry 
rriHip  or  Cata  (Crlciton  stiaki,  Buekhnlm  gilts  and  Abbottford 
Ian);  in  the  Gitvnnarea.  by  the  Drantyork  Rag*.  Bargatiy  aroup 
■nd  PinkiU  group;  ud  in  Ireland  by  the  TimshiHy  ihales  iiF 
Slts^ltord  LoHgh,  and  the  ahalea  of  Salun^wn,  Co.  Louth. 

The  Upper  and-Lowcr  Llandovery  nckm  are  represented  in  de- 
scending order  by  the  Pale  shales,  Cnprolile  shales,  Crey  slates  and 
Corwen  grit  of  Merionethshire  and  [>Fnbighihire.  In  the  Rhyarier 
diMitce  tha  (^hu  group  (Calali  lads,  shalii  and  grin  and  Obn  . 


landovery 


shales  Dyflryn  Hsgs.  C«i(  Cwynkii  niti]  lie  on  th 
Buibh  ako  there  ii  a  lerieB  ol  gnla  aad^sbalc*.     [n  the 

the  iswer  pair  oT  the  Srockdile  shales  jSkelglU  beds)  is 

age.  In  SDuih  SoKland  in  the  central  andsoutbem  belt  of  Silurian 
rocks,  which  entnds  across  the  country  Irom  Luce  Bay  to  St  Abb's 
Head,  the  Blrkhlll  shales.  ■  highly  enrapM  acriHa<0iplolitie  be*, 
represent  the  Llandovery  horuon.  In  tbc  CHrvws  area  to  tha  north 
their  place  is  taken  by  the  C^amn^n,  Shaugb  Hill  and  Uidlock  HiU 
group*.  In  Irelafid  the  Llandowy  rocks  are  recRsentcd  by  tbe 
Anascaul  elates  of  the  Dingle  pcnmontnry.  by  the  Ovendnll  and 
Cowlan  grits,  Co.  Galwiy.  by  the  Upptf  Panennr  beds,  by  the 
UggoolanirBailBghadRinbfds,CivUayo,andbytacLBoltlAlVin 
---...;.  -- juidyieve,FeliBMountair- 


Coalpt  Bay  an 


"^.A-H." 


LUNDUKOCO     WeIIS.  I 

urban  disliin  and  heallh-resort  ol  RadDOnhire,  Wales,  situated 
in  a  lofty  and  exposed  district  near  the  river  Ilhon,  a  tributary 
oltheWye.  Pop.  [tgci]  i3>7.  Uandriirdod  is  a  slationoB  Ibe 
Mid-Wales  section  of  the  London  &  North-Weitem  railway. 
The  lawn  annualiy  receives  thousands  of  visitois,  and  lies  within 
easy  reach  of  the  beautiful  Wye  Valley  and  the  wild  dijtn'cl 
of  Radnor  Forest.    The  saline,  sulphur  and  chalybeilc  springs 

published  by  a  German  ^ysidan,  Dr  Wesscl  Linden,  In  i7J4,tl>e 
saline  springs  at  FFynon-llwyny-gog  ("  the  welt  in  the  cuckoo*' 
grove  ")  in  the  present  parish  ol  IJandrindod  had  acquired 
more  than  a  locil  reputation  as  early  as  the  year  iAg6.  In  the 
i8ih  century  both  saline  and  sulphur  spritigs  were  largely  patron- 

built  a  hydropathic  establi ' '       ' 


dbya 


isUan. 


LUHDVDtIO,  a 

division  of  Carnarvonshire,  North  Wales,  in  a  detached  portion 
of  the  county  east  of  the  Conwy,  on  a  strip  of  satidy  soil  teimiool- 
ing  la  the  massive  limcslone  of  Crest  Orme's  Head.  Pop.  of 
urban  district  (1901)  9379.  The  town  is  reached  by  the  London 
li  North-Weuem  tadway,  and  lies  117  m.  N.W.  of  London.  A 
village  in  iSso,  LUndudno  is  to-day  one  of  the  most  BouriEhing 
wateriug-place*  in  North  Wales.  Sheltered  by  ihc  Cleat  Oime 
on  the  N,W.  and  by  the  Little  Otme  on  the  E.,  it  fates  t  wide 
biy  ol  the  IriEJi  Sea.  and  is  backed  by  low  sandhills.  A  Marine 
Drive  encircles  the  Cieit  Orme.  The  Little  Orme  has  cavemi 
and  abounds  ia  sea  birds  and  rue  plants.  Close  to  the  lawn 
ace  the  Gloddaclh  wood),  open  to  visitors.  On  the  Great  Ome 
are  old  circular  buildings,  an  ancient  fortress,  a  "  rocking-itooe  " 
Ctrfd  Tudno)  and  the  7llt-century  church  ol  SlTudno,  restored 
in  iSSj,  Druidtcal  and  other  British  anliquiliis  are  numerous  jn 
the  district.  At  Deganwy,  or  Diganwy,  1  m.  from  Llandudno,  is 
a  castle,  Dinas  Conwy  (Conwy  fort),  known  to  English  historians 
as  Gannoc,  dating  from  the  11th  or  (according  to  the  Webb) 
earlier  than  the  Qtb  century. 

LLAXELLT.  a  malkel  town,  urban  dlsliiu,  and  seapott 
of  Carmarthenshire,  Wales,  tiliuued  on  tbc  north  shote  of  ibe 
broad  esluary  of  the  river  Loughoc  (Uwcfawi),  known  u  Buny 
river,  which  lormi  an  inlet  ol  Cunurlhen  Bay.  Pop.  (1901) 
I},6t7.  XJanelly  is  a  station  nn  the  South  Wales  section  of  ihc 
Great  Western  railway-  The  town  is  wholly  ol  modem  appcw- 
ance-  The  nuthec-church  ol  St  £lliw,  or  £Ui  (whence  the  town 
derives  its  name)  has  been  practically  rebuilt  (1906).  but  it 
retains  its  1  jth-century  tower  And  other  ancient  fcalurea  of  the 
original  fabrics  Its  situation  on  a  broad  estuary  and  its  central 
position  with  regard  to  a  neighbourhood  rkh  in  coal,  iron  aikd 
limeiiorie,  have  combined  tr         .     * .      -.  .  .± 


1  the  coUierie 


d  of  S 


if  thect 


Uanelly,  though  an  ancim  parish  and  a  borough  by  pre- 
scription UQfter  4  portreeve  and  hurgeases  in  the  old  lordship  o[ 
Kidwelly,  remained  invgnificant  until  the  industrial  develop- 
ment id  Sotub  Wnlti  during  tbc  loth  century.  In  iSia  the 
combined  population  of  Llanelly,  with  its  four  subsidiaiy  bamlels 


830 


LLANES— LLANTWIT  MAJOR 


ol  Berwick,  Cl>ii.  HnKoed  ind  Watowc,  oBlx  amounlcd  to 
i«7i;  in  1S40  Ihc  inbnbiUDls  of  the  botough  hamrei  ilonc 
had  ristn  to  4i7J.  Llnnrily  'a  now  Ihe  in«t  populoui  towD  [n 
Wals  Qut&idc  Ibe  coaxes  of  Glamorguuhirc.  Id  iS^i  Llanclly 
nf  Added  u  a  ronlhbutwy  borou^  to  tbc  Cirnaitiicb  pulii- 

LUHES,  a  seaport  of  BOTtfann  Spain,  in  ths  province  ol 
Oviedo,  on  the  river  Curoudo  i^d  the  Bay  dC  Bitcay.  Pop. 
(igoa)  |3,IM^  The  Urtels  are  mcatly  narrow  and  inegular. 
and  ceotaio  ioine  curious  c^  bouses.  The  princEpal  buildings 
tn  a  fine  Gothic  church  and  an  old  AuEUStinian  mrKiastery. 
which  has  been  converted  iota  a  ichoal  and  meleotological 
Itatloo.  In  luminer  Ibe  fine  dinulc,  scenery  and  lea-bathing 
attract  many  visLiori.  LUnes  is  a  second-class  pan  for  light- 
in  rough  weather  The  trade  Is  chiefly  In  agricultural  produce, 
timber,  butter  and  Ssh. 

LUHOOUBH,  a  picturesque  market-taim  and  uunmer 
leaHl  ol  Denbithsfaire.N.  Wales,  in  the  Dee  (Dy/iiiiyl  valley, on 
■  branch  o!  the  Great  Weslern  Railway,  «  a.  S.W.  o!  Wieihan, 
loi)  m.  from  London  by  laiL  Pop.  of  urban  district  (i«oi) 
jjaj.  The  Dee  is  li«rc  crossed  by  a  rtih-ccDlury  bridge  ol  four 
•rches.  "one  ol  the  seven  wonden  of  Wales,"  buili  by  John 
Trevor.allecwardsbishopof  StAsaph  (ZJdufvy).  TheAnglican 
cbuich  ol  St  Colien,  Nomaiiand  Early  English,  has  a  monument 
in  the  chuichyud  10  the  "  Ladies  of  Uangollen."  Lady  Dennoi 
Bullet  and  Hod,  Sarah  Panwnby.  of  FlasNewydd,  (t;;StD  iSig 
and  iSji  repeal ivcly).  The  bouse  a  now  a  museum.  Caiiell 
Dinas  Brln  (the  castle  of  the  town  ol  Brln;  the  BOuntain 
stream  below  is  also  called  Biln),iheruinsolafortressaaa  high 
conical  hill  about  1  m.  [mm  the  town,  is  luppoMdly  British,  ol 
unknown  date.  "  An  old  ruynous  thinge,"  as  the  Elicabethan 
poet  Churchyard  calls  11  even  in  the  16th.  century,  it  was  in- 
habited, apparently,  about  ij^o.  by  Mybnwy  Fecbaa  ol  the 
Tudor  Tievor  family  and  beloved  by  the  batd  Howel  ab  Einion 
Llygliw,  whose  ode  to  her  is  UiU  extant.  Valls  Crucis  Abbey 
(Uin  EtatU]  is  a  CislertUn  niin  al  the  foot  of  Bronfawt  hiU, 
some  1  m.  N.W.  ol  U.iDio11en,  lounded^tiDut  nco  by  M^oc  ab 
CruSydd  Maelor,  lord  ol  Dims  Brln  and  grindson  ol  Owen 
Gwynedd,  prince  of  Wales.  Llan  £g«'est,  dissolved  in  i$j5, 
was  given  by  James  I,  lo  Lord  Edward  tVoolIDn.  In  the  meadow 
adjoining,  stiU  called  Llwyn  y  Crocs  ("  grove  of  tbe  cross  "},  is 
"Eliseg's  Pillar."  Eliseg  was  lather  o(  Brochmael,  prince  ol 
Fowys,  and  his  grandson,  Concen  or  Congen,  appeafs  to  have 
erected  the  pillar,  which  is  now  broken,  with  an  illegible  in- 
scription; Ibe  modem  inscription  dales  only  bom  1779.  At 
UnngoUtn  are  linen  aiul  woollen  manufutlues,  and  ecu  are 
ooDieriB,  Uroe  and  Iron  works.  Brewing,  malting  and  slale- 
quarrying  are  also  carried  on.  Within  the  parish,  an  aqueduct 
artia  the  ESesmere  ranal  across  the  Dec. 

LLUraumnB  (pron.  ion-U-wa),  ■  provioce  at  soDIhera 
Chae  bordering  on  (he  nonhem  ihates  ol  the  Cull  and  Straits 
of  Chacao,  and  extending  Irom  the  Pacific  to  the  Argentine 
frontier.  The  province  of  ValdivU  lies  N.  and  Is  separated  from 
it  in  part'by  the  Bueno  river.  Fop,  (iB^S)  vSjiS-  Area 
4),S>!  iq.  m.  It  lia  re^on  of  locesti,  rivers  and  lakes,  and  the 
greater  part  Is  mountainous.  The  rainlaD  is  excessive,  the 
•vccsge  at  Puerto  Monit  being  1D4  in.  a  year,  and  the  tempetaiure 
Is  singularly  unilonn,  the  average  lor  the  summer  being  jH*, 
oi  the  winter  t))*,  nod  of  tbe  year  jj'F.  There  art  several  large 
bkes  in  the  eastern  part  ol  the  province — Puyehue,  on  the 
northern  IroDtter,  Rupanco,  tJanquifaue  and  Todos  los  Saotos- 
Lake  UaoqulhQe  is  the  largest  body  of  Iresh  water  in  Chile, 
havhig  an  eitreoe  length  Irom  N.  to  S.,  or  liom  Octal  to  Varas, 
ti  about  )j  n.,  tod  extreme  biradtb  of  nearly  the  same.  There 
Is  a  regukr  steamship  service  an  the  lake  between  Octal  and 
Varu,  and  iti  western  aborts  arc  well  settled.  The  votcanoes 
of  Calbuco  and  Oeomo  rise  from  near  its  eastern  shores,  tbe 
latter  to  a  height  ol  7jSi  It.  The  outlet  ol  the  lake  is  through 
Maulllo  river,  the  lower  course  ol  which  is  oarigablo.  The  other 
large  rivers  of  the  province  are  the  Bueno,  which  leceivea  ihe 
waters  of  Likes  Pu^^ue  and  Rupaoco,  and  the  Puelo,  which  haa 


its  rise  in  a  lake  of  the  tame  name  In  Uk  AigeMiae  lenilory  at 
ChubM.  A  abort  tortuous  river  of  this  vicinity,  called  the 
Pclrohue,  affords  an  outlet  for  Ihe  picturesque  lake  ol  Todos  loa 
Santos,  and  enters  the  Reloncavi  Inlet  mac  tbe  PvtIo.  The 
southern  coast  ol  the  proviiue  is  indented  by  a  nurab^  ol  inlcta 
and  hays  aSording  good  fishing,  but  the  mouths  al  the  riven 
Eowinginlo  the  Facihc  are  more  or  lets  obilnuted  by  auil-lBn. 
Apart  from  the  lumber  industry,  which  is  the  mosl  iaponani, 
Ihe  pcoductioos  of  Uaaquihue  include  wheat,  bariey,  polUMB 
and  cattle.  Tbe  white  population  is  compcoed  in  great  pan  ol 
Germans,  who  have  turned  large  areas  ol  iorest  landa  In  tbc 
nonheni  districts  into  productive  wheat  fields.  The  capital  i* 
Puerto  Mantt,ona  neatly  land-locked  hay  called  the  Rzloncavi, 
designed  tn  be  tbe  southern  tenuLnuaol  tlu  longitudinal  railway 
from  Tacna.  a  distance  ol  3151  m.  An  important  town  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  province  is  Osoroo,  on  the  Rahue  nver. 
which  is  chiefly  inhabited  by  Germasa.  It  exports  wheat  and 
other  farm  pioduu,  leather,  lumber  and  beet. 

LLAKTRllAHT.  a  smaU  town  and  a  conlributoty  puUa- 
menlary  botough  of  Glamorganshire,  Wales,  picturesquely 
situated  with  a  southern  aspect,  commanding  a  fine  view  ol  the 

separata  that  vale  from  Ihe  valky  ol  tbe  Ta£.  The  popuUtbn 
ol  the  parish  In  i^i  was  io,oor  and  ol  the  contributory  borough 
ioi7.  A  branch  ol  Ihe  Tall  Vale  railway  running  from  Ponty- 
pridd to  Cowbridge  and  Abetlhaw  has  a  station.  Cram  liin, 
t  at.  below  ibe  town,  while  nearly  1  m.  farther  south  it  passu 
(near  the  village  ol  Pontydun)  through  Llantrisant  slsliOB  on 

liom  London  and  it  m.  N.W.  fmrn  Cardifl.  The  castle,  which 
■ceotdiBg  to  C.  T,  Clark  was  "  second  only  to  Cardiff  in  military 
importance,"  dates  from  the  reign  of  Henry  IIL  or  Edwud  L 
01  Ihe  original  building  nothing  remains,  and  nl  a  later  building 
only  a  tali  and  slender  fragnient.  It  wu  the  bend  ol  the  krdsh^ 
of  Mbkio,  a  peal  part  of  which  was  in  the  hands  of  native  owneti, 
until  the  last  of  tbem,  Howcl  ap  Ueredith,  was  expelled  by 
Richard  de  Clare  (1119-1161).  Since  then  it  bis  always  been  in 
the  hands  of  the  lord  ol  Glamorgan.  It  was  in  the  near  neigh' 
bourhood  ol  the  town  that  Edward  II.  was  caplured  ra  ijr?. 
In  1416  the  Ihcn  lord  of  Climorgan,  Richard,  jih  catl  o!  Warnick, 
granted  to  the  residenu  a  charter  confirming  graeis  made  by 
his  predecesaoni  in  1346,  13^7  and  1414.  The  corpontion  was 
aboUshedin  lESj,  and  itsproperty(lncludIng  1)14  acresol  common 
land)  is  administered  by  a  town  trust  under  a  scheme  ol  the 
charily  eommissionets.  The  "freemen"  of  the  borough,  how- 
ever, siiU  hold  a  court  leet  in  tbc  town^halL  The  market  lormcrfy 
held  here  has  been  discontinued,  but  there  are  lour  annus)  lain. 
The  church  was  dedicated  to  three  saints  (Ultyd,  Gwyno  and 
Tjlodwg),  whence  the  name  Uantrisaat.  Originally  a  Noitnan 
buUdinc,  most  of  the  present  fabric  belongs  to  the  ijth  century. 
There  are  numerous  chapels.  Welsh  Is  itill  the  predominant 
language.  Oliver  CromweH's  forbears  were  nativo  ol  this 
parish,  as  also  wu  Sir  leoline  Jenkins,  secretuy  of  state 
under  fliTl**  11.  .There  are  tinpUte  works  at  Pontydun  and 
numerous  eoUieriea  In  the  district. 

LLUITWn  MAJOR  (Welsh  LUm-IBlyd-Fawr),  a  small  market 
town  in  the  aouihem  partiimenlaty  division  of  'Glamorganshire, 
South  Wales,  about  4  m.  (ton  the  BiiatoLCbanial,  with  a 
atalioo  on  the  Barry  railway,  s  D.  S.  ol  Cowbridge,  Fop,  (igoi) 
iirj.  About  I  m.  RK.W.  of  the  town  there  were  discovered  io 
lESa  the  remaita  ol  a  luge  Roman  villa  within  1  square  enctcaure 
of  about  S  acres,  which  has  been  identified  as  part  ol  the  site  nf 
a  Roman  selllement  mentioned  in  Welah  wiitkn  as  Can  Wtgu- 
Tbe  building  seemed  to  have  been  the  a«se  ol  a  iiiawiMI. 
posdbly  tbe  work  ol  Irish  pirates  In  tbe  5th  century,  as  some 
fony.three  human  skeletons  and  the  remains  ol  three  hoiss 
were  found  within  its  cndMure.    EtymslDgica]  leatoning  have 


n.  E:  of  tbe  I 


iwn.  but  it  is  more  likely  to  have  been 
ol  Bridgend)  ot  peihap*  at  Ccwbridgt. 
10  camps,  one  known  aa  Cadis  Ditches, 
tt  to  the  oedLof-Ciilhudii  «aci  Ibe  pon 


LLANWRTYD  WELLS— LLDRENTE 


83' 


ef  Lbtitwh.  ta  the  time  tit  Bemy  I.  >  null  ttAoof  of  Fleninii 
KCUcd  Id  the  diiuict.  The  town  and  church  derive  tbeir  name 
ftoQi  Si  Uhyd  or  Diuliu,  ityled  tbe  "  kni^l,"  •  native  sf 
Brrtusy  isd  >  gnit-nepbcv  oi  Cemuinn  of  Auierre.  Having 
come  uiider  Ibc  influenct  of  St  Cadoc.  abbot  of  LtancirvaD, 
«  m.  E.N.E.  Dl  Uaolwit,  lUlyd  nubliihed  at  the  latter  place, 
ftbout  A,o.  570,  a  mooaatlc  collesc  which  became  faraoua  u  B 
leal  of  Idupidg.  He  atuacted  a  nuiabcr  of  icholan  to  him, 
eipedilly  from  Brittany,  loclnding  Samion,  aichbiibop  of  Dol, 
Matlariui  (Sanuon's  successor)  and  Paul  de  Leon,  while  hil 
Wdd  itudents  included  David,  tht  patron  uini  of  Walei, 
GiUai  tlK  hiiloiian,  FaulinusindTeilo.  The  college  conlmued 
tD  flourish  for  several  centuries,  leading  forth  >  luge  nnmber 
ol  missloTuries  uoUl.  euly  in  the  iiib  century,  its  revenue] 
were  appropriated  to  the  abbey  of  Tewkesbury  by  Fitihamon, 
tbe  Gist  Notinin  lord  of  GlainDTEsn.  A  school  seems,  however, 
to  have  [iogcred  oa  in  the  place  imta  It  lott  all  its  emoiuments 
ih  the  teign  of  Henry  VUT.  Tie  proent  church  of  St  llityd  is 
the  Kiult  of  a  sequence  of  dmrehes  which  have  sprung  from  a 
pre-Nonnan  edifice,  almost  entirely  rebuilt  and  greatly  eilended 
ja  tbe  ijth  century  and  again  partially  rebuilt  late  In  the  14th 
century.  It  consists  of  an  "  eutem  "  chunh  which  taccarditig 
to  Professor  Frteman]  belonged  probably  to  the  monks,  and  is 
the  only  put  now  used  for  worship,  a  waiem  one  used  as  a 
parochial  church  before. tbe  dlsaoluilon,  but  now  disused,  and 
itill  futher  west  nf  this  a.  chantry  with  sacrfetan's  house,  now  in 


.    The  weilefn  cl 


church,  consisting  of  chancel,  luve  (of  great  height  and  width 
Cut  very  short),  aisles  and  an  embattled  western  tower  built 
over  tin  junction  of  the  two  naves.  A  partial  ratoratioo  was 
■nadaln  1SB8,  and  >  careful  and  more  complete  one  In  1000-190;. 
In  the  church  and  churchyard  ue  preserved  seme  early  menu, 
mental  remains  of  the  British  church,  dating  from  the  Qth 
century,  and  some  possibly  from  an  earlier  date.  They  include 
two  croM-fhafts  and  one  cross  with  inscriptions  in  debased  Latin 
(one  being  to  tbe  memory  of  St  lUtyd)  and  two  cylindrical  fnllais,- 
most  of  them  being  decorated  with  interlaced  work.  There  ore 
some  good  specimens  of  domestic  architecture  of  thr  t^th  century. 
IIh  town  is  situated  in  a  Icnilc  district  and  tbe  inhabitants 
depend  almoBl  entirely  Dn  agriculture.  Its  weekly  market  is 
mainly  resorted  to  for  ita  stock  sales.  St  Dontts  castle,  1  m. 
10  the  west,  was  for  seariy  seven  centuries  the  home  of  the 
Stradlini  fnnily. 


A  to  the  Rofnsn  remains. 


cthc 


for  October  JO  (IMS). 
.5  the  diurrfi,  see  tSe 
in  article  ty   Profenw 


il-U*jtr;  t  F\}lh  Cniury  Umriilj  (iBfll). 


•}.  Ll.  T 


Fryer.  U 

UAKWRTyO  WILU,  an  urban  district  of  Breconshire, 
■oath  Wales,  with  a  station  00  tbe  central  Wales  section  of  the 
London  li  North  Western  railway,  iji  m.  from  London.  It 
is  situated  m  the  nldit  of  wild  mountain  scenery  on  the  river 
ItfM,  *  right-bank  tributary  of  the  Wye.  Tbe  place  is  chiefly 
noted  for  its  sulphur  and  chalybeate  springs,  Ike  former  being 
the  MiDngest  of  ibe  kind  in  Wales.  The  medicinal  properties 
of  Ihs  sulphur  wain  were  discovered,  or  perhips  rediscovered, 
IB  ijj»  by  a  famous  Welsh  writer,  the  Rev.  Tbcophilui  Evans, 
Iben  vicar  of  Uangammarch  (to  which  Gving  Llanwrtyd  was  a 
chapelry  lill  iStO.  Saline  water  is  obtained  daily  in  the  season 
tiura  BuUlh  Wells.  Tbe  Irfon  is  celebrated  ai  a  Irout^lream. 
OiA  ol  the  civil  parish,  which  has  an  area  of  10,785  acres  and 
had  in  1901  a  population  of  B^,  there  was  formed  in  igoj  the 
urban  district,  comprising  lOii  aciea,  and  with  an  estimated 
pCfHilatien  at  the  date  of  formation  of  811.  Welsh  is  the  pre- 
dominant language  of  the  district. 

Pour  miles  lower  down  the  Irfon  valley,  at  the  junction  ol 
tbe  Caininarch  and  Iifon,  and  wilh  a  station  on  the  London 
ft  NoRh  Western  railway,  is  the  village  of  Llangammarch. 
Doted  for  its  t>arium  sprinp.  The  ancient  parish  of  Llangam- 
«arch  consists  of  the  townfhiiK  of  Pcnbualll  and  Trellis,  the 
wells  being  in  tbe  lonncr.  which  comprises  11,151  anti  ood  had 


in  i^i  a  population  of  oidy  oj).     Ji^  Penry,  Ibe  Pisiian 
martyr,  was  bom  at  Celn-brilh  in  this  parish.    Cborlei  Wesley's 

wife,  Sarah  CwyBae,  was  of  Garth,  an  old  retidcace  just  outiids 

LLSWBLTX ,  tbe  cane  of  Iwo  Wclih  priscet. 

I.i.EWEi.ini  I.,  Ab  lORWEKiH  (d.  i>40).  prince  of  North  Wiles, 
was  bom  after  the  expulsion  of  his  father,  lorweiib,  (ram  the 
principality.  In  1194,  while  still  a  youth,  Llewelyn  recovered 
the  paternal  inliRilann.  In  iioi  be  was  the  greatest  prince  in 
Wales.  At  fint  he  woa  ■  friend  of  King  John,  whose  illegUimaie 
daughter,  Joanna,  he  took  to  wile  (mi);  but  the  alliance  soon 
.fell  throo^,  and  in  1711  John  reduced  Llewelyn  to  subniission. 
In  the  next  year  Uewelyn  recovered  all  bis  losses  Id  North  Wale*. 
In  1115  he  took  Shrewsbury.  His  rising  had  been  eecouraged 
by  the  pope,  by  Prance,  and  by  the  English  biiDni.  His  rights 
were  secured  by  special  clauses  in  Magna  Carta.  But  he  never 
desisted  from  his  wan  with  the  Marchers  ol  Soulb  Wiles,  and 
in  the  eariy  years  of  Henry  III.  he  was  several  limes  attacked 
by  English  armies.  In  ii^g  he  was  struck  with  paraly^  and 
retired  fron  the  active  work  of  government  in  favour  of  his  son 
David.    Ue  letlted  into  >  Cistercian  monastery. 

See  the  lists  of  EngUih  chronicles  for  the  reiani  ot  John  and 
Henry  III.:  al»  the  Welih  chronicle  Bmf  y  rywyierm  (ed. 
Rolli  Series):  O.  M.  Edwardi,  j/iiisf?  0/ Ifclu  (1901)1  T.  F.  Tout 
iiilhei'iMua'Aulei7^£iV<aiiA<ii.  (I^Oj). 

LixwtLVH  n..  As  CxniTYixi  (d.  1181),  prince  of  Nonli 
Wales,  succeeded  bis  uncle  David  in  1146,  but  was  compcDed 
by  Henry  III.  to  confine  bunself  to  Snowdon  and  Anglesey, 
In  I1S4  Henry  granted  Prince  Edward  the  royal  lands  in  Wales. 
The  siesdy  encroachment  of  royal  officers  an  Llewelyn's  land 
began  immediately,  and  in  1156  Llewelyn  declared  war.  The 
Barons'  War  engaged  all  the  forces  of  England,  and  he  was  able 
to  make  himself  lord  of  south  and  north  Wales.  Llewelyn  also 
assisted  the  barons.  By  Ibe  treaty  of  Shrewsbury  (iifi;)  he 
was  lecognittd  as  overlord  at  Wales;  and  in  return  Simon  de 
Montfort  was  supplied  with  Welsh  Iioops  for  his  lost  campaign. 
Llewelyn  refused  to  do  homage  to  Edward  [,,  who  therefore 
allocked  bim  b  iijd.  He  was  bcsegcd  in  the  SnOwdon  mount  sins 
till  hunger  made  him  lurrendtc,  and  conclude  the  humiliating 
ycaly  of  Conway  (iijj).  He  was  released,  but  In  itgi  he 
revolted  aglin,  and  was  killed  in  a  skirmish  with  tbe  Mortimers, 
near  Builth  In  central  Wales. 

See  C,  Wmont,  Simax  dt  UcKlhrl  fPar!.,  1884) :  T.  F.  Tout  In  the 
PolilKol  HiMri  sf  E«iU<i6,  a.   (iw);  J.  E.  Morris  in  71H 

LLORENTB,  JUAH  AHTOHIO  (1756-189^),  Spanish  faistorian, 
was  bom  on  the  30th  of  March  i  rs6  at  Sincoa  de  Soto  in  Arsgon. 
He  studied  at  ihe  university  of  Saragassa,  and,  having  been 
ordained  priesi,  became  vicar-general  to  the  bishop  of  CalahoTTa 
in  1781,  In  i;8s  he  became  commissary  a(  the  Holy  Office 
at  Logroao,  and  In  1764  Its  general  secntary  at  Madrid,  la 
[he  crisis  of  1S08  Llorentc  Idcmificd  himself  with  tbe  Bona- 
partists,  and  was  engaged  for  a  lew  years  in  superintending  the 
eiccution  of  Ihe  decree  lor  the  suppression  of  the  monastic  orders, 

ol  King  Ferdinand  VII.  lo  Spain  in  1814  be  withdrew  to  France, 
where  he  published  his  great  worh,  Hisltria  trilica  it  to  fn- 
'  '  '  id(£i^r«d(Paiis.iSis-igi7).  Translated  into  English, 


■neb,  Gerr 


id  Halt 


con^dcroble  persecution, 
iblicalion  of  bis  PorlmiU  pMiifvis  in  papa 
itcd  in  a  peremptory  order  to  quit  France. 
He  died  at  Madrid  on  the  sth  of  February  1813.  Both  the 
personal  character  and  the  Glerary  accuracy  of  Llorente  have 
^n  lusiled,  but  atlhough  he  was  not  an  eiact  historian  there 
a  no  doubt  thai  he  made  an  honest  use  of  documents  relating 
:o  the  Inqui^iion  which  are  do  kingei  extant. 
The  English  ttanilation  of  liiclliilorifa  (London.  i8>61  isabridged 

"""   '  "   °'™gu-lg™rmnil=(«!  into  French   (Paris.   1*15- 
JtuiiwKar  10^  Its  tTO    ernivuu  h  wntnot 


autobtography, 


'JSS 


Mogt^ira  (Paris, 


»3' 


LLOYD,  E.— LLOYD  GEORGE 


UATD,  BDWIRD  (iE<s-  ),  EniJiih  tenor  voulist. 
.wu  bois  in  Lendoa  on  tbc  Till  <<f  Much  iS4S,tu([alber,  Riduud 
Uojrd.  btSBg  viui  cbonliit  It  Weiusinuet  Abbey.  From 
1851  (o  ]B6o  he  tuig  in  :he  abbey  cbair,  uid  wu  (horoughJy 
Iraioed  Id  muiic.  cveDtually  bcconuDg  lolo  Lowr  at  Ibe  Chipcl 
Royd.  He  begis  Hiigin(  at  omccni  [a  1S67,  uid  in  1S71 
ippeared  aL  ihe  GlDuceslei  Musical  Festival.  Hii  fine  evenly- 
pnxluced  voice  and  pure  ityle  at  once  brought  blm  into  notice, 
and  he  gnduaUy  look  the  place  of  Simi  Reevo  u  tbe  leading 
En^Lith  l^at  of  the  day^  faia  ajn^g  of  fl^ftti^ar  music,  and 
especially  of  Handel,  being  parlicnlaily  admired.  At  the 
Handel  Fcilivais  after  iSSE  he  was  the  principal  lcnoc,and  even 
in  the  vast  ■uditoriuni  at  Ilie  Crystal  Palace  he  tiiumphed  over 
icouUic  difficullic*.  In  liii,  iSqo  and  iSqt  he  paid  successful 
visits  to  the  United  States^  but  by  degrees  he  appeared  lesi 
frequently  la  public,  and  in  T900  he  tonzully  retired  from  the 
pbtform. 

LLOTD,  WILUUl  (ifi 
biihop  of  St  Auph,  gl  Lii 
was  born  at  Tilehurst,  B 


mj),  Engliah  divine,  ■ 
Id  aod  Coventry,  »r  '  ■ ' 


rkthire. 


ofWorce 


„  .  ifoid.  He  giadualed  M.A.  in  tt^i. 
In  i66j  he  ma  picbcndity  of  Ripon,  in  1667  prebendary  of 
Salisbury,  in  iMJ  aichdeacon  of  Merioneth,  b  1S71  dean,  of 
Bangor  and  prebendary  of  St  Paul's,  London,  in  168a  bishop  of 
St  Asaph,  in  i6Sq  lord-almoper,  in  iSgi  bishop  of  Ijch£eld  and 
Coventry,  and  In  16^  biibop  of  WorceMei.  Lloyd  was  an 
lodefa livable  DK>aneni  of  the  Roman  Catholic  tendencies  of 

with  publishing  a  seditious  Ubel  aiainst  the  king  and  acquitted 
(168S).  He  engaged  Gilbett  Duinet  to  write  Tin  HUlery  oj  Hit 
/U/ontalu*  cf  Ikt  Clmrdi  of  Enflaiul  and  provided  him  with 
much  material.  He  was  a  good  scholar  and  1  keen  student 
of  bibhcal  apocalyptic  lilcratuie  and  himKlf  "  prophaied  " 
to  Queen  AnnE>  Robert  Har ley,  earl  of  Oxford,  William  Whiston, 
and  John  Evelyn  the  diarist.  Lloyd  was  a  stanch  supporter 
of  the  revolution.  His  chief  publication  wu  An  HislnrUal 
AcauKl  0/  Chunk  Cstcntmeol  a  U  mi  in  Gnat  Brilain  aid 
Irtlnd  win  Uiey  firil  raiivid  M(  Ckriilian  Rtlitin  [Ijindan, 
1&34.  reprinted  Oxford,  1S41].  He  died  at  HarUcbuiy  castle 
on  the  joih  of  August  iji?. 

LLOTD.  WILUAM  WATKISS  (iSij-iSgj),  English  man  of 
letters,  was  bom  at  Homcnon.  Middlcsei,  on  the  iilh  of  March 
iSij.  He  Rccivcd  his  early  education  at  Newcnillc-under- 
Lyme  Kranunir  ichool,  and  ai  the  age  of  Sllaen  entered  a  fimUy 
0  London,  wilh  which  he  was  connected  lor  thiity- 


.  Hcd 


archaeology.  Shakes^ 


iudyofar 


leare.  cUsaical  and  modern  languages  and 
literature,  tic  fuea  m  London  on  the  iznd  of  December  1B9J. 
The  work  by  which  he  is  best  known  is  The  Aft  e}  PtrkUs 
(1S75),  characterized  by  soundnets  ol  schnUnhip,  great  Iciming, 
and  a  thorough  appreciation  of  the  period  with  which  jl  deds, 
but  rendered  unattractive  by  a  di^cult  and  at  timo.  obscure 
Uyle.  He  wrote  aba;  Xsxlkian  UarbUi  (1S45):  Crilkil 
Eiiayi  Ufa*  Skatat^c'i  Plays  (1875);  Ckrislianily  in  Hit 
Carhmsiol  Raphael] (1865), whicheicitedcoasiderablealtention 
from  the  manner  in  which  theological  questions  were  discussed; 
Tke  Biilay  aj  SicUy  It  At  Athenian  War  (iSjOi  '"■"'«  ""^ 
IhiiT  Fanacas  (1869);  an  edition  of  ifiuh  Aia  aboul  Nolhint, 
"now  Snt  puUished  in  fully  recovered  metrical  form"  (1884; 
the  author  held  that  all  the  pliys  were  originaQy  written  in 

the  molt  important  of  whkh  have  been  bequeathed  ID  the 
British  Museum,  aniongst  them  being:  A  Furlhrr  /Tuinry  o/ 
Cnta-.ThtCtniitryofiiiikaiiAnptt-,    Tkc /frp-PlaltniiU. 

Sec  Memoir  by  Sophia  Beale  prefijiFd  to  Lloyd'i  (poiihuTnou^ly 
publishei!]  Eliidi  Frnian-  lis  Fsrlr)  ani  Frimii  (tBm).  conuining 
a  liil  of  publiihed  and  unpubliifaed  mrb. 

LLOTD  GEORSR,  DAVID  [i8«j-  ),  British  Uatsman, 
wa>  bom  at  Manchester  on  the  17th  of  January  1BA3.  Hii 
biber,  WOliani  George,  a  Welshnun  of  yeoman  Mock,  hid  left 
"n  (or  London  it  an  tuly  age  and  became  a  Khool 


teacher  there,  and  afierwardi  la  Uverpod  M>d  Htverfotdweit, 
and  then  beadoiastet  ol  tn  elementary  school  at  Pwllheli,  Cat- 
aarvonshire,  where  he  married  the  daughter  of  David  Lloyd,  a 
neighbouring  Baptist  minister.  Soon  afterwards  William  Gcocge 
became  headmaster  of  an  elementary  school  in  Manchcatec, 
but  after  the  birth  of  his  eldest  son  David  his  health  (ailed,  and 
be  gave  up  his  poat  and  took  a  small  farm  near  Haverfordwest. 
Two  years  laler  he  died,  leaving  his  widow  in  pooc  citcamstanca; 
a  lecond  child,  another  tan,  was  pouhumntuly  bom.  Un 
George 'a  brother,  Richard  Uoyd,  a  shoemaker  at  Llanystumdwy, 
and  pastor  of  the  Campbellile  Baptists  there,  now  became  her 
chief  support;  it  was  from  him  that  young  Bavid  obtained  his 
earliest  views,  of  practical  aod  poliiical  life,  and  alio  the  mtaBt 
of  sLutlog,  at  the  age  of  fbuneen,  on  the  career  of  a  solidlor. 

Having  passed  his  bw  preliminary,  he  waa  articled  to  a  firm 
in  Fortmadoc,  and  in  1884  obtained  his  final  qualifications. 
In  i8Sg  he  manied  Margaret,  daughter  of  Richard  Owen  of 
Criccieth.  From  the  first  he  managed  to  combine  hii  toUcitut'i 
work  with  politic!,  becoming  Jecreury  of  the  South  Carnarvon- 
shire Anti-tithe  League;  and  his  local  reputation  was  made 
by  a  successful  Bght,  carried  to  the  High  Court,  hi  defence  of 
the  right  ol  Nonconformists  to  burial  in  the  parish  churchyard. 
In  the  first  county  council  elections  for  Camarvd^islure  he  played 
a  strenuous  part  on  the  Radical  side,  and  was  chosen  an  alder- 
man; and  In  1890.  at  a  by-election  lor  Carnarvon  Boniughs, 
he  wia  retumed  to  parliament  by  a  piajotlly  of  18  over  a  strong 
Conservative  opponent.    He  held  his  seat  aucceasfully  at  the 

of  Welsh  nationalism.  Welsh  nonnnformi  ty  and  citteme  Itadical- 
Ihoroughly  established  both  In 


ithec 


■.   iBthellous 


of  Comn 


BOfth 


ilia  fighters,  con^icuous  for  his  audacity  and 
pungency  of  utterance,  and  his  capacity  for  obstruction  while 
the  Conservatives  were  In  oBice.  During  the  South  Alricu 
crisis  of  rSw-ifloi  he  was  specially  vehement  fn  oppnitioa 
to  Mr  Chamberlain,  and  took  the  "  pro-Boer  "  side  M  bitterly 
that  he  was  mobbed  in  Birmingham  during  the  1900  election 
when  he  attempted  to  address  a  meeting  at  the  Town  Hall. 
But  he  was  again  relumed  for  Carnarvon  Boroughs;  and  In 
the  ensuing  parliament  he  came  Mill  more  u>  the  front  by  Ui 
resltiance  10  the  Education  Act  of  1 909. 

As  the  leader  of  the  Wclth  party,  and  one  of  the  most  datUng 
parliimenlarians  on  the  Radical  side,  his  appointment  to  office 
when  Sic  H.  Campbett-Bannermati  became  premier  at  the  end 
of  i^j  was  generally  eipected;  but  his  elevation  direct  to  iIk 
cabinet  u  president  of  the  Board  of  Trade  was  somewhat  el  a 
surprise.  The  reaponsibiltties  of  administration  have,  howe^rr, 
often  convened  a  politieal  free-lance  hito  1  Rcady-gaing  oSciil. 
and  the  Unionist  preu  did  its  best  to  encourage  Juch  ■  icedency 
hy  continual  praise  of  the  departmeatal  iclloB  ol  the  new 

um'versally  applauded;  and  the  bills  he  introduced  and  passed 
for  reorganiting  the  pott  ol  Londoo,  dealing  with  Merchant 
Shipping,  and  enforcing  the  working  in  England  of  patent* 
granted  there,  and  so  increasing  the  employment  -of  British 
labour,  were  gteelcd  with  satisfaction  hy  the  tariS-nfarmen. 
who  Fongiatulaled  Ihnnielvn  that  1  Radical  free-irader  should 
polity  of  JflUief/oiTe.   The  president  ol  the 


rd  ol  Trat 


al  the  r 


Mr  Asquilh  became  premier  fo  1908  and  promoted  Mr  Ueyd 
George  to  the  chancellorship  of  the  enhequer,  the  apjfomtfDeni 
was  weQ  received  even  in  (he  City  of  London.  For  thai  yt»x 
the  budget  wu  already  settled,  and  it  was  introduced  by  Mi 
Asquith  himself,  the  ei-chaucTdor;  but  Mr  Lloyd  Otatft 
earned  golden  opinion*,  both  tt  the  Treasury  ind  in  partlament. 
hy  Us  industry  and  hit  handling  a  the  Finance  BIB,  MpKially 
important  for  its  inclusion  of  Old  Age  Peiulom,  in  the  Istei 

It  was  not  llll  the  (iine  fame  Better  f«  the  introdiRlian  ol 
the  budget  for  ToOQ-t^to  [hat  opinion  In  finandtl  rirele*  shaweil 
the  change  which  wasifterwarA  to  beconie  «>  nurhed.  A  MD- 
sMeraMe  deficit,  ol  ibaai  £16,000,000,  «u  tn  pnapcct,  ud  tte 


3,,zcdbvCiOo^le 


833 


■  speech  to  the  i^nlty  in  hid  in  decfding  whit  "  bta  roost  " 
II  "nb."  The  BomiuDUt  bad  .been  kxing  ground  En  the 
^_iy,  aad  He  Llord  Gcorte  mi  Mr  Wimtun  Dnrdiill  nn 
~'  s  in  advoaling  the  uk  o(  the  budget 
rat  BRioaiicrac  anwiic  nfOrnu  In  ngud  id  llceuing  ud  l&nd, 
whfch  the  Te>L»tu)ce  of  the  Hnae  of  Lordi  [nrventpd  the  RedkaJ 
putjrfmmefectiligbyotdbMiyta^sklion.  Tbc  wdl-SOibliBbcd 
donrine  (hat  the  iloMe  of  L«ila  cauM  not  Mneod,  though  il 
a<tbt  ra^Kl,  a  meney-bll],  couplrd  irith  the  fact  ihut  It  oeva 
had  fone  ao  far  as  lo  njcct  a  budfctt  wai  relied  on  bjr  Ibe  ei- 
tmaiils  as  dictatug  (be  obuiDus  paitr  tactKs,  and  before  the 
year  1909  opened,  lie  ptssibility  at  the  Lorda  betog  driven  to 
oonpeL  a  diiaohnioa  by  itandbig  on  Chejr  eatreme  rights  as 
re^rdi  (he  *"■■"*'  provisIaB'  Tor  the  yw  vas  already  can- 
TSBud  in  palkica]  circlea,  1b«|h  it  vas  hanSy  cndited  that 
the  BDVcnUDelA  mniM  pred[ritale  a  constilutionA]  criais  of  Bu^b 
nuwallade.  When  hli  Lloyd  OeoiKe,  on  ihe  sqth  ol  A[Vil, 
inLradaced  his  budget.  Its  rerolntlEniaiy  character,  however, 
cnated  videqjread  diamay  in  tfae  CHy  afld  among  tbe  propeilted 
danca.  In  a  wry  hAgthy  speech,  whidi  had  to  be  interrupt^ 
for  half  an  bout  whUe  he  recovered  his  voice,  he  ended  by 
daaQibEag  it  as  a  "  war  budget "  against  poverty,  which  be 
bopEd,  in  tbc  leialt;  would  bccooia  "  ai  RniaU  to  tbe  people 
of  this  CDunlry  as  the'wohrea  which  omee  infested  its  lomts." 
SOBO  of  the  cai^nal  proposals,  whidi  were  much  mtidaed,  were 

tbe  OMSWdngFundtaiMacionitDevtlafneat  Foul  (cmled 

whidi  waa  anbatitotod  ■  tax  on  minenl  ti^ita.    But  tbe  main 
'  Et  woM  adtaend  tO)  and  ceentBaUy  paeacd 
'    4th  of  Ndw^riier,  In  Spite  of  the 
anty  Unionist  minority.    Apart 


(yitcui  of  duties  ou  lud-nluel  ("  iaaeiceot  duly,"  "  reversion 
duly,"  "  nadeveloped  lacid  duty  "),  de^ieiuling  m  the  setting 
tqt  of  arrangements  lor  valaation  of  a  highly  complicated  kind. 
Tbt  discusions  on  tbe  budge!  enliiely  moaopalind  public 
attention  for  Lbe  year,  and  wliile  the  mcaauro  was  defended  by 
Ur  liayd  (jeorp  in  patliament  with  much  suavity,  and  by^Mr 
Aaqnilh,  Sir  Edward  Gley  and  Mr  Hnldsne  outside  the  House 
ol  Commons  with  Inrt  and  moderaiion.  the  feelings  of  its  op- 


Evenls  had  m 


a  a  yar  bctoR 

t  Lloyd  CcorgB  and  Ida  financiBl 
to  of  tbe  Ubcnl  pkily  pratramme;  hot  pwty 
(attjn  kt  Ihe  mnitiH  pmentod  the  liaiitiy.  •bo  icanlncd 
in  of&cc.  from  imfiy  teKlin(  the  budget  up  ag^  to  the  Lordi 
Mid  alknnag  th^  to  psH  k.  Hbb  waa  no  majarily  in  ibe 
Comnona  lor  the  bnd^  aa  mob,  dnca  tba  Irish  MatlonaKMs 
oiiy  soppKlad  it  a*  an  engJoe  foi  dettnviog  the  «Ia  ol  the  Laid* 
aod  tin  pniMitiw  Ihc  w«y  for  Inah  Baae  SLvlt.  1i]Me*4 


sBoiRd  the  IhtuidBl  year  to  at  wttbont  one,-  aod  btmght 
forward  readotioBS  for  curtailing  the  papers  of  the  Lords,  on 
^lich,  if  rei'ected  by  Ihera,  sDOther  appeal  could  be  made  to  Ibe 
pei^  (>oc  pAUiudin).  Hardly,  however,  bad  Ibe  battle 
been  amyed  when  tbc  Klng^  death  in  Uay  opset  all  calciJa- 
*      ■         "  K  of  bostlHtJea  beiireed  the 


four  leaden  from  each  Bidc--Mr  Lloyd 
Georg*  bcLig  one — to  consider  whether  campromise  on  the 
ceostiiuilonal  qaettion  wss  not  feanbk.  The  budget  for 
to  went  (joielly  through,  and  before  tbe  August  adjoom- 
the  chancellor  inirodufed  his  budget  for  iqto-ii,  dts- 
a  being  postponed  till  the  autumn.  It  impned  no  new 
tuatiOB,  and  lelt  mniten  predsely  as  (hey  wm.  (K.  Cr.) 

LLOTirS,  an  aasodatioo  of  merrhgnU,  shipowners,  under- 
writers,  and  Mji  and  insuraatt  bnkers,  hnving  its  headquarters 
lo  a  SDJte  of  rooms  in  the  north-east  comer  of  Ibe  Royil  Exchange, 
London.  CMginntly  a  mere  gathering  of  merchinta  fat  business 
or  pHtp  In  a  mflee-hoioe  kept  by  one  Edward  Xloyd  in  Tower 
Stieel,  London,  Iheeailiest  noticeofwUehot-  '  -■  ■  ■ 
GuOf  of  Ihe  iStb  of  February  i68S,(his  instif 

if  Ibe  greatest  organ Isatioiis  in  tne  worm  m-con- 

commerce.    The  esubfehment  eiisted  In  IWer 

Street  np  to  IiSo9,  In  wbioh  year  i(  was  rrmoved  by  Ihe  proprfelor 

Lombard  Strtvt,  in  tbe  centre  of  thst  portion  of  (he  city 

et  frequented  by  merchuiu  of  the  highest  clast.   Shortly  sfter 

s  event  Mr  Uoyd  established  s  weekly  aewsptper  fatnfabfng 

eoDimettial  and  dipping  news,  in  tbc«  dsys  an  mdertaking 

of  no  email  difficulLy.    This  paper  to<A  tba  name  of  tityft 

Nan,  and,  though  its  life  was  not  long,  It  iras  1' 

no*  Bblqoilaua  Uayfi  Lot,  the  oldest  e 

t«ide»  GaOU  (ocepled.     -     -      -      ■   - 

'  at  Uoyd^  GoDe»hoiue  steadUy  grew,  bat  It  doe*  DO 
gnBterpaltoflhe  iSlh  catlir7th 
f  itqnentiag  Ih 


in  has  gndvally 


I  uoderwijiers  and  broken  aealcd  in  the  Roysl  Bicbuge  la 
hUicbi7T4.  Oaeof tbefrstimprovBincatsinthemodeofeSect- 
lag  manne  iimraBn  was  the  intndactlaB  of  a  printed  ibm  of 
policy.  EDlhenD  niionB  trram  had  been  in  use;  and,  to  anid 
numovia  dJ^Mtea  the  comnitteo  of  Uoyd'a  proposed  a  gcneial 
form,  wUch  wu  adopted  by  the  menben  os  ihe  isth  of  January 
r77p,  andiemalBabi  IBB,  with  a  Iswdight  olterationB,  to  thk  day. 
'^     -  -  '  -    in  (heliktory  of  Uoyd'a  during 


By  Uoyd'a  Signal  StMfaa  Aa  tOi. 
Uoyd'a  lo  tnabUih  iignil  Mstlon 
id  by  Ihe  Derellat  V(«ds 
h  ahipa  are  required  to  give 
Uayd'i'apnta  ol  denlkt vassria, w"  ' 
-by  Uoyd'a. 
aa  iDoma  at  Uoyd^  are  xvallable  only  tu 
neraben,  Tbe  fon>et  pay  as  annual  sabiciiption  of  hve  gt 

•ilhont  eotianet  fee,  but  have  ■    .. .    .  

tbe  inMilution.  The  latter  cooai 
lAo  paiy  an  entrance  fee  of  twchc  gt 


r'Ci^ 


«3+ 


LLWYD— LOANDA 


tbe  daily  imtiae  of  duty  being  cntiuitcd  lo  A  iccFctuy  aod  ■ 
largv  Uftfi  of  dais  and  other  ucislJuiU-  Tbe  mode  employed 
in  eficcling  ui  tuuTBOcs  U  Lk>yd's  m  limple.  Tbe  bmiftew  » 
done  enUrcly  by  brslun,  who  inilc  upon  ■  lUp  of  paper  the 
ume  of  ilie  ship  ud  ibipnuster,  the  uuun  of  the  voytge,  iht 
subject  to  be  uuurcd,  and  tbe  amount  at  which  [t  ii  valued. 
11  the  riak  la  accepted,  eadi  imdemitei  lubaoibes  hia  name 
and  tbe  amount  he  agieca  to  lake  or  undenvrilei  tbe  iaaurvncc 
beini  efiectcd  ai  hwd  aa  tbe  total  value  ii  Blade  up. 

See  F.  Martin.  HiHarj  if  Ufyti  a*d  i^  Mawrn  Iiawvaa  m 
CrM  BiiUim  [1S76). 

LLVTD,  EDWARD  (1660-1709),  Biidali  BtanlBt  uul 
antiquary,  waa  bom  in  Cardiganahiie  in  i66a  He  vaa  odncatod 
BtJeauB  College,  OiIihyI,  but  did  not  induiUi  be  Kcdved  Ibc 
dtgnt  at  H.A.Iiawevei  in  iioi.  In  lOoo,  titer  aervln<  foi  mi 
yc«>  ■>  aawuot,  he  auccceded  R.  Plot  aa  keeper  of  tbe  Aabmolean 
TwwiiiH^  I  poaitkm  vbicfa  he  retained  until  1709-  In  16199  be 
publidied  LUittiylscii  Bnlaimiii  Idmppntliia,  in  which  be 
doojbed  and  ffimd  variout  fawUi,  pemiaaU)'  colktted  01 
received  Intm  hia  frianda,  and  theae  wse  amnged  in  cabineta  in 

but  moatly  fimn  tbe  neighbourbood  of  OifoTd.  A  Mcond  edilion 
inap[qivedbyLlwyd,butoatpuldltheduuliti76o.  Heinued 
in  1707  tbe  fint  volume  ctf  Anfiauleps  BrUainiia  (aftervardi 
diKODtmued).     He  vaa  elected  FJt.S.  in  1708.     Be  dial  at 

Oxford  on  tbe  joth  of  June  I70«. 

lOACH.  The  £sb  knon  aa  loacbei  (CoMiiKie)  form  a  TCry 
dldlna  subfunily  of  the  CypratUat,  awt  aiE  even  regarded 
byaameauthoTaaaffinatituting  a  family.  Charactoii  Barbela, 
three  to  aix  pain;  (Juryngeal  teeth  in  one  row,  in  moderate 
uumbei;  anUrior  put  ot  the  aii-bladdiT  divided  into  a  nRht 
and  left  chunber,  sefanted  by  ■  coutricIiaD,  and  endned  in  ■ 
bmy  captule,  tbe  poaierior  put  Irte  or  absent.  Tbey  arc  more 
er  lea  elongaU  in  form,  afleD  ee]4h^>ed,  and  naked  or  covoed 


uy*u<kf),ij{ihe 


kirawo  meuuring  1)  < 

Ouneie  Mia  (onv^).  or  u  in.  (ibe  CwtrKl . 

ailiintfii).    Ibey  nuatly  live  in  amaU  Btnama  ana  ponas,  ana 

(o  Europe  and  Alia,  but  one  qiccia  (tf««acUba  j^ynrnw) 
baa  Kcotiy  been  ditojvaed  la  AbyiainlB.  About  in  q)eeie* 
are  kunn,  noMly  from  CetUial  and  Soutb-^atsn  Aila.  Only 
two  qiedM  occor  in  GroU  Biitain:  the  uhuuhiu  NcmacUiai 
twWMtiu  and  the  carer  and  mon  local  CeMlHtaeHO.  Thelattei 
CitiDda  acnaa  Eompc  and  Alia  to  J^aiL  Many  o(  these  fiibea 
deli^  ia  the  mod  U  Ibe  battam  of  pooda,  in  idilcb  Ibey  move 
fike  eela.  In  aome  caaea  the  brandiial  tfspiratiDn  appean  to  be 
Inalfficient ,  and  tbe  mtestinal  tract  acta  aa  an  aratmxy  breathisg 
oi^n.  Tbe  air-bladder  may  be  so  reduced  aa  to  k«  iu  hydiD- 
aiatic  function  and  become  lubeervienl  to  11  Kmory  or^n.  iti 
ed  auiface  Ixang  conneclnl  with  Ibe  akin  by  a  meatna 
'1  of  muiclc,  and  conveyicK  the  thermo- 
Bioni  to  the  i 


UUD;  Lms.    Tbe  O.E.  M.  Horn  wbicb  both  theee  w 


ia  cognate  with  Ger.  LtiU.  The  Tea 
in  tbt  a  Teut.  A»d;«,  Ger.  Uiln.  from  wUch  ismea  "  (b  lead." 
The  meaainga  of  lb*  word  have  been  '""■■—"^  by  a  anp. 
posed  conneiion  with  "Ude,"  O.E.  WbAm,  a  word  toBouao 
to  nuny  old  brtndiea  of  TeuEOBle  Uniuagcu  in  the  lenie 
o(  "  to  place,"  but  uacd  in  Engliih  ptItidpBily  of  the  placing 
of  cai^  in  a  abip,  bmce  "  bill  of  lading,^'  and  of  emptying 
|fa|UDr  or  fhnd  o«  of  one  veaiel  into  anotber;  it  ii  from  ihe 
word  In  thia  serve  that  is  derived  "  ladle,"  a  lar^  ^loon  or  cup. 
Uka  pan  with  a  kaog  handle.  Hie  two  worda.  though  eiyno- 
lo^^aDr  one,  have  been  difcnolialed  in  meaning,  tbe  inSueaie 
sf'tiB  mnneTlnn  with  "lade"  being  more  matked  in  "tDad" 


than  bi  "  lode,"  a  vein  of  metal  ose,  in  wU4  tb  ori^nal  ncu- 

iDg  «(  "  way  "  it  dearly  marked.  A  "  load  "  waa  orivnally  ■ 
"  caniaee,"  and  iu  Latin  equivdeU  in  tbe  Pmmtlinmm  P«riiil~ 
tnmattdmt.  From  that  it  paavd  to  that  whidi  ia  laid  od  ui 
animal  or  vehicle,  and  eo,  aa  an  amount,  uauafly  carried,  the 
word  waa  used  of  a  Bpedhc  qoaatily  ol  anything,  a  unit  of  wijght, 
vsiyiog  with  tbe  loolily  and  the  commodity.  A  "  load  "  of 
wheat— 4a  buabcla,  14  boy^jC  tnoao.  Other  "j-ning.  uf 
"  load  "  are:  in  eleitikity,  the  power  whkb  an  csgine  at  dynesn 
has  to  lumiah;  and  in  engineering,  tbe  wei^t  to  be  auppeeted  fay 
a  strocturc,  the  "  perwtanait  load  "  being  the  weight  of  Ibc 
ainictvie  iudf,  tbe  "  ettenui  load  "  that  cf  anytUng  iMA 
may  be  placed  upou  [t. 

LOAF,  pnpeily  the  maaa  of  bmd  made  ui  «e  baking,  beoce 
tbe  amnUa  portiona  into  which  the  bread  ii  divided  lor  retaHing. 
TbeM  are  oi  unifonB  liie  (tee  Baedic]  and  are  named  accacding 
10  thape  ("  tin  loaf,"  "  cottage  baf,"  He),  wci^t  ("quaitctn 
loaf,"  ftc.),  or  quality  of  flour  ("  brown  loaf,"  fc.).  "  Loaf," 
0£.  iU4r,  n  a  word  comraon  to  Teuumic  langaagei;  d.  -Cer.' 
L^,  or  ItA,  Dan.  In,  Goth.  Halt;  similar  worda  with  the 
tame  meaouic  are  found  in  Runan,  Finnbh  and  Lettish,  but 
theae  may  have  been  adapted  fxom  Teulopic  Tbe  iiltimalT 
origin  b  unknown,  and  it  is  uncertain  whether  "  Inead  *"  (fj.) 
or  "  loaf  "  ■  the  earlier  in  usage.  Tbe  0£.  AMf  ia  seen  in 
"  Laoimit "  and  m  "  brd."  i4.  Uo/inl  for  ilafweari,  tbe  hnf- 
kecper,  or  "  biead-wuder  ";  d.  tbe  O.E.  word  for  a  bomrhold 
servant  U^-JU,  loaf-eater.  Tlie  Late  Lai.  armfanie,  one  ^b 
tbarea,  ^aiiu,  bread,  Eng.  "  oompanion,"  waa  probably  ttt 
adapution  of  the  Colfa.  laUoiha,  O.H.  Ger.  plei^,  measnule, 
coinnde.  The  word  "  loal "  ii  alto  used  in  ngar  manufacture, 
and  is  applied  to  angar  shaped  in  a  maaa  like  ■  ant,  a  "  pogar- 
loaf ,"  and  to  the  amail  hntAa  into  whidi  refined  sugar  ia  cut,  or 
"  loaf-tugal." 

Tbe  etyuakiiy  of  the  verb  "  to  kiaf."  ti.  to  Idle,  knaee  abont, 
ud  Ihe  ntaiutive  "  hitler."  an  idler,  a  laiy  vafabend.  has  been 
B.  H.  Dan (7^  Ymmi^anlitiiBM,  tMol  t>lkd 
'1y  invented  Vaokcc  word."  J.  S.  Lowed  {Biifem 
— ..  . — m,  Introd.)  ca^laju  it  as  t^pnun  in  ongiB,  and 
It  with  Is^fta.  to  ma,  and  idlei  that  Ae  dialrctKal  fono 

ris  used  b  the  seue  td  "  laudts  up  and  dowa."  iW  cnilane- 
haa  been  general!)'  acapled.  The  JViw  Em^M  Dkitmary 
reiects  h,  however,  anosatea  that  ^afn  it  not  iwd  in  ihit  leni^ 
but  poiBH  out  that  Ibe  ijcrmnlawMt^B,  the  Engflsh  oheoletc  word 

aodW.  E.  HeiSev't  DiaitHtry  ^  SnifMi  iu  Atuloriti  aiiMaa 
FieiKih  •ymnyQit  of  "  liiafer,'^(hBwtur  da  la  iMfe  and^^Br. 

LOAM  <O.E.  Urn;  the  ward  appean  in  Dnt.  larss  and  Go. 
Ijkm;  the  whrrp**^  origin  b  tbe  root  fas-,  "***"■"(;  "  to  he 
aticky,"  which  is  seen  in  tbe  cognate  "  UnH,"  Lai.  lisiia,  mud, 
day),  a  fertile  sail  maipoted  of  a  miUuie  of  aaad,  day,  and 
decompned  vegetable  malter,  the  quantity  of  aand  beii^ 
Euffideni  10  prevent  the  day  masting  togeths-.  Tbe  word  it 
alto  used  ol  a  miitutc  of  tend,  day  and  tttaw,  laed  far  making 
casting-moolds  and  hrkhs.  arid  for  plaateting  waQa,  kt^  (see 
Son,). 

lAAH  (sdapted  fnm  the  ScamUnavian  locm  of  a  word  coomcD 
10  Tcnlonic  tsnguagea,  d.  Smd.  Ub,  led.  Ma,  Out.  !«■;  theCE. 
lata  ippein  ia  "  lend,"  tbe  ultioiale  aonrca  is  aeea  in  tbe  root 


Papal.  >■ 


otCr. ; 


r  tomcthing  ef  value  lent  for  ■  ^ledfic  or  iti- 
len  Iter  Ks  equivalent  is  tobeiqiaki  orivtunicd, 
naaaiiy  ai  a  specified  rate  of  intereat  (aec  UfiDn  and  UoiiEV- 
Lxmniai).     Fot  public  loana  aeo  Foimca,  NathhiiU,  Dxmt. 

variout  countriet, 

CAUniA  (Soa  FauU  dt  ItaHa).  a  aeapoit  ot  Weal  Africa, 
capital  a!  the  Foitugueae  province  ol  Angola,  aftsated  In  S*  ^S*  S., 
1^°/  E-,  00  a  bay  betwoen  the  ihan  Baiga  and  Kwania.  Thr 
bay.  protected  Inm  tbe  anf  by  a  long  nano*  idand  of  aa>d.  I* 
backed  by  1  low  taiMly  diS  wlJcb  al  Iti  toulbcni  end  iwcepa  out 
with  a  sharp  curve  and  tenihiatet  ta  a  bold  point  ctosnied  bj 
Port  San  Miguel.  Tledqxholwatecat  Ibeentrancetotliebaj 
If  B*  fUhoBs  or  mota.   The  b^  JM  >iMw'C«MlilqiM«,  bn 


LOANGO— LOBANOV-ROSTOVSKI 


835 


ofUBWMhw.  Apato(tfei._ 

■awlmiwwintbuadfay— tt»piiyiiHgc»,tt*|CTienwi% 
feflldBtfe,  the  ptlue  of  tba  hiibop  of  Anfola,  and  tJu  boiv'ta^^ 
■niitaiudoaUihapMDd.  If  gH  «f  ilu  EnNpcu  hooiEt  an 
kite  M<na  bdMbff  ol  one  itol^  wkl  -^  '^ *-    '  — ^- 


gKUHKta,  tutoM  10  SilvtdM  ComU  d*  8I1,  iriw  «na«(l 
AagolB  faiNB  tbc  Dntdi,  wid  le  Fedro  Alauidrino,  1.  fanner 
(Dvtnar,  tad  I*  Ike  Martlaf -point  ol  Iht  nOmr  to  AaAua 
•BdHUuft. 

Loaada  *Bi  fasadcd  Id  15^6,  aad  sBEpt  buHwiiu  1640  tnd 
1A4B,  when  [I  ni  ocnpiol  by  the  Dutch,  hai  alnyt  ben  In 
lyittaguiM  paMtMJLiu.  It  «!■  fcr  onr  tin  sentaiiM  thi  thief 
nstn  of  the  iliTa  (nde  batween  ^rtngWM  Wtit  JUtic*  ind 
BnA  Doifns  thu  tlnM  the  tnSc  of  the  port  wu  irf  BD  iBull 
MONiBt,  aod  after  ■  period  ol 


the  BOMb  of  the  Congo  rinr  In  <*  8.  Dorthwuili  tbmugh  (boat 
two  degrees.  At  oae  tine  indadad  in  the  "  Uasdon  of  Cooco  " 
(mc  Amoou,  HiOory),  I^aap  became  {DdepeBdaBi  about  the 
dovolthe  lAth  century,  Bad  waflitiUoIcoiialderable  importance 
in  tbt  miidine  of  ibe  iSlh  century.  Buali.  the  capital,  «• 
dtuiled  on  the  banki  ol  a  nnill  river  not  far  fiDin  Ihe  port  of 
LoangD,  vhere  *eTe  KVccaJ  European  "  lactoriea."  The  country 
■ftonraid*  be(«nu  divided  into  >  luie  ouabcr  of  petty  Mala, 
wbDe  Fortncal  Mtd  Fnucc  emdied  an  Intcniiitteot  tovtrelgniy 
oirer  the  cMM.  Bos  tte  tbrn  tade  ma  koacc  —!-'■*—< 
'la  OB  the  WcM  AfrioB  oeaboud,  liDca  it* 


u  TlnLoaaaftcoaMliaawdividKlbeti 

CsMO  aad  the  PsitnsKM  diitikt  ei  KjiUad*  (ace  tbon  aiUcka). 

Ibe  nMivo,  mainly  membtia  td  the  B»-KoB0>  group  of  Bantu 

■     '  ■■  d  Ba«D(.  ■     -         .       - .    - 


<Bed  aboat  ileo,  and  hk  mnba.  * 


HIGOLU  IVAKOnCH  (rTO}-rSs6), 
ctan,  waa  hen  al  Uakaiiev,  Njihnijr- 
B  Ibe  lad  of  tionaba  (N.S.)  mj.  Hit  fMher 
d  hia  mnba,  «bo  ne  left  io  pots  dmim- 
9  ££ian  with  her  three  una.  In  rSor 
entered  ai  a  itudent  In  the  Unrvenity 
RaUiabed.  Five  yean  later,  bavins 
M  betan  to  take  |ait  in  the  teadiia(, 
[4  and  extraordinary  laoloaor 
In  lb]  he  (uecndad  to  the  ordinaiy 
prafeaaonhip  of  nathtnalk*.  aad  retaiaed  the  chair  until  about 
1146,  when  be  Hcm  to  have  fallen  into  offidal  dUIavow.  At 
that  that  hla  nnneiion  with  the  unlvertity  to  which  be  had 
Lo  an  aid,  exopt  that  in 
Fq  of  hia  jubilee,  be  bmaght  it  aa  a  last 
tribute  hli  Pantlomllrit,  in  which  he  tummiiriied  the  roulta 
of  hii  geomeirinl  itudiee.  This  work  wu  tnnetaled  into 
Cernian  by  H.  Licbcoaon  in  igoi.  He  died  M  Kuan  an  the 
14th  ol  February  (M,S.J  iSs6.  LoUchevtUy  hu  sne  sf  iha 
Ant  thinker*  to  apply  a  (critical  ttealmeiit  in  the  fundamental 
f^irtm*  of  geometry,  and  he  thua  befane  a  pioneer  ol  the  roodem 
ffomelria  wbich  deal  with  ipue  other  than  ai  treated  by 
" -  -     .       ^  non-Euclidiao  geoDcuy  ii 


and  tha  famflfiMt  abeiidy  nfecred  to,  wbU  hi  the  tab- 
title  a  ihrrfliH  aa  a  pcfdi  sf  feoBmy  founded  on  a  geneial 
and  ligenna  thnsy  of  paralleia.  (Sec  GniiiniT,  |  Sn. 
BmelUeim,  and  Gioiiim,  1  Aatrnt  4.)  In  additioo  to  hia 
da  varlnna  nnlribntiau  to  other 


lKieoc«.an 
i>,iSm)-   : 


tmtbe  og  algebn  (Kasu,  iSm).  ScaidEi  bdag  •  ^omater  af 
powcr'tnd  orlgtaality,  Lebacbenkiy  wu  an  eKeBcnt  bmo  of 
bndiMM.  Undv  hk  ubnlniMiathB  tke  Bniwenjty  of  Xana 
praqiUMl  ai  it  had  uew  doae  bdan;  and  be  not  ody  oiguiied 

■ad  eaiiclwd  iu  libmy,  fanidud  instnuneota  for  tta  obaovatwy, 
"        '  IB  aad  pcovided  it  with  pn^cl 

Bperviie  (he  BectloD  of  the 
last,  he  Btndicd  anlitectnre,  with  aadi  (fleet,  it  is  aaid,  that 


It  withpHt  abiHty  th 


_..aiBeniInlNcr*(ConttaatlBO|]ltiaiS59.  In iKj a Mgrettable 
inddeal  In  hia  piIvBla  life  made  Urn  ittin  tenpontily  f  rata 
the  puhUc  aenlce,  but  linir  year*  later  be  re-entered  )t  and 
■erred  for  ten  yean  aa  tilalia  to  the  ndnblec  of  the  htterfor. 

At  the  dose  ol  the  KuHO-Turklih  war  in  187!  be  Waa  leleetad 
by theemperortolill''         "    '   "'        '        -     ■ 
and  fst  mote  thana 
policy  of  hia  gi 

quilliiy  in  the  Eutem  QiralkiB,  after  tb<  diituibaacH  pranaon 
by  ibe  redJeaa  ectkia  of  hit  piedeoesKir,  COnot  Ifnatiev.  In 
1879  he  was  translened  lo  Loodoa,  «Bd  in  iSSr  to  Vtama; 
and  in  March  189;  he  wa»  appointed  miiustcr  ol  toreijn  aflalll 
in  lUCfeBtoo  to  M.  dc  Gien,  In  Ihl>  poiltlm  be  dii^ljyed 
mnch  of  Ibe  CAHtiOB  of  hi*  predecnlor,  but  adtqited  a  mora 
energetic  pi>licy  In  Eurtpean  Bffiih>  genenlly  ind  opedafly 
In  the  Balkan  PeniniulL  At  the  tin^  of  bia  af^ioiijlDiait 
the  eltitude  of  the  Ruaaiao  govemoieAt  tgwarda  ibe  Slav 
nmiaaaliliei  bad  been  lor  leveiBl  year*  one  al  enieme  rserve, 
and  he  had  jeemed  t4 

a*  be  be^Line  minliter  of 

Servia  received  fi 

„    ,    Prince  FeidinaiMl  oi        ,  _ , 

(oncflcd  with  tite  Kuarian  tapavr,  tad  hk  tab  Boeia  w 
recelicd  faito  the  Eailem  Onbodoi  Qrartb;  tbe  RiMian  imbaK]) 
al  OmataalBiople  tried  to  briai  about  *  reconriHation  between 
the  Sulgatian  enrch  and  the  oecumenical  patriardt;  Bulfuiana 
and  Strviaa*  profetsed,  at  the  bidding  of  Ruida,  to  lay  aiida 
their  nratuil  boatility.  All  this  leenied  10  foreihadow  tbe 
creatlOB  of  a  Balkan  oonledailian  boatile  lo  Turkey,  and  the 
tultan  had  reuon  to  fed  (darned.  In  reaKty  Prince  Lobaaov 
wu  nwnly  trying  to  alabliib  a  itrong  Ruulan  hcgeDoiqF  imcng 
Ihew  nationiUIie*,  ajid  be  bad  not  the  alighual  Intention  of 
provoking  a  new  crlala  In  the  Eaatetn  QuestkHi  *o  long  as  th* 
general  Eun^Kan  iftuBtion  did  not  aStsd  RuEsia  a  convenient 
opportunity  For  lolvlng  it  in  her  own  hiteral  without  Mifou* 
Intervention  fixHn  other  powen.  Meanwhile  be  canddeied 
that  the  integnty  and  mdependenre  of  the  Ottoman  cnqdra 
muit  be  maintained  10  far  •*  theie  other  power*  were  cBDcemed. 
Accordingly,  when  Lord  Salisbnry  pmiwaed  eoeltetlc  a 


auuraed  the  Mt  of  pnnccior  of  the  wl 
propoial.     At  the  Bame  time  efforta  « 
TVIple  AlUaoce,  the  priadpal  iutrui 


836 


LdBAU— LOHBCK 


MlMtt  wbb  FoDoe,  nUck  Pdast  LttMim  hdpad  to  osnvcn 
IbM  a  lonnl  ■Oiuca  bctwcK  th*  Mo  ftmta.  In  Uw  Fu 
Eul  hB  wu  not  ku  ulivi,  and  becuM  tbe  i«MkMc  of  CUlB 


ud,  (a  unot  to  iotufoB  wilb  tke  lutort 
Bttlui  of  Ru^  Ib  Ifucharia,  and  the  inaneial  aod  iitbet 
ninma  ior  iocreaBiis  RaidaB  iBfloapee  In  that  part  of  tbe 
wkU  mn  TigDmaly  inppartad.     AH  tlu*  Mtivitjr,  tkoasb 


,   •  nhm  tnvdiins  wUb  tht  aBpanr 

oa  the  lotih  of  Aogait  1896.  PmouUr  PiiMC  Lohanov  waa  a 
pwrf  iiipiiT  of  tha  P.Btdan  type,  pnod  of  beinc  dnoadad 
fiom  tbo  independent  pdnoi  of  Rdmdv,  ud  at  tbe  *UM  ttu  ■ 
amiabknanof  wideoihan,  deqi^  ntaed  tn  Rs^an  Uum 
and  isulac.  and  p>ha{B  the  int  aathMltjr  e<  Jila  Itec  i 
allihatnlatadtoikicIffoft^empenvFaaL    (D.  H.W.) 

bDBAD.  a  lows  of  Genaaar,  in  tbe  Uiwdom  at  Saxony,  on 
tlM  LSban  watlt,  11  n.  SA  rf  Iha  UHm  <d  BwOaM,  on  Uw 
DnadcD-Cfcliti  hSw^f,    Pop.  (1905)  lOifitj.    Ilwn  k  ■  ipa, 
KMi  Alben-Bad,  lai^  InqiMoled  dniiaf  the  aiunma  iM 
TVi  liiaii  !■■  niif liltiinl  Inpkrwr.  plinnfimai  nmii  marl 
bnUdiBf  and  bulMo  wortii  aad  traik  in  ftalo.  yn,  Unm 
■tocUoii.     Other  IndwBitet  an  epianiafc  mviag,  dgn 
blaacUai  and  bRwiafi 

Ubwi  b  6at  Dm^mad  aa  a  toirn  1b  imij  It  received 
ri^u  fiiy  in  tbe  i4tb 


lie  IM.  ttf.  Mh,  iH6>a  or  MiH,  Inm  Tbkh  the  woid 
tinaif  I'-p'"',  ma  ated  Id  the  MDie  of  a  dniUer,  w^kty 
CDvetid  plaoc  fee  walkini  attacbed  to  a  boiat,  •*  dafinid  bjr  Dd 
Ca^e  iOmt.  Uii.  «  I^J.  JjO.,  a.T.  £aM>),  ftnkat  «fM>  ad 

ijirinfiiin  H II.  iililiii  iiji'iiiiitii    Tka  Fiencb locB of /lUa 

wHJvd  d.  IliL  Avpn,  and  thia  (ave  tbe  En(. "  lodge,"  which  ia 
thna  a  doublet  of  "  U>by-"  Ike  alttnau  deiivation  ii  (iven 
■ndv  taaoE.  Other  taoiliai  uee*  d  the  tenn  "lobbjr"  are 
ill  ■^licatloo  (1)  to  tbe  eatweoe  ball  of  a  parlianeot  bouee,  aod 
<i|  1«  Ike  t«»  conidaa  knaim  aa  "  ditiiiao^obbiei,"  into  which 
tbe  nenibaa  of  the  Uouae  of  '''—-'"■■  and  fithei  ies'i'ativa 
bodiea  iHB  OB  a  diviika,  theii  m(ta  Uini  ncoided  aecofdin| 
to  whidi  "lobbgr,"  "aye"  or  "net"  Ibey  eols.  lb  enlnuwe 
loUy  to  a  kBilallve  bulldini  ia  opoa  to  the  public,  aad  tboa  i* 
a  cooreolcat  ptace  lor  Interrlewa  betmaa  meaibcn  and  tbeii 
coa«til»»Btto«witbm»«ee»tntiwaa<  public  bQdki,aMocintiiiw 
and  limiiWl.  and  the  pma.  The  h**™*™  and  pnaeun  Ihiw 
brought  to  hear  Open  awnben  of  letfriatiTe  bodiea  bu  giTca  liiB 
la  iha  Ota  of  "  to  lobbjr,"  "lobtoriai,''  "lobhyitf,"  Ac,  with  Uii* 
•pedal  litaUicanwi,  Tie  peactke,  tbwitfi  doI  uDhnowB  in  the 
Btitlah  pai<in«wnt,  >•  moat  pMUlent  tn  the  UniLcd  SlnUa  ol 
'    n  the  uaeid  tbe  taBfii«BnBii<Ma  below). 

B  uaed  to  dcaiinate  the 

"»dyto 

a  private  bdia  wUcb  an  CDUInntly  being 

'  'n  variooa  alata  te^lalon*,  tfaeie 

Eb  aa  ptopoaed  chaagea  in  the  tuiS 


Atttaipu  hnw  been  made  ta  uaedy  the  mil  br  oooatitnlMaal 
problbUiM,  by  atalnla  law  and  fay  tU  ailiOB  of  the  Sn«uir 

bcBi  dedared  a  Moay  la  CaUlonla,  <rfft*gia,  Utah,  T 


act  ri  itao,  which  baa  aecved  aa  a  Bodel  for  tbe  Iq 

Uir]dand(i9CD),  WiuaDria  (igaf)  and*  lew  of  the  olhee  Italia, 

live  agenta  bum  ntfitet  with  Ihe  aeit(eaol-at-afBii  (ivio(  the 
aaain  and  adineaw  of  thiii  employBi  and  the  dat^  tem  and 
cbaiBcM  ol  tbeli  tavteyment.   In  1907  alone  Una  ngululiis 

Rorida,  Idabo,  lilivaiHi.IIelxaikn,  Nonh  Oakala,  South  Dakota 


Ste  Janei  Bnec. 
i.  (tn^il!  Paul  S. 
J((d£d>  (New  York 


ifwton  Ctmmi 


,  ix.:  Maitant  A-ScBiffDer. 


_..  (New  York,  I90T).  cbaiia.  vHL.  ix.:  Munnt  A, 

"  lobbying."  in  Wbmn,  Omtantii  LtratUwm  guJla .^  . . 

aad  a  M.  Gngory,  TV  OrrW  f  0  <^  ISair  •■  AMw  — d  £<w 
>>  •>  iVMBtiHi  (Mi^lina,  Wk  t«t^ 

UaX,  any  iobhI  p»}ecting  pait,  tperifiraly  tha  lows  pan 
of  the  aoenul  aai,  OM  <{  tbe  pana  inia  which- tk  Braia  divided, 
ain  one  of  aevtnl  pan*  of  tbe  bcain.  diaidid  by  itiBihed  faaKiB 
(•eeUvuandBMlH^.  ne  Onek  >e0bvfroin  wUcb  "b*e  "  b 
derived,  waa  applied  to  the  Uie  of  tba  ear  and  of  tha  Ihtt,  and  to 
tbe  pad  of  a  leseabma  plant. 

LOBICK.  UBBUTUM  kSWItT  (1781-1360),  Gaiman  '' — •—' 
adielaf ,  waa  boa  at  Haambarg  on  the  gthrf  Jane  lygi.  Aflcc 
having  atadied  at  Jeaa  and  Leipiix,  be  eettled  at  Wittenberg  in 
itoi  a*  pdvatilacaat,  and  in  iSu>  waa  appnintari  to  a  pnleaor- 
>Up  in  tbe  nidmBty.   ftom  yeui  later,  be  arcepted  tbe  chair 


Creato  hi  HMSymMik  (iSio-iStj},  that  the  tdgion  ef  tbe 
Greek  a^mleriea  (cqadaDy  tboaa  ctf  Elenri4  did  m«  imiiaTanj 
"- '      it  ma  Kt  caoletk: 


^  lEaaitidtby  L.  ti. 

C-  Bimun'rSucUCba 


C  Bimian'i  Ceutuku  d«  MaiaKlm  FHkltpt  m  DiS^SiaU 
(lUiV;  Lfhn,  FeuMn  Aiaaat  ui  irm  AUtrtn,  (and  ed., 
Ln-piiE,  1B7S):  LniMdi.  AtatnaUU  Briifi  tn  tmd'am  tlv.  A^. 
Ijfet  uJ  K.  Ukn  (llul:  aba  J.  £.  Suatyi,  Biitmy  ^ 
" -— '  SAdtnlUf.  i.  (190!),  103, 


poeee  at  hlirkieeil     ■ 


LOBEIRA.— LOBO,  F,  R. 


837 


UnOU.  ratO  («.  ilJI-itll).  •  Ponuime  tiaubMlw 
«l  the  tiraeol  King  Alpbonw  III.,  mho  is  suppiucd  la  hive  baa 
the  firWWcKiuc«inlopnja«lb«stoiyolXJnorfuJ«  Con/a  (ffj). 
D.  CaralioaMichulude  Vuconcelloi,  in  b«  mutcrly  cdilion  of 
tbe  CaiuiBiHiro  it  AJHda  (HiUe,  igtw,  voL  i.  pp.  iiiSu),  «iva 
scat  biogiaphkiJ  iwlea  on  Jolo  Lobtiri,  who  u  KpracDluI  in 
(he  Colocd  Bruculi  CmaaHiat  tHalle,  iS8a|  by  £vc  poemi 
(Nos.  ijo-iji).  In  numbcc  ijo,  Joiia  Lobdra  uia  Lhc  him 
rileandtt  IhiL  Oiiina  tinp  in  linodu  <U  Cenia,  nod  this  hu 
lud  to  hil  bcini  gcpeimiJ/  coiutdered  by  (nodenl 

in  prefcrtncc  t«  Vuco  6e  Lobeiittt  ^  t^hnm 


190s),  (< 


V.  ThoDM 
>wJiig  ibc  old  tndiiio 


Aouridud  ia  Elvas  U  the 

10  thii  Lobeira  bcinga  mon  oi  Icllcn. 

LOBBUA,  the  typical  genut  ai  the  ttibe  lalnliui,  of  the  ordei 
Cimpanuliceae,  umed  allcr  MatlbiuiteLobcl.anitivcof Lille, 
botaniu  and  phyudoa  to  James  I.  It  numbcn  about  two 
hundred  ipeuet,  lULiva  ol  nearly  ail  the  temperate  and  wanner 
ngioiu  ol  the  woilil,  excepting  central  and  easlem  Europe  a> 
Vdi  ai  wntciP  Alia.  They  axe  annual  or  perconiat  bobi  or 
uadet-tfaruba,  rarely  ihrubby;  rrourkable  arborescent  fonns 
are  Ibe  irN-lobrliaa  found  al  high  elevationi  on  lhc  raountaintol 
tropical  Afiica.  Th*o  ipeciea  an  Britiih,  L^  Dorlmavia  (najned 
by  Lianieiu  aiter  Doitmann,  *  Dutch  druggiK},  whidioccim 
in  gravdly  nnunlsiu  lakct ;  and  L.  mrau,  which  i>  only  (ound 
oa  heaihi.  &c..  in  Sondt  and  CoTDwalL  Tbe  genus  a  dtilia- 
luiihed  from  Camfanaia  by  the  irregular  corona  and  completely 
united  anlhcn.  and  by  the  eicesslve  acridity  of  the  milky  juice. 
The  specie)  carlicil  described  and   figured  appcan  to  he  £. 


cDldfiuiepniiwatKy  loalantlBtein.   la  ike  ■■«  lavniiti)  parts 

ol  the  linitcd  Kinedom  ii  11  unnnwify  to  (O  lo  ihii  Iniubk.  aa  the 

Snts  are  perfect^  hardy;  even  in  tlw  luburba  of  London  thry  live 
wtia)  yean  without  pretcction  excepe  in  wry  aeven  winrcn. 
limy  ibiHild  harea  kiainy  loll.  «U  eniiehRl  with  minuir;  and 
-cquire  copious  wateriMi  when  Ihcv  ■Ian  into  [rre  growth.  Tbey 
nay  be  raiud  From  icedB.  which,  being  very  6ih,  rtquire  to  be  towD 
an-fuHy:  but  they  da  km  Rower  uiiutly  lill  ihc  aeojnd  yeac  uoleti 
:hty  are  sswn  very  early  in  heat. 

The  ipeeia  LtUia  tufiau,  ihe  "  ladUn  ubacco  ~  o(  North 
Anunica.  is  used  in  mediciiM,  (he  nilbe  heil>,  dried  and  in  Aowtr, 

inctecSlic  inflated  «p«ileL     It  i>  •omcwhai  irritanl  I0  ihe 

urils  and  ii  rmiirnril  of  a  burning,  acrid  laite.    The  chief  roa- 

lunlt  ia  ■  vglalili  liquid  alkaklid  (tl.  nfeotiaej  nimrd  hMiK, 

.  ..ich  gccun  to  the  ntcnc  ol  about  30%.    This  is  a  vny  jmugcM 

lobtHic  acid  and  forms  soUd  crysUllinr 
tioii  of  rhts  plant  i*  "*■-  ■*-''-■-  ™- 


pla^ 


"the    t 


{Poradina,  1659,  p.  357)  says,  "it  growelh  neei 
Canada,  where  the  French  plantation  la  Ameri 
II  b  1  native  o(  the  eastern  United  S 


enlal  g 


:  the  tiuei  of 
>  is  seated." 
i  and  several 


e.g.  tbe  dwarl  blue  I..  Erimut,  tiom  the  Cape,  which,  with  its 
nuoieioui)  varieLica,  fdmis  a  fsmiiiai'  bedding  plaat.  L.  iflaiititi 
and  I..  JalitHs,  growing  from  i  to  9  It.  high,  fiom  Meiico,  have 
scarlet  Bowers;  L.  Tajia,  a  Chilean  perennial  6  to  S  ft.  hl^,  has 
Rjdiih  or  scarlet  Sowerai  /.,  leniuH  with  blue  flowers  is  a  1 
acquisilion  to  ifac  grecnboute  section,  while  L.  amaena, 
Korlh  America,  as  well  as  L,  lyptilitica  and  its  hybrids. 
Virginia,  have  also  blue  Jlnweiv.  The  last-named  wasintroi 
ja  i66j.  The  hybiidt  raised  b/  crouing  caidinalis,  ful/ini. 
Iflau/cHt  and  ryplnlilUa,  constitute  a  fine  group  ol  fairly  hardy 
and  showy  gitden  plains.     "  

The  ^Mia  ii  familiar  in  f;ar 
that  of  the  dwarf-tudcd  plai 
thai  of  the  tall  ihooy  pcrennia 

bearing  tarouih  a  long  period  a  proftisioi 

'- —  '--^fd  Rowers.   The  variety  tpauia  c ^^  — .  _, ...- 

'c  varielics  are  being  coiutamly  lupcrsedcd  by 

, --,---  .-riety  will  reproduce  itself  Hifliacniry  true  from 

9ttd  foe  ordinary  (loii*T  borders,  but  tr "■  — -'-- — "— -'  =- 

Tbe  htrbaceoi»UjbiIias,  d  which  L.  Ideiml  nay  be  ulccn  as  the 
type,  may  be  called  hardy  except  in  so  tar  as  they  su0er  from  damp 
in  winter;  they  throw  up  a  series  of  short  roeett^ibe  suckers  rc"-'' 
the  base  o(  Ihe  old  Rowvrlng  stem,  and  theae  sometlmet,  detpil 
Ihe  art  taken  of  theot,  rot  M  during  irintef.    The  rooti  ih 
either  be  taken  up  ia^utunn,  and  planted  eloselv  aide  by  tic 
bouB  of  dry  earth  or  ashes,  uicae  being  let  Cor  the  time  tbcy 
dornunt  eilRcr  in  a  cold  frame  or  in  any  ally  place  In  the  z' 
bouse;  or  Ibey  may  be  left  In  the  gieund,  In  which  c»e  a  hiTc 
two  siKwy  be  put  benlde  the  pbaia.  some  coal  ashes  belof  first  plsced 
rod  rid  ihem,  and  tlatea  loprDleet  (he  nlanrs  bein*  laid  over  the  bricks, 
eneend  mtintoniheeanh  beveiKl.    Abaul  Febfury  Ihey  should 
be  placed  in  a  warm  pit.  and  alter  a  lew  days  shalren  out  anrf  the 
sucVen  parted,  and  potted  iin([ty  ' 


Lw-llDped  Row! 
MrTlobclias; 


e  former  the  best  type  Is  L 
™^\a1  briVbt'wi 


Ipbelia.   Thedoieis  J  to  i<  minini.  Theelhcrii 
'-  --"-1  to  the  cffcacy  of  thedr^ig  in  asthma,  but 
re  would  be  reiHy  pn^tcrahle. 
elia  has  certain  pharrrncologfol  tesemblan 
i  actkni  upon  the  UDbrokcn  skin,  but  may 


.    In  large 


markedly.    The  leipirator 


!t  the  perilialik  movement 


vesaels  being  relaxed  owing 
t  bknd.prenure  thus  falh  vi.^ 
I  similarly  depressed,  death  en. 
■■■  1  lypul  ne-' ' — 


ns  diiecily.  It  iaescrtled  iff  the  kidneys  and  theakbi,  bodi'of 
ch  It  iiimiilalo  in  its  passage.  In  genera]  tcma  tbe  drug  may 
laid  to  stimulate  non-stuped  muscular  fibres  in  small,  and  pualyie 


ver  part  of  the  ail 
d  ^  in  broDi: 


anatyca 


irotieja. 


L^cn  in  comparatively  brge 
or  not  in  relieving  the  spun, 

LOB£nTBIIf,  a  town  of'  Germany,  ia  the  priocipaKty  of 
Keuss,aii  the  Lemniti,  situated  in  a  pleasaat  and  ferlilc  country, 
15  m.  N.W.  from  Hof  by  railway.  Fop.  (190s)  1990.  netowfi, 
grouped  round  a  rock,  npon  which  stand  Iba  mini  ol  (be  aU 
castle,  is  eicredingly  picturesque.  It  conlnina  a  spidout  paiiit 
cbuicfa,  a  palace,  until  1814  the  residence  ol  the  ptiuts  tt 
Renss-Lobeitstein-Elersdorf,  and  a  hydropalhie  staUiduneM. 
The  maiiiilirtnm  include  dyeing,  brewing  and  dpr-Dlkilic. 

Schott.  fArer  irrck  Latntlm  Had  Vrntttn/ 

lODfllQDES  (?is?!~fifl>T},  PartuvJtK 

deacendani  in  the  lamily  of  iMUt*  of 

I  Christavan  Fakto,     All  we  know  of 

Dtn  of  rich  and  noble  paienu  at  Leiria, 

pictuteKpie  Delgbbourliood,  reading 

writing  of  shepbetds  and  shepherdesses 

la.    He  studied  at  the  university  of 

ce  of  licentiate  about  1600.   Hevisited 


LOBO,  PHAHCIECO 


Beraardim  RibeirD 
his  life  is  that  be  was  bt 
and  lived  at  ease  in  il 
philosophy  and  poetry  an 
by  the  rivers  Lis  and  I 
Coimbta  and  took  tbe  dei 
Lisbon  from  time  to  tiir 
drowning  on  his  way  th 
from  Santarem.  Thougii 
(Romances)  published  in  ii«6,  and  his  last,  a  itymed  wdcome 
to  King  Philip  m..  published  la  1613,  are  written  in  Spanish, 
he  composed  his  edof^es  and  prose  pastorals  entirely  in  Portu- 
guese, and  thereby  did  a  ran  service  10  his  country  at  a  time 
when,  owing  to  the  Spanish  domination,  CastlUaa  waa  Ihe 
language  preferred  by  polite  society  4i>d  by  men 'of  IcClEre. 
His  Primmra,  a  book  that  may  be  compared  to  tha  Diaim  at 
Jorge  de  MootemAr  (Honlemayor),  appeared  In  1601,  ill  secoud 
part,  the  i'ailir  Ptntri*f.ia  r6aBt  and  its  third,  the  Diunianai*, 


838 


LOBO,  J— LOCAL  GOVERNMENT 


in  1614.  The  diiUoctt  «1  tkesc  knftliy  cOltecUoni  ol  cpiwdn 
without'  plan,  ibrend  «  Ideu,  !i  relieved  hy  cbaiming  and 
ingenious  putoial  Mngi  pamed  itrraiUioj,  His  edogucs  in 
endecuyllibLa  are  an  echo  nl  those  ot  Capieens,  but  like  hit  Dlhci 
venes  they  aRinleriorto  his  mfDiuAUoi.  which  show  the  liadi- 
lional  fount  ol  hit  intpiralioa.  In  bii  Curie  lu  AUtia  (1619). 
a  ni:tn  ol  letters,  a  young  tK>bie[naji,  a  student  and  an  old  man 
of  easy  meansibeguikthcwintcrevcningsot  Cintraby  aserics  o[ 
philosophic  and  literary  discussions  in  dialogue  which  may  still 
be  read  with  pleasure.  Lobo  is  also  the  author  of  an  insipid  epic 
in  twenty  cantos  ic  elUm  rima  on  the  Constable  D.  Nuno 
Alvam  Pendia,  the  liero  oE  the  war  oF  independence  against 
Spain  at  the  end  of  the  i«th  century.  The  cbuactecislics  of 
his  prose  style  are  hannony,  puiily  ud  elegance,  and  he  ranks 
as  one  of  Portugal's  leading  writers.  A  duciple  of  the  Italian 
Khool,  his  venes  are  yet  (lee  from  imitalion*  of  cluneal  inodfls, 
bis  descHptions  01  natural  Hrnery  are  aninrpassed  in  the  Portu- 
guese language,  and  generally  his  writings  stritte  a  true  note  and 
show  a  ancerity  Ibat  was  rate  at  the  time.    Their  popularity 

editiom  In  tbc  17th  century  and  nine  in  all.  a  large  number  lor 
so  limited  a  market  as  that  oF  Portugal,  while  six 'edttioni  eiist 
of  the  Paattr  Pmpin  and  four  of  the  epic  poem.  An  edition  of 
his  collected  works  was  published  in  one  voJnnw  in  Lisbon  in 
1713,  and  another  In  four  vohinua,  but  ICM  complete,  appeared 
there  In  1774. 

See  Coiu  e  Silva,  Eniau  Kaptpkia  cnlia,  v.  j-tij,  tor  a 
critical  ejiaminalioii  of  Lobo's  wnlinA;  alio  BouterMk'i  Hiiiary 
tf  Porlutiuu  LiunUMn.  [E.  Pa.) 

LOBO.  JKBOHIMO  (1S03-T67S),  Jesuit  mli^onary,  was  bom 
in  Lisbon,  and  entered  the  Order  of  Jesus  at  the  age  of  suLlecn. 
In  t6it  be  was  ordered  as  a  missionary  to  India,  and  in  i6ii 
he  arrived  at  Goa-  WiththeintentionoIproceedingtoAbysaiiua, 
whose  Negus  (emperor)  Segued  had  been  converted  to  Roman 
Cathtriicisni  by  Pedro  Faez,hetefllndiBinl6i4.  He  disembarked 
on  tbe  coast  c^  Mombasa,  and  attempted  to  reach  his  destination 
through  tbe  Gaila  country,  but  wu  forced  to  return.  In  ifiis 
he  set  out  again,  accompanied  by  MendeE,  the  pati^arch  ol 
Ethiopia,  and  eight  missionatlcs.  The  party  landed  on  the 
coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  and  Lobo  settled  In  Abyssuuk  as  supci- 
iatendent  U  tbe  mlssioai  in  Tigi£.  He  remained  there  until 
death  deprived  the  CUhoEo  «f  their  pnlector,  tbe  «nperot 
**         •     -.  -      ■  *  ccution'  tO'leave  tbe  kiligdora.  Id  1634 

a  (ell  Into  the  hands  ol  the  Turks  at 
Lo  procure  a  rajBom  for  hia 

.    .        aid   filhiw  iiiliA his      In   this  be   was  successful, 

but  eeuldnot  iitduce  tbe  Portuguese  viceroy  to  send  an  armament 
against  Abyisnia.  Intent  upon  accomplishiiig  this  cherished 
psaject,  he  ambaiked  lor  Portugal,  and  after  he  had  been  ship- 
wrecked on  the  coast  of  Natal,  and  captuied  by  pirates,  anivcd 
■t  Lisbon.  Neither  at  this  dty,  however,  nor  at  Madrid  and 
Rome,  was  any  countenance  given  to  Lobo's  plan.   He  accordingly 

prwrtBClal,  at  the  Jesnils  at  Go».  After  some  yean  he  returned 
to  Ml  natSve  cfty,  and  died  tliere  on  the^  j^tb  of  January  !«78. 

LobowiMVadacCDunlof  luiljavdAin  Portuguae.  wtiichappcan 
never  to  have  been  printed,  but  is  depovtcd  in  tbe  monastery  o4  &t 
Roqvc,  LisbaiL  Baldtuai  Tclles  made  large  uk  ol  tlK  infomution 
therein  in  his /fiKsrii  irm/dl  frtufiii  a  <(&  (Coimbra.  1660),  of  ten 
erroneouily  attrlbutedio  Lobo  [see  Macli>do*s  BiHielhea  Lvilana). 
Lobo's  own  laRatlw  was  traa^led  fnmi  a  MS.  copy  lale  Freach  la 
lIiS by  tbe  Abbi Joachim  le Grand, undci  tba  title alVeyatikiilanqm 
fAhiiiinii,  In  t66g  a  uaailalioa  by  Sit  Peter  Wychc  oi  several 
Tussaees  from  a  MS.  aecouni  of  Lobo's  travels  was  published  by  the 
Etoyal  Society  (tranilalrd  in  M.  Thivensl's  Rrlaliim  ia  hmhi  in 
1673).  An  Ejwbh  abridgment  tt  Le  Grand's  edition  by  Di  johnKMi 
wu  nublislial  in  1735  (npiuilcd  1780).  Ina  Ubuciri  jiuliicatij  t» 
tOiMUalum  <Us  p&a  Purrr  i>iKs  <f  Jlflmi  Lobo,  Dr  C.  T.  Bcke 
maintains  against  Bruce  the  anmncy  of  Lobo's  Btaremcnts  as  10  the 
source  of  t£e  Aboi  branch  d(  Ibe  Nile.  See  A.  de  Backet.  BiU»- 
lU^d(teCnijafiii>ils/ini[cd.C.  SommeivngFl.  iv.,  \»^). 

LOBSTER  (O.E.  iBfiatn,liifjjtn,t  CDrruption  of  Lat.  tenifs, 
lobster  or  other  marine  shcll-lish:  also  a  locust),  an  edible 

s  loosely  applied  t4>  any 


.rt,  esperiaify  to  sli 


n  the  other  Maci 


the  larger  Ciuslacta  bt  tbc  order  t 

are  used  for  food. 

]lng  the  family  Htmaridat,  ate  dis- 
^^j,  j^  6„t,hrrt 

pain  01  legs  tciminaiing  in  cneiae  or  pincers.  Tbe  fim  pair  are 
large  and  massive  and  are  composed  of  ui  segments,  wfavle 
the  tEmainlng  legs  are  each  composed  of  seven  •egmerts- 
The  sternum  of  the  last  thoncK  aonute  is  immovably  united 
with  the  preceding.  This  last  character,  together  with  some 
peculiarities  ol  the  branchial  system,  distinguish  the  lobsteis 
from  the  freshwater  crayfishes.  Tbe  common  lobster  (l/nariri 
gammariH  or  tiilfffrir)  is  found  on  the  European  coasts  from 
Norway  to  the  Mediterranean.  The  American  lobster  (Hemarmi 
dnmcaaui),  t^lch  should  perhaps  be  ranked  as  a  variety 
rather  than  as  a  distinct  specie,  is  found  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
of  North  America  from  Labrador  to  Cape  Kalteras.  A  tUid 
species,  found  at  the  Cape  oC  Good  Hope,  Is  of  small  siie  and  o( 
no  economic  importance. 

Both  in  Europe  and  In  America  the  lobslu  is  tbc  object  of 
an  Impmtant  Ssbery.  It  lives  in  shallow  water,  in  rocky  places, 
and  is  usually  captured  in  [taps  known  as  lobster-pots,  or  Qeds, 
madeofwickervotk  or  of  hoops  covered  with  netting,  and  having 
ftinttri-flhaped  openings  perrnltting  entrance  but  preventing 
escape.  These  traps  are  baited  with  pieces  of  fish.  prcTetably 
slate,  and  are  sunk  on  ground  frequented  by  lobsters,  tbe  [dace 
of  each  being  narked  by  a  booy.  In  Europe  the  lobsters  are 
generally  sent  to  market  in  the  fresh  state,  but  In  America, 
especially  in  the  northern  New  England  slate*  and  In  the 
maritime  provinces  of  Canada,  tbe  canning  of  lobsters  is  an 
important  Industry.  The  European  lobster  rarely  teaches  10 
pounds  In  weight,  though  Individuals  of  14  pounds  faave  been 
found,  and  In  America  there  are  authentic  records  of  lobaten 
weighing  JO  to  J3  pounds, 

Tbe  eflrcis  of  over-lishing  have  becoBM  apparent,  eqiecially 
in  America,  rathct  In  the  reduced  average  site  of  the  lobsters 
caught  than  In  any  diminution  of  the  total  yield.  The  imposition 
of  a  doae  lime  to  protect  the  spawning  b^ten  has  been  oltea 
tried,  but  as  tfie  female  csrries  the  spawn  Itlacfaed  to  her  body 
tor  nearly  twelve  months  after  spawning  it  b  impostiblc  to  grvr 
any  efectlve  protection  by  this  mesns.  The  prohibition  o(  tbe 
capture  o(  lemales  ciirylng  spawn,  or,  as  it  is  termed,"  in  berry," 
is  difficult  to  enforce.  A  minimum  aiie,  belov  which  it  is  aiegal 
to  ten  lobsters,  is  Hied  by  law  In  most  lobster-Csliing  districts, 
but  the  value  of  the  protection  so  given  has  also  been  questioned. 

The  Norway  lobster  iNtfknps  larrtiieia)  is  found,  like  the 
common  lobster,  from  Norwsy  to  the  MediterTanean.  It  is  a 
smaller  species,  with  long  and  slender  claws  and  Is  of  an  nange 
eokiur,  often  beaulifatly  marked  with  red  and  blue.  It  Is  found 
in  deeper  water  and  is  generally  captured  by  IrawBng.  It  ia 
a  curious  and  uneiplained  fact  that  nearly  all  tbe  Individuals 
so  captured  are  males.  It  is  less  esteemed  for  food  tban  tbc 
common  spcdcs.  In  London  it  is  sold  under  tbe  name  of  "  Dublin 

The  rock  lobster,  spiny  lobster,  or  sea-cnwfish  (PaKnimt 
wllarii)  bdongs  to  the  family  Prjinuriiat,  distinguished  from 
the  Himariiiii  by  the  lact  that  the  first  legs  aie  not  provided 
with  chelae  or  pincers,  and  that  all  the  legs  possess  onb'  sii 
segments.  The  antennae  arc  very  long  and  thick.  It  it  found 
on  the  southern  and  western  coasts  of  tbe  British  Islands  and 
extends  to  tbe  Mediterranean.  It  is  highly  esteemed  for  the 
table,  especially  in  France,  where  it  goes  by  tbe  name  of  I^nissiile. 
Other  species  of  the  tame  famUy  are  used  for  food  in  various 
parts  of  the  world,  espedally  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  North 
America  and  in  Australia  and  New  Zesland. 

In  Melbourne  and  Sydney  the  name  of  "  Murray  kbsler  "  is 
given  to  a  large  species  of  crayfish  Ci4j/aa]^jij  jpijii/fr,  fciiTncrly 
known  as  AstwHSt  or. Petamebius  Minatia)  which  is  much  used 
for  food.  (W.T.  Ca.) 

LOCAL  OOVERraDTT,  a  phrase  ipectally  adopted  in  English 


le  (or  t 


«  national  a 


.r  decom 


itral  govemncal,  of  local 
kHalrs  by  local  autboiities.    It  b  mtricted  not  only  in  KV*n 


DigilizcdbyGoO^lc 


LOCAL  GOVERNMENT  BOARD— LOCH,  BARON 


839 


HMEcIioiQ  empLayed,  t.g.  tar  ihc  (ruling  by  the  crown  < 
govcnuncnt  to  a  colony;  the  ciptnaion,  in  ft  gcncial  ^aj 
meiD  this,  but  "JocbL  government"  as-  tcchniciUy  u 
England  nfcn  more  natrowly  lo  the  lystcm  d  coui 
munidpal  ulmiDiatration,  Bvi  English  uaage  tranafcn 


iostiluli 


if  tliia  kind  of  (ubordinaU 


It  ia  cenlial,  is  in«vil 
counlria  ol  diHennt 
.    The  histoiy  and  pn 


t«nperan»nta1,  cagscs. 

and  the  tame  view  is  noi 
figuntioD,  hislonr  or  poli 
stale  of  Lhc  loral  govemi 
wilta  in  the  leparate  articles  on  ihem  (Ehcund,  Geku any,  Jk 

"■K'e'beM  I" '"  '""" 
Ashley's  Xoeai 


tiapalAi 


LOCAL  OOVERirMENT  BOABD,  1  department  oE  the  adminis 
iration  ol  the  United  Kingdom,  constituted  in  ig;i.  It  is  th 
sDcceuor  of  the  Genual  Board  of  Health,  established  in  iB* 
puniuiil  to  the  Public  Health  Act  ol  that  year.  The  Genera 
Board  o(  Health. continued  in  eiislence  until  1854,  when  it  »a 
itutfd.     lis  enijienc*  under 


iwlly  !■ 


liied  l< 


iinli!  185S,  whenil 

lo  the  privy  council,  while  those  which  nliied  10  the  contn 
local  aulboiitics  paued  to  the  secict^ty  ol  slate  lor  the  h 
department,  to  whose  department  the  stsS  ol  o^ers  and  d 
beion^ng  to  the  board  was  transferred.  This  sute  of  at 
(onlinued  until  1871,  when  the  Local  Covenuncnt  Board 
created  by  the  Local  Covemment  Board  Act  1S71.  It  (An 
.cil,  the  fave  prindpal  secreii 


of  11 


I,  the  I 


and  a  president  appointed  by  the  sovereign.  The  board  ilscll 
seldom  meets,  and  the  duties  of  the  department  are  discharged 
by  the  president  assisted  by  a  parliamentary  and  a  permanent 
secretary  and  a  permanent  sUII.    The  president  and  one  ot  the 

generally  a  member  of  the  cdlunet.    The  salary  ot  the  presidcnl, 

lotmerly  £1000,  nas  raised  in  igio  lo  £sooo  a  year.    The  board 

'  has  all  Ihe  powers  of  the  secretary  ol  stale  under  the  Public 

Health  Act  i^iS,  and  Ihc  numerous  sutwqucnt  acts  relating  to 

together  wiib  all  the  powers  and  duties  ol  the  privy  council 
under  the  acta  relating  lo  the  pteveniion  ol  epidemic  disease 
and  to  vaccination.  The  powers  and  duties  at  the  board  have 
been,  larsely  added  lo  by  lecisUtion  since  its  creation;  it  may  be 
said  that  the  board  eieniics  a  general,  supervision  over  the 
numerous  authorities  lo  whom  local  govcmmcnl  has  been 
entrusted  (tee  Ekcuno:  LxcI  Connnt}!!).  A  committee 
presided  over  by  Lord  Jersey  in  1904  inquired  into  the  constilulion 
and  duties  of  tbe  board,  but  made  no  recommendation  as  to  any 
change  therein.  It  recommended,  however,  an  increase  in  the 
salaries  of  the  president  and  of  the  pailiamcntaty  and  permanent 


LOCARNO  (Cer.  Luaom),  a ! 
ttlher   ■  ■- 


nail  to 


no,olw 


not  Italia 


ippeannce 

tSSi  it  WBI 

of  the  Lago 


if  the  three  capitals  (the  others  being  Bellinz 
Lugano,  ;.f.).  It  is  built  at  the  norib  or  Swiss  en 
Maggiore,  not  f ar  Irom  the  pomi  at  which  Ihe  Uaggia  en 
lake,  and  is  by  rail  n  m.  S.W.  of  Bdlioiona.  Its  height  above 
Ihe  lea-levd  is  only  681  ft.,  so  that  it  is  tsid  to  be  the  kwett 
■pot  in  Swiuerland.  In  1900  its  population  was  360J,  mainly 
Ilalian-speaLing  and  Romanists.  Il  wai  taken  Irom  Ihe  if  ilaneu 
in  [51a  by  the  Swiss  who  ruled  it  till  i^^ifl,  when  it  became  part 
of  the  canton  ol  Lbgaao  in  the  Helvetic  Republic,  and  in  i&ij 
part  of  Ihal  of  Teasin  or  Ticino,  then  £ttl  erected.  In  isjj  a 
number  of  Protestant  inhabitants  were  eipellcd  for  religious 
reasons,  atid  going  to  Zurich  louodcd  the  silk  industry  there. 
Above  Iiocartio  is  Ihe  romantically  situated  sanctuary  of  the 
Madonna  dd  Sasso  (now  rendered  easily  accessible  by  a  funicular 
railway)  that  commands  a  glorious  view  over  the  lake  and  the 
surrounding  country.  (W.  A.  fi.  C.) 

B»»ON  (1S17-1900), 


LOCH,  HBNRT  BROHOHAH  LOCH,  1 


British  colonial  a 
Diylaw,  Midlotbi 

East  India  Comp; 


<D  the  ti 


,  1 841  obtaii 


igal  Light  Cavalry.  In  tt 
1B4S  he  was  given  an  appointment  on  the  stafl  ol  Sir  Hugh 
Cough,  and  served  throughout  the  Sutlcj  campaign.  In  igjj 
be  became  second  in  command  of  Skinner's  Hoise.  At  Ihe 
outbreak  ol  the  Crimean  war  in  iSu,  Locb  severed  his  conneiioa 
wilfa  India,  and  obtained  leave  to  raise  a  body  ol  irregular 


iiSs/hewasap 
East,  Iras  prsent 


:o  Lord  Elgin's 


L  the  taking  of  Canton,  and  in  i8j8  brought 
nome  toe  treaty  01  Yedo.  In  April  1&60  be  again  accompanied 
Lord  Elgin  to  China,  as  secretary  oi  the  new  embassy  sent  to 
secuij  tbe  eaeculion  by  China  of  her  treaty  engagements.  The 
embassy  was  backed  up  by  an  allied  Anglo-French  force.  Witb 
Harry  S.  Parkes  he  negotiated  Ihe  surrender  of  the  Taku  forts. 
During  the  advance  on  Peking  Locb  was  chosen  with  Parhcs  10. 
complete  the  preliminary  negotiations  for  peace  at  Tungcbow. 
They  were  accompanied  by  a  small  patty  ol  officers  and  Sikhl. 
It  having  been  discovered  ■  that  the  Chinese  were  planning  a 
treacherous  attack  on  the  British  force.  Loch  rode  back  and 
warned  Ihe  outposts.  He  then  returned  to  Farkes  and  his 
parly  under  a  flag  of  Inice  ho[»ng  to  secure  their  safely.  TTiey 
were  all,  however,  made  prisoners  and  taken  lo  Peking,  where 
Ihe  majority  died  from  torture  or  discsM.  Partes  and  Loch, 
afier  enduring  irons  and  all  ihe  horrors  ol  a  Chinese  prison,  were 
afterwards  more  lenienily  Itcated.  After  three  weels'  tune  the 
negotiations  (or  their  rcicaae  were  successful,  but  they  had  only 
been  Lheraied  ten  minutes  when  otdere  were  received  from  the 
Chinese  emperor,  Ihcn  a  f  ugilive  in  MongoUa,  for  their  immediate 
execution.  Loch  never  entirely  recovered  his  health  alter  this 
eiprricnce  in  a  Chinese  dungeon.  Relunung  home  he  wat  made 
C.B.,  and  lor  a  while  was  private  secreUry  to  Sir  George  Grey, 
Ihen  at  the  Home  Ofhre.  In  iSij  he  was  appolnicd  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Ihc  Itic  of  Man.  During  his  governorship  Ihe  House 
ol  Keys  was  liaosfoimed  into  an  elective  assembly,  the  first  line 

fresh  prosperity  to  Ihe  island-    In  lH37  Loch,  wlio  had  become 
K.C.B.  in  1880,  accepted  a  coi 


rofVi 


h  Alric 


.  .In  June  1889  h. 
of  Cape  Colony  and  high  cc 


bis  duties  called  lor  the  eicrcise  of  great 
nd  firmness.  The  Boeiv  were  at  Ihe  same  time 
ruslrale  Cecil  Bhodes's  schemes  ol  northern  eipan- 
nning  lo  occupy  Mashonaland,  to  secure  control  ol 
nd  Zululand  and  10  acquire  the  adjacent  lands  up 
.  Loch  firmly  supported  Rhodes,  and,  by  infaimiiig 
ruger  that  inwpa  would  be  sent  lo  prevent  any 
terrjiDiy  under  British  protection^' Jie'cSectual^ 


9^0 


LOCHABER— LOCHMA8EN 


CraAtd  [Ik  "  BnyaOlOd  ink  "  icKSS  Ihe  Limpopo  (iBQo-qi). 
Loch,  bowevei,  wHfa  the  apprnvt!  oi  the  impcritU-  gDvcminEnt, 
concluded  in  july-Augmt  1890  a  ainvention  wilh  Pretident 
Kniget  roptcUng  Swiiiland, -by  which,  while  the  Boeri  wiihdiew 
■II  daimi  to  tetiilory  i»nh  of  the  Tcansviaj,  they  wen  granted 
u  outlet  to  the  lea  It  Koii  Bay  o»  coidition  that  the  republic 
enlered  the  South  African  Customs  Union.  This  conrailion  •« 
tondudecl  alter  neeoitaiions  conducted  vith  Pre»dent  Kruger 
by  J.  M.  Hofmeyr  on  bebalT  oi  the  high  cnmmii^ncr,  ind  wai 
made  at  a  time  when  the  Briiiih  and  Bond  parllci  in  Cape 
Colony  mre  woiUng  in  bannony.  Tbe  Transvaal  did  not, 
however,  fulfil  the  neceasaty  condition,  and  in  view  of  the 
tncttajingly  hostile  altitude  of  the  Prelina  administration  to 
Great  Biilaln  Loch  became  a  sitDog  idvooale  of  the  anntiation 
by  Britain  of  the  territory  east  of  Swaaliand,  Ihrou^  which  ihe 
Boer  raHway  to  the  sea  innild  have  paKed.  He  al  Icnglh  Induced 
the  British  govcTnment  to  adopt  his  view  and  on  the  ij(h  of 
March  ligs  it  was  announced  tjial  these  territories  (Amalonga- 
land,  &c.)i  wDuM  be  anneied  by  Britain,  an  aonouncement 
rccdved  by  Mr  Kiuger  "  with  the  greatest  a^loniihmcot  and 
regret."  Meantime  Loch  had  been  forced  to  Intervene  in  anolfaet 
matter.  When  the  conunandeering  difficulty  of  1S94  had  roused 
Ihe  Uillanders  in  the  Transvaal  to  a  dangelou*  pilch  of  eicite- 
nenl,  be  iravdled  10  Pretoria  to  use  his  personal  influence  with 
President  Kmgtr,  and  obtained  tlie  withdrawal  of  the  obnoiiDus 
coBmandeeritig  tigulallona.  In  the  foUowing  yeaf  he  entered  a 
strong  protest  against  the  new  Transvaal  franchise  law.  Mean- 
white,  however,  ihe  general  aituation  in  South  Africa  was  assuming 
year  by  year  a  mote  threatening  aspect.  Ccdl  Rhodes,  then 
prime  minister  of  Cape  Colony,  wai  stion^y  in  fayoui  of  a  more 
energetic  policy  than  was  supported  by  the  Imperial  govemmtnl, 
and  at  the  end  of  March  1895  Ihe  high  commissioner,  finding 
himself,  it  b  belie^'ed,  but  of  touch  with  his  ministers,  returned 
home  a  few  months  before  the  eipiry  of  hn  term  of  office.  ■  In 
(he  same  ye^r  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage.  When  the  Anglo- 
Boer  war  broke  out  in  iSpg  Loch  to^  a  leadbig  part  in 
raising  and  equipfHng  ■  body  of  mounted  men,  named  after 
him  "Loch's  Horse."  He  died  in  London  on  the  nth  of 
JuiM  1900,  and  was  succeeded  as  >nd  banm  by  his  son  Edward 
(b-  r87]).- 

LDCHABffl,  a  district  of  souihem  InvemesKahin,  Scotland, 
bounded  W.  t^  Loch  LInnhc,  Ihe  river  and  loch  Lochy,  N.  by 
the  Corryarrick  range  and  adftrining  hills,  N.E.  and  E.  by  the 
district  of  Badcnoch,  S.K  by  the  disirict  of  Rannoch  and  S.  by 
the  tivei  and  loch  Leven.  It  measures  ji  m.  Irom  N  Jl.  lo  S.W. 
and  2;m.  from  E.  to  W.,and[iremaikabIeforwildandromantk 
scenery,  Ben  Nens  being  the  chief  mountain.  The  district  has 
given  its  name  10  a  celebraled  type  of  aie,  consisting  of  a  long 
shaft  with  a  blade  like  a  scythe  and  a  large  hook  behind  it ,  which, 
according  lo  Sir  Walter  Scott,  was  introduced  into  the  Highlands 
and  Ireland  from  Scandinavia.  It  was  Ihe  weapon  of  Ihe  old  City 
Guard  of  Edinburgh.  The  pathetic  song oI"Lochabcrtu> more" 
was  written  by  Alkin  Ramsay. 

lOCHBS,  a  town  in  France,  capital  of  an  artondisscment  in 
Ihe  department  of  Indre-et-Loiie,  ig  m.  S.E.  of  Tours -by  rail, 
on  lh(  left  bink  of  the  Indre.  Pop.  (1906)  37S>-  'The  town,  one 
of  the  rnost  picturesque  in  central  France,  lies  at  the  foot  of  the 
rocky  eminence  on  which  stands  Ihe  ensile  of  the  Anjou  family, 

Siting  of  the  old  coHctfate  chnreh  of  St  Outs,  the  royal  lodge 
and  the  donjon.  The  church  of  St  Ours  dales  from  the  10th  lo 
Ihe  i3lh  centuries;  among  its  distfnguishing  features  are  the 
huge  stone  pyramids  surmounting  the  nave  and  the  beautifnl 
carving  of  the  west  door.  The  royal  lodge,  built  by  Charles  VII. 
and  used  as  the  subprefecture,  contains  the  loBib  of  Agnes  Sorel 
and  the  oratory  of  Anne  of  BHltany.  The  donjon  includes, 
iwsides  the  ruined  keep  (nth  century),  the  Martdet,  celebrated 
as  the  prison  oflxidavico  Sforaa,  duke  of  Milan,  who  died  there 
in  I  jog,  and  the  ToutBonde,  buill  by  Louis  XL  and  containhig 
Ihe  famous  iron  cages  in  which  stale  prisonen,  including — 
according  tn  a  story  now  discredited— their  inventor  Cardiirat 
Balne;  were  confined. .  Lodts  has  an  Ukd-de-viUc  and  several 


houses  of  the  Rcnabiuiee  petfod.    It  Jiaa  1  (iflMMd  «f  tr» 

Instance,  a  communal  college  and  a  training  college.  Ui|onii- 
dlstilling  and  tanning  an  carried  on  together  with  trade  in  tiiai- 
[soduce,  wine,  wood  and  llve-atsck. 

On  the  right  hank  of  the  Loire,  epposilt  the  Iowa  and  picti- 
cally  iu  suburb,  is  Ihe  village  of  Beanliw-Us-Loehes,  ones  Ihe 
scat  ot  a  barony.  Be^des  the  parish  church  of  Si  LaoeM,  a 
beautiful  tpeclmea  ol  rsth-century  architecion,  It  conlamsihe 
r«niiin  of  the  great  abbey  church  1^  the  IMy  Sepildta 
founded  in  the  itth  century  by  Fulk  Nerra,  Count  of  Anjm,  whs 
is  buried  in  the  chancel.  TMs  chancd,  which  with  one  of  the 
aldet  iramcptt  now  eonatltotta  the  church,  dale*  from  the  tslh 
century.  The  Romanesqns  nave  it  in  ruins,  but  ol  Ihe  two 
lowers  one  survives  intact;  tt  b  square,  crowned  with  an 
oclsgotut!  steeple  ol  stone,  arid  ia  one  o(  Ihc  fined  eitint  unnu- 

Lochcs  (the  Roman  Laicat)  grew  up  rouDd  a  nunasiery 
'  unded  about  500  by  St  Our^  and  belonged  lo  Ihe  counts  of 


lufnn 


IG  IfU  r: 


tt  yeai 


King  John  of  England  by  Philip  Augustus,  and  from  tbc  middle 
of  the  ijth  century  till  after  Ihe  lime  of  Charles  IX.  the  ostk 
was  a  residence  of  Ihe  khigs  of  France. 

LOCROBLLY.  a  pdice  burgh  of  Fife^ire.  ScotUnd,  7I  m. 
N.E.  of  Dunfermline  by  the  North  British  raUway.  Fi^  (.'goi) 
J471.  The  town  is  modem  and  owes  its  pmsperiiy  10  ihe  itnn- 
works  and  collieries  in  its  itOQiediate  vicinity.  Loch  Gelly,  from 
which  Ihe  town  takes  lla  name,  iitualcd  J  m.  S,  £.,  measures  1  m. 
in  length  by  ]  m.  in  breadth,  conUins  some  Iroul  and  pike,  and 
has  00  its  -west  banks  LochgcUy  House,  a  seat  of  the  earl  of  Uinlo. 
The  Romans  are  said  to  have  had  a  station  at  Loch  Ore  in  the 
parish  of  Ballingry,  }j  m,  X.  by  W.,  which  was  drained  about 
the  end  of  the  iSlb  century  and  Ihcn  cultivated.  To  ilic  N.E. 
rises  the  hill  of  Benirly  (nji  ft.).  Kailyards,  abotrt  >  m. 
S.E.  of  Lochgeliy,  is  a  rurnod  bouse  that  once  belonged  to  Sii 
William  Kitkaldy  of  Grange,  vhn  held  Edinburgh  Castle  for 
Queen  Maty.  Here  Janes  V.  was  received  after  his  defeat  al 
Solway  Moss  in  1541,  and  hen  a  few  Jacobites  used  to  meet 

LOCBOimiEAD.  a  municipal  and  police  buigh  ol  Argyll- 
shin,  Scotland,  at  the  head  of  Loch  Gilp,  a  small  arm  on  the 
western  jide  of  Loch  Fyne.  Pop.  (igol)  ijr].  The  herring- 
fishery  is  the  chief  industry,  but  there  Is  some  weaving  of  wooUeiu 
and,  in  summer,  a  conslderaUe  influi  of  visitors.  Arausauc 
(pop.  isSj),  a  seaport  on  the  westol  the  mouth  of  Loch  Gilp.  b 
the  east  terminus  of  the  Cn'nan  Canal.  It  is  the  place  oi  tranship- 
ment from  Ihe  large  Glasgow  paieenger  steamera  la  the  uDaD 
craft  built  for  the  Ravigation  of  the  canal,  ll  is  an  important 
harbour  in  cotminion  with  the  Loch  Fyne  herring-fishery,  and 
Ihere  is  also  a  distillery.  During  the  summer  thoe  is  a  coach 
service  to  Ford  al  the  lower  end  of  Loch  Awe. 

LOCHMABBN.  a  royal  and  pchcc  burgh  of  Dnrnfriesaliin, 
Scotland,  8  m.  N.E.  of  Dumfries,  with  aatation  on  Ihe  Caledonian 
raitway  company's  branch  frmn  Dumfrle*  10  LodierMe.  Pop. 
(1901)  131B.  It  (s  delightfully  tiiuaifd,  there  bdng  eight  lake* 
in  the  immediate  neighbourhood,  while  the  civet  Annan,  arkd  the 
Walen  of  Ae,  iUnnd  and  Dryle  are  in  the  vidnity.  Tbe  ton 
hall  is  a  handsome  edifice  with  dock  lower.  At  Ihe  south  end  ol 
Caille  Loch,  the  chief  lake,  stand  the  rules,  a  mere  shell,  st 
Lochmaben  Castle,  dating  from  tbe  ijth  centory,  whcie  local 
tradition  declares  that  Robert  Bruce  was  boi«— an  honour  which 
is  also  claimed,  however,  for  Tumbcny  Castle  on  the  coast  of 
Ayrshire.  In  tbe  ]iarish  church  is  a  bell  said  lo  have  b«n  pi«. 
senled  lo  King  Robert  by  the  pope  after  itcondliation-wiih  him. 
A  statue  of  tbe  king  stands  iu  front  of  the  town  hall.  Wbcitier 
it  were  his  binh[Jace  or  not,  the  assodatitma  of  Bruce  with 
Lochnaben  were  intimate.  He  exempted  his  foDowcis  in  tbe 
disirict  Irom  feudal  service  and  Iheir  descendants— the  "  kindly 
tenants  of  Lochmaben  " — were  confiirned  in  their  tenure  by  the 
court  of  scsuon  in  1814.  The  Csstit  Loch  is  the  only  fresh  walci  . 
in  Scotland,  and  possibly  in  the  British  Isles,  when  Ihe  vendare 
(ciire;niiiiiaiideiriii)  occurs.  This  fish,  which  b  hdieved  to.be 
growing  scarcer,  is  alleged  on  doubtful  authority  lo  have  bees 


LOCK,  M.— LOCK 


«+> 


httmrfiicad  by  Qocca  lSiay~  It  b  nptund  by  the  imcp-Det  In 
Auguat,  wul  B  autmed  u  ■  delioey.  Hh  Inka  utjoSBJng  thi 
lem  affofd  diB  iidiabiUDt*  empIioDal  adnnlagc*  kn  the  guna 
-  "*  n  mi  oDce  >  team  o(  Lodmubea  Caricn  cntinly 
oeadien  (soulcra)  *ba  beld  ibtlr  awn  agilnu 
lU  cDmen,  mi  Ibdc  prawiu  added  the  phcue  "  to  wutet " 
to  the  vocibulMy  of  Uie  •port,  the  iKini  indicating  a  match  in 
which  tha  winncn  joored  *'  gama  "  to  th«ir  opponent!'  "  iare" 
Lochmabcn  unila  with  Annan,  Diunlrio,  Kitkcndbtight  and 
Saoqubu  (the  DumrneB  burghs)  in  icIutniDg  one  membtc  to 
parliament. 

JMK.  MATTBUS.  En^iah  i8th-centuiy  fucniinn  iotpui 
ftndcabJnet-raaher.  ^liedateaofhiabinhand  death  are  unknown  j 
but  he  wai  a  disciple  of  Chippendale,  and  lubaequenily  ol  th* 
Adanu.  and  was  ponihly  in  putnenhip  with  Henry  Copelsnd 
(f.>.)-  During  the  grater  put  of  his  life  he  belonged  to  that 
flimboyani  adnol  which  derived  In  inspintlon  fmia  Louit  XV. 
models:  bnl  when  be  fell  under  the  influence  of  Robert  Adam 
bt  absorbed  hii  mannei  lo  comiiJciely  that  it  is  often  difficult 
to  diilinguiih  between  them,  fust  as  it  is  sometimes  easy  to 
Donfound  Lock^  mxk  wilb  the  weiAer  tflorts  ol  Chippendale. 
Thut  (nnn  bring  eiUavagantly  rococo  be  piognued  to  a  simple 

cmginal  drawings,  many  of  whidi  an  pnserved  in  the  Victoria 
and  Albeit  Museum,  South  Kensington,  while  the  pieces  them- 
lelves  ue  often  bolder  and  more  solid  than  is  suggested  by  the 
author's  Rpretentitlans  of  them.  He  was  a  clenr  craluman 
»nd  holds  a  distinct  place  aoiong  the  tninor  Furniture  designers 
of  thesecozid  half  (^  the  iSth  century. 


I17M);  : 


'    Gei 


r.   twA,   '■ 


probably 

laslenlng.  particularly 

certnin  position  by  one  or  mare  movable  pan 

to  be  placed  in  definite  positions  by  the  aid  of  a  k 

arrangement  of  letters,  £gurea  oi  signs,  before 

moved.     Tt  ti  with  such  fasteningt  that  the 


.ppears,  in  difierent 
with  such  various 
Swed.  /«*,  kt.; 
■■  to  enclose  "),  a 
)f  a  bolt  held  in  a 


foi. 


letheoti 


eofui 


i  at  both  end*  by  nlea,  tlie  '^  lock-Kuei."  and  fr  ith 

lo  enable  vewli  to  be  nk«t  fmm  almr  to  a  hi|  xl 

'eru(«eCAHALandDoci).    iDgunsandriBcithDl  he 

ism  ffhich  effects  the  firing  of  the  cfaane ;  It  thus  a  in 

les  d(  old  types  of  weapons,  socfa  as  wbeel'loclt.  mi  A, 

k  (lee  Aaiis  AND  Akmouk,  |  Fiftanuj  aito  i  sd 

,    L«k  (Gei.  iMhii  in  the  isase  ol  a  cuil  or  tul  jr. 

srale  groups  in  which  the  hair  naturally  erows.  a  m 

e  origTii.  connected  with  the  root  ol  the  main  vo[\..  ..■.-:k- 

nitjr  iwd  in  Epgliah  lor  ■ 


J  for 


Them 


."tt"r'S 
d  oflbe  171 


and  in  Dublin  in  1754-I7SS- 

The  fon»  in  wbtch  lock*  an  maatafactBred,  soch  ai  padlock, 
iHm-lock,mDniie-lock,one-iided  or  two-aided,  lie.,  are  necessarily 
extremely  numerous;  and  the  variations  In  the  deuils  ol  con- 
so  that  it  Is  [mpos^le  to  do  more  b^n  than  describe  the  Diin 
types  which  have  bcea  or  aie  in  common  use.  Probably  the 
esrlJEEt  locks  were  c£  Chinese  origin.  Speciment  of  Ihiae  still 
atiJH  are  quite  aa  tecun  as  any  locks  manufactured  in  Europe 
up  ID  the  iSIh  century,  but  it  Is  Impossible  to  >sccrtaia  the  date 
of  ihcic  manufacture.  With  the  eiception,  in  all  pmbibiliiy, 
of  these  Chinese  esamples,  the  earliest  lock  of  which  the  con- 
MnidiMi  Is  knoira  1*  the  Egypliu,  which  was  used  four  thousand 


yean  ago.  In  lig,  i,  oa  Is  the  bodfot  the  bek,  W  tbebdt  and 
te  the  key.  The  thne  pins  f,  f,  >  dmp  into  three  holes  in  the 
boh  when  It  ii  pushed  in,  and  io  bold  it  lasti  and  tbey  tiv 

putting  Id  tbe  \cf 
thioogh  tbe  large 
'    '    '    the  bolt  and 


raiung  it  a  little,  so  ji^ 

that  the  pbu  In  the  f 

keypush  thelocking  I 

pins  up  out  of  the     

way  of  the  bolt.    It 
was     evidently     t* 

prophet  alluded:  "  And  the  key  of  tbe  house  of  Duvid  will  I 
lay  upon  his  shoulder  "  (Isaiah  udi.  si),  the  word  au^bik  used 
in  this  passage  being  the  common  word  (oc  key  to  this  day. 

In  the  iSth  century  the  European  lodt  was  nothing  better 
than  a  meet  bolt,  heM  in  its  pIkc,  dlher  shut  ot  open,  by  ■ 
eptiDg  b  (£g.  >),  which  pressed  it  down,  sod  so  held  it  at  dther 
one  end  01  the  otbec  (d  the  ccovei  notch  so;  and  the  only 
impediment  to  opening  it  was  the  wards  which  the  key  had  to 
pass  before  it  could  tnm  in  tbe  keyhole.  But  It  was  always 
poluble  to  hnd  the  shape  of  the  wuds  by  merely  putting  In  K 


t  key  o 


Fio.  1, 


and  when  this  had  been  done  it  was  unnetesuiy  to  cut  out  the 
key  Into  the  complicsted  form  of  the  wirda  (such  as  fig.  3], 
because  no  part  cj  that  key  does  any  work  eicept  the  edge  ht 
farthest  from  the  pipe  a;  and  so  a  key  of  the  form  fig.  4  would 
do  just  as  well.  Thus  a  small  collection  of  skeleton  keys,  as 
they  are  called,  of  a  few  different  patterns,  wss  all  tbe  atock  in 
tiade  that  a  lock-picker  required. 

The  comnion  single-tuoiUei  tock  (fig.  5)  requires  two  opera- 
tions instead  of  one  to  open  it.    The  tumbler  ai  Inms  osi  a  pivot 

and  has  a  square  pin  at  o.  which  drops  into  a  notch  f    " 
bolt »,  1 


mint  be  lifted  by  the  key  More  the  bolt  can  be  moved  again. 
The  tumbler  offered  Bttle  resislance  to  picUng,  as  the  height  to 
which  [I  might  be  hlied  was  not  limited  and  the  bohmiuUDpente 
provided  only  that  this  height  wo  mffideni ;  the  imptonment 
which  formed  the  foondatioo  of  the  CDodem  key  lock  was  the 
substitiition  of  whnt  is  known  as  tbe  "  lever  "  for  the  tumbler, 
the  dilferenee  being  that  the  lever  must  be  nfted  to  nacfly  the 
ri^t  height  to  allow  the  bolt  to  pass.  Thb  inproveioeDi, 
together  with  the  obvious  one  of  u^ng  moie  than  one  iM^f. 
lever,  was  introdnoed  In  177S  by  Robert  BitroD,  and  f^^, 
is  HlustTated  in  figs.  6  and  7.  Unlea  tbe  square  pin 
a  (Gg,  6)  is  Efted  by  the  key  lo  the  proper  height  and  no  M^er, 
the  bolt  cannot  move.  Fig.  S  Qlustiates  the  key  of  such  a  lock 
with  lour  levers,  the  dlSemit  distances  between  the  centre  of  the 
key  bsrrel  and  tbe  edge  of  the  bit  being  adapted  to  Kft  the  leven 
to  the  respective  heights  reqoiied.     TU*  lock  diSei*  trnntbc 


8+j 


dmi  lew  lock  only  In  the  fact 

be  bolt  uid  aniei 

lis  leven,  initad  of  having 

ntotbcbol 

■ndllKgitiDgsm 

hekrcH 

.  lock  opcnting  on 

».mc  priDCipk  1.1 

mlirely 

(fig-flf-a. 

lOvcDted  by  JoMph  Bramah 

Fio.  S.  Fig.  7. 

in  i;Bt.  It  cossfali  ol  in  oatn  bmel  aaac,  witbio  whicta  a  B 
Rvolving  buid,  c(c<,  bold  Id  place  by  a  sled  dak,  <U,  uid  pro- 
vided Kith  *  pis  t  bed  sccenuiotlly  fur  opentiing  tbe  bolt; 
the  buret  ii  prevented  fn>in  cumiiig  by  ibeet  metal  ilidert  h, 
whicb  ilidc  mxiaily  in  ndiai  frooves  in  tbe  burel  and  project 
into  aloti  cut  into  the  itecldisk  *bic]i  ii  lulencd  to  Ibe  case  of  the 


:r  bu  a  gating  cl 


deep  lo  allow 

FpeolecUng  lit 
thebsrreL  ' 
having  .l..a 
depth  correji 
fbe  gating  ir 
onin-rlingl 


eredge. 


»theb 


iently 


projecting  sled  pUtc  and  tu 
the  barrel    ■"     ■       ■      ■ 

'   ;  in  one  of  the  tUdeis 
iglhekey.ei 

scl!y  I, 


*'"''  ^'  to  bring  its  ^t  opposite  the  steel  di^» 

in  thift  position  the  barrel  carrying  tlie  sliders  is  turned  by  the 
key  and  actuates  the  bolt. 

Up  to  iSji  it  was  generally  believed  that  well-made  level 
locka  of  all  types  were  pnclically  untnckable,  but  at  this  lime 
Alfred  Gurlcs  Hobbs — an  Ametican— denmnitmled,  by  picking 
the  locks  of  Barton,  Chubb,  Bramab  and  others,  that  this  belief 
was  a  fallacy.  Tbe  mcibod  of  Hobbs  became  widely  kaonu 
ai  tbe  "  tickling  "  01  "  tentative  "  method.     In  the  modem 


levs  lock  tbe  b(<c  CMTfeia  projectlsi  [deee  the  "  Ditid  stomp  " 
— wbich,  when  the  levers  are  all  raised  to  the  proper  heigbi, 
enters  the  slots — "gatings  "—in  thai  faces.  If,  when  the  levers 
an  not  in  this  position,  prcssuic  is  applied  to  the  bolt,  the 
main  slump  will  press  sgninst  the  face  nf  the  levers;  but  ovring 
to  inaceuiades  of  workmanship  and  other  causes  the  pressure 
wUl  DOC  be  equal  Dn  all  Ike  levers.  If  now,  the  pressure  on  the 
bolt  being  maintained,  each  lever  in  turn  is  carefully  raised  a 
liltle,  one  will  be  found  on  nhich  the  piestuie  of  the  stump 
Is  greatest;  this  one  is  lifted  till  it  becomes  easy  and  then  care- 
fully bwercd  till  it  is  sustained  by  the  pressnre  of  tbe  slump 
in  anewposition.  Another  lever  now  bean  the  greatest  pressure, 
and  this  in  its  turn  is  dmilaily  treated.  By  this  gradual  or 
"  tentative  "  process  the  leven  wDl  in  time  all  be  raised  to  the 
comet  height  and  the  bolt  will  slip  back  without,  if  tnffident 
cue  bu  been  CHidMd,  any  of  the  lcv<is  having  been  laised 


slots  simiUi  to  the  Hue  gating  but  el  siaall  diplh  cut  ia  tliB  face 
of  the  leven.  Similar  false  ■aiingi  wen  ssed  in  Antbooj 
iUdford  Struit's  lock  in  iGiq.  Hie oslypoaibk object  oltfeM: 
gatings — two  of  which  are  shown  in  each  ii  the  sliden  of  BraMali's 
lock— was  to  prevent  the  tentative  method  of  piddoc-  Tbcy 
-    "  •    -  •     their  purpose  although  tbey  reader 


This  device,  at  any  laie  as  far  a*  detecting  wi 
been  anticipated  by  the  patent  of  Tbomas  Runoo  In  i>r6. 
Since  ibe  device  only  coma  into  opetation  «ben  any  lever  is 
raised  too  high,  it  is  not  effective  against  a  skilful  applicniioa 
of  IbetenUtivemetbod,  The  nrigjnal  form  of  this  lock  ia  ibown 
is  Gg.  10,  when  the  lever  DT,  which  turns  00  a  pin  b  tbe  middle. 


allow  * 
but  thi 
cany  it  fanher  h 


the  san 
imper.    In  i 


gfa,  the  oibn  end  b  of  the  detector,  wluch  i 

ler.  and  the  loath  T  then  falls  Into  a  notch 

.  events  It  fmm  being  drawn  back,  even  tho 

rs  ate  nised  properly  by  the  light  key.    It  thus  i 

""'""'        '""    "      ■    -    ■      ■    :n  trying  10  pick  I  h 


s  obvious  that  somebody  has 

a  ibon  piece  of 


the  key 


the  leven  aUows 
the  tooth  of  the  detector  up  again  by  means  of  its  inclination 
there,  and  then  the  hick  can  be  opened  aa  uauaL  To  render  the 
mechanism  nf  kicks  mnre  inscceuiblc  for  picking  purpose*,  two 
devlca.  the  "  eunain  "  and  the  "  barrel,"  were  In  »Be;  these 
devices  were  simply  the  one  a  disk  and  the  other  a  cyKnda 
carrying  a  keyhole  which  rendvcd  wick  the  key  and  so  dosed 
the  hied  keyhole  in  the  e 
Ilia  10  Hobbs  hiinelftb 
movable  siumii,  sioce  olle 
dwed  ^rendering  the  Eeatal 


tsEen  kwr,  tbe  only  device  IbIid- 
eihod  of  pSuing  inoperative.  This 
- "  pmteetor  "  locks  ot  Hobbs,  Han 


....  .., i«  of  the  bott  A  behiad  It, 

ivot  in  the  bolt  itself,  and  kept  steady  by  a  HnaD 

'.   ThestumpCDmesltirouih  a  hole  Inlbeboh  luxe 

....HI  ^  K>.  ,i  have  sKnle  play;  and  the  long  end  a<rf  tbe  lew* 

md»  iurt  above  the  edge  oc  a  r     '"  ""  -"-"-'-  ■-  '— -■  -- 

ckpiaieoftkelock.  Wheothe 


ure  pin  iwtwA  <•  «kI  in 
cfc  ia  lockad,  H  the  bstt  be  pu 

DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


■nd  K  bruit  dawa  id  ind  a  in  [lonl  dI  Ihc  uiun  pin,  and  then  the 
boll  can  no  mort  be  piuhcd  haclt  ihan  *b«n  bdd  by  Chubb  idiiector. 
Tbe  pcDlMlM  i«  •«  (ret  Ip'l  ^  merely  PU*ihJ  tbc  boll  iomanl 

■""^    Howev'ei,  the  prolKWt  muW 
prevented  from  acting  by  B  method 

If  up  behind  Ibt  bolt,  la  la  lo  null  ibc 

bob  wu  puihed  back,  or,  uiin.  by 
puthing  up  Ibe  ««tch-ipniiK  bctweea 


B  prevented  A 


..-.  „ — , JO  witch4pfhH  cut  paiOt  uid 

CE  of  Ibe  latka  iofwud  thnadi  tW  front  fU 
-        .euiiiap.    In  thiilom  the'-'-" 


.3 

ineinf  a 
LtiH  01  the  leven 

iluabk  kitum  »ii> 
erwards  Lord  Crim- 
^jmnwfdal  rauom 
far  dncribcd  b«t 


oppoiilc  tidci^  Tbiaconitr 

oi  thekvenjniteadof  pauindbelo^ihcm.arLarninEpment 

piwkoufly  be«  In  me  to  tvduee  the  tfua  into  »tucb  gi 


I  ahnni^  the  kc^ulc' 

.  chicly  UHd  la  Eniluk  ule*  havt  boo  tbe  ordinary 


0  leveti,  Chubb' 


i»eenaialy  worthy  of  ih 

aa  at  ^  ia  fig- 1).  it  remailcal 

bcint   Hampcd 


i 


)eShB  atin  Branwh  loclit 
Dt  by  a  lorgu*  or  hit 
ailaclicd  lo  Ihecnd  ri&  sT 


other  lotki.    The  bar 


(apparently)  five  f^un  with  itMfal  tnrinn 
are  really  all  divided  at  tbe  crow  Kne  ii,  beir 
pnspcr  beiiht  by  the  key-  CofuequcntJy  tfc 
round,  at  Ibeie  la  no  plug  either  projecting  fro 
it.    But  when  the  bey  ii  out.  all  the  plugs  ar 


WW  plon  will  be  pu 
lem,  and  u  the  ban 


■DclbDd  ■■  that  any  of  the  individual  liey* 


beyond  the  barrel  into  1M  holes 
ia  under  the  plugi,  though  wirb 

arranged  that,  whiitt  ^dl  hat  itiownindi^ual  key.  yet  nr>e  *r«ciBl 

:.  A ^.  .■ ..;._:.-  '^^J."?^  j^j  MWiduaruI^k.  w  (hat  each 

nd  then  filing  away  the  bit  of  an 

Jual  hey*  an  eaiSy'ta  'BiH''awa|? 

-  — — ,-    --  better  method,  whkh  oieelt  thit 

ira-<-crfeach  lock  alike  ana  Gutting  anot tier  gating  or  widening  the 

The  poHtb  oF  Bfe  drpostli  Iiu  called  for  tptt'itl  locU  10 
'lat  when  1  box  cfaaniei  tenants  the  ouleoing  (enant'i  key 
hall  be  useltu.  In  some  caiei  the  lock  bis  been  taken  oS  and 
nolher  tubttilutcd,  but  this  is  a  duuay  makeihift  now  laiely 


employed, 
Ley  locks. 
Tbe  fiiHol  thmc  ini 


been  aupetseded  by 


te«h  CC  will  eague  two  of  the  teeth  in  the  Iror 
moer,  to  that  they  will  be  held  in  plaee  ready  to  eater  ine  lever 
laiinn  when  Ihe  ume  key  ii  imerfetl. 
A  chai^eable  key  lock  introducnl  by  the  Chatwood  Sale  Co,  hat  no 


9>  baroduccd  by  Ihs  CkMmod 


brmighlot-.  -^  -- 
'  of  the  key  ttCHan 
t  have  been  described,  the  tc 


iponfuldeitumpi;thcina1n  itumpisdividedasin  Hebba 
k,  the  vaftoat  paetet  being  clamped  together  by  a-tcrew  to 
id  Btumpb  Tha  rtidni  cnnifiDainf  Ihe  main  itnnp  art  ml 
with  teeth,  the  changing  being  effetied  at  lollowt:  wbea 


a4+ 

thi  boll  ia  pwtly  ■ 

HbiduitBl— uid  i 
hiigkt  ud  cxpoil 


LOCKE,  JOHN 


met  lay,  tbf  •cnw  wUdi  biadi  ibe 
■nle  u  opciung  in  Ihi  buk  of  Ibe 
mowd  iivl  (licnd— or  ■  fmh  key 


te  kngtbi,  much  ingnuit 


ajindiAlebei 
of  Ibe  miiu 
tbekeyholK 

tey  lock!  rcquirii 


kick  «  coven 


bJl.  or  ncp..  ai  fit  15,  ^hiL:h  In  UKf ul  rhtfly  > 


Fiam  the  my  oriicM  tiaa  lenet  devica,  aiher  la  lud« 
keyhola  ai  to  UJie  the  plicc  of  )ock>  pnp«r.  hive  been  in  use; 
^^„__  that  lie  lo-diy  only  Knouily  tepteltnleil  by  "  com- 
gU'JlJIJ^  binaUon "  locks  which,  whilst  fnllowiiig  tie  mat 
genenl  prindplcl  u  key  locks,  differ  ealirely  in 
CDutnictlon.  Loiis  in  which  the  iRingiai  of  the  intemil 
puts  tn  their  proper  positioa*  wm  lecurtd  by  the  msnipulBtLon 
ol  eatem*)  puts  inirked  with  letlers  or  nuinbcis  were 
comitiDn  in  Oilna  in  very  caiTy  times,  but  thdr  hlttory  ii  un- 
fortunately loU.  This  form  ot  lock  hu  been  developed  10  a  veiy 
high  degree  at  perfection  ud  1),  for  ttStt.  In  ^noit  oDlvcntl 
use  to-diy  in  America. 


lor  part  ol  *  imdalion  till  Na,  i  ■•  bniutlit  to  the  comet  pMiiion 
(No.  A  obviowly  not  bcint  diiturbedj  aod  Li  Theo  revenco.  No.  1 
i>  ncam  lett  beUnd  ud  picked  up  ia  the  Ctst  rewetiitioii  to  the  lef  I. 
the  iflolwii  beiof  contiaued  till  tha  correct  podtitni  c4  No    1  14 

OHrect  pofidon,  Ibe  Mump  faUi  skI  a  coiuinuaace  of  the  mfdiem  tn 
the  right  dnws  hack  the  bolt.  A  lock  coastnicted  In  tUi 
be  oflillle  ulDin.  u  the  conbinatioa  would  ha-"  -  '-- 
'or  an  by  illc  nuker.   Ilie  diSoiUy  ii  fpt  1 


be  iiliMed  with  ihi 
TliF  onnbiilalian  <• 


nkey. 


One  advantage  of  the  comUnation  lock  If  that  thtR  ii  no  key 
to  be  kiBt  or  stolen,  but  the  meani  lidcipted  by  bluglals,  especiiUy 
_  fn  America,  are  such  that  even  this  is  not  a  perfect 

^5i  protecllDa,  caia  having  sccnrred  in  which  a  penon 

hai  been  compelled  (odisdoM  the  combination.  With 
key  locki  the  keyhole  ihrough  the  u(e  door  fonns  s  dislinct 
point  ol  daoier,  ud  with  combinatian  Inckt  the  ipindle  psning 
Uhd^  tha  door  any  be  attacked  by  eiploara.  To  obviate 
tboatwoiMMtlBelocfcaverelmroducedin  America  and  have 
been  used  in  Enfope.    Asentially  the  time  lock  consists  of  a 

•ut  of  order,  drivins  ■  disk  provided  with  a  gating  uich  that  the 
bab  cu  only  eater  tbc  gating  daring  certain  hours;  aa  a  mlr 


n  an  Med,  uy  00*  oi  afakli  (w 


Iwo,  three  01  loui  d 
release  the  locL 

The  y^  time  lock 

[evolve  two  dill  plans  studded  with  twemyJoar  pine  to  ii.i»mi 
the  twen(y.faur  hours  of  Ibe  day.  These  pisa,  when  pBikid  ia.  tons 
a  rndE  on  which  run  roUen  supportinf  the  lever  wbkb  eecns  die 
bolt  or  Idddoff  ageney,  but  when  they  are  dmwn  out  the  track  ii 
bmkea.  Iberollers  fall  down  and  the  bolt  Is  rdeucd.  By  puUiH 
out  the  day  pins,  ssy  Imn  a  tiR  4.  (he  dav  It  aniDinatksBy  pnpamd 
for  openliig  between  theae  boDn,  ud  at  4  it  ipii  of  hmS  locki  up. 
For  heeiulE  the  I^Kwiloiy  dOKd  over  Sondiym  ud  bolidayi,! 
eubsidiary  eegaiem  or  tmca  ia  braught  into  play  by  which  a  penod 
o(  tweBty-four  boon  ii  edded  to  the  locked  interviL  CaiEful  pm- 
viwHI  Is  made  againit  tin  emnnalitToi  running  don  or  acadenUl 

■■■crioudyiiKicniincidKlulhibiH]^.    In  the  Yale  kick,  iMldoR 

lever  by  whMi  the  boll  ii'bekl  hi  poeiliDn,  (A.  B.  Ca.) 

LOCXB,  JOHN  (i6]3-i;04],  Eogliib  pUkaopbcr,  wn  bwm  w 
Wrineton,  10  m.  W.  of  BcHulon,  to  SeMtiwiiMrc,  on  the  sfih 
of  August  i6]i,  ni  yeuB  after  the  death  of  Bacon,  and  tbte 
months  beForc  the  birth  of  Spinoza.  Hit  father  wai  a  sail 
lindowneT  and  attorney  at  PeBifa[d,near  tianoitherabonadaiy 
ol  the  county,  lo  whii^  neif^bOBrbaod  the  family  had  migrated 
fmm  Dotseuhire  early  to  that  mniy.  The  elder  Locke,  a 
strict  but  genial  Puritan,  by  whom  tbc  son  was  cueTuUy  educaltd 
at  home,  was  eigajcd  in  tlie  mililaiy  service  of  ibe  pailiamtouiy 
party.  "  From  tbe  time  that  I  knew  atiytbing,"  Locke  wrote 
in  1669,  "Ifonul  myadf  fn  a  storm,  which  has  continued  latins 
lime."  FoTfoDrteenycaishtseducation,raoreorIesainlern91td, 
vent  on  in  the  rural  home  at  Belluton,  on  his  fathei^  little 
estate,  half  a  mile  from  Pensford,  ud  6  a.  fioiB  BristoL  lo 
1646  he  entered  Wettmiostcr  School  and  remained  there  {otsiz 
yeen,  Westminster  was  Dncongenfa!  lo  him,  ill  memories 
perhaps  encouraged  the  bias  against  public  schools  ttbicb  sfler- 
wiiils  disLuibed  his  phHosophic  calm  in  hit  rkwijUi  ttt  Sfaca- 
liem.  In  i6}i  be  entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  iben  ondii 
John  Owen,  the  Puiiun  dein  and  vice-cbanceUor  ol  the  oni- 
veiv'ly.  Christ  Church  was  Locke's  occaaionB]  home  lor  (Mil; 
yens.  For  tome  years  after  he  entered,  Odord  was  ruled  by 
the  Independent*,  who,  largely  thioi^  Owen,  tmUke  the 
PreshyleiianB,  were  among  the  iitit  in  En^and  to  advocale 
genuine  religious  toleration.  But  Locked  herediUry  sympalhy 
with  the  Puritans  was  g'x'i'*'')'  IceMoed  by  tbe  Inlolesancc  of 
the  Pitsbyteiiao*  *od  the  fanatititm  of  the  IndependenU.  He 
had  found  ia  hs  yonth,  be  says,  that  "  what  was  culled  general 
freedom  was  genenl  bondage,  and  thai  the  popular  auerton 
of  hlcrty  were  tbe  gtoMt  eogroucrs  of  it  too,  and  not  un£ily 
called  its  haters."  And  the  influence  of  ihe  liberal  dlvlnts  id 
tbc  Chuicb  ol  Eotfud  aCuitonis  showed  itsell  in  his  spiritual 

Vnder  Owen  scholastic  studies  wse  matnUloed  vith  a  form- 
ality and  dogmatism  unsuited  u  Locke's  fitc  inquisitive  temper. 
Tbe  avefwin  to  Ihem  which  be  eipreMed  ibowed  thus  early 
an  Innate  diqnsilion  to  rebel  against  cmply  verbal  reasoning. 
He  was  not.  according  to  his  own  account  of  hbnself  to  Lady 
Masliam,  a  hird  student  at  first.  He  sought  the  conpaoy  of 
pleasint  ud  witty  men,  and  thus  gained  knOHiedge  ol  life. 
He  look  tbe  ordinary  bachelor's  degree  in  i6sG,  and  tbe  maats'a 
In  ifijg.  In  December  iMe  be  was  serving  ss  inlor  ot  Chria 
Church,  iKiurfng  in  Greek,  rhetoric  ud  philosophy. 

At  Oiford  Locke  wu  oevertlidess  wiihin  reach  of  Ubetal 
intclleclual  influence  lending  ta  promote  aclf-edm^kw  and 
strong  individuahty.  The  mclaphyilcal  work!  ol  Deacartcs 
htd  appeered  a  few  years  before  be  went  to  Oxford,  and  the 
Human  Nalirt  and  Laiadiai  of  Kobba  during  his  under- 
graduate years.  Il  doci  not  stem  that  Locke  read  citoioivdy, 
but  he  was  attracted  by  Descartes,  Tbe  bsl  books,  he  t<M 
Lady  Madiam,  which  gave  him  a  relish  for  pbHoiophy,  were 
those  of  this  philosopher,  shhougfa  be  very  ofien  diSertd  from 
him.  Al  the  Restonllon  potent  influences  were  drawing  Oxford 
and  England  into  eiperimeninl  inquirita.  Kiperimenl  inphyiin 
became  tbe  foihion.  The  Ro/al  Society  was  then  founded, 
and  we  find  Locke  experimenting  in  chemistry  in  i66j,  also  In 
hich  he  was  particularly  ialereticd  aO  his  life. 


LOCKE,  JOHN 


«+5 


Ti«wrtMlaUat*pn^w»inwlm««rww>»twiMJtoLiidt>. 
There  iia  luimiM  tbal  culy  in  hii  Oifonl  cuccrhe  coatcBplUcd 

Mtiaclcd  him  W  thNloci'*  KevuUoD  imm  the  dognutic  ttmpn 
ol  ihB  Fiabyuama,  and  the  uomaaming  entlutiisin  oE  tba 
IndtpenduiU  Uvoaicd  lympttihy  ificnnids  with  Ctubiidgt 
PlAlonisti  asd  albtr  Uheial  An^Wetn  chunzfameo.  Whicbcotc 
washl&lavouiitcpceu:her,uidi:kMemLimacy  with  theCudworUl 
family  dw^icd  hu  Jater  ycarL     Bat,  thoDgh  be  lui  a  placA 

amoDi  1^  tbcoLoj  ^         --    .  -        .-..., 

iaquiryi  added  to 


ra  poctiang  as 


ir  nKfllifa  involigalion, 
H  aa  hii  pmfaHioD,  and  bdon  1AA6 


,   .  in  Odotd.   Ncverthdaa, 

altbough  kDowDuiu>B|liUlrieada»"IlacMtlocke,"  ha  navel. 
fTadualediD  medicine-  HiabealUi  wjuaaceitain,  iorbAnflertd 
llirouchlilelroBidiDiiiccoDiuDiptioiiaiHlaitiiaa.  Afutunale 
event  aoon  viilidrew  ban  frou  Ilia  w**'^'*"'  profniiQn. 

L«ke  (arlj  ifaowsd  an  inclination  to  poliUa,  ai  mD  M  lo 
Iheolagy  and  mtdidoe.  Ai  eaily  aa  1665  i*  diverted  for  ■  jhcvt 
time  fiOD  medical  punuiu  at  Oifoid,  and  «i*  engaged  aa 
icoelacT  to  Sit  Walitc  Vane  00  hii  miubn  10  the  EieOor  of 
Biaiuleaburg.  SoanafterhiiietuniiD  itMihsincidcnt  occuned 
vhicb  dctcnnijied  hia  career.  Lord  Aahky,  aftervanla  &at  cari 
of  Sbailesbory,  had  come  [o  Oxford  for  his  health.  Locke  waa 
introduud  to  Urn  by  hl>  physician,  Dr  Thomu,  Thit  *raa,ihc 
bcgiimiag  of  a  laKing  Iiiendthip,  suslained  by  common  tym- 
pUhy  wiih  libenj — tivil,  rtli^fflu  and  philoaopbital.  In  i56t 
Locke-  moved  from  CKriu  Church  to  Eielei  Hoiae,  Lord 
Ashley's  London  residence,  to  become  his  confidtntiaJ  Kcretaty. 
Althongh  he  ntainad  his  ttudemihlp  at  Oirist  Chnnb,  and 
occuiaBally  viHted  Ollotdi  u  well  •>  hii  patrimony  at  Belluton, 
be  found  a  bomc  and  tbaied  fortune  wiih  Shaftesbury  (M  fifteen 

Locke-a  1 
hiatoiy  of  Ids  mind  In  euiy  life:.    . 

Commaniieallb "  which  belonfti  to  ime  pmoa,  cipmsn  cwi- 
Vlctloni  abODi  rtUgiota  liberty  and  Ihe  Rlatlora  <rf  religion  to 
the  atat«  that  verc  modified  and  deepened  aftenrarda^  ohjcc- 
tioDB  to  the  uceidotal  conception  of  Chiislianity  ^>peaT  in 
anotlMr  article;  short  nnrk  Is  made  of  ecdoiattlol  claims 
%o  fofalhliiUty  in  the  interpretation  of  Scripture  En  a  thirds  a 
acbeme  of  utilitarian  ethics,  irider  thin  that  of  Hobbes,  is 
aufigested  in  t  fourth.  The  most  signi&canC  cd  those  cariy 
revelattaB  it  Ihe  Bioy  ceauniitt  Taltnlim  (i66«),  which 
aa^dpatQ  coBcliBioiis  more  fully  argued  rtearly  thirty  years 

The  Shattmbury  csanetion  must  have  helped  to  nve  Locke 
(rem  those  idols  of  the  "  Den  "  lo  which  pmfesilonal  life  and 
Dorrotr  experknct  ia  caposed.  It  brought  him  Inio  contact 
whh  public  men,  the  tpnngs  of  poUtieit  action  and  the  duties 
of  high  office.  The  place  he  held  as  Sbaftcsbuiy'a  adviser  is 
Indeed  the  oatstanding  atcumstance  in  his  middle  life.  Eieier 
Housa  aBdrdtd  every  oppOTtunity  for  society.  He  became 
bitlmale  among  others  with  the  illustrious  Sydenham;  be  {twicd 
the  Royal  Society  and  teived  on  lis  council.  The  ffludation 
of  tlJe  monumental  work  of  his "  -' " 


A  paper  01 


Hous. 


n  this  ' 


,    It* 


.  his  habit  to 


u  dcbalsbte 
le  winter 


of  I6;>^  Is  hiMorically  mtmoiable. 
uys,  met  In  his  rooms  and  were  discua^ng  "  prindplcs  of  moralit) 
and  religion.  They  foimd  themselves  quickly  at  a  stand  by  Ifai 
difflculllo  that  «n>so  on  ereiy  side."  Locke  proposed  some 
ctitidim  of  the  necessary  "  limits  of  human  nJiderstinding  " 
Aa  likely  to  open  a  way  oqt  of  their  difAcultid.  He  undnlobk 
to  attempt  this,  and  fancied  that  what  he  had  to  say  might  End 
sufficient  space  on  "  one  sheet  of  paper."  What  was  thus  "  begun 
by  chance,  wa)  continued  by  entreaty,  written  by  incoherent 
parcels,  and  after  long  intervals  of  neglecf  resumed  again  as 
humour  and  ocasi(M»  permitted."  AI  the  end  of  neatiy  twenty 
yesn  Ihe  Issue  was  ^ven  lo  the  world  as  Locke's  now  famous 


Tilt  tail  of  Sbaflabtily  bi  i<t5  onbled  Locke  to  ttcM^  Ima 
Engikh  potties.  He  feund  a  retreat  in  Fiance,  where  he  could 
tuile  abD  leAeclion  trpoa  the  Intimate  operatioDs  ti  "  ' 
undemaDding  "  with  attention  to  Ids  htalih.  " 
years  partly  at  Uootpelliei  and  partly  in 
and  commonplace  books  In  (hcsc  yean  show 
paration.  At  Paris  he  met  men  ol  sdencc  a 
Guenellon.  the  wcU-known  Amstcrdun  physidan;  C 
the  Donbb  satnnwmcr;  Thoynard,  the  critic;  MelchiiUnh 
TbCtenoI,  the  trsveUei;  Henri  Juitel,  the  jutisi;  and  Francoia 
Bemiee,  the  eJqxBilor  of  GassendL  But  there  is  no  nnrntion  of 
Malebnnche,  whose  Rtdvrcht  de  la  vtriu  bad  appeared  Ihm 
yean  bcloR,  nor  ef  Anuul<l,tbe{llustrloust;valof  MaleblwKhe. 

Locke  returned  to  London  in  1&19.  ReiictiDii  against  the 
eouit  parly  had  lestored  Shaflabury  10  power.  Locke  resumed 
his  old  confideDtial  leUlions,  now  at  Thariet  House  In  Aldengale. 
A  period  of  often  tnterrripted  leisure  for  study  followed.  It  was 
1  tine  of  plou  and  counterplots,  when  England  seemed  on  the 
blink  ti  another  civil  wit.  In  the  end  Shaftcibnry  was  ram- 
mitted  to  the  Tower,  tried  and  acqtdtled.  More  buunectlocary 
plols  followed  b  the  sunuoei  of  i&39,  after  which,  au^pected  at 
home,  the  vettatUe  stainman  escaped  to  Holland,  and  died  at 
Amsletdan  In  Janusiy  iMj.  In  Ibese  two  yon  Locke  was 
much  at  Oxford  and  in  Somenct,  for  the  later  morements  of 
Shaftesbury  did  not  commeod  themselves  to  htm.  Yet  the 
govemmebt  had  their  eyes  upon  Mm,  "  John  Locke  lives  a  very 
curuiing  tinintclHgiUe  life  hoe,"  Prldeaui  reported  from  O^dbrd 
in  i6B).  "  I  tnay  confidently  affirm,"  wrote  John  Pdl,  the  dean 
of  Christ  Church,  lo  Lord  Sunderland,  "  thete  Is  not  any  one  in 
Ihe  cdlege  who  baa  heard  him  spodi  a  word  againat,  ot  so  much 
as  censuring,  the  goveimnent;  and,  although  very  frequently, 
both  in  public  and  private,  discourses  have  been  purposely  ii^ 
Iroduced  to  the  disparagement  of  his  master,  the  earl  of  Shaf  tea- 
hocould  nc       ■ 


word  or 


Ik  thelc 


It  I  believe  there  is  not 


\b  the  worid  such  a  muter  of  taciiutiAy  and  p 
publisbed  correspondence  with  his  Somerset  friend,  Edward 
Clarke  of  Chipley,  describes  Locke's  life  in  those  troubled  ye«». 
It  also  reveals  the  opening  of  bis  intimate  intercoune  with  the 
CudwDitb  family,  who  were  Iriends  ol  Ihe  CUrkes,  and  cotmectod 
by  blnh  with  Somenei.  The  leiten  allude  ts  toleratioB  in 
the  stale  and  tompicbentlon  in  the  church,  whne  they  abow 
an  indifiennce  lo  thcologka]  dogma  hardly  conuslent  srith  an 
eaeluslve  cormexion  with  any  >ect. 

In  his  fifty-second  year,  in  the  ^oomy  aulnmn  of  idg5,  Lock* 
retired  lo  Holland,  thenllie  asylum  of  emin«il  persons  who  were 
elsewhere  denied  libeity  of  thought.  Descartes  and  Spiima  bad 
speculated  tbeie;  it  had  been  the  home  of  Erurnui  and  Crotina; 
H  was  now  the  refuge  of  Biyle.  Locke  spent  more  than  Eve  yean 
there;  but  his  (unpublished)  Irtlcts  show  that  eiile  sat  hnvily 
upon  him.  Amsterdam  wns  his  first  Dutch  home,  where  he  lived 
In  ibe  house  of  Dr  Keen,  under  the  assumed  name  of  Dr  Van 
der  Unden.  For  a  time  he  was  in  dinger  of  arrest  at  the  instance 
of  Ihe  Fngliah  government.  After  months  of  concealment  he 
escaped;  but  he  was  deprived  of  his  studentship  at  Christ  Church 
by  order  of  the  king,  and  Oxford  was  thus  dosed  against  him. 
Holland  Introduced  him  to  new  friends.  The  chief  of  these  iu 
Limborch,  the  successor  of  EtnKopiui  as  Rcmonslnnt  profesaoi 
of  theology,  hicld,  learned  and  tolerant,  the  friend  of  CBdKorth, 
Whicbcote  and  More.  By  Lbnboich  be  wu  iatreduccd  to  Le 
Clerc,  the  youthful  representative  ol  letten  and  pMosophy  In 
Limbordi's  crilegc,  who  had  escaped  from  Geneva  and  Calvinism 

10  the  mOdei  atmosphere  of  HoLand  and  the  Remooilranti. 
The  BiHieMfHt  umtBldk  of  Le  Qerc  was  then  the  chief  organ 
In  Europe  ol  men  of  letters.    La(±e  contributed  lenal  aittdes. 

11  was  Us  fint  appearance  as  an  author,  althongh  be  wai  bow 
fitty.four  yean  ot  s^e.  This  toidinaa  In  authorship  II  a  slgnifr 
cant  fact  In  his  life,  in  harmony  with  his  temptted  irisiloa. 

In  the  neit  fourteen  yean  the  w«ld  nceivid  tbraugb  hla 
books  the  thougbti  which  had  been  gradually  fomlnf ,  and  weR 
taking  final  shape  while  he  was  in  HollBOd.  The  Eiif  wa» 
finbhed  there,  and  a  French  et^tmne  appeued  Im  iMS  io  L« 


846 


LOCKE,  JOHN 


Clcfc'iiaiuatl,  tbefoNCUtoItbctu^rWDrk.  Lodewulbcn 
U  RotfcrdVD,  where  he  lived  ioi  11  you  ia  Ibe  faQuieof  *  Qiukei 
Iiieod,  Beniimia  Furley,  or  Fuily,  >  ireikby  nerchut  ipd 
lover  oi  book*.  Al  Roneidiin  he  ma  a  cDoEdanl  ot  poliiiol 
cxilei,  iDdudins  Burnet  lod  ihe  (unoiu  eul  of  Feteibarau(h, 
4Dd  be  btcame  known  to  William,  prince  of  Onnce.  Williim 
luded  in  England  in  November  1688:  Locke  followed  in 
Febniaty  i6Sg,  in  the  >hip  vhich  carried  the  princeu  Maiy. 

Afur  bii  tetum  to  Eoglaad  in  i48g  Ij>cke  cmergrd  Ihiougli 
■uthonbip  into  Eunpean  fame.  Within  a  month  after  he 
reached  -LoodoD  he  had  dedined  an  oSer  of  the  tmbaasy  to 
Brandenburg,  attd  accepted  the  modest  office  of  commisuoner  of 
appcala.  The  tm  foUowini  yein,  durioc  which  he  lived  st 
DoncI  Court  in  London,  were  nenioMble  foe  the  publicatioa  of 
hii  two  chief  Hark)  on  wciat  polity,  and  of  the  epoch-making 
book  on  modem  philoaophy  wbith  reveali  the  main  principlei 
of  hia  life.  The  eariiett  of  tbeie  to  appear  wea  his  defence  of 
religiAua  liberlyt  in  the  Epistoia  'ie  Teieranlia,  addressed  to 
Umborch,  pul^ihed  It  Gouda  in  the  ipiing  ol  i6Sg,  and  trans- 
Uted  into  English  in  auiutan  by  WiUiam  Poppte,  a  Unitarian 
merchant  ia  London.  Twe  Trcaliia  on  CnttamaU,  in  defence 
at  the  tight  of  ultimale  sovereignly  in  the  people,  followed  a 
few  months  later.  The  tamoua  £iio>  f  giKira  jag  HnHn  UnJtr- 
UtmdiHt  saw  the  light  in  the  ipring  of  iGoo.  He  received  £)0 
iw  the  copyright,  nearly  the  sanM  aa  Kant  got  in  1781  for  his 
KrUii  ia  rtisca  Vanim/I.    In  Ihe  fuay  Locki 


leiperit 


c:  Kant, 


:  Intellectual  and  moral  presupposiiioni  of  nperii 
■uppJied  ihe  complement  to  the  incomplete  and  ambijuoui 
answer  to  its  own  leading  question  that  was  given  in  Lockc't 
£»ay.  The  £ii>i;r  was  the  first  book  in  which  its  author's  name 
appeared,  for  Ihe  Efiilsia  it  Ttltrsalia  and  Ihe  T.rtalua  oh 
GnmnKira  were  anonymaui. 

Locke's  Bslhma  was  aggravated  by  the  lii  of  London ;  and  the 
course  of  public  aflairs  disappointed  bim,  for  the  scltlemenl  at 
Ihe  RevDluUoa  fall  short  ol  his  ideal.  In  spring,  [6gi,  be  look 
op  bis  residence  in  the  manor  house  of  Oteg  in  Essex,  the  country 
seat  of  Sir  Francis  Mliham,  between  Ongu  and  Hulow.  Lady 
Uasham  was  the  afcomplished  daughter  of  Ralph  Cudwotth, 
and  was  his  friend  before  he  o-ent  to  HoUind.  She  told  LeClerc 
tkat  after  Locke's  return  from  exile, "  by  sotne  considerably  lonj 
visits,  he  had  made  Itial  of  the  air  of  Otes,  which  it  some  10  m. 
from  London,  and  he  thought  that  none  would  be  so  suitable 


.    His  ct 


npany," 


had  aU  the  as 

e  should  do  sa  on  I 
Dlingto.hethcnbel 
if  it  pleased  God,  hi 
i)oy[dfot  fautteeny 


could  n 


1  of  his 


friend),  among  ath< 
the  CkaracltriuUs, 
Anthony  Collins, 

At  Otes  he  was  busy  wilb  his  pen.  The  LiUa  m  TMcralian 
involved  him  in  controvetiy.  An  Ammtr  by  Jona*  Protd  at 
QoM&'i  C«Uege,  OiIokI,  had  drawn  forth  in  1690  a  Sand 
Lilkr.  A  nidadet  ia  ii«i  waa  followed  \r/  Locke's  elaborate 
TluU  UHm  m  TllBtim  b  the  wnmer  of  the  fallowing  year. 
In  i6qi  cuncDcy  a>d  Giance  were  much  in  bis  thoughts,  and  in 
die  foOowiog  year  he  iddtesaed  an  important  teller  to  Sir  John 
Somen  on  Ihe  Cmiqiiami  tf  lit  LHctriKi  aj  InltrcU  and 
Jbiiiag  tkt  Vahit  if  Uaney.  When  he  was  in  Holland  he  had 
written  Idlers  to  hisfiieod  Clarke  of  Chipley  about  the  education 
of  bis  children.  These  lettws  formed  the  substance  of  the  little 
vidumt  entitled  Tkon^  «■  EdnaUiim  (ififj).  which  still  tnlds 
Its  place  aaoong  classics  in  that  department.  Nor  were  the 
"  principle*  of  revealed  religion  "  fo^otten.    The  subtle  tbco- 


r7ik  cemuiy  nnde  ki 


of  Christ 


logical  CDBIrove 

to  show  how  sir 

the  RtainaUttust  ef  CkriaimiUy  as  ddatred 

i6;s),  Locke  sought  to  itpantte  the  divine 
ligion  from  later  accretion)  of  dogma,  ai 

ighL  Thia  intended  Eiieoicon  Invnivcd  Urn  in 
that  lasted  for  years.  Angry  pnlenics  assailed  the  book.  A 
cerlaia  John  Edwards  was  conspkiwua.  Locke's  YadicatUii, 
followed  by  a  SatB^  VindiialiaH  in  1697,  added  fad  to  lUt  fm. 
Atuveall,  the  great  £iiay  wia  assailed  and  of  ten  miiiBtefpmed 
by  philosophers  and  divinn.  Notes  of  opposition  had  been 
heard  almoal  as  soon  as  it  appeared.  John  Norris,  Ihe  met*- 
physicti  rector  at  Bemcrton  and  Engjiib  disciple  of  Ualcbrucbe, 
criiiciied  li  in  ifipo.  Locke  took  r»  naiice  at  the  time,  but  Us 
second  winter  at  Olea  waa  parity  employed  in  An  ExamiiusiaK 
of  UalcbraHiit'i  Ofinin  0}  Seeing  all  Thmti  in  Gtd,  and  in 
Xmarti  ufcn  amt  oj  Mr  Nanii't  Beott,  tracts  wUch  throw 
light  upon  his  own  ambl^ous  theory  of  petccpIiMi  through  the 
•ente).  These  were  published  after  his  death.  A  secmd  edition 
of  Ihe  Biiity,  with  a  chapter  added  on  "  Personal  Identity." 
and  numerous  alteratiom  to  the  chapter  on  "  Power,"  appeared 
in  164M'  The  third,  which  was  only  a  repiint,  waa  published 
in  i6g5.  Wynne's  well-known  abiitlgmeni  helped  to  make  the 
book  known  in  Oiford,  and  his  friend  William  Molyneni  iniro- 

cutrency  diverted  Locke's  atlenlion.  EveoU  in  Ibat  yeai 
Dccasioned  his  Ohemliens  «■  Silttr  Monty  and  Fmrtitr  Cn- 
lUttatioui  M  Jtaisiii  Ike  Valat  oj  Utntf. 

In  1S96  Locke  waa  induced  to  accept  a  commtsiionerahip  oa 
the  Board  of  Trade.  Thi*  re()uiied  feeqntBt  visits  to  Loadon. 
Meantime  the  £iiay  «i  ifuman  fyndirtloirdfiig  and  the  £iauw- 
aUcnas  nf  CkriuianUy  were  becoming  more  involved  in  a  wanly 
wnrfaze  between  dofmalists  and  latitddinarians.  ttinilazians 
and  unitarians.  The  conimveny  wilh  Edwards  was  followed 
by  a  more  memorable  one  with  SUlUntSeetibiihef)  of  Wotceam. 
John  Toland.  in  his  CkriitianUy  tl  Ujsltriout,  had  exagientad 
dpctiines  in  the  Suay,  and  then  adopted  them  as  Ua  own. 
In  the  autumn  of  i646.SiiIliiiad«U,anaiiuineatativcocdcsiu(fc 
more  than  a  religious  pbiloMpher,  in  hi)  findstaftm  tf  Ite 
DmlrHH  t!  Ac  TriKily,  charged  Locke  with  disallming  myilerr 
in  human  knowledge,  especially  inhisaccountofihe  metaphyskal 
idea  of  "  subaunce.  "  Locke  relied  In  January  1697.  Stilling- 
fleet's  rejmndcr  appeared  in  Uay.  followed  by  a  Saomi  Ltlur 
ftDm  Locke  in  August,  to  which  the  bishop  replied  in  Ihe  following 
year.  Locke's  Tkiri  LilUr,  in  which  the  ramificiiiaiii  of  this 
controveny  ate  puiued  with  a  copiaua  eipendiiure  of  acute 
reasoning  and  poliihed  irony,  was  delayed  till  i6w,  in  wluck 
year  SliUingflcct  died.  Other  crillcs  of  the  £sMy  ealeml  Ub 
lists.  OnegfIbeablestwasJohnScigeaDl,apiial  of  the  Reotaa 
Church,  in  Solid  PMilotofiy  AurrUd  Aftiiut  lit  Fataia  */ lU 
IiieiiU  (i6gi).  He  was  followed  by  Thmvas  Burnet  and  I>eaa 
Sherlock.  Henry  Lee,  rector  of  TichiDarch,ciiddaed  the  £iuy, 
chapter  by  chapter  in  a  folia  volume  enlillcd  diUi-Sce^kuaa 
(noili  John  Bioughton  dealt  another  blow  in  hi)  PiytMofia 
(170J);  and  John  Norris  relumed  lo  the  attack,  U  hi*  Tkton 
<illluI4t>iorInirU,giUeWcrlH,-,oi-nat).  On  the  olbet  haad 
Locke  was  defended  wilb  vigour  by  Samuel  Bolde.  a  DoneDhiic 
clergyman.  The  Eiiay  IihII  was  meanwhile  spreading  ovet 
Europc.impelledbytheoaRieofiltautharasthe  chief  philosophi- 
cal defender  ol  civil  and  ixllgiout  liberty.  The  fourth  edition 
(thehtst  while  Locke  was  ahve)  appeared  in  1 700,  withifDportanl 
additional  chapina  on  "  Association  of  Idea* "  and  "  Ea- 
thusiasm."  What  was  originally  meanl  (oform  anctber  chapm 
was  withheld.  It  appeared  among  Locke'a  paethumous  writing) 
as  Tkt  Cmducl  ef  Iht  UndirHnnJiKI,  one  of  the  moot  diuaclcfw 
itlic  of  bis  works.  The  French  traoslalMtn  ol  tba  Stay  by 
Pierre  Qnte.  Locke's  amaoueaii*  at  Ole),  w>*  issued  abwiM 
simultancouily  with  the  fourth  edition.  Tit  Latin  veraioa  bf 
Richard  Burridge  nf  Dublin  followed  a  year  aflei,  repr^ued  ia 
due  time  at  Amsterdam  and  at  Leipaig. 

In  i7aoL«ckeresi(nedhi*w 


ilaiaBUtb«B«ud«l 


LOCKE,  JOHN 


847 


«Bd  imlti  liimfdf  u  Bibtiu]  Uudta 
The  Coipds  hid  bcni  carefully  iludii 
bit  lttaiii<ublineu  nj  CkriiliaTiUy.  Hfi 
of  Si  Paul,  juid  applied  the  ipiiit  of  tl: 
nila  of  oiiicil  intapieuiion  10  >  liwi 
u  InhUible,  like  the  ploiu  Puriuns  w 


The  » 


llolheEpisIles 
id  the  oriiiuijF 
:h  he  veneraled 
idcd  hk  youth, 
publiihed  two 
J02,  also  apporat 


years  »f(er.   A  .... 

poathumousty'  Fioh  advmc  critidim  of  tbo  £jiay  ma  le- 
poncd  to  him  in  hii  kul  yeai,  lod  the  book.wu  foimally  ooo- 
demzicd  by  Ihc  auIhoTitlQ  at  OiJord.  *'  I  take  what  has  been 
done  calher  as  a  recomoiendatioa  of  the  book/'  he  wrote  to  hia 
young  friend  Anthony  CoLLns,  "  and  when  you  and  1  neil  mert 
we  afaaU  be  mttty  od  the  lobject."  One  attack  only  moved  him- 
Id  1704  hia  advenary,  Jonas  Froflst,  revived  theiT  <^  conliovrrsy^ 
Locke  in  coiucqucnce  began  a  PmrA  Letter  an  TsUratiBn, 
A  few  pages,  ending  in  an  unfuiLfthed  parmgrat^i  cxhamted  hia 
remaining  atrength;  but  the  theme  which  had  employed  him 
at  Oiford  more  than  forty  yean  before,  and  had  been  a  ruling 
Idea  Ihrougboul  the  long  interval,  wia  atill  dominant  in  the 
last  days  of  hia  life. 

All  the  aommcr  of  1704  he  continued  to  decline,  tenderly 
nursed  by  Lady  M aaham  and  her  step-daughter  Eatber.  On  Iha 
iSih  o(  Oclobet  he  died,  according  to  hii  last  rRorded  wordi, 
"  in  perfect  charily  with  all  oien,  and  in  ^cere  commniios 
witb  the  whole  chuich  of  Christ,  by  whatever  names  Cbiist'a 
foUowcn  aill  Ihemselvea,"  His  grave  is  on  the  south  aide  of  the 
parish  church  of  High  Laver,  in  which  he  often  worshipped, 
near  the  tombs  ol  the  Muhams,  and  of  Damuis,  the  widow  of 
Cudworth.  Al  the  distance  of  i  m.  ice  the  garden  and  park 
where  the  manor  house  of  Ots  once  stood. 
'  Locke's  writings  have  nude  his  intelleclual  and  moral  f  ealuta 
funitiat.  The  reasonableneas  of  taking  probability  asoutguida 
in  life  was  In  the  essence  oI  his  philosophy.  The  desire  to  tee 
lot  himself  what  is  true  in  the  light  of  reuonable  evidence,  and 
that  others  should  do  the  same,  waa  his  ruling  pas^on,  if  the 
term  can  be  applied  to  one  so  calm  and  Judicial.  "  I  can  no  tnore 
know  anything  by  anolbec  nun's  understanding,"  he  would  say, 


11  through  hia  life.    He  is  typically  En^ish  in 


speculation 


'erbal  ri 


loning.i 


nibleness,  and  in 


being  (uUy  reduced  to  lyitem  by  man.     The  ddight  he  look 

his  friend  Pierre  Coste  remarked  in  Locke's  daily  life  at  Otn. 
"  He  went  about  the  molt  trilling  things  always  with  some  good 
reason.  Above  all  things  he  loved  order;  and  he  had  got  the  way 
of  observbig  it  in  everything  with  woodnlul  euctnea.  As  he 
always  kepi  the  uscfid  m  his  ^e  In  all  hia  disquisitiona,  he 
esteemed  (be  eaiployments  of  men  only  in  proportion  to  the 
good  they  were  capable  of  ptoduelng;  for  which  cauae  he  had 


whow. 


„  Dolhiog  important  in  it.   Mecarea 

c(  less  far  those  professed  di^uiants,  who,  being  taken  up  with 
he  dcslie  of  coming  off  with  victory,  Justify  thansdvs  behhid 


.  And  whenevti  he  bad  to  deal 
d  not  beforehand  take  a  strong  r 
,  be  quidily  frll  Into  a  pas«on 


ith  this  sort  of  folks, 

olutjon  of  keeping  his 

lor  he  was  naturally 

II  he  retained  any 


ommon  sense,  Intdlcltual  ttrenglh 
DSC,  not  subtle  or  daring  ipcculatiun  i 
iculty,  in  which  he  was  deficient,  is 


Jil  problem 


God  in  LoAi.    t)ttict  in  sp 

b  iit  organic  unity. 

Locke  is  apt  10  be  forgotten  now,  because  in  his  own  generation 
he  so  well  dischuged  the  intellectual  mission  of  initiating 
criticism  of  human  knowledge,  and  ol  dlfiusing  the  tpiiit  ol  Iree 
inquiry  and  univenal  toleration  which  has  since  profoundly 
aSecled  the  dvillied  world.  He  has  not  bequeathed  an  imposing 
system,  hardly  even  a  striking  dlscovoy  In  metaphysics,  but  he 
is  a  signal  cample  In  the  An^o-Saaon  world  of  the  bve  <^ 
attainable  truth  for  the  sake  of  truth  and  goodoos.  "  If  Locke 
made  lew  discoveries.  Socrates  made  none."  But  both  are 
memotible  In  the  record  of  human  progress. 

In  the  inicriptian  on  hii  tomb,  prc|Ared  by  himself,  Locke 

are  conctmed  with  Scii^  Eanmmy,  Ckiiitiamiy,  E4ualwm  and 
nUmfhj,  beKlea  UiiaUaiutus  wrilingi. 

I.  Sociu.  ECOHOHT.— (1)  SfUlola  it  TcUmmUa  {\l)i^,  tranilaied 
into  Eogliih  in  the  same  year).  \i)TnTraitiitnniCvmmiu{,t'^i 

(the  PalHvdia  of  FjllUr,  to  which  Ilw  Ftrd  TraUii*  wai  ■  p 

appeared  in  ItSa).   (l) . '  '       '  ' 

U)  SowH  Cowimim  .  .  . 
iHUrut  oW  Kauiiv  Ikt  Vabm  1 

TcUnUcn  (iCfi).    (6)  Sitrt  I 

"  For  mamraiini  ut  Onniai  of  ^ .    .    __.    .^ 

an  "  Eiiay  for  the  Amen/m 
by  William  Lowddcfl.  koi 


- -,  — - ,  -it  Kw  »/ 

UVolMi^ldntfiitgi).  (i)  A  Ttirdlanrftir 
i)  Sktrl  OinmBnu  on  a  lUiuti  paptt  iMiM. 
,   ,     iCni^Umt'fSiltr  UnuytmE-ani.inidiiJUT 
ilW>"{i^5)-    (7)  Filter  CtiHulinStia  amurmimt 
'aiut  cf  Uintty\\tm)  (occuioaed  by  a  KiMr)  cantainini 
'  ■SiIv«Coin^'*publiihedtlLityea' 

IT  ibe  Tnaaury). '  (8)  A  Pnaik 


K'!/?/pi 


?1  a!  Si  ¥^ 


,S-!S". 


is).   ISjADiumruiil 
Bimailii*  (iCaj). 


poithuauas).  MAdmclwiH/iirUsCMlule/a  FiufC 
li70«,  psuhunoui).  (5}  Of  Jlwly  Iwrillea  in  France  it 
journal,  awl  puhlirficd  in  L.  King's  £</<  ff  Ltcii  in  igy). 


.    .        ,  ,  .  •/  Wmala 

aoanmit  lamt  faiufu  nlofinf  Is  Ur  laAt'i  Etuy  id  Human 

VniaiUatdint  »  d  JUi  Cufcmrll  rf  itii  lutiihifi  in  VinJtialin 
diU  Trnily  [l«97).  <l)  UrLctUi  Rrflf  to  Ol  BUh>p  ef  WartaUr; 
Ana^  Ui  iit  tMUr  Ut91).  M  ill  LocUl  Kcliy  U  Ae  Biilut  al 
WbtoiUt'i  Aiitarr  u  Ut  SactHi  Ldur  (li^i).  Is)  Aii  Eamitialiim 
af  Falkrr  Ualabraiickt'l  Opinie*  at  Sallw  all  Thmri  in  Cci  (1706, 
ponhumous).  (6)  Bimatlu  k»»  Samt  aflfr  Norrii'i  Baakj,  wXcrni 
Is  uiirli  tiMr  UaiaramUi  OpMen  0]  Suixt  all  Thittii  u  Ci* 

'VttKtU.i^^n^'-M  i  Sam  Utikai  of  o  Commas  Plata  Baak 
(16S6).    This  was  Locke's  &rB  arlkle  la  Ihe  KUulMgK  of  Le  Clue; 

Hi  awy.'in'iSM).  (j)  tL  K.^l«rtil°t™iLi«ii  i/canli-a 
(prepared  in  167]  when  Locke  wai  Lord  Shafteibury'i  accreuiy  at 
Eiccer  Houie,  remarkable  (or  reeognllloa  of  the  principle  of  lolFia- 

ii7D6,btbeF<tthuniouscsUectroa}.   ti)  Mnmoin 

ifa  af  AmOmy,  FirU  Earl  ^  Sliajiihirf  (1706). 
-folnnf  PWanMy  (1706).    W  OimatUtiu  rntan  Ika 

lMnefViiieiaiiaiaH(17ti6r  (6)KaleiafaSatulT 

rtick  mHamta  Wcdi.fer  Anr  imfnaimtti  i*  Vt^tl  kntmltiii. 
juA  Jar  lie  Pramalim  at  Tnlii  and  CtriitiamCliariUltJce).  h)  A 
Z^Ur/rvw  s  Pirua  of  Ouky  11  jku  Aind  n  lb  C^Wry,  publuEicd 
in  1B73  (iKiuded  by  Dh  MaiseaiR '~  "•  rji^i~  .1  si_™r  Pi^.. 
alUrJaknLaclH-t.  1790),  and  toon  a 
'       -  >m  the  Hou' 


Tua  af  Qaalilt  la  kU  Fritnt  n  UH  C^nlry,  publii 
ri  by  Dh  MaiseaiR  In  his  CaUaaiam  of  Stival  P< 

.... \  — J"ooafteiwan3sbumedbytheci 

"      I.  was  diiivBi 


iv  been  dictated  by  Shaftesbury.   There 

nilings  o<  Loclw  first  published  In  tbe 

rd  iGni  (iSjo)  and  ol  Mr  FoK  Boama  Mrt). 
ckc  to  Thoyoard,  Lioborch,  La  Ckrc  Gueocllon, 


o<  Locke  It 

LtJIarj  from  Locke  to  Thoyoard,  Liobuch,  Lt  Ckrc  Gueiicllon, 

MotyneuL  ColUni.  Sir  liuc  Ncwloa,  tbe  first  and  tba  third  Lord  . 

ShafCisbury.  Lords  Peierborough  and  Pembroke.  Clatka  of  Oupley 

'  Dthdi  am  preserved,  many  of  Ihem  nnpubllihed.  most  of  them 

...  ..ic  k«piiig  of  Lord  Lovelace  at  Honeley  Towers,  and  of  Mr 

Sanlordat  NyneheadinSoniers«,oriatheBrilIihMuseum.   They 

eioress  the  inacious  courtesy  and  playful  humom  which  were  natural 

to  nin.  aodliia  varied  interests  in  human  hie, 

'.  .Skis' Ecneisy.— It  has  been  truly  said  thai  all  Locki't  writ!  ngi, 

n  the  £j»y  «•  Hwhii  UniaUaHititt  iuell,  wen  occa^onal,  and 

itended  directly  tocwnieraci  theencrnKsoirotoDaadliecdam 


848  LOCKE,  JOHN 

■■  «  titm  whca  Ihs  pntfeipis  ii  dtaoeacy  and  to 

■tntfUdi  ^riik  dlniw  right  of  IdiiK  ud  f>h«a  "  the  poodv  «■ 
oi^SbUclib ■- '■ 


Ic  libaty  «He  tbe  ntuat 

ildi  Locke  ni  tbc  dtlibnM 

tbui  ■  aalun]  (iBwth  or  onuim.  Tlwt  thi  pin|ik,  In  ike  on 
■I  ttwtr  «vvnvipnjr.  have  Iht  rifht  to  lowii  HHadvn  10  Ibe ' 
tWy  judflv  ID  Se  for  tke  maiwHi  (ood j  Hid  that  dvU  fovtnwoi, 
vhitcw  fvm  it  ahujue^  baa  no  riaht  to  Intcifere  unb  rdigioui 
btlkfi  tlut  in  not  Inccnuliuat  wfth  OTil  —' —  '-  -  "■-  ' — '- 


pace,  uobcfH 

iBitwate  En  w3i_ ^ __. 

^"SlieiliSlk'  onSir  tt^TFUMtr  ta  Lodx'i  firtt  Tnntiu  » 

„  For  in  the  5ksiiiI  TV*>lfM.  while  in  kJtmit  of  tliepranin 
™'~'  olhiiaEE.wulnnit>ii«ldnHdby  AqidnuandBalin, 
■••*  H  iMl u  by  GraitiB  wd  Hnokcr.  lu (uidlnciirhicjple 
)>.  tint  rivil  nilRi  hold  Ihelr  poacr  bm  tbwliitdy  but  cauHnMully, 


ibaoliitcly  but  contHrianill^, 
M,  fofdnd  il  the  eonditiiiM 
H  wiviul  end 
.  .,  Hoi£r.    But 
the  ebttmct  nthn 
ur  of  lict  and  peW 
■wuMumx  i^vw  UB4  |wi>crwea  fomullv  >». 
coaidoue  and  ddlhsate  action  of  the 


Blmcr.    Tliey 
law  and  poUty. 

UKkf^^UoBDhkal  defcKie  of  nOe 
ItUiTi  ^  rdvattn  la  tbc  moM  farnadii 
_  „  ,  ■odaipdity.  HehadBnonmodat  cetlmateof  huRinn 
******  Rfoarces  for  fondnE  trne  JudcmciitB  In  rdl^oa»  end  a 
2  leu  oroneunced  ounidD  of  tli*  lanofaHty  of  Tdiiioui 
<^*  am,  tbm  other  the  Cathoie  or  tb*  RiriUn.  Tbe 
Ubnlloii  which  he  ipcnl  hi>  tile  in  anuiiic  for  bnlrBl  a  chaiiie 
fiDo  the  auiboriutiiT  and  abaoloW  to  the  nhiliv*  niiat  of  view,  u 
RfUdi  nan'i  mean  of  knowkdfe  and  bdirf.  It  wu  a  prMeN 
atainst  Ihoae  who  inthMliiRr"pemiiiniiril)'rFqiiirE  drmonstnticKi 
—  J  J — __j  __^_T L._.  — "-ibiliiy  only  i»--*-'--jrp    i-*._ 

jBirc™.£,| 

mncipti™  of  huniiq 

'—  '-  ■ 1  C0m™™p»".  a™  I"" 

TdttaUaa  liutooea  tba 
>  Iddtt  himeirtban  ts 


•u  an  ui^ailm  of  1 
fDvema  b»  Ett*j'  Oi 
•Dperabusdadt  amioeat  in  tlie  LttUrt 
nwdtm  leader.   The  ehaete  <a  due  men 

anyone  eUc.  Free  thou^i  and  liberty  of  1 „ 

BHiled  for.  on  varkiu  (roiHidi.  in  the'cealury  ia  whkh  he  liTfd. 
Ckillinfwacth,  Jereny  Ta^or.  Gbovll  and  oUier  phUuaiiphial 
thlnkenln  tbe  Church  at  England  urged  tulentlonln  thcatale.  In 
coufunetion  with  wide  compiwieniion  la  the  church,  on  the  ground 
af  oar  neceeiBiy  iMcNectual  Itadtadan  and  iaablHty  to  leach  demon- 
•Intisn  In  theoloflcal  defaato.  .Purilam  Ulie  Owen  and  Coodwhi, 
Kfcoee  idea  of  eceleiiaitical  compidieaAn  «aa  decnalle  nod  nuivw, 
•en  leady  to  accept  ■etaififl  vaiiity,  badiuM  it  wu  Ibeir  dgly  to 
alknr  ouny  retl(iau  hi  the  nation,  but  only  one  form  of  Ibeolagy 
wHMn  their  own  lect.  The  eiineni*  of  Rpirale  natisnBtUa.  on 
the  other  hand,  «u  the  jnnlficatloo  of  aational  chnrchea  fcmeiGnf 
to  tbe  lalitudinarlio  chuHhmen  with  whom  Ldcke  auodatcd:  a 
■ational  church  couiprdieiuiVE  in  creed,  and  ihiH  Ci>«Klcoiiev  with 
the  nation  waa  thdr  UaL  Locke  went  far  to  uiii»  in  a  hlgbee 
principle  einnenu  in  the  bnad  Aiulicaa  and  the  Pnriun  tbeorin, 
while  he'imtidied  the  individuaf  liberty  of  Ihoughl  which  die- 
tinguiihea  Ihe  natlooal  chuieh  oC  Eoiland.  A  coutant  eenie  of  tltt 
Kmiu  of  human  undeiiKBding  waa  at  the  bonon  of  bla  tifotaU 
for  loleriBce.  He  had  no  objection  to  a  na&nal  eaUbUihcntnt  of 
reHi^.  pis<^ed  thnt  it  waa  eompRhenHVe  enough,  aid  ma  nally 
.  the nailoa  orgairiwd  to pminote gMdnaa; not  (opnuet  tbe neta- 
phyitoal  eubiletiea  of  aictaiian  tbeologiani.  The  rccaU  of  the 
Mt»nBl  lefinoa  to  the  linqiUcitT  of  the  goipeli  wovM.hehaped, 
make  toleiatioa  of  aoasaifanniBa  uancceHary.  11  few  would  then 
lem^n.  Ts  the  athrin  atone  Locte  nfuHi  lull  lolcraiion.  on  the 
(R«Bd  thH  mbl  dblbatlon  can  have  no  hoM  (n>er  Un.  for  "  the 
taUai  awa*  of  Cod  SMIvf  all."  He  emied,  (so,  a|»iiM  foil 
MieraliDn  ef  Oie  Chunh  of  Ronte  la  Enghnd.  «i  the  pound  of  iia 
■■nanonal  aUcglincc  to  a  foreign  ajmiiten.  The  (netneii  of 
penentiffli  a>  1  meant  of  prDpaE^'lKt  tmh  Ta  eniAnnb'  hiiined  on 
by  Locke.    Peneojtion  cui  aniy  lianilomi  i  man  inla  a  hypscntei 


phiiHOphEal  VI 

'"ir'nTxau—aUiHi)  </  Cfcimawftt— l*e  iuiiil|ilii  tkal 
nvcned  i^che'i  aonk  pofity  largely  detennlaad  hia  aniijide  to 

Chriitiimiy.  Mil  "  btiiudinuiaua  "  waa  tbe  reult  of  enn- 
Dnliiiary  imtem  for  truth,  and  a  perreptlofi  that  hnowiedre  may 
be  laftcieal  lor  the  puipeai  of  hanan  life  wUle  it  falle  InMtclr 

leaunabteaem  aa  the  ualy  (iDuad  on  wUch  Chriaiap  faith  ua 
ultimately  icK.  But  Lodic  accepted  Hdh  Scripture  u  inbllibW 
irith  the  reverence  of  a  I^ritao.  '  ll  hai  Cod  fur  iu  einhor.  bIvi- 
tiofe  for  ita  end,  and  tnith  edtbout  any  mldurt  ef  em>r  for  iii 
■iiIKT."  Yel  be  dkl  not,  Ike  maa*  Pnrilani,  loiaii  Scripture  ■> 
intcipretad  tw  UBielf  or  bv  bit  Bed.  Aad  faith  ia  iu  inlaUibiKiy 
waa  coobued  in  Locke  edtn  deep  ifimtm  in  "  eDthuaiaKm."  Tliu 
prediipoied  hia  to  regard  phyiica]  mlncln  aa  the  lotid  criterion  fot 
diningulililBf  naiaaabte  leBgJona  onvictlDn  fium  "  iodiadtioc*. 
>■"-  *«~it  in  leligign  ai  a  prerything 
.  of  ita  barmoDy  »itbEeaa>A; 
rch,  and  cstaijity  withouE 
of  tbe  divine  niiit  fn  the  an^ 
.  .....:,  be  would  lay,  i>  In  iivirm 

pnnaeition  in  i«ligk»,  be  either  ihowt  ue  ita  Intriawc  laiiaaaliiy  by 

— I _i a ; >— proof  oC  the  naliiy  of  wWi 

LuK  know  what  we  mean  t^ 

KcuDUtunieH,  rnuion,  mu«  alwiyi  at  last  be  our  guide. 

(ailh  ia  Chriuiaiiliy  icstd  im  Iti  nianl  excellence  win  it  ia 

in  ktm  Fwiflmtiw  eieuilidty,  combined  with  the  mirv^ 

jta  original  pnniulfiiiiDn,   But  "  even  for  ibov 

ra,"  are  to  be  judged  by  tl»  doctrine. 


a  rign  of  abaence  of  tbe  di' 


sKfli; 


e^  Chriiliamij  waa  an  atiempt  to  recall  religion  if 
p  «in-ularinoa  of  IheologicaL  lecta.  destructive  of  pcact 

-- —     '"'•e^JAo  pnoxally  acknowbi 


nChriBiaa  belief.  li 


rCSt" 

outtHM  <d  the . 

nuulded  the  pcpdeatial  theobgy  of _  England 


other  i^Uoua  lb 
andBoS^Co 


leuenta  puent  in  I 
■epTKc^W  age.  0 


Cudwonhand 


._„. j.^-l^c|[e  baa  bit  pbce  L...,.,  ^_,  _--_. 

theory  and  art  ef  Education.  Hia  contributioa  may  be  taken  ai 
^her  an  intfodoctkm  to  or  an  appUcatkn  of  the  Eiiay  am  Hmmn 
fndtnUiid«>(.   Intberkn(Ui«Ed«aHH{w^liv«»liiml 

ia 11  ilhiaiil  In  weM  agaiait  utility linf "~  ' ■■ — '■ 

to  the  tMnatton  of  uauul  character;  the  pa 


aeter.i^^ltla 
if  body  k  atadUy  iinlatHi;  I 
lag  cdHeatioB  la  a  lavaiiiito  pi 

cacTcWiig  thought,  aad  a^tboul 


WiidiKB  niDK  than  nuch  hainiBg  i  what  be  rtquiie*  hi  the  teacher. 
lninaliiictloBbc>rmlbefii>BtBcate"thBt*hidk>uydirH:l  w 
>D  heaven,"  and  the  lecond  to  the  atndy  of  pmdiuce,  er  diioeci 
coodact.  and  maoagcaentrtf  oucadvea  [0  the  aevtAl  unuiieiKea  of 
Diir  Cvca,  which  moaf  aaalffti  our  quiet  proapefXMa  parage  throogk 
thii  premt  life."  The  (nfiidty  of  real  edttence,  hi  cenltaat  with  thie 
arreaflry  Bnitudeof  boiaan  uadentajidaig  and  experieace-ia  alwiyi 
hi  bla  tbosghta. '  Thia  "  dintoportioaauneaa  "  between  the  human 
mindand  theudvoae  of  reality  impoaeadellbention  in  the  •rial ion 
o(  atudlni  and  dlnard  lor  Ihoae  which  be  out  sf  ihe  way  td  a  wiie 
man.  Knowledge  oTwhat  other  Den  have  thoo^  le  perhapa  of  too 
Etllc  account  wilb  Locke.  "  It  la  an  Idle  and  ualta  thing  to  mate 
it  oae'a  laiiinfia  la  atudy  whM  have  been  other  men'*  s^DUmcnlt  in 
Batten  wliete  only  reaaoa  It  lo  be  Judge. "  In  hit  Cnincl  e/  ike 
UBderjiHdMf  tbe  pinU  ia  invited  tD  nccuny  the  pi^nt  at  which  "  a 
fuO  vfewof  aO  that  rdato  to  a  queetlOB  "  It  to  be  had.  and  •(  whidi 
•lone  a  nthmat  ditcemnenl  of  tmit  b  peieibli.  The  sncducaied 
maaa  of  maaldnl,  he  coraplaina,  eiiher  aeldon  leBnn  at  all,"  or 
"pot  Fae^on  ie  Ikephceol  RsaoD,"or  "for  want  of  large.  lound. 
loand-about  aenae  "  they  direct  (heir  mindi  only  to  one  part  of  tbe 


and  win  not  come  in  tbe  hearing  of  bol  er 

carve  out  to  themwhwa  •  tlltle  Coabea  In  the  In 

where  light  dihwfc  aad.  aa  Ibey  coachulc,  d)Q>  bleiaei  1 

rett  of  th»  viit  eipandon  they  give  op  to  oWit  i  —  -  - 

and  avoid  coming  near  It.**    Kuty  judgment,  btaa,  abvnce  of  aq 

a  priori "  Indifference  "  to  what  the  evidnice  may  In  tbe  end  icquire 

DBtoeonclude,  (mdue  regard  for  aathority.faoarive  love  fee  CO" — 

and  antiquity,  iodoleDee  and  iceptica]  dofiair  are  axMQt  the  a 


at  of  nxluaa,  and  ta 
c  IntelleetuBl  wnU. 
d"Ja[liM 


U>CKE,  JOHN 


«« 


m  JcpQwledgE,  HrhBD  coofmnU 
I  the  _S»i>  it  iIk  krynotE  u 


l-ithCod 
the  white. 


CD  their  dupDiilion  To  cncpd  ibdrioquirviDtDinKitcnbeyopd  tht 
reuh  of  humui  UDdencandiag.  To  inqutrr  with  ciiticai  or  into 
"  the  origiiuL,  cettain  ty  mud  flrtcDt  of  hiiDAn  hnowlet^.  locethcr  with 
the  nuAdt  and  dmm  ol  bdkf,  <9iaioD  snl  Mvat. '  LsacTDntiiwiy 
LocEe^adeaignin  tmifffoy.  Eadidiiig  from  hi*  enquiry  *'  the  pfiy- 
■caleoaiideniliino(ilKiniDd,"heioi«httoiBalieaIaith[u1  rnm, 
baaed  oo  an  IntTDspcctivo  itudy  of  ooeciiAiancM,  as  to  howlara 
uunuo  undenundiu  of  tba  uqivaaa  cai  ""' 

report  might  ihow  that  our  kunledge  at 

i '-  Buicn  to  our  inaivauH 

o(  tho  Lord,"  that  la  let 


Miboiiah  bit 


tc  pnbinn  of  tba 
hccanpnclkally 


it  mitht  Bin  he  "luRicieM  "  for  ui,  bifau 
•uie?'  The"]ightc<««iii,"the"(an 
up  ki  ua  may  be  found  to  ihuie  bright  e 
11  humaa  uoderttaiuUng  canaot  f  ui]y  lolv 

ence  ii  he  necesanJy  the  tpott  of 
•ei:iire  hi*  awn  wellbeing. 

The  laK  book  ol  the  £iuy,  *h<ch  itcali  of  Kaowledie  and  Fin- 
bahility,  a  EonceiDrd  inoEC  diiectly  (ban  the  three  precedini  ones 
with  Lotkc'i  pnievied  design.  It  haa  been  higteued  that  Locke 
Diay  have  bqiui  with  Ihli  booli.    It  '     ' 

' "«  P"t"  of  the  £uay,  and  it  nv,. 

lieiiig  much  lee.  bleilwbk  till 

Hichieay  with  ideaa  awTaorda.  i- -  . 

have.opened  andually  on  hit  miad  aa  ha  etudied  man  cloorlv  tho 
aibiecl  treated  10  the tourth beefc.  For  Lsdniav  thattbaattiniate 
queetiona  about  our  knawledie  aad  itt  eitnc  frmMair  qoeillaBa 
■bout  idu    Wlboul  ideaa  Imowlidge  it  inpoiable.    "  Idea  "  Ii 

Ub^— ~  the  tsm  which.  I  think,  itn^  bat  for'wInuoeTtr  h  the 
object  ol  Che  undentanding  when  a  man  iMnls  "  or  "  whalewc  it  la 
irhkh  the  miod  can  be  emuoyed  about."   Bui  idsn*  cbanidna  are, 

-'-'-'-  tciK  nor  talK.  being  nothing  ' —  ' 

_,,._._._.      at  n  o^t  call  then.   Tnltli 

hood  beiong  ooly  loai 
—  latapRiaiiaBi  of  ■ 

.-hat  none  of  our  id 

the  GiS  bgok.    TUa  maaaa  that  the  hui 

t.  ■  ■  M 

become  hitdhcWally  lEw.    The 

.»...>_».-*-  ..  ..^  -  tpecolalive  cceilnvcnv 

and  iateUKtualiao.    Far  tUa  LackB  Unweff  hi 

-       -       ■ho  bad 


Is  Tim.    Laid  Hariien  it  tafoRd 

UchcmifHl 

do  tun  jiutke  I 


:  md  is  iha  Ktenwic  of  pfailoMphy  to 
Hbik  thiidtcn  wbn  (ivn  FMo  down- 
Had  fcr  caMgoriet  of  the  undntandlng 


, ^^ _    JO  J  knowledge. 

"  Innate.  Lord  ShBftabsiyiiiyai'iiawQnl  Mr  Lsdoponlviittyi 
OB."  Fot  die  teal  qwitioQ  la  not  about  the  jfwi  wtmi  ideae  entered 
the  mind,  but  "whetha-thecmstitntion  of  nanbeiuehthat.bdag 
■dutt  and  grown  up,  the  Mea*  of  oider  ud  adminiitntion  of  a  Cod 
will  not  jJajljMy  a»d  iwi  iiiirily  I^IJ'P  '"  him."  Thk  Locke 

powtioai."  wc  hod  him  •lyiag,  "  which,  though  the  loiil  fimn  the 
biglnaiag.  or  wIh  a  man  ■■  bom,  doea  not  know,  yet;  by  aMstanre 

'■—'*■ ' ■ -^-^'-^^  belpof  loneprevioiucuttivatiDn. 

to  know  tba  truth  of,  it  no  mere 

int  Iwok  "  ("  ^liitlc  to  Reader," 

rfedp.  -  •"  -> — 


What  Le^e  i^b  sUetl*  to  li,  that  aDV  of  osr  •uppoaed  know- 
Vlgeiboiikld^bmuikylmiifnaattldBD.  He  anna  in  the 
ifit  book  igaimt  the  Innatcncn  of  enr  knowledge  <i  Cod  and  of 
■mlitT;  on  in  the  foarth  book  he  lindi  thu  Ibe  elMence  of  Cod 
Ma.btiagiuiqiofUdbycaiiBinecaiitr.wiihen  which 
DO  knowkdgB;  and  be  alio  nalotabia  that  BMnNty  ii 

ible  (a  pun  oatheBatlea.    The  poiftiana  ate  not  In- 

eoailmnt.  Th*  dcBanamble  rackiaal  ncctnlty.  tmtead  of  being 
our  Unb.  nay  lie  latent  or  nibconicioui 
n  fw  all  Oat,  when  we  gndoaHy  bmmie 

ho'^ii^."' ■      ■■'""    ■ 


Theinith  it  that  n 


with  aoough  of  pwcition;  if  they  fan],  llocka't  umuuhh  w 
pmbaE^  nan  taken  a  f  am  ten  open  to  tfie  chaife  of  mtn  an 
citm.  Locfaa  liefieved  that  ui  atca^ng  "  innate  pfidcipldt "  ha 
pleading  for  aahwial  naaoabkneB  oKead  of  MindnlaiK. 
authority,  and  wai  thut.  aa  he  ny^  not "  puUkig  up  the  fouodai 
of  knowledge,"  but  "  laying  Ihoae  fouadatieiia  Hirer.*'    When 


—^  . —  .-etefore  nuii  be  acnpiid 

uacondlthnally.  Thia  "  eaaed  the  laay  from  the  aalna  ot  leBiTh, 
-lopped  the  Iwiiry  of  the  doubtful,  <«ceming  all  that  wta  once 
[yled  innate  It  wna  na  aniall  advamage  to  tbote  who  affected  to 
e  nonert  and  teachen  to  maim  Ihit  Ukeprineiple  of  prinopln — 
liat  priadplH  nuiit  not  be  quertioiied."  The  aiaiunptkia  that  they 
Fere  "  inaatt"  waaenoinh  "  to  lake  men  «"-■■- '  '■-■ 


I  to  itvU  bv  n- 

id  at  fm,  eilber 


am,  or  from  RflecttoB  upon  Iti  01 


" w  thli,  our  OoB) 

craoal  Identity,  1 -,, 

on  the  iuppeied  original "  an  —"-'—'  in  a  "pWn 
method."  and  thown  10  depend  ellhir  en  [■}  pereeptftB  of 
temal,  Ibrowh  the  Svc  lesiea.  er  oa  (H  Kflectlon  apes 
- -*  •'leniodwItW-     ""-" — '—  "-' '-'-■ 


, . lOBfUt  it  ^noe,  Uoe,  taidtT,p 

*,  Hratnal  Identity,  catuality,  and  othen  which  **  1 
la  Iron  the  luppoeed  original "  an  ea 


at  liaving  nethiog 
Kbe  k,  and  mig7t  . 
the  Hggeetlon  that 
eicpericnce  it  nHtlcad 
tacitly  credHi  "  rcfli 


or  oa  (H  lelectlon  a 

I, "  thou^  It  be  not  at . .. 

xtcniatobjccTa."it^,  hcatyt."  very 
loofh  be  calltd  intenn)  ienie."  But 
'  Dtigbt  dorigmte  Solh  the  ^riagt  im 
iweEndin  tBciB]uc1  how  much  Loche 
tncctioa  '  with.  Tlw  ambiguity  at  fait  laoniaga 
ItlrprelatiDiH  of  thit  aidmal  part  of  the  Eimy 

act  to  give  bha  Ow  beneltt  of  t^  doubt. 

.___,_ coDd  Sinh  it  •  nrt  of  inrentory  of  our  Meaa,  at 

diMbigulihed  fron  tho  CRtainty  and  boondarira  of  oui  knowledge, 
Locke  even  beR  maket  the  anumpaon  that  the  "  limple  ideal "  of 
the  five  tentetan  prsctlcBlly  gugfitinoilUngiwhicheiiiit  without 
ut,  and  that  the  menial "  opntioni  "dimveted  by  "  reflection  "are 
thote  of  a  perton  coatinuonily  ojiting.  He  Ihut  reUevci  himielf 
of  the  difficulty  of  having  at  the  outiet  to  eaplaia  iw  t^ 
data  of  outwanj  vnae  and  reflectlDO  are  accepted  ai 
o(  Ihingi  oodpmoni   ii-.-i~.i.: •-- . 


fnurii  the  a 


only  nmplc  id 


y  etcred  with  itt  "  dmple  li 
nberlcit  modoind  ttlaiiooi: 
^mpli  [6^"nm  ulke^i. 


orthe'oSier 

tc  thnn.    For  proof  of  diit  Locke 
taRe  which  had  never  affected  hit 


yn  of  mind,  divine  or  hum 


oTftete -r- -  - 

toggened  in  the  chapter  on  tne  "  qnalhlei  of  matter  "  in  which  h 
are  introduced  to  a  noteworthy  vido  of  tpeculation  ^^^^^^ 
(bL  il,  chap.  «).  Thit  chapter,  oo  "thinp  and  their  S""™ 
qualities,"  looki  Hkl  an  inteipotalioo  In  an  analyrii  of  •'■•'«■ 
mtT«  "  ideat."  Locke  ben  Irau  lim^  Ideu  of  the  6vc  aeiuca 
ai  qoaliilea  of  outward  thinga.  And  the  mm  data  are,  he 
ftndi,  panly  (a)  revelatlont  of  eneroal  thinct  themielvet  la  their 
miiheniiiical  reiationt.  and  partly  U)  •eDntioni,  boundloe  la 
variety,  which  are  tomebow  awakened  in  ut  through  contact  and 
colliiion  with  thing!  relatively  to  ihdr  malhemaucal  reiationt. 
Locke  tatla  the  former  tort  "primary,  original  or  eaential  quatlllea 


ro  c^ia  of  eirperience  it 


gi  Hw  pnBinry.  or,  -'--- ■- -" *-— 

otlKr  buxl.  '■»1l...,,  „ ,_. 

tmiiBtm,  "  bi  mUy  m  tie  waM  u  thci; »,  wbelher  lb 

Thn  Ur  lEc  owtoDBC  of  alui  Lucki  tiacbei  ibiiul  mi 
it  m  SsatHhioc  csfiable  gl  beiii(  apnard  in 


tbaM  mailKiiiuiial  « 


u  of  Ibe  •uUd  tsru  uf  whicli 


k.  fiaun.  iiuiBbtr, 
Ibe  bodtea  conriit, 

__^ _, AT  fiM  Lbey  are  ptfMi*«L"   Thii  Locke  pnpoaa  ia  ■ 

hoituisc  w.    F«  in.  II^BotJoninif  wtat  panicuUr  tat,  itm 


kT «a  qmlicv  ql     lOHlhLiif  ";  umjb  tli 

__.  J  tb>  idBitily  of  pcnsiu.  i»twilEit«ndi._ 

chuHa'«aU;ana  tben  ia,  aLovb  all,  the  iiwviubk  imdency  ire 
aooAtw  bvn  to  rCiuhI  a  cluofB  into  vhai  n  all  in  "  C 

ossfikii  idiu  il  Since,  Swoxhiii  cc  Tiuk.  ind  Number, 

Splec  ba  aayi,  apciean  wben  «  lue  our  kdiei  nl  nchl  and 
louai;  ■melon  ha  fiuda  "  muevled "  hy  ail  the  cnusiu 
.  phoioBeDaol  icaae,aBin^'*trhat  paaEaiaoHnmadi'j 


f^"*  every  tlkoufhtaroiirDi1iida,lqrevcrythinff  that  aither  doth 

T*^?"  cnac  or  can  ba  imaoBtd.     The  Bodifiialuaa  ot  which 

il^.  theiB  ate  umapablaTia  i«patn  w  ba  "  jimhaiwtiMe  and 

**^  mily  ioSnlw,  tuenln  aJw  aSan]in|a  bOMadlM  Ud 


? alive  idea  of  I 
Eaiu  tia»  ia 


dam.      Biti  iba  nyaleiv  taunt  ia  — 

H  ta,  that "  aiiinelUw  in  ibi  nuid  "  irfMiHibly  bimkn 
ring  tbe  piwbiliiy  DTany  limit  tn  eiibir.   We  End  gur- 

—  ■ —   -Dapclinl  to  Idk  our  poative  i-* '  ^--— 

j_  -r  I ;..,  „  g^Bdl.* 

i  ve  iboii^i  a 
b  bouidlw  "YetwTfa-'"  ^^^^^"^  Z^sS^X  — 
to  think  that  ipaaaBd ,-. 

idea* "  <r«teBHaB  and  auceeaiion;  Ifaovrt 
ia  addd  ia  aot  miti^oainivabta.    When 

. ^ty  and  ctcnity,  «  Bod  then  nitationa  of  __ 

ia  inufinabte;  and  that  wkcthM-  «■  try  infinite  addiuoa  or 
te  (iih^viibn.  He  ■ccnKi  thia  lact;  he  doea  not  iHiinrc  why 
Gnda  itielf  oblii«]  to  add  wiAoat  Emit  wid  »  divide  without 
.  He  (joiply  rtinrta  that  inunenilty  aad  elenltv  an  iBev!lal)le 
'viduh  and  iIb  that  cnrr  cadBvour  to  nallaa   ' 

[y.    AJEerall  ouraclditiou  wi  anaafar 
we  wen  a  the  bcpnoint. 

fajtbful  Ea  facta  to  overlook  the  ultimate  myitrnea 
I  numvi  u)iifience.   Tlil>  b  [urthtr  illiutnted  in  hii  ackiiawWd(- 

■^■aa*  Subatadce.  He  trie*  to  pbewDeorliae  it,  and  ibtu  reiolVT 
T^S^     ^  ^^  ainple  id***:  Dot  be  nnda  that  jt  annul  be 


Uci^ 


Accordinl  lo  hi*  repott,"  the  rnlnd^  ahnya 


So  for  hhn  the  wDrdnibnaneeiBean  "oaihu 

cniinupiioaltionaf  weknnwnolwhli."   1(  me  im  la  aikhim 

It  the  HilHIaBce  i*  in  which  ihii  isloiir  and  that  t>*(e  or  imcB 

;  wouM  find  h'nniell  in  4  diSicob/  tike  iTut  of  the  Indian, 

■aying  that  tiw  world  rriltd  on  an  dephanl.  and  Itie 

I  a  brud-backcd  lorloiie,  could  only  nppoK  tbe  lorfoue 


SSIZi 


rnalabalraciion.    Our  onlir 
n  aggnjate  01  pncnomena.   And  it  b  only  thia. 

t  appTDOcha  pDiitivecDnccptiDnd"""' '" 


with  tbe 

aeiayi,  that  we  can  approach  a  puitiTecDnccptiDneitGod.  Dainely 
liy  *'  cnlarfing  indcftnliely  aome  of  the  aimpte  idcai  we  feceivgd  frooi 
nlcclian.  Why  man  mnt  remain  in  thii  mental  prtdxaiwnt. 
Locke  did  not  Inqoire,  He  only  reported  tbe  Tact.  "-  "' — — 
Mmnled  bravely  to  be  lahhtnl  to  fact  In  Id*  rtpon  of 
whlcS  we  find  ourr-' ■■ ■  — — '- ■- 


when  vt  try  to  conceive  continued  penmal 
■     ■  ifluflrate 

ind  Active  Power  are  eaprcially 


,._.    •miHourhno'-tedMiiCod . .. 

iheaeullimateideaa.   Thcintcllcciuldenuiid 

for"theeaiae"oranevent  !•  what  well  nd  we  oannot  help 
ha^nf  iyet  It  ii  a  demand  Tor  what  in  the  end  the  mind  cai 
gimtp.    Loeke  It  content  to  trace  the  idea  of  "  caiuc  an 

eiilEence  from  other  beinva  which  prwIuFe  (hem."  We 
thii  convaioa  I*  what  giWa  intelligibility  In  oaFkH  1 

bich  we  call  the  univene."    Lrxki  ma 

ai  Ikr  aa  "  coaitant  oCrvuIob  "  teKa 
line  of  anylhinf ;  and 


dianpc.   Anything,  j 


,      _  , — . - .-^ throu^  the  aeo«e«,  bu 

^  throufh  our  conacjouinaa*  of  OUT  own  vohintary  agency,  and  ttere 
on  through  reOectkiB"  (bk,  iL  ch.  ID-  In  bcdiaa  we  obHm 
no  active  agency,  oahr  a  auatained  natural  onler  in  the  iMirBmifii 

we  Qtert  vc4ition-  Locke  bete  uneonaoonaly  approacliea  the  nafritua 
view  al  active  power  in  the  pfayaical  univene  alltfwaida  talon  1>] 
Berkeley,  fomung  the  raaatructive  prindpfe  ot  hbphiliMlpby. 

Locke'*  book  about  Idea*  leada  nalurallr  Ed  hia  Third  Ekoek  whIcL 
ia  concerned  with  Woidi.  or  the  BEuiblB  daaa  of  kleu.  Hen  he 
analyae*   "  abatiad  Una,"  and  liwliucllvi&  illuataten     ^  , 

theCDaTnwiaapttobepeodueediBIhembytheiBevitabla    ""y* 
iaperfeaioo  af  wordi.    He  unfelda  the  ichtlDnn  hetween    '■™- 
vena]  ■«*  and  the  t 
tor  eaaOng  ua  to  ti 


ind"real  knowledge  ii  dixxram^t  of  il^   P— ^  ■* 
tdena  to  irhat  ia  taL    In  the  fofefolDc  part    ." 
I  he  bad  deah  with  "  Idem  "  and  "  wmpk  "^^ 
e  ^adfmeat " 

about  maiun  of  fact.  At  thc'endol  thiapaBHit  aeaichaiBanfaiic 
■de**,ic  Hippoaea  the  reader  apt  tn  complain  that  he  hna  been"  d 
Ihi*  while  oBly  baiidiiiv  a  caatl*  in  the  air,"  and  to  nk  wlial  lb* 
paipcae  oT  aB  Iba  *lir  n,  if  w«  are  not  Ibnebr  cankd  beyond  mtn 
Mcii.    "  II  il  b*  tnic  that  haowlc4ge  Ua  onh'  in  ilic  agrtanem  at 

■~^ ■ 1I11111-  aiiliri   laiiiaian 

■in.  h  i*  no  matnr  haw  ibi^ 
givia  tbt  kaynote  to  the  foun 
.r_  i«-  .  cfji^  a— ■~-'-  -<  •*- 


reivrded   a*  unworthy  of  the 
"Where  we  perceive  the  agreement  or  di 
idea*  there  ii  certain  kBOwM|e:  and  wl 
ideas  agree  with  tttercalily  of  thnga,  ibeiic 


tout  huoun  knowledge  and  il*  narrq* 
en  chipten  cf  tbe  fourth  book.   The  r! 

imed  lor  the  nou  part  wiib  the  piali 

practically  lura*.  a*  haand  8mIb  u*  In 


LOCKE,  JOHN 


n  tn  ap-tlc  of "  i 


_              dde  at  three  KTU  of  relation  inonf  <Kirideu 
f*'^"'™  or  ehe  af  R4At[flni  between  our  ideal  uid  leaHty  that 
at  m  and  our  Idlu.  Acegnllafly. 

,        ,  ,.  J  with  Mllionai 

•MT'Tiwin" 
witAmotbaiail 

logical  reality,  indrtKndcDt  ot  our  pcmptlaTU.  aa  thai  " 
auti "  or  "  1  edit  or  "  dw  univenE  ehki."  The  fiiS  k 
aaatytkol:  nalheaiBtkil  -   '  '  "■-     -'"         -    

Cod  aiid  the  world  cautiii 

Locke  found  iapartaat  diffcRAcei  In  t&e  way  in  vri 
of  any  »n  ii  reicned.    In  eoote  iuOKea  the  known 


It  Inqoin^f  to  what  * 

„  .^li^'to'jir'"**"       _ 

kaomUe  'nUliaa.  Then  ii  a^y  oiie'~o(  the  fonr  hi  which  ou 
knowkdfe  11  cocilcuivv  with  our  Kku.  It  ii  tbatof  "  ideality  iii 
divcnll)'".  wT  cannot  be  tsnicioiii  at  aD  without  lUitinguMiinf 


■  Hsniity.  Ledic  thlnk^  ai  wcU  ai  aalhHiiatical 
qiuDiiiy,  »  ca^ude  of  bci^  dcDHHiitTatedp  "  When  then  b  no 
property  their  n  no  utjuitke,"  a  an  eumple  of  a  proposition  "u 
certain  ai  an]>  deiDOMtratioa  In  Eudid."  Only  we  an  more  apt  (o 
M  hhini  and  Ihui  Is  lewc  naion  hi  aheyuce,  la  denUna  with 
guMiani  of  mofaliH  than  in  dalinf  with  pnhlna  In  vniheniaEA 
TunEof  from  abitncc  Bathematjcal  and  aioral  relaiioni  to 

the  third  lert  of  kminMe  niallan— LoAe  findi  thrli(ht  of  pore 

iin 1ii»|i|iii    ill  1 1.I1  linn  iilaihiii  limn  "  ilii  iiinmr    and 

uku  impiiriaDt  puiof  whatwcdaintaloiaw"  OftheanlBduiKnc 
ni  ihcv  oo  ail  inductivF  icicncB.  Ke  nrporta  that  dononftrable  kiK»ii^ 

thniwa  wholly  on  pmuinptiofli  of  probafrility,  or  else  left  in  trnor< 
•no.  Mao  eanaol  attain  peitcci  and  faitaiUUe  idence  d  bodls 
Fa<  natanl  icieoca  deptnda.  he  ihinki.  an  kaowkdn  ol  the  [datbai 
bMmen  tbdr  msndaiy  qualilir*  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  niilhe- 
Riatkal  qualitlei  of  their  atgnu  on  the  other,  or  die  "omomethinc 
yet  moce  lemote  fmni  our  ccniprpheiuicm/'  Now,  aa  perreption  ol 
theie  lUomi  and  Orit  rdationa  ii  beyond  n*.  n  muii  be  vti^nl 
with  indiictivn  imHnptiMa.  for  whicii  "  expciimeiitd  i^tiicalicq  " 
atfoidi,  after  alL  only  conduauni  that  wider  eaperience  may  prove 
to  b*  inaileiiiuu.  But  Ifah  moral  venture  Loclv  accepu  u  lulfi- 
Ow  iBBwIiit  under  Lecla'i  fourth  cattfory  of  lebtlone  Ten! 
nditeaa — iaehiilei  fa)  intitilive  pereepdoM  al  our  own  eiiMocc: 
K^..b>.  W  demooMnble  certainty  □(  the  eililence  of  Cadi  and 
m»ew  ((j„,u,|p„„p,io„oflheeiii«lenceofHirronndin|lhin(i, 
"^  ai  kmj  n,  but  only  i>  hnf  11  the  ihign  are  pmcni  to 

•eme.    "  If  I  doubt  all  Mhir  thinjii  thai  viry  doubt  makei  me 

iiv.*  J).    Fiuih  in  til 
.n^b«inne(  faith 

at  he  had  a  brplui^;  wfth  liot'lnlntiiftive  certainly 
:hat  "  hMm  an  m  mm  prodw*  any  real  bdni  ihnii  it 
lal  to  two  r^>  Bi«le>."  HitCnalcoadii^aia  that  there 
■■■■H  uc  eternally  "  a  moel  powerful  and  nun  hnowlnt  Being,  in 
which,  ai  the  ori^n  of  all.  must  be  contained  all  the  pnlectioni  that 
am  ever  after  eiSn."  and  out  of  wMch  can  come  only  what  it  hai 
■Inady  in  itadf ;  u  that  ai  the  caiuc  of  ny  ndnd,  it  mint  be  Mind. 
There  is  thus  carnal  nccewty  for  Etimal  Mind,  or  what  we  call 
"  Cod  "  Thii  ii  cauliouily  qualified  Ihui  in  a  letter  10  Anthony 
CoUlni,  written  t»  Locke  a  few  niMfhi  before  he  dlfdi  "  Thouth  I 
can  the  thinkinf  laeully  in  me '  mind, 
■aaie.  iqual  it  in  anythini  la  that 
BeJOE,  ii^icb.  lor  want  of  riihl  and 
•  UL.J-.I_~  =— .'-:-™n.~-^l^,„,„„„,„,„^ 
ih  what  ihli  in^i 


'  Hind '  iIb."   But  the  inipancoce  ol 


ire  he  dint:  ~  Though  1 
"lid  in 
i'ni^^ 


accortfinf  to  Locke,  n«  kapwiaafB  out  vmnr*  or  pR-  -^ 
•nmpdve  truaL    We  haw.  iDietly  ipeakiag.  no  "know-  ^^ 

eaee.  the  exktrace  of  God.  and  the  enattnce  of  atiTccti  ^^u. 
el  mam  aa  long  aa  they  are  actuaBy  prmint  CD  ana.  "■" 
"  When  1  BE  an  eeteraal  object  at  a  dim  nee,  a  man  lor  IsacaKC 
I  ammt  hut  be  aattified  of  hji  euatem  lAile  1  am  lei^Bf  at  him. 
{Locke  mqrht  haie  added  that  when  one  only  '  aei  a  nan '  it  li 
meielr  hii  piiAli  qoalicim  that  *R  ^enciml',  hw  Mlier  qaihtiei 

thmiiuulwayibtnnrhaeatHiedtDbe.  1  have  not  dMI  camhity 
sf  hia  sontiBOfd  eaif  ci  wUiA  w*  caD  k»wied|*:  thonfh  the 
anthkrihondiiiunutait^AdndK.  Bm  lUa  lahot  entability 
up.  11,1^  AnconllBfly,  purely  iMfanal 
EBi*  ■,  amntdM  to  Locle,  IninuiiiMi,  Ml 
il  naton  "  aie  badnwatc!  only  lenninU* 

.   Btionnl  (naiada.  Tlili  boundlcw  regioB 

afbnb  at  the  beat  pcobabilitia,  ultinHtdy  ffsudedon  nnr*l  lEth, 
all  brnad  lies  wtflna  the  veO.    S«li  iaXnki'i  "piala.  laatta^- 
fact     account  of  the  kiBwfcdce  of  the  Real  ttat  ia  open  to  ^o. 
We  learn  Uitle  from  LMke  »  in  the  ratioiule  o(  the  pnbalulltka 

the  diuant  or  the  iuturb    Thecaiid>dia(chaplema(ttc     Z^L.,!. 
lourth  beok  eonlain  wiia  advice  ta  Ihoie  whoa*  Una  an     "r^* 
puied    in   an  ever-chaniine  envimnraent,  (or  avoiding      .J. 
the  frequent  [lik  of  emir^  their  concluiioni.  withcf     '"'^ 
without  ihe  help  af  lyUeciwii,  the  office  et  which,  m  a  lanni  o( 
dbeavery,  ia  her*  critically  cDandeced. 

IsHBigation  ol  the  Igundaliiin  ol  inductive  inference  wai  re- 
■unicd  by  Hume  where  LadK  left  il.  With  a  iiitl  humbler  view  of 
hunun  irasOEi  than  Loeke'a,  Hume  propoBedai^'iiubirct  f.,^-  .-^ 
wonhyof  earioaitr."  to  Inquire  Inte  "the  nature  ■el  thil  J^|^ 

at  fact.   Inj-ri  the  pimnt  taallBony  «f  wr  leiuei  and  the 
nconli  of  our  menoryi  ■  put  of  pldlaiopfa>  that  hii  been  Jitik 
Lher  by  the  anclenta  or  the  hHOen^"    Hume  arBuea 


.-b  |weKM  tnaaitonr  "  japrenion  " 

tbfl  atom  of  memory  ii  tbenfore  leached  bfuKfiy,  through 
mar  habitual  aanciafbn.   Aarocialive  tendency,  ir-*-=^-' - 

^.Itcd,  haa  iince  been  the  favourite  eonitructivi  (nOt 

eaperjence  hi  Empirical  [tMaiophy.    Thii  lai — 

in  Lacke'aeHa>    A  ihnrt  chuier  oa  "  awt 

added  to  the  aecsod  beak  in  the  toutth  edition. 
'-'-  il  there  prcacnted,  not  aa'*"  '-—-*-- 

je,  but  aa  a  ehlel  cane  ol 

Kant'ieiklcalanalyilief  patem 

Iheatiemptaolilth-aad  i»tlK*ntuiy  aa 


and   the  German   and  Scottiih 
what  it  was  Loclie'i  glory  10  have 

_ — The  fimy  a«K«niai(  a»i»aji  i/aJtrj(aiJi«f  hai 

paired  through  more  editiDiii  thin  any  dauic  in  modem  philcwiphldl 
titenture.  Before  the  middle  of  the  iSlh  century  i<  had  Rached 
thirteen,  and  it  hai  now  paiaed  thnngh  lonie  forty  edltioni.  heaidea 
being  ttanalated  inta  l^tin.  Preneh.  Dutch.  Gnaan  and  madem 


1  abiidnDcnta.    In  addition  to  thoae 

appeared  when  Locke  waa  alive,  among  the  moat 
imponani  an  Leibniu'i  Jfaamnir  £»■»  nw  FaJniJtmnl  ihnoiH 
— srrlttcn  ahnut  1700  and  puUiihed  in  17«s,  in  which  each  chapter 
tl  the  Sru*  of  Lachc.li  enamiaid  in  a  cDmaiinidiag  chapter  by 
Lcibaiui  Oiiiiin't  "  Eoole  lOHialiuer  lyittoa  de  Locke/'  in  ha 
»uM>>  d(  la  MilMr^ir  M  XWr/' JihJt  liBu) :  Bi^^  criliciuu 
In  T.  H.  CnH^a  Immductlon  to  the  Pklimpaanrirlu  ^  SnM 
(1I74).     The  ButJ,  wUk  mi^HH*^  N*(«^Miaf .  crilKaf  «■< 


Ib^PnleHCan 

oe  rtnrtaMX  Eaaii  ol  Lieibniti  may  or  rvc 
The  LilUn  m    ratrntfim,    rhnfMi   t 


852 


LOCKE,  M.— LGCKHART,  G. 


n  ^  OrfttbaAjI  IMVC  alB  (W  IhroBEh  muy  nlilmi. 
■no  Denimulual iota diBtrcM luciMcs. 

Tha  Ent  coDecud  editian  of  LeMtWtrb  wu  in  1714.  ui  Ibrce 
MlDwJunib  nemtaUutbyBldwpLav.iBfourquuifsd;?;}. 
Tbe  OHiHiit  csamnalr  kODCB  ii  la  tea  vdwan  (iSii). 

TheJBMitf  IBU  Id  On  (KWMUlMcMw,  17<>S)  >>>•  tnn  the 
bMd>  of  the  iBniiiiin  cl  Locke  rrttoA  ta  thi  nmBn  edi^int  d 
hi>  IPirti.  or  DDU^Bol  io  bii«i>pUcal  diedoDMO.    tn  1S19  a  lA 

wu  pniducKl  by  Fata,  7lh  Buan  Kio*.  ■  deainKfaBtgrLocic  > 
DBuiiii,  Abik  Lacka.  ThHaddxngdikaltD  vhat  mapnvieuily 
known,  u  Lotd  Kinf  ma  able  Co  dnw  £taiii  ^  aiaH  af  aonHpoDd- 
ence,  tounuk  ud  coniBoaplaca  bocta  d  Ladia  la  Ui  pniiiFiiina 
In  iba  anK  year  Dr  Tbooiu  Foitci  paMUul  ua  lumMiaa 
lettin  tiBiD  Loeka  la  Banfamtn  Fiuly.  Tbcnoal  aqiaoi account 
c<  ibr  lUo  b  contabud  In  Iba  tn  voiBmag  1^  H.  R.  Fei-Bome 
'''""  '  laboffciai  peacueh  amon  the  fibuftrdnry 

,  r J<  tha  Bcidib  Muiaum,  the  Publio  RFcoid 

V.  t^  LAnbtffa.  Christ  Chureb  aad  Bodleiaalibfvietp  end  ^ 


HI  by  the  BthWi  AodcDy  of  Lncke'i  dnth.  publuhcd  in 

tha  PrxaJinii  of  the  Aoderay  (1904).  S«  iloi  C  Butida.  Jtk* 
lutkt;  ui  iJitenu  pcliliaia  0  Inr  iiu)ii«ih  is  AmwltUm  (Pacii. 
i9/j):}i.0tiion.UPUlemfliiitt^iUJ^J.L.li9oii.   fA.C.F.) 

LOCKS.  miTTBEW  (c.  1630-1617),  EogUsh  aiuakUn,  pcrbapa 
the  eaclim  English  writer  [01  the  stige,  wu  bom  at  Eitlei, 
where  he  becBme  a  cbciuter  in  the  cstfaKlnil.  His  muuc, 
written,  with  Christopher  Gibbons  (sod  ot  Olanda  Ciblwns), ' 
for  ShirleyS  masque  Cupid  and  DcoA,  wu  peiformed  in  London 
in  i6sj.-  He  wrote  some  music  for  Daveuot's  Sitv  '!  Rkaia 
in  i60;  and  in  1661  was  ■ppoinleil  rumpoKr  in  ordinary  to 
Charles  11.  During  the  toPowing  years  be  wrote  a  number  of 
anlhtou  tor  the  Chaptl  Koysl,  and  eidled  same  ciiiidjin  on 
the  score  o£  novelty,  to  wUeh  he  leplitd  with  coniiderable 
hBt  (JfaJtn  Chvct  Uiuic;  fn-aamd,  caaind  <w< 
etltnukd  In  tt>  Pttliruaiut  itjore  Hit  Mijatj,  Afnl  IO,  1666, 
trc;  capia  In  the  FitiwlUiani  Museum,  Cambridge,  and  the 
Bo^l  CoUcga  o(  Music).  A  good  deal  of  music  for  the  iheatre 
followed,  the  moat  important  being  for  Davenant's  producliona 
of  Tkc  TtmpcH  (1667]  and  of  JfocteUi  (1671),  but  ■ome  doubt 
as  to  this  biter  has  arisen,  Punzll,  Ecdn  oi  Lcvtridge,  being 
also  cmUted  wilb  it.  He  also  composed  va.[ioui  aongi  and 
uMiumental  pieces,  and  published  •onNCUiioui  woiks  on  mutiol 
Ibeory.  HediedtnAugust  ie;7,iuinlegybangn'ritteabyPuiccU. 

LOCKERBIS.  a  municipal  vuS  police  burgh  of  Dumfiiesshiie, 
Scotland,  in  the  district  of  Anoaadale,  14)  m.  E.N.E.  of  Dumfries 
bylhsCaMouunulwar-  Pep.  (1901)  ijjS.  It  baa  long  been 
fanwua  for  ita  fattle  and  iheep  aaks,  but  more  paiticularly 
foE  tha  great  August  lamb  fair,  the  UigesI  in  Scotland,  at  whidi 
u  many  aa  nbfxo  lambs  nave  been  sold.  The  town  hotii  and 
EaMDD  lottltute  are  In  the  Scottish  Baronial  slylei.  The  police 
ftatfOD  ia  partly  accommodated  in  am  andeat  iquaie  tower, 
once  the  ilron^old  ol  the  Johnjtones,  for  a  long  period  the 
ruling  family  under  whose  protection  the  town  gradually  grew 
up.  At  Dryle  Sands,  about  I  m.ts  the  W.,a  bloody  encounter 
took  pbce  In  IJ93  between  the  JobBlones  and  MaiweDa. 
The  Maxwells  were  punued  into  Lockerbie  and  almost  ntcr- 
miuated ;  hence  "  Lockerbie  Lick "  became  a  proverbial 
eiprcwon.  signifying  ta  aversihebning  defeat. 

LOCKKH-UMPSOH,  FREDERICK  (iBii-1895),  En^iih  nun 
of  kllcn,  was  barn,  on  the  39th  of  May  iSit,  at  Greenwich 
Bospltal.  His  father,  who  was  Civil  Commissioiier  ol  the 
Hnplta],  was  Edward  Hawke  Locker,  youngest  son  ol  that 
Capuin  William  Locka  who  gave  Nelson  the  meooraUe 
advfce  "  Is  lay  a  Firncbman  dose,  and  heal  bim."  His  mother, 
Eleum  Haiy  EEiabeth  Boucher,  was  a  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Jonathan  Boudn,  vicaiof  Epeom  and  friend  of  George  Washing- 
ton. After  a  donliory  educaiiou,  Frederick  Locker  began  life 
in  a  mloniel  brotet'i  office.  Soon  deserting  this  ancongtoial 
calling,  he  obtained  a  deikship  b  Somerset  House,  whence  be 
was  traufencd  to  Lord  Uaddington's -private  oSice  at  the 
Admiralty.  Hera  he  becaino  deputy-reader  and  frtcii  writer. 
In  tBjo  he  married  Lady  Chatlotte  Bruce,  daughter  ot  the  Lord 
Elgin  vho  brought  Ibc  Ismout  niiUes  to  Er^nd,  and  sister 


D(  Lady  Augusu  Stanley.    After  Ms  manUga  be  Mt  the  Ctvfl 

Service,  in  consequence  of  ill-health.  In  1S17  he  pubEsbed 
Limiim  Lyriis,  a  slender  voliune  of  go  psgea,  which,  with  wab- 
setiuent  extensions,  constitutes  his  poetioil  k^acy.  Lyra 
EUganJiantM  (1867),  an  anthology  of  light  and  fanoliaj  verse. 
and  PaJthnrk  (1S70),  a  book  of  extracts,  wefa  his  only  otbct 
publications,    to  il;]  Lady  Charlotte  Locker  1^.    Two  years 

delimiter  ol  Sic  Cuitia  Hinnda  Laspaoa,  Batt..  of  Rowlant, 
Susei,  and  in  iSSs  took  his  wife's  surname.  At  Rowlant  he 
died  on  the  30th  of  May  tSgj.  Chronic  itl-healih  debarml 
Locker  from  any  active  put  in  life,  but  it  did  not  pfereiit  hts 
dcbgbting  a  wide  ciide  of  fricnib  by  his  phs  as  ■  host  and 

Hb  books  are  catalogued  in  the  volume  caUed  the  KewftM 
Lihnuy  (18S6).  to  which  so  appendix  (ii)oo)  was  added,  after 
his  death,  under  the  soperintEndom  of  his  ekteat  Mm.  As  a 
poet,  Locker  belongs  to  the  cboli  who  deal  with  the  gay  raibs 
than  the  grave  in  veise— with  the  polished  and  witty  rather 
than  the  lofty  oc  eiMtinnal.  His  good  Uitt  kept  bin  *a  tsi 
from  the  broadly  comic  on  tba  om  side  as  his  kind  heart  saved 
him  from  the  purely  cyniral  on  the  other.  To  something  of 
Friar,  of  Ftaed  and  of  Hood  he  added  qualities  ot  his  own  which 

by  his  unwearied  endeavour  after  directness  snd  simplidty. 

A  pMhumous  volume  of  Memoir^  entitled  Jfy  Omfdntal  (1I96}. 
and  edited  b);  hit  san^n-law.  Mr  Augustine  Dkrell.  fives  an  intemc- 
ing  idea  of  his  peraorulity  and  a  loo  modest  estlpiate  ol  his  gilts  as 

(rfi73-ijji),  of  Camwath,  Scc«iish 
s  a  member  of  a  Lanarkshire  [aMily 
mon  Locard  (the  name  beiag  originally 
territorial,  de  Loch  Ard).  who  is  said  to  have  aca>ni|aaed  Sk 
James  Douglas  on  his  expedition  to  the  East  with  the  heart 
of  Bruce,  which  rebc.  according  to  Froissart,  Locard  brought 
home  from  Spain  when  Douglas  fell  in  battle  ffl^i^*  tha  Mooes, 
and  buried  in  Mdntse  Abbey;  this  incident  was  the  origia  at 
the  "  man's  heart  within  ■  fetterlock  "  borne  on  the  Lo^hart 
shield,  which  ifi  turn  perhaps  led  to  the  altered  spelling  oi 
the  Eumaoie.  George  Lockhan's  grandfathier  was  Sir  James 
Lockhsrt  ol  Lee  (d.  1674},  a  lord  of  the  court  ol  scssioa  with  tha 
title  ol  Lord  Lee,  who  commiitded  a  ngimeat  at  the  battle  ol 
PtcstoD.  Lord  Lee's  eldest  son,  Sir  WiHiam  L«khan  ol  Lee 
(1611-167;),  allei  fighting  on  the  king's  side  in  the  Civil  War, 
attached  himseli  to  Ohvet  CtomweU.  whose  niece  he  married, 
and  by  irinm  h«  was  appoiuted  cotDmissIoiier  (or  the  adminbln- 
tton  of  justice  hi  Scotland  In  i6ii,  and  Engfisfa  ambasador 
at  the  French  court  in  i6j6,  where  be  greatly  distinguitbcd 
himself  by  his  succcssfnl  di[43raa<y.  Loid  Lee's  seawd  son. 
Sir  George  Lockhart  (c.  i6jo-i6S»),  was  lort^dvocate  i* 
Cron>i«II's  time,  and  was  celebrated  for  his  persuasive  doquentt; 
in  1674,  when  he  was  disbancd  for  alleged  disrespect  to  the  court 
ot  sestioii  bi  sdvising  an  appeal  to  pariiamrnt,  fifty  barrisUn 
showed  their  sympathy  for  him  by  withdrawing  from  pnclict^ 
Loekbait  was  readmitted  in  1676,  and  became  tb*  kadtig 
advocate  tn  political  trials,  in  which  he  usually  appealed  Im  (kt 
defence.  He  was  appointed  lord-fnudent  at  iLe  coin  of  teuioa 
in  liSj;  and  was  shot  in  tbaitiectaof  Edinbu^  on  the  jist 
of  March  1689  by  John  Chiesley,  aijainM  whom  the  hnd-pTesdcBl 
had  adjudicated  a  cause.  Sir  Ceoise  Lockhart  purchased  the 
extensive  estates  of  the  earls  of  Camwatfa  in  LanuUiire,  which 
were  inherited  by  his  eldest  son,  Geoige,  whose  uotba-  was 
PhiTaddphia,  daughter  of  Lord  Wharton. 

George  Lockhait,  who  was  member  tor  the  dty  of  Edinbnrgh 
in  the  Scottish  pailiameut,  was  appointed  a  comniiiaioDeT  la 
arranging  the  noion  with  England  m  1705.  Alter  tfae  nnioa 
he  continued  to  represent  Edinburgh,  and  later  IlK  \S^sB 
burghs.     His  sympathies  were  with  the  Jacobites,  irima  be 

be  vaA  part  in  an  abortive  moveneBi  aiming  ai  the  repeal  si 
the  uidon.  He  was  deeply  impHcaled  in  the  risiDg  ol  III5,  tbt 
preparations  for  which  be  assisted  al  Camwath  and  at  DiTdta, 


to  Kitinhuigh  foidiBcs.     He 
cuik.  but  piobably,  thmufh  (be  urmir  n  ik 
be  vu  ickwd  viUiout  beins  brsutbc  to  liiili 
Fbilip  KU  Ulwn  prlniME  u  ibc  butle  of  PnMon 


IHJ.    Afli 
tlw  Ficunds;  bui 
ItsI  Un 


LOCKHART,  J.  G. 

nn  poMilhCil  leplnlriy. 


»S3 


m  to  Scelland,  where  be  lived 
duel  on  Ibe  i)lh  al  December 
i;ji.  Lockhut  wu  Ibc  aalbot  ol  Unmfri  cf  lit  Again  of 
ScellanJ,  dalini  wUh  Ike  nita  oi  Queen  Auk  tiU  Lhe  iiniDn 
wiib  EngUnd,  Gnt  publali«l  io  i;u.  TbatUeuuirs.togaba 
witb  LocUuii'i  canopoiuleDce  Kiih  ibe  PreMnder,  and  one  or 
two  pftpera  of  mukof  impartuice,  wefc  pubtohed  in  Iwa  Wumo 
in  iSi;,  bxming  the  vell-luKXin  "  Lockban  Papen,"  which  are 
a  valuable  auiboriiy  loi  Ibe  hutocy  lA  lhe  Jacoblies. 

Lackban  married  Euphnne  Msntvuitrie,  daughlet  ol 
Alexander,  Qlh  carl  a[  EglinEOo,  by  wbun  kc  had  a  large  famity. 
Hli  grandwn  Jiniei.  oho  aitumed  bie  VHilhrr^  ume  M  V/itbatt 

duiing  the  Seven  Yean'  War,  and  aoa  cTeatefl  a  hana  aaid  count 
ol  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  He  aucteeded  to  the  eslata  of  Lcc 
■I  well  ai  dC  Camwath.  both  of  which  propenia  . 
-death  0^  hit  loa  Cbarlea  wiilvul  iwie  hi  iSoi,  (a  his  nephew 
Alexander,  who  waa  created  a  bannet  ib  iRod. 

See  rie  lacilun  Ftyfrrt  (l  vol*.,  LonAfn,  1817);  Andrew  Liog. 
Hu»ry  of  iiMlond  (4  veb.,  UmdoD,  iqoo). .  For  the  siDry  DC  sir 
Siown  Lockhatl'i  advcnlucce  witta  the  bevt  s(  the  Btikc.  ki  ^ 
Walter  Scoll't  Tib  raJ'msii.  (R.  J.  M.) 

lOCKHUT,JOHNBlBGeK(i794-'>54).  SoMllah  wiilerand 
editw,  wa»  bom  on  the  I4tb  e<  Jidy  tig*  in  the  maoH  of  Cara- 
bmnetban  in  LaMikskin.  when  hii  laihFr,  Dr  John  Lockhan, 
tnufcmd  in  17(16  to  ClaagOK,  wu  uinlitct.  His  raolber, 
Bho  WBi  the  daughter  ol  the  Rev.  Jolin  Cibwm,  of  Edinburgh, 
wu  t,  woDUia  ef  couideiable  lotelkctual  gtrui.  He  wh  1 
to  tbe  GliWDH  Wtb  xtotA.  otere  be  stowed  hinisetf  di 
mther  than  indaitckius.     He  tell  into  fU-beallh,  and  ' 


•dfnni 


glbdon 


u  twelve: 


at  Ihii  early  age  to  Glasgow  Univeniiy.  end  displayed 
■0  mudi  precodoM  leaning,  especially  in  Greek,  ih«  he  was 
offered  mSoeU  exhibition  at  Oxford.  He  wu  not  lovitccn  ' 
be  entered  Balliol  College,  when  he  acquired  a  great  store  of 
koowled^  outaide  the  tegulu  ooriculiini.  He  read  F 
Italian,  German  and  Spaniih,  wis  interested  lii  clanici 
Britiib  atriiiiailiet,  and  became  nrsed  In  heraldic  and  i 
loskal  lore.  In  1K13  he  took  a  first  clas  in  claaiks  in  ttie  find 
(dwda.  For  two  years  after  leaving  Oxford  ha  Kved  chiefly  tn 
CI UWDW before  selling  to  theitijdy  of  Sco<iiih  law  in  Edinburgh, 
where  be  was  called  to  the  bar  In  1816.  A  tonr  on  the  tonlincnl 
in  iSt7,  when  he  vitiled  Coethe  at  Weimar,  was  made  poggiblc 
by  the  kindneti  of  the  pubtlsbcr  Blackwood,  who  advanced 
money  for  a  pDomised  translation  oi  Scblcgd'*  tfcrurrs 
History  af  LHaotan,  which  was  not  published  unin  iRjS. 
Edinburgh  wu  then  the  itronglMM  of  the  Whig  party,  whose 
organ  was  Ibe  EdlHtw[li  KaitiB,  and  it  was  not  tlU  1B17  iha' 
the  Scottish  Tens  found  a  maat  ol  opres^oD  In  Blaclmmd' 
italaant.  After  a  somewhat  hum-dnim  opening,  Blatlmnd 
auddenly  clectti6ed  lhe  Edbiburgh  world  by  an  oulbmsl  of 
brilliant  RlticiiBi.  John  Wibon  (ChrlstopheT  North)  and 
LocUurt  had  joined  its  stall  In  1817.  Lsckhati  no  donfat  took 
tii*ahire  in  the  caustic  and  aggressive  anictn  which  marked  the 
early  yeara  of  Bloi*ww«(;  but  hii  tnogtapher,  Mr  Andrew  Ijng, 
brlnp  evidence  to  ihow  ihit  he  was  not  reaponKble  for  the 
wirulenl  articles  on  Coleridge  and  on  "  The  Cockney  School  of 
Puetry,"  that  is  on  Leigh  Hunt,  Keats  and  iheip  friends.  He 
has  been  persistently  accused  ol  the  taler  itfochnwd  article 
(August  i8t8)onKeats,bBlhe>hawcdelBnyr>learealtppredi- 
lion  of  Coleridge  and  Wordiwotlh,  He  rontrlbuted  to  Blait- 
vwd.rMnr  qihlted  tnnilationi  ot  Spanlrii  ballad*,  which  ih 


t  &it  britiant  and 
of  Sir  Wallet  Smf, 
ripened  into  an  intimacy  which 
wiled  In  a  aiarriace  between  Lockhan  and  Scott's  cMcsl 
■ughter  Sophia,  hi  April  iSio.  Five  years  of  domestic  hippiness 
lUowed.  with  winters  spent  in  Edinburgh  and  summen  al  a 
ittage  at  Chiefswood,  near  Abbclsford,  wliere  Lockhan's  two 
eldest  children.  John  Hugh  and  Charlolle,  were  bom^  a  second 
on,  Wlhel,  was  bom  liter  at  Brighton.  In  iS»  John  Scott, 
he  editOT  o)  the  L«,jm  ViftuiH,  wrote  a  seiies  ol  articles 
Ltiacklng  the  condnet  of  BtatltiBood'i  tfagazine,  and  making 
Lockhan  chiefly  responsible  for  its  extravagances.     A  corre- 

~i  a  meeting  between  Lockharl  and 

(ilh  Jonathan  Henty  Christie  and 
Horace  Snith  u  seconds.  A  series  e(  itelays  ind  complicated 
negotiations  rciulted  tarty  In  iSn  in  a  duel  between  Chrfiiie 
and  John  Scott,  in  wUehSmtt  was  killed.  This  unhappy  affair, 
"  '  bai  been  Ibe  subject  of  much  mfsrepresenlaliDn,  is  fully 
Bed  In  Mr  Lang's  book  on  Lockhan. 
wiscn  iSiSand  iSi;  Lockhart  worked  indefatigably.  In 
1819  Pmr"!  LrUtn  M  *fj  KinifM  appeared,  and  in  iS»  be 
edited  Peter  Motteui's  edition  ol  Dtn  QtimU.  to  which  be 
prefixed  a  life  of' Cervanles.  Four  novels  lollowed:  VafrHai 
tn  rSii,  Sow  Pajsaga  n  tkt  Life  of  Adtn  Blair,  Mimiltr  nj 
Ctttd  al  Ctcii  StfiUr  in  iSii.  Jt/finali  Dallim  In  181]  and 
IfalUew  tfoU  in  1814.  But  his  strength  did  not  lie  in  novel 
writing,  allbOugh  Ike  vigorous  quality  of  Aian  Blair  has  been 
rseogniied  by  modem  critics.  In  1R15  Lockhan  accepted  the 
■  if  the  Quarlrrly  KctinB,  which  had  been  in  the  hands 
Taylor  Coleridge  since  Glflotd's  rejlgtilllon  fn  1814, 


heir  to  his  uni 
Locklart,  he 


ilished  hii  liti 
imed  balf-hrolher'i  property 
"  lenity  independei 


In  Londi 


though  he  had  aban- 


He  conltihuled 

lai^y  to  Ibe  QiiarMy  Scrim  himself,  his  biographical  aniclcs 
being  especially  adnlnble.  He  showed  tbe  old  railing  spirit 
In  an  amusing  but  violent  atiicle  hi  the  pnarttr/yon  Tennyson's 
Fetmi  of  iSj5,  in  which  he  failed  to  diseover  the  mark  of  genius. 
He  continued  to  wifte  for  Blaclntv<ii;  he  produced  for  CaiilaUi's 
UitnUaify  in  1818  what  remains  the  most  charming  of  the  bio- 
graphies ol  Bums;  and  he  undenook  the  superintendence  of 
lhe  seria  called  "Murray's  Family  Library,"  which  he  opened 
in  i8tq  witha  Atiftiryo/ffs^cm.  But  his  chief  work  was  lhe 
Life  of  Sir  Wellrr  Scnll  tT  vols.,  1837-1838;  jnd  ed  ,  to  vol!, 
iSjo),  Tbete  were  not  wanting  those  hi  Scotland  who  incd 
Lockhan  with  imgenerous  exposure  of  his  siibjeci,  hut  to  most 
healthy  muids  the  impression  conveyed  by  the  biography  was, 
and  Is,  »iuife  the  opposite.    &rlylc  did  justice  to  many  Of  it* 

mitiltr  Rniew  USn).  XocUinrl'i  account  of  the  transactions 
between  Scott  and  thi  Bkilantynes  and  Constable  caused  great 
outcry;  and  in  the  discussion  that  followed  he  showed  unfof 
lunate  bitterness  by  his  pamphlet,  "The  BiUantyne  Humbug 
handled."  The  lift  nf  ScoU  has  been  ailed,  after  Boswell's 
/8*«m,  the  most  admirable  bi<^aphy  In  the  English  lartguage. 
The  proceeds,  which  were  considerable,  Lockhart  resigned  lot 
the  benefit  of  Scott's  aedilois. 

The  dose  ot  Loekhart's  lile  was  saddened  by  fimDy  bereave- 
ment, resolting  in  his  own  btrakdown  In  healih  and  spirits. 
His  eldest  boy  (the  suffering  "  Hugh  Litilejohn "  of  Scott's 
ToJH  ef  a  Crowf/oUer)  died  in  1831;  Scott '  himsell  in  iSji; 
Mrs  Lockhan  In  (Sj?;  and  the  surviving  son,  Walter  Lockhan, 
in  i8j).  Resigning  the  editorship  of  the  QuarlrHy  Stnan  iii 
iSS3.  he  spent  the  next  winterinRome,but  returned  to  England 
without  recovering  his  health;  and  being  taken  to  Abboltloid 
by  his  daughter  Charlotte,  who  had  become  Mrs  Jimes  Robcn 
Hope-Scolt,  he  died  there  on  the  iph  of  Nevember  1854.  He 
was  buried  in  Dryburgh  Abbey,  near  Sic  Wallet  Scott. 

Loikban'sitMivoU..  London  and  New  York,  i»97)waawiioen 
by  Andrew  Lang,   A.  W.  P*^U>d'*(d>tioag(.tllt£<^^A)MI  (•«»> 


85+ 


LOCKHART,  SIR  W.  S.  A.— LOCKROY 


LOCXHART,  SIB  WILUA*  SIBPHBHALBUIIDBB  (itii- 

1900),  firiUili  (RKi*],  wu  boin  in  Scmlind  do  ibe  mdof 
Scpletaber  1S41,  Im  Uthcr  bein|  a  LuurksbiR  cLcrgynun. . 
HeeilcrcdtlKliiduniriDyin  1858.111  the  Bcn^nUivctnlafiuy. 
He  served  in  IhelDdian  MuUny,  the  BhuUncampugn  (1B64-M), 
Ihi  Abyxiniin  e;q>Bdi[Jiin  (1(167-68:  mcnlianed  in  di^patclin), 
the  Kmia  Bladi  Mouniain  eipcdliiflR  (lUS-tq:  menlMnKt  is 
dapalcba).  From  igA«  10  iSip  he  uikI  u  deputy-ualuui: 
'er-geneu]  in  Ben^.    In  1877  be  waa 


militi 


Bchf  with  ll 


Hci 


in  the  AfghiD  Wai  of  1S78-80.  nu  mealkmed  in  dnpaiehc 
and  made  ■  C.B.,  and  rmm  ,t»o  lo  iS8j  wu  D.Q.C.  in  the 
intelligence  branch  at  headquancn.  Jie  cominandcil  a  brigade 
intheThicdBunDe3eWar(i£86-8]).and«ainudcK.C.B.,C.SJ., 
ud  received  the  thanlu  o[  the  govcrnmenl.  An  alUck  ol  (ever 
brought  him  to  England,  where  be  wu  emj^Dycd  u  uinlant 
military  tecrdaTy  lor  Indian  (Hain;  but  in  1890  be  nlucned 
to  India  to  uke  comniind  nl  the  Punjab  [toaliei  force,  and  (or 

triba.  Alter  the  Waiiiiitan  campaign  in  1894-QS  he  n>  made 
K.C^I.  He  became  full  general  in  [I96,  and  in  1847  he  »» 
^ven  the  command  agaiuL  (he  Af ridia  and  Idohmandi.  and 
conducted  the  difiicult  Tirah  campaign  with  great  iliiU,  He 
MU  nude  C.C.B.,  and  in  iS«8  bctame  (ommander-in-chid  u) 
India.  HediedoniheiSthofMaichivoo.  Sir WiUiam LocUuit 
WBi  not  only  a  firat-rate  soldier,  hut  also  had  a  great  gift  for 
fteahiig  with  the  native  triheimerL  Among  (he  latLcf  he  had  the 
»iri«iKf  si  Amir  Sahib,  en  acnunt  of  lifdi  respect  and  afleclisa 
tor  bim. 

LOCK  HAVBK.  a  dty  and  the  cooaty-ieat  of  Ctlnion  county, 
Pennsylvania,  U.S.A.,  on  the  west  branch  of  the  SuaqoehinBa 
liver,  near  Ilie  mouth  of  Bald  Eagk  Cmck,  about  70  m:  N.N.W. 
of  Huiiihuig.  Pop.  (ifsn)  711a  (61S  foreign-bom  and  i» 
negroes);  (1910)7771.  It  iiserved  hybunchnof  the  Pennsyl- 
vania and  the  New  York  Central  t,  Hudson  Rive;  lailHayi  and 
by  electiic  interurhan  railways.  The  city  it  pleauntly  silualed 
in  an  agricultural  regLon.  artd  there  are  large  deposits  of  cement 
and  of  £re-hiicfc  clay  in  the  vicinity.  Lock  Haven  is  the  seal  of 
the  Central  State  Norm^  School  (i^ned  1S77),  and  has  a  public 
library  and  a  hospital.  .There  are  vatious  nunufacturea.  The 
manicipality  owns  and  operates  the  watet-wwitt.  The  locality 
was  settled  in  1769.  A  town  was  founded  in  X853,  the  Penn- 
sylvania Canal  (no  longer  in  use  here)  was  compjeled  to  this 
point  in  iSj4.  and  Ibe  name  ol  the  place  was  suggeitcd  by  two 
canal  locks  and  the  harbour,  or  haven,  for  rafts  in  the  river- 
Lock  Haven  was  made  the  county-scat  immediately  tllei  the 
erection  of  Clinton  county  in  iSjg,  was  incorporaied  ai  a  borough 
In  1840,  and  Gist  chartered 


I.  Illinc 


Michigan  Canal,  a 


■nlhe 


Dc*  Phines  river  and  the  Illinois  < 

terminus  of  the  Chicago  Sanitary  Di! 

13  m.  S.W.of  Chicago  and  4  m.  K.NX.  of  JolieL    Pop.  (1900) 

a6s9  (ssa  being  (oreign-bora  and       '    ' '   


LockpiHI  is  ler^  by  the  Chicago  Ic  Alton,  and  the  Atchison, 
Topeko.  Ii  Santa  F*  railway*,  and  by  the  Chicago  &  Joliet  Electric 

good  limestone  quarries  in  the  valley  of  tbe  Dcs  Plalncs  river. 
It  has  manufactutcs  and  a  consideiabk  trade,  especially  in  pain. 
A  settlement  was  made  here  about  iSi7i  ia  1S37  the  site  was 
chosen  as  headquarters  loi  the  IlUnois  &  Michigan  Canal  and  a 
village  was  laid  out;  it  was  Incoiporated  in  iSsj,  and  wu 
chartered  as  a  dty  in  1904.  In  iSg?  work  was  begun  on  the 
Chiogo  Drainage  Canal,  whc«  coniroUing  works  are  here  and 
whose  plant,  developing  40,000  h.p.  fmm  the  40  fc  fall  between 
Jollel  and  Lockport,  supplies  Lockport  with  cheap  power  and  has 
made  it  1  manufacturing  ralher  than  a  commercial  city. 

LOClCPDItT,  a  dty  and  the  county-seat  of  Niagara  county, 
New  York.  U.S.A. .on  the  Erie  Onal,  16  m.  by  rail  N.l^E.ol 
BuSalo  and  s6  m.  W.  of  Rochcsla.  Pop.  (tpgo)  16,181,  of 
wbon  1036  wete  fotelgn-bom  and  160  were  ncgron^  (igio 
censas)  17,41a.  It  la  served  by  the  New  York  Central  & 
HodwiiRlvnand  the  Bife  railways,  by  the  Inlenutlonal  railway 


as  "Mounuin  Ridge")  from  the  kvel  of  lake  Eric  to  that  o( 
the  CoKsee  river.  In  ipog  a  scheme  was  on  foot  to  replace' f  best 
five  locks  by  a  huge  hit  lock  and  to  conMrucl  ■  large  harbmu 
immediately  W.  of  the  dty.  The  laipJut  water  from  Tonawanb 
Creek,  bng  chimed  both  by  the  Canal  and  by  the  Lockport 
manufacturers,  alter  supplying  the  canal  tumi^KS  wtier-powet, 
and  deeiric  power  is  derived  from  Niagara.  The  ftetory 
products,  mntly  paper  and  wood-pulp,  flour  and  «ef^l  foods, 
and  foundry  arid  machine-shop  prodocts,  were  valued  in  1905 
at  (5307,980.  Lockport  lies  in  a  rkh  farming  and  frail  (esped- 
ally  apple  and  pear)  oiuntry,  containing  eitensive  sandstone  and 
Niagara  limestone quitriea, and  isa  shipping  point  for  tbe  fniiti 
and  grains  and  the  limestone  and  sandstone  of  (he  surrouading 
country.  Many  buildings  in  the  buslnHS  part  of  the  dly  are 
heated  by  the  Holly  distributing  system,  which  pipes  steam 
from  a  central  station  or  plant,  and  c^ginated  in  Lockport. 
The  dty  owns  and  operates  the  witer-woiks.  long  operilKl  nndet 
the  Holly  system,  which,  1*  well  es  the  Holly  distribnting 
tysleni,  was  devised  by  Brrdsill  Holly,  a  dvfl  engineer  of  Lock- 
pon.  In  igag  a  new  system  was  virtually  compleied,  wstn 
hdng  taken  from  the  Niagara  river  at  Tonawanda  and  pumped 
thence  to  a  ataod-pipe  In  Lockport. 

The  ale,  thai  of  the  mosCcasteriy  village  in  New  York  slate 
held  by  the  Neutral  Nation  of  Indiana,  was  part  of  (be  tract 
bought  by  the  Holland  Company  in  T7iir-i79].  Subsetpiently 
most  of  the  land  00  wMch  the  dly  stands  was  bought  (mm  the 
Holland  Company  by  £sck  Brown,  the  proprietor  of  a  local 
tavern,  and  lourteen  olhen.  hut  there  weit  lew  settlers  until 
after  iS».  In  iS»  the  place  was  nude  the  county-seat,  and  in 
y  the  Ktllement'  here  of  workmen 
Ehe  bcadquutera  for  a  time  of  the 
canal  contiuton.  It  was  iimrporated  fs  a  wilU^  In  1BS9,  was 
reached  by  ihe  Erie  tailmy  in  i8jj,  and  In  it6j  was  chuicrcd 

UKKHOV.  tDOUARD  (tgjB-  ),  Fimch  poUtidan^  n 
of  Joseph  FMlippc  Simoa  (iSnj-iSfi),  an  Mor  aad  dramatist 
who  took  the  name  si  Locknqr,  was  horn  in  Putt  on  the  18th 
ol  July  i8jg.  He  had  begun  l^  studying  art,  hut  in  iSio  en- 
lislcd  as  a  volunteer  under  Garibaldi.  The  neit  (bnc  yean 
were  spent  in  Syria  as  lecteluy  la  Eme*t  Rcnan.  and  on  hit 
retun  to  Paris  he  embarked  in  militant  joumalisni  against  the 
aecond  empire  in  the  Fiiara,  the  DiaUc  i  fiulre,  and  eventually 
in  the  Kapftl,  with  which  his  name  was  thenceforward  intiutdy 
connected.  Ho  commanded.*  battalion  during  the  siege  d 
Puis,  and  in  February  1S71  wu  elected  deputy  to  tbe  National 
Assembly  nhciehe  sat  on  thccttreme  left  and  pretested  against 
the  pf  eliminories  of  peace.  In  March  be  signed  tbe  praclxDation 
for  the  election  ot  the.  Commune,  and  tcsigDeil  his  seat  as  deputy. 
Arrested  at  Valves  he  remained  a  prisoner  at  VenaiUes  and 

wu  more  than  once  impiiioned  for  violeot  aniclea  in  the  press, 
and  in  1871  tor  aduel  with  Paul  deCassagnac.  Uewuretuined 
to  Ihe  Chamber  in  187J  u  Radical  deputy  for  Boucbea-du- 
Rhine  in  i8;6,  1877  and  1881  for  Aix.  and  in  1S81  he  was  also 
elected  in  Ihe  iiih  amndissement  d  Paris.  He  elected  to 
sit  for  Paris,  and  was  repeatedly  re-elected.  During  the  ekctioos 
of  1893  be  was  shot  at  by  a  cab-driver  poet  named  Moore,  but 
was  not  seriously  injured.  For  the  first  ten  years  of  ha  parlia- 
mentary lite  he  voted  consisienily  with  the  eitieoM  left,  Sit 
then  adopted  a  morv  cftportunist  policy,  and  gave  his  unreserved 
support  to  the  Brisson  ministry  of  1885.  In  the  new  Frcydnet 
cabinet  formed  In  January  he  held  the  portfolio  of  commerce 
and  industry,  which  he  retained  in  the  Goblet  minblry  of  1ES6- 
1887.  In  1885  he  had  been  returned  at  the  head  of  the  pod  foi 
Paris,  and  his  inclusion  in  ihe  Fteydnet  ministry  was  tafce« 
to  indicate  a  prospect  of  reconciliation  between  Parisian  Radi- 
calism and  oOicial  Republican  ism.  During  his  tourr  of  the 
portfolio  of  commerce  nnd  industry  he  made  the  MdimiiaiT 
'     E^Mtilisn  Ol  if" 


1 18>^  Bad  ia  •  witty 


LOCKWOOD,  SIR  F.— LOCOMOTOR  ATAXIA 


SS5 


be  dtfmded  ihc  cnclion  of  the  Tour  EilM  ■I'l'ut  ■rtittic  Fill!. 
After  tbB  Ptnama  *nd  BouLangiil  >cin<Ub  hi  bnriDK  one  of  ihe 
leading  poliiidmi  ol  ihc  Kadical  ptiiy.  He  wu  vin-prcsident 
of  Ihe  CluDbti  is  1844  tnd  in  iSgj,  when  he  beanW  mlniitn 
of  Durine  under  ttaa  Bourieeii.  Hi>  dnMk  mcaaum  of  nfonn 
ilvned  auuknte  palltldoni,  but  be  had  tht  mofidence  ot  Ihe 
countiy,  md  btld  the  nnw  panfOUo  iradet  Henri  Briuoo  (iSgl) 
ud  Ourfc*  Dofny  (tSffS-itM)-  He  ■>*«  kie  nippon  to  the 
Wtldedi'RanMeau  AdnuniitniioD,  but  aRlvely  critidEed  the 
nurina  policy  of  Camille  Priletan  la  tfaa  Oxnbn  Duniitry  ol 
1401-1905,  during  *hkh  period  he  ou  tfi"  vice-pnudent 
of  tbg  Chunber.  U.  Loclmy  wu  a  peniilcnl  and  luccasful 
advocate  ot  a  IIiod;  na*aJ  policy^  in  defence  of  which  he  pnb- 
lahei La liariit it Oumlit^), Six ntiinuKtfaU  (1897), £a 
D^iiut  lUHfe  (1900),  Du  Wtstr  d  la  ViHula  (l9°>),  Lis  Uarima 
tra*falu  U  aUemandi  (1904),  Lt  Pnptmmt  naaaJ  (1906).  Hia 
other  wetlti  include  U.  dt  UiMtc  it  la  {•"mfulaz  (1S91]  and 
Jtanui  twu  beurfoUe  pcmlaiU  la  UttUaliaa  (iMi]  derived 
tlTMi  the  lalten  ol  hli  greal-graDdmotber.  U.  Lockny  married 
in  187T  Madame  Cbariei  Hugo,  tbe  daugbter-iD-law  of  (he 

[WOOD.  UB  FRAl 

were  mayon  of  Dontaater,  and  the  fomer  far  lonie  ycara  fUled 

the  office  of  judge  on  tbe  iKecouiK:  He  >■>  cdscBtid  at  a 
private  Khool,  al  Uanchetter  graoiinai  icbool,and  Calui  CaUegr, 
Cambridge.  CaBed  to  ibe  bai  11  LiDaln'i  Inn  In  1873,  be 
joined  the  old  midland  drcnfi,  afterwarda  going  to  the  nceth« 
euleta,  tnaldfiB  in  bia  fint  year  t2o  gulneai  and  in  the  nexl 
1^5  gulneai.  Ftom  thai  (Ime  he  bad  a  ciner  of  minlenupted 
fvcccaa.  In  \tii  he  wia  made  a  qiieen'i  Hwnad,  In  1U4  ha  wu 
nub  Reorder  of  Sheffield,  and  in  1S94  he  became  loUcitor- 
(eoetd  in  Lord  Roeebtry'i  miniitry,  and  waa  kiugbted,  hn4ii| 
iiM  entered  parliament  u  Uhenl  member  lot  york  in  iSS], 
liter  two  unaucceiaful  attempta.  Ihe  one  at  Kiog'a  Lynn  In  i8Sd, 
the  other  al  Vork  in  iSSj.  He  waa  iolidtor-fencnl  isi  ks 
thanayear.  IniBteLordChief JnitlceColeridge.Urllmlapje 
CracfcaDthoTpe  ud  Sir  Prank  Lsckwood  went  to  the  United 
State*  to  attend,  ai  tpeelally  inviled  lepRKnUtlvet  of  the 
Engiiahbar,  the  nineteenth  meetingof  the  American  Bar  Attocia- 
tion-  On  thii  trip  Sir  Frank  Lochwood  attained  the  reputa* 
lion  wUcb  be  enfoyeit  in  England  a*  a  bumoniu  ailer^linnet 
■peaket,  and  helped  to  ttrcngibcii  tbe  bond  ot  friendahip  which 
uoltei  the  bench  and  bar  of  the  UolMd  Suit*  with  the  bench 
and  bar  of  England.  Kcdied  InLondononlbeiSlhofDtcember 
1A97.  Lochwood  bad  conaidenble  taknt  for  drawing,  inberUed 
fnin  hii  father,  which  he  employed,  chiefly  for  the  amuaemcni 
o[  blreaeU  and  hia  frieadi,  in  the  nuliiai  of  admirable  caricatures 
in  pen  and  ink,  and  of  aketcha  of  humoroui  iocidenti,  real  or 
inu^nary,  relatLng  to  the  topic  nearest  at  hand.    An  efthibilion 

S«  Aticxiqtinc  Blnrir*  biosAphy  ot  Lsckwood  and  Tht  Framt 
Lotl-mKd  SitUk-BnM  (1898]- 

UWKVOOD,  WILTON  (1861-  },  Anuricaa  <ni«.  wu 
bom  al  Wilton.  Connecticut,  on  Ihe  mb  ol  Sepienhcc  lUi. 
He  wu  I.  pupi)  and  an  asiiunl  oi  John  La  Farge,  and  alu 
Itudjed  In  Pari«,  becoming  a  vell-lEnown  portrait  and  flower 
painter.  He  becanw  a  member  of  the  Sadety  of  American 
Aftisu  (1S9B),  and  ol  the  Qiplcy  Society,  Bousn,  and  an  aaaociale 
of  the  Nillona]  Academy  of  Deaign.  New  York. 

lOCKTOL  UK  JOIEPH  HORIUII  (iBj6-  ),  Engliah 
aiKonoiiict,  wu  born  BI.Rngby  on  the  ijth  ol  May  iSjS.  Afler 
completing  hiieduculoaonibc  CDoUnentolEunqic.  be  obtained 
a  clerkabip  in  the  War  Office  ia  i8i7-  Hi>  leimre  waa  devoted  to 
thealndy  ol  Ultonomy,  and  he  wu  appointed  io  1870  secretary 
to  Ihe  duke  of  Devonshire'i  nyil  comDnuiiin  on  idenu.  In 
187}  be  waa  trantfened  to  Ihe  Srience  and  An  Depaitnient  at 
South  Keaainglon,  and  on  the  louDdation  ol  the  Royil  College 
o45e)eiKefaebecan>edirectorsflhieiolirphyilci  olaerviuliy  and 
pcofeanr  of  autononiici]  phyiica.  Eight  Briiiih  government 
npaditlona  for  obaerving  total  (alar  eclipaea  wete  conducted 
by  Um  UtatW  ilroud  190;.    Ob  Ihe  tUket  Odabn  iSH 


he  communicated  to  tbe  Pari*  Academy  of  Sdenok  ehaoit 
■Imullaneomly  with  Dr  P.  J.  C.  Jannen,  a  ipectioiaipic  method 
for  observing  the  ular  promioencei  in  daylight,  and  tbe  namea 

Lock>«'  wu  elected  a  fellow  of  Ibe  Royal  Sodely  in  1869,  and 
received  Ihe  Riuaford  medal  in  1S74.  He  Initiated  in  1866 
the  Bpeclroacopic  abaervation  of  aunipota;  applied  Doppler^a 
prindpleiniS69  to  determine  the  radial  vdocitiei  of  the  chromo- 
sphetic  gtsea;  and  auccesafuUy  investigated  the  cbenutiy  oE  the 
un  110011871  oawud.  Baides  numETOui  conlributiOBi  to  the 
Prxeedimgt  of  the  Royal  aad  tbe  Royal  Aatnamnical  Sodetiea, 
be  publiibed  leveral  booki,  both  aiplanalory  and  ipeculative. 
Tbe  Clumiary  of  Uu  Sim  U«Sj)  ii  an  elabonte  tEcaliic  on  solar 
speclmscopy  bued  on  tbe  hypolbas  o[  elemealal  diaDciation 
lhni«h  the  inientity  of  uUi  beat.  The  iTdnnlic  UjptAnis 
(lAqo)  propounds  ■  oomptiJieuive  acbeme  of  tnamical  evolutioiip 
which  has  evoked  more  dissent  than  approval,  while  the  Sia't 
Piatt  in  Nalun  (1897)  layi  down  (be  lines  of  a  daasificatioa 
of  tbe  Stan,  dqiending  upon  their  supposed  lempenliuc-icla- 
tion*.  Amoflg  Lodtyet'i  other  worki  tiF~-Tit  Damn  af 
<i894],  to  which  Jlnakflgi  and  nUer  Sriiiik  Slent 
"  '  cottiidtrtd  (1906)  toay  bo  considered 
a  sequel;  JiMnd  vid  aming  Editta  Uim);  and  /iwiaete 
£Ws((»|i9B>].  H^wucieaiidlCC.B.ia  i897,anda<!ledas 
president^  Ibe  British  Amdatnn  in  190^-1904.  His  Gfih  ion, 
WlLiua  Jams  Snwaai  LocKvu  (b.  1868),  devoted  himself  to 
solar  resoicb,  and  became  chief  asiiatanl  ia  (be  Solar  Pbysica 
Obaervatory,  South  Keuington. 

UCLB,  14  *  torn  in  the  Swiss  onion  of  Neuchllel.  >«  m. 
by  rait  N.  of  Neuchltd,  and  s  m.  S.W.  of  La  Chaui  de  Foaik. 
It  ia  built  (j03sIt.above  tbe  sea-favel)  on  the  Bied  stream,  in  ■ 
valley  oi  tbe  Jura,  and  ia  aboot  i  m.  ftooi  ibe  French  ttonlier. 
Ia  1681  Diniei  Jean  Richard  Intiaduced  waich-making  here, 
which  soon  drove  out  all  other  indoalriea.  In  1900  the  popula- 
tion was  11,559,  mainly  Protcaiaata  and  Ficncbipeakiiig.  The 
churdi  tower  dates  from  1511,  but  tbe  old  town  waa  deatji^od 
byireloiajj.  His  valley  ia  which  tbelown  isrilualed  used  to 
baaubfsct  to  Inundations,  but  in  itoj  a  tunnel  wu  oonstnicled 
by  mean  of  which  tbe  surplus  waien  of  the  Bied  an  cmied  into 
the  Daubs.  About  r  m.  W.  of  tbe  town  tbe  Bied  plungid  into  a 
deep  cbaam,  on  tbe  steep  rock  face  of  whkh  were  fonacrly  the 
subtertaaeaa  nullj  of  (be  Cnl  de*  Roche*,  liiualed  one  above 
anotber;  but  tbeatream  ia  now  diverted  by  (he  aboTe-mentloncd 

Uorte^u  in  Franca  (B  m.).  (W.  A.  B.  C.) 

LOCMARUaUEK.  a  village  of  wexeni  France,  on  the  W. 
shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Morbiban.  in  (he  depanmeB(  of  Moituhaa, 
8)  m,  S.  of  Auiay  by  lOad.  Pop.  (190(1)  }j6.  Locmariaquer 
has  a  amall  port,  and  oyster  culture  ia  carried  on  close  (o  it. 
Roman  remains  an  to  be  seen,  but  the  place  owca  its  cetebrily 
to  Ihe  megalithic  monumenU  in  the  vicinity,  some  of  which  are 
among  the  laigeal  eilant.  The  menhir  ol  Men-er-H'roeck 
(Faiiy  stone),  which  wu  broken  into  four  pieces  by  tigbining  in 
the  i8lh  century,  previously  measured  about  67  ft-  in  height, 
and  from  9  to  13  ft.  in  ihickneu. 

LOCONOTOB  ATAXtA  (Gi.  i.  priv..  and  rlEu,  order; 
synonyms,  Taitt  ietiaiil,  fnUriar  tfimi  idaitit),  a  progressive 
(Cegenention  of  tbe  nenoua  syuem,  involving  tbe  posterior 
columns  of  the  SFanal  cord  with  other  i(ntc(urea,  and  causang 
incoordination  and  diMsder   of   gait   and   station- 


ing with  the  eye*  shut,  (he  occurrence  ot  blindness 
find  pBpile— were  leco^iied  by  Romberg  (1851).  b 
dinkal  ■aniui  of  Duchenne  and  his  in    '    ' 


the  eye-pupil  is  lo- 
in Ihe  great  majority 
umed  the  "AigyO 
-increasing  knowledge  of  (ba 


8i6 


LOCtKWEEDS— IjOCRI 


in  (iu  compld  al  tym^Aona.  tiie  undencv  anionfi  neuiolo^tU 
ii  to  nvcn  (n  the  term  cmt^oyed  bQ'  RKobcit— fatti  ilsrialii. 
"  Locomoloc  atuii,"  ullbougli  il  eipnstct  >  veiy  chuictei- 
iMic  Icalun  ot  cHc  dlieiM,hu  ttia  obJHiiiiiiiit  ii  i  lympLam 
which  doB  not  occur  in  ihE  first  (pmiuic)  aiigc  of  the  diKuet 


It  u  gfiotnUj  cccagniird  by  ncumkigiiLs  that  pctiona  who  arc 
not  the  nibjccti  ol  acquircit  ai  hrreditaiy  ayf^ii  do  nol  luHcr 
Iran  thit  ducAac;  uiL  ibe  avera^  time  of  onut  After  iofKlioO 
is  Ua  ytui  [hi  Nediotatholocv).  There  in  three  sLi|«: 
(i)  The  prcBtuic,  (i)  the  uaitc,  (j)  the  bed-ridden  pualylic 
Tbeduruion  of  the  finl  Uage  nuy  be  (nxn  one  or  two  yun,  up  to 


.bly 


■rise-  The  patient  uauailyfnmplkiD&alBbDotiii^,  lighmitig- 
puos  m  the  legs,  which  he  ovy  AttTibule  to  rhnitnaliim. 
pfay^dAQ  eamina  him  he  wiU  oIitHAt  cmiiidy  find  the 
aiul  Argylf  RobertuD  pupils  present;  prob- 
e  will  ucertain  that  the  puient  hashad  ume 

Iter  or  to  empty  hii  bladdei  completely.  In  oibet  cuc», 
Biporaty  or  permanent  paialyiii  of  odc  or  more  musclo  of  the 
rebati  {which  causeisquinE.  and  double  vftiDn),tk  failure  of  ugh  t 
idinR  in  bJindnioi,  attacks  of  vomitJiig  (or  gastric  crises), 
linlesi  spontaneous  fnctures  of  bones  and  dislocations  of 
inlSi  failing  sexual  power  and  inipotence,  may  lead  the  patient 


iwever,  if  ibty 
.   IlieiuHtR 


et  have  had  la 


with  hii  I 


Bsilhcii 


dixturbancs  in  the  form  ol  panlal  or  comiJete  lasi  of  tensihihly 
to  pain,  touch  and  temperature.  These  disturbanca  affect 
Bpedally  the  leel  and  Ieg9,  and  araund  the  trunk  at  the  level 
ol  the  lounh  to  the  seventh  tibs,  giving  rise  lo  a  "  girdk  sensa- 
tion." There  Buy  be  a  numbed  feeling  on  the  inner  side  ol  tbe 
arm,  and  muscular  incoordinilion  may  aSccI  Uie  umkc  limb 
as  well  as  the  lower,  altbotigh  theieistiowutiDB«anyek?ctrical 
change.  The  ataxic  gait  is  very  characteristic,  owing  to  Ibo  loss 
df  reflex  tontis  in  the  muscles,  and  the  alHence  of  guiding  lensa' 
tions  from  all  the  deep  slivclurcs  of  the  limbs,  muscles.  Joints, 
bones,  tendoni  (nd  ligaments,  *s  well  as  from  Xhe  skin  ol  the 
soks  of  the  feet;  therefore  the  luffeier  his  I o  be  g»ided  by  visiin 
as  to  where  and  bow  to  place  his  feet.  This  necaiitata  the 
bending  forward  o(  the  body,  extension  of  the  knees  and  bcoadcn- 
ing  of  the  bavs  of  aupport;  he  generally  uses  a  walking  stick 
or  even  two,  and  he  jciki  the  leg  lorwird  as  il  ho  were  on  wires, 
bringing  the  sole  of  the  fool  down  on  the  gmiuid  with  a.  wide 
statcping  action.  If  the  arm  be  aRecled,  he  ii  luisble  to  touch 
the  tip  oE  bb  nose  with  the  eye*  shut.  SooKi  ar  Inter  he. 
panes  into  the  lUrd  bed-iidden  stage,  with  musdes  wasted 
ind  their  tonus  so  mucb  lost  that  be  is  in  a  pertcctly  faelplos 

The  conplicMions  which  mayuise  In  this  disease  an  intet- 
(urrtnt  iflcclions  due  lo  septic  conditiois  of  the  btadder,  bed' 
sores,  pneumonia,  vascular  and  bean  aflettions.  About  >□% 
of  the  cases,  at  least,  develop  general  paralyiis  of  the  insane. 
This  is  not  sutpn'iing  teeing  that  it  ia  due  to  Ibe  lame  cause, 
and  (he  etiolo^  of  the  two  diseases  Is  such  as  to  lad  ma^y 
neupiJogiits  to  consider  them  one  and  the  same  disdse  afiecting 
dilTerenl  parts  of  the  nervotis  system.  70^  dcralu  occurs 
with  much  greater  frequency  in.  meii  than  In   women  (see 

The  avoidance  of  lit  stress  ol  the  nervous  tystcn,  whctbei 
l^yiical,  emotional  or  Intelleclual,  Il  indicated,  and  a  simple 
Rgu1«r  life,  without  stimulants  or  indulgence  ol  the  sexual 
passion,  b  the  best  means  ol  delaying  the-ptogiesa  of  the  disease. 
Gnat  at ICMlon  shsuH  be  paid  la  mlcturilka,  M  at  M  «wgM 


relcntion  uid  inlKliM  ol  lbs  hhddir,  On^,  ewcB  aati- 
typhiliiic  remediet,  appear  ID  b«K  but  little  Infiuence  upoii  ibe 
coiine  of  the  disease. 

LOCO-WESM,  01  Ckui-Weed),  Icgiin^uotB  plaati,  chicly 
speoes  of  Aalrtgiilui  and  Lapinut,  which  ptodutc  •  disease  in 
cattle  known  as  "  kKo-diacaie."  The  name  is  appuenlly  taken 
from  the  Spanish  laa,  mad.  The  diwase  iled*  tb«  nervous 
■    lis  eating  Iba  pbnts,  ai  '  ' 


eihaostion  an 

LOCM,  a  pnplc  of  sodeal  Cnece,  inhabiting  t< 
districia,  one  eiieDding  from  ibe  north-cast  ol  Pi 
(he  notthem  half  of  the  £uboe«a  chinoel,  bclween  Boeotia 
and  Milis,  the  oLhec  south-weat  of  Punaaiui,  on  the  norih 
shore  ot  the  Corinthian  GuK.  between  .Fhocia  and   Aeudia. 

situated  OD  the  span  of  Mount  Cnemii,  and  Ihc  toulhem  Locri 
Opuntii.  10  named  from  their  chief  town  Oput  if,*.):  and  ibt 
Bame  Opuniia  is  often  applied  to  the  whole  of  liu)  eaataly 
districL  Homer  iccniians  only  ihae  eeitem  Locriiu:  ibeir 
national  hero  in  the  Trajan  Wat  is  Aju  Oikia,  who  often 
appear;  a(lcr*ards  on  Lociian  coins.  From  Hesiod's  time  on- 
Kirds,  the  Opuatians  were  thought  t^aomctabeaf  "LdagiBD  " 
origin  (see  LcliceiI.  but  they  woe  Hcllcniied  eaiiy  (Ibougb 
maiiiarchol  customs  suvived  among  Ibem)— ,  and  Deucalion, 
the  father  ol  HcUen  hinscli,  isilescribedas  thc^t  kingoltlpus. 
The  wulcily  Locri  "  in  Osike  "■  on  the  Corinthian  Gull,  a  nide 
and  betbarouB  people,  make  no  appearance  In  Gtoek  history  till 
the  Pdoponnesian  Wu.  It  was  believed  that  they  bad  separated 
from  the  eastern  LocrioiD  [our  genenliont  belore  the  Trojan 
War;  yet  Homer  has  jto  hint,  of  their  existence.  Pmbahly 
the  Locrtans  were  once  a  single  pocfi^,  extending  from  sea 
to  sea,  til]  subsequent  immigrations  farced  them  apart  into  tvu 
scpante districts.  The  Locrisn  dioiectof  Croekialittle  known, 
bui  tcmnblea  that  of  Elia:  It  has  or  lor  of;  Baca  a;  and  bai 
eti  <in  dat.  plui.  yd  dec].  A  ralony  of  Lociiaai  {whether  InuD 
Opus  or  Oiolae  wat  disputed  to  anliquily)  aettled,  about  Ibe 
end  of  the  Stfa  century  B.C.,  at  the  aouth'WrEt  extremity  ol  Itily- 
Tbey  are  oflcn  cdled  Locri  £piic[^i^li  from  Cape  Zepbyriwi 
15  m.  S.  of  the  dly.  Their  founder's  name  was  Euanthcs. 
Their  social  Diganiiatioa  resembled  thai  ol  tbe  Opuntiaa  Locri, 
and  like  than  they  vtncmed  Aju  Oileus  and  Peisephoae. 
Aristotle  (ap.  Folyb.  xlL  5  s<rq.}  tecDrds  a  ijaditioa  tbat  these 
Western  Locrians  were  base.bam,  like  the  Fanhenians  cf 
Tareotum;  but  this  was  disputed  by  his  oontentporary  Timaeiu. 
See  LD>;ai  (lowiO  below.  (].  L.  It.) 

UtCRI,  an  ancient  city  of  Magna  CraKia,  Italy.  Tbetiiiginal 
sctiJeis  took  potsession  al  the  Z^yrian  pranioatoty  (Cape 
Bruizana  some  it  m.  N.  of  Capo  SpanivimKil.  and  though  after 
three  or  four  years  they  transplanted Ihanselvis to  asite  it  m. 
farther  north,  slJU  near  tbe  coast,  1  m.  S.  of  Gerace  Marina 
below  the  moderr;  Cencertbey  still  retained  tbe  name  of  Iflcti 
Epis^hyrii  (Ahqol  ol' li>l<e«^^),  which  served  to  disling«e>b 
them  from  Ihe  Ozoliso  and  Opunlion  lOai  ol  Greece  itself 
(see  preceding  attide).  The  foundalioB  ol  Locii  goes  hvk.to 
'  '"  ''         ihebrstof  aU  Greek  commii^tics  to  have 


Locri 


of  la 


e  founilcd  Ihc  cohinies  of  Meis 


n  6&4B 


thus  IB  active  idvcmty  01  Albci^faii  aggtaaidisenKn  la  tbe 
west.  Pindai  eitolls  iia'tiprighutenaod  lote  ol  tbe  heroic 
Dnise  of  beauty,  of  wisdom,  ud  al  war,  in  the  loih  and  nth 
(Uympian  OdfB.  SleaichDius  (f.t.)  was  indocd  of  Lacrian  onsin. 
But  it  owed  iia  gnsies)  eitemai  prosperity  lo  the  lact  lut 
DiooysiD  L  of  Eyracuse  seloclcd  his  wil<  from  Liooi :  its  leoitoiy 
was  then  incrCBSKf,  and  the  circuit  bl  its  wails  was  doubled,  but 
it  kBt  Ira  fiatdon.  In  316  B.C.  il'woa  ruled  bv  DieajTBUS  11 
Frnm  the  battleof  Hendea  to  tboycat  aostnbaii  It  waKa^orcd 
by  P.  Cenelhis  Sdpio  AlricamiB  MaiDr,BBd  pUcid  undet  Ibe 
conlnlel his  legate Q^PIeminius), Locri  waicMttiiH*Uycbuici«g 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


LOCS&— LOCUST 


hi 


aa  illy,  iml  «u  only  abnied  like  oibcr  Cicck  cdait  tovns  to 
furniih  ihifn.  In  Uter  Ronun  limu  It  i>  aitca  menljoDcd.  but 
WB  appartntty  al  do  gnu  imponancc.  Ii  a  meDlioncd  in- 
cidcntilly  until  the  6tb  ccntuiy  AJk,  but  Hal  dcMtoyed  by  tbe 
Suueu  in  91 S- 

Eicavttiou  in  iSSQ-i'Sga  led  to  the  discovciy  ol  an  Ionic 
tesipte  (the  Dorit  ityle  being  uiual  in  Magna  Cnetii)  at  l)i« 
north-west  angle  oI  the  town — originally  i  cella  with  Iwn  nav«, 
s  closed  prooaot  Da  the  E.  md  an  sdyLum  at  tbe  back  (W.), 
laler  cmvertFd  iaio  a  heiutyle  peripheial  temple  with  34 
punted  ICFia-CDtu  cohinns.  This  was  then  dntroyed  about 
400  B.C.  and  ft  new  temple  built  on  the  niinSf  heptastyle  perip- 
tcrali  with  no  intermediate  columns  in  tlw  cella  and  0[usEho- 
domos,  and  with  44  columns  in  all.  The  tiguies  Irgm  the  pediment 


Locri  afaiiHt  Ciolona,  aie  in  the  Naples  mi 
and   O,    Puchstein,  Crlakixht    Ttmprt  in 
SitUitit,  Berlin,  it^,  pp.  1  aqq.)-    Subscquci 
e  of  the  greatest    ' 


tcR.Knldewi 


P.  Orsi 


■  looS.     f  nu 


It  the 


It  by 


V,  (Archeotogia)  Romi 
1904,  p.  901,  we  leain  uut  the  eiploTalian  ol  the  enviTDns  o( 
the  icmpke  kd  to  the  diKovery  at  a  brge  number  of  uchiic 
tcrra-cotl^,  and  of  wme  Urge  trtncbet,  covered  with  liles, 
containing  wme  l»,ooo  scyphoi  arranged  in  rows.  The  plan  o( 
the  city  w»«  als0>  ireced;  ihe  walls,  ihe  length  of  which  was 
nearly   5   n-,  consisted  of  three  parts — the  fortified  castles 

pr<^>er,  and  the  lower  town— the  latter  enclOKd  by  long  walb 
running  down  to  Ibe  mi.  In  the  Roman  period  Ihe  dty  was 
reitricted  to  tha  plain  neat  the  sea.  Since  these  excavations, 
n  certain  amouot  of  unauthorized  work  has  gone  tm,  and  some 

cacftvations  some  ^  prehistoric  objects  have  been  discovered, 
which  confirm  the  accounts  of  Thucydidcs  and  Polybius  thit  the 
Greek  aetttera  found  the  Siculi  bete  bcloie  Ibcm.        (J.  As.) 

liOcSI  (Gcr.  LtKlKliau).  tbe  capital  of  Ihe  county  ol 
Siepet,  in  Hungary,  ija  m.  K.E.  of  Budapest  by  rail.  Pop. 
(tooo)  8645,  mostly  Gcmina  and  Skivaki.  The  county  of 
Szepes  is  the  highest  part  of  Hungary,  and  its  nortb-vestem 
portion  it  occupied  by  ibe  Titra  Mountains.  LOcie  lies  Id  an 
devmlad  poaitlen  surrounded  by  tm>iinlains,.sod  it  one  of  the 
oldest  toimt  of  Hungary.  Tbe  church  of  St  Jams  is  a  Goihk 
ttructuieol  the  ijlh  century,  with  ticHy  carved  altar,  several 
monoments,  and  a  celebrated  organ  erected  in  16]].  and  long 
repuled  tha  largest  in  Hungary.  Tb«  old  town-hall,  nalorcd 
in  1894,  cenlaina  a  Protestant  upper  gymnasium,  lounded  in 
1544,  and  one  of  the  oldest  printing  eslabKshmcnls  in  Hungsiy, 
[oundedin  ijSj.  Bce.kecping  and  the  raising  oi  garden  produce 
■re  Ihe  chid  industries. 

A  by  Saion  coloniiu  in  1145,  LOcse  bad  by  the  early 


part  of  the 

Gihcen 

nry 

tlalned  a 

wilion  of  great  re 

lative 

Importance. 

In  1509 

greater  part 

igwn,  and  d 

sullen 

d  repeatedly 

tibc 

taudtoflheTnnsylv 

princes  an 

tOCnXUt.  (or  "place 

■-,  in  Gr,  T*™), 

term, 

of  the 

OtJB 

of  which 

IS  atttibutcd  to  Flat 

0.     It 

sUlem 

s  these:  Ih 

locus 

olthcpoinU 

which 

are  at  the  aa, 

me  distal 

oeiromaAied 

point 

oroUpofa 

which 

Is  a  circle^  conversely  a  drclc  is  the  loci;s  of  the  points  at  the 
same  distarice  from  a  fixed  point,  or  ol  a  point  moving  so  as  to 
be  always  at  Ifan  lamt  distance  from  a  fiaed  pointy  and  10  in 
genenl  a  carv*  of  mr  given  kind  is  the  locus  iri  tbe  points  which 
satisfy,  e«  oT  a  point  moving  so  as  always  to  satisfy,  a  given 
cou^'lion.  The  Ibeoiy  of  loci  is  thus  identical  with  that  of 
curva  [i«  CuivE  and  Ceohetiv:  {  AmdylUal).  Tbe  nolion 
of  a  locus  applies  alto  to  aolid  geomeliy.  Hen  iIm  locus  of  Ibi 
pofnii  satisfying  a  single  {or  onelold)  condiiion  Is  a  surface; 
the  locus  of  tbe  points  satisfying  two  conditions  (or  a  twofold 
coiylitioDl  isji  curve  in  space,  which  is  in  general  a  twisted  curve 
M  cwv«  «l  doable  cwvatuie. 


LOCOBT.'  In  its  general  acceptation  (his  t 
to  certain  insects  of  the  order  Orlhopltn. 
The  f  nmily  LtcuilUat  is  now  viewed  aoologii 
docs  not  admit  ol  the  species  best  known  : 
included  therein.  Tbeidraofavery  deslruct 
sally  associated  with  the  term;  therelore 
specTCs  thai  cannot  be  considcted  true  loci 
called;  In  North  America  it  has  even  embrai 
trraSoMnfltra,  belonging  to  the  Cicedidoe, 
of  England  cockchafers  are  so  dcslgnaled. 


IT  the  a 


a  true  locust  should  be  n  migratory  species  of  Ihe  fimlly  ^crt- 
diiiae.  Moreover,  the  term  has  yet  a  slightly  dlRercnt  ^gnilica- 
tlon  as  viewed  from  the  Old  or  New  World.  In  Europe  by  d 
locust  is  Tneinl  an  insect  of  large  sise,  the  smaller  allied  species 
being  ordinarily  known  as  "-gmsshoppets,''  hcnir  ll*  "  Rocky 
Mounfaia  locust  "  of  North  Amciica  is  to  Eastern  ideas  rather 
ft  grasshopper  than  a  locust. 

In  Europe,  and  a  greater  part  of  the  Old  World,  the  best 
known  migrntoiy  locust  is  that  which  it  scicntihcatly  termed 
Pachyl^us  dicrnKni  wit  h  »hich  an  allied  species  P.  mipolsTiu, 
has  been  often  confounded'.  Another  locust  fouod  in  Europe 
nnd  neighbourfng  districts  is  CdJsJMmH  iUIUu),  and  si  ill  anolbcr, 
^(rUiin*  /«T(jimiin,  has  once  or  Iwice  occurred  in  Europe, 
though  ils  home  (even  in  a  migratory  sense)  is  more  properly 
Africa,  and  Asia.  These  practically  include  all  thelocustsof  the 
Old  World,  though  n  migratory  species  ol  South  Africa  known 
as  Psiliylylia  fardaiinia  (pcesuoied  to  be  distinct  from  f. 
nicralorfui)  should  be  mcniioned.  The  Rocky  Mountain  loctBf 
of  North  America,  is  Calapleam  iprtlui,  and  in  that  continent 
there  occurs  an  AerUium  (A.  amtricaavts)  so  closely  allied  to 
A.  ftrctrimm  as  to  be  scarcely  distinct  therefrom,  though  there 
it  dos  rot  manifest  tnigiBlDry  tendencies.  In  the  West  Indies 
and  Ccnlral  America  A.  frrririnxm  is  also  tepoiled  to  occur. 

The  females  eicavate  botes  in  the  earth  in  which  the  eggs  are 
deposited  in  a  bng  c^ndtlcsl  mass  enveloped  in  a  glutinous 
secretion.    The  young  larvae  hatch  and  immediately  eo 


Vithcs. 
lage;  they  go  on 


itabdic  " 


,nd  as  they  approach  tlie  perfect 


Ir  locc 


the  [ligli|s  to  take  a  particular  direction,  varied  b 
clrcumitancei  of  the  breeding  districts.    Solikewii 


inged  and  perfect 
Dme  infinitely  more  disastrous,  redoubled  by 
ii  Uic  migratory  instinct.  The  laws  regulating 
lot  perfectly  understood.    Food  and  tempera- 

■'     '       '  there  is  a  tendency  for 

by  the  physical 

has  Its  ana  of  constant  location,  and  Its  aica  of  wlnordinary 
migration.  Perhaps  the  most  feauble  of  Ibe  suggestions  as  to 
the  causes  of  Ihe  migratory  impulse  ia  that  locusts  naturally 
breed  in'  dry  sandy  districts  in  which  food  is  scarce,  and  arc 
impelled  to  wander  to  procure  the  necessaries  of  life;  but  against 
this  it  has  been  argued  that  swarms  bred  in  a  highly  productive 
district  bi  which  they  have  temporarily  settled  will  seek  the 
barren  home  of  their  ancestors.  Another  ingenious  suggestion 
Is  Ihai  migration  is  inllmatelr  cooncncd  with  a  dry  condition 
ol  the  aunosphcte,  urging  Ihcm  to  move  on  until  compdled 
to  slop  (or  food  or  ptocrcalive  purposes.  Swarms  travel  con- 
llderahle  distances,  though  probably  generally  fewer  than  looo 
m.,  though  sometlnws  very  much  more  As  a  rule  the  ptogrea 
is  only  gradual,  and  this  adds  vastly  10  the  devutallng  eSectl. 
When  an  estensive  swarm  temporarily  tcltlet  in  •  djtuict,  1^ 
vegetation  rai^dly  dls^ipetrs,  and  then  hunger  urges  it  on 
another  atage.  The  iMge  Old  World  species,  althougb  un- 
doubtedly phytophagous,  when  compelled  by  hunger  sometimes 
attack  at  lealt  dry  animal  substances,  and  even  cannibalism 
hat  been  asserted  at  an  outcome  ol  the  failure  ol  all  othtr  kinds 
of  food.  The  length  gf  a  single  Bight  mutt  depend  upon 
'  The  Lai.  Ittmla  was  £n(  ■ppild  lo  <  k^Ucr  or  Mlwc  atiine 


8s8 


dioinituKct.  From  pceuliiiritk*  in  the  eumplaof  jlcrjdnm 
penpinam  Uken  in  Erslud  in  it6v,  ii  bu  been  umitd  thit 
llwy  malt  h»ve  come  direct  by  lea  Irom  Ibe  well  tout  ol  Altio; 
And  wlut  ii  probably  the  ume  ipecin  b&s  been  leen  in  the 
AlluUic  It  leut  I  loo  m.  iionl  luid,  to  mmu  completely  covering 
tbtlbipi  thiu,  incerliin  calM  fligfat  must  be  sustained  fotieverBl 
day*  uid  nighti  together.  Tbe  height  il  which  swaimi  Sy, 
when  their  horizontal  course  ia  nt>t  liable  to  be  altered  by  moun- 
tains, has  been  very  variously  esliioated  at  from  40  to  zoo  fL, 
or  even  is  a  particular  ok  10  Jeo  It.  The  citent  of  swarms  and 
the  number  o[  mdividuall  in  a  twiini  cannot  be  accuialely 
ascertained.  They  come  lometima  in  such  Humbert  as  lo  com- 
pletely obtcure  the  lun,  when  the  noiie  mute  by  the  nulling 
of  th«  wings  ji  deafening.  Nevertheless  some  idea  on  this  point 
may  be  fortned  from  the  ascertained  fact  that  to  Cyprus  in  iSfii, 
at  the  dose  of  tbe  season,  1,600,000,000  egg-cases,  each  containing 
a  coniiderable  number  of  eggs,  had  been  destroyed;  the  estitnated 
weight  eueeding  ijoo  tons.  Yet  two  yean  later,  it  is  believed 
that  not  fewer  than  5,076,000,000  egg-caies  were  again  deposited 

In  Europe  the  beat  known  and  ordinarily  most  dertntcEive  species 

records  of  devaiUtfons  in  Europe  mainly  nfcr,  but  it  iiprt^bty  not 

steppes  of  eentrat  Aaia  are  Lbe  home  of  this  Imeet  apfwars  pnAaUe; 

_..f ...   _  . «lopedtaune«.taii.ly.Tr.nireaaelhe 

ion_to  eaBrmous,  and  that  of  sccaHonai 


distribution  is  still  ereaicr.    Tbe  fanner  an 

pirallel  ol  40*  N.  in  PbrtuBal.  Hiing  10  48*  in  Fr 

and  nuinf  into  Ruuia  at  }j*.  thence  continuing  across  the  mlddl 

(rfSibnia,  oorthof  China  ia  Japan:  thence  louth  to  the  Fiji  lilandi 

10  New  ZeaUnd  and  North  Australia;  thence  again  to  MaurilUi 


theiA  apparently  been  noiiCKlaB  far  north  as  Edinburgh:  ■oalso 
docs  It  occaiLonally  appear  io  Scandinavia,  and  ii  has  probably  been 
Ktn  up  10  6]'  N.  in  Finland.  Looking  at  thii  vast  ana.  il  iscjsy  to 
conceive  that  an  elemenl  of  uncertainty  mini  always  eiin  with 
regard  (o  tb»  uact  dflerminalion  <d  the  ipeclei.  and  in  Eunpa 


especially  is  this  the  ease,  beeaose  Ibere  eiiets  a  disdoct  tptda. 
known  as  P.  Mifrotonu,  the  migratory  area  of  which  appear*  to  be 

cnnliricd  toTitrkeitan  and  eastern  Eorofie. 

occasieaany  founiTin  Ibe Bnllsh  Islat aS'Eldc Seln-Lawcbamps 

IS  ol  opinion  that  it  breeds  regularly  in  Belgium,  vbcreas  Ibe  true 
P-  mttraloriaii  a  only  acddental  in  (nal  couniry. 

A  fwuth  African  species  allied  (o  the  prerrdintf  and  provi 
IdsnIiSed  as  Pvkyljim  uJaattit  ii  lutnnirthy  rram  the  aa 


.  Ices  than  thai  ol  ilL 

aiues.  II  Is  ntcniiaiiy  a  species  of  the  Mediterranean  dislrici.  and 
espeeisHv  of  ihc  European  side  cl  that  lea,  yet  it  is  alio  found  ia 
North  Atrica,  and  ■ppnn  ta  cnetid  far  inn  sniher*  Kain. 

CsIpMhu  iMtu  (Gig.  4)  b  ihi  "  Rocky  Mounuia  locuM  "  « 
"  hateful  giaetbopper  "  ti  tha  North  American  coniineni.  Though 
a  comparatively  snuQ  insect,  not  lo  large  as  lome  of  the  eraas- 
hoppers  of  English  fields,  its  devtruclivem  has  pmcnred  ttf  it 
greal  notoriety.  By  early  tiavcllere  and  leltlerB  Iho  species  was  aol 
reedtnlied  as  disliact  from  some  of  ita  Dua-awalofy  oontenera 
Bui  in  1(77.  CangiEiaupaunad  *  United  Stalea  Entoiade^BJ  CSm- 

(C/V°Riley'.  A.  S.  Kckard  a^  f^oma.)  deals  whh  ihe  whole  subieci 
of  iDcuifi  both  in  America  and  the  OM  World.  C.  i«n<<a  has  its  home 

'    thearidplalnsoftbecentnlngioaeaHoilht 

■" ''ihily  huo  the  sDuDbere  ponisacl 

._  _„ .  ._  ._  -.jiiiboundrd  by  the  limits 

occaalanal  d'^ '  '         ' 

North  Ai 


';wi 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


tOCUST-TREE^tODQE,  B. 


*S9 


K  hf  daimyiDg  the  larvae  while  la  u 


nnwlutnl  nedltka,  and  by  dinuif  mi 
vbiGh  they  CBB  fill  and  be  dnnraad 
Unle can  beds™  with  the  »" 
'  '  ^  oira  tHtrV,  probably  here  aoei  m 
u  haa  a1t«D^  tht  tprtyin^  of  ili 
—  -^'^  -*-"  — ''■■  -"  Diintocy 


— Rocky MoiutaiaLonuKCabflflHuifintai)-  (AfwtlUlFy,) 

.  Fenilc  la  diffimK  pari-  t,  t  )b««  the  tvit,  partially  n- 
v  already  ia  place,  aod 


V  egii  lylai  looir  oa  the 


they^n" 


n  alaa  attack  ihm,  eiptcUlly 
ian.    Ufwvnvrr.  thcy  have  "tiU  — ,-, 
It  the  [ully  devrlofied 


wingHliniHt.  But  iheirmtFrpan  iiuclithcecn.  TonichbcWe 
cBtain  beetle*,  chiefly  st  the  fimUv  CnnlkiriAu.  and  eiprdally 
ocituii  tvn-auaed  fliM  of  the  luily  Bimlrjtitiat  Thev  lallel. 
both  in  the  Old  ud  Ne>  W«M.  IDUK  f«vnit  vui  quulitia  ot  eni 
The  tarjEFr  Old  World  tpecica  (orm  anictri  oF  foad  wild  ctrtaln 
imiMHviGint  and  avap  ram.  by  nhnai  they  are  conridcred  >t 
dilkaiica,  DC  u  ivt  of  srtKaarf  dMi  aacaediBi  loihi  race  and  the 
(BBthod  ot  pnpuuim.  (B.  MUiH.  I.  P.) 


of  tlH  ti&e  Csuiua  of  Che  oidet  Lesumlaoue,  tbc  tok  ipeda 
at  in  gEim,  and  widely  dWiiawl  qwotsnoMuly  uid  by  c«ltlv»> 
tioo  from  Spain  to  the  eiaieni  MwtHtciMWUi  rtgliHu.  Ill* 
name  of  the  gcnui  ii  deiived  (nun  tlie  oftea  curved  pod  (Or. 
haie  horn).  The  flowtn  have  no  pctab  and  an 
or  dioeciani  (male,  ienuile  and  bcimaphnNlite 
mnma  nniii).  The  leeitiiod  i>  ounpRued,  often  carved,  lo- 
dehjacent  and  coriaceona,  but  with  met  ps^  dMiloiis  between 
the  lecdi,  which,  ai  in  otlieT  (cnera  c4  the  Caaitat,  aie  albuBihi- 

•pirit  and  a  lymp  an  made  from  ibon.  TIkh  tiiiiki  beinf  ollen 
lued  for  awiae  an  caOed  iwine't  bnad,  and  an  pi«babl)>  rtltmi 
to  in  the  paiaUe  of  the  PmU^  Sod.  Ii  I*  aba  calkd  8t  Jofea-i 
bnad,  Ereu  a  MannJeiitinding  cf  Matt.  iiL  4.  Tbe  carob-tne 
wai  Rsuded  by  SpranBBl  u  Ibe  tnc  with  whlcb  MoMi  awtetraed 
tbt  bitter  waten  of  Hanb  (End.  xv.  is),  at  the  UarrM, 
aoconUnK  to  AvicouB  (p.  105),  has  tlie  propeity  d  fwcawunf 
Mb  awl  bitter  «aten.  Oerard  (ffirMf,  p.  1141)  coltlvattd  H 
in  t597,  It  iBving  been  iaEmduced  in  i^yo. 

UUmVE,  a  town  of  Kmlhen  Fiance,  capital  of  an  airoDdba*- 
ntnt  ol  tbe  dtpanmeot  oC  {Urault.  j6  m.  W.N.W.  of  Mont- 
pcilieibyniL  Fop.  (1906)16142.  It  ii  aituated  in  the  touihem 
C^ennei  al  the  foot  of  iteep  hills  in  a  imall  valley  when  the 
Souloodm  joint  the  Lcisue,  a  Iribinaiy  of  the  Hinidl,  Two 
biutget  over  the  Lcrguc  connect  the  town  with  the  buboDiK 
of  Carraa  on  the  left  bank  of  llic  nvar,  and  two  otben  dtcc  thn 
Soulondtetlead  lotbceateul'nniiniot  tbediUtau  de  Honlbnui 
(ijlhcenltiry).  TlMoldfottificdcallicdnlolSiFukian,foBnded 
by  him  in  950,  date*  in  1U  pnwBt  condition  from  the  ijtb,  i4tb 
and  i6lb  onturit*;  the  doiuec,  doling  from  the  i5tb  and  i;tb 
ceatuiiM,  ii  in  raliu.  In  the  picturtsque  enviroal  ol  tbe  l«iin 
standi  the  weH-pieaerved  niooajtery  ol  St  Midiel  d*  CrtBuncof, 
dating  fnuB  the  nth  uotucy  and  now  UMd  aa  faun  buildigga. 
Id  the  neighbeurbood  ai«  three  fine  dnlmeiu.  The  masufaclun 
of  wooUena  lor  trtaj  dalhiog  it  tbe  duel  induMry.  Woti  li 
iinpDiled  in  Iiikc  quantilie)  from  the  nei(hboniii«  dcpaitmenl*. 
and  from  Marocco-.  tbe  eipoiU  an  cloth  to  Italy  and  the 
Lenat,  wine,  brandy  and  wood.  The  town  hai  tiibunala  of 
Got  huUuice  and  of  commerce,  a  board  of  Irade-aibitDton, 
■  chambei  of  ant  and  manufanoH.  and  a  ontinnanal  Csllefe. 

Lad  jve  (Lateva)  enisled  befon.  the  invasion  of  tbe  Romau, 
wbo  for  BODie  time  called  it  fonni  Noinui.  Tbe  inhabilaota 
wen  convened  to  Chriatianily  by  St  Flour,  fint  bishop  of  the 
city,  ^out  jaj.  After  passing  BKOcisively  into  the  handi 
of  Uw  Viiigolha,  the  Franks,  the  Osuogolhs,  the  Arabs  and 
the  Canlinciant,it  beonu  In  iheQth  century  a  xpante  counl- 
ibip,  and  aflerwante  the  domaia  of  ila  bltbopa.  During  the 
Rl^^oui  mn  it  luSeral  much,  etpecially  b  ijjj.wheu  It  waa 
Mckod.    It  ctased  to  be  an  episcopal  lee  at  the  Revolution. 

lOMB,  ■MtmrD  (17J6-1S14),  EDgUih  writer  on  beraldiy, 
waiborn  in  Loodoii  on  the  ijihof  June  iTsB,  >on  of  Edmund 
Lodge,  RdOT  of  Cantulion,  Sumy.  He  h«ld  a  comet'i  com' 
miiBOB  ii  tbe  array,  which  he  lesfDed  in  1773.  In  17S1  be 
became  BlnemaDtle  punuivani-at-arms  In  the  CoUcge  ol  Arm*. 
He  subaequenlly  became  I.ancaater  herald,  Nonoy  fcing-at-amu, 
Clanndeua  king-al-amu,  and,  in  tBji,  knight  ol  tbe  ordct  of 
tbe  Cuelphs  of  Hanover.  He  died  in  London  on  the  i6Ib  ol 
January  iSjq.  He  wrote  lUmtralifti  i4  Biiiiik  BUIety,  Bif- 
pafhy  ami  UaHitrM  in  Ihi  nipu  if  Htmy  Vtll..  BduarJ  VI, 

Utrr,  Elaabtlk  and  Jama  I (j  vob.    I7a0,  conaiilini 

ol  lelectioiit  fnai  Ibe  USS.  of  the  Howard,  Talbot  and  Cecil 
fantHiei  preMrvod  at  the  CoUege  of  Arm*,  Lijt  tf  Sit  JMtu 
Catmr  , . ,  <nid  ed.,  1S17)  He  conlrihnted  the  litnaiy  matter 
\a  PtrWaili  tS  IBtutrina  PirmaiatfGnal  Brluinlian.ie.). 
an  elaborate  work  of  which  a  popular  edition  is  included  In 
Bohn's  "Illuslralcd  Library."  Hi*  moU  bnvanoDl  watt  an 
heraldry  wat  TIU  Cttumiety  >/  (W  aittint  Btitisk  Pune  . 
(iSj3,  enlarged  edjllon,  iBig).  la  Tli4  Amm^  AoBfi  and 
Bortutlttl  (1817-1819),  reiuurd  afler  iSjs  aa  Ptaaifl  Ikt 
BriHik  Emfirt,  aod  generally  known  aa  Lodge*!  Peerage,  fail 
than  did  not  go  beyond  the  title-page. 


LODGE,  H.  a— LODGE,  T; 


UOS&  BBRT  CAMOft  (iBso-  },  AneiktR  pnliliul 
tadci  mad  aulliac,  wu  ban  in  B«li»i,  MuudiuKUi,  tm  the 
iitb  of  UtT  iSjo-  Uc  cnduitcd  *l  Hjuntd  CoUe(c  in  1S71 
lad  It  the  Huvnrd  La*  Sduwl  is  IS;;;  wu  idmiltcd  U  the 
SnBolk  (Uutadiusetti)  btt  in  1S761  ud  ia  1876-1879  wu 
katincUic  in  Amciicta  hiilmy  (i  Huvuit.  He  vu  ■  iacmb«r 
•f  Us  lilus>cliui«tu  HouM  of  Rqiioenutivca  in  iS§d-i8Si, 
utd  of  the  Natiooal  House  oi  Keproenlitivci  in  1887-1S93J 
wccicded  Bcniy  L.  Diwa  u  United  SutB  Soutcr  Irom 
UuuctHuetts  in  1S93;  uid  in  189^  vid  id  190]  wu  n-clfcicd 
to  ihc.  Senate,  wbere  he  b«c«OM  OAC  ol  tlw  moM  pnuninrnt  of 
iJie  Repubticaii  hsden,  and  *o  JBlluwHiil  luppoiUr  of  Pnxideni 
KooBcvelU  He  xaa  >.  nodbet  of  Uk  Ataiku  Boondary  Com- 
niiaisii  of  igsi,  and  a(  the  Uniltd  SUM  ImmiintioB  Cemmii- 
lion  of  i«o7.  In  ihe  Natioiul  Rtfmblicu  Conaciitioai  af  1896 
hbinBueocedidmudilaaecimtlieadapCiaiiolthe  gdd  itsndanl 
"  plank "  of  like  paity'i  ptattenn.  Be  «al  the  pcnnitKnt 
diaiman  ol  the  National  Republican  Convention  at  1900,  a&d 
at  that  of  190S.  In. 1874-1876  be  edited  the  Ntrtk  Amtrictm 
Knitw  with  Heniy  Adami;  aad  in  1879-1881,  with  Joha  T. 
Mme.  Jr.,  he  edited  the /MimuJimsfAnav.  In  1884-1  Rgn  he 
wu  an  ovcneo:  of  Usmcd  CoDt^.  Hia  doctml  (bcai*  at 
Hnnrd  wta  piAIUwd  with  oaa^  by  Henry  Adwna,  J.  I~ 
l,iag)iKn  and  Enitat  Youig,  tindir  the  title  Eiiayi  m  A*^*- 
Stm  Lmd  Lou  (1876).  He  wiole:  Lift  aai  LeUBt  ifCargi 
CeM  (1S77):  Aleanir  HamilUm  (1881),  DmuI  WdaUr  (iSSj) 
and  Giar(i  W(ulriiti/rm  {3  vcIl,  iBSg).  in  the  "  AaKdcan  Statn- 
pun"ieria;  A  Slwtt  Hitbiry  ol  At  Ei^fah  Cdnaa  in  Amna 
(i8Si)i  SMitt  iit  Halsrv  (1884))  Beibm  (1891),  hi  the  "Bi>- 
Wic  Tomu"  aeria;  Hisltrkd  aai  Felitkd  Eaaji  (1891); 
with  Theodore  KooKvelt,  Htra  Tela  fiom  Amiria*  HitHry 
(1S95);  Ctrtaim  Acccffi  Uvta  (1897);  Tkt  Simy  tf  lit 
trnttuau  KadiOin  (>  vob.,  1898);  Tkt  Vor  *Uk  SpBiit 
(1899);  A  Fi^ini  Fritalt  (1901);  A  Frmlitr  Torn  (190*); 
aod,  with  Jj  W.  Gamer,  A  Hiilery  of  Ike  UaUai  Sloia  (4  vdi, 
1906).  Ilealitcd  Tlu  Worts  of  Alaiatider  HamUlam  (9  t^s., 
18SS-1886)  and  r*>  FMaalial  (1891). 

Hil  ion,  CioiCE  CuoT  Lodce  (1875-1909),  ako  bomu 
known  aiw  author,  with  TMt  Setii  af  lii  ICac  (189B),  ftemt, 
l»1»-tgoi  (1901),  Tkt  GriBl  AJtMin  (1905),  Com.-  a  Drama 
(1904},  HvaUtt  (1908]  and  other  vcne. 

UKKlt,  UR  OUVm  iOOPH  <tBit-  I,  Eogbdi  pfaytidit, 
■u  ham  at  Pcnkhnll,  SlaaotdaUn,  oo  the  iMh  of  Jam  1851, 
lad  wu  educated  U  Newport  (Salop)  (nunma*  KhooL  He  wu 
iolended  lor  ■  busneaa  camt,  bM  befoc  attncted  to  ickBcr  he 
«ntered  Univa^iy  Cdlege,  LMdoa,  in  iS7>,  Btadoaliiit  D,Sc  «t 
LODdoo  Unvfintyin  1877.  In  i87;lw«at^q)ointedtadtriii 
iMiunlphiloiiipb)ralIMfoMCoU^forWaiiMB,aiMlin  1S79  he 
becanw  uilalaiit  proleUBr  ol  appBcd  ■mbematita  at  Uofvenily 
CoUeflc,  London.  Two  yttit  later  be  vai  eallid  to  the  chaii  at 
pbyelci  in  (JmiRRity  College,  Liverpool,  when  he-nmaBwd'  till 
ia  19C0  be  wu  cfacoen  fint  principal  ol  the  new  BIralaSham 
Univenity.  He  wu  knighted  Id  iqbl  Hil  oifljnal  >oifc  in- 
dadci  Envcatlffitiani  on  Kj^ttibig,  (he  <ett  of  the  dccUonotivv 
terce  in  the  voltaic  cdl,  tb«  pbeMsona  ol  dxtrelyA  and  Ibe 
ipMd  ^  Ibe  loB,  dKl  t«aa|BMk  wm*  a^  wirdte  tekgiqihy. 
Ae  Butioo  of  the  ntbcr  Mir  iht  autb,  aad  Ibo  afliliculoa  ot 
dcrtrklly  lolhei&peiidofiaBanduackc.  He  prcaldcd  over 
the  naihenulical  and  phydcal  ledion  of  the  Britbta  AnadallDn 
is' 1891,  Hid  acrvnJ-u  pmUenl  of  the  Physical  Sodcly  Id  1899- 
I900  aad  ot  tbe  Sodety  for  nyclncal  Keieard  in  rqoi 
Id  addhion  (e  lameraoiKientlfic  maiMiR  he  wiMc,  among  other 
>«<«■,  UtUM'r>c  Ctt-dvUrt  and  UilMmg  Gmarii,  SipHiUlt 
•MmM  Wim,  Mtdtnt  Virm  ^  KtOrMtf,  Btiiniu  and  Tl 
Blkn  i^Sfaet,  toi!nher  wlih  vafiova  hooka  aod  peftn  ol  a  mUa- 
flyMeal  aad  theolotfcal  cbararter, 

UMB,  TBOKAt  (c.    issS-ifii;),   Eagliih  dmuitiM 
niKdlastom  writer,  wu  bore  (boul  is;Kal  West  Hui. 
wu  the  MMnd  MB  of  Sir  Thdrnu  Lodge,  who  wu  hird  auyir  oi 
London  In  ij^i-ijil.  He  mi  educated  a)  Menhint  Tayton' 
Schoel  and  l^hilly  Callc«e,  Oaford;  taking  hb  B.A.  degree  In 
IS77  and  thai  (rf  M.A.  in  isSi.  In  i)7t  he  ODtved  LMceta'a 


,  u  Id  theother  lobi  ol  Coot,  alovc of  letten  and  ■ 
crop  oi  debit  and  dJScuIUa  neie  alike  voat  lo  iprinc  up  In  a 
kiiulty  loiL  Lodge,  apparenily  in  dlircgard  of  the  wiihei  of  hit 
lamlly.  ipeedily  ihamd  hi*  inclination  towaidi  the  looer  wayi 
of  life  and  the  U^er  aspect!  ol  Utcrnture.  When  the  penilcnl 
Stephen  Gouon  had  {la  ii;>9]  poblishcd  bli  Siktclt  of  Aiuie, 
Lodge  took  up  the  glove  ia  bit  Cc/rnn  0/  Patlry,  Uuiic  a-U 
Slate  Playi  (1579  or  ijSo;  reptiated  for  the  Sbakeapcare 
Society,  185J),  which  ihowi  a  cuUln  restraist.  though  neiiher 
^  '"^nt  in  force  of  Lnvcdivc  Dor  backward  in  display  of  eradi- 
Tht  panpUet  wu  prohibited,  but  appeati  lo  have  been 
diculatnt  piivu^.  It  wai  aaiirertd  by  Cisson  in  hit  Floycs 
Coafvltd  in  Fitt  Actiom;  and  Lodge  retorted  with  bit  Alarum 
Aiaiml  Uninri(iiSi,  reprinted  ib.) — a  "  tract  lor  the  timti  " 
which  no  doubt  wu  in  iome  oieasure  iodebied  lo  the  autbor'i 
peiunal  eipetience.  In  the  tame  year  be  produced  the  Bisi 
tale  vriitcD  by  him  oa  his  own  account  in  prou  and  verte,  TIm 
DdeOoHe  Hillary  of  Forbenlus  Mi  ^ituria,  both  pubUtbed  and 
reprinted  with  the  Alarnm.  From  1587  onwatdi  be  tetint  10 
have  made  a  leriei  ol  altempts  As  a  playwright,  though  moti  of 
Iboae  attributed  to  him  are^nainly  conjecturaL  That  he  tvei 
became  an  actor  ii  improbable  in  iticlf,  and  Cf^r*!  conduusn 
lo  that  effect  rested  on  the  two  auianptiont  thai  ihe  "  Lodge  " 
of  Henslowe's  M.S.  was  a  player  and  that  hli  namewatThoaiai, 
neither  ol  wbidi  it  lupportU  by  ihh  text  (see  C.  M.  Icgleby. 
Wat  Tkmim  Lod[i  ^  AOarl  sMSi.  Having,  inibe  ipirii  of  hit 
age  ,  "  tried  the  waves  "  with  Captain  Clarke  in  hit  eipcdiiioa 
to  Terou*  and  (be  Caoaiiia,  I.odge  In  rsai  nude  a  vayage  with 
TboBu  Cavendisb  to  Craril  and  tbe  SitaRt  of  Uagellm,  ntum' 
ing  horae  by  isgj.  During  the  Canaries  ciprdliioD,  to  beguik 
the  tediuio  of  bis  voya^,hecQniposedlui  prose  talcoi  BMolyndt, 
£iiMa"  GoUm  Lttodt,  which,  fsliited  in  rsgo,  •KerviRti 
rutnlibad  the  nory  of  Shaketpeare't  AsYtmLiktti.  Thenovel, 
wbfch  in  lis  turn  owes  some,  though  no  very  cootlderable,  debt 
to  the  medieval  TdtofCamdyn  (unwamnijibly  appended  to  the 
fiacmentKy  Ct^tt  Tali  in  artaln  MSS.  of  Cbauier'i  vorks), 
is  written  in  the  enpfauiitlc  manner,  but  -decidedly  atmctive 
both  by  iti  plot  aad  by  the  tiiuailoni  aiis'iig  Irom  it.    It  has 

eipedition  be  had  ubliihed  an  hiitorical  romance.  Tin  Ifiilcry 
ol/tahtrl.  Stand  IMiof  Normandy.  t^BnamciRolerl  At  Ditdl; 
and  he  lelt  beUod  him.  for  pnUicalioii  Ca/j^<r«,  Diett*ti  ■■  kit 
SiHpdaril),  t.  iiaamtt  on  the  jnunonlity  of  Athau  {Ltsidon) 
'Both  sppi^ied  b  ij9i.  Aiwther  ronance  In  the  nunner  of 
Lyiy,  Afkua  Slmdta,  Hit  Baliaile  ofllfSi'uts  059'^  annrcd 
whUe  Lodge  «U  ililt  an  bit  travels.  Hit  second  hitiorical 
rODUDit,  ibe  Lift  and  Dtalk  of  Wiiliam  Lontttard  (iS9j),  «u 
more  lacnaaful  tbin  the  Ant.  Lodge  also  brought  hack  with 
him  f  lum  tbe  new  world  A  Ifortvilt  tf  Amaiio  (published  ti9»). 
a  lOnuBce  of  the  tame  descriptfon  inter^)encd  •.lib  many  lyiia 
Already  in  1189  Lodge  had  given  to  the  world  a  volume  i^  poems 
baring  tbe  title  of  the  chid  among  ibwi,5fu!/ui  If el«aurrfaiii. 
Enltrlaird  vilk  Iki  Unfarlimele  Leu  tf  OancKS,  nun  briefly 
koown  at  Oourus  and  SdUo  (repnnied  wiih  preface  by  S  W 
Singer  in  1819).  To  this  tale  Shakespeare  was  possibly  indehlHl 
lor  fbt  idea  of  VeMU  ami  Admit.  Snne  mderi  would  periuF* 
be  pillared  to  give  up  this  and  IDurb  ebc  of  Lodgc'a  augand 
vcne,  fine  though  much  of  ii  it  La  quabty,  largely  botrotred  horn 
olbcr  wrflen.  French  and  ttaliu  In  piniculir.  ia  eichanp  for 
tbe  bat  Sailor's  Kalmdv,  in  which  he  must  in  one  way  or  aaoihn 
have  recounted  his  aca  adventures.  If  lodge,  n  hu  been 
supposed,  was  the  Alcon  in  Cr:^iii  Cleu'i  comt  Hewu  AfaiM,  il 
nay.  have  been  tbe  InDuence  ot  Spenter  which  led  to  Iba  c«B- 
IHMltion  of  PkUIii,  a  Tolnme  ol  aonnets,  In  whMi  tbe  voce  tt 
nature  teems  only  now  and  then  to  become  audible,  puUshed 
wiih  the  nanotive  poem,  Tki  CemfltyiUitf  Elsirid.m  i!«} 
A  Fii  fw  Momta,  on  the  iiRiwh  ol  which  he  bu  heca  edkd 
tba*ari)nt  EDgMih  Ht Iriat ,  aad  wlnA  loaialiH  erlognu  aJilmsid 
to  Daniel  and  othcis,  as  epislle  addressed  Id  Drayton,  and  other 
{Hecei,  appeared  in  ijqj.  X.odge'i  ascertained  draaaiic  uttk 
it  amall  in  qaaniily  Id  amjuactiiiw  with  Greece  he,  probably 
in  Tj9a,  produced  in  a  popular  vein  tbe  odd  bM  far  fraoi  fcchk 


LODGE-^LODI 


fUx  of  A  LtMlit  CSaiit  far  tandaii  mtt  Ba^ni  (priMed  in  ' 
ISM).  He  had  alpruly  Kiitiia  Tkt  »'wwb  t{  Caile  War. 
liKly  ui  failk  in  ike  Tratfiia  e/  UarUu  and  SiiUa  (prodand 
perha^BA  eu*^  is  1587,  and  publi&hed  m  <i^)i  tgoodaocood- 
ntc  piKc  in  .^e  htlf-duopick  latliiaa  o(  it)  (tt.  Ml  F.  G. 
FJcAy  Lhinki  there  were  grounds  fw«»i^n£  to  LL>dec  if  wcrfinu 
and  Amaliiu,  played  by  the  Queen's  Men  Bboul  Is&B,  ■  share 
with  Roben  Cieene  in  Ceerit  a  C'ctv.  Hit  Pima  of  WtkrfM. 
and  in  Shaketpeaie'i  ind  put  of  Henry  V/.;  be  alio  icgaids  him 
as  al  least  part-aulhoc  of  Iki  True  CHre^iiclr  of  Kint  Uir  a*i 
hit  Ikrtt  Dauililm  (l  sm>  ;  and  T^l  Troutlraimt  Raitnt  tj  John, 
Kint  «/  Entiani  (f.  ijgK);  in  the  uce  ot  tMi  olbcc  playi  he 
aUowed  the  auignitioa  10  Lodge  to  t>t  punly  conjeciural. 
That  Lodge  i*  the"  YouBg  Juvnul  "  of  CtKoe'i  Croatsvetik 
of  WU  is  no  longei  a  geuAraUy  accepted  hypothesis,  la  the 
latter  put  et  hit  life — pouihiy  about  1556,  when  be  publiihetl 
his  Will  llistrit  and  the  Wcild'i  Madmsii,  which  is  dutnl  fron 
Low  Leytnn  in  £aea,  acd  the  rcligieui  inict  Prmopopcia  (if, 
as  seems  probabie,  it  was  his),  in  which  he  repents  him  of  his 
"  Jevd  lines  '*  of  other  days — he  becanv  a  (Jatholic  and  engaged 
in  tbe  ptaclice  of  medicine,  for  which  Wd«1  says  be  qualified 
himself  by  a  degree  at  Avignon  in  1600.  Two  yean  aflecwBrdi 
he  received  the  degcee  el  M.D.  from  Oifotd  Uaivetiity.  Hit 
WDtli  hcncifoilh  have  a  sober  cast,  conpitsing  ttHjislatims  at 
JoKphus  (i6«]},  o(  Seneca  (i6it),  ■  Unrrai  Summary  of  Du 
Banas's  DMnt  Sefmaiui  (i6ii  and  iSj?),  bnides  a  Treallsi 
al  Oh  Platia  (iSoj),  md  a  popular  manua],  which  remained 
unpublished,  on  Damalii  Utdimu,  Early  in  1606  he  Kems 
Co  have  left  England,  to  escape  the  persecution  then  lUrected 
agaiast  the  Catholics;  and  a  letter  fiom  him  dated  1610  thanVi 
the  English  ambassador  in  Paris  for  enabling  him  ID  cetuin  in 
safety.  He  was  abroad  on  urgent  private  altairs  of  one  kind  and 
analber  in  1616,     From  this  lime  10  his  death  in  i4is  nothini 


fuuliaghii«nti>IIendann;  |ii].) 

'  .>.}.    lEi>»iih(i.)andEii.)al< 

Where  turaiihed  ipanmenis 

law  implies  on  undertaking  on  11 

nefuse  to  occupy  the  prei 
is  no  implied  contracr  thi 


Hntt  CMnry  Sltdiis  (iSSj).  Of  Acufynle  Iher:  are  nuoienui 
modem  editions.  See  alio  j.  J.  Juuenixd.  Eiifiut  Nottl  iu  Iki 
Timi  ^  Shtlitipnrw  (Eng.  trans.,  1B90  :  F.  G.  Flcay,  Biairapkina 
a•'Mil<1lkt'En^^h0rsm^^■nlT.•B9')■  (A.  W.  W.) 

tODGB,  a  dwelling-place,  anull  and  usually  temporary,  a  hul, 
booth  or  tent.  The  word  was  m  M,  Eng.  hggt,  from  Fr.  fuje, 
arboui.  In  modem  French  k  but;  also  box  in  a  theatre;  the 
French  word,  like  the  Italian  fgf(».  cunc  from  (be  Med.  Ut. 

En^  "  kibby  "  is  derived.  Tbe  Latin  li  of  Teutonic  orip'n 
from  the  ward  which  survives  in  tlie  Mod,  Ger.  Laube,  an  arbour, 
but  which  earlier  was  used  for  any  hut,  booth,  &c.  The  word  is 
probably  ultimately  from  the  root  which  appears  in  "  leal," 
meaning  a  rough  shelter  of  folia^  or  bougls.  The  word  is 
etpecWIy  used  of  a  house  built  either  in  a  forest  or  away  from 
hiI>it<tiaR,  where  people  stay  for  the  purpose  ol  sport,  as  a 
"bunting  lodge,"  "shooting  kidge,"  &c.  The  most  frequent 
toe  of  the  WDcd  is  of  a  small  building,  usually  placed  at  the 
entrance  10  an  estate  or  park  and  Inhabited  >^  a  dependant 

boi  inhabited  by  the  porter  of  a  college,  factory  or  public  inslilu- 
,  tion,  Amaag  Fteeoiiisons  and  other  societiM  the  "  hxjge  "  li 
Iho  name  glwen  to  the  meeting-place  of  the  membeilor  the  branch 
or  district,  and  is  spplied  to  the  members  collcaivrly  as  " 
meeting  of  the  lodge."  Tbt  goveiWng  hody  of  the  Freemason 
presided  over  by  the  grind  master  \i  colled  the  "  Grand  Lodge. 
At  the  univetJily  of  Cambridge  the  house  where  the  head  of 
cOtPege  lives  a  called  the  "  lodge."  Formeriy  the  word  was  use 
of  the  den  or  lair  of  an  animal,  but  is  now  only  applied  to  thi 
of  the  betiver  and  the  otter.  It  h  also  applied  to  the  tent  of 
Nottb  Amerfcan  iBdiKi, «  wigwam  or  tepee,  and  tothe  tiamber  1 
inhabttinti  of  such  a  tent.  Ifi  mining  the  teno  is  used  of 
Hiburriinom  reMtvoir  made  at  the  bottom  of  the  pit,  or  1 
dIBerent  leveh  in  the  shaft  for  the  purpose  ol  draining  the  mim 
It  Is  ucd  also  of  a  room  Or  landing-place  neit  to  the  shaft,  fr 


LOOCn  UB  UDOnnU.     The 

>  lodge)  ii  used  in  English  law  it 
^Uei.   itisapplied  (i,)m<      ' 


1  house,  the  landlord  al 


s  anide  Is  concerned. 
ie  landlord  that  they 


Kj  applical 


shall  rmli'n 
of  everythii 


vshed  lodgings.  In  the  absence 
•-  contrary,  a  lodger  has  a  r^t  to  tne 
ary  to  the  enjoyment  of  Ihepremiies,  such  as  the  doorbell 
and  kncker  and  the  skylight  ol  a  slalrcue.  Whether  the  rem 
irtmenls  can  be  distrained  for  by  the  Immediate  landletd 
he  reu'dcs  on  the  premises  and  supplies  attendance  rs  3 

The  wei^I  of  authority  seems  to  support  the  negative  vicrr 

(see  Foa,  Lctidloii  tud  Ttntnl,  3rd  ed.p.4]4).    Tb  make  good 

ight  to  distrain  it  fs  necessary  ta  show  that  the  terms  ol  the 

mce.  Where  tbe  owner,  althdugh  residing  on  tfie  premises^ 
rs  not  supply  attendance,  the  question  depends  on  whether 
•-tc  is  a  real  tenancy,  giving  the  lodger  an  exc^mive  right  erf 


whelhet 


of  the  1 


rol  oi  the  < 
ebavetobelakenaccountof.  Alodger 
lie  where  he  is  in  eiclusive  occupatioit 
hiRi,  and  (he  landlord  does  hot  retain 
I  of  the  whole  structure.  As  to  distress 
ent  due  by  an  iramediale  10  a  tuperiat 


on  a  lodger's  goods  for  r 

landlord,  s«  Rent.  As  to  ine  lermmaiiDn  01  snan  itnancies. 
as  of  apartments,  see  LANDLoin  una  Tewi«hi.  Tbe  landlord 
has  nolienon  Ihegoodsof  ihelodgecforrent  orcbargcs.  Over- 
crowding lod^n^bouses  may  be  dealt  with  as  ■  nuisance  under 
the  Public  Healtb  Acts  1875  and  1891  and  the  Housing  of  the 
Working  Clasws  Ads.  As  to  the  lodger  franchisti  see  Ricisnia- 
TioN  or  VoTTiB.  It  hu  been  held  in  En^and  that  keepers  of 
lodging-houses  do  not  come  within  the  category  of  those  pctsons 
(seeC«RU£H;lHHEE>:FEi)whoholdIhemselvrsautle  thepubTIC 
generally  as  trustworthy  in  certain  employments;  but  that  they 
are  under  an  obligation  10  take  reasonable  care  for  the  safety  of 
their  lodgers'  goods;  sec  ScirArirgafl  v.  Colgtavt,  1905,  1  K.B. 
8«;.   Asto5colsLawseeBeII'3/Vf<i.s.ijfi(t). 

In  the  United  States,  the  En^iih  doctrine  of  an  implied 
wamtily  of  fitness  for  habitation  on  a  letting  of  tumisbed 
apartments  has  only  met  with    partial    1 


in  Massachusetts.  I»  the  French  Cadt  Citil,  there  are  some 
special  rules  with  regard  tofumished  apattments-  The  letting 
is  reputed  to  be  made  for  a  year,  a  month  or  a'dsy,  actotding  as 
the  rent  is  10  much  per  year,  per  month  or  per  day;  If  that  test 
is  iTiappllcable,  the  letting  is  deemed  to  be  made  according  to  tb^ 
custom  of  the  [riace  (art.  1758).  There  are  simtlal  provisions  In 
the  triTil  Codes  of  Belgium  (art.  i;^),  Holland  (art,  i6it)  and 
Spain  (Civa  Code,  art.  1581). 

Sec  also  the  aniciei,  BoAtctHc  Hoi'sE,  and  Fear:  and  the 
Iribliographlea  to  Flat  and  Likdlorp  ikd  TmaHt.  <A.  W,  R.) 

ion,  a  town  and  episcopal  see  of  I^edmonl,  Italy.  ii>  *^ 
province  of  Milan,  joi  m.  by  rail  S.E,  of  that  city,  on  a  WB 
above  the  right  bank  ol  the  Adda.  130  It.  above  sea-level.  Pop. 
[(rjoi)  i9.g?o  (town),  !«,«JT  (commune).  The  lite  of  tbe  cftj  is 
an  eminence  rising  very  gradually  from  the  Lombard  [Jain,  and 
the  snrrnunding  country  b  one  of  the  inchest  daily  disttiets  in 
Itily.  The  cathedral  (its«),  whh  »  Gothic  fstade  and  a  ifllhFJ 
eerrlurybteral  tower,  hisa  restored  fnterioi-.  Tbe  cfainth  of  the 
Tncoronitt  was  erected  by  Battaggio  (rtSfl)  fn  t he  'Bnmanlesque 
styfe.     It   is  -an  elegant   octagonat  domed   structure,  Htd  Is 


86> 


LODZ— LOFFT 


decanted  with  bacoct  by  the  Kicn  Hmiy,  utiKt  of  [be 

10*0,  *nd  tout  liTRe  ilui-piK«i  by  Ciliito  Piuu  (died  tiler 
ijSi}.  Tbeieiia  fine  orguol  1507.  Tbc  ijtli-cniiury  Gothic 
cburth  of  San  Fiuccko,  icMored  in  i&Sq.  witb  i4th-eei 
piiniiags,itilua«u:eable.  Tlie  PeUoo  ModcsDani  hai  1  .._ 
IlUwij  in  the  uyk  al  Bramulc,  uid  Ibe  boipiuJ  a  doideied 
qiudnnsle.  Id  tbe  Via  Fompcii  ii  u  euly  Bcuiiuna  baue 
wiib  fin  decomioiB  id  nurble  and  um-cocu.  Boido  u 
eiuiuive  uade  in  diese  (Lodi  piadudni  mon  Pamwua 
than  Puna  iuell]  uid  otbcr  daily  produce,  tbcn  an  manu- 
Uftucn  o[  liDcn,  ^,  majDlica  and  cluniicali. 

iL  Laui  Pompeii  lay  3)  m.  W.  of  the  pmcnl  city, 
ii  uill  odupied  by  a  oxBidcrablc  viliace,  Lodi 

h  the  old  caUiednJ  ol  S.  Bauiano,  nov  a  brick 
buildiog.  wbich  contaiu  ijth-ceDtuiy  ImcoB.  Ii  waa  the 
point  wbere  the  jooda  [rom  MednianDin  to  Placentia  and 
"retged,  and  tbere  urai  abo  t  nad  loTidnuDi  (inning 


■nd  Ihe  ai 


e  ion 


s  have  been 


No  niin 


From  which  Pompeiul,  Hhelhcr  Co.  Pompeiis 
gave  citiieuhip  to  ifae  Transpeiduii,  ot  hia  Hn,  the  nw 
Pompey,  it  took  its  name  ii  not  ccnain.  In  the  mjiidle 
wat  secood  to  Miian  among  the  dties  of  noetbem 
dilute  with  the  arcbbiifaop  o{  Milan  about  tbe  inveuitun  ol  Ibe 
biihop  d  Lodi  (1014)  proved  the  beginiuni  oi  a  pruncled  ieud 
bctimn  the  imo  diiet.  In  iiii  the  Milanete  laid  the  wb^ 
place  in  mint  and  lOrbade  theii  rivtli  to  lettoie  wbal  they  had 
dntjoyed,  and  in  [[5S,  when  in  ipiie  of  this  probibilion  a  iaiily 
flourishing  lettknient  bad  again  ban  formed,  they  itpeated 
Ihcir  vork  in  a  moie  Iboiotigh  manncc.  A  number  of  tb 
Lodigian>  had  icltled  on  Colle  Egheuone;  and  theii  village 
Ibe  Baig»  d'lleUa,  on  the  aite  of  a  temple  o<  Herculn,  looi 
grew  up  under  the  painuagc  of  Frederick  BariMuoua  into  j 
nevr  city  of  Lodi  [11^2).  At  liral  suburvicDt  La  the  cmperoi 
Lodi  wai  before  king  compelled  to  enlci  the  Lombard  League 
(od  in  iigS  it  locmed  alliance  oUcnsive  and  defeiuive  witi 
Milan.  The  strife  between  the  Sommariva  01  ariaiocntic  party 
and  the  Ovcignagbi  01  dcmocralic  party  waa  lo  Kverc  that  Ibe 
cily  divided  into  two  diiiinct  conunuoei.  Tbe  Overgnagbi, 
expelled  in  ijj6,  were  restored  by  Frederick  II.  who  loidi  the 
city  alter  three  months'  siege.  Lodi  waa  actively  <Qnceraed  in 
tbe  rest  oi  tbe  Guelph  and  Gbibelline  stnig^C-  In  I4r4>ilft  ruler, 
Gkrvannt  Vlgnali,  waa  treacherously  taken  prisoner  by  Filippo 
Uaria  Visoonti,  aod  aflei  Uul  lime  it  beome  dependent  on 
Milan.  Tbe  duke  of  Brunswick  aplured  it  in  1625  in  the 
inteietis  at  Ssnan;  and  it  was  occupied  by  tbe  French  (1701), 
by  the  Auslrians  (r7Ci6),  by  the  king  of  Sardinia  (1733),  by  Ibe 
AtWriani  (1736),  by  the  Spaniards  (1741).  and  a«iin  by  tbe 
Auslrians (1746).  Onthe  lothcd  May  1796  wasfoughl  Ihe  battle 
Of  Lodi  between  tbe  Austiians  and  Napoleon,  wtiidi  made  the 
latter  master  of  Lombiudy. 

LODZ  (Uia;more  correctly  Loim),  a  lows  of  Rui»an  Poland, 
in  the  government  ol  Piotik6w,  gj  m.  by  rail  S.W.  of  Warsaw. 
It  Is  situated  on  Ibe  lodi  plateau,  which  at  the  beginning  of 
Ihe  igtb  century  was  covered  with  impenetrable  foietts.  Now 
it  is  the  centre  of  a  group  of  industrial  lowos— Zgei*.  Ljoyca, 
Pabianict,  Konstantinov  and  Alcksandrov.  Chiefly  owing  to  a 
conuderablc  immigration  of  Getnun  capitalists  and  worken, 
Loda  has  grown  with  American-like  rapidity.  It  consials 
prindpally  of  one  main  street,  ;  m.  long,  and  is  a  sort  of  Polish 
Hanchester,  manufacturing  cottons.  wooUent  and  tniaed 
rinSs,  with  chemicals,  beer,  machinery  and  lilfc.  One  of  Ihe 
very  lev  educational  institutions  is  a  proicssional  industrial 
school.  The  population,  which  was  only  50,000  in  1S7S.  reached 
j5i,S;o  in  1900;  the  Poles  numbering  about  JT%,  Germans 
4DKandJew..»i%. 

LDBU  (Cer.  Uu),  b  geology,  k  vuiely  ol  loam.  Typical 
loeia  is  a  suit,  porous  rock,  pale  yellowish  ca  bufi  in  colour; 
OBc  characleristic  property  is  its  capacity  to  RIain  vertical. 


vertical  walls  have  been   well  d 


■dhy  . 


a  Ricblholci 


(AUtw  fur  PmclimnttreiieMe,  Beriln,  rB86)  in  CfaiM,  wble 
they  stand  In  (one  placet  joo  ft,  high  and  contain  innnmotUe 
cave  dweUinga;  aadcnl  mads  too  have  worn  Ihcir  way  vertically 
downwards  deep  Into  the  deposit,  fornnog  imch.llke  wiya 
This  cbaraclet  ia  ihe  looi  of  the  MiHissiKil  region  gave  riie 
to  the  name  "  BluH  iormattoB."  A  coarse  columnar  ■(ructuie 
B  olten  exhibited  on  the  verticil  weathered  faces  of  tbe  twk. 
Another  chat>cieri«tic  Is  Uie  presence  throughout  Ibe  reck  d 
smaU  capillary  lubula,  which  tppar  to  have  been  oecnpicd 
by  rootJeu,  thr«e  are  often  Uned  with  caldte.  Typical  Ion 
is  usually  calcareous;  Mme  gcologisit  regard  thii  ai  an  esscmiil 
properly,  and  when  Ihe  reck  has  betome  decatd6ed,  aa  it  frc- 
quenlly  b  on  tbe  aurOci  by  weathering,  ibey  all  It  "lota. 
loun  "  (UuUkm).  In  Ihe  lower  poRjoos  ol  a  loen  depont  the 
catcjqiD  carbonate  tends  to  ionn  com^iODS,  which  on  accoonl 
of  their  mimciic' forms  have  received  luck  nanei  aa  HuHstfcin, 
laupupfm,  foMfla  da  Uta,  "  loeas  doUt."  In  depoaht  of  Ihii 
naiure  m  South  America  Ibeie  coDCTetloitary  manea  iom 
duUncl  beds.  B«ldinc  ta  abient  from  typical  lot«.  Tbe 
mineral  conpoiiiion  of  ben  ruia  lofnewbat  in  dlfleient 
legioaa,  but  tbe  particle*  an  always  mil;  tbey  coiut  of 

'--  — ' '  qaarti,  flna  paitklea  of  hydraled  slicatei 

... ,.._.  ..  offehpir. 


iluly  thn^  Iheceom  cattwarda  liOB  the  nont 

.— .  -.  . nd  are  not  found  north  oi  the  jTih  panllel    la 

hah  rrgleni  lanadepOHiiaie  f^ond  wMia  and  OKM  itaciat  depodla. 

'-  InffaTgyiioMmoBly  an^aed  to  die  PbaiieeeBe 

rf  the  lowi  depoeiia  oi  Benbem  Eurc^  haw  bees 


ihe  P*nit»n  or  PaMioniin  bdosg  to  Ihe  Eocene,  Oligacenc  and 
PtriKoceae  perioda.  Moa  nekfla  aee  ap«*d  that  the  bev  ie  aa 
aeslian  ot  wind.bnine  n>ck,l(innHl  Ba«  anbably  dnrisg  pertode  ol 
tundra  or  Aeppe  conditiona.  Tike  ajaikiy  lubuLce  are  HHoifd 
10  have  been  caused  by  the  roots  of  gran  aad  btrbage  whicVkept 

Sowing  upon  the  lurfacc even  while  the deposii  watilowly  incrcaBiii. 
Ihen  contend  thai  loess  is  of  the  natun  of  alluvial  loaai:  thUny 
be  true  <ii  certain  depouit  duaed  as  latte.  but  it  caoool  be  Irae  U 
miM  at  the  Ivpical  Ikh  formatloiu,  i«  tbr  Ge  upon  older  recb 
guile  independently  oi  ahilude,  from  «ar  aa  level  up  10  Jooo  li.  ia 
Europe  and  to  1 1 ,500  ft.  IP  China;  ibey  are  niten  developed  On  OK 

ippnuinuEely  pamlkl  valkyt  Ibe  low  is  freqetnily  found  l^i^ 

The  Ihirknen  of  loeia  depoati  is  utually  Twi  more  than  31  El.,  but 

reasils  have  been  found  in  tbe  1o«h  of  EuntpF^  the  tapir,  mastoihia 
aod  giant  aleths  occur  ia  South  America,  but  Ihe  moet  cowuhch 
r,»n.  .„  null  land  (liella  and  tuch  amphibiaui  pond  ioiwii  ■• 
.   Certain  Iocs  depoiitt  En  Turkestan  have  bm  attribuled 

bke-loeii"<ivJaii):  according 

ihefcimrh'"" ""!"""""   .._ 

"  "      i  have  been  recugiiiicd  in 

.      .       _      _  -     ,     , IT'Soulh  Gen^y  Ih* 

roUowifig  order  has  been  recrvnued?  (i)  an  upper  unbeddcd,  doo- 

:)  the  sand  or  ikaJ-len.  wiih  lonie  gravel.  The  effect  of  vccetaiion 
1  the  ufwer  layers  oi  loen  i>  10  produce  eoilsoi  great  iertiUiy,  wr^ 
I  Ihe  btick  tanh  (raitrmmm)  o(  looihen  Rnsia,  tin  dark 
nidiiiel  the  Magdeburg  diuici.  and  tbe  black  "cottoa  wM' 

Uart,  CAPEL  (17J1-1B14),  EngUsh  misceUaneoiB  wtitcr, 
as  bom  in  London  on  tbe  14th  of  November  ijji.  Re  waa 
located  at  Eton,  and  Petcrbousc,  Cambridge,  wUcb  be  left 
I  become  a  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  waa  calkd  to  tbe  bu 
1 177;,  and  left  by  bb  father's  and  uncle's  deaths  with*  band- 
ime  property  and  tbe  family  estates.  He  waa  a  prolific  wiitir 
1  a  variety  of  topics,  and  a  vigoroui  1  '  ' 
ol  paiUamenlary  and  other  tetonns,  and  ca 
correspondence  with  all  the  h'terair  men  ol  hia  tina.  Ha 
became  the  patron  ot  Bobeil  BleoinBeU,  Ibe  autluc  oi  Tin 
Bay,  and  secured  lot  him  tbe  very  niecewlnl  poblka- 
lat  work.    Byroa,  ii  ........   ~     . 


tbii  Aftuk  iBv^ 


LOFOTEN  AND  VESTERAALEN— LOFTUS 


863 


Sata  KaJnMn.  lidicukd  LoSt  a*  "  tl«  Hmcohu  oI  iho*- 
malcn  (ad  pnlu:»-mitct  genenl  to  diiUesKd  venemai; 
>  kind  of  ftuis  aaauiUnr  la  U»ie  wbo  wiih  to  be  delivcnd  of 
ibymc.  ba>  do  not  know  how  to  briog  foitti."  He  died  U 
Uoalcalioi.  DOi  Tunn.  on  ibc  vSth  of  May  1814. 

Hit  lovith  MB  Ctpd  Lofit.  tlie  jwiflgei  <iSo6-<g;]),  elu  1 
writer  on  Tunm  tcfiici,  tnberited  hia  Uiher'i  libenl  ideM  uad 
priocipki,  end  carried  then  in  yoDth  to  greeiet  extreme*.  In  hii 
old  ege  he  ebuukewd  these  Iheoriee,  which  hed  bnu^e  him  into 
the  Gompuy  of  eoine  of  tlie  Icadinf  poliliul  a^titon  of  the 
day.     He  died  in  Ameiicn,  where  bt  had  a  Vir^nia  catate. 

LOIOTEIf  AMD  VEtTERAALBN.  a  lai|e  and  pictunKpie 
(nup  of  iilanda  lying  N.E.  and  S.W.  ofl  tiK  N.W.  coait  of 
Norway,  hctween  67'  30'  and  69'  10'  N.,  and  hctvccn  11*  and 
li'-jf  E.  famiiic  pan  of  the  siaf  (counly)  of  Nonliud.  Tlie 
eiiTeme  length  of  the  group  from  Andenacs,  al  the  noith  oi 
AndS.  10  ROM,  b  (bout  ijo  m.i  (he  aggn^te  aiea  about 
1560  iq.  m.  It  ii  ieparaled  from  the  mainland  by  the  Vettfjord, 
Tjaeldiund  and  Vaagsfjord  and  is  divided  inio  two  sections 
by  the  Rarisimd  belneen  HInda  and  Ost-VaagO.  To  the  W. 
and  S.  of  the  Raluund  lie  the  Lofoten  Islands  proper,  at 
which  the  moU  important  are  Ou-VaagS,  CimsS,  Vcst-VaagO, 
Flakslade.  MoikenacsS,  Mosken.  V^ni  and  ROst;  E.  and  N. 
oi  Ihe  Raltsund  ate  the  islands  of  Vrstcniaten,  the  chief  befog 
Hinds,  UlvB,  LangO.  Skogsfl  and  Andii.     The  islai  ' 


blly.     The  hig 

Vaaga.inlhenclghbauchoodoithe  narrow,  ell R- bound  Rafliund 
and  Troldljord.  The  principal  peaks  are  Uigralslind  (]Sii  It.), 
GieitgaljartiBd  (j555),  Rulten  (J483).  'he  Noldtindcr  (jeftj), 
Svartaundlind  (jso6).  The  bng  line  of  jagged  and  fanlaitic 
peaks  seen  from  the  Vealljord  forms  one  of  the  most  striking 
piDspectton  the  Norwegian  coul,  bui  slUI  finer  iithe  panorama 
froothe  Digermuler  (i  ijd  ft.).  enbraciDg  the  islands.  Ihc  Vtil- 
fjoid,  and  ihc  mounlains  of  the  mainland.  The  channels  which 
■qiuale  the  islands  are  narrow  and  lonuoui.  and  gennally  of 
great  depth;  ihcy  are  remarkable  lor  [he  slrengih  of  their 
lidal  currents,  parlicularly  the  Ratlsund  and  Ihe  Isnwui 
MaclilrlSn  or  Moakenstcilm  between  Moskenaes  and  Mosken 
The  violent  tempest*  which  sweep  over  the  Vcstljord.  which 
lie>p<«cd  10  theS.W,,ireBiiphj>2Uy  dnciibedin  Jonat  Lie's 
Den  Fttmiynit  (iB;o)  and  hi  H,  Schultie's  Uitaltfi  Strifltr 
(1SI3),  as  the  MaelslrOm  is  imegiDaiively  by  Edgar  Allan  Poe. 
-        ■     ■         dwhoUy 


the  Lofoii 

[tom  the  Lofotens,  pauing  ; 
to  Gothenbuig  and  Copcnhg 

Ihe  S.       

and  t' 


li  that  of  the  1 


llnfzU  i! 


of  Norway  Thr  isothermal 
y  IcnperaLure  of  ji°  F.  mm  * 
Utile  lo  Ihe  east  ol  Bergen  oni 


In 


ir  Is  jS-s"  F.. 
'  c    hQIs 


...  .  only  patcbci  of  snow,  the  >now  limit  bring  about  . 
ft.  Tbe  natural  pasture  produced  in  favourable  localitia  permits 
the  Tearing  of  catlle  lo  some  etlenl;  but  the  growth  ol  cereals 
(chieSy  barley,  which  ben  matures  in  ninety  days)  is  insignificant. 
The  lalands  yield  do  wood.  The  characteristic  industry,  and  an 
important  source  ol  the  na1ion>l  wealth,  is  the  Cod  lishety 
carried  on  along  the  east  coast  of  the  Lefotens  in  the  Vestljord 
in  fpring.  Thi>  employf  about  40.000  men  during  Ihe  aeason 
from  all  parts  ol  Norway,  the  population  being  then  about 
doubled,  and  Ihe  surplus  accomnwdaied  in  temporary  huts. 
The  average  yield  is  valued  at  about  £)s.soo.  The  hsh  are  taken 
in  nets  lei  down  during  Ihe  night,  ot  on  line*  upwardi  ol  a  mile 
in  length,  or  «n  ordinary  hand-bnca.  The  Eshcrmen  are  paid 
in  cash,  and  litge  sums  of  money  are  tent  lo  the  islands  by  Ihe 
NorwegiaD  banka  each  February.  Great  loss  oi  lile  is  [requtnl 
during  Ihe  sudden  local  slorms.  The  fish,  which  is  dried  during 
early  BUDimer.  is  eiported  to  Spain  (where  it  is  known  as  tacnJao}, 
Holland.  Great  Britain.  Belgium,  lie.  Industries  arising  out  of 
the  fishery  are  (he  manufactore  of  cod-liver  oil  and  of  aniEcial 
oianurB.  The  summer  cod  fisheries  and  the  lobster  ftshery  arc 
■toe  Taltiablg.    Tlie  hariog  is  lake*  in  Urge  quantities  oR  the 


wcM  coaitief  VatoaaleB,  but  ii  a  aonewhat  cwrii:iM*  vWuu. 

The  island)  contain  no  lawn*  property  lo  called,  but  Kabdvaag 
on  Ost-Vaaga  and  Svolvaet  on  a  few  rocky  nkts  oO  that  idand 
are  contlderable  ctnlres  of  trade  and  (In  the  fislnng  season)  of 
population;  Udingcn  alio,  at  the  bead  of  the  Venfjord  on 
Hindi),  is  much  frequented  as  a  port  of  coll.  A  church  eaitled 
at  Vaagtn  (Kabttvaag)  m  the  nth  century,  and  here  Hana 
Egede,  Ihe  mbsioiary  of  GreenlaDd,  was  pastor.  There  an 
factories  foe  &sb  guaoo  at  Hennlngvaer  (Ost-VaagO),  Kabehnag, 
Svolvaet,  LMiogen,  and  at  Bretesnts  on  Store  MoUa.  Regular 
means  of  commimication  are  aSonkd  by  the  steamers  which 
trade  between  Hamburg  or  Christisnia  and  Hammerfest,  and 
atsD  by  local  vessels;  teas  acccsuble  spots  can  be  visled  by 
small  boats,  in  the  maoagement  of  which  the  natives  are  adepts. 
There  are  tome  nwdi  on  Kinds,  Langil,  and  Audi).  The  latgeat 
island  in  the  group,  and  indeed  in  Norway,  ia  Hindti,  with  an 
area  of  Mo  sq.  m.  The  south-eaatem  portion  ol  it  belongs  (0 
the  ami  of  Tromsd.  In  the  island  of  Andd  there  is  a  bed  of  coal 
al  the  mouth  of  Ramsaa. 

LOFT  (connected  with  "lift."  i.e.  raised  la  the  alt;  0.  Eng. 
lyfl;  d.  Cer.  Liift;  the  French  term  is  frenis'  and  Ger.  Boien}, 
the  lerm  given  in  architecture  to  an  upper  room  in  the  roof, 
sometimes  called  "  cockloft ";  when  applied  over  aubling 
it  is  known  a*  a  bay-loft;  Ihe  gallery  over  a  chancel  screen, 
carrying  a  craa»,  i>  CMllcd  a  rood-loft  (see  Rood).  The  term  is 
also  given  to  %  gallery  provided  [n  the  choir-aisle  ol  a  cathedral 
or  church,  and  used  as  a  watching-loft  at  night. 

LOFTUS.  ADAM  (c.  i]JJ-t6oj),  archbishop  of  Armagh  and 
Dublin,  end  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  the  sod  of  a  Yorkshire 
gentleman,  was  educated  al  Cambridge.  Ho  accompanied  the 
earl  of  Sussex  to  Ireland  as  his  chaplain  in  1560,  and  three 
years  later  was  consecrated  archbishop  of  Armagh  by  Hu0 
Curwen.  archbishop  of  Dublin.  In  1565  Queen  Eliiabetb,  10 
supplement  Ihe  meagre  income  derivable  from  the  arcbicpiscopol 
see  owing  to  Ihe  disturbed  state  of  the  country,  appotated 
Lolius  temporarily  to  the  deanery  of  St  Patrick's;  aod  in  the 
same  year  he  became  president  of  the  new  commisuon  for 
ecclesiastical  causes.  In  1^67  he  was  translated  to  the  arch, 
bishopric  of  Dublin,  where  the  queen  looked  to  him  to  carry 
out  reforms  in  the  Church.  On  several  occasions  he  temporarily 
eieculed  Ihe  function  ol  lord  keeper,  and  in  August  isSi  he 
was  appointed  kird  chancellor  of  Irelind.  Loltu.''  wu  tonitantly 
occupied  in  attempts  to  improve  bis  financial  portion  by  obtain- 
ing additional  prelerment.  He  had  been  obliged  to  retign  ihe 
desnery  of  St  Patrick's  in  1567,  and  twenty  years  later  he 
quarrelled  violently  with  Sir  John  Perrol,  the  lord  deputy. 
over  the  proposal  to  appropriate  Ihe  revenues  of  the  uthcdni 
10  the  foundation  of  a  university.  Ltrfius,  however,  favoured 
the  project  ol  founding  a  univeisity  In  Dublin,  Ibough  on  lines 
dllTcrcnt  from  Tcrrot's  proposnl,  and  it  wu  largely  tbrough  his 
influence  that  the  corpoTslion  ol  Dublin  granted  the  land)  ol 
the  priory  of  All  Hallows  as  a  beginning  of  the  endowmenl  ol 
Trinity  College,  of  which  he  was  najned  first  provoat  in  the 
charter  creating  the  foundation  in  tsqi.    Loftu).  who  had  an 


by  James  I.  on  his  accession,  died  in  Dublin  on  the  5th  of  Apnl 
1605.     By  his  wife,  JaiK  Purdon,  he  had  twcniy  children. 

His  brother  Robert  was  lather  of  AotH  LorrusU.  isiU-it4j}. 
•bo  became  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  in  1G14.  and  in  1(11  was 
seated  Viscount  Lolius  of  Ely,  King's  county,  in  Ihc  peerage 
of  Ireland.  Lord  Leflus  came  into  violent  conflict  with  Ihe  lord 
Falkland,  in  |6>4,  and  at  a  later  dale  his 
quarrel  with  Strafford  was  slill  more  fierce.  One  of  the  articles 
In  Strafford's  impeachment  was  based  on  bis  dealings  with 
Loflus.    The  title,  which  became  eiiinci  on  the  death  ol  his 

of  Monasterevan,  re-named  Mooit  Abbey,  passed  to  his  daughter's 
iry,  4th  eari  oi  Drogheds),  was  re-granted  in  I7j6  to 
in  Nicholas  Lofius,  a  lineal  descendant  nt  the  arcbhishop. 

ll  again  became  eitinct  more  than  once  afterward),  hui  was  00 
'ved  in  favour  of  a  descendant  through  the 


«64 


leatlt  Km;  lad  II  b  M«  brM  by  Die  nucquii  ol  Ely  In  ran- 
hBCtini  with  athet  funDy  titln. 

Set  kidunl  Hut.ini«Hy>rU(  aiircto//'(fai>J  (>  vok,  London. 
iSm):  J.  R.  O'FluKU,  tail  tl  Uu  Laid  CkanaOtri  i/  !rda^ 
U  vob.,  Uadoa.  l^^jDho  D'Allan,  Urmsirt  if  ilu  A  rctbilob 
dDtnU  (DuhUn.  lijfl);  Henry  Coiion,  FasH  Eidtial  llthtmuu 
(5  voU..  DuUin.  1848-18711):  Wiltum  Monck  Muan,  //uUry  and 
Xnllamim  •f  Oi  CdUtf  ("d  OitJudrtl  Climnk  ^  a  Pathik.  naa 
D<Mm  (DMrn,  Kif):  G.  E.  C.  CiMfUu  Paitt'  "><-  iS-.vA- 
"  Ely  "  (LoiHlon,  19901. 

U)0(i  word  Dfuncedamclymological  origin  iPOsalblyonDtnitD- 
poeic;  the  flem  Bnilish  Didimarf  lejecu  ihe  rferivation  (rom 
Norwgian  Ut,  1  faUen  tm),  >  luge  piea  dI,  genFrilly  unliewn, 
■Odd.  Tlie  wotd  ii  alio  used  ia  wiom  fiKuntJvc  Knan,  and 
moie  pulicukily  (oi  the  "naaticil  lag,"  ■□  tppamui  foe 
ucErtaining  the  tpetd  of  >b!i>>.  Its  tmpIoyBHBt  Id  thii  seme 
depends  on  ihe  fact  ihat  ■  piece  at  wood  ittichcd  to  ■  line  wu 
Ibrown  overboard  to  lie  Hke  a  log  Id  a  £ied  potltion^  motlonlesS) 
the  veasel'i  spttA  being  calculated  by  observing  wtiat  lengtll 
of  line  raaoucin  a  pvea  time  ("  common  log  '*);  and  the  word 
bas  been  retained  for  tbe  modem  **  palent  "  or  "  contiauoiD  " 
log,  ibougb  it  worlu  in  an  entirely  dlSecent  manner. 

The  origin  of  the  "  common  log  "  is  obscure,  but  the  beginnings 
of  the"  continuous  log  "  may  be  Inced  buck  to  tbe  1Mb  century. 
By  an  Invention  probably  due  to  Humfray  Cole  and  published 
In  157ft  by  William  Bourne  in  his  Invrnlioaa  and  DrvUt 


dockwo 
falhomi 


with  a 


le  little  bi 


.    dbym 
•heeli,  and  an  a: 
d  point. 


"  little  imaU 


undrcda  ol  leaguea. 

m\vn  of  the  Royal 
Society  an  Snstnuoent  (orihe  tame  purpose,  depending  on  «  vane 
or  fly  which  rotated  It  the  vessel  progrnied  (Biich.  HisUrry 
cf  Uu  Rtyai  Smetj,  iv.  131),  and  Sir  Isaac  Newton  in 
171S  reported  unfavouiably  on  tht   " '-      — -"     ' 


Mel  bi  his  .4  ntiqutrii 


the  dislan 


I  which  also  dependi 


■.  Conradu 


(ijiq)  described 

'hich  he  diimed  would  show  without  caJculaiic 

lied  by  the  ship;  and  J.  Smealonin  1754  pi'" 


>iSvinig 


.    WiUian 


ishcd 


oi  Deplford  in  1771,  James  Cueiimsnd  of  Middiesei  in  177B 
(liy  his  "  marine  perambulator  "),  and  R.  H.  Gower  i.n  1771. 
practically  demonstrated  (he  tcgislratioa  ol  a  vessel's  speed 
by  mechanical  means.  Viscount  de  Viui  in  1S117  made  use  ol 
water-pressure,  as  did  the  Rev.  E.  L.  Benhon  b  1849,  and  C. 
E.  Kelway  invented  an  cleciricsl  log  In  1S76. 

Cdnnun  lit. — To  ascertain  the  ship's  speed  by  Ibe  common 
log  lour  inicles  are  neces5ai> — a  log-ship  or  log-chip,  log-reel, 
bg-line  and  log-glass.   The  tog-ship  (fig.  0  is  a  wooden  quadrant 
i  in-  (hick,  with  a  radius  ol  s  or  6  in., 
/\  the  circumference  of  which  is  weighled 

/        \_^  with  lead  to  keep  it  upright  and  retard 

/  'i         ill  passage  ibrough  the  water-     Two 

/  •  •  X      holes  are  made  near  its  lower  tn^cs. 

^^^^  j^      One    end    of    a   short    pie«   d(    Ihlil 

^^^m^^^^        line  is  passed  through   one  ol  these 
Fit,  1.  holes,    aJid    knotted;    tlK    other    end 

has  spliced  to  it  a  baid  bone  peg 
which  is  insetted  in  the  oihcr  hohr.  The  boles  are  to  placed 
that  the  iog-ship  will  bang  square  (rom  the  span  thus 
formed.  The  log-lire  is  secured  to  this  span  and  consists  of  two 
parts.  Tbe  portion  nearest  the  log-shlpis known  as  the  "stray 
line  ";  its  length  variea  from  10  to  lo  fathoms,  but  should  be 
suffident  to  ensure  that  the  log-ship  shall  be  outside  the  dis- 
turbing clement  ol  the  ship's  wake.  The  pmnt  where  it  joins 
Ihe  other  part  Is  marted  by  a  piece  ol  hunting,  and  the  tine 
from  this  point  towards  its  other  end  is  nuiked  at  known  intervals 
with  "  knots,"  which  cmisist  of  pieces  of  cord  worked  in  between 
its  strands.  A  mean  degree  of  the  meridian  being  assumed  to 
be  65-09  statute  mite  of  51*3  ft.,  the  nautical  mi!'^  '"JlimlTSn 
is  taken  as  6080  ft,,  which  is  3  suBidenily  'J^^^S'  ""^  *"™ 
tor  practical  purposes,  and  the  *st"-|;^  ^  u  >*  seconds  to 
ire  made  to  bear  the  same  relation  10  e™" 


an  hour  (j6oo  •econdi);  that  h,  thtr  u*  ptend  M  blank 
of47fi.3in.  Theendof tbefiiainttfvalollMileDgth<canal!B| 
(rom  the  piece  of  bunting)  it  marked  by  k  bU  d  leaths,  the 

second  fay  ■  cord  with  two  knots,  tbe  lUid  by  one  with  Ihm  kBoia, 
and  so  oni  the  middle  of  oA  iH  IhtM  tongtis  (haH-lsat)  ii 
also  ms^ed  by  •  cord  with  one  knot-  It  foUowi  thai,  U,  lay, 
fin  kftoti  ol  the  line  tun  out  in  iS  seconds,  the  sUp  has  gooe 
SX47I  ft.  in  thai  time,  or  is  moving  at  the  rale  of  SX698B  (t. 
( -  five  nautical  miles)  an  hour;  hence  the  tommeci  n*e  of  kiMt 
aa  equivalent  to  a  nauticil  mile-  In  ibe  log-i^hn  (he  tbiic  ii 
measured  by  running  sand,  which,  however,  b  apt  to  be  affected 
by  tbe  humidity  ol  the  atnusphere-  Semetfint*  »  joteimd 
giaii  is  used  instead  of  a  ift-second  one,  and  the  intervals  betwett 
the  knot*  on  the  log-line  are  then  made  50  ft-  7  in-  instead  i4 
4T  ft-  3  in.  For  speed*  over  sii  knot*  a  i4-secoDd  gbss  it 
employed,  and  the  speed  indicated  by  the  log-line  k  doubled. 
The  log^ine,  alter  being  well  ■ulied,  Rrelched  and  miihed  whh 

•eeural/  faBcncd.  To  "  heave  ih!c\ig,"'i  nun  holds  the  ki(-r«l 
over  hu  head  iai  high  ipc?e(Jj  Ihe  man  and  portable  reei  are  Hfper- 
•eded  by  a  fixed  ml  and  a  winch  titled  with  a  bnkc),  and  tbe  ollica 
placet  Ok  peg  In  tbe  iM-ihip.  wUch  be  then  thrawi  clear  and  to 
wiDdwifdoflhedilnaUDwIngtbeUvtoiunlmlyaat.  Wbcnthi 

bunilng  at  the  end  of  the  stray  "' '■- '— ■■  "■ — " —  "■" 

■Misuoi  ID  turn  the  gUo,  am  auo 
When  all  tbe  und  has  run  ttnmgh,  it 
Ihe  log-line  is  quickly  ninped,  tbe 

mediate  poitna  cBinuied-    The  K 

Ujg-llDc  ia  nipped,  cauica  the  peg  10  be  withdm 
, '-■- -----idily  liaLlcdin.    In  normal 


log-lhip  ii 


CrauKl  iei-— In  the  deltas  of  shoal  rivets,  with  »  strong  tide 
or  current  and  no  land  visible,  a  5  tb  lead  is  tubstitnted  for  tbe 
h)g-thip,  the  lead  rests  nn  the  bottom,  and  the  speed  is  obtained 
in  a  manner  similar  to  that  previously  described.  Soeb  a 
"  gtound-log  "  Indicates  Ihe  actual  speed  over  the  greund,  and 
in  addition,  when  the  log-Gne  is  being  hauled  in,  it  wiD  ihov  the 
real  course  Ihe  ibip  is  m^ng  over  the  ground- 

Palni  Ia(.— The  screw  or  rotatory  log  of  Edward  Massey. 
invented  in  iBoi,  came  into  general  use  in  i8j6  and  continued 
until  1S61.  The  re- 
^slering  wheel-w 

shallow    rectangular 

boi  (fig,  I),  with  a  F,o  , 

float    plate    on    its 

upper  side,  carrying  three  indicating  dials,  ncording  rc^MCtivdy 
fractions,  units  and  tens  of  miles  (up  (o  a  buDdreif).  Tlw 
rolalor  was  connected  to  the  log  by  a  rope  G  It.  in  length,  aotut- 
ing  a  universal  joint  on  tbe  fint  ipindle  of  the  ft^tei;  it 
consisted  of  an  air-tight  thin  metal  tube  with  a  coned  loR-end. 
carrying  flat  metal  vanes  set  at  an  angle.  Alfiandrf  Bain  In 
1S46  suggested  enclo^ng  the  wheelwork  in  Ihe  rotator.  In 
Thomas  Walker's  harpoon  or  friclionless  log,  introduced  in  1S61. 
the  whcelwort  was  enclosed  in  a  cylindrical  case  of  the  i*sw 
diameter  as  the  body  of  the  rotator  or  fan,  ti|d  the  Utter  nn 
brought  d 

repster,  lorming  a  eom- 
oact  machine  and  svtdd-  I 
the  6-ft. 


line.    Twoy. 
heart-shaped  floii 


s  later 


&.  3-— The  Al  llaipaon  Ship  Lc( 
I  the  kig  called  the  Al  Haipeoo 
ship  bg  (fig-  3).     Tbe  log  should  be  washed  in  (redi  wucr 
when    practicable,    10    pnvent    oiiifiiation    tA    the     whetli, 
and  be  lubricated  sritb  witabk  oQ  throogfa  ■  bole  in  the 


,  under  "ty*"! 'I*^*,*'^; 


I,  WdkCrlB  iSliuMd  from  wWch  the 


865 


be  recorded  la  the  chajt  to 


towed  U  Uk  eod  of  t.  line  varyiDi  Itoid  40  foLhoiiu  1m  » 


iisJl«»n  brtwtea  ttit  )« 
chin  room,  evny  mnU,  J 
I  by  the  latter. 
4  u  ■  ttSna  «te,  with 


iS"^ 


Fic  4.— The  Cboiib  Lc 


ni  for  10  knots,  ihc  pull  ei  the  Ub«  and  roUtor 
d  roUer^  having  their  ouUitiea  lapenog  to  a 
common  point  in  Iheii  lotition.  thus  giving  i  bnad  loUing 
lutrace.  Stroog  wonns  and  wheels  ue  subetitulcd  (or  Ibe  light 
clockwork.  Iiifig.4ibesboeH  isKcuicd  to  thettBnII,udthe 
CDiaiot  in  the  natci  ii  booked  lolhe eye o[  the  ^^iUbM  fay  lbs 
hook  D.  Tb«  cug  A  caDtiiiu  the  legigteiing  wheelwork  and  n 
Kuading  belt.    The  half 


n  ve  hibrlated 
with  oMor  oil  crery  twelve  houn  through  botes  in  the  (Udiiif 
cue  E,  uid  on  be  oanilDcd  by  uiucnwing  the  cue  E  uid 
the  eye  M.  When  not  in  lue.  the  regitttr  is  lenond  bom  the 
■hoe  by  UfliaK  1  una])  tcRw  button  near  C  He  tow  line  i> 
usually  plaiiid,  and  to  tvaid  a  knot  doae  to  the  rotatoi,  the 
latter  is  teciTred  to  the  former  by  a  knot  in^de  an  egg-shaped 
shell  (Gg.  5,  Neptune  pattern). 

Walker's  Neptune  log  (&g.  6)  is  uKd  [or  vneb  of  fa^  epecd. 
Case  A  coolune  the  whcclwork.  and  case  E  the  tpiodle  awTKid  ball 


govemn  or  fly-wheel 


H  bring  anacbed  ic 
Stud  ID  the  t 


book  of 

tfig..!!) 


irodumi     betwen     the      Fia  7.— Wal-plate  ot  Neptune  Log. 
governor  and  the  eye  of 

the  regiiter.  The  two  principal  AmericaD  taffrail  logs  are  the  Nenia 
and  BUn  (Meun  Nocie  ancTwilsonJ.  The  (ocnwr  hears  a  geneial 
resemblance  in  the  Cherub  log.  but  tbe  dial  plate  is  hurisonial  and 
the  (area  turn  upwards.  The  main  shaft  besnugs  are  b  two  acta 
imposed  ol  Blecl  balls  running  in  eted  cone*  and  cups;  the 


governor  U  aa  iron  rad  about  i5  in-  long,  whh 

eitremities.  The  Bus  membes  the  Rocket 

log^B  ih.^.  and  is  jcured  to  tbr^™! 

a?„^3^!."?n£'•lE« ' 

outer  end.  nl  the  Hade,  are  slit  (fig.  ■))  to 

form  two  Km^  "^-S""  ""'  '"^''«- 

All  paten  t  logs  have  enon,  the  amounts 

<rf  which  should  be  ascertained  by 

shore  observations  wben  pasdng  ■ 

weU  surveyed  coast  In  tiddts* 

waters  on  a  calm  day.    Constant 

use,  iocressed  friction  (more 

eqieciOly  at  high  q>eeds),  and 

k  damage  to  the  rotator  will  alter 

Ban   ascertained  kg  error;  head 

oINepluD 


re  openings,  closed  by  sliding  tubes.  Cor 

jbi  ^^le*"  III  Hg^slhe  ball  bearings  an 
'  body  of  the  log,  with  eye,  cap  and  spwdle. 

of  the  rotator,  and  the 


■sofbalbtol 


"(%f  6l"n  ck=i™i*g'«'™~l;  the  adiusti 
is  made  by  scirwing  up  the  age  tap  b,  lcx:kid 


iKe  (Sg,  9)  Ul 

ing  up  the  age  tap  k,  lcx:kid  by  a  sndal 
i.,oAgs..B.*    Iftheouleriacwbemnie 


"c5r4"o  whaTSad"] 


currents  and  tidal  Ur 
affect  the  corTectncis. 

Journal,  containing,  in  the  British  navy,  the  qiecd, 
couTM,  leeway,  direction  and  force  of  the  wind,  slate  of 
the  weather,  and  baromelric  and  Ihetmonieliic  observa- 
tions.   Under  the  heading  *'  Remarks  "  are  poted  (for 
vessels  with  saQ  power)  making,  shorten- 
Ing  and    trimming   sails;  and   (lor  all 
'*'  ships)    employment   of   crew,   times  of 
passing  prominent    landmarlu,   altering 
of  coune,  and  any  subject  of  interest  and 


in  Skeleton  t^se.  Flo.  10.— Rocket  Log: 

importance.    The  deck  log  book,  kept  by  the  officers  ol  the 
watch,  is  copied  bto  the  ship's  log  book  by  the  navigating 


LOGAN,  J.— LOGAN,  J.  A. 


Fid.  II.— NcpcuK  Lof  Eiud  inlti  Covenwr. 


the  csgEoei  ui 

d  boDnt. 

>U   ihipi    (uapt    thow 

employed    ad 

^«ly    in 

tnidkg  betunii 

pom  on 

the   ceuu   of 

■.«  compdkd  (. 

k.^2 

officUl  toi  book 

m.foim 

•ppnved   by   the    Board 

of  Tmde.    A  Dutc-i  log 

Flo.  Ii.—Blia  Lof. 
irtStta  uc  BOI  compuluiy,  but  ue  luiuUjr  kepC    (j.W.D,) 

LOGAK,  JOUH  [c.  172J-17B0),. »!»  known  u  TuaAHnnt, 
Amciicui  lodiu  chief,  a  Cayuga  by  biith,  wu  the  Km  of  Sblktl- 
lamy,  •  white  mas  who  bad  been  captuied  wban  a  child  by  tbc 
".Ddiam,  had  been  nand  unong  them,  and  bad  bcocuiiecjiiefof  ihe 
ludism  living  on  the  Sbunokla  Creek  is  wbat  ti  now  Nonhumbn- 
lond  county,  PenniylvaDla.  The  [lune  Locan  wat  given  to  ike 
'    '  if  Jamea  Logan  (1674-1)51),  aecretary  of  Williui 

sdfut  friend  of  the  Isdiaio.  John  Logan  lived 
neu  ReediviUe,  Pesn.,  and  removed  to  the 
baaki  of  the  Ohio  river  about  177a.  He  wai  not  tecbnically 
:hicf,  but  acquired  great  indueoce  ajdoitg  the  Shawpeea,  Into 
[cb  tribe  be  married.  He  we*  oo  good  letma  with  the  whita 
intil  April  1774,  when,  friction  hiving  ariaen  between  the 
idiam  and  the  whitei,  a  band  of  maiauden,  led  by  one  Crtat- 
ruie,  attacked  and  murdered  leveral  Indiana,  indudiog,  it 
,fKan,  Logan's  wter  and  posaibly  one  or  more  other  relativea- 
Believing  that  Captain  Midiael  Crettp  waa  responsible  for  tbiB 
murder,  Logan  Bent  him  a  dedaialkin  of  boatOitiea,  the  result 
of  which  was  the  bloody  conBiM  known  as  Lord  Dunmore's  War. 
LogBU  refused  to  join  the  Shawnee  chief,  Comstatk,  in  meeting 
Govemor  Dunmore  in  a  peace  coundl  aim  IhC  batik  of  Point 
Pleasant,  but  sent  him  a  message  which  baa  become  funoul  as 
an  eumple  of  Indian  ek>quence.  The  raeauge  leemi  to  have 
been  gtven  by  Logan  to  Colonel  John  Gibson,  by  whom  it  wu 
delivered  to  Lord  Dunmore.  Tlunnaa  Jefleison  fast  called 
general  attention  to  11  in  his  JVofei  en  Yirtima  (17S7I,  where  be 
quoted  il  and  added:  "  I  may  challenge  th«  whole  onlions  of 
Demosthenel  and  Gceio,  and  of  any  more  eminent  orator,  if 
Eorepe  has  furnished  more  emkent,  to  produce  a  single  passage 
ntperior  to  It."  Logan  became  a  victim  of  drink,  and  in  t7Si> 
was  killed  near  Lake  Eric  by  his  nephew  irhoin  be  had  attacked. 
There  b  a  monument  to  him  in  Fair  Hill  Cemetiry,  near  Aubuin, 
New  YorL 

Bianti  Mayer's  raledt/a".  "  trtn  On  /aJiaii  amd  CiMsiii 
Mittail  CHiap  (Ballinore,  list.  IikT  ed.,  Ailsny,  1M7)  dcTcBda 
Captaia  Crcsap  atainsl  Jcflersoo't  ebaigei,  and  alio  qucHions  the 
autkeniicily  of  Logan's  meaaate,  about  uliicfa  then  has  been  con- 

.ZJ 11 . .1 1.  : ._!  •: ^  ^^  ,1,^  gi 


LOOAN,  JOHH  (i74S-i7te),  ScaltQih  pod,  was  bom  at  Soulia, 
UidkKhiau,  in  ti4t.  His  father,  Geocge  Logan,  was  a  tanner 
andamembetoltbeBurgheracttoftbeSecessionchurch.  John 
Logan  waa  aeni  to  Musielborgh  grammar  school,  and  la  1761 
to  tbc  UDivenily  ol  Ediabugh.    In  i76S'i;6«  be  wu  tutor  lo 


John,  afterwards  Sir  Jobn,  Sbitlalr,  at  Ulfaater,  Caithnoa,  and 
in  1770,  having  lelt  (be  Secession  diuith,  ha  was  hccnsed  as  a 
preacher  by  the  presbyttiy  of  Haddington.  In  1771  he  wii 
preaented  to  (be  charge  of  South  Ldib,  but  wa*  not  mdalned  tin 
two  yean  Later.  On  (be  death  of  Michael  Bruce  Ij.a.)  he  obtained 
tbatpoet'sMSS.wilbaviewtopubllcaiion.  lBi77ohepiiblished 
Pnmi  m  Scttrai  Ckoiiem,  tj  Uittad  Brtu  with  a  preface,  is 
which,  after  eukgliing  Bruce,  who  but  beta  a  fellow  student  tl 
his,  be  remarked  that  "  to  rnalie  up  a  miscellany  loaie  poena 
wrote  by  diRerent  authors  arc  inserted,  all  of  tbem  otiginMli, 
and  none  of  them  destitute  of  merit.  Tbf  reader  of  taiie  will 
eiiily  distinguish  them  from  those  of  Mr  Bruce,  without  thdr 
being  particularized  by  any  mark."  Logan  was  an  active 
membei  of  the  committee  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Church 
of  Scotland  which  worked  from  1775  to  I7gi  at  revising  the 
"  Translations  and  Paraphrases  "  for  public  worship,  in  which 
many  of  his  hymns  are  printed.  In  1770-17S1  he  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  on  the  philosophy  of  history  at  St  Mary's 
Chapel,  Edinbuigh.  An  analysis  ol  these  lectuiea,  flnwuJi  ^ 
IIh  PhaoMpliy  g/  Hillary  (1781),  beus  Mrikiog  meablana  to 
A  VUmi^Amtiaiatilwy{.tjSj),ti±atdntlieiniAUJ>iyi. 
RutbofMtl,  but  thought  by  Login'i  Irieodi  to  be  bia.  la  tySi 
he  published  biaowB  Pacmt,  laeiudiut  the  "  Ode  lo  the  Cuckoo  " 
and  tome  other  poesa  idrich  had  ippeued  in  bit  vohme  «i 
Michael  Bntce'a  poena,  and  also  his  owii  cootributioBa  to  the 
Paraphrases.  His  other  publications  were  Ah  Etaaj  m  Hr 
UaHncn  and  CgsmiuUi  */  .^lia  (1781),  XuuMwdCj.a  Uattij 
(17S]),  and  A  Retin  af  Uu  Primdtal  Ckarui  mtsitil  Warm 
Haain^  drSB).  His  cannedan  with  the  theatre  gave  offence 
to  his  congiegatlon  at  South  Ldtfa;  be  waa  intetnperate  m  hk 

Rettiigued  blichaT(eia  1786,  rttaloing  part  of  bii  stipend,  and 
proceeded  lo  Londoa,  wbcie  be  beeaive  a  writer  for  tbe  Eii^itk 
Rniof.  HedMontheiitbof December  17M.  TwopoMhuo- 
oiti  *diOBC*  o(  seraMiu  oppeatcd  tn  1790  and  1791.  TtKr  were 
very  popdar,  and  weic  reprinted  in  ilio.  His  PnHcil  Wtrit 
were  printed  la  Dr  Robert  Asdemn't  Britiak  Paiti  (vd.  d., 
79;),  with  a  life  of  tte  author.    They  wer*  repiiatad  in  aniai 

ot  having  ffipnipriated  in  h»  i>aair 
(1781)  verses  written  by  Uichae]  Bruce.  The  staleioBtti  << 
John  Bbrdl  and  David  Pearaon  on  behalf  of  Biuce  wen  induded 
in  I>r  Anderson's  Lijt  of  Lffgan.  The  charge  of  plagiarism  has 
been  revived  fnnn  time  to  time,  DotaMy  by  Dr  W.  Mackelvie 
lines  Mackeniie(igo3).  The  wbok  controveisy 
rd  by  strong  partisanship.  The  chief  points 
e  tbe  suppression  of  the  major  portion  of  Braced 
US3.  ana  some  proved  cases  of  plagiarisia  in  his  tcnnons  and 
hymna.  Even  in  the  beautiful  "  Bues  of  Yarrow  "  one  of  the 
verses  b  borrowed  direct  from  on  old  border  ballad.  The 
Inditionsl  evidence  in  ttvoor  of  Bruce'*  authorship  ot  the 
"  Ode  to  the  Cuckoo"  cio  btidly  be  set  aside,  but  Dr  Robettioa 
of  Dalmeiy,  who  wu  Logan's  literary  executor,  stMed  that  he 
had  gone  over  the  M5S.  procured  at  Rinneaswood  with  Lof^. 
Li^n'i  authorahlp  ol  the  patms  in  dispute  is  drfended  by  Dinl 
Liing,  Oil  le  lit  Cuiiaa  wilt  remiti  (■  ill  aUksnW*,  in  a  UBtr  « 
/.  C^SMairf,  LL.D.  (IgM)  i  by  JtAn  Small  In  the  BrilM  and  farttp 
EDani^ial  Eipitm  tlufy.  1877.  April  and  October.  1879):  and  by 
R.  Saiall  in  two  papers  (iMd..  IS78|.    See  also  BaucE,  Micsaau 

LOOAN,  JOHH  AUXAHDBB  (iBid-iUA),  Anwrkui  sokUrr 
and  politic*]  leader,  was  bi»n  tn  what  la  now  Hurphyiboroogh. 
Jackson  county,  lUiDoIt,  on  the  gib  o(  February  iSifi.  He  had 
no  schooling  until  bo  waa  fourteen;  be  then  studied  for  thrc* 
yeais  hi  Shikib  College,  served  hi  the  Ueiiiu  Waraaa  1 
of  TOlonleers,  studied  Uw  in  the  oflice  of  an  unde,  ( 
fiom  the  Law  Department  of  LoukviDe  Univettity  to  iBji,  aoa 
practised  law  srith  suoma.  He  entered  politics  aa  ■  Doiiglis 
Democnt,  wai  elected  connty  derfc  In  1849,  saved  in  thw 
State  Houic  of  Representitivn  tn  iS5^i8j4  and  in  1S17,  and 
for  a  time,  during  the  interval,  was  pmaecuting  attorney  ol  the 
TUrd  JMidal  District  of  lUinois.  In  i8jS  and  itte  he  vM 
elected  at  a  Demociat  to  tbe  National  Home  of  r 


(i8j7)andMrJi 
against  Logan  ar 


LOGAN,  SIR  W.  E.— LOGAR 


867 


tlico  Ntamcd  U  WuUdcuo,  mlgDcd  bh  toU,  and  catcicd 
the  Union  aim]'  u  coIdocIoI  Ihc  3111  lUinoi*  Volunucri,  vhkb 
be  orpoiied  He  wu  refudcd  u  ose  oC  ihe  abltti  officen 
*ba  entered  llie  umy  Inn  civil  lite.  la  Gitut't  ckmpaifBi 
tmnioMiiij  in  Ibe  capture  nl  Vkiisbuij,  wbich  city  Logu'i 
diviiion  wu  tJie  fint  to  enter  ud  of  which  he  «u  miiitary 
IDVcrnor,  he  iok  iq  Ihe  rank  of  majoi-gcneral  ol  volimlRn; 
in  November  i£fij  lie  luccecdid  Sherman  in  command  ol  the 
XV.  Anoy  Coipe;  and  after  the  death  ol  McPhenoii  be  wai  in 


RepubliCMi,  and  waa  a  member  of  tbe  National  House  of  Rcprc- 
tcDUIivd  tmm  iSfi;  ta  1S71,  and  of  the  United  Sulci  Senate 
from  iSfl  unlU  1877  and  a^atn  from  1879  ontil  hii  death, 
ubicb  took  place  at  Waihlnflon,  D.C.,  on  the  36tli  of  December 
1SS6.  He  wai  aJwayi  a  violent  piitiian,  and  nai  ideoiifiol 
with  the  radical  wing  of  the  Rcpublido  patiy.  In  1B6S  he 
wai  one  of  Ihe  managcn  in  the  impeacfament  of  Praidenl 
Johnion.  Hii  war  tccoid  and  hi*  gnat  penonal  followlag, 
especially  in  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Rqniblic,  contributed  to 
hit  nomination  for  Vice -Praident  [0  1SS4  on  the  ticket  witb 
Jama  G.  Blaine,  but  be  wi>  not  elected.  His  Impetuous 
oratory,  popular  on  the  platform,  was  less  adapted  to  <bc  baits 
of  tcg^tion.  He  wu  commander-in-chici  of  the  Grand  Army 
of  ihe  Republic  from  1S6S  to  1871,  and  in  this  posilion  luccess- 
fuUy  urfcd  Ibe  observance  of  Ucmorial  or  Deconlion  Day, 
an  idea  which  probably  originated  with  him.  He  was  Ihe  author 
of  rke  Cral  Cmipiracy:  Itt  OripH  and  HUUrry  (1E86),  a 
partisan  account  of  the  Civil  War,  and  of  Tki  Vnluttlar  SMkr 
tf  A/neiica  (iSS;}.  There  is  a  £ne  tiatue  of  bim  by  St  Ciudcns 
inaicaso. 

The  bcft  biofiaphy  i>  (hat  by  Gmle  F.  Dawm,  7^  Lift  and 
Strtiat  if  Gtn.  JolmA.  Lttf-  ■'  SsUiir  a*i  Slalamini  (Chicago  and 
Mew  Yoric,  Mj). 

LOOM,  mi  VOLUa  KDMOMD  (1708-1875},  Bnliib 
geologisl,  was  born  m  Montreal  on  [he  nth  of  April  1708.  of 
Scoiiiih  parents.  He  was  educated  partly  in  Montreal,  and 
lubiequcntty  al  the  Higli  School  and  univenily  of  Edinburgh, 


i83ihes 

eopper-amelling  worita,  1 
abiuidant  scope.  He  co 
respecting  Ihe  South  V 


n   the    I 


n  London  fiom  1S17  to  iSjo.  la 
lake  cbaige  ef  a  colliery  and  some 

here  his  interest  in  geolngy  found 
ted  a  great  amount  of  infonnation 
*  eoal-fictd;  and  bi>  data,  which 


survey  map.  were 
generously  piacea  Bi  me  disposal  of  the  gE«1o|icDl  lurvcy  under 
Sir  K.  T.  de  la  Beche  and  fuUy  utilized.  In  1S40  Logan  bloughl 
before  the  Geological  Society  of  London  his  celebtalnt  paper 
"  On  Ihe  character  of  the  beds  of  clay  lying  immediately  below 
the  coal-seams  of  Soulh  Walei.  and  on  the  occurrence  of  coal- 
bouldeii  in  the  Pennant  Grit  of  that  district."  He  then  pointed 
out  that  each  coal-seam  reals  on  an  under-day  with  rootlets 

tilStitt     ■  ■        '     ■ 


Mil  In  which  grew  the  pLnll  from 
tu  farmed.  To  confirm  this  observailon  he  ^ 
n  1841  and  examined  Ihe  coal-Eelds  of  Fennsyli 
icotia.  where  he  found  the  undct-clay  almost  inn 
'       ■      In  1S4J  he  1 


vhich  Ihc  coa 

mia  and  Nbvi 
mahly  preseni 


large  of  the  newly  eslablobed  geological  survey  in 
id  he  continued  u  director  until  1869.  During  I. 
cars  ol  Ihe  survey  he  had  many  difficulties  to  lurm 
tivalions  to  undergo,  but  the  work  wu  catiicd  on  1 
let  and  energy,  and  he  spared  no  pains  to  make  h 
uslworthy.     He    described    Ihe    Laurcntian    rockl 


of    Ihe 


Ihe  itair  of  New  York,  pointing  oul  that  they  comprised  sn 
Immmie  series  ol  crystalline  rocke,  gneies.  mica-ichiil,  quart liie 
and  limestone,  more  than  jojwo  ft.  in  tbicbwts.  The  scriei 
■u  tightly  itcogniied  u  icptcscnllng  the  oldeM  type  of  rockl 
<m  Ihe  glirix,  but  it  b  doh  known  lo  be  a  complex  of  highly 
altered  •edimenlary  and  inlnnive  rocks;  and  lb«  sutqiowd 
DldcM  known  fossil,  the  Eaaim  de«ribed  by  Sir  J.  W.  Dawion. 


F.ILS.  m  i8si,  and  in  liH 
WW  awarded  tbe  WoUuIon 

London  lot  his  coearcbes  on  the  coal-sliata,  and  lor  hii  eicellcnl 
leolofical  nuip  of  Canad*.  After  his  retirement  in  1869,  be 
returned  lo  England,  and  eventually  settled  in  Soutli  Wales. 
He  died  at  Caiile  Malgwyn  in  Pembrokeahli*,  on  (be  ttnd  ol 
June  187s. 
See  the  Liji,  by  B.  J.  Kartinfloo  (iBSi).  (H.  B.  WO.) 

LOGAN,  a  city  and  the  coucty-ieal  of  Cache  county,  Utah, 
U.S.A.,  on  the  Logan  rivet,  about  70  m.  N.  of  Salt  Lake  City. 
Pop.  (i»oo)  S4S1  (1440  foreign-born);  (1910)7511.  It  is  served 
by  Ibt  Oregon  Short  Line  railroad.  Il  lies  at  tbe  mouth  of  Logan 
CaOon,  about  4500  fl.  above  Ibe  sea,  and  commands  magnificent 
views  of  tbe  Wasatch  Mountains  and  the  fertile  Cache  Valley. 
At  Logan  i>  a  temple  ol  the  Lattcr-Day  Saint*  (or  Mormons), 
built  in  i88j,  and  the  city  is  the  seat  o[  tbe  Agricullural  Cdlege 
of  Utah,  of  Brigham  Young  Cdlcgt,  and  of  Nen  Jersey  Academy 
(1878],  erected  by  the  tflhwn  ol  Ihe  Synod  of  New  Jersey  and 
managed  by  the  Woman's  Board  ol  Home  Misaions  <rf  the 
Presbyterian  Church.  Tbe  Agricultuial  College  wu  founded 
in  1SS8  and  0]>ened  hi  1890;  sn  agricultural  eiperimenl  statloa 
is  connected  with  it  and  Ihe  institution  comprises  schools  ol 
agricullutc,  domestic  sdenn  and  arts,  commerce,  mechanic 
arts  and  genenl  sdemx.  Six  eiperimenl  stations  in  diSerent 
parts  of  tbe  stale  and  a  central  experimental  farm  nearSt  George, 
Washington  county,  were  in  iqoS  under  the  direction  of  Ihe 
experiment  station  in  Logan,  Brigham  Young  Cdlegi  waa 
endowed  by  Brigham  Young  in  1877  and  wu  opened  in  1878; 
it  offeii  courses  in  the  arts,  theology,  civil  engineering,  music, 
physical  ctdluK.  domestic  science,  nune  training  and  manual 
training,  Logan  has  various  manufaclnres,  and  is  Ihe  trade 
centre  lor  a  fertile  fanmng  region.  The  mimicipality  owns  and 
operate)  its  water  works  and  its  electric  lighting  plant.  Logan 
was  scllled  in  18  sg  and  fiist  incorporated  in  1S66. 

i(y  and  the  county-seal  of  Cass  county, 
U.S.A.,  on  tbe  Wabash  river,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ed 
xit  67  m.  N.  by  W.  ef  Indianapolis  and  117  m.  S.  \if 
.  cago.  Pop.  (1900)  16,104,  of  whom  1431  were  foreign- 
Inm,  (1910  ceuus)  iq,oja  It  is  served  by  sli  divisions 
of  the  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St  Louis,  two  diviiiona 
of  tbe  Vandalia  (Pennsylvania  Lines),  and  the  Wabash  nilwayi, 
and  by  electric  intenu:ban  lines.  The  city  is  the  seat  ol  tbe 
Northern  Indiana  Hospital  (or  tbe  Insane  (1S88),  and  hu  a 


.ubUc  li 


Joseph).  Among  Ihc  principal  buildings  ate  tbe  court  house 
a  Masonic  temple,  an  Odd  Fellows'  temple,  and  buUdinga  0 
Ihe  Order  ol  Elks,  of  Ihe  Knights  of  Pythiu,  and  of  the  fraicma 
order  of  Eagles.  Situated  In  Ihe  centre  of  a  rich  agricullura 
region,  Logansport  is  one  of  the  most  impoRint  gnin  and  piwluci 
markets  in  the  state.  The  Wabash  and  the  Eel  rivets  provid 
good  water  power,  and  the  city  bu  various  minufadum 
besides  Ihe  railway  repair  shops  of  the  VandaUa  and  of  ihi 
Pltlsbutg,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St  Louis  raDways.    The  volui 


to  t>,g 


1905,  t 


n%.     Lim< 


LogaiiqMrt  was  platted  in 


d  the  elect  ric-h"ghting  plant, 
u  pmbably  named  in  honour 
oiaanawneccniei.  LapiainLogan  (d.  iSii),  became  Ihe  Dounly- 
seat  ol  Cau  county  in  1819.  and  wu  cliancnd  u  ■  dly  In 
1838 

LOOAH.  a  river  and  valley  of  Afghanistan.  Tite  Logar  river 
drains  a  wide  tract  ol  country,  rising  in  the  (oulbem  dopes  of  Ibe 
Sanglakh  range  and  receiving  affluents  from  the  Kbirwar  biUi, 
N,E.o(Ghazni.  It  Join*  Ibe  Kabul  river  afew  miles  below  lb* 
cily  of  Kabul.  The  Logar  valley,  which  Is  watered  by  ilaaoulhem 
aOuenis.  is  rich  and  boulifDi.  about  40  m,  long  by  11  wide, 
and  highly  irrigated  thnnighovl.  Lying  in  Ihe  vicinity  of  iba 
capital,  (he  district  conlribules  largely  to  ill  lood-lupply,  Tbe 
valley  wu  traversed  in  1879  by  a  brigade  under  Sir  F.  (afirrwirdl 
Lord}  Robctls. 


868 


LOGARITHM 


UOARITHM  (ftom  Cr.  Myn.  *<>ttli  t*t»,  a>i  iftiAt, 
number),  In  milhRnitlci,  ■  wonl  invenled  by  Jobo  Nipicr  ti> 
denote  >  pmicular  dm  of  function  diwovercd  by  Mtn,  ind 
vhith  in*y  be  de&DBl  u  follom:  if  a,  i,  in  trt  my  (hnc 
i)BlaIltiBeutisfyingiheequaLknia'>«i,theaa  [>  aOed  ihe  bue, 
■Dd><3B(ldtolMllicloguitliinat«tothebuea.  TUsnliiioii 
between  i,  *,  *>,  nay  be  apreHed  alia  by  Ibe  equation  i-log.  m. 

Propalia. — The  prindpd  properties  of  Iggariihmi  an  ^nn 
by  tbc  equations 

lcH.(mit)-log.lB+log.«,      bg.[lK/.)-l0g.».-lD(.lt, 

kig.II'-rlDg.  M,  log.Vw-CiM  logi*. 

wUch  may  be  readily  deduced  fnim  the  de&nition  at  a  logarithD. 
It  (oUom  from  tbeae  equilioos  that  the  logarithm  oC  the  pmduct 
cf  any  number  tl  quulitlei »  equal  to  the  luni  of  tbc  lo^rithmi 
of  (be  quantities,  tbat  the  lo|^tlun  oi  the  quotient  of  two 
quintltiei  i)  equal  to  ihe  logarithm  of  the  DUmenlor  diminiihfri 
by  the  logarithm  of  the  denominator,  that  the  logarithm  of  the 
rtb  power  ol  a  quantity  ii  equal  to  r  #mee  the  logarithm  id  the 
quantity,  and  that  the  logarithm  of  the  rth  root  d{  a  quantity 
b  equal  id  (i/rjth  of  Ihe  logaiithm  of  the  quantity. 

Logarithmi  were  oiigiDaUy  invented  loriJieulieoi  abbrevial- 
ing  arithmetical  calculalion).  a*  by  their  means  the  operations 
ol  multiplication  and  diviiioB  may  be  replaced  by  thoae  d 
addition  and  luhlractiOD,  and  the  operations  of  raiung  to  powers 
and  eitraclion  of  roolB  by  IbOK  of  multiplicalion  and  division. 
For  Ihe  purpoie  of  thus  limplifying  the  operations  of  arith- 
neiic,  the  base  is  taken  to  be  lo,  and  use  is  made  of  tables  of 
logarithnn  in  whidi  the  viluu  of  i,  Ibe  logaiilhrn.  corre- 
sponding to  valus  of  m,  the  number,  are  tabulated.  The 
logarithm  is  also  a  tuoclion  ot  frequeot  occurrence  in  analysis, 
being  regarded  as  a  luOHn  and  rctogniwd  function  like  sin  x  or 
tan  i;  bul  in  matbematioil  investigations  the  base  generally 
empli^ed  is  not  lo,  but  a  certain  quantity  usually  denoted  by  the 
letter  e,  of  value  1-7181S  18:84 

Tbus  in  arithmetical  calculations  if  the  base  Is  not  aprtwed 
it  is  understood  to  be  10,  so  that  log  ■■  denotes  lo^a  n;  but  ia 
analytical  formulae  it  Is  understood  to  be  e. 

Tbe  logarithms  lo  base  10  of  the  first  twcbe  nnmben  to  7 
places  of  decimals  an      • 

log  1-04000000         log  s-a44t97aa      log  O-o^SV^^S 

■     "og  8-0-77SISI3      logio-i-ooooi™ 

ogT-oSisosBo      lo(ii-i-ati39iT 
og  fl '0-9030900      log  1»- 1^0791012 


\  ••O'jotojao 


;- ;-.  i-o-77SlSI3 

log4-O'6ov»D0         log  fl '0-9030900 


he  integral  part  of  a  logarithm  h 
rislic,  and  Ihe  fractional  part  the 
3,  the  logarithms  of  all  numbers  i 


called  Ibe  index  or  chai- 


wbich  the  digits  are  tbe 
Bt  may  be,  have  the  same 
isantissa;  thus,  for  example, 

log5'j5i3-o-4084to4.       1ci(is-6i3-i-40S4604.''     logsjeijoo- 
6-4084604,  &c- 

In  the  esse  of  fractional  numbers  (1.1.  numben  in  which  the 
integral  part  is  o)  Ihe  -"■■■'"'  is  still  kept  positive,  so  thai, 
for  example, 

log  -ijeii-T'^oafficH,    log  '0015613  ••5'4oS46d4,  Ac 
Ihe  minus  ^gn  bang  usually  written  over  -the  cbaracterittic, 
and  not  before  it,  to  indicate  that  the  diaracteristic  only,  and 
not  the  whole  expression,  is  negative;  thus 

T-4084604  ttaods  for— 1+  '40g460i|.' 
The  fact  that  when  the  base  is  lo  tbe  maolissa  of  tbe  logaiithiD 
Is  independent  of  the  pcaiiion  ol  tbe  didmal  p(»nt  in  the  number 
aHords  the  chief  reason  Cor  the  choice  of  lo  as  base.  The  ei- 
plaution  ot  this  pn^Krty  of  the  base  lo  b  evidtat,  lor  a  change 
in  the  position  of  the  decimal  points  amounts  to  multiplicilioD 
M  divisioa  by  some  power  of  10,  and  this  corresponds  to  the 
addition  or  subtraction  of  some  integer  in  the  case  of  the 
logaritbiD,  Ihe  msniim  therefore  remaining  Intact.     It  should 


be  mentloBed  that  In  meat  tables 
the  number  10  Is  added  to  all  tbe  logarithms  in  Ibe  Ubie  in  order 
to  avoid  the  use  of  negative  charactetijlio.  so  that  the  char- 
acieriiiie  q  denotes  in  reality  i,  8  denola  1,  jq  denotes  o,  &c 
Logarithms  thus  intrtssed  are  f  requenily  referred  to  for  the  sake 
of  distinction  ss  lobular  Idgoriihnj,  so  that  the  tabular  logarithm 
-the  true  logarithm  +  10. 

In  tables  of  logaiiihms  of  numbers  to  base  to  the  manliiss 
only  Is  In  general  tabulated,  as  the  characteristic  of  the  logarithm 
of  a  number  can  always  be  written  down  at  ught,  tbe  rule  bcinj 
Ihal,  If  the  number  is  greater  than  unity,  the  characteristic  a 
less  by  unity  than  (he  number  of  dl^Is  in  tbe  integral  portion  d 

i)  negative,  and  is  giealer  by  unity  than  the  number  of  dphcis 
between  Ihe  decimal  point  and  Ihe  6rsl  Hgniicant  figore. 

It  fcdlowi  very  simply  from  the  definition  of  a  logaritlun  Uiat 
log.iXlngki-i.    li«.iii-loB.iiiX(i/log,l). 

Tie  second  of  tbesc  relations  is  an  important  one,  as  it  £bo«i 
thai  from  a  table  of  logarithms  to  base  a,  the  corrEspondJc^ 
table  of  logarithms  to  base  b  may  be  deduced  by  multiplying  aU 
Ihe  logarithms  in  the  former  by  the  conslanl  multiplier  i/logA 
which  is  called  the  madnlui  of  Ihe  system  whose  base  is  t  «ilk 


The 


t  to  the  I 


<  systems  of  logarithms 


for  which  extensive  lahks 

ian,  or  hyperbolic,  or  catursl 
system,  of  which  the  base  is  r,  and  the  Briggian,  or  decimal,  or 
common  system,  ol  which  the  base  is  10;  and  we  sec  that  Ibe 
logarithms  in  the  latter  syslfm  may  be  deduced  from  those  in  the 
former  by  multiplication  by  the  constant  multiplier  i/lDgii<^ 
which  Is  called  the  modulus  of  the  common  system  of  logaiithms. 
The  numerical  value  of  this  modulus  is  0-43419  44819  ojlji 
Bi;6j  11189  .  .  .,  and  the  value  of  its  reciprocal,  lop  10  (by 
multiplication  by  which  Briggian  logariLhms  may  be  Donverud 
into    Napierian  logarithms)    la    S'30ts8    Sf^^9   94C4S   O&401 


The  quantity  denoted  b) 


the  ntUBOiol  value  ot  wbidi  is, 

1-71818  18184  59(HS  J3S36  « 
TU  IttBilhmIe  fkiKliM.— The  a 


In  aoalydl  a*  klloWB  fu 
employed  in  EngUlh 


r,ftc.,  log*  and  ^  which  are  univcnlly 
'■—~- —     The  DoutioD  loc  ■  is  it 
tn  works,  but  on  the  conti 
Ik  fuitctkia  by  /i  or  Ig  t.     ._ 
ifally  intmduced  into  aiBlyiB  bj 


log  a  is  enended  tL  __ 
A  Rlatioa  which  is 


poiilive  vduee  of  x;  ■(  x£o  lb' 
ling.     Thu>  log  I  19  tbe  intt^ 


b°a(%klor 

a  of  the  hyperbola 
s  included  betwicj 

on  the  lint  asymp 


!r.  appcan  Jal 


from  Ibcdefinltioa 


I  log  I,  whea  1  ii  indefinil 


n  for  tog  I  pnmedi 


talieo  u  ilseU  die  definiiiac  a 


LOGARITHM 


8«9 


tqM&nt  tn  tfvcn  in'Iht  pMtloa  of  tlilwtkk  nluiai  to  tb*  caku- 
btioa  s(  lunrithnu. 

Th*  function  be  i  il  i  increiuM  from  o  toward!  •>  ttfadny  in- 
cnuei  from -^ 4 lowairli  -f  a.  li  has  the  ImpoitaRt  proper^  llut 
it  undi  to  infinity  withr,  but  more  »lowly  thin  any  power  of  x.u. 
cliat  >r~  log  I  tcodi  to  aiiiv  u  *  tsvU  to  ■  tor  evsy  poulive  vilue 
of  HI  however  amalL 

Tkt  ftfmtilial  fiaclan.  op  i,  may  be  defined  u  Ibe  invent  of 
the  lotinthin:iliuii-eiipyiI}»togi.  ft  ii  positive  fcr  all  vilun 
ol  yaiul  iocnaan  ateadlly  Irora  0  toward  «  u  >  incEraica  ftoin  -« 
tovaidi  +  B .  Aa  y  teiidi  toward!  a  ,  cup  y  mdi  lowank  id 
more  rapidly  than  any  power  of  y. 

(L)  Dtp  (x+y)-ap  I  Xapy. 

CEL)  exp  i-i+i+j-ft  r  +  i-Zs  r+ . .. 

From  (1.)  and  (U.)  It  may  be  Educed  that 

op  *.(i+i+l/»  1  +1/3  !  +  ...)•■ 


1 1  +1/3 1  +  . . 


whsn  tb«  path  of  iRtBEnlioo 


ra  the  I 


■-/t 


noledbyi. 


eviriabl 
nowloi 


1  function,  and  in 


fc*  tt+«)-!ogV(P+V)+««+»" 
vhere  *  ii  the  pumerically  Icut  anele  wtuie  ea 
V-i  V+'fy  and  rj/V  (C+f).  and  ■  denoto  any  in 
vhen  the  airumeut  u  nal  log  x  hai  an  infinite  mir 
putt  ins  4-0  and  talcing  tpoaitive,  ia  whkli  ami 
log  I  ifie  inlinite  lyitcm  of  vaiu«  log  {+»«"-  !i 
propeft^  of  the  function  that  we  cannoi  havt  for  i' 
ihan  be  convergent  for  all  valuei  of  i.  u  i>  the  c 
c«  >.  for-  nich  a  letlea  could  osly  npteacnl  a  unifot 

*""""  hi|(l+if)-«-ii>+ii'-|*'+... 
b  ttua  snty  when  the  aoalytiotl  modulva  of  i  ia  leaa  than  nnily. 
Tbe  exponential  function,  which  may  ttill  be  defined  aa  the  invene 
«( the  loEiirilhmic  function,  la.  on  ibe  other  hand,  ■  unifonn  fonctlon 
ttx.  awritirDndanienal  propolkt  n«y  be  Rated  in  the  lUDe  foio) 
•*  lOr  ml  ulvea  ol  *.   Alu 


oep«-i+«+i:'/jl+«'/j!  +  .Vi,. 
tbe  icfl«  on  the  ijght-haod  beiogconrerget  for  all  raheaef  Hand' 
thcrrfon  defining  an  analytical  iQiictlon^flf  x  which  b  umtorm  and 
regular  »n  ovei  tbe  plane. 

ImtnHm  and  Batty  Biilay  af  £d(i)rifihKi. — The  {nventian  of 
[a^^thmi  hu  been  accorded  to  Jebn  Napier^  baron  ol  Meichiston 
In  Scotland,  with  a  unanimity  which  ii  rue  iritti  regard  to 
tmportuit  idenlific  diicoreiies:  in  fact,  with  tbt  inception  o! 
the  table*  ol  Juitui  Byigiua,  which  will  be  lelerred  to  funher  on, 
there  (BCDU  to  have  been  no  other. nuthematician  of  ihe  time 
whow  mlDct  had  conceived  the  js^npEc  on.  trtuch  logarithms 
depend,  and  no  partial  antldpatioiu  of , the  diicoveiy  ,m  met 
wlcb  la  ptavfoui  writen. 

Tlie  fint  amumncemenl  of  tlie  Invention  wai  made  InNai^er'k 
Mirifct  Lttarilkmnm  Caaamii  Datriflia  .■ .  .  (Edinbuah, 
1614).  Tlia  work  it  a  imall  quarto  jwintnttij  fiftjhaevtn  paiei 
of  eipUnatoiy  malCa  and  a  table  of  niatly  pai**  ^  Nwiu, 
Jom)-  T^  v>uie  of  lasaiithma  ii  eqJabied  Iqr  lefercnce  to 
the  lootloa  of  pointi  in  ■  Mral^t  Hoe,  and  the  principle  tipon 
wUck  tbef  ue  baMd  li  that  of  tbe  canqwodeno*  d  a  feo- 
Bwtrtcal  wd  aa  irithmetlcal  lerict  of  nombeti.  Tbe  table  five) 
the  logarithm!  of  lines  for  aveiy  minata  of  leven  figuro;  It  li 
■nrnnced  Mini-quadT*aully,  u  that  tbe  diginnliat,  «hkb  are 
tbe  diBetmeea  of  the  iwo  iofaritlmii  in  the  urn*  1^,  are  tbe 
logarllhma  of  the  langenta:  NapjeT*!  lofirlthmf  an  not  the 
iDiatillinia  no*  teimed  Na^ciian  or  byperbolic,  that  ia  to  uy. 


iocaiitfaaa  ta  tbe  baia  (  «bai«  e-c^iSiSiS  . . .;  tbe  ida&n 
between  N  (anne)  and  L  ill  loguithm.  aa  defined  in  tbe  Csuiui 
DHtriflh,  being  N  ••  vif*^"',  lo  that  (ignoring  Iba  iatton  i^, 
tiie  effect  of  whicb  ii  to  render  linci  and  logaridmu  integral  to 
1  figuna),  the  tax  ii  •~'.  Napier's  lo^thmi  ■<"•"■—  ai  tlic 
linei  incieasc.  If  I  dcsotei  tha  logarithm  to  base  <  (that  ia,  tlie 
•o-called  "  Napierian  "  or  hyperbolic  logarilhaiX  and  L  denotes, 
as  above,  "  Napici'a  "  logarithm,  tbe  conoeooii  between  1  and 
I>  is  oprctud  by 

L-l«'bg,I(^-I0^Ot*'-I0'F*Arf 

Napier's  work  (which  will  henceforth  in  this  article  be  referred 
to  as  the  Descriptio)  immcdiatel/  on  its  appesraoce  in  1614 
attracted  tlie  attention  ol  perhaps  the  two  most  eminent  English 
mathematldans  then  living — £dward  Wright  and  Henry  Briggi. 
The  former  Iransbled  the  worit  into  Engliih;  the  Ulter  was 
concerned  with  Napier  in  the  change  of  the  logaritbEii  Iiom  those 
ori^oally  Invented  to  decimal  or  common  logatithms,  ^d  it  ia 
to  him  that  the  ori^^nal  calculation  of  the  loguithimc  tables  now 
in  use  is  mainly  due.  Both  Napier  and  Wright  died  soon  alter 
the  puMcallDn  ol  tli  Deitritlio,  Ihe  date  ol  Wright's  death 
being  161 J  and  that  of  Napiet  1617,  but  Briggi  lived  until  1631. 
EdwardWiigbt,»ha«rssafello«r  of  Cdus  College,  Cambridge, 
occupies  a  cans[jcuou)  place  in  Ihe  history  of  navigaiioa.  In 
IS^  he  published  Colairu  orors  in  Navigati^  ieitiltd  and 
corrected,  and  he  was  the  author  of  other  works;  to  him  also  is 
chiefly  due  the  invention  of  the  method  known  as  Mercstor"* 
sailing.  He  at  nnce  saw  Ihe  value  of  logarithms  as  an  aid  to 
navigation,  and  lost  no  time  In  preparing  a  translation,  which 
he  submitted  to  Napier  himseli.  The  preface  to  Wrighl'a 
edition  consists  of  a  translation  of  the  preface  to  the  Description 
together  with  the  addition  of  the  following  sentences  written  by 
Napier  himself:  "But  now  some  of  our  countreymen  in  this 
Island  Rell  affected  to  these  iludiei,  and  the  more  publique 
good,  procured  a  most  learned  Mathemiliciau  to  ttansUte  the 

sent  the  Coppy  of  it  to  me,  lo  bee  scene  and  considered  on  by 
myselfe.  Ibaviog  ihost  nilHngly  and  gladly  done  the  same,  hnde 
it  to  bee  most  exact  and  precisely  conformable  to  my  minde  and 
the  otlginslL  Therelore  it  may  please  you  who  are  inclined  (0 
these  iluditi,  to  receive  it  from  me  and  the  Translator,  »ith 
at  much  good  will  as  we  recommend  it  unto  you."  There  ii  > 
short  "  prcfsfe  to  the  reader  "  by  Briggs.  and  a  description  of  a 
triangular  diagram  invented  by  Wright  for  finding  the  propor- 
tional parts.  The  table  is  printed  to  one  figure  leas  than  in  the 
Deuriptio.  Edward  Wright  died,  as  has  been  mentioned,  in 
-i6ij,andhlsson,  Samuel  Wright,  In  the  preface  stales  that  hit 
father  "  gave  much  commendation  of  this  work  (and  often  in  my. 
hearing)  as  ol  vay  great  use  to  marineii ";  and  with  respect  10 
the  translation  he  says  that  "  shortly  after  he  had  it  relumed 
out  ol  Scotland,  It  pleued  God  10  call  him  anay  afore  he  could 
publisbll."  Tbe  translation  was  published  in  ifiiC  itwasalao 
reissued  •nib  anew  title-page  in  rfiiS. 

Henry  Briggs,  then  professor  of  geometry  at  Graham  College, 
London,  and  iterwards  Savilifln  professor  of  geometiy  al  CWelord, 
welcomed  the  Deicriplit  with  enthusiasm.  In  a  letter  to  Atch- 
bish^  Usho,  dated  Gresham  House,  March  ro,  i6r5,  he  wrote, 

Napper,  lord  of  Markiiistim,  iiath  set  my  ,head  and  hands  a 
work  with  his  new  and  admirable  logarithms.  .  I  hope  to  see  him 
Ibis  summer,  if  it  please  God,  for  I  never  saw  book  which  pleased 
me  belter,  or  made  me  mote  wonder.'  I  purpose  (o  discourse 
with  him  concerolag  eclipses,  Ibr  trhal  Is  there  which  we  may  not 
hope  for  at  hli  hinds,"  and  he  also  stale*  "  that  he  was  wholly 
taken  up  and  employed  about  Ihe  noble  Inveation  of  logarithms 
lately  iscoveted."  Briggs  accordingly  visited  Napier  in  1615, 
and  stayed  with  him  a  whole  month.'  He  brought  with  him  some 
Smith  thus  deicribes  the  ardour  with  which  Biig 
-    '~Hunc 


delirjs  habujt,  la  ainu, 


ff?!!!?.r?T!!.^^^.'i 


"VikU: 


,870 


LOGARITHM 


olcalatlotB  be  h*dmi^,  ud  nggeitnl  ta  Napin  the  advutaiai 

dut  would  Touk  from  the  choice  of  lo  u  a  base,  an  uDpTovcmei 
which  ha  hul  eiplBiiicd  in  hii  Icclims  at  Crestiam  College,  ao 
OD  which  he  had  written  to  Kapler.  Ns^el  uid  that  be  ha 
abeady  duwgbt  oi  the  change,  and  pomted  out  a  further  in 
provement,  viz.,  that  the  duractcmtiti  of  aamberB  gicati 
than  iimty  ihould  be  poutlve  and  ttol  negative,  aa  tuEgaied  by 
Boggi.  InjeiABrigEsegainvisitedNapieiaudElioiied  him  the 
work  he  had  accomplished,  and,  he  says,  he  nould  gladly  haw 
paid  him  a  third  visit  in  1617  had  Napio's  life  been  spared. 

Biiggs's  Logarilimoram  tkUiaj  prinut,  which  contains  the  £nt 
published  table  of  decimal  or  conuaoa  logaiilhms.  Is  only  a 
small  octavo  tract  of  siiteCD  pagn,  and  gives  the  loguilhms 
of  oumben  from  unity  10  lacio  to  14  placo  of  decimals.    It  v 
published,  probably  privately,  in  161 7,  altet  Napier"!  death,"  ai 
there  is  no  author's  name,  place  or  date.    The  date  of  publicatii 
is,  honcever,  &«d  as  iSi  7  by  a  letter  from  Sir  Hcnty  Bonrchi 
to  Usher,  dated  December  6,  lOtf,  conuiiiing  the  passage — 
"  Oui  kind  Irietid,  Mi  Biiggs,  bith  laiely  published  a  suppli 
to  the  most  eiteUeat  table)  of  logiriihTiis,  which  I  preaui 
bag  eenl  to  you."    Briggs's  tract  o(  1617  is  eitremcly  ran 
has  generally  been  ignored  or  incorrectly  described.     H 
crroneoudy  states  that  [t  contains  the  logarithms  to  S  places, 
and  his  account  has  been  followed  by  most  '    '"         *"        '   " 
copy  in  the  British  Museum. ' 

Briggs  continued  to  bbour  assiduously  ai 
logarithms,  and  in  i6i«  published  hii  Arilkmtiica  htarilhnita, 
1  folio  work  coni.tining  the  logaritlims  of  the  oumbeis  troin  i 
to  io,ooa,  and  from  ^,000  to  103,000  [and  in  lome  copies  to 
I01,eoo]  10  14  pbcea  of  dedraala.  The  table  occupiea  300  pagva, 
and  there  is  an  introduction  ai  AB  pages  relatmg  to  the  mode  of 
calculation,  and  the  applications  of  logarithms. 

There  was  thus  left  a  gap  between  10,000  and  ijojooo,  ^riueh 
was  filled  up  by  Adrian  VLicq  (or  Ulaccus),  who  published 


a  table  ct 


to  have  called  his  1  new 
inly  a  second  edition  of 

title  runnizig  Ariikmelna 


of  the  Qumbcrs  from  unity 
Having  calculated  70,000  logarithi 
\1acq  would  have  been  quite  eotitl 
woifc.    He  designates  it,  however 
Biiggs'i  Arilhmriiia  hgarithnica,  t 

iBiarithmia  tit*  Logoriihmarvm  Cjaiiaaa  cnaum,  .  .  .  tdUuj 
ttiwia  autta  ptr  Adrianttm  Vlacq,  Cmidanun^  This  table  of 
Vlacq'a  was  published,  with  an  English  explanation  prefixed, 
(t  London  in  ifiji  under  the  \i^e  Leiarillmicail  AriAmctiki .  .  . 
LoTtdon,  printed  by  George  Milter,  l6ji.  There  are  abo  copies 
with  the  title-page  and  introduction  in.  French  and  in  Dntcfa 
(Goudi,  1618). 

Briggs  bad  himself  been  engaged  hi  filling  up  the  gap,  and  In 
K  letter  to  John  Pell,  written  after  the  publication  oE  Vlacq's 
work,  and  ^ted  October  15, 161S,  he  says; — 

"  My  dcHR  waa  to  have  those  chiUadei  that  an  wantinR  bnwixt 
Mandwcalciihted  and  printed,  and  I  bad  done  tbeai  all  aluaal  by 
my  teVc,  aod  by  some  frendet  whom  my  mt«  had  nifficieally  ia- 
formcd,  and  by  agnemcnt  the  buaim  waa  CDnvei^eotly  puled 
amongil  us^  but  I  am  cased  of  that  charge  and  eait  by  one  Adrian 
Vlac>]ue.  an  HoUaader.  wbo  bathe  done  all  the  a-hale  bundnrd 
ehilTadet  and  printed  Ihem  In  Latin,  Dutcbe  and  FrvAehc.  roeo 
bookes  in  chest  3  taoguacei.  aod  bathe  loidd  ihem  nlDHA  alL    But 


dedica 


'  haCh  Dot  varied  from  mc  at  all." 

The  ori^oal  calculation  of  the  logarithma  of  nucaben  from 
tmity  to  loi.ooowas  thus  performed  by  BriggB  and  Vlacq between 
1615  and  161S.  Vlacq'a  table  is  that  from  which  aH  the  hundreds 
of  tables  of  logaiithml  that  have  subsequently  appeared  have 
been  detived.  It  contains  of  couise  many  eiron,  which  were 
gmdually  discovered  and  comdcd.  In  the  couise  of  the  next 
iKo  hundred  and  fifty  yean. 

Tlie  first  calculation  01  pubHcSitliin  of  Briggian  or'  common 

Edmund  Cuntet,  itba  was  fiiigp's  coQeacue  aa  pnfcuai  of 
'It  was  tenaioly  publiihcd  afto'  Kspin'i  death,  «•  Brin* 
mmcians  ht>  "  Ubnim  panhumuin."    This  titer  feiUaMW  waa  the 
Csufniefu  icf  erred  u  later  in  Ibis  aitklc. 


utronomy  In  Gmbam  Colh#h   Tbe  tkla  of  Guntcali  boots 

which  Is  very  scarce,  Is  Cmion  bianpUmam,  and  It  ""'■'■t 

(0  7  placis  of  decimals. 

Tbe  neat  publication  was  duo  to  Vlaotti  who  appended  to  hit 
bgarithms  c^  numbers  in  tbe  Ariiimilia  Intariiiniita  of  iCifS 
a  table  giving  log  sines,  tangents  and  secants  for  every  minute 
of  tbe  quadiant  to  lo  places:  there  were  obtained  by  calculatioi 
the  bgaiitbins  of  the  natural  linet,  Ac  ^vea  in  the  Thtaurta 
HuUnufidU  of  Pitiscus  (l6ij). 

During  the  last  yean  of  his  life  Briggs  devoted  himself  to  tbe 
calculation  of  logarithmic  sines,  be  and  at  the  time  of  his  deatb 
in  i&ji  he  had  all  but  completed  a  lagarithmic  canon  to  every 
hundredth  of  a  degree.  Thia  work  was  published  by  Macq  aa 
bis  own  expense  at  Goutlain  16^,  under  the  title  Triienemelria 
Brilannica.  It  contains  log  sines  (to  14  places)  and  tangents  (Lo 
10  places),  besides  natural  sines,  tangents  and  secants,  at  intervals 
of  M.  hundredth  of  a  degree.  In  the  same  year  Vlacq  published 
at  Gouda  his  TriidiloaBefru  artifituiu.  giving  log  sinea  and 
tangents-  to  every  10  seconds  of  the  quadrant  lo  10  |^c^ 
~  '         ;k  also  cootaini  the  logarithms    ■         ■        ■ 


11  tbe  ^ 


a  fojon 


Briggs  appreciated  dearly  tbe  advantiees  of  a  centesinul  divitioi 
of  the  quadrant,  aad  by  diiiiding  the  degree  into  bundtedtb  paiti 
instead  of  into  minutes,  made  a  step  towards  a  reformation  in 
this  respect,  and  but  for  the  appearance  of  \'lacq's  work  the 
decimal  di\-ision  of  the  degree  might  have  become  recogoiied, 
aa  is  now  tbe  case  with  the  coirevonding  division  of  the  second. 
The  calculation  of  tbe  logarithms  net  only  of  nutnben  but  alio 
of  the  trigonometrical  functions  is  therefore  due  la  Brig^  and 
Vlacq;  and  the  results  contained  in  theii  four  fundamental 
voila—AriHm:li(a  hiariiAmica  (Bilcgs),  1614;  ArilAmiliea 
loiarilJirMita  (Vlacq),  i6aS;  Trifmomelria  BrihHmiia  (Briggs). 
'6M'.  Tritmmilria  arlifieialii  (Matq),  1633— have  aot  been 
auperaeded  by  any  subsequent  calculatioos. 

In  the  preceding  paragraphs  an  account  has  been  ^ven  ot  the 
actual  announceiaent  of  tbe  invention  of  logarithms  and  of  the 
calculation  of  the  tables.  It  now  remains  to  refer  in  iMte  delaU 
to  the  invention  Itself  and  10  exaoiine  ibe  claims  of  Napier  aitd 
Briggs  lo  the  capital  impeovement  Involved  in  tbe  change  from 
Napier's  original  logariLhma  to  logarithms  to  the  base  10. 

The  Vtscriplia  contained  only  an  explanation  of  the  use  of 
the  logarithms  ■  '  '  '    '  .... 

ibeca 

page  Napier  states  that,  although  in 
strjction  ahould  be  explained,  be  proceeds  at  once  lo  tbe  use 
of  tbe  kigaiithms,  "  ut  piaebliatis  piius  osa,  et  rei  utilitale. 
caelera  aut  magis  ptaeeant  posthac  edenda,  aut  niaas  (allem 
dlspjlceant  rilentlo  aepulta."  He  awaits  therefore  the  judgment 
and  censure  of  the  learned  "  priusquam  cactera  in  lucem  temeri 
prolata  lividorum  detrectatloni  exponantui ";  and  in  an 
"  Admonilio  "  cm  the  last  page  of  the  book  be  states  that  he 
*lQ  paUish  the  mode  of  construction  of  the  canon  "  ai  huiu 
fnventJiBiuneiuditisgratumfoielnlelleiero."  Napier,  bowrver. 
live  to  keep  this  promise.  In  1617  he  published  a  small 
wofk  entitled  SMiliiia  relating  to  mechanical  methods  of 
perfoimiag  mnllipKealkiBa  and  divislDiu,  and  in  tbe  ume  yen 
be  died. 

Tbe  propeoed  woric  una  puUIshed  la  lAii)  by  Robert  Nipin, 
his  second  ion  by  his  aecond  mutage,  undB  tbe  till*  Uirijiii 
IftaHlimtrum  caxmti  cMufraOit.  ...  It  conabta  el  two 
ia(B  of  pnlaee  toUowtd  by  nit]h*evcn  pagti  of  ttit.  In  ibe 
.ir^ce  KobBt  titfatt  sayi  that  ha  has  beat  UBiicd  tna  un- 
doubted Bulhority  that  tbe  new  tnvenian  b  anA  Ibonght  «f 
...  .,  ....  .  ithematkians,  and  that  notMnc  weald  dditfit 
the  publication  ot  tbe  mode  Of  coonnclkB 
of  tbe  canon.  Re  therefore  iiiucs  the  work  to  sMlify  tbeb 
leiirtB,  although,  he  slates.  It  ii  manifest  that  ft  wDsU  baw 
leen  Ibe  light  in  a  far  more  perfect  sute  if  his  bther  Coidd 
iDve  put  the  finishing  touches  [o  it;  and  be  mention  thai, 
la  the  opinion  of  the  best  Judees,  his  father  poinmd,  anwog 
other  most  excellenl  gift*,  in  the  highatt  depee  the  powei  «f 


LOGARITHM 


87. 


n  dWcult  MUttn  bgr  *  c«*'^  uxt  <>>y  iKt^xl 
m  Ibc  Icmt  powble  wonU. 

It  ii  impaiiirt  to  notice  Uui  ia  the  Cmbwlia  lagaritbtni 
ue  called  ulificul  Dumben;  and  Robert  Najiier  uaia  tbti  the 
wifk  wai  compoml  levcnl  jnan  (otifaol  miuii)  brfoFC  NaFOcr 
had  invented  Itie  name  logarilhra.  The  Conslnulie  Ibcrcioic 
may  have  been  writteii  a  good  Bony  yean  previoua  to  the 
puUkalion  ol  tht  DiuntiK  in  1S14. 

Fastiog  no*  to  Ibc  invention  of  (onfllon  or  dedmal  logarilhim, 
Ibat  ii,  to  Ibe  (lansilioa  (loin  tbe  loKuitbim  origjaally  invented 
by  Napin  to  lofuilbm)  to  tbe  b*K  10,  tbe  firet  alluoon  to  a 
change  ol  tyttRo  ocnus  in  (be  "  Admoeitlo  "  on  tbe  1«tt  page 
oF  lb«  Dtsctiplic  (i6l4l»  tbe  condodlog  paiagiaph  of  which  is 
"  VerAm  >i  huiui  inventi  inua  eniditii  gnlum  foie  inlEtleitiD, 
dabo  Cortase  brevi  (Deo  aspinnte)  lationeni  ac  methodum  aut 
tnnc  canonem  emcndandi.  aut  emendatloTcra  do  novo  modendi, 
BlJtaphuiuniLogiManiDidiligen  t>i,liBia[  ioi  tandem  et  accuiatior, 
qnim  unius  opera  fieri  poluit,  in  lucem  prodeat.  Nihil  in  ortn 
perfectum,"  In  »me  cop^t  however,  tlua  "  AdmonilEo'*  ii 
absent.  In  Whght's  translalion  of  1G16  Napier  bas  added  the 
aenlencc — "  Bui  because  Ibe  addition  and  inblnetion  of  these 
lonncr  numbers  mar  seemr  •omcHhat  painfuD,  I  intend  (it  it 
shall  please  God]  in  a  second  Edition,  to  set  out  audi  Logsilthmes 
u  sbill  make  those  nURibeis  above  Hriltcii  to  fall  upon  dedmal 
numbm,  such  ai  100,000,000,  100,000,0001  300,000,000,  ftc, 
which  ate  easie  to  be  sdded  or  abated  to  or  from  any  oihet 
numbei"  (p.  19);  and  in  the  dedication  of  the  Rabdtlcpc  (1617) 
be  wrote  "  Quorum  qiiidem  I^^garilhiDorum  apedem  aliam  mu]l6 
pracatantiorcm  nunc  etiam  inveDimua.  &  creandi   methodum, 

usuram  concesserit)   evulgare  statuimus;  ipiam  autem   novi 

viris  in  hoe  atudii  genete  versatb  leEnqulmui:  imprimis  verA 
docliitfino  viro  D.  Heoiico  Brigglo  Londini  ptibBca  Ceotnelriae 
Proiessoti,  et  amico  tnihl  longi  chuisainio." 

Brig^  in  tbe  short  ptefsce  to  Us  LotarShmcnim  Mtiai 
(161T)  Males  that  the  leaaon  why  his  logarithms  are  different 
Irom  tfioae  iMTDducid  by  Napier  "qnandam,  q'us  Ubrum 
poatbunum,  abunde'  noUi  propediem  satisfacturum."  The 
"liber  paMhumua"  was  the  CaulrtKtic  (lAio),  in  the  pielace 
to  which  Robert  Napier  states  that  be  hu.  added  an  appendix 
lelating  to  another  and  more  eiceltenl  speiia  of  logarithms,  re- 
ferred 10  by  the  inventor  himself  b  the  Kaiiela[ia,  and  in  which 
tbe  logarithm  of  uniiy  ii  o.  He  also  menlions  that  he  has 
published  some  remarks  upon  the  pmpoutiona  in  spherical 
trigonometry  and  upon  the  new  spedes  ol  logaiiihras  by  Henry 
Brlggs,  "qui  nnvi  hujnt  Casonissopputandi  laborem  graviislmum, 
pro  iligpitail  anidiil  quae  iUi  cum  Patre  meo  L.  M.  interca»i, 
■nimo  libentbsma  in  ae  suscepit ;  crtandi  metbodo,  et  usuum 
dplauatfone  loventoii  lelictis.  Nunc  autem  ipso  ei  blc  vttl 
mocalo,  (oliu*  negotll  onus  doctiaainl  Bitggii  humetis  incumbere, 
ct  Sputa  hue  omanda  UU  aone  quadam  obtii^sse  videtur." 

In  the  addrcK  picfiied  10  tbe  Arilkiniliui  L  fanUnica  (ifiij) 
Briggt  bid*  the  reader  not  to  be  tnrprlied  that  these  logarithnu 
m  dlfierenl  from  ihoae  pubUabed  in  Iba  DanipUt  :— 

Gmlunwnn   be  ' 


bortatu,  rejicctli  Qiis 

qiK»  hie  tthibeo  praecfpuot,  illi  oftcndi,  Idem  etiam  tenia  anraie 
bbeiliui^  tacturw,  d  Deat  iUun  aoUs  tasdiu  •upenlllem  eae 


Then  tt  aba  a  Rfemee  to  Ok  change  of  tbe  logarithms  on  tbe 

title-page  of  the  woik. 

Thoe  eatracu  Contain  alt  the  original  statements  made  by 
Napier,  Robert  Napier  and  Biiggs  winch  have  reference  10  tlu 
ori^n  as  decimal  logaritbma.  It  ariH  be  seen  that  they  ale  iB 
in  pniect  agreement.  Briggi  pointed  out  in  his  lectuia  at 
Gnsham  College  that  it  would  be  more  convenient  that  o  should 
itand  (ot  Ibe  togarilbmof  the  whole  aine  as  b  the  Daeriplia, 
btn  (hat  tbe  logarithm  61  tbe  tenth  pnrt  of  the  whole  sine  should 
be  io,oo0t0oo,ooo.  He  wrote  also  to  Napier  ii  once;  and  as 
■oui  aa  he  coold  be  arent  to  Edbburgh  (o  visit  Ha,  where,  as 
he  was  most  bo^itabiy  IKdved  by  him.  he  renamed  for  k 
whole  month.  When  Lbey  convened  about  the  chan^  of  system, 
Napier  said  that  he  had  perceived  and  desired  tbe  lanie  thing, 
but  that  he  bad  publiihed  the  tables  which  he  had  already  pre- 
pared, so  that  Ibey  might  be  used  onlit  he  could  construct  others 
more  convcnienL  Bui  he  considered  that  the  change  ought 
to  be  lo  made  that  o  should  be  the  logarithm  ol  unity  and 
io,aoo«(xi,oa>  that  of  the  whole  sine,  which  BHggj  could  not 
but  admit  was  by  far  the  most  convenient  ol  aU.  Rejecting 
theietore,  tbose  which  he  had  prepared  already,  Brigga  began, 
at  NapiB^  advice,  !■  convdet  seriously  the  question  of  the 
eakulalion  of  new  uble*.  In  the  following  summer  he  went 
to  Edinburgh  and  abowed  Napier  the  principal  portion  of  the 
logarithms  which  be  publiihed  in  1A14.  Tbt*e  probably  included 
the  logBtilbms  of  the  first  chiliad  which  he  published  in  1617. 

It  has  been  thought  necessary  to  give  in  detail  the  facts  relating 
to  tbe  conversion  of  the  logarithms,  as  unfortunately  Charles 
Huiton  b  his  history  of  logarithms,  which  was  prchied  to  the 
early  editions  of  his  Uollimalkd  Tahiti,  and  was  also  published 
if  bla  Utiicmalital  Tracts,  has  charged  Napi 


ig  the  I 


iggs'i  share  In  the  c 
■       "  Napie 


.mprovemcnt  of  the  logarithms.*'  According 
ic  words,  "iliilobe  kopid  thai  bis  potlbumoui 
occur  b  the  preface  10  the  Chiliaa,  were  a 
the  share  Briggs  had  had  in  chan^ng  tbe 

self  gave  the  account  which  appears  in  Ibe 
,    Then  '  '     ' 


[or  supposing  that  Grigg;  meant  lo  eapress  anything  beyond  his 
hope  that  the  reason  for  the  alLeraiion  would  be  etplained  in 

years  after  Napier's  death  and  Eve  years  after  the  appearance 
of  the  work  itself,  be  shows  no  injured  feeling  whatever,  but 
even  goes  out  of  hii  way  to  eiplain  that  he  abandoned  bis  own 
proposed  alleration  in  favour  of  Napiet'i,  and,  rejecting  the 
tables  he  had  already  constructed,  begin  to  consider  the  calcula- 
tion of  new  ones.  The  facts,  as  slated  by  Napier  and  Briggs, 
are  b  complete  accordance,  and  the  friendship  existing  between 
(hem  was  perfect  and  unbroken  to  tbe  last.  Briggs  assisted 
Robert  Napier  in  (he  editing  of  the  "  posthumous  work."  the 
CsHilruclii,  and  In  tbe  account  he  gives  of  the  alteratbn  of  the 
loprithnu  in  tbe  Artlhmtliiit  ol  ifii*  he  seems  to  have  been 
more  iniious  that  justice  should  be  done  to  Napier  than  t    ' 


hospitably  an 
Hu  Eton's  s 


i   Nap 


!  all  the  I 


Briggs  a 
Riibi  longf  chariuimo." 
e  to  be  regret-    ■        ' 


lory  which  is  the  rei  _ 

tion  and  which  for  years  was  referred  to  as  an  authority  by  many 
writers.  His  prejudice  against  Napier  naturally  produced 
retaliation,  and  Uark  Napier  in  defending  his  ancestor  has  fallen 
Into  the  OF^nsito  cxtirmc  of  attempting  to  reduce  Briggs  lo 
the  level  of  a  "   "         "  ...... 


of  (he  Zlucrt^i 


ontaining  the  rcferoicelo  the  ni 
all  Ihe  copies.    It  is  printed  oi 
ol  tbe  UUe  itself,  and  so  cannot  hi 


es  which  do  not  have 


page 
I  logsrilhms. 


87S 


LOGARITHM 


were  Ent  Inued.    It  ii  pidbablB,  tbadere,  tbit  Briggi'i  npy 

conuined  no  reference  to  the  chuge,  sml  it  i*  cveo  pouible 
that  the  "  Admonitk) "  may  hive  beu  added  alter  Briggi  bul 
commiuuated  widi  Nipier.  As  IpuM  UtentioD  hu  not  been 
dam  IB  the  lict  that  lome  copia  have  lb*  "  Admonitio " 
>od  umc  have  not,  diSereiU  writtn  have  auumed  tbai  Btiggi 
did  or  did  not  knov  of  Ihe  pnini&e  coDUioed  in  the  "  Admonitio  " 
according  u  it  ni  pretcut'or  (bMDt  in  tbc  eopio  they  had 
tbauelva  reteiiEd  to,  and  Ihis  bu  given  lise  U  lomc  canf  luion. 
It  may  aim  be  remarked  Ihal  the  dale  frequently  auigned  to 
Brigp'i  SnI  visit  U  Kapier  ii  1616,  asd  not  1615  at  (taltd  above, 
''■'■"■         11  leotnilly  tuppoted  to  have 


died  in  161S  until  t' 


kNap 


1617.    When  the  Dtiiripiie  ■ 


redevoU 


publitbcd  Bncp  was  £ity- 
ining  KventecD  yean  of  U* 
tend  the  utility 
oj  wapier'i  great  inveotjoii. 

The  only  ether  matfaemaiidaa  lieiida  Na{ner  wbo  gniped 
the  fdea  on  which  Ibe  use  of  logaiithos  depends  and  ap(died  it 
to  the  coostnictioa  ol  a  table  ii  JuUui  Byigiai  (Jobtt  BOrgi), 
whose  work  AriUmuliaiu  mi  fumefrutAt  Fitpui-Tainltil 
, . .  was  publiabcd  al  Plague  in  ifiio,  lii  ytan  aha  the  imblica- 
tion  of  tin  Dttcri^it  of  Napjer.  Ttiia  table  dittiBCtly  involve* 
the  principle  ol  logaiithioi  and  may  b*  doofbtd  aa  a  iBodilinl 
table  oi  anlilogaiitlnna.  It  eoutMs  at  two  Kiic*  «f  inunbcn, 
the  one  bdng  an  aiilhonical  and.  the.  otlwr 


B,  bibc 


90^  i*oow  49^ 

In  the  aritbmetiol  cduinn  the  numben 
geomettkat  coluoin  each  number  Is  deriv 
by  muIl^bcitloD  hy  iodoi.  Thus  Ihe  number  lof  ia  the  arith- 
raelical  column  tomsponds  U  lo*  (I'oooi)'  in  tbe  geomttncal 
column;  Ibe  Isltrmediiie  numbers  being  obtained  by  intetpoli- 
[loo.  If  we  divide  the  numben  is  the  geometrical  cdumn 
by  it^  the  coneipondence  Is  between  loi  and  (loooi)',  and 
the  table  then  becomei  one  of  aniilogaritliras.  the  base  beiDE 
(i-oeoi)'/",  vit  for  eiample  (!■  0001) A-""— 100994967.  The 
table  eilends  to  >jo);e  in  the  arithmetical  column,  and  it  Ii 
■hown  Ihat  9joi7o*oli  concspondl  to  «'9999  9999  or  lOg  in 
the  geomelrlcal  column;  Ilui  hit  mult  showing  that 
(i  0001  )"■""- 10.  The  Gnl  conlempoiary  mention  of  Byi^us's 
table  occun  on  page  11  of  the  "  Praecepta  "  prefixed  to  Kepler's 
TaialM  Hadclpkinai  (1617);  hit  words  are:  "apices  logiitici 
J-  Byigio  tnultii  annli  ante  editionem  NepeiiaDua  viam  prae- 
iveriot  ad  hos  ipsisumos  logarilhmoi.     Etsi  '       "    ' 


..  Byreus  occurs 
r-in-law  and  pupil 
latter  1 


z  baa  tbe  advantage 
Bfram 


usus  publicoi  cducavit/'  Another  referen 
in  a  work  fay  Benjamin  Bramer,  the  brot 
of  Byrpui,  who,  writing  in  1630,  uys  that ' 
his  table  twenty  yean  ago  or  more.' 

As  regards  priority  of  publication,  Xapic 
by  ux  yean,  and  eves  fully  accepting  a 
there  are  grounds  for  believing  that  Napiei 
a  tliU  earlier  period. 

The  power  al  10,  which  occun  as  *  factor  in  the  tables  of  bo 
Napier  and  Byrgiui,  was  rendered  necessary  by  Ihe  lact  Ih 
tbe  decimal  point  waa  not  yet  in  use.     Omitting  tbia  factor 

>  Priich'i  Ktfioi  tpom  —mia,  iL  S34-   .Friach  think*  Bran 
pouibly  relied  on  Krpkr'i  itateme "" 
Iwtt  confiiua  Keplcri  verbli  Scnj. 

'''7^'elainu  ol  Byrgft 


i.    }6o;    de    M 

Cydipiidia:  Mi..-  ..-,- 

ClfiMJ   P  301   and  Cantor's  Ce- 

«6i.    Sm  dB  ClnwaM.  JuHn  Bjn  «"  MaUcmalAtr  luitf  d« 

SAibttof  «■  wAu  LtttrMmm  (Duulg.  tl96). 


the    Bufluli 
;t<E  iir  Ualumatii.  ii.  (i 


10  know  (artbv  of  hiD 


ntiich  druifbc. 

•     hwithliita 

Ot«hiinl. 


(be  caae  of  botk  table*,  tbe  cpBDcdon  between  H  a  nsBlbet  ud 

L  its  "  logarithm  "  i* 

N-(r«)'tNai*et).     L-(r<ODOA-{Byffin.), 
vix.  Napier  give*  togiritbm*  (o  bate  r',  Byigiu*  givaanti- 
loGarithini  to  bate  (i-oooi)*. 

Thare  i*  indirect  evidnct  that  Ntfia  waa  t'''^'i4i^  witb 
logarilhiai  at  early  al  iSMi  foi  in  a  letter  to  t.  CiUgetui 
from  Kfplei,  dated  SeptoniMr  9, 1614  (Friich't  Ktflr,  vi.  47), 
there  occur*  the  sentence:  "  Nihil  autem  nipra  Nepaianan 
laiiooem  esse  puts:  etii  quidtm  Scocui  quidam  jiieri*  ad 
TychoDsn  1594  loiptit  jam  ipem  fedt  Canonii  iUius  Miri&d." 
It  'a  ben  distinctly  stated  that  some  Scutman  in  the  year  1J9*, 
In  a  letter  to  Tycho  Brahe,  gave  him  lomc  hope  of  the  lo^thnn; 
and  *>  Eepler  joined  Tycbo  alter  hii  expultiDii  froin  tbe  island 
ol  Huen,  and  had  been  so  doa^y  aModated  with  Inin  ia  Us 
work,  he  would  be  likely  to  be  curect  ia  any  a)tHtlon  ol  Ihii 
kind.  In  coiuiBiiioD  with  Kepler's  statement  the  foUcnring  liMf, 
ly  Wood  in  the  AUimet  Oxemmu,  la  cd  aoiM 


»  Dr  Cn^.  I 

neper.  Baron  01  air-'- -     "" 

other  diieounea,olj 

aa'tisialdJ.taiBvetbe  tedlsui  muliipUeai 

nooicai  caindatiaos.   Nepei  being  SDUdtoi 

coocemlng  this  matier,  he  could  ^veno  Mb— -^^.^-.^  -,„-.»  .._^ 

it  was  by  proponienal  Dumberm.    Which  bint  Neper  tikinf.  he 

dewed  bini  at  his  retum  to  call  upon  him  >Bain-  Craig,  alter  urae 

weeks  had  pasied,  did  >e,  and  Neper  then  thmiTdbirn  a  rudedrauehr 

at  what  be  cahcd  Csim  nrinUliiliiianlimitnim.    ViYacb  drawhc. 

withiociiealiEmtiiiai.henniiluig  In  1614.  ' 

the  hand!  dI  our  author  Hrina,  and  into  ' 

Inxo  whom  the  relation  of  this  matter  cam 

Thil  story,  though  obviously  untrue  in  lomc  lopccts,  giina 
valuable  information  by  connecting  Dr  Craig  witb  Nafici  and 
Longomontanus,  who  was  Tycho  Brahe't  ■—'■'""  Si  Cni| 
was  John  Craig,  the  third  son  of  Tliomas  Craig,  wbo  waiooe  of  tbe 
colleagues  of  Sir  Archibald  Napier,  John  Napiei'i  fitber,  in  Ihe 
office  ol  justice^deputc.  Between  John  Craig  and  John  Napis  a 
friendship  sprang  up  which  may  luve  baen  diM  to  their  caaBHO 
taste  for  matheraailci.  There  are  extant  thiee  ktien  liom 
Dr  John  Craig  to  Tycbo  Brabe,  which  ahow  that  be  wi3  o>  ihi 
most  friendly  lermi  vith  him.  In  tlie  &n(  letter,  of  which  Ihe 
date  is  not  given,  Craig  layi  that  Sit  William  Stuart  has  aaldy 
delivered  10  him,  "  about  the  '^■"■"g  of  lail  winter,"  the  book 
which  he  icnt  him.  Kow  Uaik  Napiei  found  in  tbe  library  tt 
Ihe  univenity  of  Edinbur^  a  mathenallcal  work  bearing  a 
sentence  in  Latin  which  be  Iiuslata,  "  To  Doctor  John  Craig 
of  Edinburgh,  ia  Scotland,  a  moit  iUustrioui  man,  highly  gifted 
with  various  and  exceUeni  learning,  pnfeiaoT  of  me^cliie,  and 
excccdmgly  skilled  in  Ihe  mathematici,  Tycbo  Bfahe  hath  tent 
this  gift,  and  with  hii  own  hand  wTiilcn  thii  at  Uraoibiug, 
id  November  15SS."  Al  Sir  William  Stuart  was  aent  ta 
Denmark  to  arrange  the  prelimlnariea  of  King  Jamei'a  marriage, 
and  relumed  10  Edinburgh  on  the  tsth  ol  Noveraba  ijM,  It 
would  teem  probable  Ihat  thli  was  the  vdume  refemd  to  by  Crai^ 
II  appears  from  Craig's  letter,  to  which  we  may  therefore  asugn 
the  dale  1 589,  that,  five  yean  before,  he  had  made  an  atienipt  to 
reach  Uranienburg,  but  had  been  baffled  by  ihe  itorraa  and  nicki 
of  Norway,  and  Ihat  ever  sirkce  then  he  had  been  loopng  to  vi&t 
Tycho.  Now  John  Cnig  wasphydcian  lo  the  king,  and  in  1J90 
James  VI.  spent  some  dayj  at  Uranienburg,  before  rtiutning 
to  Scotland  from  hit  maliimonial  expedition.  It  teeoti  not 
unlikely  therefore  lhal  Craig  may  have  tcconpanied  tbe  Ling 
in  his  visi  to  Uranlenburg.s  In  any  ctte  it  ft  ctitalD  that 
Craig  was  a  friend  and  contipondcnt  of  lycbo'i,  and  ll  ii  probable 
that  he  was  the  "  Scolui  quidam." 

We  may  infer  therefore  that  aa  early  as  1594  Napier  had 

communicated  lo  some  one,  probably  John  Cialg,  his  hope  el 

beiig  able  lo  eSect  a  limplilicatlon  [n  the  processes  of  arithmetic 

Everything  tends  to  show  that  tbe  Invention  oi  loviitbow 

Sr  Maili  Napier-i  VnHfrt  4f  7«ta  n|4tp  ^ItaBMMw  tl*}«). 

ogle 


ab,C>OOJ(I( 


LOGARITHM 


873 


It  i> 


wenlyyi 


with  icjard  to  Ihe  uic  of  pnpoitioiut  Duinben  could  bive  bHn 
ol  iny  urviix  la  him,  but  il  u  pouible  Ibit  the  nen  brouglit 
by  Qaif  ol  the  diJIicuhia  pUctd  ia  Ihe  pigtcm  ol  uiiuuoiny 
bf  ibc  bbour  it  the  olcuUtioiB  tny  bkvc  Mimukicd  bim  te 
pcracvcK  In  ha  cHorta. 

The  "  new  lavcnlioa  In  Denmark  "  to  whifb  Anthony  Wood 
felenu  hiving  liven  the  hisl  loNipicrvupiobiihly  the  method 
«f  oilculstlon  ciUcd  pn*thiiph«iBil  (often  •rillen  in  Creek 
^t^^en  rposSiMft^').  *hith  had  iti  oHgia  La  the  nlution  of 
ipbericil  tiiaiigle).'  The  method  coiuiiti  in  (he  UK  of  the 
loimula 

.b  n  dn  t-l  |«M[a-t}'C0>[ri-l-i)1, 
by  mrau  of  vhich  the  multiplitation  ol  two  ttna  u  reduced  to 
the  ulditloa  or  aubinctioB  oi  two  tubular  mulii  taken  fram 
a  tabic  of  linei;  and,  as  such  products  occur  in  the  solution  of 
spherical  triangles,  the  method  affords  ttK  solution  oi  spherical 
trianglci'in  certain  cases  by  addition  and  subtraction  only, 
1[  seems  to  be  due  to  Wiltich  of  Bresliu,  who  vis  aliistant  ior 
I  short  time  to  Tydio  Bnhe;  and  it  was  used  by  ihem  in  their 
Calcuhlions  in  IjSi.  Willich  in  isSj  made  known  at  Ciuel 
the  cilcuistion  ol  one  case  by  this  prosthaphaeresis^  and 
Justus  Byrgius  proved  it  In  sucb  i  manDcr  thit  irom  hit  prool 
the  mensioa  to  (he  solution  of  itl  triingln  could  be  deduced.' 
Qivlusgenenliied  (he  method  in  his  ttcMi9e/)c  aUrataliia  Cii9j}, 
lib.  i.  kqimi  liiL    The  lemma  ii  eounciaitd  as  laiiowt: — 


■twiCi^ 


lioned  in  As(hony  Wood's  ueciloie,  and  u  Wiltich  «  well  u 
LongonMDdnm  were  u^tinti  of  Tycbo,  wc  may  infer  that 
WIKich't  protthiphaeresis  is  the  method  referred  to  by  Wood, 

II  is  evident  (hat  Witiich's  piosihaphaercsis  could  not  be 
a  good  method  of  pnc(icil]/  ejecting  mujtiplicatians  unless  the 
quanlilies  to  be  multiplied  weit  sinci,  on  iccount  of  the  libour 
of  the  [nlerpolations.  It  sitlsfies  (he  condllion,  however,  equelly 
with  loKltithmi,  of  enabling  multiplication  to  be  performed 
by  Ihe  lid  of  a  table  of  single  entry  ^  and,  Inilyticilly  considertd, 

-     -        -  -«(X-i-Yl,  Xbeingifuncllonofionly 


d  V  t  fun 


F  only,  1 


X-Ae«,  J-Be";  and  ii  we  put  iy-*[X+Y)-*!X-Yt, 
tbeKilotiom»re»tX+Y)-J(i+y|',  ind  c-sin  X,  y-sln  Y, 
♦(X+Y) — lcoi(X+V).  The  former  solution  gives  a  method 
known  m  that  of  quarter'squares;  (he  latter  gives  the  method 
al  pnsthaphietnis. 

An  account  has  now  been'^ven  of  Kipier*!  invention  ind 
its  publication,  (he  ttansition  to  dedmil  logarithms,  (he  calcula- 
tion of  the  tablet  by  Brim  Vlacq  and  Cunier,  as  well  as  of 
the  cliimt  ol  Bytgiut  and  (he  rnethix]  of  prpsthaphaerctis.  To 
corni^ete  the  early  history  ol  fogarithms  it  is  necessary  to  return 

>  In  Ibe  taUtlttla  (1617)  he  ipeaki  of  (be  cuoa  ol  ki(aridimi 
as  "  I  me  longo  tempofe  tuboritum-" 

'A  eireful  euminiIHKi  of  (be  hiitofv  ol  the  method  is  given  by 
Schiibd  in  his  EiiMlvtt  mr  ■HUnulwtm  SiKtr>t«»uiii, 
SlUckvH.  (Brtriiu.  tits),  pp.  11-10:  ind  (here  is  ai«  an  account  in 
KlHMr'>aHiH(tudir»oAriiHiA'*,i.S6«.s69(1796);inhfDntucli's 
IhMiHiiimaMmaUqim,  L  sai-JBJ  ind  6(7-6tg^andIo  Klllgel's 
tCirbiHci  Jltoa).  ariiele  "  Pmtliaphaeretii.'- 

*  Besides  his  conn^on  whh  loguitfams  and  hnprnvemenn  In  Ihe 
method  of  protthaphaends.  Byrgiui  has  a  ihaie  in  (he  invention 
of  decimal  InclionL  See  Cantor.  CucUiile.  ii.  itj.  Cantor 
attributes  to  him  fin  the  uk  of  his  proalhipluemii)  the  finr  inrro- 
duction  oi  a  ■ubaidiary  ingle  into  trifODomElry  (y^  iu  590). 


10  Napier^  DacritUa  la  order  to  desciibc  its  rcotpilon  on  the 

cootinenl,  and  to  nenlioa  the  other  logirithmic  tablet  which  were 
puhliihed  while  Btiggt  wit  occupied  with  bit  cikuliiions. 

John  Kepler,  who  hu  been  ilteuly  quoted  in  conneiioB  with 
Crtig't  visi(  to  Tycbo  Brahe,  received  (be  invemioB  ot  kigarithma 
almoot  a*  enthusiastically  a*  Briggt.  Hit  fint  mention  ol  the 
subject  occurs  in  a  letter  (0  Schikhan  dated  the  irth  of  Much 
1618,  in  which  he  writet— "  Eiiitit  Scotut  Baro,  cnjut  minea 
mihi  cicidit,  qui  pnedail  (guid  praetiitit,  neceiiilale  obidi 
mwltlplicitlooum  et  din^ooun  in  mens  idditionct  et  sub- 
■ractiones  cotnmutali,  aec  finibus  ulitur;  at  tainen  opu  est 
ipH  tingenlium  CAoone;  et  virietu,  crebritii,  diffcultitque 
■ddiiioauni  lubtnctlonunquc  ilicubl  liboren  ranltlplicandi 
CI  divideiKti  nipenl."  Thli  enoneom  estimite  was  formed 
when  he  had  seen  (he  Deurlflit  but  had  not  read  i(^  lod  hit 
opinion  wit  very  different  wbea  be  beeime  icquiin(ed  with  (be 
nilurc  ol  logarithms.  The  dedication  of  hii  EfMtmttii  for  iSn 
consiili  of  I  leller  lo  Napier  dated  the  i8(h  of  July  1619,  ind  he 
theie  congntulilet  him  warmly  on  bis  invention  ind  on  (he 
benefit  be  hu  cotiferred  upon  utronomy  genenily  and  upon 
Keplei'i  own  Rudolphlnc  tiblet.  He  Hys  thit,  ilihoti)^ 
Nipier'i  book  had  been  published  five  yearn,  be  fim  saw  it  i( 
Prague  two  yean  before;  he  wu  then  unible  lo  leid  il,  but  lis( 
yea)  be  had  met  with  i  little  work  by  Benjamin  Vnlnui*  con- 
taining the  substance  of  the  method,  and  he  at  OKe  recoglUzed 
the  importance  of  what  had  been  eflecied.  He  then  enpUiut 
bow  he  verified  (be  cinon,  and  so  found  [bi(  there  mere  no 
essen(iBl  erron  in  it,  itthougfa  (here  were  a  few  Enaccuracita 
near  the  beginning  of  (he  quadrant,  tod  he  proceeds,  "  Hiec 

dubito  et  plutlmu  et  ingeaiotittlmu  tibi  in  prompiu  esse,  eat 
pubUci  juris  fieri,  mihi  saltern  (putoel 


itcUigeret."    This  le 


nipier'i  ocatn  (of  which  Kepler  wit  unaware),  ind  in  the  same 
year  11  that  In  which  the  Ctiulnutia  was  published.  In  the 
same  year  (1610)  Napier't  DtiaiHw  (ifiMJ  and  Caulracii* 
(]6to)  were  repriatcd  by  fiinboUonew  VlncenL  at  Lyons  and 
issued  together.' 

Napier  tilculitcd  no  logarithms  of  numbcn,  and,  is  already 
stated,  the  logariLbms  invented  by  him  were  not  to  .bue  <. 
The  &n(  logarithms  10  the  base  t  were  published  by  ]ohn  Speidell 
io  his  A^ns  LtfariiAmts  (London,  16(9),  which  coniiins  hyper- 
bolic bf  ainet,  tangents  ind  lecints  for  every  minuu  ol  the 
(tuadraat  to  ;  places  of  decimili. 

In  i6s4  Benjamin  Ur^ui  published  It  Cologne  a  caooo  ctf 
logarithms  exactly  aimitir  to  Nipier'i  in  Ihe  DmritUtol  i6r4, 
only  much  entii^ed.  The  interval  of  the  arguments  ii  lo*, 
aod  (be  retulii  ire  given  (o  B  plices;  in  Nipier's  cinon  the 
jn(C[vil  il  1',  ind  tJie  number  of  plum  it  J.  The  logirithmt  ue 
tlrictly  Napierian,  and  Ihe  arrangement  It  identical  with  Ihit 
in  (he  cinon  ol  1614.  This  il  (be  lugett  Nipleriia  cinon  thit 
hat  ever  been  pubiitbed. 

In  the  ume  year  (1S14)  Kcpki  published  al  Mirburf  i  tible 
of  Nipieriu  logarithmi  of  tjnei  with  ceitain  additional  columnt 
to  facilitate  tpedal  calculaiions. 

The  first  publicitioo  ol  Briggiia  logarithms  on  (be  continent 
is  due  to  Winole,  who  published  it  Puis  in  ifiij  bii  AriU- 
■idifM  Ittarilkmili^m,  (nntiining  tevea-fignre  lofuithoi  of 

<Tlie  title  of  this  work  is— Snjsafiaii  UriM  .  .^.airiiii  maljit- 

cJS  ;jc'x7x"'aiW  end."  rSiJJ — 

Kgurei  let*.  Thit  wotli  fOnni  tbe  earliesi  publication  of  logarithmt 


•The  (ide  it 


87+ 


LOGARITHM 


Munbci*  np  (a  loeo,  ind  log  dncs  ud  luiciiti  from  Gunli 
Cmni'dSiii).    In  Ihc  faUowing  year,  i6i«,   Dcnii  Kcnr 
pubtubedM  Puit  >  TraUlida  i^tuhUBO,  ounuining  Brig) 
btuitluBi  oC  numbcn  up  to  ».oai  to  lo  pUco,  uid  Cunli 
los  tine*  uid  tanfcnti  (o  7  pLacci  for  every  lulnute,     la  Ibett 
yetrde  Decker  ilio  published  it  Goudi  i,  wmk  entillcd  ATiaiiK 
mktmst,  iruhwJHdi  ^  LoiarUkmi  tetr  it  OaliUin  bttinaiiult 
f#n  r  '0'  I0fioo,  Thich  conuined  loganlbma  ol  numbcrt  up  to 
ID,ooo  to  lo  places,  taken  from  Brig^i'i  ArilkmetUa  ai  1614,  and 
Guntef'i  Log  linea  and  tangents  lo  T  places  for  every  mintiLc,^ 
VLacq  rendered  assistance  in  the  publkaLko  of  tliis  work,  and 
Uk  privilege  is  made  out  to  him. 

The  invention  of  bgarithms  and  the  cnlculnlion  of  the  Inrliei 
tables  form  a  very  striking  episode  in  the  history  of  exact  science. 

DO  mstheraallul  work  published  in  the  country  which  has  pn> 

Ulacha  as  to  Napier's  DcKrinii.  The  cakulslion  of  tables 
of  the  Datunl  liigononielriul  funclioni  may  be  said  to  have 
lormed  the  work  «[  the  lu(  hall  o[  the  1  tih  century,  and  the  great 

had  been  calculated  by  lUieliciis  was  published  by  Fitlscus  only 
!a  161].  the  year  before  tbat  in  which  the  Dcsiriflit  appeared. 
In  the  toostiuction  of  the  natural  trigonometrical  labia  Great 
Britain  had  takfa  oo  part,  and  it  is  remarkable  that  the  discovery 
of  the  prindpla  and  the  foimotion  of  the  tables  that  were  to 
revolutionia  or  lupcised*  all  the  melhods  ol  calculation  then 
U  use  should  havt  been  so  rapidly  effected  and  developed  in  a 
country  in  which  so  little  attention  had  been  previouly  devoted 


In  the  years  1791-1807  Frtndi  K*urei  published  at  London, 
In  sii  volumes  quarto  "  Scriploro  I.agaritbmiti,  or  a  collection 
of  several  curious  trans  on  the  nalure  and  construction  of 
logarilhraa,  mentioned  in  Dr  Hutton's  historical  introduction 
to  his  ne«  edition  of  Sherwin'i  mathemalicil  table*  ■  ■  .," 
which  conlaini  reprints  of  Napiei'i  Deiaiplia  of  1614,  Kepler's 
writings  on  logarithms  (1614-1S15),  &c  In  1SS4  a  translation 
of  Nipiet's  CimilTuaio  ol  1619  waa  pubUshed  by  Waller  Rac 
Macdonatd.  Some  valuable  noCei  are  added  by  the  tianilator, 
In  one  of  which  he  shows  the  accuiacy  ol  the  method  employed 
by  Nipier  in  his  cakutitions,  and  eiplalni  the  origin  of  a  small 
error  which  occurs  in  Najuer's  table.  Appended  to  the  Catalogue 
h  ■  luU  and  careful  bibliography  qf  all  Napier's  writings,  with 
mention  of  [he  public  libraries,  British  and  foreign,  which  poaeera 
topics  ol  each.  A  facsimile  ttproduclioa  of  Baithi^mew 
Vincent's  Lyons  edition  (1610I  ol  the  Cniilrwfif  was  issued  in 
1B45  by  A.  Hermann  at  Paris  (tUs  impdnt  octua  on  page  &i 
alter  the  word  "  Finis  "). 

It  DOW  teotint  to  notice  bneDy  ■  few  of  the  more  important 
tvrnu  in  the  liiitory  of  logarillunic 
original  cafculaliocK. 

CsiuiM  <r  Briccin  laiarilim  tt  Numitrl.- 
T^i,^i.,M  !.,»... ib—.n.  /•*:A\  ^^M  #iC.  F.^.  »« 


{16JJ)   w 


3iiipl«le  Kvc^.hgur 


'ei.and»Dn.   AL»,  although  lofldric hi 


it  II  oontaint  arnii.Scure  logahihuii 
'  Irom  Vlacq's  lalik  (lAig)  by  Icavinc  1 
—  '—'eaof  the  MmAec  art  given  at 


(he  last  three  Biures.  All  the  fiEuic* 

hud  of  the  colufnos.  VKepc  the  last  iwo,  wmcn  niA  4owii  the 

cimmc  cdumns— I  tosaonlhpMl.handside.aadSBia  inDeaiha 

righi.hand  fide.   The  lust  four  fjeures  of  the  logaritnma  are  printed 
*l  the  lopof  thecoluniiif.  There  &  Ihui  an  advance  half  way  tooaida 


figure  ubh  that  until  recently  bad  bcenp 
lonrithms  of  sines,  fte.,  as  well  as  hnrithids  o 
In  1705  appealed  the  originat  uvtion  of  ' 

numbers  and  IraoBonelrical  fuactieaa  meh 


In  i;iT  Abnhani  Sharp  publithed  in  hit  Ccamrtrr  Imfm'i  th 
Brigi-taiilcigarilhini  of  numbers  Inm  I  Is  loo.  and  at  prlmn  Iroi 

■    '^'-"      K^Jn-fig^'u 

:h  ii  cc^bntc<! 

In  1781  appeainl  at  Paris  the  Gnt  edition  of  Frascnli  CaHct'i 
labki,  wlikh  eormpond  lo  Ihne  of  Hullon  In  England,  Tbne 
tables,  which  form  pcrlupf  ibe  most  complete  and  pnclically  us-'-  ■ 
collcclian  of  knrlihma  for  ■' • -■—  '—  ■- 


om  Vlacq's<1._ -  ....,, 

■lifixittit  Hi  1633,    The  logarit 

IHinlal  from  the  Ttitf 


origuial  calculation.  Vega  devoted  rieat  atitntion  to  Ibe  delectiaa 
andcemctionoribccrmninVlaeq'iwerkofiejB.  Vega'sTkuaru 
has  been  rtproduccd  photOGnphieally  by  Ihc  lialian  government. 
Vcn  aha  puUidied  in  irai>.  in  1  vols,  ivo,  a  eollnlion  aTlofarithmie 
artd  infonomctrical  tabin  which  haspasaed  through  many  edit  ions, 
a  very  ukIuI  one  volume  stereotype  ediiion  bavingbcen  publithed  >■ 
ia4abyKab>c.  ThclablctinlhliworkDaybeReirdedaslotHie 
encnl  lupplcmcnlary  to  ihoR  in  Callcl. 

If  we  cfoflsideF  only  the  loeanihnu  of  numbcri.lhr  main  Knr  of 
dcsent  imm  the  original  calcDlaiion  vt  Briggi  and  Vbcq  is  Roe. 

editions  of  Vega  form  a  Kpante  oHihsol  Imm  the  on^iiu]  ubl«. 

Iqture  tabic*  of  logarithms  of  numbers  aad  Irieonsnietinl  lunctiDns 
may  be  mentioned  those  ol  Brcmikcrv  SchiOa  and  Bruhni.  For 
logarilhoii  of  numben  only  perhaps  Babbage's  ubie  is  the  moat 

In  i8;i  Edward  Sang  published  a  swen-Kgure  table  of  logirithmi 
ol  numbers  from  1D.000  19  uOMio.  the  kwarithnis  bciwrea  idd.ood 
■nil  loo,aoobc>ng  thcnsullafancwalcuUtion.    By  bciinninE   the 

maftniiLidc.  while  the  number  ol  ihem  in  a  page  itqiuinciedr  In  ihb 
lablc  muliinla  ol  the  dillcrencn,  instead  of^propDriional  parts,  are 
Given.'    John  Thom»n  of  Cmuiock  (i78J-i»5s»  made  an  inde- 


loo.ooi  ni  cakulnlcd  by  W.  vTdu^M  tM  pu^SmTin'— 
Report  a/lkt  U.S.  Caul  a^CteiilK,  Surtrj/ar  iSat-ig^  at  Apoendix 
II.  pp.  395-7)1,  The  mulii  were  complied  with  Visa*s  jXiucaru 
(1«4)  before  puljlitjtion. 

CfntHon  tr  Bfiicxon  Lfffarilkmi  tf  T'iionvmittntat  Famaioni. — 
The  oeit  great  advance  on  the  Triiencmrlna  artififiaiit  toolc  lilaee 
more  than  a  cenloiy  and  a  half  allcrwanli.  when  Michael  Tajkir 
publjfhed  in  179}  his  seven-decimal  l^ble  of  Icy  linn  and  tangents 
ro  every  icnHid  of  the  quadrant;  ir  was  alculatect  by  Inierp^iion 


ria" 


zcdbjGooglc 


LOGARITHM 

lie.  BAgiy'i  Mwriltf  bUu  ailnvmi^mi 


»7S 


iAmit  TaSti  (iSw). 


:  of  SbsRKde'i  Le/ar- 
VEmmenl  dedded  iMi 


784  ibe  Fitnch 

„,„ .  „  Jk  cmUsnul  divkiofl  trf 

. ._.,,  wuchAE^cd  with  tbedinctiDno'ihF  wgrkpHnd    ^ * 

nquiiKl"  iiiiiuKilniieiitta)iP|io»g-Je»Ublnqiili»clji|MW«illriCT 
1  dbim  quini  k  I'enctit  ude.  nuk  k  a  fain  k  ouhuiidIBi  de  akul 
le  plu>  vvtv  ct  le  i^  Idpoiiiit  md  cDt  fm^  AC  cxlcut^ov  wtr- 
coiKu"  Tho«  Fnfwd  upoB  ttw  work  mc  divided  into  ihi 
KCUOHi  tb*  fiiM  convdcd  cf  Bvs  cr  rii  mllminucum.  indiidt 
LcatiKire,  who  were  innged  ia  the  puicly  ■nalytiol  worii,  er  I 
laSulation  of  the  lun£Senul  mimbei:  r" -"  — ' 


knowledKe;  ind  the  third  compriaed  ■eventv  « 
compuien.  The  ww1c»  which  w»  performed  wi 
And  independently  by  two  diviuon*  c 

All  eiiCHKiueiKeoftlie  double  cilcul ^ 

□lie  drpoHud  at  Ibe  Obeervitory,  Bod  (he  other  Ed 
liulituu,  at  Park.    Each  of  tha  two  manuKtipn  ca 

Liiiuithnu  of  auinbcn  up  to  MWMB    • 


ibolly  in^upUcale, 
-.pied  two  year^ 

e  library  of  tlie 
luU  euentiiiUy 


toC-ojooo.  and  lot  SEieathroufthcjt  the  quadrant  4 

Lopnthmt  of  the  ratioa  ci  area  to  tajiwut  [tQin 

(^-00000  to  o'-oyJOD,  aad  log  tanfeata  Lhrougliout 

the  quadrant  ,-..-.     a 

Tbe  triconnmelrial  nulla  are  tii 


nt  do' 


were  aj)  okulatgd  U 
ahouldbepublii'  '  ' 
~        -Jeiliave 


lie  twellth  ftguit  ia  IH 


.  *£t-eiril      . 

Tbe  labklliave  never  brenjxiblialied.  and 
TaMri  da  CaieOri,  or,  in  Engliiid.  a>  Ib> 
ubks. 

A  very  full  acojunf  of  these  taUn,  * 
melhudi  d  cakula 


Lilon 


V.  o(  Ibe  Ai 


*.Mm 


iSS 


w  pafe.    Babbafe  compand  hi 

id  Lelort  h«  (iven  in  hia  papi.  , — 

ila  of  emn  in  Vlacq'i  and  Biima^i  lofarithnu  of  pumt 
ere  obnined  by  camnring  the  manuecript  taUee  with  ' 
: — I  ■■■i,]aAnllimtl!ialctanllimicaal  jf<.  .~i  «r  .*..[ 


ueli  iociudini  llie 


ij  Hoben  and  Ideler'a  t 


impDiIant  of  Iheae  bcinj  Hoben  ai 

»0».ari(i«(l799),andBonlaaildD ....  _  . 

Uiimata  (iSod-iSoi).  both  of  which  are  aeven-lsun  ubin.  The 
lailcr  work,  which  wai  much  uied»  bcini  difficbH  to  pncure,  *nd 
greater  accuracy  being  required^  the  Frepch  govenunent  in  rSgl 
publiihed  IB  eiihl-Sgure  centennial  table,  foe  every  ten  aecouU. 
derind  from  tbe  raCl«  dm  CoJajtri. 

Vainiat  er  Britpan  AnlilsiarMmi.—'In  the  ordinary  ubiea  d 
losiriihnuibe  oaiural  numben  are  all  inte(en,  while  the  letaHlhnu 
tabulated  are  InconinMiuurablc.  In  an  aniilacarithniic  uhle.  the 
logariihma  are  enact  quantitin  auch  aa  ■ooooi.  'ow™.  *=■.  »n<l  "he 

(hia  kind  that  baa  been amtmctcd  ■•  Dodion'i  ^M^ianitnu  uiHn 
(I7«a).  which  givta  the  numbeta  to  II  pUce^  coeiwpondinj  lo  the 
liwarilhinatrom-floooilo-MWat  inieivaliol  ooooi.  Aniilmar- 
iihinic  ublei  are  lew  10  nuniber,  the  only  other  ejnemive  labln  of 
the  lame  kind  that  have  beca  publiihed  occurring  in  Shurlmlc'i 
Lifinillimit  laUa  ahewly  referred  lo,  and  in  Filipowiki->  TabU  cj 
aUiIciariaiMi  (1I49).  Both  an  wmilar  10  Dodton'a  ublrt,  IroDi 
which  they  were  derived,  but  they  only  dve  numbera  to  7  placca. 

HfpefbtlK  tr  NapttrwH  k/tanUmi  (7*  to  Uae  e).— The  mott 
elaboraletaWeol  hyperbolic  kigaoihma  that  nuataiadoe  IDWollr.nl. 
a  Dutch  Ututenani  of  anillery.  HiiUbleeivn  thclofanihiniof  ail 
numben  up  10  jjoo,  and  ol  prime*  (and  alio  ai  a  mat  many  eom- 
potile  numbfTi)  (mm  jioo  10 10^09, 1048  detimaiplac**.  The  (able 
appeared  in  Schiilie'a  Nnu  imd  mtdtrU  ^aaunbiiif  hiarilimuikir 
ru/t'"  (177S),  snd  wai  npdnted  bi  Veea'a  TTHMnnu  (1794).  aliuadv 

■^     ■'--      '■     ■  ■         omilled  Ri  SchuWa  work,  and  which 


ia  logarilh, 


WoUram  naa  nccn  pre^-nioQ  irom  compuEinc  uy  a  — -,_,  — . 

were  publithed  ubarquenlly,  and  the  ubic  ai  given  by  Vcja  11 
complele,  Tbe  larccil  hyperbolic  tabic  aa  rtt:anj>  range  wst 
pubfiihed  by  Zachanai  Date  at  Vienna  in  1B30  under  the  title  Tald 
iiT  sUdrJubn  i.ii(ilriMi>Icil  da  Zahltn. 

HyptrMu  sn/ifojarirtwi  arc  ilmple  enponential),  1^.  the  hypei^ 
bolic  antilogarithm  of  i  i>  (•     Such  labhs  ean  acarccly  be  Hid  to 

Matjcal:  EififmtTiliai  F^vlioiu. 

Ltiuhi  or  frcptriumol  Letanllma.— The  old  name  (cr  what  are 


r-SS 


now  called  nttoa  or  rraetiena 
l0B,(«/lf)  irtiere  a  i>  the  argnm. 
lofiatic  or  anponiDnal  k>^:ant 

aiy  table  of  logarithnu  only  hy  the  •uhlracli 

change  of  liiii.    The  Am  table  nil  Ihia  kind  appeared  in  Keplei 
— L.  J  .t—  ^Jrh  has  been  already  referral  lo.    Tbe  ob)ect  o( 


table  oC 

table  of 

n'ols!,; 


^^^1±. 


nlityo-Jn. 


lo^rilhrna  bi  which  a  ■*3teD*(  - 1'  or  t').  the  table  pvinf  lof  3600— 
lof  I,  and  >  belli  aa|ireiacd  in  miniila  and  lecoadi.  It  i>  aba 
common  to  Gild  lablea  in  which  a  -  ioBoo'(  ^3' or  j').aiid  I  ia  ei- 
preiaed  ladagma  (orhoiira).  lahiuteaandimnda.  Suchlableian 
fenenHy  fioon  to  ^  or  5  plaoea.  The  oiual  piwciice  in  tioofa  aeemi 
to  be  to  (■■  kiganthna  logialic  when  a  ii  3600',  aod  proponiMal 

AMilltM  aai  AteaitiAi,  ar  G  Aiaijua 


■  and  In.  ft  ar 

niedoutbyLt 


'rK'^ti^ly 


tabic  to  t4  placci,  but  only  a  wecimcn  

JutpUnnl  n J  printed.    The  Bnt  tabli  lly  pul 

iacue(oGauaa.aadwaa  printed  in  Zad.  .«,.,...*-»— ^.rrrjpf 
uvi.  49a  (1817).  CnrmpondinE  to  the  argument  lo£  a  ii 
the  valuea  of  log  (1  +i-i>  and  log  (1  +t). 

Z>Hal  ^fanniHi,— Thia  term  waa  uaed  by  Oliver  Byrne  in  j 
of  worka  published  bctwcto  IS6a  and  1870.  Dual  numbe 
bganlbnu  depend  upon  the  eapreuan  of  a  number  aa  a  pnx 
1-1,  i-oi.  l-ool  ...  or  of  -9.  -9?.  -SW  ■  ■  ■  - 

In  the  preccdiog  risumi  only   iriDse  publicationa  have 

details  With  respect  to  some  of  thcie  worka,  tor  an  account  of 
published  In  tbe  Utter  part  of  the  rgih  century,  and  for  (hoK 
would  now  be  uicd  In  actual  calcubllon.  icfcreBcc  ahould  be 


ante  logaiithni  I1  derived  from 
number  of  equal  ntioa,  as.  for 


S^"^ 


to  I  IS  compounded  nl  _  ._.^  ,., —  ,_. _.  _, 

ciumplc.  1.000.000,  (hen  it  can  be  ahown  that  the  la 

-----ly  equal  toi  ratio  compounded  of  y>jjiyi  at  theac  amall 

'  rafcUJHufae.  that  Ihc  ratio  of  3  to  I  is  very  nearly  equal 
>  compounded  of  477.1}!  of  Ihcm,  and  id  on.    The  small 

andj'f  wedcnotekby  thentioof  s  <o  t.  then  the  ratio  of  1  to  i  will 
be  nearly  the  aame  aa  that  of  a""  to  1,  and  so  on;  or.  in  other 
words,  if  a  denotes  the  millionth  root  of  10.  then  1  will  be  nearly 

Napier's  original  woth.  the  Diurifilia  CauaiU  d  1614,  contained, 
not  logarithms  ol  numbcis.  bul  linarithnisofsinci,  and  the  relations 
between  the  unesnnd  the  logaritmns  were  explained  by  tbe  nwHiona 
ol  points  in  linea,  in  a  manner  nol  untiVc  that  alterwards  employed 
by  Newton  in  ihe  method  of  lluiions.  An  account  of  the  pniceisei 
by  which  Na[MT  conuructed  his  table  waj  given  in  ihc  Omitnclia 
Caimii  of  1619.  These  mclhodg  apply,  honcvcr',  ipecially  to 
Napiei'sown  kind  of  logariih mi,  and  are  difleteni  from  ihosc  actually 


:o  (1614).    Mil 


by  him  in  tbe  preface 
method  of  6nding  the 

H  f oiraed  Ik  tafieU 


I-1J4781  .  . 
tail  qaantiey  {n  the  Icfl-ha  nd  cs 
"'' ""  it.  and  each  quantity  In  t 


nn  bang  the  etuarc  roM  M  th*  ana 

right-haiH)  column  bdng  tba  half 


■In  vol.  iv.  f]B7j)  of  the  Vrrhaadcfiafn*  ol  the  Amsterdam 

of  logarithms.  Apreviouipaperrf  ihesaiaekind,  containlnsaotireB 
of  some  of  Ihe  tables,  waa  publitbcd  by  him  in  the  fmlageii  n 
ifnl«l«fiii(«io(  Ibe  same  academy  (AlJ.  Natuurkuodc)  daeL  iv. 
(IBM),  p.  15. 


876 

of  the  fnv  II 


LOGARITHM 

(ible  BriKi.  ntlni  ibout     will  be  RCermi 


,  ■ndibal^nuiTibeiiDf  thwform  (i-f.  Tor  nunibertLcflinnmft 


>y  dflevn  ciphera,  tni  1h 


04W944^i  9g3Jj  1804,  K  tl 

ohtaiDcd  by  repeated  citrutif 
[he  luaplbm  o[  loaaoo  on 

""tii'  find'l^  locuilhiB  of  2. 1 
1024.  and  cnncled  Ihe  iqiui 


moon  (  could  Ihea  be  found  1 

[» roK^il  to  the  tenth  power,  vi 

M68jlfi0J705»49,77-    Mullwlyint 
.  .hcobtiincd  Ihc  loganlhin  ol  lhl> 


loarithmie  utbles  by 


u  in  fact  akuLvted  from  the  iacmuU- 

thpTilucof  Abcin^  i/j*V  and  in  the  lecond  proceielocitai^inGflc 
olcublcd  Inn  Ibo  Iwinula. 

1^— (■"-)"iiih-.xi-:- 

ft  methodi  o(  formliu  tbe  mean  pnportlonaU  ■ 
id  Ihe  lenenl  tfieihodof  corulniuu 

r  dlflcrencei  ii  due  to  hhn. 

.^  catculatUw  oC  lug  s  ■>  C'ven  ai  an  namplc  oT  ll 
.|ji«^HUHv«a  method  ol  mean  proponiomlh  TheprDccucoihiv 
taking  the  getHnetric  mean  of  numben  above  and  below  5.  it 
Jcct  facing  to  at  lenalh  arrive  at  ^-tnoooo.  To  every  reomctr 
An  in  the  column  of  nambera  there  correspoiidt  Ihc  arKhmetici 
»n  in  the  colunin  o(  logarithni>.  The  numbin  are  demXcd  b 
.  B,  C,  4t„  in  order  10  indicate  their  mode  at  rormaiion. 
Nnmbera.         l_Dgariihina. 


-  411^ 

-  4-869674 

-  5»P99' 

-  yo^Softs 

-  4-9S**i 

:  i» 

-  S'oocwsi 


JV- V 
O- V 

J"- V 

r.i 


o<iqgqi3S 
06989440 
o-696!t»I 

D-69»5;07 
0-6989687 
0-6989697 


r^^. 


to  Newton,  GFegory. 


.  whose  metbodi  wen  aHthmeticB],  and  I 
yaDdCDm.whciHnplMdBTn.  Afulia... . 

I  ocean  IB  the  introduction  to  the  eaify  tditioni  aTEii  Malki 

•a  Tohlci.  and  aho  fomu  tract  II  ol  hit  1 - 

■.,  iSlI).    Matty  al  Ihe  cariy  work*  on  l< 
:<l  in  the  Sirifiertt  loitnltmui  of  Bam 


ha      bv  .    '°*-<'t">r'-K+t-^-i*'+*'- 

"    "■     W^-')--'-i^'-i''-U'-ac.; 
iog.j±|-a{i+)i'-n»'+ac.). 

ind,  tbercf^c,  replacini  t  by  %Ti- 

'*5-IS!«(fS)'«C'i!)'-«>-!- 

i  mir-ihcxl  ol  d«lucLng  xhc  logarithni  ol  one  number  from  that  of 
Aiparticularcaact  wcliavc,  by  putlingf 'i, 

•*'-'lffiti(Si)'+itei)"+«'!- 

ud  by  pniiinj  t-f+i. 

log  (,+l)-log.p  -!J  jJpj+ljj^+t^^+Ac  (  ; 

Tl<«.^and 


Ioi,a-2f7P  +50  +3R). 
iog.J-2(llP+8Cj  +5R). 
1oj.5-2(16P+lSiJ+7R(. 


ll  log,i,  log.],  Sc.  wciT  given  by  J.  Cuoch  Adanu  in  tbe  Prm.  K*J. 

'-i"46-'°»('+a^-    '-i"its--'»«('-i5ii)- 

.-log[g.k„(,+l|ij). 
lo(I-7a-^+3itloi3-lta-j6-i-sc,  log  J-i6a-4l+7c, 


lo« 

7-l(»« 

It* -(-17c - 

flor-r9a- 

(»+8*-H, 

and 

•nolcondit 

d+M. 

Byn 

ulacAdani 

cakutated  t 

wvilneaoilOl. 

» 

log.s.  a 

f::tL 

0  I7«  place 

of  docimali 

Sii, 

'"ol  the  Bom' 

lyit 

mollog 

rilhmi.    1 

he  value  ol 

he  modului 

ound  by  Adam. 

^6      J^oi      J 1941      9700s      *03S 

6S66I  144Si  jSjiS  58646  49»a 

«707r  47'9I  34949  U*M  174*i 

18706  10*74  47»3  0]7M  fcllft? 

91S71  38963  906JO  911 10  64661 

S  K  iS  a  T£S 

gis  ra  ssi  iS  Q 

4JS4J      «S7J      'I'M      »Ji6a      "<M 

ihkh  a  true  ccnainly  to  T71.  and  probably  to  371,  plam  fPrac,  Aiy. 
•«..  18S6,  41,  p.  »,  when:  llw  ihi  value!  of  ihe  other  togarilhix 

Itihe  joiarilhmi  are  to  be   Biinian  all  Ihe  lerica  in  the 
nccdini  lormulai  muiibe  muVilplicd  by  M,  ihcmodulin;  thus 
lofd +x) -M  U -1^+ i^- ii'+ftt). 


lOGAU 

u  (hat  the  logirilbmi 


877 


libit  givn  4e-iiKiaut  hypcriwlic 
By  nan  of  tli<«  ubin  ind  (4  ■ 
obtain  Ihc  Briuian  lotarithng  d(  -  i.ui 
gl  pUcci  «  oT  111  hypcibDJic  Lutaiilhr 
-' Ul  the  folLowrnf  manner.    5uppi 


«  4J.M7  ™iu 
JJO,  and  on  ] 


S^rcacer  than  10,009,  '<  apt^a>»  ^nac 

3, 193,34!) -Z3X  47X1029: 

43,Sa7  -  A  (23  X  47  X  30211 -fl  )■ 


■  uUc  w  ™/«iy  >™3iii 
brr  to  61  or  a  Im  nunbcr 

w  the  hyperbolic  loEarilhm 


■nd  ibenron 


log.  43^7  -lot,  23 +kit  4T+lot,'!01>  -  hif,  50 

000    04359    »37»5    073>9    *>»*i 

1.IM.349'"  obtain 

ooo    ooooa    ooioj    93323    3457. 


o-ooooo    043»    '3*9'     '399; 

wbpDce,  takinf  out  llw  lotariEhms  (torn  Wulfran 

b(.43,S67-io-6BS9i     76079    60368     I 

TliF  principle  at  the  iMthed  i>  u  multiply  thi 


tt'^ekigi 


count  ihr  obfert  if  to  rcndtr  d/x  n  Knd 


the  mull)  and  proceed  u  bcioR.   An  ■pplfeatioii  to  th 
lo^arithita  of  V  »  eivtn  by  Burckhardl  in  the  iiUrodu 

The  b«I  (tneral  method  o(  akulaiinilofarithmicc 
limplnl  fomi.  in  rcBoivifiB  the  number  wKoie  lo^rithn 
into  [actori  oJf  the  form  1— -l"^,  where  n  iioneoi  ihc 
and  making  uK  of  ■iibal<flary  tables  of  logaritbmi  dIIa-.,.-  _.  ..._ 
foiin.  Foi  enniple.  luppoie  the  lofanlbni  ol  343839  mfuirtd  to 
twelve  piacFL  Dividinf  by  to'  and  by  3  the  numb 
l'Oe76TS,  and  RwlvinE  IhU  number  into  EaclonoC  the  fi 
IR  God  that 

543839- iCVril —lIMl —tWi —I'SHi —•'jMf ->:3) 

where   T—I'S  denoln  i-oa.  i-'i<6  denola  1—0006.  ic,  and 

on,    AU  thai  ii  miuired  ihcnrfoie  In  ofdei  to  obtain  the  lci«ariil 

oi  anx  number  Is  a  table  ol  loearlthmi.  to  the  requiied  number 

pbra.  of  ■«.  -gn.  ■mn,  wn.  Sc,  (or  .- 1.  »,  3. . . .  9; 

The  molmionof a  numtir  inlolacton ol Ibe above  f. 


re  !  in  Ihe 


eadly 

■OB767S.  (be  obiKI  h 

id  place  of  dcomali; 

.  _.     try  l-oS,  that  ii,by 

itKlf  advanced  two  ptacea. 


ctar  thai  IheK  lau 

antihivarithmic  procc 


ned  Gy  multiplylni 

from  Ibe  number  eijl , 

II  obtain  i<aao6£37S.    To  dMImy  the  firac  6  mulIitJy 
-■000043361744.  and  multiplying  auccewtel^ 

...w^.,.,.„»,™.,_.ij,..._.j. 


into  [acton  of  ibe  fonn  i-.i'o  m  arHrallv  k 
method,  h«vii«  bon  publiibRl  by  him  in  Tic 
Kovember  1S45.  and  the  correipondini  rrvihod  ^u.  a,.,, 1,1^.1, 11,1,,,. 

Heamt  who  publiihed  it  in  the  tame  jounul  for  1 847-   In  1846  Peter 

of  1B<  form  i-^'Oi]^.  10  that  n  had  the  value*  1,  J.  .  .  .09^  and 

l4-('Oiya.   He  alio  deviwd  a  melhodof  a^ilyinta  tablcof  Heara'i 


:  of  loctriihint  of  lacton  of  Ihe  [oi 


ii    i(ooi)'s9 
(4i  i-(ooi)'7S 


E  aa  an  examfje  the  cafculaiioo  of  the  Bngeian 
number  43,MT.  whoM  hyperbolic  hifarithnihai 
ove,  we  multipt)'  it  by  j.  gtvini  i3i,Mi,  and  Bnd 


(3)    I'(0C>l)<D0t 

vc  obtain  the  retprired 


sj' '»  a  g 

~  Si 


(5S^ 


._ __,  Zl&™Jei(Parii,l86;l 

in  ejvo  lablei  of  ksarilhmi  of  lacton  of  ihe  form 
htMamBrifllaoitmakt.'nA.m.pp.  efr^i,  i8;i, 

,    ^^aiim^eaDddearaecoaatof  both  the  lo^nthnuG 

aaa  amikBiithaic  pinning  whb  Kblea  of  both  Briuian  ud 

tiyperbaUelbaarithnnof  fadonof  tbeform  i*'i'a  toaoidacea.*^ 

Allhoughllie  method  iiuually  known  by  Ihe  namei  of  Weddle 

u'hle  ii  the  loganlhmi 
.    ItwaafinxT^nnally 

iini  Luiariiimt,  which 


propiwd  aa  an  independent  DKlhod.  ■ 
RoSerl  flower  in  Tkl  Railil,  t  rm  waf 


fivenby  A.  J,Ellif  in  a  paper  "on  the  potential  radii  aa  a  menika  of 
calculating  loKaiilhRii.  printed  In  ibe  Ptgccctitti  ^  Ike  Rtyil 
Sxlcly.  vol.  iia!.,  t»8T,  pp.  401-407.  and  vol.  miii.,  iWi,  pp.  377- 
379.  Reference  ihould  alio  be  made  to  Heppc'a  T^Mn  nr  in&if- 
tUliia  ioivitfiafHikn  Actemi  (Laipilf.  Il76).  irhkh  (in  In  a 
aomewbat  modified  lona  ■  tabn  of  the  hypefbolic  Infuilhm  of 

aponpriate  for  the  nlculalion  of 
'  table  liad  to  be  lEconitiucled.  or 


The  prece^Bi  melboi 
BlaleJlogatiSiu.  II 
alculaled  la  raoR  placi 


LeIoninv, 
LMAV. 


:  1604.  He  < 


culalion 

he  Annala  it  rOtumiloin  lU  /'am. 

a.  W.  L.  C.) 
(i(>ii4>i6j5),  German 
am  U  Urockut.  near  Nimplich,  In  Silesia. 
I  educated  at  tbe  gytnnasiutn  of  Briesand 
law.  He  then  entered  the  xrvic*  ol  lie 
duke  ol  Brifg.  In  1644  he  was  made  "  ducal  nnineflloT."  He 
died  at  Liegniti  on  Ihe  J4'h  of  July  T85J.    Logaii'a  epigranH, 

man  von  Golaw  "  (an  anagram  ol  hii  real  name)  in  i6jS  (Erilei 
Hiaitrt  Tadidur  Xtimauprailii)  and  16:4  {Dnlsclitr  Sinnii- 
iicUt  ini  Tamenil,  ahow  a  marvellous  range  and  variety  of 
id  suffered  bitterly  under  the  advene  condi- 
but  Us  satire  h  not  merely  the  outcome  of 
personal  feeling.  In  the  turbulent  age  ol  the  Thirty  Yeati'  Wat 
he  waa  one  of  tbe  lew  men  who  preserved  intact  lus  ialellectual 
inlegijty  and  judged  his  cunlenporaries  fairly.  Re  aatiiited 
with  unsparing  hand  the  court  life,  the  useless  bloodshed  ol  the 
war,  the  lack  ol  national  pride  in  the  German  people,  Uld  tlldr 
■lavish  imitation  of  the  French  la  cusloms.  dress  and  speech. 
He  belonged  to  the  Prwklirinfi^  CtMulaJI  nndo  tbe  name 
'Dir  Vtrklciiandt.  and  regarded  himself  a>  a  foriower  of  Haitin 
Opili;  but  he  did  not  allow  such  Ilea  to  inSuence  hii  lade- 
pendeoce  or  originality. 

t>y  G.  E.  Lesslng  and 


L«au't  Si»ntl^icUt  were  edited 
.  VTRamter.  who  lint  drew  allc 


:o  ihelrin 


87« 


I  t^Si. ' 


iiuJMi(voriil..  iSTolllber 
..  .  DnchBR'i  DtWKlk  Salitnal 
DenkeTn  BeiitSte  mr  liitrariickm 


Eltncr  in  tin.  who  aln  edited  ■  Kkctionoi 

diePncdtJUDitjUir&iXl'J/,  ya 

I>  a1»  *  Kintiw  by  H.  Ootcriey  I 

fifmiHir,  vol.  Hviii.  (iMj).    SmH._.    ..,_.      _. _.. 

WiiTiit^nt  Latom   [IcSg):  W.   HnisctilHl,   I/irttriKCtintn 
Ramters  und  Ltiiinn  Btarhritu*[  Lofaucbfr  SinnicSidiU  {ty 

LOGIA,  ■  liUc  uMd  lo  dcHTibe  1  coJIcclioD  Dl  tfac  uyiD|[l  of 
Jcsia  Cbiiit  (Utio  'IitnO)  nod  ttxnfm  gcnenUy  ippJicd  to  the 
"  Siyingt  of  Jtaia  "  disfoveted  in  Egypt  by  B.  P,  &in(tll  and 
A.  S.  Hunt.  Thtie  ti  >om<  question  M  to  nhetbn  tbt  urm  li 
ri(liily  uied  foe  ibit  purpoM.  It  does  not  occur  in  the  Pipyri 
in  IhisMitu.  Ekcb  *'wyiDf"  ii  introduced  by  the  pbnie ' 
"  Jesm  uyi "  CUt«l)  end  the  collectLon  a  detcnbed  ia  tiie  intro- 
ductory wordi  of  the  igoj  icriei  u  yir/ot  not  u  X^ia.  Some 
juitification  for  the  employment  of  the  lenn  is  found  in  euly 
Cbrisliui  lilentuR.  Seven!  wiilen  ipak  of  ibe  M^ia  TaS  nvlni 
01  rk  mtm'i  X^ii.  i.i.  ondci  oi  (or  concerning)  ibe  Lord.  Foiy- 
cirpf  for  instance,  ipe«]is  o£  "  those  who  pervert  the  ondrs  of 
the  Lord  "  (Philipp,  7),  and  Papiu,  as  Eusebius  tells  us,  '  note 
a  woil  with  the  title  "  Eiposilioss  of  the  Oiadel  of  theLatd," 
The  eipnulon  \xn  Ixen  varjously  inteipietcd.  It  need  mean  no 
join  {Ug'aiioot,  Eiiayi  Oil  SupiTtbilurtd  Rdipim,  171  wq.)  than 
oarrMivti  of  (or  oHmming)  the  Lord;  00  the  oibei  hand,  the 
phnte  Is  capable  of  a  much  nore  definite  meaning,  and  ihoe  are 
nuuy  ichoEani  who  hold  that  it  refen  to  a  document  which 
contained  1  colieciion  of  the  sayingi  of  Jnui.  Some  such 
document,  we  koor,  must  lie  at  the  base  of  our  Synoptic  Goapds, 
M^it  is  quite  poisible  that  it  may  have  been  known  to  and  used 
byPapias.  It  is  only  on  this  assumption  thai  the  uk  of  the  term 
Logia  in  the  sense  described  above  can  be  justified. 

"  The  Sayings,"  to  which  the  term  Logia  is  generally  applied, 
consist  offal  a  papyrus  leaf  conlsining  seven  or  eight  sayingi  ot 
Jesus  discovered  'n  itg;,  (()  a  Mcond  leaf  containing  &n  more 
aiyinp  discovered  In  1903,  (cj  two  fngmtnli  o[  unknown 
Coipels,  Iht  loruci  published  in  igoj,  the  latter  in  i«o;.  All 
Ihete  were  fiMod  am«npt  the  gnat  maia  0/  papyri  acquired  by 
the  Egyptian  Ejrploration  Fund  Fram  the  ruins  of  Ozyrhynchus, 
oDe  of  the  chiel  early  Christian  centres  in  Egypt,  situated  some 
ilom.S.  of  Cairo. 

The  eight "  sayings  "  diacDveied  in  iB97araufotbnn: — 

I.  ...  Hi  rln    <..«M|hit  l>^>M>  Ti  <if*n  rl  ^  t«  «**■>«;  nt 


and  «h«rever  there  is  one  alone.  1  say,  1  am  with  him. 
•gat  ud  there  thou  ihiilt  find  me,  cleave  the  wood  and 


,  they  art  not  witbtfot 


•ubliihcd  c«  ndi 

I.  '-  Jeuit  laith 

hitt  thou  cloadL- 


physdan  work  cures 

n"»ber  Tali  nor  be  hid 
.Theu  beareic  wi 


IT  [but  the  other  tai 


Thc"uyln(t*'ori9oj  vrrapniicsdby  tbc  tonovtnt  Intiv- 
ducloiy  iCaleBient : — 

rfnt«^W]*dt....aiUU«r>tii(«(4i*(fc.Ii^«r....riewi 

n)>ln>  {anil  '  *li  Irni  «.  rfc  Mrw  nHv  Is**!  ta4n>i*f4 

"  Th«e  an  the  (wonderful?)  wdrIi  which  Jem  the  Unnt  (Lord} 
■pake  10  .  and  Thonai  and  he  iiid  unto  [(hcin)  eniy  one  that 
bearkena  to  these  wordi  thai!  never  lute  of  death. 

The  "  aayiagt "  Ihamelvei  are  as  [oUowi: — 
CO  IWto  -IffwOr  ■  ct  T,u,M.JUTe* 


bi;ll  t^  |l)>«  |hJ  Iou  4rl« 


fct  t*i  thm  ««i  i«l  III  mjuiiiibw 


..^jWw.'I|f"lJ.-|... 

:::tP;- 

Mith,  Lei  not  him  who  Ke 


is  In  Hea' 

they  wkldi  draw)  you  u 
— '  -•■ iliall  low 


H  and  whoBmr  li 


Idngdani  10  th 

liihesoftiM 

of  Heaven  i 

find  it.   (Strive  Iherelorenu  know  younch 


Jesus  sailh.  A  m 
hii  olace  (In  the  Ungdoni.   Ye  1 
•han  be  IbK  and  the^il  Atil  ai 
■allh.  Everything  1 


[Dia  he  finds 
F  ihsll  reach 

"ilioarthat'dnw  ua  (to  Ibe 


•ri  Candn  ye  ahaH 

e  (Ae  dtyO." 

.  toaikconeerninc 


1  (ihcy  ihall  have  etemst  life?)." 

lal  i>  not  before  thy  [act  and  that 

nil  be  nvealed  to  thee.    For  Iben  ■> 

Dt  he  made  manifeae  nor  bnned  which 


S.  "  KisdiicipiesqiiHttonhlmandiay.HDWihanwi 
JcMH  uilh  .  ..  do  not  ...  of  tiuth  .  .  .  bleued  i> 
'Tkt  fntmad  ef  a  lail  Caipd  which  ■ 
conlilned  originally  a^out  fifty  lines,  but  many  of  them  hj 
perished  and  When  arc  undecipherable.  Til*  Iranslaiion, 
lar  as  it  can  be  made  nut,  it  u  fallows^ — ;' 

i;7.  "  (Take  no  thought)  f  I 


When  yc  shall  ba  atiippad  . 


im  morning  until  even  nor Iraaetrnhf 

r-ii-  Ye  an  lar  better  than  the  lilies 
ingmegirmentwhatdoycnacliir- .. 
niaiurc?  rM«.  Hehimidfwilitiv* 
lis  disciples  «y  unto  hin.  When  v9t 
1  when  Shan  »e  see  t)«f?  He  IBitk. 
3d  net  he  adiaaed  .      .  41.46.     Ht 


mid.  Ttm  ktf  td  kKiihaigty  Ui:  )«  csM 

Tkt  nuad  Cnfd  frapiml  diicovcnd  L 
■  (infle  vellum  leal,  pncliuilly  complclc  < 
loiHrconMn  uid  here  BuitoftlitluuDuadiiutof  Kwliihnoir 
loluLioiL"  Tbe  iruuUlion  ii  u  IdUowi. — 

.  .   .  bdsn  he  doa  wnac  luku  all  nuner  el  Hiblta 
Bui  ;ive  faced  Icrt  ye  alu  KiflEr  Ihi  ume  Map  a>  ibcy;  for 

and  bniufhE  Lbem  iqu  Ibe  very jjJuefifpkirilnLianaiul  ivaa  walk' 
in  the  lemijlc.  And  a  ccRain  PbtiiKc,  a  chief  pnnl.  wboae  na 
wa>  Levi,  met  iheB  and  uid  (o  the  Savimii.  Whsiaveibnlcavi 
Halk  in  Ibii(daceci<  puriKcation.  and  id  ice  ihnelioly  vmeli  *l 
ihmi  hait  ml  vathed  nor  y«  have  Iby  diaciplea  baihed  iMr  Ei 
Bui  dcAkd  Ihou  hau  miked  ia  Ihia  lenple.  which  k  a  pure  pJi 
wherein  no  other  man  walla  ewcpl  he  haa  uahed  h^nueifi 
ehanicd  ha  farmenti  neither  doet  he  venture  Id  aec  iheie  h 
vcueb.  Aad  the  Saviour  nraithtway  neod  uiM  wiih  hii  dixii.. 
and  anntnd  Mra.  Art  thou  then,  bilni  here  in  ibr  lemple,  tlemni 
Hr  uith  uata  him,  I  aiB  dean;  rot  1  vaihol  in  Uie  pod  at  David 
and  haviai  deacrndtd  by  one  iiaifcaie.  I  aictndcd  by  aneiher  r--*  ' 
put  on  while  and  clean  (inneau,  and  then  i  came  and  looked 


»79 


lh«e  holy  vestla.   The  Siiviour  auwerrd  and  lai 

-    »  ad.    Than  hax  waihcd  in  theic  nrnmn[  w 

X'  t  and  day  mod 
tho  harJotaand  I 
li  and  wipe  and  beautify  (or  the  luit  ofmen 


■c 


wheieia  doffi  and  awine  have 


Thoc 


Bum 


ty  quetlions-  The  papyri  ol  the  "  layingK  "  dale 
fiainI.hcjnlcenturyatid[iic*t(dKibnagreilhalihe  "aayinis" 
themtctvei  go  back  to  Ibe  md.  Tlic  yiai  a.d.i^o  is  genenlly 
assigned  u  the  lernfaiir  od  qiitm.  The  problem  aa  to  their 
origin  bu  bten  keenly  diicBiied.  There  are  two  main  typci  of 
theory.  (■)  Some  (uppote  thai  they  an  nnifta  imn  >" 
nncanonical  GoqieL  (i)  Oihen  think  that  they  te[HeKnl  an 
independent  and  original  collection  ol  layinfi.  The  £nl  Iheoiy 
hai  auumed  three  main  iorma.  (a)  Hainuknuiinuiuthtllhty 
were  taken  from  the  Gospel  according  la  the  Egyptiani.  This 
Ibeory,  however,  h  bated  upon  >  hypothelicid  RCcoutruction 
d[  the  Gospel  ia  queuion  widch  fast  {ound  very  (ew  tapporien. 
H)  Oihen  have  advocated  Ibe  Gospd  of  the  Hcbren  u  Ihe 
lourc*  ol  the  "tayinga,"  on  tbe  gioiuid  el  the  mcmblance 
between  tbe  Bitl  "laying"  of  lbeI«DItcties■Dd■well-xulheDtl- 
eated  liagmcnl  ol  thai  Goapel.  The  Rtemblance.  hirwevet,  it 
Dot  sufticienily  clear  to  luppsn  the  canduaian.  U)  A  third  view 
auppou*  that  they  are  exlracti  Inm  the  Coaptl  of  Tbonut — In 
apocryphal  Goapel  dealing  with  the  boyhood  ol  Jetui.  Beyond 
iheailuiiantoThomaainlheintiodiictory  paragnph  to  the  ipoj 
wrie*,  there  leeini  to  be  no  tangible  evidena  in  luMMit  of  Ihii 
view.  The  Mcond  theory,  which  maintahv  that  the  papyri 
lepreient  ui  indcpendeat  (oUeaieo  (d  "  uyisgi,"  aeinii  to  be 
the  i^Hnion  which  haa  found  gmteit  lavour.  Il  hat  won  Ihe 
support  of  W.  Sanday,  H.  B.  Swete,  Rendtl  Harrii,  W.  Lock, 
Heinici,  ic.  There  ia  a  comiderable  diveniiy  ol  jvdgincnt, 
however,  wiih  tegard  to  the  value  ol  tbe  collection,  (g)  Soou 
icholan  mainlain  that  ihecdlKtiongoabackto  the  ist  century 
and  repnKntt  one  of  the  earliest  attemplt  to  construct  an 
iccounl  ol  the  leaching  of  JctUL  They  ue  therefore  ditpoted 
lo  kdmit  to  a  greater  or  less  eitenl  and  with  widely  varying 
tfegrmof  confidence  the  presence  of  genuine  etemenla  in  the  pew 
mailer-  (A)  Sanday  and  many  others  regard  Ihe  saying*  at 
originating  early  in  tbe  rnd  century  and  think  that,  though  not 
"  directly  dependent  on  tbe  Canonical  Gospels,"  Ibey  hive 
"  their  origin  under  conditiont  of  thought  which  these  Gospels 
had  crnted."  The  "  layingi "  mutt  be  regarded  as  expansions 
of  the  true  tradition,  and  little  value  it  tbereloK  to  be  altached 

With  the  knowledge  at  our  ditpoial,  it  la  impossible  to  reach  in 
Uiured  condution  between  thetc  two  views.  The  real  problem, 
lo  which  at  present  no  lohuion  has  been  found,  is  to  accovni  [or 
thenewm«lerialiBtbe"iayingi."Thereseems  tobe  no  motive 
tuffrdent  lo  nplain  Ihe  iddilions  that  have  been  made  to  the 
IMt  ol  Ihe  Co^Mla.   licannotbeprovedtbaithetapantioiMbave  . 


:  la  the  btlettati  of  ai 
pnvlda  tbe  due,  or  ■ 
otberwiie  be  found,  there  Hems 
Dot  regard  the  "  layingi  "  as  a 


7  lect  or  heniy.    Drint  acv 
me  reatooaUc  txplanatloa  can 

ilainiag  material  which  ooghl 
lu  w  wacu  iBui  aanuui  in  im  ciilical  study  ol  the  teachlnj  of 

Tbe  i«oj  Gospel  fragment  Is  so  mutilated  la  many  of  iti  puti 
that  it  is  difficult  to  dedde  upon  lu  character  and  value.  It 
■ppesit  to  be  earlier  than  ijo,  and  to  be  taken  from  ■  Goipel 
which  loUowed  nme  or  lets  ctcaely  the  version  ol  the  teaiMng  ol 
Jesus  given  by  Matthew  and  Luke.  Tbe  phnie  "  when  ye  shall 
bo  stripped  and  not  be  ashamed  "  contain  an  idea  which  bu 
aome  atfinily  with  two  pusagea  found  rejpectively  in  the  Gospel 
according  to  the  Egyptians  and  Ihe  so-called  Second  Epistle  of 
Clemaot.  Tbe  retemblance,  however,  it  not  tufTicicntly  dose  lo 
wvram  Ibe  deduction  that  either  the  CoqMl  ol  the  Egyptian* 
or  Ihe  Gospel  from  which  the  diation  ia  >  Clement  is  taken  (if 
Iheie  two  are  diMinct}  it  the  lource  from  wUdi  our  fngmort  is 

The  second  Gospel  Iragment  (iqo))  teems  to  be  of  later  ra-igin 
than  Ihe  documents  almdy  mentioaed.  CRnleQ  and  Hunt 
dite  the  Gospd,  from  which  it  it  an  eiceipt.  about  loo.  There 
is  consideniblc  difficulty  with  regard  to  tome  of  the  details. 
The  statement  that  an  ordinary  Jew  wu  requited  to  with  and 
change  hit  dothet  bcloie  visiting  the  irmet  court  ol  the  temple 
is  quite  unsupported  by  iny  ol  her  evidence.  Nothing  is  known 
■bout  "  Ihe  place  of  purificition  "  (iymrriifiai')  nor  "  the  pool 
of  Divid  "  (XlfVT  nO  AamliY.  Nor  doet  the  stittmegt  that 
"tbe  tiered  vessels"  were  visible  from  the  place  where  Jetus 
was  Handing  seem  it  all  probable.  (irenfeU  and  Hunt  condude 
therelore— "So  great  Indeed  are  the  divergences  belween  this 


hardly  possible 
colour  b  due  to 
chiefly  at  dnma 
\bt  Temple.     1 


:  topography  and  ritual  of 


avoM  the  conclusion  mat  much  ol  tbe  local 

le  Imiginulon  of  tbe  author  who  vts  aiminf 

effect  ind  wu  not  really  well  acquainted  with 

.  if  the  inaccuracy  of  Ihe  fngment  In  thb 

mporlant  respect  is  admitted  ttw  bislorial  diancter  of  Ibe 

•holofpiaode  breaks  down  and  II  it  prabibly  10  be  legarded  as  an 

ipocryphal  elaboration  ol  blilt.  xi,  I-»  and  Mark  vii  i-tj." 

Sn- the  OryrtkjnKliu  fapyn,  part  i.  {l»9V),  part  iv.  (1904!. part  V. 

190«).  (H.  T.  A.) 

LOGIC  (Xirvw4.  iC'  rixrv.  Ihe  art  of  reasoning),  tbe  name 

;iven  lo  one  of  Ihe  four  main  departments  of  philosophy,  though 

Is  sphere  Is  veiy  variously  dclimiled.     Tbe  present  article  is 

divided  Inlo  I.  TktPmHimiefLtiit.W.  HitUry. 

I.  The  Prcbltml  of  LaxU. 

Intraditelun. — Logic  it  the  tcience  ol  Ihe  pnxxtiei  of  inference. 

What,  then,  it  inference  ?    tl  it  that  mental  operation  which 

proceeds  by  combiniog  two  prenttet  so  is  lo  cause  a  consequent 

'  ision.    Some  suppose  thai  we  miy  inler  from  one  premiie 

i»<illed  "immediaie  Inference."     But  one  [Kemise  can 

only  reproduce  iliell  in  another  fonn.  t-f,  lU  men  are  nme 

.nimib:  therefore  tonw  animal*  ire  men.    It  tequirei  Ihc  com- 

linilion  oC  it  letil  two  premise*  to  ioier  a  conclusion  diSerent 

com  both.    There  ire  it  miny  kindi  of  inference  at  there  ire 

diSeitnt  wiys  of  combining  premises,  and  in  Ihe  main  Ihtte 

Indfegicai  /mftmct,  from  particular  10  particular;  r-g. 
■nt  between  Thehet  and   Phocis  is  evil;  border-wir 
n  Thdies  and  Athens  is  similar  to  that  between  Tbcbct 
and  Pbocb:  therefore,  border-war  between  Thehet  and  Athens 

.  Indutlhi  Inftrnm,  from  puticultr  to  univeisit:  e.g. 
der-wu  between  Thebet  and  Phodt  i*  evil;  all  border-war 
ike  ihit  between  Tbebet  and  Phocit;  therefore,  all  border- 
riievlL 

,.  ZMacfise  or  SyttttUlit  Infiraa,  from  univenil  lo  particu- 
t-t-  all  border-wii  tl  evil ;  border-war  between  Thebet  and 
lent  It  botder-wu;  therefore  border-mv  bMoecn  Thebet 
ind AlhensiscviL  .,  .,    CiOC)*.M 


88o 


smbincdj  vbiJe  (he  Iblid  a  tbi 
in  Ibcit  mmbiiutiaii.  Eich  p 
he  lubject  and  ils  predicate,  i 


Thai  in  the  tiunplc  o<  lyUogism  given  ibovc.  "  boider-wir 
betw«n  Ttwba  and  Athens"  ii  tbe  minor  tenn,"evil"  Ibe 
Bujor  tmn,  and  "  border-w«  "  the  middle  term.    Uiing  S  for 
minoi,  P  lot  miior  ud  M  lor  middle,  ud  pnaerving  Uiek  Bgiu 

w  obtain  the  (olknring  (otmuto  ol  tbe  three  infereoa.:- 

S-ltP                       Si.P 

S*  it  liniilv  to  SI       Every  M  ii  unDat 

SfUP.                      Ev^MUP. 

Ewry  M  i.  P 

.-.Si.  P. 

The  love  cil  unity  hai  often  made  togia 
tb»  thm  piHoues  into  one.    But  eac 
Haiitr  ol  it]  own;  they  an  >iniilai,  not 

ana  attempt  to  leMlre 
h  procen  hai  a  pecu- 

heaame.    Analogiul 

X  aUhe  begin  with  a  panicidai  ptemite 
oc  nu»e  injtancea;  but  Ihc  fanner  adda  a  pai- 
lo  draw  a  particular  conclusion,  the  latter  requim 
a  univenai  premifie  to  <kavr  a  universal  conclusion,  A  dtiacn 
of  Athens,  who  bad  known  the  evils  of  ibc  border-war  between 
Thehea  and  Phods,  would  readily  perceive  tho  analogy  Di  a 
tirciiUr  war  between  Tbebca  and  Athens,  and  conclude  analog- 
OBtly  that  it  would  be  evili  but  be  would  have  to  gtneraiixe 
the  bRiilaritir  of  aU  border-wan  in  order  to  draw  tbe  inductive 
conclusion  that  ail  alike  arc  cviL  laductioD  and  deduction  diSer 
atill  man,  and  ate  in  fact  opposed,  aa  one  makes  a  paitlculai 
premise  tin  evidence  of  a  universal  conclusion,  ibe  other  makes 
a  universal  premise  evidence  of  a  particular  concluidon.  Yet 
it  the  universal 


dlhe  bi 


olslnu 

whtcb  proceeds  enti: 

eondusioB-    Hence 


difTer  [tot 


I  by  analogy. 


UnivDIal  mfetcnce  is  i 
1  ipecia  are  veiy  closely  co 


Kled,  because  universal 


Indeed,  we  often  indue 
ticular  to  universal  and  descending  from  universal  to  parliculaE 
inone  >cF  as  it  were; so  that  we  may  proceed  either  di 
from  particular  to  particular  by  analogical  Infeience,  or  indi 
from  particular  through  universal  to  particular  by  u  inductive- 
deductive  inference  which  might  be  called  "  perduction."  On 
the  whole,  then,  analogical,  Inductive  and  deductive  inferences 
are  not  the  sarnebutlbreeeimllaT  and  closely  connected  procciKS. 
The  three  processes  of  infertnce,  thou^  diScnni  frem  one 
■Dolher,  rest  on  acomoionprincipleof^mllifjty  of  which  each 
b  a  diHetent  applicalioD.  Analo^cil  infennce  requires  that  one 
particular  I«  dmUar  to  another,  inductloo  that  a  whi^  number 
or  class  is  similar  to  its  particuUt  imtances,  deduction  that  each 
particular  is  similar  to  the  whole  number  or  das).  Not  that  these 
inferences  rtqufre  ui  to  believe,  or  assume,  or  premise  or 
formulate  this  prindple  either  in  general,  or  in  its  applied  forms: 
tlie  premises  are  all  that  uy  inference  needs  the  mind  to  assume. 
TIm  principle  of  slmiUrity  is  used,  not  assumed  by  the  inferring 
mind,  which  ta  accordance  with  the  limilaTity  of  ihingi  and  the 
parity  of  inference  spontaneously  condudes  in  the  form 
tbal  ^mSars  an  similarly  detemined  ("similii  similibus 
convenire  ").  In  applying  this  principle  of  similarity,  each  of 
tbe  three  processes  in  lis  own  way  has  (o  picmiie  bolh  that 
■ometUng  is  somehow  deiermined  and  that  lometUng  is  similar. 


ud  by  combining  tbeKpruniio  lo  condude  that  IhkisalmilBily 
deiermined  to  that.    Thus  tbe  vtiy  principle  M  infennce  bf 
similarity  lequirts  It  10  be  a  combioalioa  of  premisea  in  ordet  (a 
draw  a  ccndusieD. 
The  three  proctsies,  as  dlSert 


Analogy  hardly  requires  as  much  evidence  as  induction.  Men 
^Mcubte  about  the  aulogy  between  Mais  ud  the  earth,  and 

Induction  baa  to  conaider  taoit  instances,  ud  tbe  aimBaiity 
of  a  whole  number  ar  das.  Even  so,  bowever,  it  starts  from 
a  particular  pnmise  which  only  contains  tnany  instuces,  and 
leaves  room  lo  doubt  the  univeiuhty  of  ila  condusona.  But 
deduction,  starting  from  a  premise  about  all  tlw  membets  of  a 
class,  compels  a  condu&oa  about  evrty  ud  each  of  neceisiiy. 
One  border-war  may  be  simUir  to  uoUier,  and  the  wbde 
number  may  be  similar,  without  being  aimllarly  evili  bnl  if  all 
alike  arc  evil,  eocb  b  evil  of  necessity.    Deduction  or  lydo^sn 

to  involve  or  contain  the  conclusion.  For  this  reason  il  has  been 
elevated  by  some  logicians  above  a^  other  inletences,  and  lor 
this  very  same  reason  altadied  by  others  as  Do  inference  at  alL 
The  Irulb  is  that,  though  the  premises  contain  tbe  conchision, 
neither  premise  alone  containslt,  and  a  man  who  knows  both 
but  does  not  combine  them  does  not  draw  tbe  condusion;  it  n 
the  synthesis  of  the  two  premises  which  at  oBr«  contaios  tbe 
cnnduiion  ami  advances  our  knawledgej  and  as  ayllogisat 
consists,  not  indeed  in  the  discpveiy,  but  essentially  in  the 
synthesis  of  two  premises,  il  is  u  inference  and  an  advance 
on  each  premise  and  on  both  taken  separatdy,  Ai-a^aia  tbe 
syntbesis  contains  or  involves  the  condusion,  ayllogisBi  has 
tbe  advantage  of  compelling  assent  to  the  cuuequtDcea  of  ibe 
premiao.  Inference  in  general  is  a  combinalioD  af  pietniaes  to 
cause  a  conchiuon;  deduction  is  such  a  comhinattoa  as  to 
dusion  involved  in  the  cnmhination,  alkd  foDowins 


Neverttaeles] 

Of  ilieU  It  o 
hypolhetical  n 


salty, 
deduction  or  lyllogissi  is 
es  o(  inference-  11  is  not  tbe  primsiy  Inleienct 
lises,  bat  constantly  converts  — ■■'"b'"'  and 
ions  into  its  particular  and  uaiverBil  premises. 
les  a  necessity  of  cansequenoe,  but  only  a 


natc  this  "  if  "  tillimalely 
ES  before  deducLion-  Etpedally,  inductioB 
irant  and  meisure  of  deduction  from  uni- 
is  iitdiictivdy  Inw  thai  111  border-war  is 
~  en  border-war  is  tlicrcfoTe 


ily  follow 
requires  other  inferenc 
10  nnlversals  is  tbe  wi 
TCTsals-    So  far  a*  41 
evil,  ti  is  deductively  tr 

evil-  Now,  aa  an  inductive  combmation  of  premises  does  not 
necessarily  involve  the  inductive  condosion,  irtduclioo  nocmalljr 
leads,  not  to  a  necessary,  but  to  a  probable  condusHHi;  aad 
whenever  Its  ptobaUc  corujuaions  become  deductive  premise*, 
the  deduction  only  Involves  a  probable  condusion-  Can  wc 
then  infer  any  certainly  al  ali  ?  In  order  to  answer  this  qwesiioo 
lany  degrees  of  pnJiabiUty. 


d  Iberef 


more  or  las  probable,  a 

which  is  niflident  lo  guide  our  ti 
lo  death-    Bui  ci 


e  deduction,  draw 


probability 
if  probability 


difScoll  queslion,  which  has  roeivcd 
Some  no'^ogists  suppose  a  mental  power  of  forming  xk 
principle*  of  deduction  a  priori;but  f^l  lo  show  bcrw  w 
apply  prindplesol  mind  to  things  beyond  mind.  Some  empiricisls, 
OD  the  other  hand,  sappon  Ihal  Induction  only  inleri  probable 
conclusions  which  are  premises  of  probable  deductions;  but 
they  give  up  all  nsct  science.  Between  these  eiliema  ilwre  b 
room  for  a  third  theory,  empirical  yel  providing  a  bno«>ledp 
of  the  really  ncceaary.  In  some  cases  of  inductioa  coDCcraed 
with  objects  capable  of  abstraction  ud  ilmplificalian,  we  have 
a  power  of  idenlificalian,  by  nhich,  nol  a  prion  bul  in  the  act 
of  inducinga  conclusion,  we  apprehend  that  the  things  siKOiAcd 


ntOBL£M9]  LOGIC 

by  iu  lubitct  u»i  predkMa  an«oe  ud  Iba  t»mt  ihloi  irbicb 

ud  idcDli£catioD  wd  mpprchcnd 


sa  a  tiiu^  ud  a 
lliree-Kidcd  [ectiliuejd  figun,  Ibat  A  whole  miut  bir  gruter  Uuo 
ICiport  by  being  the  whole,  tbil  intFT-ri^i^tmj  hnriJ—  n^T^irily 
foicc  CDC  luother  >pul,  olfauwiie  tluy  would  uol  be  inlcr- 


NicaMij  ptindpla,  ducovend  b, 


wbjcb  are  aot  ooly  nenuftry  onuequeiita  on  the 
pwnhn,  but  al»  equally  nectaury  in  lulily.  Lidutlkin  thin 
b  the  Murce  of  deduction,  d[  iu  tiutb,  of  iU  pobibility,  of  iU 
monl  cuuint)f;  lod  induciiDD,  combined  iriUi  IdentiEcatiaa, 
ii  the  origin  of  the  necouiy  principle*  of  deraooitiitioQ  or 
deduction  to  neceuuy  concJuslon*, 
AnalogiuJ  inference  in  iu 


infer  i  particular  than  a  univenal  CDScluiioo,  it  cupplia  puticulu 
condusBBB  which  [n  their  turn  become  further  puliculaj 
preuiacv  of  inducUoa.  Its  Kcond  prenuse  Is  indeed  merely  a 
piitlculu  ippTcbensioa  tbst  one  particular  ii  simllai  to  another, 
wbeieu  the  KCond  prcmiK  of  indudtoa  ii  a  oniveiul  apprehen- 
lian  that  a  whole  number  of  panicuhus  a  sinilsr  Is  Ihiw  lioic 
which  the  inference  Haiti;  hut  at  bottom  these  two  appreheo- 
(iou  of  ilmilarity  are  so  alike  as  to  luggnt  that  tbe  uiiivtiu] 
premise  of  induction  has  aiiseo  ai  a  gcociiltied  analogy.  It 
aeeras  LItely  thnt  man  bas  arrived  at  Ibe  apprcbensun  of  a  whdle 
individual,  e.g.  a  whole  animal  including  all  its  parts,  and  thence 
has  inferred  by  analogy  a  whole  number,  or  class,  c^.  of  ■"^"'^^" 
including  all  individual  animahi  and  accordingly  that  the 
particular  analogy  of  one  individuil  to  iBother  hai  given  rile 
tothe  general  aoalogy  of  every  to  each  lodlvldual  in  a  dan, 
or  whole  number  of  indlvfduals,  contained  In  the  secmd  ptemiie 
of  ioducijon.  In  [his  case,  analogical  inference  haa  led  to 
induction,  as  induction  to  deduction,  further,  aiula|^cal 
inference  from  particuLar  .to  particular  luggeati  inductive- 
deductive  inference .  from  patiicular  through .  unjvcnil  to 
particular. 

Newion,  according  to  Dr  Pemberton,  tbought  hi  ifi66  that 
Ihe  moon  moves  so  hke  a  falling  body  that  it  has  a  almilar 
centripetal  force  to  the  earth,  lo  yean  before  he  dcmonitiated 
this  conclusion  fiom  the  laws  of  motion  in  the  PriiKitU.  la 
tact,  analogical,  inductive  and  deductive  inferences,  though 
different  processes  of  combining  pmoiw*  to  eauie  dlSetiBt 
conduslons,  are  so  similar  and  related,  n  united  in  principle 
and  interdependent,  so  consolidated  Into  a  >ystem  of  Inference, 
that  liiey  caoool  be  completely  investigated  apart,  but  together 
constitute  a  single  subject  of  science.  This  xience  of  Inference 
Id  general  b  logic. 

Logic,  however,  did  not  bcnin  u  a  idcnce  of  all  inference, 
Kather  it  began  u  i 
(niXXoYOIiAl),  of  de 

He  was  anticipated  oz  coune  by  many  generations  oj  spontaneous 
ttunkiag  (leiica  Halitmiis).  Many  of  the  higher  animals  infer 
by  analogy:  otherwise  we  cannot,  eipliin  theic  thinking.  Uan 
•0  infen  at  £nt;  otherwise  wc  cannot  opUlu  the  acllolit  of 
young  chDdren,  who  befon  they  begin  to  speak  ^vt  no  evidence 
of  univemJ  thinking.  It  Is  likely  that  man  began  with  particular 
inference .  and  with  particular  language;  aiul  that,  gradually 
generalliing  thought  and  language,  he  leamt  at  last  to  think 
and  say  "  aU,*'  to  infer  universally,  to  induce-  and  deduce,  to 
reason,  in  short,  and  laiae  himself  al»ve  other  animals,  In 
andcnt  times,  and  c^xclally  in  Hgypt,  Babj^on.  and  Greece 
he  went  on  to  develop  reason  into  sdenCe  or  the  systematic 
fovBtigation  of  definite  subjects,  <.j.  arithmetic  of  number, 
geometry  of  magnitude,  aitronomy  at  atln,  politla  of  govent- 
ment,  ethics  of  goods..  In  Cizcce  be  becama  molt  and  mon 
reQective  and  consdoui  of  himself,  of  hii  body  and  laal,  hit 
maimers  and  morals,  his  menial  opentloBa  and  aspedifly  bla 
reason.    One  of  the  cbaiacteditlca  o<  Citak  pfeHoaapbaa  b 


Ihtii  gnniint  tendency,  la  Inveatlgatlng  any  subject,  to  turn 
Toondand  ask  ihemidves  what  (bould  be  tbe  method  of  investiga- 
tion. In  this  way  the  Fresocratio  and  Sc^hisii,  and  still  mon 
Soctatei  and  Plato,  threw  out  hints  on  lense  and  teaaBn.  On 
Inferential  procciies  and  scientific  methods  which  may  be  called 


of  leasoDlng  itself  ai  t.  definite  snbject  o(  a  spedal  science, 
which  he  called  analytic!  or  analytic  science,  spedaily  designed  to 
analyse  syllogism  and  espedally  demonstrative  ayllo^sm,  or 
idence,  and  to  be  in  fact  a  adence  ol  sdencci.  Be  was  therefore 
the  foundei  of  Ihe  scieoce  of  logic 

Among  the  Aristotelian  treatin  we  have  the  following,  which 
together  conicitute  this  new  sdeuce  of  ^Tawni^r^— ■ 

L.The  CaUt/ma,  w names  ligniTying  Ihuigs  which  can  become 

*.  Theilf/iUrffHUieM.artheeaBiienliDaareoiiccptioiiiaDd 

their  combinalhooa  by  (i)  nooni  and  verba  (nanKi),  (a)  eniuKiationa 
(propoiitlods) ; 
\  "nt  Pntr  Anlflia.  OB  wylio^BRi 
.   n-i.-  n. .._.__  -__,.., T._  ..  jcnwMtrative"sylkgisBi,oracieiieei 


Tbe  main  pnblem  nUch  Aristotle  set  btfoic  him  was  the, 
analysis  of  qrtlogisni,  whldi  he  deCned  as  "  reasoning  in  which, 
certain  things  having  been  posited  sometliuig  diBoent  from 
thtm  of  tKccisity  follows  by  tbdc  being  (hose  things  "  (Priar 
AitalyiiH,  I,  i).  What  then  did  be  mean  by  reasoning,  or  lalher 
by  the  Greek  word  Myei  of  which  "  reasoning  "  is  an  approii- 
mate  rendering?  It  was  meant  (cf.  Foil.  .4b.  i.  lo)  lobe  both 
internal,  in  the  soul  (A  tra  ^^701, 4r  rf  l^ff),  and  external.  In 
languagB  (A  I|h  XJYOi):  bence  after  Anstotte  the  Sioici 
distingidsbed  W)?!  MiWrm  and  Tpo^efuir,  Itn>eant,then. 
both  reason  and  disooutse  of.  reason  (cf.  Shakeqieire,  HamitI,- 
i.  3),  On  its  mental  side,  aa  reason  it-  meant  cambinatioo  of 
thought*.  On  its  Ungoiitic  side,  as  discourse  it  waa  used  for  any 
combination  of  names  to  form  a  phrase,  audi  as  the  definltim 
"ntional  animal,"  or  It  book,  such  a  Ihe  Iliad.  It  had  also  tbe 
mathematical  tneaniDg  of  ralio;  and  in  its  use  for  definition  it. 
is  sometimes  transferred  to  essence  aa.the  object  of  definition, 
and  has  a  miied  meaning,  which  may  be  eipreiKd  by  "  account." 
In  alt  its  uses,  however,  the  common  meaning  Is  combination. 
When  Aristotle  called  syllogism  i/riet,  he  meant  that  It  is  a 
combination  of  premises  Involving  a  conclusion  of  neceadty. 
Moreover,  he  tended  to  confine  the-  term  >Jrrot  lo  ayllagistic 
inference,  flat. that  be  omitted  other  infereociB  (flrrfu). 
On  the  coattary,  (o  him  (cL  J'riar  Analylui,  ii.  94)  we  owe  the 
triple  distlnoioB  Into  inference  from  paniculai  to  pattkolat 
(Ta^iUii7;Hi,  example,  or  *^t  we  call  "  analogy  "),  inferencB. 
from  particular  to  tinlversal  (ttayieyii,  Induction),  and  inference 
from  oidvcnal  to  partlnilar  (nXXoywfih,  syDogiBB,  01  deduc- 
tiOD).  Bothotbonght  thatfnfcmmiatberthansyllagisoi  aia 
imperfscti  that  analo^cal  inference  h  tbetooeal  ladnction;  and 
that  luductioo,  tbnii^  tbe  seceaaaiy  fnUaiaMiy  at  aj "    '  ~ 

to  the  principles  of  sdeooe,  is  itsdf  ndtlur  nasming  not  sd 
To  be  perfect  ha  tbouikt  that  an  Inference  nnist  be  reduced  u 
lyUoiIia  of  tbe  tat  fgnn,  irtdcb  ha  ngatdcd  as  tbe  ipcdal^ 
Bdeotlfie  IntenDce.  AccMdhigly,  tbe  ^Uogbm  apinand  to  bin 
to  be  the  ratlona]  procea  (ptri  Myeo),  aiid  iba  denonstTMive 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


^blVT^|l^).  Uraet,  witbiiul  hii  Mytag  U  [Q  *a  nucy  word 
Atutotle's  logic  perforce  became  r  logic  of  deductive  reuonin] 
or  tyllogiHa.  As  it  happened  ttiii  dcducLive  teiMleQcy  bdpe 
the  devdopnCDl  of  logic,  Tbe  obiciuer  premiiei  of  eulogy  en 
ioducUaa,  logMher  wilb  tbe  pnucity  of  cipeHence  ud  iBe  bail 
*an]  MMC  of  pbysoil  KteDce  in  Aiiilotte's  lime  would  bat 
biffled  even  tiii  iiulylicil  genius.  On  tlie  other  hand,  tt 
demorutncieas  of  malhimstical  adences  of  bii  lime,  and  the 
logical  loniu  of  deduction  evinced  in  Hato'i  dialogue*,  provided 
him  with  admirable  eiunplei  ol  deduction,  which  ii  alia  thi 
inference  most  capable  of  analysU.  Ariitotle'a  aaatyiii  of  tbi 
■yllogiim  ibowed  nun  how  to  advance  by  combining  hi 
tbau^ts  in  mlns  of  deductive  RUonlos.  Nevcttheleu,  [hi 
wider  question  remiintd  for  logic:  what  It  (he  nature  of  aQio 
feRncc,  and  the  apecial  Cotm  of  each  of  it>  ihiee  maiD  proccaies? 

Aa  t^en  Ibe  reaioning  of  tlie  tyllcvism  wai  th< 
AriHoiie'i  kigic.  whit  wii  hii  lulyiii  of  It? 


-     —  diuineuiiiiing 

.. uune.  he  added  that 

it  a  not  to  outer  reiHn  but  to  inner  reason  in  Ihe  aoul  that  dec 
•tiation  and  tyUotiim  ate  directed  {PoU.  All.  i.  10).    One  w 

dlvidedinta  iub|cct  and  prtdkile.  with  the  addllior 
"  ii "  de  "  is  ntx."  This  analyw,  regarded  as  a  wht 
applied  in  tbe  Anatytict  and  in  tbe  other  lo^cal 
evidenlly  intended  a*  a  bnniiitie  analyds.    Sa  la 

he  fm  divided  things  aid  (rt  '- '  — '  ' 

oomUned,  or  unes  ud  pRHBslt'' 

Into  categories;  and  In  the/'siii--, -^  ^-^.^^^  ^ 

aoental  coDeepekm  aitd  th^  osnbliiBtioAat  and  coAfia<d 


.which  he 
idiinet  and 


The  nplaoat 

dialectic  preceded  logic,  and  . ^ ^, ,_ 

the  KlenK  of  reaHrung.  The  lophiil  Protafonis  had  dtltlivuiahcd 
various  Idnds  of  seAIeneet,  and  Plato  had  diTiclcd  tbe  sentence 
-  -jaand  wb,  signllytni  a  thing  ---■-'■-  * 


'  arte  of  latiguagc  an 
oms^had  dtitlivuiat 


arguments  to  obtain  d^mtiona  as  data  of  deductivt  argumeoti 
%l^iBK  Ms  opponents,  and  FlatB  had  Indstcd  oa  the  ptri  mills  ol 
aKaodliu  (o  and  dsieading  fmoi  an  iiarnndhinnal  peUcipla  ta  the 
power  oT  gming  tH  lecovrng  aigumeot.  All  these  potots  about 
speech,  (toquenfe  and  iiguncnl  Between  nan  and  nun  mm  ab- 
•ncbed  into  ArbtMle's  theory  of  nuoung,  and  In  psiticutar  the 
namaiar  of  the  seaMBCc  cnniisttiig  gf  nous  and  vatb  catiscd  the 
liiglG  of  the  npoailkia  eDBitting  M  nilqeet  And  pn^ca 
■ante  time,  Aristotle  wai  well  awatt  that  the  science  of  r 
no  ait  of  language  and  muit  take  up  a  diSerent  politic 
speech  as  the  expression  of  thoughL  In  the  Caimriv  h 
naoH  not,  however,  aa  a  gnmaatiu  by  t^  — ~~' 
aa  a  lofpcian  by  tbilr  lignlliCTtlgn,    In,  Uia 

senltncxa  ailhjt  b  which  there  a  tnilh  or  f^dly,  bTidegated  the 
leM  to  rhetoric  or  poetryr  and  founded  the  logic  of  the  ptopo^ 
(ion.  In  which,  bowevir,  be  Rtaioed  the  gruBmatleal  analyals  {no 
noun  and  fub.  In  tlutAiialjrivibetaolEiha^Balsiepef  or^Baiiag 
,tbe  li«cal  analyw  of  tbe  propositioo  sa  premise  into  subject  anS 
ptntlcate  SI  temu  mediated  bv  the  cepula,  and  analysed,  tbe 

SRogiim  into  these  elemEOts.  Thn  did  he  become  the  founder 
thetogicai  but  lingniitlc  analyaii  of  iwning  as  discauna  ( t^ 
Mia)  into  proposiliana  and  terms,  NcvothtlaB,  the  deeper  qi»- 
tioD  Temainni,  what  is  the  logicnt  but  mental  analyiij  of  rrgrning 
iuelt  (1  ■«•  Mtb)  into  its  mental  pmnisca  and  cooctuilon? 

Aiittolle  (hiu.wu  the  founder  of  loctc  u  a  sdoKC  Bitt  be 
laid  too  much  stiesa  on  reasoning  «i  t^lofiam  or  ittdnftinn. 
and  oa  deductive  sdencei  aod  be  laid  loo  much  Itren  oa  the 
linguistic  ualyiii  of  ntional  divnurse  into  ptofiao'tioa  and  tenu. 
Tbtne  two  defect)  nmain  ingrained  in  uchaical  logic  to  this  dv. 
But  in  tbe  couise  of  the  devdapaent  of  (he  siieDn,  logiCBoi 
haye  endeavDund  to  correct  those  defects,  and  have  diverged 
into  two  schoola.  Some  have  devoted  themselves  to  induction 
from  sense  and  EqAcrfence  and  widened  logic  tilLit  has  become 
a  genenl  sdence  of  inference  and  sdeniihc  method.  Othen 
tavt  devoted  themselves  to  the  meatal  uwlyas  oi  itaaonltig, 


and  Itave  narrowed  logic  Into  a  science  of  conception,  Judgment 
and  reasoning.  The  foimer  belong  to  the  school  of  empirical 
logic,  the  Utter  to  the  school  of  concepluil  and  fomul  lofttc 
Both  have  itarled  from  pi^ts  which  Ai^tOlle  indicated  wttlioat 
developing  iheni.  But  we  shall  find  that  ills  true  docendanta 
are  the  empirical  logicians. 

Ariiloile  was  the  Erst  of  tbe  empiiicista.  He  coUBleallr 
raalnUitacd  that  sense  is  hnowledge  of  particulan  and  the 
origin  of  identiSc  Imonledge  of  universals.  In  his  view,  setuc 
is  a  congenital  fam  of  Judgment  (ihnvui  aCii^crrot  qaria^, 
^ajf,  ^n.  Ii.  19);  a  sensation  of  each  of  the  tive  senses  is  slwsji 

sense  ii  the  origin  of  induction,  which  is  the  origin  of  deduction 
id  science.    The  .f  lufyltci  end  {PosL  Aa.  iL  i}]  with  a  detailed 


lystem 


maty 


and  inteiligsnce  ii  tbe  true  apprehension  of  the  Uft^- 
iciples  of  sdence,  which  Is  rational,  deductive, 
ive,  from  empirical  principles. 

\  nouadwoik  of  Ariitotle's  logic  was  ascepted  by 

doctrlBe  that  all  aeualions  are  true  ol  their  uomediau  obiects, 
and  falsity  be^ns  with  subsequent  oplnlmu,  or  what  the  modem 
call  "  interpretation."  Beneath  deduelive  IihIc,  in  the  logE  cf 
Ariootle  and  the  canonic  al  the  Epieanani.  there  already  lay  the 
basb  ol  empirical  logict  eeuory  experience  is  the  origin  ti  wA 
inference  and  science.  It  retnaiaed  Jar  Francis  Bacan  to  devrlop 
these  beginnbiEs  Into  a  new  logic  al  iaduction.  He  did  not  indeed 
accept  the  infallihillty  of  sense  or  of  any  other  aneration  unaided.  He 
thovgbt,  TBlhcT,  that  every  opentiooiiiccaau 
Following  AriMotle.  in  thia  isdii  eiim  1  1 
Radved  the  whole  process  of  induction  into 


. — ^^-.  -.  .™^-,  — jd  by  the  nentixv 

onlradictory  iniUncei  of  whatever  la  the 

c*  is  not  always  present,  abieal  and  varying  with  the  gi^'en 
'     ed,  and  finely  by  the  poslcive  uilcrence  that 


inductive  logic.  ^  Hor^ 

ir    to    panicular    by    Ei^erientia 

3  univenal  by  Inductio,  asceni 
Lo  particular  by  Sytlogum,  d 


3.  Infeimce  frot 


goicfal  saeaea  al  mf tfenoe. 

^acan  over-empbaaiicd  iiiductioii  by' contending  that  it  is  the 
nly  prooa  ol  diicoverlDg  univertali  larismau),  which  dedDclinn 
-  nly  appBea  10  paitjculars.  J.  S.  MiU  in  his  £■«  pointed  ootibii 
dileel.,andwiiliouldsptttiHfroB  Bacooiaa  piuciples  resndinl  it 

ive  pjinciples,  apples  mon  goeral  to  less  general  universal^ 
hen  (he  more  geneni  taw  ofgnvitatian  is  shown  to  include 

■  geotral  lam  of  plaoataiy  gravitatlsB,    Mill's  legic  h"  '>>• 
merit  of  oopioosly  eiemplifying  the  principles  ol  the ' 

method  is  laniFllmei  b 

nious  rttductieim.or.by  tin  deductive  cg^hHatioa  oTpicviHis. 

liisalM  n 

Utest  logic  of  Bonicc,  when  he  recogiuied,  not  only  tbe  S^ 
<€  mathematics,  hut  also  tfte  espenence  of  facta  loUowed  n\ 
diictive.aplanadoiB  of  thidr  cause*  in  phyAi. 

■  oDDBliciKa  ol  eo^Mcal  and  didictlva  pcawMl  «i 
Aiiwotelisn  dkcoveiy,  elahoiMad  by  l£0'a|llBM  Bacco^ 


IS 

deduction,  and  tome- 


paied  the 


tOBLEUS) 


LOGIC 


883 


the  vbok,  bDweva,  Ariilnk,  Bacsn  md  UiD,  pnricd  fiom 
tbelr  tmiir  iona  one  empirical  icfaool,  gndmil;  growing  1^ 
adapting  luell  to  the  advuce  of  uleiice;  ■  ichool  in  nhicb 
An&loLlc  vai  moit  influenced  by  Greek  deductive  Matlienutici^ 
Bacon  by  thp  rise  of  empiiica]  phyucs  at  the  Kenauoance,  and 
.....  .      .<  ^  Newtonian   combmalion  4f  cnqiirical  facts- 


e  Principia-    From  studyinf  th 


memory  and  ejiperience  are  the-real  origin  of  inJeieiice,uialogica], 
inductive  and  deductive.  The  deepest  problem-o'  logic  la  Ihe 
■elation  ol  Knie  and  infennce.  But  «e  mul  ia\  coiuldn  tbe 
menial  analysis  of  Infennce,  and  thii  bring*  m  to  ijonci^ual  and 
fonnal  logic 

Aiiilolle's  logic  hai  often  besi  cnfled  foimal  logic;  it  ml 
Rally  a  technical  b^c  of  s^logiim  analyied  bto  hngoistic 
elements,  and  of  science  rested  on  an  empirical  tjasiL  At  the 
Same  time  his  psychology,  though  maintaining  his  empiiicivn, 
contained  aome  seeds  of  conceptual  lo^c,  and  indinctly  4)1 
fotmal  logic.  Intellectual  development,  which  according  (o 
the  logic  of  the  Aaalylia  consisis  of  sense,  memory,  eq>erience, 
Induction  and  intellect,  according  to  thtt  psychology  of  tbe 
Dc  Anint  consists  ol  sense,  imagination  and  intellect,  and  one 
division  of  inldlect  ii  into  conception  of  ^the  undivided  uid 
tomtdnation  of  conceptions  la  one  {Dt  An.  iiL  6).  Ihe  D* 
Inltrfrtlatient  opens  with  a  Tefeience  10  this  pQ'cltolaglcal 
distinction,  implying  that  names  represent  conceptions,  'pro- 
positions  reptEsmt  combuiations  ol  comxptioos.  But  the  lajne 
pasuge  idegates  concqitions  and  their  combiaitioni  to  the 
Dt  Aidwa,  and  confines  the  Dt  IiMrprMliBiit  to  names  xad 
piDpasitioni  In  cDnfotDuty  with  the  llnguiuic  ansfydi  which 
pervades  the  So^al  tieatiua  of  Aristotle,  who  neiibtr  bnught 
hii  psycbalogical  dintactkni  bMwccD  conccpIiOns  and  iheir  com- 
binatinns  into  hii  lo^,  DOT  advancad  tbe  combhutians  ol  con- 
ceptions as  a  dcGiJtion  of  ]udgDcnt  lipiaa),  itor  empJoyed 
the  raeatil  <UniiictIan  becwtcD  conctpdaiu  and  judgments  as  an 
analysis  of  inference,  or  reasoning,  or  ^Uogiim:  be  «u  do  coo- 
ceptual  bgidan.  The  hisloy  of  logic  dioin  that  tbe  EngnUk 
distioctiou  betmeen  terms  and  pnipositiani  ma  tha  sole  iiulyiii 
of  ttasoning  in  the  logical  treatises  of  Aristotle;  that  the  nuolal 
distiDCIioD  belwMD  coaceptions  (Irnmu)  and  judgmenu  (ili^ipora 
in  a  wide  lenK)  wu  impoited  into  logic  by  Ihe  Steia;  asd  that 

tmder  the  autboriiy  of  St  Thomas  Aqvutat;  In  his  cotmncatny 
on  the  £h  ItOaptOatleM,  St  'Jluiraas,  alter  dtiug  from  tbo 
Dt  AniM  Ariuoile's  "  duplex  openttio  inceUectna,"  lald, 
"  Additui  Butem  et  tertia  qcnt»,  idtictt  ratwdnindl,"  and 
concluded  that ,  dnce  logic  Is  a  rationalacknce  (raltauMf  leiaUfii), 
it*  nmsideration  must  bs  directed  to  aD  thcM  opecatkna  of 
Kuon.  Hence  'arose  anuzptuil  logic;  accwdlng  to  «Ucb 
oinceptiaa  il  a  slmiJe  apprebenstoa  of  aa  idea  without  bcBd 
in  being  or  not  being,  t-t-  the  idea  of  man  or  ol  nitming;  fudg- 
jnent  is  a  combinAtion  of  conceptions,  adding  being  or  not  being, 

binntion  of  Judgments:  unveisely,  there  k  a  mental  analysis 
ol  reasDuing  ialo  judgments,  and  judgment  Into  conc^jtlons. 
beneath  the  linguisiic  tnalysis  of  rational  discourse  into.  pn>- 
posilions,  and  propositions  Into  terms.  Logic,  acmrdtaig  to  this 
new  school,  which  has  by  our  lime  becrane  an  old  school,  haa  id 

judgnients  into  inference,  iriuch 
bination  lA  conceptlona,  or,  in  modem  parlance, 
of  our  ideas.  Conceptual  logicIaBS  were,  indeed,  fnnn  the  first 
aware  that  sense  supplin  tbe  data,  and  that  Judgment  and 
therefore  inference-  contains  belief  that  ihin^  are  or  arc  jiot. 
But  tbey  hdd,  and  still  hold  that  lenBatioo  and  eoKxptian  are 
alike  mete  apprehensions,  and  chM  tbe  belief  that  thiiip  are  or 
are  not  arises  somehow  aflef  aenaation  and  conctptkm  tai  judg- 
ment, from  which  it  passes  bio  infeccnct.  At  fint,  tbey  were 
mon  sanguineof  eitiacting  tram  thae  unpnmising  beghmlngs 
aome  knowledge  ol  things  beyond  ideas.  But  at  length  many 
tA  them  bccane  lonnal  logkiana,  who  held  thai  logic  b  the 


judgment  Bod  leasocing;  that  it  shows  how  we  infer  fomal 
truths  of  consistency  without  material  truth  of  ngmfymj  things; 
thai,  as  the  scietKe  of  the  form  oE  process,  it  must  entirely 
abstract  from  tbe  matter,  or  objects,  of  thought;  and  that  it 
dos  iHil  tell  us  how  we  mice  from  eiperienca  Hms  haa  logic 
drifted  further  and  lurtber  liom  the  real  and  empirical  logic  of 
Aristotle  the  founder  and  Bacon  Ilie  reformer  o(  the  science. 
The  great  merit  of  conceptual  logic  was  tbe  demand  for  a 

reasoning  Into  judgments  which  aie  the  sole  premises  snd  con- 
clusions of  reasoning  and  of  all  mental  Inferences,  Aristotle 
had  fallen  into  the  pandoi  of  laotving  a  mental  act  mio  vcrbd 
elementa.  Tbe  SAMlwun,  bowevet,  gradually  came  to  mliaa 
that  tha  result  to  tbctr  bigic  was  tn  make  il 
niiKliii,  and  to  tbdr  metaphysics  the  danger  of  nomli 
Thoomi  made  a  great  advance  by  making  logic  throughout  a 
rBlipinlu  tEinJu;  and  logiciaiis  are  now  agreed  that  irsannrna 
consists  of  ludgmesits,  discourse  of  propositions.  This  dis- 
tinctioD  b,  moreover,  'vital  to  the  whole  logic  of  Inference, 
because  wealwaysthinkaH  the  judgments  of  which  our  inference' 
consists,  but  tekiam  state  all  lb*  propositions  by  which  it  is 
(xprtaMd.  We  omit  pnpositioiis,  ctirtail  them,  and  even 
express  a  Judgmait  by  a  single  term,  t-i.  "  Good  I "  "  Fire  I ", 
Hence  the  linguistic  expression  b  not  a  ttue  measuje 'of  uference; 
and  to  asy  that  an  inference  coosists  of  two  propositions  causing 
a  third  la  not  strictly  true.  But  (o  say  that  it  is  two  judgments 
causing  >  third  Is  always  true,  and  the  very  essence  of  inlcrcnce, 
because  we  must  ihinfc  the  two  to  condude  the  third  m  "  the 
sessions  oE  sweet  Fileiit  thought."  Inference,  in  short,  consists  ol 
ictual  Jodgmmit*  c^iabla  ii  being  eiprosed  in  proposilions. 
*-' — EDeealwKyaoofulsnof  jDilBmenis.  But  jud^ent  don  not 
CDBslat  Of  cooceptioDB.     I(  ia  not  a  combinafioTi  of  con- 

Tgin  ol  jiidgmeht.    One  who  feel"  pained 


,  who  tmelli  the  odorous,  who  hears  the  sound 
oAhdvI,  or  il  conscious,  already  believn  tbal  n 

, eidtti  before  conceptloa.  before  infrn "-- 

bnguage:  and  his  beUel  Is  true  of """  -———■■-—  - 


iiid  experience  ar 

starting  from  eenuiy,  meniorial  and  experiential 
premlsn.  and  pmceedint  to  lalerential  judgmmli  a 
which  are  ategoriisl  aiul  oditentlal.  and  art  Inie,  1 
depend  on  leue.  meraoiv  and  enierience. 

SeuF,  Ihen,  is  tb*  origiB  of  fndEmenl;  and  the  c 
that  prinucv  jodgmenu  aic  true,  catetotical  ai 
iudgniniti  nl  Sense,  and  primary  IniereBces  are  in 
eatnaricsl  and  eidstenlial  prenilies  10  colegorical  a 


nunei.  vhetbrr  aLle^Ti<Al  or  hypotheticar  are.  ait^lliDagiits, 
mrtly-teue»nd(«nly  lalie.  ,...,,_, 

Seine  then,  because  It  invotva  a  true  belief  in  exuteon 
be  the  origin  otjudgment.    Conception  on  the  other  hand 
aifle appnhensiofl  olan idea. partlcolar  or  univenal.  but  wi 
Uel  that  anythiat  is  or  la  not.  and  therefoie  la  unRtied  to 


on^coneeptioni  nuike  a  <fi0erTnce 


beUet  that  anythinf  is  or  la  not.  a 

judgment.  Mof eouB a comMaatioi ;--, j-r-=-, js- 

■o  'undamenlal  as  that  between  concaving  and  believing.  Tbt 
men  that  ii  could  do  wookl  be  to  came  an  ijtti  Judgment,  i.t.  that 
the  idea  o(  a  cenaor  b  tbe  idea  of  a  nan-bone:  and  even  ben  Bone 
further  ortoin  b  needed  for  the  ad«t>oa  of  Ibe  copula  "  u." 

"     ■     from  being  a  cause,  cooception  Is  ot- ■*• 

■j;  a  sensation  of  I   ■  ' 

the  Idea  of  both  eh 


iadiTnenia:  a  smsailan  of  hot  b  luBident  eyidei 
™.t..  Eefwe  theldea  of  bo<  h  eithef  preaenl  or  want--' 
\%.  however,  a  condition  of  »  memonalindgnient: 


..  that  hot 

preaem  or  wanted.  Conceptioo 
srial  jadgmcnt:  in  order  to  re. 


"Sea,  but  in> 

cxiiied  the  hot  wow  rrpiii 
■rouble  Ihina  hevond  Ibe 


■miiiiiiliiiii  oi  ■  dan  li  aoi,  w  the  ceaofinBl  kclc  Mwunw.  lbs 
•bRncdoa  ti  ■  innl  idea,  but  u  loltmu  Irhd  tht  uakt) 
ii  a  vh^  lacUvldiul  tUBC.  tJ.  k  *bid>  mu.  lo  ■  whok  nimibci 
■fdBiilwIailIvUiMb.(<rt&>wbgfer' " ..^-.-h 


L.   TbtfcacnlldBolaU 


meaiBbctdib  Uolvcnil 

putJEulu  aod  BShmil  uwwpUOM  u  Iti 

gf  jndfumti  vhicb  danot 


ducilve,  and  cuoa  omcludou  Imilcr  fmn  •eB«y  ■n,\m}ru.r, 
itmt  infcRncuI  Judgmcau  bccwoe  oiua  of  lufacntiil  eooceptloiu. 
?ar  cxuipli,  Irhd  iIh  endence  «(  nmlir  ehui|ci  due  is  ibi 
ob«ioin  put!  si  bsdio,  KiaiOB  Bnt  COBB  Is  believe  (a  nelecBhr 
cbawa  doe  to  imptiniitible  putkk).  aad  diea  Kie*  u 
ilwiSiM  tl  paitkAa,  molccBlM,  aUaa,  elecmai.   The  c 

!__■ .1.^  aaiHDtfcin  abnyi  pcecMki  jodtBienl 

my  jndiiiHat  b^aa  uA  bunntial 

—  •■ '—.    Tbe  wppewd  tijpl*  « 

-b  dcfecdv*  and  falK    TIk  nal 
■    '         -        iceptiiiD,iiK 
ujuument, 

__^, , jt,  ud  finally  laiL  "They  ut 

eflea  ■)riBbdiali  that  Ii,  <R  coocein  ooa  Ihiii«  oo^.  by  r— -'— 
KiGe  It.  tJ.  Btoau  by  pdaute  hodice  dm  neady  aaa  enogDn. 
tbc  lymEol  ■  out  Qit.  Wul  kfca  an  the  phyilda  Igm  el 
■naliilethv?  What  bdievcr  is  God  pceiendi  to eonoiv*  1 
Hanallylif  Uh bcHm niuiy ihu«i that « csiuol con" 
MiD  mIo.  the  InoBDciiiabk  n  nM  iSe  inoidibki  and  thi 


«___ , mopiioa  «!■'" 

~  I  andHMaiid,  but  do  OBt  dedde."  .     .       .. 

■cat  ■  ■  hbh^  nfinnl  act,  unfitted  to  tb«  bcciiiiunE  ol  .ihoiubi 
CoBccptlaii  btfin  ai  a  nndilioo  of,  nKmoty,  and  aftei  a  kuik 

aptnal  lo|3c  haa  made  Che  '"'*^'~  ol  mahijif  ideMian  a  Mafe.iD 
tluiifht  pnei  W  judtnKBtl 

It  vai  aatuial  eaaath  that  the  origlaatofi  of  cooceptuu  lofk, 
weiM  that  judtBKouaB  be  eiprmtd  by  prapDr*' —  —- '  —- 
oipiIoBi  by  ton,  ihoutd  t*U  Into  the  trtor  el  Hf 
pniiodtioiii  coBut  ol  teniu,  n  iudcmenu 


[FSOBLEMS 

indiaieau  of  mmfta.  (Rue,  it.  that  the  euRui  hM  ii  biinii(  er 
turnming  non  or.  laa  hot,  Ac  Thw  then  u  a  eaobiaaDDa  of 
KAiatioru  cxmLoi  (he  judaizwat;  but  the  judgmeiit  is  AiD  a  divoioa 
of  Uw  HwUElBag  lata  nielf  and  in  bcint,  and  a  belief  that  It  b 

-  -' ~ed.    AlKnaida  foloK  ladcmeoM  atuuf  from  non 

as,  »^  mwmy,  eaperleace.  i^om.  Bat  honni 

aU  ju^nKntMiline . 

—    — pertence  and  h-* 

udiiHat*.    (i). 

a(i«mtiao> any  men  tlwi of  ideaa.  (i^A  jiidimeat  iaa  unitan' 
Besial  act.  dividiiic  kH  itKU  b«t  ha  ot^cct  Into  the  obiect  lUd 
and  half  ai  deceimlnd,  ud  tipitfyiBt  that  it  ii  n  detcnniml 
(4)  A  pcbna/y  judnnent  It  a  judEment  that  a  leaiible  thbii  ■ 
^(temiiAl  aa  tsdatuv;  bat  laicr  judcmeota  aic  amccnitd  with 

......     .-_....- ■-■-idea^oririthwoed^aadiifniiy  ih« 

•naalinn.  (5)  When  a  judcnicai  ii 
tkm  apaima  the  nulu  <i 
pndioiie,  and  by  the  csiwla 
B.>ba>  Ib  liai^Sed  by  Ux 


ttiat  vliai  H  lii^fied  by  the  aidqacC 

DRdicatal  and  the  pcopoiItloB 

tj.  boidiir  war  !•  eril^   if>)  A 


.  saniSed  by 


tta,  and  may  be  cop 
or.dliJnBGUTe,'  Ac. 


be  copidativc,  f.j 


...     .    ey  overiooked  the  fact 
V  ipeakB,  malEca  ludcmenta  which  he  ooa  im  eipm  at  au,  or 

iniM Ibiin  by  interiKtiau,  bamei  and  phiaiei,  before  he  met 

ntular  ftoaiilian,  and  that  ha  doei  not  begin  Inr  concelvlDc  aad 
avniof ,  and  then  praned  to  belie\ia<  and  pnpoBBi.  FteBngand 
anuailn,  bvofvini  bc5rniic  er  jvdgiiy,  cone  bctai 


i^  conditiou,  and  a>  dvy  ar 


fldituu,  ai 

,__. Id  eqcdall, 

ai  jndlpiKIiu  both  precede  connMic-.  „ 

after  tliHi  la  infemicc.  it  loUowi  tAat  com 
ooBBtiiueDl*  ef  jud(aieflt,  and  iudEraent  la  na 
ttHnrplionL   UUioe  then  any  aaalyu  of  judgi 


f,twa  mnul  eknic 


or  hypotbiiial, 

Empiikal  lo^  the  lo^  of  Ailitotle  and  Bacon,  b  oo  the 
■ight  way.  Itiithebiuine»of.tfaelosi<:ia°  W  ^xl  >^  oux* 
cd  tba  jadfnieati  i4icli  fom  .the  pcemiKi  and  the  coadunom 
ol  infenatK.  tcaaobiiil  and  idaico^  Wbat  knowkdce  do  «t  get 
br  team,  mcmaiy  aad  aperioKe,  the  bM  mental  tanut  ol 
Judgment?  What  ii  .ind^Mnt,  and  wbat  iU  -v  ' 
What  H  iofenoca,  bow  doc*  it  proceed  by  cmnUni 

'    I  to  cause  Judgisents  aa  concluiioBa,  ana  wnai  on 
its  vBQDui  kiadif    How  doea  inference  draw  coDduaiona  nwre 
wle**  pnbable  up  lo  moral  cenainty?    How  doea  it  by  tht  aid 
ai  identi£cation  atnvert  probable  into  neccaaaiy  concltniona, 
wl&Ji  become  neostaiy  principles  of  demonatiation?    How  ii 
categorical    auccccdtd    by    conditional    Inference?    What    ii 
(cienci£c  methcid  ai  a  system  of  infenKti  aboDt  definite  >ub> 
jecti?     How  doea  inference  become  the  wurce  of  emit  and 
fallacy?    How  dos  Ibe  irhale  nroccn  from  mbk  Id  inferetice 
discover  the  real  trut 
tiiey  aignify  thinp  k 
iafoeBci?    Thc»  an  the  fnndameMal  qucKioni  of  the  acicncc 
of  intettice.    CoDotptnal  logic,  on  the  other  hind,  ii  falac  from 
Ibe  (tait.    It  ii  not  the  fint  bodnem  of  logic  to  dinct  uabaw 
to  fam  coDCcptkan  ^frinrA  bf  ttnu,  bccauM  KUie  is  a  prior 
ouoeof judgnBntaudliifeniK&.  ItjiDottlKiecondbuuneuol 
logic  to  dinct  ta  bow  ooi  m  eoBceptloai  to  fonn  judgmeiitt 
lignificd  bjr  propoiltiont,  becauie  the  Hal  canaci  of  judginenu 
i>«  tenie,  memoiy,  opencacs  and  Inference.    It  ii,  tumever, 
the  main  bu^ncn  of  logic  lo  direct  us  now  oui  01  pjdgnienis  to 
form  iofereacea  algnified  by  diicoarsc;  and  this  b  the  one  point 
whidi  conceptual  logic  has  contributed  to  ifacsdeocc  of  inference. 
But  wby  ipoQ  the  further  mental  snalysii  of  infeience  by  sop- 
podng  that  concepiiona   are   constituents  of    judgment    and 
tbcnfoie  of  inference,  which  thus  becomei  merrjy  a  camplex 
oomblnatkwof  conceptions, an  eitcnsonot  ideaif    The  miitakt 
has  been  to  convert  three  operations  ol  mind  into  three  pTt>- 
find  order — cooception,  judgment,  iDferencc     Con- 
i  judgment  are  dednons:  inference  alone  is  a  proceta. 
ons  to  decision,  from  judgment*  to  judgment.    .  Sense. 
ition,  is  the  origin  of  judgmoil.     Inference  is   the 
ich  from  judsmcna  abovl  sensible  things  proceeds  re 
about  things  similar  to  sensible  Unnga.     Though 
inditions  and  some  judgmeals  iis 
ta  condnsons  cause*  many    mcite 
judgments  and  omceplnBS.     Finally,  inference  is  an  extcnsian. 
not  of  ideas,  but  of  bcbefi,  at  first  about  eiiating  ibings.  ofiec- 
waids  about  ideas,  and  even  about  wndi;  about   Bnyihicg 
in  short  about  which  we  think,  in  what  ii  too  fandiullj  called 
"  Ibe  universe  of  discourse." 

Foctaal  kigic  has  arBCn  out  of  the  nannwncat  of  conceplual 
logic.  The  sdcnce  of  inlerence  DO  doubt  has  to  deal  primarily 
with  formal  truth  or  the  coniistCDqr  of  premises  and  ci>i>clii£i<ui. 
But  as  all  Iruih,  real  as  wdl  aa  f  oimal,  b  conHsient,  foiiBal  rula 


judgmCDti  about  thing 
causci.  iaferm<e  itself 


soDEawLOGiq  LOGIC 

of  oHBiftcncy  becoDW  real  ruki  Of  tnitli,  wha  the  premiia 
■te  tnic  und  (be  conslsMot  concluiloa  it  tbeidoR  true.  The 
idnce  of  inference  agsin  rigfaily  enphnigj  ibe  lomul  thinking 
of  the  syllogbm  Iti  which  Ihe  corabliulioa  of  premiia  iavolvei 
the  ci}dclusian.  But  the  comtumlions  of  pretnEsel  fa  uulogical 
tnd  lodtfCtive  lAference,  eJihough  Ihe  cornbinitton  doei  not 


885 


Involve 

«  *ar  that  Ibc  M 


X  ol  infen 


of  pnbahi 


ol  logic  is  how  w 
of  lU  kind 


Ihe  Mudy  of  inilagical  inS  Indi 
Ihil  of  Ihe  syllDgiam  itself,  beciuH  they  discover  the  premiia 
of  syltogiam.  The  formal  thinking  tA  sylLogism  alone  a  merely 
neceuary  conaeqifence;  but  when  its  premisa  are  necauiy 
ptincipla,  its  conclusions  are  not  only  necnsaiy  consetjuenti 
buj  alio  necessary  tnitte.  Hence  the  manner  in  which  induction 
aided  by  idenlificfltion  diicove'i  ncceisary  principles  must  be 
studied  by  the  logician  in  order  to  decide  when  the  syUogisni 


of  inCen 


really  ai 


I  subject  the  fori 

r  objects.    But  it  doano 


lider  lU  IhiD^,  i^ich  would  be  impossibie,  or  select  Hine, 
which  would  be  arbitrary.  But  there  li  an  inleimeditte  alter- 
native, which  is  neither  impossible  nor  irbilnry;  namely,  to 
consider  the  general  dlsthiclions  atld  principles  of  all  Ihinp; 
and  without  this  genetal  consideralion  of  ihe  nutter  the  logiciin 
cannot  know  the  form  of  thought,  which  comiiti  in  drawing 
inlerencev  about  things  on  these  general  principles.  Lasily,  the 
science  of  inference  Is  not  indeed  the  science  of  lensalion, 
memory  and  eapertence,  but  at  the  same  lime  II  is  the  science 
of  using  those  mental  (^rations  as  data  of  inference^  and,  if 
logic  does  oof  ahow  how  analogical  and  induclive  Inferences 
directly,  and  deductive  inferences  indirectly,  arise  from  eiperi- 
ence.  It  becranes  a  science  of  mere  thinking  without  knowledge. 

comn»n  Inferenca  and  varying  methods  used  In  Invaligatlng 
diflcrent  subjects.  But  It  is  most  closely  related  to  the  sciences 
of  metaphysics  and  psychology,  which  form  wiib  it  a  triad  of 
aciences.  Metaphysics  is  the  icience  of  being  In  genetal,  and 
therelore  of  the  Ihings  which  become  objects  apprehended  by 
our  minds.  Psychology  is  the  science  of  mind  In  genera],  and 
therefore  of  Ihe  menial  operations,  of  which  inlerence  b  one. 
Logic  is  Ihe  science  of  the  processes  of  inference.  These  three 
icienca,  of  the  objecu  of  mind,  of  the  operations  of  mind, 
of  the  processes  used  in  tbe  inferences  of  mind,  are  diflerenlly, 
bnt  etesely  related,  so  that  they  are  constantly  con- 
fused. The  real  point  is  their  interdependence,  which  Is  so 
intimate  that  one  sign  of  great  phllowphy  b  a  eonsiitent 
metaphysics,  psychology  snd  logic.  If  the  world  ol  things 
b  tunlta  lo  be  partly  material  and  partly  ■     ■ 


I  of  X 


nabllng  [I 


_  .  and  there  must  be  proccua  of  !r 

carrying  us  from  and  beyond  the  sensible  to  the  Insensible  world 
oF  matter  and  mind.  If  Ihe  whole  world  of  ihings  is  matter, 
operations  and  processa  of  mind  are  themselva  material.  If 
Ihe  whole  world  of  things  is  mind,  opentlons  and  proccsss  of 
mind  have  only  to  recogniie  their  like  all  Ihe  world  over.  It  is 
dear  then  thai  a  man's  metaphysics  and  psychology  must  colour 
his  logic.  Il  is  accordingly  necessary  to  the  logician  lo  know 
beforehand  the  general  dislioctlons  and  prindpia  of  things  in 
metaphysics,  and  the  Mental  operations  of  sense,  conception, 
memory  and  eiperience  in  psychology,  so  as  10  discover  the 
processa  ol  inlerence  from  eiperience  about  things  in  lo^c. 

The  interdependence  ol  this  triad  ol  sdencel  has  sometimes 
ltd  10  their  confusion.  Hegel,  hairing  identified  being  with 
tliought,  merged  mctsphyslct  in  lo^c.  But  he  divided  logic 
bilo  objective  and  subjective,  and  thus  practically  confessed 
that  there  la  one  icience  ol  the  objecu  and  another  of  tbe  pro- 


ccBs  of  thou^t.  Psychidoglsis,  aeeing  that  infi 
mental  operation,  olten  eatempqpze  a  theory  ol  i 
tbe  neglect  of  logic.    But  we  have  a  double  const: 


ipptica  10  other  operalio 


lence.  so  lo  speak,  10  all  the  ra 
of  the  proceuea  of  the  operation  < 
'    thii    leraod    consciousnc! 


inbyw 


fort 


hvailDU: 


LBHtalca 


It  bow  little  does  Ihe  psychologist 

logician  has  discovered  aboul  the  proceises  ot  inlerence!  The 
fact  is  Ihal  our  primary  coniciousneii  of  all  menia!  operations 
is  hardly  equal  lo  our  secondary  consdousnai  of  the  processes 
of  the  one  operation  of  inference  from  premius  lo  condusinna 
permeating  long  trains  and  pervading  whole  scienca.  This  etibot- 
aie  consoDusnai  of  inferential  procex  is  tbe  juHificalkm  ol 
logic  as  a  diitloct  science,  and  is  the  finE  itrp  in  its  metbod 
Bui  it  is  not  the  whole  method  of  logic,  which  alio  and  tightly 
considers  the  menial  process  necessary  lo  language,  witboul 
substituting  linguistic  for  mental  distinctions. 

Nor  are  consciousness  and  linguistic  analyus  all  the  Instruments 
of  the  logldan.    Logic  has  '  '  '' 


Is  by  w 


hem  froi 


whidi  s] 


eitcnd  our  knowledge  of  Ihingi;  and  having  considered  Ihete 
[acts,  tbe  logician  must  make  sudi  a  sdence  ol  inference  as  wiO 
apliia  the  power  and  tbe  poverty  ol  human  knowledge. 


CEfraiAL  Ti™ 


>F  MODEIN  Locic 


There  are  several  grounds  for  hope  iu  Ihe  logic  of  oar  day. 
In  the  &nt  place,  it  tends  10  lake  up  an  intermediate  position 
between  the  ciuemesof  Kant  andHegd.  It  docs  not,  with  the 
former,  reprd  logic  as  purdy  formal  in  the  sense  of  ahittacling 
thought  from  being,  n«  doa  It  follow  Ihe  tatter  In  amalgamating 
melaphyiiea  with  logic  by  ident Hying  being  with  thought. 
Secondly,  il  does  not  content  iisdf  with  the  mere  formulae  of 
thinking,  but  pushes  lorward  to  theoria  of  method,  knowtedge 
and  sdence;  and  it  is  a  hopeful  sign  to  find  this  cpistemological 
spirit,  to  which  England  was  accustomed  by  Mill,  animating 
German  logicians  such  as  Lotie,  DGhring,  Schuppe,  Sigwart 
and  WundL  Thirdly,  there  is  a  deletiniuatian  lo  reveal  the 
psychologial  basis  of  logical  processei,  and  not  merely  to 
describe  them  ar  ■■■       "    '"     ''' '"-   ' '  ' 


(mptermi 


aii^ral 


This  attempt  is  connected  with  the  psychological 
Eum  given  to  recent  philosophy  by  Wundt  and  others,  and  is 
dangerous  only  10  far  as  piychology  itself  Is  hypothetical. 
Unfoitunatdy,  however,  these  merits  are  usually  connected 
with  a  less  admirable  cbaracleriitic— contempt  lor  tradition. 
Writing  his  prdace  10  his  second  edition  in  1SS8,  Sigwirl  says: 
"  Important  works  have  appeared  by  Lotu,  Schuppe,  Wuodt 
and  Bradley,  to  name  only  the  most  eminent;  and  all  start 
from  the  eoncepiion  which  has  guided  this  attempi.  That  is, 
logic  Is  grounded  by  them,  not  upon  an  effete  tradition  but  upon 
a  new  invatlgatlon  of  thought  as  It  actually  Is  In  its  psychological 
foundations,  in  lis  significance  for  knowledge,  and  its  actual 
operation  in  scientific  methods."  How  slrangel  The  spirit 
ol  every  one  ol  tbe  t' 


Trend 


which  steered, 
formalism  and  Hegelij 
Analytics  invest  iga 


s  Orfnnoi 


dophyslcs;  it  VIS  a  logic  which  In  the 
syllogism  as  a  means  10  uuderstaoding 
arting  Irom 


the  psychological  foundations  ol  sense,  memory  and  ei 
built  up  the  bgicol  structure  ol  induction  and  deduction  on  tne 
profoundly  Aristotelian  principle  that  "there  Is  no  process 
from  unlversals  without  Induction,  and  none  by  induction 
•ithoul  sense."  Wundt '1  comprehen^vc  view  that  logic 
looks  backwards  to  psychology  and  forward  to  eplitemology 
was  hundredi  at  yean  ago  one  of  tbe  maiiy  discoveries  of 
Aristotle, 


DigilizcdbyGoO^lc 


JgncMKHT 

T.  JtdfitiU  and  CmapOen.—tbt  empbt^  now  laid  sn 
judgmenl'.  the  recovciy  lioin  Humc'i  conlulion  of  bdkb  with 
ideu  uid  the  usociiLioa  of  idcu,  ud  Ibe  ditiinciion  ol  the 
cuntftl  act  of  judging  from  iti  verbal  upreuion  in  a  propcailion, 
are  all  healthy  ligni  in  recenl  logii:.  The  Du»t  lundameatal 
quesIioQ,  before  proceeding  to  th?  uvatigilian  ol  inTeiciice, 

both  the  premise!  and  the  cooduaiou  ol  iofercncei  and,  as  thil 
quFition  has  been  diligently  atudied  of  lale,  but  haa  been 
vaiiously  aiuwcied,  U  will  be  well  to  give  a  liu  of  the  nuae 
imporUnt  theoriel  of  judgment  as  followi. — 

0.  Il  spraiei  a  nlatiiin  bcuncn  tbi  coaloU  oC  tm  Idiaa,  b« 
a  niaiian  of  ihcx  ideu  (Lot»). 

mint  the  objective  viliility  d(  a 


he  evideiKz  et  ioleRBcci  diitaly  el  tntlia^ad 
iiecily  or  indinnly  ti  deductive,  ialcicDcei 
loiic  nfuiei  to  includt  KOioiy  bdid*  ——f-^ 

will  no  konan  conaiit  of  judtmeuu  but  ol  (emocjr 
a  judgDienU,  and  the  leomd  put  of  logic,  the  locic 
iDt,  the  puipnae  of  which  ii  to  inveujgate  ilic  ooo- 
ol  InfeRtKc,  will  be  Uke  Baimlil  without  the  prince 
of  Deomaik.  U,  on  the  other  hand,  all  the  CBnilituenix  nt 
inference  are  judgmenia,  there  uc  judgment*  ol  lenie;  aiHl 
the  evidence  of  the  aeniea  ttiuna  thai  a  judgment  of  •cue  b 
judgment  of  inference  it  Hue  to  fat  a*  it  i>  ditcctly 
concluded  from  judgncnte  of  tense- 


st of  ideut  *<*-  wiwtber  t 


!  of  ai^recmcnt  with  ei 


t.   ft  ia  ibe  Byilthenl  of  idrai  lotE 

reality  but  in  the  lenie  of  the  lopca.  . ,  _.  .^    . 

^  It  II  (he  analyiia  of  an  anregate  idea  fCtummlatriuanmii 
into  aubjecl  and  predicates  baied  on  a  previoui  auodAiion  of 
idcM)  on  relating  and  comparing,  and  on  ihe  apperceptive  tymhesia 
of  ao  aggregate  idea  in  consequence:  but  ittell  toiuialing  In  an 
appertcpave  analyiiB  of  that  aggnate  idea;  and  rcquinng  will 
is  the  iannolappefccptionorattaaiEin(Wuiidi}. 

f^  It  Rquire*  an  Ida,  bccauaa  every  object  is  conceived  as  weu 
aa  lECOgnlad  or  deided;  but  k  is  Itaell  an  aHertlon  of  actual  lict. 
every  peiceptioa  Qounta  lor  m  ^wtanent,  and  every  cBtegorica]  is 
changeable  Into  an  outentlal  jut&ment  without  change  of  Kiue 
(Bfeniana.  «4u  dcrivea  his  tbeory  from  Hill  cscept  that  be  doiies 
the  aeoeielty  of  a  combination  of  Idas,  and  reduces  a  categorical 
to  an  eadstendal  judgment)^ 

/.  It  is  a  dcddon  of  the  validity  of  an  Idea  lequirjog  win  (BeiY- 


and  thciefnie,  il 


none  nf  die  foregoing  theorio,  became  it  lequitei  BOIluiig 
t  Knaation  and  belief.  It  lequim  tia  wiU,  hut  b  iimalJy 
roluntary,  for  the  atimulua  fbrrei  one's  tttetitioUr  which  ii 
t  alwayi  vntimtaiy;  not  all  judgment  then  requires  will,  as 
iindl  supposes.  It  requires  do  reference  la  reality  beyond 
;  sensible  pressure,  because  It  la  merely  a  belief  that  this 
Its  without  inference  of  the  external  stimulus  or  any  inference 
all:  not  all  judgment  then  requirea  the  reference  of  subjective 
objective  luppoted  by  Ueberwcg,  or  lbs  consciouinesa  of 
logical  neccsiily  suppoied  by  Sigwirt.  It  requires  in  addilioa 
I  the  belief  that  something  tiisls,  nc  consideration  aa  to  whetbei 
K  belief  iliell  be  true,  beuuca  man  who  feds  prssure  believe* 
I  Ihe  thing  witboni  funbcr  qtitstioB  about  the  belief;  not  all 
idgmeat  then  lequirei  ■  dediim  of  validity,  as  Bcigmann 
ippoaeL    It  requires  BOtbiag  beyond  the  sensatiiNi  and  belief 


J,^s^".i';s^^ 


«nl). 


ro  Ida*  belong  tngetlier: 


3I  the  identity  iw  di. 
categorici  of  the  on 


of  thedatUi  but  also  requiring  a  pi      . 

the  notlona  of  identity,  diiierence  and  causality,  a*  , 

Uiought  or  laws,  to  combine  the  plurality  of  the  pven  into  •  unity 

1.  Judgment  it  the  act  which  refers  an  ideal  content  recogiuied 
as  such  to  a  reality  bcynnd  the  act,  predicating  an  Idea  of  a  realirv. 
a  what  of  a  (hat:  so  that  the  »biKt  is  teahty  ai 
ihemeaning  of  an  idea. -'■='- -^  ■■-■ '— -' 


I.  Jud,™ 


ind  the  preds 
(Bradley  and  Boanquet). 

[prewble  in  worda  (HoUiouK, 


mainly  following  Bradley). 

These  theories  are  of  vmying  value  in  proportion  to  the 
proiimily  to  Aristotle's  point  t^t  predication  is  about  things, 
and  lo  Af  ill's  point  that  judgments  and  propoutioi 
things,  not  about  ideas.  The  esMuce  of  judgmi 
that  inmethiog  i>  (ot  is  not)  determined,  either  aa  eiisiinf 


(t  (.  " 


It")  01 


nething  in 


onkey").    Neilhe 
bowevei,  nor  any  of  (he  later  logicians  whose  theories  1 
quoted,  basbecn  able  quitl  tDdetachjudgmcnttmmcoDc  . 
they  ail  suppose  that  an  idea,  n  ideas,  is  a  condition  of  all 
JudgmcnL    But  judgment  stsjti  from  tensalioD  (fHjtjindiiHg) 
uid  feeling  IPffUU),  and  not  Iron  idea  CVcritaliug).     Wb 
I  feel  {leased  or  pained,  ot  wbea  I  use  toy  senses  to  perceive 
pressure,  a  temperatutc,  a  flavour,  ut  odoui,  a  coloui,  a  soui 
ot  when  I  am  consdaus  of  feeling  and.  pctceiving,  I  cann 
raist  the  belief  that  lomething  sensible  is  present;  and  Ihia 
belief  that  tODietbing  exists  is  already  a  Judgment,  a  Judgm 
^  existence,  and,  so  far  as  it  is  limited  la  sense  without  mfcrei 
■  true  JudgmcnL    It  It  s  mallei  of  wordl  whether  or  not 
should  call  this  Mniaiy  belief  1  Judgment;  but  itisna  mat 
nt  choice  to  Ihe  lo^cian,  who  regards  all  the  constituents 
bfetence 


a  of  understsndingr  01 


ords.  for  a  judgment  need  not  be 

idgment  of  preuute  is  an  irraiitible 

lists,  without  waiting  for  words,  or 
wanted  not  10  make  a  aehsalion  a  juogment,  out  lo  cum  a 

idgment  into  laDguage;  not  all  judginent  then  requira  com- 
paiison  with  a  view  to  its  expression,  as  supposed  by  Hobhoute. 
Lastly,  all  iba  suthors  of  the  above-quoted  thniia  err  in 
supposing  thai  afl  judgment  requites  conceplion;  for  even 
Mill  thiidu  a  combination  of  ideas  necessary,  and  Brentsno, 
who  coma  still  nearer  to  the  nature  of  senioiy  Judgment  when 
he  uya,  "  Every  perception  counts  for  a  judgmenl,"  yet  thinks 
that  an  idea  is  necessary  at  the  same  time  in  order  to  undentand 
the  thing  judged.  In  reality.  Ihe  sensation  and  the  belief  are 
sufficienli  when  I  feel  a  sensible  pressure,  I  cannot  help  believing 
in  its  lesiiiy,  snd  therefore  judging  thu  it  is  rest,  without  any 
lolium  juii — an  idea  of  pressure,  or  of  eiisteDce  or  of  prcisute 
eiislmg— inlervenini  between   the  sensation  and  the  belicl. 


nreprts 


condiliiHinottrf  Ihe £isl  judgment  that  there 
is,  but  of  a  second  judgment  that  there  was,  something  sensible. 
Otherwise  there  wcAiM  he  no  judgment  of  sensible  fact,  f«  the 
hnt  sensation  would  not  give  II,  and  (he  ida  following  the 
sensation  wouM  he  sliU  futbei  oS.  The  sensory  judgment 
then,  which  Is  aothilg  bul  a  bdief  that  at  the  moment  of  sense 
something  sensible  eiists,  is  a  proof  that  not  all  judgmeiu 
requira  conception,  or  synlbeiis  ot  analysis  of  ideaa,  oc  dccisioa 
about  the  content,  01  about  the  validity,  of  ideas,  01  reference 
of  an  idea]  content  to  reality,  as  commonly,  though  variously, 
supposed  in  Ihe  lo^c  of  our  day. 

Not,  however,  that  all  judgment  is  sensory:  after  the  first 
judgments  of  sense  follow  judgmeota  of  memory,  tsd  memory 
requira  ideas.  Yet  memory  Is  not  mere  conoeptjeai,  M  Aiisloile. 
and  UiU  after  bim,  have  perceived.  To  remember,  we  mult 
have  a  present  ida;  but  we  must  also  have  a  belief  that  the 
thing,  ij  which  the  idea  fs  1  rtpreientation,  was  (or  was  not) 
detomined;  and  this  belief  i*  the  memorial  judgment.  Ori^ 
,ally  such  judgments  idse  item  seuoiy  judipnents  foUoaed  bf 


LOGIC 


'HituL  ThcH  an  concnuions 
which  primifily  >n  infmtd  [rom  wnjory  »nd  mtmorisl  judg. 
ncnu;  uid  »  Ik  u  isfcrcnct  tiini  Irom  laae  ol  sornFihing 
Kiwible  in  the  pitatnt,  and  Icorn  mnnaiy  itter  lensc  ol  urncthing 
touiblc  in  (he  put,  ind  condudn  limlUr  Ihingi,  infertnlial 
JodimcRU  ut  indir«l  Iwlids  in  being  and  in  Kiiiitnci  beyond 
Ideu.  When  frsn  Ihe  Kuible  pressura  between  the  pBtls 
ol  my  moulb,  which  I  fed  and  Ktnember  and  judge  thai  they 
niil  and  have  entled,  1  Inler  another  limllar  presniie  (e.f.  of 
the  iDnd  which  prena  and  ii  preued  by  my  rnoulh  In  eating), 
the  inferential  Judgment  with  whkh  I  conclude  i>  a  belie!  Ihat 


well  aj 


Infin 


BO  doubt,  ii  doidy  invoived  with  conception.  So  lar  a>  it 
dependi  on  m«moiy,  an  inferential  Judgment  presuppoKt 
memorial  ideas  in  ita  data;  and  ao  far  ai  it  Infera  univenal 
ctacsei  and  laws,  it  produces  general  ideas.  But  even  w  the 
part  played  by  conception  is  quite  suboidinate  to  that  of  bdiefi 
Xa  tbe  fint  place,  the  remembered  datum,  from  which  an  inter- 
ence  of  piesiore  starts,  is  not  the  conceived  idea,  but  the  belief 
(hat  tbe  senslbte  presuie  aisled.  Secondly,  (he  condusion 
in  which  it  ends  is  not  Ihe  geneial  idea  of  a  class,  but  the  belief 
(bat  a  class,  represented  by  a  generd  Idea,  exists,  and  ia  toe  is 
not)  otherwise  determined  (e^  Ihat  things  preuing  and  pressed 
exist  and  move).  Two  things  are  certain  about  inferenlial 
Judgment:  one,  that  when  inference  is  based  on  Mnse  and 
memoty,  inferential  judgment  tiim  (rom  a  comKnation  of 
senEory  and  mematid  judgment,  both  of  which  are  beliefs  that 
things  eiist;  the  ether,  that  in  coDsequcnce  iriferenriil  judgment 
i»»  belid  thilsmiliar  thing!  tiisl.  There  are  thus  three  primary 
Judgmenta:  jtidgments  of  sense,  of  memory  after  sense,  and  of 
inference  from  sense.  All  these  are  beliefs  in  bong  and  eiistence, 
and  thia  enilenlid  belief  Is  first  in  sense,  and  dicrwards  trans- 
ferred to  memory  and  inference.  Moieovei,  it  is  transferred  in 
the  same  ttresistible  way;  frequently  we  cannot  help  dlhet 
feeling  pressure,  or  remembering  It,  oc  inferring  it;  and  as  there 
are  involuntary  sensation  and  attention,  so  (here  an  inviduntary 
memory  and  inltrence.  Again,  in  a  primary  judgment  eiislence 
need  not  be  eapressed;  but  if  eipreased,  it  may  be  expressed 
dther  by  Ihe  predicate,  e.g.  "I  eiisl,"  or  by  the  subject,  e.g. 

primary  Judgments,  in  that  the  sensory  is  a  belief  in  present. 
the  memacial  in  past,  and  the  inferential  in  present,  past  and 
future  eUstence.  But  these  diSerences  in  detail  do  not  alter 
the  main  p<rinl  Ihat  aU  iheK  are  bdiefs  in  the  existing,  in  Ihe 
real  ai  opposed  to  the  ideal,  in  actud  thinp  which  are  not  Ideas. 
In  short,  a  primary  judgment  ii  a  belicl  in  something  existing 
apart  from  our  idea  of  it;  and  not  because  we  have  an  idea  of  it, 
or  by  comparing  an  idra  with,  or  referring  an  idea  to,  teafilyi 
but  because  we  have  a  sensation  of  it,  or  a  memory  of  it  ot  an 
inference  ot  it.     Sensation,  not  conception,  b  (be  ohgin  ol 

I.  Digertnt  Sipiifkatimu  ^  Bbh|  in  iigirni  Kinds  tf 
JudtmiBl. — As  Arislotle  remarked  both  in  the  A  Inlerprrliilitiu 
and  in  (he  iiiMiiricI  Btudii,  "not-being  Is  (hinkabte"  don 
not  mean  "  not-bring  exiMs."  In  the  latter  treatise  he  added 
Ihat  it  is  a  Salhcia  a  dicle  ucmidim  fnU  ad  didmn  ilmpliiiirr 
to  argue  from  the  former  to  the  littcri  "  lor,"  as  he  says. 
"It  Is  not  Ihe  samethingto  be  somethlngind  to  call  absolutely." 
Without  realising  their  debt  to  tradition,  Kerbart.  Mill  and 
lecenlly  SIgwart,  have  repeated  Arinoile's  scpaialton  of  the 
(cpula  from  the  verb  of  eititence,  as  if  it  werea  modem  discovery 
Ihat  "  b  "  is  not  Ihe  same  as  "  exists."  It  may  be  added  that 
they  <iO  not  qidie  realize  whai  Ihe  copula  exactly  lignilin: 
It  docs  not  sipify  existence,  but  it  does  signify  a  fact,  namely, 
that  something  ii  (or  is  not)  determined,  either  abidutdy  in  a 
categorical  judgment,  oicondiliorially  in  a  conditional  Judgmenl. 
Now  we  have  seen  that  all  primary  Judgments  signify  more 
(has  this  fact!  they  are  also  bdida  in  the  (slncDce  ol  the  tUng 


signified  by  (he  3 
ments  ugnify  tbi 
by  Ihe  predicate. 


Besides  inf  I 

Etcondary  Judgmf 


at  the  ti 


887 

lObJect.  But,  In  the  fint  place,  primary  judg- 
s  existence  never  by  the  copula,  but  sometima 
and  sometimes  by  the  subject;  and,  secondlyj 
'  that  all  judgments  whatever  ugnify  eiistenco. 
of  existence  thae  is  inference  of  non-existence, 

ibjecta  of  primary  Judgments. 

ich  no  longer  contain  a  belid 


byAristc      .       .     ,         .  , 

cited  by  Heibart;  the  judges!,  "  A  centaur  is  a  fiction 
poets,"  cited  by  MiU.    These  si 
edstence  are  partly  like  and  partly  ui 

of  existence.  They  resemUe  them  m  tnat  tney  are  ceuels  in 
being  signified  by  the  copula.  They  are  beliefs  in  things  of  a  sort; 
for,  after  all,  ideas  and  names  are  things;  thdr  objects,  even 
though  n  ■     "  '     "' 


judgment, "  A  square  drde  is  impossible," 


a  centaur  is  the  belid,  "  A  coi 
poets,"  and  Ihe  judgment  at 
"  A  so-cdled  square  drde  is 
beliefs  that  things  of  SI 
these  secondsiy  Judgmn 
existence.  Wheraia  In  1 
belief,  signified  by  subji 
existing  thing  In  the  sci 
dlHerent  from  Ihe  Idea  . 
in  a  secondary  Judgment 


:ab]e  I 


vableo 


l^Me,are(orarenol) 

itaur  is  a  fiction  of  the 
^  circle  Is  the  belid, 


^  fdl  short  of  primary  judgments  of 
primary  judgment  there  is  a  further 
»  or  predicate,  that  the  thing  Is  an 
e  of  being  a  red  ihiog  ((.(.  a  man), 
it  as  well  as  from  the  name  far  it; 
here  is  no  further  belief  that  tbe  thing 


I,  there  is  no  bdid  that  ai 


tsolm 


dm  two  important  thi/ilcers,  each  of  whom  has 
thing  school  of  psychologlcd  logic, 
id,  early  In  the  iqth  century  Herbirt  slaited 
categorical  Judgment  is  never. a  judgment  of 
nys  hypothctlcd;  on  the  other  hand,  in  the 
" w  that  all 


.    The> 


ruth  lies  betwe 


y  Judgments  of  I 
ondary  judgment 


is  an  impossibility,"  docs  not  contain  the  bdid,  "A  st 
drde  is  existent  "  ;  but  when  he  goes  on  to  argue  that  it  m 
"  If  a  square  circle  is  thought,  the  conception  of  imposd! 
mutt  be  added  in  thought,"  he  Idls  into  a  mm-itqiiilitr.  '. 
eaiegodcal,  a  judgment  docs  not  require  a  bdid  in  exist 
bnt  only  that  something,  eifglent  ornol,is(orbDOt)ddcnn 
and  lhtr«  are  (wo  quite  dia««nt  attiludn  of  mind  even 


so-called  square  circle  is  an  impossibility,"  is  an  unconditional, 
or  categorical  judgment  of  non-eaistcnce,  quile  diSerenl  from 
any  hypolhdical  judgment,  which  depends  on  the  condilioiB 
"  if  it  is  thought,"  or  "  il  it  exists,"  or  any  other  "  if."  On  the 
other  hand.  Ihe  view  of  Brentano  and  his  Ichod  b  contradicted 
by  these  very  eaiegodcal  judgments  eJ  non-exislence;  and  while 
il  appJies  only  to  categorical  judgments  of  edslence,  it  does 
■0  inadequately.  To  begin  with  the  lilter  objection,  Brentano 
proposed  to  change  the  four  Aiistoidian  forms  ol  judgment, 
A,  E.  1.  0,  into  the  following  eilstcntial  forms; — 
immortal  man," 


^»c;ooi^ic 


TUi  TccDDstructiiui,  «Ucti  mecgn  rablNt  and  pmlkxtc  in  ode 
cipieuiMi,  Id  Didec  to  combine  it  vilb  tlu  vab  of  eiuicncc, 
la  rtputed  in  simiUr  pn>poul»  of  recent  ^''"j''«^  logidADL 
Venn,  In  Jus  SymbclU  Logic,  prDposea  the  four  fonzu,  :^*o, 
xy—o;  iy>o,  sy>o  (where  y  meui  "noT-ji"),  but  only  m 
»JlBiiuUve  (o  it«  ordinuy  fotna.  flndley  ujn  th«[  "  '  S-P 
it  re*]'  nttribulet  S-F,  dircctljr  □[  indirectly,  to  the  iiltinutc 
renjity,"  end  >£t«i  with  Brentnno  thnt  "  '  is  '  never  ilands  for 
■nytbing  but  '  ejiists  *  ";  whiJe  Bosanquclj  who  followi  Bnd£ey, 
go«a  ta  far  u  to  define  n  cfttegaricni  Judgment  as  "  that  which 
affitma  the  eii&tencc  of  iti  subject,  or,  in  other  words,  UKits 
'    fjow  it  is  true  that  our  piimafy  judgmcnla 


licfss 


il  in  the  ■ 


ig  existing  is  particularty 
dcttrmined.  Bnntino's  fonaa  do  not  eipresi  such  a  judgment 
ol  tiistcncc.  as  "  All  eristing  men  an  moilil ":  noi  doo 
Bradley's  (orm,  "Reality  includes  S-P."  Metaphysically,  all 
realities  are  pans  of  one  ultinute  reality;  but  logically,  even 
phkloic^hen  think  more  often  only  of  finite  realitiea,  existing 
men,  dap,  hones,  tt£.;  and  children  know  thai  their  parents 
oust  long  before  they  apprehend  ullimate  reality.  The  normal 
form,  then,  of  a  judgment  o(  existence  iseither  "  S  is  a  real  P," 
or  "  A  real  S  is  P."  Hence  the  monslruction  of  all  catcgwical 
iudgments  by  mergjngsubjcct  and  predicate,  dtber  on  Brenlano's 
or  on  Bradley's  plan,  is  a  misrepresentation  even  ol  normal 
categorical  judgments  of  existence.  Secondly,  it  is  much  more 
a  misrepreseDtation  of  categorical  judgments  of  non-exlslence- 


LOGIC  tlUDOMSMT 

ParHc^ar  ««<  UiUtatd  /odgMeMi.— AriKotle,  by  dis- 
tinguishing affiimatlve  and  negative,  particular  and  universAi 
made  the  fourfold  classification  of  judgments.  A,  E,  1  and  O 
the  foundation  both  of  opposition  and  of^iofereiKe.  With  rcprd 
to  inference,  be  remarked  thai  a  univenal  judgment  means  by 
"all,"  not  every  individual  we  know,  but  every  individual 
absolutely,  so  that,  when  il  becomes  a  major  premise,  we  know 
therein  every  individual  univnsaiiy,  Dot  individually,  and  ollen 
do  not  know  a  ^ven  Individual  individually  until  we  add  a 
minor  premise  in  s  sylloiism.  .Whereas,  then,  a  particular 
judgment  is  a  bcUef  that  some,  &  univenal  judgotent  is  a  bclid 
that  all.  the  individuals  o{  a  kUul  oi  total  el  similar  indindaals, 
arc  similarly  delermined,  whetlm  they  an  kaon  or  unknown 
individuals.  Now,  as  we  have  already  saen,  what  is  sagnificd  by 
the  subject  may  beeiistiagornot,  utdbieiihetaiaaiudjoDcDi 
remains  calegoricsl  so  long  as  It  la  a  belief  wil 


3t  believe 


reality  includes  a  centaur.  As  Mill  pointed 
implied  that  a  cenlaur  exists,  since  the  very  thing  asserted  is 
that  the  thing  has  no  real  existence.  In  a  comspondencc  vilb 
Mill,  Brentaoo  rejoined  that  the  centaur  exists  in  imaginalioai 
Bradley  says,  "  inside  our  heads."  According  to  one.  then, 
Ibe  judgment  becoma  "There  b  an  imaginary  cenlaur"; 
according  to  the  other  "  Reality  includes  an  Imagjiaiy  cenOui." 
The  rejoinder,  bowevtr,  though  p^x\^y  true,  is  not  to  the  point. 
The  idea  of  (he  centaur  does  edsl  ia  our  iraaginatiDn,  and  inside 
our  heads,  and  the  name  of  it  in  our  nwuibs.  But  tbe  point  is 
that  the  centaur  conceived  and  named  does  not  exist  beyond  the 
idea  of  it  and  tbe  name  for  il;  it  is  not,  like  a  man,  a'  teal  thing 
which  is  neither  the  idea  of  it  nor  the  name  for  it.  No  amount  of 
subtlety  will  remove  tbe  diCerence  between  a  oilcgotical  judg- 
ment of  Bxtslencci  ex  "An  existing  aaa  a  tnottal,"  and  a 
categorical  Judgment  of  DOB-eiisteiice,  e.g.  "  A  CDSCcivable 
centaur  is  a  fiction,"  because  in  the  former  we  bcUeve  and  mean 


mcnis  about  real  men 
the  lormer 


cntal  a 


IS  that  bel* 


judgments  .about 
lOids  in  (he  nalu: 


:n  judg- 


non-cxistencc,  men  "  is  "  wiu  not  oe,  as  nramey  supposes,  the 
same  as  "exists,"  lor  we  use  "is"  in  both  judgments,  but 
"exists"  only  in  the  Gist  kind,  Bosanquet's  definitiou  ol  a 
categorical  judgment  contains  a  similar  confusion.  To  assert 
a  lact  and  to  afBnn  the  existence  oi  a  subject  are  not,  as  he 
makes  out,  Ibe  same  thing:  a  judgment  often  asserts  a  fact  and 
denies  existence  in  the  same  breath,  i.i.  "Jupiter  is  non- 
existent." Here.asusual  in  logic,  tradition  it  belterlhao  innova- 
tion. AU  categorical  judgment  is  an  uncondilional  belief  in  tbe 
fatt,  signified  fay  the  copula,  that  a  thing  of  some  sort  is  (or  is 
noil  determined;  but  tome  categorical  judgments  are  also 
beliefs  that  the  thing  is  an  existing  thing,  signified  either  by  the 
subject  or  by  tbe  predicate,  while  others  are  not  beliefs  Ihat  the 
thing  exists  al  all,  but  ate  only  beliefs  in  something  conceivable, 
or  nameable,  or  in  something  or  other,  without  partitnlariiing 
what.    Judgment  then  always  signitjes  being,  but  not  always 


human  in  their  lore- 
iquine  in  tbeiT  hind- 
while  the  .two  first 


ire  also  categorical  jutL_ 
ibvious  applicatwns  of  Aristotelian  traditions  have  been  recently 
:hallenged,  ctpecially  by  Sigwarl.  who  holds  in  his  £«(ic  (sees. 
'7,  ifi)  that,  while  a  particular  is  a  categorical  judgment  ot 
sislence.  a  universal  is  hypothetical,  on  the  ground  thai  it 
loea  not  refer  to  a  deBnile  number  of  individuals,  or  to  in- 
ividuals  at  all,  but  rather  to  gcnerll  Ideas,  and  that  the  appro- 


priau 


Jl  M  is  P  "  ; 
h  has  influenced  m 


only  Germ 


iS  Venn,  Bradley  and  Bosanquet,  destroys  the 
labnc  ol  mference,  and  reduces  scientific  laws  to  mere  hypnThrsn 
In  reality,  however,  particular  and  universal  judgments  an  loo 
closely  connecled  lo  have  such  dtSenni  imports.  In  <qqiosition, 
a  categorical  patticutu  a  the  coolradictoty  ol  a  universal, 
which  b  aba  cal(«atical,  ut  hypaihetical.c.f.,  "not  all  M  isP" 
is  the  contrsdictoi?  of "  all  M  isP,"nDtol  "  if  anything  is  U  il  is 
P."  In  inference,  a  particular  is  an  example  of  a  universal  whidi 
in  its  turn  may  beronn  a  particular  eiample  of  a  higher  univetsal. 
For  instance,  in  the  bislory  of  mechanics  it  was  first  infeired 
fram  some  lhat  alt  terrestrial  bodies  gravitate,  and  then  liom 
these  IS  some  Cbal  all  ponderable  bodies,  termtrial  and  celtstial. 
gniviiate.  How  absurd  to  suppose  lhat  here  we  pau  from  a 
patliculir  categorical  to  a  univeiJal  hypothetical,  and  then  tnM 
this  very  condusioB  u  a  particular  caiegoritnl  to  pass  to  a  bigber 
universal  hypotbelical  I  Sigwait,  indeed,  is  deceived  boib  about 
panicuUre  and  univenals.  On  (be  one  hand,  some  particubn 
are  not  judgments  ol  existence,  e.g.  "some  imaginary  deiiics 
are  goddesses";  on  the  other  hand,  some  universali  ate  not 

Neither  kind  is  always  a  judgment  ol  existence,  hut  each  a  some- 
times tbe  one  and  somelimes  tbe  other.  In  no  case  b  a  uoiveisal 
hypothetical,  unless  we  think  it  under  a  condition;  for  in  ■ 
universal  judgment  alnul  the  non-existing,  t.i.  about  all  con- 
ceivable centaun,  we  do  not  think,  "  II  anything  is  a  centaur." 
because  src  do  not  believe  that  there  are  any;  and  in  a  universal 
judgment  about  the  existent,  e.g.  about  all  exiting  men.  wc  do 
not  think,  "  It  anything  is  a  man,"  because  we  bdieve  that  there 
is  a  whole  dass  ol  men  oisting  at  diBerent  times  and  places. 
The  cause  of  Sigwart's  error  is  his  misconception  of  "  alL"  So 
far  as  he  follows  Arisioile  in  saying  lhat  "  all  "  does  not  mean 
a  definite  number  of  individuals  he  is  right;  but  when  he  says 
that  we  mean  no  individuals  at  all  be  deserts  Aristotle  and  goes 
wrong.  By"  all  "  we  mesa  every  individual  whatever  ol  a  kind: 
and  when  liom  the  cxperietice  of  sense  and  memory  are  Stan 
with  particular  judgments  of  exialence.  and  infer  univciul 
judgments  of  existence  and  adeniific  laws,  we  further  mean  those 
existing  individusli  which  ire  have  eipeiienctd,  and  every 
individual  whaleverof  the  kind  which  exists.  We  mean  ndiher 
a  definite  number  of  Individuals,  nor  yet  an  infinite  number,  but 
aa  incalculable  number,  whether  experiences  or  inlerred  to 
exist.  We  do  not  mean  existing  here  and  now,  nor  yel  out  of 
tint  and  place,  but  at  any  time  and  idace  {ftmpv  a  aWfMc) — 


JODCUEHTI 


LOGIC 


889 


u  •implji  (dnidf,  br 


put,  prcMoI  uid  latBie  bdnf  tnMcd 

wluit  lagkCDnA  tued  to  rvU  tmpponiio  naturaas.  we  mcui  inn 
by  "  aU  ^lialmg  "  every  limjlar  tndiTiduA]  wlutnr«r,  Tfacnever, 
•od  wherever  eiiitiiig.  Hence  Sigwut  it  right  is  uying  that 
"  Ml  bodies  are  enended  "  aaa  "  Whitevel'  h  ■  body  ii 
Htendrd,'^  but  wrong  la  identifyiog  this  Torm  with  "  II  KoythLn; 
1)  a  body  it  ii  eiirodcd."  "  Whatever  "  ii  not  ■'  if  aayihing." 
Fat  the  ume  reajon  it  is  emmeoui  lo  gddIuk  "all  caistin^'* 
with  a  general  ida.  Nor  doei  the  use  of  ahatract  ideas  anit 
terms  make  any  differeDce.  When  Bosanquet  says  thai  io 
"  Heal  IS  a  tnode  of  motSoa  "  there  is  no  lefeleDce  10  individual 
objects,  bn  "  ■  pure  hypothetiol  form  which  absolutely 
neglects  the  ejdstence  of  objects,"  he  faBs  far  short  of  expressing 
thenalureof  this  scientific  Judgment,  form  his  TktBrye}  Heat 
Clerk  MaiwEQ  describes  it  as  "  bdievlng  heal  is  it  eiists  in  > 
hot  body  lo  be  in  Ihe  form  of  kmelic  energy  "  As  Bacon  would 
say,  it  IS  a  belief  that  all  individual  bodies  jta  bot  are  individuany 
but  nrmlaify  moving  m  thcii  particles-  When,  again,  Brvdlcy 
and  Besanqucl  qicak  of  the  universal  as  U  it  always  meant  one 
ideal  content  referred  to  reality,  they  forget  that  in  umvenal 
judgments  of  eiisteace,  such  as  "  All  men  esJstini;  are  mortal," 
we  beheve  that  every  individually  enaling  man  dlra  his  own 
death  individually,  though  stmilaiiy  to  other  men;  and  that  we 
are  thinkmg  neither  of  ideas  nor  of  reality;  but  of  all  enstCDt 
individual  men  being  individually  but  sunilarty  determined-  A 
nmversai  is  indeed  one  whole;  but  It  is  one  whole  oS  many  , 
similan,  which  are  not  the  same  with  one  another.  TMs  il 
Indeed  the  very  essence  of  distribution,  thai  a  univeml  is 
ptedicaUe.  not  sin^y  or  collectively,  but  (everally  and  iimilarly  of 
each  and  every  individual  oE  a  kind,  or  total  of  similar  individuals. 
So  also  the  essence  of  a  universal  judgment  is  that  every  in< 
dividual  of  The  kind  is  severally  hut  simHarly  determined. 
Ftnal^,  a  universal  judgment  is  often  eaisleotial;  but  whethtf 
it  is  so  or  not  it  remains  categorical,  so  long  as  it  inttDducc*  BO 
hypothetical  antecedent  about  the  auBtcnce  of  tile  IhiOE  algnlfied 
by  Ihe  subject.  It  b  true  that  even  in  Dnivinttl  Judgments  d[ 
eiistence  there  is  often  a  hypothetical  element;  for  eumple, 
"  AD  men  are  mortal "  contains  a  doubt  whether  every  man 
wbitever,  whenever  and  wherever  oisliiiK,  mml  die.  But  this 
b  only  a  doubt  whether  sU  Ihe  things  signified  hy  the  subject  are 
tlmilaily  determined  as  signified  hy  Ihe  predicate,  and  not  ■ 
doubt  wbellier  there  arc  such  thin^  at  all.  Hence  the  bypo- 
thetica]  element  is  not  a  hypothetical  antecedent  "  If  anylUng 
is  a  man,**  but  an  unceitain  conclusion  that  "  AH  czbtinfl  men 


4  TMc  Judgmtid  and  Ou  PnfarOm. — Judgment  In  genenl 
is  the  mental  act  o(  bdieviig  that  something  li  (oc  is  not)  deter- 
mined. A  i^opo^tioo  is  the  consequent  verbal  eapnadoa  of 
such  a  belief,  and  consists  in  asKTting  that  the  thing  ai  rigdflcd 
by  Ihe  subject  <s  (or  is  not)  delsmiiied  as  tlgnifled  by  the  pmS- 
nte.  But  the  espresBon  la  not  ncceauiy.  ScDnUm  im- 
(igiibly  produces  a  judgment  of  exUeiKC  irithout  needing 
language.  Children  think  kmg  befote  tbcy  ipcafc;  and  Indeed, 
as  mere  vocal  sounds  are  '■■       ■■---*■  *-      t_^ -t.^- 

a  word  signifit*  a  thing 

ID  eflect.  but  t  catne  of  ugnificant  language.    AI  any  late,  tna 
niouat  ajmrniS       '' ' 


hut  also  from  oui  own  adult 

thought  b  to  judge  enough 

language  b  to  speak  only  so  fa 

stood.    Hence  speech  is  only  a  curtailed 

Sometimes  wo  express  a  whole  judgment  by  one  word,  t-i. 

"  Fifel "  01  by  a  phrase,  !.[,  "  What  s  irel  "  and  only  usually 

by  a  proposition.    But  even  the  normal  prapotitlon  io  the  syllo- 

(blic  form  UrlU  adjacnlii,  iriib  subject,  predicate  and  copula, 

U  seldom  a  complete  cxpieuieo  of  the  judgjncnt.  The  consequence 

Is  that  the  propcsition.  being  different  from  a  Judgment  stuing 

after  a  judgment,  and  remaining  an  imperfect  copy  of  Judgment, 

li  only  a  nipcrfidal  evidence  ol  it*  real  nature.    Foitiu»le(y, 


we  havemcre  profound  evidcDcea,  and  at  leal 
all.  the  linguistic  eipresion  of  belief  in  II 
consdutsness  of  what  we  mentally  believci  1 
naaoning,  iriilch  show*  what  we  muM  believe,  and  ha 
as  data  for  inference.  In  these  ways  ve  find  that  a 
is  both  different  flam,  aud  nunc  than,  a  propositlan.  1 
logiciaas,  althougb  they  pcndve  the  diSereoce,  neverl' 
lo  nuke  the  propositiati  the  measure  of  the  judgment.  This 
mika  them  omit  sensory  JudgiHCnls,  and  count  only  Ihose 
which  require  ideas,  and  even  geneial  ideas  expressed  in  general 
terms.  Sigwart,  for  esample,  giv<*  as  instances  of  our  most 
elementary  judgments,  "  Ttus  is  Socrates,"  ^  This  Is  snow  " — 
bcUefs  in  Ihings  existing  beyond  ourselves  which  require  consider- 
able inferences  from  many  previous  judgments  of  sense  and 
memory.  WoiKalill,  logidaiu seem  unable  to  keep  the  judgment 
apart  from  the  proposition.  Uerbart  say*  Ihat  the  Judcmcnl 
"  A  b  B  "  dors  not  contain  the  usually  added  thought  (hat  A  b, 
because  there  b  no  statemecl  of  A's  eilsEcnce;  as  if  Ihe  state- 
ment mattered  to  the  tiiought.  So  Sigwart,  in  order  to  reduce 
universals  ID  bypolhelicals,  while  admitting  that  existence  ii 
usually  thought,  usues  that  it  b  nol  staled  in  the  univenal 
judgment;  so  also  Boianquel.  But  in  tbe  judgment  the  point 
b  ttDC  wbat  we  state,  hut  what  we  think;  and  so  long  a*  the 
ealttatce  od  A  b  added  In  thought,  the  judgment  la  qncMkui 

and  therefore  b  a  Judgment  that  Bomething  b  detesmiDed  botb 
as  cliMing  and  in  a  pattkulaT  n 
affects  the  prapotftion;  and  w' 
o(  the  thing,  tbe  bcUaf  ia  a 

'  Ihe  pruwtitias  Mated 
d  a  leaf  lo^ricx  Hi  lad ,_ ^ 

biiguige aU  that  Is implidlly CDfltalned  laOie'lhaiiihl."  Not  that 
men  should  or  can  carry  thb  kxical  poatulate  out  m  ordiaary  Ufe; 
but  It  la  DCGcaaaiy  Id  the  laical  analyiis  of  judgoifSitB,  and  yet 

logidBBS  aeglecc  a.    Thb  b  why  tbcy  confuse  thecal 

the  universal  with  the  hypochellcal.    Taking  Ihe  a 
pressed  pfopoakloaB  of  oedlnan  life,  tliey  dr  ""*  ~ 


SaJin KcyneiVfo™! ia(ii).  Butoiui— 
(be  first  itnperfet^ly  eapiBsca  m  atcTo"™!  br 
tbe  secood  in  tNnkahle  Uiinn,  and  the  thin 
-~     -     '  'ipahcd  categorknl  ei 


times  tUnk  It.  Usually  we  leave  the  predicale  indelalle.  6eeauae, 
as  long  as  tbe  tUna  la  questba  Is  (or  Is  nM)  determiaed,  it  does 
not  matter  abosi  oUier  things,  and  it  ■  vain  (srn  to  try  u  think 
all  things  at  onca.  It  u  nmarlMbb  thai  b  JaHom.  and  therefore 
In  many  srientilic  diduaiens,  to  think  the  quanlily  of  Ilie  ptslicau 
b  DOC  in  tbe  poott  either  In  the  premisn  or  in  the  conduiloB :  so 
that  u>  quancKy  the  pnipoiitiiiM.  as  HanujtaD  pioBinH.  would 

Judgment*,  and  tharden  hi  propantigns,  indeioUe  pndicatca 
are  the  nib.  quantised  piedialt*  the  eicEpIiiio.  Coasequently, 
A  E  I  O  aiv  the  ngrmal  pnpgaitians  with  ladeiahe  pRdkatea; 
wbenas  wiipoiitions  with  qmntlitodpiradimea  ue  enly  eccaiieml 

quantilyof  the  predicate,  e.^.  (1)  in  convetilon,  when  we  must  think 
^1  all  men  are  some  aninult  ui  ecder  to  Jih^  that  some  aiumsls 
arc  oen:  (1)  la  ^logiuia  of  the  Bd  inre.  wliea  the  piedicala 
tl  the  aknt  yn  labi  bur  he  paittculaily  qaaadfad  in  thoughi 
in  oidei  to  bacao*  the  particularly  quaatued  subjicl  of  (he  coo- 
clusoni  (3)  in  Sdeolical  propoations  Induding  definilioDS,  where 
wemuM^nk  both  that  1 +  1  are  1  and  i  are  T  +  i.  BM  Ihe 
narmal  judgment,  and  IbcKfa*  Ibe  Denial  profroritiotl,  do  b« 
nqDin  the  qosmlty  d  the  pndicatt.  It  foUows  sbs  thw  the 
Dinnal  iudgment  ii  nut  an  equatlno.  The  symbol  of  equahty  (-1 
h  not  lie  same  as  the  copula  (is);  It  meioj  "  ii  equal  to. '  *htre 
"equal  to"  bpirt  of  the  fniicMtr,  leaving  'b"^ as  tbe  eopala. 


890  LOGIC 

Now.iiiMBiuiliniHH  wcllimt"  U,"1«j 
*  fiqiu]  to.  Jn  qiiantiUtJvv  jud[inci 
■1  Boole  propoKt»  r^vy^^,  or,  u  J< 

Vtnn  pn^naei,  x  whidi  !■  not  J— o;  hi 

ibing  signified  bv  the  lubwct  is  a  U^nf  licaified  tff  titt  prtdidln 
but  iLD(  tlul  it  u  (lie  oidy  thiHEi  or  equu  to  everj'tfaiiiB  wniibccl 
by  the  predicate.  Tbe  lymbolic  ]ll|ie,  wbldl  conliua  ''■>  nth 
*'  iA  equal  to,"  having  inirodoced  I  |]atticii1ar  kidd  of  predicate 
into  tbe  eopuU,  faLU  into  Ihe  mLttkke  <d  nducuw  all  predualion 
to  the  one  category  at  the  qiiuulLative;  wbenai  it  11  aore  often 
Id  th*  aubitAAtiu,  Af,  "  lamiiDU,"  Dot  "  I  iina^ua]  to  a  man," 
or  in  the  qiaalltativ^  rf, "  1  am  wtnte,"  not "  f  ub  etjua]  lo  while," 
or  in  the  relative,  e.f,  ''I  an  bom  in  no,"  not  "  J  an  equal  to  bom 
iDidn.'  PiHficalkifl,aiAriiui(le>aw,i>uvariotna>lbecattgimee 
ol  btiflf.  Finally,  the  neat  diJlicDlly  at  Ihe  lofic  oC  jiiit(ne«  1> 
to  find  the  mcDCal  act  Behind  the  hnfubtic  ertiTr—ion,  to  ajcribe 
to  it  exactly  what  ii  thouBhl,  Qeilhei  more  not  leia.  and  to  apply 
thejudEmcnt  thought  to  the  logical  propoeition,  wilhouc  expectmg 
to  bud  jt  in  ordinary  pEOpontionL  Beneath  HamiElon'a  poitulate 
there  u  ■  deeps-  pnnciiile  of  logic — A  ralunwi  Anag  Ikints  tn. 
liepaUU,aM^lpCBimhl»miitraajiiaiiditiBiitraatd. 


uUjk 


TIm  nature  and  analyia  oi  infeiMcB  have  best  ■>  fully  ttalcd 
in  thfl  Introduclioa  that  ben  we  may  cDotBit  oundva  nth 
aomc  txKata  of  dctaiL 

1.  Fain  Vitwi  if  SyUotism  ariiitit  frum  Falit  Yiem  t[  Ji^l- 
tntiU. — The  faiflc  views  of  judgment,  which  we  have  t>eeD  examli^ 
inl,  hive  led  lo  false  views  of  infCKOce.  Os  tlia  ooe  hand, 
having  reduced  categorical  Judgments  lo  an  existential  form, 
Bieotano  ptopotes  to  teCoim  the  lyllogissi,  with  Che  niults  that 
it  must  contain  four  terms,  of  winch  two  ace  opposed  and  (wo 
■ppeai  twice;  that,  when  it  is  negative,  bolb  pnmisti  IK  nigk- 
tive;  and  thai,  when  it  is  affirmative,  one  premise,  at  least,  ia 
negative.  In  order  to  infer  the  universal  affirmaxive  that  eveiy 
pnfessoi  is  mortal  tiecause  he  is  a  map,  Breolano'i  ciiMential 
lyllogism  would  run  as  lollowi.-— 

Theie  ii  not  a  not-mottal  man. 

There  i>  Dot  a  not-human  profcHor. 

-'-There  is  not  a  not-mortal  professor. 

On  the  othn  band,  !I  on  the  plan  af  Sigwut  categorical  nniveruli 

were  reducible  lo  hypotbelicals,  the  same  Inference  would  be  a 

pure  hypothetical  syLlo^sm,  thus: — 

Tf  anything  ia  u  man  it  is  mortal. 

If  anything  lea  prclFsior  it  is  a  otan. 

. ' .  If  anything  is  a  profciBor  it  is  mortaL 

of  any  conscious  process  of  categorical  reasoning,  bieak  down  al 
once,  because  they  cannot  explain  those  moods  in  the  thlid  figure, 
i.f  -  Dvapti,  which  reason  fiom  universal  premises  to  a  paiticular 
conduuan.  Thui,  In  aider  lo  isfer  that  some  wise  men  are  good 
from  the  euunple  of  professors,  Siuitano's  ayOo^sm  would  be 
the   following   nftv-jequtur:-— 

There  ia  not  «  nB«-g1)0d  prcflMCr. 

Three  is  a  wise  good  (jvii-Hf^iifv), 
Sa  Sigwait's  syllogism  would  be  the  foUowing  me»-itj*ititr: — 

II  anything  li  a  peolwf,  tt  i>  fcnd. 

If  anything  is  a  profoe^.  it  is  wiae- 

SomelhiAg  wise  is  good  {nHMtgtiiari. 
But  as  by  the  adoiaiion  of  both  togitdans  theae  teconMractlons  of 
Darafii  are  iUo^cal,  it  foUawi  that  Ihcir  reapcctivg  reductions  of 
categorical  universals  to  ciistentials  and  Itypolhetlcab  are  filse, 
because  they  do  not  explain  an  actual  inference.  Sigwart  does 
not  indeed  shrink  from  this  and  greater  abmditieaj  be  reduces 
the  firvt  figure  to  the  moduM  ptmtm  and  the  seoood  10  the  sH^iir 
Minn  of  the  hypothetfcal  syllo^iiii,  and  IbetJ,  finding  no  place  for 
the  third  figiue,  deniei  that  it  can  infer  necessity;  wheteaa  ll 
Rally  infeo  the  neccHaiy  cooicquaicc  of  puticular 
Bill  tbe  cinwning  tbsnrdity  li  Ihal,  If  aD  unimials 
thetical,  Barbara  in  the  fiilt  figute  would  txcoma  a  poi^ 
hypothetical  —"----  •■' 


faypotbois.     No  logic  can  b«  aound  which  lead*  lo  Uw  following 

If  anylhinf  is  a  body  it  is  extended. 

If  anything  is  a  plaiKt  it  is  a  body 

If  anything  la  a  planet  it  is  exteiued- 

Sigwait,  Indeed,  has  missed  ihe  essenliil  diBcitnce  between  llie 

categotieal  and  the  hypoibelical  cooalruction  of  syllogisms.     In  a 

categorical  tyllagism  of  tbe  but  figure,  the  majoi  premise, 

"  Every  M  whatever  ii  P,"  ia  s  univcnal,  which  wi  believe  m 

account  ol  pitvious  evidence  without  any  condition  about  Ibc 

thing  lignlBed  by  Ihe  subject  M,  which  we  uoiply  believe  aome- 

ff.[  "  Every  man  eiiil 


I  (..r. 


Everj 


premise. "  S  ts  M,"  establishes  no  part  ol  the  majot,  but  add*  the 
evidence  of  a  particular  not  thought  of  in  the  major  at  *11  But 
in  a  hypothetical  syliogLun  of  Ihe  ordinary  miied  type,  the  fini, 
or  hypothetical  premise  is  a  conditional  belief,  r.f-  "  II  any- 
thing is  M  it  ia  P,"  containing  a  hypothetical  antecedent,  "  If 
anything  is  M,"  which  is  somclincs  a  hypothcaia  of  ezisi- 
cncc  (eg,  "  If  anything  is  an  angel "),  and  sometlnua  a  iQipt^ 
thesis  of  fact  (e-g.  "II  an  exialing  man  is  wise");  and 
Iha  second  pmnisc  or  aasumplion«  "  Something  is  M,"  calal^ 
lishea  part  of  the  first,  namely,  the  hypothetical  anteccdentf 
whether  aa  regards  cxisteocc  (e.g.  "  Something  is  an  anfel "), 
or  a*  rcganls  (act  (e.g.  "This  eiisting  man  ia  wiie"}. 
Thcle  very  difleient  lelatiOBS  of  premises  are  ol>lilcnlcd  bf 
Sigwart'a  false  teductioD  of  categorical  univeiuls  to  hypo- 
Iheiicala.  But  even  Sigwan's  enon  are  ouldone  by  LoUc,  wbo 
not  only  redncea  "  Every  Mi»P"so"IlSiiM,  Sia  P,"  bu 
proceeds  to  reduce  this  hypothetical  to  the  disjimctive,  "  If  S  ia 
M,  S  is  ?■  or  P  or  F*,"  and  finds  fault  with  Ihe  AriBtoteUan  lyllo- 
giam  because  it  contents  ilself  with  inferring  ^  S  is  F  "  without 
showing  what  P.    Now  there  are  occasions  when  we  want  10 

?■  or  P*,  and  to  conclude  that "  S  is  a  particular  P  ";  bul  ardu- 
arily  all  we  want  to  know  is  that  "  S  is  F  ";  s.g.  in  atilbmetic, 
thai  J-t-i  are  4,  not  any  particular  4,  and  in  life  that  all  our  coa- 
temporaiies  must  die,  without  enumsating  all  their  particular 
sorts  of  deaths.  Lotie's  mistake  a  Ihe  same  aa  that  of  Hamilloa 
about  Ihe  quanlilicBliaB  of  tbe  predicate,  and  that  of  those 
symbolists  wbo  held  Ih^t  leasonisg  ought  always  to  exhautl 
all  alternative*  by  cqualioDS.  It  is  the  mistake  of  exaggeruing 
eictptional  into  iwrmal  foims  of  thought,  and  ignoring  the 
principle  that  a  rational  being  Ihiakt  only  to  the  point. 

I.  Qkori-jyUffflmr. — Beaide*  reconttructiona  of  the  ayUopstjc 
fabric,  we  find  in  recent  lope  attempts  to  extend  the  figures  of 
the  i^Dogism  beyond  thd  syllo^stic  rules-  An  t^d  enor  thai  w« 
may  have  a  valid  sytlogiam  from  merely  negative  premiss  (ci 
eK«iH6imv£0<nu),  king  ago  answered  fiy  Alexander  arid  Boethius, 
ia  tiow  revived  by  Lotie,  Jevoni  and  Bradley,  who  do  not  pa- 
cdve  that  the  supposed  lecond  negative  ia  Teally  an  a&nnatlvc 
containing  a  "  not  "  which  can  tmly  be  carried  through  the 

OM  d  the  extrmea,  thus: — 

The  jnat  w«  sot  unh*pp)I  [«it»lwi). 
Tbe  jua  are  Dot-rvcogmaed  tAfirmalim). 
.'.Some  Dot-iecogniied  are  not  unhappy  (ugafna)- 

B  infinite  ton  "  oDt-rccDgnlBed  "  in  tbe 


ji)  I 

No  M  ia  P, 
SianoCM. 
■-NvEbirSiMrM 


Jo  U  IS  P. 


Sat  (i)  oonduJti  with  »  _ ...  -       _ 

contingent  "  may  be,"  which,  at  Aristotle  nyi.  (In  "  nay  not 
be,"  and  therefore  mUI  (cri*  tclliplfr.     Tbtnme.una 


LOGIC 


891' 


ippOa  to  Schnppe^  toppoMd  lyflofiBa  bom  tws  putkolu 


wMiiP 
ikSkM. 


.»2V 


Tlw  odI]'  cUHcrciia  between  thcK  ud  Uu  pKviout  mmpln 
(ij  uidC))uUk*t,  whikiluMebiaktberuktctiiatlweiiisui** 
premiies,  Ukw  bn»k  Uiit  avuiiit  uDdUuibiiledmiddk.  EqiuJJy 
iiUicioui  ue  t*«  c>ibn  (tlcmpti  of  ScbuHM  ta  pntdnc*  »)rU»- 


i^f-"* 


In  the  Gnt  tlie  fdhry  is 

ttusion  caused  by  ihc  nan-icqmtv  from  a  negaiivc  prenu 
aa  iSimWive  condusiDn;  whSe  ibe  wrond  li  eitbn  ■ 
Tepetit[oD  of  the  premises  if  the  conduAJon  meuu  **S  ii  like 
P  in  being  M,"  or.  if  I[  mtmt  "Si)  P,"  >  nan-ir^Uv  00 
account  of  the  undistributed  middle.  It  must  not  be  thought 
that  this  tiifling  with  logical  rulea  bu  no  dTect.  The  Ust 
uippOKd  lyUogiiin,  namely,  that  having  two  iffinnitivi 
premoes  and  entailing  an  imdlsiributed  middle  in  the 
figure,  is  accepted  by  Wundt  under  the  title  "Intcre 
Comparison"  ( VirgltiikiiniiiJiluii),  and  fa  tupposed  by 
be  useful  fot  abstraction  and  ubsidia^y  ta  iDductlon,  uid  by 
Bounquet  to  be  useful  for  analogy.     Wundi,  for   ejample, 


aDOlhci  prembe  or  premises  to  the  effect  that  "S,  Q,  S,  are  Z, 
and  Z  is  (he  one  real  subject  of  M."  But  bow  ii  all  thii  to  be  got 
Into  the  second  figure?  Again,  WuBdt  and  B.  Erdmann  pnpoM 
new  moods  irf  lyllo^un  with  conveniMe  premises,  containing 
definitions  and  equitioia.     Wundt'i  Lefk  has  the  foUoving 


MyM 
NoSii 


(J)  JBd  Fig. 


t3)  jni  Fig. 


Now, 


.-No  S  i.  P. 


Coldii 


,.fu«bl. 


Meials 
.0  ay  from  Ihnc  premises,  "Gold  and  mcta] 
i*  slpiified  by  the  middle  term,"  is  a  mere  lepeiiiioij  ol  the 
ites,  to  My,  further,  that  "Gold  may  be  a  metal"  is 
lied,  ilie  logit 


is  the  contingent 


"Gold  mi 


a  the  question  quite  open,  and  tbciefore  there  11  no 
syllogism.  Wundt,  *ha  is  again  loUowed  by  Bosanquet,  alu 
supposes  another  syllo^sm  in  the  tbird  figuic,  under  the  title  of 
'Inference  by  Conneiion"  {VtrbauiiuitSidiliLii),  lo  be  useful 
for  induction.     He  propoaes,  for  example,  the  rallowiAg  pre- 

Gold,  ulver,  copper,  lead,  are  fusibde 

Gold,  ulver.  coppif ,  Lead,  aic  meula. 
Here  there  it  no  ayUogistk  fallacy  m  the  premises;  but  the 
quetijaa  is  what  syllogisuc  conclusion  c«n  be  drawn,  and  there 
Is  only  one  which  [allows  wiiboui  aa  illicit  process  oi  the  minor, 
namely,  "  Some  metals  ue  fusible,"  The  loanwnt  we  ittr  a  step 
furlhci  with  Wundi  in  (be  diiectionota  more  geneiaJ  conclusion 
(ejii  allioHrincrv  Sail),  we  cajtnot  infer  Irom  the  premises  ibc 
conclusion  desired  by  Wundt,  "MeUls  and  fusible  are  eoo- 
nected";  nor  can  we  inler  "All  meials  are  fusible,"  nor 
"Metals  are  fusible,"  nor  "Metals  nuy  be  fusible,"  nor  "All 
Mietal)  may  be  fusible,"  noranyasscnoryconclusieiigdctemiinale 

may  or  may  not  be  fucible,"  which  leaves  the  question  un- 
decided, to  that  there  is  no  syllogisin.  We  do  not  mean  that  in 
Wundt's  supposed  "  inferences  of  relation  by  comparison  and 

Gnt  kind  are  of  no  syllogistic  use  in  the  second  figure,  and  tlMse 
cf  the  second  kind  of  no  syllogistic  use  beyond  purticulai  cao- 
dutioosiDiheibirdfigure.  WhattheyreallyanlnUicinferences 
proposed  by  Wundt  is  not  premises  foi  syllogisin,  but  data  for 
inducliMi  parading  as  lyllngisDi.  We  must  paas  the  same 
seBteoce  on  Lotie't  attempt  to  extend  the  second  figure  of  the 
Vllogisin  fot  inductive  puipoics,  thus: — 

SisM. 

OisM. 

.-.  Every  Z,  wUiA  b  common  to  S,  Q,  R,  Is  M. 
We  coulil  not  have  a  more  flagrant  abuse  of  the  rule  Ifi  tile  ftui 

Mimsqui  in  cBudusuiu  quam  in  frarmiiiit.    As  we  see  from 


eqxcially  in  mathematical  equationa, 
obtainable  from  conTertibLe  premises 
EipRMcd  in  thoc  ways.  But  the  question  ii  how  the  premises 
mutt  be  thougbt,  and  they  must  be  thought  in  the  convene  way 
10  imduce  a  kigiial  conclusian.  Thus,  we  must  think  in  (i) 
'  All  P  is  M  "  lo  avoid  illicit  piocas  ot  the  major,  in  (1}  "All 
y  iss"  to  avoid  updittiibuLed  middle,  in  (j)  '''All  i  a  y"  lo 
avoid  illicit  pnxai  oI  il}e  minor.  Indeed,  it  is  the  very  essence 
of  a  coavectlble  judgment  to  think  it  in  both  orders,  and  espcci- 
ally  to  think  it  in  the  order  Eteccsiary  to  an  inference  from  It. 
Acnwdingly.  however  expressed,  the  syllogisms  quoted  above 
arci  at  tboaght.  ordinary  tyllo^sma.  (i)  being  Comalm  in  the 
tecmd  figure,  (s)  and  <j)  Barbara  in  the  fint  figure.  Aristotle, 
indeed,  wai  as  wcU  aware  as  German  logidans  of  the  force  of 
conveniM*  piemitei;  but  be  was  also  aware  thai  they  require 
no  ^>ecial  lyllogiBas,  and  made  it  a  piuni  that,  in  a  syllogism 
from  a  definition,  the  dc£mlioD  is  Ibe  middle,  and  tlie  irfnUam 
the  major  in  ■  oinveRiUe  m^oi  pfemise  of  Bartcrt  In  the  iiist 


Thei 


DiUgbl. 


«.lially) 


with  all  the  recent  allempts  to  extend  the 
syllogism  beyond  its  rules,  which  are  not  liable  to  exceptions, 
because  they  follow  from  the  nature  of  syllogistic  inference  from 
universal  lo  piniculai.  To  give  the  rmaie  of  syllogbm  to 
inferences  which  inlringe  the  general  rules  against  undistribufM 
middle,  illicit  process,  Iwo  negative  premises,  non-HjiBhii 
from  negalive  10  affirmalivc,  and  the  introduction  of  what 

quenlly  infringe  tbe  spedal  rules  against  aliirmative  condusioiis 
'versal  conclusions  in  Ibe 


].  Analylic  and  SynUulic  ITaiiicfiim.— Alexander  the  Com- 
nenlalor  defined  synthesis  as  a  progress  from  principles  10 
onsequcDcts,  analysis  as  a  regress  from  consequences  to 
irinciplcs;  and  Latin  lopdioi  preserved  the  same  distinction 
vlween  Ibe  frcpaiia  a  principiii  ei  princifiala.  and  the 
rtniiBi  a  trinnpialli  al  frincifia.  No  dislinctioa  is  more 
ital  in  tbe  logic  ol  inference  In  general  and  of  sdmlific  inference 
1  paiticuUri  and  yei  none  has  been  so  liiLle  understood,  because, 
hough  analysis  is  the  more  usual  order  of  discovery,  synthesis 
:  Ibit  of  instruction,  and  therefore,  by  becoming  more  tamibar, 
ends  lo  replace  and  obscure  Ibe  previous  analytK  Tbe  dblinc- 
ion,  however,  did  not  escape  Aristotle,  who  saw  that  a  pngressive 
lillogism  can  be  reversed  that:— 


I^pTBptJJio^  I 
All  M  i)  P 
All  S  |s  M 


AllpSiV 
All  S  a  P" 
-  IllSisM. 


(I) 
All  5  It  P 
'>)l  M  IS  S. 
ilMitP. 


Proceeding  fiom  one  order  to  tbe  otbcr,  by  converting  one 
of  the  premises,  and  tubslitatlng  the  condUBOn  as  premise 
for  the  other  premise,  so  as  to  deduce  the  latter  as  conclusion, 
a  what  he  caUs  circular  inference;  and  he  remarked  thai  the 
irocesi  is  filladous  unless  it  contains  propositions  wiuch  are 
:onvcrtIble,  as  In  cnaihemaiical  equations.  Further,  be  perceived 
hat  the  diHerence  between  Ibe  pngresave  and  regressive  orders 
attends  from  malbemalics  lo  physics,  and  thai  Ibere  are  two 


893 


W  (onicqiHat  fict  (JreC  li^  rMeyiatM.  mi  the  otbei 
regTcssiDg  a  posteriori  [rom  cooMqucsl  fact  to  reil  grouod 
(t  rsv  Art  veUoyiaiiii),  Fat  tnmple,  u  he  uyi,  tbe  iphericily 
of  the  moon  is  tbc  ttal  srouod  of  tlie  fut  cl  its  light  wauDf ; 
but  ire  ua  deduce  cither  Itom  the  otheii  4i  fdtuwi: — 

1.  Prepmiim,  1  J.  Kifrunn. 

Witt  i>  ■pherieal  nsK  Whit  mis  ii  iplwricil. 

Tlic  moon  u  tphericaL         j  The  nunn  ww«. 

These  two  kinds  of  syTlogisia  ue  lysthe&i  uid  uuiyaii  in  the 
Incienl  sense.  Deductian  is  uiilyiii  when  It  is  legrenlvc  Iiom 
consequence  to  r*»l  ground,  u  when  we  sterl  from  the  proposition 
that  the  adj[1eA  of  1  iriuigle  sre  equal  to  two  right  ajiglcs  and 
deduce  anilyiiciUy  thai  therefsie  (i)  they  are  equal  to  equal 
angles  made  hy  a  straight  line  standing  (A  another  straight 
tine,  and  (2)  such  equal  an^ea  arc  two  right  angles.  Deduction 
la  syntheiis  whenlt  is  progressive  from  real  ground  to  ODnsequeoce, 
aa  when  we  start  ffom  these  two  rcaolta  of  azialysis  as  prhicipleB 
and  deduce  aynthetlcally  the  propoaitioa  that  therefore  the 
angles  of  a  triangle  are  equal  to  two  ri^t  angles,  in  the  order 
lamDiar  to  the  student  of  Euclid.  But  the  full  value  of  the 
ancient  theory  of  these  processes  cannot  be  apprtdaltd  until 
we  recognise  ^at  as  Aristotle  planned  them  Ntwton  uied  thera. 
Much  of  tbe  Primifid  consists  of  syntbeticul  deductions  ftora 
definitions  and  uioms.  But  the  dlscovety  of  Ibt  ceaulpetal 
farce  of  tbe  plictts  to  the  sun  1*  an  analytic  deduction  from 
the  facta  of  their  niotlou  discovered  by  Kepler  to  their  real 
gmuDd,  and  It  so  slated  by  Newton  in  the  first  regnssive  order 
of  Ariiioile— P-M,  S-P,  S-M.  Newton  did  indeed  fiiw  show 
synthetically  what  kind  of  motiona  by  mechanical  lawi  have 
their  ground  in  a  centripetal  (one  varying  inversely  as  the 
square  at  the  distince  (ail  P  is  M);  hut  hk  next  step  was,  not 
to  deduce  synthetically  the  planetary  motions,  hut  to  make  a 
new  start  from  the  planetary  motions  as  facts  established  hy 
Kepler's  laws  and  as  exampla  of  the  kind  of  motions  in  question 
{all  5  is  T);  and  then,  hy  combining  these  two  premises,  one 
mechanical  and  the  other  astronomical,  he  analytically  deduced 
that  these  facts  oi  planetary  motion  have  their  ground  in  a 
centripetal  lorce  vsrying  inversely  as  the  squares  of  the  distances 
oi  the  plaaets  from  the  sun  (all  S  is  M).  (See  Prvuifia  I.  prop, 
ij  «  corolL  6;  HI.  Phaenomcna.  4-51  prop,  s.)  What  Newton 
ve  hy  analyus  that  the  planets,  revolving 


mical  laws 


by  Kepler'. 

such  as  by  mechanical  laws  aTe  consequences  oF  a  centripetal 
fOTce  to  the  sun.  This  done,  as  the  major  is  convertible,  the 
analytic  order— p.H,  S-P.  S-M— was  easily  inverted  into  the 
syutbetic  orde:— H.P.  S.M,  S-P;  and  in  this  progressive  order 
the  deduction  as  now  taught  begins  with  the  centripetal  force 
of  (be  sun  as  real  ground,  and  deduces  the  facts  of  planetary 
motion  as  consequences.  Thereupon  the  Newtonian  analysia 
which  preceded  this  synthesis,  became  forgotten;  unlQ  at  last 
' ■■     -     •     atglec  ling  the  J-rii    ■■      ' 


nNcw 


■  really  a  pun 


imple 


:e  bypothellcal  dedgi 
if  the  author  of  the  ssying  "  Hyfoiiria  mnijSiifit"  started 
from  the  hypothesis  of  a  centripetal  force  to  the  sun,  and  tbence 
deductively  eiplained  the  ficia  of  planetary  motion,  which 
reciprocally  verified  the  hypothesis.  This  gross  misrepi;eienta- 
lion  ha*  made  hypothesis  a  kind  of  logical  fashion.  Worse  still, 
Jevons  proceeded  lo  confuse  analytic  deduction  from  eansequence 
to  ground  with  hypothetical  deduction  from  ground  to  conse. 
gucnce  under  the  romnioa  term  "  inverse  deduction."  Wundt 
attempts,  but  In  vaia,  to  make  a  compromise  between  tbe  old 
and  tbe  new.    He  re-defines  analysis  in  the  very  opposilc  way 


Si  where: 


■y  de£ned  it 


IDgroun 


0  Wun 


gressive  process  of  lakin 

for  granted  a  pro. 

xisilion  and  d 

educing 

ence,  which  h 

eing  true  verifies  the  propositi 

then  divi 

es  It  into  tw 

ategorical,  th 

other 

hypothet 

u1.    By  thee 

legorical  he  mean 

d  the  ancient 

nalysis 

tromagi 

eo  proposilio 

By  the 

hypothet 

cal  he  means 

the  new-faogted 

malysis  from 

seven 

prnirmilirintriinriTninitlnilirfnpndtiftns.  ii  fiiminhjiiiirliisli 
sccoont  oI  the  £nt  ii  imperfect, 
re  genenl  piopositiaiis, 
insequeiKes,  but  the  real 
ids  of  the  glvoD  pnq»sitian;  while  his  additioa  of  the 
id  reduces  the  nature  of  analyms  to  the  utmost  confDstoii, 
IBB  hypothetical  deduction  la  piugiesslve  from  bypotbesB 


real  ground.  Tbtre  b  bileed  * 
in  iriiich  all  inference  is  from  gromd  to  cDoseqiMMC,  beeanit 
it  is  from  logical  ground  {priacifimm  eef  eKwrii)  ta  letfol 
consequence.  But  in  the  sense  in  which  deductive  analysis 
is  opposed  to  deductive  synthesis,  analysia  is  deductioa  fr^vn 
nal  conatqucnce  as  logical  ground  frinapiatum  as  frimafmm) 
coffwjcmdi)  to  real  ground  IfrindpiiaH  tssadi),  t.t-  fiotn  tlv 
consequential  fads  of  planetary  motion  to  their  real  grciund, 
i.e.  centripetal  force  to  the  sun.  Hence  Sigwart  is  undoubtedly 
right  in  riiRilngiiithing  analyus  from  hypothetical  deduction,  for 
which  be  proposes  the  name  "reduction."  We  have  only 
further  to  add  that  many  scientific  discoveries  about  sound,  beat, 
light,  colour  and  so  Forth,  which  it  is  the  faahioD  10  represent 
as  hypotheses  to  eiplain  facts,  are  really  analytkal  deductioits 
From  tbe  facts  to  tbeir  real  grounds  in  accordance  with  mechanical 
laws.     Recent  logic  does  scant  Justice  to  scientific  analysis. 

4.  InductMn. — As  induction  is  the  process  from  paiticnlars 
to  univcrsals,  it  might  have  been  thought  that  it  would  always 
have  been  opposed  to  syllogism,  in  which  one  of  the  rules  is 
against  using  particular  premises  to  draw  univcrBal  omdusions- 
Vet  Buch  is  tbe  passion  for  one  type  that  from  Aristotle's  time 
till  now  constant  attempts  hive  t>ecn  made  to  reduce  inductioa 
to  syllogism.  Aristotle  himself  Invented  an  inductive  ayUogsm 
in  which  the  major  (P)  is  to  be  referred  to  the  middle  (U)  by 

A.-Bi  C  magncu  (S)  are  all  magnets  whatever  (H). 

.-.  AH  magrws  whatever  (M)  attract  iron  (P). 
As  the  second  premise  is  supposed  to  be  convertible,  be  reduced 
tbe  inductive  (o  a  deductive  syllogism  as  follows. — 

Eveiy  S  is  P.  1       Every  SUP. 

Every  S  is  M  (coaveitibly].  Every  M  is  S. 

.-.  Every  M  ia  P.  I  .-.  Every  M  is  P. 

Ta  the  reduced  form  tbe  inductive  syllogism  was  described  hy 
Aldiich  as  "5yU«gimuii  n  Barbara  cujui  mintr  (i.e.  every 
M  is  S}  retiatw."  Whately,  on  tbe  other  hand,  praposed  an 
inductive  syltogiBm  with  the  major  suppressed,  thai  ts,  instead 
of  tbe  minor  premise  above,  he  supposed  a  major  prefnite, 
"  Whatever  belonga  to  A,  B,  C  magDeti  bel«igs  to  all."  Mill 
thereupon  mpposed  a  still  more  general  piemise,  u  assumption 
of  the  imifonnity  of  nature.  Since  Mill's  time,  howtvci,  the 
iogtc  of  bduction  tends  to  revert  towards  syllogisms  mon  like 
tbit  of  Arisloik.  Jevoni  supposed  induction  to  be  invene 
deduction,  disiinguiilied  from  direct  deduction  as  analysis  from 
synthesis.  (.{.  as  divialoii  From  multipU cation;  but  he  really 
meant  that  it  is  a  deduction  from  a  hypothesis  of  tbe  law  of  a 
cause  to  particulareSecia  which,  beingirue,  verify  the bypotheiii. 
Sigwart  declares  himself  in  agreeraeot  with  Jevons;  except  that, 
being  aware  of  the  difference  between  hypothetical  deduction  and 
mathematical  analysis,  and  seeing  that,  whereaB  analysis  {t.t-  in 
divinon)  leads  to  certain  condusions,  hypothetical  deduction 
Is  not  certain  of  tbe  hypothesis,  tie  arrives  at  the  mote  definite 
view  that  Induction  is  not  analysis  proper  but  hypothetical 
dedactlon, or"  reduction,"  ashepropDHSIOCallit.  Reduclioa 
be  defines  as  "  the  framing  oF  pcnslble  piimise*  for  given  pfS- 
poaitionB,  or  Ibc  construction  of  a  sytlogism  when  the  coDcluskin 
and  one  premise  Is  given."  On  this  view  induction  becomes  a 
reduction  in  the  form:  aU  H  is  P  (hypothesis),  5  is  H  (given), 
. ' .  S  is  P  (^vea).     The  views  of  Jevons  and  Sigwart  are  in 

iostead  ol  inferring  From  A,  B,  C  magnets  the  coBcluuoo  "  Th«e- 
fore  all  magnets  attract  iron,"  infers  from  (he  bypotbe^ 
"  Lei  every  magnet  attract  iron,"  to  A,  B,  C  ma^ets,  whose 
given  atlraction  verifies  the  hypothcsii.^  Accocdiac  to  botb. 


INFERENCEl  LOf 

■(■In,  Um  hypotkiii  tl  ■  kv  «id  whldi  Uw  pncoa  aiuu  - 
conuiiu  more  Ilun  ii  pment  in  lbs  puticulsi  diu:  uoutliag 
to  Jcvmu,  h  h  the  b/pothBu  ol  ■  liiT  Dl  a  uuw  from  which 
bduciioD  deduct*  particulu  iSccU;  ind  Nxotding  to  Sigwut, 
■  fajipotbaia  ol  the  grDund  from  whicb  the  ptnkidu  dila 

1  Kcordinl  to  luuvenal  Um.    LaiUy.  Wundt'i 

VKw  II  ui  lateiBLiDi  piece  ol  edeUkiun.  (at  he  auppoaa  thM 
bduction  begiiu  In  itae  lorm  ol  Ariiletle'i  ioductivt  lyllofim, 
S-P,  S-M,  M-P,  nod  becona  nn  inductive  mtbod  ia  the  lom 
o(  Jevou's  mvene  deduclioD.  or  bypMhclie^  deduction,  N 
uaJytii,  M-P,  S-M,  S-P.  In  deUU,  be  wppoKa  Uul,  *hU* 
(UI  "  iolcHna  by  compMiMii,"  which  he  tmacoialj  oUt  u 
iSimutiw  ■yllo^tm  in  the  mcmkI  Gfun,  ii  prelimiucy  to 
induction,  ■  •ecaod  "  infercDce  by  omiieiioB,"  which  be 
cnoncoutly  cnlli  ■  lyUogiam  In  the  ihicd  figuie  with  u  indelet- 
oiinMe  coaduiion,  i>  the  inductive  lyltofiHi  itMH.  lliii  klike 
AriHotle't  inductive  tyUnsivii  in  the  unoccaeu  ol  Unnj 
but,  while  on  the  one  hand  AuiDlte  did  not,  like  Wuodl,  coofuM 
it  with  the  ihicd  Agiiit,  on  the  other  hud  Wundt  doe*  sot,  like 
Ansiotle.  luppoie  it  to  be  pncticable  to  jet  inductive  dais  io 
wide  u  the  cbnveitible  premiK,  "AllSiiM,  udiUMi*  S," 
whicb  would  il  once  eitabliih  the  condiuion,  "All  U  i>  P." 
Wundl'i  point  ii  that  the  tooduiioD  of  the  inductive  lyUogiiBi 


»93 


iddeti 


R  connected."     Tbe  qi 


a  the 


"AUM.  .  .  .  , 
Wundt  aiuwcn  by  adding  in  inductive  mctliad,  which  involve! 
iavenini  the  inductive  lyUociuB  in  the  ityle  of  Aiatatk  into  i. 
deductive  lyllogiwn  luam  ■  hypotbcti*  in  the  ityk  ol  Jcvooi, 

(0  I  (1) 

S  !•  P.  I  Ewy  M  i*  P. 

S  i>  M,  S  ie  H. 

M  uid  P  m  connected.      |  . ' .  S  b  P. 

He  agree*  with  Jevoni  in  caUing  Ihli  lecand  trOetiua  Mulytkil 

deduction,  and  withJevoEiandSipnit  in  callinc  it  hypotbetlail 

deduction.    It  ii,  in  lact,  a  commoB  point  of  Jevou,  Sifwul  and 

Wundt  that  the  uaivenai  is  oot  really  a  coujualoa  inlencd  tnm 

given  particulan,  but  ■  hypothetic*]  majcr  praniie  from  wUch 

given  panicutui  are  inferied,  and  that  thl*  major  *«ntlipf 

pnauppoeitioni  of  cauut  ion  not  """'■"<  in  the  paniCBbin. 

It  ie  TWticeible  that  Wundt  quote*  Newtoa'*  dluovety  of 
the  CFDtripctil  Eorce  ol  the  planet*  to  the  tun  ai  in  inatance  of 
thi*  luppDted  bypolbelical,  analytic,  indocthtt  BMbod;  ai  if 
Newton's  analyiis  were  a  hypntbedaol  the  ceauipetal  force  to  the 
lun,  a  deduction  of  the  given  fact*  ol  pksctaiy  ntotion,  and  a 
vefi&cation  ol  the  jiypoibesii  by  the  glvm  facu,  and  u  if  euch  a 
procem  of  hypothetical  deductioa  could  be  identical  with  either 
aaalyiii  or  induction.  The  abuse  ol  this  inatance  ol  Newtonian 
ana^FiIi  bating  the  whole  oii^  of  the  current  confuuon  <d 
induction  with  deductiiin.  One  confnaioa  haa  led  to  inothet. 
Mill  confused  Newton'*  analytical  deduction  with  hypothetical 
deduction;  and  tbcreopon  Jevooi  cmfoed  Indoctloa  with  both. 
The  rouli  ii  that  both  Sigwait  and  V/vtit  ttantfoim  the  In- 
duclive  procen  ol  adducing  puticular  eiimpln  to  Induce  a 
universal  law  into  a  deductive  pnKei*  of  preiuppoaiat  a  univtnil 
law  ea  a  ground  to  deduce  paitkular  cUBequeocco,  BtJt  vt 
can  easily  eimcaleouraelves  from  theae  confiawn)  by  comparing 
induclloo  with  diffemt  kinds  of  deductioa.    The  point  about 


not  clana  we  on  ciperieDceonly  some  particulan  ludlvMually, 
yet  we  infer  all.  HenceinductioncaBDat  beicducedtoAlittotk'a 
Inductive  eyliogiim,  beciuae  eiperience  cannot  give  the  too- 
venible  premiK.  "Every  S  is  M.  and  every  M  is  S" ;  that  "AU 
A,  B,C  are  magnets  "  i*,  but  that  "  AU  magneU  an  A,  B,  C  " 
It  DOl,  a  lact  ol  eqieriencc.  For  the  aame  naton  inidnctkin 
cauwl  be  reduced  to  analytical  deductioa  ol  the  Mcond  kind  la 
the  fonn,  S-P,  M~S,  . ' .  M-P;  because,  thoo^  both  end  in 
a  universal  conclusion,  tho  limit* 
irom  such  inference  i*^*- 

Bvtty  experlHicrd  augnet 

Every  magntt  whatever  is  i 

Every  magnet  whatever  atl 


eiamiile  sbowt,  that  analytic  (itoceu  uans  from  the  idenlific 
knowledge  ol  s  univeiaal  and  convertible  law  (every  M  ii  F,  and 
every  P  is  U),  e^.  a  mechanical  law  ol  ail  cenuipetal  lorcc,  and 
end*  in  a  particular  application,  t.f.  thii  centripetal  force  si 
ptanete  (0  tbC  lun.  But  induction  cannot  start  from  a  knonB 
law.  Hence  it  is  that  Jevon*,  loUowcd  by  Sigwan  ud  Wundt, 
reduces  It  to  deduction  lium  a  hypothesii  in  the  form  "Let  every 
H  be  P,  S  b  M, . ' .  S  is  P."  There  is  a  auperfidsl  leKrahluice 
between  luduclioa  and  Ibis  hypothetical  deduction.  Both  in  a 
way  tiH  given  particulan  ai  evidence.  But  in  induction  the 
given  pattlculan  an  ike  evidence  by  which  we  discover  the 
uaivetta),  t-i.  particulu  macneU  atlrtcing  iion  are  the  otigin 
of  an  inlcrence  thai  all  do;  in  hypothetical  deduction,  the 
universal  is  the  evidence  by  whicb  we  eiplain  the  given  parti- 
cular!, as  when  we  tuf^nte  undulating  aether  to  eqjain  the 
facta  of  heal  and  light.  In  the  Conner  process,  the  given  parti- 
culan aie  the  data  fnni  which  we  infer  the  uoiv^ial;  In  the 
latter,  they  ate  only  the  contequent  facta  by  which  we  vetily  iL 
Or  rather,  there  an  two  u»e*  of  induction :  inductive  ditcovety 
before  deductioa,  and  inductive  verification  after  deductiOB. 
But  neither  use  of  induction  is  the  same  aa  the  deduction  itself: 
the  former  (vecede*,  the  latter  foUowi  iL  Lastly,  the  theory  ol 
Hill,  though  fiuquently  adopted,  (.g.  by  B.  Eidmann,  oecd  not 
detain  us  long.  Uott  inducticoia  aie  nad*  without  any  aastuap- 
tloQ  ol  the  unifotBity  ol  ni 
or  a  priori  or  pottuhted,  this  Uitc  every  «i 
njeol,  and  most  men  are  incapable  o(  judgment  on  w  univetiat 
a  scale,  when  they  are  quite  cqiable  of  inductioiL  The  lact  it 
that  tlu  unilotmity  of  natun  stands  to  induction  a*  the  tilona 
of  sytlofism  do  to  syllogism;  they  arc  not  premise*,  but  COik- 

aawaipointedoutini'ilyitfalJiiaJsnis,  and  afterwards  in  Venn'* 
Empifiecl  L^fc   The  axiom  of  contndiclioa  is  lut  ■  major 


of  deduction!  they  ua  oppctlte  ptocttttt,  ii  Aristotle  ngarded 
them  except  in  the  one  pasnga  when  he  wu  ledodng  the  lomei 
to  the  latter,  and  a*  Bacon  alwaya  itprded  them.  But  It  k 
eaiy  to  confuse  tbem  by  mhuttng  -..mpt^  o(  deduction  bw 
inductions.  Thu*  WbeweU  mistook  Ke^er"*  Inference  that 
Man  moves  in  BD  ellipte  for  an  induction,  tbou^  it  requind  the 
csmbinatioD  of  Tycho'i  and  Kepler'i  obtervalions,  as  a  minor, 
with  the  laws  ol  conic  sections  discovered  by  the  Greeks,  i*  a 
nujor,  premise.  Jevmu,  in  bis  Frimiifla  c^  Siima,  constantly 
makes  tfae  same  sort  of  niistake.  For  enunple,  the  infettncc 
Irom  the  (imilarity  between  solar  spectra  and  tbe  ipcctn  cl 
vatioui  gases  on  the  earth  to  the  eiiitence  o[  aimilai  gaiet  In  tbe 
sun.  Is  called  by  him  an  induction;  but  it  really  is  an  tnaJytical 
deduction  Irom  eSecl  to  cause,  thus:— 

Such  and  locfa  spectra  are  effccia  cf  vviaas  gasBs. 

Solar  spectra  ate  eflecti  of  thoK  gate*. 
In  the  same  way,  to  infer  a  machine  from  beating  the  regular 
tick  ol  a  clock,  to  infer  a  player  fiom  finding  a  pack  of  card* 

and  all  such  InfeROce*  from  pitent  eSecla  to  lauat  cauaet, 
though  they  tppeu  to  Jevon*  to  be  lyplcil  Induction!,  an  ital^ 
deduclioDs  whkb,  beMt!  the  odnor  prendw  Matins  the  pu> 
ticular  effect*,  lequira  a  nijor  prcoiiH  dtocoveted  iy  n  pievioat 
induction  and  itMing  tbe  gencnl  kind  dl  efkcli  ol  n  genenl 
kind  of  caoto.  B.  Enknun,  again,  ha*  inrented  an  inductioa 
from  puticular  ptediatia  to  a  totality  o(  pndkale*  vhkh  h* 
odk  "  ufiiaaia  IndnctloB, "  (IviiW  u  an  ennple,  "  Tin* 
body  bu  the  cnlour,  axunaiUHty  and  iftdic  grurity  ol  mag- 
ne!him;  tbcietottltkmasneriBn,"  But  tbk  lafcrcncaooatBiBa 
the  ttdt  major,  "  What  hat  a  dna  cokor,  kc,  k  mapeahun," 
and  k a lyllDfbm ol ncDgnltloB.  A  deduction  k olteo  Hfcean 
Induction,  in  '  '     '      ' 


894 


LOGIC 


deduction  camtalna  ■  Uv  In  ibt  imjur  with  the  pirtlaiton  in 
the  nioor  pnmiu,  md  infen  lyllegisticiUy  Ihal  th<  putkubin 
el  the  miaoT  hive  the  predicate  of  the  majoi  pcnniw,  wbcreu 
Indvclioo  xt»3  the  puiicului  nmply  la  Instinca  to  genertUte 
■  law.  An  iiialUble  lign  ol  in  intluction  is  tint  the  lubjecl  *ad 
picdiaitc  al  (be  univcml  condiukHi  m  nciely  Ihoae  of  the 
pinicidtr  inituica  lenenliicd;  <^.  "ThiM  mttneti  ilttacc 
iron, .-.  »U  do." 

Tliii  brbig)  m  to  iDother  bourx  at  emi.  Ai  m  have  ttm, 
Jevsnt.  Slgwirt  and  Wundt  all  think  that  induction  contains  a 
bfliel  In  uuutloD,  in  a  cauH.  or  groiuid,  which  ia  not  present  in 
the  paiticular  facts  of  experience,  but  b  contributed  by  a  hypo- 
iheui  added  ai  a  major  pieniiH  to  the  paiticulan  In  ORler  to 
explain  them  by  the  cause  or  ground.  Not  so;  when  an  In- 
duction is  causal,  Ihe  particular  instances  are  llteaity  beUeft  Id 
particular  tauics,  i.[.  "  My  right  hand  b  exerting  pttuuri! 
rtci|«ocally  with  my  left,"  "  A,  B,  C  magnets  attract  Inn  "t 
and  the  problem  b  to  generaliie  these  causea.  not  to  ialtoduce 
tbem.  Induction  b  not  introduction.  II  would  make  nO  difler- 
ence  to  the  form  of  induction,  il,  as  Kant  thought,  the  nellOn  of 
causality  b  a  priori;  (or  even  Kant  thought  that  il  la  already 
contained  in  ctperleDCe.  But  whether  Kant  be  right  or  wrong, 
Wundt  and  hii  acbod  are  decidedly  wrong  in  luppo^ng  "  suppte- 
mentary  notiona  which  an  not  contained  In  eiperience  iisell, 
but  ire  gained  by  a  pncen  of  logical  treatment  of  ihb  experi- 
ence  ";  as  il  out  b^iall  in  causality  could  be  neither  a  posteriori 
DOC  a  [aiori,  hot  beyond  eiperience  wake  up  in  a  hypothetical 
maior  premise  of  induction.  Really,  we  first  experience  that 
particular  rauaes  have  particular  effects;  then  induce  that 
causes  sioular  to  those  have  effects  similar  to  theses  finally, 
deduce  that  when  a  particular  cause  of  the  kind  occurs  it  hat  a 
particular  effect  of  the  kind  by  synthetic  deduction,  and  thai 
when  a  particular  eHecl  of  the  kind  occurs  it  hal  a  pirttcolai 
cause  of  the  kind  by  analytic  deduction  with  a  convertible 

motioiis,  analytically  deduced  a  centripetal  force  to  the  sud  like 
centripetal  forceg  to  the  earth.  UoiTover,  causal  induction  is 
iuell  both  syDlhetlc  and  analytic;  accoiding  as  eipeiiment 
combinea  elements  Into  a  compound,  or  resolves  a  compound  into 
elements,  Et  is  the  origin  of  a  synthetic  or  an  analytic  generaliaa- 
Udd.  Not.  however,  that  all  induction  is  oiubI;  but  where  it 
b  not,  there  is  atm  leas  reason  for  making  it  a  deduction  from 
hypotiusis.  When  from  the  fact  that  Ihe  many  crows  b  our 
experience  are  black,  we  induce  the  probability  that  all  crowi 
whatever  are  black, (he  belief  in  the  partkulars  b  quite  inde- 
pendent of  this  univenal.  How  then  can  thb  nnivmal  be  called, 
■s  Sigwart,  for  example,  calb  it,  the  ground  from  which  these 
particulars  loUowP  I  do  not  believe  that  the  crows  I  have  seen 
are  black  because  all  crows  are  black,  but  vke  vena.  Sigwart 
timply  inverts  the  order  of  our  knowledge.  In  all  faiduction,  as 
Aristotle  said,  the  pttticulais  an  the  evidence,  or  ground  of  our 
knowledge  (^rnci^iin  atpmiandi),  of  the  univcrsL  In  caunl 
bduction,  tbe  paillculars  further  contain  the  cause,  or  ground 
of  the  being  (.priHiipium  aicndi),  of  the  effect,  as  well  as  the 
ground  ol  our  indudng  the  Uw.  In  ili  induction  the  universal 
Is  the  coBcluiion,  la  none  a  mijot  premise,  and  ia  none  the 
ground  of  either  (he  being  or  the  knowlcg  el  the  particulars. 
Inducikia  is  geseralitatioD.  It  b  not  lyOogisni  in  the  form  of 
Aristotle's  or  Wundc't  Inductive  sySo^sm,  because,  though 
Starling  only  from  some  particulars,  it  concludes  with  a  universal; 
U  b  not  syllogism  In  the  form  called  inverse  deduction  by  Jevons, 
reduction  by  Sigwart,  Inductive  method  by  Wundt.  beause  It 
often  1isc«  particular  facts  of  causation  to  infer  universal  laws 
ol  causation;  It  ia  not  syQagism  in  the  form  of  Mill's  syUogism 
from  a  belief  In  uniformity  of  nature,  because  few  men  have 
believed  in  unifomily,  but  all  have  faiduced  from  particulars 
to  nnlversab.  Bacon  alone  was  right  in  altogether  opposing 
IndvdbB  to  syllogism,  and  In  finding  Inductive  rules  for  the 
Inductive  process  from  particular  bsUBces  of  ptEaence,  abstmce 
in  umilit  circumstances,  and  comparison. 

5.  /H/vnKiloCnwBf.— TheRire,u«ebave«en  (ai  inil.), 
three  types — sylloglsDi,  induction  and  analogy.    Difiemnt  as 


they  an,  the  three  kinds  faeve  something  in  comnXHi:  liral, 
tb^  an  all  piaceaes  Irom  similar  to  similar;  aeoondly,  tbey  all 
CDBsist  in  combining  two  judgments  so  as  to  cause  a  third, 
whether  eipresied  in  so  many  propositions  or  not;  thirdly,  as  a 
Judgment  b  a  briiel  in  being,  tbey  all  proceed  from  piemise* 
which  are  beliefs  in  bebg  to*  conclusion  which  is  a  beliel  in  being. 
Nevertbriess,  simfde  as  this  account  appears,  it  b  opposed  to 
every  p«lnt  to  recent  logic  In  the  £nt  ptsce,  the  pobt  ol 
Biadley's  logic  b  that  "  similarity  is  not  a  principle  which  works. 
What  iqientes  b  idenilfy. 


magnet  does  so 


),  you  ipso  fwlo  know  tl 
:mains  for  dednclion  b  to  identify 
a  tecMia  magnet  at  (se  same  with  the  first,  and  conclude  that  it 
altracu  iron.  In  deaUng  with  Bradley's  works  we  feel  inclined 
to  repui  *hat  Aristotle  tayt  of  the  discourses  of  Socntes:  they 
th  exhibit  eicellence,  cleverness,  novehy  and  faiipiiiy,  but  tbei 
truth  is  a  diScult  mailer;  and  (he  Socniic  paradox  that  virtue 
b  knowledge  is  not  more  difficolt  than  the  Bradleian  paradox  (hal 
as  two  different  things  are  tbe  same,  inference  Is  identification. 
Tbe  basu  of  Bradlt/s  logic  it  the  fsllacious  dialectic  o(  Hegel's 
metaphysics,  founded  on  the  tuppotition  thsl  two  things,  which 
are  different,  but  have  something  in  common,  are  tbe  same. 
For  example,  according  to  Kegel,  being  and  nM-beiag  are  both 
indeterminate  and  tberrlore  the  same.  "II,"  says  Bradley. 
"  A  and  B,  for  histance,  both  have  limga  or  gills,  they  are  so  far 
the  same."  The  answn  to  Hegel  is  that  being  and  not-being 
are  at  most  aimilariy  in  '  '  .  .    —     ..  . 


lerebyib 


If  they  wi 

which  has  healthy  ai 

same;  and  in  ascending,  two  thinp,  one  ol  which  has  In 

Ihe  other  has  net.  but  both  of  which  have  life.  <J.  dIi 

animals,  would  be  10  far  the  sam< 

Iho  uote  as  a  man-of-war,  and  1 
thing,  and  not  different  parts  of  01 

which  has  healthy  lungs  and  a  thing  which  his  diseased  lunp  are 
only  similar  individuals  numerically  difierint.  Each  individual 
thing  b  the  sajgie  only  with  itself,  although  related  to  other  things; 
and  each  individual  of  a  class  has  its  own  individual,  thuu^ 
Kmilar,  attribuia-  The  consequent*  of  this  true  meiiphyiiis 
'    '    '    is  twofold:  on  ibe  one  hand,  one  singular  or  particular 


in  descending,  two  thin^  01 


.    There  would  be  no  Itmil 
11  things   would  be  tbe  si 


jud  -    „  . 

other  hand,  a  unrveisal  Judgment.  e.g.  "  ev 
iron,"  means,  distributivcly,  thai  each  individual  magrwt  exerts 
its  individual  attraction,  though  it  b  aimHar  to  otha*  magnets 
exerting  similar  attnctlona.  A  universal  b  not  "  one  identical 
point,"  but  eoe  diatilbulivs  whole.  Hence  b  a  syllogism,  a 
middle  letm,  s.(.  nu0Kts,  b  "  absolutely  the  same,"  not  m  the 
sense  of  "  oaa  identical  pirint "  making  each  individual  the  same 
Bs  any  otbn,  as  Bradley  sapposc^  but  only  b  the  sense  ol  one 
whole  dHS,  or  iMii  of  many  dndar  individuals,  t.t,  tnagneis, 
each  of  niAldi  bsepeiately  tbon^  atmflatlya  iDagnet,  not  matnet 
b  goienL    Hence  aba  bductkn  is  ■  real  proccB,  betatae. 


very  fat  fiom  knowinf  tkal  all  alike  do  so  aimilatly;  and  tli 
quotioa  of  IndtKtiv*  logic,  bo*  «e  get  iram  some  stndUn  to  a 
,  u  bdote,  a  dlBodty,  bdl  not  lo  be  loWcd  b 


poinl  in  Bradlejr'i  logic  is  that  tbcn 
wUdi  an  not  qdloglsms;  sod  Ibis  is  trae.  Bat 
when  be  goes  an  (0  propeae,  as  a  cora[^ete  independent  ielerrncc, 
"Aitto  tlKii^tolB.Biitodierightof  C,  ibecefore  Abte 
theri^tol  C,"  he  ctmfuses  two  different  operalinDt.  When  A, 
B  and  C  lie  objects  al  sense.  Ibtdi  tditivc  pssitbu  are  matlEti, 
not  of  lafoRKe,  bat.  of  obsetratlon;  when  tbey  an  not,  there  ta 


inferenn  with  f'.'Tfin  ntodM 


INFERQtCE) 
ioducBt  (r 


LOGig 


«9S 


Emm  pnviooi  ofawmtigB),  "vhmmc  ol'tliRC  tUi«> 

Uie  nni  ii  lo  the  rigfat  of  tbc  Kcsnd,  ud  tha  sBoiad  10  Uh  lifhl 
ol  Lhe  thiid,  the  fint  i»  to  tbs  licht  of  Uis  thiid."  To  i^r 
that  Ifiis  universal  judgmeat  u  not  eipnued,  or  that  iti  tupn^ 
•ion  ii  cumbrous,  ii  bo  uiiwer,  bactim,  whether  aiptaaed  or 
itot,  it  ii  nquIiHl  foi  the  thoutht.  Ai  AiutotJe  puti  it,  th« 
(yllogiun  b  dincitd  "  DDt  to  ttie  outer,  but  to  the  iimei  dii- 
course,"  or  u  we  ihauld  tiy,  not  to  the  eipieuioD  but  to  the 
tbought,  not  to  ihe  propotilioo  but  ts  the  judgoieiit,  ud  to  the 
inference  not  verbinjr  hui  meni»Uy.  Bradley  Kenu  to  luppoee 
that  the  sujor  ptemlse  of  a  tyllDgltm  must  be  explicit,  or  elic 
i>  nothmg  Ht  &U.  But  it  [soften  thought  without  being  expicued, 
»nd  to  judge  the  ayllogiua  by  il*  otere  explicit  cxpieuion  ii  lo 
commit  on  ipiafBiio  titneki;  for  it  hu  been  known  Hi  ikinf  thet 
we  express  lesslhan  we  think,  &nd  the  very  purpose  of  syDo^lic 
logic  i>  to  4iiHt>K  Ihe  whole  thought  uecoury  to  ibc  conclusion. 
In  ifait  lyltogiilk  imlysii  two  poinU  null  ilwuya  be  considered: 
one,  tbit  we  uiually  use  premiia  in  ihau^t  which  we  do 
■tot  apreu;  and  the  olhcr,  that  we  sometimes  uk  them 
uncoiBciously,  and  theierore  infer  end  resson  unconsciously. 
In  the  manner  excellently  described  by  Zellei  is  bis  VoiltUtt, 
tii.  pp.  149-13S.  Inference  is  a  deeper  thinking  pisceis  from 
Judgmenis  la  judgment,  which  only  occasionally  and  putiaUy 
emerges  in  (he  linguistic  process  from  prapoeitions  to  pioposiiion. 
We  may  now  then  reassert  two  points  abont  inference  against 
Bradley's  logic:  the  £rslt  that  it  is  a  process  from  simiUt  '~ 


things  at 


It  all  [he  9 


lofid 


B  thing;  the  ic 


.     „  .     _       It  rather  than  the 

linguistic  pncen  from  piopovtions  to  ptopotitioii,  because, 
bendes  Ihe  judgments  expressed  in  propositions,  it  requires 
Judgmenls  which  are  not  always  expensed,  and  an  sometimes 


Our  third  point  is  thai,  as  a  preceis  of  judgmenls.  Inference 
[s  a  process  of  concluding  from  two  beliefs  in  being  to  .mother 
belief  in  being,  and  not  an  idea]  construction,  because  a  judgment 
does  not  always  require  ideas,  but  is  always  a  belief  about  tilings, 
eiisting  or  not.  This  point  is  challenged  by  all  the  many  ideal 
theories  of  judgment  already  quoted.    If,  for  eiAmpIe,  judgment 


with  him 


of. 


nothei 


icfereoce  of  the  mem  ben 
."    But  really  a  judgment 


aggregate  of  ideas  to  one 
IS  a  bchef  that  something,  ei 
or  what  not,  is  (oris  not)  dele  .  , 
ftom  and  to  such  beliefs  in  being,  kcncc  the  fallacy  of  those 
who,  like  Bosanquet,  or  like  Paulsen  io  his  ^mltitiai  »  iit 
Pkiitiofhit,  tepreaent  the  realislic  theory  of  inference  as  if  il 
meant  that  knowledge  staits  from  ideas  and  then  infen  that  ideas 
are  copies  of  things,  itnd  who  then  object,  rightly  enough,  that 
we  could  not  in  that  case  compare  the  copy  with  the  oripnal. 
but  only  be  able  to  infer  from  idea  to  idea.  But  there  is  another 
realism  which  holds  that  inference  is  a  process  neither  fioita 
ideal  to  ideas,  nor  from  ideas  to  things,  but  from  beliefs  to 
beliefs,  from  judgmenls  about  things  in  the  premiso  la  judgmenls 
about  similar  things  in  the  conclusion.  Logical  inference  never 
goes  through  the  impassible  process  of  ptemisiog  nothing  but 
ideas,  and  concluding  thai  ideas  are  copies  of  things.  Moreover, 
OS  we  have  shown,  our  primary  judgments  of  sense  are  beliefs 
founded  on  sensations  without  Tequiiing  ideas,  and  ate  beliefs, 
not  merely  thai  something  il  determined,  but  that  il  is  dele- 
mined  as  eiiiiing;  and,  accordingly,  our  primary  failerences 
from  these  sensory  judgmenls  of  existence  are  Inferences  that 
«ther  things  beyond  sense  are  similarly  determined  *s  edsling. 
First  press  your  Ups  together  and  then  ptesa  a  pen  between 
them:  you  will  not  be  cooscioua  of  perceiving  any  ideas;  you 
will  be  cansckiua  fint  ol  perceiving  one  eiisiing  Up  exerting 
pressure  reciprocally  with  the  other  existing  lipi  then,  on  pulling 
Ihe  pen  between  your  lips,  ot  perceiving  each  hp  similarly  exerting 
pressure,  bul  not  wilh  the  other;  and  consequently  of  Inferring 
that  each  exist ing lip  is  exerting  pressure  reciprocally  with  another 
euttlng  body,  the  pen.    Inference  then,  though  it  is  scromponied 


idea,  nor  a  process  from  idea  tt 
lo  indirect  beliefs  in  things,  a 
Logic  cannot,  ft  is  true,  decide 

and  psychology.  But,  as  the  j 
sure  that  inlercDce,  oa  the  one  hand,  starts  from  sensory  judg- 
menia  about  Beosiblo  things  and  logically  proceeds  to  inferential 
judgnumts  aboui  similar  things  beyond  sense,  and,  on  the  other 
hand,  cannot  logically  go  beyond  the  slmiUr.  Thiae.are  the 
limits  within  which  Logical  inference  works,  betouse  its  nature 
esseaiially  consisu  in  proceeding  from  two  judgments  to  another 

6.  TmU. — Finally,  though  sessory  Judgoent  la  alsny*  irut 
of  its  sensit>le  object,  inferential  judpnoiis  an  not  always  true, 
but  sie  true  so  far  as  they  aie  logically  inferred,  however  in- 
directly, fnia  sense;  and  knowledge  conusta  of  sense,  memory 
after  sense  tnd  logiul  inJereote  fioni  sense,  wbici,  we  must 
remember,  is  not  metdy  the  oulet  sense  of  oui  &ve  senses,  but 
also  the  inner  sense  of  ourselves  as  conscious  Ihinking  persons. 
We  (sne  then  at  faul  to  tbe  old  quettioD— What  is  truth? 
Tnub  prcfwT,  01  AitotoUe  said  in  the  if (U^jtyrio,  isin  the  mind: 
it  Is  not  beinf,  but  one's  tignlficaiion  of  being.  Its  requisites  are 
that  there  ore  things  to  be  knatm  and  powers  of  blowing  things- 
It  is  an  attribute  of  judgments  and  derivatively  of  propositions. 
That  Judgment  ia  true  whi(^  af^sehends  a  thing  as  il  ^  capable 
o{  being  known  to  be;  and  that  proposition  is  tnie  which  srf 
ssscns  the  thing  lo  be.  Or,  to  combine  truth  in  thought  and  in' 
speech,  the  true  is  what  signifies  a  thing  as  it  is  capable  of  being 
known.  Secondarily,  the  thing  itself  is  ambiguously  said  lo  be' 
true  In  the  sense  of  being  signified  ss  it  h.  For  example,  as  L 
am  weary  and  ua  conscious  of  being  weary,  my  Judgment  aod 
proposition  that  I  am  weary  are  true  because  they  signify  what 
I  am  and  know  myself  to  be  by  direct  coosciauaneas;  and  myj 
being  weary  ts  ambiguously  safd  to  be  true  because  it  is  sa 
rignified.  But  it  will  be  said  Ibal  Eanl  has  proved  that  real 
truth,  in  the  sense  of  the  "  agreement  of  kntnvtedge  wilh  the 
object,"  is  unattaitiable,  because  we  could  compare  knowledge 
wilh  ibeobject  only  by  kimwing  both.  Sigwart,  bideed,  adopting 
Kant's  argument,  concludes  that  we  must  be  satisfied  w!th  con- 
sisiency  among  the  thoughts  which  presuppose  an  existent; 
Ibis,  too,  Is  the  reason  why  he  thinks  that  induction  is  reduction, 
on  the  theory  that  wecanshow  the  necessary  consequence  of  the 
given  particular,  but  that  trulb  of  bet  ia  unattainable.  But 
Kant's  criticism  and  Sigwart's  corollary  only  derive  plausLbQity 
from  a  false  defuiitiaa  of  truth.  IVulh  is  not  the  agreement  <^ 
knowledge  with  an  object  beyond  itself,  and  ther^orea  Ayf  Mteii 
unknowable,  but  Ihe  agreement  of  our  judgmenls  with  the  obfeds 
of  our  knowledge.  A  judgment  is  true  whenever  It  is  a  belief 
that  a  thing  is  deteimiiied  as  it  is  known  to  be  by  sense,  oc  by 
memary  after  sense,  or  by  inference  from  sense,  however  indirect 
the  infstnce  may  be,  and  even  when  in  the  form  of  infetcnc* 
of  non-existence  it  extends  consequently  from  primary  to 
secondary  judgmenla.  Thua  Ihe  judgments  "  Ibis  sensible 
pressure  exists,"  "  that  sensiUe  pressure  existed,"  "  other 
umUar  pitsiures  eiiat,"  "  a  conceivable  centaur  does  not  exist 
but  la  a  figment,"  are  all  equally  true,  liecause  they  are  in 
accordance  with  one  or  other  of  these  kinds  of  knowledge. 
Consequently,  as  knowledge  is  attainable  by  sense,  memory  and 
tnfereoce,  truth  is  also  attainable,  because,  though  we  cannot  test 
what  we  know  by  something  dse,  we  can  lest  what  we  judge  and 
assert  by  what  wc  know.  Mot  that  ail  inference  is  knowledge, 
bol  il  il  sometimes.  The  aim  of  logic  in  general  is  to  find  Ihe  laws 
of  ail  infsRBce,  which,  so  tar  as  il  obeys  those  laws,  is  always 

consistency;  ud  the  aim  of  the  special  logic  of  knoiriedge  is  to 
find  the  laws  of  dinil  and  indirect  infeiences  from  sense,  becsus* 
as  sense  produces  sensory  judgments  which  are  always  true  of  ihe 
sensible  things  sclually  percared.  inference  fiom  sense  produce* 
infeienliat  judgments  which,  so  fat  as  they  are  consequCBt  on 
setnory  >udgroents,  are  always  true  of  things  Hmilar  to  sennble 
things,  by  the  very  coDsisteiuy  of  inference,  or,  as  ire  say,  by 


896 


IGIC  [History 

Eiut,  Ortentil  WtaniiU  il 
m»y  h*  litated  M 

It  bwith  ArlitsOe  llui  tbch 
tbt  evdutlofi  of  logic  Tlte  lediaicsl  pofecthn  of  tbe  uulyiis 
whicb  he  offoi  b,  fruited  the  dide  of  proupporitnni  wUiin 
which  it  vaib,  >o  dcdiivt,  that  what  pncedct,  even  Fhlo^ 
logic,  b  DoC  UDoitunlly  ngirded  u  tnerd)'  pirlinnouy  (ltd 
■DbBdiuy  to  it.  Whit  foUovi  ii  inevitably,  wbetber  dinctly  or 
'   "tctty,  by  lympdhy  or  by  amigoDiim,  ilttcted  by  the 


A.   GiEEC  Logic 

I  B^m  Ariumb 
Lo^  nadi  u  lu  prsuppositioiu  ihal  thouflil  iboold  do- 
llDEuIib  itself  fmin  ihingi  and  [nim  sense,  that  the  piobleiD  ol 
validity  should  be  seen  to  be  nised  in  (he  £dd  of  ^^ 
Ibought  itielf,  and  ihal  aoalysis  ol  the  structure  of  /jTii^ 
Ihoughl  should  be  recognized  as  the  one  way  of  solution.  J^JL-, 
Thought  is  somewhat  late  in  coming  to  self-conidaui- 
Deas.  Implied  iocveryconirast  ofpnndpTeandfact.orniteand 
application,  fnvoivcd  as  we  lee  after  the  event,  most  decisively 
when  we  react  correctly  upon  a  world  incorrrctly  perceived, 
thought  is  yet  not  reflected  on  in  the  common  experience,  lu 
•o-called  natural  lo^c  is  only  the  potentiality  of  logic  TbI 
same  thing  is  true  of  the  first  stage  ot  Creek  philosophy.  In 
seeking  for  a  single  material  principle  underlying  the  muiliplicit/ 
of  pbenamena,  the  first  nature-phUosiqihen,  Thales  and  ibe  rest, 
did  indeed  raise  the  problem  of  the  one  and  the  many,  ihe 
endeavour  to  answer  vdiich  muse  at  last  lead  to  logic.  But  il  k 
only  injm  a  pc^t  of  view  won  by  later  speculation  that  il  caa 
be  said  (hat  they  sought  10  determine  (he  predicates  of  the  smgla 
lubject -reality,  or  to  establish  the  permanent  subject  of  varied 
ajid  varying  predicatea.^  The  direcrion  of  their  inquiry  la  per- 
DS(en(ty  outward.  They  hope  (0  explain  (he  opposed  appearance 
and  reality  wholly  wltldn  the  world  of  things,  and  Irrespcctiw 
of  the  Ibou^t  that  thinks  things.  Their  universal  ii  iiitt  ■ 
material  one.  The  level  of  thought  on  which  (hey  move  it  ilill 
clearly  pre-logical.  Il  li  an  advance  on  (his  when  Heiarljtut' 
opposes  10  Ihe  eye)  and  can  which  an  bad  witnesses  "  far  aucb 
a)  ondcistind  not  (belt  language  "  a  camnwn  something  whicb 
we  would  do  well  10  follow;  or  again  when  in  the  inrom- 
mensunbility  o(  the  dbtgonil  and  side  of  •  tquate  (he  Pylha- 
goreus  Kumbled  upon  what  was  cleaiiy  neither  thing  nor  image 
of  Mnse,  but  yet  via  endowed  with  meaning,  and  beD<:dortli 
were  Encteaiingly  at  borne  with  symbol  and  [otmula.  So  far, 
bowcver,  it  might  weH  be  that  ihougbl,  conltadistinguisbed 
fnmaenie  with  its illusioni,  was  IIkU  InfaUible.  A  further  atep. 
then,  was  necessaiy,  and  it  was  taken  at  any  rate  by  the  Eleaiics, 
when  they  oppoW  their  thought  to  the  thought  of  olhen,  aa 

tbon^t  ilandi  over  against  Pythagorean  Ihought  as  whal  is 
valid  or  grounded  against  what  is  ungrounded  or  invalid,  wt 
are  embarked  upon  clialeclic,  or  (he  debare  in  which  lhough(  is 
countered  by  (bought.  Claims  to  a  favourable  verdict  must  now 
be  substantiated  in  this  field  and  in  this  field  alone.  II  waa  Zeno, 
the  controversialist  ol  the  Eleaijc  school,  wbo  wu  regarded  im 
alter  timej  as  ibe  "  diacoverei "  of  dialectic.' 

Zepo's  apuuini  akin  in  iriumeqtation  and  hia  pwwloxical  eoi^ 
cluuooa.  urticuUr  and  general,  inaugurate  a  new  era.     "  The 

nt,ik^*^^hnl    mini!  "    ow    VJm\t*r    Par*r  A   "  mAM    .*.4,a'u    rt«»   h. 


llM!«ii( 


...  i^ter.'  "will  perhaiM  ai 

^ ..ittml  again-"  The  five  aod 

had  by  a  avift  IfaaaformHiea  of  valoffl  cDfne  by  SOB 
—  '"  — '     1— ■-  pauiinnn,  nnubly,  fnr  cud| 


da  rf  Achillea  and  th 


"  The  Loeie  af  (he  Pre-Soeratie  Ph!ki*^iliy,~  ia 
I  IB  LorialTkBirj  (Chleifo,  1903). 
JVafm.  107  (Dieta,  fronuW  il<r  VwKkraHkm) 
h  ice  Burnet,  Evty  Crea  Pkiiaufkjt  p.  153  ooaa 

Dirt.  Ii.  35.  from  the  loN  AfMHa  of  AriMMle. 


•^m)^/ 


CREEK  BEFORE  ARISTOTLE) 


TV  mrUtu  have  olher  ctalm  to  MMiJicMien  thu  t^dr  airvla 

lo  tba  dn^Dpiaeiit  ol  iogac.    ia  llie  Juoory  o[  xIk  ofwju  ol  la^k 

the  aopkiitfc  uc  k  Nuiply  Ibe  a«  of  Iht  Tree  pUy  of 


a«  been  bmivchi  bo  bo^  tw  *  dcUbcre»  umTokUiig 

IheiLructureoElhojahldciermirupgudriRutJiiE 

houEhl  iUelC.   The  lophuti  lunhend  thatmnt 

^     ■    ■  ....    tpUcejbjy 


Secondly  i 

hand,  it  E! 
terink  ta 

the  cop^ 
Tbe  probl 


r,  lad 


!  CD  ft  Imvcc  pUne  of  phUoiiophicKl 
lot  lUnipk,  Ilk  Plato^  Hire^  ikk 
:he  EnJilji^iii,  they  nuik  the 
the  man)  seed  for,  the  utnna 


AnHng  ibe  pioncen  of  the  aaphiKk:  _. 

tie  hu  BO  otbcr  inatniaient  thu  tbe  diilecticol 

SirmOm.    but  he  luei  It  dlRaanly  and  vhh  a  . 

He  ronstruei  the  dve  and  take  of  tbt  debateAi__  

liiaur.  TheriwtoricalaleneiitniiMbcsiORlHdl  Theeet .-. 

ol  leacher  la  pupil,  in  wbicb  iMpt  in  ai|uiBeBi  aie  ilancd  ud  the 

The  intrrlocutiin  niut  la  truth  render  an  account  uoder  the  Rimului 
of  oTfaoiBd  heekUnf  liom  their  equali  or  nipiriDii  la  debatliH 
■toKlv.    And  tha  aln  It  beiiriitlc,  Ihough  aftm  enoi^h  tbt  ttatiA 

ndain  iwoveR  poBtincoadc"—     " "■' 

•amethiMuEoi— '     ■" 

be  men  being 

Bpanenabled  to  brine  to  the  birth  UAnfb.»«B.»-, .»».,-« 

AriRollewouUaiwntoSocfatcatbetlabaiatiaa  a(  tvo  lockat 
lunetloM:— tencral  dc&iiitioa  and  loduBive  methad.*  RifHly, 
il  m  add  that  be  pve*  no  tbeory  •''  eithei,  tod  that  bit  practkal 
uie  of  the  litter  depcndi  For  ita  nine  on  idectloB.*  It  U  ralber 
In  «niie  of  hieteneral  UHh  in  tbcpinllnUty  o(  contranKK  which 
he  ttill  dote  ml  undBrtali*!  and  bacauM  el  Ui  aaataqmt  iniielciic* 
on  the  ahnldatieB  si  geainl  oancepl*.  whidi  la  ceouioa  with  mu 
«[  hia  conteiBpoiaria,  bt  may  ban  lhoH|bt  of  aa  endiKd  with  a 
mniln  nhiecuvity,  thai  ha  induca  the  caatiDvenle*  ol  what  an 
Socratfc  tdioolt  at  to  the  nature  of  nedicttioB.  Tlwe 
heforDulationoIanevdialaetlcarlD^by  Platoi.   Maru- 


.   Comman  naina  an  filled  Cor  lue  by  tbe  wauld- 
.  ..1- .  I .1 — ! iceppliont,  and  there- 


fetlly  Si 


le  by  tbe  «phltti,  tended  to 


at  aimuniefUatJDA,  UI 
i  their  lobcal  analyii 


Eii  ol  CiMyli 

,  are  aUke  dii 
the  maay.  the  identity  in  dilemca  li  i. 
It  eatibUihcd.  When  tbe  penoaaUty  of 
—     '  to  Ibe  nanire  of  the  Soenl'- 

uf  the  individual  pnceteeai 


point  ol  view  of  ban  identity,  anil 
frarn  ih*  Hemclileui  croniid  at  at 
owned.    But  the  one  in  th< 

Socmce  b  mnond.  the  diaculw  at  to  Ita  naliin  liTiho  Soenlic 
Jinlhemedfum 


ibaefute  plunlkdi,  ol  a  fliuc.  and  of  a  ton 

,     _j)  a  Jt^tri  with  aay  blesdlnc  ol  I' 

Hiftciently  wilMn  Ih*  heunda  of  phuMhlHty  ts  find 
all  biowtadet.  bwauit  all  pn^ilon  g(  unity,  in  i 
be  held  tobe  Impotable.    Pio'a  pnMeia  wae  te 


'  Nothii^  la.    If  anything  it^  il  aniH 

■  Itilapkfi.  f.  1078^  2B  (qq. 
■Cr.  Aritt.  T-op.l.  i.  1  aJ^ 


he  teemt  10  bave  awskd  oi. 

identity  withojt  dlffere 
Dfeetion  proper  t( 
aane.    Tbli  aitn 

Unr  or  account  riven  of  itby~the  (Sie'ridly)^  adequau  eniunentiaa 
ofthenaimolit>iini|4B*lcmentiorT^a.*  Thit  analytical  Mn 
he  oSnt  ■•  hit  aBhitituw  (M  knowlediE.*  The  niniile  dementi  tlill 
noala.  teivcd  and  Hamcd  but  not  Iedowil.  The  caprei^ant  of  Ihoa 
an  alnjily  i^  ■pcech.«CBt  for  them.  The  account  of  ttie  compound 
■Imply  lett  ittdf  taken  pitceoieal  u  equivalent  to  liwlf  ulicn  11 
aniegatc.  Tbe  aubicct-pndicate  relation  failt  really  to  arne. 
EuclidH'  fooid  DO  diftcuny  in  GnDC  Antitthenca'  nuila  of  iUue. 
tiatlH  lua  tlinple  elatncntt  by  Goanifiaon,  and  thenwilh  perbape 
the  "Induction "  of  Socnlet,  Titn  the  dilemma;  to  ^  at  the 


anwata  analytcd  into  itt  mechanical  \ 

little  known  aa  they-   A  whole  which  EtinL__  — „._  , . 

._.,_i.__j.  ^1^  ^  „j,j^  IncoDceavable.  Praporitiont  analytical 
nation  In  tba  lenae  aileaed  do  net  tlve  knowleitee.  Yet 
it  pottible.  The  devebpoiBit  of  a  potitive  theory  <■( 
\  hat  becomt  quite  crucIaL 
Flala'a  logte  nippliet  a  tbeoiy  of  univenala  in  the  doctrine 
of  ideu.  Upon  thii  K  baien  a  tbeory  of  pndioitian,  wfaidi, 
bowevtr,  is  omipotibla  wiih  man  than  one  leading  o(  ^^^ 
the  EMtvlVtical  import  of  tbe  Ideaa.  And  It  tett 
(ottb  a  dialectic  with  a  twofold  movement,  tawaids  diaoeatia- 
tlon  and  InlegraliaB  leveially,  which  amaunta  to  a  fonnulation 
of  infennce.    Tile  more  luUy  MUlysed  mavtmmil.  that  which 

univemli,  it  nnmed  DivisioiL     It>  UKdntlan,  icctirdi[gtly> 
an  to  the  moden  eii  almoel  incvllably  thoae  of  a  docliiae 


Icctknl  rival  to  syllogism,  and  it  loSueocnt  Galilei  ud  Bwxia 
in  their  viewa  ol  iDlereoce  after  the  Reaaiieance.  If  »<  add  to 
tbit  locic  ol  "idea,"  judgment  and  ioference,  a  doctrine  of 
categDriea  in  the  modem  tenae  of  the  word  which  maket  the 


ly  thai  whaleva  elic  it  is,  as 
11  ol  teiationi  nich  a*  ainaU 
I  injustice,  or  of  huaiaii 
s  opposed  to  that  o(  which 


If,  lie  I 


>n  from  thepoini 


Of  validity— Herbart's  word — o(  tbe  phem 
of  view  of  nemi  or  tyttem.  The  thinf  ol  tenic  m  ua  leuLive 
isaialJoB  it  uuuble.  It  ia  and  is  not.  What  givei  atahOity  ii 
tbe  inaenaible  pnndple  or  prindplet  which  it  holds,  is  it  wen,  in 
tolBtion.  IlieieBietheldeu.aiidlbritmodaoIbckcisiiatiitalljr 
quite  alhcf  thu  that  of  the  xn^bk  phenomena  iriiich  thejr 
order.  The  fonituta  toi  u  iudcGnile  nnmber  of  particolar 
tUntain  puiiculac  plaoa  at  putkulir  limo,  nod  aU  of  then 


InEvidual  memben  of  the  graop  it  otden.  The  law,  •.(.,  al  lb« 
equality  of  the  ndil  of  a  cinle  cannot  be  exhibited  to  aenK, 
even  il  equal  ndii  may  ha  to  j-KiKlmi  It  Is  the  weillh  o( 
Oliuttatko  with  which  Plato  eipietMS  his  meaning,  and  lbs 
range  of  appUcatioa  which  be  glvt>  the  idea — 10  Ibe  dua- 

'For  whom  tee  DOmmler.  ^elfiOnua  (iNJ,  reprinted  in  hit 
JTJniu  Silir^un,  1901). 

>  Aiteolle,  ifffiMy-  >0>4*  ]1  eqq. 

'Plato,  TiituUM).  jol  E.  tqq.,  when,  however,  Antielhenee  b 
not  named,  and  the  reference  to  bim  it  toaetimet  doubted.  But 
cf.  Ariitolle,  ifil.  H  J.  lOUt  if.at. 

'  Diog.  LaM.  iL  107. 


898 


LOGIC 


IGREEK  BEFO&E  ARISTOTLE 


e,  if  Ihe  ide& 


■ODOfit)  M  uturil  itOBpa  ^)iicti*dr  nguded, 
(0  lothetic  aDcl  cthicsl  idnli,  la  tbc  miHrMi 
cnfUmaD  u  vtO  u  la  KitnliGc  Uwi — (hit  hivi 
doctrine,  vii.  that  whcRvci  Iben  ii  law.  ituic  ii  1 
(6)  Tbi  pmtidoi  of  tke  one  ia  the  muy  u  ncx 
any  be  ngudcduiupptylngipriDapIeofiiciuioiDrguiu 

to  in  iudefioile  mulUpIidlj'  of  puticuliia.    I 
™,Jfy  Aotuihenci  ii  10  be  uuirend,  ■  liuther  ilep  mi 

tdien.  The  principle  cf  diaersica  miul  be  a 
Into  the  field  of  the  idau.  Not  ooljr  laat  a  ■  priadple 
Of  difference-  Tie  lim  *re  ouny.  The  multipticity  in 
must  be  eUablitbed  withio  thought  iuelf.  Oiherwii 
ebjcclioa  tludi:  nun  h  men  end  good  b  good,  but  ID  h] 
mia  1>  loodlideulyiauy  theihingthet  iinol.  Fletonplit* 
with  the  doctrine  of  the  inteipeoel ration  of  ideu,  obviously 
not  oi  lUwilh  »1],  but  of  tome  wilhume,  tbefocmulaolidenlily 
In  diSerence  within  ttuught  iuelf.  Nor  cu  the  opi 
refBte  10  idmit  It,  if  he  effiims  the  panidpelion  of 
with  being,  ud  denies  Ihe  pattidpatfoD  of  difference  with  bdng, 
01  alEimi  it  with  nol-bcing.  Tlie  SefHiUi  ihowi  among  othei 
Ihin^  thai  an  idcDlily-phikMpliy  btttki  down  toLo  a  dualiim 
of  ihoaght  and  <ipna>loa,  wheslt  appUealbepndicateodinilr 
to  the  ml,  }ust  u  ihe  abiolute  plnialim  on  Ibe  other  biad 
collapses  Into  unity  if  it  alliima  or  admiti  mj  (orm  ti  lelilion 
■halMever.  Identity  and  diSereocc  an  aU-pervtiive  oiUtoiio, 
and  the  ipeecli-lonii  and  the  comqionding  thoogbt-Iom  IbvoIk 
both.  For  proposilioD  and  judgmeBI  involve  ai  "  '  ' 
pndicate  and  exhibit  what  a  nodoD  writei  calb  " 
refmnca  with  difcnll)'  of  duncterintion."  Flat 
to  eiplaia  by  hit  principle  of  diaerenca  both  ptivalivs  and 
negative  predicate*,  and  aba  the  poHibfllly  of  lalaa  pndicatioB. 
It  is  obirioua  litat  witlnut  tin  pilndpli  of  dUtmce  emir  is 
Inexplicable.  Bvcn  Plato,  however,  perbapi  Kuaif  almwi  that 
withit,  and  DOtUnf  ein  biUil,  tcnritcqitained. 
(c)  PUlo't  DiviiloD,  01  the  utlcdathm  of  *  idativdy 
[enninate  and  leneilc  concept  into  epcde*  aad  mb-veda  with 

ttaultant  determinaia  judgmeota,  ptuaumei  of  conn* 

the  doctiine  of  the  tatetpaMlntionofidcailaiddowm 
iatheSf^uloaslhebaiiaafpR^catlon,  but  iti  ue  piecedei 

Ihe  poaiiive  developfBOt  of  tliit  foimidt,  Umucb  I "  

vaguely,  Ihe  eihlUllon  of  it,  negatively,  In  tlie  i 
the  one  and  tha  nun^r  In  tke  Parmtmiin.  It  Is  Iti 
sot  Ibe  Ihecey  of  it,  that  piendo.  Tin  latter  is ' 
the  Piiitiao  (160  eqq.)  and  PkOAn  (i6c  sqq.).  The  Ideal  b 
pfogroiivdy  to  detenntne  a  nnivene  of  disconnc  UO  Inu 
in/iwHt  iftcia  ue  nached,  wban  bo  tnnber  dbtinctioD  1b  the 
delerminite  many  ii  poadhle,  llaM^  llm  ii  aliU  the  nuaerical 
diSeicnca  of  the  indefinlt*  plonlity  of  pattlcolan.   The  pnKaa 

olcoDtiaries.  We  mui  biiect  w  fu  u  may  be,  but  the  diviiian 
b  after  all  to  be  Into  limbs,  not  parts,  'nie  Uler  e«nii|Jt«  ti 
Ibc  Ptlilkiu  show  that  the  pemiwoo  of  three  or  nore  co- 
onUnale  ipedH  b  not  nugatory,  and  that  the  precept  of  dicho- 
tomy ii  merely  in  aider  10  secure  as  little  of  a  mUiu  as  possible: 
toavndc.{.  thediviaiooof  the  animal  world  into  men  and  brutes. 
It  b  the  middle  range  of  the  |il«a  of  PUMia  17a  that  appeals 
to  Bacon,  not  only  this  hut  thar  mediating  quaUIy  that  apfXab 
to  ArblolJe.  The  su^ia  aitemala  <tf  the  one  and  the  antfle 
Utm  of  the  other  lie  in  the  ptuase.  Plato's  division  a  never- 
theless neither  syllo^sm  nor  aditshtt.  It  u  not  syllogism 
because  it  b  based  on  the  dbjunctlve,  not  on  the  hypothetical 


it  BaCDD'i  method  of  etduiioi 
f  being  dialectical,  if  nol  thai 
lie  of  the  cogency  o(  Ihe  negaii 


'Aiistolle,  Am.  Pr,  u  ]■,  46s  }I  sqq.;  tl.t'i  II  K|q. 


Epkiala  (iva  a  pictore  of  il  at  ^ 
d^uacliOB  la  Iiuly  has  a  plaa  In 
concept  in  all  its  differences  at  tb 


he  tcienllfic  ipedhcalionof  a 
linldng  of  lower  to  higher  in 


Lolu. 

W  Tit  conel 
slietched,  but  in 
in  explaining  by 


itive  ptocesi  of  Combination  Ii  tesi  elaboniely 
a  lumioMB  panase  in  Ihe  PtlUiau  (|  nS], 
neaas  of  an  tmnple  the  nature  and  ^  . 
Halo  repretenti  it  11  the  brining  ,^j 
of  one  and  the  tame  element  teen  in  diverse  sellings  10 
consdous  lealiiailoD,  wiih  the  result  that  it  b  viewed  as  a  single 
Inilh  of  which  llw  (tnm  compared  uj  sow  accepted  as  the 
diScrencet.  The  Icamer  is  10  be  led  forward  10  the  uskDown 
by  being  made  to  hark  back  to  moie  familiar  groupIuKi  of  the 
aUihabet  of  nalute  which  be  it  coming  to  recognise  with  tome 
certainly.  To  lead  on>i>«r,  b  10  refer  back,  Mrn^r.'  lowhal 
has  been  correctly  divined  of  the  same  elemenlt  In  clean?  cases. 
Introduction  in  unfamiliar  collocations  fdlowt  upon  this,  and, 
onlv  lo.  b  It  poiaible  finally  to  gather  tcatlered  etamplei  Into  ■ 
t  Instances  of  one  klea  or  law.  TUi  is  Dot  only  td 
b  Ihe  hiilory  of  Uw  lenninology  of  lofk.  but 
tuppuet  a  philoiopby  of  inductioiL 

(()  Badi  of  PlMo's  illuiltalioa  and  er[Janatioo  of  predicitioD 
and  ■"*'-"'"'  IntHenn  tbtte  lie*  not  only  the  queation  of  their 
melaphyalcal  groundlBg  tn  the  inierconneiion  ol 
ideal,  but  thai  A  tbdr  e^tenologicil  presupposiiions.  ^  „,„ 
This  it  dealt  within  the  Tbeaficius(iS4t9qq.).  The 
nunilold  aileclioni  of  aeBie  are  not  umpty  aggregated  in  the 
Individual,  Gke  ibe  heroes  In  the  Trojan  hone.  Tliere  muai  be 
convergence  in  a  unitary  pfind[de,  soul  or  consdousne^,  idiich 

organs  being  merely  ill  instrumenlt.  It  it  Ihii  uHly  of  a|^ier- 
ctpiion  which  enables  ui  to  cotaUne  the  data  of  more  than  oaa 
tenie.  to  afGrra  teaiily,  unrtality,  idenllly,  diSennce,  unity, 
plurality  and  so  forth,  at  alto  the  good,  the  betulitul  and  their 
coniiaiiet.  PUto  alls  (hete  peivative  ftclon  in  koowledp 
mod,  and  dacribca  (hem  as  developed  by  the  soul  in  virtue  at 
Its  own  activity.  They  are  objects  of  lis  reflection  and  made 
explidt  in  the  few  with  pains  and  gradually.'  That  ihey  art  nol, 
however,  psychological  or  acquired  categories,  due  to  "  Ibe 
workmanship  of  the  mind  "  as  concrived  by  Ijicke,  b  obvious 
from  their  attribution  10  the  ttruclure  of  nund'and  from  their 

icmological  poinl  ol  view,  they  are  the 

which  knowledge  comiiti,  Bui  as  ideu.'  though  of  a  type 
,*  they  have  also  a  contUtutive  ippUealJon  to  reah'ty. 
r,  of  the  telecled  "kiodt"  by  acau  d  which  the 
inlerpeBeuatioo  ol  Ideas  b  expounded  In  the  Stfhiiln.  only 
motion  and  rest,  the  ultimate  "  kindt  "  In  the  jibytktl  wwU, 
have  no  counlcrparli  in  the  "  categories  "  of  the  Tileieldai. 
In  hit  doclrine  at  lo  b  rd  rouur  or  iihiw,  at  geurilly  In  thai 
of  the  actitliy  of  the  roti  deaS^,  Ariiioile  in  iho  ^  itstsu* 
I)  in  the  main  but  echoing  the  leaching  ol  Plato." 

'  Aihenaeui  ii,  59c.    5e*  Uimer.  Orfainlin 
Arlml  (leSt^  Rprioled  in  hit  Vtrlrtfi  "^  At^lii. 

'  Socrates'  relereoce  of  a  ditcutwon  to  lit  [ 
phon.  Mm.  iv,  6.  13)  b  dm  rclevaiu  ler  I 


muppouiiiint  (XeH>- 
le  history  ol  the  ttv- 


tst' 


(quoted  in  H.  P.  Caclin't  UauUtlcB  of  the 


a.luL 


■  it.  M.^  ct.  iKaoMuaia,  T97a. 

'Artitolk.  iiAti.  4Jot  J.  and  teneraUy  iii.  _. 

the  dialogDn  nnybr  mated  BimBariiy.  The  neaMtfu  iabom 
under  no  tatpMoa.  The  SBpkUlH  it  ■ppuently  matter  (or  awmid- 
veniea  by  ArbnNle  la  tbt  Mtaafkjtkt  mnd  cliewben,  bia  dciivit 
rtroDeer  support  from  the  tcttinwiiiq  to  the  pBitiitut  which  pe^ 
Himei  It.  The  FaWicu  Ind  PUIOta  are  gnuintnd  by  Ae  vw 
niadeolthein  In  AriRode'iEiMn.  The  njeciMin  of  the  PaFmtmia 
would  iDvolve  the  parados  of  a  naatles  cgatimponry  at  nau 


«99 


Pblo's  qrisodlc  dm  of  loglal  dbUncUoni'  b  fnqacnt.  Hit 
noMne  10  nidi  loglal  taiiyA  w  maid  dmM  ibe  rcqulRiiiRits 
el  Ibe  pnbkm  Sa  buxl'li  not  me.  In  the  "<fiilcctial" 
dulocuo  Ik  qacMioB  df  meUwd  >ad  si  llw  JtalificUioD  of  Hi 
poMulaiM  uuiBa  u  hut  x  Hk  pfomlosit*  with  tbe  cMnuible 
nbiect  iDitur.  Tbtc  Ii  even  feniul  KcogBlttMi  d  tbt  tict 
tbat  to  ulvUKC  la  ifiiketie  b  &  gtcitcr  Olog  tlun  lo  brtef  aBy 
Dt  to  Ibc  end  then  l»  luk 
is,  ud  Ibcnfore  ■  rckttvc  immitaritj  of,  Udintqw 
u  ntcli.  In  the  (orctns  ilmcapbnc,  howncr,  of  tint  tfc  ai 
contTDveny,  wed  iwh  u  that  bwd  in  (he  imita^  tmlmal 
«f  IbeutteredUToi'qiiicktygRTnlnalcd.  Tlito'incMnon  in 
lie  Acidcmy  must  hive  devdoped  a  tyUai  Of  gntmuljto- 
loginl  caleforin  whkh  Aristotle  cmiM  male  hh  o*s.  Sk 
mnch  of  hu  critfcfim  of  Platonic  doctrine  *  doci,  indeed.  miD 
■re.  The  gulf  too,  vhith  the  PJrilihu'  apfiarentiy  left  un- 
bridled between  the  lennioai  appreheniion  of  pirtitulin  uid 
the  knovLed^  oT  tuiivfrula  of  even  minimum  geneiaiity  fed 
wHh  Speo^ppui  to  *  (braitili  of  knowledje  in  perception  (tinrif- 
peraell  obftien).  Thew  and  Wie  dewkpmenti,  which  are  to  be 
ifivintd  from  referenca  In  the  Aristotdlin  wrilinp,  {ejune,  ind, 
lor  tbe  most  put,  at  probable  inteipiHation  ntly,  complete  ihe 

...  _i._.  ._._._., ..  ...n. 1__  v  seceded  from  Ihe 

n  courae  of  logical 
Jnqnity. 

This  is  embodied  In  the  group  of  treatbts  later  known  u  the 
OrfODM'  and  culminilci  in  the  theory  o[  •yllogisin  and  of 
j^j^y.-  demonitnttve  knowledge  ui  the  Arudylici.  Alt  cIm 
ti  finally  tubiidiwy.  In  Ibe  well-kDawn  Mntencei 
with  which  the  Orianmi  doles'  Aristotle  hu  been  luppoied 
to  lay  claiin  to  tbe  dlicovery  of  the  principle  of  lyliog- 
bm,  H*  at  leail  daJmi  to  have  been  the  first  lo  dissect  ihe 
procedure  of  tbe  debalc-gaoM,  and  the  larger  diim  may  be 

.   No 


other  ^Idgiie  idda  ajryihliif 


r  *■  1  mctaphyndin  to  nrilM 
o  tbe  J«ku  amttat  el  three- 
be  rclaJy*  dilin(  oJ  three  of  1 


Bven,  viL  TituUlui,  Sepkulii  ind  Pdiliau  m  ibe  onJcr  umcd. 
Tbc>lrilc(iu  leenu  to  presiippoR  Fulilicui,  ilj-i&i.  but  If  Ihli  be 

■„  ^11  ^Kt  ibe  Isgiiil.tbniy  not  at  aU-   Time  lemin 

._jj..     1. '■■  lie  law  than  the  Afiiaa.    The 

-      BLm  men  nalBfalfr  lahw  m  a 

mmtment  a  ine  oDctiine  of  the  oae  and  Ibe  nany  in  a  man 
negiilve  Fonn.  It  may  well  be  atSa  than  Ibe  T^kmMH  In  hi 
— -  ■ —     llw  Oylinic  .     —      . . 


the  probleiQ  here  laiied.  Ihe  lb«ry  has  been  devbed  of  an  i 
end  a  later  ver^on.    The  fint  may  have  Unked  on  to  the  tei 


Ftalo'i  diakvun  tl  search,  and  Id  .       ... 

IntpoaAk.    The  mmd.  Ihwch  it  mUit  Hill  have  pntcdi 
PermmUa  might  iquiUy  will  have  (alkniTd  the  ncgUive  cr 
of  that  diilotue,  ai  the  beginning  of  recoiutniciion.    For  ] 
logic  Ibb  qoenion  only  has  inleml  on  i  ........... 

sTan  'HrwTOlXin  in  a  non-apeaVing  pi 


on-apeaking  part  [n  the  Panunida. 


thb  be  Eeeaicd  «  euggEMing  (hat  the  phikM^bcr  AiiHeik  »ai 
already  Mi  lull  activity  at  Ihe  cbte  i^  wriling.  it  la  o(  impnUsce  10 

know  what  Platonic  dialoguei  were  later  than  ok  oebvt  of  his 
■  ■alrapiL 


ic  grounds  alleged.    See  also 

_.. E  and  aecident.  R»pMi<.  4S4. 

■  £.(.  Ihe  diKuiuan  J  cBrrebtkin,  ii.  <U7  ivi- 
tpiUliiia.ii^.  •SotkiiUi,  seicun. 

•  £(.  i»  ffb.  m  I.  &  •pAMxi.ieid. 

'Pnndpit  ediliDfl  «9  that  of  Waiti.  with  Lilin  commenlary. 
>  vobM  iS44-iS4t).    Abohi  Um  innunwrablr  wdlen  who  have 

anwa  Ikht  apon  AriKotVa  logical  doctrine.  St  Hilaire.  Trendelen- 
rt.UeEcrwe&  Hainlliaii.Maniri.C.Crae  may  be  named.  Thrn 

1   othei*  o(  equal  dinincllDn.     RefeuBce  10  Prartl. 

""      '"-  "'    "■  ■      Hi<  ir  Cri«t»*n,  11.  1. 

iffi.  1900)  (tont 


ii'So 


bimjlspi 


M  equal  di> 


indlsptnsable.    ZMa.  Dk  FliUiiiiifh 

-ts"  (irded.,  itTVl.pp-  ilj-l?  dhci 

and  Maier.  Dlt^yllcflaaJiri  irIiMtUijt  vols 


"ffstr. 


<i-3.bstiecMBler,li[.(<I.Li 


ihovghl  10  toBov.  In  the  eeuns  of  taquhy  Into  the  forma] 
cosieqnencta  Imm  ptobaUe  prembes,  Ihe  principle  of  raedlitlon 
or  BnkJng  was  lo  laid  hate  that  the  advance  lo  tbe  aoalytle 
delnmiBUian  of  the  ipcdei  and  varietlei  of  lyUogiBm  waa 
natto^  Ouct  embatk«l  npon  iiich  ao  aaal]^,  where  valid 
praeea  ftom  asured  piinci[dei  gave  troth,  Ariilotle  •  could 
flad  Btlk  difficulty  hi  detennhilng  tbe  toimuli  of  demonilrative 
kBOwkdfa  or  ideiice.  It  must  be  grounded  in  principles  of 
aaained  teftafnty  and  must  demonlraie  itt  conclusions  with 
Ihe  ow  of  tucb  middle  or  Hnking  termi  only  11  It  u  possible  to 
equate  with  the  real  gnimd  or  cause  in  the  object  of  knoiHcdge. 
Ihnec  the  aceouBt  of  ailorai  and  of  de&iitlou,  bol  h  of  nibil  ancci 
and  of  detiraliv*  atlilhiitn.  Benre  Ibe  Importance  of  deter- 
mining bow  tiM  principle*  are  eitaUiihed.  It  b,  then,  a  fair 
•otkhig  hypothec  11  lo  the  ilrudure  o(  Ihe  Ortatun  to  pbca 
the  Ttfia,  nUdi  deal  with  dialectical  reasoning,  before  the 
Analylla*  (H  ihe  remaining  tmlba  nothing  of  fundamental 
import  depends  on  their  order.  One,  however,  Ihe  Caltjiriri, 
may  he  r^arded  with  an  andeni  co[nnienlator."ai  preliminary 
to  Ibe  dialectica]  hiquby  tn  the  Tspia,  The  other,  on  thought 
SI  eipnsed  in  language  tjbft  i^iofritat)  b  possibly  spurioui, 
tbou^  In  any  caie  a  compilation  of  Ibe  Aristotelian  school. 
If  genuine,  Iti  naive  theory  that  thought  coplei  things  and  other 
Icalnrei  of  ill  contents  would  tend  to  plice  It  among  ihe  earliest 
worka  of  the  pUteiopher. 

Production  In  tbe  form  of  a  lerlei  of  relatively  self-contained 
treilbca  acconnts  for  Ihe  abaence  of  a  name  and  general  definition 
of  Iheir  common  IScld  of  inquiry.  A  more  Emponanl 
lack  which  leeulls  b  that  of  any  clear  intimation  >i  S!^!!r 
lo  the  tdalion  in  whldi  Aibtotle  supposed  It  to 
stand  to  other  dbdplinei.  In  hb  definite  clanificalion  of  Ihe 
sciences,"  into  Full  Phikaophy,  HatheraaUci  and  Phyvcs, 
ii  has  no  t^act.  Its  axioms,  ndi  ai  the  law  of  contradiction, 
bebng  to  finl  philosophy,  but  the  doctrine  ai  a  whole  filb 
neither  under  this  hesd  nor  yet,  though  the  thought  his  been 
entertiined,  under  that  of  malhemitlcs,  since  logic  orden 
mathemitlol  rtaionlcg  ai  well  11  aU  other.  The  sprculaiive 
sdencti,  Indeed,  are  clasiiGcd  according  lo  their  rclilioQ  to  form, 
pure,  ahslrict  or  concrete,  i.e.  according  to  their  objecli.  The 
logical  inquiry  leemi  lo  be  conceived  11  dealing  with  the  Ihoughl 
of  which  the  objccis  are  objects.  II  b  to  be  regarded  is  a 
propaedeutlc.Bwhich,  although  it  bin  com  tct  with  tiihly  in  and 
Ibrougb  the  mcliphysical  import  of  the  aiioaii,  or  again  in  the 
fact  that  the  categories,  Ihough  primarily  taken  as  forms  of 
predication,  must  also  be  regarded  ai  kinds  of  being,  b  not 
directly  concerned  with  ohieO-reilily,  but  with  the  detcrminalion 
for  the  thinking  sabied  of  what  constitutes  Ihe  knowledge 

■-Ive  10  bdtig.    Logic,  IherefDre,  b  not  clasied  aa  one,  sliU 

branch  of  one,  among  the  'ologiea.  ontology  not  eiccplcd. 
which  logical  doctrine  b  developed  In  tbe  Ariiio- 


3  fits  i 


:hiracter  of  A 

thai  the  Inquiry  sbill  ciny  Ihe  pliin  man  along  with  it.  Actual 
modes  of  eipression  arc  shown  to  embody  distinctions  which 
ivtrige  intelligence  cm  easily  recognise  and  will  readily  acknow. 
ledge,  ibough  they  miy  tend  by  ptogiejsive  cectificilion  fundi- 
mcniilly  to  modify  Ihe  loumplionnitunt  to  Ihe  level  of  Ihoughl 
from  which  he  begins.  Thus  we  start "  fmm  Ibe  point  of  view 
of  a  world  of  upanie  penoni  and  things,  in  which  Ihoughl 
mirrori  these  concrete  reililies,  taken  as  ultimate  snhjccti  of 
piedicatct.  Il  Is  a  world  ol  communication  of  thought,  where 
persons  as  thinkers  need  to  utter  In  linguifi  trulhi  objectively 
valid  for  Ihe  mitiidvs  tomwntnis.  In  these  truths  predicates  ire 
iccrpled  or  rejected  by  subjects,  ind  Iherefore  depend  on  the 
reflectkiDof  fart  in  Wy*  (pnipoiitions).  ThcM are  comhinalory 
of  parts,  attaching  or  detaching  piedtciles,  and  K  involving 
>  References  inch  as  iSi  u  am  the  molt  cf  suhacqueal  editing 

*  "Sdnstusii'slidtoliavecailcJtbemT/drSrrBnifci 
B  yumpiyi.  E.  I. 


nbjcct,  [mdiaitc  uid  oopoli.'  At  Ihi)  (tige  m 
GODCcmcd  iriLb  ipeech-Forms  u  tbc  thonglit-foniu 
in  coDveotional  symbols,  wilb  PlUo'i  uulytis 


}( this  sU£e  is  ibt  univenal  of  Uu, 
ublc  of  >  plurality  o[>uhj«cl>.  Tlw 
diilECtici]  doclrine  of  judgment  u  tlie  dcdaniioa  of  one  member 
of  ■  diijunciion  by  coDtmdiaioi),  vbkh  is  laler  lO  impoiUDt,  is 
Mrugt^ng  witb  one  of  its  iniliaJ  difficulties,*  vii.  tlie  contingency 
of  psrticulAT  events  fuLmCt  tbe  sotutlon  of  which  icmtuns  im- 
pcifecL* 

Tbe  dodiine  of  tbs  CoMforiu  it  Mill  on  Ihi  tUH  level  of 
Ibought,'  Ihough  its  giunmitico-kigial  uujyiis  is  tbe  mon 
^^^  idvinced  one  which  bid  pndiiblj  been  dcvel^ied  by 
^^^^  the  Aduleiny  before  Aiiitotk  ciioe  to  think  of  his 
friends  then  u  "  than  "  ntber  thin  "  us."  It  is 
what  in  one  direction  give  the  now  funiliir  clmificstion  of 
puts  of  speech,  in  the  oLher  that  of  thougfat-aitcioiiei  under- 
lying them.  11  we  ibetnct  from  ley  ictult  eombinkliOD  of 
subject  ind  predicite  and  proceed  to  determine  the  lypa  of  pie- 
diote  isserled  iniimplcpn^wiiioiuof  f*ct,  we  tuveonlbeoae 
bond  »  subject  which  is  never  object,  4  "  firal  jubstance  "  ot  too- 
trete  thing. of  which  may  be  predicated  in  the  Srsl  pUce  "second 
lubausce  "  eipressiog  that  it  is  a  merabei  of  a  concrete  dais, 
and  in  the  second  plsce  quantity,  quality,  roneUlion,  action 
andtbeliJiG.  The  list  foUowi  the  fonna  of  tbe  Greek  laivuage  so 
cluely  that  a  category  emerges  appropriated  to  the  use  of  the 
perffct  tense  of  the  middle  voice  to  e]g>re9a  the  relation  of  the 
subject  to  a  gaib  that  it  dons.    In  all  this  the  individual  is  the 

individual  and  attach  or  detach  predicates  cotTcclIy  and  in- 
correctly. There  is  no  committaj  to  the  metaphysics  in  the  light 
of  which  the  logical  inquiry  is  at  last  to  find  its  complete  Justifies' 
tion.  Tbe  point  of  view  is  to  be  modified  profoundly  by  what 
follows — by  the  doctrine  of  the  doss-concept  behind  the  class, 
of  the  form  or  idea  is  the  constitutive  formula  of  a  substance, 
or,  again,  by  the  requirement  that  an  essential  attribute  must 
he  grounded  in  the  nature  or  essence  of  the  substance  of  which 
it  is  predicated,  and  that  such  attributes  alone  are  admissible 
predicates  fnim  tbe  point  of  view  of  the  strict  ideal  of  sdence. 
Bui  we  are  still  on  the  ground  of  common  opinion,  and  these 
doctrines  are  not  yet  laid  down  as  fundamental  to  the  develop- 

e  to  be  the  ulUmale  method 
..  ti  from  probable 
anu  tuncmcu  picmises,-  and  detJs  With  them  Only  in 
TjjIj,  the  light  of  common  priodplcs  lucb  ss  may  be  reason- 
ably appealed  to  or  easily  esllblishedagainsl  challenge. 
To  the  eipen,  in  any  study  which  involves  contingent  maner, 
ix.  an  irreducible  element  of  indeterniination,  e.^.  to  the  physician, 
there  is  a  specific  form  of  this,  but  the  refieclion  thai  this  is  so  is 
something  of  an  afterthought.  We  start  with  what  is  prima  facie 
given,  to  return  upon  it  from  tbs  ground  of  principles  daiilied  by 
the  sitting  process  of  dialectic'  and  certified  by  wi)(.  The  Topics 
deal  with  dialectic  and  onslitute  an  anatomy  of  argumentalian, 
or,  according  to  what  seems  to  be  Aristotle's  own  metaphor,  1 
survey  of  the  tactical  vinlage-pointi  (r^roi)  lor  tbe  confiict  ol 
wits  in  which  the  prise  is  primarily  vicloiy,  though  it  is  a  barren 
victory  unless  it  is  also  knowledge.  It  is  in  this  ireiLise  that 
what  have  been  called  "  the  conceptual  categories" '  emerge, 
viz.  the  predkal^,  or  heads  of  predication  is  it  is  analysed  in 
lelation  to  the  provisiooil  Ibeoiy  of  defiruUon  that  difJeclic 
allows  and  requires.  A  ptedicale  either  is  eipreuive  of  the 
essence  or  part  ol  the  essence  of  the  subject,  vis.  thai 
gniup  of  mutually  undcrivable  aitribulcs  of  wbich  the 
of  any  one  destroys  its  right  ta  the  dass-name,  or  it 
Either  it  is  coovenible  with  the  subject  or  it  is  not.    Here  Iheo 

'  Dt  liltrpnlaliiittt  iia  n-7i.  '1 

'  Ih.  19a  ji.19. 

object  of  HUH  u  conceived.' 7b 
'Ttfia  lOlaayiod  je-t4. 


I  wMch  the  idativity  of  sense  and  tl 


lARISTOTLB 


ihon^  itiD  viewed  a*  conbtaitarr,  his  tbe  typta 

!  that  predicate  coloddeiKC  or  acddeot,  i-t.  any 
not  even  derivatively  ewential  fnun  ibc  point  of  view 
'  I  which  the  subject  hat  fouod  •  place.  Is  the 
any  predicate  nuy  be  suggested  for  *  lubiect, 
and  li  not  amrmed  of  it,  must  be  denied  of  it,  if  not  denied  must 
be  a^rraed.  The  development  of  a  theory  of  tbe  ground  on 
which  subfccts  claim  their  predicates  and  disown  alien  predicates 
could  Dot  be  long  poetp<Hied.  In  practical  dialectic  the  nn- 
bmited  possibility  was  reduced  to  manageable  proportions  ia 
virtue  of  tbe  groundwork  of  received  opinion  upon  which  tht 
operation  proceeded.  It  is  in  the  Topici,  further,  chat  we  clearly 
have  a  first  tFutcuent  of  syllogism  as  formal  implication,  with 
the  luggestioD  that  advance  must  be  made  to  a  view  ol  its  use 
for  juateriil  implication  from  true  and  necessary  prindpleL 

inductive  process,  wbich,  as  dialectical,  throw  ibe  bunien  <^ 
producing  contradictory  instances  upon  the  other  party  to  tho 
discussion.  In  virtue  of  the  common-stock  of  opinion  among 
the  iolerloculon  and  their  potentially  controlling  audience, 
this  ptDCeis  was  more  valuable  than  appears  on  the  face  of 
things.  Obviously  tentative,  ind  witb  limits  and  ultimate  inter- 
pretation to  be  detertnined  elKHbere,  it  failed  to  bear  fruit  till 
the  Renaissance,  and  then  by  the  irony  of  fate  10  the  disciedilini 
of  Ariilotle.  In  any  use,  however,  definition,  syllogism, 
ioductioo  ill  invited  further  determination,  eqiedally  K  they 
were  to  take  their  place  in  a  doclrine  of  Initb  or  knowledge. 
The  ptobleie  of  analytic,  i.i.  of  the  resdution  of  the  various 
fi>rms  of  inference  into  their  eq;uivalents  In  that  grouping  of  tenm 
or  premises  which  waa  most  obviously  cogent,  was  a  legacy  of  Ibc 
Topics.  The  debate-game  had  sought  Soi  dlvemon  and  fouafl 
truth,  and  truth  raised  the  logicil  problem  on  a  different  plane. 
At  first  the  problem  of  formal  analysis  only.  We  proceed 
with  the  talk  of  instances  and  concern  ouisclva  fint  wiilt 
relations  of  indution  and  odtinon.  The  question  is 
as  to  membciship  of  a  diss,  and  tbo  dominant  ionnnla  ^"'  , 
la  the  iitJam  it  tmni  a  hUo,  Until  the  view  of  the 
individual  units  with  which  we  arc  so  fir  fimiltaT  has  nndeiBooe 
radical  revision,  the  primary  inquiry  must  be  into  the  lonns  at 
a  das»<alculus.  Individuals  fall  into  groupa  in  vinna  of  the 
pooosioD  of  cenalu  predicate*.  Does  one  group  indnde,  or 
eidude,cirintenectai»Iher«ith  wbichitlscompand?  Wearc 
deatly  in  tbe  field  of  tbe  disgnms  of  the  teat-books,  and  much  of 
tbe  pbnsccJogy  is  baaed  upon  an  original  graphic  representation 
in  extension,  Tbe  middle  tern,  tbmtgfa  conceived  as  an  inter- 
mediary or  linking  term,  gets  its  nanre  as  intermediale  in  a 
bocnogeneous  scheme  of  qusDtity,  where  it  cannot  be  of  tJarrowcT 
eitension  than  tbe  subJKt  nor  wider  than  (be  predicate  of  the 
condution,*'  It  is  also,  as  Aristotle  adds,"  middle  in  poaitioD  in 
tht  sylloglsin  that  condudcs  to  1  universal  affirmative."  Again, 
so  long  as  we  keep  lo  the  syllo^m  as  complete  in  ItteU  and 
wilbout  reference  to  its  place  in  the  great  structure  of  knowledge, 
the  nerve  of  proof  cannot  be  conceived  in  other  tbui  1  fonui 
tniTUicr,  In  anilyiic  we  work  with  an  ethos  dillCnnt  from  that 
of  dillecllc  We  presume  truth  and  not  pnbibility  or  con- 
cession, but  a  true  conduiian  can  fallow  from  fabe  preiniitt,  and 
it  is  only  in  the  attempt  to  derive  the  inriaiwi  in  ton  Itdb 
their  grounds  that  we  unmask  the  deception.  TIk  pusige  to 
the  conception  ol  system  is  still  required.  The  Prier  — ^ 
AnaiyiiH  then  are  concerned  with  1  fomul  logic  to  ]u1mil 
be  knit  into  a  system  of  knowledge  of  the  teal  only  in 
virtue  of  a  formula  wbich  is  at  Ibis  Mige  Mill  to  se^ 
The  forms  of  lyDogism,  bowever,  are  tracked  luccessfaDy  Ihrou^ 
their  figures,  i-t,  through  tbe  positioni  ol  the  middle  term  that 
Aristotle  ret  "  ......  .       .  


Pricr  AmdjOa.  U.  13,  ttt  isaq^" 


oplanailoq  o(  tbe  [otnd  defidaen  ■(  ladactisa. 


ARISTOTLE 


aloK  left  lUadialp  oxl  the  foaoti  doctrine  of  lyltdgitiB  ii  com- 
pkle.  SyUogism  almdy  defined'  btcomct  tliroiigh  cihibilion 
in  it*  vikd  [onni  deuin  its  piinciple.  It  ii  i  ipeccb-uul- 
ibought-foim  (X^Tn)  in  wbich  certiiD  mitten  being  pouted 
lomcihing  otbei  than  tbe  miiten  pojitcd  nccBiuiJy  resulu 
beiaiue  of  Ihem,  and,  ibough  il  Mill  need!  to  icceive  >  deeper 
meaning  when  presumed  truth  givea  way  la  neccaary  tnith  of 
pnmiscs,  the  noIioD  ol  the  class  Lo  that  ol  the  cUsa-coiuept, 
ccUtetive  fact  to  univenal  law,  its  [oniul  claim  is  manifest 

already  seen  to  be  conjoined  must  be  severally  known  lo  be  in 
that  which  joins  them,  it 


LOGIC 

Whetliei  thit  b  e 


diret 


rerally  in 


If  wha 


il  docs  perforce  relate  or  conjoin  Ihem,  "Something  other." 
The  conjunction  was  by  liypothais  not  -given,  and  is  a  new 
result  by  no  means  to  be  reached,  apart  fiom  direct  perception 
save  by  use  of  at  least  two  given  conjunctions.  '■  Becauae  of 
them,"  therefore.  Ycl  so  long  as  the  class-view  is  promiaeiit, 
there  il  a  luggesiion  ol  a  begging  of  the  question.  The  class  ii 
either  constituted  by  enumeraiion  of  its  members,  and,  passing 
by  the  difiicully  involved  in  the  (bought  of  "its"  members, 
ii  an  empirical  univer^  ol  fact  merely,  or  it  is  grounded  in  the 
class-concept-  In  the  Gnt  case  it  is  a  formal  scheme  which  helps 
knowledge  and  the  tbcory  of  linowjedge  not  at  all.  We  need 
then  to  dticiOp  the  tllemilive,  and  to  pass  from  the  eitemal 
aspect  of  all-nets  to  the  intrinsic  ground  of  it  in  tbe  univenal 
a^' aiiri  Ml  j  a.M,i>bich.HhatweverlheimisUn(e  it  receive! 
from  induction  in  some  sense  of  the  word,  in  the  course  of  its 
development  for  tbe  individual  mind,  is  secured  against  depend- 


e  fiat  o 


of    1 


linkage  needs  to  be  deepened  by  the  realiaation  ol  the  middle 

termu  the  ground  Di  neiusinarell  order  which  is  also  rational. 

Atislotle'l  ulutiooof  the  paradox  of  inference,  vli,  of  tbe  fact 

thai  in  one  lenie  (o  go  beyond  what  ii  in  the  prcmiies  ii  lallaQ', 

■  loHsbeyondthi     '  '    ''■ 


.    lies  in  his  Ion 


1,  poteni 


The  leal  nexus  underlying  the  thought- 
process  it  to  be  aniculaled  in  the  light  ol  Ihe  voucher  by  inltlll- 
genceaalo  the  truth  of  the  principles  ollbe  various  department! 
of  knowledge  which  we  call  sciences,  and  at  the  ided  limit  it  if 
possible  to  transform  syllogism  Into  systematic  presentation,  KC 
that,  differently  written  down,  it  b  definition.  But  for  human 
thought  sense,  with  its  accidenlalsettii 


ilwsya  with  us.    The  ac 


Sjdlogism 


sopeiftclly  realiied  at  to  merge  i 
It  indeed  be  objective,  ij.  vs 
a  procesa  in  the  medium  of 
whereby  new  truth  Is  reached.  A  man  m: 
are  tierile  tod  thai  the  betsl  before  bim  is  a  i 
bet  to  be  in  Inal  "  not  viewing  tbe  several  tr 
Tbe  doctrine,  then,  thai  the  univeral  prcmiie  contains  the  con- 
clusion not  olbcmise  than  potentially  is  wiLh  Aristotle  cardinal. 
Tlie  datum  of  sense  is  only  retained  through  the  univen»l.< 
It  is  possible  to  lake  a  universal  view  wilh  KUne  at  least  of  the 
paiticulu  inUancet  left  uninvesiigaled-'  Recognition  that  the 
dast-concept  i*  applicable  may  be  independent  ol  knowledge 
ol  much  that  it  involve!.  Knowledge  of  tbe  implications  of  it 
does  not  depend  on  observation  of  all  members  of  the  data. 
Syllogism  as  lotimilt  for  the  eihibition  of  iruib  altaincd,  and 
conitiuctioo  or  what  not  as  the  instrumental  process  by  which 
we  reach  ibe  truth,  have  wilh  writen  since  HcgcI  and  Herbart 
(ended  to  fall  apan.  Amlotle's  view  is  otbei-  Both  are  syllo- 
gisms, Ihougb  in  difletent  pointt  of  view-  For  this  reason,  il 
for  no  other,  the  conceplion  of  movement  from  the  potential 
potiestionol  knowledge  to  its  actualkation  temaint  indiipeotable. 
■  Priar  Anaiytia,  1,  I.  9«i  i»->0,  EMvr>i«ii  M  IrrI  Mrm  1>  # 
'Hie  equivalent  previoudy  in  To 


•Pner  jixo/yliu.  a 

■erasj-w.rt"'* 

•670  39^5- 


PKuiiai  Aiini:i&iX  ■- 
'7*1  *■* 


In  (he 


FoiUrior  Anaiylics  (he  syllogism  is  btoi 
nneikui  wi(h  (he  real  by  being  set  within 
t  fuacUon  is  (Jia(  of  material  implication 


such.    The  ideal  of  science  or  demoaslri 
1  exhibit  at  flowing  from  tbe  definiiioos  ai 
:ieDce,  from  its  special  prindples,  by  Ibe  beip  < 
I  principles  common  (o  all  knowledge,  and  these 
lit  at  guiding  ndea,  all  ihe  properties  of  the  : 
predicates  that  belong  10  it  in  ' 


n  and 


being  avouched  by  mt,  "heavenly  body"  lor  example,  Ibg 
problem  is,  given  (he  fact  of  a  Don-scli-4ubsistent  characteristic 
the  edipse  of  (he  said  body,  10  find  a  ground,  A 
expressed  tbe  alfior,  in  virtue  of  which  the 
adjectival  concept  can  be  exhibited  as  belonging  to  tbe  aubject- 
"*    '   ^  in  tbe  stticlly  adequate  sense  ol  tbe  pbrase 

then  ol  reviling  tbe  point  of  view  of  the  tyllogism  of  all-ness. 

'iscaid  the  conception  ol  the  universal  as  a  predicate  applic- 

o  a  plurality,  or  even  to  all,  ol  the  members  of  t  group. 

To  kiiow  merely  tai  itin6t  is  not  10  know,  save  accidentally. 

The  exhaustive  judgment,  if  attainable,  could  not  be  known 

e  exhaustive.  The  imlversal  is  (he  ground  of  the  empirical 

"  and  not  conversely.    A  formula  tucb  as  tbe  equality  of 

inteiiai  angles  of  a  triangle    to  two  right  angles  la  only 

ilifically  known  when  It  is  not  of  isoscdes  or  scalene  triangle 

it  is  known,  dot  even  of  all  (be  several  types  of  triangle 

collectively,  but  at  a  predicate  of  triangle  tecogoiied  as  the 

e,  tbe  fitti  stage  in  the 

progreasive  diScrentiaiion  ol  figure  at  which  it  on  be  atterted.* 

*"  ""     ------   -*----->usly  need  deveiopmc"^    '"■"    ""      *" 


definith 


wilhtl 
or  ground,  and  Ihe  « 


ndplet. 


middle 


is  eiths  of  the  lubject-kind  or  ol  the  properly  that 
grounded  ia  it.  Of  the  self-subiisicni  definition  is  o^lai  ru 
frupwwAl'byeipositionof genusanddiBercntia.v  It  iMbDkK 
is  intlenonstiable.  It  presumes  the  reality  of  its  sub- 
ject in  a  pDMuiale  of  existence-  It  bdongi  to  the  principles 
of  demonstrslion.    Sumiiu  ffluni  and  groups  below  iafimae 

ducidation  by  indication  ol  what  falls  under  tbem.  The  latter 
ait  only  describable  by  (bcir  accidents.  There  can  here  be 
DO  true  diSercntia-  The  artificiality  ol  tbe  liniit  to  (be  articula- 
tion of  species  was  one  of  the  poinls  to  which  tbe  downfall  ol 
Aris(oile't  influence  was  largdy  due.  01  a  non-tdf-tubsiiteni 
or  attribulive  conception  definition  In  its  highest  attaiuable 
form  il  a  recasting  ol  the  syllogism,  in  which  it  was  shown  that 
the  attribute  was  grounded  in  tbe  substance  or  self-subsjslent 
subject  el  which  il  is,  Edipse  of  the  moon.  >.{-  it  privation  ol 
light  liom  the  moon  by  the  interposition  of  Ibe  eanb  between 
it  and  the  auB-  In  the  tdenlific  syllogism  the  interposition  of 
the  earth  is  the  middle  tfrm,  the  cause  01  "because"  (tiin),  (be 
iTiidue  d  ib«  definition  ii  condusion.  Tbe  diSerence  then  il 
in  verbal  cxpratian,  way  of  putting,  inBexioa-"    If  we  pluck 

'Kilfrior'ifiuf^iii,  I.  4  i^  etrj  n«n  (0  contained  In  the 
definition  of  ihe  Mibjecti  (1)  having  the  eubjeit  oonained  in  its 
definitioii,  u  beii^  an  itterniiive  delermi  nation  o(  the  utt^ert. 
crooked,  tt  is  («m  of  Une;  (3)  ■ell-«ihs>aent !  (4)  connected  with 
the  Hit^ectaiooMequenI  10  ground,   lis  needsstrieter  determination 


■•  Stupliyi.  i,  11.  hTa  gie 
■Maii.ntia. 


A  this  ton 


9oa 

iht  fniK  id  (ht 

while,  il  funhn 


form  uid  in  anolbet  vi 


h  of  Atiiiolle't  discuulon  coiuisis. 

id^ntion  of  vientific  inquiry  u 

^^ converpng   in   |4i»ii  f+n|ff«,  lit    invoiigilion    of 

tiic  link  or  "  b«auH  "  u  ground  in  ibc  n&ture  of 
tliinp.  Td  ^^y  yAfi  oTridr  tA  jtkaor^  real  ground  and 
thought  [ink  fall  togtihtr.  The  advance  from  lyllogiiin  as 
foimil  implicilion  ii  ■  notable  one.  II  Ls  not  enough  to  have 
for  middle  itrm  x  ceuia  ainoianii.  menlr.   We  must  bive  & 

cause  of  their  not  IwinUing  and  make  the  friia  in  the  leal 
Older  the  middle  leim  of  Its  lyllagism,  la  Ihii  iirevnsible 
alena  proceeding  from  gnuod  to  (onKquent,  we  have  left 
far  hehind  such  things  u  the  formal  parity  of  genui  and  diScrenlia 
considered  as  [ailing  under  the  aane  ptedicaUe;*  and  hence 
justihed  in  part  Porphyry's  divergence  from  the  scheme  of 
predicablel'  We  need  devices,  Indeed,  to  determine  prfority 


order  of  nature." 

or  ideoce  Ari 

physlci,  more  o 

from  (he  diKor 


L  lo  be  " 


tany.*  In  the  Geld  of  pure  lotm,  free 
ig  lUiprisci  of  senuble  matter  and  m  of 
essity,  no  difficulty  arises  as  to  the  deducibility 
body  of  a  science  from  its  first  principlei.  In  the 
itract  form,  malhcniaiics,  the  like  may  be  allowed, 

by  one  act.     When  we  lake  into  account  relative 


ptohtr 


an  clearly  bnd  only  a  reluive 
In  any  ease,  however,  the 
us  [undamcnliL 


In  prebaitdo)  which  rcsolv 
^r^       piinclidesoftw 


regress  and  the  circle  [n  proof  (cirnJui 
3  ilscir  ultimately  into  proving  A  by  B 
we  are  conlrODted  by  the  need  (or 
I  kinds,  those  which  condition  all  search 
•BtmiBK  lor  LruiD,  ana  those  which  are  the  peculiar  or  proper 
friactpiM.  principles  of  special  sciences.  thdr"p05iiiomi,"  lit.tbe 
definitions  of  their  subjects  and  the  postulales  of  the  existence  of 
these.  All  an  indtmonstrahlc  and  cannot  be  less  sure  than  the 
body  of  doctrine  that  Bows  from  them.  They  must  indeed  be 
recognited  as  tnte,  primary,  causative  and  the  like.  But' they 
ale  not  congcniially  present  in  the  individual  [o  a  determinate 
shape.     The  doctrine  of  latency  is  nyiiical  and  save 


e<ow 


»■>).    Vet  they  n 


..„    .  ,  ,  and  theieupoo  Aristotle  _ 

oi  a  process  In  the  psycholagical  mechanism  which  he  Uluilrales 

by  comparative  psychology,  wherein  a  Uydi  or  meaning  emerges, 

a    "first"    universal  retogniied  by  inductiiHi.     Yet 

j*"*"    WW,  intelligence,  is  the  principle  of  first  prindlries. 

taittik.     It  is  infallible,  while,  whatever  the  case  with  perception 

of  the  special  leoubles.'  the  process  which  combines 

partlculan  Is  not.    On  the  side  of  induction  w*  find  that  enperl- 

ence  Is  said  to  ^ve  the  specific  princi[Jea,"  "the  phenomena 

being  apprehended  in  suffidency."     On  the  side  of  intuition, 

ielf-cvidean  of  scientific  piincii^es  is  spoken  of."    Yet  dialectic 

■9006.    a.  Ueberwi«,  .^ilM  ito  Wit,  t  TOI. 

>  jta  30  iqq,  •  rspKi,  lOlt  18.  19, 

'  PcOtritr  Analgia,  ii,  I  J.  '  Palmar  Aiulylia,  il.  It, 


not  thee 


:iulyfiii,  ii,  IJ.  tPt 

nfljiia,  I.  Ij  ad.  fin,,  and 


.    Thefo 


irierAnalyna.l.  3. 
laiM.  4aU  il  19. 


is  auiSiary  and  of  methodological  Imponince  In 
ment."  Mutually  limiting  ilalemcnts  occur  a 
side  by  side.  We  cannot  lake  first  principles 
precipitate  of  a  progressively  refined  analysis ' 
other  as  constitutive  a  priori  foims.  The  soluii< 
in  the  conception  of  1  process  that  has  a  doub 
the  one  hand  we  have  confroniaiion  with  lad 
virtue  of  the  rational  principle  which  is  the  An: 
phenomenal  order,  intelligent  will  find  satistai 


[AKtSTOTLS 

.heir  establisk- 


I  analysis,  and,  wi 
,  coherent  system. 


:loped  in  the  medium  of  the  psychological 
;ed  to  processes  of  reflective  comparison 
h  some  modification,  maintained  against 
h  the  ultimate  universal!  emerge,  Khich 
sit  as  certain,  and  the  whole  hierarchy  ot 
irst  "  universal!  lo  tA  ^W^  are  inltjjied 
Aristotle's  terminology  is  highly  technical. 


Keren 


which  the 


therefore,  p 

remises,  and  wh 

clples  when 

we  ask  in  the 

wn?   The  data 

in  questlo 

here.    The  pr 

equally  be 

dismissed.     W 

eleariyart 

n,  then,  primary 

rtalliation 

and  the  axiom 

must  needs  have  «ho  is  to 

of  the  form 

et,  spcdal  each 

thought  to 

hold  that  they 

thought,  save  only  wl 

he  countered  in  a  re<f> 
is  put.     Either 


tbiguous, "  prindph 
any  starting-point,  "  thai 
s  primarily  to  be  known,"  ■ 
.  jidwhatnot.  What  Ihenis  meaot  by  prin- 
ask  in  the  closng  chapter  of  his  logic  bow  they 
'  "^e  data  of  sense  are  dearly  not  the  principles 
The  premises  of  scientific  sy!log^s  may 
the)"  are  ne«  derivative  they 
liale  transcripts  from  definitions, 
initionsandthe  postulates  ej  r  heir 
common  principles,  "  which  he 
t  any  knowledge." '■  In  the  case 
Is  own  science,  Aristotle  may  he 
the  product  of  the  psychologicBl 
id  only  when  they  have  faced 
alectic  and  have  been  accep\ed  from 
integral  rationality  of  the  syatern  of  con- 

iploymenl  of  then  in  a  parity  of  relation, 
ed  in  the  psycholagical  mecbaniim,  but 
ilicitness  in  the  first  reflective  reaction 
ference  to  any  particular  content  of  il. 
d  as  premises  but  as  immanent  laws  of 
rn  an  inference  from  true  or  admitted 
lorm  is  challenged.  The  challenge  mist 
ifiiiibilc  in  which  the  dilemma 


,y  get  a  gieal. 


explicitB 


by  dialectical  treatment."    The  relati 

of  principle  to  the  psychological  mechanism  is  diHerent.  The 
kind  oi  ntrrant  that  intelUgince  can  give  to  specific  principles 
falls  short  ot  inlalllbility.  Celestial  physics,  with  its  pure  fwns 
and  void  of  all  matter  save  extension,  ia  not  such  an  exemplary 
science  after  all.  Rationality  b  continuous  throughout.  A 
XAyor  emerges  with  some  beings  in  direct  seqi»nce  upon  the 
persistence  oi  impressions."  Sense  is  of  the  "  first  "  universal, 
the  form,  though  not  of  the  ullimate  universaL  The  rally  from 
the  rout  in  Aristotle's  famous  metaphor  is  of  units  that  already 
belong  together,  that  are  oi  the  same  regiment  or  order.  On 
the  other  hand,  rationahty  has  two  stages.  In  the  one  it  a 
relatively  immersed  in  sense,  in  the  other  re 


.0  be  fou! 


if  there 


O;  Ihe  Snl." 

is  impressed  hy  things  and  receives  their  (brm  without  their 
matter.  The  other  [1  free  from  Impression.  It  thinks  it) 
■yatem  of  concepts  freely  on  the  occasion  of  the  aSectlons  e(  the 
receptivity.  Aristotle  is  fond  of  declaring  that  knowledge 
It  of  the  univen*],  while  etittettce  or  reality  is  individual.  It 
•eems  to  follow  that  the  cleivage  betoeen  koowledge  ud  redily 

■  r**te.  roiB  ij.  3fr.».  *i-4.  at 

••Utu^plfii   ipi3t'i4. 
•'PtamsrAxahiia.viaiitea. 

■  PmUritr  Anmlylkl.  77s  16,  T&l  37  iqq.  "  UtUfty-  T. 
!•  PtMritr  Aiafyia,\i.  19.                  'd(iliiiJM,iii.  4-6. 


tATER  GttE£tg 

bnot  bridgHl  by  IbefunctiwotivEr  Id  rchtton 
What  i>  known  ii  not  nsl.ind  what  ii  ml  ji  not  kntmn.    The 
Hotfiri'  hu  its  cause  in  the  doubJe  Knic  at  tht  itocd 
^^*^  "  univenal "  uid  >  pouibk  lolution  in  Ibc  docti 
Xig.       ol  (Hoi.    The  "  locm "  of  ■  thing  cdiutilutts  it 

wbit  it  Is,  ind  It  the  nmt  time,  Iheithue, 
tomlitullve  of  the  gnup  to  which  It  bctongi.  It  hu  both  ii 
dividual  ind  universal  reference.  The  Individual  is  luiow 
Id  the  tUn,  wblch  Ji  alio  the  first  univenal  in  which  by  analysis 
higher  univenals  an  discoverable.  These  arc  predicates  of  the 
object  known,  ways  of  iuiowing  it^  rather  thin  the  object  itself. 
The  suggested  solution  removes  certain  diScullies,  but  icaruly 
■U.  On  seeing  Callias  my  perception  Is  of  man,  not  Cilliaa. 
or  even  man-CiIlias.  The  iccognitien  of  the  Individual  ia  a 
matter  of  his  accidents,  to  which  even  tex  belongs,  and  the  pp 
trom  lowest  universal  to  individual  may  still  be  conceived  at 
unbiidged.  It  is  in  induction,  whi:h  claiini  to  ilaii  from 
parliculin  and  end  in  snivenals,'  that  we  must,  If  anywhere 
within  the  confines  of  logical  inquiry,  eipecl  to  find  the  required 
bridge.  The  Aristotelian  conccplioa  of  Induction,  however,  is 
lomewhit  ambiguous.  He  had  abandoned  for  the  rnoet  pan 
c^.  the  Fbionic  sense  of  the  corresponding  verb.  vii.  to 

i^ilHi  lead  forward  to  (he  asyet  unknown,  and  his  substitute 
"**^  isnol  quite  dear.  Ii  Isscircelythcniilllary  metaphor. 
*"'*^  The  adducing  ol  a  witness  for  which  he  uses  the  verb* 
ia  not  an  idea  (bat  coven  all  the  met.*  Perhaps  confrontation 
with  facts  it  the  general  meaning.  But  how  docs  he  conceive 
of  its  operation?  There  it  in  Ibe  Erst  place  (he  action  of  the 
psychological  roethtnism  in  the  process  Irom  ditcriminative 
lente  opwatdi  wherein  we  realize  "first"  universal!.'  This 
It  dearly  an  qBreflectiv*,  prelogical  proeeu,  not  altogether 
lighted  up  by  out  retrojection  upon  it  of  our  view  of  dialectical 
Induction  ^led  thereoiL  The  immanent  rationaLiy  of  (hit 
fint  form,  in  virtue  of  which  at  the  stage  when  intelligence 
■ctt  freely  on  the  Dccaiion  of  the  datum  supplied  it  recogniies 
eonlinuily  with  its  own  self-conscious  proeea,  it  what  gives 
the  dialectical  type  its  meaning.  Secondly  we  hive  iha  dia- 
lectical "  induction  as  to  particulars  by  grouping  of  timilut"' 
whose  KabHIty  to  Tebuiiat  by  an  eiceptlon  has  been  already 
noted  fti  conneiion  with  Ibe  limilt  of  dialectic.  This  is  ibe 
Incomplete  Induction  by  simple  enumcmion  which  hat  so 
olten  been  laughed  to  tcom.  It  it  a  heurittic  proceis  liable 
to  lalluK,  and  in  tn>liciiion  by  a  nation  of  taJken  even  to 
phytici  where  non-eiperr  opinion  is  worthiest  somewhat  dis- 
credited it.  Yet  it  wea  the  fundamental  form  of  induction 
at  it  wat  conceived  throughout  the  ichokitic  period.  Thirdly 
we  have  the  limiting  cases  of  this  in  the  inductive  syllogltm 
Jidvitrgv,' a  syllogism  in  ihelhtrd  figure  concluding  univertally, 
and  yet  valid  because  the  copula  eipresies  equivalence,  and  in 
inalegy'  in  which,  it  hat  been  well  said,  intlancet  are  weighed 
and  not  counted.  In  the  former  it  has  been  noted'  that 
Aiitlolle's  illuilialion  doea  not  combine  particular  facta  into 
a  lowest  concept,  but  tpeciSc  concepts  into  a  genetic  concept, 
and  ■  that  in  the  coulruction  of  definite  induclioni  the  ruling 
thought  with  Aristotle  it  already,  though  vaguely,  that  of 
causal  relation.  It  appeati  taler,  notwithstanding,  to  lake  the 
less  subtle  interpretation  "  thai  dlalecdeal  induction  struggling 
with  instances  ia  formally  juslilied  only  at  the  limit,  and  that 
thii.  where  we  have  eihautled  and  know  t  bat  we  have  eihiutted 
the  cases,  is  in  regard  to  individual  subjecti  rarely  and  accident- 
ally reached,  to  that  n-e  perforce  illuitrate  rather  from  the 
definite  claas^onceptt  falling  under  a  higher  notion.     After 

■  UrUpiyi.  M.  tog7a  lo-ii;  ZtHcr  tse.  til.  304  iqq.:  McUod 
fnnct.  Tjbi  Unvrul  emI  ParlictUir  in  Ariualfi  TlutHy  g/  Kom- 
Itdf  ('U6). 

'Tipill.  iqsa 


LOGIC 


90s 


'  E.t.  Te^ 


«t;<ici.  ii.  t»,iao»3. « 


~  the  UK 


■  Utupkyt.  995a  i. 


'Tefict.' - 

•  ITMdIirTlu.  PrisT  A  rufyrici.  <i.  11. 
•Smart,  LmiI,  Eng.  Irani,  vol.  il.  p.  >^ 
■>  Ucbcrwej.  SyMm,  1 117.  with  a  ref,  n 


■U,  AristDlte  must  haw*  had  naana  by  wMcb  he  teaehed  Iba 
condusioni  that  horses  are  long-lived  and  lack  gall.  It  is  only 
then  in  the  rather  mystical  relation  of  aoCr  to  the  first  type  ol 
induction  as  the  process  of  (he  paycbologlcal  mechaniim  that  an 
indication  of  the  direction  io  which  Ihe  bridge  from  individual 
being  tonnlveraal  knowledgeis  lobe  found  can  be  held  to  tie. 

Enough  has  been  laid  to  justify  (he  great  place  assigoed  to 
Ariitoile  in  ilie  hittoty  of  logic.  Without  pressing  meta(diyaicil 
formulae  In  logic  ptoper,  he  analysed  fortaa!  implica-  , 
tion,  grounded  implicaiion  at  a  mode  ol  knowledge  *■■"■*■ 
In  the  rationality  ol  the  real,  and  developed  a  justificaloiy 
metaphysic.  He  laid  down  the  progiainnie  which  the  after 
history  of  logic  was  to  carry  out.  We  have  of  course  abandoned 
parlicularkgicalpositlona.  This  Is  especially  to  be  noted  In  Ibc 
theory  of  the  proposition.  The  individualitm  with  which  he 
starts,  howsoever  afterwards  mitigated  by  hit  doctrine  of  rd  tl 
4'  4^1-ai  or  iQot  constituting  Ihe  individual  In  a  ayiiem  of 
intelligible  relaliont,  conHoed  him  in  an  inadmissible  way  to 
(he  subject -attribute  formula.  He  could  not  recognize  such 
vocables  as  the  impcrsonals  for  what  they  were,  and  had  peifoice 
to  ignore  (be  logical  significance  of  purely  reciprocal  judgments, 
such  as  tho«  of  equality.  There  was  necessarily  a  "  sense  " 
or  direction  in  every  proposition,  wllb  more  Ihan  the  purely 
psychological  hnporl  that  the  advance  nas  from  the  already 
mistered  and  familiar  taken  as  relatively  ttaUe,  10  the  new  and 
strange.  Many  attribulet,  too,  were  predicaUe,  even  to  the 
end,  in  an  eilenial  and  accidental  way,  not  being  derivable  from 
iheettcnceof  the  tubject.  The  thought  of  coatlngency  wat  loo 
eatily  applied  to  these  attiibutet,  and  an  uotaiitfactory  treatment 
of  modality  followed.  It  it  indeed  the  doctrine  of  the  Inlricl- 
abtti(y  of  matter  Io  fonn  thai  liet  at  the  base  of  Ihe  paradox 
as  to  the  diipantenesa  of  knowledge  aod  the  real  already  noted. 
On  Ihe  one  hand  Aritlolle  by  hit  doctrine  o[  maltcr  admitleit 

ils  Insight  inio  rationallly  loo  high  a  function  with  regard  to 
Ihe  concrete  la  which  Ihe  turd  wat  present,  a  power  to  certify 
the  truth  ol  tcientific  ptindplo.  The  ettmple  of  Arisioile'i 
view  of  celetUal  phytica  aa  a  icience  of  pure  forms  eihibita 
both  polntt.  On  Ihe  Copernican  change  the  heavenly  bodies 
were  recogniipd  as  concrete  and  yet  subject  to  calculable  law. 
Intelligence  had  warranted  false  piinciplet.  The  moral  is  Ibat 
afthesioryoftheheelofAchilles. 

To  return  to  logic  proper.  The  Aristotelian  theoiy  of  the 
universal  of  Kience  as  secure  Irom  dependence  on  its  inslancea 
and  Ihe  theoty  of  linking  in  tyllo^tm  remain  a  heritage  for  all 
later  logic,  whether  accepted  in  precisely  Aristotle's  formula 
or  no.  It  It  because  Iht  intervening  centuries  had  Ihe  Aiiitotelisn 
basis  10  work  on,  tomttimes  in  reduced  quantity  and  corrupt 
form,  but  always  in  tame  quanliiy  and  tome  form,  that  Ibe 
rest  of  out  logical  Iradidon  it  whai  it  is.  We  stand  upon  hia 
ahouMen. 

ili.  loler  Gnth  lefk. 
After  AiMotle  we  have,  si  regards  (ogle,  what  Ihe  verdict  of  after 
nin  li»  richlly  eharacterind  at  an  age  of  E^ini.  So  far  u  the 
.  .riilolriian  Tramework  it  accepted  we  meet  only  miiKr  coneniont  and 
rnemkins  of  a  fonnal  kind  If  then  it  conKioui  and  punxBed 
■  -         ■.-■•■  -.    whole,  wSihin  Ihe 


tssas 


mechanical  and  methodoliicical.  of  the  acicnces 
■"       ■        rhhout  (fcvelopme 


_  achlevenwin  of  the  school  wat  to 

fouad.    Wiih  Theophmm).  aecndlnily.  In  hit  botanical  In- 
quiries, for  example.  Ihe  ahttnatlvet  of  danilkalion,  the  normal 

conclinJon  of  raiienal  probability,  ai*  what  coonli.  I(  ii  perhi/s 
not  wMly  fanciful,  to  eenntct  with  this  attiude  Ihe  Ian  ihat 
Ariootlc'i  pupils  dealt  wiih  ■  sirer  hand  than  the  maitci  with  iba 


LOGIC 

.  tormtl    i 

V  of  the  bypoUmioi  vod  dai^unctivc  i^Uo- 

'"the  SuAa  iR  of  mon  ImpvtUKE.     Dcipiie  tht  fut  that  thdr 
'  *:  intcreiu  lay  nibarin  ctUci  aod  pbyiia,  iha'r  aciiviiy 
ia  »bai  tli^ctuiiSHlBiilHttuKldtpvtinciuiif  ipKuIa- 

tncH  on  the  tenuloolofr  of  philosDphv-  Logic  ii  their 
nf  cOPfCifiUHKaa,  impmdcm  and  other  technical  wordi  rome 
It  tattt  M  ^***"*"'  wd^  fiom  Ronun  SroiauL     EveD 


tbc  Stoic  »inc  Cor 


nd  pUct.  it 


giurureed  the  being  ti  ila  objecl.  Id  hoM  upon  the  object  in- 
volved thcdHKmment  that  it  could  bur  be  thai  vhich  it  purpcncd 
lobe.  Such  "peychsbigicalceRaintv"  vudeniedbyilieiracMirtie 
oppownu,  and  in  the  hiuiuy  o(  Stokiun  we  have  appanlulir  a 
iDadi6catiDa  of  the  doctrine  iJ  #waaU  naraAqrruf  with  a  view 

nuet  thenjlcnbl  uAdJBipaied  in  tmrt  ri  ihp  rTiaJl^nrt  and  in  the 

.     tEb  . 

...ch  the  New  Academy  clIecHd  lonii 
Duniec  Stoio.  and  In  which  the  Sctplic 
r«aUy  vital  iaaiiet  of  the  decadence. 


I  abKliiIe  (>ai  (■-) 


oncnitHl_  tide.    They 

bcfm    Yet  til*  HibUaiKC,  ipulity.  coKUli 

and  cooditioa  relative  of  Stoiciun  have  no  ^huhiih-  iif*«Hv«  «*- 

■ide  the  ichool,  Ibough  they  recur  with  iclKtin  lilte  Calen.    Tbc 

Stoica  were  loo  "  icboUitic     ii  their  ipeculatioat. 

'  in  logic  i>  icilt  lea  in  konoui.  The  practical  end, 
HD  ind  bondige  of  Ihiiwa  with  the  peace  ii  bringik  n  aU 
[n  all,  and^ivca  kcientiBc  inquiiy  u  only  in  pUce  as  a 

,  .  - . -di ol higk.   IniheinfeieBCe 

er  phenomena  pDiit|ve  vcrificatioB  muft  be 


Yet,  !n  falli 


liiend.    Of  ih 


tinguWiei  loo  belWeen  die  isfenan  to  conbinaiiofl  of  aienit  » 
univenal  came,  and  inference  to  necial  cauici  bcyopd  the  rmncf 
*     '                      allemativH  luy  be  acquiciced  in.  ■   The 
1  B  well  a-^' ■  "  —  ■ 

afily  be  interpreted  ai  an  intight 

mcthodaaiuchof  aiabelicf  in  thet.»....j  *.  .,»*,.» 

* ''     phratb    More  probably  it  Rflccts  the  fad  that  Epicunu  wat, 

tuig  to  tradiCLoa  through  Nautiphan«»  on  the  whoTe  tioninalol 


•ense.    In  the  (i 

practical  aim  ot  idcnc*  U  n  well  achieved  if  we  t« 
—  :-  .1. — :_.  .i,p  ,j,|,j  OB,,.    ThiapOMcui 

S'  ht  into  the  Umiutii 
cpiiiralilyof  caul 


1^  the  uiHuencet  that  produced  PyinioniinL  Dcnuxritcan  phytici 
without  a  cakuLita  had  ncceuarily  proved  atcriEc  of  detcrmuiaie 
concrete  rtiulti.  and  thtt  waa  oiorc  than  cnou^  to  ripen  the  naturaJ- 
kim  of  tbc  utilitarian  tchooL  into  Kcpliciun.  bome  nading  between 
the  ILnca  of  Lucretiua  has  led  the  "  lovic  *'  of  Epicurus  to  have  an 
effect  on  the  modem  world,  but  Karcely  bccawc  of  its  descns. 

The  school  of  Pynha  has  nereiied  *  more  kgitinatc  inlliiHKC 
Many  ol  the  aigumeola  by  which  iha  Sctptica  enforced  their  ad- 
j^  vocacy  of  a  tuipense  of  judgnicnt  arc  aaiiqiiaied  in  lypci 

^"'^^     theory  of  knowledge.  ■    ' 


,'i  the  Pyrrh 


biLihnJ  lnductivt:]y  from 


'i.  JOJ  iq..  V.  Sl«  sqq.  (ed. 


[UTER  GREEK 

If  there  be  Int  OIK 

nnol  be  sound.    1 
we  may  not  say 

sion  then  i.  really 

of  these  uiKwered  by  the  genetaliB- 
u«d  to  establish  the  major  P<«|i^ 

proc<.    Or  still 

daim  (o  escape  the  ripsatc  that  his 
validity  of  this  or  that  principle     ' 


tcr  inpoa^bk.  The  laiiec  la  itenUA.' 
,.  ».  is  the  coneMiDB  that  mid  needa  a 
-JhUe  this  standard  or  c^crioa  in  lun  need* 
the  dialectiial  dnriee  by  vMch  tfie  actptic 
■^-"^^  -k^  kij  ygy  arauiiRat  praaiuaea  th* 
the  doctnaeU  iheequipl^nc* 


l>ieciBelv!    Tba  ic 


^Ttbi 


'alldl    Soto 

Py^aa 

let  upon  a  basis  of  pn^biliEii 

3gse*  as  probable  enou|h  so  ■»«  d-  Muiuma  ipwe  umi  m^u-jm 
iponeniectalioniaiiiquestiDn.  He  adds,  however,  that  aByalteinH 
to  eoubliih  it  b  involved  in  aone  sort  nl  dilemma.  That,  for 
lonance,  cause  ai  the  condate  of  eflect  anl)r  tiiiu  with  it,  and 

:anceivahle!'  Fnnn  the  subjectivist  point  of  view,  which  is  mtni- 


Scwticf  to  the  knowledge  coamvenq^  lies  in  the  niodts  (r^rtj)  ia 
which  the  rdativiiy  g|  phenomena  ii  made  toad,  that  ihest  arc 
eiabonted  with  extieme  cire.  and  Ihit  ihey  have  a  modern  ring 
and  are  EuU  of  instruction  even  tixiiy.  bccpticisiii,  it  Aust  be 
AHifcsaed,  was  at  the  least  well  equipped  to  eapose  the  bankruptcy 
□f  the  post-Aristotelian  dogmatism- 
It  was  only  gradually  that  the  Sceptic's  an  of  fence  vasdevriopnL 
From  the  lime  of  Pyrrho  overlappmfl  Ariiiotle  himsHf,  who  seems 

among  his  predeccsurs.  while  showing  that  nnne  of  them  couLd 
claim  to  get  past  his  guard- down  throiirh  a  period  in  which  the 
decadent  academy  under  Cameailes,  othcrwiae  dogmaiic  in  iti 

late  Cicetonian  age,  and  again  to  Seitus  Empiricus.  iheic  seems  to 
have  been  lonieihiBg  of  plulicily  and  contininus  propeaa    In  this 


they  Rucbed  maturity 

vict^  in^ntibl* 
half  the  close  of  Epit 


judge  of  thi 


:  chajacitr.     In  the 


KX 

fortunate  for  the  history  of  doctrint 
your  Aspasir-  —  *' ^ '  * 


luddenly.  and  theieafier  peissied'fer 
^  tivlition*  modilied  only  when  rva- 

i'  activity,  and  the  ti^mrlt  of  Chrysippus. 

.  u  complete  befcre  ita  dose-    Aad  anbs^ 

have  bees  of  a  nogUiibk  •here  dM  c4  a* 

.  .be  case  of  Epicureanism  we  can  happily 

lecuded  doctrine  of  the  master.    But  the  rule 
Ihroughoal  that  ilereolypt  *i 


eahauslivv  alternative.    Thia  is  perKapa 

'  -"-Ktrine,  for  it  produces  the  comBicntatc*. 

of  Aphrodisias.and  [he  substitute  for 


always  populanzer  of  the  Latin  le 
iteotypint  of  the  systems,  apart  tror 


and  theory  ot  knowlnigc  go  together,  i 
theory  of  knowledge  losei  touch  with 

fritl^'hSf'SJ!?.*"'' ''  " — 

full  of  the  faith  of „„,. 


od  logic  bccDma  a 

.r- ipcciiiativc  interest 

the  sceptic  has  his  way.  Plato  ■ 
■  -"  --  ■  "  -'!  is  oMimisIie 
Ect-^ut  the 
„  ., - failuTe  of  bio- 
logical inquiiv  10  mch  so  elementary  a  conceptioB  as  that  of  (he 
nerves,  the  ariHnce  of  chcmblry  fran  the  circle  of  Iba  scliacev 
disappoininl  [he  promiw  at  ibe  dawn  and  (he  relative  acUeveBen 
of  i>ic  noonHlay.  There  is  no  development,  physical  scicMa 
rtmaini  di^lirlical.  and  a  physical  eipenment  'a  M  nie  in  (he  age 
of  Lucretius  as  in  thai  of  Empedoclei  The  ouse  cf  eclecticiim  a 
the  unuiHfyinB  character  of  the  creeds  of  ludi  science,  in  c«» 
junctiun  with  the  familiar  law  [hst.  in  triangular  or  (jusciuaBi- 
Iriangular  conlioversies  a  common  halxrd  will  produce  an  *"^*** 


•  Seiius  Empiricus.  Pyrritt.  ttfptlyp.  i.  l9Si  I9<> 
"Seictvs,  tfi-  ciL  ii  --- 


aSgle 


scHOusncisui 


Ekcnvtkc  DihUL 
Ot  (he  talM 
milhemital 

m-        ^" 

utiai  ^  at  tba'prtbumoPluaile  indhian.  or  in 
id  thcoLofial  ddfc    Ncoplatoolkin  ii  phUoispJby  bKomc 

,.J&«M*  is  < 

it  devriopnL 

biiiory  of  lofic  it ^ , ..  _ 

whoLe  lerin  «  commenntDn  on  (he  Aristotelian  logic.  Not  only 
(he  MredixKn  of  PorphyiY.  which  hul  iiKiBieffedt  on  the 
Scholutic  tndiliori.  but  the  csnineiituiei  of  TbcinlKiiii.  >nd 
SimpUdui.    It ■■ ■  -•■-  *-= "~  ■— '-  ■-  "- 


far  the  doctrine  o(  si 

Biiciitnnp  toai  ve  owe  the  echc ' 
conirovtny,   end  with  the  cwiip 


The  Hving  (oice  in  the  ipirituil  life  of  the  Romaa  enplie  vu, 
•fler  lU,  not  ptiiloiophy.  hul  religion,  Eind  spedficllly  Clirislisnity. 
With  the  eilension  of  Chriitianity  lo  the  Gentile  world  it  at 
knglh  becime  necessaiy  for  il  to  orientale  iUell  toivifds  whit 
wu  lieit  in  Gieek  cultuie.  Theie  I>  i  Stfdc  element  In  the  ethic 
of  the  PiubiiD  epistles,  but  the  theological  iflinicy  ihal  the 
Johinnine  gixpel,  with  lli  bacberound  dI  phDosophic  ideal, 
exhibits  to  Platonic  and  NcDplatoniit  tetching  caused  the 
effort  at  absorlMion  to  be  directed  rather  in  that  direction. 
NeoplilaBiiin  had  accepted  the  Amiotelian  lo^c  with  Its 
■harper  definition  than  anything  handed  down  from  Plato,  and, 
except  the  lo^c  of  the  Sceptics,  there  wai  no  longer  any  rival 
diidplinc  ol  the  like  pnstigc.  The  logic  of  the  Stoic*  hid  been 
diKTfdited  by  the  Kcptical  onset,  but  in  any  cose  then  wa)  no 
arganoB  of  a,  fitness  even  compaiable  to  Aristotle's  for  the  tuic 
of  drawing  out  the  implicalions  of  dogmatic  prenJiH.  Arilto- 
letian  logic  secured  Ihc  tmpiimalur  of  the  revived  Fiitoniim, 
and  it  wai  primarily  because  of  this  that  it  passed  into  the  urvlce 
ot  Christian  theology-  The  contact  of  the  Chutch  with  Plilonism 
■     mystical  side.   Orlhodoiy  needed  to ..— .■-i 


but  with  irgumf 


idlndu 


ruilful  m 
approved  ftsell  a- 
se  held  the  field  al 


roihr 


I.  The 


Bpshol  is  what  is  called  Scbolasiidsm.     ScholaUi' 
Miitolelianilm    of    medieval    orthodoiy    u    Uught    in    the 

body  of  doctrine  drawing  <I«  premises  from  authority,  sometimes 
insenilai  matters  from  (hat  o!  Aiielolle,  but  tiai  mally  from  that 
ol  tbo  documents  and  traditions  of  syaleinitic  thnilogyi  whik 
its  method  it  draws  from  Aiiilolle,  as  known  in  the  Latin 
veniODi,'  mainly  by  Boelhiui,  of  some  few  liealiKS  of  the 
Oftanoa  together  with  the  Isa[i[e  of  Porphyry.  Il  dcminalea 
the  centre!  of  intellectual  life  in  the  Wot  befauae,  despile  its 

for  its  method,  it  represents  the  only  culture  ttt  a  philosophic 
kind  available  to  the  adolevent  peo(^  of  the  Western  nations 
juat  becoming  consctoua  ol  their  ignoraoce.  Christianity  waa 
the  one  ar^niaing  principle  (hat  pulsed  with  spiritual  life. 
The  vocation  of  the  undent  eonld  End  fulfilment  only  in  the 
religious  orders.  ScholastiriSQ)  embodied  what  the  Christian 
'coDnunity  bad  saved  from  the  wreckage  of  Creek  dialcclic.  Yet 
with  all  its  effective  manipulation  of  the  formal  technique  of  its 
translated  and  mutilated  Aristotle,  Scholasticism  would  have 
(one  under  long  before  it  did  Ihrou^  the  weakness  Intrinsic  lo 
its  divorce  of  the  form  and  the  matter  of  knowledgt,  but  for  (wo 
reasons.  The  fint  ia  the  filtering  (biough  of  some  science  and 
■ome  new  Aristotelian  learning  from  the  Arabs.     The  second 

I  Jourdaln,   Frclurtka  crilima  nr  J'i|e  u  Ttrifan  in 

■■■ —  ''••laHAruMi  (l&u). 


is  (he  spread  of  Greek  Mwlanhlp  tad  Cteek  manuaotpU  weM- 
ward,  which  waa  comequent  on  the  Latin  occupation  of  Con- 
atantinople  in  1104.  It  was  re^iited  by  the  oppottunily  which 
iSoided  it  of  fresh  dnuiMs  from  the  Aiistolle  of  a  loi 
partial  and  purer  tradition,  and  we  have,  accordingly,  ■  golden 
age  of  revived  Scbolaslidsm  beginning  in  (he  ijth  centuiy, 
admitting  now  within  itself  more  diffetences  than  bahire.  It  is  to 
he  schoolmen  of  the  two  centuries  preceding  the  Turkish 
apture  of  Constantinople  chat  the  controvenial  reEnementa 
sually  asBodated  with  the  name  of  SchoUisticiim  are  attrihul- 
ble.  The  AyuijUa  of  AriatoUe  now  eoletod  quite  definitely 
ito  the  lo^cal  though t  o(  Schidasiictira  and  we  have  the  contrast 
f  a  JofKn  KiMt  and  lopca  una.  Thai  other  matters,  tbe  fana 
ificaJia  and  Mnemonics  adapted  from  Fsellus  and  possibly  ol 
St«c  origin,  entered  too  did  not  outweigh  this  advantage. 
Confiotuatian  wilb  the  historioil  Aibtotle  may  have  brought 
little  comfatt  to  the  ORhodoi  ayatem,  but  it  was  a  stimulus 
dialeclicaJ  activity  within  the  schools.  It  provoked  the 
inCIion  of  what  wu  true  ikiiiiiJiim  jUtm  and  what  wia  true 
riufiM  raiumem  among  even  sincere  cbampioni  of  orthodoxy, 
and  their  oppOBenU  accepted  with  a  smile  so  admirable  a  mask 
for  that  thinking  for  theinsdw*  to  which  the  revival  ol  hope 
of  ptogiess  had  qinrred  them.  The  pioneers  of  the  Renaissance 
owe  aametlung  of  their  itrtngth  to  their  training  in  tbe  develop- 
oenls  whidi  the  syilen  that  they  overtlirew  underwent  during 
this  period.  The  roplte,  however,  was  short.  The  flight  of 
fiyaantine  acholanhlp  weatward  to  the  15th  centtiiy  revealed, 
and  finally,  that  the  philoaapbic  content  of  the  Scholastic  teaching 
waa  aa  alien  from  Ariatotle  aa  from  the  spirit  of  the  contemporary 
revolt  of  sdence,  with  its  cry  for  a  new  medicine,  a  new  nautlcid 
aatrcDomy  and  the  like.  The  doom  of  the  ScbolasEic  Aristotle 
was  nevetthdeiB  not  the  rehabilitaiioa  of  the  Gietk  Aristotle. 
Between  hfan  and  the  tide  of  feebng  at  the  Renaissance  lay 
the  whole  ichieTement  of  Arab  science.  That  Impatience  of 
authority  to  utileh  we  owe  the  Renaissance,  the  Relormalioa 
and  the  birth  of  Nationalism,  is  not  ililted  by  the  downfall  of 
Aristotl*  ai  tbe  iwawn  aft^laUnm  of  the  scboi^.  The  appeal 
is  to  experience,  lomewhat  vaguely  defined,  aa  against  all 
authority,  to  the  book  of  nature  and  no  other.  At  last  the  world 
undertakes  to  enlarge  tbe  circle  of  its  Ideas. 
C  The  Renaieeance 
Accordingly  what  Is  In  one  tense  the  revival  of  dai^cal 
learning  is  in  another  a  recourse  (o  what  Inspired  (hat  learning, 
and  so  is  a  new  beginning.  There  is  no  place  to^  a  reformed 
Aristotdian  loglF,  though  the  genius  of  Zabarella  was  there  to 
attempt  It.  Nor  for  revivals  of  the  competing  syslenu,  though 
all  have  (heir  advocAtes.  Scientific  discovery  waa  in  the  air. 
The  tradition  af  the  old  world  was  too  heavily  weighted  with 
Ih*  Ptolemaic  aatronomy  and  the  like  to  be  regarded  as  other  than 
a  bat  lo  progms.  Bat  from  the  new  point  of  view  iti  method  was 
inadequite  too,  its  conienlmcnt  with  an  induction  that  merely 
leavea  an  i^ipanent  silent,  when  experiment  and  the  application 
of  a  akulus  were  within  the  possibllitiea.  The  transformation 
ol  logic  lay  with  tbe  man  e(  science,  hindered  though  he  might 
be  by  the  enthuaiasm  of  some  of  the  pbilosophen  of  nature. 
Henceforth  tbe  Aristotelian  logic,  tbe  genufate  tto  less  thin  (he 
traditiOBal,  wa*  to  lie  on  the  other  side  of  tbe  Copcnlcin  change. 
The  demand  Is  for  a  new  organon,  a  scientific  method  which 
shall  face  the  facti  of  experience  and  justify  Itself  by  its  achieve- 


if  the  new  movemi 


iftbem 


.   It  is  a 


Ept  verbally,  in  a  certain  licence 
tbeswingof  Ihependulnmaway 
tiom  (he  realbt  doctrine  o(  tinlveisJs,  there  Is  little  thai  we  can 
characttrit«  as  Emffeielsm.  Facta  are  oppoaed  to  ahltiact 
universal!.  Yea.  Particular*  to  eontrolling  formdae.  No. 
Experience  b  appealed  to  as  fnUtfnl  where  the  formal  employ- 
ment of  syDo^sm  b  binea.  Bnlitisnot  meielnductton.withiiB 
" unanalysed  concretes  taken  is  ulrioiale "  that  iaset  op  a*  the 
substitute  for  deduction.    Rather  a  scientific  pcocese,  which  as 

reprda  deductive  ai  *yUo(iBiB,  b  set  up  In  coMtiist  to  17110^01 


9o6  LO 

and  enumenilon  lUkc,     Tha  b  Is  be  Men  la  Zabuclla,'  in 

Gilild,'  ud  is  Bucod.    Tbe  Rformed  AiigtoldUn  lo^  of  Ihi 

fint-unied  with  it*  indutlio  demoKstrali 

physic*!  ualyfii  f  oUowed  by  synthoii  of  tt 

oi  mclbod  of  adiuioni  of  tbe  lasl,  tgree  it  leul  in  tbi>,  that  Ihe 

mettwd  of  science  a  one  and  indivisible,  wbilc  contifi 

uyi  of  bit  metbod  may  ran  coBoIcr  to  Ibis  is  an  acddeni  of  tbe 
Icadiiionol  tbe  quurel  with  rcaliua.  So,  loo.witb  the  icbelulic 
univeruli.  AtitloLle'i  toima  had  been  correlated,  though 
inadequately,  with  the  idea  of  function.  Divorced  fnin  this  Ihi. 
are  fairly  stlgmaliied  as  mental  fifmcots  oi  branded  u  ghostly 

doctHne  of  fotmi.  Or  watch  the  mathematical  physicist  wilb  bis 
formulae.  The  faith  of  science  looks  outwaid  as  in  (be  dawn  of 
Gnek  philoiopby,  and  subjedivism  such  as  Hume's  bis  as  yet 
DO  hold,  Bicon  summing  up  the  movement  so  lai  1*  he  undei- 
slood  it,  in  a  ntbec  belated  way,  bas  no  theory  of  knaitledte 
beyond  the  melaphor  of  the  miiroi  bdd  up  to  nature.  Yet  be 
'  lious  logic  of  ideDce,  and  tbe  case  is  typicaL 


[THE  RENAISSANCE 


The  I 


:  of  tbe  Rem 


Id  of  [i 

.r  the  old  world  in  tt 


heldol 


iupDOwhichtobijild.lt 
:  and  not  irnmediately  to  he  again  entrapped.  In 
method,  then,  it  could  but  advance,  provided  phyucs 
ematici  did  not  again  fail  of  accord.     Kepler  and 

if  tbe  one  is  the  baltle-cry  of  tbe  oatbematica-phyBicat 
TbescientiSc  instrument  of  tbeoihet.witb  ill  monenis 


r  the  advani 


Tbe 


>t  have 


atica-phyHcal  calculus  that  would 
rk  was  in  question.  The  efiiileinola^Fil  problem  u  such  was 
of  the  purview.  The  relation  of  physical  laws  la  tbe  mind 
t  thought  ibem  was  for  the  time  a  negligible  conilant. 
~  illcs,  having  faithfully  and  successfully  followed  the 
:o-phyiical  inquiry  of  bs  more  strictly  scientific 
id  hinaelf  compelled 
u  possible  for  bim  to  know  what  in  truth  be  seemed  to  know 
'  ily,  the  problem  entered  on  a  new  phi 
It  bad  happily  beec         -     -  •      -■ 


1  Itamus  or  many  another  dead  thbiktr.     The  syllogism 
"    ''     ,  belonging  to  argumentation,  and  constralniog  smc 
at  we  want  is  conlid  of  Ih^i^     I    ' 


survey  of  faci  .         .  _  , 

gradual  progress  upward  from  propositions  of  minimum  to  those 
of  medium  generslity,  and  in  these  consists  the  fmitfulness  of 
science.  Yet  the  induction  of  the  Aristotelians,  the  dialectical 
induction  of  the  Tapia,  content  with  imperfect  enumeration 
and  with  showing  tbe  burden  of  disproof  upaa  tbe  critic,  is 
puerile,  and  at  tbe  metcy  of  a  single  initiDce  to  tbe  coiitrary. 
'Sec  E.  Cam'rcr.  Da  ErknulmifrMtm.  I.  114  seq.,  and  the 

'Tg'iarasa.a.'?" 


It.  PkOti.  (ia«3). 


_  -,; .Jk  genus.    This  will  need  CD-openTlTt 

IS  described  in  ihe  account  of  Sdomon's  Houk  in  me  A'ot 


dey  aflecled 

dge  studies. 

'Bacon,  Kamm  Ofianum,  ii.   la.  53;  c(.  also  AriaotW,   Hfii 
13.  I],  ir.  10.  11  (SiFwart,  id  Kic.  £M.  iijgt  >;)  uii  Semt 
npiricuk  Pyrr.  Hypot.  iiL  IS. 
•Bacon's  IViirii.ed.  Ellis  and  Spedding,  Hi.  l64->«$- 


Digilizcd  by  Google 


907 


>l  thai  fined 

_,  .__     _._.    Itwu     ■       ■ 

nl  of  Galilei. 

Docoilci  lUsdi  in  the  foQowIiig  ot  Cililel,    It  ii  concumntly 
■ith  liiiul  lucco)  Id  tht  «oik  oi »  pIotiMi  la  tbe  aaibemilii 
jj^^     I  ^    »dv«OMli»lliecoma{oiifl«tonniethDd,gtner«lii 
tie  mEihod  ol  mitheDiitics  to  embrace  knowledge 
>  wboU,  «nd  nJics  the  ullimate  inuei  ol  ilt  pmuppoiilioi 
In  the  mithemttici  we  detennine  complex  problemi  by  i  c(j 
Itnictiao  link,  by  link  Imm  axioms  und  umple  dsli  clearly  ai 
dBticcily  conceived,    thiet  momenti  tn  involved.    The  £nt 
b  an  Muelitri,  I.e.  an  eihauUive  eniunenlion  of  the  ^mple 
deaenU  in   the   complex  phenDmenon   under  invstigitic 
^liii  reulution  or  analysis  into  simple,  beciuse  dear  and  distini 
eicmenti  may  be  brought  to  a  ilandstiU  again  and  again  ] 
tibscurity  and  indiitioctneu,  but  patient  and  reputed  leviiii 
of  all  that  i>  Included  in  (be  pioblen  tbould  bring  the  analyl 


tbe  cause  ol  etioi.  Upon  Ihe  analysis  tl 
oF  the  umple  data.  WiEb  Descartes  Intuiti 
givenneas.  but  its  objects  are  evident  at  a  gl 
fais  brougbt  tbem  to  light.    Lastly  i*c  have 

■yBIhcsIl  or  combiutioa  of  the  sinple  elemci 


by  a 


<n  the  d< 


Synlhesi* 
U  aemotutralive  and  complele.  II  is  In  viitua  ol  this  view  of 
derived  or  mediate  knowledge  thai  Deusrtei  apenka  of  tbe 
(lubsumptive)  ayllagiun  at  "  of  avail  rather  in  the  communica- 
tion of  what  we  already  know."  SyUoffSin  la  not  the  syntbesia 
which  together  with  analysii  goes  to  constitute  tbe  new  inilru- 
Dienl  of  tdence.  The  celebrated  SigtJat  of  Descana  are  pre- 
cepts directed  (o  tbe  achievement  of  the  new  melhodolo^cal 
Ideal  in  any  and  every  subject  matter,  however  reluctant. 

It  is  the  paradox  Involved  in  the  function  of  intuition,  the 
acceptance  of  tbe  psychological  characlers  o'    ' 


auhje. 


live,  that  leads  to  Descattcs'i  diitincltvecOBtiibutlon  lo  Ihe  theory 
of  knowledge.  In  order  to  lay  bare  Ihe  ground  of  certainly  he 
r»ita  the  universal  doubt,  and,  although,  following  Augustine,' 
he  finds  iia  limit  u)  tbe  thought  of  the  doubter,  this  of  itself  i> 
not  enough.  Coiiis,  tria  luin.  Ttal  I  think  may  be  admitted. 
Wlul  1  think  may  aiill  need  validation.  Dcscartcs's  guaiuiiee 
of  tbevalidity  of  my  clear  and  distinct  perceptions  la  the  veracity 
of  God,'  Docs  the  existence  ol  God  in  turn  call  for  prooP  An 
effect  cannot  contain  more  than  ila  cause,  nor  (he  idea  of  a 
perfect  Being  find  adequate  source  save  in  the  actuality  nl  lucb 
a  Beinf.  Thus  the  intuition  of  the  casual  axiom  i>  used  tn  pmve 
the  eilstencB  ti  Ihal  which  alone  gives  validity  to  intuitions. 
Tboiigb  tbe  logical  method  of  Dttaita  has  a  great  and  enduring 
infiuence.  It  it  Ihe  dnalism  and  the  need  of  God  to  bridge  it.  tbe 
doctrine  of  "innate"  ideas,  i.e.  of  ideas  not  due  to  enemal 
cause*  am  to  volition  but  only  to  our  capadly  to  Ihink.  oiu 
diapotition  to  develop  them,  and  finally  the  onlolo^cal  proof, 
that  affect  (he  thought  ol  the  next  age  most  dee^y.  That 
csaence  In  the  supreme  case  invidves  existence  is  a  thought 
•h'cb  comes  to  Spinoia  mi»e«iuly,  together  with  the  Lndilioa 
of  the  trda  ftamtlnaii, 

D.  MODEIH  LOCIC 
i.  Tit  Lept  ef  Empiruiim 

The  path  [allowed  by  English  thought  was  a  diSerent  one. 
Hobbet  developed  the  nominalism  which  bad  been  the  ball- 
maik  nf  revolt  against  scholastic  orlhodoiy,  and,  when  be  brings 
thia  into  relation  with  the  analysis  and  synlbiu  of  sdenlific 

>A  notable  foraiiila  of  Bacon't  Wmm  Ortaai*  ii.  4  ti  turn 
i  4  (ii  Bamua    See  Ellis  in  Bacon-i  Ww^j,  iii.  loi  loq. 

•  Dt  Ctrilalt  Dei,  li.  36.  "  Cenum  la  me  ebe.  ■  lallor.' 

•CI.  FlatB,  Jbfit;^.  llll  M4- 


.  .  _  _.  ..  .001  acKpi  of 
lythiiif  ihat  bote  tbe  iD-omened  name  ol  iimate  ideas,  ebboraied 
a  ituoiy  of  knowledge  which  is  psychological  in  the  sense  that 
ill  problem  it  bow  the  simple  data  with  which  the  Individual  a 
in  contact  in  sensation  ate  worked  up  into  a  system.  Though  ha 
makes  hit  bow  to  maihemalicil  method,  he.  even  more  than 
Hebbo,  misses  itt  caoaiiuctive  cbaiacier.  Tbe  due  of  mathe- 
matical certainty  Is  discarded  in  substance  in  the  English  form 

With  Uobbet  logic  is  a  calculus  ol  marks  and  ligns  in  the 
loim  of  names.  Naming  it  what  distinguishes  man  fiom  the 
brutes.  It  enables  bia  to  6x  ffccling  memories  _.„_. 
and  to  communicate  with  hit  feUowl,     He  alone  it      ^"^ 

in  propositions.  Syllo^sm  it  simply  tummation  ol  propcailioot, 
its  Function  being  communication  merely.    Analyiit  is  tbe  sole 

Hobhes,  than  tbe  paradox  of  nominalism.  Spinoxa  could  draw 
uponhimlorthenotiont^genelicdefioiliau,'  Leibniti  probably 
owes  lo  him  the  thought  of  ■  calculus  of  symbols,  ai  '  ' 


psychological  b 


in  of  definiiioni 


Hit 


.y  Locke. 


'of  syllo^sm^  i 
flume  oenveo  irom  mm  the  explanatory  formula  of  the  assoaa- 
tion  of  ideas,'  which  is,  however,  ttUl  with  Hobbes  a  fact  to  be 
accounted  lor,  not  a  theory  toAccount  for  facts,  being  grounded 
physically  in  "  coherence  of  tbe  matter  moved."  Finally  Mill 
took  from  him  hit  debnitioQ  of  ^use  aa  sum  of  conditions.' 
which  played  do  small  pari  in  the  applied  logic  of  tbe  19th 

Locke  is  ol  more  importance,  If  not  for  his  logical  doctrtna, 
at  least  for  (he  theory  of  knowledge  from  which  it  Sows.  With 
Locke  tbe  mind  is  comparable  to  white  paper  on  which  ,  . 
(be  world  of  things  records  itself  in  ideas  ol  tentation. 
Simple  Idea*  of  sensation  are  the  only  point*  of  coDlaa  we  have 
with  things.  They  are  the  atomic  elementa  which  "  the  wotk- 
Dunthip  id  tbe  understanding  "  can  thereafter  do  no  mon  than 
lyilematically  compound  and  the  like.  It  is  Locke's  iniiial 
attribution  of  the  primary  r^  In  mental  process  to  tbe  single 
ideas  of  lensalion  that  precludes  him  from  the  development  of 


on"  the  operations  <tf 
ET  group  that  we  have 
LS  a  lorerunner  of  the 


I  of  id 
he  notes,  wUdi  are  prvducnd  by  rellecijon 
ourown  mindwilbiD  us."  It  is  in  the  latti 
tbe  explanation  of  all  that  marki  Locke  1 
critical  philosophy.  It  contains  in  genn  a  doctrine  ol  calegoiie* 
discovered  but  not  generated  in  the  psycbob^cal  processes  d 
(be  individuaL  Lodte,  however,  fails  (0  "  deduce  "  his  ca(e- 
gorict.  He  has  read  Flsto't  TtuaOtlMi  In  the  lighl  of  Baconian 
and  individualist  preconceptions.  ReSectian  remaiu  a  tMt  of 
"  iolemal  tense."  whose  ideas  are  oi  Into  origin  than  those  of  the 
eitemat  tense.  His  lucceston  emphasiie  (be  tentationitt 
elementt,  not  Ihe  warkmauhip  of  the  mind.  When  Berkeley 
has  elmiinited  the  Uleral  materialitm  of  Locke's  metaphor*  of 
tense-perceptioo.  Hume  fiodi  no  difficulty  in  accepting  the 
senssiions  ss  present  virtually  in  tbdr  own  right,  any  non- 
sensible  ground  being  allogelbet  unknown.  From  a  point  of 
view  purely  tubjcciivltt  he  It  prepared  to  explain  all  that  it  to  be 
left  tianding  of  what  Locke  atctiba  to  the  workmanship  ol  (he 
mind  by  the  principle  of  attodatioo  or  customary  eoajunction  of 
ideal,  which  Locke  had  added  a  chapter  (o  a  later  edition  of  hh 
£iHy  explicitly  W  reject  at  an  eiplanatoty  fotmuta.  Condflbc 
goes  a  atp  farther,  and  sec*  no  necessity  for  the  supcnlmclure 
at  all,  with  In  need  of  explanation  valid  or  invalid.  Drawing 
iqBB  Catsendi  for  bit  psychological  atomitm  and  upon  Hobbea 
'     '  '     "        be  tquoduee*,  u  the  logical 


'•a  I. 


I.  It  ct.  LocW*  Esmj  *t  a 


fe^K^'ft^^gk: 


the  lilt  mn]  b  thit  "  one  idencc  bten  tnllCe 
lugu  e  bten  Talle."  ^ 

Locke's  togic  CDraprius,  uoid  much  else,  m  tbeory  61  generBl 
terms '  uid  of  definition,  m  view  of  lyUocidm '  4nd  ft  dectantlOT 
u  to  lit  possibility  of  iDTciuce  bom  putlcolu  la  pvtlcuUr, 
■  distinction  beluRn  proposilioiu  vhicb  ire  arUln  but  tHSing, 
*nd  those  which  add  to  oui  knowlfdee  thouiib  uDcectiin,  ud  i 
doctrine  of  matbecuttcal  ceitAintjr.*  As  to  the  fitst,  "  words 
becoine  grnetal  by  being  mide  the  dfna  of  general  ideis,  mnd 
ideas  become  general  by  seponting  from  tbem  "  all  "  that  may 
deleirnine  them  to  this  or  that  particular  existence.  By  this 
way  of  atatnctloa  they  are  made  upabte  of  representing  more 
individuals  than  one."  THia  doctrine  has  found  no  ncceptaBee. 
Not  from  the  point  of  view  for  which  idea  meana  imafe. 
Berkeley,  though  at  length  Iha  notions  of  apirits,  acts  and 
Rlationi*  givi  "  " 


ctint 


a  of  the 
"  >  giDup.  Not  from  those 
lUic  concepts,  nof  Imageahle. 
ine  cntlc  trom  tnis  aide  nas  utile  difficulty  in  ahowing  thai 
absl  radian  of  the  kind  alleged  still  leave  the  lesidaura  particular 
(*u  redness,  e.(,  not  rrJnci).  Il  is,  however,  of  the  sorts  eon- 
slilutcd  by  the  reptesenlalion  which  Ma  abstraction  makes 
pos^blc  that  definition  is  given,  either  by  enumeration  of  the 
■Jmpie  ideas  combined  in  the  si^iificuice  of  Ihe  sartal 
"  10  save  the  labour  of  enumcmting,"  and  "  for  quiilnea  and 
despatch  sake,'-  by  giviBg  the  next  wider  general 
proiimate  dlBerence.  We  define  euenccs  of  coui 
but  the  essences  of  which  men  talk  are  abslractior  . 
of  Ihe  understanding. "    Han  deienaiDes  ihe  aorts  or  nominal 

tive  character  of  the  proc&s  is  clearly  not  cancelled  by  the 

recognition  that  il  " "    --"■---■ 

technique.  So  long  as  the  relation  of  Ihe  nominal  to  the  Ral 
e^ence  has  no  other  background  than  Lockers  doctrine  of 
perception,  the  condiudoo  that  what  Kant  aflerwards  colts 
analytical  judgments  a  priori  and  synthetic  judgments  a  posteriori 
exhaust  the  field  fbllovrs  ineviuMy,  with  iti  corollary,  which 
Locke  himself  has  the  courage  to  draw,  ihat  the  naiuiil  adencea 
are  in  strictness  impossible.  Malheinatical  knoiriedge'ls  luit 
involved  in  the  same  condemnation,  solely  bectnse  of  the 
"  archetypal  "  charsctcr,  iridch,  not  without  indebtedness  to 
Cumbeifand,  Locke  aitrihntea  to  iu  ideas.  The  reality  of 
mslhematica,  equoDy  with  Ihat  of  Ihe  Ideals  of  norals  drawn 
trom  within,  docs  not  ertend  lo  Ihe  "  ectype*  "of  tbeoutei  woeld. 
The  view  oi  reasoning  which  Locke  cnundaia  coheita  with 
these  views.  Reasoning  from  particular  to  particular,  ij. 
without  the  necessily  of  a  general  premise,  mint  be  posaible,  and 
the  pouibillty  finds  warranty  in  a  consideration  of  the  psycho- 
logical order  of  tiie  terms  in  syllogism.  As  to  syllogism  specific- 
ally, Locke  in  a  passage,^  whidi  has  an  obviously  Cartesian 
ring,  lays  down  four  slagei  or  degrees  of  reasoning,  and  points 
oul  that  syUogiam  serves  us  in  but  one  of  these,  and  that  not  tbe 
all-importanl  one  of  finding  the  intermediate  ideas.  Ue  is 
prepared  readily  to  "  own  that  all  right  reasoning  may  be  reduced 


Apart  from  the  adoptioD  by 
•s  tbeeipUnatoiy  (otmula  ol  t> 

,1,11,         Malebnnche<  within  . ^ 

and  nnployed  by  Bcriuley  tai  his  Ifaeoiy  of  visloa— 
theic  ate  fsw  fndi  notes  struck  in  tbe  logic  of  scuationalism. 
Tbe  most  notable  of  these  an  Berkeley 'strcunWDlc^"  alatnct  " 

■  Condniac  £«iiH  d«  Cnlaili.  p.  7.      '  Loela.  Euay, 

■  Berkei^;  '  "" 


I.  iv.  17.         ^Lu.dLii.  •  H.  ii.  iv.  a.  ii « taa. 

e.  '^f'j  «— »  ***«.  L  l-TaSm  Uloley,  a, 


T.fJ. 


;IC  (EunucBu 

ideas  and  Hume's  change  of  front  as  to  mithematicil  cettalDtr. 
What,  however,  Hume  describes  as  "  alJ  the  hgic  I  think  pn^ier 
to  empJoy  In  my  reasoning,"  vis.  his  "  rules  by  which  to  judge 
cause  and  eSects,"'  had,  perhap*,  faithec-ceadiing  htstorical 
eSecis  than  either.  In  ihese  the  single  method  ei  Bacon  i> 
already  split  up  mlo  separate  modes.  We  have  HDl's  mdnciive 
methods  in  Ihe  gemi,  though  wiih  an  emphaais  quite  older  than 
Mill's.   Bacon's/erHhasalreadyintransmissionlhiough  Hobbca 

may,  perhaps,  be  accounted  to  Hume  for  righteousness  that  he 
declares— whether  consistently  or  sot  is  another  matto — ilm 


:e  thai  of  the  other  t 


of  descriptive  psychology,  stands  to  gain  anything  from  a  leniper 
like  Ihat  ef  Hume.  TheRhiltlingawayofitsfonnalororginiiing 
rubrics,  as  l-t-i  sameness  into  likeness.  Is  disconcerlhig  to  science 
wherever  the  significance  oflhc  process  is  realized.  It  was  becausa 
Ihe  ailermalh  of  Newtonian  science  was  so  rich  that  the  scientific 
faith  of  naturalism  was  able  to  retain  a  fdace  besides  lis  ei^lemo- 
logical  creed  that  a  Ingician  of  the  school  could  arise  whose  spirit 
was  in  some  sort  Baconian,  but  who,  unlike  Bacon,  had  entered 
the  modem  world,  and  laced  the  problems  stated  for  it  by  Home 
and  hy  Newton. 

Stuart  Mill's  Sytlem  ofLttlt  mariied  afrtsh  stage  In  thehtstorr 
of  empiricism,  for  the  reason  that  il  made  the  effort  to  bcJd  an 
even  balance  between  the  two  moments  in  the  thought  ,  .  h^ 
of  the  school.  Agreement  In  the  use  o(  a  common  **"" 
watchword  had  masked  as  It  seems  a  real  divergence  of  meaning 
and  purpose.  The  apostles  of  inductive  method  had  preached 
recourse  to'  experience,  but  had  meant  thereby  nature  as  a 
constituted  order.  They  had  devised  canons  for  the  investigatioD 
of  the  concrete  problems  of  this,  but  had  either  ignored  ajtogetbef 
the  need  to  give  an  account  of  the  mirroring  mind,  or,  in  the 
alternative  had  been,  with  some  nalvetf ,  content  to  assume  that 
their  nommalist  friends,  conustenlly  Iheit  attics  in  tbe  long 
struggle  with  tradilionolism,  had  adequately  supplied  or  could 
adequately  supply  the  need.  The  exponents  of  paychologiral 
aiomisip,  on  Ihe  other  hand,  with  Ihe  associalim  of  ideas  for 
Ihcir  one  principle  of  agglutination  hod  come  to  mean  by 
experience  the  mental  phanlaamagnria  of  lite  individual.  They 
had  undermined  Ihe  foundations  of  scientific  certainly,  and  so 
for  as  the  fecundity  of  contemporary  science  did  not  ^ve  theu 


Tady.   . 


of  Pyrrhonism.  They  could  concede 
of  science  only  with  the  proWso  thi 
within  the  framework  of  their  nominalism.    MiU  aspired  alt< 


IS  well  as  the  letnpef 
fan 


should  satisfy  the  ncediof  tbe  natanl 

sciences,  noiaoiy  experimental  phyHcs  and  ebemlalry  a*  ander- 
stood  in  Ihe  firsl  half  of  the  rglh  century  and,  mnJalli  muUniil, 

this  the  Assodaiionism  which  he  inherited,  through  his  father. 
from  Hume,  he  revealed  at  once  Ihe  strength  and  weaknesa  of 
the  dual  conception  of  naturalism.  His  rare  thorou^nes)  and 
rarer  candour  made  it  at  once  otUKcessBiy  and  inqssiiUe  that 
the  work  should  be  done  again. 

If  judged  by  what  he  denies,  vis.  the  formal  logic  of  RamQton 
and  Mansd,  whose  Aristotelian  and  scholastic  learning  did  but 
■   ■     tradilii      -  -      - 


consistency  constituted 
research,  such  as  men  now  Inc' 
equally  to  Hume's  Idealism,  Mi 
If  judged  by  his  poulive  contrib 


to  attribute  at  the  least 

only  negaliTdy  Justified. 

1  to  tbe  theory  of  method 

'  Claim  to  ima  a  mote  man  negative  justificalioii  for  his 

ig  in  its  success.    In  the  Geld  coveitd  by  acbolastic  le«ic 
frankly  association  1st.    He  aims  at  dcscrlblnf  wbot  ha 
•  Hume.  7>(iUu(  ^  ffuu  iAuare.  L  }.  rj. 


b«1icf.    So  he  ciplair 


lo  ocganiting  at  cantroUing  (i 


in  dtlcrmining  ihe  "  import  "  of  propositioos,  El 


thai  in  all  u 


liaipt 


e,  scqun 


Uancc — Ihit  herricrs  [or  classification,  wliiie  ha  general  fonruia 
as  10  the  conjunctions  oF  connoiiiions  is  associaiionisi  throuRh 
and  Ihroiigh.  It  follows  consisicntly  enouj^  ihit  inference  is 
from  patliculsc  lo  paniculai.  Mill  holds  even  the  ideas  of 
matbcmaifcs  to  be  hypothetical,  and  in  thmry  knows  nothing  of 


hutfi 


with  Ih 


m  daily 


be  of  no  seryice  for  the  estabUshment  of  a  pniposiii* 
gone  10  the  making  ol  ft.  Not  igain  of  one  (hat  has  not.  It* 
use,  then,  can  only  be  u  a  Diemoranduo.  It  is  i  sborthand 
fotmuli  of  registration.  Mill's  view  of  ralioclnstive  process 
cleaily  stands  and  falls  wiib  the  presumed  impossibiiiiy  of 
estabUthing  the  necesilly  fat  univenatiof  another  typo  than  his, 
fot  what  may  be  called  prindples  of  eonsttuctlon.  Ho  criiics 
incline  to  press  the  point  that  araociation  itidf  is  only  intelligible 
u  far  as  it  Is  seen  lo  depend  on  anivenab  of  Ihe  kind  that  be 

In  MiU'i  inductive  lot^c,  Ihe  uoininalistic  convention  has, 
through  his  tendency  to  think  In  relatively  wiienight  com- 
partments,' faded  somewhat  into  the  background.  Normally 
he  thinks  ol  what  he  calls  phenomena  no  longer  as  psychdogicol 
groupings  of  sensations,  as  ^  states  of  mind,"  but  as  things  and 
event)  in  a  phy^cal  world  howsoever  constituted  and  appre- 

for  instance,  bears  no  impress  of  his  theory  of  the  general  notion, 
and  it  is  possible  to  put  out  of  sight  the  fact  thai,  tad  en  in  coo- 
funciion  with  his  nominalism,  it  taises  the  whole  issue  of  th: 
possiWliiy  of  the  equivocal  generation  ol  lormaiive  principles 
from  the  given  contents  of  the  individual  eonsdouiness,  in  any 
manipulation  of  which  they  are  already  implied.    Equally,  too, 

actual  fact,  of  MiU's  experimental  methods  fails  to  trca!!  the 
point  of  Ihcory  that  the  process  is  essentially  one  from  panicutar 
to  particular.  The  nerve  ol  proof  in  the  processes  by  which  he 
establishes  causal  conjunctions  of  unliniled  appbcalton  Is 
naturally  thought  to  lie  in  the  special  canons  of  the  several 
processes  and  the  axioms  of  uaiveisal  and  uniform  causation 
_. ■.■_!.  I — .  ------ background.    The '""■ ^  --.  . — -i.. 


.  .  They  follow  not  J 
them.  The  icfetcnec  to  the 
and  normally  is  made  as  a  safeguard,  but  on 
made,  if  thought  is  engaged  in  a  forward  and  ci 
mem  at  alL  Yet  MiU's  view  of  ihc  funclioi 
ptoposiiions  had  been  historically  suggested  by  > 
Stewart's — of  the  use  ol  aiioms!'  Once  m 
possible  to  forget  that  Mill's  ultimate  laws  or 
bis  view  intuitions,  nor  forms  conslilulivc  of  t 
r»r  postulates  of  all  rational  constniction,  were 
itahlish  thei 


organic  and  controllinj 
irding  to  them  but  iron 


leofihcfailur. 


n  the  3( 


belief  that  the  sepantior 


of  his  Hi 


[o  bri  ng  1  he  technique 
imian  psychology  of 
n  to  the  applied  logic 
it  happily 


probleiu  of  Indurtion.  ngupenini 

BO^lleK  '*oS"lMu^''ionaTTbis^ 
'  A*laliat.nfkj.  p.  lei. 


If  Sir  Wiliitm  Ilamillm'i  PMsiifliy. 
-**-  *  "'"     "'  I  Erappled  ai  once  v 

n).  "  I  couliTmakc  aotlunE 


.    MiU's  di 


rested  t( 


■veryn 


909 


lebal 


cAect.  It  rated  these  in 
induction  eminerative  in  characler  ol  enoonous  and  practically 
inEaite  range  and  always  lincontrtdicled.  Though  obviously 
not  exhaustive,  the  unique  extent  of  ibis  induction  Kas  bald  lo 
rendef  it  competent  to  give  pnciical  certainly  or  ptycbtfogial 
necessity.  A  vicious  cirde  b  obviously  involved.  It  is  true,  ol 
course,  that  ultimate  laws  need  discovery,  that  they  ate  dis- 
covered [n  some  sense  in  Ibe  medium  of  the  psychological 
mechanism,  and  that  [liey  are  nevertheless  the  groiuuls  of  aU 
specific  infeiences.  But  tlut  truth  is  not  what  Mill  expounds, 
nor  Is  it  capable  of  development  within  Ihe  limits  imposed  by 

It  is  deservedly,  ncvWtheless,  that  Mill's  ap[died  logic  b«« 
retained  its  pride  of  place  amid  what  has  been  haikded  on,  if  In 
modified  shape,  by  writers,  e.f .,  Sigwart ,  and  Ptolessor  fiosanquet, 
whose  theory  ol  knowledge  is  quite  alien  from  ftis.  He  prescribed 
regulalive  or  limiting  fonnulae  for  researeh  as  it  was  actually 
conducted  in  his  world-  His  grasp  of  tbe  procedure  by  which  the 
Dian  of  science  manipulated  his  pirticukr  concrete  problems  was 
admirable.  In  especial  be  diowcd  char  understanding  of  tba 
lunciiofls  of  hypothesis  and  verification  in  the  invatfgations  oi 
the  solitary  worker,  with  his  lacts  still  in  course  of  accumulalioa 
and  needing  (o  be  lighted  up  by  the  scientific  hnaginalioB. 
He  was  therefore  enabled  to  formulate  the  method  of  whal 
Bacon  had  tended  to  despise  as  nerely  Iha  "first  vintage." 
Bacon  spent  his  slieagth  upon  a  dream  of  organiialion  for  all 
future  discovery.  Mill  was  content  to  codify.  The  didctencc 
between  Bacon  and  Mill  Ilea  chiefly  In  this,  and  it  Is  because  oi 
this  difference  that  Mill's  contribution,  s[dte  of  its  debt  to  the 
Baconian  Iradillon,  remains  t»th  characteiisllc  and  valuable. 
possible  to  ojlidlc  e\ 


and  improved  on,'  sett 
slight  modifications  in 
or  easily  to  be  supplied 

of  ilhistraiion  with  which  Mill  accompanied  his  formal  or  . 
malic  eiposilion  of  melbed.  Tlie  critic  has  the  right  of  it  when 
he  points  out,  tot  ciamjde,  that  Iha  practical  difficulty  in  ibo 
Method  of  Agtecraent  is  DM  due  to  plurality  ol  causes,  aa  Mill 
stales,  but  rather  to  Intenniiiure  ti  effects,  while,  if  the  anm 
itlsfied  nactiy,  the  result  would  not  be  reuilered 


:h  Mill's  lesson  can  be  learned 
litfied  by  relatively 
ail,  or  by  eiplanalions  ollen  supplied 
m  points  brought  out  amid  the  wealth 


rtain  ' 


llB  m 


Again  the  formula 
enumeration  of 
absence  of  one 


0  the  ei 


which  be  supposes. 
[  the  Jolnl-Mcthod,  which  contemplates  tha 
■vhidl  have  nothing  in  common  but  the 
ridiculously  unsound  as  It 


n  Lheuseof  letters  at  all  suggests  thai  the  sort  of  analysis 


Ll  actually  bi 


aks  up  it 
aWiUcable 


lubjecl 


rsillyoi 


er  reaUzed  or  not. 
ntblfatb  entirely  within 
o  the  satisfaction  of  the 


Finally,  the  co 

II  they  are  realiad,  the  work  c 
Ihe  field  of  the  processes  ptdi 

canon.  Tbe  latter  becomes  a  mere  memBrandum  01  formula  tf 
registration.  So  Is  ll  possible  "  lo  have  tbe  enginer  hoist  with 
bis  own  petal."  But  Ihe  cotiditioos  are  not  tesUicd,  and  in  an 
experiential  subject-matter  are  not  realiiable.  Not  one  circum- 
stance only  ia  common  but  "  apparently  6at  relevant  eitcum- 
slaDetonlyln«Bnmon"i5whit  we  are  able  10  asKrt.  If  we  add 
tbe  qualification  of  televance  we  destroy  the  cogency  ol  tbe 
method.   If  we  fail  to  add  it,  we  destroy  the  applicability. 

The  ob5e(iions  turn  on  two  main  issues.  One  Is  the  eiaggeta- 
llon  eS  Ihe  possibiDtie*  ol  resolution  iaio  separate  etemenli  that 
is  due  to  Ihe  acceplaace  of  the  postulate  of  an  al^bd  of 
nature.    This  so  soon  as  noted  can  be  allowed  for.    It  is  to  the 

•  The  tndght.  for  JAitance,  of  F.  H.  Bradley's  criticiDn.  Prnri- 
flt!  tf  L*tic,  II.  H.  J.  UsoiDewhii  dimnwd  by  ■  Uckol  iympalhy 
due  to  extreme  diSereon  In  tbe  paiiH  of  vitw  adopted. 


«Daib(Utl«a  of  thb  doctrint  with  1  imdtncy  ts  Ibink  chiiBy 
npcrintnl,  ol  ibe  conlioUcd  additwD  or  lubuaclion  of  IhEM 
tkmenu  as*  U  ■  Umc,  til  wi  owe  the  thisRiiciIly  pnmai 
Uakini  of  a  u  effect  to  .<  u  aiae.    ThLi  too  cu  b>  mtt  b 
modiicatioo  gl  loim.    Tbc  othec  iuuc  ii  pcrhapi  of  mace  li) 
ficuice.    It  is  tfie  otcillatioD  which  Mili  nunilati  bcLwacn 
CODopiion  oi  his  Caunula  u  it  i)  actually  applicable  lo  codci 
tuoblcmi  in  prsclii:*,  and  ihe  conception  of  it  u  an  upreaioi 
a  Iheorelical  Uiait  to  piaclical  procedure.    Kill  Kcini  most  of 
to  Ihinh  of  the  tanner,  while  icndisg  to  focmulate  in  lenna  of  ibe 
latter.    At  any  lale,  if  relevance  in  frnimo  a  interpolated  in  tbe 
peccant  dauw  of  the  canon  of  tbe  Joint'Meltiod,  the  practi    ' 
utility  of  the  method  ii  rehabilitated.    So  loo,  il  the  car 
ai  the  Method  of  Agreement  is  never  Biore  than  ipproii- 
matfily  aaiiabed,  intermixture  of  electa  --'"'--- 
often  dc  ■ 


equivalent  oi 
llterTutive.  Finally,  ii 
ptouppouliens  to  ado 
difference  that  iD  pracl 

aiympIoticiUy  ai 


Enercly  the  akeleton 


:t,  vrilhaut  iLe  pouibihiy  ol  ti 
in  the  whole  in  hnpini  with  Mill' 
VCD  in  tbe  cue  of  the  method  ol 
t  i(  it^totimalive  and  jDstnicti'  . 
a,  to  liliich  it  ainu  at  appiDachinf 
iLactf  a  in  lome  leua  aterile.  MiU 
U  have  hiniaetf  coticeived  hia  metl 
fruitful  and  normaUy  convincing  with  the 
each  ra>*  more  cogent  in  form  but  [herewith 
ol  the  process  that  but  now  pulsed  with  life. 

Fn^'C^  has  been  said  lo  show  why  the, advance  beyond  tbe 
letter  of  Milt  was  inevitable  while  much 'in  the  spirit  of  Mill 
niut  Becesaarily  (Sect  deeply  all  Uler  eiperienlialism.  Aflei 
Uill  ciperieolialiim  lalie*  euen  tially  new  forma.  In  part  becaLM 
of  what  MiU  had  done.  In  part  alu  became  of  what  he  had  left 
undooB.  After  MiU  means  after  Kant  and  Hejel  and  Herbart, 
means  a  er         emergen  ^  ^         lonary 


Ii.  Tkt  lept  tf  Kalieialbm. 

uttotheachoolof  BiciRiandal  Idckeii 
afforded  by  Ihcgreat  (yuemaof  reason,  owning  Cartaian  inspin- 
«^y  tion,  which  are  identified  with  the  names  ol  S^Hnoaa 

and  Leihniti.  In  the  hiiloryoflo^clbe  tatter  thinker 
l>  of  the  more  importance.  Spiooia'a  philoa^y  b  eipounded 
ordine  fmmeirut  and  with  Euclidean  cogency  from  a  relatively 
ttnaU  number  of  defimtiona,  axioms  and  postulates.  But  how 
we  reach  our  assurance  of  the  necessity  of  these  prindplcs  is  not 
DUde  tpedGcaUy  clear.    The  invaluable  tractate  Dt  InUUalia 


It  with  ai 


a  froi 


X  Spina 


11  fragmentary  appttbentioa  it  liable  lo  error 
ukd  neither  necessity  nor  imposaibiUty  can  be  predicated,  right  up 
to  that  which  jitfieam  itemiiuf'— namely,  ixirllttlia.  And  what 
SpinoxB  hai  to  lay  of  ibe  requisites  of  definition  and  the  marks  ol 
inteUection  makes  it  cteat  that  insight  comes  with  coherence,  and 
that  the  work  of  method  on  Ibe  "  inductive  "  side  is  by  means 
of  the  unraveUing  ol  aU  that  makes  for  artificial  limitation  to 
lay  bare  what  can  then  be  seen  to  eahibit  oeius  in  the  one  great 
tyitem.  When  all  ii  said,  howevei,  Ibe  scomeliic  oKthod  ai 
tuiivenalized  in  phikeophy  is  ntbet  used  by  Spinoaa  ihan 
(ipoundcd. 

With  Leibnita,  on  the  other  band,  the  logical  problem  holds 
the  foremost  place  in  phiknophical  inquiry.'  fton  the  purely 
f,^t§  ^^  thesis,  developed  at  quite  an  oariy  itage  of  hb 
thinking,*  that  in  any  true  pfoposillon  the  predicate  i* 
contained  in  the  subject,  the  main  principles  of  bis  doctrine  of 
Monads  are  derivable  with  the  mini""!"'  of  help  from  his 
y  of  dytuunla..   fnudicaliim  iaiti  n%'icte.    Ail  valid 


■   Bacon.  Nonm  organiim.  i.  TOa 

'  RuwU-t  MiisH^y  ly  LWMlc.  ea 

'  S«  eipeeiilly  nmuks  on  Ibe  letti 

•ditloo  ol  the  phikHpUal  weckh  ii.  3 


f.An*«ld(G«haidi'* 


3IC  ptATtmuusH 

propoaitioni  apccM  in  the  lut  reaort  the  rdallon  of  predicate  or 
predicates  lo  a  lubiKtitDd  this  Idboiti  boUs  after  considering 
the  case  of  rclatioiial  propetilioM  wbeic  either  Icrm  may  hold 
the  posIiioD  of  gtammalical  subject,  A— B  and  tlie  Uke.  There 
is  a  subject  then,  or  there  an  subject!  which  matt  be  recogniicd 
as  not  possible  to  be  predicated,  but  as  tbwiutc  For  reasons 
not  purely  logical  Leihnili  declares  for  the  plunUty  ol  such 
tubjecia.  £adi  contains  all  its  predicaiei;  and  this  it  true  not 
only  in  the  case  ol  iruiht  of  reason,  nhJcb  ate  Dcoasaiy,  and 
uliimately  10  be  eililbitcd  as  coming  under  Ibe  law  of  contra' 
diction,  "  or,  what  comes  to  the  same  thing,  thai  of  identiiy," 
but  also  in  the  case  of  truths  of  fact  which  areci>nliiigeDt,thoij^ 
asuDicient  reason  can  be  given  lor  them  which  "inclines  "  without 

subject.  "  Tbe  individual  notion  ol  each  person  includes  once 
fnraU  what  isto  befall  it,  world  without  end,"  and  "it  would  not 
have  been  our  Adam  but  another,  if  he  had  had  other  events-* 
Existent  subjects,  containing  etemaUy    all    (heir    aucccsi^ 

problems  connected  nith  iheir  activity,  or  dynamically  qteaking 
thdr  force,  litve  been  rctolved,  d[mand-~aiid  »uH>Iy — the 
melaphyalc  of  the  Monadoloay. 

Complex  truths  of  tcason  or  esscDC*  raise  the  problem  of 
definition,  which  consists  in  their  aoalytit  into  timplet  iruihs 
and  ultimately  into  limjilc — iJ.  indefinable  ideas,  with  primary 
principles  of  another  kind— axioms,  and  poatulales  Ihat-Dcilber 
need  nor  admit  ol  proof.  These  are  identical  in  tbe  senie  that 
the  oppoaite  contains  an  express  contradiction.'  In  thccueof 
non-identical  truths  loo,  there  it  a  priori  proof  drawn  from  Ibe 
notion  ol  the  itrms.  "  though  it  is  not  always  in  our  powerio 
arrive  at  this  aaalytis."  ■  to  that  the  question  arises.  spedaUy 
in  conneiiaa  with  tbe  ponibilily  of  a  calculus,  whether  the 
continieni  it  reducible  la  tbe  necettary  or  idcniitst  at  Ibe  ideal 
limii.  Wiih  much  that  suEgcsts  an  affitmaiive  (nsa-er,  Leibnitt 
gives  ihe  negative.  Even  in  the  case  of  the  Divine  wilt,  though 
it  be  always  for  the  best  possible,  the  sufficient  reason  will 
"  incline  without  necessitating."  Tbe  propositions  which  drat 
with  actual  existence  are  stiU  of  a  Unique  type,  with  whatever 
hmiltlioD  to  tbe  oilculus. 


Leibnil 


"  £nt  prindplcs  "  of  mathemali 
nitra.  Identities  tome  of  ibccim 
of  identity  passed  in  another  foi 
Lotie.  Ill  recognizing,  further, 
individual  facl  to  its  suihdent 
identity,  he  set  a  problem  diveme 

prindple  Ih 


[(T  ofio  from  the 
ca.  influenced  Kant  by  anlago- 
uufeitly  were  not.  Tbe  formula 
n  to  Ketbart  and  therefore  ro 
that  the  relation  of  an  actual 
ground  was  not  redudble  to 
Identity,  he  seta  probtem  01  vemety  treated  by  Kant  and  Herbart. 
He  brought  existcniial  proposiiiont,  indeed,  within  a  nljonal 
aystem  Ihnugb  Ibe  ] 
a  tuffidcot  reason  fo 
the  conception  of  ideal  ily  or  necet 
itformaUy telf^coniiadictory.  T 
age  in  Ihe  ireatnwni  alike  of  cau 
logical  proof  of  eaistrnco  from  a 
SuScieDC  Reason  it  quite  free  fn 
cancemini  the  tiiiitli  existence 
some  shifts,  and  the  difficulty  ar 
established  in  regard  10  our  acEoaJ  world  oetv 
sufficienl  reason  and  the  doctrine  of  the  £nal  cause,  inis  con- 
nexion is  something  of  an  aftentiought  to  distinguish  from 
lbs  potential  contingency  of  the' objeclivdy  possible  the  real 
contingency  of  the  actual,  for  which  the  "  cause  or  reason  "  o( 
Spinota 'could  not  account.  The  law,  however,  b  not  lavalidated 
Iv  these  considerations,  and  with  the  decree  of  emphasis  and  the 
special  let  ling  that  Ldbniti  givet  the  law,  it  it  defiuiiely  hit  owa. 
'(  Wi  may  past  by  tbe  dociiine  of  the  Identity  of  Inditccmlbles, 
ich  pla]^  a  part  of  some  imparlance  in  auhseqnent  philo- 
iophy,  and  the  Law  of  Continuity,  which  as  Leibnita  reprtseots 
is,  if  not  sheer  dogma,  reached  by  tomeihing  very  like  ■  faUwj. 
*  Carhudl,  vi.  Gii,  quoted  by  RuiaiU,  t|ic.  [iL.  p.  Ift, 
>  Ibid.,  iL  61,  RuiKlf.  p.  u- 
.•  S[iiDaB,al.vaaVkitenandLand.l.4£(£lUca.i.tl}. 


se  and  eflecl,  and  of  tbe  onte- 
sence.  Xot  that  the  Law  <J 
)m  equivoque.  Propoailjont 
of  mcLviduals  put  Leibnita  to 


mmi  LOGIC 

ve  have  u  Ldbidli'i  Rsulrdng  legiqr  to  !>'«  li>(tdini  [li 
COBUEHicn  of  Ckaraclttiilka  C/inicriafu  and  An  CtnAitaierh 
«  unlvrrul  dcDolinc  by  lymtM^i  and  t,  ctlculia  woikini  b 
luUtiluiiant  and  thi  LUie.  Tlie  two  positioii*  th>t  a  vih\a 
(onuliu  *1]  iu  pndicatu  uid  thit  >U  m 


«ith  tl 


■yDiballutian 


ts  uliiBulfly  »n«ly«  out 
lend  thenurlvH  to  the  detigc  of  tbit  algebra  of  iboughl^  though 
llw  RBIbeinaticiui  in  Leibniti  ihould  hive  been  iware  that  a 
fifnificast  equation  ii  never  an  Identity.  Leibniti,  [mh  Iron  the 
buile  of  the  calculus  In  the  matbeinaiical  Gdd,  and  with  hit 
conception  at  logic,  at  Icait  in  »me  cf  its  aqiccll,  as  a  generaliied 
mat  hematic,'  found  a  fruillul  inlpitation,  hamioniiin(  mil  aith 
liii  own  metiphytic,  in  Bacon'i  alphabet  o[  naluie.  He,  loo,  <rii 
pctpared  to  oftei  a  new  Initniinent.  That  the  mou  important 
KCtion,  the  lln  of  fonni  of  combination,  wai  never  achieved— 
this  Im  wai  ifter  the  Baconian  example  while  IbE  mode  of 

1  0  -  it  and  the  like — matlen  little. 

lalioB — it  is,  d(  count,  im  am — 
had  been  evolved. 

It  may  be  uid  that  among  Leibniti'i  nicouon  there  It  no 
LeibDitzian.  Ttie  tyiltm  »  a  wholt  is  MmcthinK  loo  artificial 
to  secure  whede-hoirted  illegianee.  Wolffs  (ormalism  ii  the 
basiaid  outcoine  of  the  spcculalion  of  L«Ebniti,  and  is  related  to 
it  as  remotely  as  Scholasticiim  is  to  Ariuolle.  WolH  found  a 
luflicient  reason  foi  everything  and  embodied  the  results  ol  hit 

He  also,  by  a  transparent  t€iitie  friadpii,  brought  the  law  of  the 
(uRicicnt  reason  under  that  of  non-contiadiction.  Wolff  and 
bis  numerous  foUowcn  account  for  tho  charge  of  dognatiani 
against  "  the  Leibnilzia-Woltlian  tchod."  They  are  of  laip«- 
lancf  In  the  hiitoty  of  logic  far  two  reasons  onlyi  liny  affected 
strongly  the  Geiman  vocabulary  of  pbiloiophy  and  they  con- 
alituted  tbe  iolclkclual  envirounent  in  which  Kani  grew  lo 
manhood. 

A  truer  coatinunor  of  L«ibniU  in  tbe  iprit  wu  Hobict. 
iii.  Kanfi  litk. 

Httban't  admitted  allegiaoce,  however,  was  Xmlian  iriih 
the  qualification,  at  a  relatively  advanced  stage  of  hi>  thinking, 

brought  out  implications  of  Kant's  teaching  not  wholly  con- 
templated by  Kant  himself.  The  critical  philosophy  had  indeed 
made  it  impossible  to  hark  back  b>  Ldbnila  or  any  othcc  master 
otherwise  than  witb  a  difference. 

Yet  it  is  not  a  tingle  and  unambiguous  lo^cal  movement 
that  derives  from  Kant.  Kant's  lesson  was  variously  UBdci- 
ttood.  Different  moments  in  it  were  emphasized,  with  a  Ucge 
divenity  of  result.  Ai  interpreted  it  was  acquiesced  in  or 
revolted  from  and  revolt  ranged  from  a  desire  for  some 
modilicttions  oF  detail  or  eipression  lo  the  call  lor  a  radical 
transformation.  Grounds  (or  a  variety  of  developments  are  to 
be  found  in  the  imperfect  barmonizalion  of  the  ralianalislic 
heritage  from  the  Wollhan  tradition  which  still  dominates  Kint's 
pure  general  loffc with  the  manifest  epistemologicalintentionol  his 
I rantcendenlal  theory.  Or  again,  within  the  latter  in  his  admission 
of  a  duality  of  thought  and  "  the  given  "  in  knowledge,  which 
within  knowledge  wai  appitenlly  irreducible,  concurrently  with 
hint*  as  tn  the  potrfbiliiy,  upon  a  wider  view,  el  the  tublaiion 
of  their  disparateness  al  leatt  hypotheticilly  and  speculatively. 
The  sense  in  which  there  muti  be  a  ground  of  the  unity  of  the 
aupeiiensibte"  while  yel  the  transcendent  ute  of  Reason — it. 
fli  use  beyond  the  timlu  of  eipericnce  was  denied  theoretical 
validity — was  not  unnaturally  regarded  at  obscure. 

Kant's  treatment  of  technical  logic  was  wholly  traiStiotul,  and 
In  itself  is  almost  negli^ble.  It  is  comprised*  In  an  early  essay 
on  the  mistaken  subtlety  of  the  lytlogislic  llgtircs,  and  a  late 
compilation  by  a  pufnl  from  the  introductoiy  matter  and 


a  1 9. 


■  CriH^al  tl  Jtit^tnl,  Ir 
jaWay^ltl  Air 


.  f  1,  vt.fin.  [lV<r*tTBtrii>rAi* 


,"  had  b 


h  which  On  master  had  enridied  Ida 
copy  of  Meyer's  CHnpaAiiai  <A  i;g*, 
;he  best,"  said  Kanl,  "  that 


the   abridgment    then    lubjetted    1 

by  Meyer.  With  this  traditional  body  of  i^Klrine  Kant  wai, 
save  for  matters  of  minor  detail,  quite  content.  Logic  wu  of 
nceutity  (onnat,  dealing  at  it  must  with  those  rules  without 
which  no  cierciK  of  the  undemanding  would  be  possible  at  alL 
Upon  ahatnclion  from  alt  particular  nelhodt  of  thought  these 
rules  wen  to  be  discerned  a  priori  or  iHtbout  dependence  on 
eiperienct  by  reflection  solely  upon  the  uk  of  the  undentan<Ung 
in  general.  The  sdence  of  the  form  of  thought  abilncted  in 
this  way  ftnm  itt  matter  or  content  was  regarded  at  of  value 
bolh  as  propaedeutic  and  aa  canon.  It  was  manifestly  one  of 
the  disciplines  in  which  a  pouiion  ol  finality  wu  attainable, 
Aristotle  mi^t  be  allowed.  Indeed,  to  have  omitted  no  eateniial 
point  of  the  undenlanding.  What  the  modems  had  actdeved 
consisted  in  aa  advance  in  accuracy  and  methodical  completeness. 
"Indeed,  we  do  not  require  icy  new  discovercra  In  lo^c,"< 
said  the  discoverer  ol  a  priori  tyntbetis,  "since  It  contains  merely 
the  form  of  thought."  Applied  loslc  1»  merely  paydiology, 
and  not  properly  to  be  called  logic  al  all.  The  technical  logic 
ol  Kant,  then,  juiiifies  llietally  a  movement  among  his  saccessors 
in  favour  of  a  formal  conception  of  logic  with  tbe  law  otcsn- 
)f  formal  implication  for  its  equ1p> 


le  doctrine  ol  Kan 
supply  a  point 


upon  the  foimal  logidana, 

Kant'*   transcendenlal   teaching  is  sun 
hit  epithet  lor  what  it 


'  Transcendental  ■' 


riiw  from  which  a  logical 
Inevitable,  Kant'i  mantle, 
regarded  aa  having  fallen 

oUaw*: 


aadent — i.e.  applicable  beyond  tbe  limit 
EDce,  tbe  mark  of  cipetience  bdng  the 
if  sense  or  of   tomeihing   which   thought 


le  given."    Those  leil 


iranscondentally  a 


they  are  not  empirical  they  must  be  s' 
"  the  mind  " — i.e.  the  Mrnul  human 
inielligence  to  fat  as  like.  If  we  set  a 
conditions  aa  belong  to  secilbilily  or  t 
mind  and  are  the  pietuppositioat  of  ]i 
remainder  ate  ascribablc  to  sponlai 
10  thought  with  ill  unifying,  ocganiui 
and  Ihdr  elucidation  is  the  ptobli 
It  b  at 


aUiihid  which  are  the 
:perience  at  aU.  Since 
ructural  and  belong  lo 
nteiUgence,  and  to  Hkfl 
idc  luch  transcendental 

Ltaposilion  of  |MrU.  the 


,  logic,  ii 


.  .-  objecuof tbediKursivefaci 
the  limits  of  eiperiente  where  it 
Such  a  lo^c,  however,  is  a  dialectic  o 
logisms  and  hdplesi  in  the  lace  of  an 
analytic  on  tbe  other  hand  we  cona 
transcendental  "  deduciion  "  or  viti 
experience,  and  we  have  a  logic  ol 
catablish  our  cpistemological  catena 
Categories  are  the  lormt  according  t 


iltyas 


Lision,  perplexed  by  pan- 

tion  ol  the  condiliou  of 


■  object 


Kanl  fi 


n  diHcrc 


judgment.   The  clue  to  the  d 
"     -   '    '■  in  the  eiitte 

ics  and  in  the  pi 


Hypesol 


il  Judgminls.  n 


which  ac 


yet  not  trining,  necessary  and  yet  not  reducible  to  tdr 
synthetic  therefore  and  a  priori,  and  so  accounted  for  ncj' 
Lack*  nor  by  Leibniti.  "  There  lies  a  tiwsctndental  GO 
at  the  baali  of  every  necessity." 

Kani'i  mode  of  conceiving  the  activity  of  thought 
MisiitutloD  el  objects  and  of    their  coonexio 


912  LO' 

wu  ihouglil  to  b*t  open  to  ui  Inlctprctuloii  in  nwformliy  wiib 
Uic  qiini  ol  lus  loi^i:,  <n  Ibc  Miuc  Ihat  Ibe  loim  iiul  ihe  codudi 

in  knowledge  »ie  nol  incrdy  duiin[uishabl>  iunc- 
SkWrCr  ''*"  *'''''''  '"  Ofg»o''  who'',  but  eilhtr  icpuable,  or 
rt,  ut,     al  IfUt  indiEcreiii  om  tn  tbcoLhcr  in  luch  ■  way  u  le 

be  clcujy  iD<lepcndeiit.  Tbought  u  lonn  wouU  thui 
be  >  Iic[«  «  an  demenl  in  a  conpoiiie  unil.  It  would  duily 
have  iu  own  kwt.  Il  would  be  the  whole  concern  of  logic, 
wfaicb.  tuict  in  il  tbought  bat  itiell  Car  object,  would  have  no 
nfereooe  la  Ibe  olbcr  terra  ol  ibe  iDUihesU,  ooi  property  ud 
imniediaiely  to  Ihe  knowledge  which  ia  compact  o[  thoufht 
io  coojuoctioa  with  sometUng  wbkh,  whatever  it  nuy  be,  is 
prima  iarie  otbn  thsa  thought.  Theie  a  loo  much  leitual 
wirrant  lor  thi>  inlirpretalion  el  Kant't  meaniog.  Doubtliu 
there  are  paasogn  which  make  agniDil  an  eilremt  duallitic 
interpietatiOD.  Even  in  his  "  logic  "  Kant  ^leaki  ol  abtlnctioD 
Iron]  all  particulu  objects  ol  thougbi  rather  thau  ol  a  rctalulioB 
o(  coBctele  Ihinking  into  thougbi  and  iu  "  otbct "  ai  aepanUe 
c»opentiog  factors  in  a  joint  product.  He  ipoke  throughout, 
howevR,  as  if  form  and  content  were  mutually  indiSetent,  >o 
that  the  atMlractioB  ol  form  Iroin  content  implied  hotbing  of 
falsification  or  mutilnllon.  The  reserve,  thetelore,  that  il  wai 
abaiiiction  and  not  a  decomposing  that  wat  in  question  remained 
to  the  admirer!  of  his  losic  quite  nugatory.  They  failed  Io 
lealite  that  pcimisaible  abstnctibn  from  specific  conicott  or 
methods  of  knowledge  does  not  obliterate  reference  to  matter 
or  content.  Tbey  passed  Basily  ttom  the  acceptance  of  a  priori 
lomis  ol  thinking  to  that  of  fotini  of  a  priori  tbinking,  and  ooidd 
plead  the  eumido  ol  Kant's  logic 

Kant't  iheory  of  knowledge,  Iben^  Deeded  lo  be  preued  to 
other  conseiuences  lor  logic  which  were  more  consonant  with  the 
spirit  of  the  Critiyae,  .  The  forma  of  tbnugbl  and  what  ^ves 
thougbi  iu  particuUt  coateol  in  ooncrete  acts  of  thinking  coubd 
not  be  regarded  at  aubsiiting  in  ■  purely  eitemal  and  indifferent 
retaiion  one  to  the  other.  "  Laws  according  to  which  the 
subject  thinks  "  and  "  bws  according  to  which  the  object  is 
known  "  cannot  be  the  concern  of  Mparatc  dcpartmenli  ol 
inquiry.  A*  loan  divorce  the  iovestigalion  of  the  ihipe  and 
material  of  a  minor  bom  ibeUwi  ol  Ihe  incidaue  of  the  rays  that 
form  images  in  it,  and  oQ  it  a  idencc  ol  redectionl  An  im- 
porlanl  group  ol  writers  developed  tbe  conception  of  an  adapla- 
tiOTi  between  the  two  udes  o!  Kant's  antithesis,  and  made  the 
endeavour  to  establish  some  kuld  of  coneUtion  between  logical 
forms  and  tbe  process  of "  the  given."  There  was  a  tendency  Lo 
fall  back  upon  the  conception  of  aome  kind  ol  panlleliun, 
whether  it  was  taken  lo  be  interpretative 'or  ralbcr  corrective 
of  Kant's  meaning.  This  device  was  never  remote  from  tbe 
constructions  of  writers  for  whom  the  teaching  ol  Spinoaa  and 
Leibnitz  was  an  integral  pait  ol  their  inlelloctual  equipment. 
Other  mode*  of  correlalion,  however,  find  favour  also,  and  !□ 
■ome  variety.  Kant  is  seldom  the  sole  source  ol  inspiration.  Hit 
unresolved  antithesis^  is  interpleted  eitiier  diversely  or  with  a 
'  Oi  intiiheHL  Kiin  rollowi.  for  ciample,  a  dlBemt  line  nt 
elravilfe  betwern  form  and  contenl  from  that  deve1a|vd  tfelwren 
thought  and  the  "  given."  And  Iheie  are  odc  hia  only  unrrsolved 
dualities  even  in, the  Cril^w  o/  Pui  Rttun.    For  the  kiical 


The  determliutio 


in  which  Kant's  theory  of 


knowledge  involves  an  unreaotvcd  antithesis  is  foe  the  tugiealnurpaae 
Hcestary  so  lar  only  at  it  Ihrowi  light  upoo  his  ksic  and  hii  is- 
nucnce  upon  Injical  dcvelopnienli.     Historically  the  qucHioa  of 


Ne»Henl  to  iMuch 
■    ■  'leUke 

s5? 


.JtllMKl 


.. , je  IrredudUe.  Thodovcollhoiiihlltliilileki. 

a  the  redttant  atmaroheie  of  "  the  nvtn  "  be  vilhdrawn  tCriligti 
tf  Pm  JtHiM,  ed.  3  Imrod  Kan^>  Wrrtt.  ed.  of  Ihe  PnisZin 
Academy,  vol.  ilL  p.  JJ,  H.  to  iqq.}.  NrvenheleK  the  Ihing-ia- 
Mstif  il  a  probleBauc  cooaption  and  of  a  bmitiog  or  ACfatiwe  bv 
merely.  He  "  had  woven.'  arcordij^  Io  an  olieo  qinted  plnvic 
of  pc«he.';aeertainJye»e™iit  of  irony  inio  hit  method;  .  .  .  he 
l^Ul  hid' d«^.^' 


nQ  IKAMT 

dISerenceof  emphuia.    And  the  Egbl  that  tater  wikot  hting  lo 

bear  on  Kani's  bgic  and  epiitemidogy  from  oUxi  sidti  ol  tut 
speculation  varies  in  kind  anil  in  dt^ree. 

Another  lo^cal  moveownt  sptisgi  from  those  w^khi  a  corre- 
lalion of  fact  within  the  unity  of  a  syMem  altogetbei  failed  to 
saiiiiy.  There  must  alto  be  development  of  the  corrdatad  terns 
from  a  single  principle.  Form  and  a 
:.   Tbeyn.      ' 


plane  or  at  one  Mage  in  Ui 
residuum  that  apparently  defies  aaalydt  m 
and  on  a  higher  plane  be  ibown  to  to  bo  abaorbed  aa  to  lau 
altogether  within  thought.  This  it  the  view  of  Hegd  upon 
which  logic  comet  to  coiocide  with  the  pregrt^ve  seU-uufolding 
of  thou^  in  that  type  of  mtlaphysic  which  is  known  as  ahaolute, 
i,(.  all-inclusive  idcalitm.  Tbe  eipoocol  of  bigic  ai  meuphysic. 
for  whom  the  ralional  it  tbe  le^l  b  necessarily  in  revolt  against 
all  that  il  characteriiiically  Kantian  In  the  theory  ol  knowledge, 
against  the  iiansceodenial  method  itiell  and  against  the  doctrine 
of  limilt  which  conititates  the  nctve  o(  "  crilidim."  Suen  wu 
to  be  bid  upon  the  contiraclive  chancier  of  Ibe  act  of  ihou^t 
whifh  Kant  had  recogniied,  and  without  Kant't  qualilicaiionsol 
it.  In  all  dtc  tbe  claim  It  made  to  have  kflLhe  Kantian  leaehinc 
V.I.:- J  —  caaccilid  Icvd  of  ipeculalioD. 


b  trantceodenlally  "  deduced  "  wbca  it  and  only  it  can  cipliia 
tbe  validity  ol  aome  phaM  of  eKpttl«iK«|  tome  order  i^(r,r^ 
ol  tnuht.  Theordcrol  Irulht,  ibephascofeiperience  mtTrmmr- 
and  its  certainly  had  to  be  taken  for  granted.  The  "*■« 
lenK,  for  eian^,  .in  which  the  inevenibilily  of 
sequence  wbich  it  Uie  nwie  known  in  ni'ait  *d  htwumtm  in  the 
case  ol  the  caulal  principle  difleis  from  merely  ptydiokigicd 
conviction  is  DM  nude  (iilly  dear.  Even  to  the  inboence  lo  Ibe 
a  priori  ground  of  Its  necessity  is,  it  has  been  often  pointed  out, 
subject  to  Ibe  limilation  inberent  in  any  process  of  leductico. 
in  any  regress,  that  It,  from  condilionatc  to  condition,  vli.  that 
in  theory  an  alternative  is  sIlU  possible.  'The  inferred  principle 
may  hold  the  field  as  eiplanation  without  obvious  compcihc* 
peieotial  or  actuaL  Nevertheless  its  claim  to  be  the  solepossible 
cx[danatian  can  in  nowise  be  validated.  It  has  been  established 
ader  aU  by  dialectic  In  the  Aristotelian  tense  of  the  word.  But 
il  transcendental  mdhod  bis  do  ipedal  pride  of  place.  Kant't 
conclusion  as  to  ihe'limiti  of  the compcience  of  inielletiual 
faculty  falls  with  it.  Cognition  mtniFeilly  needs  the  help  of 
Reason  even  in  its  Iheorcticil  use.    Its  ipcculatio 


'  Finely,  to  logic  as  mi 
at  logic.  The  turn  oil 
treated  as  merely  forr 
of  knowledge  Icll  up 
processes  ol  the  psychi 


iphysic  1 


u  illujory. 
e  polar  anlLtbcsis  is  piychology 
I  to  come  again.  II  logic  wcp 
esi  of  the  problem 


'ledge — luch  rubria  is 
suBsiincc,  property,  relation — come  to  be  explained  ptytbo- 
logically,  the  formal  b>gic  that  hat  perforce  to  ignore  all  tbu 
belongi  to  psychology  is  confined  within  too  nanow  a  range  la 
be  able  to  maintain  its  place  at  an  independent  discipline,  and 
.tend)  to  be  metged  In  ptychology.   This  tendency  is  to  be  seen  ia 

as  the.altermalh  of  ibeir  speculation.  Il  ii  no  accident  that  it 
wat  the  psychobgy  of  apperception  and  the  votunlatyitl  theory 
or  practice  ol  Herbarl,  whose  logical  Iheory  wis  to  cloaety  allied 
to  that  of  Ibe  formai  loffciant  proper,  that  contributed  moM 

and  undsstindng."  '  Some  indication  ol  the  way  in  which  be 
would  hypsthetleilly  and  speculatively  mitigate  the  antiihesii  ii 
pethapsaJofdedbythtrel*— '---*— •"--"-- — ~     ' 


w  appears  outside  to 
ick  of  the  pheHCflvicno 
■U  "  (lb.  p.  Z7«,  M.  ]( 


not  the  mi 
■y  periupt  ngi  b*  lo  wbally  diipanu 


t»  ibe  dvTcbpiiKM  e(  Iht  poU-Klntln  pajthalDglcil  ki^c 
Another  movrnKnl  helped  ilso;  the  ejpontnll  ot  lutunLiitic 
evolution  wen  prepared  irlih  Spenter  lo  eipliln  Ihe  u-caUed 
a  fifi  in  knowledge  si  in  trutb  a  pnttrieri,  if  not  to  thi 
jndividiul  at  uy  n  ... 


)l  pijcbologjol  logic  t( 
-       ■    ■■  -I  to  Hun 

lo  Hamilton  in 


whoUy  pre-Kantia 


.  relalio 


o[  (ntagoni 
be  Kantian 

Kant'a  influence,  then,  upon  subsequent  logic  is  Icait  oi  all 
to  be  meaauEed  by  hia  achievement  in  bia  proieued  contribution 
-^^^  to  Icchnical  logic.  It  nuy  be  attributed  in  some 
raimmmji.  ^^^  degree,  perhaps,  to  incidental  ilasha  of  logical 
imighl  vbere  hli  Iboughl  Is  least  ol  vbal  be  himself  calls  logic. 
t-t.  his  eipoution  ol  the  lignihcance  ol  synthetic  judginentl 
d  priori,  ar  hia  explanation  oi  the  luDCIionof  imagery  in  rda lion 
lo  thought,  whereby  he  offers  a  soEulion  of  the  probtem  ol  the 
cooditiona  under  which  one  member  of  a  group  unified  through 
a  concept  can  be  taVen  to  stand  for  the  rest,  or  again  the  way 
in  which  he  puts  his  fingn  on  the  vital  issue  in  regard  lo  the 
alleged  proof  from  essence  to  eiislence,  and  IHustntions  could 
be  multiplied.  But  much  more  it  bdonp  to  his  transformation 
a!  the  efnstemological  problem,  and  to  the  suggestiveoess  of  his 
philotophy  as  a  whole  tor  an  advance  in  the  direction  of  a 
speculative  construction  which  thoutd  be  able  to  cancel  all  Kwil'l 
surds,  and  in  particular  vindicate  a  "  ground  of  the  unity  ot  the 
■upeiMBsUe  which  Uea  back  of  nature  with  that  which  the 
concept  of  freedom  implies  in  the  sphere  ot  pnctlcc." '  which  is 
wjiat  Kant  finally  asserts. 


Sunloi  fcoD  tbe  obv 

which  it  is  the  thouthl.  it 
•f  it*  tcfin  IS  that  of  mui 


w  Ihe  ulliinil 


al iodifleieni 

lat  while  they 
9  modification  of  the  one  Implia  modificalkin  of  the 
Other,  01  thirdly  and  lastly,  u  that  of  >  meigeacr  of  one  in  the 
other  of  such  >  tuture  that  the  meited  term,  whichever  it  lie, 
i>  fully  accououd  for  In  a  complcle  tbeoiy  of  that  in  which  it  is 

The  lint  way  is  that  of  the  purely  formal  logicians,  ot  whom 
Tvealeni  and  ia  Eaglaitd  U.  L.  Manid  may  be  regarded  as 

__,^ , typical.     Th«y  take  thought  and  "the  given"  u 

^^^J^tel[.a>ntaiBed  unit*  which,  11  not  in  fact  lepuaJjle,  aie 
at  any  rate  susceptible  of  an  abalraction  the  one  fioin 
tbe  other  so  decitlve  as  to  conttitute  an  ideal  leparation.  The 
laws  at  Ibe  pure  activity  of  thought  must  be  indepeadcolly 
determined,  and  since  the  contribution  .of  thought  to  koowlcdge 
is  form  they  raust  be  formal  only.  They  canitot  go  beyond  the 
r  analytic  coneclne».    They  are 


confined  to  tbe  determhii 

ot  thought,  tskec 

other,  whidi  are  eitnneoua  to  log 

unit  for  loffc  l>  the  conccfN  takei 

of  lo^c  ia  to  eihibit  its  formal 


achiev 


whether 


granted  upon  grounds  psycbola^cal  or 
■udea.    Tbe 

ifdicatioiis  and  repulsioas. 


couldb 


reaUy 


iple,  allowt.  Tbe  analogy  of  the  resolution 
ot  a  cnemicai  compound  with  il>  dememi  whkh  ia  olien  on  the 
Upi  of  thoae  who  would  juatily  the  (ndepeadeoce  ol  thought  and 
the  real  woiid,  with  an  agnoatic  coDdoiloa  ai  lo  nm-phenomenal 
or  tnni^abiectlve  leaUty,  is  not  nally  applicable.  Tlie  oiygen 
and  hydrogen,  for  example,  into  which  water  may  be  resolved 
an  Dot  In  alrictnesa  indiHerent  one  to  tbe  olber,  sines  both  are 
members  of  an  onler  regulated  accotdlng  lo  laws  of  combination 
in  definite  ratio*.  Or,  if  andicable,  it  is  dotibia  edged.  Suppose 
sf  fudtmnl.  tntrod.  f  >  ((fo'K  v..  176  n.  g  i^q.): 
"  Prolegomeru "   to  his  InniUtloci   of  thia.   pp. 


cf.    BrmaTd' 
Octlcv  Chritii 


oxygen  to  be  foiud  only  In  wi 

would  It  IhRclon  follow  that  it  could  Infer  the  laws  of  a  separata 
or  independent  activity  si  iti  own^  Similarly  forms  of  thinking, 
the  law  el  mniridiaieD  not  ciceptcd,  have  their  meaning  only 
in  reference  to  dettrminate  tgntent,  even  though  distribotively 
all  detcmiirune  contents  are  dispensable.  The  eiireme  formalist 
is  guHiy  of  a  fallacy  of  compoaiiion  in  regard  M  alnlnction, 

it  dor*  ml  follow,  hemver,  that  the  laws  asserted  by  the 
fonnil  logiciani  are  lavalid  or  unimportant.  .  There  is  a  per- 
miaible  abtiractlon,  and  in  general  they  praclise  this,  and 
although  they  narrow  iu  nnge  unduly,  it  it  Icfitimatdy  to  be 
applied  to  cetlaln  characlets  of  thinking.  As  the  living  organisni 
includes  something  ol  mechanrim — the  ikelelon,  for  eiample — 
so  an  organic  lo^  doublleis  includes  deteirninalions  of  formal 
consisterkcy.  The  skeleton  is  meaiungless  apart  from  relerence 
to  its  function  in  the  life  of  an  organism,  yet  there  ate  laws  of 
skeleton  slrricture  which  can  be  studied  with  nuist  advantage  if 
othercharactersof  [he  or^nbm  are  relegated  10  the  background. 
-     ■■       ■  indthitlt 


itfcoi 


icted. 


of  the  CO 

logical  forms  with  the  concrete  prtKesacs  of  actual  thinking 
What  was  true  In  formal  lo^  tended  to  be  abaorbed  in  the 
corretalionisi  theories. 

Those  formal  logicians  of  the  Kantian  echod,  then,  may  be 
summarily  dismlioerf,  though  their  undertaking  was  a  oeccwiry 
one,  who  failed  lo  ratst  the  epittemdogical  Issue  al  all.  a  who, 
raising  it,  acqoiaced  In  a  naive  duallsni  agnodk  of  the  real 
world  as  Kant's  essentia]  loson.  They  failed  id  develop  any 
view  whicb  couM  serve  either  In  face  or  in  theory  as  a  corrective 
to  Ih^  ellect  of  their  formalism.  What  tbey  said  with  justice 
was  said  as  well  or  better  elsewhere. 

Among  then  it  is  on  Ihe  whole  impomiUe  mA  lo  include  the 
names  ol  Hamilton  and  Mansel.  The  former,  while  his  ctodition 
in  respect  to  the  history  ol  philosophical  opinion  has  rarely  been 
tqnalled,  was  nut  a  clear  thinker.  His  gaierel  theory  of  know- 
ledge deriving  from  Kant  and  Reid,  and  tndudiog  among  other 
things  a  OMtrimiMfto  of  their  theories  of  petczption,'  in  no  way 
sustains  or  mitigates  his  narrow  vie*  of  logic  He  makts  no 
eflective  use  of  his  general  formula  that  to  think  is  to  condition. 
He  appeals  to  the  dkrct  mtimony  ol  consdousnesi  in  tlie  aene 
in  which  the  appeal  involves  a  fallacy.  He  accepts  an  ultimate 
antinomv  as  to  the  finileneaa  or  infinity  of  "  the  onconditiofied." 
:  excluded  middle  lo  inHst  that  one  of 
be  true,  wherctore  we  must  make  ibe 
choice.  And  whai  is  to  be  said  of  Ihe  Judgment  of  a  writer  who 
considers  the  relativity  of  thought  demonstraled  by  the  iatt 
that  every  judgment  unilei  two  members?  Hanrilton's  signi* 
ficance  for  the  hntory  of  bgic  lies  in  the  stimulus  that  be  gave 
to  the  development  ol  symbolic  k)gic  in  England  by  his  new 
analytic  based  upon  his  discovery  or  adoption  of  the  principle 

specially  in  malters  of  Arialolellan  exegesis,  and  much  that  is 
of  value  lies  burled  in  his  commeniaiion  of  tbe  dry  bones  of  Ike 
Arlii  Loficat  Rudimaila  of  Locke's  contemporary  Aldrich.  And 
be  was  a  dearer  thinker  than  Hamilton,  Formal  kigk  of  the 
ewremeat  rigour  Is  nowhere  to  be  found  more  adequately  ex- 
pressed in  all  its  strength,  and  it  must  be  added  in  all  its  weakne», 
than  in  the  writingsirf  Mansel.  But  if  the  view  maintained  abowe 
that  formal  lotfc  must  compromise  or  mitigate  Ita  rigour  and 
so  fail  to  maintain  its  independence,  be  comet,  tbe  kigical 
consistency  of  Mansd's  logic  of  consistency  does  but  emphaiiie 
itf  barrennesa.  It  contains  no  sern  for  fonber  devdspmeni. 
It  is  the  end  of  a  movement. 

Tile  brief  kisic  of  Kerbart*  is  altogether  formal  te 
tomia  have  lor  him  neither  psychological  nor  tn 
reference.    We  arc  eonoiaed  Id  logic  solely  with  the 


yet  anrfies  th 


Logical 


imiUm:  Tike  PkilaaHy  tf  FtraflitH.  by 

-   Ltp^,    iBoa    IWirlu.   ed,    Hartrn«ein,_l. 
■Ily  Ciltrtwii 


afij  tqq.j!  and  specially  ft*r(«i  Ar  £•— 
(iSll).  and  «biequ«it1y  ||  M  "N-  iWnkt. 


9'* 


e  wboliy  atatnct. 


LOGIC 

o  tbu   of  hit 


lAFTSK  KANT 


liof  our 


BnllHskof  loficis  to  dtsUapiuh  tnd  Broup  mtih  con- 
cept! According  to  thor  niHrka,  and  Irom  ihoi  cluuficAIion  then 
natunUy  (oUom  thdr  coDDeuoa  injudtntenl.  It  ii  in  ihc 
logic  of  judimcDt-lhU  Hnbut  iuugunttt  a  new  era.  He  ii 
BQt,  ol  count,  the  £nt  t«  note  that  even  catetoria]  judfraenli 
do  not  assert  themJuUioD  of  their  lubject.  That  i>a  thought 
which  lies  very  near  the  surface  for  forma]  loffc.  He  had  been 
preceded  too  by  MaicDon  in  the  attempt  at  a  reduction  of  the 
■raditiooal  types  of  judgment.  Hewaa,  however,  the  Gntwhote 
analysis  was  suflideatly  convincins  to  eiordse  the  tyranny  of 
grammatical  loiau.  71m  categorical  and  diijunciive  jtidginent 
reduce  to  the  hypothetical.  By  meant  of  the  docitine  ol  the 
quanttficatioD  of  the  predicate,  in  which  with  hit  Leibnltiian 
conception  ol  identity  he  aniidpaled  Beneke  and  Hamilton 
alike,  udveraal  and  particular  judgment)  are  made  to  pull 
togelhef.  Modal,  impersonal,  eiiiiential  judgmenti  are  all 
actotinted  for.  Only  the  distinction  ol  aibmative  and  negative 
judgnunts  retnains  unrcsoJved,  and  the  exception  is  a  natural 
one  from  the  point  of  view  ol  a  phihiiaphy  of  pluralism.  There 
was  little  left  to  be  done  here  save  in  the  way  of  an  inevitable 
nklalii  HKfaiKJir,  even  hy  Lotie  and  F,  H,  Bradley.  From  the 
jodgmcnt  viewed  u  hypolbetioJ  wt  pati  by  affirmation  ol  the 
antecedent  or  denial  of  the  cootequeet  to  inference.  This  point 
of  departure  ii  ooteworthy,  at  alto  it  the  treatment  of  the 
inductive  lyllogitra  at  one  in  which  the  middle  term  it  teaoluble 
intDagTouporieriet{JIii*(}.    In  indicating  tpecifically,  too,  the 

junclive  minor,  Herbart  ... 


Thai  it 


islhefon 


I  of  Baci 


BC  of  Kerl 


I  ol  ciclusi 


■s  logic  1 


itely  faUl 

pendent  disdpline  is  not  to  he  doubted.  It  stands,  however,  on 
a  dilierent  foaling  fnm  that  ol  the  formal  logic  hitherto  discussed, 
■nd  is  not  to  be  condemned  upon  quite  the  tame  grounds.  In 
■he  hrst  place,  Herbarl  li  quite  aware  oi  the  nature  of  abstraction. 
In  the  second,  there  it  no  claim  that  thought  at  one  and  the 
tame  time  imposes  form  on  "  the  given  "  and  Is  tutoplible  of 
treatment  in  isolation  by  higic  With  Herbart  the  (orffli  ol 
common  experi<n«,  and  Indeed  all  that  we  can  regard  as  his 
categories,  are  producta  of  the  ptycbological  mechaniim  and 
deslliule  ol  logical  import.  And  lastly,  Herbart 'a  logic  conform! 
to  the  eiigendes  of  his  system  as  a  vhr^  and  the  principle  ol  the 
bare  or  absolute  self-identity  of  the  ultimate  "reals  "in  particular 
It  is  for  this  reason  that  it  Anally  laclu  real  aflinity  to  the  "  pure 
logic  "  of  Flies,  For  it  the  basil  of  Herbarl'i  speculation  there 
lies  a  concepIiOD  of  identity  foreign  to  the  thought  of  Kant  with 
his  siren  on  synthesis,  in  his  thoroughgoing  metaphyiical  use  of 
which  Herbart  goes  luck  not  merely  to  Wolff  hut  to  Leihnita. 
It  it  no  mere  coincidence  that  hit  treatment  of  all  formi  of  con- 
tinuance and  even  hit  positive  metaphytic  of  "  reali  "  show 


.    It  w 
a  of  the  conception  of  ur 


onpromiting  identity  which  i: 


a  kind  of  nflectiec 


To  those,  ol  coune,  for  whom  Ihc  only  real  Ideutiiy  is  identity  in 
diSetence,  wfaile  identity  without  difference,  Eke  difference  wiih- 
ODt  identity,  is  litaply  a  limit  or  a  vanishing  point,  Bcrban's 
logic  and  metapbytic  will  aUke  lack  ptausibjlity. 

ThcMtlingofHerban'tlogicinhis  thought  ai  a  whole  might 
of  iuelf  perhaps  justify  separate  treatmeDt.  His  far-reaching 
inffuence  la  the  development  of  later  logic  mutt  certainly  do  so, 
Ihrertly  he  affected  a  tcluxd  of  thought  which  contained  one 
kiglciaB  of  fittt-rate  importwice  In  Morita  Wllbdm  Dcobitch 
CiBoi-igfle),  prolejsor  at  Leipiig.  In  less  direct  relation  ttandi 
Lotie,  who,  although  under  other  Influences  he  developed  a 
different  view  even  in  logic,  certainly  let  no  point  in  the  docitine 


Bat  predeeeuot  at  GAitinfrn  escape  bin.   A  Hecbaitiaa 

to  be  met  with  alto  in  the  thought  of  wiiteti  much 
iheld,  for  example  F.  H.  Bradley,  far  (bough  hia  meu- 
pbyiic  is  removed  from  Herbart's.  Heibart'i  influence  il  siucly 
lo  be  found  too  in  the  evolution  of  what  it  called  (kitmi/aadi' 
Uarii.  Not  did  he  aHect  ihe  logic  of  his  successon  through  his 
lo^c  alone.  Relerence  hai  been  made  above  10  the  effect  upon 
the  rise  of  the  later  psychological  logic  produced  by  Herbart's 
psychology  of  appercepiiori,  when  disengaged  from  the  back- 
ground oi  hit  metaphysic  taken  in  conjunction  with  his  tmtmeni 
In  hit  ptaclicti  phihKophy  ol  the  judgment  of  value  or  what  he 
callt  Ihe  aetthetic  judgment.  Emetton't  verdict  upon  a  greater 
thinkei— that  his  was  "  not  a  mind  to  nestle  in  "—may  be  true 
ol  Herbart.  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  u  to  the  tilaulaiing 

The  second  way  of  interpreting  the  antithetit  of  thought  to 
what  it  thought  of,  was  taken  by  a  group  of  Ihioken  uaoog 
whom  a  central  and  inciting  figure  was  Schlcleimacber.     (     , 
They  in  no  sense  constitute  a  school  and  manifest     him 
radical    differences   among   themselves.     They   are     imUrmt^ 

the  lubje   ■  '     ' **~ 

knowledge  v( 


Ihe  SI 


veals  the  real  w 


in  Ihe 


and  finally  at  once  to 
cancel  ind  conserve  any  ant  I  thesis  in  its  all-embracing  dialectic 
They  agree,  then,  in  a  mainienince  of  the  critical  point  of  view, 
while  all  alike  recogniie  the  necessity  of  bn'n^ng  the  thoughi- 
'  -  -"       In  knowledge  ir- '  ■- '    '       -  "' 


other 


than 


done,  by  mean: 
Such  an  advaj 


}f  some  fotmuU  ol 
e  might  have  taken 


itscue  directly  from  Kant  mmseii.  fuannisioncanaciit  lenoea 
rather  lo  formulale  iuelf  as  a  reai;tion  toward!  Kant  In  view  o( 
the  couise  taken  by  the  speculative  movement.  Thua  Schkier- 
macher's  pcsthumously  published  Di^tUik  (iS^g)  may  be 
characlerized  as  an  appeal  [i«m  the  sbtolullsl  element  in 
Schelling's  philosophy  to  the  conctptioD  ol  that  conelatioB  oi 
parallelism  which  Schelling  had  exhibited  as  flowing  from  aitd 
subsisting  wiihln  his  ahaolute,  ind  tbeieia  as  a  tetum  upon 
Xani's  docitine  of  limitt.  Schlelamacher's  conceptloB  ._.^^_ 
of  dialectic  ii  to  the  effect  that  it  Is  concerned  with  the  - 

principles  of  the  art  of  philas<^hlilng,  at  these  are 
sutceptible  of  a  relatively  independent  treatment  hy  a  \*'  iii>»»JM*- 
abstraction.  Pure  Ihinlclng  or  phitosophiaing  is  illth  a  view  lo 
philosophy  or  Imowledge  as  an  interconnected  system  of  all 
sciences  or  departmental  forms  of  knowledge,  the  mark  ol  know- 
ledge being  its  Identity  for  all  thinking  minds.    Bialettk  Ibeo 


,t  also  that  agrcemi 


t  with 

validity  of 


u  ne.ua  in  bei(« 
I  be  thougfat-Betus. 
.  the  "  oigioic  "  or 
'inueof  «*kh  n 
rceplioo,  mediately 


which  Is 

In  knowing  ihere  ai 

animal  function  of  tentuaui  eip 

are  in  tooth  with  being,  directly 

in  outer  eiperiente.  and  ihc"inleneeiuai-  lunciionoi  consinic- 

tion.     Either  it  indisperuahle.  though  in  different  depanmcota 

of  knowledge  the  predominant  T61e  fallt  to  one  or  other,  e.g.  we 

ate  more  dependent  in  physca,  Icsa  so  in  etbio.    The  idea  <i 

a  perfect  harmony  of  thinltlng  and  being  ' 

underlies  all  knowing  but  cannot  itsdf  bi 

In  terms  of  the  agreement  of  thought  and  beiof,IbelogicalfanBS 

of  the  part  of  dialectic  correspondent  to  knowtedge  statically 

considered  have  paiallels  and  analogiea  in  beifig,  tbt  coDRpI 

being  eondaud  lo  aabslance,  the  judgment  to  eunal  nens. 

InfCience,  aaiaudy  enoiigh,  falls  under  the  Kchdkal  side  of 

dialectic  cancemed  wftk  knowledge  in  pmcesa  ot  becMaini.  ■  line 

of  deaviga  wMch  Ueberweg  ^  ilghlly  ci         '  -'-  ' 

Itllutlog  a  Tilt  w'  ■  ■"  ■ "  ' 


otginic  tunaiont, 


idenijiy  It  Is  beyond 


u^le" 


AFTER  KAIOl  LO 

hoirevrr,  i  sliWmimt  of  »  wljr  tn  which  the  nUlionj  of  the  terms 
of  the  pnblem  may  be  conceived  than  a  syitem  of  necctsityl 
It  may  iodecd  be  p»^ttedls  doubt  whether  iu  Influence  upon 
nibcquent  theory  would  have  been  ■  gteat  one 
qiiriiiul  force  of  Schlciemucher's  penonaUty. 
coireUtionist  conception,  however,  wis  on  Inevitable  devdop- 
mcnt,  and  the  list'  of  ihoie  who  accepted  it  in  something  of  the 
^>irit  ol  Schlcicrmacher  is  a  Long  one  and  contains  many  dis- 
tinguiihed  names,  notably  those  of  Trendelenburg  and  Ueberweg. 
The  group  i>  loosely  constituted  however.  There  was  scope  for 
diversity  of  view  and  there  was  divereiiy  ol  view,  according  as 
the  vit^  iuue  of  the  formula  waa  held  to  lie  in  the  lelaiioa  of 
inleDectual  lunctioD  to  organic  tuncllon  or  in  the  not  qnite 
equivalent  relation  o(  Ihinliing  to  b^ng.  Moreover,  few  of  the 
writers  who,  nhalsoeveril  was  that  they  baptized  with  the  name 
of  logic,  were  at  least  earnestly  engaged  In  an  endeavour  to  solve 
the  problem  ol  knowledge  within  a  circle  of  ideal  which  was  on 
the  whole  Kantian,  were  under  the  dominance  of  a  single  in- 
■inration,  Beneke'i  philosophy  is  a  striking  instance  ol  this. 
with  application  lo  Frie»  and  affinity  to  Herhart  conjoined  with 
obligations  lo  Schetiing  both  directly  and  Ihrou^  Schleier- 
macher.  Lolie  again  wove  together  many  threads  of  earlier 
thought,  though  the  web  was  assuredly  his  own.  Finally  it 
must  Dot  be  forgotten  Ihat  the  host  of  writers  who  were  in 

formula  ol  '    ' 


ir  psycl 


slogism  or  both,  without  refer! 


:,   the  way  in  which 


often  perhaps        .    _. 
historically  it  had  taken  shape 
been  left  unresolved  by  Kant. 

Lol«  on  the  one  hajid  held  the  Hegelian  "  deduction  "  to  be 
nntepable,  uid  daased  himself  with  those  who  in  his  own  phrase 
j^j^  "  passed  10  the  order  of  the  day,"  while  on  the  other 
hand  he  defioildy  raised  the  question,  how  an  "  object  " 
could  be  brought  into  fomis  to  which  it  was  not  In  some  sense 
Adapted.  Accordingly,  though  he  regards  lo^c  as  format,  its 
lormi  come  into  relation  to  obiectivity  in  some  sort  even  within 
the  lo^cal  £eld  itself,  while  when  taken  in  the  setting  of  his 
ayitem  as  a  whole,  its  formal  character  is  not  of  a  kind  that 
Intimately  eidudes  psychological  and  metaphyseal  reference, 
U  least  ipeculatively.  As  a  higician  Lotzc  stands  among  the 
nusteii.  Hafiair  for  the  essentials  in  his  problem,  his  subtlety 
tl  analysis,  hu  patient  williognesi  to  rcimn  upoD  a  difficulty 
from  a  (resh  and  still  a  fresh  point  of  view,  and  flnaDy  his  fineness 
ef  judgnient,  make  bis  logic'  so  essentially  logic  ol  the  ptesent, 
andol  it*  kind  not  soon  to  be  superseded,  thpl  nothing  more  than 
an  iodicatioB  ol  the  historical  signihcance  of  some  of  its  character- 
istic lealuiei  need  be  attempted  hue. 

In  LotM'*  pure  k>gic  it  is  the  Uerbarlian  element  that  tends 
to  be  disconcerting.  Logic  is  formaL  Its  unit,  the  logical  con- 
cept, is  ■  manipulated  product  and  the  process  of  manipulation 
may  be  tailed  abstraction.  Pcoccssea  of  the  psychologica] 
■Decbanism  lie  below  it.  The  paradox  of  the  theory  of  judgment 
I*  due  to  the  ideal  of  idcoiiiy.  and  the  way  in  which  tbis  is 
evaded  by  supplementation  to  produce  a  non-judgmental 
jdentily,  followed  by  Iranalation  of  the  introduced  accessories 
■ith  onHiitiroa  in  the  hypothetical  judgment,  is  thoroughly 
in  Hobut'i  mannat.  The  reduction  of  judgmenli  is  Oa  lines 
hlieady  familiar.  Syllogism  is  aa  InslrumentaJ  method  by  which 
vt  coflopoaa  oui  knowledge,  but  an  ideal  to  the  forrn  of  which 
it  ahoold  be  brought-  It  is,  aa  it  were,  a  schedule  to  be  filled 
in,  and  i*  caaaected  with  the  dlijunctivs  judgment  as  a  schematic 
KtlJBg  bxth  ol  altematives,  not  with  the  hypothetical,  and 
altimMtly  tbc  ^lodictic  judgment  with  their  suggestion  that 
It  i*  tlie  real  inDveioKit  ol  thought  that  is  subjected  lo  analysis. 
Yet  the  roultant  impiCHioa  Idt  by  the  whole  treatment  is  not 
Herhutian.  The  concept  is  accounted  for  m  Kantian  terms. 
There  la  no  discontinuity  between  the  pie-logical  or  sub-logical 

>See  f^Oienitl,  Sysltm  ^  Lapt  cti  BUItry  1^  fjt^itS  Betlrima, 

^brtt  Meltr  ir  Lorit,  1B74  CE-T.,  lU*].    The  Book  on  Pun 

Logic  loUowi  In  iMntirdl  the  line  of  tlinght  ot  an  eulicr  work  { 1  Im). 


conversIoD  of  tmprcsiioaa  Into  "  lint  mdverub "  ud  the 
lormation  of  the  logical  concept.  Abstraction  prove*  to  ha 
synthesis  with  compensatory  universal  marks  in  the  place  ol  tha 
particular  marks  abstracted  from.  Synthei^s  as  the  work  ol 
thou^t  always  aupphes,  beside  the  mere  conjunction  or  disfunc- 
tion of  ideaa,  a  ground  ol  their  coherence  or  Bon-cohetence.  It 
Is  evident  that  thou^i,  even  as  dealt  with  in  pure  logic,  has 
an  objectifying  function.  Its  universab  have  objective  validity, 
thou^  this  does  not  involve  direct  real  refettnce.  The  formal 
conception  of  pure  logic,  then,  is  modified  by  Lotse  in  such  ■ 
way  aa  not  only  10  be  compatible  with  a  view  of  the  ittuctural 
and  functional  adequacy  of  thought  lo  that  which  at  evety 
point  at  which  vte  lake  thinking  is  still  distinguishable  Inm 
thought,  but  even  inevitably  lo  suggest  it.  That  the  unit  for 
logic  is  the  concept  and  not  the  judgment  has  proved  a  atumbUngs 
block  to  those  of  Lota's  ciitici  who  ace  accustomed  to  think 
in  terms  of  the  act  of  thought  as  tuu't.  Lotae'a  procedure  is, 
indeed,  analogous  to  the  way  in  which,  in  his  philoiophy  ol 
nature,  he  starts  from  a  plurality  of  real  beings,  but  by  means 
of  a  reductive  movement,  an  application  ol  Kant's  transcendental 
method,  arrives  at  the  postulate  or  lact  oF  a  law  of  tbeir  rtaprocal 
action  which  caUs  for  a  monistic  and  ideaUat  inlerpretatloD. 
Be  starts,  Ihat  is  in  logic,  with  conc^Iua]  units  apparently 
self-contained  and  admitting  of  nothing  but  ntemal  rdatioB, 
but  proceeds  to  justify  the  intrinsic  relation  between  the  matter 
of  his  units  by  an  appeal  to  the  fact  of  the  coherence  of  aO  contents 
of  thought.  Indeed,  if  thought  admits  irreducible  uniu,  «bat 
can  unite?  Yet  he  is  left  committed  10  Ms  pintle  as  to  a 
reduction  of  judgment  to  identity,  which  partially  vitiate* 
his  treatment  ol  the  theory  ol  judgment.  Tlie  ODtstanding 
feature  of  this  is,  nevertheless,  not  aOected,  vii.  the  attempt 
that  he  makes.  Inspired  dearly  by  Hegel,  "  lodevdoptbevarJotB 
lonns  of  judgment  lyslematlcally  as  members  ol  a  series  of  opera- 
tions, each  of  which  leaves  a  part  of  its  problem  unmastered 
and  thereby  ^ves  rise  to  the  neit.">  As  to  Inference,  finally, 
the  ideal  of  the  articulation  of  the  universe  of  discuuise,  as  it 
Is  for  complete  knowledge,  when  its  disjunctions  have  been 
thoroughly  followed  out  and  ft  is  exhaustively  determined, 
carried  the  day  with  bim  against  the  view  that  the  orpnaii 
for  gaining  knowledge  is  syllogism.  The  Arislotdian  formula 
is  "  merely  the  eiprcsslon,  formally  expanded  and  complete, 
of  the  truth  already  embodied  In  disjunctive  judgment,  namely, 
that  every  S  which  isBspedfic  form  of  M  possesses  as  its  prcdicale 
a  particular  modification  ol  each  of  the  universal  preificates  ol 
M  lo  the  exclusion  of  the  rest."  Schlciermacher'a  separation 
of  inference  from  judgment  and  his  atlribulion  of  the  power 
to  knowledge  in  process  cannot  find  acceptance  with  Lotie. 
The  psychologist  and  the  formal  logidan  do  Indeed  join  hands 
in  the  denial  of  a  real  movement  ol  thought  in  tyllogism.  Lotie's 
lo^c  then,  ij  formal  in  a  sense  in  which  a  logic  which  does  not 
find  the  conception  ol  synihetic  truth  embarrassing  b  not  so. 
It  is  canon  and  not  organon.  In  the  one  case,  however,  where 
it  rccogniies  what  is  truly  synthesis,  i.e.  in  its  account  of  the 
concepl,  il  brings  ihe  statics  of  knowledge,  so  to  speak,  folo 
integral  relation  with  the  dynamics.  And  throughout,  wherever 
the  survival  from  184J,  the  identity  bug-bear,  is  lor  the  tnoment 
got  rid  pf  In  what  is  really  a  mare  liberal  conception,  the  statical 
docttinc  a  developed  in  a  brilliant  and  informing  manner.  Yet 
il  Is  in  the  detail  of  bis  logical  investigations,  coroething  loo 
volatile  to  fix  in  summary,  that  Loire's  greatness  as  a  logician 
mote  especially  liei 

With  Lotie  the  ideal  that  at  last  the  forms  of  thought  shall 
be  realiaed  to  be  adequate  lo  that  which  al  any  stage  of  actual 
knowledge  always  proves  relatively  intractable  is  an  Ulumi Dating 
projection  ol  faith.  He  tatea  courage  from  the  refledioo  thai 
10  accept  scepticism  is  to  presume  the  competence  of  the  Ibougbl 
Ihal  accepts.  He  will,  however,  take  no  easy  way  ol  parallelisn. 
Our  human  tboii^t  ptuiues  devious  and  drcuitous  methods. 
Its  foinuare  not  unseldom  scaffolding  lor  ihe  house  ol  knowledge 
lather  than  tbe  fnuneworkof  tbe  houM  itsdi.  Our  task  is  Mt 
to  realise  nncipondencc  with  something  other  Ibaa  thoo^ 
•ieiie,  Enf .  tram,  jj  ti.  fi*. 


9i6 


but  to  mike  eiplidt  thoK  justificilary  dalioni  which  codi 
the  form  of  oui  (ppiebciisiaD.  "  However  much  wc 
prouppoK  in  DrigiDi]  trrfeicsce  of  the  lonm  of  Lhou^hl  tc 
lutue  of  dungs  which  it  tbr  goal  ot  knowledge,  wc  miuttx 
pued  to  find  in  Ihem  mmy  dcrnenls  which  do  noI  direclty  i 
duce  ibe  tciaai  icalily  lo  the  knowledge  of  which  they  are  u 
la."'  The  impulse  of  thought  to  leduce coincidence  10  coht 
lekchet  iiDme<£ately  only  to  ohjcctiviiy  01  validity.  The 
In  which  the  piesuppesilion  el  ■  [unher  lefeience  is  to  be 
prelcd  and  ia  which  juitiflcatoiy  notions  fni  it  can  be  adduced 
is  only  detenninabie  in  a  phlloaopbic  system  as  a  whole,  where 
leeling  has  ■  place  ai  well  as  thoughl,  value  equally  with  vslidil 

Lotie'l  logic  then  represents  the  ilalical  aspect  ol  thefuncii' 
o(  thought  in  Imowledge,  while,  so  far  at  we  go  in  knowledge 
Ibopgbt  is  always  engaged  in  the  unification  of  a  majiifold,  which 
remains  conlradislingmshed  flora  it,  though  not,  of  course, 
completely  alien  lo  and  uwulapted  to  il.  Tbe  further  step  lo  the 
determination  of  the  ground  cl  harmony  is  not  lo  be  taken  in 
logic,  where  Umits  are  preMut  and  unlranscended. 

The  position  of  the  uatcb  for  truth,  for  which  knowledge  is  a 
growing  oiganism  in  which  thought  needs,  so  to  speak,  to  Iced 
on  something  other  than  itself,  is  condiljoned  in  the 
jjff  **  post-Kaniian  period  hy  antagonism  to  the  speculative 
jjiyiii  movement  which  culmiruLed  in  the  dialectic  of  Heget. 
The  radical  thought  of  this  movement  was  vcuced  in 
tbe  demand  of  Reinhold'  that  philosophy  should  "  deduce  " 
il  all  from  a  single  principle  and  by  a  (ingle  method.  Kanl'i 
limits  ibat  must  needs  be  thought  and  yel  cannot  be  thought 
must  be  thought  away.  An  earnest  attempt  lo  satisfy  Ihii 
demand  was  made  by  Fichie  whose  sngle  principle  was  the 
activity  of  tbi  pure  £go,  while  his  (ingle  method  was  the  assei- 
(ion  of  a  truth  revealed  by  rcfieclian  on  the  content  of  conscious 
experience,  the  chaiacteriiatioo  of  this  a>  a  half  truth  and  the 
•upplcmentatioD  ol  it  by  >t>  other,  and  finally  the  harmoniaation 
of  t»th.  The  pure  ego  is  inferred  irom  the  tact  that  the  non-ego 
ii  realized  on^  in  the  act  of  the  ego  in  positing  it.  Tbe  ego 
posits  iiwlf,  but  reflection  on  the  given  shows  that  we  must  add 
that  it  poaiu  also  the  non-ego.  The  two  positiotu.  are  to  be 
coDciliaied  in  the  thought  of  reciprocal  limitalion  of  the  posited 
ego  and  non-ego.  And  so  forth.  Hchte  cannot  be  said  to  have 
developed  a  logic,  but  this  rhythm  of  thesis,  anlUhe^is  and 
aynlhsis,  foreshadowed  in  part  for  Fichte  in^pinoia's  foimjla, 
"omnia  determinatio  est  negatio,"  and  sigmficanliy  in  Katit's 
Iriadic  grouping  of  his  categories,  gave  a  cue  to  the  thoughl  of 
RegeL  ScheUing,  too,  called  for  a  single  principle  and  chimed 
lo  have  found  it  in  his  Absolute,  "  the  night  "  laid  Hegel,  "in 
which  bU  cowi  arebla^li,"  but  bis  bialorical  influence  lay,  as  we 
have  seen,  in  the  direction  of  a  parallelism  within  Ihc  unity,  and 
be  also  devehipred  no  logic     It  if  altogether  otherwise  with  Hegel. 

Hegel's  logic,*  though  it  involves  inquiries  which  custom 
nguda  as  metaphysical,  is  not  to  be  characterized  as  a  meta- 
1,1,^^  physic  with  a  method.  It  Is  logic  or  a  rationale  of 
thought  by  thought,  with  a  full  development  among 
other  pulten  of  all  that  the  most  separatist  of  logicians  regards 
a>  thought  forms.  It  ojirrs  a  solution  of  what  has  throughout 
appeared  as  the  logical  problem.    That  solution  lies  doubtless 


pure  thought  is  cat 
n,  while  logic  is  no^ 
'  medium  of  pure 


died  in 


1  all-inclusive  in  which  n 


by  a 
jI  the  H 


Lt.  But,  whatever  else  it  be,  this 
■d  ol  J.  E.  Erdmann,  is  at  least  n 
logic.  Thought  in  its  progrnnve  unfolding,  of  which  tbe  history 
of  phikaophy  taken  in  Its  broad  outline  ofleis  a  pageant,  neces- 
sarily cannot  find  anything  eitemal  to  or  ilitn  from  itself. 
Ibouj^  that  there  is  something  eitemal  for  it  is  another  nuuter. 
*  Lorii,  Introd.  |  ia.' 

■  For  whom  see  Hoading.  Hulory  •/  ifmlcn  nilntpliy,  Eng. 
tnns.,  vol.  ii.  pp.  172  sqq.;  invaluable  for  the  logical  meioods  of 
iflodcm  cdulotophers. 

'  rVuiniikifi  Ser  Ltpi  (ieii-1816).  in  cnrse  of  miiion  ai 

Heael't  death  in  1831   (Wrrb.  vol>.  iii.-v.f,  anl  EncjUcOiUlii  ifcr 

■  "n  lft«rnli*B/IIiI.  i.;  Pi»  Ian*  (1817;  till  ed.,  1810); 

..  Eng.  Innh,  Wallace  (lod  ed.,  i«9I). 


Hegel-,  deal 


jlU  [AFTER  KAKT 

As  Fichle'i  Ego  fiadi  thai  it*  lun-tpi  aprings  from  and  baa  <t> 
home  within  ila  very  self,  so  with  Hegel  thought  hnd*  ittelf  in 
its  "other,"  both  subsisting  in  the  Idea  which  is  both  and 
neither.  Either  of  the  two  is  the  all,  as,  for  example,  the  law 
of  the  conveidiy  of  the  curve  is  the  law  of  the  curve  and  the  law 
of  its  concavity.  The  process  ol  the  devebpmEOt  of  the  Idea  or 
Absolute  is  in  one  regard  the  immanent  process  of  the  all.  Lo^c- 
ally  regarded,  i.e.  "in  the  medium  of  meie  thought,"  it  is 
dialectical  method.  Any  abstract  and  limited  point  of  view 
carries  necessarily  to  its  contradictory.  This  can  only  be  aloned 
with  the  original  dcienninaiion  by  fresh  negation  la  which  a 
Dt\f  thought-determination  is  bom,  which  is  yet  in  a  sense  the 
oldt  though  enriched,  and  valid  on  a  higher  plane.  The  limita- 
tions of  this  in  lum  cause  a  coDiradictioa  to  emerge,  and  the 
process  needs  repeiitioo.  At  last,  however,  so  swing  Into  tbe 
oppo^te,  with  its  ^limarily  conflicting.  If  ultunately  ci 


y  f  im'        , 
further  contradiction  is  possible  is  t 
indeterminate  being,  lot  instance,  ' 
of  Hegel's  logic,  u  the  being  ol 
determinate,  of  Rant's  thing- in- 
understood,  implicated  at  once  I 


;r  possible.    That  in  which  no 

'     '     absolute  Idea.  Bare  or 

rsi  of  the  determinations 

which  is  not  anyihinf 

Jon  of  not-being,  whicb 


o  detcn 


culties  not  only  in  regard  to  the  detail  in  Hegel's  development  of 
his  categories,  especially  the  higher  ones,  but  also  in  regard  to 
the  essential  rhythm  of  his  method.  The  consideration  that  mere 
double  negation  leaves  us  precisely  where  we  were  and  not  upon 
a  higher  plane  where  the  dominant  concept  is  richer.  Is,  of  course, 
lata]  only  to  certain  verbal  expressions  of  Hegel's  intent.  There 
is  a  tliflerentiation  in  type  between  the  two  negation!.  But  if 
we  grant  this  it  is  no  longer  obviously  the  simple  logical  cfKralioo 
indicated.  It  is  inferred  then  that  Hegel  complements  from  tbe 
stuE  oi  experience,  and  fails  to  make  good  the  pretension  of  hi^ 
method  10  be  by  itself  and  of  itself  the  means  of  advance  to  higher 
and  still  higher  conccpu  till  it  can  rest  in  the  Absolute.  He 
discards,  as  it  were,  and  take  <n  from  the  stock  while  professing 
10  ptay  from  what  be  has  originally  in  his  hand.  He  ponulaici 
his  unity  in  senses  and  at  stages  in  which  ii  b  uudmbtible,  and 
so  supplies  only  a  schema  of  relations  otherwise  woo,  a  view 
tuppcntcd  by  the  way  In  whicb  he  injects  certain  determination* 
'  the  process,  t.;.  the  category  of  chemlsm.  Hat  he  not  coiAed 
*    the  light  of  the  resuttp    In  Inith  the  Hegdian 


icfad 


supposed  in  the  bcgirm: 

because  rational,  but  being  real  its  rationality  is  presumed  and, 

tperfectly,  exhilbted  in  a  way  to  make  it  posaUe  to  eon- 

as  in  its  essence  the  leflci  of  Reason.    It  isa  visioncalber 

const  ruction.    Il  is  a  "  theosophhal  higie."    ConsideT 

onal-Tcal  In  the  unity  that  must  be,  and  this  i*  the  wa;r 

ofit.ocsnapproilinalbn  to  the  way  of  it  I   It  was  inevitable  that 

'     e[»stemologlits  of  tbe  search  (or  truth  would  have  none  of 

liie  ideal  in  whatsoever  sense  real  still  needs  to  be  naliied 

landpoinl  regulative  and  only  bypeihctic- 


Jly  or 


nallycc 


.    Wen 


ith  yLyiwSai. 
less  ambitious  form  the  fundamf 
Hegel's  method  tend  10  find  a  quilifiiKi  accept 
of  presumed  knowledge  Its  partial  or  abstraei 
the  presence  of  loose  edges  which  force  ih 

id  the  development  of  coniradictlmis.  CMHnubc- 
be  annulled  by  comfdrmenution,  with  rtaultani 
increasing  coherence  in  ascending  stages.  At  etc*  inccctitv* 
stage  in  our  progress  fresh  contivlictiona  break  ovl,  bat  ibt 
ideal  of  a  tlatlon  at  which  the  ihoughi-pFonia  and  ita  other,  if 
not  one,  are  at  one,  is  permissible  ai  a  limiting  coiK«ptioR.  Yet 
if  Hegel  meant  only  Ibis  he  has  Indeed  MKceeded  in  """•**'™t 

Hegel's  I 

rich  in  Aathca  ol  insight,  bi 


.    The  concept  goo 


(M0-1910I 

view  of  logic  wboDy  mctiphyilcil.  In  the  sUge,  bowevei,  at  fail 
prsccu  ia  which  he  ii  coDcemcd  uiih  ibe  oaticm  ire  10  be  ioimd 
csDUpt,  judgmenl,  ByllogiuD,  Of  the  liit  he  dedBrei  Ihat  it 
"ii  tbe  leasouble  lod  evtc^rthiqg  reaioiiible"  (Eiuyk.iiSi), 
ud  bu  the  phantuy  ta  ^Kak  of  the  definition  of  the  Absolute  ■■ 
beinx  "  4t  thli  auge  "  limp!/  the  syllogi 
rbylim  of  the  lyliogijm  lh»t  »ttiacu  1 

out  from  or  utlen  itself  io  judgDicm  ta  mum  to  in  ennuicea 
uoily  in  tyltogiini.  Uebcrveg  {SysUm  {  loi)  ii,  on  the  ohole, 
jiutified  in  eicliiining  thit  Hegei'i  lebabiliUlioa  of  lyllogiiin 

yet  his  tteilmenC  ol  sytlogiini  muct  be  ngirded  u  m  Icult  con- 
tribulion  la  logical  cliticiim  in  llie  teibniul  Kiue.  He  iniistsoi 
iti  objeiiivily.  The  ti»n«lion  from  judgment  ii  not  brought 
about  by  oui  isbjective  action,  Tbe  syllogism  of  "  atl-neu  "  i> 
coDviaMl  of  a  pMie  primipii  (fiuylt.  {  190),  wUh  coosequent 
lapM  into  the  Inductive  tylhj^im,  and,  fically,  liscc  inductive 
sylio^m  is  involved  in  the  inliiiile  pnKcsi,  into  anAlogy. 
"  The  syllogism  of  neosiity,"  on  the  conlmry,  joes  not  pteiup- 
pose  lis  conclusion  in  iu  premises.  Tbe  detail,  too,  of  the  whole 
discussion  is  rich  in  suggestion,  and  luhsequent  logidani — 
deberweg  himself  peihips,  Lotze  ceitaiuiy  in  his  genetic  scale 
of  types  of  judgment  ud  inference,  Professot  Basinquet  notably 
in  hii  systematic  development  of  "  the  moiphology  ol  know- 
ledge," and  othen— have  with  reason  eiploited  it. 

ffegel'i  logic  11  a  whole,  bowevic,  itands  and  falls  not  with  bit 
tfaough  tt  on  syllogism,  but  with  the  claim  made  for  the  dialectical 
method  that  it  eihibiU  lo^c  in  iu  integral  unity  with  metaphysic, 
the  ihought-procni  as  the  self -revelation  of  the  Idea.    The  claim 

in  its  pretension  to  devdop  the  content  of  thought  and  its 
rejection  of  ihe  formula  of  bare-ideniily.  To  the  epistemologist 
it  seemed  to  confuse  foundation  atid  keystone,  and  to  suppose 
itseV  to  build  upon  Ibt  latter  in  a  consttuctJOD  illegilinutety 
approprialive  of  materiali  otherwise  accumulated.  At  most  it 
was  thought  10  establish  a  Khemi  of  formal  unity  which  might 
serve  as  1  regulative  ideaL  To  the  methodobgist  of  science  in 
genoii  it  an>eared  attogelher  Io  fail  to  satisfy  any  practical 
inteml.  Finally,  to  the  psychotogist  it  spelt  the  faDure  of 
ititellectualism,  and  encouraged,  thetefoie,  some  form  of  re- 
habilitated eipcrientiallsm. 

Id  the  Hegelian  tchool  in  the  mrrower  sense  the  logic  ol  the 
masler  rccdva  some  eicgists  and  defence  upon  <ln|Ie  paints 
ofdoclrineistherthanasawhole.  Its  effect  upon  logic  Is  rather 
(D  be  seen  in  the  relhinluog  of  the  traditional  body  of  higical 
doctrine  in  the  light  of  an  abidute  presupposed  >a  ideal,  with 
the  poatulate  that  a  regulative  ideal  must  ultimately  exhibit 
itsdf  as  constitutive,  the  Justification  of  tbe  pottulate  being  held 
to  lie  in  the  coherence  and  all-inclusivencis  of  the  result.  In  sucb 
a  logic,  if  and  wlir  aa  coherence  should  be  attained,  wotdd  be 
found  something  akin  to  the  H>iiit  of  what  Hegel  achieves, 
though  doubtless  alien  to  Ihe  letter  of  what  it  is  his  pretension 
to  have  achieved.  There  Is  perfiaps  no  serious  misrepresentation 
involved  io  regarding  a  k^-ihougbt  of  Ihi*  type,  though  not 
accessatily  eiimiied  in  those  verbal  forma,  as  pervading  such 
loi^e  of  the  present  as  coheres  with  a  phUosophy  of  the  absolute 
conceived  from  apoini  of  view  that  is  intellect ualist  througboul. 
All  other  coniemporaiy  movements  may  be  said  to  be  in  revolt 


V.  LBpcfnm  18S0-1910 
Logic  iti  the  present  eihibifi,  though  In  cbaraetetislieally 
modified  shapes,  all  the  main  types  that  have  been  found  in  its 
past  history.  There  is  an  intelleaualist  kigic  coalcscent  with  an 
■bsolutisl  mctaphydc  as  aforesaid-  Then  i*  an  epiitemological 
logic  with  sometimes  formalist,  sometiDMS  methodologicai 
leanings.  There  ia  a  formal-symbolic  logic  engaged  with  the 
elaboration  of  a  relational  calculus.  Finally ,  there  is  what  may  be 
[enned  psydwloglcil-voluntatyiat  togic.  It  is  in  the  rapidity  of 
development  of  logical  investigations  of  tbe  third  and  fourth 
types  and  tbe  growing  number  ol  their  ciponenta  that  Ihe  pnseDt 
shows  most  dearly  the  history  ol  logic  In  the  making.     AQ  thtse 


LOGIC 


movtmenu  an  Io|jc  of  the  presenl, and  tvery  brief  indicatian 
may  be  added  of  points  of  historical  slgoihcance. 

Of  intcUeclualisi  logic  Francis  Herbert  Bradley'  (b.  1&46) 
and  Bernard  Bosanquet*  (iStS)  may  be  taken  as  typical  ex. 
poncnti.  Tbe  phiknophy  of  the  former  concludes  to  an  Abaolule 
by  the  annulment  of  coniradictioni.  though  tbe  ladder  of  Hegel 
is  conspicuous  by  its  absence.  His  metaphysical  melbod,  bow- 
ever,  is  like  Uerbart's,  not  identifiable  with  his  lo^c,  aiid  tbe 


vhose 


mal  in  language  and  Ihe  teit-bookl, 

-inclusive.     The  thorough  recasting 
the  thou^t  of  the  masters  when  it 


ity  Is  al 
Ihat  this  Involves,  even  oj 

occasionally  echoes  them,  nai  resulted  to  a  phi^wnj  uircoutb  to 
the  ear  of  Ihe  plain  man  with  bis  wodd  of  persons  and  thinp 
in  which  tbe  former  simply  think  about  the  latter,  but  it  is 
fundamentally  necessary  for  Bradley's  purpose.    The  negative 

divided  act  to  presuppose  the  unity  of  tbe  real,  project  an  adjec- 
tive as  conceivaUy  applicable  to  it  and  asBert  its  rejection. 
We  need,  therefore,  a  rcsUtcment  of  it,  Witk  Bradley  mlity  is 
the  one  sub>cct  e(  all  judgUHol  immediate  01  mediate.  The  act 
of  iudgntent  "  which  reteis  an  ideal  content  (recognind  aa  auch) 
to  a  reabty  beyond  the  act  "  is  the  unit  for  logic.  Grammatical 
subject  and  predicate  neccaaarily  both  fall  under  the  rubric  of  the 
adjectival,  thai  is,  witbln  tbe  logical  idea  or  ideal  con  teni  asserted. 
This  ia  a  meaning  or  univetasl,  which  a 


lyeihibi 


differences  within  itself,  bi 
of  unity,  not  a  fusion,  which  couU  only  be  1  confusion,  of  diSer- 
enccs.  With  a  brilliani  subtlety  Bradley  analyses  the  vuiota 
types  of  judgment  in  his  own  way,  with  rsults  that  must  be  taken 
into  account  by  all  aubscqutnt  logicians  of  this  type.  The  view 
of  inference  with  which  he  complements  it  is  only  loa  satisfactory 
because  of  a  failure  to  distinguish  tbe  prindide  of  noaus  in  syllo- 
gism from  its  traditional  formulatim  and  rules,  and  because  be 
is  hampered  by  the  Intractability  which  he  finds  in  certain  forma 
of  rdational  construction. 

Bosanquet  had  the  advantage  that  hia  logic  was  a  work  of  a 
slightly  later  dale.  He  is,  perhaps,  mote  able  than  Bradley  has 
■hown  himself,  to  use  mateiiid  from  alien  sourcn  and  to  penetrate 
10  what  is  of  value  in  the  thought  of  wtilets  from  whom,  whether 

book-tradition,  however,  a  debt  to  which,  nowadays  inevitable, 
he  B  generous  in  acknowledging.' with  a  judicious  eaerdse  of 
freedom  io  adaptation,  i.e.  constructively  as  datum,  nevct 
eclcctically.  In  his  fundamental  theory  of  judgment  his  obliga- 
Lkm  is  to  BnuUey.  It  is  to  Lolie,  however,  that  he  ones  most 
In  tbe  characteristic  feature  of  his  logic,  via.,  the  systematic 
development  of  Ihe  types  of  judgment,  and  inference  from  less 
adequate  to  more  adequate  forms.  HEs  fundamental  continuity 
with  Bradley  may  be  illustrated  by  his  definition  of  inference. 
"  Inference  Is  tbe  indirect  reference  to  reality  of  diflerencea 
within  a  universal,  by  means  of  tbe  exhibition  of  this  universal 
in  diSerences  directly  referred  to  reality-"  *  Bosanquet's  Logit 
will  kng  retain  its  place  as  an  autbotitstivc  etpoutioii  of  logic 
of  this  type. 

Of  epfstemoloslcal  lo^c  in  one  sense  of  tbe  phrase  Lotie  is 
still  to  b*  legarded  as  a  typical  exponent.  Of  another  type 
Chr.  Sigwaft  (f.t.)  may  be  named  aa  representative  Sigwart's 
aim  was  "  to  ceomstruct  logic  from  the  point  of  view  of  method- 
ology." His  problem  was  Ihe  claim  to  arrive  at  propoiiiions 
universally  valid,  and  so  troe  of  the  object,  whoeoever  the 
individual  thinker.  Hit  aolution.  within  Ibe  Kantian  drcle  of 
ideas,  was  ibat  such  prindplci  u  Ihe  Kantian  principle  of 
causality  were  jnstihed  as  "  postulalta  ol  the  endeavour  iflcr 
complete  knowledge."  "What  Kant  has  shown  ii  DM  that 
irregular  fleeting  changeican  never  be  theobjeccol  eonsdouineas. 
bui  only  that  the  ideal  consciousoeis  ol  complete  science  would 


^•TH-UtiiTigk 


9t8 


ba  inpos^bk  wHhoul  (be  knowledge  at  U»  ntcaBttj  ol  m 
events.'    "Tbe  imJvena]  prauppositioiu  which  form  the  oui 


10  nvet]  or  confirm  Ihem  in  UDCOnditionil 

llTi  but  tbey  Ko  «  priori  .  .  .  only  in  iljt  bchk  o( 

prcNFfKinticnB  witboit  vbicb  we  should  wurk  wiib  no  hope  of 
III!  II M  ud  tBady  *t  nndom  tad  wbldi  Iherefiue  we  muu 
bdleve."  Flul^  they  ve  iliin  to  our  elhicU  prindplet.  With 
tUi  coIkRI  bii  dkuim,  witb  iu  fu-ieiching  coiuequenca  Cot 
Ow  plnhieopliy  ol  InducOon,  (hit  "  the  logiul  jiutificaiiaB  ol 
die  indocthc  pronw  reto  upon  the  fact  that  it  ii  an  inevitable 
psMnUtcolontcflort  after  knowledge.ihac  the  |iven  ii  necenary, 
tnd  cu  be  known  u  pnceeding  (iddi  iu  grounds  according  to 
nnlTBul  Un."'  I(  it  cbiracterislic  of  Sigwait'i  point  of  view 
Hut  be  acknawkdgei  obligation  to  Uiii  as  weU  u  to  Uebcrweg. 
Tbe  tmnimuUlloo  oC  Uilli  induclioa  of  Inducliona  into  n 
poilokle  i)  an  advance  of  wliich  the  paj^cbologicHl  Khool  of 
lo^daoi  have  not  been  ilow  to  make  lac.  The  compariaon  of 
Sigw4rt  witb  Lo(Ee  ii  inatrnctivC)  in  Itgaid  both  to  (fccir  agreC' 
Benl  tnd  IhelT  divagence  u  ibowlng  the  mige  ol  the  epitlemo- 
kgical  ionnula. 

Of  the  fbnnil-ixmbolio  logic  lU  (ba(  [(111  to  be  iiid  here  b, 
tint  Inxn  the  pointoi  view  ol  logic  u  a  whole,  it  ii  tabe  regarded 
as  a  legitimate  prajdias  long  u  it  tbowi  liielf  aware  of  the  lenx 
in  which  alone  fonn  is  lUKeptible  of  atntraftioo,  and  la  aware 
(hat  in  itielf  il  oScn  no  nluliog  of  tbe  logical  pioblem.  "  It  i> 
not  an  algebra/'  Hid  Kant  *  of  hil  technical  logic,  and  the  kind 
ol  luppoTt  lent  rocenlly  la  lyrabolic  logic  by  the  Gt[inilaiidi' 
Uutrit  identified  with  the  Dame  of  Aleilua  Ueinong  (b.  1853]' 
il  qualified  by  tbe  warning  that  the  nal  activity  of  Ihoiighl  tendi 
to  fail  outaidc  the  calcului  of  relationi  and  lo  attach  nlbei  to  the 
aubaldiary  function  ol  denoting.  The  future  of  symbolic  logic 
■1  colierent  with  the  lot  of  logic,  in  the  acme  which  the  word  hu 
bome  throDgbout  ita  hiitoiy  acemi  to  be  bound  up  witb  the 
question  of  tbe  nature  of  theanalysisthat  lies  behind  the  symbol- 
iun.  and  of  (he  way  in  which  Ihta  is  jusliiied  ia  the  selling  of  a 
doclrlne  el  validity.  Tbe  "  theory  of  the  object,"  iiiell,  while 
aflccllng  lot^c  alike  in  the  formal  and  In  the  psycbologica!  con- 
ception of  it  veiy  de^ly,  does  not  claim  10  be  regarded  aa  logic 
01 1  logic,  apart  from  a  setting  lupplied  from  elsewhere. 

Finally  we  have  a  logic  ol  i  type  (undanientally  paychologieal. 
If  it  be  not  more  properly  chaiutetiied  as  a  paycbokigy  which 
diims  lo  covet  the  whole  field  of  philouphy,  including  the  lojpcal 
field.  The  central  and  oignnking  piindple  of  this  Ii  that  know- 
ledge is  in  genesis,  ibsl  Ihe  gcncsii  likn  place  in  Ihe  medium  ol 
Individual  minds,  and  that  Ihii  fact  implies  thil  ihere  is  a  neces- 
sary reference  throughout  to  Interests  or  purposes  ol  the  subject 
which  thinks  because  it  wills  and  acts.  Hislorically  Ibis  doclrioe 
was  lormulated  as  tbe  declaration  of  independence  of  the  iniur- 
fents  in  rerolt  against  the  ptelensioni  of  absolutist  logic.  It 
drew  for  luppon  upon  the  psychological  movement  that  begins 
with  Fries  and  Herbatl.  It  has  been  chiefly  Indebted  to  writers, 
wl»  wele  not,  or  were  nol  primarily,  logicians,  to  Avcnarina,  for 
example,  forlbelawof  the  economy  ol  thought,  loWundl,  wbrae 
system,  and  therewith  his  logic,'  is  a  pendant  to  his  ptycbology, 
for  the  volitional  charactirof  judgment,  U>  Herbert  Spencer  and 
othcn.  A  judgment  is  pnclicit,  and  not  to  be  divorced  without 
improper  abstraction  from  tbe  purpcue  and  will  that  Informs  it. 
A  concept  is  instrumental  lo  an  end  beyond  itseli,  without  any 
validity  other  than  its  value  for  aetioD.  A  uluation  invtilving 
a  need  ol  adaptation  to  environment  arises  and  the  problei 
sets  must  be  solvid  that  Ihi  will  may  control  ennronnwnt  . 
be  justified  by  success.  Truth  is  the  improvised  machinery  t 
lilDte^ected,*o  far  as  this  works.   It  is  cletr  Ibsl  we  aie  in  Ihe 

>  Lctii  lliTi-  iSBo),  Eng.  (nni.  ii.  17. 

•  Op.  ril.  ii.  189. 

•  /Urirf.  le  Lnk.,  tniu.  Abbott,  p.  lo. 

•  VOb  Annatmir  • »-  > 


mSmiu  (looi.  »c.). 
ho,  and  in  later  emtia 


il  what  b  at  least  *i 


nanyphisesoE  the  search  lor  trulh.upon  tbe  plain  man's 
slart  with  a  subject  which  be  knows  whose  predicate 
E  does  not  know  ia  still  to  be  developed,  or  again  upon 
of  the  negative  form  ol  Judgment,  when  the  further 


without,  the  poiiti' 


is  yet  t< 


has,  however,  scarcely  developed  its  logic*  eirccpt  as  polemic. 
What  seems  clear  is  that  il  cannot  be  the  whole  solution.  Wiile 
man  must  confinnt  nature  from  Ihe  human  and  lai^y  tbe 
ptaclical  slandpaint,  yet  his  control  is  achieved  only  by  tbe 
ineteaiing  trcogniiion  of  objective  contmls.  He  conquers  by 
obedience.  So  Irulh  works  and  is' economical'  because  it  is 
truth.  Working  is  propotlioned  W  inner  coherence.  It  n  weD 
that  the  view  should  be  developed  inio  all  its  consequences. 
The  result  will  be  to  limit  it,  though  perhaps  also  lo  justify  il, 

There  ia,  perhaps,  an  increasing  tendency  lo  rerogniie  Ihii  the 
organism  ol  krtr^wled^  is  a  thing  which  from  any  single  view. 
point  must  be  seen  in  perspective.    Il  is  of  course  a  poaiukte 


rulhiha 


,e  plant 


« the  ha 


>  whole  in 


rhose  adequacy  in 
inadequacy  in  another.  No  human  arthi- 
up  in  succession  all  essential  points  of  view 
n  ol  knowledge  or  10  logic.    "  The   great 


BisLiooRanti.— 


istoricaU  No  comptete  hiKory  ol  loiic  in  Ihe 

be  distinguished  from  (heorelical  pljilowphy 

in  nncial  has  as  yet  been  vnitcn.    The  history  cf  logic  it  indeed 

philoaaiihkal  tkv^apment  as  s  wtwle.  that  tbe  histarian,  whv  he 
has  Didetlie  requiate  pfepanlDry  aludies.  inclines  to  csaay  tbe 

or  IheK  Pnnll'i  GtichkUr  ia  Lon*  in  Ahrnilamdt  {(  voh., 
I8js->870l,  which  Inces  the  riic.  developmenl  and  lonunee  ol  tbt 
Aiiitalelian  kgic  10  the  ckiK  oi  tbe  middle  agH.  ii  monufnenlaL 
^'     '  ~    '  '  L.  RabuL  L0|il  hnd  tf  f  fapjhyjLk. 


(l»68)  (pp.  12J-na  hL 


r>  {  17.     Ueberweg-S 

\u  dtf  hpuhem  Ijkren  Uih  ed.  and  las 

be  named  with  Ihew.  Hsrm>'paHh» 
dtr  Litit  <iNi)  ipu  PUIiitftu  m 
neleted  by  the  auibor  only  la  lat  as 
I  Siildi  ^Lefk  (iBsU,  though.  Uke  all 
rith  a  bibliography  of  some  preieasions. 
ifinw  frnm  iuuirt  it  la  lomw  (iBjg) 
Ion  to  the  subject  as  a  whole, 
[he  hinory  of  special  periods  or  schoob 
From  the  opening  chapters  ctf  Ramus's 
nmwardi  (v.  Ribus  he.  cil.)  would  be 


n's  CrwtiiMi  drr  Lupk  mmi  llrapkfTH 

Injixuj  iemi9Srlite£€it  (btest  edirnn, 
in  nganf  to  logicians  of  the  scbool  ol 


<iito^-iS»4)areof 


-  his  l^pc  of  //f[d 

„-,.     ..W.lTa'nicfc'enSfcS 

nuri.  vi,  1.    S-nirmaimti  Phlrirtiit 


h  ed.,  1907),  dKb 
hislory  and  bihliograpliy  td 


w  ^  jihahiiM. 


«  i|it«.  by  ^ohn^ew^^fltlfl^  (1903). 


LOGOCYCLIC  CURVE— LOGOS 


uwocTCue  ctmn,  anarmai  n  polutb.  a 

curve  imculed  by  incnuing  or  diminUuDi  Ihe  radiiu 

of  1  vuisble  pomt  Q  «i  >  (tnisht  line  AB  by 
ibe  duUDce  QC  of  the  psint  [rem  tht  foot    ' 
the  perptadiculu  diura  ban  tbe  origiii 
tha  fixed  line.     Hie  poUr  equilion  ■ 
—  ii(i  A  tixS),  the  upper  BgD  leEunDg 
whee  the  vector  ii  incTEaftedt 


lAOOOUPBI  (Ur«,  ■mi*',  wTtten  of  pnae  hblorin  m 

Uia),  Ibt  Mme  givm  by  modeni  icholus  to  the  Cntk  hklorio- 
gnpim  bffoie  Herodotuv'  Thucydide.  bornvTr.  ipplia 
the  lerm  ta  lU  hii  awn  prcdrcaHn,  and  ii  h  thnelon  Dsunl 
to  »alu  )  distinctkm  betnen  the  okler  and  the  yoiiogec  Jogo- 
trafrfiEn.    Their  lepiBeiitsIivei,  with  one  eicepdJou,  cune  (ram 

ibb'  litiuted  Ik  the  acquisition  of  knowledge  tDncerning  the 
dittaol  counlriej  ol  Eui  indWctt.  They  wioie  in  the  lomc 
dialMI,  In  what  was  called  the  vnpcHodic  ilylf.  and  preaeived 
the  poetic  duneter  of  their  epic  model.   Theircriticiimanjounli 

legcDda  and  tnditioiu  conoecLed  with  the  founding  ol  dtia, 
the  geneatogia  of  ruling  famjTin,  and  the  manners  and  ciutoras 
of  individual  peoplei.  Of  scienlifk  criticonl  there  a  no  trace 
whatever.  The  Gnt  of  these  historians  was  ptobihly  Cadmus 
efMiklui(wholivfd,ifatall.intheeaTlyparti>fthe61hcenlaiy), 
the  earliest  writer  of  prose,  author  of'  a  work  on  the  fouDdiag 
ofhis  native  city  and  tbe  coloniiaiioD  of  Ionia  (»  Suldaa); 
Pheiecydes  ol  Leroa,  who  died  ahoat  400,  ia  generally  coa^deied 
the  last.  Mention  may  alu  be  made  of  the  (ollaning:  HecaUeui 
of  Miletiu  (i!0-4;6)i  Acuiilius  of  Argot,'  who  puaphtued 
in  pnae  {coirtciiBg  the  Uadiiion  where  it  seemed  necasuy) 
the  genealogical  wotka  of  Heiiod  in  the  loiuc  diakel;  he  eoo- 
Giied  bis  attention  to  the  prehistoiic  period,  and  made  no  attempt 
at  a  ttal  hiitory;  Chaioa  of  Laotpucti]  (c  450),  auihoi  of 
histories  ol  Penia,  Libya,  and  Ethiopia,  ol  annals  {Apw}  of 
bl)  aillve  town  with  llsu  of  Ihe  prylineis  and  archois,  and  of 
the  chronicle*  ol  Lacedaemonian  .kings;  Xanthus  of  Sardis  !n 
Lydia  {c,  «s°).  lutbDr  ot  a  history  of  Lydls,  one  of  tbe  chief 
autboriiles  used  byNicolauiol  DamaKia  0*' during  the  time  of 
Augustus);  Hetlanlcui  of  MyHlFOe:  Sleiimbrotus  of  Thaioi, 
OM^nenl  of  Pericles  and  reputed  author  ot  B  political  pamphlet 
on  Themistocies,  l^ucydidei  and  Periclet;  Hippyi  and  Gleucus. 
both  of  Rhegium,  the  first  the  author  of  histories  of  Italy  and 
Sicily,  th(  second  of  ■  treatise  on  indent  poets  and  musicians, 
used  by  Harpocralion  and  Plutarch;  Damastes  of  Sigeura, 
ptq>ll  of  Hellanicui.  tiKhoc  of  genealogies  of  the  comhatanls 
befoK  Troy  (an  ethnographic  and  italistiol  list),  of  short 
Inatiset  on  poets,  sophists,  anU  geographical  subjecti- 
on the  early  Greek  hiKoriaiH.  Ke  C.  Buiolt.  GrixiuctcfTciiliidift 
<>^).  i'  >4;-lUl  C.  Wachsioulh.  £iii/«'lii»  i*  iti  Sliuliiai  4tr 
•lun  CiitliliUil,iSi)ii:  A.  SchJicr.  .Itriii  3ir  QuOtnkutiJt  ia 
pitMBkf  Md  fim%a\n  Ct«MMt  fed.  H.  Niocn,  1U9);  J.  B. 
Bury,  iliwinl  Creek  HiiUritia  (1909I.  lecture  [.;  histories  ol  Creek 
hteiatuR  by  MiUler-DoRiddsan  jeh.  tl)  and  W.  Mur  (bk.  iv.  eh.  3). 
where  the  hitle  that  ii  knowe  conceminatbe  life  and  writ  logs  ol  ihe 
iMographers  is  eihaunively  discussed.  Tbe  f  ragnienis  will  be  lound, 
-~>>>  Lalln  note*.  InnslalioD.  isolegoineiia.  and  copioiK  Indeies. 
W.  MoDcr's  Prtimnia  JKiiwutwe  Graanrrm  (1S41-1B70). 
ialsoG»Bacat  Hillary.  jlmint(seclioB."  Authorities  "). 


tbe  eontendii 
m^joysdyoi 

BHMnanorBoeatien  Aivos.    FoeriMy  1 
For  an  example  of  the  melhod  ol  Acuiitsi 


if  epoechet  lor  th 
sAcusOauswi 


FoeriMy  there  were  two  el  the  n 

•■      '  Bory..^^<.p.^». 


It  phihxopby  and 


LOOM  (Wyot),  a  cammoa  tetm  ii 
theology.    It  optesse*  the  idea  of  u 
world,  iiid,  under  vaiioui  modi&caiiODS,  fi  met  with  in 
Egyptian  and  Persian  i>iiems  ol  thought.     But  Ihe  idea  wu 
devdoped  nuunly  in  Hellenic  and  Hebtew  pbiloeopby,  and  we 
may  dkllnguish  the  folkwilg  stage); 

I.  rke  HOlaik  Loin.— to  the  Greek  mind,  which  saw  in 
the  world  a  ^tioi  (ordered  whole),  it  was  natural  to  regard  the 
world  as  the  product  of  reason,  and  reason  as  the  ruling  prindple 
in  the  world.  So  we  find  a  Logos  doctrine  more  or  less  pronunent 
Inm  the  dawn  of  Hellenic  thought  10  its  eclipse.  It  liset  in 
the  realm  of  physical  speculation,  passes  over  into  the  territory 
of  ethics  and  theology,  and  makca  its  way  through  at  least 
three  well-defined  stages.  These  ate  marked  off  by  the  namca 
of  Heractitus  ol  Ephesus.  the  Sloicl  and  Philo. 

It  acquires  its  first  importance  in  the  theories  of  Hersditus 
(6th  century  a.c),  who,  trying  to  account  for  the  aesthetic 
order  of  Ihc  visible  universe,  broke  away  to  some  extent  from 
Ihe  purdy  physical  conriptlons  of  his  predeceasora  and  discerned 
at  work  in  the  coamic  process  a  \b^at  analogous  la  the  reasoning 
pawn  in  man.  On  the  one  hand  the  Logos  is  identified  with 
YTEii^  and  connected  with  ^nv,  which  latter  seems  to  have  |bc 
function  of  correcting  deviations  from  the  eternal  law  that  ruka 
in  things.  On  the  other  hand  it  is  not  poailively  distinguished 
dL  her  from  the  ethereal  lire,  or  from  the  sJ^icjtiJTff  and  IhedMYvj 
accorduig  to  which  all  things  occur.  Heraditui  holds  that  nDthing 
material  can  be  thought  of  without  Ibis  Logos,  but  he  docs  not 
conceive  the  Logos  itself  to  be  in  miXeriiL    Whether  it  is  itgaided 

a  question  vsiiDusly  answered.  Bat  there  is  moil  to  uy  foe 
the  negative.  This  Logos  is  not  one  above  the  world  ot  prior 
Id  il,  hut  In  the  world  and  inseparable  from  it.  Utn's  soul  i*  a 
patt  tA  it.  Il  is  rdoHn.  theretbie,  as  Schleiemiachet  eiprtjHS 
it.  OT  reason,  not  speech  or  word.  And  it  is  ohjcclive,  not  sub- 
jective, icason.  Like  a  law  of  naloie,  ob}eclive  in  the  world, 
It  gives  order  and  legidatily  to  the  movement  ol  Ibiop,  and 
makes  the  system  rationsl." 

The  Ulure  of  Herachtus  to  free  himself  entirdy  from  tba 
physical  hypotheses  of  (orlier  times  prevented  his  speculation 
from  influencing  his  snccesson.  With  Anaxagoraa  a  coDCeplioii 
entered  which  gradually  triumphed  ova  that  nl  Ueraditu, 
namdy,  the  conception  of  a  supreme,  inteUcctnal  prlndlde, 
not  identified  with  the  world  but  inikpendsit  of  il.  Ttit, 
however,  was  wSr,  not  Logos,  In  tbe  PhUonic  and  Atiilolelian 
systems,  too,  the  theory  of  ideas  invdved  an  ibsohlle  tepuMiea 
between  the  material  world  and  the  world  of  higher  leality, 
and  (hough  the  term  Logos  is  fonnd  the  conception  is  vague 
andnndevehiped.  With  Plain  the  term  selecled  for  the  expienion 
of  the  prindple  to  which  the  order  viable  m  the  univent  is 
due  is  rsiii  ot  so^,  not  Uyot-  It  is  in  tbe  pseudo-Flatoak 
iniiihilX^ofsppFHrau  1  synonym  loDwi.  In  Aristotle, 
,  the  prindple  which  sets  sU  nature  under  Ihe  rule  ol  thought, 
tiiecis  il  towards  a  rational  end,  is  roGr.  or  the  divine 
itself;  while  yjiyot  is  a  term  wilh  many  Knscs,  used  as 
or  Less  identical  with  a  number  of  phrases,  tA  Ima, 
MfTftia,  im^ytia,  at/oia,  (fAot.  popi^,  frc. 

In  the  reaction  from  Plutonic  dualism,  hawever,  ihe  LogM 
doctrine  leippein  in  gieat  bifadlb.  It  ii  >  capital  element  in 
the  lyilem  of  tbe  Sides.  With  IheJT  leleological  view*  of  tlte 
world  they  naturally  predicated  an  active  prindple  pervading 
it  and  determining  it.  This  opctalive  principle  is  called  both 
Logos  and  God.  It  is  conceived  of  as  mlleilal,  and  Is  described 
intermsusedcquallyol  natureandof  God,  There  is  >I  Ihe  same 
tine  Ihe  epedal  doclrineof  the  \irfa  mnpttarubt,  tbe  seminal 
Logos,  or  the  Law  of  generation  in  the  worid.  the  principle  of  ibe 
active  icoson  working  in  dead  matter.  This  parts  Into  Vrt» 
mnipanail.  which  art  akin,  not  to  the  Platonic  ideas,  but 
rathet  to  the  Mi«  trvXoi  of  Ariilotle,  In  man.  100,  then  k 
JOS  which  is  his  characteristic  possession,  and  which  n 
bitiifToi,  as  long  as  il  is  a  thought  resident  within  his  breast, 


'■^^^^ 


920 


9  it  !i  txpnutd  U  ■  word.  Tin  diuinction 
m  Log«  u  ratio  nod  Loju  u  vatio,  vi  much  used  lub- 
Kquently  by  FtUlo  and  the  Chmtlu  lilhen,  had  been  u  far 
■niicipatid  by  Aiisititls'i  disiinction  belwKn  the  l{U  Uysi  and 
OieX^ot  I'T^  ^vX^-  Itformilhepointof  attach menL  by  which 
the  Logos  doctrine  connected  imlf  with  Chrislianity.  The  Logoe 
«l  the  Sloici  (j.i.)  a  a  rwaon  Lb  the  world  gifted  with  intelligence, 
uid  analogous  to  the  Teaian  in  man. 

I.  Tke  Heirem  Letai.—Jn  the  later  Judaism  tke  earlier 
tnihropomorphic  conception  of  God  and  with  it  the  lenie  of 
the  divine  ncaneaa  l^d  been  succeeded  by  a  belief  which  placed 


a  deep  chasm. 

Th 

e  old  familial  name 

Vahwefa  became  a  •ecref 

Ittpla 

iken 

Almighty,  the 

Mly  on  High,  the 

King  Bl  Kinga.  and  also 

by  the 

»n.ple 

d  ■■  Heaven."    Instead  ol  the  once  powerful 

confide 

he 

mmedlate  presence 

of  God  there  grew  up  a 

"^ul 

tio 

regarding  on  the  one  hand  the  distant  future, 

^ihe 

ilanC  past.    Variou 

bridge 

"helSil 

bel 

ween  God  and  man. 

ncludingtbeangcKand 

is  hard  to 


they  are  penonal  beings  or  abairactions.  Tlie  Wisdom,  the 
Slieiclnab  or  Glory,  and  the  Spirit  of  God  are  inteiiaediaie 
beings  of  Ihb  kind,  and  even  the  Law  came  lo  be  regarded  as  an 
Independent  spiritual  entity.  Among  these  conceptioni  that 
of  the  Word  of  God  had  an.  important  place,  especially  the 
cieativT  Word  of  Genesis  I.  HereaiintheolhercaseawecanDol 
always  say  whether  the  Word  is  regarded  as  a  mere  attribute  or 
activity  of  God,  or  an  independent  being,  though  there  is  a  dear 
tendency  towards  the  tatter.  The  ambiguity  lies  in  the  twofold 
purposrof  these  aclivittes:  (i)  to  establish  cranmunication  with 
Cod;  (s)  to  prevent  direct  connexion  between  God  arid  the  world. 
Tile  word  of  the  God  oF  revelation  is  represented  as  the  creative 
principle  (e.f.  Gtsi-  L  5^  halm  luiii.  6),  as  the  executor  of  the 
divine  jutlgments  {Hoeca  vi-  5),  as  healing  (Fsalm  evil,  so),  as 
poaseased  of  almost  pcxwrnal  qualities  (Isaiah  Iv.  11;  Paalm 
dlvii.  15I.  Along  with  this  coma  the  doctrine  of  the  angel  of 
Yahwch,  the  angel  of  the  covenant,  the  angeled  the  presence,  in 
lAom  God  manifests  Himself,  and  who  is  sometimes  identified 
with  Yahi 


sO.s 


m(Gen. 


IS,  ftc.!  ™v.  j;  nviii.  u,  kc). 
In  both  a^iects  (Judges  iL,  vi.;  Zedi.  L).  To  this  must  be 
added  the  doctrine  ol  Wisdom,  ^vca  in  the  books  oi  Job  and 
Pfoverba.  At  one  time  il  ia  eihibiled  aa  an  attribute  of  God 
(Ptov.  HL  ig).  At  aiuther  it  ia  Mtongly  petioni&ed,  so  as  to 
becfime  rather  the  creative  thought  of  Cod  than  a  quaUty  (Prov 
vfli.  ss).  Again  it  is  described  as  proceeding  from  God  as  the 
prindpie  of  oealion  and  objective  to  Htm.  In  these  and 
Uhdtcd  passages  (Job  iv.  J,  &C.J  it  is  on  the  way  to  become 

The  Hebrew  concqKion  U  partially  associated  with  the  Gntk  in 
the  case  of  Aiistobuhis,  the  predtcesKir  of  Phito,  and,  according 
la  ihe  ruhen.  the  founder  of  the  Alexandrian  vcbool.  He  tpeak»  of 
WisdoA  in  a  way  reminding  us  nt  the  book  of  Proverbs.  The 
pteiido-SolaBionk  Betk  tf  wudom  (generally  suppoad  10  be  ibe 
worlt  of  an  AleaandriaD  flourithinfl  sonmrhen  between  Aristobulus 
and  PhiloJ  dMb  .both  with  the  VaAam  and  with  the  Logos.    It 

(nmerof  iSeworu!  as  the' pcJnniwriial  God,  active  iJike  in 
the  physical,  Ibe  imenectual,  sad  Ibe  ethical  domain,  and  appimily 
objective  to  God.  In  the  Targuins.  on  the  other  hand,  the  tbnx 
doctrines  of  the  word,  the  aogeL  and  the  wisdom  of  God  converge 
in  a  very  definite  conception.  In  thr  Jewish  Iheolo^  Cod  is  rv- 
pcvsented  as  purely  traascendem,  having  no  likeness  of  natun  with 
nani  and  nuddnt  do  personal  cnrance  idid  biuary  Innead  of 
tbc  inunediale  retalisn  li  God  10  the  worid  [he  Taiiiinu  intmluce 
the  Ideas  ol  the  Mtmri  (w«d)  and  the  StsMsd  rrral  pmcnce). 
ThisMemra  (-Ma'amar)  or.  as  it  is  alio  deugnaied.  DilMrd.  i>  a 
hypoatasU  that  takes  the  place  el  God  when  direct  intercoane  with 
wan  is  is  view.  In  all  those  paaiagia  of  the  Old  Testament  where 
•nihropamorphic  terms  are  used  oTGod,  the  Memra  is  lubstituied 
for  Cod.   The  Memra  proceeds  f I 


rclalioQ  to  God.    It  does  na 


ntiHed  with  the 


3.  F^ili. — In  the  Alenndrian  phfloBti|diy,  is  KpieMtted  b]r 

the  Hellcniied  Jew  Philo,  the  Logos  doctrine  assumes  a  tadlBf 
place  and  shapes  a  new  career  for  itself.  Philo's  doctrine  is 
moulded  by  three  forces— Hatonism,  Stofdam  and  Hcbraiira. 
He  detacbel  the  Logos  idea  from  its  connexion  with  Stoic 
materialism  and  attaches  it  to  a  thorough-going  Ftatonism. 
It  is  Plato's  idea  of  the  Good  te^rded  as  creativdy  active. 
Hence,  instead  of  being  merely  LmmaDenl  In  the  Cosmoo,  it  has 
an  independent  eidstence.  Flstonic  too  is  the  doctrine  of  the 
divine  architect  who  seeks  to  realize  in  the  visible  miiTersc 
the  archetypes  already  formed  in  his  mind-  Fbilo  was  thus 
able  lo  make  the  LogcB  theory  1  bridge  between  Judaism  and 
Greek  {dlilosopfay.  It  preserved  the  monotheistic  idea  yet 
aflotded  •  desuiptioa  of  the  Divine  activity  in  terms  of  HeOniic 
thought;  the  Word  of  the  Old  TesUment  is  one  wilh  the  X&iat 
of  the  Sloio.  And  thus  in  Philo's  conceplion  the  Lofoi  ii  much 
mare  than  "  the  isindplc  of  reason,  informing  the  infinite 
variety  of  things,  and  so  creating  the  World-Order  ";  ft  is  alio 
the  divine  dynamic,  the  eneini  and  sdi-RvelatiDii  of  God. 
The  Stoics  indeed  sought,  more  or  less  consdonsly,  by  ibeti 
tiociriie  of  the  Logos  as  the  Infinite  Reason  to  esc^ic  from 
the  belief  in  a  divine  Creator,  but  Philo,  Jew  10  the  cote,  starts 
from  the  Jewish  belief  in  a  supreme,  self-eiistint  God.  to  whom 
(he  reason  d  the  »oi4d  must  be  tubocdinated  tbou^  rebted. 
'Hie  conflict  of  the  two  conceptions  (the  GieA  and  the  Hebcew] 
led  him  into  some  difficulty;  aoineliniet  he  rqnsentt  the  Logoa 
as  an  independent  and  even  penonal  being,  a  "  Kcond  God." 
sometimes  as  merely  an  aqiect  of  the  divine  activily.  Aod 
tbou^  paasagei  <A  the  first  dan  must  no  doubt  be  explained 
figontivdy— for  Fhik  would  not  assert  the  tsslCBCe  of  two 
Divine  agenta — it  remains  true  that  the  two  cMtceptiOBS  cannot 
be  fiiaed.  The  Alexanebian  iriiiloaiipher  waven  bttwctn  the 
tifeo  theories  and  haa  to  accord  to  the  Locot  of  Hellas  a  semi- 
iAd^ieudeot  positloB  beside  the  supreme  God  of  Judarsu  He 
speaks  ol  the  Logos  (t)  aa  the  agency  by  whkb  God  nvnls 
Himself,  in  some  meanue  Co  all  men,  in  peUB  d«ra  to  thoaca 
soub.  The  appeuaacc*  rcoanbd  in  the  Oid  Tauaieiit  in 
manilcBlationa  of  the  Logo*,  and  the  Imowledgie  of  Cod  ftmcuii 
by  the  great  leadeia  and  leadies*  of  larsid  is  due  la  the  same 
source;  (3)  as  the  agenty  whereby  man,  eomabed  by  iUaBoa. 
lays  bold  ol  the  higher  qilritual  life  and  ctsipg  above  his  partid 
poiat  ol  view  partidpates  in  the  universal  rtMcln.  The  Logos  ii 
thus  the  meana  of  redemption;  thcae  who  resJise  its  activity 
being  etdindpated  from  the  tyranny  of  cncumatutce  into  the 
freedom  ol  the  ctemaL 

4.  Tki  Pnrik  Gaftl.—Amaog  the  ioSneacei  that  ahapcd 
the  Fourth  G«pd  that  of  the  Aleumdiita  pbUosophy  mast  ba 
aadgned  a  ilisiiiurt,  Ihou^  doI  an  eaaggnaied  Imponaiice. 
There  an  other  books  in  the  New  TeaUment  that  bear  the  wnc 
impress,  the  epistia  to  the  Ephtsiaas  and  the  Cokaslana.  and  10 
a  much  greater  degree  the  epistle  to  the  Hebrews.  The  devdofr- 
meot  that  bad  thus  began  in  the  lime  of  Paid  reache*  laatoriiy 
in  the  Fourth  Gospel,  whose  dependence  on  Phile  appon  (1) 
in  the  use  of  the  allegorical  method,  (3)  in  many  cmncideal 
passages,  (3)  in  the  dominant  eoocepiion  of  the  Logos.  The 
wriiei  nainles  the  lile  of  Christ  Irom  the  point  of  view  furnished 
him  by  Philo's  theory.  True,  the  Logos  doctrine  is  only  men- 
lioned  in  the  prokigue  (0  the  Goqiel,  but  it  is  prsappoKd 
throughout  the  whole  book.  The  author's  task  indeed  ns 
somewhat  akin  la  that  of  Philo,  "  to  transplant  into  the  world  el 

culture  a  revelation  oi^ginally  given  Ihrough  Judaism.' 

sot  to  By  that  he  holds  the  Lo0s  doctriite  in  exactly 

as  PhDo.    On  Ihe  contrary,  the  laa  that  he 

actual  ItBOwIedge  of  the  esttbly  Ufe  of  JesiB, 

ition  regarAnt  the  Hebrew 


c.  betide  Dr  Kaufr 


n  Kohli 


il-  ^4-4Ss.  Bousiet,  Dii  Kffi^ea  dti  Jude^lmwu  (iwjl. 
nd  Weber,  JiUiiilu  TiaUp'  (iB97).fip-  tto-ia*.  nt 
ling  of  the  Divine  Word  ia  Ibe  doctrine  of  Ihe  Uennwas 
'  Philo.  bin  h  WIS  the  auicove  of  a 
noa  in  Jewish  theolgfy.  TV  hoh 
d  ia  the "Lggoa"  oi  Ow  Fosth 


LOGOTHETE— LOGRONO 


■liDe  ?hilo,  even  when  ucribini  •  real  penouliiy  to  the  Logn, 
keeps  wilbin  the  boundi  «I  abstnct  ipeculuion,  leads  him 
Kriomly  lo  medif/  lh»  Philonic  dociiine.  Tboufh  ihe  Alti- 
•ndiiiO  idea  largely  delenninci  the  evin|(lirt'l  litslment  of 
Ihe  history,  the  hiiiory  similiily  laut  on  lh«  ides.  The  pro- 
logue is  so  orginic  portbo  of  the  Gospel  sod  not  a  prelocc 
wrilien  to  conciliate  t  philosophic  public.  It  sisuina  ihst  ihc 
Logos  idea  is  [iuniliar  in  ChtisLian  theology,  and  vividly  sum- 
mariKS  the  main  leatutes  of  the  Philonic  con«pLion~ih« 
eietnal  eiistence  of  ibe  Logos,  its  relation  lo  God  (xpii  rin  fcif, 

Bui  the  adaptation  ol  the  idea  to  John's  account  of  i  historical 
penon  involved  ai  least  three  prolound  nwdificaiioni;— (i) 
the  Logos,  instead  of  the  sbsinclioo  oi  lemi-petionihcition 
of  Phila.  becomes  fuUy  pctsonilied.  The  Wotd  that  became 
flesh  luhslBcd  (rom  all  eternity  ais  distinct  personality  niihin 
the  divine  nature,  (i)  Much  giealer  (tress  is  laid  upon  the 
redemptive  than  upon  the  creative  lunciion.  The  latter  indeed 
Is  glanced  at  ("  All  things  were  made  by  him  "),  merely  to  pro- 
vide a  link  with  earlier  speculation,  but  what  Ihe  writer  is 
concerned  aboui  is  not  the  mode  in  which  the  world  came  into 
being  bui  the  ^liritual  liie  which  resides  in  the  Logos  and  is 
communicated  by  him  Id  men  U)  The  idea  oI  X^r°>  as  Reason 
'  10  the  idea  of  W^otas  Word,  the  cipression 


of  Cod's' 


«  of  the  e 


._  re  and  light.  Thus  in  its  lundamenlal  thought  the  prologue 
of  the  Fourih  Gospel  cones  neitei  lo  the  Old  Testament  (and 
especially  lo  Cen,  i,)  than  to  Philo.  As  speech  goes  out  from 
a  man  and  reveals  hit  character  and  thought,  so  Christ  is  "sent 
out  from  the  Fatha,"and  an  the  divine  Word  is  also,  in  accord- 
ance with  ths  Hebrew  idea,  the  medhim  of  Cod's  quickening 

What  John  thus  does  is  to  take  the  Logos  idea  of  Philo  and 

and  his  readen  the  divine  naiureol  Jesus  Christ.  That  Ibis 
endeavour  to  work  into  the  historical  Iraditioa  of  the  life  and 
leaching  of  Jesus— a  hypothesis  which  had  a  distinctly  foreign 
origin—led  Urn  iuo  serious  difficulties  ii  a  coniidcniion  that 
must  be  discussed  elsewhere.  _ 

J.  TV  £flrf»  C»nrc*.-ln  many  of  the  esrtv  Chnilian  <wmm. 
as  veil  a>  In  ibe  helerodoi  ichosli,  the  Locoi  docirSne  li  influenced 
bv  the  Creek  idea.    The  Syrian  Gfionic  Baiilides  held  faccordin 

.'. , ._..._, ,  ar  Wo«l  eiBMBted  Imm  the  !•!«, 

Ibe  unbegollca 


Falber.    The  comi^eU  lype  ol 

Kiled  Wi^um  as  the  tut  of  the 
original  Being  or  Father, 


"S^nnn" 


"iU^riMcXii 


luuln  Mi...,., 

Cod  pndMxd  of  His  own  i 

He  allirmid  aha  ibe  action  of  Ibe 
i.  I3.JK.).   WilhTa  ■      —  ■  ■ 

be  W>><' 
(S»i&iT"el»p. 


ReasoafnAlandTnii 


il>apoilolic  fathcirs,  taught  Ihai 
nional  powerfJUnuiti'  tipu\ni^) , 
imemanin  jHusfOiof^i.  fry^i. 

Si 


^L.  , ..  ^i._  ■-— -ining  o(  the  woi 

_._.  of  Cod-t  ratior      ,.    .. 

,,..,,...  ..    _,  loj  He  ii  the  prototype  o( .  - 

ennvliinc  principle  <IM«  id  Mnw<)  of  things.    Tbeophi 

Axulm,  li.  10.  14)  taiahi  Ihal  Ihe  Lsfos  waa  m '- 

Cod  as  the  Hr-  UMtm.  ihe  counKlUii  of  Cod,  a 
IhewoiUmiabecctalcdGodKnttonblhiscounelL-  ,.-,^. 
from  Himielf  as  the  >*m  *H«o»u>>.  yei  u  thai  Ihe  bcgc 
Lcig«  did  not  eeate  10  be  a  jbr  of  Hffnielf.  With  Hippolyiui 
(Ki/el.  a.  u.  Ac.)  Ihe  Logos,  produced  of  Cod's  own  subnance,  It 
both  the  olviM  inuHigcnce  that  appcan  in  ihe  world  as  the  Son 
ol  God,  and  the  klea  oTlhc  unlvene  immanent  in  God.  The  cariy 
Sabcltiant  (comp.  EuKbiiu,  Hiil.  Bid.  vi.  u;  Athanatius,  Ce>il'a 
Ariam.  iv.)  hcldthM  Ibe  L^ios  was  a  faculty  of  Cod.  the  divine 

' In  Cud  elenaUy.  but  n«  in  dislinct  ptnoniliiy 

J.., :i :.  »->.-:-(,    Origen.  lefcrrini 

.  aflirintd  theelenMl 


a  the  hiilDrieal  oaiulesution 


penonal  existence  cf  (be  Lr^ot.  I 
Son  was  a  copy  of  the  origiiut,  a 
Rbtion  10  Ihe  world  ht  was  its 
redeeming  power  {Centra  CtU.  1 

''■,ffi'i'.iEEei..,...H.. 


Cod  and  Hit  rat IdiuI  power  or  Uvot  in  contact  wiih  the  world  wu 

Kiterally  maintained  by  the  eclKlIc  Plalonliti  and  Nco-PlaiDiiiit), 
'  ioiiie  el  these  this  distlnclioa  was  carried  out  to  Ibe  eseol  ol 


Code;— 


ihlTdl^.orthewarld.   Pkuinuieitplaincd  ihelUni 

'orcet.  proceeding  from  the  ideaa  and  giving  fotm  to  the  dead 

nailer  of  aensible  things  (Eniiiait,  v.  i.  S  and  Richler'a  Htm-Plat. 

See  the  falilDrie*  ol  philosophy  and  tbeoloay,  and  works  quoted 

and  lor  a  geacn]  summary  ol  the  growth  ol  the  Logos  doctrine,  £. 
Caiid,  EuHalirt  alTitoLity  ia  UeCma  fkifiiihhvi  (igoa).  vol.  ii.: 

•    " •-..  HiiUrf^Doime:  E.  P.  Scott,  rjta  Fmalk  CmpA 

,  ..i):  J.  M-  Heinie,  Dit  Lllul  »n  Lural  ■■  iir  fi^k. 
PkilaiKpIti,  (1S71};  J.  R«ville,  U  DKiri-H  in  Lopu  (iMl);  Aal, 
Gtuk.  i.  Lutti-lia  (1809);  and  the  Hiilariii  tf  Dat'".  by  A. 
HainacV,  F.  tooli,  R.  ScSeig.  (S.  D.  t.  S.;  A.  ].  6.) 

UKOIHETE  (Med.  Lat.  UpHlula,  Cr.  i^Mi^,  Stim  Wyoi. 
ord,  account,  calcidatton,  and  tiKvbjl,  to  set,  Le.  "one  wb» 
icounts,  cakulales  or  ratiocinates  "),  originally  the  title  til  a 
tricty  o[  administrative  officials  in  the  Bysantine  £nq)in,  e.g. 
the  XsyuMnn  roe  MfW*,  who  waa  practically  the  equlvakot 
ol  the  modem  posimastei-geneial;  and  the  XvyoMrv  nO 
rr/iariairuai,  the  togoiheie  of  the  military  cbeB^  Gibbon  de- 
fines Ihe  great  Logolheti  as  "  the  supreme  guanUao  id  the  Uwa 
and  revenues,"  who  "  is  compared  with  the  chancellor  of  the 
Latin  monarchies."  From  the  Eastern  Empire  the  title  waa 
boRowcd  by  the  West,  though  it  only  became  frmty  ettablished 
in  Sicily,  where  the  Itt^Uula  occupied  the  position  ol  chanceUoT 
elKwhete,  bis  ofiice  being  equal  if  not  superior  to  that  ol  the 
■1  lanaUa/iki.  Thus  the  title  was  borne  by  Pietn  ddla 
i,  the  all-powerful  minister  of  the  enpem  Frcdciick  II., 

See  Du  Cancc.  Claisaiixm,  i.v.  LeinlUla. 

LOOROflO,  an  inland  ptovince  of  northern  Spain,  the  aoaUest 
of  the  eight  provinces  formed  in  iSjj  out  of  Old  Castile^  hounded 
N.  by  Burgas,  Alava  and  Navarre,  W.  by  Burgot,  S.  by  Soria  and 
E,  by  Navarre  and  Saiagossa.  Pop.  (igoc}  iE9,3;fi;  area, 
1046  sq.  m.   LogroAo  belongs  ef'    '    ' "  ''     '  '  "' 


Ebro, 


-.Oja, 


n  boundary  eic^i  fc 


Iregua.  Leia,  Cida 


north-easterly  d 
Ebro  focmi  a  spadoui  and  for  the  n 
plain,  called  La  Kioja,  but  in  the  toi 


Thep< 


part  fertile  undulalitig 
Logrofto  is  considerably 
oroken  up  tty  onsnoots  imm  toe  sierras  which  separate  that 
river  from  the  Douro  In  the  west  the  Cerro  de  Sao  loienio, 
the  culminating  point  of  the  Siena  de  La  Demanda.  rises  7;6ifi., 
and  in  the  south  the  Pico  de  Utbion  reaches  yaiS  ft.  The  prb- 
ducts  of  the  province  are  chiefly  cereals,  good  oil  and  wing 
(especiallyinlhcRioia}.  fruit,  silk.  Baa  and  honey.  Wine  Is  Ibe 
principal  eiport,  although  after  iS9>  this  industry  luBeicd 
greatly  fiom  the  protective  duties  imposed  by  France.  Great 
efforts  have  been  nude  to  keep  a  bold  upon  French  and  English 
matkcis  with  light  red  and  while  Rioja  wines.    "    ' 


e  Ebro  c 


nd  aTgentifeious  lead  up 
s  have  been  diimvered.  The  manii 
insignificant.  A  railway  along  the  Hgh] 
nects  the  province  with  Saiagoua,  i 


with  o 


11  there  I1  n. 


with  y. 


nd  from 
i.  Bilbao 


rded  by  the  lack  even  of  good  mads. 
The  town  of  Logiofto  (pop.  i«oa,  19,137]  and  the  dty  of  Cala- 
borra  {947s)  are  separately  ilcsnibcd.  The  only  other  towns 
with  upmrda  of  soeo  inhabitant*  are  Kara  [7914),  Alfaro  (;9jS) 
and  Cervera  del  Rfo  Alhama  (5930). 

WOROSO,  the  capital  ol  ihe  ^lanlih  pMnrfnce  of  Lofiofio, 
on  the  right  bank  of  Ihe  river  Ebro  and  on  the  Saragoss^ 
Miranda  de  Ebro  raDway.  Fop.  (iQtJo)  19,337.  Logrofto  is  an 
ancient  walled  town,  finely  Htuated  on  a  hlU  ikm  ft.  high. 
Its  bridge  of  twelve  aiches  acrou  the  Ebro  was  built  in  iijg, 
bul  has  Iretiucntly  been  toiond  after  pittial  destruction  by 
floods.  The  main  itreet,  aresded  on  both  tides,  and  the  ciookcd 
bul  highly  picturesque  alleys  of  the  older  quarters  are  in  striking 
contrast  wiib  the  broad,  tree^shadcd  avenues  and  aquann  laid 
out  in  modem  times,    llie  chief  buUdiair  ---■»'-     > '  -'- 


IdiaB  are  (  buU^iiii  iphich 


LOGROSCINO— LOHENGRIN 


■ccammodatn  ti.aoo>p«ctilore,uid  a  chnreh.  SidU  Maris  de 
Pi]acio,called"lbeimpcml,"Iioinlbc[iuJilianL)uiEiliIoun(lei 
«u  ContlMiiM  ihe  Gicat  (174-3J;)-  Ai  iht  commercial  centre 
ol  Ihc  fertile  ind  well-culLivaied  pUta  of  tlie  fttoja,  LogtoAo 
hai  ut  importinl  tiade  in  wine. 

The  diitiict  dI  LogroBo  was  in  ancient  timet  Inhabited  by 
Ibe  Batmi  or  Vtrinia  ol  Smbo  *nd  Pliny,  and  their  Vtrh  it 
la  be  identified  nnlfa  ttie  modRn  tuhuib  of  Ihe  clly  oF  LogioAo 


L  of  Ban 


d  by  II 


Romans  Juihbriia  and  altetwaidi  Li 
luuidiaf  the  Moon inl he Gth cent ury, bat  waSEpeedily  relaken 
by  the  Chiiiiians,  and  under  the  naine  of  Lucronius  appear* 
vith  frequenCT  in  medieval  liiilory..  It  wai  uDsucimFulty 
btiieied  by  the  French  In  tjJi,  and  occupied  by  ihem  from 
iSol  to  1813.  It  wai  the  birthplace  of  the  dumb  painter  Juan 
Femandei  Navinei  e  ( 1  s  •*- 1 S79)  - 
UMROSCIMO    (or   Lo  CnoscINO),  KIGOLA  (1700?-! 763?), 

of  Dursnte.  la  173S  he  colliborated  wilh  Leo  and  olhEn  In  Ihe 
hasty  productiau  of  Dtmcirio;  in  the  autumn  of  the  larae  year 

long  lerics  of  comic  opens,  the  success  of  which  won  him  the 
name  of  "  il  Dia  dell'  opera  bulla."  He  went  10  Palermo,  prob- 
ably in  IJ47, Ma  leaeberofcountetpolntjaaanopeia  composer 
he  is  last  heard  of  in  1 760,  and  is  supposed  to  have  died  about 
Ijij'  LoETOSclno  has  been  credited  wUh  the  invention  of  the 
Concerted  operatic  finale,  but  as  far  as  can  be  seen  from  the 

other  operas,  his  finales  show  no  advance  upon  those  of  Leo. 

may  juslly  be  classed  alongside  of  Rossini. 

LOaVOOD  (so  called  from  the  form  in  which  it  Is  imported), 
the  heart-wood  of  a  leguminous  tree,  BaemaUr^on  camfetki- 
amiM,  native  of  Central  America,  and  grown  also  in  the  West 
Indian  Islands.  The  tree  attains  a  height  not  eiceeding  40  ft., 
and  I]  said  to  be  ready  for  felling  when  abont  ten  yean  old. 
The  wood,  deprived  ol  ils  bark  and  the  sap-wood,  is  sent  into 
the  niarhft  in  the  form  of  large  blocks  and  billrls.  It  is  very 
bard  and  dense,  and  eilemally  has  a  dark  brownish-red  colour; 
but  il  is  less  deeply  coloured  within.  The  best  qualities  come 
Irom  Campeachy,  but  II  is  obtained  there  only  in  small  quantity. 

Logwood  is  used  in  dyeing  (?■»■).  in  microscopy,  in  theprepara- 

tannic  acid  it  conl«ini,  though  it  has  no  special  medicinal  value. 


tment  on  account  of  the  inferior  dye 
4  by  Its  employment. 


UHARV,  a  native  state  of  India,  In  the  south-east  comer  ol 
Ihe  Punjab,  betwccD  Hbsar  district  and  RaJpuUna.  Area,  1 1 ) 
•q.  m.;  pop.  {1901)  ij,Jig;  estimated  gross  revenue,  £4800. 
The  chief,  whose  title  Is  nawab,  la  a  Mahommedan,  ot  Afghan 
deiceol.  The  nawab  Sir  Amir-ud-din-Ahmad  Khan,  K.CJ.E., 
who  is  I  member  of  the  viceroy's  legislative  council  was  until 
190S  administrator  and  adviser  ol  the  state  of  Maler  KolU. 
The^lown  of  Lohatti  had  a  population  in  190T  of  1175. 

iruary 


iSoS  in  FUrth  near  Nuremberg,  and  was  educated  at  (he  cnl- 
veniiiesof  Eriangenand  Berlin.  In  iSji  he  was  appointed  vicat 
al  Kirchenlamiii,  where  his  fervent  evangelical  preaching 
attracted  latge  congregations  and  poiiled  the  eccle^asiical 
authoriliei.  A  similar  experience  ensued  at  Nuremberg,  mheie 
bewaiassislant  pastor  of  St  Egidia.  tn  iSj?  he  became  pastor 
in  Ncuendetteluu,  asmall  and  unattractive  place,  where  hii  life's 
work  was  done,  and  which  he  (ransformed  into  a  busy  and 
influential  community.  He  was  Interested  in  Ihe  spiritual 
condition  of  Germans  who  had  emigrated  10  Ihe  United  States, 
and  built  two  Irainlng  homes  for  missionaries  to  Ihem.  In  xtn 
he  founded  the  Lutheran  Society  of  Home  Missions  and  ia  185] 
an  Insiitution  of  deaconesses.  Other  institutions  were  added  to 
Ihese,in(ludingalun3t[r  asylum, aMngdsIen  refuge, andhospitals 
for  men  and  women.  In  theology  LChe  was  a  sliici  Lutheran, 
bat  his  piety  was  ot  a  most  attraclive  kind,  OtiginalJIy  of 
conception,  vividness  of  presentation,  fertility  ol  Imagination, 
wide  knowledge  of  Scripture  and  a  happy  faculty  of  applying 
It,  intense  spltiiual  fetvour,  a  striking  physique  and  a  powerful 
voice  made  him  a  great  pulpit  force.  He  wrote  a  good  deal, 
amongst  bis  books  "being  Dni  BHthir  vm  icr  Kirckt  (1S4SI, 
5al^re^lfrlIcrduCeMe](ove^  30  editions)  and  several  volumes  of 
sermons.  He  died  on  Ihe  md  ol  January  1871. 
See  his  Lilr,  by  J.  Deinrer  (3  vols.,  CRterjIoh,  IS7J.  3rd  cit.. 


traion  of  the  legend 
'hcngrln  as  we  know 
I  enough  in  folklore: 


tOHEHQIIIH,  the  hero  ol  Ihe  Germa 
of  the  knight  of  the  swan.  The  story  o: 
it  Is  based  on  two  principal  motives  com 
the  metamorphosis  of  human  beings  Inti 
wife  whose  question  brings  disaarer.  Lobengrin'a  guide  (the 
swan)  was  originally  the  little  brother  who,  in  one  version  of  "  Ibe 
Seven  Swam,"  was  compelled  Ibrough  Ihe  destruction  of  his 
golden  chain  to  remain  in  iwan  lonn  and  attached  himself  to 
Ihe  fortunes  of  one  of  his  brothers.  The  swan  played  a  part 
in  classical  mythology  as  ibe  bird  of  Apollo,  and  in  Scandinaviaa 
lott  Ihe  swan  maidens,  liko  have  the  gill  ol  prophecy  and  arc 
sometimei  confused  with  the  Valkyries,  reappear  again  and 
again.  The  wife's  desire  to  know  her  husband's  origin  b  a 
parallel  ol  the  myth  ol  Cupid  and  Psyche,  and  bore  in  medieval 
times  a  similar  mystical  interpretation.  The  Lohengrin  legend 
is  localiaed  on  Ihe  Lower  Rhine,  and  its  incidenis  lake  place 

it  falls  inio  sharp  division  in  Ihe  hands  of  Getman  and  French 
poets.  By  Ihe  Germans  it  was  lumcd  10  mystical  use  by  being 
alUched  loosely  to  the  C  tail  legend  (see  GaalLandPEtcEvit); 
in  FiancE  it  was  adapted  lo  gkiiify  the  family  of  Godfrey  de 
Bouillon. 

The  German  slory  makes  its  appearance  in  the  lasl  stanias 
ol  Wolfram  von  Eschcnbach'i  Panital,  where  il  it  related  how 
Panival's  son,  Loherangrin,'  was  sent  Irom  the  castle  ol  tbe 
Grail  to  the  help  of  the  young  duchos  ol  Brabant.  Guided 
by  the  swan  he  reached  Antwerp,  and  married  the  lady  on 
condition  that  she  should  not  ask  his  oti^n.  On  Ihe  breach 
ol  Ibis  CDodilion  years  alterwardi  Loherangrin  departed,  leaving 
sword,  horn  and  ring  behind  him.  Between  12S]  and  1100.  ■ 
Bavarian  disciple  ol  Wolliam's' adopted  the  story  and  developed 
it  into  an  epic  poem  of  nearly  fiooo  lines,  incorporating  episodes 
of  Lohengrin's  prowess  in  touinament,  his  wan  with  Hen 


>l  Ihe  b. 


n  Hungai 


[Ihe  everyday  llle  ol 
people  of  high  condiiion.  Tbe  epic  ol  Lohengrin  is  put  by  the 
anonymous  writer  into  the  mouth  of  Wolltam,  who  is  made 
to  relate  it  durmg  the  Contest  of  the  Singers  II  the  Wanburs 

Klingsor  the  magidan,  and  the  poem  is  thus  linked OQ  te  Ganun 

'l,e,  Carin  1e  Loherin  {g.t.].  orCirinof  Lorraine. 

■  Eliler  (Btilrttt)  says  that  Ihe  poem  Is  Ihe  work  at  two  ports: 
the  Rrbl  part  by  a  Thurinelan  wandering  mintLTtl,  the  ■eeond-— 
which  diRcrt  in  style  atid  dialect— by  a  Bavarian  officiaL 

■Bated  on  material  borrowed  Irom  Ihe  SiriiiuU  Warckrumii 
(lormerly  called  ^mw-'k'K  Clirenik  Irom  its  dubious  atslgnmcnt  to 
Eime  von  RepEOw),  the  oldest  prose  chroflidc  of  the  world  ui  German 


LOIN— LOIRE 


traftton.  lUi  .  -         . 

by  Ifac  poet  to  give  ibe  Ulc  Iht  chuicter  of  in  •Llegory  of  ihi 
rcUtiotn  betnecn  ChKit,  ihe  Chuich  and  the  humui  huI 
Tlic  itocy  wu  followed  closely  in  its  main  oullino  by  Kicharc 
Wafoei  in  bis  open  ZnAinfrin. 

The  Fiencta  legend  of  the  knight  cI  the  iwaa  Is  >lt«bed  It 
ihe  house  of  Bouilkin,  and  alihough  WilliBni  ol  Tyie  rerers 
ta  It  about  1170  as  fable,  it  was  incocponled  wilbout  questii 
by  later  annaliali.  Il  lornit  part  of  Ihe  cycle  ot  the  iiaxia 
it  till*  dealing  Hith  tbi  Cnuade,  and  relate*  how  Helyi 
knight  ol  the  swan,  h  guided  by  the  swan  to  the  hetpof  1 
duchess  ol  Bouillon  and  mairics  her  daaghler  Ida  or  Beali 

and  Elsa  ol  Brabanl,  and  with  the  like  mult.    Their  daughl 


eldest 


ol  whom. 


d  (Godfrey),  a  the  fgtuti 


I  of  Lillef ; 


ryHelyas 


otthcs. 


ryofhL 
wilh  vt 


that  ol  "  the  seven  iwani"  persecuted  by  the  wicked  grand- 
mother, which  figure]  in  the  pages  of  Giimni  and  Ilan)  Andetscn. 
The  houK  of  Bouillon  wu  not  dOne  in  claiming  the  knight 
of  the  twan  as  an  ancestor,  and  the  tradition  probably  originally 
belonged  to  the  honu  of  Cleves. 
^naios  KtritgoL— See  IjAtnirin,  ed.  RDehert  (Qucdilnbuii 
[^ng.  iSjitMnolhet  veitioo  <rf  the  tak,  Lianiii,  ia  edited 
«  Ziitttkr^  fSr  ittttc^  AUrrlnm  ivcd,  15);  moaem  Gernian 
'alios  of  Ltiaiiim,  by  H.  A.  Junihaui  (Le^ic,  iS;^ :  Conrad 
iTiliibuil't  fiagmenlary  SchuufrilUr.  ed  f.  iTolh  iFiankfurl, 
.    O.  ElHa.Biilrlp  lu  K'llili  ill  Leiinpin  (Halle.   ""  ' 


and  Lcipii 


.  iSsStMnolhR 

_  ..  Lelai 

jn  Wiliiburg't  (rag —  —   , 

ie6l).  O.  &ua,_Btil-Sp  lu  Knlik  ill  Luiiripin  (Halle,  i 
•indk.lMarichi,DitLBAnitniulicU<in[inilihnbau*iitlllai 
W«l.,  loos). 

FmthVii .. 

il  CeJJnt  dt  BauilleH  (BruSKli.  1  vsli..  iSd&-iB4S). 


''JTL 


Hilled  C*iK(tnuriiw.  Thi 


'~       ipli.  I  vol!..  iSjb-lBjS),    ...  ... 

-      „-  ..LaChc 

874);  H.  A.  Todd.  La  ffkiinna  iu  ilmiliir 
r  frmk  Mm  •/  111  iiA  cnL  (Mod.  Lang. 
t9)-.  d.  Ihe  Laiin  ule  by  Inn  de  Hault  Scille 
'a)  in  hii  Dcltpaihti  (ed.  Onieilcy,  Slrauburg, 

-In  England  the  «ory  Stit  appears  in  a  iliorl 

SG.  E.  V.  Uiienon 
K.  Cibbi  in  iSfii 


a  I4th<entiirv 


which  (be  atory  ■  depicted  in  16  GomfVrtiaenra  An  En^iah  prpae 
nmance.  HHfv  KniM  ^  lit  Swa*.  tnulated  by  Robert  Copbnd, 
and  printed  by  W.  Copland  aboHt  1550,  ia  founded  on  a  French 
romance  La  Cfnialafii .  .  .  dt  Cudifmy  it  Bmdin   (printed  1504) 


^SS 


.rimed  by  W.  1.  Thorn,  in  Early  PrOM  : 

Il  waialwpnntedby  Wynkyn  it  Worde  in  1513. 
wa>  imied  In  19D1  Irom  the  Gnlier  Gub,  New  Yora. 

LOIH  {through  O.  ¥1.  hipu  01  UpK,  mod.  Imgi,  from  Lat. 
/■jwtiir},  that  part  of  the  body  in  an  inima]  which  liea  between 
the  upper  part  of  the  hip-bone  and  the  laii  of  the  false  ribi  on 
either  side  of  the  back-bone,  hence  Id  the  plural  the  general 
term  tot  the  lower  part  ol  Ihe  hurnan  body  at  Ihe  junction 
wilh  the  legs,  coveted  by  the  loin-cloth,  the  attnwt  univecui 
garment  among  primitive  peoples.  There  are  also  6gunitive 
uses  of  Ihe  word,  chieHy  biblical,  due  la  the  loins  being  Ihe 
supposed  seal  of  male  vigour  and  power  of  generation.  Apart 
from  these  uses  the  word  is  a  butcher's  term  for  a  jdnt 
of  meat  cut  from  this  pait  ol  ibe  body.  The  upper  pan  of  ■ 
loin  ol  beef  ia  known  as  the  "  sutloin  "  (Fr.  turlaiii,  l.t.  upper 
loin).  This  has  been  commonly  corrupted  into  "  airloin,"  and 
1  legend  invented,  lo  account  lor  the  name,  of  a  king,  Janea  I. 
or  Charles  II.,  knighting  a  prime  joint  of  beef  "  Sir  Loin  " 
In  pleasure  al  Its  eicellence.  A  double  aurkrin,  undivided  at 
the  back-bene,  is  known  as  a  "  baron  of  beef,"  probably  Iron 
an  eipiniion  ol  the  legend  of  Ihe  "  Sir  Loin." 

tOISB,  the  longest  river  of  France,  rising  In  the  Gerbler  de 
Jonc  In  the  department  of  Ardfche,  at  1  height  of  4500  ft. 
and  Sowing  north  and  west  to  Ihe  Atlantic.  After  ■  n>une 
of  IS  m.  in  Aidhhe  it  enlers  Haule-L>rire,  io  which  it  followa 


a  tncturesque  channel  iloDg  ibc  foot  of  basaltic  rocks,  through 
narrow  gorges  and  small  plains.  Al  Vorey,  where  it  is  joined 
by  the  Arion,  il  becomes  navigable  lor  raltS-    Four  miles  below 


plain  of  Fotei,  after  which  il 
flows  out  into  the  pbin  of  Roj 
Joined  by  a  large  number  of  atn 
Ihe  Coise  on  the  right  and  thi 
and  the  Ai  ■    -  -      -  ■      ■ 


Lignon 


u  Non 


lie  Loire 


bank  by  a  canal  lo  Digoin  (js  a.)  in  SaAne-et-Loire. 
thence  by  tbe  sa-caUed  "  lateral  cinaJ  of  Ibic  Loire  "  to  Biiare 
in  Loiret  U"  »■)-  Owing  to  Uie  eiteme  irregularity  of  the 
river  in  different  Kajoni  these  canals  form  tbe  only  certain 
navigable  way.  Al  Digoin  the  Loire  receives  the  Arroui,  and 
gives  oS  the  canal  du  Centre  (which ' 


^ire  in  Ihe  department  of  Loijre,  and  follow- 
allel  coune  has  at  the  confluence  a  volume 
s  of  that  of  the  pioin  stieim.   Above  Ncven 


e  Loire 


Nivcn 


vard,  a 


id  below  Ihe 


I  re  of  the  AUier 

and  the  navigable  part  ol  tbe  Cher.  About  this  point  the  valley 
becomes  more  ample  and  at  Briare  (in  Loirel)  the  river  leaves 
the  highlands  and  flows  between  the  plateaus  of  Catinals  and  the 
Eeauce  on  Ibe  right  and  the  Sologne  on  the  left.  In  Loiret  it 
gives  off  the  canal  de  Briare  northward  to  the  Seine  and  itself 
bends  north-west  to  OtI£ans,  whence  the  canal  d'OrKans, 
following  the  little  river  Cens,  communicates  with  (he  Briare 
canal.  At  Orleans  (he  river  changes  Its  north-westerly  for  a 
south-westerly  course.  A  striking  peculiarity  of  the  affiuenti 
of  Ihe  Loire  in  Lcnrcl  and  the  three  subsequent  department* 
is  that  they  frequently  flow  in  a  parallel  channel  lo  the  main 
stream  and  in  the  same  valley.  Passing  Blois  in  LoIr-et-Cbet, 
the  Loire  enters  Indre^t-Loire  and  receives  on  the  right  the 
Cisse,  and,  after  pas»ng  Tours,  (be  three  Important  left-band 
tributariesof  the  Cher,  Indie  and  the Vienne.  AttheconBuence 
of  the  Vicnne  the  Loire  enten  Maine-ft-Loite,  in  its  couth 
through  which  department  il  is  frequently  divided  by  long 
sandy  islands  fringed  with  osicn  and  willows;  while  upon 
anivingatLesPonl3-de-C6ili3Splitintoifvera!  distinct  branches. 
The  principal  tributaries  are:  lelt,  the  Thouet  at  Saumur,  Ihe 
Laynn  and  the  Evre;  right:  the  Auihion,  and,  most  important 
tributary  of  all.  the  Maine,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  rivets 
T^fayenne,  Saiihe  and  Loir-  Through  Loirc-lnf^eure  tbe  river 
is  studded  with  Islands  until  below  Nantes,  where  the  largest 
of  them,  called  Belle-Ile,  is  found.  It  receives  the  Erdre 
on  the  right  at  Nantes  and  on  the  opposite  shore  the  Sivre^ 
Nantaise,  and  farther  on  the  canaliied  Athenau  on  the  left 
and  the  navigable  Etier  de  Mian  on  the  right  near  Saint 
Naiaire.  Below  Nantes,  between  which  point  and  La  Marlinijre 
(below  PcUerin)  Ihe  channel  is  embanked,  the  river  is  known 
as  the  Loire  Maritime  and  widens  out  between  marshy  sbores, 
pasung  Faimbceuf  on  the  left  and  finally  Saint-Niiaire,  where 
il  is  i)  m.  broad.  The  length  ol  the  channel  ol  (he  Loire  is 
about  615  m.;  ils  drainage  area  is  46.;oo  sq.m.  A  lateral  canal 
(built  in  i3Ei-TSg]  at  a  cost  of  about  £1,000,000)  known  as  the 
MariiimeCanaloflheLoirebctwtenLe  Carnet  andLaMarliniire 
enables  large  ships  10  ascend  to  Nantei.  It  la  9I  m.  long,  and 
igt  (capable  of  being  increased  to  34)  ft.  deep.  At  each  end  ia 
a  lock  40s  ft.  long  by  S4  ft.  wide.  The  canal  de  Nantes  1  Brest 
connects  this  city  wilh  Brest. 

The  Loin  Is  navigable  only  in  a  very  Hmited  leiue.    Doling  ibc 
drought  oisumnw  thin  and  leeble  uieiini  ihnd  iheir  way  between 
:hanncl;  while  at  other  timet  a  iIiiperKkaia 


ncbet  of  1> 


.    In  I,  .  .    . 


n-niW^re" 


92+ 

tUuvinm  anidl  M  [ram  tbae  k 
tbe  nH  of  tbe  dnioiK  >m  it  i 
(he  hud  Hitface  oT  niliidi  llw  * 
flonn  npdly  into  tbe  itfunL 
■Km  tribuUria  VTivv  iit  the  i* 
Attinpu  to  nalnl  the  rivn-  nui 
■Bd  by  tbi  don  o(  Ibi  niddlc 

line  of  dyka  or  turcia  21  Ei:  h^  wu  cocnptf  InT 
dowTinrdm.    The  chlnnel  vme,  nowcver.  h  mucli 

riK>  16  (l.  (Lhc  avenge  liie  ii  aboul  14.  and  in  ]fi46  and  1856  11 
wu  more  dun  jjj,  la  moJerj?  timei  cmbankmrnlB.  aided  by 
dredginf  opcratiou  evtcDdiiiE  over  a  Uree  number  of  year^  have 
cnjumTa  depth  of  IS  It.  in  Ibe  chinnel  bel*ecn  La  Maciiniiie  *iid 
NuiHt.  Sevml  tawiu  have  coiutructed  iptiial  worlu  to  deiend 
tkenudvtt  tCHiM  the  aoodi;  Tourm,  the  wm  eipoKd  cl  all.  ii 

Varloui  leheina  (or  Uie  •yuemalic  irgulition  o(  the  Lmre  have 

mileiia  of  tbe  mnaS  aMuenti  a  number  o(  PPatK  '1"'"  w  f^ 

violate  oE  Pinay,  about  IS  m.  above  Roanne.  and  capaUe  of  re- 
taining from  uD  to  450  million  cub,  ft.  of  vater.  haa  greaily 
diminutwd  ibelorce  of  Ihe  floodt  at  Rcsnne.  and  mainuined  tbe 

ThiTc  other  dam  nf  nndem  conilnKtion  are  afio  in  ouitcnce.  one 

Vinx.  *  depanment  of  ctiilial  Fnnce,  miile  up  [d  17M 
ol  the  old  district  of  Foiei  and  ponions  ol  BeaujoUa  and 
Lyonnaii,  all  formerly  included  in  Ihe  province  of  Lyonnait 
Pop.  [190a)  64j,w].  Atei  1S53  sq.  m.  It  ti  bounded  N.  by 
■be  departraeni  of  Saftne-el-Loire,  E.  by  those  of  Rh&nc  and 
Wre,  S.  by  Ardiche  and  Haute-loire,  and  W.  by  Puy-de-Dfiine 
and  Alliei.  From  i7«o  to  1743  it  canstituled,  along  uiih  that 
of  Rhine,  ■  sin^  department  (Rh«n&«t-L«ire).  It  lakes  its 
name  from  tbe  rivei  which  bisects  it  from  soulb  to  north.  The 
Rhone  skirls  the  S.E.  of  Ihe  depattmenl,  abuut  one-eighth  of 
which  belongs  to  its  baain.  After  crassing  the  loulbein  border 
Ihe  Loire  runs  through  mid  gorges,  pusing  the  picturesque 
crag  crowned  by  the  old  fortress  of  St  PauI-en-COtnillon.  At 
St  Rambert  it  issues  into  the  broad  plain  of  Fotei,  Rows  north 
as  lac  as  its  confluence  with  the  Aii  where  Ihe  plain  ends,  and 

3I  the  department.    These  two 


LOIRE— LOIRE-INFERIEURE 

tance,  barley  and  cola  occupyiiK  a  iriativety  email  ai 
ine  i>  cultivated  in  the  valley  of  ihcltbone.  op  (be  lower  >k 


of  Roanne  in  the  ei 


lains,  the  beds  of  ancient  lakes,  a 


chair 


ining  parallel  wiih  the  river.  Id  thi 
niaini,  which  sepaiale  the  Loire  baiii 
their  hightst  point  (Pietie  sur  Haute 


ely  called  Bois  Noirs  (4139 
la  Madeleine  (jSii  to  1640 
jsire  basins  ire  separated, 
eilremity  of  Ihe  C^vennei, 


t  Ihe  Forei  mou 
from  that  of  Ihe  Allicr; 
5381  ft.)  is  11  m.  W. 
towards  the  north,  tnd  are  succesi 

ft).  In  the  east  the  Rhone  and 
by  Mont  Pllat  (4705  [(.)  at  the  nor 
and  by  the  hills  of  Lyonnais,  Tari 
none  of  which  rise  higher  than  3194  It,  Of  the  affluents  ol  the 
Loire  the  most  important  are  the  Llgnon  du  Notd.  the  beautiful 
valley  of  which  has  been  called  "  U  Suisse  Foreiienne,"  and  the 
Ail  on  the  left,  and  on  Ihe  right  the  Ondaine  (on  which  stand 
the  industrial  towna  of  Chambon-FeugeroUes  and  Firminy), 
the  Furens  and  Ibe  Rhin.  The  Gier  forms  a  navigable  channel 
to  the  Rhone  at  Givocs,  and  has  on  its  banks  the  industrial 
towns  ol  Si  Chamood  and  Rive^de-Cier.  From  Mont  Pilal 
descends  tbe  DWme,  in  the  valley  of  which  are  Ihe  workshops 
of  Anoonay  (f.*.).  Tke  clinute  on  the  heights  b  cold  and  healthy, 
it  is  unwholesome  in  the  marshy  plain  of  Forei,  mild  in  Ihe  valley 
of  the  Rhone.  Tbe  annual  rainfall  varies  from  39  to  48  in.  on 
'  s,  but-only  reaches  mo  34  in.  in  the  vidnity 


ol  Monlbn 

son. 

The  plains  ti  F 

cm  and 

diilric 

i^'t 

Thepauun 

Talri 

ol  the  nil 

which  is  irr 

gited  by  the  ana 

'sfsi. 

'Good 

ss. 

ll«  lamoui 

Wjl 

Wheat  and 

rye  ai 

?tbek:ai 

The  fomti  of  Mont  Pilai  and  tb 


.    Tbe  depani 


and  bM'beeping  are  conildenble  tndunrie 

rich  In  niiiwral  tprings,  the  waien  of  St  Cal , 

St  Romain-te-Piiy  aad  St  Alban  bdng  lanely  enxirted.  The  thief 
wealth  of  tbe  dqMttBWBt  lies  in  the  coaTdeposts  of  the  baiia  J 
St  Etiennt  \a.w.),  (he  seaHid  in  importance  in  France,  quaininc  i> 
•lis  aaive.  Metal-wnrkhig  induiiria  an  centred  in  (be  S.E.  <( 
the  deputmenl,  when  an  Ibe  great  aianufaeturing  towm  of  St 
E^nae,  Riv»4le^Gier,  St  Chanonl  and  Finoiq'.    At  5l  £ciiBiae 

rr^Cri«°t£  nUMsTfilea,  raih,  1^ 
f.  Cast  Keel  i*  largely  manufactund, 
depanment  supply  the  beavieat  co*. 

of  every. deacriplion.    The  pEait  industry  11  omird 
jier  and  St  Garmier.^   St,  fiSenne  and  Si  Channd 


'JfS^JL 


tands^'lu 


II  Rive-de-Cier 


tent  of  Ri 


nufactim 


Hi,  muiliiu  and  Ibe  lile. 
n.     The  depanment  has 


Monibrison  pnducrs  table  Urn 
'lumnuitri  dye-works.  flour-mills,  paper 

works,  lille.^pinniftg  works  and  ^t  facltHKB.  ,,  ■■  rnvm  ay  ue 
ParivLyon  railway,  Roanne  being  the  junction  of  impoctant  linei 
from  Paris  to  Lyons  and  St  Etienne.    Within  tbe  dcparlmnu  tte 

wayi  are  the  canal  Irnrn  Roanne  to  Digoin  <>J  m,  in  the  departOKnl]. 
(hat  IromGivan  taRiMt-de-Giei<7ni.)aiiJ(be  Rhone  On). 

Loire  comprises  three  arrondisseiiimt*— St  Clienrie,  Moat- 
brisop  and  Roanne—wilh  31  cantons  and  j]5  roitunuDes.  It 
falls  within  the  re^ap  of  the  XIU.  army  corps  and  (be  iitctm, 
and  Bcadimit  (educational  drcumscriplion)  of  Lyons,  wbnt 
also  is  its  court  of  appeal.  St  Ctienne  is  the  capital,  alhtt 
leading  towns  being  Roanne,  Montbrison,  Rive-de-Cier.  Si 
Chamood,  Fuminy  and  Le  ChamboD,  all  separately  soiiced. 
St  BDnMl-le-Cb&leau,  besides  old  houara.  has  a  tbimh  ol  the 
r5thandL6thcenturles,  containing  paintings  of  the  rs(b  century; 
SI  Rambert  and  St  Romain-te-Puy  have  priory  churches  d  tic 


ithai 


ulhct 


Benedictine  abbey  founded  in  the  qlh  centurj 
orch  decorated  with  (ne  Romanesque  carving. 
LOIRE^KFtiRIEURB,  a   mantime   depattmen 


iiKluding  a 


lof  tl: 


L  ijpo  of  a  partioi 


if  Brittj 


W.  by  (he  < 

Mainc-M-Lo 
i&J4aq.  m. 


^ft  of  the  Loin,  and  bounded 
icean.  N.  by  Moibiban  and  llle-el- Vila  ine,  E.  by 
re  and  S.  by  Vendfe.  Pop,  (1906)  6M.74S.  Ana 
The  surface  is  very  flat,  and  the  highest  pant,  in 
the  north  on  Ihe  borders  of  IllF-ct-VilaiDe,  reaches  only  377  IL 
The  line  of  hillocks  skirting  the  tight  bank  of  the  Loin,  ud 
known  as  Ihe  itikn  it  Bntotnt.  scarcely  eiCBeds  150  ft.-,  below 
Saveniy  Ihry  recede  from  Ihe  river.  Mid  meadows  pve  place 
to  peat  bogs.    North  of  Si  Naiaite  and  Grande  Biieie.  Tncasuring 

0  m- by  6,  and  rising  hardly  10  It.  above  the  sea-level,  still  supplid 
old  trees  which  can  be  used  lot  joiners'  work-    A  few  Kallenil 

is  eflecled  chiefly  by  Ihe  canals  which  intersect  it.  Tbe  diuricl 
south  of  Ihe  Loire  lies  equally  hiw;  ill  most  laltent  feaiuie  a 
the  lake  of  Grandlieu,  covering  ij  iq.  m,.  and  sumuDded  bf 
low  and  marshy  ground,  but  so  ihaSow  (6)  It.  at  most)  thai 
drainage  would  be  comparatively  easy.  The  Loin  <4.>.)  ku  a 
course  uf  70  m.  within  tbe  department.  On  the  left,  buik  a 
canil  stretches  for  9  m.  between  Pellerin,  where  the  djka  wfc»)i 
piolect  Ihe  Loiie  valley  from  inundation  terminate,  and  Paic- 
bceul,  and  vessels  drawing  it  or  18  ft.  an  reach  NanUs.  The 
principal  towns  on  the  river  within  the  department  az«  Anceu. 
Nantes  and  Si  Naiaire  (one  of  the  most  imporunl  cominezfJJ 
ports  of  France)  on  the  ri^t.  and  Paimbmil  on  tbe-  left.  Tbe 
chief  affluents  are,  on  the  tight  (he  Eidre  and  oil  tbe  left  the 
SivTC,  both  debauching  at  Names-  TV  Erdra  in  iu  Iowa 
course  broadens  in  places  inio  lakes  which  ^ve  it 

01  a  large  river.    Fo         


-.1*9" 


>oyTe 


LOIRET— LOIR-ET-CHER 


925 


OBol  (ran  Minis  to  BrM.  Tbe  Sfrre  ii  hcmnicd  in  by 
pklunsquc  biUs;  M  Ihc  poinl  wbcte  it  tntcr*  ike  department 
Jt  flon  put  the  beiiitlful  town  of  (!liison  mth  its  jmpou'n; 
cutle  ol  the  ijlh  century.  Apul  froni  the  Loire,  the  only 
navigabLii  chiniicL  oL  impH'tHnce  within  the  department  a  the 
Nintei  and  BresI  ciiu],  (ed  by  the  luc,  1  tributary  ol  the 
ViUioe,  nhich  wpanles  LoJte-InHrieutc  Irnn  lUe-et-Vikine 
uid  Uorbihan.  Tbe  dilute  is  hunud,  niitd  afid  equabte.  At 
f^antea  tbe  mean  v^nuaL  temperature  ii  S4'T*  F'ahr.,  and  there 
are  one  hundred  and  twenty-two  rainy  days,  the  annual  ralnfaU 

Hone  and  cattle  raising  proepefi,  being  orried  on  ehSedy  in  the 
wtK  o(  tbe  depanmenl  and  in  (be  Loin  valley.  Ccnd  butter  and 
cheete  aif  produced.  Poultry  atio  it  AAred.  and  there  li  a.good 
deal  ol  bee-keepini.  Wheal,  oii^  bucliwheat  and  poialaet  are 
Induced  in  trrat  abundance;  kguminou*  planu  aie  also  larftly 
cultivated,  etpeciatly  near  rfantet.  Wine.  eicLer  and  forage  crops  are 
the  chief  mauBiiw  oniculiunl  (nduet*.  The  woocfc  are  sf  oik 
lie  coaic   The  department  hai  • 


forest  of  OrMans,  which  is  slowly  diuppeari  ng  before  the  utvanccB 

o(  agriculture.    South  of  the  Lcqtc  ia  the  Sologne,  long  barren 

and  unhealthy  fms  the  impcrineaWlily  oi  its  subsoil,  but  now 

ich  Improved  In  both  tsperts  by  means  ol  [une  plantation 

1  draining  and  manuring  operations.     Tbe  highal  point 

I  tbe  borden  of  Cher}  is  {30a  It.  above  saa-Ievei,  and  the  lowest 

I  Iha  borden  of  SeinMI-Mame)  is  i»  ft.    The  watershed 

the  plalau  of  OrUans  bciwetn  the  basins  of  the  Seine  and 

Loire,  »hi<:h  divide  Loire!  almett  equilly  between  them,  Is 

[perceptible.     Tbe  lateral  canal  of  Ifae  Loire 


which  Is  a 

Vilaine  and  the'  Loin,  and  a 
refiaing,  of  khich  Gu^nde  ii 


idfioc 


Ihof  Ihc 


of  (he  Lsist  up  to  NAara  ii  quarr 

indnt,  a  few  mila  below  h^nles;  (he  loiges  of  Buse-lndR  arc 
Bwd  i^Hitr  lor  the  quality  ol  Ibdr  iron;  and  tbe  production 
the  Isd-smclting  wocta  it  Cwtroa  aaBunls  to  aeveral  millioni 
Irancs  annually-  There  are  also  couiderable  lOundfin  at  Naai 
Chanteniy,  cIok  to  NanKi,  and  St  Nasaire.  and  thipbuUini  ya 
at  Naniesand  St  Niaiie.  Among  other  indunrlcs  may  be  mentiDi 

ol  sard!»H'at"Le  traisic  and  in  (he  aJt^b^ng  ommunn!!' 

d"SeniSK' 


.  and  chem 


'i,±'^Ff 


and  ChAteaubdant,  which  receive 
west  ccut  Ih*  lawn  of  Bati,  an 
situated  on  the  peidnsula  of  Bil 
community  possessed  ol 


_  the  entire  coast,  particu- 

tarty  at  Le  Croisic.   Anioag(hem«idef™irt«UCroisic,  Pomichrt 

Tbe  department  is  travcncd  by  (be  raihnyi  ef  ihe  sute,  the  OrKau 
company  and  the  Western  campany.    The  department  is  divided 

bccuf  and  St  Nasaire — 45  cantons  ami  119  eommunea.     It  has 
(edueatiooal  division)  to  whifh  it  bekingL 
Ths^  principal  pUm  ue  Nuts,  Ihe  capital,  St  Xaialre 

iala,  and  tbe  neighbouiing  vlllngea, 
of  Biu,  are  inhabited  by  a  small 
istlnet  ceatumeand  dialect,  nnddai.n- 
3T  Scandinavian  stoclL.  Its  members 
are  employed  (or  the  most  part  In  the  salt  marshes  N.E.  ol  Ihc 
town.  Gufnnde  has  mil -preserved  tampuls  and  pies  ol 
tbe  islh  century,  a  church  dating  from  the  nth  to  Ihe  ifilh 
centuries,  and  other  old  buildings-  At  St  Philbert-de-Crandlieu 
there  is  a  church,  rchuill  in  the  i6lh  and  17th  centuries,  but 
preserving  remains  of  a  previous  edifice  belonging  al  least  to 
the  beginning  of  the  itthccnttUTT- 

LOIRET,  a  depattmmt  of  ceolial  France,  made  up  of  the 
thne  dinciett  of  the  ancient  peavinee  of  OrKanais— OrUanais 
proper,  GUinais  and  Dunols— together  with  portions  of  those 
of  Ile-dcFrance  and  finry.  I[  is  bounded  N.  by  Seine-el-Oise, 
N.E.  by  5eine-el-MaRK,  E.  by  Yonne,  S.  by  Ni^ie  attd  Cher, 
S.W.  and  W.  by  Loircl-Cher  and  N.W.  by  EaiMl-Loir.  Ana, 
i«i9  sq.  m.  Fop-  {igM  364,999-  The  name  ii  bonow«d  from 
the  Lmnt,  a  stream  which  Issuh  from  the  ground  some  Rilln 
to  tbe  south  of  Orleans,  and  alter  a  course  of  about  7  m.  bib 
into  Ihe  Loire;  its  large  volume  gives  rise  to  the  bcliel  that  it  is 
a  subterranean  bnnch  of  that  rivet.  Tbe  Loin  traverses  the 
south  of  the  department  by  >  bisad  valley  which,  though 
frequently  devastated  by  disastrous  floods,  is  famed-  for  its  rich 
lilted  lands,  Us  castles,  its  lowna  and  its  vineotad  tlopei.  To 
the  north  of  the  Loire  an  tlM  CItinais  (capital  MontargisJ 
and  tbe  Bcaart;  tlie  fotnicr  diilriel  is  lo  named  Imm  its  [iliiui 
or  wUdemcsso,  ol  which  saffron  is,  ah>ng  *iib  honey,  the  most 
DOtewotthy  prodoct;  the  Beauce  (f.t),  a  nwnotonoBS  tract  ol 
CDtn-Slld(  wilboul  either  tree  or  river,  has  been  called  the  granary 
«i  Fdusc*.    Between  the  Bcauct  and  the  Loire  is  the  ealenaii 


Roann 


'.;  Iroi 


the  I 


canal  {i 


de  Brian)  connects  with  the  Seine- by  the  Loing  valley,  which 
joined  by  the  OrUaas  canal  below  Monlargis.  The  only  im- 
irtant  tributary  of  the  Ldn  within  the  departmeal  h  the 
airet;  the  Lc^ng,  a  tributary  of  the  Seine,  has  a  course 
40  m.  from  south  to  north,  and  is  accompanied  fint  by  the 

Brian  canal  and  afterwards  by  that  ol  the  Loing.  The  Essonne, 
nolhcr  impoilani  affluent  ol  the  Seine,  leaving  Loiiei 
rlow  Maleiherbes,  take*  ils  rise  on  the  plateau  ol  Orleans,  as 
Iso  does  ils  tiihsiury  the  Juine-  The  department  has  the 
Jmate  of  Ibe  Scquanian  region,  the  mean  Icmpcralun  being 
liltle  above  thai  of  Paris;  the  rainlall  varies  Imm  18.5  to  aj-j 
I.,  according  to  the  district,  that  of  the  exposed  Bcauce  being 
iwcr  than  that  ol  the  well-wooded  Solognc.  Hailslorms 
lusc  much  destruction  in  the  Loin  viUcy  and  the  neighbouring 

The  dcpartnient  is  csscnlially  agriculiural  in  character.  A  large 
umlKr  of  ahe^,  caitle.  bceses  and  pin  an  reared;  poultry, 
-iWy  £Hie,  and  bees  are  plentiful.    The  yield  of  wheal  and 

'nlu,  cuUivaled.    ^ViiU  in 


Mn  of  nurw:iy  gardeiu.  .  The  Induslris 

Ci^nlim~alThem^imporlanl"'untresia  France,  the*  Brian 
manufaclun  ofporcelain  bultoni  and  pearls  employs  many  worit 
men.  Flour-mini  are  very  nuneroui.  There  an  iron  and  copper 
fouodric*,  whtch,  with  agricultural  implemenl  making,  bdt-rounding 
and  the  mamifaeture  of  pins,  nails  and  files,  represent  the  chiri 
metal-wofhiH  industiin  Tb*  pieduaiM  g<  hosiery,  w~J--^-"'>— 


u  of  the  CO 


Besides  Orifcins,  the  c 

pitil,  the  more  noteworthy  places 

Gien,  Montargis,  Beauge 

cy,  nthivien.  Briare  and  St  Bcnolt 

oliccd.    Outside  these  lowns  notable 

eumptts  of  archiiectun 

an  found  in  the  chuKhcs  ol  CKry 

(ijlh  century),  of  Ferriirr 

(ijth  and  Mlh  centuries)  ol  Puiscaui 

(tub  and   ijlh  ctnlurie 

)   and  Meung  (iilh  century).     At 

Germigny-des-Prfa  then 

is  1  chuKfa  built  ori^nally  at  the 

beginning  of  Ihe  glh  a 

Y(vtt-le-Ch»Iel  has  an  interesting  chJteau  ol  Ihe  13th  eenluiy, 
and  Sully-sur-LoiTe  the  fine  medieval  chSieiu  nbulll  at  the 
beginning  of  the  17th  ceniury  by  MudmiHcn  dc  Gfthune,  duke 
ol  Sully,  the  famous  Rilnister  of  Henry  IV.  There  an  remains 
of  a  f^aDo-Roman  town  (perhaps  the  ancient  VeUayHodimam) 
al  Tn'guires  and  of  1  Roman  amphiibeilre  near  Montbouy. 

LOIR-BT^CBER,  a  department  of  central  France,  lormed  in 
17^  fnm  a  small  portion  of  Touninc,  the  Pereht,  hut  chielly 
from  the  D " -...-- 

S.  by  Indn 

(1906)  178,018.  Area,  J4;9  sq.  m.  The  deparlmenl  tain  its 
name  from  the  Lotr  and  the  Cher  by  which  il  is  traversed  in  Ihe 
north  and  south  respectively.  The  Loir  roes  on  the  eastern 
border  of  tbe  Ferche  and  joins  the  Maine  tf(er  a  count  ol  ig  J  m. ; 
the  Cher  rises  on  the  Central  Plateau  near  AubiBson,  and  reaches 
the  Loire  alter  a  count  of  119  m-    Tbe  Loire  Bows  through  the 


936 


deputnoU  tnm  Dii(Ui-«ut  to  toab-weU,  and  divides  il  into 
two  mrjy  tquMl  porlianl.  Ta  the  uulb-cut  ii  tbc  diitikt  of 
the  Soiogne,  10  ibc  nart(i-i«sl  Ibe  rich  irhut-growiiig  couoltj' 
fi(  the  B«uu  (q.w.)  vbkh  nictcbcl  to  xbe  Loii.  Bcyood  ihu 
tivD  lis  Ihe  Pcrche.  Tbc  ludace  nl  Ihil  region,  which  (snlmini 
the  hl£hc9t  iliitudc  io  ihc  dcpulnent  (S40  it.),  b  vuied  by 
faiUi,  nllcyi,  bcdfed  fiddi  ud  orehinii.  Ilie  SokifBc 
faimcrly  ■  Rgian  si  lomU,  ol  which  Ihose  Id  the 
OC  Chambord  ui  the  lul  Rmiict.  lis  loil,  onct  buren  ud 
nunhy.  hu  beoi  coiuidEiibly  improvoi  by  dnining  ud 
dfoitsuiioii,  though  pools  iR  iiill  very  Dumeitms.  The  dislriit 
Il  much  (requenltd  by  sponimHi.  The  Chet  «nd  Loii  tnveree 
pleuut  viUcyi,  occuionally  bounded  by  mils  of  lufi  in  which 
dwelling)  h»v*  bKO  ticiviled,  u  it  Les  Roches  in  ibe  lait 
TiUey:  Ihi  Hone,  hudened  by  eipotuR  to  tbe  air,  it  alio  uicd 
lor  building  purpoKL  TbeLoiit  and,  with  thchclpol  the  Bcny 
canal,  the  Cher  are  navigable.  Tbe  chicC  nmaining  civen  of  (he 
depanmenl  an  the  Beuvnn,  which  Aowi  into  the  Loiie  on  the 
kit,  and  the  Siuldre,  a  right-hand  afBuenI  0<  Ihe  Cher.  Tbe 
climate  ii  teoiperue  and  mild,  ihaugb  that  of  the  Beauce  lendi 
10  dcyneu  and  that  of  the  Sologne  id  dampnea.  The  nean 
annual  tempcialure  i>  between  si*  u>d  53*  F. 

The  department  i%  prinunly  avricultuTml,  yirldidg  abundance  cf 
wheat  and  uta.  Bendei  tbeie  the  chief  pnxikicii  are  rye,  wheat 
and  [Kriaion-  Vine*  thrive  on  the  valkry  ilapa,  the  vlKvardt 
rallinriiilo  [»>r  giDupi— thne  d  ihe  Chtr.  oKich  vitH  fine  ml 
winei,  the  SologDC,  the  BIfanii  and  the  VendAmoit.  In  the  villeyi 
>_;..._„  and  nuncn'  gaidcni  are  numeiwii;  the  aaparigin  of 
nlin  aod  VendAme  11  well-knavn.     The  Solosne  Auopiin 

of  the  L^.    Paiture  h  o(  good  quaJEiy  in  tht 

e  Ihe  chief  mck:  the  Perdie  breed  nl  hour 

■  -■-    conbinallor    '  ■-■ -■ ■- 

, ,  _  — ....r-irtance  in  I 

H^lity  el  Leii-el-Cher  wai  ihe  prodi 

Suarria  ate  aumeroui.  The  chief  indi 
icture  sf  Ronaonntln,  and  Intber-dretwng  and  gleve-maliint  al 
VewMfnc;  and  Eme-buminf.  Ilaur-milfin,  diMinGig.  Bw-mllftiig, 
paper-mat^  and  the  manuficliife  oC  ''abou"  and  boali  and 
ibon,  ho«ry  and  linen  goodi,  aie  oiried  on.  The  depanmeot  Ii 
Kivcd  chieay  by  the  Oil&na  railway. 

The  airondiuemcDU  sit  (bote  ol  Bh^  Ronorantin  and 
VendOme,  with  94  cantons  and  197  canununes.  Loirct-Chei 
lotDU  pan  of  the  educational  diviiioo  (scadAwe)  of  Paiii.  Its 
court  ol  appeal  and  the  headquarters  of  Ihe  V-  anr 
the  regioDS  of  which  it  belongs,  are  at  Oilcans.  Bloi», 
Vendteie,  Romoianlin  and  Chambord  are  noticed 
In  addition  to  IboK  of  Bhrit  and  Chambord  there  at 
fine  chlteaui  in  Ihe  depaitment,  of  which  that  ol  Monirichatd 
with  ill  donfon  of  Ihe  11th  ctntuiy.  tliat  of  Chaumont  dating 
liom  the  ijlh  and  idlb  centuries,  and  that  of  Chevemy  (t7th 
century)  in  tbe  late  RcnaiisaiKe  style  are  the  most  impi  - 
Those  at  St  Aignan,  Lasssy,  Lavardin  and  Celletles  may  j 

lecture  are  found  at  Favetollei,  Selles-iur-Chei,  St  Aigni 
SuivTes.    The  village  of  Trto  is  built  dose  to  ancient 


pine  and  birch  for  I 
valleya.    Sheep  1 


hurchof  [he  nth  a 


nong 


other  remains 

At  Pontlevoy 

Gothic  style, 

nd  the  buildings  ol  a  Benedictme  abbey.    At  La 

nniite  (nei 
rhich  Rom 


11514. 


Loar,  ALFRED  FtRUH  (1857-  )■  French  Catholic 
IheidDtian.  was  boni  at  Ambrijiei  in  Fiench  Lonaine  of  paienti 
who,  descended  from  a  long  line  of  resident  peaaanlty.  tilled 
there  the  ud  themselves.  The  physically  delicate  boy  was  pL 
into  the  ecdoiailical  icbod  of  St  Dliier,  without  any  inientio 
of  ft  clerical  career;  but  he  decided  for  the  priesthood,  and  i 
lg;4  entered  the  Grand  SemiDaile  of  Cbalonswir-Mame.  M; 
Heignan,  then  bishop  oE  Chalons,  aflerwardi  cudlnal  and  acci 
biihop  of  Tauia,  ordiiaed  him  priest  In  1879,  Aflci  being  cm 
•uccenively  of  two  viUaga  in  that  disuse,  Loisy  went  fn  Ma 
iSSi,  to  study  ud  lake  a  tfaeologictl  degree,  10  the  Institi. 
Calholique  in  Paris.  Mere  he  was  influenced,  as  to  biblical 
languagei  and  textual  critidam,  by  the  leaned  (Hi  loyal-minded 


Abbf  PauliB  Uaitin,  and  aa  to  a 

:,  gravity  and  urgency  of  me  oiDUcaj  prsuema  ana  an 
Knv  of  form  by  Ibe  historical  intuitiqn  and  Ibo  msnlaitt 


.      _,  PiDlcsionOppert  and  HaKvy  helped  fuitbctlo 

He  look  his  thiok^cal  degree  in  U  arch  1890,  by  Ibconldefiact 

oC  forty  Latin  scholaitic  tbeu>  and  by  ■  French  diMWitJea. 


It  Catbolique.  he  piddiilied  a 


Prof  cnor  now  at  I 

siively  his  lectun 
HiiUIrt  oiliqiu  ia  Uxit  el  da  tmiaiu  it  la  BiUe  (il«>);  and 
La  EtantUa  jyno^ftgwi  <iSo3.  iSot).  Tbe  two  latter  ntki 
tppeared  successively  in  ihe  bi-monthly  £.'£ifjeifnniu>/  hibii^ut, 
I  periodical  written  throughout  and  published  by  himiell. 
But  already,  on  the  occasion  of  the  death  of  Ennt  Renan, 
October  1S9),  tbe  attempts  made  to  dear  up  the  mainprindpla 
and  results  of  biblical  idcnce,  first  by  Mgr  d'Hubi,  tenor  of 
the  InslituI  Catholique.  In  hit  (iticle  "  La  Question  biblique  " 
(Lt  Cerrtif"^"'.  Jan.  '$<■*'.  '^).  "d  then  by  Loiajr  himself, 
in  hli  papct "  1^  Question  hibtique  et  I'lnspintion  des  Emcnres" 
(£,'£rutrti>n«Rlii(Vi«w,Nov,~Dtc.  rS(i3),tHi>mpUyledtaKTioia 
trouble.  The  lalter  arlicle  «3S  ioi  mediately  followed  by  Lmsy'i 
dismissal,  without  further  explanation,  from  the  Inslitut 
Calholique.  And  a  lew  days  later  Pope  Leo  XUI.  publiabed 
his  encyclical  /VnideKliiifmi  Dnrj,  which  bidced  directly 
condemned  not  Abbf  Loby's  but  %Igr  d'HulsI'i  position,  yet 

Horli  »  diSculI  that  Loisy  faimieU  luppreised  bis  Emaitmrmmi 
•t  the  end  of  iggj.  Five  further  instalments  ol  his  5yiie^;iia 
were  published  after  this,  bringing  the  work  down  to  the  Con- 
fcsuon  of  Peter  inclusively. 

Loisy  oen  became  chaplain  to  a  Dominlcu  convtnl  and 
girls'  school  at  Neuilly-sui^Sdne  (Oct.  1894-On.  i8m),  and  bete 
rnaturcd  bii  apologetic  methcxl,  resuming  in  1B48  the  publicatkn 
of  loogee  articles,  under  the  pseudonyms  of  Despr£s  and  Finnia 
in  the  Rrau  du  dtrfl  {ronfais,  and  of  Jacques  Simm  in  the  lay 

a  tlrikiof  paper  upon  development  of  doctrine  (Dec  lU,  1B9S) 
beaded  a  series  of  studies  apparently  taken  from  an  alirady 
eitanl  large  aptdogelic  work.  In  October  [&09  he  resigned  bk 
cha[dBincy  for  reasons  ol  health,  and  scltJed  at  Bellevuc,  some- 
what farther  away  from  Paris.  Hit  notable  paper,  "  La  Rdigiew 
d'lsI*El"  (Xiwe  dn  lUrtl !">iiv".  Oct.  i^b,  1900),  tbe  tra 
of  a  series  intended  to  correct  and  replace  Renan's  peesentatiaB 
of  that  great  subject,  was  promptly  censured  by  Cardinal 
Richard,  archbishop  of  Farts^  and  though  scbolariy  and  acaloos 
ecclebaatica.  such  aa  the  Jesuit  Fire  DiDaod  and  MtHUcigneui 
Mignot,  archbishop  of  Albi,  ddended  Ihc  general  netbod  aod 
aged  cardinal  new  retted 


nl  condaiions  of  the  <r 


rrward  till  be  had  secured  a  papal  condemnatioi 
At  the  end  of  1900  Loisy  secured  a  government  lecturciUp  at 
Ihe  £c^  des  Haulea  fitudes  Pratiques,  and  ddivettd  tboc  in 
succession  ceumaon  tbe  Bibykoaiaa  myths  and  Ihe  &rsl  chapter* 
of  Genesis;  the  Gospel  ptmblet;  the  nanalive  of  Ihe  iDinislty 
in  the  synoptic  Gospels;  and  tbe  PsisionllairaliTeBb)  tbBIaiBe. 
The  first  course  was  publisbed  In  ths  Jicsui  i'kitUm  H  4t 
lUUrtluri  rditiaiui;  and  hen  also  ^ipeared  IntlalnienU  ol  bri 
commentary  on  St  John's  Goipel,  his  critically  important  ffides 
lur  la  Ccnla.  and  a  CibvBifw  tiUifU  unmatcbcd  in  its  mastery 
of  its  uumbetless  subjects  aud  its  feairleis  yel  delicate  penet  cation. 
It  was,  however,  two  kssenidiie  little  books  that  bnugbt  kin 
a  European  literary  icputatini  wid  the  cutnbathnof  U*  ccdeii- 
astica]  tnmbles.  L'^Bufilt  «  flgat  wpnied  ia  NovenbCT 
i»oi  (£ng.  trans.,  19B]).  lu  intredtKlion  ud  six  chaplen 
procnt  with  nre  lucidity  Ibe  sailkM  coDOSptiOBStf  tba  Kinfdoni 
of  Heaven,  the  Sin  at  Gai,  the  Churdi,  aitatim  dopn*  ukd 
Catholic  worship;  ud  together  form  ■  sevcidy  ctitica-UHorial 
yet  strongly  Cslholic  answer  10  Hamlck's  iliU  kftdy  pietiMk 
Wtsm  d(s  CImtlaamMt.  It  devckqis  ihrougbout  Ibe  ps 
that  "  what  la  eoenlial  in  Jeius'  Go^  is  what  Bi 
I  first  and  largtit  place  in  I~ 


vfikh  He  fought  and  died,  and  not  only  that  Idta  wTikh  we  nix 
coDsidQ  to  bt  ttiU  4  living  foite  lo-diy  ";  lli»l  "  ii  is  supienicly. 
ubitiuy  b)  decree  that  ChrijtiAmty  miist  be  caseutiaiiy  what 
the  Gospel  did  Dot  borrow  from  Judaism,  aa  tbough  wbat  1h« 
GoBpd  owes  to  JudaiuD  were  necessarily  of  secoDdiry  worth  "; 
tbil "  whiUici  we  Iruit  oi  diaUuiL  tiadilion.  we  know  Christ  only 
by  meaiia  oi,  i,tbwatt  and  witlun  ibe  CbruLian  IradiliaD  "; 
that "  the  tsana  tj  Chiaiatats  roides  is  the  fulness  and  totality 
of  ita  life  "\  and  th«t  "  tbe  adaptation  of  the  Gospel  to  the 
changing  conditions  of  bunuinity  is  to-day  a  more  pressing  need 
than  ever."  Tbe  second  edilioB  wa*  enliiged  by  a  preUminuy 
chapter  on  the  uuices  of  the  Goapeli,  and  by  a  third  ttctloD 
for  the  Son  of  God  chapter.  Tlic  Httle  book  promptly  atomed 
widesprod  interest,  Hine  cordial  sympathy  and  much  vehf  ment 
opptoilion;  wtiibt  its  large  companion  the  £111^  ^nji^igiiu, 
coDtailuDg  tbe  course  on  tbe  parables  and  four  sectioni  of  his 
camiag  conunentary  on  tbe  Fuurtb  Gcspel,  passed  almost  un- 
noticed. On  theaistof  Jjuiuaiy  rgoj  Cardinal  Etichard  publicly 
condemned  tbe  book,  la  not  fumiahed  with  an  infrinuifv,  and 
■9  calculated  gravely  to  trouble  Ihe  faith  of  the  faithful  ia  [he 
fundamental  CathoHc  dogmas.    On  tlic  and  of  February  Loisy 

the  tmn  which  men  hav«  been  aUe  to  deduce  from  my  book, 
by  placing  thenuelvs  in  Inleipreting  it  at  ■  point  of  view 
entirely  difimnt  from  that  which  I  had  10  occupy  in  eompo»ng 
it."  The  pope  refused  to  inieifete  directly,  and  the  nuncio, 
Ugr  Loteimlli,  failed  in  Kcuring  mote  than  ten  public  adhesions 
10  the  cardinal^  ooodnimation  fnm  among  tbe  eighty  biabaps  of 

Pope  Leo  had  Indeed,  fn  a  letter  to  tbe  Frandscvi  miriisicr- 
gnenl  (November  1S9S),  and  in  an  encyclical  to  the  French 
clergy  (September  iSgg),  vigorously  emphaslEcd  the  Indilionaiist 
priadptes  of  his  encycKtil  PrimioaUjimiaai  1893;  he  had  even, 
much  to  his  prompt  regret,  signed  Ihe  unfortunsie  d«ree  ol  Ihe 
RoDUB  Inquisition,  January  i&g?,  prohibiting  oil  doubt  M  to 
the  authenticity  of  the  "  Thrxe  Heavenly  Witnesses  "  passage, 
I  John  V.  7,  a  teat  which,  in  the  wake  ol  ft  line  of  scholars 

uhauatively  ibsHn  to  be  no  oldec  than  the  end  id  the  4th 
century  a-o.  Yet  In  October  190a  he  esLablishcd  a  "  Commiaaion 
for  tbe  Progress  of  BibUcal  Studies,"  preponderantly  composed 
of  seriously  critical  scholars^  and  even  one  month  before  his 
dcaib   be  still  refused  to   sign  ■   condemnation  of  Loisy't 

Cardinal  Earto  became  Pope  Pius  X.  on  Ihe  4lh  of  August 
1903-  On  the  1st  of  October  Loisy  published  three  new  books, 
Auteur  i'uH  fiiit  Uoit,  I4  QHOtriinu  £tatiiiU  and  Le  Diieourt 
mi  la  tfoBtflfm.  AiJeur  consists  of  seven  letters,  on  the  oii^n 
and  aim  ol  L'£iaHtiie  tt  t'£giisc\  on  the  biblical  question^ 
Ibe  criticnmof  the  Gospels;  the  Divinity  of  Christy  the  ehurch's 
foundation  and  authotllyi  Ihe  oiigln  and  sulhwiiy  ol  dogma, 
and  on  the  institution  of  the  sacraments.  The  second  and  third, 
addressed  respectivdy  to  a  cardinal  (Perraud)  and  a  bishop  (Le 
Csmui),  are  polemical  or  ironical  in  tone;  the  others  are  all 
wiitten  to  friends  in  a  Harm,  eipansive  meod;  the  fourth  letter 
especially,  appropriated  lo  Mgr  Mignot,  attains  a  grand  elevation 
of  tbou^i  and  depth  of  mystical  conviction.  U  Qaalriimi 
Smnpli,  one  thousand  large  pages  long,  is  possibly  over-conGdent 
in  ila  detailed  application  of  the  idlegotical  method;  yet  it 
constitutes  a  rarely  perfect  sympathetic  reproduction  of  a  great 
mystical  believer's  impeiishahle  intuitions.  Le  Disceuri  nr 
le  UmlatiH  is  a  fragment  of  a  coming  enlarged  commentary 
on  the  synoptic  Gospels.  On  the  ajid  ol  December  the  pope 
ordered  the  publication  of  a  decree  of  the  Congregation  of  the 
Index,  incorporating  a  decree  of  the  Inquisition,  condenining 
Loiiv's  JUJfufi  •rimll,  L'fuHii^e  d  F&ifUc.iKiia  ha  «tO'q<Ht, 
Anlnr  im  ptlU  Urn  and  Lt  QialrUmi  Anafifa. .  The  pope's 
•ecietaiy  of  state  had  on  the  19th  Dccembci,  in  a  letter  10 
Cirdinsl  Richard,  recounted  the  causes  of  the  condemnation  In 
tbe  Identical  terms  used  by  the  latter  himicU  when  condemning 
the  Kdipai  tlsnU  three  yean  before.  On  Ihe  i  ith  ol  January 
190^  Loiiy  wrote  to  Cardinal  Merry  del  Val  that  he  mdvcd 


the  condemnation  wfth  respect,  and  condemned  whatever  ml^l 
be  reprehensible  in  his  books,  whilst  reserving  the  tights  of  bii 
conscience  and  his  opinions  as  an  historian,  opinions  doubtless 
imperfect,  as  no  one  was  more  ready  to  admit  than  himself. 


which  wi 


lyfon 


under  which  he  w. 


history  ol  the  Bible  and  ol      _  

Holy  See  wu  not  satbGed,  Loisy  tent  thtce  further  declontioos 
to  Rome;  iba  last,  despatched  on  the  17th  ol  March,  was 
addressed  to  the  |wpe  himself,  and  remained  tmanswered. 
And  at  the  end  of  March  Loisy  ga.ve  up  his  lectureship,  aa  he 
dedared,  "  on  Ids  own  initiative,  In  view  of  the  paciti^tion  of 
minds  in  the  Catholic  Church."  In  Ibe  July  follonlng  be  moved 
into  a  little  bouse,  built  for  him  by  his  pupil  arid  friend,  the 
Auyriologist  Francois  Thuieaa  DangiB,  witUn  tbe  latter'a 
poik  at  Camay,  liy  Dnui.  Here  he  continued  his  important 
reviews,  notab^in  the  Rauti'kisltatttitliutralmtrdipaiut, 
and  published  Uoreeou  fot[iii  (r9o&),  six  fuitber  sections  of 
his  synopiic  commeuUry.  In  April  1907  he  rttumed  to  bis 
native  Lorraine,  to  CeSonds  by  HoMler-cn-Der,  and  lo  bis 
relatives  there. 

Five  recent  Roman  dedsfons  aie  daubUeaa  aimed  fximarily 
at  Loisy'l  teaching.  The  Bibbcal  Commission,  aoon  enlarged 
so  aa  to  swamp  the  original  critical  members,  and  which  bad 
become  the  simple  mouthpiece  of  its  presiding  cardinals,  iaiued 
two  decrees.  Tbe  first,  on  the  iTth  of  June  IQ06,  affirmed,  with 
some  dgnificant  but  unworkable  reaeivatloiu,  Ihe  Mosaic 
authorship  of  the  Pentateuch;  and  the  second  (i^lh  oi  May 
1907)  strenuously  maintained  tbe  ApoatoUc  Zcbcdean  auttror; 
ship  ol  the  fourth  Gospel,  arul  the  stricily  historical  character 
of  the  events  and  spcechs  recorded  thereiiL  The  Inquisition, 
by  its  decree  LjimnilaUJi  sane  (ind  of  July  1907},  condemned 
slily.five  piDposilionj  concerning  the  Church's  iMfuliriMK; 
biblical  insjnration  and  interpielatlon;  tbe  synoptic  and  founh 
Gospels;  revelation  and  dogma;  Christ's  divinity,  human 
knowledge  and  resurrection;  and  the  historical  origin  and 
gmwth  (rf  the  Sacnments,  the  Church  and  the  Creed.  And  some 
forty  of  these  propositions  represent,  more  or  less  accurately, 
certain  sentences  01  ideas  of  Loisy,  when  torn  from  tbeir  context 
and  their  raaons.  The  encydioil  Polandi  Damiirid  Grtfa 
(Sept.  6lh,  rgo;),  probably  the  longest  and  most  argumentative 
papal  utterance  extant,  also  alms  primarily  at  Loisy,  althoagfa 
here  tbe  vehemently  scholastic  redactor's  dcteiminalion  to  piece 
together  a  strictly  coherent,  complete  a  priori  system  of 
"  Modernism  "  aiui  his  self-Imposed  restrictian  to  medieval 
categories  of  thought  as  the  vehicles  for  describing  (*s*Itially 
modern  discoveries  and  requirements  of  mind,  make  the  ideitiG- 
cation  of  precise  authors  and  passage!  very  difficult.  And 
on  the  list  of  November  1907  a  pafal  rtcl*  frifrii  declared 
all  the  decisions  of  the  Biblical  Coounis^an,  past  and  fulan, 
to  be  as  binding  upon  the  conscience  as  decrees  ol  tbo  Roman 
Congre^tions. 

Yet  even  all  this  did  not  deter  Loisy  from  publishing  three 
furtherbooks.  £e]&aiifij(ijysa^ligiicj,twalarge8vavolumesof 
loog  and  79}  pagei, appeared  "  chearatileDT,  i  CeHonda.  Montitl- 
en-Der,  Haute-Mame,"  In  January  iqoS.  An  ineiilve  introduc- 
tion discusses  the  ecclesiastical  tradition,  modem  criticism;  the 

tbe  career  and  tbe  teaching  of  Jesus;  and  the  literary  form, 
the  IradillOD  of  the  text  and  tbe  previous  commentaries.  Tbe 
commentary  gives  also  a  careful  translation  of  the  tests.  Lday 
e-vitnesi  documents,  as  utilized  by  alt  three 
Matthew  SAd  Luke  have  also  Incorporated 
Mark.  His  chief  peculiarity  cousista  In  clearly  tradng  a  strong 
PauRne  influence,  especially  In  Mark,  which  there  temodeh 
certain  sayings  and  actions  as  these  were  first  registered  by  tbe 
cye-witnoa  documents.  These  doctrinal  imeipretaiions  intio- 
duce  the  eEonomy  of  bUndbig  the  Jen  into  Ihe  parsboUc 
leaching;  Ihe  declaration  as  to  the  redemptive  cbstacter  of  the 
Passion  into  the  sayings;  the  sacramental,  institutional  words 
into  the  account  of  the  Lost  Supper,  ori^naliy,  a  solemnly  simple 
Mestiank  meal;  and  Ihe  formal  night-trial  before  Caiaphu 
Into    tbe    orlgiiu]    Passion  4tory    with  its    inlomial,  moraliv 


928 


LOJA— LOKEREN 


jBia,  by  Pil»i«. 

Si  P»ul^  the  lan 

iMciBtiU.   YtlU 

■uthcmk:  li  the 

rcfuSBi  wiih  imu 

teption  o[  the  Pi 

n'lhuLliol 

itoricity  of  ccnun  wonb 
I  uaunncc,  thai  o[  other  sayings  and  deeds 
iironser  proofs;  sud  the  redemptiv 
m  knd  the  tucranUTiUi  inlerpretalioD 
Last  Supper  tn  found  lo  spring  up  pTomptly  uul  legiti 
(rom  our  Lord's  work  and  words,  to  saturaLe  the  ^ulii 
Johannine  writinpi  and  even  to  omstjtute  an  element  o[  all  Lhiee 
V/Doptic  GcBpels. 

SiiHfla  RlJUtiani  iv  k  item  Laninltbiii  tt  lur  rmnydiqvt 
PaiceKdi,  iimo.  i}7  pages,  was  publiihtd  (ram  CeOondl  s  few 
days  after  ibe  inmineDtary.  Eadi  propmiiion  a(  the  decree  a 
carefully  tracked  to  its  probable  source,  and  is  often  found  lo 
modify  the  latter's  meaning.  And  the  study  of  the  encyclical 
concludes:  "  Time  u  the  great  teacher  «  .  .  ire  would  do  wrong 
to  despair  either  of  our  dviliialion  or  of  the  Church." 

The  Church  autboriiiei  were  this  tiine  not  slow  lo  act.  On 
the  14th  of  Fehruaiy  Mgr  Amette,  the  new  archbishop  of  Paris, 
prohibjled  his  diocesans  to  read  or  defend  the  two  books,  which 
"  atlack  and  deny  Kveril  fundamental  dogmas  of  Christianity," 
under  pain  of  eicommuniutioo.  The  ahb<  again  declared  "  It 
is  impossible  for  me  honestly  ajid  sincerely  to  make  the  act  of 
d  by  the  sovereign 


ic  Holy  O 


the  miijoi' 

Lolsy  published  Qudquci  Uorn  (December  n 


M  the  end  of  Mar 


ig  principally  Ihe  hisloiical  1 
id  MCDodarily  the  necessity 

aditlonal  concepts." 


refoiming  more  or  leu  the 

to  have  produced  M.  Louy's 

abbe's  even  general  principles  involve*  the  abandontnent  of 
the  identification  of  iheolcgy  with  (chobslicism  or  even  with 
■pedfically  ancient  thought  in  general.  The  abbi't  antral 
position,  that  our  Lord  himself  held  the  proiimaleness  of  His 
second  coming,  involve*  the  lost  by  churchmen  of  the  prestige 
ol  directly  tlivine  power,  since  Church  and  Sacraments,  though 


e  Irui 


aod  vr 


cannot  thus  be  immediately  founded  by  ilie  earthly  Jetus  him- 
Kll.  And  the  Church  policy,  as  old  as  the  times  of  Constanline, 
lo  crush  utterly  the  man  who  brings  more  problems  and  pressure 
than  Ihe  bulk  of  traditional  Cbiisliut  can,  at  the  time,  either 
digest  m  resist  with  a  lair  discrimination,  seemed  to  the 
authoritia  the  one  means  to  save  the  veiy  difficult  situation. 
BiuLitKi  lagesin  M.  Loiay'sXiitojir 

account  of  enaslleal  tmubfes  will  be 

found  In  A  Im  MJbK  »  XIX'  liidi 

(Paris,  and  iliM  am  XX' liiilr  fPirii, 

1906).  but  I  infairialbeeooHrvitives 

nd.  S.  j.,  EJudta  reitf\ 

rcHbishop  of 
nlletieded.. 


^^.:%^ 


and  "Criii,.,  

aiuary  ij04),tl»nller»nmof  III 
mus.  bUiop  ol  La  Rochelle.  fti—  . ,— . 

(Paris.  i«oil.  a  tiirid.  mostly  iheiockal,  Kholir's  proieit;  I 


Albi,  Z^uxi 
Paris,  ijosj 
(P.ri.,  iDii; 
-nt  ■  Mgf  U 


It  (t>arii.  I 


K(iM. 


■y>jtl:  P.  L^rante.  MfTp.  Baliflol,  P,  PoruIiC,  S.  ]., 

Decembei  1903,  January  1904),  very  suggeslivt  peprn;  Professor 
Maurice  BkHittl  •  "  Hjitoire  M  dogmaT^ln  La  nLiWuiw  (Piii; 
January  I«,  Febniiry  16.  1904).  F.  de  Hueel'i  '■  Du  ChriH  (lerrwl 
ct  de*  eliHilaliHles  •ixcrtmirt "  (iMl.  Jhh  i,  iku).  Ihe  Abb*  j. 
Wehile'a  " LeCbriif  et  la  omxieoce  catholkiue  'UM  Auiut  li 
19114)  and  F.  di  Hngel'i  "  Cotnspondsnce  "  (iW.  5e^.  ij,  i$04J 


IS)  the  relallou  between  f(i 

r."  in  ihe  Xinx  ilirilirH<u~(0»k.'i' 


lie  aAmtloa  of  ptbenontenal 

mien  OuvDges  de  I'AbM 

:.  1404)  *mI  Paul  Dcslnrdins' 

uHiMiHujiK  n  ui,ivx  ^irjiiiB,  ivuar,  ■  Broad  Church  Protestant's 

&Bii(iJ«  lyju^lifKii  by  the  Abb*  MMSnot?7n  KwAi  CbrM 

fnnfuii  (feb.  IS.  190*)  confining  some  Intemting  discrimina. 
lions;  a  iTvue  by  L.  in  the  Jbne  tiHitfi  (190S).  pp.  CoS^io,  a 

■dmiaioflsiisdapaper  by  C.  P.  B.  and  Jacquei  Omalier' in  ih! 
A^Kilit  Ji  tlalciaplikdf,llHn*t  (Paris,  Jan.  1909)  seeks  10  trace 

book's  ireatmenl.  eipecially  of  the  MiniSes.  the  Resurreciion  and 
the  Institution  of  the  Chunh.    Italy;    "Leitres  Romanes"  ia 
AntUi  it  fkiUupliU  cMhtmu  trim.  luuary-March  1904).  an 
Italian  theologiaii'i  fearless  defence  of  Loisy's  main  New  Testament 
positions;  Rev.  P.  Louis  Billet  S.I.,  Dt  ntira  IraiiUtiu  (Freibtiic 
1.  Br.  19OS).  the  ablest  of  the  schiaaBic  tritieiims  of  the  hiitorkil 
method  by  ■  hi|hly  inlliienlial  Freoeh  pmleiaDi  of  thrcJogy.  a 
many  years  in  Rome;  Q*rlU  r*i  mlitiia  (Rome,  leoy,  Eng.  ttai 
Wkal  w  ninf.  b^  A.  L.  LilW.  Lcn£^.  1907),  and  A  iwanmi 
UtirmilU  (ibid.  1008),  Eing.  Irani..  Tlu  PKpamiiit  af  Ualirm, 
ed,  by  Lillcy  ILondon.  elooucnt  1098}.  pleadLnn  by  IralLan  pn 
•ubsunliallyai  M.  Ldsy'i lines;."  L'  Abate Lcniy  e il  Problems. 


I.  Ldsy'slioesk"  L'  Abate  Loisy  e  il  Problems  dei 

igoS.  [909I  are  candid  and  C3ieumv«1.  Geiinaay: 
'  E.  Trocltsch,  "Wa*  heint  Weien  des  ChriHentunii?' 
0  ans.  10  Dii  (trisiUtdW  IPiU  O/eipiig.  autumn  1903),  a  atDfauiid 
criticism  of  M-  Loisy's  develaptnental  defence  oT  Catbolicisn: 
Professor  Harnack's  review  ol  LEiniiU  tt  fEtUa  in  Ihe  TinL 
Liliralnr-ZiaMiit  (Leipcg,  urd  January  1904)  is  generous  and 
inieresiing;  Proleaor  ff.  T  Hiltamann's  ^' Uiehristentum  u. 
Reform,  ifalhaliiisinus."  in  ihe  JVo(.  ItnaUklfl,.  vil  J.  (Berlin. 
1901}. "  Der  Fall  Loiiy.'-  ib<i.  ii.  r.  and  his  review  H  •■  LeiCvingiles 
•ynapiiqun"  in  [>MiwaiUifiliJairitins4irl  (Munich.  May  J.  1908) 
are  lull  of  facts  and  of  dnp  Ihouthi;  Fr.  F.  von  Hummelauei, 
fKttlurke]  far  JufiraliMi/raH  (Freibuii  i.  Br.  1904)  is  a  fivour- 
esent.day  (>rman  Reman  Catholic  scholanliip. 
C.  A.  Biiggs,  -  The  Cue  of  the  AbW  Loisy.': 


s;e 


HOgel.  TU  PfUl  Ctmmaiin  ami  Ikt  PtMamOll 


(Tilt  Tiim  LiUrar) 


>cl>cal  aiid  M.  Loin  "  (Oank 
>B  Catholic  Biblical  Criticssm  ' 


rrory  SufpUmiM  (or  January  IJlh,  Mod,  I9ih. 
;  Synopiic  Gospels     (renew  la  7**  TinMi  IMttarj 

ively  of  two  TranaruHT  High  Churchmen  11 

m  Sanday.     Profcsaoi  Penr-  ■" — ' — ' 


S'oTa'^ 


UUt  (fori 
province  of  Granada,  0 
(iflool  .9.T«,  The  na 
up  the  sidrs  of  a  sleep 


bridge  spans  the  livei 


lied  by  a  Moorish  diadel; 


ortb,  h 
Ihef 


mg  a  passage  1! 
iful  V 


u  which  ei 


ofFordcd  ei 

in  Ihe  last  hill  of  Ihe  i;1h  century,  hid  not  Loja  been  slmngly 
fpiliied;  and  the  place  was  thuJ  of  great  military  imporlance. 
ranking  wilh  the  neighbouring  town  of  ADiama  as  one  of  the  keys 
of  Granada.  Its  manufactures  consist  chiefly  of  coarse  woolleDS 
silk,  paper  and  leather.  Salt  is  obtained  in  the  neigh  bourhood. 
Loja,  which  has  sometimes  been  identified  with  the  ancient 
Ititala,  or  with  Ihe  Lacihi  {Laiibit)  ol  Pliny  and  Ptolemy,  Arn 


a  by  Ferdinand  III.  i 
doned,  I    ■ 
,14811," 


Tndered  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  afier 

LDkEBEX,  an  fmpotlani  industrial  torn  of  Belgium  between 
Ihent  and  Antwerp  (in  EaJt  Flanders  on  the  Durme).  Pop. 
1404)  11,1169.  I'  ^'O  at  Ihe  sou Ihcm  point  of  the  dislricl  called 
'ays  de  Waa,  which  in  the  early  part  of  the  19th  century  was 
nly  sandy  moorland,  but  b  now  the  most  highly  cuhrvited 
nd  thickly  populated  tract  in  Belgium.     Hie  cIiiRTb  el  St 


-cdbyGoOJjIc 


LOKOJAi^IXJLLiARDS 


UaaUK  >  unm  tt  Nisou,  U  lbs  iuiKtion  ol  Ibc  Nl^ec 
•Pd  Benuc  riv«i,  loundcd  io  iSio  by  Ibc  firilisb  couul,  W.  B. 
Eiikic,  tnd  cubHqucn Jy  thcmiUtso'  nitaeol  tbe  Royal  Niger 
Compuy.  II  is  in  iht  pioviace  o[  Ktbbi,  i  jo  m.  f  mn  the  nnuth 
o[  the  Niger,  and  is  of  consder^blc  aHnnwrdAl  Impoituux  (sec 
NiCEUA  and  Kabba}. 

LOLLARDS,  the  nunc  ^vea  la  the  English  foUoiRn  ol  John 
WydiSe;  Ibcy  were  the  uitaeientB  ol  ■  reLi^oiu  mevtmem  which 
«>s  widaiiiEMd  in  ilieeDdoi  the  utband  begiiuuDi  of  ibe  i(lh 
ceoluriei,  vui  to  tome  eiieDt  maiDtAioed  iueLT  on  to  the  Reforms 
lioD.  The  nunc  is  a(  uoocitiin  «i^n;  »ine  derive  il  from 
Mium,  tm,  qualjiig  Chaucei  (C  T^  ShipmEo'i  FiDlsgue):— 
"TliltLollerbeeriitl  pcKhRi  lunnwlut  .  .  . 


nay  rt 


n  the  w 


.  loiingtoltly.  The 
its  English  use;  there  wen  LoUards  in  tba  Mcttieilind)  si  the 
begjnniogol  the  14th  cntuiy.vbo  wen nkia  to  tfae  Fralhcelll, 
Bcghstds  ind  other  B«tAiie»  ol  the  iccuunt  Fnnciaan  type. 
The  urlicat  oBiciil  um  ot  the  name  in  England  occurs  in  1387 
in  a  mandate  of  the  biihtqj  of  Worcester  agutoC  five  "  poor 
preachett,"  SMnw  mi  rilu  Loiiarinn  amjardcralai.  It  is 
probable  IhM  ttie  name  wia  given  10  the  foUowcn  ol  Wyclifle 
Ijecauuthey  resembled  those  ofishooti  from  the  great  FraaciKan 
tnovement  which  had  disowned  the  pope's  authority  and  set 
before  themselves  the  iiie^  of  Eiajig^iciU  pawrtyM 

The  i4tb  century,  so  luU  of  varied  religioiis  life,  nude  It 
manifest  that  the  tko  dJBeient  ideu  of  a  Hfe  ol  separation  Inim 
IIb  wodd  which  is  eitlier  tinles  had  lived  on  side  by  sidewilhin 
the  medieval  church  were  irrecondlablc.     The  church  chose 

of  Asisi;  and  the  revolt  of  Ockhim  and  the  Franciscans,  of 
the  Btghards  and  other  spiiilual  frateinilies,  of  Wyclilfe  and 
the  Lollards,  wen  all  protests  agaiaii  that  decision.  CisduaUy 
there  came  Io  be  fadng  eiicb  other  1  great  psiitiesi  Chtistendom, 
whose  rulers  were  stiiesmen,  with  aims  and  policy  of  a  worldly 
type,  and  a  rrlitpDus  Chrisltndom,  full  of  Ihc  ideas  of  separation 
ironi  the  wodd  by  self -lacriEce  and  ol  patlldpation  In  the  benefits 
ef  Christ's  mtk  by  u  ucclic  imitation.  The  war, between  (be 
two  ideals  was  fought  out  in  almost  every  country  in  Europe 
in  the  ittb  century.  In  En^and  WycIifTe's  whole  hie  was^ient 
In  Ibe  tiruggle,  and  h«  bequsthcd  his  work  to  the  LoUards. 
The  mun  practical  thonglit  with  WycEfle  was  thai  the  church, 
II  true  to  her  divine  mission,  must  aid  men  to  live  that  life  ol 
evangelical  poverty  by  which  they  couM  be  separate  from  the 
vodd  and  imtiate  Christ,  and  II  the  chunfa  ceased  to  be  true  to 
her  mission  she  ceased  Io  be  a  church.  WycliJe  waa  a  meta- 
physician and  a  theologian,  and  had  to  Invent  >  metai^iyBJcal 
Iheory—the  Iheoiy  of  Domlnhrm — to  enato  hln  la  transfer, 
Tn  a  way  satisfactory  to  lumself,  the  powers  and  privHegrt  of 
the  church  to  his  corapany  of  poor  Christians;  but  his  lollowers 
were  content  to  allege  that  a  church  which  held  L>i«e  landed 
possessions,  collected  tithes  greettlly  and  look  money  iTom 
starving  peasants  for  baptiiing,  biu^ng  and  praying,  could 
not  be  the  church  of  Christ  and  hit  i^Kiciles. 

LolliiTly  was  mon  Nourishing  and  most  dangeroua  to  the 
ecctedastical  orglidiatioa  of  England  during  the  ten  years 
after  Wyclifle's  death.  It  had  spread  so  raj^dly  and  grown 
so  popular  that  a  hostile  chtnnlcler  could  say  that  almost  every 
second  man  was  a  Lotlard.  Wydide  lell  three  intimate  disciples: 
—Nicolas  Hereford,  a  doctor  ol  theology  of  Odari,  who  had 
hriped  Ms  master  to  translate  the  BlhU  into  En^Sh;  John 
Ashloii,  aho  a  fellow  ol  an  Oxford  coUege;  and  John  Purvey, 
WycliSe'9  colleague  at  LBtlerworth,  and  a  co-lranilator  of  the 
Bible,  nith  these  were  associated  more  or  less  intimately, 
In  the  Ent  age  ol  Lollsrdy,  John  Parker,  the  strange  ascetic 
Villiam  Smith,  the  restless  fanatk  Swyndetly,  Bichard  Wayls- 
fract  and  Crompe.  WycHRe  hid  orginiod  in  Lutterworth 
an  ossodation  lot  sending  tht  gospel  through  all  England,  a 
company  of  poor  preichers  somewhat  after  the  Wesleyan  method 
of  modem  tlnes>   "To  be  poor  without  mendieaDcy,  to  imile 


the  Beiiblo  unity,  tls  twKl  <ibediew«  ol  an  older,  trilh  lies 
and  constant  nungiing  among  the  poor,  such  vms  the  UcaJ  of 
WycliSt'i '  poor  prists '  "  (cf.  Shirley,  Fvc.  Za.  p.  il.),  nnd, 
although  proscribed,  these  "  poor  prcsihera  "  with  portions  ol 
their  master's  translation  of  the  Bible  in  Ihcit  hand  to  guid£ 
them,  preached  all  over  England.  In  ijBi,  [wo  yous  licibra 
Ihg  death  oi  WycliSe,  the  Bcchbisbop  of .  Cantcrbuiy  got  the. 
LoUaid  opiniona  coodemDcd  by  convocation,  and,  having  been 
promised  royal  support,  he  began  the  long  confiict  of  the  church 
with  the  foUowcn  of  WycliSe.  He  was  abh:  to  coerce  the 
authorities  ol  the  university  ol  Olford,  and  Id  drive  out  .ol  It 
the  leading  Wydiffilc  teachen.  but  he  was  unable  to  stille 
Oxford  syinpalhies  or  to  prevent  the  banished  leachcEi  prcaclting 
throughout  the  counuy.  Many  of  the  nobles,  like  Lords  Moua- 
cute  and  Salisbury,  sfi^qiorted  tf 


:  cbaplaic 


rical  inter 


.  „  Thoniiis  Lntimc    _    . 

inooke  nnd  Sir  Richard  Stury  protected  them,  while  merchants 
and  buigesses  supported  Ihem  with  money.  When  Ricbanl  11. 
Issued  an  ordinance  (July  li&i)  orderiog  every  bishop  to  arrest 
allLidlards,  the  Commons  compelled  him  to  withdraw  il.  Thus 
protected,  the  "  poor  preadiers  "  won  masses  of  the  people  to 
iheir  opinions,  and  Leicester,  London  and  the  west  of  En^nd 
became  lh«  headquarten: 

The  Drganiintion  must  have  been  strong  in  nunbers,  but  otoly 
those  who  wen  seized  for  hensy  an  known  by  nanie,  and  it 
is  only  from  the  indictments  ol  (heir  accusers  that  th«r  opiniani 
can  be  gathered.  The  pieacbenwtre  picturesque  figurcsinking 
russet  dress  down  to  the  heels,  who,  staR  in  hand,  preached  in 
the  mother  tongue  to  the  people  in  chuiches  and  graveyards, 
in  squares,  streets  and  houses,  in  gardens  and  pleasure  grounds, 
and  then  talked  privately  with  those  who  had  been  impressed. 
The  Laliatd  Ulerattnre  was  very  widely  circulated — hooks  by. 
Wydife  and  Hereford  and  tracts  and  broadsides— in  spite 
of  many  edicts  proscribing  It.  In  r^QS  the  Lollards  grew  so 
stmng  that  they  petitioned  parliunent  through  Sir  Thomu 
Laiimer  and  Sir  R.  Stury  to  relorm  the  church  on  LoUardist 
methods.  It  Ix  said  that  the  LcJlanl  Ceoduaions  printed  by 
Canon  Shirley  (p.  3M  contain  the  substance  of  this  petition. 
If  so.  parliament  was  told  that  temporal  psasesslons  rafal  the 
church  and  drive  out  the  Gbriitlan  graces  ol  faith,  hi^it  )uhI 
charity;  that  the  priesthood  of  the  church  in  ctimaiunion  with 
Home  was  not  thi  priesthood  Christ  gave  to  his  ^wsUes;  that 
the  mo^'s  tow  of  celibacy  bad  for  its  consequence  unnstural 
lust,  and  should  not  be  impoecd ;  that  transubstantiition  wu 
a  loigned  miiBcle,  and  led  people  to  iddatry;  that  pnyen 
made  aver  wine,  bread,  water,  oil,  salt,  wai,  Incsnse,  altar*  ot 

maglcnl  and  should  not  be  allowed;  that  kings  should  possen 
Ihe/ui  eplicPfeU.  and  bring  good  government  into  theihuiih; 
that  DO  special  prayers  should  be  made  for  the  dead;  that  luii-' 
culaf  confession  made  to  the  clergy,  and  declared  to  be  necessary 
for  ulvMlon,  was  the  root  of  clerical  arrogsnct  and  the  cause 
of  Indidgenca  and  other  abtises  In  pardoning  sin;  that  all  war* 
were  against  tbe  principles  ol  Ib6  New  Testament,  aod  were  but 
murdering  and  plundering  the  poor  to  win  glory  for  kings; 
Uiac  Ihc  von  of  chutlly  laid  upon  nuns  led  to  child  murder; 
that  many  of  the  trades  practised  in  the  commonwealth,  such 
as  those  of  goldsmiths  and  annouren,  were  unnecessary  and 
led  TO  luiuTy  and  waste.  These  Cooetusions  really  corUain  the 
sum  of  WycKffite  leBchlng;  abd,  if  we  add  that  the  principal 
duty  of  priesH  is  to  prrach.  and  that  the  worship  ol  images, 
tbe  going  on  pilgt^mages  and  the  use  of  gold  and  slh-er  diiKces 
IndmnetetviceareHnlultrilei'&riaKJi'  XiiIfliaiHf  rtefoHanfi, 
p.  47),  they  hKlude  almist  m  tbe  heresies  charged  in  tht  indkt- 
mcnts  agimst  Individual  Lollards  down  to  the  middle  ol  the 
15th  century.  The  king,  *ho  bad  hllheito  seemed  aniious  10 
■■      '  irgyagsinsllh*  Lollards, spokestrongly 


had  the  p 


he  pelili< 


Id  Lollari 


930 


(fa(  chnxh  BUr  be  (Mhtrad  tien  llw  bilbd*  pmcrrcd  in  Ibe 
Pilitkmt  Patmi  and  Sauii  rtUHtui  In  Xnffiut  HiUcty,  publitlied 
la  i«i9  by  Thomu  Wiicbt  lor  the  Uulu  of  the  Rolli  ■»;«. 
■Dd  in  the  Pien  PlouthBUn  poems,  eitri  FItuiiwun'i  Cm* 
(lee  Lahclahd]  wu  pratubly  wrliieo  >1kiui  1594,  when  LotUidy 
wu  «t  Iti  fni(«t  urengihi  the  ploughsmn  of  the  Crtei  la 
■  aun  (ifted  v'iih  stue  enough  to  see  through  the  tiidu  of  the 
Irian, iBd  with  lucb  leligioui  knovlidgeucui  begot  Irom  Ihe 
eteed,  uul  Iroin  WycUSe's  VFnioo  of  the  Cospcli.  The  poet 
^vcsinm"  porlnii  at  the  fit  fiiar  with  hb  double  chin  shjiking 
obogt  M  hif  u  ■  goose'i  egg,  and  the  ptoughnuu  with  hb  hoed 
full  of  belei,  hk  mitteot  mode  of  pitcbs,  and  Ub  poor  wile  going 
baniool  on  the  ice  »  thM  her  Mood  lalhmed  "  iEarly  Encluk 
Ttzl  StiiHy,  vol.  IK.,  prel.,  p.  16) ;  and  one  c*n  tuily  ate  why 
lamieri  and  peaaontA  (uroed  From  the  Irian  to  the  poor  pnachera. 
'DKna^iasa'jCMi^fiifteUatheuiiietale  It  paints  popea, 
caidinab,  prdales.  recton,  monki  and  Irian,  who  call  (hem- 
■clvel  follonn  of  Peter  and  keepen  el  (he  gats  of  heaven 
tUd  hell,  and  pale  povetty-ilriclun  people,  toIle»  and  Undleji, 
ly  the  lal  clergy  for  ipiritiial  assiitan«,  and  adti  if 


11  nevn  u  giiit  a 


■tancn  Ibat  he  tc^ 
Ihtc  Ui  key  with  ui 

In  131M  the  Lancisliian  Henry  IV.  oveithrew  the  PlanlageDct 
Ricbaid  II.,  ind  one  ol  Ibe  dumI  active  paitiuoi  of  the  new 
TMoarch  wai  Arundel,  archblihop  erf  Canietbuty  and  the  moit 
deletinined  opponent  ol  LoUaidy.  Richard  II.  hid  aided  the 
dffgy  to  soppreaa  LoUardy  without  much  aucceia.  The  arm 
dynasty  lupporled  the  church  id  a  similar  way  and  not  more 
successfully.  The  ittength  of  the  anli-derical  parly  lay  in  the 
House  ol  Commons,  in  which  the  representativM  irf  the  ihjres 
took  the  leading  part.  Twice  the  Commons  petitioned  thecrown 
tsieiie  the  lempgnlitiet  ol  Ihe  church  aod  apply  them  to  such 
national  purposes  as  relief  ol  taiation,  maintenance  ol  the  poor 
and  the  support  of  new  lords  and  kni^ls.  Their  an  ti<lericalp^cy 
vaa  not  contiauous,  however.  The  court  parly  and  the  clergy 
propoud  ilatutc*  for  the  auppreuion  of  herMy,  and  twice  at 
{«*>(  secured  ibe  aoacuiience  ol  Ihe  Commou.  (hie  of  these  was 
the  well-known  atatute  Di  kinlia  tamtunadi  paued  in  1401. 

In  tbc  earlier  stages  ol  LoUardy,  when  the  court  and  Ihe  dcigy 
nanaied  la  bring  UdUrds  belort  ecclesiuticsl  tribunals  backed 
by  the  civil  power,  the  accused  generally  [ecanlcd  and  showed 
no  dispoailion  to  endure  martyrdom  lor  their  opioioua.  They 
became  bolder  in  Ibe  beginning  of  the  I^th  century.  William 
Sawtiey  (Cbartrii),  caught  and  coDdemord,  reluaed  to  recant 
and  waa  burnt  at  St  Paul's  Cross  (March  1401),  and  other 
martyrdoms  IbUowed.  The  yklims  usually  belonged  to  the 
Imrer  dassea.  Ib'i4io  JdmSadby,  an  artisan,  waatsnl  to  the 
Mtk«.  Hli  txtcutlcn  waa  memanble  Itsm  tbe  part  taken  In  it 
by  the  prince  of  Walea,  who  himsell  tried  ts  reaaou  tbe  Lollard 
out  of  bis  convictiona.  But  nothing  said  would  make  Badby 
confess  Ibat  "  Christ  silling  at  supper  did  give  to  Hia  disripln 
His  livlni  body  la  est."  The  Lollaidt,  far  from  daunted,  abated 
lia  effort  to  make  good  their  ground,  and  united  a  alnifi^  for 
aocial  and  political  liberty  to  tbe  batred  felt  by  the  peasants 
towacttt  the  Komith  clergy.  Jak  Upland  CJohn  CounliytDiin) 
look  the  place  of  Pien  Plougbman,  and  upbnided  tbe  cfeidy, 
ajid  cspedally  the  Iriars,  for  their  nalib  aod  luuiy.  WycUSc 
bad  publilbcd  the  rule  of  St  FnncB,  and  b«d  punted  out  in  a 
ciHnnentary  upon  Ibe  rule  bow  tar  fiian  had  departed  from 
tbe  maiiniB  o(  their  founder,  and  had  penecuted  tbe  SfiriluaUs 
(tbe  FnlriceUl,  Begharda,  Lollards  ol  tbe  Netberiuids}  lor 
luepiDf  ibem  to  the  letter  (cl.  Haubewa,  Eniliik  Wtrlu  rf 
Wydif  kiUuFlr  mtHaIci,  Eariy  £ng.  Teit  Soc.,  vol.  lolv., 
ItWo).  Jik  Uidudpulall  IbiainlarudeiKivDusEiiglish  verse: 
"  Pntr,  wtial  ehadtle  la  tbli 

To  fain  thai  whoB  linlh  altn  ybw  ofdcr 

iivetb  nbcatperfecilie, 

And  next  lollaircth  the  Male  ol  the  Apoitlet 

Andyct  the  wifcA  and  greateil  dnlrq af  yoq 
Wend  or  Kiid  « jncun  ta  the  coun  <if  Rnm, 
• .  .  and  to  be  aacJied  U  the  vow  of  povcitic." 


The  atchbishop,  bivint  ll>t  poacr  of  the  Ihnme  bAim)  Un, 
atiackHl  that  stronghold  of  Lollaidy  Ihe  univtrslly  of  Oiford. 
In  I  tola  docwncnt  appeared  purpetlingtobe  Ibt  (eBthnony  el 
the  unlversily  in  favour  of  WydiHe:  its  lenuineocss  was  dii- 
puled  at  Ihe  lime,  and  when  qnMtd  by  Hasa  at  the  coundt  ef 
ConiiSBce  it  wa.  tepudiaied  by  the  EnglMi  deTegatet.  The 
archbishop  treated  Oilord  as  It  il  had  bsued  the  docunml, 
and  procured  theissueoIsevereregulalloDt  in  order  to  purge  Ibc 
univeniiy  ol  heresy.  In  1408  Arundel  in  convocallcrn  proposed 
aikd  carrM  the  fanuwt  CmlUUina  Tlinmat  AmiJtl  intended 
to  put  down  Wycllffiie  preaehen  and  teaching.  They  pravidrd 
amon^  olber  ibinp  thai  no  one  was  to  be  allowed  to  prticfa 
wlibout  a  bishop's  licence,  Ibat  preachers  preaching  to  tbe  laity 
were  not  to  rebuke  Ihe  sins  cf  the  clergy,  and  that  Lollard  books 
and  the  translation  of  Ihe  BIMe  were  to  be  searcbcd  for  and 
destroyed. 

When  Henry  V.  became  king  a  note  deltiwrintd  cSon  was 
made  to  crash  LoUardy.  Hliheno  its  atnngtb  had  bin  idcmi 
the  country  gentlemen  who  were  the  represenlallvea  of  Ihe 
shires.     The  court  and  clergy  had  been  sfnid  to  attack  Ibh 

and  to  Ihia  end  selected  one  who  had  been  a  personnl  fnend  and 
whose  life  had  been  bUmetex.  TMs  was  Sir  John  CMdcsstlc, 
in  tight  of  his  wife.  Lord  CoUum,  "  Ihe  good  Lort  Cobbara  " 
as  the  CDAmon  people  called  him.  Henry  first  tried  personal 
pcnuasion,  and  when  thai  fiiWd  directed  trial  lor  baoy. 
Oldcaille  was  convicted,  bal  was  imprisoned  lor  forty  daya  in 
the  Tower  in  k^  that  he  mighl  tecant.  He  eso^xd,  and 
aurastevcd  bis  co-rriigionisls  to  his  aid.  A  Lollard  plot  was 
formed  to  scire  Ibe  king's  pcnon.  IntbecndOldcauleiiatbunH 
lor  an  obstinate  heretic  (Dec.  141;).  These  penecutioos  wcr 
not  gmtly  pratestcd  agaiiBt :  Ihe  wan  el  Henry  V.  witb  Fnnce 
had  awakened  the  ma  dial  spirit  of  the  nation,  and  lit  tie  sympilby 
waa  lett  lor  men  who  had  decUied  thai  all  war  was  but  Ike 
murder  and  plundering  of  poor  people  far  tbe  sake  ol  kingL 
Mocking  btUsds  were  composed  upon  Ihe  oiartyt  OUmlk, 
and  thii  dislike  to  warfare  was  one  of  ibe  cbief  accBHiioni 
made  agaiiul  bitn  (coo^i.  Wright's  FaliUdI  Ptmi.  ii.  144). 
But  Arundel  could  not  preveni  the  writing  and  diuribuiion  al 
LoUud  books  and  pamphlets.  Two  appeared  iboul  Ibe  tbae 
af  the  Diailyrdom  of  OMcastle^-T'lis  PlntMmmi'i  Prtjtr  and 
the  Lanlicriu  af  Litil,  The  Fttutliman'l  Prayer  declared  that 
true  wonhip  consist!  in  Lhree  things— in  loving  Cod,  and  dreading 
God  and  trusting  in  God  above  all  otlter  thittgs;  and  it  showed 
bow  LoUanls.  pnued  by  peneculion,  became  further  separated 
from  the  religious  life  ol  the  cburcb,  "  Men  nakeib  now  great 
llonen  bouses  lull  of  glascn  windows,  and  depdb  Ibilke  thine 
bouses  and  churches.  And  they  scitenin  ibcK  booses  nuwioets 
of  stock*  and  stones,  to  fore  (hem  they  irnelen  privilicb  and  apert 
and  makcn  tbeir  ptayen,  and  all  this  they  say  is  tb^  wonhip. 
.  .  .  For  Lorde  our  belief  la  1h»t  Ibine  house  b  man's  soul." 
Nol  withstanding  the  repression.  Lolls  rdy  fastened  in  new  parll 
of  England,  and  Lollards  abounded  in  Somenei,  Morlolk. 
Suffolk,  Easei,  Lincoln  and  Buckingbamshln. 

Tbecouncilof  Constance  (T4i4-i4i3)pul  *a  end  (a  tbe  papal 
*chijm,  and  also  showed  its  datciminaiion  to  put  down  bercsy 
by  burning  John  Hum.  When  newsof  tbisreachedEnfUndUw 
clergy  were  incited  to  sliU  more  vigorous  proceedings  asainst 
Lollard  pnachen  and  books.  'From  this  time  LoUardy  Ippean 
banished  from  the  fields  and  streets,  and  take*  rtluge  In  bouse* 
tod  places  of  concealment.  There  was  no  more  wayside  peeAch- 
log,  but  instead  then  wen  ctfottOiade  txmila  in  bouaex,  in 
peaaanti'  butt,  in  sawplu  and  in  field  di(cbea,  when  tbe  Bible 
was  read  and  rifaoniilant  were  given,  and  soLaUardy  coot  ioued. 
Id  141S  Archbishop  Chicbele  coaEeawd  tba[  tbe  Lollards  aeetned 
ssnumeioui  as  ever,  and  that  ibeic  Uitiary  and  pnaching  mta'.; 
•test  on  at  vigorously  as  before.  It  was  found  also  tfaal  puny 
of  the  fioonr  ivclon  and  parisb  prints,  and  a  gieit  mnny 
chaplains  and  curate*,  were  In  secret  association  *iUi  tlw 
Lollards,  so  much  so  that  in  many  placo  piocctsiciu  weic  never 
made  and  worship  on  siinli'  day*  wa*  ab«*doacd.  For  tk* 
Lollards  were  hardened  by  pciseculion,  and  bti 


LOLLIUS— LOMBARD  LEAGUE 


InthciUteBMatollWtdactrliK*.   Thomu  Bifley  wu  ic 


of  di 


inng  Xi 


(a  the  ! 


God,  be  m*de  i  God  that 
the  pluriwci  o(  iIm  day,  tbc  monlu.  lod  the  nuiu,  ud  tlie  Iriiin 
■nd  ill  oihtr  ptivilcttd  pcnou  rKOcniitd  by  the  chuitfa  wen 
linbi  of  Situ;  ud  chat  luriculu  conftsiioa  to  lit  ptiat 
ilKwillDotalGwlbutofliiedtva.    And  oihen  beld  that 
print  who  look  taliry  wai  excDDUBuniute;  uid  Uut  boys 
could  bltu  the  bread  as  wcU  ai  prIcAL 

FiDin  England  LoIZacdy  poised  into  Smtland.  OxJerd 
Infected  St  Andnws,  and  ire  find  traces  of  more  than  one  vifoious 
•utch  nude  for  Lollardt  among  the  leac'buigUaSal  the  Scotllth 
univenity,  while  tbe  LoUardi  of  Eyk  in  Aynhin  were  claimed 
by  Kdoi  at  tbe  forenuuicn  o[  the  Scotch  Kefomitioa. 

Tbc  opinioni  ol  tbe  later  LtJIaida  a»  bat  be  ntbered  ftm  Ik 
lunwd  and  uiFimuBatt  Pecock,  who  wnta  Ui  efaboait  Xifaatr 
againt  tha  "  Dible-aien,"  aa  be  edit  thea.  K«  unuiMd  ii 
doct/inet  under  elewn  headi:  they  coDdema  tbe  bavutg  an.,  , 
iDiages  In  tbs  churcbei,  tha  geinf  on  jHlgKiDani  to  tbe  oemotul 
at  "^nynde  places  "  of  the  saiBti^  the  iMaf  of  landed  nc—iilaiu 
by  (he  elernr.  tb*  varioiH  tanks  ol  (b*  kknicby,  ibe  Inaini  of 
"  '   '"  ~  V  papal  *Kd  •fHKOpal  aulhsniy. 


•Uc  vilhoit "  [til  and  delaut "  Is  find  oat  the  tncanteiil  Scripti 
and  .that  baviiw  done  »  be  ou^t  to  luten  to  no  argnir'-'-  ■' 
cnuraiy;  b*  eUcwhere  addi  a  f«inh  (i,  lot],  tlui 
bt  not  only  meek  but  ate  keep  Cod's  law  he  shall  have  a  true 
nndentaoanc  ol  Soiptwe,  even  thoogb  "  no  nan  tllii  tshc  bin 
taue  Cod."  Theit  ilateDinu^  ewnuUy  the  laic,  ihav  ui  tbe 
fwineilnn  between  tbe  LallaTdiaiid  tbow  myMksof  Ihe  I4lh  ceniuiy, 
such  Si  Taulec  and  Roytbroeck,  wbo  accepted  tbe  teachings  ol 
Nicholas  o(  Baeel,  and  fotmcd  themielves  into  tbe  aanclatloa  of  (he 
Friends  ol  God. 
.  The  persecutlont  were  continued  doira  to  the  rcJpi  al  Heniy 
VIII.,  snd  when  the  writings  of  Luthci  began  to  appeal  In 
England  tbe  clergy  were  not  so  much  afraid  ol  Lulheianlini 
as  of  the  increased  life  they  gave  to  men  who  for  ceDcraliDoi 
had  been  reading  WyclllFe't  Wkltell,      "  -  ■  - 


TunllllllaEru 


1 tsjj, " 


"  It  Is,"  "lote  Bishop 

IS  in  being  added  to  the  great  band 
dI  Wycliffile  heretics."  Lcllatdy,  which  continued  down  to 
the  Refotmtlion,  did  much  to  ihipe  Ihcniovemenl  inEngland. 
Tbe  luboidination  of  clerical  to  laic  jurisdiction,  the  reduction 
In  eccleilastfcal  posscssiani,  tbt  initsting  on  a  truulailon  ol 
the  Bible  which  could  be  read  by  the  "  common  "  nun  were 
■tl  inherllances  bequeathed  by  the  L^ardi. 

LiTiaaTDac— AuiftaJi  2iMii'mii  itttttM  /niainu  Vidtf 
t«m  Triliic,  rdiiFd  For  the  BoPs  Series  by  WTw.  Shirley  (UiWoa, 
|8}B);  the  CkrnUn  AntHat.  andrn  rnnucln  tftiam  Saiirii 
Alla*i,  ed.  by  Sir  E.  Msnde  Thamptoa  (Loadoa,  tttu);  HiMisrai 
A.^i„^  of  Tbsmai  WaUiuhani.  ed.  by  M.  T.  ROC*,  voL  iii. 
I,  It69)i  CkrmiCM  of  Hury  Knightoa.  ed.  by  I.  S.  Lumby 
■    ■■"'-  1.  L.  Posh,  ir^cff/c  awl  Jfiitrnifui  /W  A-/™ 

idsn.  lIGo) !  P.  D.  Matthew,  TTu  fisKiJr  H^arti 
„  ^(Iv  Eafllih  Teat  Sodety,  Lonin,   i8«0}: 

,-  Wright,  PatUKal  Atmi  aid  Snri  [a  vod..  Londan,  i«h!: 

lBf<);  D.  9indiia,^wiNaJtfam»  BrftaiJiJ' -i  ua!L^.   u' 


LOLUUS.  HAKCni.  Romatt  iCBenl,  tbe  llttl  (ovtisoi  al 
Calaiia  (is  ■£.),  consul  in  ii.    In  lA,  when  gnvenior  of  Gaul. 

he  wat  dafaatol  by  tbe  Sigimbri  (Sygambii),  Usipttet  utd 
Tenderi,  Germaa  Iribei  who  had  nnied  tlie  Rhiae.  This 
defeat  ii  ccaiplcd  by  Tadius  with  tbc  ditiilec  ol  Varus,  but 
It  was  diigiacelul  rather  than  daaiersut.  LoUius  wat  lubse- 
quently  (s  BX.)  attached  in  the  capacity  of  tutor  and  adviser 
to  Gams  Caesar  (Augustus's  grandson)  on  bis  mhsioo  (o  the 
East.  He  was  accuwl  of  citoction  and  tieacbeiy  to  the 
state,  and  draoubced  by  Caius,  to  tbe  omperor-  To  avoid 
punlabraeni  h«  it  said  to  have  taken  potson.  Accocdiog  lo 
Vellriua  Paterculu*  and  Pliny,  be  waa  a  hypocrite  and  cared 
for  nothing  but  ■*"■**■  ^-g  wealth.  Jl  was  formerly  tboufht 
that  this  was  the  Lollius  whom  Horace  described  u  a  model 
of  integrity  and  superior  to  avarice  in  Od^  iv.  9,  but  it  tccvt 
btnlly  likely  that  this  Ode,  aa  well  as  the  two  Lolliaii  epittkl  ol 
Honce  (L  a  and  18),  was  addressed  to  him.  AU  three  nvtt 
bave  been  addrmed  to  tbe  same  indindual,  a  young  mas, 
probably  the  son  of  this  Lolliut. 

See  Suetoiuoa,  Aattalia.  u.  TUxritt,  n:  ViU.  Pal.  IL  97.  101; 
Tacliua.  Annali.  L  10,  iii.  sill  Pliny,  JVM  Hisl.  ui.  is  (Si:  On 


r,  rifmi 


filiW.  i«.JS  (s8 
ixi  Oh  TjraiU  I 


19m), 


LaU>S,ihe  name.^ven  by  tbe  Cbuiese  lo  a  large  tribe  of 
aboriguies  who  inhabit  the  greater  part  of  southern  Ssechntn. 
Their  home  is  in  the  mountainous  counity  oiled  Taliang  ihin, 
which  lies  between  the  Yanglsze  river  on  the  easi  and  the  Xlcn 
ch'ang  valley  on  tbe  west.  In  soulh  Szechuen,  but  Ihcy  are 
found  in  scattered  ceniinunilies  as  far  south  at  the  Burmese 
fmnlier,  and  west  Is  the  Mekong.  There  seems  no  reason  10 
doubt  that  they  were, like  the  Hiaotie,  one  of  the  aboriginal  tribes 
of  China,  driven  aouthwardi  by  the  advancing  flood  of  Chinese, 
be  t  Chinese  corruption  of  Lulu,  tbe  ni 


of  a  fort 


4  Men 


f  c  the  Chinese,  Is  tnonosyllahic  and  probably 


polofiqur,"  in 

ant.  Sociay  St 


conununiiy  consisls  of  tbret  classes,  the  "  blsckboncs" 

>bles,  tbc  "  whitebonea  "  or  plebeians,  and  the  loaiH  or 

■lavct.     The  last  are  mostly  Chinese  captured  in  fonyi,  or 

t  descendanli  of  tuch  captives.     Within  Loto-llmd  proper, 

ilchcoveissome  I  i,oaosii.m.,  (he  Chinese  government  eiccciset 

Jurisdiction.   Tbe  Lolas  make  frequent  nuds  on  their  unatoied 

Chinese  tieigbbouit.    Tbey  cultivate  wheat,  barley  and  jnillrt, 

bni  Utile  rice.    They  fatve  some  knowledge  of  metab,  nakln( 

their  own  tools  and  weapons.    Women  are  uid  lo  be  held  In 

respect,  and  may  become  chlefi  of  the  Iribes,    Tbey  do  nol 

Inlcrmarry  with  Chinese. 

See  A.  F.  Lerendre,  "  Les  Lolas. '  Etude  tthiHikiiique  et  aathn. 

in  7-o.ai  Pta  II.,  wM.  X.  {1909);  E.  C.  Baber,  SMyal 

-  '■■'  ••—-  -A.  i.  (Loodon.  lUi);  f .  S.  A.  Bourne, 

~. ,.M):  A.  Hoiie.  r»r<a  Koirj  u  Walm 

tine  (London,  1997). 

UHBABD  LEAGCK  tbe~name''Vven  In  general  to  any 
league  of  tbe  cities  of  Lombardy,  hut  applied  e^iccislly  to  tbc 
league  founded  in  1167,  which  brought  about  the  defeat  of  the 
empcrar  Frederick  I.  at  Lcgnaco,  and  the  consequent  deilruclioii 
of  bit  plant  lor  obtaining  complete  authority  over  Italy. 
Lacking  often  the  protection  of  a  strong  ruler,  the  Lombtrd 
ties  bad  been  accustomed  to  set  together  for  mutual  defence^ 
id. in  1091  Milan,  Lodi,  Piacenia  and  Cremona  formed  aa 
liance  agtiut  the  emperor  Henry  IV.,  In  favour  of  hit 
tebelliout  ion  Conftd.  The  early  years  of  the  ceign  of 
Frederick  I.  were  largely  ipent  in  attacks  «  the  privileges  of 
the  cities  of  Lombardy.  This  ted  to  a  coalition,  formed  in 
Uarch  116;,  between  the  cities  of  Cremona,  Mantua,  Bergamo 
and  Brescia  to  confine  Frederick  to  the  rights  which  the  emperors 
bad  enjoyed  for  the  past  hundred  yean.  This  league  or  aacmiia 
\  joioed  by  other  cities,  aihong  which  were  Mifan,  Parma, 
Verona,  Piac«nu  and  Bologna,  and  Ibe  alllct  began 
a  fonresi  near  tbe  confluence  of  the  Taoaro  and  tha 


LOMBARDO— LOMBARDS 


Barmid^-  vhidi,  in  bouat  Of  ftpe  AlcDwdix  HL,  wu  called 

.  AliBUidiit.  During  Um  thataa  ol  Fnderick  Irom  Italy 
fmn  iiU  til  1174,  tbt  nlatioiu  between  the  pope  and  Ibc 
league  bccamo  doaa,  and  Alexuider  htfMwt  the  leader  of  ihc 
(BianCE.  UMliii^  <^  iIk  league  wire  held  U  lira  and  117] 
lo  MitaitiNn  Hk  bowl,  and  to  otmoct  meuuiet  igalui  Uie 
Hnptnr,  tba  paukks  of  lbs  cburck  being  invoked  to  pceveoL 

'  dctenko.  Ike  decUve  Rraggto  bcfu  iAbi  FMeiick  aU«ked 

•  nil  Wlilltlia  in  1174.  11m  fonrca  mi  bnv^  deCecdcd,  and  llie 
■tege  «ai  niHd  co  tbe  efifnack  of  nicaiui  Inm  Ihc  oUicd 
ticiei.  N<8DtiMiow  I<r  peaca  lailcd,  and  Ibc  empem,  having 
aianhed  agaiiat  Uika.  -tufleied  ■  Kveie  defeat  al  Lcgnano 
OB  tb*  141b  d(  Utf  ii;iS.    Subieqixiiily  Pope  Alexander  was 

'  detached  from  hit  alliea,  aad  made  ptsoe  viih  Fiedcridi,  aitei 
which  a  Imce  tor  tit  >eara  wai  amnged  bt«.ween  the  empcniT 
and  ibe  league.  Furlbei  aegotiatioiia  ripened  into  the  peace  ol 
CDDitasce  ligncd  on  the  ijlh  ol  June  ti8^  wliicb  gnnted 

.  almoM  all  the  demand!  el  the  cilia,  and  left  cnly  a  ilmdowy 
authority  to  Ihe  emp«oi  ffee  iTrUT). 
In  1116,  when  the  empon  Fiedenck  IL  avawcd  Ug  inloitiDn 

'  of  cexloring  the  Imperial  luihorily  ui  Italy,  Ihe  Icagiie  wu 
renewed,  and  at  once  Uleen  dtiea,  iDcIuding  Milan  and  Veiuoa, 
wete  placed  undei  the  ban.  Frederick,  however,  WBi  not  in 
a  posilkin  to  Gghl,  and  Ihe  mediailon  of  Pope  Honorius  til. 
wu  EUccosf  III  in  restoring  peace.    In  iiji  the  hoilile  intenlioni 

'  of  Ihe  emperor  once  mote  alirrcd  Ihe  dlia  into  activity.  They 
held  a  mecQng  at  Bolc«na  and  raised  an  army,  but  as  in  iiift, 
the  mailer  ended  in  mutual  lulminalioiu  and  defiuces.  A 
pore  Kiious  caoBicI  arose  in  1134.  The  gnat  question  at 
isKic,  Ibe  iu.ture  and  cxient  of  the  Imperial  aulhorily  ovci 
Ihc  Lombard  diies,  was  still  unsettled  when  Prcdeilck'i  rebellious 
ion,  the  German  lung  Henry  VIL,  allied  himself  with  Ibem. 
Having  crushed  his  son  and  rejected  the  proHercd  medialion 
ot  I^pe  Gregory  IX.,  the  emperor  declared  war  on  the  Lombards 


.731);  heii 


a  defcal 


Cortenuov*  in  November  il]7 
hut  in  lijS  he  was  beaten  blcfc  tmm  belorc  Bcesdn.  In  1139 
Pope  Gregory  Joined  lie  cities  and  the  struggle  widened  om 
jalo  the  larger  one  ol  the  Emphi  and  the  Papacy.  This 
waa  still  proceeding  when  Frederick  died  In  December  1150 
and  il  waa  only  ended  by  the  overtbrow  ol  tlie  Uohenstaufcn 
and  the  complete  dcalnictioa  of  .the  Imperial  authority  In 
Italy. 


•  ilplntou  il 


ccouM  of  the  Lomhwdlagiw  aee  C.  Vlgnari,  SUria 
t  Utn  tumiiTit  (Mibn,  18M):  H.  Pnii.  XsiTer 

...  Band  il.  (Dantlg.  IS7i-i874li  W.  voB  Oiraebuchr, 

GaikUhu  ill  iaiKim  Kaiwwiit.  Baod  v.  (Ldprig,  ie«e);  and 
j,  Fickei,  Znr  Cuc*iil*  liu  I™(o'dHh(»i«  (Vieiuu,  iS6a). 
.  UmURDO,  (he  name  of  a  famDy  oi  Veseiian  sculpton  and 
■rchilecls;  their  aumame  was  appuCDIly  Soliro,  and  the 
name  ol  Lonbanto  waa  tfvcn  to  Ihe  earliest  known,  Martino, 
who  emiBialed  fmm  Lombaidy  10  Venice  in  the  middle  ol  the 
ijlh  century  and  bctarac  celebrated  as  an  archilect.  He  had 
IWD  ions,  Moro  and  Piclro,  of  whom  the  lalltr  (c.  I43S-i!'S) 
wsi  one  of  the  greatest  sculpton  and  architects  of  hb  lime, 
while  his  sons  Antonio  (d.  1516]  and  TulHa  (d.  tss9)  Were 
hardly  Iks  triebraled.  Piclro's  work  as  an  archileci  is  seen  in 
numerous  chur<hes,  the  Vcndraminl-Odar^  pabcc  {1481).  'he 
doge's  palace  {1498),  the  iatade  (1485)  of  the  jf  Boia  of  Si  Mark 
and  the  cUhedral  ol  Cividale  del  Friuli  (ijo');  but  he  is  bow 
more  famous  as  a  sfulplor,  often  in  collaboration  with  his  sons; 
he  eieculal  the  tomb  of  the  doge  Moccnigo  (1418)  fn  the  church 
of  San  Giovanni  e  Paolo  at  Venice,  and  a  bas-rctirf  for  (he 
tomb  of  Dante  at  RavenDS,  and  In  148J  began  the  beiulilnl 
decorations  in  Ihe  church  of  Sia  Maria  dc'  Miracolj  at  Venice, 
which  is  assodaled  with  his  workshop  (see  also  Venict  for  numer- 
ous tdlcrcncts  lo  Ihc  work  of  Ihc  Lombaidi).  Antonio's  master- 
piece is  the  marble  relief  of  St  Anthony  tnaking  a  new-bom  child 
speak  in  defence  of  Its  mother's  honour,  in  the  Sanlo  at  Padua 
dsos),  TuUio's  bcsl-known  works  are  the  four  kneeling  angds 
(14S4)  in  the  church  of  San  Manlno,  Venice,  a  coronalion  of 
Ihe  Virgin  in  San  Giovanni  Crisoslomo  and  l«o  bai-rclicti  in  Ihe 
Sanlo,  Padua,  besides  two  others  formeriy  in  the  Spider  coUec- 


Neptune. 
LOMBAKDB,  ot  LaHOOBUUu,  ■  Suevtc  peopk  who  appear  to 

have  inhabited  the  lowtf  haaiii  of  the  Elbe  and  wbeae  nune  is 
bdieved  to  aurvive  in  the  modem  Barden^au  lo  the  sE>Dih  of 
Hamburg.    They  are  first  menlioDed  in  connexion  with  the  year 


^Ibyth 


Tiberiuo,  afterwards  emperor.  In  AJX  g, 
destruction  of  Varus's  army.  Ihe  Roisana  gave  up  their  attempt 
to  extend  their  fronlicr  to  the  Elbe.  At  fiist,  with  moAol  the 
Suevic  tribe*,  they  were  whiecl  to  the  hegenuny  ol  Maioboduus. 
kingof  the  HaecoDaani,  hsit  iliey  levolted  fronhim  in  Us  war 
wilb  Arminiiis,  chief  of  the  Cherusd,  in  the  year  17.    We  egzin 


entioned  until  the  year  165,  when  a  force  of  Langolurdi,  L 
Hance  with  Ihe  Martomanni.  was  defeated  by  \he  Romini 

iparenlly  oa  the  Danublan  frontier,    Il  hss  been  inferred  fmn 
t  that  the  Langobardi  had  already  moved  souib- 


n  the  I 


It  Ibe  fori 
old  home 
laRy  to  hare  preserved  M 


lay  vet 


well  hi 


irm  of  politifal  Bnioo. 
of  them  until  ibe  end 
of  Ihe  stb  century. 

In  thcit  own  tradition*  ve  are  told  that  the  tj^ngobardi  were 
ariguullr  railed  WinniE  and  dwelt  in  an  island  named  Scadi- 
navia  (with  this  story  compare  that  of  the  Gothic  migraiion,  see 
CcriKS).  Thence  they  let  out  under  the  leadership  of  Ihor  and 
Aio,  the  sons  of  a  prophetess  ailed  Gambara,  and  came  inlo 
conflict  with  the  Vandali.  The  leaden  of  the  latter  prayed  to 
Wodan  for  wclory,  while  Gambiua  and  her  sons  invoked  Ftei.  ■ 
Wodan  pnwiiud  10  give  victory  to  those  whom  he  should  s« 
in  ironi  of  him  at  auorise.  Free  directed  the  Wiimili  to  bring 
Iheir  women  wilb  their  hair  let  down  round  their  faces  like  bcanla 
and  turned  Wodan's  coucb  round  so  that  he  faced  ihem.  1^'heti 
Wadan  awoke  at  sunrise  be  taw  the  host  of  the  WlnniU  and  »id. 
"  QmI  imst  iHi  LnpiarH/"—"  Who  are  these  long-beards?"— 
and  Free  tn>1>ed. "  As  thou  ban  given  them  the  name,  give  then 
also  the  vicloty."  TTiey  conquered  In  the  battle  and  were 
thenceforth  known  as  LangobirdL  After  this  ihcy  are  said  10 
have  wandered  through  regions  which  cannot  now  be  idcnii&cd. 
apparently  between  the  Elbe  and  the  Oder,  under  legendaxy 
\iiigSj  Ibe  first  of  whom  waa  Agilpiund,  the  son  of  Aio. 

Shortly  before  the  eod  of  Ibe  jth  century  the  Lans°bardi 
tppcar  to  have  taken  potscsslon  of  the  tcnilories  formerly 
occujued  by  the  Rugii  whom  Odoacer  had  overlhronn  In  4S;,  a 
region  which  probably  included  ihe  present  province  of  Lower 
Austria.  Al  Ibil  lime  they  were  subject  to  Rodull,  king  of  the 
llcruli,  who,  however,  took  up  arms  against  tbenii  according 
lo  one  story,  owing  to  the  trcacheious  maidet  of  Rodulfs 
brother,  according  to  another  through  an  irresistible  desire  for 
fighting  on  the  part  of  his  men.  The  result  was  the  total  defeat 
ol  ihc  Hcnili  by  the  Ltogobaldi  under  their  klog  Tato  aiul  tbe 
death  of  Rodulf  at  aome  dale  between  493  and  ;o3.  By  Ihii 
time  the  I^ngobardi  are  uid  to  have  adopted  Oirislianily  in 
iis  Arian  tonn.  Tata  was  subsequently  killed  by  hii  lUfAew 
Waixho.  The  latlet  reigned  for  thirty  years,  though  ftequenl 
alttfnpti  were  made  by  lldichis,  a  aon  or  gjandsoo  ui  Tato.  to 
recover  the  Ihrane.  Waccho  il  eaid  lo  have  conqoend  the 
Suabf,  poniMy  the  Bavarians,  and  he  mi  alw  involved  in  strife 
"l  the  Cepidac,  with  whom  IWchb  bad  taken  refage^  He 
succeeded  by  his  youihUd  >Dn  Walihui,  who  icigned  only 
—  .n  yean  under  tbe  guardianship  of  a  certain  Audon.  Oa 
Wall  hart's  death  (abosi  MSHAudohi  succeeded.  He  also  was 
I  in  bostihties  wilb  the  Gepidae,  whcse  support    of 

be  repaid  by  protecting  Ustrogotlhus,  a  lival  of  Ibiir 

king  TborWnd.  In  Ihesc  quartab  both  naljons  aimed  at  ub- 
laining  the  suppotl  of  the  cmpeior  Justinian,  who,  in  F«rs«anrc 
of  his  policy  of  ploying  off  one  against  the  olhcr,  in  '  "  ' 
Langobardi  into  Noricum  and  Fannonia,  where  Ibey  rw 

A  largeforceafl,oinbatdB  under  Audcnn  fought  with 
vdeal  Ihebaiileof  the  Apemnnet  agilna 


TMfe  in  .sss,  bu  tia  ndMUa  «f  'Jvstbriw.  tkoogh  oka 
pm&iiM,  had  Do  eCeci  os  fbe  Rliduii  of  thi  two  aitlOM, 
vbirh  mn  KtilHl  fof  tbdnomna  ifur  ■HriMoflnMnbythc 
Tictozycf  liiflLugDterditpnbabiyj 


irbohxl* 


ID.  U'  hkvt  centimcd  isactlv*  WKJI  tba  dcMh  ol 
a  ta  S65,  uid  the  lniciaitaB  of  Ut  ■on  Album, 
,  gmt  KinatioD  fa  tba  mn  irich  Ike  GtpiilM; 
ilxnit  Uiii  time  tliu  tlH-Ann,  tadar  thai  fiat  Cbigun 
cBUnd  Eaio|H,  uid  with  Ihum  Attxtit  1*  md  U  him 
dtbiKx  igiiBiI  lb*  OtfUta  tatia  their  mv  bug 
uummiiaa.  TIm  Avan,  bnenc,  did  not  Uks  put  in  lim  inU 
bktikv  Ib  kUcI)  )bt  UTnahnrdi  were  conplMdy  'TicUiiowL 
Albsin,  who  kul  lUin  CiudmBiid  In  lb*  bulk,  now  took  X«u- 
Biiod,  du^itn  of  ibc  dnd  khiK.  h>  bo  hn  mife. 

la  568  AJbodn  and  lbs  Langobndl,  in  iccorduicc  ntli  t 
compact  madg  -with  Balan,  •'bicli  1*  itcnnted  by  Maasder. 
cbvkdoafld  tlieir  eld  honci  to  tbe-AvaiauidpaaHd  ibiiibwaTdK 
iuo  Italy,  iRic  thiy  -were  dsdned  to  [oadd  a  new  and  mighty 
klDKdom.  '      <(F  C  M  B.) 

TIK  l/imtard  Kbni^  it  /U^~In.  KM  Albolo.  kini  of  thr 
Langobudf,  whk  Uw  nacn  and  cbUdnn  of  ibt  tribe  and  all 
ihsii  paaaikna,  wU  Saxoo  alliti,  wiib  ibp  nl^ecl  triba  of  the 
Ogpldas  and  a  nlitd  bbu  of  otbtt  batbaiiui,  dcKsided  into 
Italy  by  (he  (Mat  pbia  it  the  haad  of  the  Adoatic  Tfaawai 
ubiEt  bad  cadri  in  tbc'domfall'af  the  Ootb*  had  edianicd 
hily;  it  naa  Mloiiad  by  lamiM  and  |iiljlilnaii.  and  the 
pivcniBHnt  at  Contamlaople  n*de  but  faint  «0oiu  to  Rtaln 
lbs  pnvince  whidi  B^uttd*  and  Nino  badncDTOcd  lor  ft. 
Enept  in  a  f«r  fonlhed  placia,  inch  ai  'ndainn  «  Pavia,  the 
ItatiBiB  did  OM  vantim  to  «aca>uUa  lh«  Bfw  famdcttrand. 
■boogb  Albnia  mi  not  wickoal  geoanalcy,  the  LomtMRb, 
irbenvD  nabttd,  jistlted  tbc  o|^nioB  of  thdr  fcradty  by  tht 
tavagt  cruelly  ol  the  invaiion.  Id  57  j,accoTdLDg  to  the  Lombard 
chiooiclcr,  Alboin  EcU  a  victim  to  the  revenge  of  hia  wife  Rosa- 
muiul,  the  daughler  of  the  king  of  the  Cepidae.  ■btae  ikuU 
Alboin  had  turned  into  a  dnnkijiK  cup,  out  ol  which  he  forced 
Kosamund  to  drink-  By  tbii  time  tbcLasKObards  had  sub- 
lished  Iheraaelvei  in  the  north  of  Italy.  Chieii  wOo  pUced,  or 
placed  themic!vn,^t  ui  the  bcrd^i  dUcs,  like  Friuii  and  Trent, 
vhich  cOnunanded  the  north-casLcm  pauca,  and  then  in  other 
principal  placeaj  and  thit  arrangement  became  characteriitic 
of  the  Lombaid  ielllcitienl.  The  piindpal  seal  of  the  setlleiBenl 
iru  the  licb  plain  iratered  by  tlie  Po  and  iu  aSuenU,  wtii:b  wu 
in'  future  to  receive  iti  nanu!  from  them^  but  thor  pover  ex- 
tended acroas  the  Apenoiocs  into  Liguria  and  Tuacany^  and  then 
1 — J- ._  .i_  outlying  duiKiJojnj  ol  Epolttoand  Bcnevc-- 


fiiledte 


le  ol  « 


anded  from  (hew 
(Pavia),  the  one  place  wliich  had  obatinatdy  reB 
became  the  geat  of  their  kioga. 

Alter  the  short  and  cruel  reign  ol  Clcph,  the 
Alboin,  the  Lombardi  (aa  we  may  b^in  lor  ainv  . 
to  call  them)  tried  for  ten  yeas  the  enieriment  ol  a  uat 
coafederacy  ol  thni  dulua  (ju,  after  the  Latin  <ar' 
chicli  ate  tlyled),  without  any  king.  It  was  the  lu 
thirty-five  or  thirty-aia  petty  tyranta,  under  whoae  opprcsuon 
and  private  wara  even  the  Invaden  ^uflered.  With  anarchy, 
among  theonelvea  and  aoprecariouaahoJd  on  the  country,  hated 
by  Ihe  Italian  population  and  by  the  Catholie  clasft  thi^eoed 
also  by  an  alliaoce  of  the  Greek  tinpiit  wilb.  thai  peoiaunt 
tivala  the  Fianka  beyond  the  Alpa,  tiiey  resolved  to  ucrifice 
their  independence  and  elect  a  king.  In  JS4  they  chou  Aulhari, 
the  grandson  of  Alboin,  and  endowed  theroyaldomain  witha  hall 
of  tbeit  poueuioni.  From  tlu>  time,  till  the  fall  ol  the  Lombard 
powe^  before  the  arras  0!  their  rivala  the  Franks  under  Charles 
the  Great,  the  kingly  rule  continued.  Autbari,  "  the  Loi^- 
baited,"  with  his  Roman  tjlle  ol  Flavius,  mark)  the  change 
itora  the  war  king  ol  aa  invading  hrsi  to  the  pemuunt  repre- 
aentative  of  the  unity  and  law  of  the  nation,  and  the  increased 
'poweroElhecrDwn.by  the  possession  of  a  great  domain,  to  enforce 
Us  wilL  The  ind^eudence  of  the  dukes 


HKDS  93.3 

klog.    TttdutoJamhthatMitfihawhoadtrftheaetofpoi^t 

weitStadiully  abiorbed,  andtbeir  hotderatmBlaimcd  into  ttqial 

~         '  "  Trent  and  Ftiuli.-wilfa 

iha  kind  ol 

,   give  whara  mvasioB 

btftand.    The  gi«at  dukedoa  of  Benevento  in  the  KrMli, 

>delo,  tbreuessd  at  one  time  to  bo  a 

lad  evoi  la  the  last-  rtaiated,  with  faying 

of  tbaroyal  anthoijty  at  Favia. 

The  klagdoM  of  tbe  Lombardi  lasted  more  than  In  hundtad 

yeara,  tram  Alboin  <sAt>  l«  tbt  tail  of  Dealdolut  <7l4l — nitch 


the  Gotba,  But  it  difEtnd  from  the  otbar  Teotsnic  CDDqucata 
m  Gaol,  Jb  Biilah,  in  Stain.  It  n  ana  coBplele  m  point  t» 
terruotyt  tbcn  wot  al*aya  two,  and  akuat  to  the  lail  ikret, 
CBpilab~-tbe  Loubanl  oat,  Pavla;  the  Latin  one,  Raae^the 
Greek  on,  Haicaoi;  and  the'Lomharib  oner  oould  g^t  accefli 
to  thi  aa.  And  it  never  ma  cDinidet*  over  the  aubjed  race: 
it  profoundly  affected  the  Italiana  si:  tbe'  north;  in  iu  um 
it  *aa  cKiraly  Inndomtd  by  conmct  with  tham;  bat  the 
Louhoda  newr  amalgimand  vftb  tbe  lldkM  tiU  iheii  n 


iUnhaie 

",  ,BiblIe,B 
aupednr  In  caperience  ud  katnledge  to  Ibn  lougb  h 
■beet  tbty  ceold  not  Ggbl,  and  Capable  of  hurcd  tocb  a*  taqr 
cultivated  nEH  can  nourish.  -Tbe  laimbaida  vfao,  aflei  tiMy.  had 
accupi«d  tbe  landa  and  dtieaof  Upper  Italn  atiUwenl  onnnd- 
iag  (onfa  finioB*  band*  to  pIoBder  and  dtstaiy  wbate  tbty  did  not 
can  Is  atay.  never  wveaUe  limnrcontt  tbt  mini^  feai  and 
icou.aad  loaiUag  of  tb*  Italtans.  Thty  adapted  tfaonadva 
very  qnickly  indeed  to  ma^y  Italian  'ft*"—  Within  thirty 
yean  of  the  invasions,  Authari  took  the  Imperial  titleofFlaviua, 
even  while  hit  bttida  wen;  leading  It^tan  captivs  In  Iwsfa  like 
dogs  under  the  walll  of  Rome,  and  under  the  eyes  of  Pope  Gregory; 
and  it  was  retained  by  his  aucceuora.  They  soon  became 
CatboUca;  and  then  in  all  the  uiagei  of  celigiaii.  ii>  church 
budding,  hi  founding  monasterlei,  in  their  veneration  IiH-  tclia, 
they  vied  vilh  Italians.  Authari's  queen,  Theodehnda,  solemnly 
placed  the  Lombard  mlion  under  the  pationage  of  St  John  Iht 
Bap1ist,aadalM0Biaihc  built  m  hia  buoour  the  fint  Lombasd 
cfHtccb,  and  the  royal  palace  near  it.  King  Uiitprand  iji^ 
744)  bought  the  relics  ol  St  Augustine  for  a  laige  sum  to  be 
placed  In  hit  church  ai  Plvia.  Their  Teutonic  speech  dit- 
appeated;  eicept  b  names  and  a  lew  lechoicil  wwda  all  tnna 
ol  itankiat.  But  to  the  last  they  had  the  nnpardonnble  crime 
of  bdng  a  Tuting  baHstiaii  race  or  casK  in  Italy.  To  the  end 
Ibey  are  "  nelandissImJ,"  e<ecrable,  loaChsoiae,  filthy.  So  wtole 
Gregory  the  Great  when  they  first  appeared.  So  wrote  Tope 
Stephen  IV.,  at  Iht  end  of  their  rule,  when  Stirling  up  the  Uap 

Authari's  thort  reign  (584*591)  mi  one  of  renewed  effort  liB 
cooquat.  It  brought  the  Langohiidi  face  to  face,  not  merely 
with  Lb*  eqipcrots  at  Constantinople,  but  with  the  first,  oljhe 
great  statesmen  popes,   Gregory  the  Great   (590-40^. 


Loml 


d  -conquest  was  bungling  and  vastefuii  when  they  bi 


the  ground.    , 

hit  people  was  an  important,  though  an  accidental  one.  Tbe 
Loinbard  chronicler  tells  a  romantic  tale  of  the  w^  in  which 
Authari  sought  his  bride  from  Ganbild,  duke  of  thcBauarian% 
how  he  went  incognito  in  the  cmbas^  to  judge  of  ba,  aiLraciiois, 
and  how  she  retognited  her  disguised  auiUir.  Tbe  biide  was  tbe 
Christian  Theodeliitda,  and  she  became  to  the  Langobanb  what 
Beitha  vas  to  tbe  -  ^pgju-Saiffm  ^od  rinlrida  to  tbe  f  luj^ 

)iilC 


),A:,ooi^ii 


LOMBARDS 

thty  bid  be 


diiell  thit  Ihcy  bid  her  u  qutcn  cbocM  tbc  one  vbooi  them 
whom  die  weald  htve  b)c  bu  hutbiDd  tod  lor  kiDf.    ShedxH 

A(ihi]f,dukeolTuiin(s«>-«is].  HewuiutB  inMLuigobud, 
but  'ft  Thuiingiu.  It  wu  the  begiiuilac  of  peace  bctweea  the 
Lombirdi  ud  the  Catholic  tias/.  A(iluU  couJd  not  abuukn 
hii  Inditknial  Aiiuusoi,  and  be  wsi  a  very  uneasy  Dei^bour^ 
BK  only  u  the  Gnek  exiKh,  but  to  Rome  iUcll.  But  be  vat 
Iivoniabl)'  dopoMd  both  to  peace  and  to  the  Cubdk  Cbunh. 
Cftgoiy  ioterfemd  to  prevent  ■  DUional  coupincy  agaimt  the 
Laninbardi,  like  tbat  of  St  Brice'i  iky  la  EoflaBd  astkat  ibe 
Danes,  «  that  later  uprmng  a(aln>t  the  Fiuch,  tbc  SkOiu 
Vofien-  He  was  liite  botb  iM  paint  of  kiunaBlt]i  aMi  ol  peEty. 
Ibe  Allan  aod  CttbiAc  bUwtB  went  on  kt  a  time  kde  by  wk; 
but  tbe  Lombaid  kfaw  and  deiiy  npldly  yklded  lo  the  iilifiaui 

._- J  .1 —    ....J  ^m^  j^  natkoal  aDtipalhiea 

pent.  Gcesgry,  «ba  deipaired  oi 
■It  oi  the  Creek  emprnn  to  upeL  ibc 
to  pttmole  peace  betweu  tbc  ItaUani 
and  A(Uul(;  and,  ia  aiate  of  the  feeble  ba$ti]ily  of  Ibe  eDrds 
of  Raveona,  the  pope  and  ikc  king  ot  the  Lonl^rda  bccacoe  the 
two  real  powen  la  the  north  and  centre  of  Italy.  Agilull  wai 
lolLowed,  after  two  uniDiportant  leigni,  by  hii  aon-in-law,  ibe 
hiobaod  ol  Theodeliadi'i  dauchlec,  King  Rothaii  (6j&-esi}, 
Ibe  Lombaid  letidator,  dill  u  Arian  thou^  be  lanuied  ihr 
CalboUo.  He  wu  tbe  int  of  thcii  kiop  who  csUeaed  theii 
eulont  nnder  tbe  name  ol  lawi— and  he  did  this,  ool  in  their 
OWB  Tta^mic  dialect,  but  in  Luin.  The  use  ti  Latin  Lmpliet 
that  Ibe  law*  woe  to  be  not  merely  tbc  pcnonal  Uw  ol  the 
Lombardi,  but  the  law  of  the  land,  biDding  on  Lombardi  and 
ftoBaoi  alike.  But  tuch  rude  leghlaticai  could  not  provide 
lor  all  questjona  arisinff  even  in  the  decayed  itate  ol  Roman 
"  ii  peobabk  that  amoni  thenadvei   '     "    ' 


keptte 


ir  old  u 


by  tt 


T  they  were 
and  by  defreeaa  tood 
Lda  Ihalc  way  into  the 
and  they  werea  larfe 


imbaid  code,  while  all  tokaiiMical 
UL  ware  nnlcucbed  by  it. 

vbccB  BKhcliBBaciilpinieftrsbMappe 

to  the  Kmu  on  whidi  land  teoenlly  *■■ : 


tn  an  uninlenupied  and  acknowWted  eieniv  si  Roman  law 
their  old  Biunicioil  orianiialiaii.  Lam  inquiim.  iiKlBdirc  Leo, 
Trqya  and  HtfA  have  found  that  the  nppnitJon  ioa  km  ull]r 
with  a  lAolc  ieriet  of  faeu.  wlildi  point  loa  Lseiteid  icniiorial  hw 
%K>ciD(  eeonleldy  any  parallel  Roman  and  peneaal  law,  to  a  freal 
mtrktua  oC  fuH  civil  r^la  anoH  1h«  Romana.  aaalosoui  to  the 
csodiiioii  of  Ibc  nyah  undo-  the  Turfct.  and  to  ■  ndncliuii  of  the 
Ronan  eccupien  to  a  cbi*  of  half-Ine  '  akili,  holdinf  immavibtc 
IcnaiKiH  under  kmb  ol  auperior  nee  and  pifvlkfe,  nad  labien 
to  the  mcritca  (Mier  al  the  third  pan  al  their  hoUinga  or  the 
tUid  part  ol  the  pndac*.  The  Roman  lome^  both  of  pcgpenv  and 
(ithii.  weK,lilBty  to  bt  fieat  at  Ent:  how  lar  tbev  comuucd 
permanent  duriDc^Ihe  two  cenluriea  oT  the  LomtBrd  kin|diini,  or 
bow  far  the  kcal  dbtinnnM  between  Rome  and  Lombard  Radially 
pawl  mo  deuanide,  ii  a  larthH  aaeadDn.  The  l^iiJaiioa  of  (be 
Lomtwd  Unp.  in  fona  a  territorial  aad  Ml  a  pcinwl  law,  ibowi 
BO  >i|a»  n  a  dupoKtioo  either  »  depres  or  to  lavnir  the  Romana, 
but  eol*  the  purpoie  to  maintain,  in  a  niuih  (ubioB,  MiicI  aider 
and  dlielpluiE  imiaitiaHii  amunf  all  their  wl^ecti. 

Ftom  Rotharf  (d.  «J>)  to  Uutpntnd  (?ii-tm)  the  tombord 
bkp,  *iKcee&|  OBeauotber  in  ibe  irieciilar  (aahion  ol  the  time, 
aomellme*  by  dcsccM;  loiDetiiiiea  by  dectiOD,  aomelimeB  by 
conipincy  and  violeBce,  Miove  fitfully  to  enlaife  their  bonndariei, 
■nd  contended  wftb  the  ariiiocncy  of  dukci  inherent  in  the 
orlfiDol  OTiaatfatlDB  of  the  natioD,  as  element  which.  Iboogh 
much  weakened,  ahrayi  cmbairamed  the  power  of  ihr  crown, 
•Dd  checked  the  DnKy  of  the  Datko. '  Their  M  enemia  the 
Fnnkt  on  Ibe  west,  and  the  Slavs  or  Hun,  ever  ready  to  break 
in  on  the  north-eail.  and  mneCima  called  in  by  mutinoua  and 
inltgnH  dukea  of  Friuh  and  Tmt,  were  conKaut  and  acHous 
danfcia.    By  ibe  pofes, 


.  with  ibeCRakaapicttbaRwaatbnBicwat. 
From  liBie  lo  tin*  they  made  aids  into  tbc  onsubdaed  pons  «i 
Italy,  and  added  ■  dty  or  Iwo  tO  tkeii  dominiona.  Bot  then 
wa*  no  lualained  efiotl  ioc  Ibe  coiqilcu  aabjugatioB  of  Italy  til 
Liutpnnd.tbcmMt  pewctfuiof  thtbne.  He  tried  it,  and  failed.  | 
Hi  bnte  up  tiM  IfMlepaiaieoci  it  tba  peat  aoatben  ducbi^ 
BcDeveDie  and  Spoleto.  Foe  a  time,  ia  the  beat  of  Ibe  di^uti 
about  imacea,  be  van  the  pope  to  fak  side  ataioat  tbe  Qieetoi 
For  a  lima,  but  ttly  ht  a,Hme,  be  deprived  Ibe  Creek*  << 
Ravcma.    Aiuull,  bia  sutccmor.  ^Ried  oa  the  oa^  policy.        I 

:aled  and  alaisMd,  and  bapekatti 
oia  inm  tnc  ejs.  iiniiea  ID  ibe  family  which  was  lidng  into 
power  iwont  the  Fiajiki  ol  the  Wmi,  Uie  mayors  of  the  palsoc 
of  Austnsia.  Pope  Greieiy  IIL  ^plkd  In  vain  to  Charls 
Hand.  But  with  his  sucoetioa  Pippin  and  Charles  the  peps 
were  oMte  nccessful.  Ia  reluni  lor  the  Uauler  by  the  pope 
ol  the  Frank  <iown  (roni  the  decayed  line  ol  Clovis  lo  hit  owa. 
Pippin  croSKd  tbi  Alps,  defeated  Aiiiulf  and  lave  to  Ibe  pope 
the  bods  wbidi  AistuU  had  torn  from  Ibt  empire,  RaveaM  i 
aodlbePentapob  C;^-?!*)'    ButtbeanttyquatnbaliUwat       | 


•tin  to  the  ItaUass  a  "foul  awl  horrid  "race.    At  leoilb,  icvhci 
by  Pope  Adiian   I.,  Pippin's  ago   Charlei 

descended  into  Italy.    As  the  Lombaid  k 
it  ended,  with  a  aiega  of  Patia.     Dtaiderius,  the  last  kin^ 
piiaonti  (774).  and  the  Lombard  power  peiishad. 

oeCBOW  master  of  Iisly.  and  in  8eo  tbe  pope.  wl»  had  tmwwad 
Pippinkinjot  the  Flanks,  claimed  to  bestow  the  Ronaiictqii^ 

Efali  efUu  CatMinff^n  Cim^iHSt.—'To  Ildy  tbe  urenbiow 
of  the  Lombard  kinp  tns  the  lots  of  its  last  chance  of  iadepcad- 
f  nee  and  unity.  To  the  Lombards  the  conquest  wis  the  destrac- 
tion  of  their  Icgil  ajid  sodil  luprtaacy,  ■  HenceCoith  th<j 
wen  etjuoUy  wilh  Ihe'ItaHaiu  the  lubj^cu  of  the  Frank  kiaip. 
The  Cacotiigiu  kinlp  eipicBly  tecogniicd  the  Roman  law, 
ud  allowed  all  who  would  be  counted  Romans  to  "  profcs  ' 
it.  But  Latin  influences  were  iwi  tltonc  eooofh  to  enincuU 
tbe  Lombard  name  and  desiroy  alioseihei  the  nmnectkas 
snd  hat^ts  of  the  Lombard  lulej  Lombard  law  was  atin  ircv^ 
nlied,  and  survived  in  tbe  sduoli  of  Pavia.  Lombordy  n- 
niained  tbe  name  of  the  finest  proTince  of  Italy,  and  for  a  ii*j 
was  Ibe  name  for  Italy  itidf  But  what  was  ipedaDy  Idmbald 
could  not  stand  bi  tbe  Ions  run  againxr  the  Italian  armospbeR 
which  surronnded  !t.  CSeneration  after  generation  paned  bor 
and  n»R  into  real  Italians.  Anli^Ihics,  indeed,  smvjnd, 
and  men  even  tn  the  lotl  centnty  cslled  each  otbei  Rmaa  oc 
Langobaid  as  leims  ol  reproach.  But  Ihe  altered  Dame  ef 
Lombard  also  denoted  hennfonh  some  ol  the  pRwdesi  al 
Italians;  and,  ihoufh  the  Lonbaid  ipeetb  bad  uiicily  pciisbtd 
their  most  common  names  still  kept  up  the  remcmbiatice  thai 
tbeir  fathers  had  come  (mm  beyond  the  Alps. 

But  the  estafaliihmcnt  of  the  Pnnk  kingdom,  and  stm  men 
the  rMiahlbhment  ol  the  Chriitisa  empire  as  tbe  source  d 
law  and  hiifsdiction  in  Chrisieadoin.  bad  motnenious  inllueoee 
on  &e  history  of  tbe  Iiatliniied  Lombards.  The  Empire  was 
the  OMmterweigfat  to  the  local  lyianDlei  into  vhich  Ihr  local 
aulboritia  establisbed  by  the  Empire  iisdf,  the  feudal  powers. 
Judicial  and  mlNtary,  necessity  for  the  puiposes  of  (ovenmeW. 
tnwfablf  tended  iDdegencnle.  When  ihcy  became  hitoleiabi^ 
from  tlft  Emigre  were  (ought  tbe  aemptioBS,  iffivflefes,  im- 
mimhles  from  that  local  authority,  which,  anomaloos  and 
anarchical  as  they  were  In  theory,  yet  ia  fact  were  tbe  boBdatioaB 
of  tU  the  liberties  of  the  middle  ages  in  tbe  Swfas  anloos,  ia  tbe 
free  towns  of  Germany  and  the  Low  Countries,  In  the  LoBbnd 
dtia  of  Italy.  Italy  wis  and  ever  bat  been  a  land  of  dtis; 
and,  ever  since  the  downfall  of  Rome  and  the  decay  ol  ibt 
municfpal  system,  the  bishops  of  tbe  cities  had  leoHjr  been  al 
the  head  of  Ihe  peaceful  and  itiJiisllialBoKrilbairw^htiia, 


IXJMBARB-V 


935 


■ad  «■•  »  aatanl  nfva  lot  tka  cifiinned,  Md 
tkt  DuuiaoiH  uid  Iha  evil  iam,  Inm  tht  nlii 
po««n  ol  ibe  doke  «  couU  M  judfi,  too  oftoi  >  : 
DC  Iniid.  Umler  lbs  Canlidiiu  empire, 
np  in  the  Noith  lulita  cities  cf  tpiicop 
wlach  ■  diy  with  iu  wirgimdins  diMiia  wu 
orlcucampletely,f»ffitliejuriidictioa(if  tkeoiduuyaMlntily, 
mililuy  «  dvil,  uid  placed  uods  that  ot  the  IwIkiI).  ThcK 
"  immusiiie*  "  led  to  tbe  lemponl  fovosgntr  at  the  bfihiipii 
nndei  it  ibe  sfiiii  oI  libetty  gte*  more  tculil)'  thu  luuki  the 
miliuiy  cliiel  Munidpd  etgnniatimii  never  quite  foixstleo, 
Wtuni^  levTTtd  uadei  new  foins,  luid  Hilb  iti  "  odihIi  " 
■t  the  bad  of  the  diiiHu,  with  in  "(tu"uid  "cnfu"  ud 
"  (ildi."  grew  up  team  under  the  ihidow  ol  tbe  church.  In 
doe  li»  Ibe  dty  populitloiH,  free  frora  the  feudal  yrike,  nul 
nfe  within  the  walk  which  in  nuny  iututti  tbe  Usbopi  bad 
bunt  lot  them,  became  impatient  alxi  el  Ibe  bbhop'a  govnii- 
nsent.  Tfie  atia  which  tbe  biibopi  had  made  thiu  lodepeodent 
of  tbe  di&o  ud  couDli  next  uoght  lobe  Free  from  the  biibopi; 
In  due  lime  tbey  t»  tafncd  Ibdr  chaiten  ofpiivilefe  and  falxtly. 
Leii  ID  tdeare  of  Iberm^vo,  islands  in  a  lea  ot  tuibulcuce, 
they  grew  in  the  Mosf  of  teH-fdiaoce  and  bdependenee;  they 
(Tew  alio  to  be  aggreuive,  qtmrelsont  and  ambitioui.  ThiUi 
by  the  nth  dentujy,  (he  Lombard  dtia  had  become  "com- 
mans,"  caatnonahiej.  rcpuUin,  maDBgiDf  tbdr  owa  affain, 
and  ready  for  alt«li  or  defence  Hllan  had  recavend  iti  great- 
neaf,  ecclalaitically  ai  wetl  as  poUtically;  it  Karcely  bowed  to 
Rome,  and  It  aq>ireil  to  tbe  position  ol  a  sovereign  dty,  raistreu 
over  iu  nei^boun.  At  length,  In  tbe  Tiib  centmy,  ibe  Inevit- 
kUe  eonfllcC  came  between  tbe  republicanism  of  tbe  Lombard 
dtiei  and  the  German  fcudalisin  which  nill  claimed  tbdr 
■SegiBnci  In  the  name  of  the  Empire.  Leagues  and  counter- 
Icagnes  were  formed;  and  a  confederacy  of  cities,  with  Milan 
at  ill  bead,  challenged  tbe  strength  of  Cermany  under  one  of 
its  slemesl  emperors,  Frederick  Birbaroua.  Al  first  Frederick 
was  victonous;  Milan,  except  its  cbuichei,waa  utterly  destroyed^ 
everything  that  marked  munfdpal  independence  wu  abolished 
fn  the  "rebel"  dties;  and  tbey  had  to  receive  an  imperial 
maffilrale  injtead  ot  thor  own  <iis»-ii6j).  But  the  Lombard 
league  was  again  farmed.  Mihn  was  lebuUt,  with  the  be^  even 
of  iu  teaknu  rivala,  and  ai  Lesnano  (ii;A)  Piedccick  was  utterly 
defeated.  The  Lombard  cities  had  rcfaioed  their  independcncej 
•sd  at  the  peace  of  Constance  (i  i8j]  Frederick  fouod  hlmsdf 
compelled  to  contiim  It. 

FiORi  the  iK*ce  of  Connance  tbe  biMorT  of  the  Loobardi  u 
nenir  pan  el  ibc  kiiucy  ol  iBly.  Their  dtica  want  Ihioiith  Ihe 
iMilintty  latiuna  ol  nwt  IiabM  ehkfc  Tbey  (|uunlled  ud 
fautht  tith  one  another.  Tbey  loiA  ofipoiila  lidea  in  the  neat 
itriie  of  the  time  bemen  pope  ud  emperor,  and  wen  CuelTud 
ChibriHne  by  old  tradilion. '—  — ""  '- 


I  (he  haada  i  >  i-„ . 

a.  and  gnerally  »  last  into  the 
argcr  pofiticai  itrufgiea  — '  -^ 
ontid  lata  a  UngXin. 


'^lerK 


a  lamily.    Thet 
Eiuope,  tbey  ■ 

a  heritage  for  the  nf  pbew  ol  ■  pofM.  But  in  two  waya  cipsiillly 
Ihe  encigetic  race  which  grew  oul  ol  the  futlaa  til  Uingobard^  and 
1  taKam  bccnen  the  uh  and  (he  iith  cmluries  has  kll  the  tncmoiy 
efitielf.  lnEn|biuI.aIleul.(heealeniiiilngtndenBiidbantxn 
whoIoaidibiimytotheWat.fniiiitlH  13th  lo  the  IGthcnitBrtet. 
Ihooib  ihey  canamly  did  not  all  com  (nm  Loobuity.  bon  Ihe 
■ame  of  Lomharda.  In  (ha  next  plan,  tbe  Lombaiib  or  the  llaliaa 
buUdcn  whom  Ihey  employed  oc  followed,  Ihe  "  mai(en  of  Gmu." 
of  wbon  to  much  n  nid  In  tbe  early  Lombard  laws,  ialnduced  a 
manner  ol  building.  Hately,  eofeian  and  claitic,  (d  wkidi  tbeir 
same  has  been  amched.  and  which  givei  a  ctaaaa  of  iia  awn  to 
■inHcilthe^ieniiitertaiiiVdniiehaTBtlaly  (R.  W.  C.) 

LOMUUUrV.  a  lenho^d  diviilDo  of  Italy,  bounded  N.  by 
■be  Alpa.  S.  by  Emilia,  E.  by  Venetia  and  W.  by  Piedmont. 
It  la  divided  into  eight  pro'dncea,  Bergamo,  BRada.  Coma, 
Cmnona,  Uontua.  M3aa,  Pavia  and  Sondiio,  and  has  an  area 
af  giW  wq.  m.  MHin,  the  chid  city,  is  (be  greatest  railway 
entre  ol  luly:  it  U  in  direct  commmicalion  not  only  with  the 
«lhct  principal  towns  of  Lombardy  and  the  rest  ol  Italy  but 
*t>B  wKh  tha  llqer  Mwna  of  France.  Germany  and  Switicitud, 


btiiw  (be  oeaiot  great  torn  toikt  wn»da«liheSt  Cothaid 
and  tbe  Kmploa.  Tba  other  jaibny  oentits  of  tbt  ttnlloy 
an  Moitan,  Pavia  and  t^stua,  whik  every  nwrirhrabla  towa 
iaaittuMd  on  fcwiihiaeany  reach  of  tbenilway,  thiihHng  readetad 
cs&pantivdy  ca*y  owing  l«  the  fdniva  Batmai  of  t^  grtatef 
van  ol  (he  oououy.    ThBlinofr-""     ■    "  -    - 


ths  Fo,  whicta  lellowt, 
boondary  of  Lomhvdy,  and 
'  '  '  :  Po,  which  lomu 
lor  a  (oaiidfnible  dliunce  tbewMten  bouodary.  Tbe  majority 
of  Ihe  ItaEan  Utes,  those  of  Gaida,  Idro,  Iseo,  Como,  Lugano, 
Varese  and  Uagpore,  lie  wliolly  or  in  part  within  it.  The 
climate  ol^Lombardy  ii  thoroughly  continental;  in  tummtc 
tbe  beat  is  greats  than  in  (he  south  of  Italy,  wlale  tbe  winter 
ii  very  cold,  and  lutter  wiods,  snow  and  mist  arc  f  tequent.  -In  tbe 
siuuner  min  fa  me  beyond  Ihe  Idwcc  Alps,  but  a  lyUon  o(Mga< 
tioa,  lUinupanad  In  Eunpe,  and  dating  from  the  middle  ages, 
pTevails,iathaCaliilureo{  tbcciopsii  hudlypoenbla.    Thert 


tbe  lowai  dope*  an  devoted  to  tl .  . 
ties  (Incliiding  cWataidi)  and  Ibc  lilkwormi  wide  is  Ike  n^DD* 
ol  the  plain,  lane  cnp*  tt  miiie,  lice,  wlimt,  Sax,  hemp  and 
■dne  an  pcoduced,  and  tbonanda  oi  ntdbeny-tieea  are  grown 
for  Ihe  benefit  of  tbe  ailkwonu,  (k  coluw  of  whidi  in  the 
province  of  Mikn  hla  enlinly  npencdtd  (he  *hcep-b*eedia| 
lor  whkh  it  wax  famous  duiing  the  middle  agea.  Milan  Is  iibde«d 
the  principal  silk  Biarfcel  in  the  woekL  In  1905  there  wen  49a 
miUi  redmt  silk  in  Lonbaidy,  with  31,40;  wtnkera,  and  rit 
thravjnf-mitti  with  ji6,ooa  spiodlca.  Ths  cUef  centre  of  silk 
weaving  la  Como,  but  the  eilk  ia  gmmgdally  dealt  with  at 


..  .__  ...  (600^000 

halea}  is  Impoittd,  tbe  adtlvalian  beinc  jpajgnlfirant  ■  Italy. 
ThacarB4eetnai>isLa^ial4l.    .. 
ofMilan.    TbehipatlmeBaodWDi^caniillslnltalyaii 
at  Fan  d'Adda.    llHaa  also  ■"■■'■'-"■■—  motoiKai*,  twngn 
Turin  is  the  priadpal  ec&tn  In  Italy  foe  lUs  tadostiy.    Tbtt* 
rie*«lmi   '• 


swilh  tbdr  "i——""-'  pofMdatloB 
In  tbe  ropecliva  pnivincca,  accotdrag  to  the  CBUas  ol  1901,  an 
Bcttamo  Ua,S6i),  TTevlgUo  {I4,8»7)i  1*^*1  of  piovfaici  4^,S4^ 
Bunber  of  oommlmct  jOd;  Bltsda  («o,iTe),  CUaii  (ie,f49>, 
totil  ot  province  !4'.^.  nnmber  ol  eomraones  iSo;  Como 
(38,174).  Vareae  (tT,iiM),  Caotil  <ro,7isl.  Leeto(io,jsj),  total  of 
provhice  1^,304,  number  ol  communes  510;  Cremona  (]S3^)l 
CUdmaggion  (16407),  Sorelma  (10,3SS),  total  of  province 
JI047I.  number  oE  communes  133;  Mantoa  (30,117),  Vladana 
(ifi.oSi).  QoistellD  (11,118),  Suuan  (ii,se)),  St  Benedetto  Fo 
(10,008),  total  ol  ptovfnee  315448.  number  of  conunnnea  S8; 
MDan  (490,084).  Monta  (41,114),  Lodi  (1^,817),  Busto  Ardiio 
(»,oos),  Legnmo  (iS,i8(),  Seregno  (11,050).  Gatlarate  (ir,9S»)i- 
Codogno  (11.515),  total  of  province  1430,"*.  number  ol  com- 
munes 197;  Pavia  diA"),  Vigevano  (13,5*0),  Voghen  (»o,44i). 
total  of  province  504,381.  numfter  of  communes  sii;  Soirdrio 
(7077),  total  of  province  130,966,  number  d  oommnnes  78. 
The  total  population  of  Lombardy  was  4,334,099.  In  inosi  of 
the  provincei  ol  Lombardy  there  are  far  more  tiUages  than 
in  other  pans  (d  Italy  except  l^cdnwnt;  this  is  attributable 
partly  to  their  mountainous  character,  partly  perhaps  to  tccuiity 
from  attack  by  lea  (contnit  Ihe  state  oF  things  in  ApnEa). 

Previous  to  tbe  fall  of  the  Roman  rcpnidic  Lombardy  formed 
a  part  of  CaUia  Tno^tdan*.  and  it  wai  Lombardy,  Venetk 
sDd  Piedmont, tbepocUtnollbelulian  penlnstda  N.  ef  tbe^ 


M* 


LOMBOK— LC»IfcHlE  DE  BRIENNE 


tint  ^  BN  nohn  drtmnllp  In  S^  B.C.  bn  nly  Larin  ri^M. 
Tbc  gUt  of  full  dtimuhip  in  44  Bx.  dimIe  it  ■  put  of  Ilily 
pnfa,uti  Lombndyuul'PlailnUBtfaRDed  Ibe'iftb  n^OD  it 
Augtnlut  (TVuHpHluia)  wbib  VtKtk  and  Iilria  htmed  Ac 
iMh.  It  wu  ibc  McODd  (d  tbe  ngiaiu  of  lUJy  is  rin,  but  lbs 
lut  ta  number  ol  IDwra;  It  tppan,  bowevn,  to  Invi  btctt 
pKHpcmiu  ood  peanlul,  ud  cuklvaiian  flourUied  In  lt>  fntDt 
pHtion.  By  the  end  ol  Iha  *lb  cnlury  u>.  Ibc  unw  LlgurU 
hid  been  cunuted  onr  It,  uid  Milin  vu  reguded  u  thi 
opiul  of  both.  Strugn-  nil],  in  Ibe  iih  century  tbc  aid  liEurii 
mi  Kpualed  fnm  k,  ud  oodcr  ths  uac  el  Alfa  CtUi— 
IsiBcd  the  5th  Lombud  pnvlDca  cf  Italr. 
Pw  dguOi  if  HbHEqiiHic  Uitair  mb  Lokbakd*  mod  Italy; 

—J  1- LI ^  A«CBif«CTU«B.   G.  T,  Rivcin  in  Orirmi 

'  it  voU.  Rome,  1901-1907),  ttfcca^ully 
on[in  of  much  tnal  had  hiibcrro  beea 
.  -_  -  D .:^^  IN    T_  -^  devtlopiTie-* 


and  Inr  aRUtrctun  aa 


td  by  torne  aiithoHtia  u 


(•lafindj* 


),  DM  of  the  Lasa 

In  (be  Dulcb  £ut  Indiii,  E.  cf  Java,  between 
S.  and  iij'  46' aad  iiA*  4<V  E.,  witb  an  area  of 
jijD  iq.  a.  It  it  (nuiaied  from  Bali  by  tbe  Strut  o!  Loibbok 
■Bd  (njia  SuBibawa  By  the  Strait  of  AIh.  Riung  out  of  tbe  lea 
■ritb  bold  and  aften  pnedphos  couta.  Lonbok  k  invened  by 
tvooouBtun  chaim.  The  oortbem  chain  I9  of  vclcanic  fotina- 
Ilon,  and  conlaini  tbe  pcd^  at  Lonbok  (ii.Sioft.),  oD»of  (be 
Uihot  vnlcanoo  in  tlK  Haliy  AKbipelago.  It  ■•  Mtnundad 
by  a  phteaa  (vitb  lover  luminiu,  and  a  RugnificcM  Uke, 
Segara  Anak)  Sua  fl.  high.  Tbe  BUthani  chain  rias  ■  Ultk 
oftr  joco  it.  Betvean  the  twacbiiuii'a  bnad  Taiky  or  terrace 
■iih  a  i3Dge  of  kiw  volcanic  hilb.  Vortit-dad  mooDtalB  and 
Hietcha  of  thomy  jungle  alternating  vtih  i(eb  aSuital  pbint, 
mtihrited  tike  gardem  imder  an  indent  and  elaborate  sfKcai 
of  irrigit  KHi,  make  iheacenety  ol  Lombok  taocedlngly  atuactlM. 
Ibc  unall  rim  lenn  only  for  iitlgatbn  and  the  gtoiring  ni 
ike,  vhjch  ii  of  luperior  quality.  In  the  plaloi  are  also  groVn 
ooSn,  iodigti,  miis  and  sugar,  katyaag  (utiva  bttuj.coitoB 
andtobacco.  All  iheK  pnductl  anunpotlBd.  TotkeiuIurali« 
Lombok  ii  ol  panimlv  iautat  la  (he  fMotiar  island  of  the 
Amiraliaa 


cufier  IMC  it  iooad.    IbqjiBB. 

many  other  reapeds  from  (be  Hindu  TTiliiiiiai,  who  vaaquiihed 
but  ODukI  not  convert  them.  Tbe  bland  iiu  foenerly  divided 
Into  llie  four  states  of  Karang-Autn  Lombok  on  tfae  W.  lide, 
Uataiwn  ia  the  N.W.,  i^gnawan  in  the  S.W.  ud  ragnULii 


Daburin  in  tbc  bcEUUiing  oi  the  Ititb  century;  the  union  undei 
a  tingle  rail  tributary  to  Bali  dated  from  iSm.  In  July  1894 
^  Duuh  expedition  lauded  at  Ampanam,  and  advanced  towaids 
liatamm,  the  capiul  of  Uig  Balinesc  sullan,  nbo  had  dt&ed 
Dulcb  uitbcrily  and  lefuted  to  send  the  usual  delegation  to 
Batavia.  The  objecis  of  that  etpedliian  vcre  to  punish  Maiaram 
and.  to  redieu  the  gccvancei  of  the  Saaikt  whom  the  Balinesc 
bdd  in  crud  subjection.  The  Gnt  Dutch  npeditiop  met  with 
reveries,  and  ultinutcly  the  Invaden  were  forced  back  upon 
Ampanam.  Tbe  Dutch  at  once  despatched  a  much  slroDgei 
eipedition,  wiiich  landed  at  Ampanam  in  Septembci.  Maliiiini 
was  bombarded  by  the  6cct.  nod  llu  uoopi  slanscd  (he  sultan's 
IlioDghold,  and  Tjakn.  Ncgiia,  mother  diieftain's  citadel, 
both  (ftet  a  desperau  rcsislaacc.  The  old  sultan  of  Mataram 
■u  captured,  sod  he  and  other  Biliuoe  diiefi  were  exiled  to 
diAcreat  paiU  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  wfaiUt  tbs  sullu'i 
heir  fell  at  tlie  bands  o<  his  mcrion.  Thus  ended  tbe  Balincie 
domination  of  Lombok,  lud  the  island  was  placed  under  direct 
.Dutch-Indian  control,  an  as&ittwit  icsideni  being  ippoinLcd 


Lomt 


Ji  by  ll 


that  itliod.  .The  people,  bo 
curcisc  of  their  own  laws,  religions,  customs  and 
DistuibuKe*  between  iJk  Sasaka  ud  the  Lombok 


number  ibMtt  40,  CUimm  500,  artd  Anb«  170. 

Sea  A.  R.  IMIIiee,  Jfals*  Attliipdaf  (Loskia.  rate  and  hn 
editiaBat.  The  laikiM  -  Wallace's  Une  "  ma.  ■moe^tdy  M 
of  LoBibok.  which  iberefote  ftas  an  imnortaot  part  in  tbe  ^rtA 
CipalB  W.  Cool,  ma  Ou  Dattk  i*  rlc  Baa  (Amnerdun  and  Londoa. 
ra^),  tn  DBtcband  Engliili.  b  a  nairalive  of  (be  emu  ^Hctwl 
above,  and  "^*"**'**  ouy  larticnlan  about  the  ioUia 
rajigiofs  of  Lombok,  whick,  with  Bali.  lorow  the  last  «t 


MudS 


i«o(Ja« 

(1816-1909),  Italian  crlmi  .  _  . 
was  bom  on  :he  iSth  of  November  iSj6  at  Vnonn,  of  a  Jeviik 
family.  He  studied  at  Fadua,  Vienna  and  Paris,  and  was 
in  iSSi  appointed  professor  of  paychiatiy  at  Pavia,  then  djrecut 
of  tbe  luiutic  asylum  at  Pesaro,  and  later  proEcsaor  of  forraqc 
medicine  and  of  psychiatry  at  Turin,  where  be  eventually  tiled 
the  chair  of  criminal  anlhrapokigy.  His  works,  several  el 
which  have  been  translated  into  Ea^iah,  ioclude  L'Utmu  it- 
lii«pie*tt  (iSgg);  L'Uemt  di  (Ohb  (iSSS)  Genu  ejWtia  (iSi;) 
and  Lu  Da«n>  ddinq^aU  (i3<a).  In  1873  he  had  aa^  tbe 
notable  discovery  thai  the  diwrdn  known  as  ptOagrt  was  die 
(but  sec  PEtUcu)  to  a  poison  contained  io  diieaied  ruaie, 
eaten  by  the  peasanu,  and  he  ttiunicd  to  this  lubiect  in  1« 
Pdltpa  in  llnlia  (lESs)  and  other  worka.  LcHnbFoso,  Lkt 
Gioyumi  Bovio  (b.  1S41),  Enrico  Ferri  (b.  iSj6)  and  Colijanai. 

and  Carrara,  waa  sITaii|ly  Injuenced  by  Augusle  Comte,  aid 
owed  Io  him  an  exaggerated  tendency  (a  refer  nil  mental  lacu 
IO  biologic^  causes.  In  spite  of  this,  however,  and  a  seziia 
want  of  accuracy  and  discnmioalkoi  in  handhng  evidcoctf 
his  work  made  an  epoch  io  criminology;  for  he  surpasic4 
all  his  predecessors  by  the  wide  scope  djul  sysiematlc  charaocr 
of  his  researches,  arid  by  the  pracUcal  concluiioxs  be  drew 
[ram  them.  Their  net  theoretical  result!  is  tha(  tbe  criuiml 
population  eibibits  >  bigbec  percentage  of  physical,  Bovaut 
and  mental  anomalies  than  non-nimiuals;  and  chat  thne 
anomalies  are  due  partly  to  degenaraiioo,  partly  to  atavism. 
The  criminal  is  a  special  type  of  the  hunuo  aa,  standing 
midway  bclweeo  tbe  lunatic  and  tbe  savage.  This  doclnnc 
ol  a  "  criminal  type  "has  been  gravely  criticiied,  but  is admitlei 
by  all  to  captain  a  substratum  oi  truth.  The  pcacticBl  nftara 
to  which  it  poiata  is  a  clasdGcaiiOf]  of  offenders,  w  that  tbe  btfa 
criminal  may  receive  a  ditferent  kind  of  pmi^iDKnt  fmn  the 
offender  who  tj  tempted  Into  crime  by  drcumstancci  (see 
also  CuiaKOLocy).  Lombroso's  biotogical  principles  are  mwh 
lesi  successiul  in  his  work  m  Ceaiui,  which  he  eiplaini  »  ■ 
morbid,  degenerative  condition,  presenting  analogies  to  inuBity, 
and  not  altogether  alien  to  crimen  In  i8m  he  published  ia 
French  a  book  which  gives  ar&umf  otmuch  of  hisoailici  walk, 
entitled  £<  Ctimi,  aiuai  el  rmidu.  Later  works  an;  DdM 
^Mt  deUlli  nmi  (Turin,  1901);  JViuh  ,tudi  nt  pnip  {3  veb.. 
Palermo,  1901);  atid  in  iikjS  a  work  on  sfJriiBjIisni  (Eng.  traitu 
AJttr  Dralk—Wkalf  1005),  to  which  subject  be  had  turaal 
bisattcntion  during  Ihcl^er  yean  of  hii  life,  Ho-died  swldoily 
fioni  a  bean  complaint  at  Turin  on  the  191b  of  October  194 

°  -  "  -"-    " '      -     mf  ill  KabB^arMlhlt  ia   Vrr- 

btakr^ptiy.  with  an  an«fyw»  d 
^Kir  genml  cortdBsiofb  by  iia 

-  .-     -bnipokgyac "AJrin. 
LOMtell  DB  BHIBVH^  ttOmn  OUBLEI  K   (,;,;• 

iTP4li  French  poliUcjas  ud  MdaiHti^  was  kwS'W  Pkb 
on  the  9(h  of  October  1717.  He  belonged  (o  a  Li*oQ*tB  lamdy, 
dating  (rom  the  i^  century,  and  after*  brilliant  «a(cer  as  a 
student  Bntenul  tbe  Church,  as  bejng  tbc  bat  way  to  utail 
to  a  distiogiusbed  poaitioiL  In  itji  he  becaotc  a  docaor  el 
theology,  tbougb  then  were  doubia.ai  lu  tbe  onbodoiy  ol  ha 
thesis. .  In  i;ji  be  wasappointedgaaid  vicu  to  (be  ucbb^bir 
ofRoucn.    Alter viiitlngRaiw^te«w«*d«bf>kv si CoMdOB 


iripi  (Hamban.  t 

is  worki.  and  a  vhoi. , ... 

lughicrs,  Paula  Carrara  and  Cina  Fem 


LOMOKD^  EOCH— :L0MZA 


(1760),  and  fn  ii6i  wu  tnadatcd  td  Ihe  Bcchbisbopric  ol 

Toiiiamt.    Hb  kid  auny  f unou  Iriendi,  among  ttxio  A.  R.  J. . 

Turgol,  the  AbM  A-Monilri  uid  Voltuie,uil  m  ijTotiKMac 

an'  (udcnuiii*.     He  wu  on  thiee  (kcuuidj  Lbe  bud  of  iJk 

^urtsu  Jt  jurlidutian  At  the  gcnenl  assembly  of  tbc  clerei; 

he  aisa  idok  in  inieresi  in  poLikil 

diy,  and  iddraHd  10  Turgot  a  nu 

lubJKti.  one  of  ihem,  tnaung  oS  pauperiuD,  baa|  ocedaUy 

rtuHrkablt.    In  ' 

Asembiy  ol  Na 

paiicy  of  Calonn' 


.78?  be* 
ibla,;n     ■ 


a.  of  Ma/ 


{m  trade,  ibe  eilablishmenl  o(  ptovincial  aucmblici  and  Ihe 
tedunplioa  ol  the  icrvli;  on  thcii  nfutaJ  to  icgisiec  edicu 
on  the  stamp  duly  and  the  pnip«ed  niw  gcDctal  land-tu, 
be  penuaded  the  king  to  bold  aU  it  jnslia,  to  enforce  then 
repsimion.  To  crush  the  oppoallion  fo  thoc  neamro,  he 
pcnuadcd  the  king  to  eiile  the  parlemeaC  to  Tfoyea  (AuguU 
lilh.  I7S;).  On  the  a)[reetBenl  of  the  psrtcmetK  lo  Mnctnn 
■  p^klasatiaa  foe  two  yeas  to  the  IH  ol  the  two  HRfliJiiut 
(a  direct  Lax  on  all  kinds  of  incone),  in  Umi  «f  the  abava  two 
taiei,  be  recalled  the  counciUon  to  I^ia.  But  a  f  unber  allempt 
to  foiw  the  parlcnient  to  register  an  edict  lor  nisinc  a  baa 
of  110  Riillien  Jiwei  met  nilb  delermintd  appoiilkin.  The 
■Iniggl^  of  the  parlcmcol  a^nst  the  incapacity  oi  Brlgime 
coded  on  the  Sth  of  May  in  iti  consenlioc  to  an  edict  for  Ki 
ovTB  abolitioai  but  with  the  previia  that  the  itata-general 
should  be  summoned  to  remedy  the  disorders  <if  the  ataifr 


•  found  himteK  {ace  ■ 


lo  promise  that  the  slalcs-genei 

>ad  00  the  i^lh  of 
empty.    On  the  i 


I  face  with  alinoGt  univenal 
^ai.  the  Cow  fUnihi  which 
of  tlM  parkEoent,  and  himsalf 

II  should  be  tumnwoed.     But 


August  he  had  to 


iitirt;  leaving  the  tretiuiy 
r  [aUowiog,  be  wt*  Dude 
he  spent  loo  yeart.  Aitet 
the  Revolution  heTcLumed  to  France,  and  to^ 
;  Civil  ConUitution  o(  the  Ckrgy  in  1740  (sec 
tacNCit  KEvoLDTiaH).  He  was  repudiated  by  the  pope,  uii 
in  1791  had  to  give  up  the  birUta  at  the  command  of  Fius  VI. 
Both  his  past  and  present  conduct  made  him  an  object  of  stispkioD 
ts  the  revolutionaries;  he  was  atiested  al  Sesi  on  the  (Mh  ^ 
Kovembcr  i7pj,  and  died  in  prison,  eitba  ot  an  apopkciic 
tlmkaoi  by  pDJnn,  on  the  ifithof  February  17M- 

Thc  dik-l  »otk>  puhliihcd  by  Btiearw  are:  Oima,  Jumitrt  it 
Vaupkin  (Paris.  1J66):  CoMpU-rndm  u  r«  (Pirii,  I?'""-  '- 
CWiJJdttur,   in  raHaboratiftn   wilh   Turcot    (Rome,   Parii 


178B);  1 
rifc    I7r 


jai 

diJa  Khtiulitm  [Sens.  lli/,]. 

UIMOMD.  LOCH,  the  UrgesI  and  most  beautiful  ol  ScotlU) 
Uk^,  situated  in  the  counties  of  Stilling  and  Dumbarton.    Jt 


e  namwi  to  the  north  ei  the  Isle  af  the 
in.,and  the  greatest  depth  6jo  lE.  It  is 
»,  ol  which  doubtless  >t  wu  at  oae  time 
.  a  i$Iatids.  the  largest  ol  which  ii  Incb- 
er  patk  belonging  10  the  dtike  ol  Monlnae.    Among 


aoarsL     It  cc 

re'lMh  cidiiiZth  (tbe""  WMd" 
iha  fact  that  a  jiuancry  eiKe  stood  there),  lochfad  ("Long 
Island  "J,  Incbouin  ("  Kouad  Island ").  Inchuvi 
("  Monks'  Isia  "),  Inchconnachan  ("  Colquboun'l  Isle  "), 
lonaig  ("Isiesl  ibe  YewB,"wbe>e  BebcK  Bruce  cauKdy 
be  planted  lo  provide  aras  lor  his  bowmee),  Crtinch,  Torriitct 
■ndCtiirinch  (which  give  the  Buchanan)  tlteli  wir-oy).  Fmn 
the  weA  tbekxh  teceivo  the  Invo-uglat,  the  Douglas,  the  Luis, 
Ihe  Finias  and  tbe  Fruln.  From  Bailoch  in  the  nutli  it  aenda  oS 
Ibe  Leven  to  the  Clydei  Inun  the  east  it  receiva  the  Endrick. 
Ibe  Blair,  the  Casbell  and  the  Atklet;  and  Itora  the  ooith  ' 
FaUoch.  Ben  Liwnond  U19]  IL),  Ibe  ascent  ol  whicli  is  n 
•ilk  tompaialivi  sue  Itam  Rowatdennan,  demlnalei  Ihe  il 
Mipoi  but  Ibere  *u  oihei  majeaiic  hills,  puticuJarly  em 


*eM  and  oortlHiFeat  banhk.  The  Ash  an  «ea4ront,  lake-lnMil, 
pike  and  penh.  Part  ol  (he  shore  is  ikliicd  by  the  West  High- 
land railway,  opened  in  iStft,  whifit  baa  stations  on  the  loch  at 
Tarbet  and  Anilni,  and  Balloch  is  the  terminns  of  the  Uneslnnn 
DumbatlDB  and  Inm  Slltliig  via  BuchlyTie.  Slramentnaketbe 
(our  ol  the  loch,  Harltng  from  Balloch  and  calling  at  Balmahl,' 
Lux,  Rowantennan,  Tarbet,  InvennnJd  and  Aidlul:  Lns^  hils 
a  coBildemUe  pspnlaiion,  a*d  there  is  some  stone  quarried  neA 
it.  IhvebsNab  Is  Ibe  paixt  ol  irrieil  and  depaiture  for  lb): 
Trossachs  coaches,  and  here,  too,  there  is  a  graceful  waterfdl, 
led  by  (bo  AikJei  from  the  loch  of  that  name,  t)  m.  to  (Re  nst, 
womemonlttl  in  Wonlswonh's  poem  of  the  "  Highland  Gill." 
Isvennaid  wu  in  Ibe  bean  ol  the  Macgiegor  country,  end  the 
umeof  RobRvr  IsttiU^ven  to  hiseaveon  thelocfa  side  a  mile 
10  the  north  and  to  his  prison  j  m.  to  the  south.  Inversraijt 
was  Ibe  tile  ol  a  lort  faujii  la  171]  to  reduce  Ihe  dan  lo  lub- 
>ecIfoB.  Ctaig  Rf^rston,  a  (tact  1^i^  between  Inversnald  and 
Ben  Loniond,  waa  also  associated  with  Rob  Roy. 

UMKOtOV,  mXHIUL  VMIUBVICH  <i7iiM7e5),  Buntan 
poet  aadmanofKlebce,  wasbomin  the  year  i7!i,in  the  village 
of  Denisovka  (the  name  of  which  was  afterwards^ changed  in 
homwrof  the  poet),  situated  on  an  island  not  lar  fnm  Kholmo- 
ger).  In  the  government  of  Archangel.  Hfs  father,  a  Ibhetinan, 
took  the  boy  when  he  wn  ten  years  of  age  to  issilt  him'  in  hh 
tailing;  bnl  the  lad's  eagemeo  for  kngwledg*  was  unbounded. 
The  few  books  accessihle  lo  him  he  almost  learned  by  heart; 
and,  seeing  that  ihm  was  no  chance  of  increasing  his  slock  of 
knowledge  in  his  native  place,  he  resolved  to  betake  himself  tb 

and  by  Ihe  intervention  of  friends  he  obtained  admision  intb 
the  Zaikonosposski  school.  There  his  progress  was  very  rapid, 
especially  in  Latin,  and  in  ijjx  he  was  sent  from  Moscow  to  St 
Peletsbufg.    There  again  his  proficiency,  especially  in  pby^cal 


.arked,  a 


accordln^y  commenced  the  study  ol  mclalhitgv  at  Marburjr; 
be  also  began  to  write  poetry,  imilatintt  German  authors,  among 
whom  he  is  sud  to  have  especially  admired  GUnther.  Hb  ftfc 
pw  Ike  Tathi  »!  Klaliyi  frtm  Iki  Ttrts  was  composed  in  I7]9, 
andaltrscledagreat  deal  of  attention  at  St  Petersburg.  During 
his  residence  in  Oermany  Lomonfiiov  married  a  nilivt  of  Ibe 
eoimliy,  and  found  it  di&c^  to  maintaid  his  increasing  family 
on  the  scanty  lUowmce  granted  to  him  by  the  St  Pnenhurg 
Academy,  which,  moteover,  was  irregularTy  sent.  Hij  drcum- 
st  ances  became  embarrassed,  and  be  tesolved  ID  leave  the  countiy 
secrelly  and  to  return  home.  On  his  arrival  in  Russia  he  rapiiy 
rose  to  distinction,  and  wu  made  piolessot  of  chemistry  in  tbe 
univeruiy  ol  St  Peteisbofg;  he  nliimately  became  rector,  and 
in  r764  secretary  of  stale.  He  died  la  176^. 
Thriint  valuable  of  Ihe  wocla  of  LononiKiv  are  thCKvelattiw 


did  much  to  improve 'iHe  Hiythm  of  Ri 

UWZA.  or  LoiUBA,  a  government 

N.  by  Pmtaia  and  the  I^bh  goven 


of  Rnltian  Pojand. 
3t  of  Suwalki,  1 


bounded 


.  bylh 


of  Sledlce  and  Wanaw  and  W^  by  Ihal  ol  Plock.  It  covers 
46M  sq,  n.  It  is  mostly  flit  or  unthilatlng.  with  a  few  tracts 
in  the  north  and  sonth-west  where  the  deeply  col  valleys  give  ■ 
hilly  aspect  to  the  countcy.  Eiteniive  mirahes  overspread  it, 
"■  'hieh  flows  fram       -  - 


rath-wi 


jf  Ihe 


government. '  TTie  Bug  Bows  along  the  joulheni  border.  Joining 
the  Vistula  »  ra.  below  its  conSueace  with  tbe  Narev.  There 
are  forest*  in  Ihe  eait  ol  the  goveniment.  The  tnhabltlnU 
mimbered  soi.jBj  In  1S71  and  sSs.oj]  m  1897.  of  whom  )79,^7i) 
were  women,  ind  Cg,S]4  Uvedin  towns.  The  eslitnated  popubi- 
tion  in  1906  wu  6$], too.  By  tcligion  77)^  are  Romin 
Catholics,  is)°/d  Jews  aDd.5t%  members  ol  tbe  Onbodor 
Church.  ABicaliure  is  tic  predominini  indusliy,  the  chhff 
cioft  beincrye,  oats,  wbeai,  barley,  buckwheat,  peaa,  potatocf, 
Sal  and  hemp.     Beesaneilensivcly  kepi,  and  laiio  numbanof 


93« 


LOMZA-^LQNDON 


(t  Inm  BoniM]' datiai 


y  gtat.  It  mni.    Stock  nbuf  b  curwl 

__   Dt.    The  wood  Uwle  i«  importiBi;  oilm  in- 

diuUiB  m  ibe  produciioa  nl  poiuo',  bwi  flour,  lolbci, 
bnskt,  woodn  wvs,  ipiiiU.  tobuxo  and  tufu.  Then  U  only 
snc  railw&v  (between  Grodm  and  Wunn),  the  fiof  i*  uvi|- 
•  able,  bui  wood  otJy  a  fluted  down  tb  Narrv.  Tb«  ■ovtni- 
neu  a  dividid  into  aevcn  diUikta,  o(  «bkh  tba  chief  lowni. 
with  Iheii  pcfwlaiioDa  in  1897,  an  I-eou.  (f.i.),  IMrolaika 
(I679),  MaMwiec  C}9eo),OMr4w  (ii,i&4}.UBkA>  {7>3').  Kolao 
(494O  "d  Smuc^oi  (ST»i). 

UiaZA.  a  Iowa  ol  Kuaii,  opilal  si  the  govonliuat  ol  Ibe 
name  name,  00  the  Naiew,  loj  m.  by  nil  N£.  {nm-Wanav. 
Pop.  (i870.'3,«4o,  (1900)  JMlS.  Looua  il  an  oJd  town,  owe 
tt  iu  chuidiei  baving  been  erected  before  looo.  In  the  teth 
century  it  curled  on  a  briik  tnde  wiih  Liihuanift  and  Pruuia. 
It  vu  veil  fodificd  and  had  two  dtadelt,  but  Devcilbclc«  ollcn 
«ufi<redfiomUieijivaaioiua£  theGermaniudTUan,  aadiDthe 
I7lh  century  it  wu  Ivica  pluidcml  by  the  Coiaaclu  of  tht 
Ukraioe.  In  170!  it  '«"  ""Jet  the  doniuoo  ol  !■«■*»,  ind 
■fitf  the  peace  of  Tibil  (iSoj)  it  came  uodv  Kuun  ruk. 

UMTAUU,  a  town  ol  India,  in  Ibe  Poona  dblrict  ol  Bonb^', 
at  the  U^^  the  Shoe  Ghat  paM  1b  the  WcMem  GhaU.  tar  vUct 
the  CtcM  Indian  fatioiula  nQmy  cUmba 
FwBa.    Pop.  (1901),  «»6.    It  eml  ■      ' 
•I  the  railway.    LoBiuliiiaplaaol: 
tbebotKBiOD. 

LOHOOM,  a  city  and  pott  ol  entry  af  Mididleiea  caunlyi 
Ontaria,  Canada,  lituatol  111  m.  N.W.  of  TotodCo,  on  Ibe  river 
Thamti  aiid  the  Grand  Tnuk,  Ce radian  Pacific  and  Mkhivm 
Central  railway*.  Pop.  (i9or),  37,081;  but  uiVBal  suburbi,  not 
Included  in  thcM  tigura,  are  in  reilily  put  of  the  ciiy.  The 
local  aomendature  is  largely  >  reproduction  of  that  ol  ll 
dly  whole  name  it  bu  buiswed.  Siluled  in  ■  letlik 
(unl  distria,  it  ii  a  large  diatiibudng  coitn.  Ant  . 
induitiiet  are  breweriai  petroleuv  r^neriei,  and  factorin 
led  the  manufacture  ol  africultuiai  iBplemanta  and  ol  raiiway 
caniagcL  The  cducatiasal  ioMiiutiow  include  the  Hdlmuth 
Ladis'  CoU(8e  and  the  Waiem  Unlvcniiy  {founded  In  r  ~ 
under  Ibe  patronage  cd  the  Cbuich  ol  Engtaid).  London 
louuded  in  iSij-iSiA. 

LOHOOH,  the  opital  of  Entfand  and  ol  the  Biilith  Empire, 
and  the  grcslat  dty  in  the  work),  lying  on  each  aide  of  ibe 
river  Thaoici  Jo  m.  above  its  moulb.'  The  "  City,"  «>  called 
both  forniaily  and  popularly,  a  a  touUl  arc&  (673  acr  . 
wuifa  bank  of  the  river,  forming  the  bean  of  the  neuopolii. 
And  ctuulLluting  wilhio  iu  bouodariei  one  only,  and  one  of  the 
Bmalleit,  of  Iwenty-nine  ruunidpal  diviuoot  which  Bukt 
adminiitralive  Connly  of  London.  The  IweDly-ei|ht  re 
diviiioDI  are  the  MetropoUtan  Boniught.  Tbc  ceun 
4cia<d  hai  an  eHreme  length  (E.  to  W.)  ol  i5  m.,  an 
bKadth  (N.  toS.)  irfitW'.ud  an  area  otu.^'"tn 
117  iq.  m.  The  boTDughi  arcai  follow*:— 
1.  Htni  ^  Ik  Tkojwr  — TowUni  the  runbern  boundary 


unty,  fi 


11   W.   I< 


1,  Stoke  Kew 


Paddinglon,  Uaoqatead, 
Ion,  Poplar. 

Bounded  by  the  Thamei— Fulbam,  Cbeliea,  Ibt  City  ol  WeU- 
miniler  (here  Ibe  City  of  London  ioterveneij.  Stepney,  Poplar. 

Between  Wettminiler,  Ibe  City  and  Stepney,  and  tbe  Borthem 
boiDUghi— St  Marylebone  (canmonly  Marylebooc),  Uolbom, 
finihury,  Shorcdiirh,  Bethnal  Green. 

1.  SimU  s/  At  Tibwei.—Wudtwaith,  Batteriea,  Lambeth, 
Southwuk,  CambcrwtU.  Beruwiidiey,  Depiiord,  Lewitbam, 
Greenwich,  Woolwich  (wiib  a  inull  pan  of  the  north  banh)- 

Thoe  namei  are  all  in  coranxu  use,  though  tbeii  fonnal 
applicalioo  ii  in  leme  oiMt  cilEnded  over  levcral  diitricts 
ol  which  ibe  ancieot  name*  remain  famiiiai. .  Ead- boraugb 
k  noticed  in  a  t^ianu 


CaKMl  Criaiiiol  Cowl  dii 


The  Connty  of  London  b  baundcd  N.  and  W.  by  Middle. 
1.  E.  by  Emci  (od  Kesi.  S.  by  Kent  and  Sdrrey.  The 
Melropolitan  poDce  area,  or  "  Greater  London,"  howevet, 
nbnoi  the  wMe  of  Uiddlesci,  with  paitt  of  tbc  other 
ne  cauntita  and  ol  Hertfordshire.  lit  Client  Is  4tj.4l4 
Tet  or  nearly  69J  iq,  m..  and  hs  populatioii  is  about  ma 
iUiona.  Only  bn  and  tbeie  upcui  Its  fringe  tbc  identity 
tUs  (Rat  BR*  wilh  the  metrapidis  is  ksl  to  the  eye, 
here  open  countiy  rcnaias  unbroken  by  ilreela  at  dcae-wt 

5ilc. — North  ol  Ibe  Tbames,  and  weu  of  ita  ttibniaiy  the 

Lea,  which  partly  bounds  the  adminlslritivc  county  on  the  east. 
'  uBt  Qpon  a  bctIci  of  ^ight  undulations,  only  nridy 
Dike  Ihe  streets  Doliceabiy  sleep.  On  iberuulhera 
boundary  of  Ibe  county  a  bcjghi  of  44]  fi.  is  found  on  the  open 
Hinpueul  Heath.  The  lesser  itreaDB  which  Bo*  from  tins 
high  ground  to  the  Thames  ale  no  longer  operu  Some,  however. 
ther  natural  fe>(nre<  effaced  by  the  growth  d  lb* 
an  faistoriol  intenst  thiDugh  ibe  survival  of  ihnr 
rreta  and  diuricls,.or  thmigb  their  relation  to  Ihe 
original  iile  of  London  (in  Ihe  preienl  City}.  South  of  (he 
broken  amj^iiibeilre  of  knr  hills,  approaching  the 
Greenwich  and  Woolwich  on  the  east  nnd  Putney 
and  Rktuoand  on  the  west,  encloses  a  tract  flaltei  than  Ibat 
the  north,  and  rises  more  abniplly  in  the  tauthem  distridi 
Slrealham,  Norwood  and  Forest  HilL 

In  atiempllng  to  pictuie  tbc  uie  of  London  In  its  origbul 
ndilion,  thai  la,  before  any  building  look  place,  it  ii  necessary 
omtlder  (i)  ibe  eondilbn  of  (he  Thames  uncanBned  betwco 
tde  banks,  (i)  the  skipes  overlooking  it,  (j)  the  tn-butaiy 
vmi  which  watered  these  ilopei.  The  low  ground  between 
tin  slight  tailh  flanking  the  ThinHs  valley,  and  Ibenfore  mainly 
'  >  present  river,  was  originally  occopied  by  a  shaBo* 
Luariae  chancier,  ikbl,  and  inter^Mrsed  with  inanhy 
certain  islets  ol  relatively  Brm  land.  TbroDgh  this 
nam  of  the  Thames  puruied  an  ill-delined  aanc. 
The  Iribuuryslrcamienleredlhrongh  marshy  channeb.  The 
'  iXDcesiol  scdlmenlltlon  Bsvslcd  Ibe  gradual  artifidai 
of  Ibe  marshes  by  meoni  of  embankments  confimng 
Tbebreadlh  of  lUs  krw  tract,  from  Cbebea  downward, 
I  I  to  3  ».  The  Une  of  the  foot  of  the  lonthem  hiDt. 
fram  Putney,  where  it  nearly  apprcEieba  ibe  present  river, 
lies  Ifarough  StockweU  and  Camberwdl  to  Greenwich,  what 
'  again  appiMches  Ihe  liver.  On  the  north  there  b  a  flit  tn? 
ciwecn  Chelsea  and  Westninsler,  coveting  Pimlico,  but  ftoa 
Wcitmlnstei  dawn  to  the  Tower  there  is  a  marked  sli^  directly 
p  (mm  Ibe  river  bank.  Lower  stiU,  nutithcs  formerly  enended 
ir  up  the  valley  of  the  Lea.  The  higher  slopesof  (he  hilk  were 
ensely  lareited  (ct.  Ihc  madein  district-name  St  John's  Wood), 
ihile  the  lower  skipes,  north  ol  Ibe  river,  were  more  opm  (cL 
f  ooc'ptB).  The  original  diy  grew  up  on  ihe  site  ol  the  Oly 
<  London  of  Ibe  pieaent  day,  on  a  sUght  embiencc  blenecied 
y  the  Wll-  <T  Wall-braak,  and  Banked  on  Ibe  weit  by  the 

Tlwe  and  othB-  tributary  stncinu  have  been  covered  In  ud 
adC  over  fu  some  ctaei  aerving  n  sewen),  but  it  is  p«hli 
to  Irace  their  viDeyi  at  various  points  by  the  fiB  ind  rite  A 
ilreets  aumt^  them,  and  their  names  lurvive,  i»  will  be  seen, 
in  vartou*  modem  appliealioos.  T1»e  WaHbrook  rose  in  a  nunk 
fa  Ihc  modem  district  <4  Rnsbory.  lod  joined  the  Tonnes  cleH 
to  the  Caiuaa  Stnct  iiihray  bridge.  A  street  named  after  it 
nns  BUIh  bom  the  Maaion  Ifonse  pariM  with  ki  cdvk. 
Tta  FUet  WM  krg«,  lUng  In,  and  eollccting  varloun  mal 
•tmaiBfi«a,tkeblgfa  grand  of  HanpMead.  IipaMc4K<nliA 
1V»ta,  CaoMkn  Town  and  Kfng'i  C(««,  and  foUvwed  «  Bnc 
appn^mMbg  to  Klac'i  Cnil  Road.  The  slope  «f  F*nia«iloB 
Xoad,  whm  rrnatii  by  Holbotn  n>duct,  and  of  Naw  Biidte 
StreM,  Blickfrlan,  autia  ill  coone  eucdy,  aod  IIbI  •!  FWt 
StKCtaodLudgileHBIIUiiecphanlu.  nenune ahs appeua 
in  Fleet  Sowl,  HampneHl.     Fnna  Kins'*  -Cm  dawi— -* 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


TOTOCRAPHYJ  UOS 

BoDow  or  Hob-boonA  lUl  bom  totrivftia  !a  IMban;  *Bid 
h  •*■  rtd  by  auBeniH  ^niiiei  (Bfiafgs  Well,  OcikauKl]  ud 
otbm)  is  ibu  vjcinhy.  It  eund  ■  ctnk  -mlAli  «u  ■ivifaUt 
lor  ■  coniidenblc  diitucc,  ■ud  lormed  >  labddiwy  hubaut 
for  tbe  Gly,  b«i  ty  ibc  Mtb  aotay  tbi*  mi 


939 


ren  buiJt  in  idfo,  it  vu  wholly 
176s  bdow  HoJbDrn  Brid^e^  CoDliDuinc  vatward,  tbe  moit 
tnpiwlul  itRun  vu  Tyburn  <;.i.),  wbicb  loc  atHulpittad. 
Hut  jcined  tbt  Tbaotca  throunh  bnocha  qq  dlbcT  tide  of 
ThoiDcy  Iilmd,  ou  wbkb  gicn  up  the  grnt  Kcloiuiiti]  lounda- 
tion  of  St  PctcT.  Wotminitcr,  bclla  kaawn  is  Watmiuta 
Abbty,  Then  ia  no  modfin  urvival  ol  tbc  nunc  o!  Tyburn, 
vbidi  findi,  iadeed.  in  ducf  JiiBUrical  inlcrttt  u  olU^hlnc  tn 
the  funoiB  place  of  ciccuLion  wliicb  lay  aear  the  modnii  MublE 
Arcb.  Tbe  reiidemial  district  in  tb^  vkinity  nat  known  at 
a  later  date  ai  Tybomia.  Tbi  not  itream  mitwwd  «>  tbe 
Wenboumc,  the  name  ol  which  ii  pcipetualed  in  Watbourne 
Glove  and  elxubcts  in  Paddtngton.    It  khc  on  the  beigfau 

of  the  Serpentine  late  in  Hyde  Park,  ran  pvallcl  to  and  c»C 
ol  Sloane  Street,  and  joined  the  Thlma  dose  to  CbclM*  Bridge. 
Tbe  main  iiibutaiict  ol  tbe  Thamei  fnm  the  north,  to  cut  and 
weit  of  thoK  descrilxd,  an  ml  oDvoid.  nor  ii  any  Inbulary 
o(  importance  fnMn  Uk  MUlb  tatinly  concealed. 

CObn  —London  Jitt  iriibin  tbc  (eoloiical  lira  kn  :b* 

LoBdonliuia.^  Within  the  nnSnn  of  Cmter  Londa  ilk 

juiii  and  within  iitothe  «. 

It  the  typical  Londc 


prbbk-boliar 


d  patchea  about  Greenwich,  while 


ir  bdu  ol  ThaiM  snd. 


'bSAwO 


i,iuii  in  (he  early  monibi  of  the  year, 
pceellar  and  perbapa  an  cxafBcnted 

in  Movembet.    The 
ETcater  or  tcH 


Kaminton  lo  Brentford  and  wea  Ibereof.  and  ap|ieaii  in  Chelm 
and  Folham,  Hom>ey  and  Sioke  Newinglon.  ana  in  patchei  toulh 
ol  the  tiuinn  belween  BatKnea  and  RKhmaod.  The  main  de- 
nnili  of  alluviam  oecur  below  Lambeth  and  WetttnlnMtr,  and  ■■  ihe 
(alley  ol  Ibe  Wandlt.  which  ioiu  the  Thanei  from  Ike  Huth  «ar 
Purney  In  the  necth  and  wcMlbetVtysiowniiened  wnhpaicbei 
ef  pbteau  (nvel  in  the  direciion  gt  Finchley  Orhne  boulder  clay 
abo  apptan).  Enfield  and  Baracl .  and  of  BaeWvH  landi  on  Kamp- 
•teld  Heath  and  Harrow  Hill.  Gravel  h  loond  on  ihe  high  (round 
■boutRichniondParkandWiabltdoa.  <See funber MlPDLUU  > 
CtnHtle.— The  climate  a  equable  (tbouik  aicauva  heat  iinnie- 

lioH  felt  foe  ibo ■-•-  ■• •■ 

healthy     Snow  it 
The  fogt  of  Londc 

atmoipbcre  of  London  u  armott  invariably  nltQ' 

dqpK.  but  ItaedentttfogiaietenenUy  local  ando 

They  ionietiniei  cauie  a  lerioui  didoealiof 

traffic.  Their  principal  <»uie  ii  the  lowke  fn 

ueofcotl.  Theeviliiof  vervlonsftandinE.ioT  in  i^mmrcjiucnB 

petitioned  Edward  I.  to  prohibit  Ihe  M«eol«en-co«l,  and  he  made  it  a 

capital  oflcncc    Tie  average  tenpentun  oT  the  boiieM  month, 

July,  it  64*-4  F.;  «l  the  cddett,  ■jami»ry,*j7--9;  and  the  mean 

annial  so**.    The  nMO  annual  ramfall  ranget  in  diffeienl  pant  ol 

tbe  mclnipolii  f  rum  about  »1  to  17)  oL 


LondoB  at  a  whole  own  nMhinf  in  iqipearuce  10  Ihe  natural 
cnpftgnraiion  of  ita  lite.  MoriKner.  the  splendid  building  ■ 
■Mtiy  ilwayi  a  unll ;  KldDm,  unkM  accidenlaUy,  a  eontponeni 
part  of  (  btiHd  etect.  London  b**  not  grown  up  along  formal 
il»i:  nor  It  any  large  pot  of  il  bid  o«i  according  to  tbe  conixp- 
tioraafisinglegEOciabas.  Vel  rui  a  lew  of  tbe  great  Cbotou^ 
farei  and  buildingi  are  individually  worthy  of  London's  pre- 
i-"--;"  u  >  dly.  Tb«  meal  aotabk  ol  thoe  fall  within  a 
drcumacrjlied  an*,  and  it  a  ibeitlora  nccaaaiy  to  pnfice  tbor 
cnaidentlon  with  ■  Kauvent  al  tbc  hiwdec  chuutsiitic 
divfafani  «l  the  metmp^i*. 

Ckmaatrutic  Omiini.— la  London  turtb  0I  tka  Thame*,  the 
salient  distinction  Itci  betiRen  Weal  and  £asl.  From  tb«  weilen 
bsoaduy  ol  tbe  City  proper,  an 


of  tlN  dly  o<  WeMbAhUt,  aad  otcnOu  iMft 
ton,  Faddiaglon  and  Maiyleboot,  is  cidu)i*d 
■be  higher^UM  life  of  Loadon.    Witbin  the  bounds  of  West- 

otber  of  Ibe  finest  public  btdldings,  and  tbe  Hider  are*  ^icdfial 
indudea  the  majiwily  ol  Ibe  raidencei  of  tbc  wcallhiet  classes, 
tbe  DiDSI  beaulilul  parks  and  the  rnoat  faihionable  pUcef  of 
recreation.  "Mayfair,".n«th  of  Piccadilly,  and  "Belgravia," 
south  of  Kiiigbtsbridge,  are  comnuo  Ibough  luio^cial  names  for 
iJk  richest  residenUal  districls.    The  "  City "  bean  in  tbe 


an  abdipt  Iranaiiian  to  lb«  diairict  oonunonly  known  >i  tba 
"  East  End,"  as  distioguiibed  from  tbe  wealthy  "  Weal  End," 
a  dstnct  of  mean  streets,  roughly  coinddent  with  the  boroughs 
of  Stepney  and  Poplar.  ShorediUh  and  Betbial  Green,  and 
primarily  (though  by  no  means  eiduuvdy)  assodated  with 
Ihe  problenn  itUching  lo  tbe  lile  of  the  poor.  On  tbe  Tbama 
bchiw  London  firidee,  Loadoa  sppean  in  the  aspect  of  one  of  tba 
world's  great  pons,  with  exten&ive  docks  and  crowded  shipping. 
North  London  is  as  s  whole  residential:  Hackney,  Islington  and 
St  Pancns  consht  mainly  of  dwellinp  of  artisans  and  the 
middle  daisesi  while  in  Hampitead,  SI  Muylebone  and  Pad- 
dington  arc  many  terraces  and  iquaici  of  bandioaie  houses. 
Thtougbout  the  belter  residentlil  quarters  ol  London  the 
number  ol  laige  blocks  of  ftsts  has  greatly  incresied  in  modem 
liDMS.  But  even  in  ihe  midst  of  the  richest  quarters,  in  West- 
ninsiet  and  diewbcn,  small  but  wcU^fined  areas  of  ihe  poorest 

LoDdoa  louthof  the  TbaBtahai  none  of  the  grander  cbaracier- 
iilica  of  tbe  wealthy  dlMikU  to  the  notlh.  Poor  quarters  lie 
adjacent  to  tbe  river  over  the  ndiole  distance  from  Balteiiea  Is 
Greenwich,  nwrglBi  aouthward  into  residential  districts  of  better 
cfaua.    I«ndon  has  a>  alogln  weU-dcfined  manulacturing  quarter. 

5oAbi^.— Although  rhe  benndary  of  Ibe  county  of  LondoB'  does 
not,  ID  omwd  appeaianee.  enckite  a  dly  distinct  from  its  toburbb 
London  outudc  iliil  bouadarr  nay  be  convenleaily  coatidered  as 
suburban.  Large  numbers  <£  business  men  and  others  who  nott  ol 
neceuty  live  in  pradmily  to  the  metropobt  have  their  homes  aloef 
from i» centre.  It isettiinatcd that upwantsofamiUiGii^PyBntar 
and  leave  Ihe  Uy  akno  aa  Ibe  commenial  baait  tX  Loadoa,  aad  a 
cnal  proportion  of  tbete  travel  in  and  out  by  tl>e  ■uburbanrmdwayL 
Tn  ihit  aspect  tbe  principal  eilensioB  of  London  bat  been  Into  Ilit 
counties  ct  Kent  and  Suney,  to  the  pleaant  hily  dlrtriels  about 
^enham,  Norwood  and  Croydon,  CkUebarst  and  Orpliipon. 
Cacerham.  RedhiUand  ReigatB.  Epaoai.  Dockinf  and  Leatheiftead: 
aiKl  up  the  valley  of  the  Thama  through  Rkhmond  to  Kingston  and 
Surbiton.  Esher  and  Weybridje.  and  the  many  townships  oa  both 
IbeSurrey  and  (heMlddlesei  shorcsol  the  river.  Onthewcnand 
north  the  residential  Hburba  bnmediitdy  outside  the  county  incbide 

Aelon  end  Ealnif,  Wi»e>l«i,  Highgale,  Finchbey  and  He 

from  tbe  laattwa  a  densely  pspulateddiitrict  extendi 
Wood  Green  and  Soutbeale  to  " — -  — '  "-'- 
"  resideniial  inlTuence  "  ol  Ihe  nw 
and  nuy  be  observed  at  ' ' 
St  Albans,  Harpandcn, 
■aftlfr«ait  Ihe  beanty  o 
10  Woodford,  Chinefo-' 
Ihkkly  populated,  01 


and  pinOB-.  Buibryaad  Boxmoor, 

ilevenage  and  many  other  places.    To  the 

Eppiag  FomtattraasaumeroutretKkntt 

.  .ind  Loughlon.   The  valley  of  the  Lea  it  alto 

diiefly  by  an  Industrial  populatioa  working 


ntlord.  B 


iborougbfan 


icd,  Leyton  aod  Walihi 


n  Ham 


Road,  croaaes  Eensingti 

singtOB  Gardeot  and  Hyds  Paik  as  Ba] 

bean  successively  the  names  of  Oxfor 

Street  and  High  Holbor 

Uolbotn  Viaduct  bom  li 


lb  side  of  Ken- 
Road,     1 1  then 
.    .  :t,  New  Oxford 

■n  the  City,  beoimet  known  as 
'  there  csiried  over  other 


9+e 


n  of  XcBsu^tDD  u  Kensiiigta  RmkI  uid  Kifb 
Suwt,  Nifders  KuHiliponGinleiuMd  Hyde  PnilKKHiiiii^ 
ton  Gott  uld  KnighHbridgt,  wilh  toraon  at  fine  resWenoei, 
and  nlcrgs  into  PkCKlHy.  Tliii  Ixfluiiiul  itnct,  vhh  iu 
oonhwird  bnadtfl,  Psrk  Lioe,  from  wkidi  tplcDdid  bouia 
orniook  Hyde  Piirt,  ud  Bond  Stiwt,  lined  vilh  bindHoK 
dbopi.  may  be  snd  to  f6cia  the  flihionable  lile  oT  London. 
The  dhett  Dne  of  ihe  Ihoreughtjie  b  inleTnipted  •Iter  Pioadilty 
Onus  (Ihe  IcnS  "  cCicus  "  Is  (reqiKnily  apj^ied  (o  tlw  opm 
•(me— DDl  BenHuily  ronnd-^t  lit  Juncttaa  of  levenl  nub), 
but  is  practirally  resuined  in  Ibe  Stand,  wtlh  iu  boieh,  ilwli*  and 
Dumcnin  Iheatres,  and  oorrtinned  thrangli  the  City  la  FlKt 
Slteet,  the  cenlrt  ol  the  newJpapci  wbrid,  and  LudgWe  Hill, 
ai  the  Bead  of  whkh  j>  Si  hul's  CathodraL  ■  TlieiKe  ii  turn  by 
QiFiT^iI  Catinon  Street  to  Ibe  janctioD  wJtb-Cbi;ap9d< 


£ichaiTKe,  Ihe  Hansk 
Mtyoi  of  London)  st 
Important  point  in  th 


1  ihi^  fuiutioii  sund  the  Ro^l 
juic  (the  offitiil  midena  of  tbe  Lord 
le  Biink  of  Enfjud,  fnm  lAich  ihii 
nnunfciiions  of  London  li  toOimoBly 
n  Ibe  eas -    " 


y  AMgiM  (>lw 

lutG)  ia  Ma  and  other  nimcs  indiuiin;  the  fanner  cxiawn 
at  one  of  the  City  gales).  The  MBtlian  of  fhest  higbtaiyi, 
appnuching  through  the  eaitem  nbuilH  as  Biding  Roftd, 
betoDics  East  India  Dd<Jis  Itoad  in  Poplar  lod  CommeKlai 
Road  Ei9t  bi  Siepn^.  The  coaCiniHw  thorouglifue  of  u  m. 
between  Hamnersmilh  and  Ihe  East  India  Docka  iUgitiatei 
lURHsively  tvtry  phase  oI  London  B!e.  Tbe  naithem  rdad 
enien  from  Sttalford  and  ts  t^ed  Bow  Road,  Mile  End  Road, 
Whitechapd  Boad  (ind  H^  Snaet,  Whitecliapd.  Fnn  the 
ntinh  of  EngliRd  two  roads  prcstrTe  OHtimdnicntioa-bm  ktm 
(be  enrfiat  Ihnes.  The  Old  Konh  Rood,  nterlni  Loadon  bom 
tke  iiec  valley  through  Hackney  and  Sboreditcfa  ai  Sumfsid 
Hln.  Sioht  Newinglon  Road  and  Kingsknd  Road,  nacbei  Che 
Oiy  by  BishopsKalC-  The  straight  highway  ftom  the  noith- 
weal  which  u  EdgwaiE  Road  joins  Oxford  .Slicel  at  the  Marble 
Arch  (the  noith-caslem  ecuance  to  Hyde  Failt]  is  (oincideot 
wilh  the  Raman  Wat Ung  Street.  The  Hol^iad /nd  GieU  North 
Roads,  uniting  at  Bamct,  enter  London  by  bnncbes  ihiougb 
Han^Hiead  and  through  Highgate,  bctvteen  the  Old  Norlh  and 
Edgware  roads.  South  of  the  Thanm  the  ihocoughfares  crossing 
Ibe  river  between  Lambeth  and  Bermondsey  cmvtige  i^mntwo 
drcuscs,  St  Gcorge'sand  IheElephanl  and  Castle.  Al  tbeHcond 
oi  these  poinU  the  majoriiy  of  the  chief  mtdf  from  tbe  southern 
nbuih'  and  the  south  of  England  are  collected.  Among  tliem, 
tbe  Old  Kent  Road  cDntiBoB  ihe.  •sutlutB  sectioB  of  WaiUng 
Street,  fiom  Dover  and  the  SDUth.ea]t,  through  Woolwich  and 
^rosi  BlacUicath.  The  road  ihroUgh  Sltcatham,  Briiion  and 
~       '  ti.  from  these  dialcicta  luccessively,  i 


,  The  Fortimoulh  Ro(d  fnan 
9  I>r  a>  Lsmbetb,  nnder  ibe  nunei 
St  John's  HiB,  Lavender  Hill  and 


Ibe  piincfpaf  louthem  bighi 
Ibesoulh-westij^llmirked 
U  Wudiwonh,  High  Street, 
Wambworth  Reed. 

rtoiKei  £mhiiuhiHiifi. — The  Thimei  lolknB  ■  devsus  course 
through  London,  anil  tTie  fine  eitibanlunenli  OB  iu  north  aide. 
iMwhere  continuing  unlnlerruptedty  for  more  than  i  in.,  do  not 
Jonn  important  IhDrwghTajo,  with  the  aiceptioa  of  the  Victoria 

udes.  One  of  tliem  begins  over  against  Batlenea  Bridge.  .Its 
SdcsI  .  ponion  Is  ihe  Chelsea  Emlanknienl,  Iron  ling  II  aitersea 
t^rk  ftcinu  the. river,  shaded  by  a  pleaunt  avenue  and  Hned 
Vittll  bindsonu!  hifuscs.  II  continua,  with  some  Jntcrrnpiions, 
'iicii4v.M  (or  a>  UieHouscs  oF  Pirtlament.  Below  theie  lb* 
|la^;s(D/.Uu  ^mlidnlLmaiCfenends  ID  the  City  at  Bladtfrlira. 

DK'it.4hough'Ui  popular ,tltte  Is'" The  Embardinient''  simply. 
Clpcn  .gardens  (rlAge  it  in  patt  on  the  bndwird  sHe,  and  it' it 
Iilicd..irilli  fine  public  and  private  boildings.  The  IkM  sftnp  of 
ihe.TTiaina,  here  some  ioo  yds.  wld^,  the  lowira  o(  Wcstminsler 
on  Ihe  ODE  band  and  tbe  donu  of  St  PudS  eti  cbftotlicr,  vait 


jQf«  CIWOGRAFHr 

■pafiBepraitect  Briow-Lwiina  BiMgalberiv^H^bmhed 
feci  died  distance  in  front  of  tho  Towbt  si  London,  and  above 
Wouumtec  Brfdse  the  Albert  EmbuAmcnt  otendf  fix  nadj 


county  c€  London.  -  Of  thtae  London  BiidKefBntctipg  the  Cly 
with  Sonthwaik  and  Bsnendsey,  stands  finC  in  bisiocicnl 
iiuenst  and  in  frnponaacB  na  a  BDden  Ughway.  The  eU 
bridge,  faiBDui  ior  waay  genenliaiB,  bearing  its  nai  <1  booa 

centuryi.    It  wi*  joS  jids.  iang  and  kid  liteMy  M 
lhim«|hriiichtfasthMI«-  '  ' •- 

1.  .  , 

c:tbe  growth  o<  tnSk^  alta'  fad^ 
4  Cot  ^uiy  yens,  was  compJeied  in  igoa, 
spfOjecIiivon.tilher  side,  witbovl  ajrestiDg 
mk.  Tboe  WW  no  bodge  ovti  the  Thuns 
■r  LotdOD  Bridge  lutil  1S9*.  when  the  Tower  Bridge  w 
optocd.  -nb  li  »  (U^ouiDa  bridge  «" 
bMweca  two  lofty  ud  a 

IhspusagBofviaBeb.  IbthiidgBbba 
log  ireit ,  and  Mthil*cUa*lly«at  el  tb 
in  London.    The  bEidga<li|  eeder  Above  LondoB  Bridge  ve  as 

follows,  tailway-hridgcs  beii^  brackeljed — Sputhwar^  (Cannon 
Street),  (Bleckiritrs).  Blackinafi.  WaleHoo,  (HnngedonE—with 
1  footway),  Westminllcr,  Lainbelh,  Vauihsll,  (Omsvcnof), 
Vicloiii,Albert,Batie(ses,(Baiicrwji);  Wandsworth,  (Putney), 
Puloey  and  Himmcnnuiii.  Waterloo  Bridge,  the  oldest  now 
standing  within  London,  b  the  work  of  John  Rennle,  and  was 
opened  in  rSir.  It  Is  a  massive  Hone  siiuauR  of  niae  (rtbo, 
carrying  a  level  undway,  and  is  coDsidend  one  <A  iln  finot 
bridges  of  its  kind  iu  tbe  world.  The  pnsent  Westminster 
Bridge,  of  iron  on  granite  pien,  waa  opened  in  iGAi,  but  uotba 
preceded  it,  dMing  from-  iJWi  tho  view  from  wkich  was 
apprccialed by  Wordswoitb  In  his  sonnet  beginning"  Earth  has 
not  inytbing  to  show  more  £alr."  The  complete  recooslructlotk 
of  Vauxhall  Bvidge  was  undertaken  in  igoj.ud  the  new  bridge 
unopened  in  igOA,  SomeoIthebtidgewBtbHilt  bymoiponiia, 
and  lolls  were  levied  at  their  crossing  unlH  modern  lines ;  thus 
Soulhwari  Bridge  was  Blade  tolT-fiet  in  iGM,  and  Waterloo 
Bridge  only  in  iSiS.«n  being  aniuirtd  by  th*  City  Cotpantion 
and  the  Mejropofitaa  Board  of  Works  respective^.  Tbe  rosdh 
biidges  mentioned  (Sicepi  the  City  bridges)  are  SKiuaiDed  by 
the  LoodoD  County  Council,  who  expended  lor'  (bis  purpose  a 
sum  oi  £914^  in  1907-19^  Tbe  loUowing  UUe.  shows  the 
capital  cmenditun  on  tb«  DMre  iaqwrunt  btidgis  a>d  iheir 
In  i!»T-ijo8. — 

""     Capital '  Cbrt  of  Mail 


"BOT-l 


Sl] 


Ike  Cinpontkia  lot  Iho  iqiknfi  <t 
'  "by  IhD-  Bridge  HnBo  FiiiH* 
.wbkh  ate  ibo'tBtdtD  the  Dunt 
Ciiy  JuUtm,  it6,fB9  beiag  tlwi 
biidfte  abncfainc  ilr.tU  of  tti* 

-  nsMeff  WMdt.-l-^SatM  «l  tbCrtaietlbpolltan-Tiiii^.EBes 
noat  Iha  tis«r  a^tsanUlhMMIh.ia  bad.-  ^riBB*.:iir.Bb» 
seweMl^MMtlfiiMMtbati^  bi 

Tower  Subway,  conttnicled  in 

M  MfM  iL-A,  GiMBw)i*'VKDbeC{i9a>t  fe 

BtkckWidi:  Itarwl  (lAiitl.-mutauctvl  by  lie  CoiHty  CoDKa 

betMtti  ttsMidik  tBfi  ftplsi,  «Bd  WpWakh  Tite^  bcsa 


mrocRArani 

ti  i«ta.  A  tinnd  batmsB  KBlhciUlba  ud  RMtdlff  wu 
■Mkoiiud  (a  1897  ind  opened  in  iqo8.  Tbe  Thimcs  Tunul 
(i83S~it4jTi  3  »>-  below  LoDdon  Bridge,  became  1  railway 
tunnel  in  iWj.  Tbe  Counlr  CouwU  ouinuitu  a  [i«  letiy 
at  Wooliikii  fat  pwengen  ind  veUmlu  In&c  Tie  apiisl 
aptndlrare  on  thb  uodertaUng  »u  iiBSi337  ud  tlie  ripeue 
of  nulnteniace  in  1907^1(108  £10^1.  Tbe  Creenwich  Tunnel 
(apiltl eipeaiiilaa£ijg,Kis)  in  Ibe lUDe  ycu  bad  eipended  OD 
it  for  nuinleDioce  ^711,  Mid  Ibe  Btackmll  TbddcI  (apitil 
e»pendt(ure  £1, 168,55(1  £",4'«-  The  c»pit«I  eqimditure  on 
tbe  Rolhethltbe  Tunjiel  HU  £1,414.561. 

fvlii. — The  adiDlaismiiea  mod  iiieage  of  patlu  tnd  i^wn 
Vea,  and  ihcii  provjuont  fn  i)k  puUic  r«n*tian,  iall  (or 
Onuldenfien  taxer,  but  toiae  of  tbun  sn  notable  fealurei  [a  ihe 
lop(>fTiphy  of  London.  Tie  loyat  parki,  namely  St  Jamei'a, 
Gieea  and  Hyda  Paik,  and  Kuuington  Gaidena.  iiceidi  in  an 
iRtguki  beh  fot  nearly  3  u.  between  Wlulehall  (Watmintter) 
and  Kcnslnpoi].  Si  James^a  Park  vai  (Tanrforawd  from  manby 
knd  iolo  a  deer  park,  botrlinc  snen  and  trnnii  court  by  Henry 
yUJ.,  (ztended  tJid  laid  out  ai  a  pleasure  gaiden  by  Giaifci  II., 
and  rearranged  according  to  the  deaigna  of  Jobn  tJaab  ia  1877- 
lS]».  Its  lake,  the  broad  Mall  leading  up  to  BiKkingbam 
Palace,  and  the  proximity  of  tbe  govenunent  buHdingi 


mjani 


1 1.,  [b 


!.  by 


ill  ownership  always 
alterations  being  niade  lo  tbe  Mall,  a  neo  at'JI  was  erected  for 
tbe  owners  during  their  liielizne,  though  tbe  cow  or  cowa  kepi 
bere  were  no  longer  allowed.  St  Jainea't  Ptik  fs  nintinued 
betWBCD  the  Mall  and  FIccadUly  by  the  Given  Puk.  Hyde  Park, 
to  the  west,  belonged  originaUy  to  the  manor  of  Hyde,  which 
«as  attached  to  Waiaiin$iei  Abbey,  hui  was  taken  by  Henry 
VIII.  onthediBalulioiioif  thcDoiiasteria.  Two  of  its  galemya 
IK  noteworthy,  namely  that  at  Hyde  Park  Comer  at  Ihe  louth- 
easl  aod  the  Marble  Arch  at  tbe  north-cast.  Ibe  fini  was  built 
ia  i8j&  from  deiJgns  of  Decimui  Burton,  and  cotnpriiea  three 
aichei  with  a  f  tteie  above  ihe  centra]  arch  copied  f  nini  Ihe  Elgin 
niarbln  in  the  British  MiHeura.  The  Marble  Arch  was  Intended 
,  atu]  first  stood  f    '  .  -     .  -     - 


(omuaner 


moved  to 


,  1851.    1 


d  a  roadwsy  was  ton 
for  the  heavy  trafiic  between  Oiford 
ind  Puk  Laue.  The  Marble  Arch  was 
Park  contains  the  Serpentine,  a  lake  ij 
lie  bridge  over  which  one  of  the  finest  pr 


if  West 


Iho  17th  century  thit  park  has  been  one  of  the  DHSt  favoured 

RBOnaof  fa^iooable  society,  and  at  Ihe  bcighlof  the  "aeaioa," 

from  May  lo  the  end  ol  July,  its  drives  preaent  a  brilliani  icen*. 

I«  the  17th  and  rath  centuries  It  was  ■  favourite  dueliing- 

poubd,  and  in  tbe  present  day  it  is  not  iolrequeotly  the  scene 

of  political  and  other  papular  demonBtlHIkmi  (u  11  alio  Tralalgar 

Square),  while  tbe  neighbourhood  ol  Marble  Arch  is  tbe  consUnt 

resort  of  orslois  on  »dsl  and  religiou)  to|^cs.     Kensington 

Gardens,  originBlly  attached  to  Keniogton  Palace,  were  sub- 

lequently  mucb  titended;  (hey  art  magnificently  timbered, 

and  contain  plantations  of  rare  sbtvbi  and  flowering  trees. 

Regent'*  Park,  mainly  in  the  boioogh  of  Mirylebone,  owes  its 

preservation  to  tbe  inleatioo  of  George  III.  lo  buQd  ■  palace 

here.     The  other  most  notable  open  spaces  wholly  or  partly 

within  Ihe  couQIy  are  Hampslead  Healb  In  the  nottb-weit,  a 

wild,  high-lying  tract  ptewrved  to  a  great  extent  in  its  naltirsl 

Mate,  and  in  the  aouth-neat  Wimbledon  Common,  Putney  Heath 

aiKl  the  royal  demesne  of  RichowDd  Park,  which  from  its  higher 

parts  commands  a  wondefful  view  up  the  rich  valley  of  iIk 

Thames,    The  oullying  pwu  of  the  cnnniy-to  east,  soulh  and 

MWIh  aie  ml  lacking  in  open  spaces,  but  there  Is  an  cilenslve 

tamer  area  where  at  most  only  amall  gardena  and  squares  break 

tbe  continuity  of  buildings,  and  when  in  some  eases  old  chnrch- 

yards  serve  IS  public  grounds.  ,„<  1    __.  -     t. 

■I  the  nujorityof  great  buiUiop  of  London,  tome  modem  enirples  '  the  bSildiiig  ia'^ 


9+1 

ofiwl  brick 
for  gmeral 

.  hex  ha<  been  (oand  Kit 
ly  Id  cxeicuE  a  delettnou*  cist  upoi  (he  Maacwodi  of 
impwiBiH  buildings;  and  through  Iha  aamc  cause  the  appeanacc  of 
Londonasawholeiaby  ■omeeondennsduiombcie,  Bnoht  coieur, 
ia  truth,  'a  wanting,  thoueh  altempts  urn  made  in  a  fewlnipoftaQt 
raodem  election  la  •upp^  it.  a  notable  instance  beiu  the  Savoy 
Hotel  Iwikliiip  (1904)  ui  the  Stand.  Portland  stone  u  fnquently 
DDployrd  in  ihe  la^  buikUo^  as  m  St  lout's  Calhednl.  tid  under 


ployed  in  Ihe  laiga  buildlDn,  as  in  St  lout's  Calhedn 
various  LoAucpcffl  of  weatber  and  atmosphere  acqoi 

ilraatinc  tones  of  lighl  givy  aad  bladt  Owing  to  ihi 
Ccniuy  Council,  the  method  o(  nuing  commercui  o 


byhwsd 

lUdinai  lo  an  cxtrenie  beiffht  ia  not  praclitcd  in  Lnidon;  the 
nek  known  as  Queen  Anoe'i  Muiiont.  Westniiiuin,  is  an  ti~ 
(^lon,_thouGh  it  caoDot  be  called  high  in  compoiinn  with  Amsicsn 

ARhilECtuial  leBaiiB  of  oilier  date  than  the  Nornua  period  ate 
very  few,  and  of  historical  xaltier  than  topogruhkal  importance. 
Inaithilectui*D(theNainanandCotbicpaiodsLouloD    -  .  ■ 

rich,  thoikgb  iu  ridwaas  ia  poverty   SSj^ 

in  the  City,   !?'*"" 
but,  to  ■>  BO  lanher.  iadadcd  the  Nonnan  and  Gethk  "^ 
cadadnTof  St  rati,  pe  '  


St  FkuU  by  those  whiae  id 

Gothki,  but  B^Bly  boa  tbe  tact  that  It  ia  the  burial-pUccoi  nn 
Ihe  Engliih  Bonuebs  aod  their  greatest  sutnicts,  u  widr  - 
scena  olthHr  conuiationa  (see  U^viDHSTBijr  In  tbe  it 
London  (ig«a)  by  John  Ssow,  lis  chorcheh  includ'—  "■  "- 
WeacmiBSIer  Ateey.  are  named ;  of  these  B9  were 
mat  fife.   ThirtccD  targe  conventual  chorcha  wi 
Fltatepben  ia  the  time  of  Henry  II.,  aod  c<  tb 

Tbecharcb  of  St  Dartbolomew  the  Gnat.  Sniilhfield, 


who,  probably  a 
Wnriam  II.   He 
havcincot  tl 
enttredbolyt 

add  a  chureh  to 
and  founded  IhsI 
one  ol  the  prind 

ordv,  of  which  I 
work  li  in  Ibe  " 


Breton  ^  bsth,  w 


-y  fine  Nor 
mi.  i« 


,  asSi  Barthokwiew'sHc 

Dfla  in  the  metropolia   J 

Its  oil  the  cfinnb  rei 
ie  chapdwas  lorig 


lia.   Tbe 
ibulatoty 


ipper  part  is  modem,  ic 

..  lemains  of  the  cloistcn. , 

worthy  cjforli  have  been  niade  since  1903  towards  tb^  renontioi^ 
The  western  limil  of  the  former  nave  ol  the  churdi  it  marieedby  a  fine 
Early  English  doorwf  y,  now  lorming  an  enlranee  to  the  cbdrchyanL 
Rahere's  tomb  remains  in  the  church:  the  caoopy  is  Perpendicular 
woritibuttheeOgyisbslieicdtobeofigiaaL  Hediedia  1144. 

TheTempleCbarchfseelllKlorCounJ.eervuiglorthe  Inacranf 

MiddleTem)des,beh)ngedtotheKniEhtaTempUrt.   Itislbefinest 

•r  •>»  '~"  ""Jen  round  churches  in  Englwd,  dating  Irom  118), 

English  ehoir  opens  fimn  the  round^  church,  _  SI 


of  the  (c 

but  an  Early  English  ehoir  wer 

SsviouCl  in  ^thwark  (g*.),  tS  .  .... 

bisbopTK  of  Soulfawark,  wa*  the  cbujrh  of  (he  priory  of  St  Mary 

Overy,  and  is  a  large  cmcifDnii  buildlag  mainly  Early  English  in 

style.   Thete  may  be  AKfltloned  ^ao  an  eaity  pier  in  the  church  of 

St  Ka(herine  Cree  or  Christ  Chnch.  LtndenluU  Sritet.  beknuing  r 

>i-  prioiy  church  e*  the  Holy  Trinity:  old  1 "  --  ■■■ ' 

ealfa  >t  James's  Church,  Cleitienwcll, 

See 


Holy  Trinity:  old  m 

-urch,  Cleitienwcll,  forawriy  atuched  lo  a 

, ,  ind  the  Peipendleulargatewair  and  Ike  crypt 

chof  the  priory  of  St  lohn  o(  Jmiialew  (seeFiNaaotv). 

or  ancient  charcbes  MMn  the  Chy,  that  el  All  HaDeen 

-    " ofLondBn.isprineipillyFtapeBdkutarni' 


if  nimi  founded  r,  lira,  but  the  givaitrinTi  o 
It  has  two  nates  panllel,  originilly  lor  bean 


9*' 

of  tbc  Buu  and  the  iMriAlanen  npectlvcl)'.  The  chaitb  o[  St 
Mvy-h-Boir,  in  Chnpiidi,  i>  bdli  upon  ■  Notnu  ciypt.  and  Ih» 
Hi  St  OUve'i.  KtnSiiTci.irhirh  wh  Pepyi'i  church  ind  csntiiiia  i 
Boileni  raimrul  to  him,  h  a(  Ihe  lull  century.  Olher  ■Bcienl 
ckurdit*  oiuMc  the  Ciiy  iit  r«w;  Eul  then  may  be  noted  St 
Mnrgvety  under  the  sludcrv  o(  WeMmuuter  Abbey;  and  the 
beautiful  EJy  Chipci  in  Holbom  (f*,),  the  only  renmaiu  a(  a  |ialaa 
ol  (be  bulKva  of  Ely,  now  uied  by  the  Roman  Catbolia.  The 
Chapd  Royal,  Savoy,  imt  the  Stnnd.  waardMilt  by  Henry  VII. 
on  the  tile  of  Savoy  Pata»,  which  vaa  eneted  by  Peter,  eari  of 
Savoy  and  Rkhmond.  in  1149,  and  deatrayed  In  the  iHunection  of 
WaiTylsinljai,  IniiOiHeDryVlI.eiKloindhereBhoapitalal 
Si  John  the  Banin  for  (he  poor.  The  chafiel  waa  ued  aa  the juHih 
ebuith  d  St  Muy-le-Strand  (1564-1717)  and  coflKiluled  a  Chapd 
Royal  in   17;];  but  then  uf  no  remaiai  of  the  rot  of  the 

Tlu  aichitect  to  whom,  after  the  (real  fiie  cf  1M6,  (be  opportunity 
fell  of  kavi^  the  BBrhi  of  hii  influentv  upon  Loodoa  waa  Sit 
m^f^g^  Chntfcpbo- Wren.  Had  all  hiaidieiiKabcen  foUowvdml, 
!^f~f^  that  innuem  vndd  have  eatemjed  beyond  aj  ^ 
^J^^         alone      He,  among  otber^  pR^ARd  oeaicaa 

10  be  buDt:  the  Dcmaty  lor  bane  and  the  ja ^  . 

riahta  to  old  foundaiioni  multnl  in  the  ou  linen  beiAfl  Eencrall 
loItaiRd.  It  ii  rhaiKleriaiic  of  Lawloa  thai  3l  Pad'a  Cathedn. 
U.*.)  Andd  be  t^omtfy  heauaed  in  by  houe^  and  ita  Baieatic  ereit 
Fiml  appmadicd  oUiqndy  by  a  wladiDC  thonufhCaib   The  cathfr 


LOKDON  fPopocRAPMy 

occnpiea  a  baOdlnt  >■  QMn  Wttona  Stiat.  City,  ended  nbH- 
gueiKly  a  (he  (real  fire  (1M3).  Thg  Royal  Couru  id  Jutka  v 
Law  Coum  Hand  adjacent  10  the  Inni  of  Court,  fadnf  tbe  Strand  u 
the  point  where  a  nHnuriat  mariu  the  liie  of  OM  Temple  Bar  (i6»). 
at  the  entrance  to  the  City,  renond  in  iBiB  and  laKr  re-erenej  u 
Theotaald'a  Park,  vu  ChBhunl.  HenJaiMR.  The  Uw  Cnwta 
(ISSI)  ■<«  erected  fnxn  ib*  doigna  id  G.  E.  SOeo,  in  a  CoUuc 

The  buildings  connectHl  with  lool  tuvn  iinnit  In  Loedon  afe.wiih 

arte  nrRMimi  mwlrrn.  and  Tiandumc  towo-hall*  have  been  oirled 

t  rarxtioB  n  (he  Guildhall  (n.a.)  oj 

•pleodid  hall,  tbe  ■ccne  of  mmioaa 


...  waa'deatiuS 
fluardtamfaip  of 


riihta  lo  old 

Ut.)  riuuld  I , . 

Fiml  anirDBdKd  oUiqndy  by  a  wladinc  thonufhCaib  . 
dnl  ia  Wren'i  cnwaint  work.  It  la  the  aseae  Inm  tiaa 
iplendid  ceremonies  and  *'**^*«**  the  toBba  «l  nuy  pcai  oaen; 

Woimiui^Cbtey.  OfWrea'aetbeTchodiealttalobenoledthat 

a  liiille  EiaturE.  He  sencnlty  doae  tbe  ateeple,  and  there  are  mariy 
fine  naiulra  ol  hia  work  In  tbia  denartoient.  The  ateepte  of  bt 
Mary-le-luw,  cwnnianly  called  Bow  Qmrch,  ia  one  of  (h~  "«- 

woruiy.  Thiachurehhaavariouapofalaofiiitereatbciidei  tn 


N,  Imn  which  it  took  the  na 
London  buih  on  aicbee.  The  cc 

formerly.    "  Bow  beHe "  are  lamoui.  and  any  penoo  in 

heariiH  of  (hem  ia  aaid  to  be  a  "  Cockney."  a  term  i  cd 

paiticularty  »  the  dialect  of  the  lower  (tiieri  in  Lnn  n 

occuionally  loUowed  the  Gothic  model,  aa  in  St  Ant  he 

1^  rlaair  ityle,  bowwer,  waa  f encially  ndopted  i  3d 

*^'*^*'    period,  inch  aa  Sc  Marti  o'a-in-ihe-Fiddi  he 

Cceintfaian  portico  of  which  riiei  oq  the  upper  part  u  .._,..ar 
Squareibut  other  euunolea  are  regrettable.  Wbilethe  arrhltrciure 
of  the  6ly  churchta,  -■■'■  -■- ■■ ■ '  ■ '- 


of  the  City  churchei 

remaikable,  many  1 

carving  they  oontaii 

adopted  in  building  r  .     .. 

theRoinanCaIhor>cWe«miDiieT  Cathedral  fiee 

Byantine.  and  built  ptindiially  of  biick,  with  a  lofty  camnanili 

The  only  other  ccde<i£ai^rbuilding  tabt  apei^ly  eaenlinned  i 

Lambeth  Palace,  oppouic  to  the  Hoiuei  of  Parliament  atmm  ih 


■„.,J.haet£ 

EC  WUHIIIIII 


.  a  seat  el  tbe  aichbiihopa  of  Cantcibi. 
preecnt  reiidential  portion  dalea  only  I 
K  chapel,  hall  and  other  paiu  ate  of  the  ijth 


t™3 


London  (f-aj,  tbe  moated  fi 
Thamn  at  the  eaatem  bound 

regalia  of  Ei^land,  whidi  ai 


kept  here, 


The  Houiea  of  PaHianeot.  irith  Weatmbiater  Abbey  and  S( 
MariBRt'a  Church,  complete  tbe  ineat  group  of  building!  which 
f  niulnA.Hw^H!  A  vFAnp  cHCAIially  Gothic  fiir  the 
lileted  la  iMTltiHDIhedciigna 
cndiculatalylo.  They  cover  a 
'    ncdiatdy  nnoa  tbe 

(he  huge  Vkioiia 

, jc,  with  ita  wdl-knowa  chima 

and  the  bnur-bell "  Big  Ben,"  on  the  north.  SoK  of  the  apattnenU 
are  manihcently  adorned  within,  and  the  building  Incorporalea  the 
•jKientWeatminiter  Hall.  bdaaglBg  to  tbe  former  icyal  palace  on  the 
Bta  r^e  V^UTWHTU).    The  MvemnKnt  oAcea  areprindpalhr  in 


2^      Houiea  of  Parliai 

^^^'^    I™'  area-  the  eait  front  givhi 
TfaanmL    The  princifial  extennt  fenturei 


in  the  anrie  bntween  the  Homea  and  the  Abbey,  with  Tiafalgar 
Square.  SoiBemt  KouK  (i77*-i7**).  a  maativo  range  of  buildiiui 
by  Sir  William  Chainbcn.  aarmindlng  a  quadrangle,  and  having  iii 
mmt  npow  the  Strand  and  badt  upon  the  VKtona  EmbaakiDeiit, 
MCufiea  th*  eita  <<  •  palau  fcnnded  by  the  protector  Somoaet, 
(■  IM&  It  containa  the  Eachiqucr  and  Audit,  Inland  Revenue 
PrabUc  RegUtnr-Ceneral'a  and  other  oAcea,  and  one  wing 
houiei  King'i  CollegE.  Other  olficea  an  Iha  New  Record  OSicc.  the 
rteoattory  cd  State  papoa  and  other  recordi.  and  the  Patent  Office 
in  Chancerr  Lane.  The  Heralda'  College  or  Coltesi  ol  Anna,  the 
afidal  authority  in  mattata  of  amurial  >*—"*£*  and  pcdi^rcci. 


Ly  Corpgntien,  with 


of  Weatminaer  Bridge,  and  m  I^oSadeaigniii 
KnoiE  waaacCAKedincompciitiaa,   Theatylcj 
ce.    Several  of  tbe  great  livery  com 


City  poacia  fine  halla  eo. 

of  the  MBm,  Diapm,  Ful 


[n  1906  tbe  LondiM 

rmittad  by  MrKalph 
dioTihe 


Cl«* 


>Uier  coIIkIkhii  ol  hi£h 

Mwsa,  Diapqa,  Fiaboongera.  Cloth  wnrkcr^  Annourvi  and 

The  former  royal  palacei  ol  Weatmlnncr  and  ol  Whitehall,  ctf 
which  tbe  fine  Jacobean  banqueting  hall  remains  are  dracribed  under 
Wammniu.  The  prevnl  London  reaidence  of  thw  -  - 
aoverel|ii  li  Buckingham  Palai:^  on  the  wmt  aide  of  St      *V^ 

iamea'i  Park,  with  beautiful  gaidena  behind  it-   Bucfiii^      pttaam. 
am  Hou«  waa  built  in  iTosror  tbe  duke  of  Bucldnghimihire,  and 
:baaedbyCeorgenrini7fii.   The  einUing  ilnUx  waa  GnUed 
•-^-  "--^  •-  -.is.  but  lUd  not  oies  will  appmval.  and  wu 
befcn  Queen  Victoria  ccoicaed  it  in  iSj7.    An 

... ippearaot*  it  i>  one  of  the  knit  atiifictocy  (< 

London'!  fireat  bulldingH.  though  the  throne  room  and  atha*  itaca 
apartment!  are  maBrrificent  within.  Tbe  picturenllery  containa 
valuable  wocka  of  Dutdi  maiten  and  othen.    The  fmni  tl  the 

Br — ■  iii^  background  to  tbe  public  mcmonal  to  Qoaaa 
ihcadoflEeMaU.   Proviuon waamadein thedagu, 
by  WcU),  for  the  ntemioB  at  the  Mali  to  open  upon 

Ti  lare,  through  gatcw^a  In  a  leoicwcular  range  tt 

bo  w  occupMB  by  govemmeitt  (Aces  and  Cor  a  wida 

eii  la  bnil  of  the  Fahics  with  a  atatne  of  the  Queen  by 

TI  initaocntrcv  St  Jamea'a  Palace,  at  the  nortli  ride <j( 

St  -k,  waa  acquired  and  rebuilt  by  Henry  VIII-,  faavinc 

be  n  hospital  foundH  In  tbe  Iflh  century  for  lepnua 

mi  aa  the  nyil  reiidence  alter  the  deatnminn  of  White~ 

ba  Jk  time  of  William  IIL  until  a  fire  in  llo9deHn^(cd 

luilding.    Ma^orough  How,  adjacent  to  tbe  palaoB, 
i-  c I..I 1  Marftoropgh  in  i;io  Ima  the  deaigna 


..  £iik  of  EnalandTlbc  Roynl  enrhange 
The  Bank  ii  a  characterinie  building, 
low,  but  coverlnf  a  hrfe  area,  without 
...,...-,  .,_«i_a  ._  _w«  wholly  nnvinnMdi  though  the  nortli- 
weilcanieriaeopiedfrooitbeTempleodbeSibylatVivoIL  The 
building  it  nainly  the  work  of  Sr  John  Sonne  (c.  i;M).  Tbe  tint 
buildiiig  for  the  Royal  Exchange  waa  erected  and  pRiewted  to  Uie 
City  by  Sir  Tlumaa  Gishaa  (iSlis-iSTO)  wfaone  oeat.  *  f*!*- 
'———   apeean  In  the  wii^ -' ■'■- '--n-'i — 


CreihMi'a  EicbBge  waa  denrim)  In  the  great  be  <t  i«M;  and 
the  aubaetiucnt  boildini  waa  atmOaily  dartmjad  b  Itjl.  The 
prtaeni  bwlding  haa  an  inipniliit  Corinthian  poetics  and  ladflaea  a 
court  •urmiidtd  by  an  aabulatoiy  adomad  nAth  Uitortcal  palatinn 
tnr  LdgbtoB,  Seyinour  Lucaa,  StaiAape  Focbe*  tad  Obcrs  Tfie 
MaoHoa  Hooae  wai  ercoed  c  IfaCL 
~  'ttr  nuhnr  hi.idnnn  !».»»<  •!.«•  ar  WcMadnitar. 

til*  Imperial 


Tbe  only  other  puUk  buDdlBB.  beynad  tt 
whkh  fall  Into  a  great  grcnp  ai«  Sit  modetn  n 

loMitute,  London  Univenity  and  other  inititiiti—, , 

■Mch  lie  betwcea  Kenaingtsn  Gon  and  Bmnpcao  and  Ctonwell 
RoadL  and  theae,  together  with  the  Natinnai  Gdlenr  Qn  Trafalgar 
Square)  and  other  art  gallerin.  and  the  prindpal^  nJotiKc,  educn- 


«  iiutitution),  arc  wuidmd  'a  SactiDB  V. 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


COMUVNICATIONSI 


LONDON 


9*3 


IbyipkRprtKOU- 
Jm  central  (tuun  ol 


-ni(%bgR  Memoiwl,  KcmlMttm  Gvdeu,  nt  cncti 

[1871]  by  "  Queen  Victoria  ind  btt  Pcopfc  la  tlK  ooHrv  of  Albtf 
Prigcc  Contort."  (mn  tlw  deufn*  of  Sir  Gilbert  Scott,  with  ■  aati . 
«EihcPriau{iS;6)t^JobnH«iyF<AybCBeUhahiif»nueCoibie 
caqopy.  At  tM  cutcni  tnd  dI  tbe  Stimnd  •  nmMriu  with  HUiH  by 

1905-   I; 


A^MMiifhAirc.— Riving  regard 
(vidcocc*  of  uLiquity  in  Lond  . 
I^CDCk*  wch  u  the  great  fire,  and  through 
fng  InfluerKH,  it  is  well  that  historical  auociRtiont  ia  nornta- 
dature  arc  pmervcd  in  a  great  mcaiure  unimpaitHl.  The  City 
nalurilly  oHen  the  lichest  field  fot  itudy  in  thit  direelion. 

thoH  having  a  coniinenia]  conneiion,  and  ihoH  auociatid 
with  andenl  buiJdiDgs^particiilarly  the  City  waU  aiidecciesiaiticiil 
foundations.  Anrimg  cEampIes  of  the  fint  group,  Cheapside 
•a  proniinesl,  Thii  raodeni  tboroughlaie  of  ihopa  wai  in  eaily 
times  the  Cbepe  (O.  Eng.  aaf,  bargain),  an  open  place 


for  popular  er 


untU  tl 


I4lhc< 


1  space  aet  apart 


s  lupidied  the  < 


re  wai  a  Queen  Eleuioi  crau 
with  water.  Modern 
reel  oiled  the  Poultry, 
dtpsited  Ifoni  thence," 
leih  ccEtuty.  Comhill, 
ol  mind  there  holden  " 
(Slow'),  and  Cracechuich  Street  was  comipted  from  the  name  of 
the  church  of  St  Benet  Crasschulch  (dcsltoyed  by  the  great  fire, 
Ithuill,  and  (cmoved  in  iSOS),  which  was  said  to  be  derived  from 
a  herb-market  hod  under  iU  walls.  The  Jew*  had  their  quarter 
near  the  eomioercial  centre,  their  presence  being  indicated  by 
the  street  named  Old  Jewry,  though  il  is  probable  that  they 
did  not  teoccupy  Ibis  locality  after  their  eipulsion  in  1190. 
Lombard  Street  abniUily  points  to  the  reaidoire  of  Lombard 
merchanll,  the  name  enisling  when  Edwjrd  II.  confirmed  a 
grant  to  Flortatine  merchants  in  ijij,  while  the  Lombards 
Qmintaincd  their  position  until  Tudor  timca,  FatenKsier  Raw, 
■till  occupied  by  boolcsailers,  takes  name  from  the  sellers  ol 
ptiyer-books  and  writers  of  teits  who  collected  under  the 
■faadow  of  St  Paul's  Cathedral.  As  regards  names  derived  from 
ancient  buildings,  instancw  aie  the  itreeti  called  Londcu  Wall 
and  Barbican,  and  thooe  named  after  the  nutnerms  galea.  Of 
those  auodated  with  ecdestastical  foundations  several  oa  ' 
Ihe  eour«  of  thij  article  (Section  U..  Eultsiailual  Ankili 
ftc).  Such  are  Aualis  Frian,  Crulched  Frian,  Blackfriar 
Whitefriara.  To  ihla  last  district  a  curious  altsnative  i 
Atutia,  was  given,  probably  in  the  17th  century,  with  reft 
10  iti  DOloriety  as  a  hiding-place  of  debiort.  A  derival 
niggtated  from  the  disputed  territory  of  Aliace,  pointing  the 
■      ■  ■■ ' n  and  the  adjacent  Tempie 

tcct),  dedicated  to  St  Bride 
and  wa*  aliacaea  to  a  house  timit  by  Henry  VIII.  (ijii),  bui 
It  owM  iatniliar  in  ils  application  to  the  house  of  correclioi 
hutlluted  by  Edward  VI.,  whitb  renuined  a  prison  till  1863 
The  Uinoriei.  a  street  leading  louth  from  Aldgite,  takei  nami 


from  an  abbey  of  muu  of  St  Clan  (Sanm  lliiunt)  tomded 

gy     Apart  from  the  Cily  an  Interesting  ecdeiiastical 

lurvlval  II  the  name  Btoad  Sanctuary,  Westminster,  recalling 

place  of  sanctuary  which  long  survived  the  monastery  under 

protection  of  which  it  originaUy  Diiled.     Caveat  Garden, 

in,  took  its  name  from  a  CODVenl  garden  belonging  lo 

Westminster.   Among  Ibesurvivabofnamesofnon-ccclesiastictl 

'    ildings  CuUe  Baynatd  may  be  noted;  it  Wood  in  the  City 

the  banks  of  the  Thames,  and  was  bdd  by  Ralph  Bayaard,  a 

Norman,  in  the  time  of  William  the  Conqueror;  a  later  building 

erected  in  I4i3  by  Humphrey  duke  of  Gk>uce>ler.    Here 

Richard  UL  waa  acclaimed  king,  and  the  mansian  wa*  used 

by  Houy  Vlt-  and  Heniy  VUL    In  naow  it  kept  in  ■  wharf 


The  : 


vival  o 


City. 


characteriitks   i 

sloping  bank  of  the 
cential  meat  markcl,  bui 

and  games,  and  also  of 


Than 


important  at: 


vai  laid  out  [> 
o  the  eiJMence 


imooth  field"  where  a 
IS  held,  and  the  aceoe  of  laumamenta 
nwcuthMU-  Here  in  ij8i  Wat  Tyler 
It  William  Walworth  during  the  parley 
:.  In  the  West  End  a(  London  the  majority  ol 
t-oamea  are  naturally  of  a  later  derivation  thai 
icient  City,  though  Charing  Crcai  (f.*.)  it  an 
eiception.  The  derivation  commonly  accepted 
from  pUkaiS,  a  sliS  cellar  or  hem  in  fashion  In 
if  Ibe  17th  century  (Span-  ^ttco.  a  spear-head), 
id  the  neighbouring  Mall  in  St  James'  Park  it 
of  a  game  resembling  croquet  (Fr-  paiUe  maille) 
before  the  time  of  Charics  L,  thou^  the  MaH 
the  game  by  Charlea  II.  Other  names  pointing 
E  ol  pastimes  now  eitinct  are  found  eliewbere 
Balls  Pond  Road,  Islington,  where  in  Ihe  17th 
oprielary  pond  for  the  sport  of  duck-hunting, 
t  of  another  form  Is  mailed  In  Ihe  natoe  of 
Spring  Gardens,  St  James'  Park,  where  it  Ihe  lime  of  James  I. 
there  was  a  fountain  or  spring  so  arranged  as  to  besprinkle  those 
who  trod  unwarily  on  Ibe  valve  which  opened  it-  Uany  of  the 
namta  of  Ihe  rich  reaidentiil  streets  and  squares  in  Ihe  west 
have  aesociaiiona  with  the  various  ownen  of  the  properties; 
but  Miyfalr  is  so  called  from  a  fair  held  on  this  ground  in  May 
as  early  as  the  reign  of  Charles  II.     Hnally  there  are  several 

buildings.  Thus  the  district  o(  the  Adelphi.  aoutb  ol  Cbuing 
Cmn,  tikes  name  from  the  block  of  dwellings  and  ofiiccs  etidcd 
in  i;6Sby  thehmIbcis(Gr.  uddpki)  Robert  and  William  Adam, 
Ecottiab  architects.  In  FiccadiUy  Clarendon  House,  erected  Id 
1(64  by  Edward  Hyde,  eari  of  Clarendon,  became  Albetnarl* 
House  when  acquired  by  the  duke  of  Albemarle  m  iBj!. 
Northumberland  House,  from  which  is  named  Northumberland 
Avenue,  c^em'ng  upon  Trafalgar  Square,  was  buHt  c.  itej  by 
Henry  Howard,  earl  of  Northampton,  and  was  acquired  by 
marriage  by  Algernon  Percy,  earl  of  Northumberland,  In  1641. 
It  took  name  from  this  family,  and  stood  until  1874-  Arundel 
House,  originally  a  seat  of  the  bisbap«  of  Bath,  w»  the  rcsidenc* 
of  Thomas  Howard,  call  of  Anmdel,  wboK  famooi  coUcctioa 
of  sculpture,  Ihe  Arundel  Marbles,  was  boused  here  nntS  pre- 
sented to  Orford  University  in  1667.  The  sit  '  '  ' 
marked  by  Atitndd  Street,  Strand. 


IIL  CmmuH 


termiiu,  an  ai  loUo 
and  London  ft  N 
aanely  King's  Cni 
PancraL  Tiieier=i 
in  the  road  of  that 


ys  Jeaving  London,  with  their 
m.  The  Cnal  Nonhem.  Midland 
systems  have  adjacent  termini. 

-. I  and  Eustoo.  is  Euiton  Road.  St 

ui  ol  the  Gnat  Central  railway  ii  Uaryleboos, 
me-ttilf-         ■ ' 


h-WeBer 


fi  WoUt*.   The  tei 


..,„ ,   ., _._.-  .JTaed  streetli  and  tost  tt  the 

London  &  Soul  h- Western ,  Waterloo,  »gth  o(  ihelhames  ia  Umbeth. 
(])  Smlkim.    The  London.  Brighton  A  South  Coan  nilway 
iu  wtMem  lerminus  at  Victoria,  and  ■!•  ceninl  termiaas  at  Lon 

Bridge,  on  the  (with  side  of  the  Thame      ""     '■-•-'^ 

Chalbam  railway  has  faurterminal  suUi 


-    The  Soutb-Eastern  a 


LONDON 


ICXMHUNlCJVTtom 


.Bdnk  huk  rf  th*  rtv«^^ncMri>,  auriM  CnM*,*  Hribarn  Vi« 

ud  CuiHiD  S«inl  [Gty).  St  Foul'i  Swiw  on  the  Hdbom  bi 
blbalermiiiiliiiiiut.  U)  Subm.  Ttie  principll  urnunui  a 
Cn9lEuiemRilliny)iiiiLivTrpDalSlre«(C<ly).bal  " 


It  (City),  tht  lermUiia  of  the  Loidoi 


.  Gnat  Eutcrs,  CnU  Nortlwrii  ud 
Ivavy  lubuflian  ImAic,     ^yitenu  of 


(nu^Snnil 


1  (hr  Nvtli  Woton  ud  CnuWerin 

souiD-WmcmflyiUTiih  while  the  MdropokLui 
'  City  connecti  the  Midland  andGiHI  Ncrthcro 

vtin  int  SDUin-rjiTiTD  A  Chuham  linn. 
The  nilmyn  who&t  lyiRui  *n  >»ialy  or  alitilly  oMilined  within 

the  PKtrc^olitaA  An*  uc  ■»  fulhiv^    The  Nonh  Londoa  idilwAy 

Richmond  on  Ibt  vtM  wid  PopUu-  on  Ihe  <ut.    The  Eul  Loodai 

ftconncctl  Shvcditrh  with  Sew  Cnm  (DrptrordJ  by  way  «f  the 

tBMcngfu.  The  London  A  India  Docki  hue  ctmnlTtB  flie  city 
with  (he  dorlu  on  the  nonh  hank  oT  Ihe  river  at  far  la  North 
Wwlwich.    TheMclrcvolitannilirqFhaaaliHftvnBalcerSum 

■  nd  Vemey  junciion.  but  has  bvcn  worVod  bv  the  Metmpolllan  aiH 

McuopoliUn  liaina  alw  coanect  at  New  CrDH  with  the  aoulf- 

politan  Dinrict  to  (arm  the  Inner  CMt  line,  which  haa  ilaliani  doK 
ID  all  the  neat  nilwiy  termini  north  of  the  Thamra.  The  Metro- 
politan KMikt  (conQoiily  called  Che  OiOrkt)  lydEin  lerva 
WinbledDii.  Rkhnond.  Ealini  and  Harrow  on  ihc  wen,  and  pa»n 
eaUward  by  E^rl'i  Court.  South  Kenilneton,  Victoria  and  Maniion 
House  (City)  to  Whiiechapel  and  Bow.  The  MnropoUlanand  the 
Diitric(lin«iiiii(hiii  London  art  for  the  nHBI  part  underfroudd  fthit 
'    ~       Hpplyint  lh(  liile  ol "  the  UndoxrouDd  "  laoilvriy  uolied 

L ,.  .i. _^  ^nj  conwnicled  el  brick.    The 

Kt  opened  in  1B63.    AtihouKh  Ihcie 
disridi  Ihey  lerve,  [arm  the  futnc 
on  iron  t>a<M  to  poli 
i  impoatibili^  Vt  pni 

hnea  to  electrical  worlcinf- 

.ine  were  made  In  1900,  and 

electrify  the  Diutict  lyMtiB  and 


London  United  Tramway*  Company.  The  Undagmund  Eleettlc 
lUiiwaya.Coiiipuy,  which  aoiuiied  B  canmlliBf  luRuewce  ova 
theie  conccnu.  uodutoolc  the  conKtuctioa  at  a  gn^  power  elation 
alChclKaiwhOe  the  MetnuHlitanConiiiany.  which  had  Fallen  into 
llite  with  the  Dlilrict  (not  withoutdbpute  over  Ihe  lyKem  oCefedn. 
Beallon  to  be  adopted)  etsled  a  Mationlt  Neudea  on  Ihi  Ayleabury 
brndi.    Electric  ttactioii  wat  iradiiiiyy  introduced  on  (he  iAtim- 

di  Ihe  cleclriAcalii 


el,  and  provkion  of  nock  (or.  the  Knn  which  they  had  pnvio 
worked  folB[!y,l»m  Ednan  Road  by  Biihop't  Rnd  Is  Hini 
■nithi  «B.    Tht  Baker  Soot  &  Waterloo  railway  [luaown  *• 


IS  Haionttttnillh.  KBI  S|i«n>d  H 


CrDK,  Eansa  A 


amplon  line,  from  Finibiir* 
rly  in  1907,  «>d  IheCfcartiit 

r '  "  '■"  •■™'  y"    ""^ 

KVD  cuKiTic  lailwaya  {"  lubea"),  cmiauaicalHig  with  the  •urlace 
bynrii.  were  already  familiar  In  London,  The  (iral  opened  wai  the 
City  ft  South  Loodon  (IB90);iirb»cquentlyeiteBded  [oninbet»*B 
Euuofl.  the  Ancd.lilington,  the  Bant  IC^laBdOaiOuB.  Othen 
are  the  Watcifcu  ft  City  (1898)  niniuni  (ron  the  lenninui  o(  the 
Souih-Wenern  raihw  wlthou  fMemaliiile  nation  is  ihe  Bank ; 
Ihe  Ccatnl  London  (1900),  from  [he  Bank  to  Shcphml'i  Bi|ih, 
HannieruBith;  and  the  GRal  Nonhcni  ft  C!ty-t>>f>4!  'nim 
FTpibury  Parle  (which  19  an  important  Hburban  ^unctwn  r-  '^- 
Giral  Nntheni  nilwty)  to  Moorgate  Sircc 

rroimiPiijPi.—  The  mrtact  tramway  ayalem  o(  London  can._.  _. 
complete,  as.  within  an  area  roughly  iiuiiaiiJled  by  the  boronghi  t^ 

Chebei,  Keniitipon  and  Fulham.  Ihe  dty  ol  WHImintt -'  - 

conaiderBble  dinrict  oorih  thereof,  and  the  city  <d  Lorn 


Ne  5(h  of  D«einber  1903,  when 
-h  Mandi  cUh  to  Ihe  itatioii  at 


r,  DBB  nmi  wi  gi^  part  diiplacad  by  the  former.   The  toul 

^  tor  inner  LshIdb  11  about  ±ui, 

OmiMmta. — Tba  oiBdibiii  mtem  ia  very  tttcuv^  ndjf^aat 
all  the  priadpal  itncti  thnMfbout  the  CDunty  and  eatendnf  ovs- 
a  larga  pael  of  Greater  LoAduL  Hie  two  prtncipal  omnibHi  eom- 
•oniiBBrttiieLaDdaBGeneralOiudbiiiairidiheLDndm  Hoad  Car, 
The  fine  ouftmi  lan  betwec*  the  Bank  and  PHMIneion  in  1119. 
In  1905  aad  faHearinir  yean  ladtsr  siBBihui^  {worted  moniy  by 
internal  cnntnilioa  an(hieri  btsan  ts  a  Itrie  eiieni  to  lupplawt 

' -'--     The prineipal odHiaa companiei adopted iheni,  and 

tart  formtd  to  work  them  eadnilvrty.  With  their 
«Mr  ipnd  and  canying  capacity  over  the  honed 
nlroduclioo  wu  a  mw  itnpertant  deveimaiient, 
rking  at  fine  inipoied  a  tevcm  hnanciai  niain  oa 

!!RielSne-dtaw* cabi  wfafah  ply  for  hiie la  ^  Mtetti.  or 
!d  "  cab^tadda,^'  are  oi  twu  kink,  the  ^^  riawaiiiii  " 

"  Hackney  coachei "  for  hire  are  hnt  meflticnod 


though  tl 


Ihe  f oftmila tlH™  U 

H.  H.  Aaquilh  ai  home  ■ 


, _  ....e  to  time.     In  llo,  . 

dispute  neceiaifated  Ihe  formuLalioo  of  the  "  Aiquith  award  by 
the  m.  Hon.  H.  H.  Aaquilh  ai  hone  nntacT,  aod  luhKiiueM 
modificatkoi  nf  ihia  were  only  arrived  a^  aa  ia  19D4.  afcB-  a  nrikB 
of  the  driven  aSected.  A  hma-atanding  awe  of  tnmptaiai  oa  tha 
part  of  the  public  hu  been  the  common  retuial  of  cab-driven  to 
accept  their  legal  fare^  but,  on  the  other  hand,  levoal  ailempti  10 

■amc  tioie  when  ia  190T  a  laigg  numbei,  provided  with  taamelen, 
wcie  out  into  lervice.  SubKqueoily,  aa  thenumiierof  "  uxitaba 
(fit  MinoK  VBiiiet,E>)  biettaied,  that  of  hone-cabi  decreaied. 
rntfic  PiMrm^~Oae  af  the  moa  »b<ou.  adminiemnve  problcan 

icgulaiioa  af  ttaflie  la  tba  principal  ihonu^Iaio  and  at  the  buiot 
croedngi.  The  police havepowen  ofconlrcloveivehideaandeiir- 
ciie  them  adnirably;  thetwork  bi  thia  respect  isaeaonaot  Kairre 
of  wonder  Co  foretfa  vtaitor^  But  Ihla  control  dora  not  meet  the 
prebleai  of  actual^  Iwaaiiag  Ibt  nwdn  gf  vabicIeB  ia  tba  moia 
aRerica  el  tradicL  Al  uch  tmiiBla  aa  that  of  the  Stiasd  and 
Wellinctoa  Sueei,  Ludgale  Cimi*  and  aouth  of  the  Thaate^  the 
Elephant  and  Canle,  a>  also  In  the  narrow  nnen  of  Ihe  City,  con- 


out,  il  it  true,  in  the  lau  half  oftht  igth  cioiuiy.  the  dam  of  the 
prindpal  being  u  foHowi:  1854.  Caimod  Street:  iMa.  Southwaik 
Sinm:  1170,  H*Uion  Viaduct!  ■8>'l.  HanHlon  Ftaec,  Oteea 
Vidork  SuMti  lIM,  NortbuudieilaHl  Aveaoe;  latl,  'Aclcy 
StRcc:  i8«j,  Hyde  Paik  Comet;  itta,  Ewehap)  itl6,  Sbtfua- 
bury  Avenue;  1M7,  (Hiarini  Crh  Road:  ilgD-igfa.  Rcacbery 
Avenue.  At  Ibe  befllimlng  of  the  aoch  eenhiry  seven]  important 
kKBf  whknings  of  aiieett  were  pat  h  band,  >•  (or  eiample  betweew 
Slean  Stnet  ud  Hyde  IVh  CotoCT, « ibo  StnaJ  and  at  Ibe  MaiMe 
Arch  (igot).  AI  the  aane  period  a  cnal  work  wla  uodanahca  to 
meet  Ine  want  of  a  props'  cenlnti  communicaUon  between  north  and 


of^KIng  Edwiid  VIL.  fiMD  flih  HolliMa 


rt  VIL,  fi..„  . 

■outhiward  to  the  Stnr 

B'tb  which  ia  eitabliibed  al  tws  poinn  through  a  ei^cm  namiw 
dwych-  The  idea  of  svch  a  IhorauAhfare  it  traceable  back  to  Ihe 
time  of  WUHim  IV.  ThemagniiudearihelialficpratilenaiB  whole 
may  he  beat  apofaelaiM  by  fsanpln  of  ihe  van  fcbemea  of  im- 
prwcmnt  wUdi  fmn  tiail  to  nrac  have  beea  put  totmd  by 
Eespoaiible  indrridualai  Thua  Sir  John  Woifa  Bairy,  ••  dMiman 
of  the  Council  of  the  Society  of  Arta  in  1S99.  propoaed  to  alleviale 
eongntion  of  traffic  by  bridtns  over  and  tunnelj  under  the  nraia  at 
■ia  poinla.  namely— Hyde  Parii  Comer,  Pkxadilly  Ctrcin.  Lodgata 
Cim*.  Oxford  Stnrt  and  TnnaahMi  C«it  Eu«d.  Strand  and 
Weilingtan  Street,  and  Soutkwark  B^idg■■ndUppB'ThaI^.S(r■rt■ 
*biliticl  of  conmunkation  betwnn  nonh  nod  aouih  by  Hnl-Iag  thb 


EONBOIf 


Mi 


iionlw«iMidMdwi»tiMW».m*fcM.I'wJ«rfttwi' Itttht 

Ouring  CtoH  ktbImh  (TtlH^owli  Euton  nd  Chidnid  nUnj 
W  Ihc  Kuth  lidi  tt  lb(  iiv«,  ud  (hi  naHruciian  dT  a  ntw  biidgt 
!■  plutd  the  nilway  bridge  Tbi  nMt  cn«i^  o(  •]ii«ii«  mftc. 

pt^ikn.  and  in  i«ojiRDy«ICMiiifiHiin  mi  ipfKiiiiMd  ■scouidn' 
tbt  vhob  quniian  ol lacwooiioa MuttMBpKt  n  LoadDo, iwpcri 
evidnR  bang  ukii>  lion  «inlmai.  npncmpilvBat  (IwnnBM 
nilwiy  and  olJiar  owipiaiM.  of  the  County  .CmboI.  banofa 
taaaaata4fo\kt.*ndoilHn    Tlirniniiiiiniaii  mwiMl  i«  lyn-' 

^^^  RCMnniindilioii  wu  IkU  tl  (he  ottauve^en  of  liM 
■"""■*■  finniBayiwaurRaKl'raWhinikaiiEl.udBaHnitluwgli 
the  dly  In  iKc  nngUMUihoad  cl  UmAoii  Wall.  »d»sAn  ban 

HollMaviolhtEkpIiul    -""    -    '" ' — 

hridga  above  Blac^ian. 


ol  tuiiii>ay>atK|inipcac<k*>dilr 

Uou  nn  made  u  legaidt  urban  and  puiHufui 
nhDuiinr  of  (be  working  populaiion  a 

Finally,  ihe  commiuion  n^  tlie  in 

traffic  board  should  be  f«i  '  '^  '    ' ' 


boalt  bet^-Rn  Lflndsn  Bridge  and  VamlialL    Tbii 

bwHhi  Hpb*  llw  Ciliienariil  Iren  Stcsnboal  Cmpaniniii  iB6_S. 

The  Ciiy  Slcamboac  Company,  nubliihRl  in  iStfi.  began  •nth  cigHt 
boUt.  and  by  tKi  had  increanl  the 
fnun  London  Bridge  to  Cbdwa.   Tbii 
the  London  Steiabiiai  Cvoifiany  in 


carer  nail  of  Paddlngion  and  KenAigton.  north 
Id  HanuHMalh);  Swth->«t  {S.W..  Cny  of 

- aC  Piccadilly.  ChdKa,  Soub  K«uii«tan,  ib* 

greater  part  olFulham.  and  London  aoathj^  thaThameiaDd  west 
at  Vauihall  Bridn);  Soiiili-taR  (S.E.,  remainder  of  London  loiitli 
of  thtThann);Eut  IE..  euK^thc  Cily  wdKiagiland  Road): 
North  (N..  wen  cl  KiagtIaiiSRoad:  Ittintton);  North-wen  (N.W., 
inater  part  of  St  Piaoaa  and  St  Mar^eboa^  and  Hampnead). 
Th*  pouil  a*a  odadea  part  of  Wodwidi  wkUi  the  county; 
'idrtcanwknblearcaaoolitde  the  county  Jnocherdireciiona, 
Ham.  L^ytoh.  Ac.on  the  taiai  i  Woodf6rd.j;hin^erd.  Ac, 
iienli-«ait:  VNbod  Gnen.  Gonlhgale  and  FlBcliley  on  the 

lendoB  and  W)lei<lenon  itE  oonK-mt;  AcMn  and  Ealing, 

BanKiaBdWbabhidooo>ilhiw«t;ai>dt^ngiandBKltenhani  on 
-*e  Buth.  wbplty  or  hi  pin.  There  are  ten  dinrkt  head  oOcea 
4  abovta  iHoiiiand  local  oGcei  in  Ihe  metropolitan  diilrict. 
rilrftMri.— The  National  Tdephone  Company,  irorhing  under 
licence  eapiriitfodfhe  Jin  of  December  igii,  had  until  tool  praclic- 
ally  a  monopoly  ol  tdcphonic  conrnunicalioii  (.iihin  London.  Ihoiilh 
..._  r..^  ,^_I  1  _u  ,^  ^,^  ,j^  tooneetiBg  the  earioui 

. —  , Ucuaa  of  (b*  telephone  WlIonatqiMnlly 

leurKted  in  the  melropolii.  when  in  189$  a  Select  ConmiiiR  » 
Tekphonea  reported  tnkt  '  general  fmrnedlare  and  effective  com- 
petition by  dihcT  ihe  goivniAent  or  lix^al  authority  wat  Hceuary 

ccSdm  ■artpig.  Tht  Poai  Office  ihereupon  inttiiuttd  a 
lyKfm  of  tachangnaiHl  Unet.  Interconununicaiion  beiwcrtt 

■■" ^''~"- '■'■ rcre  reduced  and  cfliciervy 

uE  6y>  «q-  m-  eneiiding  ta 
iheThaiii^,andtaDi[lIor9 
jlic  all  oaken  an  provided 

leuenien  Company  aTordi 
!  ol  (pecial  tiiaaenteia. 

IV.  PorULATIOH,  FCBUC  HtlLTTr,  fec 

The  population  of  Cieattr  Xoadon  by  ihccanaiuol  1901  wat 

The  following  table  glVH  compaiiaon*  balween  the  figinei 
(  ccTtiin  cmiiu  retunii  lor  Gruler  London  and  ils  cbiet 
coinpoBtnt  parti,  namtly.  tbe  City,  the  county  ud  ihc  oulct 
ring  iiJ.  Greater  Xotidon  outiidc  Ibe  county).  All  the  Bgorta 
befwe  IhoM  of  iQai  arcidtuMed  10  Ibauanu. 


rheThamei  Steamboat  Com  pan 
than  loot  up  Ihe  lervicej  but  earl™  i^annouand  that  ii  would  b 
^leantinued,  alrhovgh  in  Tooi  it  wai  Etmporarily  revimcd-  Mean 
...  . ._  |j|jj,(,j  London  County  Cnurieil  hadpmmoted 


bill  in  Farliamt 
Thamj,   Tiiei 


wat  thrown  out  on  Ihia  00 

(.andonlheirthof  Jum 

operalion;   The  boaii,  bnwe^,  wei 


tawetn  London  Bridge  nad  Sonthead,  Clacttm  and  Kirwich. 
JUntiate,  Maigaie  aad  other  motta  el  tbe  Kent  roait,  and  Calali 
andB«il«n(L.  >»aengeriteamermiail  fiwn  the  port  of  London  to 
the  ^ncipal  polBaf  the  Siitith  Itinaod  nonhem  Europe,  and  to  all 

tiom  Europe  and  North  Anetim  pas  ih<«|h  other  psrii.  to  which 
At  laBwaya  provide  ipedal  acrvicgi  d  timim  from  Londim.  The 
orilKi(]^  liavelliBgagmcy  In  Lnndon  h  that  of  Meaws  Ceo*,  chow 
biidnacaitat'LudtatECiniin  A  nnmbcrof  aub^lKcet  of  brga 
■tBtanhlp  hne*  an  eongregned  in  Codupur  Stmi.  Trntalgir 
Sauue.  and  trvetal  of  the  principal  raUway  coinBinlea  have  local 
«■(«•  throoihoui  the  ccatie  of  Ihe  mctroiiDKi  fc»  the  liuB  ol 
tickeu  aod  the  eollection  and  forwanJinr  a(  lunige  and  parcett. 

i>«if  (ME».— The  General  Poat  OHice  Set  ia  ihrvealrt  o(  Ibe  City 
on  cither  aide  oi  [he  aircet  called  St  hUitln'<  h>  Grand.  The  olden 
nonion  ol  the  buUiftft.  Inic  in  ajile.  wai  dnignM  by  Sir  Robert 
Sntirvq  aWd  erected  VI  >fli9-   HdvanihecmrraloAkeaof  the  letter, 

-  telegraph  depanaHaii.  with  ihe  office  ol  (he  Pmi- 

bucilw  Waaqdatlenol  the  paicHi  department  an 
■nc,  Clerlienwc*;  (heae  of  ihe  Pott  Office  Savmgi 


Year. 

City. 

ConntT- 

o.wR].g: 

Cteaiet  London. 

itoi 

a; 

1901 

iJjisftJ 

II 

1.1I4.«44 
i.S»Mo^ 

The  teauti  fur  th*  decreiK  in  Ihe  resident  Citypopulaiion  ii 
to  be  iound  in  the  rapid  piletuiDn  of  builneu  piciBiieatiiliil* 
itic  widening  ramificalioni  of,  Ihe  outer  rnidenlial  atcu  an 
illuiUatcd  by  the  increaae  in  the  later  yean  ol  ihepopulaiiau 
ol  the  Outer  Ring.  The  growth  and  population  of  London 
previaui  to  (he  iqlh  tentuiy  Is  conildcied  under  Uitliry,  od/n. 

IJWJI  in  1»0!.  During  1901,  i7.o;o  aliena  (eicludiag  laikin) 
etriwd  at  the  pott,  and  m  1001,  )3.o&>.  Of  Iheee  lait  .-  , 
Ruwani  and  PoIm  numbcrej  ai.olj;  CerWm,  J3»Si    ■    *""■ 

SiiHoina  and  Hun|arian<,  J1971  Duieh.  1*01;  Norweginna 
.ode.  and  Dyiet  ijii;  and  Ruavanans  10I4.  Other  nation- 
aliijcs  numbered  below  one  ihouia^dnch.  The  foniu-bdra  popu 
lation  ihowta  iirgc  uuixaie  inpncenuie  to  the  whale,  beini  I'O 
ia  iSSi  and  !;«»  in  i»oi.  Rni^u  of  liiih  birth  hava  dncraaiad 
v^  iSji;  thoH  of  Scottldt  birth  htva  inCR«id  •Wadilr,  aid 
mughly  ai  the  papulation.  Conan  raidenta  we  louKl  n^ly  i* 
the  wlern  and  wot  astral  dinricti;  f  nach  mainly  In  (he  Cilf 
of  WenminUer  (apuaDy  iha  diilrict  of  S«ha),S<  hnecu  and  A 
Maryhhone;  ItaluiiiinHolbora  (Saffroa  Hiy).  Sahoaad  Fiubatyf 
and  RuHians  and  PoWt  h  Stepticy  and  Bethaal  Oatn. 

K-laf.ilal/tlio.— The  following  laUe  ahm  ihc  avn^e  birth- 
,  talc  and  dealh-nie  per  thouund  at  itatcd  petiodi. 


to  cnpioy  In  wtftini  addreeaHl-^Eut  Cent  r 

....  to  Pentonvilleand  City  Roade, west  IDGraj 

UwCooita):  Wot  Cenoal  m.C..  from  Eusn 

•-     .ham  Court  Road] ;  Wen 

>  W^MaryleiioneafidEdr  [ 

>.  the  brit  ol  which,  toa- 

illiunnii  ben  made,  boit 


Year..            BIcib.. 

Dntbu 

.90I-.W' 

■TO 

Ii 

1 

of  the  deaihiate  st  Undn  and  tl 


■J  iigiianJma^-      . 


9+6 


LONDON 


fa  IfOJ  tlw  bml  dath-nita 


., ^iDDUud  la-i),  LcBuhini  (ii-/).  WaHbvanti 

(ii'e),Wsiilwidi(ii't).SuluN>wi«iia(ii-g),uKlilHlitthMtb) 
Shondiuh  (If 7).  FiitAiiiy  (ig-a),^enDOBdt«r  (1B-7),  Bnluial 
Grtcn  (la-tfind  SiHitliMrl[  (il-s).  A  Rtiun  of  tin  pnccnuge  ol 
bihabitlnti  dveQini  [n  over<nvdcd  (NwmBntt  ihwi  1-7  for  Lrvifr 
lum.  4'5  (or  Windivonb,  Srs  for  Siokg  Newistua.  ind  6-4  l« 
Hampitcail,  atauui  U'3  (01  finbuir  tud  >t-9  'or  SMndiuk. 

JBiUiiwii.— Ai  rmnli  iufduiioii  Lsniign  b  undar  tpBiil 
RiFVTaiiow.  Wben  tn*  •Uluui  RlatLif  10  public  halit  wm  m*- 
Htidiicd  indiBindRl  la  ilT$Loadui  wuucluded-.wKf  ibc  Ian 
applicable  to  U  nrw  mclaHy  coiualidaiad  and  anaadcd  ia  lA^k, 
Tbc  Lonitoa  Cauaty  CsuiKil  u  a  ccatnl  nniiary  authority;  ihi 
City  and  aictiapolitaa  bonHQiu  an  laaiuiy  dituicia  And  the  Cor 
Docation  and  borooEh  comdciU  arv  loaJ  Hmtary  auuqHlka-  Thi 
Coanly  CouiKil  doJt  dinctly  with  aulicn  Wbera  unilortnLty  ol 


•B.  ullliil  lUe 


|0(» 


■    river  Rat.  •htcAai  arty  u 


of  ^iiiinaU.    Wit£  a  fivtbcr 

Hwen,  Bnitary  coflvtnicactft.  offernive  iradn.  lAatL. 

ajid  dairin,  and  pnvention  of  nuuancn  DuEaide  Ibe  Jiiriidietion  af 
local  authoriiica.  A  medical  ofbar  of  bcallh  isr  Ibt  whole  (winly 
laaDjXHiiKdby  KbcOMineil,  which  alio  nvt  hall  (he  nlarin  irf  local 
mcdicalofficeoandunitafy  inKieclora.  The  OHncil  may  alio  act  in 
caiea  of  default  by  tbc  localautborilieB.  or  nay  make  lefrcKBUiiMii 
lo  the  Local  GoveramcAt  Board  retpecliaa  aDch  ddadh.  whereupon 
the  Board  may  dlieei  the  Coancil  to  wiiEhold  [Kyawnt  due  to  tlw 
local  autharily  aadec  the  Equaliiatioii  o<  Raica  Act  iAm^ 

TIh  £rat  act  previdtiic  tor  a  caiamiiiion  s<  )mn  In  Loadon  daiei 
rom  1S31.      anoui  wir        ^g^^  bridflai  aver  i?'l6M  of  i' 
a  Ijw  had  become  iaaccenib 

amptffyed  m  «riv  tinee.  ajid  leeiifa  nu  receired  Inio  velh  ar 
puBiped  LAIo  the  Venncli  ef  the  ■tteti.  A  syircBi  of  amin  dninai 
vas  loiUBuraied  by  the  CommiuioDcn  ol  Sewerm  in  ifljAi  bat  th< 
work  jsroceeded  very  ilowly.  It  wai  carried  on  more  enectively  I 
the  MeliDpolitan  Board  of  Worlca  |IB)e-iWS)aihicheip«idedov 
^a-and-a-nalf  tniHioM  aiefHnj  oa  the  work.  TIh  London  Cotin',^ 
Couacil  mahuaiiied.  eofflpkted  and  improvnl  ibe  tytttm.  The 
knph  of  lewtn  in  ihe  maui  •yttem  !•  about  MS  m.,  and  ibeli 
caanraclleB  baa  com  aboM  eifht  millioiu.  The  ayiteat  cevtti  the 
ceaaly  d  Londoa.  Wnt  Nam.Tenie.Tonenhaiii.  Wood  Cncn,  and 
pani  el  Becteahan,  Horwy.  Ciwdon.  WUIeMlen.  Eatt  Han  and 
MIoq.    TlWfe  >iv  actually  two  dktincl  witemi.  north  and  BouUi  or 

liai  and  Cnnaneu.    The  c 

I  Ihe  iludfe  !•  taken  30  m. 

r  concerned  only  with  them 

iniin  lynem.  The  Thimei  awl  the  Lei 


ThR  >R  actually 

M  Thaaio.  havinf  le^Bnl 


The  anniat  coU  0 
"nt  •aniiary  aathe 
boaic  dfainafe^  ai 


<nof  the 

/rm^ilsfi.— The  Metnjnlitan  Aiyhnv  Board,  ihcnah  cMaUiih 

ita  ]B67purcly  ai  a  poar^w  authority  foe  the  rrlid  of  the  ■chpiiuB 

and    inftrni   paapeii,   haj  become  a  central   hoeiii 

f^"  .  hi  hoanula  pcnon^  who  an  not  paupera.  HiBeriaf  In ... 
y^f  leva.  Haalpsi  or  d^lSeria.  Both  the  Board  and  tlw 
^^^  County  Council  havecertalnpawvnaiiddiicisofiaDitary 
aatborfry lorthepurpaHofeptdenkncula^ona.  Thclocal vnitary 
aalkothlee  tarry  oat  Ibe  provlikia  at  the  lalectioui  Diaeaiet 
INetWcatm  nd  PnmiUaT  Am.  irhkh  far  Umdea.an  emba&d 


lain  Impital  iklpa : 


i  aund  la  tli*  Tbamea  a<  Danford,  ai 
tha  jaDe.pUcc,     Tbeta  are  lead  a 


.Danford,  and  a  land 


Tbara  1 


n  thnc  Midar  fuada  b>  Landaa  for  Ibe  npport  til 

(I)  Kii«  Edwird'i  Honftal  Fund  (it«)  founded  by 

.itT  Vll"*a  Frinca  of  \Alea  In  nmint^iion  of  1^ 

ubike  itf  Qu^n  VIciotia.    The  Lwse  of  Mercy.  oiaM 

^  .^_.^.  epenteain  epajunnio*  inth  ihe  Fusd  in  the  coUactiaii 

anall  aubaeiipiiDBL   The  Order  e<  Meny  wai  inaiiiutad  by  iha 

iaf  aa  a  reinfd  for  -ffaatiBfohhed  penoaal  tervicb     M  Tba 

etrapolitan  Hemilal  Sunday  Fand,  Ibunded  ia  l«M,  dtan  the 

Eater  part  of  h*  nveaua  Iran  colkeitant  in  (hurcln  on  naitd 

cuion*.     (]]  Tbe  MMmpoliUB  Honiial  Saturday  Fund  vaa 

..laded  in  il?},  and  li  atdi  up  eMtfly  of  tmaU  ana  coUecled  in 

alaei>olbuilBeB.ac.  Th*Mlo«iilt4talitto(ibepriDeJpalLaidoa 

bonulsiviih  dais  of  bundationi— 

I.  Oml  Mtspiuli  vilb  JTidiaif  &*«fi  (all  o(  which;  «iib  tba 
empiianof  that  of  ib*  Seaaen'a  Hoqiiul.  arc  jcboob  o(  loadon 
UBivenIty)>- 

Charinc  Croa;  Api  Stnet,  Sinnd  (ll»). 

Cuy'a:  St  Thooiai  Stnet.  Soalhwaric  (ijiA 

Kine-a  Colli^-.  Umsln'i  Ina  Fleldt  (lan).: 

Lonaoa;  wSltwhapcl  (1740). 

MUdleeei:  Martiaier  Stnet,  MaryWxwe  (iTU). 

North  Londoa.  01  Unhreniir  Calleii ;  Cowe^  Strict  tlfaj). 

Itoyal  Fne;  Cny>  lan  Road  (iliC:  on  pren»  lile.  flu). 

LoodoB  School  of  Hedieine  lor  Women.  ' 
S(  Barthotaraew-i:  SmthMd  (tiu;  rdeuaded  i54T\ 
St  Ce««e'a:  Hyde  Park  0™(i7l3r^^         ' 
Si  Hary'a;  Kdd>i«nn  (1S43X 
5(  Tbomat':  Lambeth  (iiijion  pment  cite,  il7i% 
Scanien't  Hoantal  Society  1  Oncnvich  (iMlV 

Great  Northen  CcaDml;  litnctOQ  (itjt:  on  JiiiMW  (it*. 

Metropolitan  I  Hadnty  (I>i6}. 
Poplar  Hoapiul  for  Acodcnu  (1154). 
W«t  Londoa;  Ha luncrHuMl  lt(ia7(lli<\ 
}.  HHHuliJtr  Sfnii  Jhraaan:— 

Bromptoa  Couemptiol  Uniaktl  (i»4[}. 

Cancer  Hoapilal:  BMpionTi8(i}. 

City  of  LoodoB  HoapUal  far  dinam  ol  Ac.dieat:  BednHl 


Havhalfor 
LaadasFen 


i«i(l«U. 

hildien:  BioBBibary  (1 851). 

iHal;leli«p«n(l«Dt). 

or  Pmtfia  aod  EpUcpdai 


aL-^cr.5 


._,j'^'i_ 

Itiqial  London  Ophthabnic  HoipitaJ; 

waitf  ffoni  liail  (trHaa  wl  wd^  of  wUch  Holy 

(CleriHBMiyMd  Si  Omcm'TwuI.  oiar  St  C , . .  _.. 

exaaiplea,  la  11J6  the  laaciacntH  piiRbucd  the  Uheciy  n  taanii 
the  walan  of  Ihe  Tybamlmai  IMdinwun  U  Ihe  City  bv  leaAa 
ppB,  and  a  gnu  aandult  waa  encted  b  Weal  ClK*»  la  iMj- 
Other  cunduiu  wna  wbaequentl*  bale  (ef.  Caad-h  Sum  aK  Boni 
Sinct,  Liieb'a  Coadait  Smab  Hoontury):  a^  mnr  «ae  aln 
iiipjilinl  tijf  rhli  rniaffanj  nf  nllii  luamilaliialbiiia  iiaiadiialmw 
bybaoca.  la  15I1  Peter Moiai, a  DaBdMaaiL acKied a " fanfar - 
aa  aa  anh  ef  L«adan  Brid^.  obtek  be  lenied  Jor  lOK  par  aaaaa  lar 
noycan.  nil  worta  BUDceadad  and  loeitaiied,  and  eooiiiuiMl  hi  kh 
lamily  tOI  1701,  ediaa  a  coBpaay  loek  ow  Ike  liMC    OthM 

fofckn  had  baeii  act  uh  r"*  ^-  "*— "  ^'  -' —  *~  " — •■ 

MydddKD  uadertaek  the  I 


_!Ss?w: 

in  iSi}.    In  itjo  a  ccbaoK 

La  waa  pnoourf  by  aid  of 

CharitaL  TIh ChelaM Water CaiE^^aw 


iabed  la  lSo5.  the  We«t  IMdlaaaa. 
Loidaa  OB  die  river  Le«  la  iIbL 
(Dapttord)  ki  Itao,  tke  Graad 


:  fDapttiird)  ki  Itao,  tke  Gn 
■arii^Uck  aaia^BWad  wkh 


Far  many  yean  ptipowla  M  aia*)| 
eoaipaniea  and  diulm  then  by  a  (• 
put  iorward  from  line  to  dnt.  Tbedl 
In  ibrfact  Ihal  d  Ihe  ana  el  <U«  to.  n 


I-  Wiiilr  London  "(nc  mtpioliSn  SuHMa^nl.  lii..  tea 
r  the  L.C.C..  1909)  th*  London  Cooncy  Council  haa  aatbority  vn 
ah  man  ibta  oiw  thiid,  ««d  llwtiton  <*«■  tht  QwiM  ftifai 


»+7 


risti 


tc  TnM.  ind  ui  190)  th>  M«n>|iolk  Wi 
«1  (JU  MrtRCDUUB  Wild  Bsird  '-  - 

_.„, _.y  m  the  iniliiakiiica «i  ihttf^i 

mTTf        wde'ananlBciliutbariiia.    lieoiuiH<ii(L.„ 

■  'Appdinted  by  the  LondoflCqunly  Council  (14).  theCilyoI 
LwiiloniiiidlkCityi>irWnMin>lti(lw4>J.ihFiitksM>tnw>iNu>t 
bgnwiht  tl  *MhJ,  tbcoHniycwDcUiol  Middlcin.  HmlofiJihLR, 
Enn,  KenOBd Suinv  (i  ouh). bociwEli of  Wch  Haii^. virigH 

^H  Ls  Cowmncin  TtiifintikcticinadlK  BoarduoitpteCEin 
190).  Tbo  34th  gf  liBc,  low  *u  ihE  dile  i>«l  m  which  nnrnt 
puBd  U  ihB  Baui.  and  in  lU  imuuibc  a  Coan  ol  ArtHtniion 
•diudicucd  th*  daiiai  nl  Ike  cmpulci  foe  cowtMaiio*  lac  ihc 

Amuukion  ql  ihtlT  fmpCrtK& 

Ldodoii     ia  an  innlar  area  «]ct«ndinf  fnn  Ware  1 
IK  to  Savancaka  in  KanE.  aad  «c«tf>anl  ^  far  at  Ealin 

lai  aupoly  la  maiataiMd  fcanally  ihrsuthaui '"  Wau 
(tthoucli  *  xniKAiisn  bnvHil  cmiin  hnun  hai  bca 

,  „in|g«j»„d  ,B5»,„h,B,d«riii(mnnni 

PA  aupfiy  «at  ia  affrct«L  DuimE  >ba 
had  a  torpliH  c(  witrr,  and  in  iSgq  > 
lUag  for  Uh  iaKnanBciign  gl  nwciu.  Th 
1b«  prificipv  nrm  «l  Hpply>  wt  the  Ken 
■ad  (partially)  th*  N*«  Kivir  Cuvioaay  dnw  uippfin  fran  •pnvi 
Tlw  lyiumr  al  fi1ir«i«i  cnploiml  £y  ihadillnai  conpanica  vans 
la  telaKy,  but  bath  tha  Royal  ComniiHisiM  dcridtd  that  «u 
aa  mailiaJ  t«  tltt  coaauwr  nai  itBRaUy  ol  a  vtiy  bi(h  nandir 
g|  paniy.  Th*  txpndltun  «l  (ha  Water  Boanf  lor  1907-100 
aaniuUad  to  £1446^63.    Debt  charga  abmrbed  £i,siijiS  of  Uii 


bctwcca  cdtun  h .--.. 

act  af  parliaownt  aakimd  thU  in 
IhC'idttflur  ol  oi'  ^ 

Culiahtina  waa  i-_,^ ,  —  —  -  - 

la  ido  the  Gaa  Light  A  Cot*  Con 


.linaiRn  ab1Ii«I,ta  tunc  aul'iWHlla 

1  ihia  f^iUii  in  iMt  Edavd  Hnnhit. 
"■"""'"""'  ''-care  to  auppJy  public  lishta; 

Ir"^  Pan  M^U  in  'iS>7  "od 

Bd'fu^'iMc'in'Wwniiaucr,    The  City  of  Londoii  Gaa 
ly  lolloind  in  1B17,  and  frvoi  other  companiei  inni  after, 

il  compelitiDB  nwicd  until  is  iBj7  an  aineinenl  wai  jnidc 

bctwcaa  the  cogipanlai  to  rettricl  their  lervicn  to  ■epanie  tacalitiet, 
4Bd  tkeGaaUiht  ft  Coke  Conpiny.  by  anul^miiisf  ether  coin- 
nuilo.  IhoB  tndually  acquired  ill  the  ga>-UEh[lii|  nortk  at  the 
«: ..n :iJi;!i :..i ■>■-«  prowled  (or  by 


5SISI7 


Melropolilao.    Vaiku 

I  ag  to  the  quality  and  coil  of 
le  itlvpinatiH  power,  and  ia 
tmcot  at  Ibe  Coadaa  CeuBly 
ed  were  effected  aubieqiml^ 


cotinly .  the  Ch  Lifht  d  Coht.  Soiilh  MetnqnCun  and  Comnwrcial, 
Ihaufti  urtain other  cDnpanin  lupply  bsw  oi  the  oullrini  djittkta 
Aa  Rindi  umt  liihlinj,  ihc  cilended  uie  d  burnm  with  In- 
andeaceal  nanlla  hai  feeri  of  tux)  effect.     The  Mrtropolilaa 


of'W«kt7and'llie™™iiD'n.i.o(".i!irtr.in"the6ly,b»g>n 

Bent*  n^lh  elccliic  light.    At  the  cUne  of  the  loih  and  the 

DeguininE  of  th*  20th  ccniLify  a  brge  rumber  of  elrcEric  l^t 

borough  couiicilt.and  k^l  authoriti*>  within  Greater  London.  aUo 
- ' —  ik  the  tupply.   An  eiltnaive  uk  ol  the  Kaht  multed  in  the 

r-J  ttreettand  in  ihopa.  ofAce*  «nd  ptivatt  boinea, 

A>(.— la  itu  the  Bre  iawnncc  companiii  unittd  to  matntatn  a 
..11  i_  i..:-^  .^  —nlinued  10  do  »  until  1M6.   The  brigade 

.„ l1  part  of  the  metropolli;  (or  the  rett.  the 

brigade  caiae  uadct  ibeeontroraf  the  MetroiHiRun  Board  of  Worlds 
and  the  County  Cwncn  now  QU^aEe*l^«  Metropoliun  Fir*  Brigade, 


re  made  by  the  T> 


umt  towatdi  I 


In  [901 

gencid 
jpngiaf 


(ot  the 

..  .....  Cotporaiion  tad 

Btooptoa  ■•  the  properly 
the  buriatpbee  il 

—'  Iweeaeteiit* 

VMiaa-Samy, 

Abbola,  KaaiimtS.  and  5t 

"■'"--11,    Cmatoriaan 

and  the  CnmiiM 


-The  Britiih  and  Foreign  School  Society  (laoi)  and 

..ie  National  Society  [iSi  1),  logeihti  with  ibe  Runil  SchooU  Cnioa 
(■•44).  nn  the  only  ipeeial  oigaaiwiDat  ptovfalng  lor  n^-,^ 
the  aducniion  of  the  poertf  claitca  until  Itjo,  To  meet  ~ 
Ihc  demand  lor  elemcniaiy  educalion,  incRawig  aa  it  did  i^^imu, 
with  poputalioo,  wat  bcywd  the  pointer*  of  theK  tocJetiea. 
thechuldnaad  tbevanouichuitabltButituliwit.  Thuiaretuni 
of  ilji  ihowtd  that  iheichDob  wetecapaUe  of  acconiaadating  only 
jp  %  of  the  chlldien  <4  ■hoel-^HBg  age.  la  1^70,  however,  a 
School  Boaid  had  been  cteated  in  addition,  aad  uiabody  carried  out 

much  (ood  woilt,  during  it*  tliiny4eur_ytan  <' '- 

the  Education  (UndiM}  Act  ni pa^iadin  pui 
ayueai,  put  into  oncraitgii  by  the  EducatKn  f 
educalLODwiihin  theacopeoi  inuqirip>]|overu«-...»  --^  ... — -, 
Council  wai  created  a  local  eduation  authority,  and  nvcn  conitol  of 
Kcular  education  In  both  board  and  valuntary  icboM,  tt  appoint* 
an  education  nmnittae  la  accordance  with  a  adieBia  (ppr^w)  by 
Ibe  Board  of  Edacitioa.  Thia  achcne  aun  allow  tl  the  CeuncEl 
velectiBg  at  kul  a  oiaJDcityof  theconidUtlce.  and  mm!  pcuvide  for 
thcineluiionof txpeniaDdttOJiaea.  Each ichooC or gfoup ol *choob 
ia  undera  body  <d  manaaen.  in  ttteappairtlnwatofwhotntbe  bofough 
council  and  the  County  Council  ihare  in  the  folloauig  propaitiani:-^ 
(a)  6seri<  ir  triinM  jakadi ;  borough  council,  two-tUnJi;  couaty 
council,  one-third:  U)  KafaaUry  ar  ww-fraNM  nlkaidi  Ibr 
,found»tiai.  tw-thirdi;  borough  council  and  county  couacP,  each 
one.aiath.  The  total  number  of  public  elementary  echoela  wai  9^ 
in  190$.  with  7U4t7  •cholan  on  the  redater.  Other  initilution^ 
include  higher  clenienury  ichoob  br  pupSb  ceitiEed  10  be  ibk  to 
profit  by  buher  inatnictiBai  and  ichoola  for  bSnd,  deaf  and  delect  ivt 
children.  Inuructioa  for  leacben  ia  provided  in  pupil  leichciV 
ceatie*  (prepantoiy),  aiul  in  reiidcnlial  and  d>y  training  college*. 
There  an  about  IS  HcbcoUegcn.  Pievlout  to  the  act  oTigoj  the 
County  Council  ud  educational  powen  under  Ih*  -  -  -  . 
Technical  IntlnictkiH  Act*  wliich  tnabled  it  to  provide  l^^l 
technical  educalioa  through  a  ipecial  board,  merged  by  ^^^^^ 
the  act  of  1901  ia  the  education  commiilee.  The  Oty  and 
Guild*  o(  Lcndon  Initilule,  Gmbam  College,  alio  numlain* 
viTiou*  tcchaical  initilulioni.  The  eilabUihmeal  of  polylerhnici 
«*  provided  for  by  the  City  of  London  Phiochial  Charitiei  Act 
lUj!  the  cbariCiei  being  adsitniiteRd  ^iruuici.  The  model  in- 
atitution  wai  that  ot  Mr  Quialia  llc«g  (lUo]  in  Regent  Stn«.  wher* 
I  urildng  uatua  by  Cedige  Frampion  C1906)  commcmortlo  him. 
The  genni  icope  U  the  pbtytechnic*  il  to  give  iutiuctioa  b«h.)a 
general  knowle^c  and  ifwcial  ciifti  or  tnoea  by  meaoi  of  c1*i*e^ 
lectuiBandlabocatoriea.hutn)ctIve<nlcrtainnHni*tiMleidini<iioM, 
ind  (adlilie*  for  bodily  and  mental  eurciie  (tymnasa.Hbnrlea.  ftc.). 
-1.1 :_»..  :..^.... :..  -vlmarlly  for  ipecial  purpoaei.  iitlia. 


Other  aindlariiiMlt 

St  Bild*  FouKlltBB  imtitute,  near  M 
Mvwinlty  to  tbeneat  nawqnperoJIicei.  I 
lUi'  InatiTute,a  baacb  of  (he  Boi 


titutb^ 


r  the  ptinling  trade. 

!'i£ri^''Th^c« 

lanrTtheSc! 


a 


apcdaL  nch  ai  the  Royal  School  of  Art  NeedlewDrk  at 
3AnWDadcirv<ng;theCilyu<dCiiild>lnuituieniiii>iain><imiiai 
eUabUAment*  >t  lomt  of  lu  colleg**,  and  an  Khoob  art  aln 
gtnerany  aiiachHl  to  the jnlytechajci. 

The  UAdon  County  Council  nulntv'iif  k  narafaet  of  faiduiirial 
icboob  and  retormaioiir*,  both  in  London  and  in  fhe  country.  Ite' 

teodncy  towanb  hwViwitH;  The  City  C< 


City  CoraoratioB  hai     jT^TZi 

_,.„ , jie  diiectiBn.  but  hu     .  ..l.  -■ 

00  Khoob  of  ill  on.  The  eipendilun  of  the  London  -  - 
CountyCouncilon  educniioo  for  1907- 'JOB  w»i/4,i8i,»9t  ^^ 
for  ekinenliry  education,  and  ^41 ,901  (or  h^her  eduntion. 

The  work  of  private  philanthnciiai  and  philinthropiol  bodie* 
among  the  poor  of  Eati  London,  Siaithwart  and  Beraioadiey,  aud 
eliewhere.  (alti  to  be  noticed  M  thh  pi^nt.  The  laboun  if  the 
ngulai  clcigy  hen  lie  largely  in  the  dliictloa  of  (ocial  nlonn.  and 
churcheaaridmlMjonH  have  been  esiabllibed  aad  an  nahitalned  b}[ 
conetn.  uKh  ai  ChrlH  Chuich.  Oatoid.  Khool*  and  other  bodira.' 
There  trt,  (urtlier.  "  letltemenli "  wbe"  »*mtpra  aI  th*  vanou* 
bodie*  may  reiide  In  atdet  10  devote  tli 


He  for  th*  uic  of  the  poor.   Such  are  Ibe  Odord  Heaie.  Bnhial 


<»i 


Ea«  Undi 


■.it  CimbrUn  Houic. 

Ipdr    MintEekl    How.. , 

I  Sctdcmcnl.  Soulhnrli:  and  ll 
ntpStftncni.  TlKiTiml»imi 
krdwrMicr.   TV  Psoplc'i  Pilicc. : 


Road;  IWflbtT 
Tmn:    &*    I 


End  ROMI,  DpFnid 

auniM  nuir' 
y  ud  o(  privi 


laticbwliiltichcdlo 


TTioK  II  St  Pcler'h  Wt>lniinH< 
11  Upwd.  hk4i  »  Si  Amhan^ 


/  atiaclied  ID  I  he  hotpHir  0 

■houM  mainub  t)K^S!o%.'"T 
Milli  Stmt,  OiaiHiik,  ln>  tb 
aiodcra  buiUiiiEi  on  the  Victi 
orieinated  b  the  Fomdilnn  nl 

pubiic''Khk)b.'*5tdli™™ 
wk,  recrived  iu  ehunr  (o 

i-.'K 


Hit  of  the  fc 

vtnilio  ud  oiner  miDcr  cauc 

'    LifdKi  IM>Eri«T.-'HK  Ui  Id 

EyravalchinsblB}6.»mB<  il 

Itt  KOfic  and  powm  nen  exti  In 

i$oo,  under  Ihe  Unlnnity  of  HJ 

at  both  a  teacMnf  and  an  ei  he 

(cadcnui:  depatiomt  ii  to  e  m\ 

eurninatlona.  ftc,,  and  Ibat  o  vl 

nttmal   ekamUiaiioni.   whifc  a 

«cii|H>  a  third  depanntent. --..,  _  ,_  _,  a 

■aaia  Mnibtini  al  t  dunMHof .  irhairman  of  coovDcalion  and  54 
mcmbcn,  ithoic  appdnmiFni  <i  ihirad  by  the  Cmwn.  eanvncaiion, 
the  Rbyal  CoUtcn  ol  Phyriciani  and  ol  SurERnn,  the  Innt  of  Court, 
the  Law  Society,  the  ■London  County  Council,  City  Corporatfan. 
Cly  and  Cuildt  rniiilule.  UKinmitr  and  Kin^'i  College,  aad  the 
lacui^H.  TW  tacullkl  are  the«)ogK>'<>.  ''w.  muiie.  mcdiciiie. 
bchide'UniwSrJcollne.  Cower  Slrrtt,  ai^  Kinj'i  CoUeje, 

necled).  Eau.  London  CoUcfe  and  numeroui  innitulionr devoted  to 
•pecial  Tacullln  both  wiibia  and  without  LondDn.  The  univctiiiy 
la  part  occupica  buiMinfi  aibich  formerly  belonEcd  to  the  Impeiul 

.  .K  Board  at  Educatloa  dinclly 

^ ji  bftiliitiain— the  Victoria  and 

1,  Soylh  Kenilnilon.  vitb  iti  bcailch  al  B<rthnal< 


tbe  GeoloficaT  Survey  ol  the  United  Kinfdoin  and  the  Muteum  ol 
Praclical  Cedoiy.  Jermvn  Street;  (hb  Solar  Pbvsici  Obiervatory, 
South  Kendnxlon  ;  and  ide  Royal  ConDfeol  Art.  South  KcnHHEIon. 
Al  Gmham  Colkte.  Baunghin  SlireC  Cily.  founded  in  IJ97  by 
Sir  Thonuu  Cieahaal.  and  moved  to  ilt  preient  liU  in  1)4],  lerturei 
UT  liven  in  the  principal  bnacbei  of  idencf,  law,  divinity, 

SonH  further  biportant  eMabfldiments  aod  innitutiou  may  be 
tabgtnedbcre:— 
.liwbilecfkri.— Tbe  Royal  Inuitute  a[  ficitiih  Architect!,  Conduit 

fAiai'tni.— The  Colleie  of   Pncepton.  Dloomibury.  eondueli 
cumiaalioni  of  pertoni  engaced  In  edi^carion  and  awardt  diplamaa. 

fuiKenW. — A  School  of  Fractkal  Ea^bcenog  i*  maintained  at 
Ihe  Oynal  l^laee.  Sydeahaii, 

i».-The  Inni  al  Court  an  foui— I 

Llncotn'a  ton,  Cray's  Inn.    A  jolnl  L -.  — . 

■tudenii  prmibui  (o  adnuwon.    The  Council  ol  Legi 

(sS^NNS  or  Coun'J^"^'u  "socLcir'  '"^      "°" 
ifafita/.— The  Royal  College  ol  Phy. 


■M  iddti  Tern  ple^  In  ner  Ttinple. 

1I  Education 
of  itudenll. 
ndint  body 

Malt  Eail.    are  pemui 


MMklaUnlB-iIniiFlelda.  The 
teer  Laae.  Gtly.   Tba  Rgyal  CeAtt 

Red  Uea  SHn.  aad  iba  Rayd 
II  Ton.     (The  priKlpal  hotil^ 

lilt  of  hoipilala,  SKtioa  VIL) 


msnal  laHttatkni  are--4lii  Royal 
Stnai,  Hawvef  Squic;  Ibc  Ro-' 
i^mi  GBJhUialt  Sefeool,  Oey,  u 


cRoyal 

vJ" 

■^anr~S9uan:  Vlnarla   CoHeBc" 
Csnm  of  OitniHB,  Bloooubary . 

«irb>  OUT  Hpaclally  be  Mlicvd  here. 
.buHta  igyiantbesMtfamanKia 
—  ->e  Royal  Saeiely,  the  Chemical, 
— =-'  Soi4etl».  Ibe  Society 


t,  City,  and  wai 

FfDcivtlet  named 

of  Arta,  John  Sirm.  AiMi^i,  wit 


_ ,  ^_, tea.    T^  Royal  Ceo- 

ipbieal  Society,  oceupying  a  ballding  cloM  10  Burttnftan  Hoiiie 
Slvile  Row.  maintaint  a  map-room  open  to  the  pAUc.  koUi 
Kctamhy  prominent  eaplapervandeeDfnphera,and1ahe«a1eadiiH 
part  in  the  peomotion  of  leoffapiilcar dJKCwery.  The  Rnal  Eletank 
Society  baa  private  garden*  In  Che  nidit  of  Regevt'l  Ivfc,  where 
flown  ahowA  and  leneTal  entertalnmenla  are  Tield.  TV  Royal 
H«rlkultunl  Society  mainlaini  garden!  at  Widey,  Surny.  udhu 


ilogical  Society  maintaina  a  nugniGceDI  collectioB 
1  la  tbe  Zoological  Cardcm.  Regnt'a  Parb.  a 

CoJliriii,  F.iirU'iri,— In  the  Britidi  Mmeon  Leodea 
Ihe  men  crfcbraled  colleOion*  la  Ibe  wocM.  orinik. 
irrhaa  of  Sic  Hani  Soan 


I'lSSTiS; 


..  . -  lorttc  portico,  houaee  the  eolleetiDni  of 

booh.  runuKripIt  and  drawinfi.  > 
.  lor  Ihe  ute  of  rcadeci.  Thenaluralhi 

building  at  South  Kenangton  (IheNi , 

■  »;,  where  Ihe  adoto^cal,  botanical  aod  iBinerahvval 
kept.    CI0K  10  Ibh  muieum  li  the  Vtcloria  and  Alben 

'"  South  KenbftoB  Maieum.  ils7)  lor  which  aa 

.. nga.  Iron  a  Ene  deapi  by  Sit  Anon  Webb,  waa 


art  of  everr  deicription.  meehanieal  and  v 
lipaneie,  CMneK  and  Plrsian  tDlteciioni. 
In  the  vlclnin.  alao.  li  the  line  buiMIng  ol 
founded  b  1M7  M  an  eahiUlion  id  OluUr 
^perialin     """   ""         """"*"'°'" 


though  not  developed  on  Hie  icale  orifiBally 
uacumi'  are  Sir  A  Soane'a  coltKtion    n 

jnd  the  Muieum  olfVactkil  Geology  b  Jermya 

Stmi,  while  Ihe  acienti&c  todeliei  have  libniiei  and  ia  eonie  ctiea 
collectioni  of  a  >peciali>ed  character,  nich  ai  the  muKvrai  ol  the 
Royal  College  of  Suigconi.  the  Royal  Airhitecluial  Society,  and  the 
SocKty  of  Art  and  tV  Parkea  Mineum  of  tV  Sanitary  InBiline. 
Among  permanent  art  coilcctiom  the  fim  place  ii  taken  by  ifaa 
National  Gallery  in  Tralalnr  Sqoare.  Thli  magnilicnil  nltectioB 
wa>Dricinaled1nttl4,andlhebuiliEDgdatntroni  ltllS:bulha>faecB 
more  than  once  enlarged.  Tbe  buildin*  of  tbe  Natioaal  Poitnii 
Galkry.  adidning  it,  dalea  from  1*96.  but  Ibe  nucleui  of  tkecvHec 
lion  Wat  formed  iD  iSs*-  Th*  munificence  of  Sir  Henn  Tut  pro- 
vided ihepllery.  comraooly  named  after  hloi,  by  thelliaisn  near 
Vaunhall  Bridge,  which  coniaini  the  national  cotleeiiOB  of  BrilMi 
an.  The  Wallace  caflcction  of  piiniingi  and  obiecit  of  art.  ia 
Hertlord  Hduk,  Uinchcttcr  Squair,  wat  bequeathed  to  the  nalien 
■"   ■■■-  -'■■ f  Sir  Richard  WallaeelojS)^.     Dulwich  Cpllrfe 


bnended.     Other   n 


_  -»  In  1S97,     Dulwich  Collrte 

.._     .    i|>.  of  the  Dutch  and  olher  achoiJi. 

by  Si  P.  F.  Bourgeoitln  I811.   There  are  aba  nmible 
.,  _. ,_  ..^^  ^  ,^^  man*™.  -■  -■- 


Kvcmment  buUdingt,  baJH  of  —  --.^  .,.-.r-. —  — -  ,-^ ^ 
i  gallery  in  London  it  eicbiavely  or  eapecially  devoted  to  vulpt  v«. 
~'  Ibe  petioincal  an  eihibltioni  that  of  the  Royal  Academy  b  Boil 
cworthy.    ll  i>  held  annually  at  Burlington lloUK  Itom  Ibe  6m 


nolewonhy.    ll  i>  held  annually  at  Burlington  Hon 
Monday  in  May  to  ibe  tint  Monday  in  Augun.    It ' 

of  painting!,  bul  tncludei.i  Few  diawinp  awl  emnpl 


by  drceaicd  Briltifa  arliiCa 
'fliVcidldlutt  ipecial  oftSatlaiu  an 


■bwK  Bad  Stint  udPkcKttUr.RMW  Sum  ami  KuMaU..Ddi 
u  lilt  New  Qtlkiyj  when  ■BuLcal  —'-'«■■"-  ■■■  |iv«i  by  liw 
Msv  En^iA  Alt  Club,  ilu  Riq^  Society  o(  I^lMcn  is  WUer- 
CobHin  >)u  Royit  liutilutc  el  FiinKn  u  "'        "  ' 


.  *l  pnnivod  dl  public  liblMiM  w 
'U9}  b  twal  dudticham  Loadoo,  and  llr' 
oMUna^  p— -'—  ' '-- •■  '•  -•- 


O&cb    Amanft 


III  Ifnniiiiiiiii 

Icodina  Kbraiiei  ihtuld  benoticcid  UieLoixdqfl  Libnry  in  St  Jannit 
Squan:,  put  Mall. 

Timta  nd  HlCB  </  AikilirfinHiif.— The  prindpal  Lmdiin 
.w-..^  11.  u.-t  PiawUny  and  Ttaate  Bar.  and  Higli  Holham 

■I  and  Uw  ^tnnd. 

lor  ptotraetttt  poiodi  but  ihctt  an  nunrnaiii  6r>r  haiisn  in  oihn- 
parti  of  LoiidDd  whicl^  are  ^sittnXiy  ticcupScd  hy  a  bih:«hjdr  dT 

DuSc  ball  (vaiiely  ihmlni)  an  in  Ihaflnbu^  Ju^nue.  jil^d^ 
Ciicrui,  LclceiHr  Square  and  the  Slnnd,  The.  Covent  Garden 
tbeam  U  die  priDcipal  home  of  (tand  opna;  ibe  biiiLdiii(.  rhoiigb 
tfn'iVr.  Aiffea  by  csmparlaDii  Kidi  the  rna(Di£cciHe  ofnoperm 
koiun  in  ismc  other  fapii»l%  bai  duiliic  i|w  opera  •aaoB  the  ntnc 
wkbin  the  Ibeatre  it  brilliant.  Tlit  duel  balli  devoted  nainly  to 
CQiKTiti  m  the  Royal  Albert  Hall,  cIok  id  the  South  KeiuInEton 
muKiinH,  tnd  QueenV  Mall  in  Langliani  Place.  Regrni  Street.  Tor 
a  lane  llnis  St  Jaim'i  Hall  (dcnuliiliid  in  loiij)  betmcn  Rtieni 
Stfccl  aid  BctmdiBy  «s  the  chid  eancen  h^  Ontnria  u  iiTcn 
Diiially  ia  the  Albeit  HiU,  the  vait  area  ol  which  u  BuvriiUy  •^il<d 
[or  1  Isiie  diorui  and  archeBlra.  and  ai  Ibe  Crysul  Palace  [;•.), 
Ihia  blrer  buitdinE,  itanding  on  high  ground  at  Sydenham,  ard 
■TifliblerTOPt  hr  over  the  metropolit.  Ik  devoted 
but  tn  ECaeal  entcrtaiiuneM,  and  the  eatenai 
ooniiiKHatioa  for  a  variety  at  apoiti  aiul  ■mLuri 
popuUr  i^cei  of  enlcrtainnienl  nu 
ETWindiandbiuldlniint  Earl'iCoui 

Biuh.  where  a  Fnnco-Brithh  Eal . 

-ImpBrHl  BiWbltloa  la  1909,  and  aa  An^J 

■icM  Otmit  hiU,  Waal  KmlaaioB:  (he 

«Ubitiaii?MadaaeTlniai>d  In  Ih^ltlMDe  Roan,  the  Akiaodn 
niacc,  Maiwell  HBl  aa  ImtKuIloii  nienibnii(  the  Ciyrtal  Patan: 
■nd  the  AcricultunJ  Hal,  leUKton.  «heR  ankaltnnl  and  other 
oMUIioM  M  held.  Tta  inlllujini  Efypaiu  HaN  In  PlnaMy 
una  Wktadnm  In  1906.  and  thagniBiHat  coiijuilnataKflalanem 
Isr  irhieb  (b^ei  pictun  slintioiii}  it  ma  noIH  ma  reniored 
cbewhiei*.  Theatrei,  nink  halb,  nncnt  halli  and  ^her  placei 
of  emeitaltiaien  t  are  lEeenied  by  the  Coanty  ConKil.  BcCpt  that  the 
licence  lor  il^e-playe  it  iranled  by  iha  loid  chaaiberlaiB  uader  the 
Thcatcta  Act  itu.  The  council  prnvida  inr  InipcctiH  of  placet 
of  entertainment  In  retpect  of  precaulnna  asainit  fire,  ttmctuctl 
Mfety.Oc  The  ptincipiadvba  an  in  ind  about  FicndUIy  and  Pall 
MaU  (nt  Clds).  A  club  (nr  aoldien.  aailoia  and  Diawct  in  London. 
caUed  the  Union  Jack  Ckih,  wa>  opened  in  Waterloo  Rad  by  Klni 
EdirtrdV|[.!nI<K<7- 

earti  wd  0pm  Spaat!  iUmimislrali,nt^--ne  idmiaiilialiot  ol 
pulti  and  open  (pacci  in  and  round  London,  topocraphicai  detaili 
of  IhejwncipaVnf  which  are  given  in  Seciion  L.  lb  divided  betveen 
die  OiBce  of  Worlra,  the  London  CountyConndLlheCity  Ciiii>nialion 
and  the  borough  cnuncilv  Tb*  Oflicc  of  Wnrla  ODiiinili  the  {toyal 
paria,  tbeCounty  Council  contioli  the  Venn  parka  and  open  ipacn 
not  under  Gorcnmenl  or  City  contml,  and  the  boroajh  uuncili  the 
taiallcr!  while  1b«  Ctiy  Corpoiation  conlroli  certain  public  Brouridi 
outAla  the  County  of  London,  Therearea  few  other  bodiea  con- 
trolline  particular  <]pen  Bpacen.  IB  the  following  Hit  of  public  froundi 

I.   (7n3ir  lie  OaJ  of  tCarb.— 

CreeuPaA «!  aen. 


Kenjmglon  Gaideoa aval 

sf^M'tp^rk *^ 

3.  UmiJaTwarhjia':— 

Woalwldi  Commoii Ijg 

1.   difcr  On  Latdiim  Ctmaly  COluldl:— 

Aveiy  HIU,  Ehham lo 

Baltenea  Ptrlc nnt 

BluUwath             ....       J  )3 

Boitall  Heath  and  Woodi.  Woolwich        .  tjll 


. — ,^  fathvinga  of 'ipeotatoraare  attracted 

Id  the  £iat-dat(  ciiclvt  maKlw*  play^  at  Lotd'i  arouad.  St  John'i 
Wood,  by  the  Maiylebone  Club  and  the  Middleu  County  itana, 
Eton  College  ifainit  Harrow  School,  and  Oilord  BEainil  Cambridge 
Voiveniw;  to  the  Kennir^on  Oval  for  the  maicnet  of  ^e  Surrey 
dahandlhe'Lavtna'inund  Idh  tboH.ot  IhaEaeta  dab.  In  the 
Ciyual  Pilaoe  sroupdi  A*  final  match  lor  iht  En^ida  Attociaiioa 
Football  cup  it  teneratly  played,  and  huse  cnnrifi  Irem  both  tlw 
mcfropollB  and  the^vfncei  wilneu  the  game.  A(  Queen'B  Clu& 
Wett  KeniinRan.  theanmia!  Oidonl  and  Cambridge  alliletle  niRtint 
and  othm  takh  place,  bitldai  leoiball  matahea,  and  thin  it  cunMi 
■BainnwIaliaolorlemiiiandolhefBna*.  Bmf tMMial  anoelatl«n 
lootbaU  UianB  an  maintained  bcally  in  aeveral  narta  ol  loodoa, 
and  much  poeularfiilFrcBlii  taken  in  their  maKhei..  Rugby  (ooIhaB 
h  Hiilidd  V  "xft  rotable  te  "'    ■■      ■        ■  "' ■ 

Fa£iauUeKK^tata  ■     - 

oH^Srii,irth, 

la  nmmer,  boatiiK  00  the  lovely  readiei  of  the  Thamea  above  tbe 
■aelropolii  Kmhi  the  nenatlon  of  thouBodi.  The  MBwth  o(  poW 
hiily  of  tbt  cycltk  and  later  of  tht  noiac^ar,  haa  baea  a  prtKUat 
laclor  in  the  wide  dcvelopownt  01  a  (cadency  to  lave  ^'f^^ 
duiint  the  "  week-eml,"  that  ii  to  say,  as  a  rule,  for  Saturday  afters 
noon  and  SunAy.   Wth  nany  this  !■  a  prn:ri(¥  at  all  iraioni,  and 

rin^ -placa  of  The  Susaei,  Kent  and 
'Brighton,  are  ipedally  favoured 


i>erl  of  IdnJen, — TIk  extent  of  Ihe  Port  of  London  bu  bees 
variously  defined  for  dlfleicnt  puipoies,  but  for  thoje  of  ttie 
Fort  Authoiily  lib  taien  toutcDdfiDnTeddingtonLoclitoa 
lino  bctwcm  Y^ntlct  Cmk  in  Kent  and  the  Oiy  Stone  appoaite 
CanTcy  Isle  and  !n  Eim.  London  Bridge  !s  to  outward  appear- 
ance the  up-river  limit  of  Itae  pott.  Than  are  wbaivcs  and  a 
large  carrying  trade  in  bargn  above  this  point,  but  betow  it  Utt 
river  it  crowded  wllh  ahipping,  and  eiieiuiye  dotkt  open  on 
dtfacr  band, 

Tovatdi  the  dote  of  the  iglh  century  evidence  vts  accumulat- 
Id(  that  the  devctopmenl  of  the  Tort  of  London  was  not  keeping 
pace  with  Ihlt  of  ablppinf  generally.  In  1900  a  Royal  Com- 
tniiiian  vai  appointed  (o  invettlgile  theeristing  idmlnlitratloii 
ol  the  ^rt,  the  alleged  Inadequacy  of  accommodalian  for 
veiteti  and  kindred  questiont,  and  la  advance  a  Kbcme  of 


ictonB.   Tlie  report,  inued  In  ■<)(»,  ibdwed  ■ppcehculoo  to  be 

uiffideDlly  drcdied;  the  re-ciport  tnde  wlft  noted  u  thowinf 
■D  opeckll]'  mHou*  decUfle,  knd  the  admioislrilKiB  vu  found 
to  niffer  from  deceiitiiKuiion.  The  reeaniniendationi  of  Ihc 
ComoiiiaiDn  included  the  creitioa  of  i  single  con  t  rolling  lutborily 
to  Uke  over  lie  powen  of  the  Thamei  Conserv»nty  W»»tmien'> 
Compuy,  ud  Trinity  House  and  llie  doclis  ol  the  eooipinita 
■treidy  deliiled.    This  lulhority,  it  was  advised,  should 


3D  ol  the  C 


sJbylh 


in  the  diiKlion  of  river  improvi 
of  the  Bsak  of  England  from  the 
Ihe  London  dumber  of  Commerce 
Baud  of  Trsde  »nd  Ttinily  Hou 
should  be  elected  by  vsriout  sri 
'le  railwi  '     ' 


r-l-  shipovnen,  barge 
ed,  «cc  Rival  schemes, 
1  County  Council, which 


however,  were  proposed  by  tb^Londc 

pn^wsed  id  take  over  the  entire  control  tnroueli  a  commiltee, 
by  the  City  Corporation,  which  suggested  that  It  ihonld  »ppoiiil 
lo  instead  of  j  members  lo  the  nen  boardi  and  by  Ihe  London 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  which  proposed  a  Harbour  Trust  of 
a-nfiii*  and  elected  members.  The  Thames  Conservancy  also 
oHered  itself  as  the  publiciutboiiiy.  In  1901a  Mansion  House 
Cooference  was  convened  by  the  lord  mayor  and  a  deputation 
was  appointed  which  in  190J  pressed  the  solution  of  the  matter 
upon  the  gowoment. 

A  noteworthy  Kheme  to  Imprave  Ihe  condition  of  the  Thamei, 

first  put  forward  in  1901-1^3.  was  that  of  coiulnictlng  a  ditn 

with  four  lochs  across  the  river  between  Gravesend 

Za^      and  'nibury.    The  estimated  cost  was  between  three 

was  urged  that  a  uniform  depth,  independent  of  tides, 
would  be  ensured  above  the  dam,  thai  delay  of  large  vessels 
wUhing  to  proceed  up  river  would  thus  be  oliviatcd,  ttiat  the 
river  would  be  relieved  of  poUutioB  by  the  lidet,  and  the  necessity 
for  constant  dredging  would  be  abolished.  This  "  hailage 
•cheme  "  ni  discuned  at  contdderable  length,  and  its  theoretical 
advaDtages  wetE  not  unlvEnally  admitted.  The  scheme  included 
a  railway  tunnel  beneath  the  dam,  for  which,  incidentally,  a  high 
military  importaace  was  claimed. 

In  IQ04  the  Fort  of  London  Bill,  embodying  the  recommenda- 
tions d1  the  Royat  Commixuon  with  certain  esceptions,  was 
j^,  brought  fsmtd,  but  it  was  found  impossible  to  carry 

aaUiHUH  it  through-  In  190A,  however,  the  Poet  of  London  Act 
*"'™  was  pased,  and  came  into  force  in  1909.  This  act 
^^  provided  for  the  eslabtiahmenl  of  a  Port  Authority, 

Ihe  conalitutloo  of  which  it  detailed  belav,  which  toek  over 
Ihe  entire  cmtrol  of  the  port,  together  with  the  docks  and  other 
property  of  Ihe  several  existing  companies. 

The  principal  dock  companica,  with  the  docks  owned  by  Ibem, 


atl  the  docks  on 


Ihaideoii 


ihe  fiver 


mpanyhad  amalgaraattd 
except  IheMillwaDDKki. 
these  docks,  with  1 ' 


1  Dscb  (ItTS  anj  two  retpectrvdy),  parall 

■kiiig  Bnnby^  and  Woolwicb  Reaches,  nearly  ]  m,  is  diiunce 
(1*1  aereA  and  Tilban  Dn^  13  m.  below  Lor^ni  Bridge,  coa- 
striKtcd  in  ISW  by  Aa  Eait  ancl  WM  India  Docks  Compaay 
(teacies).  llibiDV  Docka  an  wed  by  the  lai^  itnoen  tnuUns 
with  ibe  port. 
1.  MnaSill  Deckl  (IBM),  In  the  south  part  of  the  Iile  of  Doga,  are 

J.  AwT«  Ommmial  Sachr,  Kelberhiihe  (BmniindKir),  DCnpy  a 
penioHb  between  the  Lower  Pool  and  Limekoiue  Reach,  Thta 
Kavebecadockiel  Ruherfaithe  tiiKCIhe  middle  nf  Ihe  inhcentury. 
Thrtotal  ana  b  176 acm.  a  1u^  new doi^  the  Creeolaod. being 

'ne  piindpal  railwayi  have  wharvea  and  (binugli  cmneiiDas  ftir 
goods  faSc,  and  hu^  warehouHtaitailached  Id  the  decks.  The 
aistom  house  standi  on  the  north  bank,  a  abort  diRancefrnmLonclDn 
Baidge,  in  Lowir  Thuies  SUHt.    It  dattsfroo  iBi/,  ilie  body  of  (he 


UiJN  tOCMHBtCB 

baiklkig  bdn^  by  Laing.  but  the  Conalhiai  (atade  wai  adikd  by 

■pecimm  ol  anidcs  seised  by  the  cuicdbu  authvitit*. 
Tbechielmlioritieiciaecmed  inthegovenuncM  of  the  Pott  of 

1.  Thamei  ConunaMcy. — For  comervancy  puTpwa,  ngulatioa 
ol  mvinini,  noioinl  of  obsRucIian.  diedgini.  Ac 
a.  Cily  Ctrpirmtiiim.~Pon  uilary  purpDA  fiOB  Teddii«RB 

^.  Triyrily  Hosrr.-.-f*alQTage,  lighting  and  ttaoyiiig  from  Lnodoq 

Crb  W-mmari  and  UtUtrmai'i  Cnapany,— The  llceuiw 
anlhority  for  waleimen  and  Ughltnncn. 

Beaidea  these  autkiickleh  the  London  County  Couadl,  the  Bond 
ol  Tnde,  the  Admiraky.  the  MeinvDUUn  and  City  Police,  pi^ol 
npanaa  baciHghs,  Kent  and  Enei  Fiibcncs  CommiHioaen,  all  the 
dock  compaaiH  aod  oibcrs  plAyed  nme  part  in  Ike  favemnwat 

Poti  AtiherUj.—Tbt  Port  of  London  Anthoiity,  a  coo- 
atituted  by  the  act  of  1908,  is  a  body  corporate  consitling  of  a 
chairman,  vjce-cbaicoiaD,  it  members  elected  by  payesoldues, 
ifhar&igers  and  owners  of  river  craft,  t  member  dected  by 
wharfingeia  enduaiveiy,  and  10  member*  appointed  by  the 
following  eikllng  bodies~AdmIra]iy  (one);  Boaid  of  Trade 
{IwoJi  London  County  Conncil  (two  (rom  among  its  own 
members  ind  two  others);  ZJty  Corporatioa  (cok  frpm  among 
it)  OWD  members  and  one  other);  Trinity  Haute  (one).  The 
Board  of  Trade  and  Ihe  County  Council  must  each,  under  Ihc 
act,  consult  with  repieKatatives  of  labour  as  to  the  appoiatmenl 
ol  one  ol  the  members,  in  order  that  labour  may  be  leprcscnledoB 
the  Port  Anlhoiily.  Tbe  first "  elected  "  cncmbeis  were  actually, 
under  the  act,  appofnied  by  the  Board  of  Trade.  Tht  udder- 
takings  of  the  three  dock  companies  meoliooed  above  were 
transferred  to  and  vested  in  the  Port  Authority,  an  equivalent 
"arnount  of  port  stock  cmted  under  Ihe  act  being  issued  to  eacb. 
The  Port  AuthoHly  has  full  posers  to  luthDiiie  constiuctioB 
works.  AS  the  rights,  powen  and  dutiei  of  the  Thames  Con- 
servancy, so  far  as  concerns  the  Thames  below  Teddingtoo  Loci, 
were  tntDi(erred  to  the  Port  Authority  under  the  act,  as  also 

registiitlon  and  Kceniing  ol  vessels,  and  the  rrgulatioB  ol 
lighlcrmen  and  watermen.    The  Port  AuthoHty  Gies  the  pott 

eiceed  Dne-tbouMndth  part  of  the  value  ol  all  Imports  and 
eiporls,  or  a  thrte-Ihoucandlh  of  the  value  ol  goods  dilchiixed 
from  or  takfn  on  Ixurd  vetselt  not  within  the  premise*  <^  a 
dock.  Preferential  dock  charges  are  prohibiled  and  a  port  fiusd 
established  under  the  act.  The  authority  has  powers  to  borrow 
money,  but  for  certain  purposes  in  this  conneiion,  as  in  other 
matters,  it  can  only  act  lubject  to  the  approval  of  the  Board  of 

Coiwiiura.— The  follipwinB  fipirq  may  be  qwited  for  pvpaai*  cd 
compATlKn  at  dUfercnt  pcnodi: — 

Valm  wl  BiporU  oT  Hnm  Prtina  (i(«o],  £li,SSfi,iH7:  (r>T4). 
«o,ij»,iiS;(i8*)),iii.6oo,9.9j(i9oi-i90Saveia(e).  ^goA9SAt. 
Imfam  (i*oh  [j^ij^^oj;  (i»a^i<ws),  lEi 74.059,3 1&.     tw> 


enlrt;  hence  iinponi  ircatty  ene 
Yuidt  HOtrri  tni  diand  <]on 


(f™i^T 


447« 


In  the  ceaitwiK  trade,  in  iBSi.  xS.gS]  vessels  ot  4.M5.904  toM 
entered^  in  I89A,  41.704  vesaela  01  6.3S5.^i^  tou;  but  these  ngnrd 
include  veseeli  Irailuig  whldn  the  Thsmea  estaaty  f ports  o(  LinlaB. 
Rochester.  Colcheiler  and  Faverdiam},  which  lattr  retunii  do  wet. 
Omiltlng  such  vesteta,  Iheiefon,  the  nosber  which  entcied  in  the 
ixastwise  trade  In  Ijoj  was  IS^JI  of  6,}7f.lji  tana. . 

£iuiiie».— The  City  ha*  been  iodicaledMlhebuiineM  ttnlra 
ol  tbe  ■ntvopolii.    Besida  Um  Royal  Eichai«e,  la  tkabaidiBg 


GOVERNMBtm  L 

el  wUdi  at  Dununot  office),  iaclndlBf  "  Uayd'*,"  the 
oi  tbc  ihippini  bioiiuM  uhI  rauint  Iisunmcc,  IMre  uc  Jtaoy 
tKhtoga  for  tfecM  artidcs.  AmoDf  that  in  the  Con 
EuluDie  in  HiA  I^oe,  vhcn  tbe  privilege  ol  a  fail  wai  oii^if 
aljr  gnnted  by  Edward  I,;  tbe  Wool  ExduOje,  Colcsun 
Street;  the  Coal  Eichange,  Lewtr  Tbama  StrHtj  (be  SUppia| 
ElchaBge,  BilUter  Street',  and  tbe  auctum  mart  lor  landed 
pioptny  biTokcnhoiisc  Vard.  The  Hop  Eiduiige  li 
liver  In  Sotuhinrk.  In  Mindng  Lane  are  the  comnie 
rooois.  Boidel  the  Bank  of  England  there  are  man; 
hoius;  and  (he  name  of  Lombard  Street,  annmemontiiit  tbe 
fonner  moDcy  dealen  o(  Lombtnty,  Ji  eq)ecU))r  ■Mochled 
wilh  them.  The  majority  of  tbe  banb  are  membera  «l  tbe 
Oating  HouK.  Post  OSce  Conn,  where  ■  dally  eichaagc  of 
draft!  Rprcienting  mjtliom  of  poundi  iterlisg  b  eflieted.  Tbe 
Royal  Hint  it  an  Tower  ffiU.  Hk  Stock  Exchange  l>  b  Oipd 
Coort,  utd  nambsi  ol  broken  have  Ibdr  officei  b  tbt'TJdnity 

if—HfaiJiiru  mJ  JbMJ  I>Bd(.— No  part  of 


MiDWt 

outside  UK  aauDpoiia.  lAaicaici  Aawwer,«rv( 
anunc  which  that  si  Ueian  Barelay  A  IViUn, 
Southwait,  may  be  nentii— ^  -  — »^-~ ^—  — ' 
EaB  LoadoB  by  the  riw. 


•UpbuiMiiii  yuili: 

Uh  WaBdicT^ettJa  Muun  (int 
lone  been  MaodMol  witb  pulkulai 


!■  Bechoal  Cnia,  Sboitdildi 

'le  Eaie  Eod  are  enieloysd  Id  lb* 
>  iHU  carried  n  In  Uw  diRrict  of 
It  rf  the  QtvjxitBbi 
■  E.    him    ■■ 


lB>MoillhkMbo» 

Stieet  aod  Hiffa  i 

End  aod  other  fa..  , 

Aowen  and  VT^etitilq,  and 

Ui^.- , 

puiwily  ft  tbe  Londi 


jboUihed  by  tht  iridcirini  at  tbe  Stland,  and  a  hige  |, 
removedtoChMfaiiCnHRaad.  la  tbe  SmndiUd  bkr  nrecwiy 
io  Flen  Smet  andltt  Dffabooth  an:  (oood  tbe  gOcct  of  the  najarity 
oflhemcKiinportamdallynew^iiperiaadatbeiiounBk.  Curfage 
^M  notor'ar  wanWiun  confiegaie  in  Loac  Am.  In  TMteqbaa 
Court  Raad  are  the  ihawrgomi  ol  Kveol  hin  iiphc4rtarii»  and 
ioc  fimiB.  Ol  the  mnta  aunt  liequented  on  acEDunt  oTtbelr 
■bfc  iboot  Bgad  Sunt,  RigeBt  Stmt,  Oxbcd  Stim,  Slain 
-—  *■_  K„riiiitoii.  may  be  Baedted.  iB  ibe  EmI 
jten  a  lain  trade  In  eeeaiid-hiiid  dotliiSE, 
nd  many  oihif  comiMdltlea  It  carried  on  b 

ulli  by  coetermonBen  and  hawlien. 

Moruj.-'Tha  City  Corporation  anrcuei  a  oontrol  over  tbe 

'hOdood  marketi,  which  datel  from  tbr  cloee  of 

rte  placed  under  the  govcro- 

The  maikeli  Ihua  centraUed 

eal,  tvultry,  pfDvi^am*  frui1| 
iiend^Dvs  (  neat  area  north  el 

rket  for  ■ 


jdfiih.   ■naei 

-  ,  — '.  Moi  on  of  FanriiwcktD 
- ..  .-.  t  underground  ralliny  ^dingt, 
cat  tleexiued  here  at  lean  ai  eiily  u  tht  i 


SmiiViMHi 

Jfit^MiUn 


tmyMatkU. 

MU  Uiulul  (for  ...      .   ... 

MafM  (fruk,  vegcabki  and  flow 


,  --,  ._-  -jiBta.  thi  WMtidiapd  Hav  HuMmmI  Banvk 
Market,  Snithwk,  aie  BDder  tbc  EOMrol  of  Khmh  ;  ud  WooMS 
Market  ii  nndw  thecoundl  of  that  boRHigh.  Covut  G*rdeB,(he 
TToI  mart  in  tbe  nl  ol  London  for  Rom,  hull  and  oeteaUei,  k 
fa  t  he  haadl  <4  prlvat.  iTwnert.  I(  appean  to  ban  beew  uvd  ■>  ■ 
Bcrfcct  (uly  in  the  17th  ohkuv.  Sbhh  of  nnufcaUe  aclMty 
■ay  be  wilacwl  hen  ud  at  SHllnKatt  hi  the  eaily  boer.  of  the 
BOfnqFwbcn  the  itach  u  hiDvcht  in  and' the  wfac  ~ 

VtL  CovuioigMT 

I  raM^-fTbt  mfaUk  of  1^  ul 


95' 

<0Dq>tcU  nlDtm  bad  ihnyt  b«M 

,  -. _— Jly  "•  entirely  wuitiog.    OittM* 

the  OtyftMllatytttiaal  local  gDveramtntcuhBdly     ,■■■-„,- 
b*  uM  to  bvre  ciiMed.     Oreater  London  [in  Oe 
■CON  bi  which  tbU  nuM  might  then  have  been  a|ifili*d)  wM 
govorDod  by  Oe  iihibiuoti  «<  Mtb  puiA  in  vcMiy  awemUed, 


150,  ufanliAMrad  by  not  loi  thna  job  boiBci,  and  by 
■  mnw  of  pcnooa  MrvJog  od  tbem  eompoted  >t  te44S. 
TbcK  petmn  «««  dlbtr  idt-^lected,  or  elected  fM  mc,  or  both, 
•od  IfccrafMc  In  BO  degree  rtvooiibk  to  tbe  ntipiytn.  TbcK 
were  two  bodiei  having  JnritdlctioB  over  the  wbde  meti^KiUi 
eicept  the  Dty,  sanely,  tbe  officeti  ([ipainled  under  the  Hctro- 
pgliUn  Building  Jux  tl  1144,  and  the  MetropoUlaa  Conoii- 
iioaen  of  Semt*,  ^p^ttd  nadtr  tb*  rnmnilBiliwn  of  Sewn* 
Act  1B48.  NcttbcT  body  wu  mpoiulble  to  the  nlcpaycn. 
To  remedy  tUi  chaotic  itMooIiaaln,  .the  blctiopoUi  Mtstge- 
Act  iSji  wu  puMd.    Tinder  IbU  act  a  veKiy  elected 


In  tbe  metiopolii  <muU*  tbe  CfQr.  The  vettfks  ao  deOad  lor 
tbe  twenty-two  laner  perfaba  wcra  coutkuted  tbe  locd 

gelber  In  fifteen  diMiicli,  Mcb  under  ■  diMiict  board,  tbe  membm 
'  wUcb  were  dectod  by  tbe  veMiiM  of  the  conalitiienl  ptridwt. 
'  eentnl  body,  ityled  the  Metminlltin  Board  of  mmw 
Wotki,  having  jurlidictioo  over  tbe  ^bdlc  mctmpolii  joiM 
(iiKhiduig  the  City)  na  alio  tauUiahid,  (he  ^cmboi  ^^^ 
of  which  were  elected  by  the  Coomoo  Coonig  of  tbe  "*^ 
Cfty,  tbe  vcMifo  and  dAid  board),  and  the  prevloiMly  calab- 
liifaed  local  board  of  Woolwld  it-'-)-  Fluther  tbe  (lea  ol  tbe 
metropolii  for  local  govcnunent  purpooae  waa  lot  the  fini  lime 
'  '  '  '  9Bg  the  lame  ai  that-adopted  in  the  CommiMioiien  of 
t,  wbkh  bad  been  taken  from  the  area  of  the  weekly 
irUUty.  Tbe  Metropolitan  Board  of  Work)  •*)  abo 
'  powen  of  tupcrriiioa  e«ei 
.,  .  _upeneded  the  coamJMHHH 
for  main  dniuge.  By  an  act  iri  Iho  la 
cenlnl  atHboiIty  for  Uie  admiidmationof  the  Building  Ai 
iubeetluently  bad  mafly  addlliorul  powen  and  duti 
Dpooit.  Tbe  vcathM^nddbtrfcthMidB  became  tb 

)tteeia,  and  lor  the  remoT*!  of  puiianH),  ftc 

ddM  0/  iSSS  ihhI  iSjig, — An  objedloD  to  tbe  Udropolilaii 
Bcud  ol  Wnika  >oon  became  manileit,  iuumucb  a>  tho  lyatem 

.  ..    , Ollt)(Ct)«M         .__,  _ 

that  *  foyal  cooipuwion      i"IM 
wa)  appohUed  to  faiquire  Into  cettdnmatlen  connected      CtmSt 

•a  interim  rcpott  b  iSSB  (ikc  inol  n^oet  did  not  appcnr  natO 
dot),  wUcb  dlKkwd  Ibe  incSdency  of  tbe  board  la  attain 
reelect),  and  abo  indicsted  tbe  eiixeiKC  ol  camptloii.  Rdorm 
f oUowed bomediatciy.  AtracdytiiiSS4SlrWiUiUBHircoitnbed 
BtcetqitedtocDiDtltMelbeBeuopalbaiHudclpolbOTDOgbtiDder 

.,. _.    _     _,__. .        ^m    (u    jggj    jjij    j^ijj 

c4  the  meuopidb  u  t 
■epaiato  cooBty,  created  the  London  County  ConDcO  a.  the 
•'•---  BOteBlytbepawer)af  an 

.  ttenelve  poweta  ol  town 
It  fnm  tke  abclbhed  Board  of  Works. 
I,  «B)  the  cntnl  body,  under  Ibejr  direct  cnntrol, 
wbkh inhtbitant of LoiulODhMlUtlierto laded.  neqaHtloll 
_  besettled.  Tbe  wedlhte 
dhcooteMed  wftb  the  form  of 
_iAidtbeyitm>ioed*ebfMI,  ud  b  iSoT 
KmtagtoA  and  WotmbMCT  petitioned  lo  be  ctcttcd  befough) 
by  Ibt  (MM  of  (Urten  vndlr  tbe  tforidpol  CorpcnliDa  Ada. 


^ja  LONDON  (GOVERNMENT 

CaidiQi  Cto-koiMll ;  Gnu  Hutborouh  SUMt  (WeMiDoniter),' 
Grcuwich    and     Wwlwichi    Umbctfai    UaryLiboiiE;  Naith 


that  tiM  tobcini  pr  apecM  IcfiilMioa  to  beu  on  ipedalcuta  (u 

the  peUtiui  ol  UitM  two  boroughs  would  \avt  dtnvtaddj 

vould  be  Inupcdiefltta  making  BSUDat  homogmtilj'. 

JS^       Itoteid,  Uie  Laodaa  Govemineol  Act  of  i^  w«i 

Heuopolitaa  boioggbt  EDUmcntcd  it  iht  ouUct  ol  ihii 
irtids.  The  coualy  ol  Loadoa  uuy  thus  b«  »gud«d  liom  Ihc 
ftdminiitntivc  iludpoiat  u  couiiling  ol  twuLtr-niK  cw- 
ligiunutemiiCOiuiisgLtie  Ciiyol  LondoD.   Ai  regards  ihe  dii^ 

the  Boiough  CouDcilt,  aad  the  consiiiuiioD  ud  notkiiig  of  eaib, 
the  undulyiug  principk  may  be  bciufiy  indicated  as  givlns  ill 
powrrt  and  duties  wJuch  lequire  luiifoimity  of  action  througbout 
Ibt  wholeof  London  to  the  Cauaty  Council,  and  pow«3  and  duties 
that  can  be  locally  adminisleied  to  the  trough  Councili. 

SiBtmaiy  1/  AimMl^im  Bo^iii.— The  (dimiiiiCiUhv  bodies 
ci  tbcCouDlyolLoiukninay  caw  be  lummarinl : 

I.  I^ndvi  dually  Ctunca. — CuniisH  of  uS ■■" —  --' ■■ 

by  each  pariiametitarT  division  (bur  the  Crty 
and  19  atdKineii,  witli  chalrnuin.  vi»<halrm 
Hiu.cicctnl,iiiaHinciL  Triennial  tlcctioiD  o( 
boUera  tmikle  and  femalej  on  the  jate-books. 

°3.  ^wiwl' 


ofLondi 


ini(ii. — Coupcib  conilM   o[  1 


ulicle  ma  e«cb  borough)'  Trieiu 
laSa  and  IS99  leFl  the  gDvenimr 


Lmie*,—^bt  legiilition  of  185^ 


ds  of  an  usrefonnecl  Corporatior 


lEir  diinity  el  the  City  Cwpcra 
Mlvoi,  16  aldermen  and  xA  coniawn  n 
o(  Common  Counrll,  which  is  ibe  pri 
Its  scope  my,  be  bnifly  imScaltd  aa  I 
etscwherr  by  the  Bonngh  f**""**!-,  a 
Couvd  Wtboiiah  Ibat  body  is  by  no 
Ci^  boundariesT;  and  (t)  peculiar  duti 
and  poJicc.  The  election  ol  comnuHi  re 
dalei  fmno  tbe  teiiii  ol  Edwifd  I,,  take 


CriopleEal 
LoKtUai 


I  within  andi^without.  share ' 
«  It.t.)  ii  ekcied  by  tile  C 
nunrnited  in  the  Court  of  C... 


LiTery  Companies  (f.s.)i  whic^,  thnwEh 
seven]  trada  or  manulsctELrcs.  had  lomici 


»  dealt  V 


ol  Edwud  UL  -K. 
■^mneBiieiiti.— The  Loal  Goveroinert  A 


Tbe  ■! 


Ihol^i 


t^X 


us  b^ghl ...._ ..,.„  ,,..,. 

■I  tbe  cHdinaiy  aiganiaation  is  modHied  b^ 

nu^flralesp  and  a  piid  cbsiiman  ol  qi 

ot  the  (oveming  body  of  the  Ctty.  dkhi.     _    _  _  _ 

dfa«R)ati  as  b  thai  of  munidp^  adminlitratiaa.  and  the  Kl  idt 
the  Gty  as  ■  county  of  a  city  practically  unchanisd,  ThiH  the  Lord 
Marsr.nd  aldermen  poBea  JDdicBl  luthoritr.  and  the  poKnol 
London  u*  lUvided  iaio  hw  sopante  botfea.  iIk  MorapoK^a  nod 
tbe  City  Polioe  [lee  Pouci). 

Tlie  chiel  cnuiti  for  the  tiini  ol  ciiiniml  ciMs  an  ihn  Ccstnl 
CriniinalComiandtheConnofQuarloi-enslwit.  TbeCeatnl 
[-„„  Criminal  Court,  taking  tbe  place  ol  the  .pmnncial 
Atuies,  Has  establltbed  by  an  act  ol  1SJ4.  Tbm  are 
tmlve  sessions  annually,  undei  the  Lord  Mayor,  alileniKn  and 
judges.  They  were  lormerly  held  in  Ibe  "  Old  BaDey  "scuions- 
bouia,  bgt  a  boe  new  building  [mm  designs  ol  E.  W.  Uovntlord 
took  l,be  place  ol  Ibis  in  i»a6.  Qvatter-sessiona  for  Ibe  county 
ol  London  aje  held  Ihirly-iii  limes  SBnunJly,  Im  the  notth  side 
ol  the  ThasRS  at  the  Sas>on>-bause  in  QeEkenirell  (FlnibUiy) 
■ad  for  the  aouth  .side  it  thai  In  NewiogliHi  CautewHy,  South- 
Wark.  For  judicial  purposes  Weslminstei  wai  merged  with  Ihe 
county  of  Londcia  In  li&t,  and  the  Liberty  ol  tbe  Tower  wis 
abolished  in  1S04.  The  Mparate  court  ol  the  Lord  Mayor  ai 
Aldermes  is  held  at  the  CiiiUbalt;  Tbe  HetropolHan  po)i_. 
«(Mitt  an  lomtean  jn  ounbcc,  naniely— Baw  SUe<«,  Cntat 


CuildhaU,  wbece  Ihe  ajdermea  preside  in 
wilhio  the  metropolis  ire  Brixton,  J 
Wandsworth  and  Wormwood  Scrubbs.   1 


outh  Wetiem, 
ur  Street  East  (Step- 
in  Street  (Fulbam); 
Street  (Sborcdilcb). 
tbe  Mansion  House, 

itaiion.    The  piisone 


ny  way  correspood  with  each  other,  or  with  the  police 
»  with  the  borough  iv  pariah  boundaries.    The  regis^ 

eniary  RepraeiUaiien- — The  Londoii  Government  Act 
saving  clause  by  which  "  notbing  inor  done  under  tbia 
act  shsU  be  construed  as  altering  tbe  limits  ol  any  parliamentary 
borough  or  parliamentary  county,"  The  parliemenlBiy  borooghs 
are  thus  In  many  cases  named  and  bounded  diaetenlly  Irom  the 
metropolitan  boroughs.  The  pirliamentajy  arrangements  of 
each  ibelrop^diUn  hoioagh  an  indicited  in  the  lepanle  anicks 
on  (be  bwouihi.  In  the  fcJlowinj  Sst  the  borooghs  wbicb 
eitend  outside  the  adminialratlve  county  ol  London  are  noted. 
Each  divj^n  of  each  borough,  or  each  borough  where'  not 

Ireen— f)nu.:  Nonb- 


(s)  nalh  4 


I  Tluam.     (0  Bethnal  Ci 

Item,     (i)   Chchea   (dctact..-  , 

y  ol  Middlesex,  Kenul  To.n),  (3)  Finnbury 
(detached jnrtion  in  MiddlcKi.  MutwiU  HillJ— Dici.:  Holborn. 
Central,  Eastern,  (j)  Fiilhani.  «)  Hackney— Dai. :  Nonh, 
Centnl.South,  (7)  Hammcruiltk  (S)  Harapatesd,  (o)  lillngtan— 
Dit!.:  Nonhem,  Southern,  Esstem,  Weilcrn.  (10)  Kensingion — 
Dm.:  Northern,  Southerui  (11}  City  ol  London.  (11)  Marvle- 
bone— i3n>i.:  Eastern,  Western,  <it)  Paddinglon  (eitenilinr 
into  Middksea)— Om.:  Nonhem,  Southern.  ti4)  Si  Ge««e's 
)  Shon^h^Ptn.':"  Hoaton,  flig«iilon! 
Tower.  H»m1e»— DiH.:  Bow  and  Bromley, 
ad,  poplar.  St  Ceoige,  Slepoey,  WhiiechapcL 


BSelf" 

Middles 
Uwvei  ■ 


p«iioa  ol  Ibe  pirliui 
iTlie  — ''"-  '- 


of  Surrey  u  in  the 


(1)  Smiik  sj  Ou  Tluaia.  (1)  Batierwa   and   Clanhani— 

Baliersea,  Clapham.    (I)  Cambetwell  (extending  inio  Kciil  )- 

•--■-—     '^"--     Dlllwkii.      (3)    Deplford.      {4)    Cree 

Northern.  Kinningion,  Bri.ion.  Noi 

le«ington~-I>n>.;  Wealcm,  WsIhhiI) 

.-    - Western,      Rolhethilhe,     Beimondiey. 

nunuourtb.     (lolWoolHCb. 

Part  of  the  WinAledon  rarlisfflei 
metropolltaa  bonugh  of  Wandsvoi 

Bt^aitiUcal  Ditiiumi  end  DcntmiiiaSiiio. — Tendon  north  ol 
IheThameaii  wfihiii  the  Qiurch  of  England  btibopric  of  London, 
the  bishop's  palace  being-it  Fulhaiji.  In  this  diDce»,  which 
covers  nearly  the  wholeof  Middlesex  and  a  very  small  portion  oJ 
Hertfordshire,  are  the  suflragin  bishoptiea  of  Islington,  Ken. 
sington  and  Stepney.  The  bishopric  olSoulhwirkwas  cnnled 
in  1904,  harlng-bccn  pTevlously 


,    The  ct 


nty  CI 


is  the  scat  of  the  Roman  Calbolie 
archUs)iDpiiclnEi«land,andSauIhw(rkl)abidiapiic.  An»ng 
the  nnmeroBS  chspela  of  dissenting  bodies  (here  may  be  mra- 
tioned  the  City  Temple,  Congrcgotiolial.  on  Uolbom  Viaduct; 
the  McUJpoliiao  Tibemide,  Baptist,  in  Southwaik,  the  creation 
ol  which  was  Iheoutcome  ol  the  labours  of  the  fsmooi  preacbcr 
Charles  Spurgron  (d.  Tg^ijiaiid  Wesley's  Chapel,  City  Road, in 
the  gTsnyitrf  ol  which  Is  Ihe  tomb  of  John  Wesley;  his  house, 
which  adjoins  the  chapel,  being  open  as  a  memorial  museum. 
In  IQO]  the  Wesleysns  acquired  Ihr'sitedl  the  Royal  Aquarium, 
new  WesbalnMn-  Mibty,  for  Ibn  erection  of  *  cnHil  htlL 
IbCmt  SynagD(U  of  Ih*  jMVU  !•  St  Jama' Plan,  AMiUc 


FlffANCm 


o  AiB^  in  In  QoMn  Vicloik 
isia  Indga  cfaurclia,  uDDBg 
d  tbfl'Piach  PMoUiit  chunAis  <n 
Monmouth  Kud,  Bayimis  aad  Soh«  Sqnin;  the  Greek  church 
of  Si  SoiAU,  Hoanii  Road,  Biyifrater;  ud  the  German 
EviQgiUcBl  diurcfa  in  MBfltpeUer  Ttnr«,  BrMipttfTi  HMd, 
vptned  in  [9114.  (ttj.  R.  H.) 

Vm.    FiSAVCE 

In  addition  to  tbe  proviiiong  that  haw  been  unenlioncd  ibovt 
(SkTwH  yil.),  ilw  L«n4on  CoTtrnment  Act  1899  timplllwd  md- 

bovD  perfarDHOby  move  divsQc  badi*L  rl^wmeiwiiibeapveaeen 
wvR  Mppoiiucd  in  the  ordinary  muuier:  id  othm  the  vacrVi  by 
local  acti  and  by  orden  under  the  Local  Govemmnt  Act  1B44,  wat 
BHioAnted  to  act  ai»  or  empowered  to  appoint,  ovcftevrs,  Wfaott  In 
Cbebea  the  iinrdianii  acted  aa  cweraeen.  Thaad  ol  itM  ■'■W 
any  all  ibse  diuiaawiia,and  sDB«iit«ied  th*  new  batvith  otnclli 
■a  cv«y  c>it  iht  ovcngeci  (or  ewty  paiiih  withuL  tbdi  ntpecAw 
bonjujfbi,  FKcept  that  rfae  town  cleric  of  each  boniuih  penomH  the 

..^ 1 1..  -—rrf  ,g  ||„  iniitratlon  of  declon.' 

^  tkm  wan  in  Jt  ct— tbtea  dVferent 

1  in  many  pAiiihs  ia  adiUDon  tbm  waa  a  aipa- 
Fron  the  Kwen  rate  and  lithlini  rate,  land,  ai 
n,  wat  enlilled  to  cenaln  enointiou.  tlndettbe 
i>  010  an  GonaDliancd  Inb  ■  liBiit  rata,  adkd 
ikh  iaawaaadi  ■■ihi.  inHaiHdaiiil  lii'.liilia  the 

emptioni  are  BarrtiLjarded.  Further,  every  ptecept  ankt^fy  an 
autnoTEty  in  Londtin  for  the  pur«oac  of  abuinina  money  ffbcie 
■ilboritfa  include  (be  LMdoa  Coiaty  Couacil.  ihi  nceinr  of  the 
Metropoliun  Potice,  IlKCMnnl  llamtjia^  Bodyairi  IbaBen* 


LONDON 

Tie  Miy  iMaptidsi 


a»  0^^.11 


Ijomuah  idi 
iilne  the  o 


tt  repealed  by  icliediea'iiiada  in 


Wh  01  the  vanoui  precepiioi 
I  Iht  year  1906-1907  a  turn  a( 


-Dofltan  A«4Hnu  . 

Central  (UnempCoyRl)  E 
<V*iaHn — Cily  d  Lend 
MarlEM  TiuMtna  [Soathwark). 
Local  GoVetiuhent  Board— CuBiiM 

The  total  eipeni^tun  wat  equal  to  a  rat 


&4.703.0«7 
._  jhepouhdof  lla  4-^. ;  tte 

nte  of  3>.  I'fd..  aH)  Inipiaiat 
Practical  the  whole  aoowit 


EslimdM  Eipmiihirt. 


Working  iL 
FUfcabotd 


Woekina  einiiK. 

Worklnl  daia  dweUinp.        .  . 

Small  Koldinia  anj  Allotmetiu  . 

Parks  boating         .       .       .  . 


'■as 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


gS*  LONDON 

eiiipcftic*  m  tin  coanty  st  LoMOd  ii  BHknvy  Eic  ytar^  < 

Em*  boag  DRninil  in  duplicM*  br  the  bimuk  ccuadk  kui«  u 

gwriii  il  tk  puirfia  la  tbiir  lOfKIIvc  botoiitka.    They  uc 

rewMdbyiUtiitofyMMiMatcMmkm>>whohMrmFQbi«ctiQB» 

b*  Bic|ia>«*>aiBBt)Mirinl<uiioB.   1>ac  1i«i  wkcn  mMcd  an 

•^  to  tlK  d^Tiht  Couiy  CoucU,  vho  putlMM  ihc  toub. 

Sr  the  MMnpolitu  PoH  A«  iK7i  the  murapolitu  nwuMa  tuot 
lal,  to  irhkh  txfc  Boloa  is  LaadaacoatributaiapnpaRHHiloiu 
(Ueil>kntiiB,wue>tiUiibcd.  OatollliitliiiidcHUiaapcmiil 
nULcdbiu  ia  conaBBOit  with  tha  maiatanaaca  af  indoor  pavpa*  and 
LiMtI[»  iba  Hlirica  <J  oOcan  iht  Bwiiilauai*  of  clMMini  in  iiDor- 
k'idioali,  vilii*tioe,mciB*tiaa,n^Bniiiia.Ac,anpiid.  Tbe 
uyawBU  aanuBtal  in  i«o6-i«D7  taIi,66iA4i.  l/ndRtbt  Local 
CovcnuBcnt  Act  lUS,  tbe  Lomlaa  CoiBCy  Couadl  nulla  paau  to 
bcordt  of  (uijilianB,  HHitary  auEhoritica  ud  ovcnecn  U)  Lopdoa  ia 
ntpcdo'catunKrvicct.  TbitErant iiitiUnjof Uvinatt'ocvKHy 
midc  nut  of  the  ehcbe<iuer  grant  in  aid  d(  local  rat«%  and  annuniBd 
In  loofr'iao;  to  tiig,4»g.  Finally,  in  iSm,  the  land  callad  Uie 
Eiiwliia^Fuadwue«abU>bed.   Thii  land  ia  ni«d  by  the  nte 

nlbdJalhepouodoothc  ■ iiM«  nlscsfiheeountTiil  Loadw.  and 

lediatribiued  anions  the  bonwhi  in  ptoponlon  tu  ihnr  pmiulation. 

at  eqiuEijation,  nis  renuia  very  uoequaL  in  Loddon,  and  variM  in 
ig^fmoi  ^  3d.  in  St  Anne'i,  WotminMa,  to  lit.  6d.  ID  Poplac 
llieLaiiCkiB  County  Council  levied  in  190^19 10  to  BKCt  it*  odnatnl 
opcaditun  fot  the  yew  m  tnul  ra»  of  3*7*'^t  MWd-  ^  '''« 
I'Ud.  for  ipacial  county  purpoKt.  The  pcecedinc  table*  show  the 
emmared  InAnv  and  eiqieadUure  ol  the  London  County  CouocU 

BeSdM  the  annaa]  euRHHton  o(  the  narkn  amhorftiei  lartc 


n,  like  Au  of  «h«  nntkipalitki.  hi 


in  laftfutnU  aaalait  too  KKhr  bonwriai  have 
ty  Isal  authariiy  haa  to  obtalB  the  •ancSen  of 
ty  befae  laiiiBi  a  Isas.  and  dim  an  (n  ad 

"  lita  (tf  boRDWiin     " •—    "" 

itheiBBedoa«ltC*L< 

ahouat*.  puUk  libmria 

and  ctRahi  other  pannea  aodcr  the  Pu — . 
leaietertei  tha  (aiKUn  el  the  TMewv  !•  Rguln 
tiwixnia  that  rf  tha  Lsadso  Cooaly  Ceaaca:  ps 
tha  mampolitaa  aniaai  boaid,  the  imapalita 

ifa>  fHHtnl  (uaenitiioyed)  hody  require  the  auh. 

— nt  Boanl^tlie  receiver  for  tha      ■    |   '11.-  poGca 


ktovuimuuat  tfoara:  ine  receiver  lor  uie  manDpaacaa  pom  matrtn 
thai  ol  the  Hone  OSca,  and  the  Loodoa  Couty  ConKil  that  ol' 
parUaiDantanilihcTnaHiry.  The  laUaarlai  lafate  airci  Uia  oat  lear- 
■:7 .. r  .1 1  -!._„  rf  loj^  aathij*.  ia  Loodoai 


utnaadiaiof  thei 
Ih  ]■■>  of  Much  1; 


Loodoa  Coualy  Couadl  fralaiiai  I4 


toaLrwUonl^] 
AavtuBU  Boaid 
Pobea  a«ndon'*|> 


Canl{Kcni|^it>ed)  Body'.  '^~ 
City  id  Loodoa  Corporatisa  .  . 
MxropoDtifl  Borouih  Counoli  . 
Goaidlaiu  aod  aick  aayhun  nunacer 


3.I1U6II 


KManu  (Bi^liiad  and  IFalu),  pan  ir.  pubUilwd  annually ;  Jdlmi 
reUiiv  Ja  lb  lAidn  Cwfy  Cmcit,  paUiriicd  an^oliy  I  the  annual 
lepon  and  acsounte  of  the  Matrnpnlitan  Water  Baanl  and  tha 
netmpoUiaa  poliia  iixounta.     The  psUicationr  si  tb*  loodoi 

Cooat*  Cauocil.  ewcielly  the  ir -' 

eflimitea,  Lndna  ImSiUu.  and  tl 
ended  JIM  March  1900)  have  auKh 

DC  HntOiT 

El  [sactkaD] 


Wn; 


I.  Sriliijk  and  Xmmh  It  *J>-  44p.—Tlu 
ria>rd  of  British  London,  aad  cODxldeTmble  dincrei 
eiiiU  ameng  intiquariei  a>  Is  iu  vciy  aim 
SliUiacflcet  hdd  thai  London  wai  ol 
D«  older  Ihu  Ihe  time  ol  CUudiui  (Orifiui  BHI.,  1U5,  p. 

"  picctded  Ihe  Rgnun  cunp  bai  no  (oundalinn  to  iBt  up< 
,  (4Hh«ifif>caI  JtMiial,  uiii.  iSo).    J.  R.  Green  opiCMed 


BOMtpUMbnaJfiMtfif  AUlMrfteLiOii).  OatkaoihB 

wia  KemUa  hdd  tlol  it  mdiCndl  ta  btfm  that  Call  LvDdM 

lUdioponaal  place  nra  b  Caow'a  day  MauM  « 

t,  fl.  ttt);  ud  numa*  Lntla  bdicved  thiL  Loodoa 

aloed  pnnperily  bdftre  the  Itanau  tana,  and  lidd 

tfcat  it  WW  pnbibly  tic  capital  of  CuiiveUaumii,  vhich  «*■ 

-  ktn  and  locked  by  Juliiti  Cacair  {.Ardualapa,  id.  k).    Tbe 

igin  ol  London  will  probably  alwayi  remain  a  luhject  Ol 

■pnte  For  vuii  of  dediivt  facta. 

Hie  uraafat  teawn  lor  bdievisf  ia  a  BHiiih  London  ii  lo  bi 
lUd  ia  the  naiB^  which  i>  undoubledly  Cdlic,  adofHed  with 
Uult  tlUtaUon  by  tbe  Romuu.  It  li  ibo  difficult  to  believe 
that  landlniuin.hiu]  come  to  b<  tbe  tmponant  conuncrcitl  centre 

jot  of  Claiidiua. 

,    ,      BienlPitlRlrei»iBi867ofIherenj»iniBl 

pile  dwdlitici  botb  on  Ihe  mnh  and  on  the  louth  of  ihc  Thamei 

givei  ITOUod  toi  40  aiguncnt  of  wme  force  in  lavou  t  oi  the  dale 

of  tW  foanilalion  at  I«Ddlia  hanng  beco  bdon  ihe  RoniaB 

HI  ol  BllIabL    Of  Koman  Losdon  wepoueia  10  auny 

thai  ill  ippmuce  on  be  caniccturcd  wiili  liiUa 
diScully. 
During  the  cenliiriea  iriica  Britain  wai  occupiad  by  the 

froraWniU  begiiuiiiigi,  to  oreiflow  iheii  bordcn  and  to  be  non 
tt|U  once  lebuilL  He  siUal  Roman  London  muu  have  been 
a  compaialively  imaU  place,  but  it  pmbaUy  coalained  a  miliiuy 
foctof  lomelund  intended  to  cover  the  puuge  of  Ihe  river. 

Tbe  Rdnnn  £CRCnt  Paulinui  Suetonim,  iflcr  matcbinc 
npidly  fiDm  Wain  to  put  down  1  lerioui  iniutieciion,  lound 
Londiniuia  unfitted  for  a  base  of  mililary  opaatiooa, 
and  IhtnfM*  Idt  die  place  to  the  meny  of  Boadicea,  ^^t^ 
who  entirely  dtatreyed  it,  and  icilled  ihe  inhabiunti.  laHka 
After  this  the  need  of  fortifying  Londioium  mtdl  have 
been  apparoit,  and  a  wallel  ctiy  of  loull  dimemiona  arate  aooa 
ifta  tin  defeat  of  tbe  Biitidi  queen.  Tlie  cailiesi  Koman  dty 
probably  enoMlfd  u  far  u  Tower  BiU  m  ihe  eait,  and  then  ii 
reuon  to  believe  Ihil  It  did  no!  Inchide  any  ground  to  tbe  weH 
of  LttidcnhaU.  The  eiuvitioni  at  the  laiur  place  in  lUi 
tbrewFealUcbtupanlhecailyhiitoryafLondan.  Thclounda. 
tion  nUa  ei  a  buHici  wen  diacornrd,  and  from  tbe  time 
wbCB  thai  waa  buQt  uniil  the  preaeni  day  tbe  gnnind  hai  alwayt 
been  devoted  lo  public  uies.  How  far  nonfa  the  Gut  nil  wu 
pUccd  it  ll  difficult  to  gusB.  Ctea  help  lowardi  a  letttemcnl 
of  tbe  qaeatlon  may  be  found  in  tbe  diacovety  el  borial  llace). 
Ai  it  wai  illegal  In  Roman  tima  lo  buiy  wilbin  tbe  waDi,  we 
are  forced  to  tbe  conclusion  that  tbe  pLaca  where  theae  aqwldial 
lEmaini  have  been  found  were  at  one  time  exuamuraL  Now 
tw  euch  retnaint  have  been  fovnd  between  Giacediutdi  Stren 
and  the  7ower.  The  northern  wall  waa  placed  by  Roach  Smith 
lomewhere  along  Ihe  (ourre  ol  Comhfll  ai  "  '  ■  ■  -  - 
The  second  eitenaioQ  ol  tbe  dty  w 
Wallbnok. 

In  tbe  latat  or  ihlid  Koman  endonire  tbe  line  el  tbe  nl 
ran  Rraifbt  fiom  the  Towo-  to  Ald^t^  where  il  bent  mud 
iomewhat  to  Biihopi^e.  On  the  can  it  wai  bordered  by  the 
district  aubaequencly  called  Ihc  Minoria  and  UoundidiKlL 
Tbe  line  Irom  Bishopigaie  na  eaaiward  to  St  GOa'i  diuicbyatd 
(Cripplegite},  when  it  turned  lo  tbe  (ooth  u  far  as  Falcoo 
tquaiei  a^In  woteriy  by  Aldengala  nnnd  Ihe  Bte  ol  tbe 
Greylriara  Ufterwanb  Christ'a  Hospital)  towardi  Giltipflr 
Street,  then  icHiib  by  tbe  Old  BaOey  to  Lud^t^  and  thes  do«B 
to  the  Tlum^  where  Di  Edwin  Frabfield  taamM  that  ■ 
Roman  foitrev  ilood  on  the  lite  of  Biynird't  Caatle.  TUa 
li  moit  probable,  because  the  Roniani  tutunlly  reqobeil  a 
special  protection  on  the  livci  at  tbe  west  as  wdl  ai  at  tb*  eaat. 
So  iaUta  lima  when  William  tbe  Cooqueior  planoed  (he 
Tews  he  gave  the  aiie  at  tbe  watem  eiticmiiy  U  bia  MlDwa 
Ralph  Baynard,  where  waa  erected  the  alraa^Kild  known  aa 
Baynard'i  Caitle.  Roach  Smith  pointed  out  that  the  mdoaura 
invested  above  gives  dimensiona  Fax  grealB  than  tboie  oi  uy 
other  towB  IB  Biilain.    Then  a     ' 


.,XMO^ 


r" 


o  ol  the  luftr  drcdt  loUh  af  LadfMC,  up 
when  Iks  riw  Fleet  na,  luilc  bi  1176  It  Uf  bcMit  of  tte 
Blirt  rriin.  tlnHnitntlhtiTTiHt.  phmnlltTtlntlHiirBTt— I, 
KBBircd  coiaiilMe  unlil  tk*  Gicu  Ptn  (itM).  TiM  TWbb 
loniHl  Ihr  Bauml  banlir  sn  Ibe  wnlt,  bat  tko  Rokiui*  <fe  mt 
■fpMT  M  hnc  btoi  conUit  wiik  lUi  pratwtloB,  fH  (bey 

biiUt(i«dbn«iDMldllioa,«UdiKB»loH ^ 

PertbBM  «f  tfeii  mO  bi*c ' 

It  ii  fiSodl  even  l«  lu 
Tbe  enpent  Tbeoia^Bi 
ratline  U*  plw  Its  Ihe  nKntioa  ■(  tbe  ttMqnfltftr  of  tbe 
pnxriBcc.  Ai  TbeodcHhu  ll  uld  M  bvra  left  BtitiiD  ia  •  loatMl 
ni  mre  eonditieB  a  bu  been  Nfiated  thu  to  Um  mu 
due  tbe  ail  Df  the  later  Londlalam,  but  tten  ti  nUe  m  no 
evfdeaee  lot  tUi  apltim,  Ud  aocorttnt  to  an  aM  IR^IiOB 
CbdMintiiie  tbe  GkM  nlM  the  dty  at  the  Rquot  al  hh  I 
Hdeoa.  pretumed  to  be  a  utin  oT  Brilalo.  Tbenti,b(] 
aome  evidence  hi  favour  «f  the  inppiMitka  (bat  tbe  Hi 
bdt  at  >  aiiicb  eaiUet  date,  it  ii  iMt  inpnbable  that  eari)' 
bi  tbe  and  tentoiT  tb*  mU  na  Itadahed  at  the 

endeaedaceneteiy  near  Newgate.  Sir 

Sag  a  ItwrfliteJ  pavemeM  fonnd  fn  iSh 
Eidie  Office  (Mbdpa^te  Sticct),  enimeit  the  opMoB  Aat 
(he  finUied  chuactn  of  (be  ptveBMdt  pointa  to  ■  period  of 
aecuiityud  wealth,  aadftuaon  the  reign  of  Hadrhj|<iJ>L  117- 
>]S>,  to  which  the  (itttf  coin  found  on  Ihe  Boorbdoagi,  otbe 
date  ol  ita  fauDdallaa. 

The  UMwiani  ol  the  Roman  EBpin  bavt  kit  n  aoaa  par- 
tlculaia  of  ibe  vliiu  ol  emperan  and  (enerala  "  "-'-'-  '-' 
little  or  nothing  iboiil  what  happened  I  ' 
be  tnore  ^orant  than  we  are  of  the 
if  it  bad  not  been  thai  a  large  nnobcr  ol  caeavMiMu  have  been 
made  in  vuioui  paiti  of  the  thy  whkb  hav*  gldeaad  *  con- 
tkJenMe  aaKninl  oF  iti  eaitjr  Ualoty.  Fran  Ihcae  lenatB* 
we  may  guen  tbat  LondoB  wtt  a  hiodaoMt  dty  In  tbe  n4gn 
of  Hadrian,  and  probabty  tbea  In  at  great  a  p«altka  irf  fm- 
poittfta  aa  it  enr  attained.  TUa  being  to,  there  Mem*  to 
bertaaon  to  altribnting  the  completed  wan*  to  thii  period. 

The  petriitence  of  tbe  rillci  of  tbe  waDt  of  London  it  one 
of  Ibe  moit  remarhahle  facta  of  Uatsry.  Pff«  of  iht  wall 
_^  are  to  be  kcd  in  varioua  partt  of  tbe  eily,  and  «« 

me  Wtmm  Itqatally   found    when   eiteniive  eicaTatlom  are 
■ua  made  loi  new  buildlngi.     In  lomc  placa  where  tha 

Roman  wall  ii  not  to  be  aecD  there  eClB  «dM  ^Ket 
of  tbe  old  wall  that  iiaod  upoo  Roman  tonndatjoiii.  In  Araen 
Court,  where  the  re^dencea  of  cangna  of  St  Paol'a  and  the 
later  housei  of  the  mlDor  canont  are  tltaated,  then  ittetdea 
ancb  a  piece  of  wall,  dMdlng  tbe  gardCM  of  tbe  Court  fron 
the  Oid  BiJky.  Of  the  few  aawiUe  fragmenia  of  tha  Roman 
wall  ilill  eiMng  apecial  mention  may  be  made  of  (he  btallon 
bi  tbe  cfanrchjFUd  of  St  fMetV,  Cdppfegile;  a  Htde  fattber 
weal  is  1  email  fruraeM  In  St  tfartta^  Court,  Lodgaie  Hill 
(oppoiite  the  OU  Bailey),  but  the  heat  ipadmen  can  be  Ren 
near  Tower  Hill  foat  oat  of  George  Stnel,  Trinity  Squtn. 
Eariy  In  the  nth  ceoluty  ■  tngment  neul]' 40  ft.  tong,  togMher 
with  the  bate  of  a  batllon,  waa  bioaght  to  It^t  In  dlg^Bg  for  the 
foundation  of  eome  huge  waichoiHca  b  CanomDe  Street,  at 
■  depth  of  ro  ft.  behiw  the  level  of  the  pnaot  ttroM.  A  sra- 
riderahle  portion  of  tbe  oM  wall  wulaid-bat*  by  the  ereavalioBi 
for  tbe  new  Peal  Office  Id  Si  Minbi't-la-Onnd,  FMB  a  cem- 
paiiion  of  tbeie  fngmeDti  wtth  the  detctlptloat  Of  Woodward, 
Haitland  and  atbcii.  who  bi  tbe  early  part  of  tbe  ifllb  catai; 
cnunlned  portioni  ol  the  will  itill  standmg.  we  team  that  tbe 
waD  waa  from  q  10  i>  ft,  ibkk,  and  formed  of  •  am  of  tongb 
iBhfale  cemented  logetber  with  monar  (cootaiidai  nocb  coane 
gnvel)  of  eatiaordbiary  bardnem  and  tenuity,  and  a  fadif 
for  the  oioet  part  of  Uone — Keut&h  rag,  tttcalonc  or  Irafntont — 
but  octaitonalty  of  Blnta;  about  1  ft.  apart  are  douUa  layen 
of  inea  or  brleta  wWth  tervc  aa  bondlsg  eourac*.  The  wall 
qipean  to  have  been  about  id  R.  high,  the  towcia  from  40  I0 
JO  IL.  bM  aten  daacribed  oidy  tba  bate  waa  Roman.    Vpam 


4SS 


ARho^  tbe  taun _„,  .. 

do  not  kaow  ifllb  any  ceitdnty  tbe  pcailton  of  the  Itonai 
galea.    They  were  not  (ha  lame  aa  the  medieval  gatca  wbleb 

have  left  the  rccMd  of  tbefruB  ... 

rdoiT,  that  the  main  j^^/J* 
waya. 
Many  faieaeclual  attempta 
nan  mu  mmm  m  onnm  tbe  WoUtnf  itreet  fa  the  dty  with 
tbe  gMU  Itaoan  mad  lo  named  to  medieval  tlmea.  The  name 
«f  the  MSB  ilKCt  it  ovidtBtly  >  cotnptiM,  and  in  the  valuable 
Rapdat  of  th*  M8&  ol  the  DeiB  aw)  Chapter  of  St  Paul'*  (JTMl 
Mtttrl  If  Or  BOHrtitl  MSS.  Cnn*tirfM,  Appendh,  p.4)  the 

—•-^-' ■-  -■ —  N  "  Atbdfaig  Street,"  and  IntUncei  of 

.lathtijlbcantmy.  The  form  WatUng 
imt  fa  rjo7.  Slow  qxlti  it  Walhdhig 
StieetOCiagatord'aeditioB«tS(ow'a5Brwy,i9BS,VDLii.p.]ii>, 
Sir  HOUam  IK*  gave  rtaanlt  for  believing  that  Bldwptgtte 
Street  was  net  a  Roman  tbonmghfare,  and  In  Ihe  a 


..lag  tbepreaent  Ihorouglifire 
of  Otacacbud)  Sinet.  Tile  aln  agreed  with  Dt  Slukdey'a 
HggeatloB  (bu  on  tha  rite  of  tbe  Uanrion  House  <loinierly 
Stodn  Uathet)  ttood  the  Reman  toivn,  and  he  atatct  that  a 
Hue  drawn  fron  that  spot  aa  •  centre  would  p*M  by  tbe  pave- 
menUttonod  on  tbe  Uto  of  tbe  Eictte  Office.  Betidea  (be  forum 
Siukdcy  suggested  the  ritca  of  aavn  oths  buBdiBp— Ihe  An 
fatoftMgnaiJintlheioBtheaitsniaatfeeltlwdty  wliereihe 
Towar  now  aundt,  tha  grova  aad  (cmph  of  Diana  on  tbe  site 
offtPMd^fc.  No  traceaol  any  oltbeWbidldii^*  have  beta 
found,  and  tli^  aiu  thtrelon  potely  coafectonl.  Slnkeley'i 
indnstrioaa  mearchea  Into  tbe  hitloty  ol  Roman  Loodon  cannot 
IM  lald  to  bava  my  putienlaT  vthn,  altboogb  at  one  time  th^ 
entoyed  coaddenUe  vogoe.  Ai  to  tha  IVmple  of  IHana,  Sir 
Cliitatopber  Wres  fumed  an  npintoB  ftroogly  tdverta  to  Ihe  old 
ttaditlao  ol  lu  eiltlence  (ParmMia,  p.  >«).  Allbongh  we 
know  that  tbt  CbiiidiB  chordi  waa  atttUbhed  in  Britain  doting 
the  lattt  peefad  t*  tha  Roman  doadnatlon,  them  It  Utile  to  he 
laarat  ittpectiig  it,  and  the  UAop  RettltBtns,  irt»  is  said  to 
have  attended  uBcdeaiiatkalCDuoeil,  la  a  aonewhtl  mythical 
dwracUt.  b  mfta  (o  the  dbcoveiy  tt  tbe  pediion  of  Ihe 
Roman  ^m,  the  true  date  of  tha  AiMhM  /MiurarlMi  (;.*.)  h 
of  great  bBpottUK*,  at  ft  Will  be  teen  from  it  that  Londlnium 
was  tllbara  ttartin^point  or  a  temdnst  In  oetily  half  tlie  rouio 
described  b  the  porllim  rdatli«  (0  Biftata.  TUi  wooM  be 
nDUiktblcIfthewotfcdatedbackiDlhenidnntniy.  Probabty 
b  Ibe  later,  aa  ta  tbe  earlier  time,  Londinlnm  liad  the  nasal 
fcdi  gates  of  a  Romam  dty,  with  the  mab  mads  to  Ibem.  The 
ana  on  the  east  waa  doubtlesa  litnaled  near  where  Aldgtte 


DHiK  alwayl  have  been  near  ■what  London  Bridge  wat  Mibie- 
qoeotly  btdlL  On  the  weal  the  gate  coold  not  have  been  far 
ln»thcplaceifterwardtocco[ricd  by  Newgale.  AstoLudgaM 
(here  is  reason  to  IieUave  that  if  tbera  wia  an  opeidng  tlwre  ig 
Romsa  tbKa  it  was  merely  a  paalatB.  On  ttw  north  the  gate 
may  bave  been  near  Bisbapsgatc  or  at  Atdengate.  tf  we  take 
Inm  (he  /MiKrary  the  laal  station  before  Londlnfum  h  all  tbe 
rantea  we  ihall  be  able  to  obtab  anne  idea  ol  Ihe  potilioti  of  tb( 
IMe  entered  fram  each  note  by  dmwlng  a  Use  on  the  map  of 
London  to  tbe  neaitH  point.    Ammlanus  " "  •->— - 

->.iv>)v-    ■■■- 


The  aooByaaoni 

Chorofrapber  el  Ravenna  can*  the  |jiri  Londkinm  AufoMa, 

Id  doubtleaa  Ihh  waa  the  form  adapud. 

The  moat  Inlatalbf  Reman  idic  It "  London  Stone."  II  hat 
.  metally  been  supposed  (0  be  a  "  mflliarbm  "  or  central  point 
lot  nwatuitag  dlataocca,  Imii  Sit  Christopher  Wre*  beKttad  ft 


9Si 


ixmixm 


«u  put  of  teai  DUMc  cmidenbla  moauaenti  b  thi  lonim 
iPnraUiia,  pfk  lis-  "^J-  Holiuhed  (vtu  wai  lollgved  by 
...^.  Sli»]u»p<*«  in  J  Henry  VI..  icn  tc  6)  ttOtut  IbAt 
^^^ '      vbcD  Cad«,  in  I4sa,  forced  hiAwty  uiloL«uloa,hefittt 

ol  aU  proceeded  to  London  Sione,  uid  having  ttrucLfaii 
■vord  upon  it,  lud  iii  reference  to  bioueU  Mad  in  e^klaulion  of 
Ui  own  ulioD,  "  Now  ii  Moitimei  lord  ol  ihii  dty."  Mr  U.  C. 
Coote,  in  ■  piper  publiibed  b  Ilie  TraiH,  Lmdn  and  UUdltta 
Anil.  Stc.  (oi  1H7S.  pointi  oul  Ihil  Ibii  *»  aeul  loaietlHiit 
to  the  mob  Kim  foUawtd  tl^  nbel  chief,  and  itu  not  k  piece 
it  tooliih  iciiDfr  Ut  Laiienc«  Comme  (FnMitMP«U-ir««, 
PP<  'SS-  iSii)  ^<*  up  the  mMter  >i  ibi*  point,  ud  pUra  the 
tndiiioii  implied  by  Cide's  dgnificuL  kUod  u  bdongiiig  to 
lima  «then  tlie  London  Sloi»  vu,.u  olba  gicM  rt^iw  mn. 
the  place  whcee  Ibe  euitors  oI  *a  spca-di  uafnUy  iriH  ac- 
aitomed  la  lathee  logEltwi  and  to  Icpsialc  (or  tke  gpTenuncnl 
of  the  city.  CorrobanliTc  facli  bave  been  (itheied  inns  ollMr 
put*  ol  the  eooDLry,  tai,  altbaugb  moie  evid*BM  i*  Miliur«d, 
pitch  «  we  bive  i>  luoo^y  in  favour  of  the  aupfuMitwii  Ibal  tbt 
London  Stone  [»  a  prehi^oiic  mctfniment. 

One  of  the  moiL  impoitanl  qaotiom  in  the  hiatory  o(  London 
that  lequirca  Hlllemeal  ia  the  date  ol  the  building  of  the  but 

bridge,  thai  ia  wbttbs  it  waa  comtnict^  by  Britoni 
fjjjjj'  or  by  Romana.  If  ihe  Britonabad  not  already  made 
g  f|_|         the  bridge  bef«e  Ihe  Rcmana   airived  it  miut  have 

beennnccd  the  lirU  RomBD  wdtIli.  Ai  lougai  then 
Kii  no  bridge  to  ^  the  tuith  and  uuth  hanki  of  the  Thama 
the  great  object  ol  Roman  rule  remained  unfulfilled.  Thii 
Bbjtd  wu  the  ccnaplction  el  ■  Qntenl  oC  roadi  connecting  all 
pans  ol  the  Empire  nilh  Ronib 

Dio  CauiuB.  who  lived  in  the  eaily  put  ol  the  jidccntwry 
(Hiil,  Rim.  bb.  li,  i.  u),  Uatea  ibu  there  wat  a  hiidg*  over  the 
Thamea  at  tbe  tirnc  ol  the  bvaiion  of  Cluujini  (m.  4j),  but  be 
placca  il  a  lill'e  above  Ihe  mouth  of  the  river  ("  hiibei  up  "). 
Tbe  poiition  i*  vague,  but  Ihe  moulh  of  Ibe  Tbamea  b  Iheae 
early  limn  may  be  couideied  aa  nol  fat  fmm  Ihe  prewot 
potilioD  of  Loodan  Badge.  Sii  George  Airy  held  th&t  ihii 
bridge  wa>  not  far  fivm  the  >ite  of  London  Bridge  {Praatdinii 
aj  /jultM.  CinJ  Sniintai,  ilii.  ini).  but  Dr  Gueit  waa  i»t 
prepued  to  *Uow  that  the  Briton*  wen  able  l»  ooniliitct  a 
bridge  over  a  tidal  rivei  luch  u  Ibe  Thunei,  lome  300  yd*,  wide, 
with  a  diSereoce  ol  level  at  fiigh  and  low  water  of  neuly  •»  it. 
Be  Iheielere  auggeued  that  tbe  bttdge  wa«  conttiucted  over 
tfacquilJiy  valley  ol  the  Lea,  pfobaUy  near  SIralford,  It  need* 
nine  itoMrily  to  diSei  Icodi  w  grtal  an  aulborily  ai  Dr  Cueit, 
but  it  ttrifce*  <>ii*  ■*  wipriaina  Ihal.  having  accepted  Ibe  teft 
nf  a  bridga.Bade  by  iht  Brilou,  he  ihould  deny  that  tbaic 
Briton*  pontsed  a  tsmi  or  village,  in  the  plaot  to  which  be 
■oppoaea  that  Aului  PliuUua  retitad. 

Ai  tbe  Wdab  wold  lot  "bridge  "  ia  "  pent,"  and  thu  waa  lalitn 
directly  froit)  the  Latin,  tbe  Inlcnace  i*  almoat  conduaivs  thu 
th*  Biitou  acquired  tltcir  ktrawlcdge  oi  biidjeei  from  the  Roman*. 
tw^ng  at  the  itaga  of  culture  which  tlic  Biitatu  had  probabty 
ttacbed,  it  woMld  fuitbei  be  a  nuural  infotiice  Ihat  there  waa  no 
aucb  thing  a>  a  bridge  anywteM  ia  Britain  before  Ihe  Roman 
•ccupatloai  hut,  if  Dian'a  lUtement  ii  corrcci,  li  qtay  ba 
Hggetled  u  a  possible  afplanallOQ  that  thcincreeaedintenoune 
•ilb  Gaul  dudnf  ihe  huudnd  yean  (hu  elw^ad  between  JuUul 
pmar'i  ndda  and  CUudiua  Ciettr't  inwioD  may  have  kd  ra 
tbe  eouUvctim  of  a  bridge  ol  lanie  tuod  anoa*  Ihe  Thame*  at 
tbit  point,  through  ibe  iRflueoce  aikd  undet  the  guidance  ol 
KonMD  tadita  and  engintan.  II  ao,  iJib  woid  "  pant  "  may 
have  .been  bomtwed  by  tbe  BritQu  bffote  Ih*  commeiKeinent 
al  tbaJtoBUi  occupation.  Uucb  MroagcE  arc  ihe  reaaoni  for 
bilteiiiBC  thai  tbue  was  a  bridge  in  Roman  tinu*.  Rcmaini 
tf  RopMO. villa*  ttK-lsnud  k|  S«uthwaik,  which  wa*  ewdenlly 
•LMmvn.Ol.I^ndiniuni  avLIt  therefsu.  budly  •ctr^.likdy 
lb*t.>.lRid«c-bi>Udin.pewl«»ucfa  a*  Ihe  RwMnt  imM  nomlti 
conleiitedwilhalerry.  .RowhSfpilhl*aWnng,advocatelar Ibi 
MUgt.  an4-t«i)*ifcaf"  It  would  natutalty  be  erected  Monewlvrc 
b  >k  di[«M  line  oC  nul  lata  Kent,  which  I  cannol  biat  lUnk 
nohaMd  t««idi  the  au.nl  Old  London  Brid^  b<>>b  'laoi  it* 


central  litiMSoo,  liMa  tht  nacnl  abatncc  ol  Iba  fonadatian* 
of  building*  b  ihe  appmacho  on  Ibe  tKitlbeiD  side,  and  from 
ditcoverin  recently  made  b  the  Thame*  on  the  Uae  ol  ihc  eld 
bridge "  {.ArduHlaiU,  izii.  16a}.  Saiith  bit,  however,  still 
itrooga  u^unsitB,  which  be  *Iate*  a*  lollowa:  "  Tbroughoui 
the  eniir*  lint.ol  the  tU  bridge,  Ihe  bed  ol.tbe  rivei  waa  bund 

quently  lo  the  eiectiao  ol  IJte  new  bridge,  were  puBed  up  to 
deepen  ihe  channclof  the  river,  many  tbousatida  of  Ronujl  col*^* 
with  abiuKlance  ol  broken  Roman  tile*  and  pottery,  woe 
dj*r«vered,  and  immediate  beneath  aome  of  the  central  pilca 
bran  "■- ''"'y  of  Aurdiua,  FauMina  and  Comaodm.  All 
an  liulieative  ol  a  bridge.   The  en 


ic  Rovana  I*  make  theac  impcriih- 
Lowudi  popfllualing  the  memory, 
OUL  only  ol  Ihcir  coru|ueata,  but  alto  of  thou  public  worka  which 
wop  tbe  natural  result  of  thor  uiccesaea  in  remote  parts  ol  the. 
wodd.  They  may  hava  been  depcBiled  ejlhet  upon  tbe  buiUing 
«  lepain  of  ibe  bridge,  aa  well  a*  upoD  ihe  acctuioD  el  a  sew 
emperor  "  lArtJuualtiticat  Jmrnai,  L  iij). 

At  Ihe  begirming  of  tbe  sih  century  the  Ropian  legioas  left 
Britain,  and  Ihe  Saxan  Ckrtniiit  ^vca  Ihe  eaacl  dale,  slating 
thai  aever  since  AJ>.  400"  have  the  Romana  ruled  in  Britain  "— 
tbe  dmoidci  Miling  down  Ihe  Roman  away  at  470  wioten 
and  daiing  from  Juliua  Caeau'a  uvuioa.  We  learn  that  b 
the  yeu  418  "  the  Romana  collectod  all  ihe  ueaiurea  thU 
were  b  Brilab,  and  hid  aome  of  them  b  the  earth,  that  no  man 
miflbl  afterward*  find  them,  and  cosv^ed  some  wilh  them 
intoGauL" 

1.  Jaw  (449-1066).— Weare  inlormed  in  Ihe  5awa  CbHiiit 
that  about  aji.  449  01  450  the  iavadoi  settled  in  Biilau.  and 
b  4J7  Hengiat  and  Ae*c  fou^  agaiou  the  Biiion*  at  Cnylard, 
driving  than  out  of  Ktat.  Tbe  vanquished  ded  to  London  in 
terror  and  apparently  fouiMl  a  ahdter  there.    After  this  cutly 


y  and  a  half.     This  si 


hiitonan*  vl  Keisbl  lo  imply  Ihat  London  piaclically  ceated 
lo  eilst.  Dr  GiHst  ataeited  "  Ibat  good  nasoa  may  he  given 
for  Ihe  beJicf  that  even  London  lucU  lor  a  while  h^y  desolete 
and  nninhaluled  "  (Arduainical  Jonnui,  lii.  iigl.  J.  R. 
Gr*e&  and  Hr  Loftie  aUongly  auworted  this  view,  and  b  Sir 
Walla  BiHM'i  £arjy  Itmim  (190S)  the  idea  of  the  deaolalioB 
of  Ih*  dly  is  taken  lu  granted. 

In  aoaiHt  M  thi*  conlention  il  may  be  said  Ihat,  iltboagh 
the  lilence  of  the  Cirtmdt  it  diScull  to  undenland,  it  il  alma 
impoaaible  to  beUav^  that  ib«  very  eaislence  of  tbe  most  im- 
poiUnt  dty  b  the  country  could  suddenly  cease  and  the  b- 


No  doubt  Ihc.  coining  ed  tbe  Sascms,  wbinl 
cnlirglr  (tanged  tbe  coodilionvl  Ibe  country,  Digil  bave  greail] 
iojund  ti>de,,but  allbougb  ilm.wu  not  the  now  freedom  a 
accat  to  Iha  loads,  tlw-Loodooen  bad  ibabighw^ol  the  rive: 
at  tbdi  dooia.  .AltJuiigh  ihe  Saions  haled  towna  and  rduei 
to  acille  b  Loodon,  they  may  have  allowed  the  original  b 
babjianta  to  cootbiK  dieii  trade  on  coBditioq  that  thty  le 
ceived  •on*  ahaia  bI  the  profits  01  a  tiibute.  The  only  tiaestioi 
wbttfis  London  being  w  eiccpiional  city  recava 


_., Ihamci  are  several  i^U  h<""9» 

whoie  naiBv  have  mMined  10  us,auch  aa  Rotherhilht,  Lunbhiib 
(Unbeth),  Cbelchitb  (ChelKa).  liCn  and  it  it  (wk  ^^. 
iBdikalr  Uia[theSaaoM,wt»  wouMdot  selUab  the  SO- 
dty  ilscl(,,.HHd*Ud  tlwmMlvi*,  vriih  thisiB  *maU  ^Mf. 
opeawptp'  ttactf/wtif.  thu*  Iftuided  ov((»  laise  . ' 
(paccwhidi ii(]|*(«i**plghi hiYf ivubid.miMtM.    - 

II  wbu  il  hen  Hsnwled  f^aUy  Mcufrad  hrnuK.lx  i^l-  <1>^ 
stpuBllon  of  Loado^  fiMB  the  tiKnnindiM  comuy  ori^iated 
Ibe  tejaAable  poailkio,4il  LoimIm  wUh  It*  unptnBded  privi- 
kgei.  whidt  ««ra  caaiiBiied  foe  n*qy  tantiuie*  «>d  kept  it  pot 


lUBnmv)  I3t»] 

■DlytliilailtrantMtatiM.bwtdUiacLFMBanMhcu.  Lwir- 
«ncc  Gainaiti.ai  rttCtfamamce  1/  i^aJtm  (igoj).  aRP«a  >■■ 
view  Ihal  Um  oLy  wu  1«  a.liiM.kfl  dcMClFdiU  ntw  vMchi 
it  ■HI'  be  nmu^Hl,  ii  *  ompuMivcly  moikrn.Mw,  pnbab^ 
ancinttuig  wU  Dc  CucM).  «.  C.  Owu  JB  hii  Ktmant  H 
Briiain  clabonwd  ■  rincripiJHi  of  Ibe  univaJ  of  Renui 
ioBaevx  in  EngJiih  in«lilutalln^.tnlt  {la  Wen  did  hm  •buin 
mtch  lupput  troM  LondMi  hiuoriuiL  Mi  GoinDi£*i  ctn^ 
'      '  '     lion  of  Mr  Costc'i  new, 


*n<l  (u 


luch  cit>a).v 


tod  TcntiduuiD  IS  M  Ro 
wilnikK  ItHca  liouDd  Ike 
■paca  auUlde  I^e  naitni 
PmniKiy  u  in  .IndintiM  of  Its  PitmDafuW  ia  Uitl  pluc; 
indbiOBnwItnlltit  ihiDiiniDDf  Mik  Bad,«iitain)  1  u.  Jron 
Akigilr  and  the  lily  waJIi,,  inulu  The  etlcnl  bf  llicapia  apace 
around  the  iviUi  of  London  kaoivn  as'  the  PomKriun.  This 
bct.ihromacurioui  light uponlbtfiuviihof  Ihe  "  Ubcnia.  " 
It  has  ...      - 


Uiiulion 


dly  Ibtoucb  Ih*  cfcangnof 
.  Ctoe  of  tbr  Buit  aiiiking 
ttaoilf  of  LondiiB  hMory  is 


U  this  Of 


iipatoM 


Miliul  Una 

aiiadKd  U>  U»  di>  Ok™ 

HHldbcno 

ii«d»hcn.it 

wai  boiJt  upon  ftjt  ahy  jpcc 

.1  a.;l  ID  be 

pa»dforiti 

TerHlwma 

ol  (i.  dl,  w 

IHe  liniu  of 

ion  of  Middlo. 

It  in  Bttoti™  <o  I^doo. 

qI.  Roman  cJlyufipdKd 

lo  be  found 

ILoiulari  the 

■ulhor  atguei  (OP  ilw  cui 

noJ.xQjlh, 

Ifae  Saion  Mood  o 

tin  acctpunct  ot  lb*  Rauin  turvjni  e: 

othcnriK  aJunt«fii|>Ut. 

Gemu  bid>  fnportant  evldenn  of  the  fadcpendcnce  of 
London  in  the  existmct  of  a  mvHhant  law  lAiich  vt>  eppOKd 
lo  Anflo-Saxon  lew.'  Me  nprinU  and  dlKksn  thb- 
*»*»y*  cdobnlnl  JWiria  CMulii  Undnm  of  King  *ifc*r- 
iViJiV  itui'*  reifn— "  the  oidinance  "  (ai  tl  Hcdne*  Jiulf) 
' "  lifych  Che  biilHip  ind  iHt  nev«  belonging  is  London 
haTe  onhined."  He  baldi'  iliai  the  Londonen  pastd  "  Ihefr 
own  law*  by  llielr  own  tilkeoi  kiiboiit  lefeRnce  to  the  ling 
M  all,"  and  in  Ibe  preient  caK  of  a  liing  whoicfonlmg  Is  Kemble 
"badtinlHlllieiRfluenceof  Ihe  crown  Loan  eltentunenniplwl 
ill  any  of  bli  predemjsott,"  He  adds:  "  What  llippened 
anerwardi  was  cvidcnOy  Ihii:  Ihat  the  code  pAiid  by  the 
Londonen  was  lenl  to  (belting  for  him  toexIenditsapfHication 
ttinmgbDut  the  kfirgdORi,  and  ibis  la  done  by  the  eJerenth 
eeclion."  The  view  originateil  by  Gentftit  eert^nJy  eiplaini 
Riany  dilKcullin  fn  the  history  ol  the  tiannlion  Irent  Roman 
10  Engllsb  Lcndon,  which  «B*e  bftheHo  b«n  ovMlonked  by 


refen 


:o  In  the  Saltn  diraniclt 
T  «  popnialion  ofheMbet 
'    '"Hiia  year  Anguiti 


^^SL.  "ns«rale!l  two  bishops:  Melliln  and  Justus.  He 
(h,^,.  sent  Mellilus  lo  pteafb  baptism  lo  itie  East  Saxoiis, 
whose  king  was  called  Sebeu,  son  ai  Ricak  tbe  lister 
of  Aibilbert,  and'  whom  £thidbcrt  had  ihm  ippeiniad  king. 
And  £tbeUcn  gave  MeUilua  a  bidiop't  n«  j^  ^g^lMf^  •'>d 


on  95J 

*JuMiu.lia  swe  Rocfaestei,  lAkk  M  tacnty-lMi.ibikb  Ina 
Caatacbuiy. "  The  ChrtMiaiuiy  of  (he  Londonen  ma  (d  an 
itisfactoiy  cbancler.  fas;  alio  tha  death  If  Bebcn,  hii  ion 
•en  IvatbeM  itinal  up  Ijit.  Aultittale  (a  (hive  out  their 
biUop.  MclliU*beciBieanhbiibct>D(-CuiterbuiV,andLondH> 
Tetipeed  iota  beaUMuiun-  In  tbia,  the  caiiicst  period  of  Sucn 
hBtoiy  recofded,  Ihete  if^iean  In  be  no  tdic  of  the  Christianily 
of  Ike  Britoaa,  -ahkb  it  one  time  wu  wed  in  evidtnie,  MibI 
befaise  of  ilu.tAtliedrai  which  we  may  anppoae  to  have  cxiirtij 
in  London  daring  Ihfl  later  Roman  period  we  Qnnot  lelJ,  but 
WD  may  'guea  titat  it  vaa  destroy^  by  liie  heMtheit  SaaonL 
fiede  ncwdi  that  ibc  chotch  of  St  Faai  wai  built  by  iCiheibert, 
and  (»B  Ihat  line  to  thiil  a  cBlhedr*)  diilicatHl  to  St  Paul  has 
stood  upoA  Ibe  bUI  looking  down  on  LndgaU. 

Afier  the  driving  oat  of  Udlllui  London  remained  vlthovt  ■ 
biahop  imlil  tbe.  ycai  656,  when  Cedda,  brolker  of  St  Chad  of 
Lidifrehli  >ar  invited  to  Londtai  by  Sigcbeti,  who  had  been 
convertedloChrutianLtyby  Finan^tkshopDf  thcrtonhumbriansj 
Ceddi  wu  oxmcratcd  bishop  of  the  EaM  Sauaa  by  Pinan  and 
held  the  see  liH  hn  dmb  an  tb«  itih  ofOctotKr  «u,:  Kb  nt 
succeeded  by  Whii,  bidnp  of  Winchatcr,  and  (ben  came 
nuold  (or  St  Eifcenwald);  wfiDse  >hrine  was  one  of  the  chief 
1  of  old  St  Pauri.  He  died  on  the  joth  ot  Apnl  6a),  • 
rhich  was  kept  in  nteinbry  in  Iris  cothcdiral  for  ceniuiiea' 
rclal  officn.  Tb*  List  of  bithopa  from  Cedda  (o  WilliaiH 
is  addressed  In  the  Conqumt's  Charter)  is  long,  and  each 
bishop  afqutenlty  hdd  a  pesiiion  of  great  in^itancc  fn  the 
government  of  lh«  oily. 

In  the  ;ik  ceaniry  th*  dtytceies  to  have  Killed  doiin  into 
1  prospcrois  place  and  to  have  been  peopled  by  merchants  of 

the  great  mart  of  davn.   11  was  in  Ihtlulttat  sense  a  JlII^J,,^ 

[he  kingdoms  around,  itihongh  the  most  powerful  of  the  king* 
conquered  their  Aftbier  nelghlwun.  During'  the  i\\\  eenlury, 
when  a  more  settled  eondilion  of  Nfr  beckme  possible,  Ihe  trado 
indcomniem  of  London  increased  in  vohin»  and  proepertty.  A' 
cbonge,  kvwevtr,  (ame  about  towards  the  end  o(  the  ecniury, 

harry  the  coasts.  The  Saionj  had  beeOnw  law-abiding,  and  the 
fierce  Danes  treated  them  in  the  same  way  as  in  former  days  they 
reiled  the  BMan*.  In  871  the  chronicler  aRHms  Ihat 
fought  nine  great  battles  against  tbe  Danes  in  thekingdom' 
south  of  the  Thimn,  and  that  the  West  Sanms  made  peace  with 
them.  In  the  nein  year  the  Danes  went  fnnn  Reading  10  Londoni' 
inA  there  took  up  Iheic  winter  qvarten.  Then  tbe  MeTcfang 
made  peace  with  thrin.  In  SK  Alfred  overcame  the'  Danes, 
restored  Lon4lon  to  its  inhabitant^  rebuilt  its  wills,  tenmeicd 
the  city  to  Mcrcia,  and  committed  It  'to  Bthelrca,  aWtnnm  ot' 
Mcrda.  then,  is  the  chronlctFr  writes,  "all  the  Angle  rate 
tuned  to  him  {Alfred}  that  wen  not  in  bondage  of  Ibe  Dihfsh' 
men."  In  896  the  Londoners  came  off  victorious  fn  their  en; 
counters  with  the  Danes.  The  king  Obstructed  the  river  so 
t^tl  the  enemy  could  not  brtng  up  their  ships,  and  iNey  (herefon 
iblndored  them.  The  Londoners  bnlke  up  some,  and  bronghl 
hesinmgesi  and  test  to  London.  InQii£thFlred,th(s1dataiaD' 
>l  the  MeiTlans,  who  had  been  traced  in  authority  by  Allred, died/ 
ind  Edward  the  Elder  t«A  possession  of  London  and  Oilord, 
'and  all  the  loTKh  whieh'thetelo  belonged." 

■htmn  we  find  the  eity  Increasfng  in  ifflportance 
ity.  There  Were  then  eight  mints  at  work, 
of  gnat  BCtlviiy  and  <he  need  of 
.  TTie  folk-moot  met  in  the  pre-' 
id  of  the  bell  of  the  fanioui  belK 
lien  the  »rmed  kvy  wis.requiiwi 
nner.  Far  some  yean  i^fler  th{t' 
dedrive  battle  of  Bniniribnih  (*.D.  937)  the  Danes  ceased'  Itf 
troubJe  (he  country.  Fire,  however,  was  almost  as '(res'  *i 
enemy  lo  London  as  the  Dane.  Pabyan  when  recording  the 
entire  destruction  ofl^ndon  by  Grein  the  reign  otjEtlldred(«Sr) 
makes  this  remarkable  statement—"  ye  shall  understand  that 
^■hdayithecytleof  londonhadtmnlioaiynieand  bujdding* 


ind  genera 


prospenty, 
eihfblts  e« 


Digilizcd  by  Google 


958 


d  TJijiipij  tomri  Wntai) 


d  lytcl  D 


the  tUcf  or  but  o(  the  dik  h  now,  octpt  (thit] 
woe  bonqrat,  bH  Ibey  Mod  inlbnU  aia." 

In  the  itipi  et  XthOrai  IL,  iBUBd  Iht  Unndy  (but  Dm* 
cariKlljr  Uie  RmMeb),  the  Dtoa  wtn  amc  noattul  in  thor 
spentioas  >cai«t  Loadon,  but  t)«  iBtadriusu  ntiued  wmtly. 
Snone  the  Icduida  tdh  in  thu  the  Dua  fonifHl  Smilhwirk 
with  ditch  mad  nmput,  vhkh  the  EngUih  nwikd  in  vtjn. 
In »Si  LondOB ou bunt, and  in  M4  OliEuidSiK]m{thc  hiker 
ol  Canute)  cam*  with  nincty-Ioiir  lUp*  to  boiege  it.   Tbcr  tiled 

thiD  tbey  "  ever  wececd."  The  dnaidir  ploiiBly  addi  that 
"  the  holy  Uotber  of  Cod  on  that  ^  na*iktted  bo  macy 
to  the  toinitnien,  ud  deliveted  then  (mm  their  loc*."  Hie 
DaAca  *ent  from  tite  town  and  ravafed  tht  nmi^Aivn4wwtA^  la 
that  in  tbc  end  the  king  and  Irii  nitan  a(nied  to  give  icileen 
thousand  pounds  to  be  relieved  ol  the  prcaoKB  of  the  enemy. 
Thii  vai  tbeorigiDof  Ibe  DanegdL  In  the  ynt  nog  the  Duet 
IiequeniJy  utmiied  Loadiiii.  but  Ihey  had  do  aucca*,  and  land 
Ul  in  Iheir  attempts.  The  Londonea  withatood  Sweyn  in  loij, 
but  in  the  end  they  tubmilUd  and  ^ve  him  boslaget.  Three 
yean  alter  ihii,  iEthelmt  died  In  LABdon,  and  weh  of  the  uriiin 
ai  Here  tb«e  and  the  lomunen  choie  Ediaund  Ironside  lot 
Iting.  although  the  witan  outside  London  had  elected  Canute. 
Canute's  ships  wen  then  at  Greenwich  on  their  way  to  Loadon. 
where  they  loan  ifiawuds  arrived.  The  Dane*  at  once  tet 
to  work  to  dig  a  great  ditch  by  Southwarh,  and  tllca  dragged  tbelr 
ships  through  to  the  west  side  ol  the  bridge.  They  <Rn  able  after 
this  to  keep  the  inhabitants  irom  giring  aithcr  In  0(  out  of  (he 
'le  of  all  this,  after  fighting  obaiinalely  both  by  bad 


idbyw 


le  theai 


vefOrvell.    Alter  a  glorious  reign  of  Kven 

monlhs  Edmund  died  in  London,  and  Canute  became  Busier 
al  England.  The  tribute  which  the  lovnsmeo  of  London  had 
to  pay  was  £io,soci,  about  one-Ievenlh  ol  the  anKHBt  which 
was  paid  by  all  the  rest  si  the  English  nation.  Thia  sbowt  the 
growing  importaoce  of  ih«  dly.  Fraio  this  lime  there  tppisra 
to  have  been  a  permanent  Daniih  settlenent  in  Londan,  probably 
Aidwich,  referred  to  below. 

There  is  little  more  to  be  said  ol  the  hbtory  of  Saun  Uwdon 
than  that  Edward  the  Confessor  held  hi*  Witanagenut  there. 
On  his  death  the  Witan  which  had  attended  his  luneial  elected 
to  succeed  him  Harald.  the  furenwet  man  in  England,  end  the 
leader  who  had  attempted  to  check  the  spread  of  the  Notmaa 
influence  fostered  by  the  Coofesur.  Alter  his  defeat  and  death 
on  the  hill  OB  the  Sussex  Downs  then  called  Senlac.  the  duke 
of  Normandy  had  the  country  al  his  mercy,  bat  be  iccogniied 
the  importance  ol  London's  posilioo,  and  moved  Ibtward  wilb 
the  greatest  cautloa  and  tact. 

Before  proceeding  with  the  history  ol  Londco  during  the 
Norman  period  il  is  necessary  to  say  something  of  the  oounties 
more  especially  connected  with  London. 

The  walled  city  of  London  wasa  distinct  political  unit,  ilibough 
it  owed  a  certain  allegiance  to  that  one  of  the  kingdoms  around 
it  which  was  the  most  powerful  for  the  time  being. 
^,„  This  alle^uce  therefore  Ireciuently  changed,  but 
r  IB  --  London  retained  its  ideniity  and  icdtviduatity  all 
through.  £sh:i  seems  uldotn  to  have  held  an  inde- 
pendent position,  for  when  London  £rst  appears  as  connected 
with  the  East  Saaona  the  real  power  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
king  of  Kenu  According  lo  Bede,  Wini,  being  expelled  from 
his  bishopric  of  Wessei  in  6is,  took  refuse  with  Wulfhere,  king 
of  the  Mercians,  ol  whom  he  purchased  the  see  of  L<mdon, 
flencc  the  Mercian  Ling  must  then  have  been  the  overlord  of 
London.  Not  many  years  afEerwards  the  king  of  Kent  again 
teems  to  have  held  some  jurisdiction  here.  From  the  Uws  of  the 
KentishUDpLbotbheieend  Eadiic  (fi;i-A8s)welesmthatthe 
Wic^ieeve  wst  an  officer  ol  the  king  ol  Kent,  who  eietcited  a 


.inted  U 


ratch  <r 


Middlesex  and  Surrey,  iiKticate  tMr  rdalrvC  poritteia 
to  tue  dty  and  Ihe  turrouiKlIng  coonty.  We  have  leiiliec 
ncocd  of  their  acctleneBi  nar  of  tb*  origlB  of  ibcli  nana. 
Both  mnt  have  heen  peopled  from  the  rfvir.  The  name  Middle 
Saioeia  plainly  then  that  Mtddlm  mvt  have  bem  settled 
after  th*  EaK  aod  Wat  Saxoaa  bad  ^na  their  nams  to  thefr 
lespecttm  diMicli.  Tbt  ntsne  SHTiy  ciBaily  lefefs  to  the 
■' of  the  w — 


(igoj)  gives  aa 


•It  a  kind  of  "  m  maa'a  lead  "  htvlaff 
Gonme  In  hi*  Gcmmamt  1/  Ltnim 
A  the  connexion  of  iMi  witb  (he  eld 
:h,  a  name  that  aurvived  in  Wych  Street,  aad 
bat  been  mivcd  by  the  London  County  COundl  in  Akheycb, 
the  creKeM  whldi  lead*  to  Klngtway. 

J.  JVsrBa«(i(M-iiM)-— Toietum  to  the  (OoditiaBaf  lUap 
tfiei  the  great  battle.  The  dtlaens  ol  London  were  a  dlvidiil 
body,  and  Duke  WOUara  kt»wii«  that  be  had  many 
friends  [a  Ibedly  taw  IhUasnJliBg  gtmc  mt  the  rTijiii- 
besl  for  hit  CWNC  Im  the  end.  Hm  defeated  chklt 
lelired  00  the  dly,  kd  by  A«tg(t  the  Staller,  oadw  wImmb  u 
'  -  -  lUicm  oi  LoHhn  had  HMdcd  tn  fi^  lot  Harold 
■WietadK -.        - 


.1  Senlac  Theydi 


nolEdmi 


hia  natunl  right."    0«  boufag  of  thb  action  Wlliaia  searched 
iikwards  Loiulon,  when  il       '  ' 
Thnr  were  repubed  by  tl 

the  dly  at  thai  time,  and  he  tetirtd  to 

reported  that  William  sent  a  private  B 

lor  his  support.    The  nault  was  that  Edgar  ai 

and  HorkeR  and  "  the  beat  m 

hampatead,  where  they  submitled  Ihiiimliii  tad  tawc  Imhy 

to  the  Cenquem. 

ThuscndstbeSaton  period,  and  the  Nonno  period  in  Lcadoa 
begins  with  lbs  submisalon  of  the  cituens  sa  diatinct  boD  the 
action  ol  the  rest  of  the  kingdom,  which  aabiniseiDa      _ 
rsulicdtooaaftetwanltiathtCanquttar^niHrfcaUe      2l2" 
charier  to  WiBiam  Ibe  bishop  and  Gedritb  the  pcet-     c^ 
reeve,  suppoaod  la  be  the  dder  CeoCrey  da  MandniUt. 


(ommaod  ol  the  dty.  The  Tbwce  was  silualed  U  the  ctstem 
hmit  ol  the  dty,  and  Mt  fu  fratn  the  weitcni  exIicBtily  Catle 
Baynard  was  Wit. 

The  position  ol  the  dly  pi 
suBeted  from  severe  laws  al 
thdi  liberties    In  August  loti  0 

one,  tayi  the  CkmuOt.  aa  " 


edifictt;  ibe  ordinary  it 
sinicium.  TlMWlAaTower,  thafanouskeepofllieToweiol 
London,  was  begim  by  Cundulpb,  bisbi^of  RocbcMce,  t-  loit. 
In  loSi  the  old  cathedra)  of  St  Faal^  w>*  bemn  en  Ibe  Btc  oi 

the  church  which  jEtbelben  it  nid  to  have 

four  years  aXlarsrards  the  chnnucki  laUs  us 

ol  St  Paul,  the  episcopal  tee  of  London,  wai  buisl,  and  muw 

other  moOBsteiies,  and  the  greatetttnJ  lajrettptrt  oltbewbok 


-cdbyGoOJjIc 


dty.'  tn  tkii  Maw  ymt  (tot))  MBbm  the  Catiqanot  dkd. 
In  lopo  >  IKnesdsui  hunictae  pUKd  ov«  London,  ind  I ' 
4on  n  budRd  hooMi  *ad  nuy  lAurebo.  The  Town 
In^Rd,  uh)  >  pvtiva  of  tlK  naf  al  the  cfauich  ol  Si  Uaiy-le- 
Bm,  Cht»fidf,  aru  cuikd  oS  and  kll  unie  duuna  «wmy, 
bdni  fbncd  inw  tk«  ipaund  u  nucb  u  »  f[.,  ■  proof  ol  ihc 
balnaw  of  (he  Ibono^iani  u  will  u  ■(  the  fom  ol  ibc  win). 
WiBiu  Kul(u  InborilEd  from  Iiii  fuhn  a  lovt  loi  biuldini, 
(ad  U  thg  year  1097  ba  cncud  luRC  nai  «1  moniy  hmn  hn 
nbfnta  witb  tbe  objact  of  canylni  on  waM  ol  i)m  indentlLiDV 
he  had  in  hand,  lliaae  wan  the  walUag  nusd  of  the  Tower 
aod  llw  refaoildiniE  of  Lmdon  Biidfe,  lihich  had  been  almoai 
deaUDyedby  a  Sood.  In  iioo  Kufua  vuihia,  and  Heary  1. 
n  tromcd  h  Londoa.  Thit  kiat  traainl  the  dtims  Ihejr 
fint  nal  chanei,  but  ibis  wu  conuintly  vioUicd.  When 
Stqihcn  Hdwd  ihe  (TOwn  as  (he  du(h  of  Htnry  I.,  be  (riid 
MKcaaafully  lo  ob(ain  (be  airport  of  (he  people  of  London. 
Ue  publubed  a  cbaiter  ooofinning  in  general  ((nn>  tfaa  one 
gnnted  by  Henty,  and  annaundbig  that  (be  good  lam  of 
Edwaid  (be  Confeaor  iboold  be  obeentd.  The  ciUaena,  how- 
em,  did  not  <^un  tbektJghUvilboatpayiBs  for  then,  and  hi 
iijg  tbey  paid  Stephen  one  Uudrcd  mufci  il  aHvar  (o  enable 
themlochoOHtheirownibetlflt.  In ibb Ri|D the aUi>owerial- 
ncMof  tbeLondooeiabbnnight  prombMnllyfonnnl.  Stephen 
bMUB*  by  (he  ahilting  lomine  of  war  a  prbonei',  and  Ibe  cmpreaa 
HatOdt  niglK,  if  iha  bad  had  (be  wiadoD  to  laVoBt  the  d(iiem, 
have  held  the  thrana,  vhidi  mi  hen  hr  iigh(  ol  iiinh.  She, 
iHnnevtt,  made  (bem  bci  enemiei  by  dillTcrini  up  the  oflkx 
Of  justiciary  ol  Londaa  and  the  theriffwick  to  her  partj&an 
ClcoKny,  eari  of  Euci.  and  attcmpling  to  rcdute  (be  dtiieiu 
to  the  enslaved  condition  ot  the  lot  of  the  roantry.  This  made 
her  influential  taemlEi,  who  bos  aflerwanh  R[ja(ed  Slrphcn 
upon  tlie  throne.  Tlie  Noiman  en  cloic*  with  Ihe  death  of 
Stephen  in  1154- 

One  of  the  noM  atrihhic  chanjei  In  (he  aiqieannn  of  Norman 
London  Wat  caaaed  far  the  lelniildinK  of  old  churcbB  and  Itie 
the  foundatkn  Of 
The  early  hlsloty 
of  great  diFlicuIly  and 
hea  mint  be  of  grlal 


building  at  at 
(heg 


he  parishes  of  London  J 
cotopleiity.  Although  ume  of  the 
antiquily.  we  have  little  aulhentic  Ir 
before  the  Conquest.  The  dedfcatioi 
tndica[e  Iheii  great  age,  bul  the  mnsiani  fim  In  London 
deatrayed  Ibese  buadings.  The  ori^nal  churrlifa  appear  (o  have 
been  very  inull.aimay  be  judged  fnmlheir  number.  Itiinol 
easy,  however,  (0  undontand  bow  it  wai  that  when  (be  first 
pirilhei  were  formed  so  anuD  an  area  was  attached  lo  each. 
The  parish  church  of  which  we  have  the  most  authentic  notice 
before  the  ConqiteH  Ii  St  Melen'a,  Bishopsgale.  Ic  wu  in 
existence  many  years  before  theprforyof  Ihe  nuns  of  St  Hden'a 
WIS  founded.  Bishop  Stubbs  in  his  Introduction  to  Ihe  Hisloilcil 
Woeks  of  Ralph  de  Diceto  writei:  "St  Paul'a  Hood  at  the 
bead  of  (he  religions  life  of  London,  and  by  its  sitle,  at  some 
contidenble  Interval,  however,  S(  Martin's  le  Grand  (iej6), 
St  BaitbohHnewl,  Snu'thScld  (11  ij)  and  the  great  and  anrlrnt 
hiundatfonDfT[inity,Aldgale"(iioa).  The  ureal  Benedictine 
monastery  of  Black  Monks  vis  ittuiicd  away  from 
***"  (he  city  at  Weatminsier,  and  It  was  the  only  monastic 
JJlJ*'  house  subjeel  lo  the  rule  of  St  Benedict  In  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  London,  although  the  bouses  of  nuns, 
of  which  there  were  many  dotted  over  the  suburbs  of  London, 
■ere  governed  by  thit  rule.  In  course  of  time  there  was  a  wide- 
spread desire  ia  Europe  for  a  stricter  rule  among  the  monks, 
and  rfformt  of  tbe  Benedictine  rule  were  Instituted  at  Ounl 
(«iol,  Cbanreuse  [about  1080)  and  Dteaui  (1091).  AH  these 
reToims  were  represented  in  London. 

OnMiiK  Oriif.— Thii  order  wai  first  hiought  to  England  by 
William,  earl  ol  Warien  (»ii.in.law  ol  Witliim  (he  ConoMror}.  who 
biritt  (be  first  house  n  Lewes  in  SitiKi  about  iott.  The  (Rivy  d 
BenBondsay  in  Sumy  was  (ouaded  by  Aylwin  CbiU.  (kiaea  d( 

CWilkuiaai.— When  thi<  onkr  Was  brouebi  to  En.lani  m  1178  the 
■ftl  hovsa  wat  loundad  at  WTtham  in  Somcan^gl^lB  alt  there 


H  "rt"! '■*  ^' 


n  of  (heir  own 

egftheoriciiKl 

mod  ol  LondoB. 

10  England  abnil  iii(  and  (be  firtt 


beiiK  wu  laundnl  at  Wavnley  in  S«rey.  Very  ahonly  alter  (aboit 
liM)  the  abbeyol  Stiwiord  Laapbacnebi  Eim  waa  loiBdid  hr 
WiSiain  de  Mon(tchcI.  who  endowed  >t  with  all  hit  fanfiUp  h  Wen 
Ham.    Il  wii  nM  until  two  nniuri«B[tcr«nla  (hat  the  Kcond 


IminiM.  Thit  was  (he  Abbey  o>  St  Mary  Cnces.  Easl-M 
New  Abbn  ■i(boai  the  wall)  of  London,  beyo^  Town  Hi 
Edwint  III.  iiutituted  in  imd  alter  a  severe  iciHicDe  of  pb 
•o-calM  Black  Dei(h). 


«  both  ^tlad  in 


cdba 


ipli™--(ollowed  the  Al._ 

™.   TVilowitalorPiHtyofStJohn 

•aa  founded  In  1  too  by  lonlin  Brisct  and  bit  wife  Muiid,  outside 
[he  Bonhem  wall  ol  Londan,  and  the  original  villige  of  Chrkenwell 
■RW  np  around  the  bulklingi  elf  the  knieliti.  A  few  yeum  after  thia 
Ok  Brethren  ol  (he  Tencje  of  Bolonian  at  jeniialem  or  Knighu  ol 
the  IkmplecaBie  into  being  at  the  Holy  City,  and  (hey  tenled  fait 
on  (he  loiith  side  ol  Holboni  scar  SouihamploB  Row.  They  rt- 
nwvedtoFleetStrectorthe New  Temple  ia  iifi*.  On  (he HiHire*- 
•ion  al  the  order  by  commtml  of  the  pope  the  hauH  in  Fleet  Street 
wat  given  in  1313  by  Edward  II.  to  Aymer  de  Valence,  eaH  of 
PewibrDkbalwhoRdHthln  I  tjl  the  pnnerty  passed  to  the  knights 
ol  St  John,  adio  bated  the  new  Tempki  tq  tbe  kwyes,  .till  tbe 

"ri^qu'een  ol  H^Jy  I.  (Matilda  or  Msodl  was  one  of  Ihe  chid 
fonndert  al  religiaiii  hoinci,  ind  to  great  was  the  Bumher  ol 

labuunn  bediiK  briclttayers  and  carpentera  and  tb«  waa  nwdi 

4.  PtanltffKti  (ii^^T^5).-~Ileniy  II.  appeati  to  have  btca 
10  a  ccnalfl  hIchI  prejudiced  igainit  tbe  dllaeni  of  London 
Ml  iccount  of  their  aitkude  towatdi  hit  mother,  and  m*. 
he  treated  them  with  some  severity.  In  1176  ths  m^tra^ 
rebuilding  ctf  London  Britlge  with  stone  was  begua  by  '■■■u^i 
Peter  rd  Coleehurch.  Tlib  was  (be  bridge  whltb  waa  JJJJTL 
puDeddowneailyinlhe  iQlhctntur?.  It  coniitled o( 
(wen(y  sIoDa  arcbel  and  a  drcwbiidge.  There  was  a  gatehouie 
a(  each  end  and  I  cbapet  or  ciypl  in  the  centre,  dedicated  to  St 
ThamitDf  Canterbuiy.  in  which  Peter  o4  Coleehurch  was  buried 
In  1105.  Tbe  birge  amount  ol  huUdmg  at  Ihh  lime  provet  thU 
(hed(iien)  wenweatthy.  FitiHei^Kn.thenKHikof  Canterbury, 
haileft  ut  tbe  £rit  picture  of  London.  He  speaks  of  itt  wealth, 
coniBem,  grandeur  and  magniticence — al  the  mlldnesa  of  (he 
climate,  the  beauiy  nf  the  gardens,  Ihc  tweet,  tfeir  and  salubrioDa 
springs,  Ihe  Bowing  tlreimt.  and  (he  pleasant  dack  of  (he 
watermUll.  Even  the  vast  forest  of  Middtesei,  with  i(a  denaelji 
wooded  thickets.  Its  coverts  of  game,  stags,  fallow  deer,  boait 
and  wild  bulls  il  pressed  into  the  description  to  give  a  con(nit 
which  shall  enhance  tbe  beauty  Of  the  dly  tlsdf.  Fitiatephea 
tcUt  how,  when  the  great  marsh  (hat  washed  the  walb  of  the 
dty  OB  the  north  (Moorfields)  was  froien  over,  Ihe  youni  men 
wenl  nit  to  slide  and  ska(e  and  sport  on  Ihe  ice.    Skates  otade 


IS  not  again  prevalent  until  it 


,     p  in 

was  introduced   from    Holland : 

In  spite  af  Fiiiiiepben't  glowing  description  we  must  remembei 
that  the  houses  of  London  were  whoHy  bu9l  of  wood  and  thatched 
with  sliaw  or  reeds.  These  bouses  were  spMially  liable  to  be 
destroyed  by  fir^  and  in  order  to  save  the  dty  from  this  Imminent 
danger  the  iintous  AiKiise  oC  Buildiag  known  as  "  FiU.Atlsfyne^ 
Assiie  "  was  dtaim  up  in  i  (84.  In  (hit  document  the  foUowinf 
statement  was  made:  "  Many  cfli«nt,  to  avoid  inch  danger, 
built  according  to  their  meant,  on  their  ground,  a  itone  bouw 
covered  imd  prelected  by  Ibick  (Be*  againsl  the  fiay  of  fire, 
whereby  it  often  happened  that  when  a  fire  aroae  in  the  dly 
and  burnt  many  edifices  and  had  reaclied  such  a  house,  not  bcinf 
able  to  injure  il,  it  then  became  uitingultbed,  10  that  many 
neighbours'  homes  were  wholly  saved  from  fire  by  that  boBlE." 

Various  ptivileiet  were  conceded  to  theae  who  buHt  in  stone. 


Digilizcd  by  Google 


q^O 


Rnlbg  IcncmCnti.  Thb  Amitt,  whkta  hu  Ucn  dKribed  u  the 
orlKst  Sngiish  Building  All.  h  of  Jreil  -viiue  Iram  in  hiMorical 
point  oj  vi«w»  but  upfoRunitdy  it  had  little  pnicUcaJ  eO'ecl, 
and  in  mi  whu  was  calltd  "  Fiti-Ailwynt's  Second  Aisiic," 
•nib  ccftain  compulsory  regulitions,  tni  enacted,  Tbenceforlli 
everyone  wlio  built  a  hou«  wai  stiicllj'  charged  not  to  cov«  it 
Hilh  leedi,  rushes,  stubble  oi  slraw,  but  only  with  tilct,  shin^ 
boaidt  or  lead.  In  lulure,  in  ordei  to  step  a  fire.  houKS  CDukI 
be  pulled  down  incase  of  peed  with  an  alderman '■  hook  and  cord. 
For  the  speedy  Rmrml  of  burning  bouses  each  ^atd  tras  to 
provide  a  ^long  iron  book»  wit^  a  wooden  handle,  two  chains 
And  two  strong  cords,  which  weie  to  be  left  in  the  charge  of  the 
bcdd  of  the  wsid,  who  ■«•  alsv  ptovided  irilfa  a  good  bom, 
"loudly  Knndlng," 

Ricbaid  I.  wts  a  popular  king,  but  hfs  Eghling  in  the  Holy 
lAod  cost  hk  subjects  much.  London  had  to  pay  heavily 
towards  his  ruisoiD:  and,  when  the  kjng  mads  his  liiumpbal 
entry  into  London  after  his  release  from  impriunment ,  a  Getmon 
nobleman  Is  said  to  have  lenmrked  that  hadihe  empEror  known 
oi  the  wealth  of  England  he  would  have  inutlcd  on  a  larger  sum. 
The  LoDdofters  were  the  more  glad  la  wekome  Richard  back  in 
that  rbe  head  of  the  regency,  Longchamp,  bishop  of  Ely,  «as 
.very  unpopular  tram  the  encroachmeou  he  made  upon  the  city 
with  his  work,  at  Lba  Tower. 

Thi first  charier  bywhich  Ihedty  ckiml (be jurisdiction  and 
eonserrancy  of  the  river  Thame*  mi  (nnted  by  Kichird  I. 
John  granted  several  charters  U  the  city,  and  it  was  eipretsly 
Elipitbtcd  inMagoa  Chartathat  the  city  of  London  should  have 
oil  its  ancient  privileges  and  free  customs.  The  dliaens  opposed 
the  khig  during  the  wan  of  the  barons.  In  the  year  iitj  the 
barons  havCng  received  inleliigence  secretly  that  they  might 
cnltr  London  with  eitt  ihtouth  Aldgate,  whidi  was  ilkCn  is  a 
very  ruinous  slate,  removed  thdr  camp  from  Badfovd  to  Ware, 
and  shortly  alter  marched  iulo  the  city  in  the  ni^t^liiriB.  Having 
4UCCB«ded  in  their  objeti.  they  deicimioed  that  so  ' 


LONDON 

TbJoidle* 


a  defiflCtkM  wndiiiaii 
id  robbed  the 


The, 


ould  no  I 
lh«t(ore  spoiled  the  religious  ho 

coffers  in  order  to  have  means  wberawitn  u  relHUId  il.  Mucn  M 
the  Bauiial  was  obtained  from  the  dstcDrcd  bousca  of  Ihc 
unlortunale  Jews,  but  the  clone  for  Lbe  bulwarks  ma  obtained 
Irom  Cuen,  and  the  small  bridu  or  tile*  from  naaders. 

Allusion  has  already  been  nude  to  the  great  chinge  ia  the 
as^^ect  o[  London  and  its  surroundings  made  during  ibc  Nonnaa 
period  by  the  eslablisbment  of  a  large  numbcf  of  monasteries. 
Asliil  iDOreitnpDrtanlchangBlDibetoeficuntiaaaf  theioteiier 
ol  LoDdoi  WM  nude  in  the  ijLh  coniury,  when  the  vuious 
orders  cd  the  [riars  established  themselvn  Iherc.  The  Bene- 
dictine molks  preferred  lecluded  sites;  the  AulusLInlans  did 
tiet  cullivile  MCluston  so  UriOty;  but  tbe  trian  chow  ihr 
jnlerior  of  iowbb  by  preference.  M  the  beginning  of  the  ijlh 
ceatury  tbe  remarkable  evangelical  revival,  instituted  ainwat 
simakaiieciusly  by  St  Doninic  and    St  Fnncis,  swcfil  over 


Edwanll. 
Bcwlcs  (he  loer  thid  wIe 

Jr^,iDihcpui|h.(<Si  0U< 


:  first  ouuide  AUngite  iaboutIiW)a>d  alter 


The  nalnca  of  pUcia  in  Loodsa  Ioik  (nluUe  rHwda  of  the 
habiuilons  ol  dificnnt.  claisai  oi  tbs  pnpuhtjoa.  Tbe  bmi- 
aiieiie*  and  (riuiis  are  tapt  in  mtmory  try  tliiir  kanea  in  vaiiova 
puru  ol  Landau.  In  the  same  w^  ibc  riiMFewi  of  (be  Java 
hav*  been  marked.'  When  Edward  I.  tap^kA  the  Jen  inm 
Ei«bud  in  i>9o  the  dbLficl  la  vhiil  Uuy  had  Sved  siact 
"■■■■       -     "  .-  .      - ■- called  the  Old  Jewry. 

tetlMin.ibe  wigUaurtwodoliAUgateaBd  AldBigate.  TlieM 
is  a  lemiadet  ol  tbm  in  tlia  name*  et  Jewry  Stnet  scar  the 
fomer  and  of  Jtwin  Street  Mar  the  latter  place  jewin  Stctct 
vat  built  on  tbe  til*  ol  tbe  buryiac-place  ol  tbe  Jews  beioic  the 
ei^nlsioo. 

latlte  middle  ages  tbneinutcMalanttwccesaion.o[p«|nn(t. 
procestloM  and  wuutmenit.  The  nyal  pmcestians  anuigcd 
Incooneiion  wlthcocapallons  wcsooi  great  antlquily,  f^mg^gg^ 
bulontd  the  earliot  to  be  desoibed  ii  thai  of  Hairy 
lU.  in  1136,  wWch  nt  chronicled  by  y«llb«r  Paria.  Alter 
the  marriage  at  auUi)iaf)'  of  th«  klDg  with  EleaAoc  ai  Provence 
the  royal  penoitagcs  caiae  to, London,  and  wen  dM  by  the 
DMyw,  alderaen  and  ptinclpal  dliten*  to  (he  nuiibtT  of  jte. 
auaipluaiitly  iKntelM  In  ^en  robe*  embroidettd,  riding  upon 
stately hor«es.  Aliertlwdsallisf  Hauy  UL  (ms)  IhscouHir 
had  to  wall  for  thdr  new  ki«  irha  was  diea  in  tbe  Holy  Land. 
Edward  1.  cainBle  LoodDo  on  tbe  lod  of  AuguU  itT4.whahc 
was  rccavgd  with  the  wiMcsc  eaprestions  of  joy.  The  sUceu 
were  hung  with  rich  ckiths  of  silk  arras  and  lapcsUy;  tbe 
aldermen  and  prindpal  men  of  the  dly  thRw  eat  of  ibeir 
windowa  handsful  of  gold  and  tUvet,  to  aigaily  ibeir  gh-l — r 
at  the  king's  leUiin;  and  tbt  ooaduits  nn  with  mae,  both 

Dr  JcsBopp  ^vcs  a  vivid  picture  of  what  accuncd  when 
King  Edwud  lU.  wteiBd  London  in  tdumph  on  the  r^  of 
OttoberiMI-  He  was  the  fonowel  nan  is  Eun«e,  and  CutiUnd 
had  rtachtd  a  height  of  p^wer  and  glory  MKb  u  tbe  had  never 
atuined  before.  Tea  yean  after  this,  one  of  ihe  most  famoiB 
scenes  in  the  stieelsol  London  occuired,  when  Edward  tbt  Blact 
Prince  brought  the  French  King  John  and  other  j>iJsoiien  alter 
the  bailie  of  Poitiers  to  Hogland.    This  wis  a  sceoe  unequalled 

1415,  The  mayor  and  aldermen  apparelled  in  orient-grained 
scarlet,  and  four  hundred  commooen  in  murrey,  well  mounted, 

the  enlrana  la  London  BrUlge  the  towers  were  adorned  wilh 
banners  of  the  royal  arms,  and  in  the  front  of  Ihem  was  inscribed 
Ciriias  Xifit  Jutticie, 

During  the  troubles  of  the  ijlb  cxntury  the  authorities  hsd 
seen  Ihe  necessity  of  paying  swri  atlenlion  to  tbe  security  ol  the 
gales  and  walls  of  the  dly,  and  when  Tboma*  K'evill;  son  ol 
William,  Lord  Fauconberg,  made  his  attack  upon  London  in 
147]  he  experienced  a  spirited  resistance.  He  first  attempted  to 
land  from  his  ships  in  the  city,  but  the  Thames  side  from 
Baynard's  Castle'  to  the  Tower  was  h  well  fortified  that  be  had  10 
seek  a  quieter  and  leas  preftared  po:JtiDn.  Ue  then  set  upon  tbe 
several  gales  in  succession,  and  was  repulsed  at  all.  On  the  nth 
of  May  he  made  a  desperate  attack  up*n  Aldgale,  fallowed  by 
joomen.  He  won  the  bulwarksandsomeelhit  foDoweiieatefad 
into  Ihe  cily,  but  the  portcullis  bdng  let  down  Ihese.were  cot  <M 
from  their  own  party  and  were  slain  by  Ihe  enemy.  The  potl- 
cullis  wu  drawn  up,  and  the  besieged  issued  forth  apiinst  lbe 
rebels,  who  were  soon  toiced  to  flee. 

When  Richard,  duke  of  Cloucoter.  laid  his  plans  lot  seising 
the  crown,  he  obtained  the  countenance  oi  the  lord  mayor,  Sr 
tdniundShaw,wbiisebrotherDr  Shaw  praised Richardat Pad's 
Cross.  Crosby  Hall,  in  Bishopsgale  Sired,  then  laldy  built,  wit 
made  the  lodglngol  the  PnilcctDt.  There  he  acted  lbe  acccttibk 
prince  in  the  eyes  of  the  people,  for  the  W  ol  Iht  Plantagenets 
was  another  of  the  usurpen  wbo  bund  ftvour  inibeeycad  the 
men  of  London.  Hit  day,  however,  was  ibon,  md  with  lb* 
battle  ol  BaswDrtb'.'end*  PbntaaeiKt  LondoDt 


d  by  Google 


tllSTOR^ 


LONDON 


961 


S.  rorfor  {H9s-i903).—tt  VM  dvifng  tU>  period  *bu  tU 
fint  mapt  of  London  vrere  drawn.    No  repiwnlatioD  of  Utc 

^^ dly  tirfier  IhUi  Ihe  friddle  of  tit  iMh  cerrtofy  hu 

2'JJ,J^  b«ndbttivCT(d,BlIlioughlHmimW)wili»npwlnlita 
thai  toirtr  plans  niBl  have  bco  pfoduod  ai  u 
culiec  peifod.'  The  arliot  lino*ti  vkw  li  ihc  dnwhit  ol 
Van  den  WyngaCrde  1p  Ihe  Bodleian  Libnry  (dil^  isso> 
Braun  and  Hogmbng'i  map  was  puWithed  in  ijii-tsTj,  and 
(he  Knalled  Agas's  map  mis  probaWj'  producrd  loon  af  [erwuda, 
and  was  duubtleu  influenced  by  the  publication  of  Bnun  and 
Hogenben"!  eiceltenl  engraving;  Noiden'i  maps  of  London 
and  Weitoifraler  are  dated  155).  Some  of  IbcM  mapt  were 
pasted  upon  mils,  and  must  Inve  been  tai^ly  deitniyed  by 
ordlntiy  wear  and  lesc.  It  (9  curioni  thai  the  only  two  eiJslInt 
copie)  of  Agai'a  map'  were  publiiTied  in  Ibc  iiign  «(  Jamei  I., 
although  apparently  they  hid  not  been  alleied  from  the  earlier 
edition!  of  Eliiabctb'a  reign  which  have  been  )ort.  By  Iha 
hrlp  of  lh«c  maps  we  aie  able  to  obtain  a  dear  nbtbB  of  the 
eiiem  and  chief  chatacleriKiei  of  Tudot  London.  Henty  VU. 
did  little  to  connect  his  nsnc  Hitb  Ihe  history  of  London, 
although  the  erection  ot  the  eiquiiitt  specimen  of  florid  Gothic 
al  Westminster  Abbey  has  carried  his  memory  down  in  lis 
popular  name  of  Henry  VII.'s  chapel.  Soon  afler  this  king  ob- 
tained (be  throne  be  borrowed  the  sum  of  jooo  marks  from  the 
city,  and  moreover  fotinded  the  excetlent  precedent  of  repaying 
ft  It  the  apptrinted  lime.  The  dtiieni  were  so  pleased  at  this 
unexpected  occurrence  thai  they  willingly  lent  the  Ung  £6000 
hi  14H,  which  he  required  for  military  prepintions  against 
France.  In  1497  London  was  Ihtealcned  by  the  rebels  favoor- 
tblt  to  FcrUn  Warbtck,  who  encamped  on  Blacliheaih  on 
the  r7th  of  June.  At  first  there  was  j  panic  among  the  ellliens, 
but  subsequently  the  city  WIS  pl»ced  in  a  proper  Male  of  defence, 
and  the  king  himself  encamped  in  St  George's  Fields.  On  June 
n  he  entirely  routed  Ihe  rebeU;  and  some  time  afterwards 
Perkin  Warbeck  gave  himself  up,  and  was  conducted  in  triumph 
(htough  London  to  the  Tower. 

Al  tb«  chief  feiture  of  Norman  'London  was  the  foundation 
Of  morusterin,  and  that  of  Flantagenet  London  was  the  eitab- 
,^  „,,  liihment  ol  friaries,  to  Tudor  London  wis  specially 
:Icrflcdby  the  "  "       '   -     -  » 


religiou' 


aTmc 


irolheihoods.  When  wo  remember 
that  more  th>n  half  of  the  area  of  London  was  occupied  by 
these  eslablithmenis,  and  that  about  a  third  ot  the  ttihabitanti 
were  monks,  nuns  and  frliis,  it  is  easy  to  ima^ne  how  grot 
must  have  been  the  disorganization  citaed  by  this  root  and 
branch  reform.  One  ol  the  earliest  of  the  religious  houses  to  be 
suppressed  was  the  hospital  it  St  Thomas  of  Aeon  (or  Acre} 
on  Ibe  north  side  of  Cheapsidc,  the  site  ot  which  it  now 
occupied  by  Mercen'  Hall.  The  larger  houses  soop  fotlDWed, 
and  the  Black,  the  Whi'e  and  the  Grey  Friars,  with  the 
Cartbusiani  u>d  many  others,  were  all  condemned  in  Novembet 
15)8. 

Love  of  ittow  wu  to  marked  a  chincterisllc  ot  Henr7  VIIl. 
that  we  are  not  surprised  lD£nd  him  encouraging  the  chirens 
in  the  tame  eipensive  taste.  On  the  occasion  ol  his  marriage 
with  Catherine  ot  Artgon  the  city  was  gorgeously  ornamented 
with  rich  silks  and  tapestry,  and  Goldsmiths'  Row  (Cheapiide) 
and  part  ot  Cotnhlll  were  hung  with  golden  brocades.  When 
on  the  eve  of  St  John's  Day,  ijio,  the  king  in  the  habit  ol  a 
yeoman  ol  his  own  guard  taur  the  famous  inarch  ol  the  city 
waich.  he  was  so  delighted  that  on  (he  following  Sl  Peter's  Eve 
he  again  attended  In  (Theapilde  to  see  the  march,  but  this  time 
he  was  accompanied  by  (he  queen  and  (he  principal  nobility. 
The  coit  ol  these  two  marches  in  (be  year  was  very  considerable, 
tnd|  having  been  suspended  in  157?  on  account  of  the  preval- 

>"A  map  of  Londw  enfmred  cm  copper-plate,  dated  1407." 
which  was  bouehl  by  Ftldrund  Columbu.  durinl  1.1.  Irav^i  in 
£iiH>pe  about  IJIS-IU},  >■  entered  in  the  cauloaui  ol  FtTdinand'i 
bDofct.  raajK  Sc,  made  by  himKlf  ind  preiervcd  in  the  Cathednl 
LibfVY  at  Seville,  '■■-  -■■ —  ■ ' ■ 


•One  is  

Fepyaiaa  maps  ifl 


B  iftanrank  Jn> 


eaCe  of  thi  vnUkt  Mi>M,  di  . 

bMdrn'by  the  Uagr  and  dKontiBwd  dtring  il: 

Ua  reign.    Ki  Johp- Greabui.  naypti  in  1J48,  levivea  |1k  maiifl 

ti  (he  diy  watdch.  whicli  ww  amde  toQia  spkndid  by  ilu  additioit 

of  three  faundrid  li|^  boneaen  i»ilt*  by  the  dtiaen*  lor  the 

kiasWBeiVic& 

The  beat  iBDda  ti  uliliaiBg  the  buildinga  of  Ibc  (upprescd 
religioui  houses  was  a  difficult  question  left  untold  by  Henry 
VIIL  That  king.  sbnllyMfore  hit  dealb.iefauBdedlUheie's 
St  Banhotomrw's  Hoapita],  "ibr  ibe  continual  relief  and  help 
altiihuitdredtan«Hldi](aaed,"b"it9io>  o(  the  laige  buildinga 
•en  Mt  oiUKnpiBd  to  bt  filled  by  hit  micccsor.  The  6iu 
puUnneM  at  Sdwiid'*  telgn  gave  d  Ibe  bads  and  poaaeniant 
ol  coUeges,  chaMrte^-  be.,  la  the  Uifc  ohen  the  diHettnt  cast- 
pania  of  London  ledeened  those  which  ibey  bad  bclcl  for  Iht 
payment  of  pifcsli'  »a^,  obits  and  Ug his  bL  the  price  ot  £10,000, 
and  applied  the  nou  uislng  from  thetn  to  charitable  putpiaet. 
In  ijjo  the  cititeBt  putthased  the  nanor  of  Swihvurk,  and 
with  it  they  became  paamutd  ol  the  monsaigy  ol  Bi  Tbomu, 
which  WBi  ndarged  and  prepand  for  tile  lecepticti  9i  "  p*o*i 
•Ick  and  betplesa  td^ects."  Thus  was  leloundcd  St  Tbamas't 
Has[UlBl,  which  waa  mowd  (o  Lanhelh  in  itjo-I^I.  Sbonlf 
before  Ms  dcadi  Edward  founded  Christ's  Hartal  in  (be  Grey 
Frian^  and  gave  the  old  palace  ol  Bridevdl  lo  the  dty  "  loi 
the  lodging  oljnorwaylaiingpeoiJe,  the  con«cliDnof  vagabond! 
and  disorderly  persons,  and  (or  finding  theoiwoih."  On  the 
death  of  Edward  VI.  Lady  Jane  Grey  was  rettived  at  th<  Town 
M  queen,  she  having  gone  there  by  water  from  Durham  House 
in  the  Strand.  The  dtiiens,  however,  soon  found  out  theit 
mistake,  and  the  lord  mayor,  aldermen  and  recorder  proclaimed 
Queen  Mary  It  Cheapsidc.  London  was  then  gay  with  pagcinli, 
bul  when  the  queen  made  known  ber  iiUentian  ol  marrying 
Philip  of  Spain  the  discollcnt  ot  the  coumiy  found  vent  in  the 
rising  of  Sir  Tbomat  Wyit,  and  the  dty  kid  to  prepaa  ittelf 
against  attack.  WyM  took  pastntlon  of  Southwark,  and  ex- 
pected to  hive  been  admitted  into  London;  but  finding  ih« 
gates  shut  against  hhn  and  the  drawbridge  cut  down  be  marcbcd 
to  Kingston,  the  bridge  at  which  place  bed  been  deatroynL 
This  he  trttoied,  and  then  piocreded  towards  London.  In 
consequence  of  the  breakdown  o(  some  of  his  guns  he  Im- 
pnidcnlty  baited  at  Tumbam  Green.  Had  he  not  done  to  it 
ii  probable  that  he  might  have  obtained  posaesaioD  oi  the  city. 
He  planted  hfi  ordnance  on  Hiy  Hill,  and  (hen  marched  by 
S(  James's  Palace  lo  Charing  Crosa.  Jiete  ba  wit  attacked 
by  Sir  John  Gage  with  a  thousand  men,  bat  he  tepulted  ikem 
and  reached  Ludgate  wllhoot  further  oppnitioo.  He  «B* 
dlsippcnnied  at  the  resatance  which  was  nide,  and  aliei  muting 
a  while  "  upon  a  aiall  over  agonal  the  Bel  Sivadge  Gale  f 
he  turned  back.  His  retreat  waa  cut  ofl,  and  be  luriendved 
to  Sir  Maurice  Berkeley.  We  have  aotaewhai  fully  described 
iMt  hitliH^cal  inddent  here  because  it  hat  an  inponaBt  bearing 
on  the  history  of  London,  and  shOvt  also  the  amaU  importance 
ol  the  districts  ouuide  the  walls  at  that  period. 

We  now  come  t>  consider  the  appeaiance  o(  London  during 
the  rdgn  of  the  but  ol  the  Tudan.    At  no  other  period  were  m 
many  great  men  asaodaled .  with  iti  history;  the. 
latter  yean  ot  Ettnbetb'i  leiga  are  specially  latereit-       t„^^ 


10  Us  play*. 


aust  It  W 
in  London,  and  Intraduced  It*  ttreeta  and  pc«ple  I 
In  these  dayk  (he  frequent  viiiiaiiai  of  pliguei  ,Biads  men 
Fear  the  galhering  together  of  muliiiudn.  Thisdtctdaf  petlil- 
•nce,  united  with  ■  puiitanic  hatred  of  i^yt,  made  the  dtiMnt 
lo  all  they  could  to  dlieauntenince  thnttical  rDtertaimneBI*. 
The  queen  acknowledged  the  validity  of  the  fim  rcuoa,  bu^  the 
repudiated  the  rcKglaDt  objection  provided  oidinaiy  care  waa 
taken  10  allow  "  lurti  plays  only  as  mte  lilted  lo  yield  boneit 
reereation  and  no  example  of  evil."  On  April  11, 15B1,  Ibe  kxih 
of  the  coundl  ilrote  (othe  lord  nuyartD  the  eJlecl  tha1.Bs"her 
Majesty  sometiraes  look  dalighi  in  thoso  tsttines,  it  bad  been 
thoDf  M'  not  aofii,  hiviac  regard  to  the  season  of  the  year  and 
the  dcarann  o(  the  dty  Irora  infection,  to  aUow  of  certain 
of  playen  tti  London,  partiy  (bat  (bej  mlgbt  Ihnaby 


961 


■tula ., , 

MmjcMy"  (AoalyUal  lodn  u  the 
tbeiuia  «nc  tMaUbbed  tkt  lord  tatyor  taok  on  thtt  Ukt 
■batdd  not  be  bdit  wilMn  Ike  dly.  The  ■■  IVun  "  and  the 
-Cinlali"  were  litwABd  at  Shondlich;  ihe  "  fflobe,"  the 
"  Swu,"  the  "  Roe  "  ud  the  "  Hope  "  on  [be  Buksde  ; 
ud  (iH  Bkckfikn  (kauie,  ahtM^  wkhin  tbi  nlh.  m 
VTttout  Ibe  dt)F  )iulHikth>B. 

bi  1 56  r  St  Pud')  Mupit  and  roof  trtn  deMn»rHl  bj  lithtalng, 
ud  the  ipin  m  never  rtptaod.  Tfab  dmumuace  eBo** 
w  Is  KU  the  dtte  of  certaia  vlen;  tbia  Wyoftefde'*  m>i> 
bu  tbe  ipin,  bat  Afu^  mip  h  wiikcM  It.  la  ijW  Ibe  Snl 
■tme  wu  kid  o(  the  "  Bine,''  wUcfa  owed  iU  erifiB  lo  Sir 
Tbomi*  Crahun.  In  15J1  Queen  Flinhnh  rhinfrrt  ill  name 
la  the  Royal  Exchanft.  Tbe  Sliud  na  Ukd  dilli  aofale 
iBiMhHM  waibcd  by  the  aalen  of  Ibe  Thamet,  but  the  Unci, 

H  Mrtel  It  could  be  called,  m  Utile 

doner*  IrNtoeitted  the  rf*er,  wbMi 
The  bulie  WCTC  cnwded  vllh  nab*  li 
ol  that  day  aaiwered  to  Ihe  chairmen  of  a  lata  date  and  Ihe 
cabmn  al  In-day.    The  BanUde  vai  of  old  a  favourite 
'  IT  ealcrtalBOMBU,  but    t«t>  ody — the  bull-baitinf  an 
'  '        IP  wai 

K  garden*  o[ 


'iatiaMdtGe  aBmple  nl  t&  counlmTanii 

tbemaelvn  OMntry  rbidenna  in  Hiddinn,  Ehcx  and 
h..  „.  b.^  (m  Nodea  that  Ahleman  Ree  lived  " 
kaov  that  Sir  Tboaai  Cretham  bnih  a  li 
aa  (00  pManao  a  Maiuilul  paili  at  OMcriey.   The 

di  that  imaiueKiiiKvhaltKeuiiitu  line,  but  ■ , 

freaily  attend.    St  Giki'i  m  limDy  ■  village  in  the  fwMi 

-"" 12^°    ■'     ■■ 


acbooBuniB  were  bcfUB  in  itiif  and  !b  tb*  tat  year  StUm 
dkd. 

With  the  death  of  Jamei  I.  in  i6ij  the  older  hiuoiy  ni  Londoa 
■nay  be  eaid  to  have  doacd.  Duiins  the  reifn  ol  U*  mt  •  1  mil 
the  (real  chanie  in  Ibe  nlative  fnaitiona  ol  Lutdon 
vitUB  and  without  the  walia  had  lat  in.  Belon  ***"^ 
(ouif  on  to  comidee  the  chic!  incidenla  «l  iliii  chan^  k  will 
ha  well  to  refer  tn  hok  leaUD**  ol  the  locial  life  ei  Jtaa'i 
rciiB.    Bea  Jonaonpkccaoneaf  lbe*ceM>(iJ£Hy  ifgauMi 

"        e  theplay 

'   D  walk*. 


a^y' 


»  Hal,  aad 

t  ilv  mvcFi  ihal 

Uabridi^"  Cmat  Ci^^ilea  an'o^  Md  or  ^fdni]~uid  Ukottr 
FvUiGnniaa  land.  Mucufieldt  wu  dnincd  and  laid  out  in  wiIIh  in 
Eliiabech'a  reifa.  At  SpitillMde  crnwdi  uicd  id  ciinp*(aic  mi 
EtHV  Monday  and  Tutiday  id  fatar  ibe  Spital  innKinipiTachcd 
Irem the poMt eraa.  The(noi>dn>Dri^n^aRoBiaDCeiaMc(y. 
aBdaboatlLeHar  IJTdbrielumRlarHly  madafnm  ihe  clayey 
avtii,  (be  mBOKiion  of  which  h  ken  aHve  ia  the  ame  ol  Biick 
Laaa.  CiiUeni  wta  to  Holbon  and  Bloomiboiy  fcr  chanfe  ol  air. 
and  bouiB  wen  there  prejiand  lor  the  reception  el  childm,  invarldi 
and  CDOvahenaia  In  the  north  wen  fpriidded  the  ouUyin  villain 
ol  Idinfton.  HoxtoB  and  OerkenwelL 

(,  SiHOri  lieoj-ijif). — The  Stuart  period,  boa  tbe 
oljaitittl.to  Ibe  death  of  Queen  Anne,  eilcnde  over  li 
than  a  century,  and  yet  Ercatei  cbangn  occurred  duiini  tboec 
yean  than  al  any  prcvlouj  period.  Tbc  early  ycai*  of  Siuan 
London  may  be  laid  to  ba  closely  linked  with  the  tail  yean  ol 
Eliiabeihu  London,  for  Ihe  srealat  men,  luch  aa  Raleigh, 
Shake^ieare  and  Ben  Jooton,  lived  on  into  Jaina'i  ceigD. 
Much  ol  the  lile  of  Ihe  time  waa  then  in  ihe  City,  but  the  lait 
yean  of  Stuart  London  lake  lu  to  the  itth  century,  ttbeo  •ocial 
Hie  had  permanently  ihilted  In  the  otat  end.  In  Ihe  middle 
of  the  period  occurred  the  dvil  ware,  and  tben  tbe  lire  which 
chuiged  tbe  whole  alpccl  of  London.  When  Jamc*  came  to 
the  throne  the  inn  nbutbs  had  a  bad  name,  u  all  iluie  dit- 
reputable  pertoni  who  could  find  no  ibelier  in  the  ciiy  iueil 
aeiiled  in  iheie  ouiIylBf  diHricU.  Stubb*  denounced  lubuiban 
gardens  and  gulden  bouiea  in  hit  >  uleMy  tf  AInaii,  and  anoLher 
viiier ohutvcd  "how  hippy  weiedlit*  if  they  hid  no  lubtiibi." 

Tbe  pnpanlien*  for  the  coronalion  irf  Kiog  Jamei  were 
inldnipled  by  a  levere  viiilalion  ol  the  pUguc,  vhich  killed 
oS  aa  many  u  30.j7g  pgnoni,  and  it  wu  oot  liU  March  ts.  1^14, 
dial  the  king,  ibc  queen  and  Prince  Henry  paued  Iriumphanily 
from  the  Tower  lo  WeatminMer.  Tbe  lord  mayu'i  abovn, 
which  had  been  ditconiinucd  lor  lome  yean,  wen  revived  by 
order  of  the  king  la  ifiep.  Tbe  diuolved  monailery  ol  the 
Chiiterhoiae.  which  had  been  bought  ud  aold  by  Ihe  CDunien 
■everal  timea,  wa*  obtained  Iroai  ThODiai,  eul  ol  Suffolk,  by 
Thoma*  SutioB  lis  fij.ooo.     The  new  boepital  chapel  and 

■  Thb  nap  ot  Lflndaa  by  Noiden  ia  dated  i(oi<  aa  mied  aboiK. 
The  um  lopocnpher  publUbed  in  hii  Ui-uSa  a  np  ol  Wea- 
OlaMr  aa  wtU  aa  thB  oae  el  tbe  Ciiy  of  Loodoo. 


with  aa  much  eipediiioB  u  poaiible.  Adj>rinli«  Hoorfielik 
were  Finihuiy  fielda,  a  favourite  pracliiini  grotuid  tor  the 
irchcn.  Mile  End,  a  coDswn  on  the  Great  Eaaiera  Road,  wu 
long  lamoua  ai  a  rendeivoui  lot  the  tiooia.  Tine  pheei  are 
Irequcnlly  relemd  to  by  the  old  dcanuliata;  Juitice  Shallow 
boaili  ol  hit  dolngi  at  Mile  End  Green  whto  he  wai  Dagontt 
in  Arthur'*  Show.  Fleet  Street  waa  Ihe  ■how.place  of  Londoa, 
in  which  were  eahibited  a  coeatant  ainceaaiaa  ol  puppeia, 
naked  IndianB  and  ilraofe  fabe*.  The  pcM  ncetiag-place  of 
LondofMninlheday-iimewaalhenavcoIaldSltW'*.  Crowd* 
ol  Rwtchinla  with  their  bate  on  traoaaded  buaineK  in  the  able*, 
and  u*ed  Ihe  loo  t  a*  a  counter  upon  which  to  make  their  payinenui 
lawyen  received  dicMi  at  their  levcral  piOan;  lod  maaleiiba* 
•ecviBg-nen  waited  lo  be  cngaced  upon  their  own  particular 
bench.  Beiidea  iboie  who  came  on  buimcia  there  were  Rallanta 
diTUed  in  faahionabie  finery,  *o  thai  it  waa  worth  the  laDoe^ 
■bile  to  iland  behind  a  pillar  and  fill  hia  lable-boolci  with  nem. 
The  middle  or  MediUnaoean  aiik  wu  ihe  Paul'i  Walk,  aln 
called  the  Duke'*  Galleiy  from  the  erroDeout  nppositioa  Ihal 
the  lomb  of  Sir  Guy  Bcauchamp,  earl  ol  Warwick,  wu  thai  ol 
the  "  good  "  Humpbiey,  duke  ol  Gloucester.  After  ihe  Reuora- 
lion  a  lence  wu  erected  on  the  Iniide  of  tbe  gnt  nonh  dooc 
lo  hinder  a  concoune  o!  rude  people,  and  when  the  cilhednl 
wu  being  rebuilt  Sir  CbrjiKqihcr  Wren  made  a  itrkt  order 

churchyard  wu  fnrni  Ihe  earlleil  day*  of  prinling  until  the  end 
ol  the  i8lh  cenluty  ihe  beadquanen  of  the  book  trade,  whea 
it  ihifled  to  FatenMsIir  Row.  Another  of  Ihe  favourite  haunu 
ol  Ihe  people  wu  tbe  garden  of  Cray'i  Inn,  when  the  cbsioat 
aocieiy  wai  Id  be  met.  There,  uodci  tbe  ihadow  o[  the  eba  Im 
which  Bacon  bad  planted,  Pepye  ud  hit  wife  coulanlly  walked. 
Uit  Fepy5  went  on  one  occaiion  ipecially  loobiervelhe  laihiou 
ol  the  tadia  becauu  ihc  wai  then  "making  same  cloiha." 

In  thoie  day*  of  public  conviviality,  and  for  many  yean 
afierwirdi.  the  taverni  of  London  held  a  very  imporlant  place. 
The  Boar's  Head  ia  Greil  Euicheap  wu  an  Inn  of     ji,„^^ 
Shakespeare's  own  day,and  ihe  chanclcn  he  introd  lice* 
ialo  his  playaaie  really  hisowh  coolemporaries.  The  "  Uemiid  " 


We  are  thus  able  to  G a 
west  of  Bow  church  is 
s,  and  the  neit  thonugh- 
ock  that  Ihe  "  Mermaid  " 


«  tbe  north  side 


Friday  Street  and  also  in  Cheap 
111  exact  pouiisn;  lor  a  little  i< 

Bread  SUect.  then  came  a  block  of 

wu  ulvalol,  a 

each  uteel.     What  makes  Ibis  laci  siDI  more  certain  b  tbc 

cittumsllnce  ihal  a  baberdaiher  in  Cheacoide  llvina  ""Iwiil 

Wood  Street  and  Milk  Slreet,"   

opposite  Biead  ud  Friday  Slreeu,  described  hi 

'      "         "  ■     Che«piide."     Tbe  WladmiD 

mineni  position  in  Ihe  action  si  firry 
The  Windmill  nood  at  the  comersf  Ihc 
Old  Jewry  towards  Loibbury,  and  Ihe  Miiie  close  by  the  Metmaid 
"     "       ■"     ret.     The    Milre   in   Fleet   Street,  so  inllaalely 
Lb  Dr  Johnson,  also  eitsted  at  thta  time.     It  b 
a  comedy  enthledXin.riIIry  (1611}  indLffly  Ihe 

e  nioKi  <t  the  Iinms  an  nude  in  Ihc  lolio 
I  J 1 60 1 )  1  lhn>  •>>  Umulri 


I  Ibe  Meimaid  ti 


•Varlms  changes  in 

dition  e(  this  (jay  (161 
I  the  quarto  Mcomea  1 
uaclo  is  the  Star  of  tl 


zcdbyGoo^ie 


LONDON 


96s 


n  tA4»    At  ibe  MmmM  Bcb  JaMod 

, .      .  .»  Shakopean,   R»kigh,   Bemmoni, 

FtclchW,  Cun,  Done,  CoUoo  ud  Sddn,  bat  at  ihc  DcvU 
In  nw  StiHt,  when  he  ituud  the  ApoUs  Dub,  ha  m  Dmni' 
pMmt.  Hetrkk,  In  hi*  wcU-known  Gtft  In  ,Bt»,  menlkni 
Mvttil  of  the  inm  of  Ibe  <by. 

UiKkt  JuDS  L  th*  tbeatra,  which  tud)liibcd  Itadf  w  firmly 
In  the  tutor  yetn  of  Eilnhcth,  had  «m  (urther  iatremd  Iw 
_     ■         influenre,  and  to  the.enlertainmenta  given   at    the 

■  nuDy  playhoiao  nay  be  added  the    muqus   u 

expemively  pioduced  at  couit  ud  by  the  lawycm  at  the  inm 
li  court.  In  i^j  Tki  Uaipu  t/  Ftaam  wu  pnaoled  by 
the  members  of  Grey's  Inn  in  (he  Old  BaBqaetiB|  Hoose  In 
hDDOaT  of  the  maniage  of  the  infanwua  Cair,  eail  of  SoiMraet, 
and  the  equaiiy  iofanwuB  Lady  Francca,  dau^ter  of  the  eari 
ol  Suflolk.  The  entenainmeDt  «a*  prqated  hj  Sit  Ftnoda 
BacoD  al  a  net  of  about  £1000. 

It  ma  dnilBi  the  rdgn  of  Chariei  I.  that  the  fint  (reat  cnidM 
olttemalthyandluMoMiblewtaniadc  to  theWealEnd.  The 
gnat  iquut  or  plazaa  of  Cerent  Garden  vaa  (bnoed 
|^*J^  fron  Ihc'daigna  (4  Inlgo  Jonc*  ahoot  1631.  The 
f^fV  Bci^bauifni  Btfoita  wen  bnlU  ihortly  afterwarda, 
tadthenaiBaof  HenlMta,akaila,  ]aiM>,Kli(  and 
Toric  Street*  were  (jvoi  after  meoben  it  the  nyal  fhinily. 
Great  Queen  Street,  Uneoln'*  Inn  JWdt,  «a>  buih  aboM  rtnf, 
•nd  named  In  honour  of  Henxietta  h[aci*>  Xincoln**  Inn  Fielda 
had  been  pluaed  aomg  yeua  before.  With  the  Keatoratlon  the 
aepantlon  o(  bafaiMiBbla  frnn  dty  life  beome  ooaqjlew. 

When  the  CMI  Wu  bt^ta  oW  Londoo  took  the  >ide  irf  the 
puliunettt,  and  an  extandn  1 
projected  to  protect  the  to* 
of  the  nyal  tray*  A  ationt 
baitlon  ud  redoubt^  aunoiinded  the  C&)r,'iU  IBieitk*,  Weat- 
mia*ter  and  Soithwaik,  m^ng  an  i™™-».  eudoaait. 

Lnidoii  had  b«o  mvaj*4  by  plague  on  teany  braer  occauom, 
but  the  pMtOeoct  tbM  b^an  in  December  1M4  Ii?a  In  faiMory 
a>"tbeFtagueof London."  OntheTIh  ol  Jane  i66s 
j^La.  SaEond  Pepy*  fee  the  fine  time  *aw  two  or  three 
Wsmm  malted  wkh  Ub  red  cnea  and  the  worda 
"  Lxd,  have  maet  upon  u*,"  on  the  doen.  Tlie  dcatba  daily 
kicreued,  and  bu^nna  wai  uopped.  Graia  grew  In  the  area 
«(  the  Royal  Exchange,  at  Whitehall,  and  io  the  princqial  itneli 
•(  the  dty.  On  the  4tl>  0'  September  166;  I^yi  write*  an 
Inteietting  letter  to  ijjly  CsrleHI  from  Wn^iridi:  "  I  have 
■tlyed  in  the  ciiy  till  above  ;4Dodied  In  one  veeli.,ind  ol  then 
about  6eoo  o(  the  plague,  and  Uttle  nolle  heard  day  or  night  but 
lolliog  of  belli."  The  plague  wu  acarcdy  luyed  hclore  the 
whok  dty  wa*  in  flame*,  a  calamity  of 'the  fijit  magnitode, 
but  one  which  In  the  end  caaied  much  good,  as  the  tecds  of 
diMMe  were  desltoyod,  and  Londoii  hamevtr  since  been  visited 
by  >wdi  an  epidnnic    On  the  md  of  September  1M6  the 


y^  flame*,  which  raged  during  the  whole  of  Uonda-y  And 

great  part  of  Tucidty.  On  Tuesday  night  the  wind 
fdl  M>mewhit,  and  on  Wednaday  the  fire  ilackencd.  On 
Thunday  it  was  titingidibed,  but  on  the  evening  of  that  day 
the  Same*  again  bunt  forth  at  the  Temple-  Some  baum  were 
at  once  blown  up  by  gunpowder,  and  thu)  the  fire  wai  fiuJiy 
mastered-  Manyinfcratfngdctailiof tbefirearegiveninPepyi's 
Diatj.  The  river  iwamed  with  veneb  filled  with  pawns 
cirrying  away  lucfa  of  their  goods 


was  the  cinel  rewrt  ot  the  heunlui  Loadonet.  Soon  p«VBd 
■tccM*  and  two4toc*r  housa  wen  seen  In 'that  iwampy  {jsct. 
The  people  bote  tbdr  IrouUes  herdaUy,  sod  He&iy  OMeahurg, 
wilting  to  the  Hob- Kobelt  Boyle  ooS^rabaie,  says;  "The 
dtiims,  instend  of  coraidainbig;  dacouised  almnt  d  nothing  but 
o(  a  nrvcy  tor  rebuilding  Che  dty  with  btichs  and  large  ilreeta." 
Within  a  few  day*  of  the  fire  three  leverai  plans  were  presented 

a  build 


s  Botth  and  south,  and  east  sad  WMt,  la 
:c  all  Ibe  churches  In  cao3|dcuous  poulions.  to  fonn  the 
nwit  public  placei  into  large  plsoss,  to  unite  the  haDi  of  the 
twelve  (hiel  companiea  Into  one  regnlll  square  uneied  to 
Guildhalt  snd  to  make  a  fine  quay  on  the  bank  •(  the  river 
front  Blackfrian  to  Ibe  Tower.  His  streets  were  to  be  ir,i^ 
of  three  migniiudes— .90  ft.,  6a  ft,  and  jo  ft.  wide  Mp 
respecilvdy.  Evelyn's  plan  diSered  from  Wren's  ''irm't 
chiefly  in  proptUng  s  street  from  the  church  of  St  •*"* 
Dunatan'*  in  the  East  (a  the  citbedrel,  and  b  having  no  qusy  or 
terrace  along  the  river.  In  spite  of  tbe  best  advice,  bow^vr, 
the  Jealousies  of  the  dliiens  prevented  any  q  ~ 


to  Acs*  two  Idowi  of  the  Koyd 


almost  every  cue  Rl^ned.    But  though  th 

Hooke  were  not  adopted,  h  wi         ' 

Society  thai  the  labour  <a  ti 

Wren's  great  work  wu  the  ettction  of  the  CUhsdnl  ot  St  Paul's, 

and  the  many  cburchea  ranged  lOuod  II 1*  HttHltei.    Hope's 

task  wu  the  humbler  one  of  amo^Bg  as  .dty  pirveyol  for 

the  building  of  tbe  house*.     He  laid  out  the  gmnid  of  the  savcial 

propiieton  in  the  rebuilding  of  tbe  clQr,  and  bed  iw  i«M  early  or 

late  fnrai  peniBS  solidthig  Un  to  Ml  oat  thett  ground  loi  them 

Monce.   The  fint  grant  impetus  o(  chugs  In  ^  e(. 

of  London  wti  jjma  by  the  gnt  fire,  snd  Evelyn  le 

legieti  thM  tbe  town  hi  his  time  had  giowa  tbnoM  u  large  agaio 

._■ ..!.!_  i.i_  ___  nKingq,    Although  IbeievenJcenturiin 


tymhcr  building  were  noie  commodiou*  for  this  dtk  then 
brick  bulldfii«i  weio."  The  Act  ot  Parliament  "  lor  nbufldiia 
the  diycf  Undoo  "pawed  after  the  great  fire,  gave  the  tn^  da 
(rdu  to  tbe  carpenters  as  bouse-builder*.  After  leiting  lorlfa 
That "  building  with  brick  waa  not  only  more  conwly  ud  durable, 
but  also  mora  sate  against  tutnn  perils  ot  fire,"  h  was  enacied 
"thai  all  the  outside*  tt  all  huildtn^  In  and  about  the  city 
should  be  made  ot  btick  or  stone,  eicept  doonasc*  and  window- 
frana,  and  other  part*  <rf  tbe  first  stoty  to  the  front  between  tba 
piers,"  for  which  mhstutli)  oaken  tliibtr  nught  be  ised  "toi 
convtoiency  of  shops."  In  the  winter  of  iM]-iU4  a  fair  wu 
held  for  some  time  upon  the  Tkunes.  The  Irosi,  which  began 
about  %n»B  wedi  before  Christniu  and  continued  for  six  week* 
alter,  wa*  the  gtealotODncord;  the  Icewai  11  In.  thick. 

Tbe  TevocMioD  ot  the  edict  of  Nutes  in  October  16S5,  and  Iha 
ansei|uent  migretion  of  a  Urge  Dumber  ot  industrious  Frendi 
Protestant*,  caused  a  considerebla  growth  In  the  east  cod  st 
london.  The  silk  manufactoriei  M  SpiuUWds  wen  Ibea 
established. 


William  III.  cared  Uttle  (or  London,  the  smoke  of  wtfeh  gvi* 
him  asthma,  snd  when  a  great  part  of  WUtdwU  vi*  burnt  la 
ifi^i  he  purchased  Nnttiiighsai  Bouse  and  made  it  into  Ken- 
sington Palace.  Keniingion  was  then  an  insignificant  villaga, 
hut  the  arrival  of  the  court  aoon  caused  it  to  grow  In  ImpoitBDCe. 
Although  the  sphilnal  wui*  of  the  dty  wen  amply  provided 
for  by  the  churches  built  by  Wren,  the  large  district*  ootsMa 
the  dty  and  its  Hbenit*  bad  been  greatly  neglected.  Ths  net 
passed  In  the  reign  of  Qneen  Anne  for  bnlWng  fifty  new  chuichea 
[1710]  for  a  time  supplied  the  winii  ot  large  disliicta. 
.  7,  Bi^atalh  CdJwy.— London  had  hUbeito  grown  up  by 
tba  dde  of  the  Thame*.  In  the  iSth  oenluy  otbti  part*  of  tba 
town  wen  mon  largely  buOt  upon.  TbelnhahilaMinaedcoachsa 
and  chilis  mon  than  boats,  and  dte  banks  ot  tbe  rivar  wen 
netfected.  london  could  no  iMiger  b*  •*«■  a*  1  whok,  and 
bccuw  a  men  coBictkn  of  house*.    In  qtt*  of  tUs  the  iSth 


'"8' 


964. 

cofuUntly 

Hogulh,  . 


ECROWTH  A 


i  POPULATION 


M  b«.  KOI  In  tie  capiUl  lum  bam  nproduCFd  b 
nd  htA  they  not  been  Mt  dawa  by  w  Itulliiul  ■ 
isuU  have  been  abual  imposible  w  believe  that  uc 


□ty.  A  lev  da>1  after  bit  ac^euiiin  George  1-  addmied  the 
icf  raMOLatirea  a[  Uie  dly  ia  theu  words:  "  1  have  lately  beea 
jnada  vmiblb  «f  vbal  conEequencc  the  cily  ol  Loadon  a^  and 
(banfore  ihall  be  sun  10  lake  all  Iheu  privileges  aad  tatcisua 
inn  my  patticular  pFotection."  On  the  (oUowins  laid  mayor's 
day  the  king  wiiDCBed  the  dww  in  Cheapside  and  aliended  the 
twQuei  at  CuildhalL  Queen  Auw  and  tbc  first  three  Gearga 
*ci*  all  accDDUDodalad,  on  (he  occaiians  o[  theic  visits  to  ttn 
dly  IS  see  Ibe  abov,  at  Ibe  same  bouse  eppmitc  Box  cbuEcb. 
Id  the  liait  of  Queeo  Anne  and  Ocone  t.  David  Buday  (the 
■on  oi  the  tiDWwa  apiJogist  fat  the  Qaaken)  waa  jui  apfimitica 
in  the  hoiue,  but  he  lubieqiMiitly  becnine  master,  and  had  the 
baaaa  of  nceiviiiB  CeoiKB  II.  and  Ceoiie  III.  aa  bia  sueata. 
Tk«n  ms  a  lane  balcony  ulendin)  along  the  from  ol  the  house 
which  waa  fitted  vilb  a  caoojiy  and  haoginiD  <d  aimaon  daniaak 
^Ik.  The  buiUiBg,  then  numbered  lot  Chsqiaide,  na  pulled 
dawn  is  iWi. 

Ewly  in  the  i&lti  centuiy  then  waa  a  cOBuderalile  citenaioa 
of  b(Hldii«  operatloM  in  the  West  End.     SliU,  however,  the 

oDTth  ol  London  rerwined  unbuilt  upop.  la  iT]6 
tea*'au  *  '"  """*  y^'*  "baequeBtly  the  land  behind 
mini      .  Meougue   House   (now   tha  Biitith  Museum)  wu 

occupied  as  a  fain,  and  when  la  that  year  a  ptoposal 
ma  made  to  plan  out  a  new  road  ibe  tenant  ud  the  duke  of 
Bedloid  slKKigly  oppoecd  it.  In  177*  all  beyond  Portland 
Chapel  in  Cleat  Portland  Street  vaa  counliy.  Bedloid  House 
in  Bloomsbury  Square  had  its  lull  view  ol  Hampstcad  and  High- 
lit [ran  the  back,  and  Queen's  Squwe  wu  buiU  open  to  the 
nrtb  in  order  that  Ibe  iobabituila   might   obtain  the  aame 

Id  IT37  the  Fleet  dluh  between  Holboln  Bridge  ud  Fleet 
Bridge  was  covered  ovei,  and  Stocka  Uatktt  «a»  removed  from 
the  site  ol  the  Mansioa  House  10  the  present  Faningdon  Street, 
aid  caUcd  Fleet  nalket.  On  October  ij,  1730.  the  htst  stone 
eiilM  MiuiooUouseHuUld.  Pievisuily  the  first  BUglHntea 
bnd  In  several  diSeieni  bousea.  A  Irost  alntsat  as  Kvere  as 
the  memorable  one  ol  i68j-i634  occurred  in  the  winter  0I1JJ9- 
174a,  aiHi  the  Thanwi  was  again  tha  scene  of  a  busy  lair-  In 
l)S8  the  houses  on  London  Bridge  wore  cleared  away,  and  in 
1760-17A1  several  ol  [he  dty  EMfS  were  taken  down  ajtd  lokl. 
Uooigatelauid  la  have  Inched  £i6«,  Aldetsgaie£qi,  Ald^te 
ii77  Cdpplcgate  JW,afldLudgale£i4B,  The  sutue  oi  Queen 
EliaabeEb  which  stood  on  the  west  side  ol  Ludgaia  was  purr 
chased  by  Alderman  Oosling  and  set  up  against  the  vast  end  of 
St  Dunstan's  church  In  Fleet  Street,  where  it  «iU  remain*. 

S,  Nittliam  CniHi^.^Ini  ita6  Loodoa  saw  the  public 
lunaralsolthreeofEngiand'tgreatestnitn.  On  the  Slh  February 
the  body  of  Nelson  was  home  with  great  pomp  from  the 
AdraiiaUy  to  Si  Paul'*  Ciihcdrai,  whem  it  wai  Intened  io  the 
presence  of  the  prince  of  Wales  aiKl  IIk  royal  duk^  Pitt  wu 
buried  on  the  iind  ol  Febiuarf,  and  Foi  00  the  io(b  of  October, 
boi  h  in  Walminster  Abbey. 

The  liitl  eibibillon  ol  Wiosor's  lyslem  ol  lining  the  stmls 
with  ga*  IDOit  place  on  the  king's  birthday  (June  4)  1807,  and 

CailtoB  House.  Fln^uiy  Square  waa  tha  hni  public  plBCE  in 
wblcb  gas  lighliog  waa  actually  adopted,  and  Cnnvenor  Square 
the  last.  In  the  winter  at  ifti}-iBi4  the  Thames  was  again 
froicn  over.  Th^  frost  began  on  the  eveniag  al  December  17, 
>gi3,  with  a  thick  log.  Alter  it  had  tasted  lor  a  loonth,  a  thaw 
ol  lour  dan  bvn  <1>*  36lh  to  the  iplh  ol  January,  took  place, 
but  ibii  thaw  was  succeeded  by  k  renewal  ol  the  Irost,  so  severe 
tbai  ilv  rivei  SOD?  betaife  one  JmnovaUe  sheet  ol  ice.  There 
■as.  a  Hint  of  VXU»_  exiled  the  Qty  Road,  which  was  daily 
thitroged  w^b  viulois.  In  i|jS  lbs  second  Royal  Eichange 
waa  dcsuoyed  by  fire;  and  on  Oclobei  28,  1844,  the  Queen 
opeaed  the  new  Royal  £schaage,  built  by  Mr  Ulterwards 
Sii  William)  Tite.     The  Criit  Eihibitioo  of  iSn  brought  ■ 


lorgB  uutmof  vUlMi  U>  Loodon  th*n  hi 

this  period. 

London  within  the  waUa  bu  ben  almost  cMinly  nbuili, 
although  in  the  neighbouibood  of  Ibe  Ibwei  tbve  an  stilt 
many  old  beusea  which  have  only  been  niniDted.  Fnu  the 
upper  IDOOM  of  the  hoiBC*  may  be  scm  a  large  niuibar  of  oM 
tiled  tools. 

UnlikE  many  capitilt  of  Eurape  whidi  bav*  shifted  tbcit 
centrea  ibe  dty  of  London  In  spite  of  nQ  chaogct  and  ibc 
continued  enlaigcmeiit  ol  the  capital  icnuina  (he  ceMra  ami 
hcad-quaiieia  ol  tbt  butincaa  of  Iha  aountiy.  The  B«Dk  of 
England,  the  Royal  Eicbanfe  and  tlM  Uaaaion  Houw  ai«  ob 
the  site  at  Aitcient  London. 

In  iK]  on  Ibe  occaMD  of  the  moniate  o(  King  Edward  VIL 
(when  piince  of  Wales)  the  itncU  al  toBdoo  wtn  iHumiaate*! 
aa  they  bad  never  been  before.  Amaog  olket  evenu  which 
made  the  streets  gay  and  centied  in  pnceumu  to  St  Fnifa 
may  be  ^ecially  mmtioned  the  TtBakapvuig  Day  so  the  >71b 
of  Fcbruaiy  1871  lor  Ibe  teoovety  of  tha  priace  U  Wales  alter 
his  dangerous  IUdch;  and  the  Kfoiuca  at  the  JuUkc  of  Qdccd 
Victoria  in  i8«7,  and  the  DiaraoDd  Jubilee  io  iSg/. 

The  first  great  emigration  of  the  London  merchants  wistward 
waa  about  the  middle  of  the  i8th  oentuiy,  but  only  those  wbo 
had  alicady  leaiRd  large  foitunea  tcnluced  10  fai  as  Haitoa 
Garden.    At  the  beglnnlrg  of  the  ivtfa  centuiy  it  bed  bcfome 


During  the  fint  ball  of  the  itth  century  the  piaitioD  of  the 
City  Coiporaikin  had  somewhat  fallen  in  public  eiwem.  4Dd 

with  it.  but  a  conaidnablii  chang«  took  [dace  in  the  laltei  hell 
of  the  centuty.  Violent  attacks  were  made  afieii  Ibc  livery 
Compares,  but  ol  laie  yean,  tarccly  owing  to  the  pehlic  spirit 
of  the  (ompanica  in  devcling  large  suna  of  OMOqr  tewaids  Ibe 
improvement  of  Ibe  sevttal  indutliits  in  eeanebaa  whli  whi'ch 
they  were  loundtd,  and  the  ettabUshnent  of  tha  Oty  aad  Guilds 
of  London  Technical  Institute,  a  complete  change  has  lakes 
place  a*  10  the  public  ettimation  in  which  they  are  bdd. 
CaowTu  AND  PopuLanoit 
Much  has  been  written  upon  the  population  of  inedienl  London, 
'  It  little  ctnainty  hai  imlinl  Ihenfmni,  We  know  ibe  lin  of 
"~  Dt  perudH  and  are  able  »  geest  to  Hne  -  >  ■ 
amfe  irf  iia  tahatainBts.  but  awrt  of  Ibe     n^^ 

E  alien  been  cons^red  u  Iniit- 

oubiion  retumi,  but  PnJnsor  thnao  has 

— Lc(  the  poU-Ainpurtcd  thai  ibmwvre 

— •■-----  ■-  1181  as  in  IJJ7.    TTie 

flaOcn  Inm  I.UJ.1D1 


y.  It  wu  a 


-Aly  iwo'th^ds  aa  m 
adult  popubtion  of  l!ic  i«hu 
loBo&jSt.  These  ttgures  wen 
The  Bilh  of  Mortamy  of  (he 

value,  and  Ihey  have  been  <t. —  -^-^ —  -« 

stalislieians  as  John  Cnwnt  and  Sir  WiUani  Pe«y. 
however,  before  the  loih  cxniury  ihat  accurate  Ggur — 
i!>le.    1^  cirruil  of  tbe  walls  ol  London  whidi  * 

Populalion  wu  pnciically  ilalloeuy  forcD  ,,,  _ 

lencta  and  the  lane  prapoTllon  c(  dcachi  among  inbots.    We  have 
no  materiah  id  juiTgF  ol  the  number  of  inhabitant*  befon  tbe  Norman 

tlw"wa^''thu  wm a^nudi'uM  (n"ltbnre3y'«nliwMk 

. L«>daa.b*liti(peMM>ibMi> 

ia.000  inhabitant^  giwwiag  lam 


tbe  early  pciiad  there 

he  population  of  the  1 

.  ,CZ._]  by  ,i«  N, , . 

peaceful  yian  of  Heoiy  IIU 


iTie  Saaon  pcnod  Ibc 


'  rkaCnai XihIi •ilutt..iOtliM.  1906!, p. i] 


zcdbyGoO^lc 


w  ilB  M  waA  IM  the  aw  of  £  Ci 


On  ol  (he  wlioi  Ml 
by  ENmt  o' BUj^  ifeca  an 


ciinwriMcotaFbiiclaBaeeHlll 
B  aTLoKSaii.  ud  An^on  ■  Hn  a 


tama  to  lb*  moduHiHi  atr w  r  lit  li J  rnmlilt  ririrn  tbu  tb*  papuhliaa 
a(  LBBdsa  Inoi  Um  Hin  of  Ridurd  I.  u>  ttel  of  HMry  Vlt  ndn] 
vithiai  IMl  otaUnl  bny  to  GIty  dmuBiil^libabitiBM. 


chnflkkn^  ibc  ■)< 


ibv  gtvn  by  etrtalil 

that  focty 

lii^Bkck  toth  is  t}4fr-i3^ 


^vchyai . , 

TbcK  iBnibin  ban  ben  ukm. . , „ 

.  ..lomandBacMatiiticianRaiiinMlibii  UsiwnawnabarlRl 
u  <HE  cburthywd  laoMO  ahniM  wpiawt  ibe  vJibk  aurulity  of 
Londoa.  llikawnaUondtiKBapatalbaat  lU>  diaa  aaH  ban 
been  at  lac  i«o,oaQ.  la  iapbHiblc  aiMitat. 

Alibongk  iba  nnnalimi  mned  by  ibediStnai  phiiia  bad  a  |ku 
<uct  am  iJh  papulalKM  of  ibt  gwntty  at  lant  Iht  dty  «»■ 

ftom  ai)lHdB  in  kspn  of  oblainint  mrk.  Mtbon^  then  mtn 
flucuiaiui*  in  the  auinbcn  at  diSncat  pariadi  iKen  la  eviifaBBe  ta 
•hem  thai  sa  (be  avenn  iha  anauit  of  lony  ts  Sly  tbooiaad  lud 
byOrCtcithiaihictbaytaiahatiRMIItaaHllwkfalrtyceneet. 
The  nsUeval  period daatd  with  Ihi  miaalw  iT  Aw Tadoi dyaaaty. 
and  tnn  that  line  Ibe  pnHdMQBafLdgikacintiiuad  to  incnje, 
in  ipiM  «(  allaipta  by  Ibe  ittummiit  ta  pi««l  il.  One  of  the 
lint  pBiuA  al  UKTcaae  waa  after  the  diH^utiim  of  the  leliikHU 
hDuaeaiiDMhaipeciBdsf  incKaBwaianrr  the  KeMaatiaa. 

A  pncbjnaikin  n>  isunl  in  IsSapmybitinf  the  CKClisD  within 
3  IL  o(  tiK  ciiy  nna  al  aay  hw  hom  or  mranHi  **  whcr*  no 
lornier  home  liBtb  been  baowa  ta  ^va  been."  In  a  lubicqaeni 
, .._  -, ^.■_._.^ ...  ....     _.     -^1^^ 

n.    loBiieaf  thcHK 
I.aiKt^rtal.ntia 

._ ..^-  thof  Leodoa.   Ja  lAgDaHiniiar 

ioa  n  that  of  ijM  waa  publiabed-    Darina  the  frcalet 

*  iMi  ctDliny  then  m(  a  aedoae  chicli  ta  the  incieaR  of 

popuiKiaA,  but  Al  Jhe  end  of  the  oeNtiiry  a  CDIiaidHabla  Increaie 

IS?^  suit  arMa.^^^*^me  iMo*^^!!^'     He^M  ■ 

HatiieUllil^  ™  hlnaiyal  t£e  B^'iof  SarUliiy  >hitb  In  the 
cadytWB  me  iBtiraiittenl  in  their  pabUeation  iaol  laadi  laterett, 
and  Dr  Ctdahtoa  hat  lUUd  itvilhcmlelcanaM.  "neCaiiKiany 
of  Pamb  CItlfce  it  sand  in  an  aidiaaBiaol  uh  (of  vUch  UKn  ia  > 
copy  in  the  Resnd  OCixtu  the  bady  liwpgBaibla  br  Iha  billk  an) 

bchaU  bMfare  pnnideiL"  JiAnBeiC  derlc  ts  ^  onpaay.  who 
wrote  an  rieay  duriac  tbe  neat  plagtie  et  iMS,  had  to  lacorde  in 
Ms  oSka  of  an  eariiB  dale  Aaa  tj^.  ud  be  «■»■  anBra  that  bit 

^ytar.  Tin  in  ^^SdW^ed  iJuttedacaawMioTSe  Fkridi 
(Setfca  OMpaay,  wid  ia  in  haU  in  Sitm  StnM  ttly  pduedoMti 


Efarary  of  the  Brkkh  MnK 

TbaK  bill!  -wen  aal  aaalyHd  and  teneral  naalCa  obBiaeil  In 

tkrm  until  i«*i.  when  dptala  Jobn  Oaaia  b <-•■-'—• 

vmhBbk  Httunl  aad  Ptblii^  f^.—^-^.   -. 


'  la  a  tak^ile  paper  on 

>  The  old  BiUe  (d  MorUliiy,  alihoinh  of 


9*5 

riib  u  nf«r  IS  an  ike  wild  fueana  that  were  n*de 

bat  Df  CretEhioa  ihvwa  the  atnidliy  <f  one  ni 

"•^  '*  <»4  by  Sonaas.  tbe  Venetian  am- 

oT  th*  dofe  awl  leflatDn  al  Vnii«L 

nlatioa  D  hive  bM  iBa,aeo  penom,  which 

to  be  nearly  three  limn  th*  number  ihat  ■« 


FodirSnt 

Creiahion  carrin  off  hia'aumtin  to  the 

he  (dhnring  laMei — 
<SJi-iMS  ■     -      e>.40e       I       ifio5 
>!«1      ■     -     .      MJ7«  i(ai 

15*0      ■     .     >     "J/M  lejl 

■SM-IS91  .     -     IHAT*       1       '«' 
'       -.61  an  ihoee  arrived 

rpuUlion  riven 
It  Iherelon  tc 


The  numixn  fo 


byCra; 


ce»«l»o.  jmJUjI. 

agniben,iidiikiaiaiiil m™^-^ 

The*  nuaibcn  were  arrived  il  with  much  care  and  may  be  coi 
ddered  ai  Iiiriy  anuraie  aliboufh  Kiinc  oiher  cgkuUiiom  coeBii 
with  a  few  of  ihe  hgurae.  TbeSncattempiat  iceiuuiaaiiDAuEii: 
l(ijl  when  the  lonfmayor  returned  ihe  number  of  noulhi  in  Ibc  cii 
ofXcndmi  and  Libenici  it  iuih»   whirl.  :.  ..hTu  .h^...  h.ii  .> 

number  ^vca  above-   T1-, .„ 

lained  in  the  tuUi  of  mortality  compiitd  with  that  caniainina  oti 
the  dly  and  iti  nbenlca.'  HdvcII'i  luEEtitioii  ihal  the  papiilatio 
of  Londan  in  iMl  waia  -'"■ -■  -  *^"  — -■  -'    ■--  ^^   ■ 

PcllyJ]  number*  lo^iUa  are  t^^tooand  ihneeotCrefory  King 


"    of  mortali.,  , 

enlca.!    HdvcII'i  luEgtitioii  ihal  the  papiilat 
wat  a_  mllUf  n  and  a  naU  need  ooiy  be  mentloi 

-.  .-- ,_, „'  Gregory  K 

SW,OOD.    Tbe  latter  an  corrobonled  by  ihD«  of  i; 
....en  uc  liven  ai  uo.UD.    MaitlandilvM  the  oumbcn      _J 
10  173^  aa  71].9aj.     With  leaid  tn  the  relative  aiie  al 
(nal  ciliet  Petty  alBnni  thit*beron!  the  Reatoiaiina  Ibe      ""^^ 
people  o(  Peril  were  more  in  number  than  ttiaw  o!  Lnadon  anl 
Dubbn,  whereat  la  16B7  the  people  of  Londoa  veie  nwie  than  ihua 
of  Paruand  Rome  or  of  Paif^and  Rouen. 

be  found  in  the  repan  of  th 


f  the  lllh  « 
IM  Cuo^oel  w) 


.— ; —  --. . ~  ~  made  of  the  probaUe 

papulaimaltheyeinlTOaudirsa.  Tbew  an  mven  rrapectively 
■•^4-Uoand6>6Jsa.  Thnefi[ute(iac1udc(i)iEeOty</Landi>n 
within  and  (il  i^tboul  the  waHi.  (j)  the  City  and  LibeiiW  at  WeM- 
m.iuler,  U)  llie  MilMriiba  wlihln  the  bOla  of  moruliiy  and  (s)  the 
panihci  nnl  vdlhln  the  l^li  of  mortality.    No.  5  ia  fiv«  M  Olio  in 


Andon  ia  euppoaed  id  have  ubcn  place,  ai  ia  le 
Giy  of  London  wiibin  the  wilb    .     .     139.3a 


la  tbe  follwing 


Hi'KS 


inow  little  of  the  eouemmeM  of  Londea  dutinc  the  Saion 
aad  It  la  onlii  uiddeaully  that  aie  lean  hew  lEi  Londoner 
,-„.....-,  ^,  ,-„.,.  '  "iijr'ii''*"  "''"'''ifaJ        ""^ 

One  of  the  chiel  of  thaa  wu  (be  daiai  to  a  eefiarale  voice  '*'  '"''• 
in  the  elccuon  of  tbe  hiv.  Tbt  dtlieu  did  ■«  diipule  Ibe  riRliI  of 
eleclun  by  the  bncdon  but  ibry  Wd  (bat  Ihae  elcriion  did  not 
aenarily  indwle  the  choice  o(  Londoo. 

■een-in  ti>t  election  of  Edmund  limaide, 
^'-London  bad  ekcled  Canute.    The 


Cd1;i 


onaflhgU 


■thoDd  at  tbe  dty  for  a 


LordaBflfliMa^yii  Privy  Council."   The  Pi?i 

ill-i — -Ti ^  *'■*  MiprAeoaive  of  an  approachinj  icaiTily  1 

kod..  The  aaiabm  Ctja.i»S)  <Mn  awle  op  ai  foHowi:  Le«li 
—   ■  "- ■ -  At  Walb  40.JJ9,  O 


WilUa  (he  VMk  71.010,  LeadH 
Benuthsl  Snubwark  {llrii%e  W 


160^  I  e 


966  LONDON 

tlHMBa(LoBiimwma|MiMd  tt  ttadft  Hay  «■  tketif  «t 
AtHbtu'i  wxcpUBc*  «t  th*  Loadaa^udi  liw  (or  inc  ■ 
ltilMlln»j  ■!  pninlwl  nut  hy  Mr  fimnftr  It  imrthtir  inttinrr  ni 
lafipwJMee  <<  At  LoaJniwr.     Wt«^_  WUm  tjt.  Cii«ii 


TIm  wHil    pon    — . _  J _ 

Fait  rf  LaodoB  u  mlfiX  nuimllir  be  iBpeoMdi  lor  Stnbfaa  ku 
poinud  out  that  it  !•  ^liia  out  pgrtwr,  ud  "■luiaoifc  dhI  [at  thcrilir 
Micnlh,  ■«»  M  ichr  M  It  tptdmlly  ia  in  dunctB  ol  ■  Mart  or 
CiiyolMcidKiiu."  TbtSuMtilkB'BwiwuaMtiBiHddwiiif 
Ibt  Normu  imiiid  ud  ibi  tUn-nnc  or  iheiil  bat  coMiniwd  t* 
our  own  lime.  TIihc  vnc  iridiully  icvHal  diKiDa  nnti,  all  >p- 
puncb'eaaniBpeiaudbyiMld^  SonaminntvvtBinioAl 
Itiil  ipiiimiiiiiifiiiiiliiiiinniiiliBinilliilriiiliiii  hm  I  11  ifniiorl 
iHlib  tint  tUi  (itk  diiuipcuBd  afur  the  Canqucror'a  charter. 
Henry  I.  fmual  to  the  aty  by  chwltr  the  ritht  ol  appomiiiif  ill 
DviidteriDi;  thie  vuiznatpffvileie,  ■hich,  hoacvB',  wu  mallnl 
in  the  Rign  o(  Hemy  n.  vil  Ridiard  I,  lo  he  mund  by  John  IB 

T^H.  RoOPd  holdM  that  the  office  of  Iiuddar  was  dialed  by 
Hnuy  I.'i  chaiw.  uid  u  be  wai  the  chief  authority  in  Ihr  city  tliii 
Bomtwhat  ta^ea  oA  fiom  the  value  ol  the  pri^^legc  «  appointing 

In  the  iMh  centnrx  then  waa  a  great  aunldpal  nUTCment  over 
Eninpe.  Loodonera  were  wed  Inlotmol  aa  to  what  w»  inlBg  on 
abqiad,  and  ahhovgh  (ha  nkn  wm  ahnya  wOlliif  la  wall  for  an 
ocpartDnily  oC  enlBig(fi(  their  libeitiea.  they  lenuined  ready  to  take 
advamagiorauddrcumatanccaaaodglitacnir.  Tbdr  great  oppoi- 
tunitr  DGCnrred  whik  Rkbaid  I.  waa  ngaged  abitiad  aa  a  cniiulH. 

In  lUg  a  acdal  waa  atrack  tDconintiiBntt  the  700th  annivcfmry 
of  tbr  mayoralty  which  accoiding  to  popular  Uadilion  «>  [ounded 
In  1 1  Bo.    mth  iBDKt  to  tMa  inditlon  Round  write*  (Cmim 

*«•*•.  P- Mi)!    'TheB«ii    -      ■•  ■ -' .--■-- 

diu  fioB  t>-  ■™^"~  -J  n 


m  of  Richaitl  1.  ii  as 
II  the  TCmirkabk  words  of  R 
cr  aaentrd  to  Che  ratablifbOv 


tHlil^^ 


lo  October  1 191  thFconSlct 
LongfJianlp  the  king't  repres 
-_^  bifferiy  oflended  thi 


jetwnn  Win  the  Idng"!  brother  and 

L^ondojien,  vbo.  finding  that  tTiey 
^^  ^^^  .^^^  ^..^  «.n.o  to  eiiher  Bde.  named  the  Comrnune 

I  •■■■■■  ^  ^,1^  ^^^j^  ^  ^^^  aappon  of  loho,  A  small  party  of  the 
ciliieni  ander  Henry  of  Comhitl  nmainecl  faithful  to  the  chancellor 
Lonichainp,  bat  at  a  meeting  held  at  3t  niarsaa  the  tlh  of  October, 
the  baroni  welcomed  (iie  anhbiAcv  of  Rdoen  as  chief  joaticiar 
<iir  having  produced  the  Idne'a  liga  nanual  anxdndna  a  new  com- 
niiiinn),  and  ihry  aihued  John  as  refot.  Stubby  in  hia  inin>- 
doctiaii  to  die  Chronicle  of  RoterdeHovcden.  writes:  "Thit  done, 
oath)  wne  largely  lalieni  John,  the  Josiciar  and  the  Baroni  (wore 
10  nuInlalB  the  Cfmmmu  al  London:  the  with  of  lain'  to  Richard 
was  then  awom,  JiAn  taking  It  ttil.  Oeo  tte  nn  an^Uihopg,  the 
biibap^  the  barons,  and  last  tha  bwlheia  iiith  the  eapmt  undir- 
aundDW that  ahouH  tbrki>I die  without  Iiaue  Ibey  would  rKtive 
John  asbb  imesMr.'*  Refening  to  this  Important  event  Mr  Round 
writes:  "  The  cicltBl  dliieni,  who  had  poured  out  ovemiglit,  with 
hnieiwa  and  tonAa,  M  wdcone  John  to  the  cM^tal.  (tmmni 
together  OS  Iht  munlntaf  tteenlfulSdi  ol  CMenerat  the  wclli 
kmni  Hid  of  the  iieat  belt  twli«iB|  out  f»«  ita  canpanBe  in 
S(  Pears  Chnnhyardr  Than  they  hard  John  take  the  oath  tn  the 
■  Commane  ■  Uk*  a  Fmcli  Uw  ar  loid;  and  then  UndoB  for  the 
first  tine  had  a  nunicbnlity  other  own." 
■  i»i.  i.  i„„m^  ..  •»  what  the  Commuoe  thea  enabEdied  really 
^■le  dijcovefy  anwng  the  manuicripta  of  the 
im  of  the  fjalh  of  the  Coramnne  proves  for 
I  that  London  in  1191  poHcwd  a  Inlly 
I "  of  the  coniintntal  wun.  A 
inokteal  nmolatiM  ja  Oait  ttit  new 
LooiIdii  vmt  cntiRly  copied  tnm 

. aaal  ckica,  and  Mr  RiiuBd  ihowa  that  Ilia*  b  cos- 

^crivc  proof  of  the  aiaetf ton  that  the  Comnmrei  LoHlaB  derived 
ha  oridn  Iron  that  of  Rosea.  Thia  MS.  ^«ta  US  h^omaUaa  artikh 
waa  nksowB  befon,  but  apattatba  tanivtd  eeialmaaa  to  the  early 
gBueming  paitlon  of  Uba  aldenHa.  Frna  tni  wa  lews  Att  tUt 
govemneni  ol  the  dw  waa'ia  tha  handa  of  a  mayor  and  twelve 
Idievina (1*^1  >«£  these  uvwbehi FresH^  aeem  W a  time 

TaelveHan  later  (iios-iaoU  we  lean  fmaoDAerdDchmBit. 
pRsuved  In  the  UH  nbma  aa  the  aalh,  Ihtt  aUl  faW  bsiiaa 
WB«  aaaecJtted  with  tha  owror  aad  fcherba  to  fan  a  body  of 
t*«Uy4oar  (that  h.  twdva  MiM  awl  aa  equal  bb^h  of 
eaaiidllMd,  Round  boldt  that  tha  Cowt  ef  SUabd  aad  tik 
mW  iMi&n.  of  which  at  prAnt  wa  kaow  aadlng  taicher  ikaa 
what  Is  aoatritd  la  tha  tana*  al  aaaatb^wta_^  (am  of  tha 

Laadon  obtaiaed  the  priiilm  ef  apprSntiia 


lai  the  Mag  dM  BOt  aecaAmallr  ttst  hh 
bvtici  al  tha  diy.  Hm  wm  mlly 
sniunt  diugreemenu.  and  lanieiimn  the  king  dcnaded  the  naye* 
ind  sppaintad  a  coalea  or  wanlea  la  Ua  place.  SevenI  laataBccs 
of  Ihia  aiw  lecoiAd  in  (he  lyh  and  tath  eealuriea.  Illavciyiai- 
piinini  Id  bear  ia  aiiad  that  the  aayen  ol  Loadon  boldes  boUng  a 
aery  aieniBpDriiiaa  *en  laailly  men  ol  peat  AHkKtioB.  They 
ofua  held  rank  oMiidc  lb*  dty,  aod  nalural&  took  their  ptaceamoag 
the  laleiaef  the  eouaiiy.   TbEy  were  mostly  representatives  ef  Iba 


fortbeseeondtimelnijM.thalhcWBBtbeliriilardmayn'.  bL. . 

ii  ooiitioety  no  aulhoril*  whaKver  for  this  claim,  althoiith  <>  <s 
bsMly  stated  that  Jia  was  ciealed  bird  mayor  by  Edward  1 1 17  in  thia 
year.  Appsmlly  the  Ikk  was  occasionally  ustd.  and  the  uic 
giadiiaBy  grew  into  a  prescriptlw  right.  There  Is  ao  endencc  of  any 
grant,  but  afier  igao  the  tiile  hs]  bnonie  genemL  _ 

the  oMdal  adviaeia  of  the  taayor.  TIk  vaifmn  winja  irere  each 
presided  aHrbyaa  aUerman  IrBiBan  eariypetiiid.  bnt  .ib__ 
we  cannot  fix  the  time  when  they  wen  uaiied  aa  a  enurl  ^^^ 
ol  aUanien.     SCiMib  writesi     The  govening  body  ef  Londoti 


iapoHibleth 
this  Itlle.  Thi 


any  farther  evUenee  than  the  path  of  the 
of  Ihe  enistence  ef  "deheiriaa"  In  LaadM.  it 
len  wen  ekctad  oa  the  mayor'a  CHneO  ands 
t,is  Dd  the  opinkn  of  M  r  RouBd,wbBkas  befoea 
■area,  laiacnnea  n  odiavt  that  tha  body  of  fcharlns  beiamaJa 
csune  of  tine  tbe  Court  <t  C«auiaa  CauncIL    The  aMcnaea  ar* 
•H«  n>*««trtnwi  »  ihe  eoUiaguea  of  the  nkayor  innH  the  voy  cod 
eacepl  hi  the  case  of  Ffes-Ailwia'ai^^  of 


[  the  iilh  cBU. 
*In  u'arch  I:  ' 


„  .-^  .-„ "the  Mayor  and 

of  Ihe  City  nf  London  '  10  tbe  municipaKtiea  ol  Bnige^ 
(.aenandCambfay.  Ahhoofh  the  officnl  fonn  of  "The  Mayor  and 
Conwnnna  "  was  eoHiaaed  untfl  the  end  of  the  ink  cencury,  aad  il 
waa  net  ontl  eaity  la  tbe  I4tk  eentBry  thai  tbe  (ana  **  Mayer. 
Aldennea  and  Cofaaioa  Coandl "  cama  iaio  ardstenc^  there  b 
uifficbnt  evidcnca  to  show  that  the  akfcnnan  and  oomnioa  covnril 
belora  that  time  wm  acting  with  the  raaym' as  tuveraara  of  Ihe  city, 
in  IJ77  it  waa  oiilcied  that  ^dermea  cauld  be  dected  aaaaalhr.  hot 
m  IJII4  the  rab  waa  modified  an  aa  te  allow  an  akfemaa  to  be  r^ 
efcntd  (or  Us  aaid  *i  the  spuatkn  of  hb  )iear  af  office  vithott  any 


Inrjulh 
heklHTRii 
itkeOir 


,  the  On^nance  respecting 
iRichudlE.).  Diwinctrai 
'      -■■  ire  toU  that '„  ^ 

our  Loid  I3Sa,al 


with  barmbl  bODOora  waa  ob- 

■ervrd."  Whan  the  poll'taii  of  1379  was  impoaid  tbe  mayor  was 
atfeiaed  aa  an  carl  arid  lbs  aldemen  aa  barons^ 

The  gpvarament  of  the  dly  I7  news  dates  back  to  a  very  early 
petted,  and  these  rants  w««  apnooWal  by  Ihe  king.  Tbe  pn6i  of 
Ike  yaiioiis  kindsol  reeyei  laade  but  liltle  diBerenne  m  tkt      j^„^, 

might  br  diflertnl.  Then  was  slight  difference  betweea  tbe  oOn 
of  sheriff  and  that  ef  pertfce*e,  iiMch  latter  does  not  appear  to 
have  lorvived  the  Cooquesl. 

Alter  iheestaMiJiment  of  the  Comawne  and  the  apuihiUiil  of  a 
mayor  Ihe  iberHa  naturally  kac  mach  of  their  inpottaaai,  and  the* 
became  what  they  *r*  atyM  to  lOir  AUms  '^tha  Eyes  ol  the 
Mayor.'-  WBiea  Middlem  was  In  farm  tn  London  tha  two  shetils 
■en  equally  Aeiifa  nt  London  and  MiddhesL  Then  b  oaly  one 
hataBce  hi  Ihcelly  ncDida  afadieriff  of  MhUkaex  bejag  rmiioinl 
as  diilincl  Inm  Ue  dierills,  and  Ihb  waa  in  l>Si  when  ArAniii  de 
BeatevUb  and  Waho-  k  Bhnd  an  dacribod  as  aberiSs  of  Lndon, 
aodCerhiaaaherilTofMkMliaex.  Bytbe Local Covarameat Ado) 
IBM  tha  eftbeaa  of  London  war*  donvad  of  all  right  of  Jurbdklba 
Bnar  the  eouaty  of  lliddksaib  wbidi  bad  tea  tuprwaly  gnatcd  by 
varloas  diaften 

In  ijlj  It  BBS  ardained  aad  agmed"  that  m  panea  dirfl  f naa 
heocefofd  ba  mayor  in  Iba  raid  dty  if  h*  have  aet  Int  beea  dMriA 
of  tbe  nid  dtv,  to  tb«  end  that  be  mav  be  tried  hi  BDmaaBc*  and 
boairty  bafor*^  attalas  aach  estate  «( tha  nayonSy.' 

Tb*  two  teurta— that  of  aMenaca  and  that  of^heeoaBMa  caanca 
—11*  pntabl*  fainid  abaat  Um  aaaie  tlnb  but  it  1*  na»iiiWi 

ttesabvcBoddattalBfaimatloBBadiasubiact.  The    „ 

BBmherefaeBberaBftbeoommoacDuBdlifBAdvBadr  D  '  1' 
at  dHcreal  tbae^  bat  tbe  right  la  detniin*  the  oanber  ■^'^ 
was  Indhcatlr  graitad  by  lEs  dMrttr  of  Edward  lit.  (1341}  "("t^ 
enabba  tha  Ay  taaraaadniliai  and  aiea  which  baa*  bewe 


fdfiBcriy  uppiiiiiiad  by  tha  d^.  but  uce  iIw  LmL  CwviuiiriiE 

A(1  of  lUt  h*  U  aamiMtHl  by  the  citirindapprovrdb]' 

"Sr^  •••  lo'il  iluiBtllcir.  Tin  (oolmon  tirtianl  wu  tontirfly 
■™  ipminla]  bv  lb*  dty,  bot  dm  i«U  bv  (he  lufd 
^'  CDUcrikv,  ThB  town  ckrk  U  appiMntcd  by  the  city  ud 

i»4leaa]  iiuially. 
The  chAiAberlaiii  «r  RHnptToUcf  of  the  kiii('f  chamber  it  jtp- 
'  '  ^  by  the  Uvciy,    He  w»  oripiuny  a  hin^'i  officer  ind  the 


^ . ^.„  agunt  Iha  city. 

ae  of  cniiUni  tbcm  tm  prneili  wen 

et  up— <■)  that's  new  imte  of  am IM  tolla  h*d  been  Itvicd 

ly  vtnue  of  U  an  ef  common  ceoBcil.  and  (i)  thai  a 

Uk  in  which  It  wai  alkfcd  thci  by  the  pncsfaiic 

..  , publk  jnatice  had  been  inttrniHid.had  betfl  pfinlt_ 

by  order  of  the  Conn  ol-CommoaCoanril.   thatin  dherleif  a  writ 

Cvarranlg  acainK  the  eorpontlon  of  London  in  lUt,  and  the 
Id  of  KiniT^Bencb  dedand  ita  dmnr  lorfdted.  &»■  aflee. 
«ard>  *U  the  obnotioai  aljii«nn  wo*  dimlK»d  and  othenaiipeinied 
[a  Ihiii' mom  by  royal  conmiHien.  When  iiiiK»ll.  faund  binuelf 
In  danger  fmn  the  landint  ef  the  Prince  of  Onnie  he  •cnl  lor  the 
kwd  ma>4r  ami  aldencn  and  Informed  Ihcm  of  nil  determination 
u  RMon  tha  eh*  charter  and  prWImfc  b«  be  had  im  line  (o  do 
anylMiiB  before  hie  RM|.  "Ke  ConmiBon  which  wai  wnrnioncd  to 
■DM  oa  tha  nod  of  January  I6lt  was  RM<i*n<d  by  a  [omal  ici 
Into ■  Irae  parnaiinit  (Fdiniary  *J>'   Oneot  the  tint  marioM put 

■-  ■*-  " liat  ■  necialComiiutlce  ihould  be  apnoinled  to 

loni  cfUM  Ubertin  Md  Innchin  of  all  the 

and  partlculaily  of  ih«  City   of 

jbutthcHouiemolvedtabrintlna 

I  ihe  Corjiontion  Act.  and  Im  yean  kler  (March  s) 

— ]»—  ^  Grievancta  reported  In  (he  Howe  lit 

u  of  I  he  City  of  London  la  Ihealeclionaf 

— re  invaded  and  that  mth  invadon  ma* 


tin  Ctnnd  Com _   ..    _ 

oetnlon  (I)  that  the  rifhu  of 
•herifli  In  ihe  )T*r  l6ii  wen 
llleni  nod  ■  rrirvano 
0»  H'.rro.l.  .pin« 


Winll  (ainang 
Hh  of  Hanh 


riif^', 


r  1^^  leapec  lively  held 


Whn  the  Art  for  (he  nfonn  nf  Mankiisl  Corponlient  wu 
paiBd  In  llu  London  wu  uecially  encepttd  irvni  111  prvkiviona^ 
When  Ibe  Milnipciliun  Boaiil  </  Woilu  wu  rormed  by  ihe 
MetropiirimMiueeinenl  Act  of  Igjslhecily  waiafTertrdloactnain 
otent.  bgl  by  ihe  Local  Goyemmnt  Act  of  iMt  which  fannkd  ibc 
'  --' Council  the  rlihl  of  appointing  a  AenH  (or  Middfciea 


London  one  portiDfl 


>i  Mk^em  «>  «Hci>ted  [itnn  the  ci' 

—  , — . was  loiaed  to  the  admininntlvr  couni 

London,  and  rhe  DIhcr  to  Ine  ronnty  of  Middleieii. 

The  lord  mayDC  of  London  hai  certain  vny  lenaihaUe  privl 
■hkhhanbeea  rehgiDuly  guardedandwinbcof  inalaMiii 
n,  ajj,    1'  >■  only,  nrteaaaiy  In  mention  iheiehere.  but 

M  lo  iti  orfapn.  They  all  prove  thr  irmarfcable  poi 
""*  of  OM  LonSon,  and  hhiC  It  oR  Innu  all  other 
«l  modem  Euiive.   Sbonb>  alafed  Ihe  privileiee  am  four.' 


■ILR.Skaipa,i«dHa> 


m  [|gH),  I.  »i. 


■  deaciiptJoaafL(iadeaiithat*iittea 

174  ai  aa  introductiea  id  hia  hie  of 

_      Biekal,   Thli  wna  fait  printed  by  Stov  la  Ua 

II  waa  npiinted  by  Stryne  la  hit  editnia  of  Slnw:  by 

fai  h>>  cdiSn  <t  L^and^  lAatMn  (voL  ■),  fay  Samuel 

Ptrnni  in  ina.  aad  ihaalaiii  The  fan  liimai  la  cuataiatd  In 
^  Aney  al  £«>da*  by  John  Stow  Jtnt,  l«aj).  Tbe  iMhec  dM 
in  rtes,  BBdhlaworkwaaDnnlnaidbyAiithoiiy  Hui^yaiidothon 
(i6iB.  i6u)  and  In  the  neit  ccMury  by  John  Stiyn  (lyM,  lyu- 
I7SS).  Scow'iorigiBal  woflEnareprhnodlnr  W.J.  Tbnnt  in  iIm 
add  a  atoninneiital  edltioa  ha*  bean  pobHabed  1^  C-  L-  Kingiford 
(Oidord.  looS), 

The  lollawing  are  the  moa  impoitant  of  lobHqurnl  Msoria 
anused    in    ordtr    of    puWkition;    Jamn  Howell.  LwmitMt^ii 

itofcit  Snmoui  Uohi  MoRlcyl.  Sttrvo ^ Am Citmil Lmim  «J 
WtOmimSt,  (IT34,  another  (dilioB  i75l)l  WilVaat  MaUliad, 
Hiilmry  ^  I^ndim  (lyu.  other  EdhiooB  I7s6,  ITta  1769.  eamiauad 
byJofanEatich  ly^nohn  Enlick.rf  Ktm lii Aumtl Hiamt  H 
LBmiam.  Wwiltnuur,  Sgt«h>srjk  (itW);  The  Cily  Remembraiicer. 
HvraliMi  ^  Ika  i><aiH  lOlb.  Kh  itfW  «<  CrM  iuni  tTOJ  <i;«9) j 
KmtHiCtmllal  Hiutry  amd Smrwn.  by  a  Society nf  Ceotkmcn 
._.  .ITTJ   r-i.._._i.:.  1^  ,„i^  hv  "' 

.  'HUeri'Si~Smi  1/  IminTfiioi);'  Heaiy  HuBlei 

HfWry  <f  Lmiim  (Kii):  i.  W.  Abbon.  HuMry  ^  LiUim  (iBiit 
Thomaa  Aflen,  Hutor^  n/  ^Mfguhs  ^  £«>d«  i*^Z*h'?.'± 


iSliii. 

illo});   DivU   Hughaon    (E.    PiyhJ,   Len 

Lainliert.  BltHry  ni  Smnn  if  Lmimi  lilo6):  H«iy  Ht 

... ,,._.__  '— ,);  I.  W.  AbboH.  Htuary^leitifcnd 

'  -     ■— ^-  -"—■-!  (ifc-    - 
A  S 


1876)!  < 


A  Hillary  if  Li 


,  _, ■  (tM3)r 

(Ltindon.  1887):  Claude  de  l>  Roche  .  .. 
SichI  (Phitadclphia.  1901)1  Sir  Walu 


iiSi'S.; 


Benuu,   Tib  Sumy  if 

.__    -      ,-  torie,  Jfoam,  Smm  onJ 

1901);  UtMtmi  Lmtiitm,  voL  1.  Hiilirial  ami  Siril 
iioni. 'Du  a,  £«lui«>Kal  (1906)  1  LnKfin  n  IJb  rnpca/lhr  radtri 
lui);  Ittdui  in  It*  TinH  ^  lb  Stuaru  <iw}}i  Londn  in  ib 
tSCrMt  C.ni«,  (1901);  K/B,  Whotlcy,  fH  Sb^y  tj  l-.iim 
iMtdieval  Towoif  (London.  1904). 

The  (oHawlng  are  tome  of  the  Chinniclra  of  Londan  which  hay* 
been  prinud,  arraBwd  in  order  of  puMication:  R.  Gnfton, 
Chrnidl  llt^lJStiltOf):  R-  Arnold.  LauLm  Ckrimult  (1811): 
A  Cknnkli  •/  Ltmltn  from  loSo  to  14SJ  miln  n  fb  FtfiMlk 
Crnlury  |igI7):  WiUiam  Gnprry't  CiriauU  if  Lmio*.  I/Sp-J«dp 
(il;6):  HiMrle^  CoOttHmi^t  Citim  g/ Imdtn.  edited  by  lame* 
Uaiiihier  (Camden  Society.  1S76):  Cinmuta  if  Ituim  (iteo- 
iSId],  edilnl  by  C.  t-  Kingrioid  ((Jxlocd.  1901). 

Many  bookt  have  been  publlihed  on  the  eovrmment  of  LoiMoa. 
of  which  the  lotlowing  i>  a  leleciioo:  On  In  (jfi^i.  tbjg):  in 
LnJintnii  tr  On  CUy  Ltu  (1U0):  W.  Bohon.  >r<nl(fH  Lniiai 
(iTij);  can  Jacob,  Cily  LAnmi  (lyuli  ^ona  imi  Cailwii. 
KltHi.  LittilHi  v^  Prw<ltpi -/ On  Cili  of  Lnin  liT^iiiDtiii 
Haahioii.  Epilimi  of  Uu  Frjtilttri  of  LonJen  (1S16);  Ceorge  Nonon, 

■•      -    ■    WM  (i«l9}l^ibr  >(l 


LoB^H  (tooi-roog)— EorJy  fniidH.  Pniiilme, 
ffon«a  (t90i)i  UtMtmS  r—'—  —•  ■  "■ 
(t90«).vcila^£«'  ■■ 


afi« 


Alhu  (1419), 

_   WUIr  Bilk  If 

r^yV  iK^ii*.  inatbiid  K  H.  T.'  SOiy  ii«6t)i  H.  T.  BUey. 
icfiifi  if  LonJtx  t*d  Ltiin  LOi  im  da  nlK  14II'  »**  'fl* 
•  M^y.ViAialaaiiLtt'^'Latr.CimtiUTlHwiaSitti'iim 
__  _  Sociriy,  i&ie);  annHla  of  lir  JfayM  end  Jlrrtfi  fT 
LaioK  iiM~f>M.  tnmlatedffonlheXihirdrXnfifiifiXrifAiby 
H.  T.  Riley.  >rnK*  iTbaakit  ^f  Lendn  11(^1343  (1*63); 
/I  aof Minif /nJrr  to  (*r  Smff  ^  Jfrcerdi  *a»ii  ai  Ok  ArMHtrea™ 

f__. 1-    .....;._,  3  rt«  CotpontiB 

-  ShariK,  fiTc.U  I 


Sociriy,  l&ie);  I 

"  'f4,Z.,. „.,. 

■  -  .'»7J-'JM)p«- 

Ihe  Archivca  of  the  Cotpontioii  ol  London  at  ihe 
ciHHWau.RMedbv  RennU  R.  Shaipe,  n.C.U  (iBoa-ioorlL  W.  and 
R.  Woodcock.  LiKi  tlliri  ilnyui  (184&):  J-  F.  B  F'rth.  tfmiiopil 
ijwiM  (1876):  Waller  Dclgny  Krch.  HiiUritcl  Outm  ami 


968       LONDON  CLAV— LONDONDERRY,  3RD  MARQUESS  OF 

X  Uc  Kiiidom;  t  Hiiurj  lUriSmiMy  from 
U  (i>M)l  C.  L.  Goirne.  TU  GMcnoM  >/ 
[  Flaa  ocMM  ij  Lndtm  in  BHifM  tniU- 
I.  Bans.  TktAUtmniilliiC^iiJLnin 


JM);  G.  A.  lUikH,  Hulnry 

iStU.   WiUkniKKtavtiniblfitMiDlBn 
V ^ ...  ^ ^  i^    jg^ 


\iitrSsitUrual  Jtnnumcci  o/  lli  _ 
ul  in  Uht  fWrnno.  Siacc  then  dan:  ■«»»■]  Tkt  Ukf 
CcM^<n*iqrikcC^<y^«{n.by  W.  CwmHa^Rdeoi);  n 
Cilf  CmtpaaUi  tj  Uiitim,  br  P-  H.  DUchbU  (1904):  ni  OU 
ud  CniMiiio  if  LiwAw,  br  Gcone  Unwu  (19118).  Sepuil 
UMariH  hve  ban  publkhBl  ot  tlH  cflcf  LoBdoii  CDopiiua/ 

Tbc  (dloaiH  aie  loiiie  al  (he  cUrf  irottu  coeBKBd  with  th 
(apofniiky  ci<  LoAdoa:  TkooHi  Pniiiut,  Of  Ltmin  UlVK  179: 
iSoS.  liij.  tfwubnd  imoGoaiu  itw);  MaT.  Snkli,  rfuia 
Ttfpapty  if  Ltndtn  {t»IJ>i  DavM  Hn^n  [C.  Poih).  IViU 
Ibott  LimAt  <lSl7)i  ImIh  Mud  bvChulB  K.&.I  ia4i 
i«Mn))rintcdiigi,nnndferE-WiHa(dtB7S-»77)jlH.]«B 
Ijlrnio'  a*^  BiiUriail  llrmariaU  1^  l/nUn  (1S47):  Lath  Huir 
r*«T*mi,-- "— — ■>.'■»- '^ — ^,..  ..  _.  ...  


.Wheul 
OUnd 


\euity.  Lmidtm  patt  ami prtuMi  Vuiita  of  CU  £«ifli,  ctchinn 
ombury.  ifosMMLnAm  (1S65,  nnr  cd,  by  E.  Wali^  lUo  : 


..    _      .-ii  b/G.  W.  Thpoihory,  vdIi.  SU.-yL 

by  Edawd  WaUcrd  (■ST}-lt7S};  WattB  Bcau,  iMlaa.  ICcit 
'    ■■    ■     ■       «  -   -     ■       -rtoi-noiii  Eoil  Ln^ 

^ooal;  Philto"Ki™,"i~l™' tiaiXd  oW  nabtiiw  l>90Sll 
AcDRti  if  At  IjMdnt  TafapMlaai  SaiUtj;  Mnaptfla  tS  "- 
CmattUa  far  <^  Samj  aj  Iki  ifaaariali  af  Cy^  'f^ 

(1(61.  Mba 
lict  (1M3): 

, cmat'ui  Ut^tiaMtH  ^UuiUmd  (i6i3,  1681. 

iHbySir  Williim  PMtyi  Corbyn  Mwria,<%H»iUwni  M  l(( 


1;  5nanil  Eisaja  1" 
\jl  Oama  md  Br: 


OimtlUk  (I6«.17U. 
•H  tj  UtnkiiTtitai. 

,„  Manit.Obiotatini  c. . 

, , _,  J^aiyiiLniinthnii^Ciiauli^. 

4  Ai  Yrnrly  BiUi  if  UarlaUlf  frant  i6S7  It  ml  l«l.  by  T.  Birch, 
D.D.  I7nli  Gnuafi  Otientlitmi,  Pciiy'*  AmeVitr  Ettaj  and  C. 
Uarrb'i  Obin«>Hi  an  Rpflaud  in  thii  (nUmioa.    Gnuni  and 
'    "  DriDted  in  Ettaemic  Writing  lA  Sa  W.  Prijt 


aSitf  i 


;  Ihe  nioal   Irnponan 


Kuth  of  England.  It  ii  »<U 
un,  though  not  fraqutnlLy  eipoant, 
nt  ulcnt  Atvrrcd  by  more  rvcml 


dcvrLoped  En  the  1a 
partly  b«aiac  it  c 

graveli  and  partly  oecauK  11  u  not  oiira  worMta  on  ■  laije 
acale.  It  b  a  itiiT,  tcnacHHia,  bluish  clay  that  becomca  bra^n 
on  *utlining,  onuimuliy  ii  bFconiu  disliKtly  aandy,  somc- 
tirHF^  llauconltic,  np«ial1y  towardi  Ihe  lop;  largv  c^katfoua 
septarian  roncrftiona  are  common,  and  hive  btcn  uscdin  the 
nanDiactura  of  cement,  being  dug  for  thid  pjrpoie  at  Sheppey. 
i»ar  Soutbend,  and  at  Hanricti,  and  diedged  oil  the  Hamp- 
shire coast.  Nodular  lumps  of  pyiiits  end  cr^ali  o[  wlenMe 
ate  of  frequent  occgnence.  The  clay  has  betn  employed  for 
making  biiclu,  lilet  and  (Dane  pottery,  but  it  is  luuiHy  (oo 
lenacious  for  Ihb  puipoH  except  in  weil-weatheied  01  landy 
portioiil.  The  base  of  the  clay  a  very  regularly  indicated  hy 
a  few  inches  of  rounded  flint  pebbles  with  green  and  yellowish 
■aod.  patlt  of  this  layer  being  frequently  cemented  by  lar- 
bonale  of  lime.  The  average  thickness  of  Ibe  London  Clay  in 
the  London  ba^n  is  about  430  ft,;  al  Wtndiac  it  la  40a  ft. 
ihick;  beneath  London  it  is  rather  thicker,  «hae  in  Ihe  south 
al  Esiei  It  is  over  4S0  fl.  In  Willshiie  it  only  reaches  a  few  feet 
in  thiclinni.  while  in  Bei):shlre  iliaioinc  joocteli.  It  ii  found 
InthelslcOt  Wight,  where  it  is  ]oa  It.  thick  at  WhitecliB  Bay- 
here  ihe  beds  are  verliul  and  even  slightly  reversed—and  in 
Alum  Say  it  is  no  ft.  thicL    In  Hampshire  it  is- sometimes 

sandstone  within  the  days  are  called  Barnes  or  Bognor  Ruck, 
In  the  eastern  part  of  the  London  basin  In  cast  Kent  the  pebbly 


basement  bed  becomes  a  thick  depart  (Go  It.),  (aiming  part  d 
tbc  Oldhaveo  and  Blackhuth  Bed>. 

The  Lnedini  Cliy  ii  a  raarine  dtpoail,  and  iu  loiiiU  indicale  a 
iBoderaaelywannclmHcthe9onhiviiigamipicalaipcct.  Amiaf 
the  loasilt  may  be  meniioned  Pamipoa  inurmiiia,  Dibmpt  Mua. 
Tniiiiit  fir$imla,  Carnm  huwku,  RaiUUatU  tmth,  JVanWiu 
«<ii^aUi.WaH|H,(ofamiiuferawuldialanu.  Fuh  imiv  JKlude 
OUdmi  Miggki,  Stt)nimniai  nuiMnui  birds  are  rcncKnted  by 
HakymuitnUaticta,  UUmnu  and  OiaUafUrlx.  ud  leOtila  ^ 
CkabH  fifu,  anj  other  lartln  l>alaftMu.  ■  amient  and  tmcodSki 
HynnUinnM  ttfmrimm,  PalaaOurimm  and  ■  few  elbei  iinwiiiili 
■ra.tacorded.  PUni  miuiiia  in  a  pyriilied  Dondkiu  are  fonad  in 
gnat  abundance  and  potcEtloa  on  The  tbare  lA  Sbififieyi  nuncnus 
uecie*  o(  palnu.  KRW  pi  nci,  va  ter  lillci.  cyiireiiea.  yewi,  letuiaiam 
pUau  and  many  « hen  occur:  loi>  ol  conilcmu  wood  bored  Uiouch 
by  anndida  and  rtrt^  an  csaiinaa,  and  loaiil  ran  hu  been  iouad 

Snctocuai  alio  W.  Whilakn. "  The  CeokiEy  ol  London  and  pan 
I'.thgtiiainta  Valley,"  Jftm.C»J.  Smty  (i^l,  and  SIml  Uimtui 


.iS,a«.JJ9,J: 


.niiltm 


litGml.  Swtn,  Isnin.  Nm.  514.  ji;,» 

tti  Gultt)  ffUu  Iitt  <a  (^VU  (iM)). 

UOTKINDBIinT,  BARU  AHD  UBQUinB)  OF.  IV 
til  eul  ol  Londondeciy  was  Thomas  Ridgt^vtay  (,1.  I5fij~>eji). 
a  Devon  man,  who  was  treasurer  in  Ireland  irom  i6a«  10  1616 
and  was  engaged  in  Ibe  ptanlatioB  of  Ulster.  Ridgeway  wai 
made  a  baronet  in  1611,  Biran  Ridgewgy  in  1616  and  earl  ol 
Londonderry  in  1A33.  The  Ridgcwaya  held  Ihe  earldom  tuitil 
Maccb  iTi«,  when  Robert,  the  4Lh  carl,  i^ed  without  ions.  In 
ijiC  Robert'*  aon-in-law.  Thomas  Pitt  (c.  16BS-1719),  too  nt 
Tbomas  Pitt,  "  Diamond  Pitt,"  govemor  at  Madras  uid  Imde 
ol  Ihe  great  carl  of  Chalhim,  was  created  ear]  o(  Londonderry, 

Ridgeway,  the  jnl  earl  of  Ihii  h'ne.  died  unmarried  in  January 
1765.  In  IJ06  Robert  Stewart  (i7J(ri8ii),  of  Mount  Stewart, 
Co.  Down,  was  made  earl  of  Londondeny  la  the  Irish  peerage. 
He  bad  been  created  Baron  LondDndcny  in  J7S9  and  Viscount 
Castlemgb  in  179s;  in  1816  he  naa  advanced  to  the  rank  ot 
mtrqiicH  of  Londondetty.  The  3rd  marquea  married  the 
heireu  of  the  Vine-TcmpKls  and  took  the  name  of  Vane  imicad 
of  Slewact;  Ihc  Jlh  marquess  called  hinuell  Vase-TcmpeM 
and  the  61h  DurqacK  Vane-Tempest-Slewart. 

UmDOHDERRT.  CHARLB  WIUJAII  STEWART  (VAMl). 
j«D  Maaqtiiss  *  (1778-1854),  Britiih  soldier  and  diplomaiisi, 

dau^tcT  of  the  ist  Earl  Camden.  He  entered  the  army  aiul 
icrved  bi  the  Nelherlandt  (itm)  bn  the  Rhine  and  Danube 
(i;gj],  hi  Ihe  Irish  ttheUion  {1799),  and  Holland  (1799).  lisng 
be  (okinel;  and  having  been  dccled  to  parliament  lor  Kerry 
became  under  sccrGtaty  lor  war  under  his  hall-brolhei 
Cutlereagh  in  1807.  In  iRoS  he  was  given  B'oviliy  conmiand 
!n  the  Peninsula,  where  he  brillianlly  dblingubbed  Wmsell. 
In  iSog,  and  again  in  the  camp^Lignt  oC  iSio.  1811,  having 


them 


I  adjut, 


o  Berlin  I 


i  Ihe  tapti 
he  was  inv 


le  allied  British,  Russian  and  rnnaian  trvia;  and  as  a 
Iry  leader  he  plnytd  an  impontinl  part  in  the  lubsequenl 
hghllng,  while  ably  seconding  CaitLTcagh'i  diplomacy.  In 
1814  be  was  made  ■  peer  ai  Baron  Slewatt.  and  later  in  Ihe 
^ear  was  appointed  amhasaackpr  at  Vienna,  and  was  a  member 
if  Ihe  important  congresses  which  followed.  In  tg^a  ti3s  half, 
irolher's  death  made  hjm  jrd  marquess  of  Londonderry,  and 
iborlly  allerwards.  disagreeing  with  Canning,  he  TsigDcd, 
being  created  EaK  Vane  (lgi3),and  lor  some  yean  lived  quietly 
'n  Engbnd,  inpnivfng  his  Seaham  estates.  In  iSjj  he  waj  for 
I  short  time  ambassador  01  St  rcleisburg.  In  iSji,  after  the 
lealh  of  Wtlitnglan,  when  he  was  one  ol  the  pall-bcarera.  be 
cceivcd  the  order  ol  Ihc  Cgiter.  He  died  on  the  6(h  of  Uarcb 
S54.  He  was  iwice  married,  first  In  iSoS  to  the  daugblu  of  tht 
arl  of  Damley,  and  secondly  in  1819  to  the  heiress  ol  Sir  Harry 
Vane-Tempeit  (■  descendant  ot  Sir  Pien  Tempest,  who  lervtd 
Agincouit,  and  heir  to  Sir  Hrciy  Vane,  Bart.),  wbco  hs 
omed  the  name  of  Vane.    Frederick  WiOiam  Robeit  (180$- 


EONDONDHRKY,  .2J.D  IMARQUESS  OF 


9*9 


il7]),  Ui  MO  by  lt»  fist  muriigfe,  becimc  4th  nrnquen;  ufd 
on  till!  lattei'a  duth  in  1871,  George  Haay  (i8it'iS34),  the 
(Mot  BD  by  Ibe  stand  imniiige,  alter  succtetling  «»  Eul 


le  (uxcvdiDg  to  die  I 


Id  1S84  ht  wai  n 


n  of  1 


ij),  betame  slh  m 


IE  by  hk  un  Chulei 
n  {b.  1853),  a  prominent  Comenni- 
tive  pDJiciain,  woo  wui  viceroy  of  lTtland(i6flCHjSSg),  ch^muQl 
ot  tix  London  School  Board  (iSp^-jAg?),  poatmaiter-feiMial 
itgob-igoi).  president  of  tbe  Boaid  of  Eduouioti  (1903-1^5) 
uid  Jord  present  of  the  Council  (1003-1905). 

LONDONDEIIRV,  EOBEHT  OTBVIHT.  ihd  Mu<iuu«  at 
lijtg~iSii),  Biiiiih  ttatcsman.  wu  the  cldHt  ion  of  Robot 
SleiAit  ol  Ballylano  Casllc,  in  Donegal,  a»d  Mount  Stewart. 
in  DoiTD,  an  Ulilet  ludawns,  of  bin  to  the  GatLoway  Slewina, 
who  became  baron,  viKount,  eul  and  marqueu  in  the  peerage 
of  Iirland.  Tbc  son,  knomi  in  history  ■>  Lwd  Cuilcreagb,  wu 
bom  on  the  iSlh  oI  June  in  Itie  same  year  ai  Napeteon  and 
WellitiBtan.  Hit  mothet  was  Lady  Sarah  Se ysunir,  daggltlar  of 
tbe  «arl  of  Henfoid;,  He  mnt  Item  Annagli  achiMl  to  St  Jotin'i 
College,  Cambridge,  but  left  at  the  end  ol  his  fiist  yeM.  With 
Lord  Downjbire,  the*  boldiog  iway  ova  the  County  Down, 
Lord  Stewart  had  a  standing  feud,  and  he  put  forwafd  his  soit, 
in  July  i;flo,Ioroneof  Iheieals.  Young  Stewart  was  returned, 
bnt  at  a  vast  c«t  to  his  family,  irtien  he  was  barely  twenty^ona- 
He  took  his  Kot  in  the  Iiiih  Kouse  of  Ceramoss  at  tbe  Hne 
IJiDe  as  his  friend,  Anbur  Welloley,  M.P.  for  Tdm,  but  sat  later 
lor  two  dose  bonnighs  in  England,  stIU  remaining  member 
lor  Down  3l  CoUcge  Creen. 

From  1796,  whw  his  father  bccaaie  u  eati,  he  took  4be 
couiieiy  title  of  Viscount  Caulenngh,  and  becoming  keeper  of 
the  privy  seal  in  Iidind,  be  acted  la  chief  lecieiaiy,  during  tbe 
prokmged  abaencc  of  Mr  Peiham,  from  February  1797-  Caalte- 
reagfa's  conviction  was  that,  in  prenencc  of  threatened  kivaaicm 
and  lebellkm,  Ireland  could  only  be  made  lafe  by  onion  with 
Grat  Britain.  In  Lord  Camden,  as  afterwards  in  Lord  Com- 
•ains,  Cattkreagh  found  a  congenial  chief;  though  his  favour 
with  thoe  ttitmnen  was  jcalouily  viewed  both  by  tbe  Irish 
oligarchy  and  biy  the  English  polilidani  wbo  wshed  to  lii^ 
tbe  nachinc  of  Usli  ajRiiniiiration  in  their  own  hands.  Fitt 
bioBeU  was  doubtful  of  the  Expediency  of  making  an  Irithman 
chief  secretary,  but  hia  vieW'  was  chaage^  by  the  ibtluencv  of 
Comwaliia.  In  snppressing  Lord  EdMrard  l^tfgetaldV  eon- 
^nracy,  and  the  rebellion  which  followed  in  179S,  Castlercagb^a 
vigilance  and  hminesi  were  invaluable.  His  admicistrltion 
vas  denounced  hy  a  fiction  as  hatsh  antf  cruel — a  charge  after- 
wards  repudiated  by  Ciattui  and  Phmkct — bnt  be  wu  always 
on  tbe  aide  of  Imity.  The  dldoyi)  h  Inland,  both  Jacobins 
■nd  pricsl-led,  the  Pioiestant  inJoU  and  olhtn  who  feared 
the  couequence  of  the  Union,  cooIeKcd  against  him  in  Dublin, 
Even  there  CastlBeagh.  though  defeated  In  a  Grat  caaipalgo 
(ijWJ.ImptBsed  Pitt  with  bisabMHy  and  tart.  WithComwalla 
be  joined  in  holding  out,  durihg  the  Rcond  Union  campaign 
(iKcs),  the  proipect  cl  emandpalion  to  the  Roman  Catholics. 
Theji  were  aided  by  free  expenditure  of  money  and  promises 
of  bonoun,  methoda  too  familiar  hi  Irish  politlcl.  When  the 
Act  of  Union  wu  tsiried  through  Ibe  Irish  puliament,  m  the 
summer  of  iSoft,  Cutlereagh's  official  oonneiion  with  hi*  Dative 
bad  practically  ended.  Before  the  Imperial  Parliament  met 
he  urged  upon  Pitt  tbe  aieuures  which  be  and  Comwallii  Ihoa^t 
requisite  to  make  the  Union  effeclive.  In  spite  of  his  servieei 
and  of  Filt't  support,  disillusion  awaited  him.  The  kbig'i 
rduttann  10  yieid  to  the  Rsnui  Catholic  dsim*  was  undet- 
otlmiied  by  Pitt,  •hile  CormmlU*  impmdently  permiiied 
himielf  to  use  language  which,  though  no)  amounting  10 1  pledge, 
wu  construHl  as  ene.  George  111.  resented  tbc  urgumenta 
bren^l  Ibrward  by  Castlerca^i — "  (hii  young  man  "  who  had 
ccuae  over  to  talk  him  tut  of  hia  coronation  oslb.  He  peremp- 
torily lefnsed  to  unction  emandpalkn,  and  Pitt  and  M*  cabinet 
inada  way  lor  the  Addlngton  adoinistrallon.  Tberenpon 
Caatleteagh  resigned,  with  Commllis.  He  took  hts  *eat  at 
WciUnhiiier  for  Down,  Ibe  oonstHuency  he  had  rcprCMnied 
tu  ten  year*  in  Dublin.'    The  leadenblp  of  an  Irish  parly  wu 


offered  to  fain,  but  he  declined  so  to  limiE  his  political  activity. 
His  father  accepted,  at  i^orlland's  request,  an  Irish  marquessate, 
oa  the  uadeniinding  that  m  tbe  futuie  he  or  his  heiii  might 
dafm  the  tame  tank  m  the  Imperial  Legislstuni  so  that 
CaiLknogh  was  able  lo  tit  in  tbe  House  of  Commons  <a  Maiqueaa 
in  igij-i8>i.  Wilberforce  discussed  with  Fill  the  pcssbility 
of  iending  out  Castlereagh  to  India  as  governor-general,  when 
the  frjelioa  between  LonI  Wellesley  and  the  directors  became 
grave;  but  Pkt  ob^niied,  a*  the  phui  would  remove  Castlereagh 
from  the  Honse  of  Commrais,  wfaich  tbould  be  "  (he  theatre  of 
his  fniure  fame." 

In  iloa,  Castleraigii,  at  Pllt'a  tuggcatton,  became  president 
of  the  Board  of  Control  In  tbc  Addlngton  cabinet.  He  had, 
though  not  in  office,  taken  charge  of  Irish  measures  under 
AddingtoD,  induding  the  repression  of  (he  Rebellion  Bill,  and 
the  tempoiary  tuspensioo  of  Ibe  Habeas  Corpus  in  iSoi.  and 
(trntlnued  to  advocate  Catholic  relief,  lilbe  reloim,  stale  payment 
of  Catholic  and  diiaentiDg  dergy  and  "  tbe  tteudy  appliCBlion 
of  authority  hi  support  of  the  laws,"  To  Lord  WdiesleyH 
Indiin  policy  be  gave  a  lUunch  cupport,  waraaly  rccogniied 
by  the  governor-general.  On  Pitt's  return  to  oKce  (May  1804), 
CulIerRigh  letainad  his  post,  and,  neit  year,  took  over  alio  the 
duties  bl  secrelaiy  lor  war  and  the  colonies.  Sodally  and 
poKilcatly,  the  gUii  of  bis  wife,  Lady  Emily  Hobart,  daughter 
of  a  former  Irish  viceroy,  wksai  he  had  nuiiiedin  1 794,  assisted 
him  to  make  his  house  a  meeting-place  of  the  party;  ^nd  hia 
influence  in  parliament  grew  notwithatBoding  hi)  defecti  of 
ityte.spokenand  writKn,  As  a  manager  et  DKa  he  had  no  eqDaL 
After  nti't  death  hi)  surviving  colliaguB  failed  to-fonn  a  cabuict 
strong  enough  to  face  the  formidable  comtnnaiioD  known  u 
"  AH  the  Talents." and  Castlereagh  acquiesced  in  the  ralgnatioo. 
But  to  tbe  foreign  policy  of  the  Poi-Greville  mhuslry  and  iu 
dwduct  of  the  war  he  was  always  opposed.  His  objectiona  to 
the  Whig  doctrine  of  wiihdranal  from  "  Continenlsl  entangle- 
menls  "  and  to  tbc  redurtton  of  oiiliikiy  ejpendituro  were 
Justified  when  Fox  hinu<jf  was  compcUed  "  lo  nail  bit  coonlry^ 
oi^uTt  to  the  mut." 

The  cabinet  of  "  All  tbe  Talenti,"  weakened  by  the  death  at 
Fox  and  tbe  renewed  quairet  with  the  king,  went  out  in  April 
1807.  Castlereagh  returned  lo  the  War  Office  ander  Ponland, 
but  grave  dlflicultlt*  artne,  though  Cannhig  ai  the  fbreign 
Office  vat  then  Ibomaghly  al  one  with  him.  A  piicelwi  oppep- 
luuity  had  been  mlKed  aiiet  Eylau.  Tie  Whigs  had  crippled  ih« 
lianjport  service,  and  the  opeialfons  to  avert  the  ruin  of  tbe 
cosililion  at  Fricdland  came  too  late.  Tbe  Tiar  Alexande* 
believBd  that  England  would  no  longer  concem  herself  with  lb« 
Continental  alruggle,  and  Friedland  was  f<Jlowed  by  'resit. 
The  secret  artidci  of  that  compact,  dented  at  the  time  by  Iha 
Oppoaition  and  by  French  apologists,  have  now  been'  revealed 
from  official  records  in  M.  Vandal 'i  work,  Hapellnn  tl  Ahtauin. 
Catttereagh  and  Canning  taw  the  vital  nnpanani^  •(  nullifying 
the  aim  et  this  project.  The  seanre  of  the  'Danlth  tquadron 
at  Copenhagen,  and  Ibe  mettures  lakes  lo  rescue  the  Setts  of 
Portugal  and  Sweden  from  Napoleon,  crusbed  a  (;orabin£iion 
u  menadng  u  that  defeated  at  Trafalgar.  The  expedition  to 
Portugal,  though  Cuticreagh't  influence  wu  able  oiriy  to  teeura 
Arthur  Wellesley  a  secondary  part  at  6r»l.  soon  dwarfed  other 
istueo.  In  the  debates  on  the  Convention  ol  Cintra,  Castlereagh 
defended  Wellesley  agahist  parliamentary  attack*: "  A  biolber, " 


produced  by  hi 


could  » 


:  have  done 


•  Thedt 


ipaign  in  nonliera  Spain,  and  the  kirg'i 
luiBular  opcretiona,  seemed  10  cut  short 
early  in  1800,  Castlereagh,  with  no  litlle 


Weiletley'i 

difAcully,  SKured  njt  Iricnd'*  appolntmmt  aa 
<^f  of  the  seooad  Portuguese  eipcdillon.  The 
dtlmed  for  Clinlng  by  Siapleton.  but  the  evii 


xball  tt 


Meanwhile,  Cattlereigfa'*  poNcy  led  lo  a  crlab  that  donded  hia' 
iwnfortunes.  The  breach  between  him  and  Canohig  wu  not  due 
0  bit  incompetence  In  ■'be  conduct  of  the  Walchcren  expedi- 
(on.  In  fact.  Casllerea^'i  ejection  wat  decided  t?  Can^^ 
nirigus,  ihou^  conctaM  Iram  tba^ftctla^  BOBlin  bclai« 


LONDONDERRY,  shi?  MARQUESS  OP 


Mt  out  to  Um  Scbddi.  In  Uw  Klection  ti 
tbt  <ui  et  Chitluira  u  commudci  Iht  kinf 'i  pcnosal  pnkRan 
**■  kiniRi,  bat  Ibere  ii  evidence  elio  that  it  wu  ooe  of  Cuaini'i 
KbcmOt  ■>  be  feckoned,  if  CIblJiud  lucceedcd,  on  lunung  bin) 


l^ 


opaly  oppOKil  Is  Ih*  Wikberet  cqKditiaB,  Ud  on  the  Fenio- 
*ulu  qiuHtDB  hcmunly  diSBedlnmi  Cutlcnv^  umI  WctUnctoo 
In  filing  hi*  b^ies  as  uukitul  tntbaium  and  pepidu  upnaiagi, 
Miliury  opinioa  i*  letitnUy  *fned  tkM  Ike  plia  ol  tinlunt 
from  Wikberca  it  Aiit«erp,tb(  FiaichuT«l  baw,<ru  Kuad. 
Napoleoa  heard  the  >iE*i  with  diinuy;  in  principle  WelUnsion 
(ppnved  tbc  ptan.  Cuileieaili')  pnpcwl  wu  [or  a  unf  ^ 
main,  nider  itiict  mndiiians  of  celerii)'  toi  Kcrecy.  u  Aniweip 
vu  unable  to  make  any  adtquate  defence-  But  Chatham,  Ihe 
pavaJ  authorities  and  the  cabinet  piDceeded  with  a  deliberation 
^TpTaiw»d  by  the  fact  that  the  var  Kcietary  had  t<een  con- 
deiaiMd in Mcnt.  Tbee)i>editkia,plinnedattlKe(id  ol  March, 
did  not  reach  Walchenn  tiU  the  end  of  July  i8og;  and  more 
lime  vai  lost  in  movemenla  a^aiut  fiati  and  Fluilting,  pro' 
tracled  until  an  unhealthy  autumn  pruatratad  the  aimy,  which 
wiiirilhdrawn,  diKTcdiled  and  diubled,  in  September.  Futritc 
apioka  threw  the  whole  blame  upon  Cutlereagh,  vbo  then  found 
that,  in  deference  lo  Cannini,  hii  coUearies  had  dnreed  hia 
lemoval  half  a  year  eotliet.  though  they  kept  Mimct  till  the 
mop*  ttaie  brought  back  fnun  Walchenn.  When  Cuikni^ 
learned  from  Peicival  that  (be  tlui  cast  on  blm  had  its  origin 
ki  ■  seaet  iltuk  on  him  many  munlhi  btfon^  he  iru  cruelly 
hurt.  The  main  charge  againtt  bim  vai.  he  layi,  that  he  muld 
not  throw  over  officcn  on  whom  unpopularity  fdl,  at  the  fint 
ahadow  of  ill-fortune.  His  itfuwl  to  rush  into  censure  of  Mooic, 
fallowing  Canning's  sudden  change  fn>m  eulogy  to  denunciation, 
requires  no  defence.  According  to  tbe  ideas  then  prcvalLing 
Cutlereagh  held  himself  just  Uied  in  lending  acbuUinKE  to  Ibe 
original  iiithor,  u  he  held,  of  a  diiloytl  intrigue  igainit  t  col- 
leigue.  In  the  subtequeot  dud  Caniung  waa  wnunded  sad  the 
Rvab  simulunewuly  nsigned.  In  private  letters  to  lut  filbcc 
and  brother,  Caslletiagh  urged  that  he  was  bound  to  ibow  tliU 
be  "  was  not  privy  to  his  own  disgrace."  When  Canning  pub- 
tihed  a  lengthy  eirJanatioB  of  his  conduct,  many  who  liad  >ided 
with  hiia  were  navinced  that  Castktaigh  had  been  much 
wnH^cd.  The  eiciue  that  the  protal  upon  arbich  the  cabinet 
decided  againM  Cutlereagh  did  noi  meniioD  Ihe  miBiiter'i 
■ame  wu  ngaid«d  u  a  quibble.  Men  widely  diScring  in  chu- 
■eter  tat  opiniooa— Walter  Scoit,  Sidney  Smith,  Bnnigham  and 
Cobbctt— took  this  view,  CaMlcrcagb  loyally  supported  tbe 
fovonment  in  patiijunent,  after  Loid  WellesJey'j  sppofniment 
totheFoieignOffict  Though  WdJIngton's  ret  realafterTalaveia 
had  been  included,  with  the  dtsasun  of  the  Carunm  and  Wal- 
Cheren  campaigM,  in  the  censures  on  Caillereagb.  and  though 
Dunitten  were  often  deptessed  and  doubllul,  CuUeceagh  never 
lost  failh  bi  Welliagton's  genius.  Lord  Weliestey's  resignation 
in  iSi>,  when  the  Whigs  failed  to  come  to  terms  wiib  the  legenl, 
ltd  to  Casllereagh's  rclum  to  office  u  foreign  lectnary  (March 
iSii).  Tbe  assassination  of  Percival  soon  threw  upon  him  tbe 
leadership  of  Ibe  House  of  Commons,  uid  this  dinible  butdea ' 
he  csnlinued  lo  bear  during  the  rest  of  hii  life. 

From  Msrch  iBu  lo  July  iSii  Castlereagh'i  biography  is.  in 
truth,  Ihe  history  of  En^ud.  Though  never  technically  prime 
minister,  during  these  years  he  wielded  a  power  such  u  few 
ministers  have  eitcciied.  FoUtical.  opponents  and  peaonil  ill- 
ntben  admillal  thai  he  was  the  nUest  leadei  wbo  evei  con- 
tndled  the  Houm  of  Cominaos  for  so  long  a  psiod.  Ai  a  djplo- 
■latHt,  nobody  nve  llirlboieugh  had  ihc  wine  fafhuaee  mpet 
men  or  wu  given  equal  trecdoD  by  his  eoHesgua  at  bone. 
Foreignen  taw  in  him  tbe  living  preseace  of  En^ind  te  Ihc  camp 
orthsAUies.  At  the  War  Office  be  had  bees  haltered  ^  Ibe  ladi 
uf  lechnkal  knowledge,  while  nature  had  noI  granlcd  him.  u 
inargu>ser,lhepower*af  aCirMMoTSoDD.  Bui  in diploniacy 
hitpeeaUarcoaibiulionef  sircngtb  and  charm,  of  paiioice  and 
tendlittary  idn^Hnen,  was  acknawledged  by  all.  At  tbe 
FoidgB  Office  be  set  hinaeU  al  once  Ip  meet  Napoleon's  designs 
'    Mrtbcn  Eorspt,  wbste  Kuaais  wu  preparing  for  ha  life- 


ud-dtath  suulile.  Locd  Wdctky  paid  a  high  uibnle  la 
Caslleteagh's  conduct  la  Ihi*  Muatian,  aad  WtJlinston  declared 
ihat  be  had  then  "  leodcnd  lo  ihc  vodd  tbe  tnoM  imponant 
service  that  ever  feU  to  ibe  lot  oi  any  isdhridval  lo  perforB.' 
CUlknagh  wisdy  rejected  Napoleon's  insmeere  ovennn*  loi 
peace.  After  the  Ucncow  diUdi  Napolem's  fsle  wu  tflected 
not  only  by  Welhogim')  prnfiTU  in  Spsin,  but  by  ihc  altitude 
of  the  northern  poweis  and  by  the  acikn  of  Tutiey,  doe  to 
Caiilereagh's  oppanune  disdoHire  to  the  Potte  of  Ibe  scheme 
of  piniiion  at  Tilsii.  Al  bcine,  the  repeal  of  the  Ordeti  n 
Council  wu  cSTTDEd,  tbe  dama^  to  British  trade  plainly  oul- 
waghing  Ihe  injury  inflicted  on  France  by  the  rcauictive  lyMera. 
Tbe  BritBb  subsidiea  lo  Ihe  Allies  were  largely  DUrcaaed  al  the 
operalions  of  iSij  developed,  but  all  CullcieBgh'a  skill  wu 
needed  to  keep  tbe  Coalition  together.  Tbe  Allied  powss  were 
willing,  even  after  Leipsig,  to  treat  with  France  on  tbe  basil  of 
restoring  her  "  natural  frontiers  " — the  Rhine,  the  Alps  and  the 
Pyrenees;  but  Csstleietgh  protested.  He  would  not  allow  the 
efteaiylo  take  ground  for  another  tiger -^)ring.    Before  the  Coo- 


Ksiage  scribbled  on  Ibe  marglD 
of  his  instruction^  "  No  si^ks  rkn  " — Aberdeen  wrote  lo 
hasten  Cudeicngb't  coming:  "  Everything  which  bu  been  no 
long  sioalbcred  is  now  buisdng  twih  ";  and  again,  "  Your 
presence  bu  done  nuch  and  would,  I  hare  i»  doubt,  centinoe. 
to  lustaiD  thea  (the  Alhcs)  in  misfortune."  Tbe  Liverfioal 
csbinel  Iben  and  lata  were  u  urgent  In  pcessng  hint  to  Rtum 
ID  lead  Ihe  House  of  Commons.  He  had  lost  Us  seat  be  Down 
in  1^05.  and 'afterwards  ut  for  British  borou^ia;  but  in  tSta 
he  was  rfrdectcd  by  his  obd  constituents;  and  again  In  ifliH  and 
iSio,  sitting,  after  be  became  marquess  of  Londooden^'  in  iSii, 
lot  Orford.  Eariy  in  lin  his  colleagues  tductanlly  consented 
lo  his  villi  to  the  allied  bc*d-<[uanen.  The  Great  AQiance 
showed  sivit  of  weakntat  and  divbloa.  Aiutrla  wu  holdmg 
back;  Prussia  bad  alnoit  hrakeu  away;  above  all,  the  am- 
biguous conduct  of  Aleunder  bred  ataiin  and  doubt.  Tfaii 
slluttisn  became  increasingly  serious  while  Nipoleco  wu  giving 
daily  proofs  ihat  his  military  genius,  confroBiing  a  bsitant  and 
divided  enemy,  waa  al  its  best.  Cislleresgh  move  to  keep  tbe 
Allies  logelbcr,  to  give  no  excuse  for  those  sepaiite  amnge- 
mcDli  upon  which  Napoleon  was  reckoning,  lo  sisert  bo  idfisfa 
policy  for  Engtsnd,  to  be  tied  by  no  theoretical  coosksiency. 
At  the  Chllillon  conferences  England  was  lepresenlcd  by  others, 
but  Cauiercagh  was  pcesenl  with  suprcnc  sutboriiy  over  aD, 
and  it  was  be  who  determined  the  result.  He  dcijined  to  commit 
bia  counlty  either  la  a  blank  refusal  to  negotiate  with  Napoleon 
ec  Id  Ibc  advocacy  of  a  Bourbon  lestonition.  He  wu  rody  lo 
giveupaliBastlhewblJcof  England'scmiqucsU,  but  be  insisted 
on  the  tetum  of  France  wiihin  bcr  andeni  limits  u  Ihe  biaii  of  a 
■Fttlcmenl.  Ciulain  court's  advice  was  to  lake  advantage  cf 
ihcie  overtures;  but  his  Blister  wss  not  to  be  advised.  Tbe 
cDuoler-ptojects  thai  he  urged  Caulaincourt  lo  submit  to  wen 
adviDCad  after  his  victory  at  Montereiii,  when  be  boasted  that 
be  wu  nearer  to  Munich  than  the  Allies  were  lo  Paris.  Even 
befon  Ibe  Chllillon  conference  was  dissolved  (Msich  iStb], 
Cutlereagh  saw  that  Caulaiicourt's  eEoiu  would  never  bend 
Napoleon's  wiH.  Tbe  Allies  adopted  his  view  and  signed  the 
treaty  ol  Chaumont  (March  isl),  "  my  treaty,"  u  Csatknagh 
called  i1.  with  an  unusual  touch  of  personal  pride;  adding 
"  Upon  Ibe  face  of  the  treaty  tbia  year  our  engagenoit  ia 
equivalent  lo  theiii  united."  Tbe  power  of  England  wfaen  ihe 
threw  her  pune  Into  tbe  scak  bad  been  just  eihibiled  at  Bar- 
lur-Aubi,  what  at  a  council  of  aS  the  Rpresanlativea  of  Ihe 
poweta  the  ntteat  of  the  allied  aimiea  wu  discuacd.  Bsna- 
dolte,  playinc  a  waiting  game  in  Holland,  wu  unwilling  to 
reinforco  BItldia,  then  in  a  dangcnus  posilion.  by  the  XiBiiaB 
and  Prussian  drvisioas  of  Winaingerode  and  Butow,  tanporadly 
jriaced  under  his  ordos.  Having  aaked  for  and  Rceivcd  tbn 
assurance  that  the  niib'tary  leidcsi  were  agreed  ia  t*J*l*"f  Iba 
irsnifer  necessary,  Cistleres^  dedated  that  he  took  tfioB 
hinoell  tbe  le^wntibilily  of  bringiBg  tbe  Swedish  prino  to 
rouoB.    Tba  vitUudding  ol  ibe  Biilidi  mhaidjea  was  a  vital 


LONDONDERRY,  2Ni>  MARQUESS  OF 


matter,  not  ooSj  irilli  BtnudollE  bit  yiiti  tU  Ibcpowm. 
Cutlcrcalli'a  ivooetl  iDlcalioD  lo  liikc  thii  itcp  H-ilhput  vuliug 

BIUcbcT  wn  mofonxd  by  ibe  i*o  divsiDDs;  l)ic  bittW  of  Una 
«u  fought  and  won,  ind  the  lilies  occupied  tbc  FccDCb  upilil. 
In  April  1S14  Cullereogh  imved  in  Paris.  He  did  not  disgufu 
bis  diKoiUcot  with  Napolcon't  posilba  at  £iba,  dote  to  the 
French  coail.   though  be  advised  England  not   lo  acpanlt 

(lunmon  Wellington  from  the  loulh  to  tbc  Embaisy  Id  Paria. 
Ha  hasteaed  hinuelf  to  London  during  tbn  visit  of  Ibc  aUird 
ac>vereigjia,andinet  with  aspJndid  rrcrptioa.  HavaahODOuRd 
with  Ihe  Gaitir,  being  one  of  Ibe  few  corDinonen  ever  adnilted 
loLbaloidei.  When  tha  House  ol  Coniinoaa  offered  to  the  Crown 
jta  coQgratulationa  upon  the  trealy  ol  peace,  Coatlercagh's 
triumph  was  lignatiicd  by  a  brilliaiilljr  eloqaent  panegyric 
bom  Caoning,  and  by  ■  niantuion  of  bn  former  doubu  and 
dcDUiKiilinii  fnm  Wbilbread.  Hi*  own  dignified  language 
vukdicatad  bb  couotry  fmirk  tfae  charge  of  selhsb  ambitioct. 

~  ■  ■■  "■enna,  where  the 

but  meanwhile 


lie  and  the  Ordei 
cease  with  Ihe  repeal  of  ibe  latter.  It  lasted  through  1814  till 
the  aigiung  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  soon  before  the  flight  from 
Elba.  In  parliament  the  ministry,  during  Casllercagb's  al»cflce, 
had  been  poorly  championed.  Canning  had  thrown  away  bis 
diance  by  his  unwise  refusal  of  ths  Foreign  Office-  Mone  of  Ihe 
mbiiEeri  bad  any  pretension  to  lead  when  Castlereagb  was  busy 
AhcMd  and  Camung  was  suUdng  at  home,  and  Castlercagh's 
kiten  to  Vansiltail,  the  tbancellor  of  the  eichcquer,  ^bow 
bow  these  diScultia  weighed  upon  him  in  facing  the  position  at 
Vieona,  where  U  waa  itnpcraiive  for  bin  to  appcu.  At  Vienna 
he  tealiaed  at  once  that  the  ambitjao  of  I^iuia  mighi  be  as 
[oimidable  lo  EutDpcaad  to  Gml  Britain  as  that  o(  the  lallen 
tyrant.  His  aim  litoughoui  had  b«n  lo  reacue  Eumpc  from 
mHilaiy  dombiatlon ;  and  when  he  found  that  Russia  and  Prussia 
were  punuing  ends  inaunpatible  with  the  general  mterest,  he 
did  net  hcsiUte  lo  take  a  new  Une.  He  brought  about  the  secret 
treaty  (Jan,  3,  t!i5)  between  Gntt  Brilain.  Austria  and  Frantr, 
directed  against  the  plans  of  Rusiia  in  Poland  and  of  Pnissia  in 
Sanny.  Ihiough  Castleresgh's  eSorU,  the  Polish  and  Sawn 
qntaiana  wen  settled  on  the  basis  of  compmnuse.  Tbe  Ibmt 
ot  Runlan  bteifeiencc  in  tbc  L«w  Countries  wi*  dropped. 

WhDe  tile  Congres  wa*  siiQ  tmfinisbed,  Napolcun's  etope 
from  Elb*  ame  like  ■  Ibundelclap.  Castlercagb  bad  cone 
lune  ha  >  ibart  visit  (Fob.  iSij),  at  the  urgent  request  of  the 
cabinet,  jait  before  the  Si^t  was  known.  Tho  aliodi  revived 
the  Great  Alliance  under  the  compact  of  Chaumonl.  All  energies 
were  diiectcd  to  preparing  for  Ihe  campaign  of  Waterloo.    Caslle- 


■nd  not  on  reliance  on  this  man."  Napoleon  promptly  published 
the  seciet  treaty  which  Castleieagh  had  concluded  with  Metier- 
■ich  and  Talieynod,  and  the  last  left^m  the  French  archivci. 
But  Rniaia  and  Prussia,  though  much  dbpleaacd,  saw  that,  in 
the  face  of  Bonaparte's  return,  they  dared  not  weaken  Ibe 
Alliance.  British  tubiidies  were  again  poured  out  lilie  water. 
AfiEi  Napoleon's  ovcnbTOw,  CasLlereagh  successfully  urged  his 
removal  id  SI  Helena,  where  hfa  custodiana  were  cliargcd  10  treat 
him  "  with  tD  the  respect  due  to  his  rank,  but  under  such  pre- 
cautions as  should  render  his  escape  a  mailer  of  impeasibiUiy." 
Some  of  Ibe  ami  mental  powen  dentanded,  after  Waterloo,  fine) 
and  rasionB  that  would  have  crushed  France;  but  in  November  a 
pcait  was  finally  concluded,  mainly  by  Casltereagh's  cndeavoun. 
minimning  tlie  penalties  exacted,  and  abandoning  on  England's 
past  Ibe  wbole  of  her  alwre  of  Ihe  indemnity,  flie  war  created 
ut  •conomlc  AsMln  U  home  wlilch  slrengiltcMii  the  Whigs 
ud  Radicak,  previoudy  ftcredited  by  their  hogiiliiy  to  a 
patriotic  >lnig(k.  In  iSifi  the  Income  Tax  was  rimllled, 
des[Ht*  Caatlertagb's  owtenlioa  that  wmelhing  ahauld  Ant  be 
doo*  to  ndiK*  Ihi  IX*t  Cbvgt.    Ifi*  policy,  impreawd  upon 


Oreal  Britain  iiupind  to  Ae  account  of  peace,  by  *^—^^i*if  a 
(Bocilialoiy  intucnce  in  Enrope."  Biougham'a  action,  at  lb* 
end  of  lUij,  denoundng  the  Holy  AHiance,  even  in  ita  eariy 
fam,  wa*  calcublBd  (o  cmbarrasi  Esglind.  tboogb  she  was  m 
patty  to  wbt  Caabectagh  dcKribcd  ai  a  "piece  of  nihlbK 

While  be  nv  Bo  reaaao  to  thii  lor  braking  up  the  Grand 
AUiiiaee,  tbidi  he  knkcd  opoa  «>  a  cnannient  or^n  ol  diplo. 
oialic  inlercoune  and  aa  eascnlial  lor  the  [mintenancc  of  peace, 
be  leganled  with  alam  "  the  little  iplrit  ol  German  intrigue," 
a«d  igreed  wilh  WclliigtoD  that  to  tttonpt  to  cnoh  France. 
u  Ihe  Prussians  desired,  or  to  keep  bcr  in  a  perpetnal  conditioi 
of  tutelage  under  a  European  confert  fnMn  which  she  heiielf 
■^uld  be  excluded,  would  be  10  Invite  Ihe  very  disaster  wbidi  it 
was  the  obfM  el  the  AlllatKe  to  avoid.  It  HM  not  till  Mnter- 
nich's  idea  id  eitending  Ihe  acopc  of  the  AlUince.  by  using  it  to 
crush  "  tbe  revotntion  "  whetcver  tt  ■hould  raise  its  bead,  began 
to  take  shape,  from  the  coirfeHiBCe  of  Aii-la-Cbapelie  (1818) 
onward,  that  Great  flrilain's  aepiiMion  from  her  continental 
allies  became  inevitable.  Against  this  p<Jicy  of  the  reactionary 
powers  Casllcreagb  fnea  Ihe  first  vigoicaisly  prolesled.  As 
little  W!ts  be  prepared  to  accept  the  viuooary  schemei  of  tbe 
emperor  AlcauHler  for  founding  an  efleclive  "  confederatioa  ot 
Europe  "  upoo  Ihe  inclusive  basis  (rf  Ilie  Holy  Alliaace  (Mt 

Meanwhile  financial  Iroublca  at  home,  complicated  by  tbe 
tesuioptkiB  of  cub  payments  in  iSr«,  led  to  acute  social  tension. 
"  Petah»  "  and  the  "  Sii  Acts  "  were  furiously  damBKCd, 
though  the  bilb  introduced  by  Sidmouth  and  Castlereagh  wcie 
Quried  In  both  Hooses  by  overwhelming  ma  joriiiea.  The  danger 
that  justified  ihem  ■»  proved  beyond  contcat  by  the  Cato 
Street  Conspiracy  to  1810.  It  ia  now  admitled  by  UbenI 
writen  that  the  "  Six  Acta."  in  the  circumstances,  were  reason- 
able and  necaaty,  Hirougbout,  CaallcreBgh  maintained  bii 
Iraoquil  ascaidaiKy  in  tbe  Houae  ol  Commona,  though  he  had 
few  coUeaguea  who  were  capable  of  standing  op  against 
Brougbem.  Canning,  indeed,  had  reluraed  to  office  and  had  do- 
'"  '  '''    "  "^    '  '  ."  but  Castlereagh  bote  the  «liolet>urdFn  of 

1.U  ..„.u...i. Ksponiihililiw 

I  him  to  engage 
sifooa  when  he 
ns  struck  wiU 
B  Committee; 
lunfMtunalely 
--strained  hk 


nighthavedelegaiediheusktootben,   Attborpi 
eaeigy  on  Ibe  Agricultural  Dtstrr 
ertBst,  ceupled  with  his  oibetduties — am 
always  abilinate  in  refining  aaiistanci 
fearfully.  »  waa  aham  by  hia  orei 

gpH™ ■■      ■■ 


hirnadl  tbe  fatbaboui  fundiona  o 
The  dqdomatic  aituation  had  become  soious.  .  The  policy 
of  "  inlervention,"  wilh  which  Great  Britain  had  consistent^ 
refused  to  identify,  beraelf,  bad  been  proclaimed  lo  the  wodd 
by  Ihe  lamous  Troppau  Protocol,  signed  by  Russia,  Austria  and 
Prussia  (see  TtopTAU,  Concuss  or}.  The  immediau  occasion 
waa  the  revolution  at  Xaplca,  where  tbe  egregiouB  Spanish 
conlitiition  bI  iSii  had  been  foKed  on  the  king  by  a  militaiy 
rismg.  Wiib  mililary  revolii,  as  with  paper  constilutiona 
of  an  nnworicable  type,  CasllereaEh  had  no  sympaihy;  and  in 
this  particular  case  tbe  revolution,  in  his  ojunion,  was  wholly 
without  eicuse  «  palliaiion.  He  was  prepared  to  dlow  the 
iolRventian  of  Austria,  if  ibe  considered  her  rights  umkr  the 
lieaty  of  iSrj  violaied,  or  ber  portion  at  an  Ilalian  Fewer 
impeiilied.  Bnt  he  pistoled  against  tbe  general  claim,  embodied 
in  tbe  PrulMiil.  of  tbe  EotDpean  powen  to  inlerfere,  uninvited, 
in  tbe  mteinal  oonccms  of  soveni^  states;  he  refuMd  to  niahf 
Great  Britain,  even  tadlly,  a  party  to  aucfa  interference,  and 
again  insislBd  that  ha  past  in  the  Alliaate  was  defined  by  the 
letter  Of  Ihe  tmlita,  bajiond  which  ibe  waa  iwl  inpared  to  go. 
In  no  cue,  he  alfirmad,  woald  Great  Britain  "  tindertake  tbe 
moral  responsibility  far  adaiiabttfiDg  a  gcnetal  Earopcaji 
police,"which  sHe  wgld  never  telenle  as  applied  to  lietulf. 
To  Tmpiian,  accordingly,  no  Britisb  fdenipoientiaiy  «u 


LONDONDERRV 


prapoft^  was  dcfcalcd  by  the  £rni 
k  KDffwal  of  the  struggle  it  ViiDiia 
ceTtHis.    Castlenagh,  now  marquess 


(0  •cttcb  the 
re  the  Tuippim 


ot  LondoDdeiry.  ms  ign 
•-,  and  ke  dnw  up  JAr  hiinK 
iTtr  uiutltercd  by  Gmping)  h 


lucteaior  at  the  ForeiEn  C 
WdJiDgtoD.  In  tbe  thr^teoed  interventkoi  of  ' 
pDwcn  in  Spain,  as  in  their  ariieT'  actkm  torn 
Sandinia,  England  leJused  tp  take  pait,  Tfac  i 
tiooaiy  morement,  Castlereagh  *Tn1e,  "was 
which,  ic  the  o|Hnioa  of  the  English  cabinet,  nc 
bad  the  snullcst  right  to  interfen."  Berore, 
in  Spain  hi 


iticot 


e  Grcak  inimrection  aglimt  tJ 
Ottoman  govcniinent  brought  op  the  Eaitera  Quotion  la  an 
BOJlc  Fonn,  which  projouodly  modified  the  relatiHia  of  the 
powen  vithin  the  Alliance,  and  again  drew  Mettemidi  and 
Caitlcreagh  together  in  common  dtcad  of  an  l»laud  attack 
by  Rtnii  apan  T^ikey.  A  visit  of  King  Gcoige  IV.  to  Haoover, 


isfa 

diancellor.  A  meeting 
CaBticKagh'i  opinion 
I  the  East,  "a practical 
'  which  had  nothing  in 
iretical"  questini  with 


nds^  and  be  joined 


n  Octah 

Lofd  Landandeny  and  the  Aiutiia 
M  liaUe  to  Diisintenxetation  was 
justiiied  by  the  urgency  of  the  crish 
cunsldcnitkin  pf  the  gieatest  moma 
commin  with  the  objectionable  "  t 
which  the  British  govemmenl  had 
Vet  Castleiesgh,  on  Ihit  occasion,  showed 
theories  of  others  for  his  own  practical 
cordially  with  Meltemich  in  taking  ndvi 
Aleunder's  devotion  to  the  principles  d  the  Alliance  to  prevent 
hit  Isking  an  independent  line  in  the  Eitstcni  Question,  it  was. 
indeed,  the  helifi  that  this  (question  would  be  made  the  matter  of 
commOK  diflcussJOQ  at  the  congrcas  that  led  Castlereagb  to  agree 
to  be  present  at  Verona;  and  in  his  IiuinutiOHS  he  forcahadowad 
the  policy  afterwards  CErrled  out  by  Canning,  pointing  out  that 
Ihe  devdopment  of  ibe  war  hod  made  ths  recognltim  of  the 
belligerezil'  rights  of  the  Greeks  inevitable,  and  quoting  the 
preredent  of  the  Spanish  American  colonics  as  ejtactly  applicable. 
With  regard  to  Ihe  Spanlih  colonies,  moreover,  though  be  was 
not  aa  ydt  prepared  lo  recognize  their  indepeodencc  ie  JMft, 
ha  was  strongly  of  opinion  that  the  Spanish  govermnent  should 
do  ao  ilnce  "  other  atates  would  acknowledge  them  sooner  or 

«f  raioriog  an  intneourM  when  site  cannot  oucceed  in  nsteiinc 


[and  tl 


uoui  life 


In  tl 
LDndobderry^s 


o  ^11  t. 


his  r 


Lord 


n  hetaiBe  evident  during  the  toilsome 
Both  the  king  and  Welliivton  sren  itnick  by 
hia  overwnnght  condition,  which  hit  lunQy  aitribuicd  lo 
«n  atlBck  o[  the  gout  and  Ibe  towering  nniedia  cmployEd. 
WdKngtoa  wuned  Dr  Bankheid  that  CiSlBea^  nt  unweU. 
and,  perhaps,  mentally  disordeied.  Bonkhcad  went  down  to 
North  Cray  and  look  due  precautions.  Castlenagh's  niois 
were  taken  away,  but  a  penknife  was  forgotten  in  a  drawer, 
and  with  this  he  cut  bis  throat  (August  ii,  i&ii).    He  had  just 

when  he  uw  his  wife  and  Bankhead  talkmg  togdther,  he  moaned 
"  there  is  a  conspiracy  laid  agaitist  me."  It  was  as  dear  a  case 
of  brain  disease  as  any  on  record.  But  this  did  not  prevent  his 
enemies  of  the  baser  tort  kom  aiseiting.  without  a  shsdaw  sf 
pmol,  thai  Ihe  luiddo  was  caused  by  Icmr  at  some  hideous  and 
mdeliiied  charge.  The  lesliiDony  at  statesmen  of  the  highest 
charictecandol  all  partiato  Castleicagh'sgiluand  charm  is  in 
strung  contrast  with  the  flood  ol  vithperalion  and  calumny 
poured  out  upon  biamcmory  by  those  who  knew  him  sot. 


Maniiioii 


vsluaw.    Sir  AreUbald  ADiDs'a  Biiptftj  ta  thrsa  voluiHa  caae 

out  in  I861,  with  copkHUHItaeufnimjbEiiiaaUictlHi  preserved  at 
Wynyard.  It  waa  made  tbc  subjeet  of  an  inierefiing  vttay  in  the 
Oiuritryy  Rntna  tor  lanuary  lUa,  reprinted  in  EImh  »y  M(  Joh 
MaiyxiiifSalahitry-oadeB.inost.   A  graetf nl  Aetefc  by  ThMeoa. 

•  -      ■ ij  tMidaadmr  (LaadiM.  >9a«]i  origiiially  bnught 

izJp-Supii  Raitw,  containi  nrne  exiiafts  from  Caslk- 
triuhed  cormpondenct  with  his  wile,  the  record  of  an 
I  punonate  attachment  which  thrgwt  ■  new  Nghi  DO 

(K.  D.  J.  W.) 
BRRT,  a  nonhem  county  ot  Ireland  in  the  province 
of  Ulster,  bounded  N.  by  the  Atlanlic,  W.  by  Lough  Foyle  and 
Donegsl,  £.  by  Antrim  and  Lough  Ncagh^  and  S,  by  Tyrone, 
lie  cooDty 


f  the  SI 


iboct  Br6 
•Ay  lA  river  valkyi  surrounded  by  elevated  table- 
occasionally  into  mountains,  while  on  fbe  borders 
'       ■  The  prindptl 


avidy,  and  divides 


is  the  Roe,  whidi  Sows  northward  froi 
Tyrone  into  Lough  Foyle  below  Newtm  ~ 
Ihe  county  Into  iwo  unequal  piiti.  Fanner  west  the  nughan 
also  falls  into  Lough  Foyle,  and  the  rivet  Foyle  poaa  thnugh 
a  small  portion  of  the  county  near  its  nonh-wefltetn  bouDdary. 
In  Ibe  aouth-eaat  the  Moyola  folia  into  Lougb  Neagh,  and  the 
Lower  Bann  from  Leu^  Neagh  fonns  for  some  dislaDCC  its 
eastern  boundary  with  Antrim.  The  only  Joke  in  the  eounty 
is  Lough  Finn  mi  the  bordt rs  of  Tyrone,  but  Lough  Nejigh  fonns 
about  d  m.  of  lis  south-easicm  boundary.  The  Kooery  of  the 
shores  of  Lough  Foyle  and  the  neighbouring  coast  ii  attractive, 
and  Casilenck,  Downhill,  Magilltgan  ud  Portuewait  an 
favouiiie  seaside  resorts.  On  the  flat  Magilligan  pcninuiU, 
which  forms  the  eastern  hom  of  Lougb  Foyle,  the  bue-line 
ot  the  trigonometrical  survey  ot  Iteland  «•»  measuted  in  iSttL 
The  scenery  of  the  Roe  valley,  with  the  picturesque  towns  of 
Limavady  and  Dungiven,  h  also  itiractlve,  and  Ihe  niads  Irom 
the  laiier  plate  10  Dtapertiown  and  to  Magheia.  tnvcniBg  the 
pasaejof  Evijhgoie  and  Clenihane  respectively,  aflord  fise  vtewi 
of  the  Sperrin  and  Slieve  GalUon  mouDthins. 

Tho  WFst  of  Ihia  county  convits  of  Daliudian  mica-Ktain,  with 
■ome  quartdle,  ard  u  a  conlinuatiDn  of  the  northern  region  ol 
Tyrone.  An  inlier  of  thev  rocks  appears  in  the  rising  grtnbd  east 
ot  Dungiven,  including  ■'ark  grey  cTytialluie  UmeKone.  Old  Red 
SsnrlHoae  and  Lower  Carboniferous  Sandstone  overlie  diese  old 
racks  in  the  nulh  and  cast,  niccling  the  igneous  "gRcn  rocks  "et 
Tymne.and  the  granite  intruive  in  them,  at  the  aonh  end  ol  Slieie 
GaMiDii.  Triaisic  sandstone  covBs  the  k>wcr  slope  of  Slieve  GalKiM 
on  the  sonih4ast  toward*  Mooeymoni,  and  riica  above  the  CarbaB- 
■ferout  Sandstone  troia  Dojlciven  northwaid.  At  Moatyoaore  w* 
reach  Ibe  western  scarp  of  the  While  Limctlone  (Chalk)  and  tbr  ovcr- 
lying  basalt  01  the  great  plateaus,  which  dlo  down  eastward  under 
Loinh  Neagh.    The  basaM  scarp,  o 

Uaaic  andltliBatic  aliata,  rises  to  1 

Limavady-  aad  lepeata  the  fiant  ft&tum  ol  the  A 
raised  shelf  vrilh  pK^Ucial  nu  '       '       ' 
of  LJnavody. 


LagrurSel 


a  poot^lacial 
Haemadte  t 

""the  UH«M  ninlall  and 
favwarable  fur  unculiure.  A 
ird  clay  fomecTby  Ihe  dcco 


eenldaa 


.Ueyslh 


niie,ano  incnrvaieddislrictioilheeliy.ita.  .. 
■  for  ih4ep.  The  acreage  ol  pacnre-land  does 
Ihal  dI  fltUge.  Onu,H>laloeswid  twnipsarech 
>mc  flax;  and  ealtle,  sheep,  piss  and  poultry  are 


(Midland^  n 

_  _  n  loMaghciaTrlr.a/Kl  Ma^hcra- 

IDwn  (Co.  Tyrone),  to  Diapentown  and  to  Colenin^ 

.. .  .    navady  lo  Dun|infl.    The  Cmt  Ncnhrm  raitny 

idKt  Londondcrfy  from  Ihe  toMh,  and  (becityii  alio  the staniH- 

'—  -'  ■■■-  "" "onegal,  and  Ihe  LoadoedcTry  sod  LoHgk 

""  ''V  hM    "dJ™'  '"J*^  '"  ''^"  "* 

(he  avenge  of  the  [ririi  coaMlcs.    (X  llie  Int^,  abaal 
Rsoaa  Caibefitt,  and  itv^tflX  Piaa^iiia»  « 


ndlinriit  line  naehea  It  b 


ol  ibe  COiBty  D 

Tbc  ijajMilation  d«:rts 


LONDDNDEKRY-^-lONG,  G 


natoMM'Etia^aliui.  I— Aiidwry  (pop.  stA^i 
mM  and  Unuvidy  [1691)  in  iKc  pcincipal  lowiu. 
' — '-'•  ind  Moneymo—  —  ■ '"  ■ 


It  ancul]'  pcDBd  ihe  ceiuny  ma  iidiafailsd  by  the  O'Calfatas 
sO'CiinBi,  wbo  wentribuuiy  iDtlMO'Neaii.  TovanlillM 
doH  of  the  rcifD  of  Elizabeth  the  catmty  wai  vised,  with  the 
puifnt  of  checking  the  pffwcr  of  the  O'Neilla,  vhoB  it  received 
the  Dane  of  Colcniae.  having  that  town  for  iU  eipltal.  In 
■6op.  atliiT  the  coofixalioa  of  Ike  eUkte*  of  the  .0'Ncilla.lhe 
dtizeu  at  Londoti  ohUinKd  poasostna  oj  tbr  lama  of  Losdtn- 
dcrty  and  Cgteninc  and  adjoiriiiig  iandflj  6q  acrei  oiit  ol  every 
iDDD  bring  aotgned  lot  cbunh  lauda.  The  cominen  couodl 
of  London  imdenaok  to  upend  Ixj/aoo  da  (be  lecboiaEioa  of 
the  prcqierty,  and  elected  a  body  oi  twenly-sii  foi  ill  Baaage- 
nenli  who  in  i6t3  were  incorporated  ai  the  Irish  Society,  ajtd 
ntained  poueuion  ol  the  towns  of  Loodondeny  and  Colcnine, 
the  fetnainder  ol  the  properly  bebf  divided  asiong  twelve  ol 
the  great  livety  companitK.  Tlieii  Male)  were  leqtieilnted 
by  Jamei  I.,  and  in  163?  the  chaner  el  the  Irish  Society  iru 
cancelled.    Ctoinwell  rcatond  the  tociety  to  iti  formei  poaitioa, 

'  "'  "     '  "le  ReiloratJon  Ranted  it  a  new  charier^  aAd 

m  lTi>h.  and  Uagherafelt 
Town,  burned,  aa  well  as 

d  of  the  cnstla  CTRted  by 


d  by 


IheEnelishthi 


rofDi 


The  abbey  of  Dungivcn,  founded  in  iioQ,  and  standjDg  do  a 
rock  aboDt  i™  ft.  above  the  rivec  Roe,  ii  a  picturesque  min. 

lAHIMllDBRBy,  or  Deuv,  a  tiiy,  bounty  of  a  city,  parlU- 
neBtaiy  boroggh  (rttncning  one  membcrl  and  the  chief  town  of 
Co.  Londoodeny,  iRliud,  4D).f[DDithejuni:tiDngftlieiive[Fo]ile 
with  Longh  Foyle,  and  «  m.  N.N.W.  of  B«lfiiU  Pop.  (190J) 
38,S«i.  The  city  is  situated  on  an  eminence  rising  abruptly 
lioni  the  west  side  of  the  river  to  a  beight  ol  about  i  n  ft.  The 
eminence  is  auirounded  by  hills  which  rcacb,  a  fen  miles  to  Ihc 
north,  an  elevaiioo  of  upwatrii  of  ijoo  ft.,  and  the  rit 


implf  te  an  admirable  p 


city  is 


c,  hi» 


Ml  by 


w  extend  beyoud  Vah 
centre  of  IhE  lowo, 
hichthamamalrtcl: 
nidal  gables  remair 


■iieiandicvcini: 

bouodaty.  The  summit  ol  the  hill,  at  th 
ft  occupied  by  a  quadranguUr  area  frnm  1 
iliverge.  Some  old  houses  with  high  pyr 
but  are  much  tnedecnlied.  The  ProtB 
Colubba,  in  Perpendicular  siyl^  waa 
design  of  Sir  Jobs  Vanbrugh  in  liu,  at  a  cat  of  /4000 
tributed  by  the  city  of  London,  and  was  enlarged  and  restated 
in  1887.  TbetpirBwuaddEdiDi;7aandiebuiliiniaoi.  The 
bisbop'l  palace,  encted  in  1716,  occupies  the  site  of  tbe  ahhey 
founded  by  Columba.  The  abbot  of  this  monastery,  on  being 
made  bishop,  erected  in  1164  Temple  More  or  tbe  "  Great 
Church,"  one  of  tbe  finest  buildings  in  Ireland  previous  to  the 
Anglo-Norman  inva^on.  Tbe  original  abbey  church  was  called 
the  "  Black  Church,"  but  both  it  and  the  "  Great  Chutch  " 
were  demaliibed  la  160a  and  their  materials  used  in  fortifying 
the  city.  There  ia  a  large  Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  erected 
c.  iS;o  and  dedicated  to  St  Eugentui.  For  Foyle  College, 
founded  In  1S17,  a  new  building  wai  erected  in  1814.  This  and 
the  Academicnl  Inttiluiloo,  a  fousdition  of  iS(S,  were  amalga- 
mated ia  1896.  Magee  College  taking  its  name  from  its 
foundrm,  Mn  Magec  ol  Dublin,  was  instituted  in  iSj;  as  a 
naining-ichool  for  the  Presbyterian  ministry. 

The  staple  manufacture  of  the  town  is  linen  (especially  ihiit- 
miking),  and  there  are  alto  shipbuilding  yards,  iroB.Iouadrie<, 
law-milll,  manure-works,  distilleries,  breweries  and  Sour-millt. 
Thi  laliaon  £sheiy  en  tbe  Fqyte  is  valuable.    The  rivet  aSords 


boor,  fti  gnatcal  depth  bnag  ii  ft.  lit  bi^ 
tide,  and  II  It.  at  low  tide.  It  h  under  the  lurisdictioa  ofrlbc 
Irish  Society.  The  port  has  a  consideiable  shipping  Lntdf  «tth 
Great  Britain,  eiporting  agricuhuial  produce  and  provisions. 
Regular  servlecj  of  passenger  steamcra  serve  Londonderry  from 
Glaigow,  Liverpool.  Morecambe,  Bclfait  and  local  co:>f.1  stations. 
li>  1J98  IrmAauittty  was  oonaliluled  one  fif  ihe  lii  (ouoty 
boRHigba  wlitch  have  leparate  county  cmiacils. 

About  5m.  W.«f  the  city,  DnahillBDJIt-'hi^,  isaremartahle 
fon,  on^sting  ol  thtde  concentric  rampiris,  and  an  interior 
lartiGcalJon  of  stone.  It  is  named  the  Griuiau  ol  Aileach,  and 
was  a  ifsidence  of  the  O'Nctlls,  kings  of  Ulster.   It  wu  lettered 


I>erry,  the  orrginal  name  of  Loadondcriy,  i 


founded 


"  It  owe 


d  fmi 


546.  With  the  bishopric  which 
iih  this  foundation,  that  ol  Ri^ihoe  was 
amalgamated  in  18^4.  Fiom  the  gth  to  Ibe  nib  century  the 
town  was  frequently  in  the  possesMn  of  the  Dan^,  and  wqs 
ollcndevulated,  buItheynerehnally'driveDfroif  ilbyMurtaah 
O'Brien  about  the  beginning  of  the  12th  ccntuiy.  In  1311  it 
was  giuiied  by  Ednaid  II.  to  Richard  dc  Burgh.  After  the 
Irish  Socicly  of  LoDdon  obtained  postisiioa  ol  it,  JtVas  incor- 
porated in  1*13  under  the  name  of  Londondeny.  From  this 
year  until  the  Union  in  1800  two  members  were  rciurned  to  the 
Irish  pirliunenl.  The  farti£catJons,  which  wen  besun  Id  i6co. 
were  completed  ia  161S.  In  16&S  Deny  had  become  Ibe  chM 
Elrocighpld  of  ihe  Pioteslaoia  of  the  north.  On  the  7th  of 
December  cerlain  of  the  apprentices  in  the  city  practically  p«t  . 
themselves  and  it  in  asEageof  £icgeby  dou'ng  the  gates,  and  on 
Ihe  ipth  of  April  1689  the  forces  of  James  IL  began  in  earnest 
the  famous  liege  of  Deny.  Tlie  rector  of  Donaghmore,  Ceolge 
Walker,  who,  with  Majoi  Baker,  was  chosen  to  govern  Deny, 
established  fame  for  himself  for  hia  biaveey  and  bqpclulnesi 
during  this  period  of  privation,  and  the  historic  answer  af  "  Ha 
surrender,"  which  became  the  watchword  of  the  mca  of  Dciiy. 
Wat  given  to  the  proposals  ol  the  besiegers.  The  gattjson  was 
at  the  bit  eiliemity  when,  on  lbs  30th  of  July,  ships  broke 
through  the  obstiuctlon  across  tie  harbour  and  brought  relief. 
Walker  and  the  siege  are  commc^r.ted  by  a  lofiy  column 
(181B],  bearing  a  Malue  of  the  governor,  on  the  Rsyil  BasLioD, 
from  which  the  town  standaidj  defied  the  epcmyj  and  the 

LOHO,  OEORGB  (i&oo-i8jd),  English'classxcal  scholar,  wu 
bom  at  Poulton,  Lancashire,  on  the  4th  of  November  1800,  and 
educated  at  Macclesfield  gracomat-scbool  and  Trinity  College. 
Cambridge,  He  was  Craven  untvenity  scholar  in  iSii 
Cbrackete<  with  Lord  Macauliy  and  Henry  Ualden],  wnngltr 
and  senior  chancellor's  medallist  jn  iSi]  and  became  a  Icllow 
of  Trinity  is  1813.  In'iSi4  be  was  elected  professor  of  ancient 
language!  in  lt>e  new  university  o!  Vltgioia  at  Charlottesville, 
U.S.A.,  but  alter  four  years  returned  to  England  as  the  first 
Greek  professor  at  the  newly  founded  university  of  Londoa. 
In  184"  he  succeeded  T.  H.  Keyas  professor  of  Latin  at  Univer- 
sity College;  in  1S46-1849  he  was  reader  In  jurisprudence  and 
civil  law  in  the  Middle  Temple,  and  finally  (iB^o-iBji)  classical 
lecturer  at  Brighton  College.  Subsequently  he  lived  in  retire- 
ment at  Foitfield,  Chichester,  In  receipt  (from  187]]  of  a  CivH 
List  pension  of  £1001  year  obtained  tor  him,  by  Gladstone.  ,He 


le  founders  (i8jo). 


<i  for  f 


meitibet  of  the 


of  the  Royal  Geographies 

Society  for  the  Diffusion  ot  usecuj  rknowiengc,  lor  wnicn  ne 
edited  the  quarleriy  JnuJ^ial  a/  EJiualiim  (lEji-iSjs)  ta  well 
as  many  ef  in  lejil-bookj;  the  editor  (at  first  with  Cbailat 
Knight,  afterwards  alone)  ol  the  i-oifiy  Cytlofatiia  and  of 
Knight's  PMkal  DiiUfmary;  and  a  membeE  of  the  Society  for 
Ceotial Education initltuted in Londonin iSj}.  He eontnliuted 
the  Roman  law  ailielcs  to  Smith'*  Diilimary  cf  Grctk  snd 
Rtman  AiH^'Hiii,  and  wrote  also  for  the  companion  diciionariei 
of  Blopaphy  and  Crajra^Ay.  Be  is  remembered,  howevei. 
mainly  as  the  editor  ol  the  BiUUlliai  Oaisita  scries— the  firlt 
lerioib  attempt  to  produce  acholarly  editiont  of  classical  tea|> 


LONG,  J.  D.— LONGEVITY 


fljilioaaa' HETDdocua  filjo-iBijl  ukI  Xnopboa'i^mAuu  fiSii}^ 
mmd  cdimiai  of  I.  A.  HicWue'i  iBvenal  lad  Pcnii-  '■"-'  — • 
flgfjct  .."-'■  ■'-'■-J  » '"^ ■ ""i~ 

IMW  ^ 
MMlm*, 

Umi.  «»K  UTO  (iSjS-  },  Am«tcu  U«tct  and 
poBtiol  leada.  wu  ban  In  BwifieU,  Oifcird  county,  Hiine, 
on  tbc  >Ttb  <rf  October  iljS.  He  gndiulol  st  Huvird  m 
ilJ7,  NwBed  bs  at  tlv  Huvud  Law  Scbool  ud  id  iS6i  vu 
■drailted  to  the  bir.    Ma  pnctked  in  BoitoD.  becaae  ictive 

Home  o(  Repraoititivei  b  1B7S-187S  tnd  iti  qieoker  in  iB;6- 
187S,  licnteuDt-sDvemor  of  tlic  lUtc  in  1BT9,  and  gDvennr 
in  iSSo-iSti.  Id  iSSj--iSl9bc  vuimemberof  thcNatioDil 
Route  of  Bcprewntativc*,  and  [rotn  lUnii  1(97  (0  Hay  1901 
wu  Mctcuiy  of  the  uvy,  in  iIk  cabinet,  fint  of  Pmidcat 
UcKloley  nd  Iben  of  Fre^dent  RooKKlt.  In  1901  liebecaae 
pmUent  irf  (be  Baud  of  Oraton  of  Hairard  Collefe.  Hb 
imMicitkai  indode  a  venfon  «<  the  .jnirij  (iSjvM/lcr-Dimwr 
aa<0lt(r5f«Bilu(iSgs)ud  Tfafftw  i4i<Kn»i>ffarF  (1903). 
IMO  BBAMCH.  a  dty  of  Honmouth  ouaty,  Nrw  Jener> 
U.S.A-,  on  Ibc  outeranuKt  or  "  long  "  braodi  a(  the  SbrenbiU]' 
river  and  an  lb*  AiUnik  (oaM,  abovt  jo  dl  S.  of  New  York 
Cily.   Pop.  {1890)  7i]i;{i50o)  SS71.0I whom  [«iwerefaref^- 


id987W< 


«;  (<9" 


.u.).j. 


M-    It  I 


by  the  PcDmylvania.  tbe  Central  of  New  Jeney,  the  New  Yoil 
It  Loni  Branch,  and  electric  nllwnyt,  and  \rr  Ueunboati  to 
New  Yort.  The  arrioce  nuU  In  the  vidnity  ore  UDimany 
food.  LoDf  Branch  la  one  of  Ilie  c^dot  ADaericno  wateiing- 
tdoco.  It  ii  oituated  od  a  bluff  which  niea  abruptly  x>-3s  it. 
above  the  beach,  and  ikiaf  the  front  of  vhich  bulkheadi  and 
icilie*  hare  bceo  elected  a>  a  pnlection  from  the  wavei;  atong 
or  near  the  edee  of  the  bhiS,  Ocean  Avenue,  60  fl.  wide  and 
about  5  m.  bnf  (from  Seabright  to  Deal),  command!  d^ghttul 
viewi  of  the  ocean.  A  "  bhifl  walk  "  runs  above  the  water 
for  1  DL  The  dty  hoi  cue  public  part.  Ocean  Park  (about 
10  acrea),  aod  twQ  privatdy  owned  pa^i,  one  of  which  ia 
Pleaiure  Bay  Park  (ij  ai3es),  cb  the  Sbietrabuty  rim,  when 
operai  are  ^vea  In  the  open  air.  The  prindpoJ  puhLic  tailltii- 
tkuiaare  the  MDnmouthMeraoiiol  Hospital  and  the  Long  Branch 
Circnlating  Libraiy.  In  Long  Branch  the  Monmouth  County 
Hone  Show  la  hdd  annually  In  July.  The  aouthem  port  of 
Long  Blanch,  known  aa  Elbeton,  conlaina  aome  beautiful 
aununct  niidecice*— In  one  of  !ti  cDttign  Geoenl  U.  S.  Giant 
■pent  hb  aummera  Ico*  many  yean,  and  in  another,  the 
Fronclityn,  Pre^dent  J.  A.  Garfield  died  in  rSSi.  In  igog  a 
monument  to  Gaifidd  wai  erected  in  Ocean  Pa^  AdjdninE 
Long  Branch  on  the  N.  i>  the  borou^  of  Uoaraonth  Beach 
(uKorporated  ia  igo6;  poputitioa,  iqid,  48$).  Before  the 
War  of  Independence  Ibe  aite  of  Lent  Brancb  was  owned  by 
Calond  WhiU,  a  Btitlah  officer.  ItwasconEvitedaaareinltof 
the  vai,  and  ble  in  the  century  ili  devdopmeDt  aa  a  watering- 
place  b^an.   Long  Branch  was  chartered  ai  a  dty  in  1904. 

LOMOCHiaP,  WILUAM  [d.  up?),  cbancdloi  ot  England 
•nd  bishop  of  Ely,  entered  public  life  at  the  dote  of  Henry 
H.'i  ttiga  at  Dffidol  to  the  kittg't  ton  Geofirey,  for  the  arch- 
deaconry of  Rouen.  Henry  IL,  who  disliked  him,,  called  him 
the  "  ton  of  two  liailort."  He  looa  deterted  Geoaiey  for 
Richard,  who  made  him  cbancdbr  of  the  duchy  cf  Aquitaine. 
He  always  showed  himself  an  able  ditdomatist.  He  first  dit- 
Ilnguisbed  hlmadf  at  Parla,  aa  Richard's  envoy,  whenhe  ddeated 
Renit  n.'a  attempt  to  make  peace  with  Fbillp  Augustus  (i  iSg). 
On  RIchard't  accetakra  WiUiam  became  cboncdkr  of  the  klag- 
dom  and  hlth>»  of  Ely.  When  Khlard  left  England  (Dec. 
11S9),  h«  put  the  tovcTofLMMlanbhiahudsandchcHhim 
to  than  with  Hu^  de  Pnltel,  the  gnat  bishop  of  Durham, 
the  aOce  «f  chief  JuAkkr.    WDUiB  immediatdy  quairelled 


with  Hugh,  and  by  April  1190  hod  m 

[delely  (iDco  office.    Injuneiioohe 

legale  from  Pope  Cdetlioe. 

vrell  oa  tUie.     BdE  lus  ditaff 

hit  pnde,  his  cDoiempr  for  everything  E 

toted.     Hi)  progrese;  Ibiough  the  country  wiih  a  train  of  a 

thouuod  kmghli  weie  niiaons  to  those  on  whom  devolved  the 

burden  of  entertaining  him.    Even  John  teemed  preferable  10 

him.    John  retunwd  la  England  in  ti^i,  he  and  his  adhocnts 

were  immedioldy  involved  in  disputta  with  WUlion,  who  was 

alwaya  worsted.    At  loot  (June  1141)  Geoffrey,  aichbisfaop  of 

York  and  WilUam^  eailiesc  beaefactor,  was  violeBlIy  anesttd 

by  WiUiaai'a  subonllnaia  on  tanding  at  Dover.    Jliey  cweeded 

Iboronicn,  which  were  to  pnveal  &  aichbitbap  fnm  entering 

En^and  uiitil  ba  had  swoin  fealty  to  Ri^anL   BBiibiaouirage 


bilinmd  by  the  preseiKE  of  the  aitbblsiMp  of  Roitn.  Walter 
Cwlances,  with  a  conuniitioD  fiom  Ibe  Ung.  WIlKan  riiM 
himself  up  in  the  Towti,  but  be  was  forced  to  mrrcsdcr  hk 
catilet  aod  expelled  front  llie  kingdom.  In  119]  be  joined 
Rk^ard  is  Gcrmoay,  and  Richard  turns  la  have  attributed 


ttoos  by  Rkhaid  all  ova  the  cc 
anduXome.  Hediedfaijaiiiiaty  1197.  Uk  loyalty  to  Richard 
wo*  noiwervliig,  and  It  vaa  no  doubt  thnwgh  his  unicrupuloiB 
devoHoB  to  the  nqral  lalereol  that  he  Incnmd  the  hatred  <f 
Ridurd'a  EnglU  sabjects. 


I   Siarn   "ti-   B.I  Cirsldv 
'"   '      to Rngtr <i Hovcdea, 


icnlarfy  to  doth 


India.    Longdoth,  which  is  now  commonly  Ueacbed. 

lends  a  number  of  various  qualities.  It  is  bcavtei  than 
cambric,  and  finer  than  meiUuni  ot  Hedcan.  At  !t  it  used 
ptindpaDy  for  undetdothing -and  dilrts,  moat  of  tlM  longdolh 
told  ta  Great  Brtlain  pttte*  thcoogh  the  hinds  of  the  shin  and 
underdotidng  monnbcturers,  who  sdl  to  the  tbt^Tkeepert, 
tbou^  there  is  atiH  a  considerable  if  decreasing  retail  trade  ia 
piece-goodt.  The  lown  kinds  of  longdoth,  which  are  madi 
from  American  cottan,  correspond  in  quality  to  the  better 
kinds  of  "  shirting  "  made  lor  the  East,  bat  the  best  longdothi 
are  made  from  Egyptian  cotton,  and  bit  fine  and  faidj  coatly 

LOMA  KiTOR,  an  urban  i&trict  in  the  Dkettou  pufianenlory 
division  of  Derbyshire,  En^and,  10  D.  E.S.E.  <rf  Derby,  ea 
the  Uidlind  railway,  F^.  (1S91}  9636;  (1901)  13,04!.  It 
liea  in  Ihe  open  vdley  ot  the  Trent,  at  a  short  distaace  from 
the  river,  and  near  the  important  Trent  Junction  on  the  Uidlaod 
railway  system.  The  churcb  of  St  Lawrence  has  Norman 
portions,  and  an  arch  and  window  apparently  of  pre-Conquett 
date.  The  large  industrial  population  of  the  town  b  accnpscd 
in  the  manufacture  of  lace,  which  eiteaded  hither  from  Notling- 
ham ;  there  an  also  railway  cattiage  works.  To  the  notth  it 
It  township  of  Sandiacu  (pop.  1954),  where  the  church  hu 
fine  Decorated  dancet 

LOITOBTITT.  a  term  applied  to  eipms  either  Ihe  kngth  or  the 

uralion  of  life  In  any  organism,  but,  as  cases  of  long  duratloa 

idle  most  intercsl,  frequently  used  to  denote  a  lehlivtly 

nusual  prolongation  of  life.    There  ia  no  reason  to  auffxH 

lal  pTDtoplasm,  the  living  material  of  organisms,  hat  a  necc*- 

-jilly  limited  dutaiion  of  life,  provided  that  the  nmdilioBS 

proper  10  It  are  nuintoined,  and  It  has  been  argued  that  thxc 

living  organism  comet  into  ciiatencc  as  a  piece  of  the  proto- 

I  id  a  pre-eaisting  Hviog  oipnfam,  piDtoplaaoi  b  potentially 

rtal.     Living  oiganitma  silt,  bowever,  at  panideaot 

lunitia  of  pattidea  of  protoplaam  (tee  Lin),  and  ai  tath 

alimitfddutallonofBfe.   Longevity, aa E. Ray LinkeitB 

pdntedout  in  1869,  f^  practical  pi  "  '    '"" — " — ' 


LONGEvrry 


to  aao  tha  "  laKb  at  tint  dBtv  wUch  Hb  b  «*iliit«l  ia 
■u  iodividiaL"  He  woid  "  iodividiwl "  mM  be  ukn  ia  Hi 
otdinuy  kdm  ■■  >  tritoOy  ot  piitiilly  irnkpiadeDl,  artuiud 


«  diyi,  k  tbt 


hinlDgical  indlvidoilily. 

Bmfirical  DtUa.—f,  multitui 
■  my  bcief  Mt,  nii|iDg  Irom  ■  Ia«  ho 
Bonail  lue  of  tha  vnt  mijority  of       .  _  . 

iDioBil  <r  utenud  cantti,  «  tha  intUvidMl  life  endi  in  no- 
jiiguiaBMdiTbiimoivaK-ianQMkn.  UndvipccialcasdiUon, 
nuunl  ST  wtificiil,  tte  iadividnil  Ule  m^  Ih  pidoiiSBiI  hf 

Tlw  daiWioa  of  life  unDiifE  pIiBU  ii  vuied.    Tte  popnUr 

fat  uUunl  uid  uliGdil  mmUiiont  retdily  proloni  the  Uvea  of 
■anwb  and  blswUli  lor  mcnl  Kuoni,  wliaoi  Ike  cue  ot 
pereoDuii  ii  much  complicalcii  b^  tin  mode  of  irwtfat  vii  the 
proUem  ot  iddividiEeiJiy,  bowcver  we  dcsA  to  eitdude  it, 
Dbtnda  lUelf.  la  tine  vu(  iiuj«ritr  ol  cua  when  ■  pUsI  b 
otavjoudy  •  ilmple  individiul,  iu  lilj  is  ihon,  rugmg  from  ■ 
fcwdaysiathe  cue  of  f  luigi,  to  iiyo  leasou  mtbecueof  bieimU] 
htrts.  Uoat  of  Lhe  limple  ilgle  m  inaud.  their  lile  cndniios 
only  for  peit  of  the  yeir;  ttie  branching  tlgae  uv  more  ollen 
penauuil,  bul  in  (heir  cuo  not  aid/  ue  abumiions  u  Id 
duraLicD  bdun^,  buL  however  limply  we  mi.y  me  the  term 
individu*!,  it>  VplicnlioD  ii  difficull.  The  Ivgei  lenolnal 
pluiU  wiUi  WDw^  tiuua  which  we  dtnole  ranghly  u 
ihmls  uid  tms  bive  an  individiiality  which,  alttiough  diflereDt 
from  that  of  a  hyuinih  or  onot,  is  luually  obvious.  Sbtuba 
live  ftom  four  to  ten  or  mart  yean,  Bsd  it  apparently  ft  the  <aia 
tbac  odonleroua  shrubi  uich  u  la^  aad  lavender  display  the 
lon^s  duratioa.  Treea  with  aoft  wood,  such  aa  poplaia  and 
wiOowa,  last  for  about  fifty  yean,  bnll-treca  tather  loater. 
Eatimats  of  Ibc  tft  which  lati*  tno  can  altafai,  taued  pully 
OS  atleopt*  to  couDC  ibe  aannal  rinci,  haw  been  livaiby  naay 
writeeai  and  range  from  about  Ihree  bundled  ytrnn  in  the  caac 
of  the  km  toChne  to  live  tbouaand  ytsn  in  tbe  caw  of  Statin 
[Itstila  of  CalUemla,  and  ova  five  ihwmnd  yeaiaia  that  of  the 
liaobab  [iilaiHDiiurfJfAifa)  of  Cape  Verde.  It  i>  ImpoiBihle  to 
place  «uct  reliance  on  tbeao  eitinulea,  but  it  ii  at  leail  certain 
that  veiy  many  Liceahavea  duration  of  Ufa 
compariaon  with  lhe  longnt-livod  ■-""■'■ 
The  donlioa  ol  (ifs  anon^  mtdtic 
animab  b  Ibtle  known,  except  in  the  frequent  tnalinrei  iriwre 
It  1>  nwmalty  brief,  llany  apoaaea  and  polype  die  at  Ibe  end 
<rf  the  aeaaoB,  teavlnc  winto-  egga  si  bade.  ^Hie  modl-bianlied 
iaaiaa  of  tlie  laiict  spontea  aad  coaipooad  bydreaoa  ortainly 

aptiBcd  In  iSii  by  Sir  Jtdm  Dalydl,  a  Scottish  natnnUsC,  aiul 
tben  (Boaed  IB  be  aboat  ie*tn  yean  eht,  lived  in  c^Mlviiy  In 
EdinbaiiJi  antil  1U7,  the  caioe  el  death  beln«  mknown.  Aa 
otlwr  hwlaacw  of  (real  agta  atlainad  by  aca^Dcmones  an  on 
record,  il  ia  |dnin  Ibat  Umm  "^-i-  although  alinpls  pdjpa, 
are  tons-lived.  Echiuodenns  ate  infaitd  to  live  to  conaidHable 
ages,  aa  Ihey  (low  ilnrly  aad  aa  Iben  it  gn**  differem  in  slae 
amooctt  fully  adult  epecbweni.  Oa  limilar  reaaoBlng,  ooniider' 
abk  afe  is  aitiibated  M  the  laifer  annwlalei  and  Crustacea, 
but  the  amaller  fonna  in  many  caaa  are  known  to  bare  very 
tborl  Uvia.  Tin  miatioa  in  the  length  of  life  of  mDlluic* 
appaaiB  ta  be  great.  Uany  apedci  of  gaatrapodi  live  inly  s 
fe*  ytani  otben.  *ndi  aa  Jf  afiM  Actm,  have  reached  thirty  yeara, 
whllit  the  huge  rndocna  ftpu  ia  Mated  to  live  fism  sixty  10  a 
htiadted  yearL     Among  ^'"■'^^■i  tha  adult  stage  has  usoally 

ts  a  lew  nuuttha,  bat  the  lam!  ttasea  may  laat  mach  km^. 

tbc  whale  lile  from  hatrhing  to  death,  appenra  ta  lie  between 
tl«  liaita  oI  a  tsw  waaka  ia  tha  caaa  •!  plant-ikc  M  •eventcm 


yean  In  tha  «aatot  the  American  CleaJa  an  .  ..    .   _ 

of  which  lives  aeVealeen  yeara,  til*  adult  only  a  tnonth.  Most 
buUerfliea  are  anniada,  but  those  wliicfa  (ail  to  copalats  may 
h&enute  and  live  through  a  seoond  leaacm,  wtHsl  tbe  liva  of 
some  have  been  preserved  artificial]]'  to  aeraa  years.  Worker 
beta  and  dronea  do  not  nrvive  the  Katon,  but  qaceoi  may  live 
from  two  to  five  years.  In  the  caa  of  mtebcato,  th  ' 
ei  hie  appeara  to  ha  greater  an         ''        ■        ~      ■ 

k^  in  aqaada,  couU  tiad  the  age  of  rixty  rtan.  1 
baaad  on  tiaa  and  rate  of  gicnth  have  led  t«  the  infcRDce  thai 
lalaxn  Buy  Uve  to  tha  age  of  a  brndnd  yean,  whilst  G.  L.  L, 
Bnften  ic(  down  the  period  of  Hie  of  caip  la  paads  as  one  hundred 
and  fifty  years,  and  then  b  evidence  Idt  a  pike  having  reached 
tbe  a|p  of  Orel  two  csatuties.  Monnoently  It  hasheen  claimed 
that  the  age  of  fish  can  be  aasattaiaed  aitctly  by  eousting  tirt 
annual  ringi  of  tbe  otoUtfaa.  No  gnat  ages  have  as  yet  beea 
RCOfded  by  tbi*  OMthod,  wMbI,  00  tba  Mher  band,  by  nvealinf 
great  variatkmsof  weight  and  dae  In  fiAea  with  tbe  lane  number 
of  snnual  rin^,  it  haa  Iluown  doubt  on  the  vaMdity  of  estlmatca 
of  age  based  on  alie  and  rate  ^pomb.  Tile  (Midence  as  a  whole 
is  luisatafaelory,  but  It  b  higUy  probable  that  in  tlie  ahama 
of  accidents  most  fish  can  attain  very  great  agea.  Hie  durttioB 
of  life  among  batradua  ia  Ihtls  known,  bat  email  fngi  hava 
been  iTCDidcd  as  Uving  over  twelve  yean,  and  loadf  op  to  tUny- 
Kxyein. 

Ahaaat  nothing  ti  known  at  10  the  Imcrvity  at  saahea  and 
lirards,  >ml  il  Is  probable  that  no  great  age)  arc  raached.  Croso- 
dilcs,  alligalocs  and  caymans  ^ow  liovly  snd  an  bdieved  to 
live  very  long,  lliere  It  eiact  evidence  as  to  alligators  tn  cap- 
tivity in  Europe  reachiog  forty  yean  witboot  tigusol  teneacence, 
and  some  of  the  sacred  crocodiles  of  India  an  briltyad  to  be 
moic  than  a  hundred  yean  old.  Cbdoafaaa  Uve  aUB  lonfci.  A 
tortraiE  hu  Gved  for  elgbty  ytaa  ia  tk*  gaedin  <t  the  gPvemoT 
of  C^ie  Town,  and  is  believed  to  be  at  least  two  hondnd  ycaitf 
old.  Then  an  Rcoida  of  BmaQ  land-torloltet  that  have  beea 
kept  la  ^idvitylorovef  a  century,  wldht  the  very  largeloet^ata 
ol  the  Cal^iaica  Uaadt  certainly  attain  agea  of  at  least  two 
cenlucfei  and  possibly  mndi  nort.  A  conridenhle  body  nf 
inlormatlon  exDda  regsnUng  the  Icaigevlty  ol  Urds,  and  moch 
at  this  hat  been  bnraiiil  tocetbet  by  J.  H.  Gura^.  Pnca  Ua 
•rUch  inchMle  more  than  Btot  iptida,  It  Vpean  that  the 


itmtiaOBs  boda  do  not  leadi  gnat  agea. 

•arks  end  rtieat  da  not  sicaod  thnty  yean,  and  the  naxin 

for  osliichea  la  fifty  yean,  and  that  on  doubtful  evidence 


dBnoteilat,    Mere  1>  ki 
nganling  Ungulals,  aa  many  at  these  an  domealicatcd,  sesU- 

'~ '  or  an  ficquently  kept  In  csfMiviiy   Cnat  lengih 

n  essigned  le  the  ihinocaro^  but  the  lonfest  actual 


976 


tONGEVrW 


iMcrd  [*  Uat  oi  -n 


fifteen  t> 


a  ibirtjr  yoin.  but 
blty  years  an  Iiiiiy 
liv(  Inm  twenty-five  to  thkljr  jtan,  llncp  nid  geau  Itbbi 
InlvB  lo  iouTtmi  yMit,  oat^qn  nilur  Jon^,  opedally  in 
the  case  of  tbe  luges  fona.  A  gltaSe  haa  lind  kc  naiete^ 
Man  in 'the  LoadM  Zookiflcal  CaidoU:  Dm  ata  nfiiilad  to 
live  laagw  than  ibeep,  asd  recordi  of  iadilldaalrat  tb*  Leadoa 
Caldeiu  canfirm  tU>,  but  it  ia  doHbtfol  if  tfacy  live  u  loaf  H 
Qltie.  Camcla  an  Ziuig-fived,  aCEDrding 
moflb  tiow  no  B  ' 
Gaidena  at  the  at, 
acu  of  MoilUy.  The  bippapoumni  !i  aaotkec  laigt  unfiilatt 
W  wbkb  peat  langtvilY  bai  beta  amigned,  bM  the  loogcM 
adnal  recofd  ii  Ube  lauc  of  a  lemale  bum  b  ibe  Laadoa  Caideni 
vUch  dial  ID  ita  tbiit]>fiftli  year^  Tke  doBitxo  of  life  aMlfocd 
lo  dameatic  iwhw  ia  about  twenty  yean;  an  lodtas  nld  boar, 

cotJy  in  fuS  vignur,  wu  filtno  ycin  old.  Elephants  aie  DSaaUy 
wppMcd  capaUe  of  iMctains  peat  ages,  but  ibe  actual  ncoidt 
gl  aMDagelie  and  mOiuiy  anuDala  alnv  that  chiny  to  isity 

tbelnsttforaunicbaakani  and  nbbita  may  live  (« ten  yean, 
amaUer  foiini  wch  aa  nti  and  mice,  for  five  ot  sii  yean,  fiala 
have  »  npvltllan  lor  loog  dnraticn  of  life,aBdtnipcal  fnot^bali 
an  kt»im  Co  have  lived  for  Kventcen  yean.  No  great  agea 
have  been  temdedfot.CaiQivDn.but  the  avenge  ii  fairly  bi^ 
Twenty-five  yoUB  appean  to  be  a  limit  very  nuely  eiceeded  by 
lion*,  ligeta  oe  beaia;  domeatlc  rata  may  live  fat  from  twelve 
to  tmnty-tliDec  yeaza^  add  dofa  f jom  liiteoi  to  eighteen  yean, 
tiKKigh  calea  of  aa  many  as  thirty-foDi  ytan  have  been  noted. 
Lean  il  knovn  ol  the  smidleT  lonnSf  but  menagerie  Rcords  show 
tbat  ages  hcLween  twelve  and  twenty  ate  fiequeally  reached, 
Tlicre  wen  In  II)  TO  in  the  London  Zoologitaj  Gardens,  apparently 
in  good  heikll,  a  meeikat  at  lost  tativt  yean  eld,  a  laiid-hidget 
fauTtaai  'yaara  and  a  ratcl  mneteen  yean  of  age.  Records 
nguding  omnkEyi  ircunsaliifaclory,  foi  these  deatnies  are 
■Bloriouily  ddicate,  in  captivity,  and  it  is  pnctkadly  celtBin 
tliat  imdn  such  dicumsiaares  thi7  tardy  die  of  old  age.  A 
gl^  leimr.deveB  ycaia-oldandachimpanaeeeleveoaniahalf, 
bock  bi  gMd  health  iq  dm  London  Zookigical  Gaidais,  appear 
lo  be  the  oldest  ^teatti  defiiiilel)'  ntur^id.  Estimates  based 
«■  aiK,  cOwSliaii  af  the»fci<l  and  aa  farth  obiaiigJ  fay  eainiinii- 
have  ban  Ulled  mmld  seem  to 


hceOecfr'  ... 

rtqutied  by  nedam  ndal  "■u— ""■—■    .TkeeipBCtatinnof  life 

of  linn  iriM»  attafe)  tb*  age  of  sixty  varin  «ilh  lacc,  km  mi 

of  pgiMi  )>av«  a  chance  of  leacMog  aod  dv  leacb  agea  between 
>iMty  and  one  hmtdrcd.  Caieful  Investigation  bai  Unown 
dovbt  alanat  ■mooating  I*  diqsoof  on  tbe  nBch-qaoled  case* 
of  gnat  batarity,      ■        ■       -  -    - 


c,  <lis^«ta  that  the  ncoided  sga 

both  of  mat  and  anhnak  ai*  macb  abonet  thao  tbe»  avigatd 
in  populai  beliaL  The  diMtlon  of  Kfe  is  nsoally  brief  in  the 
aniinl  Ungdon,  and  except  lor  anme  fith  and  rqitile*,  and 
peaiihty  wtaks,  it  ia  oeciain  that  a  nan  enioys  the  lougeit 


^      , ,  J  lower  animals. 

Th—riu.^  Inqnii^.— kly  Laakaaui  haa  poiBUt  out  Ibt 
■tvnal  laaaninff  m  atuchol  to  tbawocd  loage*ity.  It  may 
be  OMd  of  aa  Bdlvidtul,  and  la  Uaaaaase  baa  lilde  Imponasce, 
partly  becatoe  of  the  inevitable  variability  of  the  individDal, 
and  iHitly  haisiBB  IhcM  may  be  kidftMuals  that  an  ahionnal 
in  dnnthm  of  life,  Jnat  a*  than  an  diaofmalities  in  weight  or 
beigbt.   Itn^rbeDioil^fortbeavKBgedatatMoaf  lifeof  allib* 


kvenge  saonaUty  that  atfacti  the  qieoca,  and  that  *aif>a  bm 
OB^  with  Btnctme  aad  ocsMttotioa  but  «lib  Iba  Und  oi  eacmie*, 
anidaita  and  tioadlrinna  to  which  the  1  ' 
sob  ject.    If  we  leScct  on  the 


_  the  cverage  mortality  n 
uaed,  and  is  most  arnnakalij 
potential  kmgevity,  that  Is  to  fay  ae  dnntioa  ot  lite  that  woidd 
beattained^nonnaliDdhddgalsefa  veda  if  cbaca    " 
were  moat  fUomabla.    It  k  neceMaiy  lo  keep  Ii 
ofthala 


hoiaa  and  deer,  aid  tbew  a£ 

the  Klation  is  net  abadntei  panot*,  la 

than  mott  mammah  and  than  many  biger  bMi.     G.  L.~L, 

Bnffon  tried  to  find  e  .       . 

bdieved  that  it  wss  givm  by  the  iMio  bccwtim  the  lAole  pcfisd 
of  life  *Dd  tbe  period  of  growth.  He  Mined  that  the  psttdMe 
duration  of  life  was  six  or  seMa  lima  that  tt  Ibe  petiM  of 
growth.  Man,  he  Bid.  takes  fourteen  yean  to  grow,  and  Ui 
duration  of  life  is  Dincty  tn  oaa  hundred  years;  the  hasae  has 
reached  ill  full  si»  at  four  yt*n  of  agt  and  may  live  for  a  total 
period  of  twenty-five  lo  tliirty  yents.  M.  J.  P.  Phnreos 
■tuunpted  lo  malic  BuBon's  suggeiiiiui  more  sotl;  be  look  tbe 
end  of  the  pniod  of  growth  a*  the  time  at  which  the  epiphyaa  of 
the  hmg  bones  united  with  the  bones  themselves,  sndonthit 
basis  held  that  the  duncioB  of  life  was  Bve  Itaaea  the  length  of 
thcperiod  <f  grawth.  The  theciia*  of  BuSoa  and  Tkmna*, 
bowtm,  do  not  apply  to  all  vanabtato  and  have  n>  — T*afnt  hi 
the  case  of  Imendiraies.  Y.  BBags  hai  nggaAed  that  hi  the 
rase  of  mammals  <he  perled  taken  t?  the  aew-boRi  youag  lo 
double  la  wdgbt  I*  an  Indei  of  tha  laf^dHy  s(  growth  nd  ii  la  a 


drawn.  He  &1iDy  suggested  that  dial  wu  the  chief  factor  m 
dctsmlniBg  the  tpta  of  Kfe.  £■  Uetdinikoll  has  provided  tha 
most  recent  and  fuUst  cn'ildiim  and  U^eoiy  otthe  pbyiial^icil 
cahsc*  of  la^evHy.  He  admits  tbat  many  fsfJors  maat  be 
Involved,  as  ihc  ttiuIu  vary  so  much  hi  tUSereM  hjndi  of 
aniniala.  He  thinlu  that  too  little  i>  fcnann  of  the  physlokiglcil 
piBCTwgot  invBiebraia  to  draw  any  valid  eon  ' 
vetiebntea.  he  calli  a 


Cu  tbe  wbole,  reptiles  It 

itnit  being  vtdally  notable  when  bitdi 
"smian  tbe  effect  of  the 
of  short  duntieo  of  yit^ 

that  hragevily  Is  nearly  eqDal  hi  Ibe  two 
leisi,  although  fentalaa  have  a  mudi  greater  repradoctivc  dnio. 
He  p^ls  ai:t  Ihstlhe  hmd-gui  or  large  iDtedint  i*  Icau 
develoiwi  ia  6Aa,  (drtivdy  small  in  replDes,  still  mall  but 
rdaltvely  larger  in  birds  and  largest  In  inanunais,  relatively  and 
^Bcdutcly,  liie  caecum  or  caeca  being  recLoned  as  part  of  Ihc 
hind-gut.  .Tbe  area  of  the  tnteilmal  tntl  In  (lucnioa  is  vl 
telativdy  little  impaiUBia  in  digolion,  although  a  oocsiderahle 


LONOraiXOW,  «ENRY  WADSWOIiTH 


977 


(■KHnt  o[  whntfOiti.  Bay  tikM  pkcc  intm  it.  It  MiM*  chidly 
•1  *  HHTvoir  of  unite  idiUb  aut  'a  iBuilly  the  wit  of  cMctiiirt 
putrthciivs  i^uice.    Tlic  prodBcit  of  pulrchclioa  tic  itaotbtd 

by  the  blood  mnd  there  rouita  «  constant  ■uto-EatniuUlwi  of 


of  the  putrc[tcbhv  dungei  L 
p  nwrtntily  d(  the  ipccia  is  : 
ic  lonfcvily  hang  T«Rly  If  t\ 
and   B   Hi   pnbibly   i 


picmilflrc  KniKLy  u  the 

tbeir  in  leu  I  no,  ind  the 

Luch  too  hi^p  Ibe  iiorVHl 

LiiBed.     MclchnilLOfi 


foUovcd   by   lU 

krumicdgC  ol  diHaK  Kod  c[  hygiene  uvd  fimpliikation  ot  habitl 
■n  lendinc  to  icdun  tbe  sven|e  monatity  of  man  and  the 
domeujc  auinali,  and  Ur  being  the  avenge  longevity  ocaRr 
tbe  specific  longevity^  He  addi  to  this,  Inwever,  a  more  ^wdal 
theory,  which,  ohhough  it  appcAn  npi<Jty  to  be  ^ning  ground, 
a  yet  [ai  Inm  bring  accfplcd.  The  Ihoiy  ii  that  dnralion  o( 
life  nay  be  ptclonted  fay  oiganiici  directed  againtl  lolenliul 

The  proccu  oI  pulrelactEon  takca  plan  in  masei  of  b«I)y- 
digeUcd  lood,  and  may  bo  nxnbued  by  careful  dieiing,  avoidance 
of  hch  food!  of-  bU  kinds  and  particularly  of  flesh  and  aieohid. 
A'  take  plicc  cacepl  in  the  presence 
p  of  hKtrrI;!,  the  entrance  of  which  lo  the 

Impouiblc  01  impncticabls  (o  secure  a  sterilised  diet,  and 
Uelchnikofl  aigct  (hat  the  bacteria  of  putrefaction  can  be 
replaced  or  supprcued  by  analhci  Mt  of  nu'crobea.  He  found 
that  there  was  a  undcly  spicad  poputu  bcltct  in  the  advantaEe 
of  diet  conssting  largely  oI  prntucli  of  lound  mtUt 


a  panictriar  gmup 


Iben  w 


wily  » 


he  badiri 


Eipciinitalilly  he  showed  that  the  picsence  of 
wnicri  pETMtuce  lacElc  acid  inhibii^cd  Ihe  proctss  of  pul 
Acconiingb'  >»  recammanda  that  the  diet  e>  hinni 
should  itKtudeprer>arallonso[  milk  soured  bycnituma.  . 
lactic  add  barilli,  ot  ihil  the  spares  of  such  bacilli  shoidd  be 
taken  along  with  food  favourable  to  iheic  devtiopinent.  In  a 
short  lime  the  bacilli  establish  Ihemselves  in  Ihe  large  inltsline 
and  lafudly  stop  putrefactive  change.  The  (rearmcnt  has  not 
yel  been  ptnittcd  In  lunicicnlly  kmg  by  a  snllident  oumbn 
of  dilfennt  pcisoiu  to  be  acnplrd  as  universally  satisfactory, 
and  there  1*  tvtn  niati  diflmncr  of  opinion  as  to  Mcichnikofl's 
theofythatthechitf  agrni  in  senile  dcgenention  Is  Ihesiimula- 
lion  of  phagoeyles  by  the  pmducts  ol  pulrcfaclion  Irilh  the 
resulting  drsinciion  of  the  spidfic  cells  ol  the  tissues.  Melehni- 
k«lt.  however,  gave  it  lo  the  world,  not  as  a  piWed  and  com- 

Cied  doctrine,  but  aa  Ihe  line  of  inquiry  that  he  himself  had 
nd  most  promising.     He  has  luggBted  further  that  Ef  the 
■ormal  ipecihc  longivily  were  aliaHwd  by  human  beings,  old 


e  indivi 


t  Ihe 


life  aad  acquire  an  insi 
lulfilled  the  nttmal  cycli 
the  saiM  relieved  acqnies 

The  wtaa  wrilers  whose  opinions  have  bceh  briefly  discussed 
agree  In  lopposlng  that  there  is  a  normal  ipccific  fengevity, 
although  Metchnikoft  akinr  has  urged  that  this  dlHFrs  marked^ 
fr^m  the  average  longevity,  and  has  propounded  a  theory  of  the 
cautet  of  the  drvcTgence,     It  is  common  ground  that  they 
believe  the  organism  ta  be  wound  up,  so  to  say,  for  a  dcfinile 
period,  bat  have  no  very  definite  theory  as  lo  how  this  period 
b  determined.   A.  Weismann,  on  the  other  hand,  In  a  well-known 
essay  on  the  dsration  of  life,  has  developed  a  theory  lo  eiidahi 
Ihe  various  Fashions  In  which  the  gift  of  file  is  tncasgred  out  to 
diflerent  kinds  of  creatore*.    He  accepts  the  position  that  purely 
physidogicat  conditions  set  a  limit  to  the  number  of  years  "    ' 
an  be  attained  by  each  kind  of  multi-cellular  organism, 
holds  that  these  conditiona  leave  room  for  a  considerable  am< 
of  variation.    Duntion  of  lite,  io  (act,  according  to  Weiim. 
b  1  character  that  can  be  influenced  by  the  environment 
that  by  a  procMS  of  natural  selection  can  be  adapted  to 
coadltloMDl  existence  of  dWcrent  kpede*. 


n  be  aUe  Is  ttpdace  the  losan 
ia  neceSBoiy,  moreovar,  for  the  succeu 
ningc  populatioD  of  full  vigour  shMld 
'  deaih  jtHlf  is  an  adapla- 
ipd  worn-out  individuals 
ind  that  it  cornea  aa  aeon  as  may  be  after  tb4  period  of  repro- 
iudive  activity.  It  Is  understood  ihat  lie  term  repcoduclive 
iclivity  covers  not  merely  the  produdion  of  new  individuals 
Hit  the  care  of  these  by  Ihe  psrcnls  until  Ihey  are  scli-suiTicienl. 
Hm  Bvenge  longevity,  according  [«  Weismann,  is  adapted  lo 
be  needs  of  the  ipedes;  R  is  tuffieiently  long  to  secure  thai  tht 
vqntiiu  ntmliet  of  new  Individa^  it  prodsced  and  protected. 
He  has  bnMigfal  together  a  large  number  of  inttanres  wUch  sbo* 
thM  there  is  >  nlathin  between  duralion  of  Ufe  u>d  leitllily. 
Birds  bI  prey,  which  bread  slowly,  uiuolly  producing  an  anauij 
brood  of  no  more  than  one  or  two,  Kve  to  great  ages,  whibi 
nbtili  which  pmdoce  large  liners  at  frsqutnt  teverviit  have 
relatively  short  lives.  Allowance  has  to  be  msde  In  cases  where 
roung  ire  largely  preyed  upon  by  eaemtca,  for  this  eoumer-; 
Ibe  effect  ot  hdgh  fecundity.  In  short,  ihe  duration  of  life- 
ia  to  adapted  that  a  pair  of  individuals  on  the  average  succeed' 
Hnga  pair  of  oAspring,  Metchaikol,  however,  has  pointed 
UI  the  longevity  ol  such  fecund  creatures  must  have 
independently,  n  otherwise  species  subject  to  high  roka 
1  nature  w<nld  have  cttsid  lo  exist  and  would  haw 
diiit^wared,  at  many  spedei  bavc  viniibed  in  Ibe  pait  of  ibe 
world^s  history. 

The  normal  specific  tongevily,  the  age  to  which  all  normal 
individuals  of  a  species  would  survive  utider  Ihe  most  favounblc 
conditions,  must  depend  on  conslilulion  and  slrsclnre.  N* 
doubt  selection  is  involved,  as  it  Is  obvious  Ihal  creatUtes  wtruld 
perish  if  thdr  eonsiituiion  and  structure  were  not  such  that  Ihry 
could  live  Itmg  enough  to  reproduce  their  kind.  The  dlrKl 
i,  however,  must  be  sought  for  in  siae,  complcally 
e,  length  ol  period  ol  growth,  capacity  to  withstand 
md  tear  of  Ule  and  such  other  intrinsic  qualiliet. 
The  average  spccilii:  longevity,  on  Ihe  other  hand,  depends  on 
'  Itude  ol  Ultinsii:  condlltona  oper    ' 


LVimnment 


eilriuii 


.    by    1 


K  the  young  and  the  adults, 
cnevnbea,  diseaset,  anunoance  ol  lood,  climatic  conditiona  and 
■0  forth.  It  would  ae^ui  trosl  natunsl  to  auppeae  thai  in  aH 
casec,  eicept  perhaps  those  ol  inlelligent  man  and  the  domestic 
aninMtls  or  i^anta  he  harbours,  the  average  longtvlly  must 
vary  enormoiiily  with  changing  conditions,  and  mud  be  a  factor 
of  greater  Impocttnce  in  the  survival  of  the  species  than  ibe 
ideal  normal  specific  kmgevit)'.  It  also  bccbh  mare  pr«)ublc 
that  the  reproductive  capacity,  which  is  eatremely  vaiiable, 
has  been  adapted  to  the  avenge  longevity  of  the  species,  than 


se  of  the  dunlion  of  life. 


d,Utl 


litseMbi 


RiriHMCKS.— C  L.  L.  BuSoB.'  ffuUin  noiinUr  (te 
Hrtidilttri,  vol.  ii,  (Paris,  trag);  Y.  Buaie.  ^riin.  t.iit  m 
fiyncftt".  vol.  Kv,  (Bonn,   i?oj)i  MT J.   P.  Ffcurmi, 


hany.  Sir  E.  Ray 

lAeLewfT^HiMaitf  (London,  1870},  — 

tj  Lilt  (Londiw,  IROCI);  hl^  OuUalcI.Zd  Halv 


(fti.;^.  ISJS); 


'^^X^'ij..  ISJ] 


lapdfvtifv  i^oaeenJ*  in  Mam  aad 
E.  MelchnikoB,  Thi  PnlntalKm 

...  -,.. alcl.  Lt  Nalnrt,   p.   vii   (!«»]: 

ipM  Ileniii}  {Oiford,  TB89).       {P.  C.  M.) 
BOIRT     WADSWORTH  (iBoT-iSSi), 

American  poet,  was  bom  on  the  i7lh  ol  February  1807,  at 
Portland,  Mafne.  His  ancestor,  Willlim  Longfellow,  had 
fmmigraledlo  Newbury.  Massachusetts,  in  1676,  [rom  Yorkshire 
EngUnd.  His  father  was  Slephen  Longfellow,  a  lawyer  and 
United  Slatea  conpeunian.  and  hli  mother,  Zilpha  Wadswortb, 
a  descendant  of  John  Alden  and  of  "Priscllli,  the  Puritan 
maiden." 

Longfellow's  eitemal  life  presents  little  thst  b  ol  rtlning 
Interest.  It  is  the  life  ot  a  modest,  'dcep.hearted  gentleman, 
whose  highest  ambition  wu  to  be  a  perfect  man,  and,  ihrou^ 
sympathy  and  love,  to  lielp  olhen  to  be  the  same,  Hb  boyhood 
was  spent -moitly  la  his  nalivc  town,  which  be  never  msedio 


978 


LONOFELLOV,  HENJIY  WADSWOBTH 


d-wiMM  bcutlhlH 


_■  uid  qiiiM,  pun  Bfe 
he  ta*  doeribed  in  ik  pots  "  My  LoM  Vouli."  H«  be  (mr 
■p  in  tbc  oidM  of  inaieMu:  pe»,  idiidi  mi  but  oont  bnkHi, 
ud  thu  by  U  cTcalvUcb  nude  «  deepinpiEMion  on  Umi — 
Uk  Wu  «f  ilii.  Bi  mm  torgH 

-<h*iM-Cclitr>riMr. 
How  k  tbviiclcrcd  o'er  the  tide. 
Aad  the  dad  apuiot  u  thty  by 

Wbm  Ibey  in  b«lti?diHl.'""'"  "' 
Tbe  "  innqiul  b*y  "  ii  Casco  Biy,  one  al  the  tmU  beauiilul 
in  the  worid,  Uudded  Hith  bold,  (Rea  iikodi,  ncll  fitted  lo  be 
the  Heipcridci  ol  ■  poet'i  boyiili  dreuu.  At  the  afe  of  filteeo 
lotMkm  enlend  Bowdoin  College  at  BiuBWick,  a  towm 
■iluUed  neu  tbe  lODUMlc  Iilb  of  the  AndneCfisiiii  river,  ■boat 
ai  m.  ftom  PoitUad,  umI  In  >  regiiHi  fall  a[  lodUn  Keaery  and 
ktend.  Hen  be  had  anraoi  hb  danlcUam  Nathaniel  Haw- 
thone,  Gcoci^  B.  Cbcevcr  and  J.  S.  C  AbbMU  Durin(  tbc 
tatter  yean  ol  hb  csUcfe  lilt  be  couribMed  ID  the  t/Mid  AMo 

for  two  na»ni~<i)  u  ihowint  tbie  poet')  eariy,  book-inediited 
lympathy  nitb  naluit  uid  IttcBdaiy  hereums,  and  (>)  u  bcinf 
lUboit  enliirly  Iree  from  that  luperBitiml  viev  of  n^ure 
«hkb  hji  Bubacqueni  roidence  in  Europe  impined  to  bint. 
He  cndutcd  In  1815,  at  the  a«e  ol  ei(htecD,  with  booouta, 
amoni  othen  (hat  ol  wiiJnf  the  "tltia  poem" — takjni  Iba 
(oaiih  iJue  tn  a  dui  of  Ihiity-ei^L  He  then  entered  hii 
latbei't  taw  office,  withoHl  intending,  bowevet.il  woold  appear, 
to  devote  himeclf  to  the  iludy  oT  tbe  law.  For  (hii  prolutlan 
be  wai,  both  by  capadly  and  laitci,  utletiy  unfitted,  and  il  «ai 
loitunate  that,  iboitly  attcc  his  graduaiiaa,  he  received  an  offer 
oi  a  profeiaorihip  ol  iDodenl  laaguiiga  It  Bowdoin  CoJlege. 

he  went  to  Euivpe  (May  15th,  1S16)  and  ipcnt  three  yean  and 
a  hill  travelling  in  FtaiK*,  lliJy,  Spain,  Germany,  Holland  end 
England,  leuiiing  knguagei,  lor  whlcb  he  had  unuiual  talent, 
anddrinkingiDtheiptiltol  the  hisLoiy  and  life  o/Lheie  couniriei. 
TTweffeaol  Longtelloi  ■      ■  '  .......  .      . 


fell  eiactly  b  1 

tte  aentiaiDtal  itkrim  of  Shtlkr.  ite  pagaa  hi 


haU-iantiaicDtal, 

being  iitcpt  aaide  by  that  tide 
which  Onodcd  the  couatiy,  a* 
•DOB  ai  11  bigaii  to  led  UMI  it  itill  exiited  alter  being  tun  over 
by  Napoleon'i  wat-chatfol.  He  letiuned  to  America  In  tSiq, 
and  renulaed  >!■  yean  at  Bowdoin  ColleiB  (iSie-iSjs),  during 
which  he  publi«hed  varioui  teit-boelu  tor  the  itudy  of  mcdcni 
tangiHCe*.  In  hii  twcaty-faurlh  yew  (il]i)  be  uatried  Miu 
Uary  Slory  FolItT,  one  of  hii  "  early  Ions."  In  183]  he  nude 
a  leriei  of  tniBdaltoni  bom  tbe  Spaoiih,  with  an  ouy  on  Ihe 
monl  and  devotional  poetiy  of  Spain,  and  thoe  wen  iocsipor- 
Bted  in  lijj  in  OniH-mr:  a  PSgfimait  bcynd  tin  Sn. 

In  i8j5  LoogfeUow  waa  cboMn  10  UKOed  Ccoiie  Tieknot 
at  pnfeuor  of  moikm  lad(uagt>  and  bdlet-lcltia  in  Harvard. 
On  rtcejving  tbii  appoiuUncnt,  be  paid  a  Hxond  viilt  of  ume 
Clteen  moothi  to  Eunpe,  thia  tine  devoiiog  tptati  attenlioa 
to  tbe  Scandinayian  couottici  and  Switicilud.  During  thii 
viiit  he  loat  bii  wile,  who  died  at  Rotletdun,  on  tbe  igth   ol 

On  bii  return  to  America  in  Dccenibet  i8id,  LAngfeUow 
took  up  bit  reaidence  in  Cambridge,  and  began  10  lecture  at 
Harvard  aad  to  write.    In  hii  new  bone  he  found  hinuril  amid 


great  anbcnitjr,  iu  cuklvaMd  lacSety  and  iu  vidahy  la 
humane  aoUiantial,  bu^  BoctoB,  aeie  all  atlracliona  lor  bikI 
a  man.  In  iljr^iSjS  leiieni  eaiay*  ol  LangleUoK'i  appeared 
la  the  NiHk  Awhum  Kaitm,  and  In  igjg  be  publiahed 
Hyferinn  KtmeHu,  and  Ub  tM  vcjnm  -'  -  -  ■ 
entitled  Feiiw  4' Ik  JVigM.    ByttHtm.a 

Ui  traveb,  had,  ■      ' 

pi^nilarity,  d 


throuiji,  M  imnalural  and  alBtcd  i*  iU  laigaaae, 
material  and  ao  coaiciaialy  Bedfr"'  '"  — '~~ 
tbelai  it  bai  a  certain  UUoifcal  in 

(j)  beciuaell  markl  that  peiiod  fai  L 

though  ht  had  left  mlua,  he  bad  not  yet  hwDd  ai  . 
bectiiM  it  opened  the  ilidcalhray^  «ldcb  the  lood  of  Cemaa 
eeatlnenul  p«eUy  Oowcd  iato  Iba  Uidud  Staui.  Tlit  CHrei 
ff  itcA'i'gU contain  anne  of  hit  beMatnocpoaii,<t.  "Tte 
Ptilm  of  life  "  a>d  "  FeoUaeiia  al  Angdi."  In  1S4*  Loag- 
frtkiw  pubUibed  a  unall  vohune  ol  BaUait  aad  Mbrf  Pttmi, 
costainiDg  wme  of  hamsu  popubr pieon,  «.(.  "Tic  UcMon 
in  Armour,"  "  The  Wreck  of  tbe  Heqierw,"  ■•  Tbe  ViUa«e  Black< 
imilh,"  "To  ■  Child,"  "The  Btidge,"  "Eicebior."  In  the 
ume  yeu  be  paid  a  third  brief  vist  to  Europe,  (pending 
the  wanHi  on  tbe  Xhioe.  Duriac  bii  tetnrD-puuge  aaon  the 
Atlantic  he  wiMc  hii  fenu  an  Stawry  [\t*iU  with  a  dcdicatioil 
to  Ch«nning.  Tboe  poeai  weni  lit  to  wake  in  the  youtt  «l 
NewEn^ndaienieailhegrtatiiational«iong,Bndto  piepan 
them  for  that  bitter  itruggle  in  which  k  «ai  wiped  out  at  (be 
ipenie  ol  the  lives  of  u  many  ol  thcnu  In  1841  be  married 
lain,  hii  wife  being  Mln  France*  Elieibeth  Apideton  of  Boiton, 
daughter  of  Hon.  Nathan  Appletoo,  oae  ol  the  (ounden  of 
Lowell,  and  a  iliter  of  Tboma*  C.  Af^ton,  Uinidl  an  mean 
poeL 

About  tbe  ume  time  be  bought,  and  fixed  hii  resideoee  in, 
tbe  Craigie  Houie,  where  he  had  lormcHy  only  been  a  lodger, 
'  I  "  levaluilonary  bouie,"  buih  about  the  beginning  of  ibo 
crnluiy,  and  ouufiinl  by  General  Waihiogton  in  lilt. 
juaiai  old  wooden  bouse,  in  the  midst  of  a  large  gaidca 
lull  of  splendid  elms,  conilnued  (0  be  bli  chief  icsdeoce  till  tbe 
day  of  fail  death.  Of  the  leclurei  an  Diote  which  be  detivctcd 
ibout  thia  time,  Jaraei  RuskU  LokcU  uyt;  "  Tbew  lectutti, 
lluitraied  by  adminble  tnndatloas,  ace  rtaienbcttd  with 
gratifu]  pleasure  by  many  who  were  thu*  led  to  lean  tbe  full 
significance  ol  the  great  Christian  poet."  Indeed,  a*  a  prolessar, 
LongleUow  wu  emincnily  succoilul.  Shortly  alter  the  f*nu 
OS  SUrtryt  there  s(^ored  in  1S4J  a  more  ambitioas  work, 
TIh  Sfaiiuh  Sluial,  a  Play  in  Thm  Atli,  a  kind  (rf  senlitaenlll 
"  Umaliiy,"  without  any  special  merit  but  jpiod  intention.  U 
publiihed  nowaday*  ii  would  hardly  attract  notice;  hut  in  thoM 
gushing,  emoiioB-craving  lima  it  hid  considcnble  poputarity, 
sod  helped  to  incieue  the  poet'i  now  npidly  widening  lame. 
A  huge  collection  of  truulations  of  forrign  poetry  edited  by  him, 
and  enlillcd  Tin  FttU  and  Paetry  aj  EMrapa,  appeared  in  li^i, 

the  'liUe  TlKBtll'y  1/  Bruta.  In  s&^^  be  publiihed  at  Boston 
the  gtesleu  of  lU  his  works,  EMHtdau,  a  Tait  tf  Acadu.    It 

ibrMAoI,  and  its  plat,  which  was  derived  from  Kawthomc't 
[tin  Ntlt-Btokj,  is  even  simpler  than  that  of  the  German 

by  the  Biitiih  goveiDinest  of  1  colaoy  of  French  iellkri  from 
Acidic  (Nova  Scotia)  in  iJSi,  a  young  couple,  on  tbe  very  day 
d[  their  wading,  were  separated  and  carried  in  dlllereni  direc- 
*oni,  u  that  they  loil  all  true  0!  each  oilier.  The  poem  de- 
:ribei  the  vaaderiogl  of  the  bride  in  icaich  of  bet  lover,  and 
her  final  diicovety  of  him  as  an  old  man  on  his  death-bed,  in  a 
puUIc  hoipiul  which  she  bad  euUied  sa  a  nune.  Slight  at 
the  iioryli.ilii  worked  DutinLoaneofihemattaJlecting  potmi 
in  the  language,  and  gives  10  liletalun  one  of  ilt  moat  perfect 
type*  of  womanlhood  and  of  "  adcctioa  that  hopes  aiul  endure* 
and  Si  palienL"    Though  written  in  a  BKlit  deemed  fottign 


LONGFELLOW,  HENRY  WADSWORTH 


979 


lo  Ea^lA  cui,  Ik  poem  Immedlilely  MUiined  >  wide  pepu- 
Jirily,  vUcb  II  hu  ntvu  loai,  and  sHurtd  la  ifac  daclylic  Iwu- 
•Mter  «  KcofiUMi)  place  imang  English  meiRL 

In  TS40  Longfellow  puUi^ed  a  navel  of  no  great  meift, 
Ketanaih,  tad  ibo  1  volume  of  poems  entitled  Tlu  Stiind4  and 
tie  Fiftsidtt  a  title  vhich  haa  reference  to  hia  two  homei,  tbe 
■eaifde  one  on  the  charming  peninvula  of  Nahant,  tbe  fireiide 
one  in  Cambridge,  One  of  the  poena  in  ihiK  coUectian,  "  Resig- 
nation," bai  taken  a  peimanenl  place  In  lilenlure;  uother, 
"  KymD  lor  my  Brother's  Ordination,"  thowi  plainly  the  nature 
of  the  poet'i  Chriitianity.  Hii  brother,  the  Rev.  SuDuel  Loot- 
fiUow,  WM  a  miniiter  of  tbe  Uniuriip  Cbuicb. 

Longfdlow's  genius,  in  its  choice  of  subjecl),  always  oadUaled 
between  America  and  Europe,  between  the  colonial  period 
o(  Ameticaa  history  and  the  Middle  and  Homaniic  Ages  of 
EBiopean  feeling.  When  tired  of  the  bnad  da)4ighi  of  American 
activity,  he  sought  refuge  and  rest  in  the  din  twilight  of  medieval 
legend  and  German  leDtlmcnt,  In  1S51  appeared  Tin  Gulden 
Lttend,  a  long  lyric  drama  baied  upon  HarUnonn  von  Aue'a 
beautiful  itory  of  sdf.ucrihce,  Dtr  anm  Hanritk.  Ndl  lo 
Etanidiiit,  this  is  at  once  the  best  and  the  most  popolar  of 
the  poet's  kin([tr  works,  and  contains  many  passaga  of  great 
beauty.  Bringing  his  imagfoatJan  back  la  America,  he  ncit 
ap^tied  hlmi^  to  the  elaboration  of  an  Indian  legend.  In  1S54 
he  resigned  his  proteuorshlp.  In  the  following  year  he  gave 
to  the  world  the  Indian  Edda,  Thi  5«i|  0/  Hiavalka,  a  conscigus 


1,  both  in 


.ubjeci 


KalcHda,  wiib  which  be  had  became  acqnainiR)  during  his 
second  visit  to  Europe-  Tbe  metre  it  monotonous  and  easily 
ridiculed,  but  It  suits  the  subject,  and  the  poem  is  very  populatr 
In  iSjS  appeared  Tkt  Cmirlillip  a/  UiUi  Slandiili,  based  on 
a  charming  incident  In  the  ouly  history  of  the  FlyisDDth  colony, 
and,  alons  with  it,  a  number  of  laioor  poems,  included  under 
the  iDodest  title,  fiirdi  s/  Paisatt.  One  ol  these  is  "  My  Lost 
Yonth." 


Twoei 


I  now  occurred  which  le 


tovered  In 


of  the  Civil  War,  and  the  tragic  fate  of  his  1 
ddenlally  allowed  her  dress  lo  catch  fire, 
in  heiaWD  house  in  iWi.  IlVas  long  befo 
the  shock  caused  by  this  terriUe  event,  ana  u  nis  suDiequeni 
published  poems  he  never  ventured  even  to  allude  to  iL  When 
he  did  in  some  measure  find  himself  again,  he  gave  to  the  warid 
his  charming  Ti^a  of  s  Wayiidi  /nn  (iMj),  and  in  iBfi;  his 
HpuhIiM  Pmrni.  Among  tbe  latter  is  1  poem  entitled  "  The 
ChUdrin's  Hour,"  which  ailords  a  glance  Into  tbe  borne  life  of 
the  widowed  poet,  who  bad  been  left  with  Sve  chUdrEn—two 
■oas,  Enest  and  Charles,  and  tliree  daughters, 


•c,  and  Uuihlnf  Alksra, 
itb  with  goldeii  b>ir7 


AndEdi 
A  small  volume  entitled  Flmrr  it  Lmct  (1867}  ami  .  . 
aiMOg  Mher  fine  things,  (he  beautilul  "  threnos  "  on  the  burial 
of  Hawlbome,  and  "  The  Bells  of  Lyan."  Once  owiB  the  poet 
sought  refuge  in  medieval  life  by  completing  bis  translation 
ol  the  Dhitta  Commtdia^  parts  of  which  he  bad  rendered  into 
En^ish  as  much  as  thirty  years  before.  This  wor^  appeared 
in  1I67,  and  gave  a  great  inpnisc  to  tbe  study  si  Dante  la 
America.  It  is  a  masterpiece  ik  fiteral  translation.  Nut  came 
the  Nbb  Entfand  Tnpiia  (1S6S)  and  TIa  Dhim  Trapd^ 
(1S71),  which  lound  no  large  public,  in  1S&S-1S69  the  poet 
vilitcd  Eurape,  and  was  cverywbeR  cecetved  with  the  greatest 
honour.  In  iSt>  appeared  Tira  BpbIii  a}  Sent,  containing 
translated  as  well  si  otiglnil  pieces.  In  1873  Aflamalk  and  in 
iS7i  rat  Vatk  •!  Fandata,  and  alter  Pcau.  Among  these 
"olbei  poems"  were  "The  Hanging  of  tbe  Crane,"  "  Morituii 
Satntanus  "  and  "  A  Book  of  Sonnets."  Tin  Itasi  ef  Paadm 
is  a  proof  of  that  growing  appredatbn  of  pagan  naturallsoi 
which  nuuked  the  poet's  Wv  years.  Though  not  a  great  poem, 
it  is  full  ol  beautiful  passages,  oianjr  of  whkh  point  to  the  riddle 

_   "eway 

"  Bonk  of  Sonnets  '  are 


fame  of  the  finest  Ihtngi  he  ever  wrote,  especially  (be  Eve  sonnefs 
entitled  "Three  Friends  of  Mine."  These  "three  friends" 
wcfcConieliuaFctton.LouLB  Agassis  and  Charles  Sumner,  whom 
be  alb 

"  The  Boble  tbire. 
Who  ball  ny  life  weit  qior  than  friends  to  me." 
The  loss  of  Agassis  wis  a  blow  Imn  which  he  never  eotiieiy 
tecovetcd:  and.  when  Soainer  also  left  him.  he  wrote: — 
'  Thou  hail  but  taken  Ihy  lamp  and  nwe  to  bed ) 
I  >Uy  a  little  lonier.  II  one  lUyi 
To  cover  uo  the  emben  that  itSI  bum.' 

the  emben  that  Mil]  bunil 
He  would  fain  have  ceased 
gnat  thing  to  know  wfaea 
'   '"  ^,  til]  the  last. 

the  magasino, 
a  perfectkai  of 


Hec< 


'1  but  he  could  not  stop,  and  did 
b  ftoi 


showed  a  cleusesa  of  vision  ai 
workmanship  such  as  be  never  bad  equalled 
his  life.  Indeed  it  may  be  said  that  bis  £ne  , 
last.  Of  these  a  small  collectian  appeared  under  the  title  ot 
Kmmei,  mi  Mir  Premi  (iSfS).  Besides  ihese.  ia  the  ytaS 
iRjf-igjS  he  edited  a  collection  of  Pmmj  ef  Ptaca  in  tbirty^se 
tmali  volume*.  In  iSSo  appeared  UUima  Thide,  meant  to  be 
his  last  work,  and  il  was  neatly  so.  In  October  iSilt  be  wiola 
a  touching  sonnet  on  Ibc  death  ol  PtesiileDt  Caifidd,  and  la 
January  i8Sj,  when  the  band  of  death  was  already  upon  bim. 
his  poem,  Hemti  rriimejiilBi,  in  which  be  giva  utterance, 
in  language  as  rich  as  that  of  the  early  gods,  to  that  strange 
feeling  ef  awe  without  fesr,  and  hope  without  form,  with  whi^ 
every  nan  of  spotless  lite  and  upright  intellect  withdraws  from 
the  phenomena  ol  lime  to  the  reJliOes  of  eternity. 

In  the  last  years  ol  bis  life  he  suffered  a  gteat  deal  fioin 
rheumatism,  and  was,  as  be  sometimes  cheerfully  said.  "  nevtf 
free  fmm  pain,"  Still  be  remained  as  surmy  and  genial  as  ever, 
looking  from  hb  Cambridge  study  windows  across  the  Brighton 
meadows  to  the  BrookUne  hills,  or  enjoying  the  "  free  wild 
winda  of  the  Atlantic,"  and  listening  to  "  The  Bells  ef  Lynn  " 
in  his  Nshant  home.  He  still  cmtlnued  lo  receive  all  visitors, 
and  to  take  occasional  tuns  up  to  Csstlne  and  Portland,  the 
bomes  of  bis  family.  About  the  be^nning  of  1881,  however,  a 
serious  change  took  place  in  his  condition.  Diuiness  and  want 
of  strei^h  nmliiied  him  to  hh  room  for  some  time,  and,  although 
after  some  weeks  be  partially  recovered,  his  einstidly  and  poweri 
were  gone.  On  the  19th  of  March  be  was  seised  with  what 
proved  to  be  peritonitis,  and  be  died  on  tbe  S4tb.  Tbe  poet 
waa  buried  two  day*  iherwanb  near  his  "  thm  friends  "  in 
Mount  Anbum  cemetery.  Tbe  legtet  for  his  loss  was  univcTSBli 
for  DO  modem  man  was  ever  better  loved  or  better  deserved 

Longfellow  wu  made  an  LU).  of  Bowddn  College  In  tSiS, 
at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  of  Harvard  In  (859  and  of  Cambridp 
(England)  bi  tUX,  and  D.C.L.  nf  Oiford  in  1SA9.  In  1S7J  he 
waa  elected  a  member  of  the  Ruiaian  Academy  i^  Sciciica,  and 
in  t&ii  of  tbe  Spanish  Academy. 

In  person,  Longfellow  waa  rather  below  middle  heigbt.  bnwd 
shouldered  and  well  builu  His  head  and  face  were  eitremely 
handsomti  his  faiebead  broad  and  high,  his  eyes  full  of  clear. 
warming  fin,  his  nose  straight  and  graceful,  his  chin  ant  bpa 
lich  and  full  of  feeling  as  those  of  the  Pruflclean  HerDie*.  and 
bl)  volte  low,  melodious  and  full  ol  tender  cadences.  His  hair, 
otiginally  dark,  became,  in  his  later  years,  silveiy  white,  and 
Its  wavy  hxks  csmbined  with  IhoM  ef  bis  ftowing  beard  to  ^ve 
him  that  leonine  iFVearance  10  famHIar  through  his  later  por- 
traits. Charies  Klngsley  said  of  Longfellow's  face  that  it  was 
the  moat  beautiful  human  tace  be  had  ever  seen.  A  bust  to  his 
memory  was  erected  in  tbe  Poet's  Comer  in  Westmhutct  Abbey 
larSS*. 

InUmgrenow.  thepoet  waslheSomrandrntlof  tbeman.  His 
nature  wai  cHenlUllv  niellc.  and  hit  Hie  the  ireaiest  of  his  permai 

.T.1 .1..    L-..y  ^nfy   {k^   -!..._.   L..   ..»^,.  »..U   f..^^   KM   a   ttlw^ 


. ol  that  which  he  lived.   What  h.  , 

initcadof  visiting  Europe  in  early  lite  ST 
middle  ages  under  the  ibadews  of  ea' 


■.the  mi 


^  a  poet.  II. 

i  drinldng  in  Ibe  ipMl  ol  the 
wdral  towers,  be  bad.  fike 


gSo 

Wtaiitin'.  (lom  oU  utid  Amtricaa  icbirv  ud  life,  wc  can  onl 
mutt  five  bit  BoVa  npi*.  whidi  in  ai  naiunliHk,  buh  *ik)  ui 
myUk^t  ■■  cmU  be  iMnd:  but  oiUii  it  ii  Ihal.  from  hii  long 
(mi^attty  with  tlw  nedtml  Vkw  g(  oMure,  ud  iu  ■ni-piiu 
oflHiriai,  the  nnnlic  view,  b*  >■>  b«ii«lit,  lor  tbe  vrttts  put  o( 
hHlile,  10  look  apoa  the  inxldft  Btt  and  Lhiap  eitbcr  ai  tbc  middle 
•ccne  of  a  alBcle  plajr.  arilli  *  hnwn  cl  tewaidlat  happipcH  above 

CttUaiVliiKle  ft  ie«led  viritiul  fono.Df  unf 
Diviot  tbii  time  be  could  hear     tbe  tniling  nn 

■mp  thnngb  her  Bartile  haLla."  and  ice  "  ifae ._.  .. 

bWD  lo  the  music  of  tbe  icax."  LiKr  on,  as  he  gporouhed  hie 
■Ecaad  vDulh  (be  KU  qnied  a  iFCDnd  rhildhood).  he  tended  to  a  more 
natafl  vlev.  About  Ibe  time  when  be  wai  writjaf  Tin  MaHi  li 
^an^ro,  hecouU  He  "  IB  the  uuKt  JaiBs'i  Oeeceef  laM,"  asd  bear 
"  the  mvaa  of  Ibe  ditunclBl  a  pileoudy  ciUiai  and  luneMiai " 
.    BiitihnKigh»Hlbepniodnif hitufehiiviewofthe 


LONG 'FI VES^UONGFORD 

oruin 


S?^ft 


Too  veU-informcd,  coo 
the  peer  of  the  "  grar 

Mtblnt  that  thould 

that  bean.   Thitabn 

hi*  mode  ol  tiraliiw  iL 

The  BibjtcU  of  Loflttellov  1 


CtedecnhimHU 


ibjectt  and 

bjccU  of  Ldn^eilov's  poetry  are.  for  the  most  part,  aspects 
'  u  InBiMndnc  human  feeing,  eiiher  direcilv  or  Ihtough 

aiHKiatiaB,  Ibe  tender  o(  paibetJc  lidet  end  iacidcati  uf 

ile,  orbeiaic  deeda  preserved  in  legcad  ar  hiiiaiy.  He  hid  iipcciiil 
jgpdneH  for  recorda  of  huoiaa  devotion  And  sclf-iacrificcj  wEelbtr 
they  were  aunldili  legends.  IniUan  ules.  Norse  dnffoi  or  bin  of 
Americaa  history.  His  mode  of  ticatment  is  subjerfiire  and  lyrk. 
" what  form  Ma  wafa  tat —  -■— ' —  ■' '-  —  '- 


dranuticr'aa  Tn  TU'^mA  Sinfam,   TU  (Mint  Ltinid  and 
Tlu  Utik  ft  Ftnion,  at  Ibe  didxctic.  u  in  fb  Fulm  €l.i[i 
ly  ol  tlw  minor  poenn^    tbey  are  ail  nibkciive.    This  is 
■^  ■  ■  '      '   alo  works  of  art:    bat  il 

:  than  in  almon  uy  other. 

Higinatily  of  IhouEht,  pra- 
lEhts  iniD  nature,  we  shall 
a  being  hampered  by  any 
em  D[.ihepa.t.,hls-inid. 


.  lany  ol  the  minor  poenn^    tbey  ar 

not  the  Mfbest  praise  tliai  can  be  giv» 
impKea  ksa  dispnise-in  LoncfellowVo 

If  we  look  in  LoilgfeTlow's  poetry  foi 
found  psychok^l  analvsis  or  new  ir 
h-' Jlnpoelnfed,    Though  very  (ar  (n 
K  philiHfihial  or  lel^s  syi 
ar  the  end.  fouod  sufficient  satis 


be  Cbristian  vi. 


.0  play  w 


of  Ibe 


lialil  near  the  end./ouMl  su 

Efe^ipnMema!* 

fonaal  doomalisffl,  ana  ao  need  to  namn  imi  gmaea  resiiectiiv 
■laa's destiny.  HcdialikedlbepavcbolcidcalichaDlofart, ticlieving 
it  lo  be  esieniially  morind  ancl  uohcittliy.  He  had  no  sympathy 
with  Ihe  tendency  repreicnled  liy  Geine  ERit,  or  with  any  aliempt 
to  be  analytic  in  art.  He  held  art  id  be'eHentiaUy  syntheiic.  creative 
ud  manaatiBg,  ihh  analyiie,  desimcliva  or  queatioUng.  Rcocb 
be  never  aiiive  to  dnw  from  nature  some  ac*  lectd.  or  lo  slxiw  in 

her  famUior  facts  aod  aspects  the  seal  of  his  own  gnrious  nature. 
A  man  in  intelleet  and  counge,  yet  without  conceit  or  bravado.-  a 
miimaa  in  Kodbilily  aid  taiufeiavi.  yet  iritbaul  shrinkini  or 
vBLknav;  aaam^inpu^tyof  life  juid  devotion  of  heart,  yet  wiibouC 
asceiiasm  or  religiosity  i  a  Knigbt-erraat  in  hatred  of  wron£  otid  con- 
tempt ol  baseiKta,  yet  snthout  tell-rlghteausiFss  or  cynicism;  a 
pflnce  in  dignity  and  cHiteay.  yet  arithlnlt  lormaUty  or  conde- 
scension; a  poet  in  thought  andfteliag,  yet  wthoM  jcaloosy  or 
affectation  j  a  scbcJar  io  lane*  and  habim  yel  without  aloofnea  oc 
boolushncA^;  a  dLitirul  son.  aloviag  husband,  a  jtidTcious  Imher.  a 

hi^ved.  A  tbocDUghly  healthy.  well-^lan»d.  hannonlotis  nalutie, 
EHll UHfiy' ac"  hopcWtyT w iihou't  a 


or  mho.  not  venturing  lo  call,  bung 
to  catch  a  glinpan  IH  him.  vas-alcat 
It  for  £rabicd  tbat  Ihey  had  come  It 
accordiogly.  '    '   '' 

and»  far  was  he  troiO  trying  to  oratccl  himselfi 
be  lardy  drew  the  blinds  ol  his  giudy  window. 
that  Mudy  was  on  the  ground  Aodt  and  laced  Ih 
of  charity,  though  perfnnDed  In  lei 


weu  about  (Mai 

, ,, iinth  Ua  presence 

To  bow  nany  ad  beatli  did  he  come  bin 
at  hli  ni«  nksac  harannio  el 


Tc  there  had  been  de^ir  and  litnael 


fcnsug  him  of  ^gBE 
harily""" 


ii^SS, 

K  and  acnrnlDUs  articlea 


'^^^iS!. 


luasiic  leciuies  to  hii  da^ 

ounded.  Once,  when  the  ,. .......  ^.-^ 

.......     _.......-.     vjjd,^  Cotandllee 

Itec  the  pnideal  leji- 

LongfeUow  coold  oevee  b«  brouchi 
.-nytinn--"    •-"•  —  —     "■--'■ 

(ofiivn  onto  seventy  daes  seven  thnes, 
Ibe.    Even  ia  Ma  last  years,  who  loasDJ 


wriler  pflopoed  to 

- , ig  Commltlce  that 

'  placed  on  chat  comasiltec  the  psiBidi«L  replied : 

I  Luc  uati    Lon^eliow  coold  oevee  b«  brou^I  la 
lybody  or  anything."   And  it  svaatnie.   Hii  whole 


arrangements  *k  nacure.  aisd  the  only  way  in  whk^  It  «i 
know  that  he  suffered  sna  through  his  evcr-hicrcaslng  d 
bealchandsliunhcfyoHiefaeii.  HIivbakBtuR 
ap  in  the  linca  cJ  his  favDiincc  poet^— 

"  Luce  inlelkltliial,  (deaa  d'anoic, 
Amor  di  vero  ben,  ptcD  di  letlaia. 
I.eciria  che  traidende  ogni  dolnie." 
Sec  his  Uf(  . . .  nii  fdwli  fro*  to  yavHab  ead  C^ 
by  Samuel  Looglellow,  and  Ihe    Rivcnkle  "  cdrtion  of  the  prose  and 
poems  [Boston,  II  vols-  itt^lSgo).    An  eolaiged  edition  tl  the 
Lift  (i  vols.,  iSfi]  included  the  ioumli  and  conespondencc.  rg66- 

Ala^'£e  vnlume'byT'w.'Hizginian  in  the  "'Amiricir'M^  ol 
Letters  "seriesdwilie.CSl^^man'.CTilicismiili-as'l^.idiHrini 
and  an  arride  in  W.  D,  Howclls'  Uj  Lilmry  friaUl  ani  iluwiiist 
ana  (New  Yoik,  lOoo)  which  contains  a  valiiaMe  aocount  oTLong- 
(elWs  later  Ufe.  CT.  Da.) 

lOHQ  FIVES.  TM>  gaine,  though  pUyed  In  a  tEBni»«Dun. 
bears  but  a  slight  reaonbtance  to  tenids,  but  is  neveilhriaa  a 
valuable  form  of  prepatatory  practkei    llie  game  is  §  ot  1 1 

server  ^vei  j  poind  in  J,  or  4  poinli  Id  >i  to  the  ttriket-ouL 

II  a  ball  be  slniclt  iolo  luiy  other  galletr  or  t^nint,  it  may  be 
coonled,  by  urangcment,  rilher  as. a  "let"  (the  real  being 
annulled)  or  against  the  striker;  a  ihnilar  amngement  is  made 
far  balls  that  make  any  chase  <m  the  hazudilde,  or  a  chaK 
ol  the  last  gallery  on  the  aervice-ude. 

LONQFOBS,  ■  county  ol  Ireland  in  the  province  ol  Uimirr. 
bonnded  N.W.  by  Wtrim,  N.E.  by  Cavan.  E.  and  S.  by  Wtsl- 
mealh  and  W.  by  Lough  Ree  and  RosroninHin.  With  Ihe 
eiccption  of  Cailow,  Louth  and  Dublin,  it  is  the  smaHtst  county 
in  iTEland,  tbe  am  being  ]6q,|oB  acres,  or  aboat  411  sq.  m. 
The  genera]  level  surface  is  brckcil  BccisiDnally  by  tow  hills, 
which  covet  a  conriderible  area  at  111  northern  angle.  The 
piincfpkl  rivcTi  arc  the  Camlin,  which  risn  neai  C  canard  and 
Bows  past  Longford  to  Ihe  Shannon,  «nd  (he  Inny,  which 
entering  Ihe  county  from  Weslnwaib  crosjea  Its  souibem  coraer 
and  (alls  Inio  Lough  R«.  Lough  Ree  is  panly  Induded  is 
Lengfonl,  and  tbe  other  principal  lakes  ale  Lough  Cowat, 
DeiTy)ough,  Lough  Drum  and  Lough  Bannow. 

TbcKluTsanaaisoIHcwryreachwtbenorth  of  this  county,  where 
Lough  GowH  Ilea  upon  Ic.  Tbe  rest  of  the  coany,  hM  lor  anti- 
clinab  which  biisc  up  CM  Rod  SaMditoiw  at  Umglaid  towm  aad 

I.J ^g  f),^  CarboBiferous  Liiaestaae  plain,  in  whkk 

a  very  characteristic  lake,  irith  ssgnt  of  ^deibtoa 
its  shores.    Marble  01  fine  qualilyliaslMen  raised. 


Arduh,  t 
Lough  Re 


the  souihem  dlarkis  inting  on  it» 
jn  at  IiUage  la  puurc  la  msighty  as 


ceaise  woollena  and  linen.  Th 
Midlin^r  to  SKto  ciDsm  Ihe 
ooHBCy  town  of  Longfcrdv  aia 
Itema  east.  Tbe  Royal  Cans! 
Abbcythnlle,  and  jl^ins  tbe  ^la 


idlaad  Cn*[  Weacan  line  fnim 
IV  ql  tfie  caiMiy  tjy  "ay  o(  Om 
:  Cavaji  branch  coische*  ihc  ea- 


LONGFORD— LONGINUS 


g8^ 


owinff  14  tmvtndDn.  About  90%  of  tha  total  an  Ronu  Cktbolic*. 
The  ODlj  tanni  any  impumim  an  Loaffocd  (the  cauirty  tnon, 
psp.  174?)  and  Granud  (1611).  The  cuunty  indudee  ui  bam^re. 
Ahu«  an  beU  a1  Lonfford,  and  qquter  aaaioni  at  BallTnuhDii. 
Ciaaard  and  LonETod.  The  county  ii  in  chr  PnitcUul  dume  al 
'    '     '  'V  lioman  CatMic:  dioccn  ol  Aida|h  and  Mnlli. 

La  cvD  pariiaiQentary  diviklooE,  north  and  aoulh,  each 


ItiiSinJ 


The  early  name  of  Looglard  aru  AoDaly  or  Anili,  and  it 
was  a  principafity  of  the  O'Fairdi.  Along  With  Ihe  province 
□C  Mutfa,  in  n'hich  il  Has  then  included,  it  waa  gionlcd  by 
Henty  II,  Id  Hugh  de  Idcy,  who  planted  an  Enelith  colony. 
On  the  diviiian  ol  McaUi  into  two  oauntiea  in  154},  Annaty 
waa  included  in  Wesimcath,  but  under  a  ataiute  of  1569,  for 
the  shiring  of  countries  not  already  ihiied,  it  wai  made  shire 
gtound  undet  the  luime  ol  Longlaid. 

Anong  sniiquariaa  remains  the  chief  niin  b  the  Tath  called 
the  Moat  of  Gtsmud,  at  Ihe  end  of  the  main  tttett  of  thai  town. 
There  are  monaatic  lemains  at  Ardagh,  a  folmel  biihopric, 
Longlocd,  Moydov  and  on  uvctat  of  the  islhadi  ol  Lough  Ree. 
The  principal  old  uatles  aie-  those  of  Rathcline  near  Ltnn- 
boTough,  and  Ballymahon  on  Ihe  Inny.  The  principal  modem 
aeala  aie  thoie  ol  Camckglav  on  the  CamLn.andCaUte  Forbes, 
the  leat  of  the  earit  of  Granaid.  (Hiver  tkddamith  waa  boia 
at  Pallaa.  a  village  sear  Ballymahon,  in  this  county;  and  at 
Edgenorthstovn  the  family  of  Edgewofth,  of  which  Ihe  faniDul 
novelist  Maria  Ed^ewoith  wa»a  mamhcr,  e^tabli&hcd  themaelves 
in  the  i6th  ceomry. 

LOHOPOIU},  the  county  town  of  Co.  Longford,  Ireland, 
on  the  rivei  CamUn,  and  oa  a  branch  of  thf  Miilland  Great 
Wtsteni  railway,  75  «<  W.N.W.  of  Dublia.  Fop.  (1901)  3747 
The  ptfndpiJ  huiiding  It  St  Mel'*  Koman  Catholic  cathedral 
for  the  dioc«e  of  Ardagh,  one  of  the  finest  Roman  Catholic 
chutdiei  in  Irelanil  The  town  his  a  coosdctabk  trade  in  grain, 
bulUt  and  bacon.  There  are  (oia-milla,  a  apool  faciory  and 
taonfirits.  Longford  is  governed  by  an  uiban  diairict  council. 
Tte  ancient  name  of  the  town  was  Athlada,  and  here  a  monastery 
b  laid  to  have  been  founded  by  St  Idus.  a  disciple  of  St  Patrick. 
The  town  obtaiaed  a  fair  and  market  f  mm  Jamea  I,  and  a  charter 
of  incorporation  from  Cbarks  U.,  as  well  as  the  right  to  return 
two  mernben  to  pariiamcnL    It  wai  dislrancliised  at  the  Cnioa 

lOHORI,  PIBTBO  (i70i-i7fii),  VenMian  paioltt,  was  bora  in 

Venice.  He  waa  a  pupa  at  Antonio  Palestra  and  Giuseppe 
Maria  Crcspl  at  Bologna,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  painting 
of  the  elegance  of  the  aodal  life  in  iSth-cenlury  Venice.  The 
republic  was  dying  fast,  but  her  ions,  even  in  this  period  of 
political  decline,  retained  their  love  of  pageants  and  ccremonlca 
and  ol  eitravagaat  splendour  in  atiire.  Tha  art  of  Veuicc  wsi 
vanishing  like  her  poiilkal  power;  and  the  only  paint  en  wbo 
attempted  to  Item  the  tide  of  anisik  decwlence  were  the  Cana- 
lettl,  Guardi,  Tlcpolo  and  Longhl.  But  whilst  the  Canaleiti 
and  Guardi  dwell  upon  the  architectural  gloriea  of  Vemce, 
and  Tiepdo  applied  himu'lf  to  decorative  schemes  in  which  he 

In  a  way  his  art  aiay  be  set  beiide  Hogarth's,  though  the  Venetian 
didnotptay  the  part  of  a  satirical  moralist.  He  has  aptly  been 
called  the  Coldoni  of  painting.  Hii  sphere  la  that  of  light  social 
comedy — 'the  life  at  the  caf^  the  hairdreaser's,  at  the  dancing- 
Kfaool,  at  the  dieumaker's.  The  tragic,  or  even  the  Miiaus, 
note  is  hardly  louiided  Is  Ui  work, which, in  itacolour,ia  generally 
dlMinguiahed  by  a  rkh  mellow  quaUty  oE  tone.  Most  oi  his 
paintings  are  in  the  public  and  private  eolations  ol  Venice. 
They  ate  generally  on  a  small  scale,  but  the  staircase  of  Ihe 
FaUno  Guoi  in  Venice  is  docoret«d  by  him  with  aevin  frescoes, 
rqnesenting  scones  of  faahionablt  Ufe.  At  the  Venice  academy 
■re  a  number  of  his  genre  pictures  and  a  portrait  of  the  architect 
Ttmanza;  a  (he  Pdazio  Qdrini-StampUia  the  ponnjt  of 
DsDiele  Dolfino.  "  The  Seven  Sacraments  "  (etched  by  Pitleri), 
a  "Temptation  of  St  Anthony,"  a  "Circus,"  a  "  CamhUng 
Scene,"  ud  wvciat  other  genre  plciurct  and  portraitsi  at  Ihe 


rmeo  Correr  a  doaen  scenes  of  Venetian  life  and  a  portrait  ol 

>oldoni.     In  En^and  the  Nationai  Gallery  owns  "TbeXi- 

iblLion  of  a  Rfainoceios  in  an  Arena,"  a  "  Domestic  Group," 

The  FortUDc-Teller,"  and  Ihe  portmit  of  the  Chevalier  Aodra 

ran;  two  genre  pictures  ate  at  Hampton  Court  Palace,  and 

Ihers  in  Ihe  RIchter  and  Mond  collections.    Many  of  his  worts 

ave  been  en^aved  by  Alessamiro  Longhi,  Bartoloui,  Cattini, 

sddoni  and  others,   Longhi  died  in  Venice  in  176  j, 

LOHGIHDS.  CASSIUS  (c.  a.D.  iii-i7i).  Creek  rbetoritian  and 

,  hilosophical  critic,  surnamcd  FmLgLocc^    The  origin  of  his 

gentile  name  Caisius  is  unknown;  it  can  only  be  conjeciuicd 

that  be  adopted  it  from  a  Roman  pation.    He  was  perhaps  a 

ve  of  Emcsa  (Homsl  in  Syria,  (ho  birthplace  of  his  uncle 

nto  the  thetDlicUn.    He  studied  al  Alexandria  under  Origen 

heathen,  and  taught  for  thirty  years  at  Athens,  one  of  hi» 

pu[^  being  the  Neoplatonist  Porphyry,     Longinus  did  not 

"    ■  '  speculations  Ihen  being  developed  by  Plotjnui, 

PlauinisI  of  the  old  type.    He  upheld.  In  opposi- 

the  doctrine  thai  the  Platonic  ideas  eiitlcd 

e  NflOt  (5n  1^  roO  foC  b^o^ia  ri  t-orrrt :  see 

F.  Oberwcg,  Grandriv  ia  Cesclilckli  dcr  Pkilcsapkit.  qlh  ed.. 

i«oj,  L  {  7J).    Plotinus,  after  reading  his  trcalisc  Hipi  iwi» 

(On  Firil  iViiKif^ei),  remarked  (hat  Longinus  might  be  a  scholar 

(^U)ur)oi),  hut  that  he  was  no  philosopher  l^xiito^m).   The 

^hich  Longinus  acquired  by  his  learning  was  Im- 

.  described  by  Porphyry  as  "  the  hrst  of  critics," 

arul  by  Eunapius  aa  "  a  living  hbrary  and  a  walking  muleum  " 

lyclopaedia.    During  a  visit  to  Ihe  East  he  became  teacher 

Zenobia,  queen  of  Palmyra.  It  was  by  his  advice  that  she  <^ 
deavoured  to  regain  her  independence;  Aurelian,  however, 
cnnbed  the  attempt,  and  while  Zenobia  was  led  captive  to  Kame 
grace  Aurelian's  triumph,  Longinus  paid  the  forieil  of  his  life. 
Longinu)  was  the  author  of  a  large  tuunber  of  works,  neariy 
of  which  have  perished.  Among  those  mentioaed  by  Suldai 
are  QiaaUmti  Hmuriiar,  An  HwBcmi  /acnl  pkiUntfhx^, 
PrablaniJa  Himeri  d  lofklioiiet,  Alliceram  vocalmlirruni  cdiliaiia 
inae;  Ihe  moat  imporlBnl  of  his  philologlctl  worka,  ^iMXoyw 
tiiMst  (FUMogKat  Discaunci)  oonsltiing  ol  at  least  31  books, 
is  omitted.  A  consideirLhli;  fragment  of  (he  Ilfjii  tHiow  (jOe 
jSaJtui,  Oh  lie  CAif/  End)  is  preserved  in  Ihe  li/o  0/  Phliuai 
by  Porphyry  ({  M).  Under  his  name  (here  are  also  eiUnt 
Prolegomena  to  (he  Emheiridwn  of  Hephaestion  on  metre 
(printed  hi  R.  Wesipbal,  Scripiora  Udrici  Craai,  i,  i865) 
and  the  fragment  of  a  treatise  on  rhetoric  (L.  Speneel,  Rit/erej 
Craai.  L  pp,  'M-JJo),  inserted  In  the  middle  of  a  similar  Heitise 
by  Apknes.  It  gives  brie!  practical  hints  on  invention,  anange- 
meut,  style,  memory  and  other  (hinga  useful  to  the  student. 
Some  Important  excerpts  b  Tur  Aortinv  (Spengel,  I.  ji5-jiS) 
may  poUlblybefron]thc^<UXa7a  AfuXIot . 

I(  Is  as  (be  reputed  author  of  the  well-known  and  mnltkible  work 
Ilipt  iVwT  (ge<urally,  but  inadequately,  jenderrd  On  At  Svblimt) 
thai  l^m^mis  is  beat  known.  Modem  vliolars,  however,  with  TeW 
escepriaaa,  are  agiuut  that  it  cannot  with  any  certainty  be  aanibed 
to  hua,  and  that  the  question  of  aothonhip  laniwt  be  determined 
(see  Introduction  to  Roberta'sedilion).  The  foUowtng  are  the  chief 
arguments  uainst  tonglnuL  (t)  The  treatise  is  not  mentioned  tty 
any  claislearauthor.  oar  (n  any  llita  of  the  works  attrihoted  to  him. 
<l^  TheavldeBceof  iha  hiss,  shows  that  doubtiedated  even  IneariT 
I.  Id  the  BUM  Impartanc  [Mo,  loifr  in  Ihe  Piiii  Library,  loth 
iryl  the  heading  ii  auuAai  4  AarrVMlhinelwigvallematiic 
IT  Dionyilin;  In  Ihe  Launoiian  Ma  at  Ftotence  iIm  ilile  has 
! — Lj — ihat  the  author  waa  unknown.   The  aaeription 

to  Ae  sddihoa  «(  Disnyiiua  to  the  name  of  Ihe 

jJiwiiiua  CanJBs  bonoinui.  acoounnd  lor  by  (he 
HippHunm  uiai  Us  early  naoiB  waa  uionyHiua,  Caiaiua  Longinus 
being  tubsequenlTy  adopted  from  a  Bof»n  patcon  whose  duo!  he 
had  beeen.  (j)  The  absence  of  any  rtfeicnce  to  the  famona  writer!  on 
rbetsife  of  rite  »e  al  the  Amaninn,  nch  as  Hcmngmes  and 
Aleaa  nder  in  of  WBiimliw  (i)  TbeepenlrKseolDcsirfiowthittlK 
Qwl  if«  WHwrinenwiikaviewsl  coTTectuig  the  Inultaof  style  and 
methadinatreatiselwCucilaiaCl-S'lofCalactiontheiaaieaubica. 
Ag  CueiHus  flourished  during  (he  leign  of  AuguXui.  it  l>  hardly  lilRly 
that  his  work  would  have  been  selecled  (or  p«ipo»e>  of  eritlciim  In 
the  jrd  cenewv  M  Ceoenl  coniidanitioBs  of  style  Hd  language 
andof (hepaialafviewlnnwhichthewiiikiswiiilcn.  Intavourd 
Loi^nus:  (1)  The  traditional  aicripiian.  which  held  ita  ground 


Stat 


^82 


LONG  ISLAND 


■iKlafc^(ddPtlMb«iwUat«ltlaiMams>y  (DTWphi 
tsfhioJ  cdourini  tf  tbi  f n(  chifHcr  tnd  at  BDmnxii  qinutii 
(inii  Fhtoutlnkcnnlana  villi  whuklEDoirniilhiipliDOKc*'' 
sfliitoM.  (3)  TIk  mtlw  k  ilw  Und  ef  vork  to  be  npRTinf  [r 
g««*DiiM*)rttd"ih(fiHa(aida."  WTbcAmmiriiuidcn 
U  (luU.  1)  k  ainnMi)  m  bt  AiiiiMahii  Sucu  (e.  17J-34]),  bui 
tpfian  Tron  t&«  Vtnctiu  iclulli  (a  thr  lUaJ  that  tlwR  «i 
^Hkr  Auriuitiin  OS' <■  140  B-C-)i  ft  pupfl  lod  niccaiur  of  AriUTtl 
11  AkMidrk,  ■bo.iudtiiif  InmlhecMtEXt,  k  aa  doubt  Che  wci 
In  quenloa.     TW  ufaijct  k  tbenfiac  in  ufuucai  ((lii 

ifcnrfc  (1  dnficiM  to  a  certain  Tcmillaiuit.  of  wbon  lulh'i.^ 
k  kwm  bte  Roberta*!  edition,  p.  It). 

Ik  akermdvi  anbsr  DIoirnlwof  the  MSS.  ■»  ben  vaitoailr 

ideuifad  sitk  (he  rbctorfciaii  -'  " '-  ""- — ■  -    '  ■■-■■-- 

aaaHi.tb>AttieiaMkkO>i 


ditaiaiiti  to  tb  aulhwililu  an  nalanb  (L.  Vai 
(iinl|winrbl»WdaniUbH[G«ien,  ilH)a»d  _  ._  . 
Aknadri*  (W.  Cbikl),  the  atnlur  el  a  nkondie  j^rmfiMflil  t/ 
Sftak,  ButitieemiBaatpnliabletbaltlieaulborwaiaa  unkamr 
■i(terwboloiBiibedlii(beIMcentu[vioaiia(lerCatciltu(aiidbtfDn 
Hennafeinj     WiLaniowiti'MoneodorA  pro  bk  dare  ai  ibom 

T(m  nndtOm  0»  It*  SiMimt  tmpliel  man  than  k  Igtemhd  by 
■be  Cftik  Uwl  Mm  rinpHiOBiea  b  etylc,"  Jebb).  Noltini 
abneimal,  na  ai  k  aaodatcd  with  tin  md  "  (uUima."  a  tbc 
aublect  al  dkeunien;  It  k  ruber  a  inaliK  M  Ryle.  AccncdinI  M 
the  antbof**  own  definitbu.  "  SnbNmky  k  a  certain  dktlnctiMi  and 
mlleiign  In  n|meJ»ii,"  "aubUmi^  iiinikli  ^  -1— ^.:->» 
'•obUiDity  ktbeecbit  (or  ei(ireiaiaD|  olatreat  ma. 

The  tiiatW  k  c^iecklly  laluaUe  for  the  ntmwr 
Inm  duncal  amhon,  atovi  ill,  lor  the  prttervaiion 


pmnhv  Ityk  FP^j  a^wnnC  all  (urnidily.  pyciilitv- ■'^K^EalioD  and 
bad  taitc  Bodi  iti  tii»Lra(ian  Ld  trandeur  at  thoucht  and  inlemity 
-*  '--" '  '-  ea^reiMiia  n  nobility  of  dwllni  and  In  aUHidly 


HipoiitiDn     Sandytj' 
itblkirafihy  c4  the  Hibiect  win 
^Bli  (Camh--'—  —■ ■  -■ 


.--r-,  -    .  --     i"  betouBd  In  tbeedilioa  by 

W,  K.  Rofaerli  (Cambridge,  Ind  ed.,  1907).  conUining  an  tntniduc- 
tlon.  Analyib.  Tnmlation  and  Apwodica  (teriual,  Ifniuktic, 
Etmry  and  biUismphicml),  w  >hEh  may  bi  iMii  F.  Man. 
WiimB  Slm^m,  B.  (189*).  ud  F.  Kubel  ilBma.  udv.  (Il«). 
w^  rrnHCtivrlr  advtnte  and  R«t  Ibc  clkuu  ^  Uinfinua  10  the 
aulhaniip:  1-^  Smittyt,  HlMry  ef  Oauiat  Sdulanaplind  td.. 
T90«).|ip.lM,ul.ahoul(lalBbea3oulted.  The  nonber  o<  nana- 
Intiona  n  all  the1anna|B  of  Eanpe  k  br|Bf  tadwHnf  (be  temona 
one  by  Buileaii.irbicb  made  tbeworlii  hnorite  mt-bookiil  llH 

ni  publidKd  by  A.  a  PManl  (1907-^901]. 

IfJHQ  BUND,  an  iiland,  ti8  m.  long  uvS  11  to  ij  m.  wide, 
■ith  iti  uii  E.N.E.  and  W.S.W.,  rwighly  puiDel  irilh  IhcS. 
■bore  of  CoiUKcticiil,  U.S.A.,  fnm  •Iiich  it  IjKparated  by  Long 
blind  Sound  (iij  m.  long  and  »-ij  m.  wide]  and  lying  S.E. 
at  the  malnlud  <rf  New  York  itate,  of  which  it  is  a  part,  and 
Immediatelx  E.  of  Manhattan  Iilasd.  Area,  16S1  iq.  m.  IIk 
east  cod  la  divided  into  two  narrow  peninaulas  [the  northera 
culndutlBg  in  Oiient  Point  about  ij  sl  long,  tbc  •outhcm 
*adio(  in  HnoUdt  Point,  the  eaalini  ottranity  oi  the  idand, 
■haul  40R1.  losg)  by  tha  three  bay*.  Great  Peconie,  Little  Feconk 
On  which  He*  Shelter  Idvid}  and  Gardinen  (In  which  lies  Cai- 
dinen  Island).  The  N.  ibore  is  broken  in  lu  weitcm  bilf  by 
the  fjord*  of  Fluihini  Bay,  Little  Neck  Bay.  HanhaHM  Boy, 
Cold  Spilnl  Harbor,  Hnnllngton  Bay  (nearly  landlocked), 
Smithtown  Bay  and  Pott  JeSmon  Rtiboi,  which  aba  it  nearly 
landlocked.  Eut  of  Port  JeSetion  the  N.  ihore  i>  comi>aiBtivdjF 
unbiiAeii.  Th*  S.  ibora  bai  two  boyi,  ^maicn  Bay  with  auny 
kiw  idand*  and  nearly  cue  o9  fion  the  ocean  by  the  sunw  vm 
el  Rockawiy  Beach;  and  the  m^dofincd  Cntt  South  Ely, 
irhkh  ii  (qmnted  frara  the  AOintic  by  the  ninov  Lont  Beach, 
Jones  Beach  ud  Oak  Uaod  Beuh,  and  by  the  Isog  penJBiU 
(J5  or  40  n.),  called  Fire  bland  or  Great  South  Bwch.  SliU 
futber  E.  ud  Immedlildy  S.  of  Great  Peconie  Bay  k  ShfaBMiBck 
Bay,  ifaoot  10  m,  long  and  cut  ofl  fron  the  ocean  by  ■  uiiow 

The  K.  iUe  of  tbe  bland  vai  lartEty  built  by  dcpoio  ■!«■  Ar 


depoiici.  At  AaMft*  lie  dull  fMte  bid  nek  b  >Wbb.  The  & 
hiV  of  the  klaod  k  nHMly  b«>t  oi  a  Itoht  a*dy  or  hwoy  isil  ud  k 
k«.aiccpir<!rtliehBk[l«i>.l«fL)otMaww>km!n-b,wUclian 
•  son  of  iho  "  badi-boae  "  il  the  klaad  ilimhii  wna^m  tbrauch 
lhccemnfnHn£.tBW  anil  imililia  lliliiilnii  iiiiiiii  In  in  aiwiui 
■smity.  Oaidey'i  High  HiU  M^aiTfwnnJ  Haitnr  HH, 
W  af*hicliaNthelatBadfatEkifaBMendF<Uiih  Nurthciftbc 
buk-boK or «fMI odm  Ike contiy  kh^wkh (bcW drift  wl 

ihaiiihataftte"SaulhSda.''  ThmknoddayatWUlatoiicaad 
aiUayd-iPointoatbCBBTthiidi.  TI^HidiAaeekaianiwIiiEly 
nil  wndedi  the aniddb cf  tin  Uaod  ii onmd  with2uai«d«ab 
and  icrubby  pineal  the  iDuiliBdeb  a  Rotal  ncaa  between  the  other 
divldsoL  ItkentfahaniddbpaftbyilewenelBiBdtidalrlven' 
Aawlic  hua  tba  Ceiat  South  Bay.  Asoiker  "  tinC  the  Peisnie, 
about  IJia.lon|^ninaE.lBtoha^  Bay.  On  the  north  ade  there 
are  lew  watermyiaaw  Nkteqtufle  river,  partly  tidal,  wfaidi  ruaa  N. 
into  Snhhtown  Bay.  Near  the  centie  ot  Uk  iJud  k  Lake  Roakoa- 
koBia,  wUch  kwell  hdawlhe  lenlof  the  ■urtiwndlna  country,  and 
wboM  deep  eoM  watera  with  IbclriHWaibiBad  ebb  aad  Oow  are  Hid 
tq  have  been  ut  ftand  by  the  Indiana  that  ihcy  would  not  fiA  thcie. 
Tbcre  an  lall  nnln  tpnbably  100  iq.  m.  10  all}  OB  the  abon  of 
the  Sound  and  of  the  Great  Sovlk  Bay. 

At  R«rd>  ht  fauna  Louf  liknd  k  a  ffleethrvkne  f**-  eqnleriit 
■Bd  iicuc  apeeka  of  birdaand  &di;la  winter  II  k  vWlcd  ocailen- 
atly  by  the  auk  aad  in  auauner  aonetlnwi  by  the  turkey  bairird. 
Janin  E.  DeKay  hi  bk  botaidcal  and  aidiMal  larvcy  (t>4*'tl4>} 
di  Kc«  Ynrli  alale  otimaled  that  on  Lons  liland  then  W«  lepre- 
wUuivei  of  twn-tfdrdi  of  the  ipeciei  of^nd  bfaA  id  Oe  IMted 
Statnand ■tvirnitbthi iillhi  ■alailiiiili  jaidialiljianiianaialiil 
eMiinaielerihetiinapdccrtainlyDBttnnnow.  TheickaaipeBiid 
duck  ikeotinc.  eiiicdally  an  tin  ihDiea  ol  the  Great  South  Bay; 
Iher*  b  good  deer  buntbic.  eipedilly  la  lilb  tova;  and  ilKrc  an 
■evenl  privat*  inMrw.  Km*  •tednl  with  BacUi  faiae  biidr, 
within  go  n.  of  Ne*  York  City.  Tbeie  an  main  ocaSeat  troai 
ureuH  and  tba  Uaad  ■«*  kn«a  i*  aborifuMl  tfanca  fat  it>  IkA 
and  lalt  water  bh.  Indka  namea  rrferriaa  to  Eahtra  placca  an 
dkcned  in  Wo.  W.  Tooker'T&w  Ailn  KiUh  SJitn  utm 
Lata  Iilamd.  Lam  Uind  wunpum  waa  dinkriy  «Hl— the 
Indka  aame.  Seawanbaeky  neawanhaha,«c),  nl  the  hbadhaa  been 
iDinpntcd  to  mean  "  ihell  treaiury"— «Bd  blade  wamBum  wai 
made  from  Ike  purple  part  of  tkc  ilien  of  the  quahauE.  Satt  dami 
■re  dai  Od  ibe  noRb  Aore  u  b>  tide  ind  bud  dm  *n  found 
alout  the  •ouibera  dHK  where  (at  lilip)  th^  nn  KntraocWAdly 
ciaiwdj  icallapa  aad  olhef  laMll  ahell  Mb  ira  taken,  aaiiccWIy  at 
the  E.  end  gf  the  bUad.  Bat  the  not  baportaat  iMI  Uery  k 
that  of  ovitera.  The  laiaoua  Bhie  Point*  now  hi  the  Great  South 
Bay,  partieutarly  at  SayvIUe  and  Bellpoct,  where  leed  oyMeca  planted 
f  loa  Lav  liland  Sound  deiekip  biu>  Iha  Bhie  Mate  wkh  darae- 
teriniB  sfaaalhar  variety  of  oyiter.  Farther  wiat,  oa  the  S.  ihore 
(lepowntkewell-kBownKodkawayoyitna.  Tie  New  Yoffc Sl>» 
FIA" 


^louaiiaioa  h**  a  bitdwry  at  Cold  SpriiK  Harbor  on  the  N. 
Tbe  Urent  conneitid  bberiea  arc  an  the  louth  lide,  ta  tba 
df  Fire  liland  Bcodi.  wlm  tiMm  in  inat  "londi'in 
caatured  &$b  are  kept  alive  befbrt  tkipfnent  to  market   Sec 

^and  Eait  HaoiptoB  on  Ibe  E.  end  sf  the  idand  iKre  In! 

portau  whaKnliilirti  in  the  iSlh  eenCary  aad  the  Im  part  <i  the 
I9tb.  end  they  andethaf  tolaa  fflkaaaflerwaul  iBd  a  laiaa  h^f 
In  tbi  captuic  of  neabaden  (BroHrtia  brauBBi),  a  anal  •htUJike 
iuh,  wiudi,  followina  the  cuitoa  of  the  uidlana,  0wy  aanafactuied 
into  fenillinr.  At  Clea  Cove  there  an  now  licit  alarcb  (actariea. 
The  mc  end  of  the  blaBd  kae  ken  talkd  New  YerlTa  nrhct 
(arden.  Oa  the  Hempetaad  niiaa  and  fairaedkiely  B.  el  then 
alaoi  the  nonb  ihore  great  quantiiHa  of  cabbin  and  cuceabcn  an 
rrowo  and  manufactured  into  aaueiknut  and  picklea.  Tbece  an 
brje  cnnberry  Uda  near  Ibe  vUla|e  o(  Calvertn,  iounedkttly 
'V.  of  Riverhead. 
Then  BR  a  few  lup  laim)  on  Long  Unid,  no«ly  on  the 
orth  lide.  but  it  is  betsmiog  more  and  more  a  [dace  ol  nibintian 
nIdenCD.  Thk  chrage  b  due  in  put  to  cool  tumner  ud  warm 
rinler  winds  from  the  ocean,  wh!ch  make*  the  July  mean  tem- 
enlurc  63°  to  70°  F.  at  the  eail  Bid  and  theioBtb  ride,  and  }>* 
n  the  Dotlh  ihoR,  ai  coDtnMed  irith  74°  for  the  weal  end  and 
New  York  Gty.  The  tinge  of  tempentnre  k  laid  to  be  less  than 
<tt  my  other  pbce  tn  tbo  United  State*  with  the  emfitiae  sf 
Catput  Cbriitl  (TCx.),  Eor^  (OBIanla),  (lalreatee  (Texas), 
and  Ktr  West  (Flerida).  E*tn  on  Ac  aonth  ihon  tho  homldjty 
Isr  Augiiat  ind  Septenbela  leM  than  tktt  of  any  location  oa  the 
Atlantic  csait,  or  Los  Angda  aad  San  Diego  on  the  Pacific, 
according  to  I>r  Le  Grand  N.  DeiMaw  in  a  pe^ei, "  Tkc  Oniat* 
of  Lang  liland"  (fgoi).     Sotf-baibing  cO  th*  lOBth  iliOK, 

G.  K.  Cabeit,  In  an  artidl.  "  Tba  Defticties  of  Stnami  ~  fai  tba 
..jirian  Jimrnal  ^  Sclrma  fuvii.  417-433),  pwiti  oat  that  esch 
(4  ihctc  ttrcami  k^'  bminded  on  thr  wot  or  right  lide  by  a  UuS 


LONGilSLAND 


983 


jacfadnf  M)4  JmUIiV  OB  tba  SoomI,  ^  Omt  South  Bir  tad 
th«  Oc^&t  wd  buUng  and  fidimt  >ra  itcnucioni.  At  Garden 
City,  Nu«a  (Oko  Con),  Gnu  Kivtx  and  Shinuiicock  Hills 
an  mH-ktowo  goU  Unki;  tb«R  in  Rvml  faoiit  dubi;  and 
at  Soutbainploii  an  wma  of  the  but  tutf  ttnnii-cauni  in  the 
Uoited  Suita.  Yam  paru  of  the  idand  are  summer  rooits  in 
tha  ct^atiy  att  at  tbt  rod;  there  aie  targe  hauls  hardly 
aaywhctc  aawe  or  Coney  laland,  at  Far  Rockmy,  oa  long 
Beach  and  og  Shelter  laland;  and  a  lari«  put  of  the  nmoicT 
pOpulatloB  lives  in  ptivale  maosioDa.  Socbb  Lone  ItUnd 
"  cDUBtry  pUcca  "  are  huge  calates  irith  fame  and  fish  piaavtt 
knd  luxuitou)  "  chlteaBx."  The  roadi  are  good.  The  coune  of 
the  Vaodobilt  auteniobile  ncE<  is  akmi  the  niaib  of  the  Hemp- 
Head  Plains.  Alto  n  the  Hei>i|;stead  Plaini  are  the  Crcedmoot 
Side  Rtage,  where,  ID  lalnteistatcPaih,  E.  of  Jamaica,  annual 
fntamatiooal  riBe  shoatiog  tournameots  for  the  chanplotiabip 
of  America  were  held  until  1909;  Garden  Ciiy,  which  wu 
(sunded  by  A.  T.  Slewartfor  Ibcpurpoaeof  providloi  CDmfott- 
•ble  homn  at  low  coat  to  hii  employb  and  othen,  and  iThiie 
ve  the  Proteataut  Episcopal  Calbedral  of  the  Inciniatton, 
St  Paul's  School.foT  Boft  and  5l  Mary'i  School  for  Ciils;  and, 
near  Kenpttead,  the  (rounds  of  the  Meadowbrook  (hunt  and 
polojClBbiadtboaeaftheFatmKennelClub.  The  only  railway 
ii  the  LoDf  Uud  Railraid  (owned  by  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
foad)  with  weatcn  tennliil  on  UanbaLlan  and  in  Lang  Island 
City  and  BnwUyn,  whence  linet  meet  at  Jamaica,  sad  thence 
three  pitac^Ml  Hnea  brand,  the  north  shore  to  Wading  Klver. 
the  main  .Hue  Is  Greenport,  and  the  south  side  to  Montauk. 

Long  Isiand  is  a  part  of  New  York  Stale,  its  wtstem  third 
brmiBC  Brooklyn  and  QiKens  borougbi  of  Nev  Yoit  City— 
these  boiou^  were  lormed  reflectively  (ram  Kings  aunty  and 
fiMn  the  W.  half  of  Queens  county  upon  the  erection  of  Greater 
New  Voik.  What  wss  formerly  the  E.  half  of  Queena  county 
then  became  Naiaau  connly  (area  151  sq.  m.;  pop.,  in  igoo, 
SS,448,  in  190s,  69,477),  whose  counly-aeat  is  Uineola.  The 
culere  and  the  larger  part  ol  the  Ukad  is  the  lets  thickly 
settled  SaSdlk  ownly  with  an  area  of  91S  sq,  m.  and  a  popuUi- 
tion  in  1900  of  77,581  and  in  190J  oI  Si,6j3.  The.  counly-aeat 
of  SuSolk  county  Is  HJverhead,  so  named  fram  ill  position  at 
the  bead  of  the  Fecontc  river  on  the  W,  end  ol  Great  Feconic 
Bay.  ITie  ten  (ownsfaipi  of  Suffolk  connty  are  large  govein- 
nental  units,  ihowing.  by  their  simiUrily  to  the  towns  of  New 
England,  (he  relation  of  the  early  setllen  to  New  En^and. 
The  laiwsl  b  area  b  Biookhaven,  which  reaches  all  the  way 
■cross  the  island  near  its  central  part.  The  lownihipt  of  SuSolk 
county  with  thor  population  in  1905  were:  Huntington  {10,136). 
Babylon  {7919),  Smiibiown  (3315),  Iilip  (13,711),  Brookhaven 
(i6,o;d},  Riveihesd  (4950),  Ehdler  Island  (iioj),  Easthnmpton 
(430J),  Soutbdd  (3989)  and  Southampton  (11.014).  The  totsi 
p^inlatian  of  Longldand  was  i^j9,6ti  in  190a,  and  1,7  iS,  o;6 
in  1905  (slate  ctnins),  tlH  population  of  the  bocoush  ol  Brooklyn 
■kne  for  Ihoe  yean  being  1.166,581  and  ijsifiM. 

Ifufary.— -The  prindpti  Indbin  tribes  on  Long  bland  at  the 
lime  of  Ebe  firit  telllement  by  the  vhltes  were  the  Hoouuk, 
en  the  etstem  end  of  the  island,  where  they  gave  their  name  to 
the  "  point  "  and  where  their  last  "  king,"  David  Pharoah,  died 
in  i7Ss;ihe  Shionecock,  who,  much  admiied  with  negco  blood, 
DOW  live  on  the  roervatJon  between  Canoe  Place  and  Shionecock 
HiQs;  the  Msnhauel,  on  what  is  now  Shelter  Iiiaod;  the 
Palchogue,  near  the  present  village  of  that  name;  the  Massa- 
pequa,  between  the  Henipitad  Plaint  and  what  it  now  Iilip, 
who  were  defeated  and  piBCticaJly  eitenninated  in  i6s3  by 
John  Uoderhill;  the  Canai^e,  who  lived  near  the  present 
Jamaica;  and  on  the  north  aide  the  Neiaaquague  or  Niasequoge 
{in  the  ptetenl  town  of  Smithtown).  and  the  Sealiocot  who  gave 
tiMLr  name  to  Settuket  in  Biookhaven  town.  The  Giil  putoi 
of  the  chuidi  {Presbytcrian-Coivregatbnal}  at  Easthamplon, 


"i696).h 


le  Bible  into  the  dialect  of  the  Montauk, 
an*>n(  «^«m  Samson  Occuiq  had  •  school  between  171s  and 

lie  Icnitoiy  at  Long  Iiland  was  Included  in  the  grant  of 


i6>o  hi  Junet  L  to  the  nymoulb  Company  taS  fa  ttss  **■ 
OTDVtyed  to  William  Alexander,  cari  of  Stiriing.  The  tvnfficting 
claims  of  Entfbh  and  Datch  were  the  subject  of  the  tiealy  con- 
cluded at  Hartford,  Connecticni,  In  rttjo,  by  which  the  Dutch 
were  to  hold  everything  west  of  Oyster  Bay,  the  En^ish  every- 
thing ea^ — a  provinin  which  accomplished  no  agreement, 
since  Oyiler  Bay  itself  wtt  (he  matter  of  contention,  and  En{^ 
tclilers  on  what  the  Dutch  called  the  west  ^e  o!  Oyster  Bay 
refused  to  remove.  Long  Island  was  included  In  the  letriuuy 
amigned  to  tlie  duke  of  York  in  i663--i664,  when  the  New 
England  towns  on  the  island  objected  lo  separation  from  Con- 
necticut. Ontherecoveryof  NewYotk  byiheDutch  in  i67jlhe 
eastern  towns  refused  to  submit  to  the  Dutch  governor.  In 
i6;4  by  the  treaty  ol  Westminster  Long  Island  became  a  part 
of  the  British  colony  of  New  York.  The  Dutch  leltlementt  wele 
more  important  eiimically  than  bittoricatly,  on  the  weH  end 
of  the  Island  the  Dutdi  Reformed  Church  it  still  strong  and  there 
are  many  Dutch  names;  at  West  Sayvilie,  on  the  "  south  side." 
about  so  m.  from  New  York,  in  a  settlement  made  about  17S6 
by  Cuttav  Tukkec,  who  did  much  to  develop  the  oyster  fisheries, 
Holland  Duldi  was  the  common  speech  until  the  last  quarter  of 
the  19th  century.  The  "Five  Dutch  Towns"  were;  Nleuw 
Amersfoord  {after  iSoi  offidally  oiled  Flatlands),  on  Jamaica 
Bay.  where  the  first  settlement  was  made  about  i6ij  and  the 
fittt  grant  in  i6}B:  Midwout  (later  Vlackie-Bosch  and  Flat- 
bush),  settled  between  1645  and  1650  and  having  in  1654  the 
first  IJutch  church;  Nituw  Utrecht,  settled  soon  after  16 jo  and 
incorporated  In  1660;  Breuckelen  (now  Brooklyn),  which  wu 
settled  a  little  before  its  organization  as  a  town  In  1646,  and 
"jswijck  (Bushwick),  first  settled  by  Swedet  and  Norwegians 
id  IncorpoTsted  In  1660.  These  five  towns  became  one  ad- 
Inistmtlve  dblrict  In  1661 

Apparently  the  etrllett  En^ish  settlement  was  at  Hempstead 
in  1640  by  cokmlits  from  Lynn,  Massachusetts,  who  based  their 
claim  on  the  patent  {1611)  of  Nova  Scotia  to  Lord  Stirling,  but 
were  almcel  immediately  driven  out  by  the  Dutch.  In  1641 
another  English  set  tlement  was  made  at  Hempitead  by  men  from 
Stamford,  Connecticut,  who  In  1644  secured  a  patent  from 
Governor  Klef  t  of  New  Nelhcrland.  In  164;  Kief  t  gmntcd  land  at 
Cravesend  to  Lady  Deborah  Hoody,  who  had  settled  thereabout 
1643.  when  she  had  left  Lyon  and  the  Salem  church  because  of 
her  antl-pedobaptitt  views.  At  Cravesend  in  1664  Colontl 
Richard  Nicolli  first  landed  the  "English  troops  which  occupied 
the  itland;  and  in  1693  it  became  one  of  its  three  ports  of  entry. 
The  Connecticut  towns  on  Long  Island  were  as  follows^  South- 
ton  was  settled  in  1640  by  the  Lynn  men  driven  out  of 
ifstead  by  the  Dutch,  and  in  1644-16&4  snu  in  the  Conncc- 
.jurisdiction.  Soutbold  (the"  South  Hold  of  New  Haven  "), 
called  from  1640  until  1644  by  the  Indian  name  Ycniucodt, 
had  a  church  in  1640,  and  a  court  based  on  the  Levitical  law. 
which  was  abolished  in  1643  upon  the  remonsltasce  of  the 
authorities  of  New  Haven.  The  Soulhold  seiilcn  were  from 
Hlngham,  Norfolk  and  New  Haven,  and  the  colony  joined  New 
Havenini64S,  in  which  year  the  colony  of  Foireit's  (now  Shellci) 
Island  also  submitted  to  New  Haven.  Easihimpton  was 
settled  in  164S  from  Lynn.  Oyster  Bay  wu  also  settled  by  Lynn 
in  164Q  and  tontetted  fay  tfae  Dutch  and  English.  Ncw- 
L,  offidally  called  Middlebuigh.  was  set  tied  in  1651,  purchased 
from  the  Indiana  in  1656,  "anncsed  to  the  other  side  of  the 
Sound  "  in  1661,  in  the  tame  year  took  the  name  of  Hastings, 
in  1706  was  the  scene  of  the  arrest  of  the  Presbyterian  iLinennls 
Francis  Mackemle  and  John  Hampton,  and  in  1766  was  ihe 
liie  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Society  at  Middle  Village,  the 
second  oldest  of  that  deoommalion  in  America.  Huntington 
was  settled  in  165)  from  New  Haven.  Hempstead,  Southold  and 
Southampton.  Dlhef  early  settlemenU  were:  Jamaica,  about 
i657;Bn»khaven.first  settledat  Ashlord  (now  Sctkukel)  from 
Boston  in  16;;.  and  Smilhtown,  patented  in  1677  to  Richard 
Smith  of  Setauket,  who  was  uid  to  be  a  tiJdicr  ol  Cromwell, 
and  of  whom  thene  Is  a  atory  (hat  having  bargained  with  the 
lodans  for  as  much  land  as  a  bull  could  cover  in  a  day  he  rode 
his  trained  bull  in  a  great  drcull  about  the  land  he  coveted  and 


9*4 


LONG  ISLAND  CITY— iONGMANS 


FB  n  "  Bun  "  ^tilh.  Afadoit  d  iboe 
Englub  letilcinnUi  wtre  nule  by  Prabyleiitas  md  trora 
J*inwca  ait  Ibii  wu  Ihe  prevailiac  denoidbmion.  Duiing 
lb  Wii  of  ladepadeiw  Ihc  battle  of  Loi*  IsUul  (mc  bdmr) 
■u  iouiJil  oiihis  what »  dow  Ihc  borougfa  ol  Brooklyn. 


ynnf  lOTHp  7na  ro.  lo^lj;  nauuniei  3.  rni 
iliiiKf  (Men  Yoik.  1S15).  "pRially  valiubk  («< 

(ankularty  ot  the  Pmbytcriin  chuirli;  Mai  

&«  istani  (New  Y«li.  189^):  GabriH  Funun,  Aili^wiliri  tf 
Limt  lAini  iiln  York,  1S7S],  cditnl  bv  Fnnk  M«n:  and  tbc 
EhibUcatioiu  (^  the  Lono  Itlau  HinorkaL  Sodny  {o(  Brvoklyp)  and 
of  tbc  SuSolk  Counly  HlRorical  Ssdcty  [of  Kivsiicad).     (ILWe.] 


of  Uiii  battk  lit* 


i(  litaad,  I7j6,— Tht 
{n  the  UcL  Ibal-  it  waa  ibo  £nt  CD^igcinnit  in  uw  campaigD  01 
1776  (see  Ahikican  Wa>  of  Indefindence)  and  waa  oipKttd 
in  Es^nd  to  be  decisive  of  the  coDint  in  the  colooia.  Afui 
the  evamition  of  Beaton  (Maicli  177S),  Loid  Howe  moved 
igainM  New  Yock  City,  which  he  thought  would  aSocd  a  better 
haw  of  opeiatioiu  for  the  future.  The  Amcricaoi  UDdetiooL 
in  deience  all  hough  recogniang  the  difficulties  in  the  caAe»  ai 
the  bay  and  riven  adjoioing  would  enable  Ihe  Bcilbh  Bret  10 
co-operate  effetlively  with  the  aimy.  To  prolcci  hi»  left  flank 
Wvbington  was  forced  to  throw  a  portion  of  his  iroopa  over  10 
Ihe  Long  Island  side  of  the  Eatt  livci^  ihey  foriified  themKlva 
IhcreonihesilcofihcprcicalBoroughofBrDaklyn.  LotdHawe, 
who  had  encamped  on  Slalen  Island  al  the  entrance  to  the 
harbour,  df  lermincd  to  attack  this  Isolated  left  wing,  and  on  the 
37nd  of  August  bndcd  at  Gravesend  Bay,  Long  Island,  wiih 


n  the  wooded  hills 


led  tl 


erals  (Sir  H.) 


d!  their  fortified  lines.  C 
[fsr  four  days*  reconnaissanc 
colunms,  the  left  and  cent 
md  tbo  light  and  strongc 
by  a  dhour,  Howe  himse 
:on  and  Lord  Corowallis. 
n  the  re 


imeni  when  they  were  engaged 
other  columns.  By  noon  the  Americans  had  been  driven  back 
into  the  Brooklyn  Ibies  In  conuderible  conlusion,  and  with  ihc 
loss  ot  about  half  their  nlimbcr.  This  consliiuicd  the  baiile. 
The  completeness  ot  the  English  victory  was  due  to  the  neglect 
of  the  Americans  in  guarding  the  left  of  their  outpdsti.  Howe 
has  been  criticized  for  not  immediately  assaulting  the  American 
works  which  he  might  have  carried  on  the  evening  of  the  battle. 
In  view  of  the  fact  that  he  had  only  defeated  a  seiuU  portion  of 
the  American  forces,  and  that  the  works  were  of  considerable 
slrcngtb.  be  decided  to  make  a  formal  siege,  and  Wishingion 
look  advantage  ot  the  delay  in  operations  to  retreat  across  the 
fiver  10  New  York  on  the  night  of  the  i9ih.  This  succcsttul 
movement  repaired  to  some  extent  the  bad  moral  effect  of  the 
defeat  ot  Ihe  57lh  in  the  American  cimp.  In  the  engagement 
of  Long  Idond  Wuhingion  lost  about  iioo  prisonera  and  jo 
guns,  and  400  killed  and  wounded;  of  the  latter  the  British 


iraber. 


LOHO  ISLAMD  CITY,  fortnerly  a  dly  of  Queens  counly.  New 
York,  U.S.A.,  and  since  the  i)t  of  January  1S93  the  fiat  ward 
oflheBoroughot  Queens,  New  York  City.  Pop.  (1880I  17,119. 
(rKga)  lO.yA,  (1900)  48,?7i,  of  whom  t;,B^  were  foreign-bom. 
Il  has  a  river  front,  on  East  rivet  and  Long  Island  Sound,  of 
to  m.,  and  is  the  eastern  terminal  and  the  heodquatten  of  the 
Long  Island  railway,  hai4ng  a  large  Y.H.C.A.  buildkg  (Ihe  gift 
of  Mn  Russell  Sage)  for  employees  ot  this  railway.  Among 
manufaclures  ore  chemicals,  poltety,  varnish,  rift,  frc.,  and  there 
are  oU^torage  iMrchousea.  Most  of  the  borough  offices  of 
Queens  borough  are  in  Long  Island  City,  whtch  was  formerly 
the  counly-seot  of  Queens  Hninly.  The  first  settlement  within 
the  limits  of  what  subsequently  became  Long  Island  City  was 
made  in  ■«4o  by  a  Dutch  blacksmith,  Hendrick  Harmcnsen, 
who  soon  afterward  was  murdered  by  an  Indian.  Oihet  setllris, 
both  Dutch  and  English,  sAon  followed,  and  established  detached 
Villages,  whkh  became  known  as  Hunter's  Point,  BItlsviUe, 
Astoeia,  Ravcnswood,  Dutch  Kilb,  Hiddleton  aad   Steinway. 


Is  i*sl  tbh  gRMp  oC  TOage*.  by  dul  line  vWniSjF  tut  com- 
mnity,  waa  called  La«  lalamd  Cily,  and  it  «M  (onoallj 
uerpocated  mda  thai  name  in  iBTa'  In  tBft-ttTi  Ibe  city 
raslaidautbyaconBisoaalwhkhOenenl  W  B.  FnnkliB 
ras  pcesidoit.  Polhical  convictions,  etaoDmir  eoBsidentloDi 
ikd  fear  comhiiicd  to  make  the  restdenu  in  this  rc^n  largely 
lyalvt  in  their  attitude  during  tlie  "Wu  of  iBde^Bideace. 
FrocD  (776  to  17S3  British  tioapa  occupied  Newtown,  ^  village 
to  the  S.£.  In  January  1776  the  comndttcc  oa  the  slat*  ol 
New  Yoric  ki  Ceogress  repsitcd  a  resDlqtksi  thai  "  Whenaa  a 
majDfity  oi  the  inhahataiiti  of  Qncciv  amnty.  in  the  Cetaay  of 
New  York,  bemt  incapabk  ol  resolvias  ta  live  and  die  fna 


See  J,  &  Keliey.  ifiMry  ijf  Ltmi  Idamd  CUf  Ow*  liluid  City. 

LOXOrrVDB   (from   Lat.   Iniilain.   "length"},  Ihe  tBftm 

which  the  terrcatiial  meridian  lEofl:i  the  pole  Ihrough  a  pOiAt 

the  earth's  suriace  makes  with  some  standard  mefioinSi 

imonly  that  of  GrMnwich.    It  is  equal  to  the  dWereocB 

•leta  local  time  OB  the  standard  nieridkn,  and  at  Ibe  iilao 

ned,  one  hour  of  time  corraponding  to  ij*  diflerence  of 

longitude.   Fomerly  each  nation  took  it*  own  capilal  or  principal 

ibiervatoiy  as  the  ataodard  meridian  from  wUct  longiiodc* 

■eremeasuied.   Aaolbei  syscera  had  a  meridian  passing  thnu^ 

ir  neat  Ihe  bland  ol  FcnD,:de£ned  as  »*  W.  d  Paris,  a*  Ibe 

iiandoid.     While  the  lysUiD  of  coualinf  from  the  c^atal  ot 

ihecounlryiitlillutadfail«catpiupoaM,ibeKadency in  recent 

ireai*  b  U  use  the  meridian  of  Grtenwicb  tor  nautical  and 

.aiernationa]  purposea.     France,  however,  uafi  the  meridian 

jI  Ihc  Fans  obs^alory  ai  its  standard  lor  aB  nautical  and 

utionomical  purposes  (see  TtvEj.    In  aationamy,  the  longitude 

if  a  celestial  body  is  the  djuance  of  its  projection  i^ion  the 

ecliptic  from  ibc  vernal  etiuinea,  couDMd  in  the  dlreclien  M>t 

LONOLET,  CHAKLE8  1H0IUS  (i7H-ig6t),  archbisbop  «l 

Canletbury,  was  born  atRocbeUer,  and  educated  at  We^tmirstn 
and  Oifoid.  He  vat  ordained  in  1S1&,  and  was  appoinied 
vicar  ol  Cowley,  Oxfcid,  in  iSij.  In  1B17  Ik  received  ihc 
rectory  of  Wesi  Tythetley,  Hampshire,  and  two  yean  Eater  he 
was  elected  headinasler  of  Harrow.  This  office  he  heU  unid 
18  j6,  when  he  was  consecrated  hisbf^i  of  the  new  sea  of  Ripon. 
In  iSj6  be  was  ttanilated  to  the  see  of  Durham,  and  ia  1S60 
he  became  archbishop  ol  York.  In  1S61  he  succeeded  John  Bird 
Sumner  as  ardibi^p  of  Canierbury.  Soon  aflemsrds  the 
questions  connected  wiih  the  depoaition  of  Bishop  Cotenso  were 
refcrted  to  him,  but,  whQe  regarding  Colenso's  apiQioBs  as 
heretical  and  hb  deposition  as  justifiably  be  refused  to  pronounce 
upon  Ihe  legal  difficulties  of  the  case.  The  chief  event  of  hb 
primacy  was  the  meeting  at  lAmbeih,  in  1867,  of  Ibe  irst 
PoD-An^can  conference  of  British,  cohinial  and  foreign  bisbi^ 
(see  Laubetb  CoNFEaENCEs).  Uia  published  work*  include 
numerous  sermons  and  addresses.  He  died  oa  Ibe  tjth  ot 
October  iSdS  al  Addington  Park,  near  Croydon. 

LOHGXANS,  a  firm  of  English  publishers.  Tbe  lounda  ol  Ibe 
firm,  Thomas  Longman  (1)  (1699-1755),  bom  in  1699,  *ai  tht 
Ion  dI  Eiekiel  Lot^gman  (d.  170S},  a  gentleman  of  Btislol, 
Thomas  «as  apprenticed  in  1716  to  John  Osbom,  a  London 
bookseller.  At  the  eipirailon  of  his  apprenticeship  be  narried 
Osbom's  daughter,  and  in  August  1714  p^rchaM<l  the  stock 
and  household  goods  of  WilEam  Taylor,  the  fiial  publitbti  ol 
RBbimoii  Crusoe,  for  £1581  98.  6d.  Taylor's  two  ilraps  wer* 
known  rcspectivelyas  [he  Black  Swan  and  the  Ship,  and  occupied 
the  ground  in  Patemoslct  Row  upon  which  the  present  pubEshinj 
house  stands.  Osbom.  who  atlgtwards  entered  Into  [»rtDti»hip 
with  his  son-tn-laOr,  held  one-sixth  of  tbe  shares  in  Epfaraio 
Chambers's  CjclofuiedU  of  iIh  ArU  axi  Scietca,  and  Thomas 
Longman  was  one  of  the  six  booksellers  who  undertook  Ibe 
tesponaibiUty  of  Samuel  Johnson't  iDiKMMr^    In  i7I<|TboiMl 


LONGOMONTANUS— LONGSTREET 

TiBpiii  tm-hlrHii^iTlnliritlr-Tiliir.  T-nii1-  ifT'im 


985 


Lk  17M  Okoi  Rms  bscuickputMi,  ■DdTlioBittBnwa.iriia 
wu  kc  BMjp  yMH  klltt  iBit  ■  faitMr,  aitacd  the  houM  u 
•It  tppcealiBC  BnwB  died  in  it^  M  Ibe  a|t  of  q>.  la  17W 
^■"r~*"  puAaed  tbe  copjni^afLiDdlejr  Momr'i  Sn^uh 
Grammar,  vMdi  bad  lA  aiuuul  ule  <d  aboM  50,000  cofto; 
be  alM  purchueii,  abooL  itoot  Um  copjiifhl,  &on  Jo*^ 
Caitlcv  of  BriMdl,  oi  SOHtbex^  Js«i^.4ficudWocdmonb'> 
lyriial  Mlal*.  B»  paUiitel  Dm  wotIu  d  Wofdmoctb. 
Colerilie,  Soulbey  and  SodU,  aod  (cUd  M  LondoD  <cat  for 
the  Mi-torf  JfawW,  wUcb  wa*  ttailed  ia  iBot.  la  1804  lira 
laoniwitMn  «tn  adnilted;  and  ia  iSi«  the  tUk  of  tbe  bn 
watchaaftd  to  LonsDiaa.  Uant,  Rms,  Oiim,  Biowa  &  Cieeo. 
Ia  tin  awanpiinli  woe  aude  irith  Tbvnai  Ham  <s  tba 
pobliotjoaof  JMfo  JIsrtA,  (or  whicb  tai  noived  ijeoo;  and 
iriMo-  AicUbald  CooUablc  faQBl  ia  iSf6,  LoiifDuai  bfl^LiDc 
tba  ^nipoiUM  of  tbe  £ifiahirel  Ami*.  Tbcf  iMmid  in  iBi« 
Ufdos'a  CaMwl   EmtydtfatHa,  .and  ia    1S31    U'CuUnch-i 


'  Thaotas  NvrtOB  LoasovBtj]  died  on  the  ifitb  of  Aagail  1S4), 
laavlat  bi*  tn  aena,  Tb»iiiaa  (4)  (iBa«-iBn>  aad  WBiiam 
'"T^"  EiSt)-i8;ri.  1>  coaticL  of  tbc  biniBcM  la  PauneMa 
&•■>.  Tbdi  fifK  •ocnaa  «ai  tba  pubUcatlon  of  Hlcaalay'a 
layi.^  AntitM  K*m,  *hkb  ma  foUawed  ia  1844  by  the  jaui 
of  llH  int  tm  vOloBiaa  nf  bia  SiWry  «/ £i<flairf,  wbkb  in  a  inr 
>Mn  bad  a  tale  of  40,000  olrita.  Tbe  Ivo  tonUitn  wen  well 
kaowB  for  Uiek  liMaiy  Ukat;  71nbu»  I<»iffiian  .editid  a 
ha«lifull)riiliMntododitioaoilbcNewTeKaDicDt,aDd  William 
Lnapaan  ■>•  Iteautbvol  tewiti  iavoRaat  booki,  amoae  thm 
a  Hitlary  4  Ikt  Thru  Clk^taU  ittiift  If  SI  i'w'  (i^) 
and  a  work,  oa  tbeEiiWy  tJUuLifiani  Timatf  Sdwai  III. 
(iSra).  Ib  iW]  Uw  film  took  vret  Ibe  biaiaew  at  Mt  J.  W. 
PaikB,  aad  «ilb  U  Pnur"!  Uttaitf,  ud  the  puUicaUan  at 
IJW  worfci  ot  Jobn  Sluart  UH  and  J.  A.  Fonxia;  wliik  in  1890 
tbey  ineoipDlalcd  nilb  tbeii  atra  all  tbg  publiatiom  gl  Uu  old 
fa«o<RiviBgtan,«a«aMI«htdio  1711.  Tfac  family  nwtnJ  of  the 
flna  (bow  Lwnmaaa,  Qiacn  &  Co.)  ma  amtimicd  by  Thomas 
Norton  UNifinan(s),  wn  of  THomu  LonllDiui  (<]. 

UIHKHIOiinKW  (or  Uingbho).  CUfUSTUK  lEVBRIK 
(ijtl-i&tT),  DaniA  laCRiluHnCT,  wu  bom  at  the  village  of 
LongfacTK  in  Jutknd,  Demnait,  on  the  4ih  otOctobd  isSi. 
The  appdluioQ  Longomtuilanui  wu  a  l^tiniuxl  Conn  of  Ibe 
namo  ot  bii  biillipUcB.  Hii  father,  a  poor  l^wuier  called 
SAren,  or  Severin,  died  when  he  wai  dght  yean  old.  Ao  LUitke 
tbtn^oa  tcxA  chaige  of  him,  uid  ptoowd  him  lutiuclkin 
at  Lemvit:  bat  after  tbna  y«an  aeU  bim  back  to  hli  mother, 
who  aeedtd  Ui  Mp  fat  fidd-werfc.  She  a«eed,  bo»ev«,  to 
pcnaii  him  to  ttady  duilai  tbe  wiatM  nenibs  with  the  dergy- 
■an.ef  tbe  paiiihi  and.  ihi>  oRaatttMnt  aubaistHl  uuil  117), 
whCDlbeillwiUaf  iOBttpf  hbidUtHtta(idbb«WB  de^  [01. 
baowMse  lowclted  bin  to  nn  awv  to  Vibaf.  Then  be 
attended  tht  iraiBmM^chpol,  defiayini  bia  e»rniaw  by  manual 
UioDr..  and  carried  iricb  bim  ta  Copmbagea  in  15W  a  bi|b 
nputiiioB  lot  learniitt  aad  ability.  Eacaced  by  l^cbo  9»be 
ia  I  j(9  ii  bia  aaMataot  In  tala  |i*at  ■^reaoaiical  obtervatory  of 
Uraoiboii,  be  tcDdand.  him  imnbiejile  teivias  tbne  dutias 
dsbt  yean.  He  quitted  tlie  lilaod  of  Hveea  with  hi*  mutci, 
bat  oblaiDcd  bia  diacbatae  at  Copeahaien  on  the  1st  of  June 
tJ07,  (ai  tba  pucpoae  of  Mudyina  at  aome  Ganoiui  uniTuiiiieB. 
He  ifi^ned  IVdio  at  PtafDc  in  Jwuary  1600^  uuL  having 
complcttd  (he  Tycboalc  hinai  tbnty,  xuaed  bom^iraKl  afaia  to 
Au^it.  JI«  iriiiud  Fn«cnbai^  wticie  Copeiniciu  had  mada 
-hkobeervatioaa,  laolL  a  maitet'i  deftca  at  Roatod.  and  it  Copcn- 
baceti  feud  a  patron  in  Cbriatiaa  Friia,  cbanceDoi  of  Denmark, 
who  lave  him  eni^ytMnt  in  Ua  bouaehold.  Appointed  in 
i6a]  rector  of  lhaaCh4ol<<vnMif,be  watdMtcdlwo  yeari  later 
._  _  ___> 1,_  .jj  iji^  uniYoiaily  c<  ■Copmhagn,  apd  bia. 


dr  of  natbcmatla  canied  ia  ifef .    TUa 
poet  Im  bdd  till  bn  death,  OB  tbe  tth  ot  October  i&«7. 

aa  advanced  thjaka-.  He  adhered  ta  Tycho'a  emneBai  view* 
about  nfradioa,  held  comma  to  be  memencert  of  evit  and 
'ttaathebadtquandthedrde.   Hefoood  thai  iha  circle 


for  tbe  value  oF>.  John  Fell 
.  10  canvince  him  of  hii  error. 
Be  fBaufonted,  at  Copaabgea  ia  1631,  (he  erection  oftitatdy 
aatiaaomlcal  tower,  bat  did  not  Uve  lo  wjtneaa  it«  conphtioa. 
Cbriatiaa  IV.  «f  Denmark,  tg  wham  be  dedicated  bia  ^linaMja 
Daaica,  an  c^oaltioB  el  the  lydoalc  v>teai  °<  the  wortd, 
coaieitst  upon  bia  Ae  tvmatf  of  Lunden  ia  Schleawig. 

TbefelkiwiiViaaBMolhiimf-' 

aadaitroaamy:  AiUiMlu  ifU    .       ..  _.. 

Lunlii  mipna  itmaiilrata,  &C.  (i6u]!  DiymuHt  it  Bt 

(I6l6)[  Aareiama   Dlmiai,   At    f.ifai)-.   Diipualiiika   ._ 

^(MwJai  Utai);  Pnaai  PrMamantm  PkilBMkiai  (t6ii);  Di 

CymMMt  Hiatria,  m  it  Ttrntan  DiamStm  na  '-■—> 

Cmmun—  ftBOila  XIII.  ir  Cydi^^nria  n 

I—atie    QuairotMiat    Circtli    (Ifiuj;    Dil 

IhJiU  Ilia):  Ccnii  PniUi<HlKa  o  "    ' 

UliXJ);  ProtUmala  dua  Coil       '      '' 

Cafflaaia  it  CirnH  MtM 

iltwm  (I&J9);  Ouundi  in  Plane,  Ac.  (1644 
Iritim  tlimiTonmt.  1,%Stc  .<l64S).l  Cafu, 


L*n 


da  bium  Numironm  6.  y,  8.  Ac  <i64s)i  Capal  Irrliaa. 
tU  o&i^iild  Uaii^a  KalmM  Htm,  Ac  064«. 
5«  E.  P.  F.  Vindinfiui.  Aifia  AcaitmlaHamaab, a. i\3  (iMjl ; 
R.  Nwup  and  Kralt.  AlmMiUfi  £Ato«lBrfB>k».  p.  UD  (|S»): 
Ch.  G.  i&ba.  Alltnuima  Ciri«M»^A»k«.  ii.asi8,TiL»ii:  Ini 
Wonn.  FariDi  tH  ti  Jfxxkam  oaer  daaiftf,  amif  «r  tdamdikt  jMnf* 
irumt.n.  617,  1771,  he.;  P.  B«le.  Hiif.  a»i  CnL  DitSenary,  iiL 
Ml  (inded.  17J6]:  I.  B.  I.  Driunbn,  Hlirt.  d(r«(r.  KH&nii,  f. 
iteij.  S.  Balily,  AJU.  <l>1-iilr.  awbrw.  iL  t*}\S.  L.  E.  Drevrr, 
Tjchi  BraJu.  pp.  iiG,  iv).  iM,  n ;  F.  Hodler.  Hi9.  di  TajMHRK, 

^1^;  i  Midler,  OnkiiiH  itr  HiamliliaiiJt,  L  i«i  J.  F. 
SSit.  Bin.  A!l,n<miu.  p.  451.  ""  ■" 

UmOSrBBBI.  JAKSI  {1S11-1904),  American  asldict, 
lieuloBaii(.(enen]  in  the  Confederato  anny,  wta  bont  on  (he 
S(h  of  Febniuy  iSii  in  Edgefickf  djiinct,  Sooth  Cunlina,  and 
graduaud  U  West  Point  in  1S41.  He  Mived  ia  the  Meiicaa 
War,  was  Hverely  woonded,  and  received  two  brevotl  for 
(atlaaliy.  In  iSfii.  having  attained  th;  rsnli  of  major,  be  R< 
tigaed  *bea  bis  state  aeceded,  and  became  a  brigadiet^^wenl 
in  the  Confederate  aimy.  In  tlui  tank  be  fought  u  tbe  fiat 
balile  o[  Bull  Run,  and  lubaequeiilly  at  the  bead  of  a  divi^a 
ID  the  Peninaulsr  campaign  and  the  Seven  Day*.  Xbii  diviiion 
luhecqueatly  became  (he  nucleus  of  the  I.  oiipi,  Army  o( 
Northern  Virginia,  which  was  commanded  ibrou^iout  tbe  war 
by  Lcu^reet.  This  cotpi  Umik  part  In  (be  battha  of  lecoDd 
Bull  Run  ud  Antlctajn,  aad  held  (he  kit  of  I.ee'»  front  at 
Fredericksburg.  Mostof IbecotpswaaabaCDttnNortbCaiDUna 
when  the  bailie  of  ChsnceUonviile  took  place,  but  Loogstroel, 
now  a  lieutanaat.general,  rctumed  to  l,oe  ia  time  lo  lake  pari  m 
the  campaign  of  Getiyabtug.  At  thai  battle  be  diaanirBved  of 
tbe  attack  because  <A  the  eiceptionally  iiroDg  poaititm  of  tbe 
Federals.  He  hu  bqiii  charged  with  tirdiocM.io  Eelliag  into 
the  iciion,  byt  his  delay  was  in  part  aulhoriicd  by  Leeto  await 
an  ahoenl  kulgade,  and  in  part  wu  tbe  result  of  inslrucljoni  lo 
conceal  hia  muvmenls,  wUch  cansed  drcuilous  marchioB. 
The  most  con^Hcuous  ^hting  jn  the  battle  was  conducted  by 
Longslreet.  In  Sqjtcmber  rC63  be  took  his  coipi  lo  tbe  west 
and  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  great  battle  of  Chicksmauga. 
In  November  he  comm^dcd  Lheunsucceasful  expedition  against 
Kjioxville.  fn  1864  he  rejoined  Lee'a  army  In  Virginia,  and  oa 
tbe  6(h  dI  May  arrived  upon  tbe  field  of  the  WildemesI  aa  tbe 
Confederate  right  bad  been  turned  and  routed.  His  attack 
wu  a  model  of  impctuouly  and  skill,  and  drove  the  enemy 
back  unlil  thvlr  entire  force  upon  that  dank  wu  in  conrueiDo. 
At  this  critical  moment,  u  Loogitrcet  .in  person,  at  tbe  bc^d  of 
fresh  troops,  wu  pushing  the  attack  in  the  forest,  be  *sa  5rcd 
upon  by  nitlake  by  hit  own  men  and  desperately  wounded. 
This  misdiajice  lUyed  Ike  Confederate  assault  (or  Iwo  bourn, 
and  enabled  the  aoemy  to  provide  effective  mesas  to  meet  it. 
In  October  U&i  be  teaumcd  conunaad  el  hia  corpet  which  he 


986 


LONGTON— LONGUS 


nUload  Dutil  tfe*  wintndM,  althoaah  pan]]iHd  iq  hh  li^ 
um.  I}iiiinf IbepaiodoIRccttttUactiaBLongUml'iUtilnile 
towank  the  r*"''"'  pnUgai,  tad  thi  dimnioii  al  etndD 
Billuiy  inddiati,  aot^ily  tha  lopoodbilitj'  In  the  Cctl>«buc| 
ftiliue,  brought  lh»  fMO*!  into  tititye  aiipapiil>fll)>,  uul  ta 
tha  onma  of  a  coolnmnjt-  wbidi  laated  fcic  many  yean,  ranch 
waa  aaid  asd  written  by  both  Mia  which  conU  be  ccodooed 
only  by  iiiltMioD.  ffia  aeeeptaiKe  of  a  Federal  office  al  Nnr 
Ocleaoi  bnuaht  him.  In  a  riot,  into  armed  conflicl  with  Itii  ttd 
CoBfednalaaoldien.  Hit  admbatioo  fee  Cciteral  Ciant  and  hi> 
loyalty  to  the  Repulilican  parQr  accentuated  the  iU-feeliag  ot 
the  Soathem  peofje.  But  la  tbM  Ui  aervios  in  [Crraer  diyi 
were  recalled,  and  ha  became  once  more  "  Geiunl  Let't  wu- 
botK^lohiiOldaoldieraaDd  tbe peopled  the Soulh.  Hehcld 
Mvcta)  dv9  oScei,  amodf  them  beiog  that  of  miiuita  to 
TndMy  tikdct  Glut  and  that  of  annminiancr  of  Fadfic 
raOwiys  under  PioMenU  McKinley  and  Roojeveli.  In  iS^fi  he 
publiilud  AoM  ifoiuuai  U  ippatHaUiii,  and  in  tui  liter  yean 
be  prepared  an  acraunt  of  Cctiytburg,  which  »u  pubHibed  uod 
after  hit  death,  with  notta  and  reminbcetica  of  hia  whole 
mffitaiy  career.  GEoenl  Lonfttreet  died  at  Caloeanllc.'Georiia, 
an  the  ind.ol  Jaauary  1904. 

See  Xb  aai  Ltmntnlt  al  Biffi  Tiii,  by  Helen  D.  LoniiCncc 
[Gaiaanlle,  Ga.,  1904). 

UUfGTOV,  a  marhet-town  of  StaAirdihEre,  En^and,  on  the 
North  StaflordiUie  railway,  i(  m.  5.E.  of  SLoke-on-Tieoi, 
within  wUch  parliamentary  and  municipal  bowiih  it  a  included. 
Fop.  (T901}  35,Sis.  The  town  !i  In  the  pDltof cs' dlUlict,  and 
in  the  nd^bourhood  of  coal  and  Itdu  Diinea.  Tl  itu  governed 
by  a  mayor,  10  aldeimcn  and  30  coundllon  until  under  the 
"  Fotteiiea  Fedencion  "  achemc  (190B)  it  became  part  of  the 
barau|h  sf  Sioke-on-TrenI  in  igio. 

liUffimVIUA  the  name  of  a  Fnncb  family  which  (i>i«inated 
with  Jean,  counl  of  Dunoii,  the  "  Butard  of  Otieaoi,  "  to  Bhom 
Chaika  VII.  gave  the  conntsh^  of  LoBgueville  in  Komaudy  in 
I44J.  Fiaacoia  ol  Otican,  onuit  of  Longucvflla,  wi*  (Kated 
dnke  In  i^{.  The  maniaee  of  hia  bntlicr  Louli  with  Jeanne, 
dan^itB  and  hdrtaa  cf  Philip,  oonnt  of  Badea-Hodiberg- 
Saiucaberf  (d.  ijoj),  added  Gowidenblaeatites  to  the  bauHof 
LoDfOBviUe.  Henry,  due  de  Loogucville  (d.  16&3),  took  an 
fanponant  part  in  the  Fronde,  and  for  a  long,  tiroe  held  the  royal 
tCMpa  in  duck  in  NMuandy.  Kb  wife,  Amu  Genevijvi  (h« 
bdow),  waa  a  teadln(  Ifure  !■  the  poUtlol  diveDaliiu  ol  the 
time.  ThalaatolthefamilywuJeaBLoult.CheAbbfd'OiWaDi, 
who  died  in  iOm.  Tbe  numlamaiiw,  Chaila  d-OrUana-Rothelin 
( i6«  i-i  744) ,  belonged  ID  a  baatard  bisDch  bt  the  hmlly. 

LOmUBVIlU,  UIIE  OIRBVinr^  Dgczisw  DC  (idig- 
tB»),  waa  thf  «Jy  dao^ter  of  Haul  dl  BoBrbm,  Ptlnci  de 
Condt,  and  hit  wHe  ChaiMle  Marguerite  de  Uonunorency,  and 
thoilttcrof  Louie,  the  great  Condi.  She  was  boin  on  the  iSth 
•t  Augutt  1619,  in  the  piiaoB  ot  VInoennH,  Into  which  her  lather 
and  mollker  luid  been  thrown  for  iqipDallian  to  Haiihal  D'Ancn, 
tha  hvomite  of  Haric  da'  Uedid,  who  wai  then  regent  hi  the 
minofitydLoult  XIII.  Se  waa  edocaled  with  gnat  itiktoeu 
In  tbt  convent  of  the  Carwditea  m  the  Rib  Si  f  acqnei  at  Paift. 
Hci  early  yean  were  doaded  by  the  encntion  1^  the  diK  de 
Montmorency,  tier  mother^  only  bivlber,  lor  intrigubig  igahnt 
XicbeBeuin  iGji,  and  thatof  hatBWtber^«Dariatbacomi«de 
Montmotency-Boutlevflla  lor  dudHng  In  iSjs;  bat  ber  parenta 
made  their  peace  with  Ricbdleu,  and  lidng  Introduced  into 
(sciety  in  itjs  ahe  •dod  became  one  of  the  atan  of  the  Httel 
KambouiDet,  at  that  time  the  centre  of  aU  tint  *ai  learned, 
witty  and  gay  in  France.  In  16*1  ibt  wai  maided  to  the  due 
de  LoDgneville,  gorcmor  of  Nonnandy,  a  wldaiKr  twkeher  age. 
The  maitiige  wia  not  happy.  After  Rididiei]^  death  ha  father 
became  chief  of  the  cound  of  regency  during  the  minority  of 
LoubXtV.,  lier  brothel  Lsnia  won  tbe  great  vktoryol  Rocroyin 
tSu  (see  CoMif),  and  the  dndieig  became  of  politienlimporUnce. 
In  16411  die  accompaided  ber  fautband  to  UOniler,  where  he  waa 
aent  by  Haiara  as  cUd  envoy,  and  where  (he  charmed  the 
CeimBB  iBplomaliita  who  were  makiog  the  treaiy  of 'Westphalia. 
Kid  was  addrcncd  ta  the  "  nddeu  of  peace  and  coDcafd."  On 


IB  of  lier  bve  ts  ablate 


author  of  the  Itiaimt,  who  mail 

influence  ovat  her  blother,  and  tl 

Sba  waa  the  gliding  tpirit  of  tha  iirat  Fnade,  wbn  ihe  broufht 
o*ar  Annand,  Hnea  do  Conti,  her  teoond  hrail»,  and  her 
hudiand  to  the  malc^Maota,  but  ahe  failad  ta  attract  Conde 
hinaelf,  whoae  loydly  10  the  cout  overthrew  the  Sni  Fronde^ 
k  wit  during  tbe  frit  Ftonde  that  the  Uved  at  tha  Hted  do 
mie  and  took  tha  dty  of  Paris  aa  god-mother  for  the  child  b«« 
toherlbere.  The  peaca  did  not  latitfy  her,  akbeugh  La  Rocbo-' 
foocauld  won  tba  tltlea  he  dcairtd.  Tbe  tecond  Fiwade  waa 
tacgdy  herwork.  andlo  ft  tbapl^wd  the  moat  pFomiucat  part  ia 
Bttiaciing  10  ibe  isbdt  fint  Condt  and  lalat  Tonnne.  In  iht 
last  yuroi  tba  wai  the  was  accampanled  into  GokDne  by  tb« 
due  de  Ncmown,  ber  InlimagF  with  «bom  gave  La  Roche- 
foucauld an  excBK  far  abtndiinfru  bar,  and  trfao  Hmteif  Im- 

nu^JMjIyiMiiniiwt  tfhhjiM  ■■lTt.M.tlMi.4— -luf^  llr  ninniHI 


beradttoteligian.  S 


acconpanted  ber  hnshaBd  to  Us  favCTB- 
DKiH  aiKonen,  am  Devoted  handf  to  (oodwotka.  EhetaafctDr 
ber  director  H.  Singlin,  faauut  in  tha  Unoiy  af  Part  fti^isL 
She  cUeiy  lived  bi  Normandy  tfll  f  663,  whta  her  hudaad  died, 
aiid  ahe  cams  to  Aris.  Thaca  aha  hacame  man  and  laoiw 
Janscniil  la  opinion,  and  her  piety  and  the  ramembnnoa  al  her 
inluence  during  (be  dltaatroiit  days  of  tba  Fionde,  andaboM  aU 
the  bve  her  bntha',  tbe  great  Condi,  bora  ber,  mada  baa  cok- 
ipicDoui.  Tlie  ting  pardaned  ber  and  In  evoy  way  i>B»«J 
raped  foe  her.  She  became  (be  great  protectrcat  ol  the  Ja»- 
Kniiti;  ii  was  In  ha  houe  that  Amauld,  ^flcole  and  De  Lana 
were  protected;  and  Eo  her  influence  must  ht  In  ffval  part 
iticibuied  tbe  nliaie  of  Lemaistre  De  Sacy  from  tbe  BaMiDe,  tha 
introduction  ol  Fouponna  into  tha  nin^liy  and  el  AmauMlo  tha 
king.  Her  famous  htlan  to  the  pope  are  part  ot  tlw  Utloiy  of 
PoiT  Rovu  {f.*.),  and  aa  long  as  aha  Bind  tha  ttwn  ■<  Fort 
Royal  do  Chatbpt  weta  left  bi  safety.  Ha  elder  son  ic^jncd 
hi)  title  and  citaUa,  and  became  ■  Jeanlt  mtder  the  name  d  tba 
Abb£  d'Orltans,  whUa  tbe  jmmga,  aftar  hading  a  dcbanchcd 
life,  was  UUod  leading  the  attack  in  the  passage  of  tha  RUne  to 
1673-  At  ber  health  laHed  she  hardly  vm  left  the  convtnt  d 
the  Carmelitas  in  wUch  the  had  bean  edocaled.  On  her  death 
in  1674  Aa  «•  buried  with  great  splendour  by  bar  btetbcr 
Condi,  and  ber  heart,  aa  the  had  dbvctad,  waa  acnt  M  tha  nuns  cl 
the  Port  Royd  dm  Champa. 

•tiK  cMcf  aothorily  far  UadRne  da  La^BevOb-k  ttc  fa  a  Ht& 
book  in  no  voli^«  by  VilWon  the  Jaoaeniit,  pabliihed  la  t^ 
Viator  Cousin  has  devoted  fou^  vslumea  to  her,  which,  theogh  ■■- 
DienKly  diCfuw.  give  a  vi^  picture  of  ber  tine.  Sec  abo  SaiBt^ 
Bom.Ftrini.iblafaKmtitiliO).  Her  conneckn  with  Pun  Royil 
•hoiild  be  mdiHl  in  AraauUV  Viwirf .  and  IB  the  dtSaeat  hbunes 
ol  tint  inttitutioB. 

UMOB*.  Grodi  topUat  and  RHnancer,  hutbor  e(  DUftaii  «d 
CN*(.  JtMbiof  b  known  tifhisUIe,BBdaI]that(aabesBidb 
that  ha  probably  ilvad  at  the  end  of  the  ind  at  the  beginBiBgol  the 
jtd  ecatuiy  aA  It  bat  been  suggested  that  the  Base  Longui 
u  luidy  a  mlsrtadfaigof  tha  last  word  nl  the  title  AwffiBifi> 
4Mrii4i>WyD(4'ln  theFlofcntiueUS.i  SdkralsoobBctVBlbtt 
the  beat  MS.  begins  and  (odi  with  U>ni  (not  )i6rfBe)  TB^inu*. 
II  hb  name  waa  nally  Longat,  be  wn  probably  a  frtedman  d 
SomeRomanfamilyi^dibanlt.  Langua'a ilyle b ihetorical, hit 
■hephenb  and  ahtpherdeitet  IDB  wholly  coaventianBl,  brt  he  haa 
imparted  hnmaa  tntenat  10  t  ponly  landfnl  plctBte.  As  aa 
anllydi  d  feeBBft  Da/MrMd  CUM  inatea  a  nearer  q^cotcb 
IS  the  modem  D«*d  than  its  chid  rival  among  Cictk  erotic 
romances,  tbe  AMUtfiet  d  Heliotloiua.  which  b  temnkabla 
mainly  lor  tba  IngeniouB  nirtiBllfm  d  inddentt.  Oaphi^  and 
Cblol,  two  chOdm  (otmd  by  Aepbeida,  ^w  qi  logrthtr, 
nourt^ing  a  mutoal  lova  whid  udfher  toapecta.  IW  Aivdop- 
meot  ol  this  dmple  pasdon  tome  the  (Uef  iotetcat,  lad  thoe  an 
few  Inddenta.  ChkE  it  carried  off  by  a  pfntt,  and  sltimatdy 
regains  her  lamHy.  Rivali  alaim  the  peace  d  mind  of  Daphi^k; 
but  the  two  hiven  are  reecgnised  t^  thdr  parants,  and  n*un  to 
a  happy  married  life  in  the  couBtiy.  Dsfjinl  «d  CUal  waa  the 
nodddXa.SvttotdHonarld'UrtMhe  Oiaiia  aay— da  d 


LONGWY— LONSDALE,  W. 


9S7 


Sm  J.  Dulnp'a  ffuMr;  af  Pimm  KHin  (l«St).  ud  opecUly  EL 
Rabil«,i>(rniituciii(aau[l9oa).  LatwulaunduusiaEuablc 
tnadUtor  u  lacqiw  AmyrX,  b'uhop  oT  Auisn,  wbdK  FrrKh 
venknt,  H  nracd  br  hid  Uuit  Conrtir.  i*  better  kninrn  llilii  ibe 
hUhL  It  appMnd  ia  in;,  tURy^lio  )<ui  taisn  die  nuUk*- 
llnTibeGnAtatMnmcabyColiwbaia.  TbiAidirtM- 
._.  ^  ._._i „  (rtosU-  BLitoVilW-* 


•eby&Iu 

rl  tlK GmiUHlud  tot  vU 

n).  P.  L.  Courier  (iBlo,  *l(h  •  acwty  lu 

■  (■*»).  R.  Haiber  (tlin,  N.  PkolH  (Fkrih  m 
i«W»).W.D.L™TEiS!MBfc.»A).  A,  J. 

i«0(  C«DKI'I ■■ 


li  Day  from  AmTtKl  tnn- 


htiiin<ed.l.U«b.iaIW«lit~)M»Wfl-  -ft.  *i-««l  eiid.™. 
naetiUy  <3  KqM'i  wnioa.  are  Buragmu  ud  -»>■  u«  bauUlul. 
Fiudlwn'i  deripit  bdoc  Bpedtlly  oefcbnted. 

UMOWT,  ■  fortified  U«n  at  innb-culeni  FnnCE  in  [he 
dtpuuaot  ot  UcniUwHit-UouOc  S«  >a  N.N.W.  of  Nucy 
b)f  nuL  Pop.  (i«i]6]  Ssij.  Lonfwy  i»  »itii*ttd  on  >  plileui 
ovolocikinft  tbe  Cbioi,  a  lifbl-buk  affluent  of  the  Meuic,  oeai 
thcfraaUcnafBdsiiiiiiaiulLucmbuii.  U  compcaci  ui  upper 
aaA  » lowti  I011D1  Lhe  foimef,  00  ■  bill.  190  Si.  tbove  ihe  Chien 
vtBtj,  "^'■■f"i''  tlie  Liueidiuis  ntji,  md  it  ■Uswlboud 
by  u  oweinle  utd  ■  few  oul-lyinf  fani&ciUoiu.  There  ii 
kurino  KeaouBodMiaa  tot  soon  mca  ud  &»  banei,  bul  the 
pcnuacnt  fuiuoa  ii  inulL  The  io^iti  town  U  the  indiutrial 
CEDln.  Tb*  I7ih-cenliuy  cbuich  bu  1  tolly  iquu-e  towei, 
tbc  Uu]  dt  vilk  d*le>  from  ITJO.  (od  Iberc  il  ■  Ime  boqaul, 
Ino  il  citeaiively  mined  in  the  diitricl,  and  aupplia  Dumeroua 
Uulfunuco.  Sev(faliionandUetlwoik>ueinop«atioB,and 
BMtal  ulcuib,  fin-proof  wan  and  poruhiD  iie  nunututurRL 
LoBfur  U«fM  ncu)  came  into  the  potxuion  ei  the  Fiench 
in  i6;S  and  wii  at  once  fortified  by  Vauban.  It  ou  captured 
i>T  tbe  PruMianiiD  I7gi,  iStj  and  iBji. 

n,  SLIAS  (1801-1884),  Finaiih  pbilalogitt  ud 
a  of  Ibe  Katcnfa,  «u  bom  ai  NyUnd  in  Finland  an 
the  gth  of  April  iftoi.  He  waa  ao  apotbecary'i  awiiiuil,  biil 
cnleied  Ibc  universty  of  Abo  in  iSii,  and  allei  taiinc  hia 
m"*— '"*  defreel  b«ame  a  phyiidan  m  iSj?.  But  before 
tlwi,  aa  aatly  aa  18)7,  he  hid  bfgun  to  puUiih  oulribulioni 
to  the  Nudy  of  Ibe  andeni  Fmnilb  knguage,  and  to  collect 
the  nalioul  balladi  and  folk-lore,  a  field  which  waa  al  that 
tine  UBCBhivatcd.  In  iSj3  betcttlnl  uadoclaillllKcouatry 
diiUict  ol  '■]■—!  and  bci^  to  travel  throuiboui  Finland  anil 


.  able  U 


JD  of  which 


o  add  to  it,  and  in  1849 
a  1849  LOnnrol  iMued  hli 

_.., a(  tbc  KanuUtar,  01  folk-«onii  of  ancittii 

Finland,  which  he  bad  taten  down  from  oral  tndiiiiui.  Tbe 
Pnmrti  *!  Fii^mi  loUowcd  Id  1841.  In  rSsj,  on  tbe  death 
of  CaMrtn,  lAmiDt  beame  fnltaot  ol  Ihe  Finnitfa  Unguac 
■nd  Utenlnre  al  the  hi^  icbool  of  HebingTon:  be  retired  from 
tbia  chair  in  Ml,    He  died  on  tha  rqih  of  March  1884. 

LOnHUI.  UBU  OP.  Tbit  Eolith  eaildojn  ii  held  by 
tbc  aitcieDt  fanUjr  of  Lowiber,  which  traca  iti  descent  to  Sir 
Hugb  Lowiber,  who  floatishcd  ia  Ihe  i^gn  of  Edward  I.  Sir 
Hucb'a  dacendant  Sir  Richard  Lowtber  (iS3(ri<^;)  received 
Mary  qocen  of  Scoti  on  her  digbt  into  EogUnd  in  isU,  and  In 
Ihe  iwo-loDowing  yran  wai  concemid  wiib  bi>  brother'  Gerard 
fa  illnnpl*  10  relcue  bcr  from  captivity.  He  wai  iberiS  of 
Cumberlud  and  lord  warden  of  the  wot  marchei.  A  tiooji 
baih  by  Genid  Lowtba  at  Penriih  i>  bow  the  "  Two  Liona 
hn."  Sir  MdianTi  ddeM  khi.  Sir  ChriHopher  Lowihn  [d. 
161  T),  wai  the  ancntor  of  tbe  later  Lowihcri.  and  aoolber  ton. 
Sir  Gerard  Lowtber  (d.  1614),  was  judge  of  tbe  comsMO  flfat 
lnlcc^<ul. 


a»q«h«rwa«J^BLowth«r(i65t-iTwJ,whowaiBtwJVhCBMM 
Loiadala  in  160&.    Beiora  Ihii  crtali^  John  had  lucteadad 
aMlha  St  John  Lowtba  (d.  1675),  1 


from  1675  ta  11)96.  In  1688  be  wa*  •cnfctaUc  in  icciuint 
Comberiand  and  Weitmocland  (oc  William  of  OAnfeiin  it«n 
he  «B*  fint  loid  o(  the  tttafurr,  and  bt  waa  brd  privy  tod 
iron  Idaich  i6m  onlil  bit  death  in  July  1700.  Lontdale  wnta 
iffiuiri  <if  M)  Xttf  tf  Jima  II.,  which  were  priotcd  ia  i8ot 
and  again  ia  1817.  Hia  family  became  cninct  when  bii  laa 
Uiniy,  tbe  jid  viicoimt  (iAm-iisi),  died  uunanied  In  Uarcb 

jama  Lowlha,  IM  tail  oi  Loudala  (i7]<^i8m),  waa  a  aoa 
ol  Bsbcct  LowtLet(d.i74f)(i{UauldaHcabuni,Weatiaoiland, 
who  waa  lor  »me  tinte  sovctu^  ol  Barbadoi,  and  waa  destcnded 

PcniunftoD,  Jamia  waa  •  ptU-trandMn  ol  th«  iit  viaCDiiat 
t-amlalr.  Heinbaritedooeof  tht  lamly  banaddeiiB  itji. 
and  from  three  lourcaa  hi  ohtainad  fi— w*i— *  wealth,  bdog  tbe 
heir  of  the  jid  viicauht  Looidak.  of  Sir  Jamea  Lowtber,  BaiC 
(d.  1755)  of  Whitehaven,  and  of  Sir  William  Lowtber,  Bart. 
id.  170].  Prom  17J7  to  1784  be  *M  a  nemba'  of  luirliantcnl. 
eierciaiBi  enormotu  ioiluaice  on  clectioni  in  the  north  of  England 
and  wually  coalmUuig  nine  leata  in  the  House  ol  ComiDMii, 
where  hia  nomincea  wen  known  ai  "  Sir  Janua'a  niuqiliu-" 
He  leaircd  Ihe  eteclion  of  Williini  Pin  aa  member  lor  bli 
borough  si  Appleby  In  17B1,  and  hi*  diipute  wilh  tbe  jiddukc 
ol  Portland  over  tbe  poacasioii  oi  Ibe  locage  mucc  of  Cailiilt 
and  Ibe  loreU  of  Ingleweod  gave  rise  to  lengthy  proceeoiagi, 
both  in  parliament  and  ip  Ibe  law  marts.  In  1784  Lowiber 
waa  ciiated  earl  al  Lonidalo  and  in  1797  VJacoant  Lowtber 
wilh  an  extended  tcmalnder.  The  tad's  t*onMUi  wtallh 
enabled  him  to  (rallfy  his  poUtlcal  ambitiona.  Sir  N.  W. 
Wruall  iHiOtnialinid  ^oltHHW  jr(WM«,<d.H.B.  Wbtallty, 
*  itercaltng  tl'—r***  of  hit  Ufa,  veaki  ol  hii 


...         )  tpwtia  Janim,  who  called  hia 

"  the  little  conlenvtiWe  lyrwl  ot  the  north."  He  wai  known 
ai  tbe  "  bad  earl,"  and  Hence  Walpole  and  otbcti  ipeak  lU^- 
inA'  «<  hin;  be  was,  however,  a  beaelaclor  to  Whiicbavcn, 

wbtfe  he  hoaited  he  owned  tbe  ^  land,  fire  and  water." 

He  manied  Mary  (1768-18)4)  daugklei  of  George  m.'i 
fivoniile.  John  Siuart,  jnl  evl  of  Bute,  bul  died  childlcH  on 
tbe  i4lfa  of  May  igoi,  when  the  carMom  becasie  eltlnct-,  bul  a 
kiniinu,  Sir  William  Lowtber,  Bart.  (1757-1844),  of  Swillington, 
became  and  viscount  lAwther.  Thii  viHOunl,  who  was  oeated 
earl  of  Looldale  io  1S07,  il  chieiy  lamoui  aa  Ibe  friend  el 
lanbwortb  sod  ti«  builder  s(  Lowtbs  Caatle,  Penrith.  His 
in,  WilUam  Lowlher,  jid  earl  of  Lonidale  (1787-1871),  held 
leveial  tuborduiate  poiiiiona  la  varioui  Tory  ministriei,  and 
wai  lord  picsideni  of  Ihe  council  in  i8ji.  He  died  unmarried, 
and  waa  ncceaJed  by  his  nephew  Henry  (1R18-1S76),  whose 
ion  Hngh  Cecil  (b.  1S57)  mccecded  hi*  brother  aa  61b  eiri  of 
Lomdatt  in  1S81- 

Other  pmnlnoit  membtn  of  the  Lowtbti  family  are  the  Right 
Hon.  Jamea  William  Lowtber  (b.  iSjs),  who  bcoine  speaker 
of  the  Borne  olCommonaia  i«oj:  Sir  Gerard  AugnslnsLowthw 
(b.  1858],  who  becaoe  Biitiih  ambaiiadoc  at  Conuutino^  In 
1908;  and  tbe  Right  Hoi.  James  Lowiber  (1B40-1904),  wbo 
waa  a  wdl-known  CoastivMive  memba-  of  parliament  from  186$ 
onwardi.  and  chief  lecielaiy  for  Ireland  from  1878  to  1880L 

vonoua,  wiuua  um-'itH,  Eotfiii>  vbIo^  and 

palaeoBtolofiit.  wia  ban  at  Bath  on  the  9th  of  Sepicmbat 
17M.  He  was  educated  f«  Ibe  army  and  b  i8ia  obtained  a 
comadwioa  as  cniign  in  Ihe  4th  (King/a  Own)  tc^mait.  Hs 
sermd  In  dw  PeniMulai  War  at  Ibe  balllts  ol  Salamanca  ud 
Watako,  for  both  of  winch  be  recdved  mtdals;  and  be  retired 
as  liautenant.  Residing  alleiwardi  lor  lome  yean  at  Balbeailon 
be  coDecled  a  leria  of  rocks  and  fonib  wlacb  be  presented  ta 
tbe  LitOKiy  and  Scieolific  InsiitHtion  ot  Bath.  He  became 
tbe  fim  hoDonty  curaioc  of  ilie  natural  tuMory  dtfianoeat 
of  the  muieum,  and  worked  until  1819  when  he  wsi  appointed 
asiiaiaat  teoetaiy  and  curator  ol  ih«  Geological  Society  of  Loadon 


rONS-LHiSAONlER-i-LOOI 


W  Somenct  Roue.  Tben  be  bdd  office  unta  1E41,  *)ieti  nt- 
bedtli  led  him  lo  loign.  The  ability  with  which  he  edited  the 
fnjblicittoiB  of  the  vociety  and  advi&ed  the  counc^  "  on  eveiy 
dbacuie  and  dlfficotl  point  "  was  rammeiittd  dd  by  Murcbiioti  Iti 
'hli  pieaideiicial  addioa  Cifl45).  In  1S39  Lonsdale  rtftd  before 
the  aoaety  an  Imponaot  paper  "  On  the  Oolitic  Dinrict  of  Bath  " 
{Ttaiis.  Gal.  Sx.-ta.  1,  vol.  iii.),  the  lesulti  nl  1  hitvct  begun 
in  iS>7;  later  he  ma  engaged  in  a  survey  of  the  Oolitk  strata 
ol  CtoucealerahlR  (1831),  at  the  Instigatioa  of  the  Gec4ogical 
jkridety,  and  ha  laid  down  on  the  one-inch  ordnance  maps  the 
'        '    '      of   the  various  geological  formationa.     He  ga^ 


to  the  s 


fofcc 


Kribed  fossil 

iHiai  iiom  the  Teniary  and  Oetaceooi  iinta  of  North  America 
md  from  the  older  itiaia  of  Britain  and  Riiiiia.  In  1837  be . 
inggMB]  from  a  Mudy  of  the  foulk  of  the  South  Devon  lime- ' 
Hooa  that  they  would  prove  to  be  of  an  age  intennediaic  between . 
Ilw  CubonlfeiiMU  and  Situciali  rytteoa.  Tlus  nggsrion  waa 
BdopINl'by  ScdEwick  and  Minthinn  in  iBjQ,  and  Day  be 
legatded  as  the  bails  on  which  they  louftded  the  Devoldu . 
■jratem,  Lonsdale'i  piper,  "  Notea  on  (he  Age  of  the  Umotonei  ^ 
of  South  Devonshire"  (read  1840),  wu  publithed  in  the  tame 
mlume  ol  the  Ttansacliom  ef  lie  Gitlttiiat  Stclety  (aer.  1,  vol. 
v.)  with  Sedgwick  and  Muichisoti'i  famous  paper  "  On  Ibe 
Physical  Structure  of  Devonshire,"  *nd  these  authors  obstrve 
that  "  ibe  conctusion  arrived  at  by  Mi  Loiudale,  wc  now  apply 
without  reserve  both  to  the  five  groups  ol  our  North  Devon 
of  ComwatL"  The  later 
and  he  died 
(H.  B.  Wo.) 
nee,  cajHlal  of  Ihe 
3n  the  Paris- Lyons 
n  sar-Sa«ne,  IHIe, 


.    ,  Pop.  (1906) 

siaes  of  the  river  Valbta  ana  n  suiiDunaeii  by 
lis  of  the  western  Jm.  It  owes  iu  name  to  the 
»  of  Montmorot,  its  Kcatem  suburb,  which  have  been 
used  from  a  very  remote  period.  Ilie  church  of  St  D£^r£,  a 
bnUding  of  the  nth  and  i5lh  cRtturia,  ptese^ya  a  buge 
Roiuaneaque  crypt.  The  town  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect  and  of  a 
CBUtt  of  aauies,  and  there  art  tribunals  ol  Gist  instsnce  and  of 
commerce,  a  chamber  of  commcrtt,  lyciei  and  Itsining-collego 
lot  both  seies,  and  a  brtndi  of  the  Bant  oF  France,  There  Is 
■u  eslsblbhmcnt  for  the  Dse  of  the  mineral  waters,  which  axe 
ndio-chlorlnaled  and  have  strengthening  prapetlits.  The 
principal  industry  ol  the  pbce  b  the  manufacture  of  spatMing 
*ines,  the  £toitc  giowth  being  the  best  for  this  purpose.  Trade 
is  in  cheese,  ccttali,  horses,  cattle,  wood,  &c 

Lons-le-Sauniet,  known  as  LiJo  in  the  time  of  the  Gauls,  wis 
fettiSed  by  the  Romans,  who  added  the  surname  Sblitiarita 
to  the  CaUic  mime.  An  object  of  cDntentlon  owing  to  the  vilue 
of  its  tah,  it  belonged  for  a  long  time  during  the  medieval  period 
to  the  powerful  house  of  Cbalon,  a  younger  branch  ot  that  of 
Burgundy.  It  was  bumed  in  IJS4  by  the  English,  and  again  in 
1637,  whefi  it  was  seijed  by  the  duke  of  LongueviUe  for  Louis 
XIII.  It  became  definhively  Franch  in  1674-  H  was  here  that 
the  meeting  between  Ney  and  Napoleon  to*k  pl»ce,  on  Jhe 
reiuin  of  Ihe  latter  from  Elba  In  1815.  Bouget  de  lltli,  the 
authorof  the  J/ainJUafie,  wasbornat  Hontaigu  near  this  toWit, 
where  (hen  I>  a  statue  erected  to  him, 

too  (formetly  taSei  "Lantetloo,"  fy.'fMlnrfii,  the  retrahi  of 
■  pt^nlar  I7t)i-ceatuty  ung},  a  tound  game  of  cards,  played 
by  any  number  ot  peisoni;  from  five  la  seven  makes  the 
biKI  game.  "TbreeKard  loo"  iiihe  gameiutully  pleyed.  An 
ordinary  pack  of  fifty-two  cards  is  used  and  the  ded  pssses 


a  playet 


after 

deals;  but  if  there  i>  a  "  leo"  (the  sum  f( 

who  plays,  but  does  not  win  a  trick)  in  the 

the  game  continues  tUI  there  Is  a  hand  wiihonl  a  loo.     The 

dealer  deals  three  c«ds  face  downwards,  one  by  one,  (0  eacb 

player  and  an  eitra  hand  celled  "  mhs,"  and  Inms  op  the  top 

ol  tbe  uBdttll  cardl  In  inmiM.    Bach  fitfet ~  ' 


the  pM  a  «U)  pfCvfcMMy  icratd  tipMi.  71w  unit  for  ■  riaglt 
Blake  ahwU  be  divliiUe  by  three  wfthoot  a  reraalsAT,  e.g. 
three  counlen  or  three  pence.  The  players  are  bound  10  pot  in 
the  Blaka  befma  tite  deal  ia  eonpletcd.    Each  pUyc  in  roiatioa, 

beginn^g  from  the  dealer's  left,  looks  at  his  cards,  and  deduea 
whether  he  will  play,  or  pass,  ot  take  "  miss."  Jf  the  former, 
he  Bys  "  I  play."  If  he  takes  miss  be  pUnts  bis  csid*  fate 
downw»i)s  in  the  oiiddla  of  tbe  uUe,  and  takes  up  the  eitrs 
hand.  If  he  passes,  he  dmHatly  places  bis  cards  fso  dowswardi 
in  Ihe  nuddle  of  Ibe  table.  II  miss  is  taken,  the  subsequent 
[dayen  only  have  tbe  option  of  playing  at  puslDg.  A  [dayer 
who  take*  roBS  must  play.  Tboic  who  are  now  Mt  in  plaj 
one  card  each  {n  rotation,  be^nning  from  the  dealer's  left,  the 
cards  thus  played  constituting  a  trick.  The  tilck  ia  woo  by 
Ihe  highest  cud  of  the  suit  led,  or,  if  trumped,  by  tbt  highcat 
truii4>,  tbe  cards  ranking  as  at  wUu.  The  winnet  of  Ihe  tiiA 
leads  to  the  next,  and  so  on,  anlil  tbe  hand  is  played  out.  The 
cards  remain  face  upwords  In  fnni  of  the  persons  pladng  Ihcni. 

II  the  leader  holds  ace  o!  trumps  be  must  lead  it  (or  king,  if 
ace  is  timed  op).  If  tbe  leader  has  two  Iinmps  he  must  ktd 
one  of  them,  and  if  one  Is  ace  (or  king,  ace  being  turned  up) 
he  must  lead  It.  Whh  this  exception  the  leader  ts  not  bomd  to 
lead  b!>  highest  trump  if  more  than  two  declate  10  pisy;  M  if 
litre  Brinnly  Im  itSani  fUtyrrj  Ihe  Icider  vHb  more  tbao  one 
trump  must  lead  tbe  higheit.  Except  witb  tramcn  as  above 
staled  he  may  leod  any  card  he  chooses, 
pbyers  most  head  the  trick  If  able,  and  must  tollaw  su 
Holding  none  of  the  sdit  led,  they  must  head  the  trick  wrih  a 
trump,  if  able.  Otherwise  they  may  play  any  card  they  [Aease, 
The  winner  of  the  fiisi  trick  is  aabject  to  the  rides  almdy 
stated  respecting  the  lead,  and  in  addition  he  mnst  lead  a  trump 
if  able  (called  Inmp  aftir  Mck). 

When  the  hand  has  been  played  out,  Che  wfnDen  ot  tbe  tiicka 
divide  the  pool,  each  receiving  one-third  of  the  amount  for  each 
trick.  If  only  one  has  dedated  to  play,  the  dealer  playi  mia 
either  for  himself  ot  for  the  pool.  If  he  plays  for  the  pool  ht 
must  declare  before  seelog  miss  that  he  does  not  play  far  hltnsell. 
Any  trick)  he  may  irio,  when  playing  tor  the  pod,  remain  there 
as  an  addition  to  tbe  next  pod.  Other  rules  provide  that  the 
dealer  must  pUy,  it  only  one  player  stands,  with  bis  own  cardi 
or  with  "tniss,"  If  miss  is  gone  and  against  him,  be  may  defend 
with  the  three  top  cards  of  the  paA,  eidnding  die  tmmp  card; 
these  cards  are  called  "  mister." 

If  each  dedared  ptayer  wins  at  least  one  tiick  it  fa  a  tintlr, 
tx-  a  fresh  pod  is  made  as  already  described;  but  if  one  of  tbe 
declared  players  bils  to  make  a  trick  he  d  looed.  Then  only 
the  player  who  is  looed  coniributes  to  the  next  pod,  U  mote 
than  one  playw  is  looed,  each  has  to  contribute. 


■hiu'm  ened'  - 
the  loo  ia  genera] 
limit  in  tfie  poo) 


I  n  attain jiied  un 
lUy  limited  to  hall  a 


.8"--L.,lL"»,1'.!»W?S»S 


in  tfie  poo)  the  payment  Is  regulated  as  before;  but  if  Ibcn  i* 
than  tnellmit,  ihehHTsihenxedtumannd  on. 
e  911W  B  fonetaDes  varied  by  "  focecs/'  m.  by  eninpeBint 
<m  T  one  u  play  f  ■  the  flit  dial,  or  wheo  Ihgre  la  BO  kn  the  pnvjoaa 
deal,  or  whsieva  dub*  are  Irumpt  ("  dub  law  ").  Whea  there  ■ 
a  Forctno  miiaisdealt,  "Iriih  loo"  I4  playol  by  allowirig  declared 
playen  to  uchangeuiiieor  alt  irf  thdr  cards  for  canb  dealt  (rmb  Ihe 
top  of  tbe  piEk.  Then  is  no  miii^  and  b  it  not  eomtaikanr  is  Wad 
a  irunp  with  two  trvaw*,  unlois  then  aie  onlir  no  dedand  tdayen, 
fA"  liw-cajdiw  '  each  player  baa  five  cords  >natcad  of  three,  ojnda 
sincle  luke  should  be  divitUile'  by  five.  "  Fam  "  (knave  tt  dnbi) 
niiki  u  the  highest  trump,  whatever  suit  is  turned  op.  There  i>» 
miu.  and  ordi  may  be  exchanged  as  allri*  loo.  Ifocaaltnnica 
ii  led,  tbe  leader  laya"  Pambecivil,"wb<Blheholdirolthalea«d 
muK  pais  Ihe  trick  if  he  can  da  ea  witboHt  revddag.  A  fiuab  (five 
cafdl  of  the  aiiM  suit, « lour  irllh  Pam)  "  looi  tbetioard,''  O,  the 
holder  receives  theaimunt  of  aim  fmm  every  Due.  and  the  land  ia 
net  played,  A  tramp  Au^  nkta  iwpjwlastt  d  fluAb  in  ecbtr  ovta 
If  more  Chan  bde  Buah  .'■  "-'■■  -- ■'  " —  ■-  ■■-"  -»■-  '-'■^  ■-  — - 

pcecedence,  the  dder  ha 

UOB,  a  seaport  and  msrkel  town  io  tbe  Bodmin  paiiia- 
mentiry  division  of  Cornwall,  England,  17  m,  by  sea  W,  at 
Plymoulb,  a  tetmlnua  of  the  LIskeard  &  Loot  Ii|hi  nihray. 


LOOM— LOOP 


989 


hp.  (t«oi)  *S4R.  It  <i(EvtdHbr  »"''vn'iBtoEist  Lewuid 
Wot  Loot;  ud  i>  ibclleied  10  compleld]'  by  the  HUroundinc 
hills  that  myrtles,  gcruium*,  fudoiu  and  Mher  ddiule  pUnii 
Soutiih  at  ill  KnODi  ia  the  open  air  Iti  Uaa  »n  nuRM, 
Meep  »Bd  winding;  nuiny  o£  the  houses  iie  etilered  by  woodsn 
ttajiraies;  viA  ibough  comiderBblr  nodtmiMd  the  town  hu 
a  nedieval  sir.  Iiduid.  the  shores  of  the  tirer  lie  rlcfaly  wooded; 
■ad  lowiids  the  sea  tbiy  rise  oa  ilK  nulh  inlo  rugged  difls. 
The  parish  cbmcb  ol  St  Martin,  which  (Unds  I  m.  outside  the 
(own,  hassNormu]  doonray  uid  loDI,    Among  othet  bulldbigi 

Looe,nMond  En,  186);  and  the  eU  lown-hill,  where  (hetncitnt 
piUofy  h  pmctved.  A  cflniidenble  eipoit  trade  in  capper,  (in 
and  gnoite  wm  fomieily  cuiieil  on,  and  ibe  last  i>  iiiH  eiponed, 
but  the  chief  Indt  Is  in  gnin;  wh^e  tlmtHi,  coal  and  Kaiotone 
an  imported.  There  sre  aho  thriving  fisheriei,  the  Looe  Ssher- 
mtn  being  particularij  ctpert  with  the  trine  em  a  rocky  boltom. 
The  ink t  of  Tieiafmc  is  oneoi  the  mo&t  ^squislie  wooded  coonbes 
in  COfnwaH  At  its  head  afo  the  remains  of  a  eamp,  eonhee:ed 
wiU)  the  Giani'i  Hedge,  a  raised  esnhwoik  which  extends  lot 
7  m.  in  a^  stiatght  line,  as  for  as  s  larger  eamp,  on  Bary  Dtjwtl, 
and  i*  of  Danish  «  Suon  oinslniRlan  Trdawne,  a  fine  old 
BuntioD  belonging  to  the  fanfly  of  Tidiwny,  dates  in  part 
(mm  the  i5Ch  cnitury,  but  has  been  very  largely  restored. 

The  harbourage  wis  pR)bably  the  original  cause  o(  scttlemctit 
al  Looe.  At  the  thne  of  Ibe  Domesdsy  Survey  East  Loot 
WIS  useiied  ludn  Pendrym,  which  was  of  ihe  ting's  detMsne 
and  West  Looe  under  Kamclin's  manor  of  Trriowii.  I.1  the 
r4tb  ceatury  the  fonner  manor  was  b«td  by  the  fiOiily  of  Bod- 
Tugan;  the  litteT  by  thai  of  Daaney,  who  had  Inhtriied  it  froia 
the  Tr«v«rhyni.  In  njj  Heniy  Bednigui  received  the  grant 
«f  a  nuikct  on  Fridays  uid  a  fair  at  HJchaelraaa  in  his  manor  of 
Pendrym.  In  1301  his  grandsoii  and  namesake  granted  to  East 
Looe  a  market  and  fair,  view  of  frank  pledge,  ducking  ittxd  and 
pilloty  and  assize  of  brcsd  and  ale.  Otto  Bodrugan  in  ijra 
SnDtedthtburgaMitheprivikgxifdecUngr'  ' 
and  dmtTolUng  the  trade  of  the  to  >    '    - 

■as  granted  ta  I  ;j8  under  wbkh  1 
list  of  a  nayot  and  g  chjef  butgenes.  Tbcn 
of  retord,  1  market  on  Saturdays  and  liiis  it  Micfaaehnam  and 
CiDdlemaa.  In  i68s  James  U.  provided  that  thete  thonld  be  ■ 
mayor  and  ir  aldermen,  jOfree  burgesses,  4  fairs  and  a  coirrt  of 
pie  powder.  £ast  Looe  wis  governed  under  this  charier  until 
1S85.  West  Looe  (known  also  as  Porpighaa  or  Pothuan)  beoe- 
Sied  by  1  cbirter  gnnted  by  Richard  king  of  the  Romans  to 
Odo  TWvetbyn  md  ratlfiKf  in  ijiscoMtitutlngil  a  free  borough 
irhoM  burgeasM  were  to  be  tne  of  all  eostom  throtigbout  Cotu- 
wbK.  Keddcnce  for  a  year  and  a  day  within  the  borough 
contemd  freedom  from  servitude.  There  were  to  be  1  market 
on  Wedrwfldays  and  1  fair  kt  Mtchielmls.  Hugh  son  of  Odo 
Treverbyfl  gave  W«t  Looe  the  privDegcs  enjoyed  by  HclstOD 
and  Lavneeston.  Upon  the  attainder  of  the  earl  of  Devon  fn 
r539  the  borough'  fell  to  Ibe  crown  and  was  inneied  to  the 
dnchy.  In  i574achartsa(IncoTi)ar*tionwugnnted,ptaviding 
for  a  mayor  and  ir  burgesses,  sbo  fM  a  market  00  Wednesdays 
and  two  fain.  West  Looe  continued  to  be  admhdstered  under 
this  chatter  until  1669,  when  Ibe  death  of  the  mayor  deprived 
the  eoundl  of  Its  only  sorvMng  member  and  elcelor,  Parlia- 
mentaiy  representatian  was  confetied  upon  Baal  Looe  in  15^1 
and  upon  Weal  Looe  in  155].  In  the  debate  ea  the  refCnn  bOI 
O'Cnmell  ataied  that  there  was  but  one  bomugh  mote  rotten 
than  East  Lorn  and  that  was  West  lAoe.  LiM  was  leeoDd  only 
loFawcyuBponbitheisthcentwy.  R fnnisbed 9« Ihlps f or 
IhellcgeofCalih.  Of IbeBBrfceUaadOlnaBlytheiMrkeuen 
WeAtMdayi  and  Saturday*  Bid  a  fatt  o»  Ihe  fth  of  May  temah. 

UMNf,  or  Loon  (IcdaDdlc,  tMm).  a  Dame  apfiOed  to  witer- 
Wtds  of  tbiee  OstiDCt  hnillei,  temoriiable  tot  (htfr  chtBsy  gitt 
on  land.*  The  Snt  Is  (he  CWyaaHiM,  10  wUchtM  term  diver 

'  Thaaimd  aho  takta  iht  iana  "  hum  "  (jW>  lininu),  bj 
Fmdiav  Shaat  ehawts.  is  leohrtly  riwirtedwUh  Liit 
significallaa  of  jmHi  a  clumsy  lellow,aqd  mtsphoricallT  a  amp 


<f .V.)  is  Dsoally  restricted  In  books;  the  Becond  the  PediciftdUat, 
or  grebes  (}->.);  and  Ihe  Ihrrd  the  Akidat.  Tbe  form  Iooh  a 
Dwai  comnKinly  used  both  in  the  British  Islands  and  in  Nonh 
America  for  aU  species  <4  the  genus  Celymbia,  or  Erdylti  accord- 
ing 10  some  ornitbalogisU,  ftciluenlly  with  Ibe  prefix  qinl. 
Indicit^g  tbe  fish  <»  which  they  are  supposed  to  piey;  though 
it  is  the  local  name  of  Ihe  gmt  ctesled  grebe  (Padictpi  cHilaha) 
wherever  that  bb*  Is  auflidendy  well  known  lo  hive  one,  and, 
nt  »;;^seit»  fiom  Crew  (Unj.  Kit.  Sac.  p.  69),  it  wis  formerly 
given  10  the  little  grebe  or  dibdock  {P.  fxeialiHi  or  miiwr). 
The  other  form  looai  leema  mote  confcied  in  its  application  to 
the  nonh.  and  'a  uid  by  T.  Edmoiutoo  iEiym.  Clm.  Skit, 
lad  Orin.  Diaka.  p.  ej)  to  be  the  proper  name  in  Sbetlsnd 
of  Cd^yM^irr  teften&itKcHs;^  btit  it  has  come  into  Dse  among 
Arctic  seamen  as  ihe  name  of  the  guillemot  {Ala  arra  or 
bmemtktn)  which  Ibinngs  the  cliffs  of  northern  lands,  from 
whose  "ioomeries"  i'bry  obtsin  a  wholesome  food;  white  the 
wiilH  believes  he  has  beard  the  word  loclDy  applied  to  the 
niorbiU  (f.e.).  (A.  N.) 

LOOM,  a  machine  for  weaving  fabrin  by  fntetsecling  tht 
longiindlnsl  threads,  the  "  wsrp,"  i.e.  "  that  which  is  thrown 
across"  (O.E.  vedrf,  from  cevr^im,  10  thtow/  cf,  Ger.  wnitn) 
with  the  transverse  threads,  the  "  weft,"  i.r.  "  that  wbicb  is 
woven  "  (O.E.  w/fa,  from  leifM,  to  weave,  cf.  Ger.  avbw). 
The  O.E.  tricma  and  M.E.  Itmt  meant  an  Implement  or  tool  of 
any  kind.  In  the  sense  of  property,  flimiture,  &c.,  It  appears  hi 
heirloom  (j.t.).  The  eaiiiesi  example  with  Ui  specific  mean- 
ing tpiDted  by  Ihe  ffm  Eii(Kj*  Diitimiaj  Is  l*0m  the  NnOinilum 
Raerii  ol  r4o4  (see  WeavtHc}. 

"  Loom  "  in  tha  sense  of  "  to  appear  Indistinctly,'"  to  come  Into 
visv  ja  an  easaenlcd  bafistinct  aloe,  must  be  dutingulihed  front 
the  abme  si«i£  Thia  appwi  to  haw  biB  a  ■Iv'i  term  tat  tk 
indistiact  crcxaaetaEfld  appeuaaca  of  land,  a  vessel  or  other  object 
through  haie  or  Srfcness  St  «■  tt  isolabKureotirin,bulh»biien 
connected  tbronih  the  O.  ft.  bmtr',  nodera  dtumtr,  with  Lat. 
fiMn,  tight,  and  with  the  fool  sMn  ia  "  kaw,"  ta  tha  matn  U 
••  gMwIag  thiwiy  towards  oaa."* 

U><HI,  tbe  largest  town  of  Ihe  piolrbica  ol  Bobol,  Uand  of 
Bobol,Pba4VkielBlaBdi,  on  the  exMnneW.  coast  Pop.  (1903) 
iS,ii4.  Lo6b  is  piatniBipialy  situated  on  the  W.  slop*  of  >  hill, 
and  ■  mchtd  fion  tha  aei  by  steps  cm  In  the  tocks.  TiM 
hatboiit  la  in  a  tiMllesed  bay  oa  tbe  N.  Me  of  the  town.  The 
cuhlvattsa  ol  caoMnU,  coffee,  cocna,  maguey,  tobacco,  cotioa 
and  Indtin  con,  and  tht  taiibig  cd  Uvolock  arc  tbe  prindpal 


msnafactarlng.   Tbe  language  is  idiieBy  Bobol- Viiayan. 

LOOP,  (i)  A  curve  or  bold,  pirliodatly  a  bend  in  a  string, 
rope,  tK.j  formed  by  doubliitg  bad  one  part  so  la  to  leave  an 
opening;  similarly  a  ring  of  metal  or  other  mateiial  leaving  an 
iperttne.  (1)  In  ircUtcieuni  or  fortification,  "loop,"  UMn 
UBUaUy  la  Ihe  form  "  looplnle,"  is  an  opmlnK  In  the  wall  of 
a  bulling,  very  narrow  on  the  ontskla  and  q^yed  within, 
from  wMd)  arrows  or  ditts  might  be  dtscliaisad  on  as  enemy, 
or  Ihinugh  wMch  light  mi^t  be  admitted.  They  an  often  la 
the  fom  of  1  cum,  sad  generally  have  nwrKl  hohs  at  the  enda 
(see  Onun).  (])  The  word  k  also  a  term  Id  inn  and  sihI 
manufaclnrftig  ioranaMof  metal  ready  for  hammatlngor  roUiag, 

Thb  last  word  la  repivrand  in  French  [>y  Inft,  from  which  h  fa 
pnliablr  adapted.  Tlw  nriier  Ecillih  form  was  abo  Ittft.  and  it 
wu  (Ih)  appUid  to  pogiost  BoKi  which  were  ol  inlcnor  briUiancy: 
the  ume  alw  sppran  in  French.  Of  Ihe  word  in  its  two  Erat 
meanings,  1  be«I  or  circle  in  a  line  of  itrlns,  melsl,  rslli,  Ac,  iM 
-Ioophol*,"lbedwiv»tiB«ifa  uneenaln.  Skeat  takes  the  word  in 
faoth  muHiap  to  be  tbe  lam  and  to  be  of  Scandinavjan  origin,  ihe 
•Id  Nonwrian  Utaf ,  a  leap,  being  the  direct  source.  The  bate  is  the 
Teulonui2aiiSw,  to  ran,  la  leap,  Cotman  (aa/ra.  TTie  !tnc  Baj/ul 
DitHtmrf  coniidcn  the  Svediifi  example,  iM-limt,  "  ninnlns  knot,' 
and  others  given  by  Sknl  in  sufuurt  ill  hu  derintioato  be  Ceroim 
iuni.  aul  aUo  that  tlie  proouiKiitJon  ol  the  word  would  have  been 
Wp  talbw  thin  l»^  '' Loop"  in  Biianine  ti)  "loophnle'ia  also 
uluo  IS  be  a  diBocnl  wonl.  and  !•  derived  fiom  Dutch  hrlfn.  la 
peer,  witch.  In  DDdein  Dutch  the  word  for  a  narrow  npeiiiiig  is 
^»P. 

■  Dunn  and  Sijby_,  bowevw,  ipa  in  fiviag  "  tOtm/iim  "  as  the 


LOOSESTRIFE—LOPEZ,  C.  A. 


UMMRUn,  iubatuqr,  tlv 

In  fn^miui'^  the  biuclKditcD  bean  tipcring  lavci  ip  pur* 
or  wboilt,  tad  tcrmizul  paoicLtt  ol  nther  lufc  deep  yeUov 

ycUow  pimpcTDd,  or  ivood  looKslhic,  a  low-growiog  pliBt  wLlh 
ileadci  iprculinf  Ucizii  mod  Kmcwlui  umJIu'  yellow  flowcn 
tUodinf  iingly  in  the  IcbE-iuuIb,  £b  Irequenl  ia  cop««L  L. 
A'niuuiiana  u  Ihe  odl-luwun  cmping  )<any  or  TnoDey-vait, 
■  lujcr  pUal  with  widely  cntpiiit  Keoi.  pain  «( ibiunc  Icava 
md  luxB  (oliUiy  ytUow  Sawen;  it  »  louodoo  brnkaul  livcn 
and  damp  voada,  and  ia  a  coouiuin  rodiciy  plint.  Fuiplc  losw- 
atiifc,  I.i|libiiM  SalHaria,  belania  to  a  diBcnnC  (irmly,  Zy(A- 
ranoc  It  la  a  haoduinc  plant  (rawiof  i  to  A  IL  hich  on  river 
tianka  and  ditdiea,  trilh  a  biaocbed  aisled  ileni  beatinf  wiotb 
of  nam*  pointed  nalkl«a  kavca  and  endini  in  xtJi  lapciiai 
ipika  ol  btMitilul  rowiiiuple  Boweta.  llw  flowen  irc  tri- 
nrarptak,  that  it  to  uy,  uiK  Id  llitee  (onw  which  diSer  in  the 
reliljvs  lengtli  ol  tbe  tiyla  and  iianuu  and  an  kDows  ai  lona- 
ttyted,  mid-aiylcd  and  ibon-atyled  lonu  lopcctivdy,  the 
«M  and  colour  ol  the  poUen  ako  dilTer,  Thoe  diflcrcnca  play 
an  urqiortant  part  in  tho  poUInalion  ol  (be  flowcr- 

U)OT,  plunder  or  Qioil  taken  from  an  ancniy  in  war,  eycciaUj 
the  indiacriminnio  ptunder  taken  by  the  victor  after  the  captuie 
at  •  dty.  Tlw  mtid  came  into  EngUih  Irem  India.  It  ii  adapted 
IiMn  tbe  Hindi  )«,  wliicb  ia  either  ftam  ^"-J^^  laaf,  to  cob, 
plunder,  or  IHra.  Ufba,  boo^. 

UPlt.  FmUO  (ijSo?-i4H?},  the  patiiaich  of  Poituffwie 
Uitariani,  waa  ^^tointed  ke^ei  of  liie  loyil  aichiva,  then 
bnued  is  tbc  oMk  of  St  George  in  Lisbon,  by  King  Joke  1. 
in  Novtanbct  Mit-  He  Mltd  u  ptivaio  aecrtury  lothclnfaoli 
D.  I>iaact*  and  D.  FMundo,  and  irben  the  (oimer  aicendnl  the 
tbrone  he  cbaried  lApei,  by  letter  rA  the  19th  of  March  I4j4, 


virtuoo*  ktaf  my  lord  and  fatlieT  "  (John  L).    The  to 


0  bavc  oanauRd  Lopea  tai  partiality.  Noi- 
■fttataBdiaf  hia  ofBdal  lille  of  cbief  chcoaidu  of  tbe  tolm, 
he-waa  the  kin^a  ouia  (frUMlbM  BeH.  ud  lecdved  taiiialao' 
Irom  lb*  foytl  ueanjy.  KId(  Alplumo  V.  eanfinoed  him  in 
hia  poat  by  iHter  of  the  jrd  of  June  imp,  wad  h)  1454.  nfler 
tUity^ix  ye«>'  Kivice  in  tba  archivca  and  twenty  aa  chrmider, 
he  icaifDed  in  favour  of  Dome*  Eanni*  de  Aaunm.  Ihe  latlei 
piya  a  tribute  to  hb  predeceawr  aa  "  •  notable 


Uerenlano  ny*,  "  tbeee  ia  not  only  biatory  in  the  chmddca 

rilliil  LopO,  there  ia  poetry  and  drama  aa  veil;  tlierc  ll  the 

Middle  age  with  ''    ' 

Lope*  ha  bom  c 

sift,  the  poWH  ol 

two  wiiten;  indeed,  had  tbe  ionact 

kiviaie,  tbm  can  be  Utile  doubt  that  the  tocnl  opinion  of 

eritkn  watdd  ten  coufiined  that  ai  Roblrt  Southey,  who  callad 

Lopea  "beyond  ill  compaiinn  tbe  beat  chnoiclei  of  any  ■«« 

or  wtlon."  Lopet  waa  the  fint  to  put  in  scdei  Uh  Kviei  of  the 

eaiUei  nHtufoeu  amuucha,  andbe  COnpoaed  a  leBenl  chronicle 

ri  tlie  UngdoB,  lAich,  tbooik  it  B«v«  appcued  under  bia  I 


forllMi 


fRay 


de  Kna  ((.t.).  I<Dpe*  prepared  Umadf 
and  illllt™-*,  u  he'telb  u>,  tut  only  by  wide  reading  ol  books 
in  -tiffa^i  langBUCi,  but  alio  by  a  aludy  of  the  iichivca  be' 
loBglnf  10  mmidpalitka,  taonuteriia  and  chuicba,  both  in 
Portugal  and  Spain.  He  ti  isn«ny  a  trwlworthy  giddc  in  facta, 
and  cbanna  tbe  tetder  by  the  naive  limiilicily  d  bit  ityle. 

H>>  wotfci  thai  hiTi  CDoe  down  an:  [1)  Oinmia  id  Kri  D. 
Joan  t.ithaa  ■HSorto,  pajU  r  and  1  njabon.  1644).  The  third  part 
-*--'  -  -■  ■' '-  ■- u  added  by  AA^aj^  A  canTcipd 


M 


!  has  been  ianed  by  innaimeen  In  the  flrekao 

. (D-'ChnnleadaaenbarreiD.  PedrolVIn 

I  llH  CcUtuit  ii  Uwni  IteHus  it  HiOaria  Pthnrn^m. 


—a*  chmolck  (IJtboB.  17611).    (j>  Cbenu  da  «i4*r  Hi  I 
lUMfii  pubGibid  ia  (he  HBie  volume  aod  colleciion.   The  Briiii 

1. : -,..  ,6ch«oiu[¥  MSS,  of  IheehroBiclH. 

a  Af  Jtn  Om  JfoHfl.  pan  iv.  eh.  3I 
.  to  voL  iv.  of  the  above  ct " 


■a.) 


U>PRZ,  GABXM  AHTOmO  (iTte-iUi),  Fanguayu  » 
ciai,  mi  born  at  Aiuntion  on  the  4tli  a<  Ne*etnbei  i^n,  and 
wu  educated  in  tbe  ecdtiiasiictl  aeraiouy  of  that  city.  He 
attracted  the  hoaiiUty  of  tlic  dkuioi,  Franda,  avl  be  wis 
forced  to  keep  in  biding  lor  KVeral  yeaia.  He  acquired,  however, 
to  unmual  a  kmwicdge  of  taw  and  govcmiaental  aSain  that, 
on  Fiancla'i  ikalh  in  1S40,  ht  obtained  an  ainwat  undisputed 
control  of  the  Paraguayan  stole,  which  he  maintained  un- 
intcnuptedly  until  his  deaib  aa  the  iMk  of  September  i86>. 
He  was  successively  secretary  of  the  ruling  military  jmta  ^  liifir- 
1S41),  one  of  the  two  consuls  (1841-1144).  and  pRoidcnt  with 
Mt)  by  succeaUR  daciioai  for  ten 
3S7  atfiin  Jot  ten  yean,  with  power 
HOT.  Ihuufh  boniinally  «  ptnideu 
Npubliata..a>nMi(ntii>D,  he  ruled  JeipalinBy. 
■enenl  diteoled  wilh  wise  cnagy  Mwnrdi 


power  of  the  country.  Hit  icaliNiiQr  >"nc^  nppnich  aevcnl 
times  Involved  him  In  difAHnaiic  dfqmttn  with  Bniil,  P*^™*! 
tod  the  United  Stiuea,  which  nniy  leauhed  in  sai.  hut  each 


His  eldest  too,  PuKiasco  Solano  Lorei  (ikifr-iSTo).  wn* 
bom  near  Atundon  OB  tha  >4th  of  July  18*6.  When  In  hit 
nineteenth  yeai  be  waa  iwde  comaaaDdc(-Ja-cUef  of  the  tvOr 
guayan  army,  during  the  ^MimadiC  baMilitaet  IhcD  prevsilung 
with  the  Argentine  KepabUc.  Ha  wu  tent  In  1S5]  as  ulnittCT 
to  EngUod.  France  ud  Italy,  lod  spent  a  yeu  and  •  htlf  im 
EuiBpe.  He  purcbaacd  krga  quiatitk*  <<  aims  and  miUtary 
auppliea,  together  with  several  stnaaMn,  and  nrynised  a  projca 
loi  building  a  lailroad  and  eKabUahing  «  French  colony  in 
Patsguay  He  also  formed  tha  acqusintuoe  of  Usdsme  Lynch, 
an  Irish  adventuress  of  mkny  talents  aikd  popular  qualitiei^ 
who  became  bis  mistreia,  and  atnmgly  InflueDCed  his  later 
ambitious  scbcmea,  Retuisung  to  Panguay,  -be  becnme  in 
181s  mlDiKer  of  war,  and  on  hia  fatbet't  death  in  1861  at  ooce 
assumed  tbe  nios  of  gDvetament  at  vice-pretident,  ia  acoordaiKe 
with  a  proviiieu  ol  ha  {alhu's  will,  and  calkd  a  magiTM  by 
which  lie  wts  chosen  pitsident  for  ten  year*.  In  i8fi4,  ia  h^ 
self-styled  capacity  of  "  protector  of  the  equilibrium  of  the 
I^  Plata,"  he  demanded  that  Brazil  should  abandon  tier  artncd 
hateifeneoca  in  a  revcdutionary  struggle  then  in  progress  in 
UrugUAy.    No  tttention  being  paid  to  his  demaikd.  be  seizeil 


r  of  ^ 


at  Hatia  CroBso'  who  was  on  board.  ~In  tbe 
(DecimbEr  1864)  be  de^iatchcd  ■  iitnt  la  inva 
which  leiied  aod  sacked  its  oipitat  Cuyabi,  ar 
of  tbe  province  and  its  i£aniond  mines.  lApei  neat  sought 
to  send  an  timy  to  the  relief  of  the  Uruguayan  president  Aguino 
sgaiost  the  revolutionary  a^iirant  Florae,  who  was  supported  by 
Bruilisn  troope.  The  tifusil  of  the  Argentine  president,  Uitm. 
to  alloH  tbi*  ioice  to  emu  the  intervening  province  of  Corriento, 
was  scked  upon  by  Lopei  as  an  «ccuioo  for  war  with  the 
Arguidne  Republtc.  A  ccmgreta,  hastily  summoned,  sod  oont- 
posed  of  bis  owii  nominees,  bestowed  upon  Lopes  the  title  of 
Hurshal,  with  extraordinary  war  powers,  and  on  April  ij,  186^ 
be  declared  war.  at  tbe  same  tirne  seising  two  Argentine  war- 
vetsals  in  the  bay  of  Corrientas,  and  on  the  rteat  day  occupied 
the  town  of  Corrientea,  instituted  s  piDvisioaal  govemtrKnt 
of  his  Argentine  partisans,  and  summarily  announced  the  anttrq- 
tion  10  Pusgusy  of  tbc  provinces  of  Corrienies  and  Enlre  Ri<tt. 
Meantime  rha  party  of  Florea  had  been  succes^d  in  Uruguay, 
and  th«t  tuts  00  April  tlie  iSth  united  with  the  Argenime 
Republic  in  a  ilcclaiatlon  of  war  on  Paraguay.  Oo  the  lat  ef 
May  BnxU  Joined  these  two  tUIB  In  a  secret  tlUance,  which 
«i[wLited  tiui  tbey  iknild  unitedly  pnteCUle  tbe  wtr  "  ustl 
the  f^Ttlng  government  of  Paraguay  ahould  be  overtfarows," 


LOPEZ  DE  G6MARA— LORALAI 


991 


Tbt  m  I 
tt  of  Apiil  iSto,  wu  cuifcd  <n 
gnat  ttabbonaoi  and  vfih  ilHrnttfaf  fonnnih  tbmwb  whh 
■  ilodily  iaafaiat  tide  of  diuotoi  M  Lopei  (mc  Pjiuovai). 
Ib  iSU,  wliai  tktdUa  mn  pXMtagliB  baid,  UaaiDd,  M(ni- 
all;r  ta^idna  and  Rven|dtd,  M  fajn  W  omcdvc  tbM  k  lon- 

*«  faitcUd  adtMRUK   Itafciqxin  Kvtnl  huodnd  of  Ite  diief 
d  by  Uf  oida, 


to  tbc  sonbcni  trantia'  of  Fmcuay,  when,  on  tl 

April  iBjo,  be  DM  (urprtaed  by  ■  BmUiu  force  ud  kilk 

as  be   wai  eodeevoariig  to  eecapeby  iwinuBiai  tbe  riw 

UraZ  HI  OOMUIA,  FBAHCUCO  (tsiaf'15550,  ^laiiiih 
hiitorian,  ma  edocated  M  tbe  nalveiiiir  of  AkaK,  where  be 
took  oida*.  EooD  aftcf  1S40  be  cnlKad  tbe  bouiebold  of  Uk 
bmooa  Cottia,  vbo  nppUed  bia  villi  aoU  of  the  miieriol  lor 
hii  HiOaria  it  kuJadin  (isi»),  and  dtfutca  A  la  jammj/e  dr 
JTiMM  Etpa»a  U55>)-  IIm  pleanoB  (t]4e  aod  .navel 
■     - redteud 


abautavialetdnaclioK   TInvsb  tbe  HMiriaini  dedicated' to 
Chailas  V.,  both  woibi  «cn  lariwkhD  on  the  iTlh  of  November 

EH  oi  hia  books  vcie  publkbedfn  ijsfi 


ItaliBD  and  Fnotb  vci 
and  niS  revectlvdy. 

Utf-mm  «r  LoB-tna.  a  lake  of  CeiUal  Aua,  in  tbe  Gobi 
Desert,  between  tbe  Aatls-tagh  (Akyo-taib)  on  the  south  asd 
the  Kimik-taKb  ^  tbe  north.  ftenoM  to  il76itwas  pUcedia 
nearly  all  not*  at  41*  jo*  U.,  ■  posidan  which  sgncd  with  the 
Kcoonla  and  tbe  nupa  of  iTIfitttf  Ghincae  flcoinpbcTi.  In  tbe 
year  mentioned  tbe  Runfaa  t^iltta  Pnbevaltky  diKovcnd 


(uUy  one  desree  fartbec  nbtb,  aid  coBsideahly  cnsi  of  tbe  liteof 
the  old  Lop-oor,  wUcb  l*k»4>a)iBs  be  nevcnhetess  rtptded  a* 
beinf  idaiu'ca]  wftb  tbe  eM  Lop^orol  the  Chinese.    BM  the 


being  the  final  plbetfaii  basin  of  tbe  de«tt  Mie^,  tha  TsriB),  it 
wss  haimd  10  ba  salt,  mora  e^cdally  ai  tbe  lake  bail  00  oMflnw. 
Pnhevalshy  visited  tba  Lo^Bor  Kghn  asiin  Id  1M5,  aad 
adhered  ts  his  ofioion.  But  ten  yvan  lalat  it  was  t^lMtd  anew 
by  Dr  Svcn  Uedin,  who  ascntalned  that  the  Tarim  empties  pan 
of  its  waters  iaio  anolbtr  lake,  s  ntbet  string  of  lakes  (AvoDd- 
kal,  Kan-k«,  Tvek-kdl  and  A  t)ivkal),irtiicb  an  sitoated  in  49° 
]c/N.,  and  tbossofaiJusliBcdtbevieMofvinRiditholai,  and 
oooBrmed  tbe  Cblntse  atXDunts.  At  Iba  same  time  be  advsnced 
reasons  for  bclicvjog  that  Pnhcvalsky's  lakr-basina.  the  soolhem 
Lop-Dor,  a»  of  quite  Rceot  oiigiii — indeed,  he  fixed  upoo  ifioas 
(be  probably  appcozimaLe  date  of  their  {ormationt  a  dale  which 
von  Richibofen  would  alter  to  r750.  Besides  this,  Sveii  Uedin 
argved  that  there  eiislsa  close  inter-ratatioa  beCwsen  th^nort hem 
Lop-nor  lakes  and  the  souibem  Lop-n 

a  ihr  other  He  also  argued  tbat  the 
of  nMlben  Lop^sor  are  slowly  owviDg  wealward*  under  the 
inccMam  impelua  of  wind  and  nnditam  (hraii)  TlKae  con- 
dusloo*  were  afttnrards  tontroverttd  by  the  Kuniaa  (nvriltr, 
P.  K.  Koilov,  who  visilod  the  Lop-nor  ngiiln  in  rSoj^iSot— Ifaat 
is,  bdOR  Dr  Svcn  Bcdin's  eiaminallon.  He  praclically  only 
tdtenled  Pixhevalsky's  conleotlon.  that  the  ancital  Chinese 
maps  were  erroneously  drawn,  and  that  the  Kara-kotlnin,  in 
spite  oi  the  freshness  of  iu  water,  was  (he  old  Lop-not,  U(  Salt 
Uke  far  amrstfBics  of  the  Chinese.    Finaqy,  ia  ijoo,  Dr  Sven 


Hedfn,  fiilkmlnf  iq>  tbe  eoarse  of  tbe  Enm-datyt,  dbcortied— 
at  tbe  loot  of  tba  Kondt-tagh,  and  at  the  E.  (lowest)  eztremily  of 
tbe  nvw  dericcated  Kurak-datya,  with  tnizs  of  dead  lorest  and 
other  KgetatloB  beside  it  and  bedde  tbe  tivn-bcd-'llx  basin  of 
a  desiccated  salt  Ukc,  wUcb  be  bcMs  to  be  tbe  true  ancieoi 
Lop-Bor  of  the  Cbtncse  gcograpben,  and'at  tbe  same  time  be 
kraad  that  the  Kara-toabon  or  LtqMwr  of  Pnhcvalsky  bad 
extended  lowuds  tbe  BOitb,  b«t  sbnink  oa  tbt  sontfa.  Tha  tbe 
old  Lop-HX  BO  longer  esfiti,  bnl  In  place  o(  it  there  an  a  number 
of  much  smaDei  lakes  of  newer  formation.  It  may  fairly  be 
inferred  that,  owing  to  the  onifonn  level  ol  tbe  region,  the 
dngglsh  Sow  of  the  Tuim,  its  uneessing  tendency  to  divide  and 
reunite,  conjoined  with  the  violence  and  persistency  of  tbe  winds 
(mostly  boB  tbe  tait  and  nnlb^ast),  and  (he  rapid  and  dense 
gniwtb  of  tbe  ned-bcds  in  the  shsOow  maabe*,  tbe  drainage 

of  tbe  Taiim  basin  gather  sow  Id  greater  vohune 
depresdon,  and  now  in  greater  volume  tn  another;  and 
w  dcrira  support  from  the  estreme  rfiallowBeai  «if  (he 

both  Sven  Bcdin's  imrthem  Lop-nor  and  Frrbevaliky') 
southern  Lop-nor,  together  with  the  unifonnly  hotisoniBl  level 

See  Delmai  Morgaa's  tiu^ttan  of  I'nhevaliky'a  Anw  Kiifa 

,i_  1-^.  -i-T  ^  t«f-»r  (Loodoo,  i^J;  Von  Itkhlbofeo's 

ikn  brntniifen  von  Obnvt-Leutenant  FVie- 

J  dem  Lop-nor "  in    VtrtanJl.  Jtr  Gatk.  J. 

EnCkuiiit  »  Birlln  (iS;s),  pp.  HI  seq.;  Sven  Helen's  SUnndU 
Bintla  it  o  Jeuruy  is  Cntnl  Aiit,  iSat-ifia  {vols-  1.  and  H., 
Stocklwlin.  rW5-J906),  vrticre  Kedo^s  sAare  of  tl«  controveny  is 
iiuaiaicuat  it.  iL.  170.180).  (J.  T.  Bt.) 

LOQOAT,  JvAHESE  Piim  or  Jafamzxi  Uxdui,  known 
!»Ianica])y  as  Sriohtrya  fafionica,  small  evergreen  tree 
Ixlonging  to  the  natural  order  Rosaccae,  with  large  thick 
ivil-oblong  leaves  bome  near  the  ends  of  tbe  branclKi, 
ind  dark  gtnn  above  with  a  Risty  tomentum  on  the 
over  lace.  The  fruit  b  pear-shaped,  ydlow,  about  i }  in.  long 
ud  contains  larie  Itony  seeds;  it  has  an  igreeibTe  add 
lavonr.  Theplant  is  BnitiveofCUnaand  Japan,  b«(  is  widely 
pown  for  its  fruit  and'  as  a  decorative  plant.  It  is  a  fan^liar 
>bjcct  in  the  Mnfitcmnean  n^n  and  In  tbe  eoatbcn  Uidted 

LOHAUt,  a  d(y  of  Lorain  county,  Ohio,  U.S-A.,  on  Lake  Erfe, 

.  the  mouth  of  the  Black  river,  and  about  1)  m.  W.  by  S.  of 

leveland.     Fop,  (1S90)  4863;  (ipoo)   16,018,  of  whom  47J0 

were  forcfgn-btnn    arid    ng    negroes;    (iQio  census)    18,883. 

''    *    '    icrvcdbytheNew  York,  Chicago  81  St.  Louis,  and  (he 

&  Oblo  railways,  by  the  LakE  Shore  Electric  raHnay. 

and  by  several  of  tbe  more  importacl  steamboat  lines  oa  tbe  Great 

'    '3.    It  has  a  Carnegie  library,  the  Lake  View  HoslHlal  and 

Hint  Joseph's  IfoapitaL    Tbere  is  a  good  barbour,  and  the 

s  chief  inlrrcits  are  in  tbe  shipping  of  great  quantities  of 

iion-ore,  grain  and  lumber,  in  the  building  id  large  steel 

lb,  In  laSway  shops,  and  in  the  nninufaclure  ol  iron  pipes. 

mtiaea,  stoves  and  automatic  steam  shovels.    The  value  of 

ibt  laitacy  products  Inoeascd  from   19,481,388  in   1900  to 

ti4,4«i,o9i  in  190I,  or  51-8%,     The  munidpafity  owns  and 

operats  (be  watftworiis.    A  Moravian  mission  was  established 

herein  i7B7-i}88.anda  trading  post  in  1807.  but  no  permanent 

setdement  wssmadttmtil  scvctal  years  later.    Id  i8jis  (htpbce 

in  T874ihcpiaeal  name  wai  adopted,  and  in  i8e6Laain  became 

dly  of  (he  second  class. 

LOKALU,  a  town  and  distrkt  ol  India,  in  Baluchlitan.    The 

town,  wUch  i>  liiuated  4700  ft  above  the  sea,  jj  m.  by  road  from 

the  railway  itaticB  of  Hamai.  was  occuiued  as  a  military  atalion 

i8t6,  and  baa  quarters  for  a  native  cavalry  and  a  natlvt 

fanlry  regiment.     Pop  (>9ai)  jg&i. 

The  Disiaici  or  Loiur-ti  was  formed  in  190}.    It  consists  of 

seiKsoIlong,  nsmnvviUcyt,  bemmed  in  by  rugged  moantaina, 
and  bordered  £.  by  Dera  Ghtii  Kbln  ditlrict  of  the  ihin;ab. 
.;  pop.  (looi)  67,864,  of  whom  the  ma}ori(y  are 
Af^aas.  The  piindp^  crope  are  wheat  and  millel;  but  ibi 
chief  wealth  ol  the  inbabitanti  isdcrivad  fioDtbeiT  herds  al 
cBtik,  abcep  and  goats. 


A-iOOt^ie 


liORCA— tORD-  ADVOCATE' 


.  U>BU,atawD(rfiuI«B^»ui.ialhepnivuKC-of  HvTcu,ai 

tbe  o^l  bank  of  tht  hvcE  Sflngaacra  (hen  called  tlic  Giudaluitis 
ttr  GiudalcDUnJ  and  oa  Uh  Uurda'Baza  railway.  Fop.  Cii>oo) 
69^j6.  It  occupki  a  hdght  uowDcd  by  a  medieval  fofljen, 
anuDg  the  foolhilli  oi  the  Siura  del  Cafio.  lu  oUec  paiU, 
MoDEub  in  many  fcUurca  and  vith  Darrow  imaalar  lUceU, 
fMt'^V  with  Uk  modccn  parta,  whicb  have  broad  AxeeU  aod 

boipJtals,  courtfl  of  jiulkc  and  a  bndHe  ovec  the  SaojEovra- 
Tliete  u  an  imppctiml  trade  ia  agiicitUuBl  producti  aad  live 
itock,  «a  well  a>  manuiaclura  ol  woolleo  iluSi,  Icatbe,  gun- 
powder, cbermcals  and  porEcLaui.  Silver,  sulphur  awl  lead  are 
found  ID  the  nelghbourboodi 

L«(a  ii  the  Romaa  £(wrsai  (peifaipa  hIu  (hg /Jsra  d{  Pliny, 
iir.fl.  iii.  3}  and  the  UooiBb  iwjlo.  It  wasihe  key  ot  Muida 
duiinc  Ibc  Mooriih  wan,  and  wu  tmiiKally  takeo  and  reukeo. 
Ob  the  joth  oi  ^iri]  iSoi  it  wffcicd  aeveiely  by  Ihebuntins  of 
the  leservoii  known  ai  tbc  Puitaw  dc  Pueolea,  in  wbicb  the 
waten  ol  iJv  Sangooera  wen  ilored  for  puipota  ai  iiEi^»- 
UoB  (1775-1:85);  the  diitiict  adjoiniac  the  avCT,  kaawn 
aa  the  Binia  de  Sao  Cmlobal,  wai  completely  mined,  and 
■MR  than  lii  hundred  penon*  periihed.  Jn  iSie  Lorca 
uScRd  gically  from  Ite  FKnch  invuno.  In  itB6  the 
PuitaBD,  which  wu  one  of  the  lirgot  of  Europtu)  mervoln, 
bdng  tonned  by  a  dam  Soo  ft.  long  and  ite  ft.  high,  wu 
aucccufully  rcbuilL 

LOBCHi  a  tswn  in  tbc .  Pnnaion  prnvince  of  Hcu^-NasMUi. 
lomanlically  ^uated  on  the  right  batdi  of  the  RMm,  S  m. 
below  fiudcahdn  fay  tb  railway  Frankfort-on-Uain-Wicilwha- 
Cologne.  Pi^.  (tgoj)  i3«9.  It  hu  a  fioe  Gothic  RomiD  Calbolic 
chuich~St  Madin's— dating  frooi  the  14th  (cotuiy.  The 
ilopci  of  the  hiUt  descending  to  the  Xhine  ue  covered  with 
idiKyards,  which  produce  eicelleDt  wine.  In  the  neighbciBrhaod 
of  Lorcb,  which  wat  mcotioaed  ai  eaily  aa  Bit,  n  Ibe  ruined 
cattle  of  NoUich. 

LOSCH,  a  town  in  the  kingdom  of  WUrUcmbeig,  on  the  Runa, 
16  m.  E.  from  Sluttgart  by  tbc  iiitway  to  NOrdlingen.  Pop. 
(1905)  3033*  It  pflOKBHs  a  line  Proteataat  chunii  dating  [ram 
the  i2lb  centuiy.  Its  indusirin  include  cairiage-bnilding  wd 
the  manufaaun  of  cement  awl  paper.  On  the  Har^nberg 
lying  above  the  town  aunda  the  fomvi  Benedictine  Diooultry 
at  Lorcb,  founded  about  jjo8  by  Frederick  of  HoheDataufeh, 
and  in  lj6s  cooverted  into  an  Eviigelical  college.  Ucie 
Schiller  paued  a  portion  of  his  icbnol  daya.  The  churcii  contaiiia 
Mveral  10nib»  d  the  HohcnSaulen  family,  llie  Romaa  limci 
began  at  Lorch  and  Roman  Tenuins  Eiave  been  fouod  in  the 
nelgbbouibood  of  the  t(?io. 

S«  Kim,  Fiirer  JmhIi  iai  Kleilcr  Uni  (Lonh,  1968).  and 
SuLmle,  KailiU  Lmih  (HeiaelUrg,  1897). 

liOBD,  JOBK  (1810-1894),  Americu  hiitoncal 
Icctuier,  was  bom  in  PoitiaiDaili,  New  Haoipthin,  an  Ihe  >7lb 
of  December  iSio.  He  wu  Ibe  nepbew  ol  Ntlhin  Lord  (1793- 
■J70),  presideiit  ol  Dartmonlb  Collet  from  iSiS  to  iS6j.  Ue 
gndiiBled  at  Daitmoutii  in  1333,  and  at  AodovB  Theglogical 
Seminaiy  in  1837.  Hi>  couae  at  tbc  SenaiDaiy  wu  iatemiptid 
by  a  period  of  (eachins>-«t  Windhan.  Coanecticnl  (1B3*), 
and  aCNsrwich  (iSja-iSj;)— and  by  a  tau  in  iH]6  thrra^ 
New.  York  and  Ohio,  ia  wluch  be  Icduied  oa  the  daik  ago. 
He  wax  agent  and  lectnrer  toe  the  ABncan .  l>tace  fiodtly 
(1837-183^),  and  [or  a  brief  lime  wu  ■  CongrcgationBl  paMor 

in  turn  at  New  Harlboeo  and  Wdl  Stockbtidl*, ' 

■nd  at  Uiica.  New  York.    Abool  1840  he  .bccaini 
keiuier  on  biHorjr.     He  lecimed  catcntively  I  ... 

opeciallyliitfieUBiiBl  SiateauidCral  BiilaiB,'Uid«UrodBced, 
with  lucctu,  the  mld-dey  lecture.  He  was  lectuer  on  hiMoiy  T 
DutmoHlh  from  iB6i>  101876.  Hi  rec«ind.iiii8d4,  thedegrr 
«f  LL.D.  from  the  UnivciAy  of  the  City  of  New  Yttt.  Fm 
1(54  he  made  bia  hDoie  ia  Stairford,  OnDnKlkni,  where  1 
died  on  the  tph  of  Decenber  1S04.  Hii  .worhi  iKlnd  . 
blMB  sevtnl  d^Dol  and  coUcfa  UitDtlee,   Tla  OU  ffsnua 


WwU:  lit  GrM^mr  *i>d  FaibM  ti  CMIitiUtM  (tMlh  Amcttttt 
Slam  ohJ  Emfita  (t86»)i  Tm  CwMm  Cmti:  Frtiaick  Ik* 
Gnat  and  Biimaiii  (1885);  and  Bmam  LiiUi  t(  Uiilary 
i8at-it«6),    hit   cUef   <        '■     ■  


See  7%  Zifa  <tr /ail  £v<  (1  ta6)  by  Kev.  AksnodiT  S. 
D,  D.  (im"  Bacon  Lighu  of  HiHory  "},  which  is  baaed  1 
Lonl'm  Xsnnunu]  ^  FiJIj  Yms  a  IM  LaUm  FiM. 

LOBD  {O.  Eng.  U^eri,  ij.  UifBuud.  the  wankr  d 
of  bread,  U^.  Vai;  Ihe  woid  ii  not  lepitseuteil  in  ai 
TeutoiHr  linguagc)  I  in  ita  plimaly  lenscy  t  he  head  of  a  bo 
the  maita  of  those  dcpeadenl  on  him  for  their  daily  bnaii, 
conriativB  to  O.  Eog.  kUf'Ctla,  iMl-ttta,  aeivanti  the  Herd 
freqatntly  ooon  in  tUi  lenu  in  the  Bible,  tL  Matt.  law.  45. 
As  a  tom  iap^ring  the owoenhlp  «1  prnpefty,  "  lotd  "  auiviTia 

are  due  la  lis  iac  as  the  (quvalcnt  ol  Lat.  dswunu,  Gr.  lipat 
and  Fr.  lofiseiir;  Ibn*  in  the  Old  Testament  it  npiueuta 
Yakwtli,  Jehovah,  and  in  the  New  TesUment  iCpiet,  aa  a 
title  of  Jesus  Christ.  Sddea^  *nds  may  be  quoted  foi  the 
more  general  meanings  of  "  kvd  ";  "  tbo  name  DoBunia  ia  .  .  . 
to  be  thought  of  only  ss  a  distinguishing  attribute  ol  Greatnc^ 
and  u  our  EngUsb  word  Lord  is;  and  tint  wilboul  any  rdation 
of  it  to  an  Inlenst  of  piiipeity  or  to  senrilude,  aad  only  as  it 
denotes  inch  Supeiioon  as  King  or  Subjects  of  Ibe  gn*te( 
Nobility  with  us  and  men  of  qieoal  Emineniy  in  other  Stales. 
known  by  the  Dames  of  Heoen,  Dons,  Sleaia,  tiffion,  seigpeuit 
and  the  like."  Il  is  iku*  not  only  a  geunl  imd  Is*  t> 
prince  01  soveidgn,  biS  il*>  Iha  (nMnou  wofd  loi  •  teodal 
superior,  and  ptitlcolaily  of  a  feudal  tenaM  holding  doeclty 
id  the  kfiig,  a  bafon  (pit),  hence  ^fta  of  the  ttalm,«  noalct 
cil  the  House  of  Lords,  constituted  of  the  lords  temponl  and 
the  leads  spiritual;  lUs  is  the  chief  modern  usage.  The  pte£i 
"  lord  "  ia  BRtinarily  sled  as  a  lata  formal  altenalhre  to  tbe 
full  title,  whether  hekl'  by  right  or  by  courtesy,  of  oHrqaas, 
cell  or  viscoDBt,  and  is  elwaya  so  used  in  tbe  case  ol  a  baron 
(which  in  English  usage  is  generally  coidned  to  the  hddec  of 
s  foceiga  title).  When  tbe  name  is  tefritenal,  tbe  "of"  ia 
drcnxd,  Urns,  the  marquess  oi  iV..  but  Lord  A.  Tht  yvBIgn 
sons  of  dukes  and  niarqucssea  have,  by  courtesy,  the  title  id 
Lord  pidied  to  the  OiiisllsiD  a»d  surname,  eg.  Lold  John 
Russell.  In  tbe  cue  ol  bishops,  tbe  lull  and  foinisl  title  td 
addreuis  the  Lord  Bebop  of  A,,  whether  he  be  a  spiiilual  pitt 
or  not.  Many  high  otbcrafa  \i  the  British  grwemmcnt  have  Ibe 
wfu<d  "  iofd  "  pr^lLBod  to  thdr  irtles;  aome  of  them  aro  treated 
in  lepaiate.Brlides:  lor  lord  privy  seal  see  PnvY  Sc-o.  in 
a  the  mcmben  ol  aboard  which  baa  taken  tbe  pitce  li 
_ , ,_, ._^ „_  shoftiy. 


n  qucitior^  t-f,  lords  of  the  1r 


lc«di  of  the  admir^y  Fa-  lord  hi 
mayor  see  LtEtnEHsni  and  MaYint.  As  the  proper  fdnn  «f 
address  "  my  lord  "  is  used  noa  only  to  those  mcntben  of  the 
nobility  10  whom  (hi  title  "  Lord  '.'  is  applicBUe.  asd  to  UikopL 
bin  also  to  all  fiidgs  of  the  High  Coult  in  England,  and  ol  the 
Saatish  utA  Irish 'Superior  Couna.  and  to  kwd  ^yon  lod 
ksd  pcovosts  fser  also  LAdt). 

LOBD  ABVDOHB,  or  king's  advocate,  the   pdncqal  la*- 
oficrr  of  the  cidwd  m  Scotland.     —    ■     ■ 
puUk  pmseculor,  ai  ' 
crown.    He  i*  at  the  head  oi 

by  which  criminal  jastke  is  admisBStend  in  Sattlaad,  and  lfa» 
his  fimcticn  an  of  a  far 
ai-ilK  ^Vliah  law^aicaa  of  the  m 

gtnetal  and  by.si 

The  oAn  of  king's  advocate  aeema  to  have  been  (stablkditd 
shout  the  btgiaiiingol  the  iHh  centory.  OrlginaDy  he  had  no 
power  to  proeecBU  cnnee  wiihoul  the  cnnewniKe  of  a  prinM 
puty,  but  in  the  year  isnr  he  was  easpowcred  10  pnaecole 
erimca  >i  hi*  osm  instance.  He  has  the  piivilege  of  1*srlisc 
in  court  with  itii  hnt  on. 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


DiBiiizcdb,  Google 


D0:3  liOi  CIRSULATE 


iiimiiiiiiiiii 

3  klDS  0S>4  «5>l  317 


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DATE  DUE 


i 


Digilizcd^f  y  LjOOQ  1 1. 


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